The fossil insects of North America, with notes on some European species [microform]

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THE

A

FOSSIL INSECTS OF NORTH AMERICA,

WBitl^ Jiotejs on ^ome Cuvopean ^pecfetf.

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I

BY

SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

i

■

IN TWO VOLUMES.

Vol. L

THE PRETERTIARY INSECTS.

WITB THIRTY-FIVE PLITES.

NEW YORK:

MAOMILLAN AND COMPANY.

1890.

^ '\

^'^mtmrn

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®nt f^unureu Copies ^vinm.

No.

■^f'

THE

PRETERTIARY INSECTS

OF

NORTH AMERICA,

INCLUDING

CRITICAL REMARKS ON AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF SOME EUROPEAN FORMS.

BY

SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

NEW YORK:

MACMILLAN AND COMPANY.

1890.

• • • • • !

• • • • • •

• • ••. • ••■

...•.• •,. ; •,.

••• i"" •*j

• • • * (I

•• • • «•
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t • ■

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction ix

An Inquiry into the Zoological Relations op the First Discovered Traces op
Fossil Neurqpterous Insects in North America; with Remarks on the Dipper-
ENCB OP Structure in the Wings op Living Neuroptera. PI. (1). (Mem. Boat.

80C. nat. hist., i. 17C-192, pi. 6 ; published December, 1866) 1

s/On the Oarbonipbrous Mtriapods preserved in the Sigillarian Stumps op Nova

Scotia. (Mem. Best. see. nat. hist., ii. 231-239 ; published July, 1873) 21

Supplementary Note on Fossil Myriapods. (Mem. Boat. sec. nat. hist., ii. 561-562 ;

published March, 1878) 81

The Early Types op Insects; or. The Origin and Sequence op Insect Lipe in Pale-
ozoic Times. (Mem. Boat. see. nat. hist., iii. 13-21 ; published March, 1879) ... 88
c/ Paleozoic Cockroaches: a Complete Revision op the Species of Both Worlds, with
AN Essay toward their Classipication. Pla. 2-6. (Mom. Boat. aoc. nat. hiat,

iii. 28-184, pis. 2-6 ; published November, 1879) 43

/ ,i^g>HB Devonian Insects op New Brunswick. With a Note by Sib William Dawson.
^ PI. 7. (Anniv. mem. Boat. aoc. nat. hiat., art. (3), pp. 3-41, pi. 1 ; published

October, 1880) 155

Archipolypoda, a Subordinal Type op Spined Myriapods prom the Carboniferous
Formation. Pis. 7*, 8-10. (Mem. Boat. aoc. nat. hiat., iii. 148-182, pis. 10-13 ;

publiahed May, 18«2) 195

The Carboniperous Hezapod Insects op Great Britain. PI. 11. (Mem. Boat. aoc.

nat. hist., iii. 218-224, pi. 17 ; publiahed June, 1883) * ... 235

Two New and Diverse Types op Carboniferous Myriapods. Pla. 12, 18. (Mem.

Boat. 800. nat. hist., iii. 288-297, pis. 26, 27 ; publiahed March, 1884) 247

^^ The Species of Mylacris, a Carboniferous Genus of Cockroaches. PI. 13. (Mem.

^ Boat. 800. nat. hiat, iii. 299-309, pi. 27 ; publiahed March, 1884) 263

i^ The Earliest Winged Insects op America: a Re-examination of the Devonian Insects
^^ OP New Brunswick, in the light op Criticisms and of New Studies op other

Paleozoic Types. PL 14. (Publiahed separately at Cambridge, February, 1885) . 275

Dt)e^

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3

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Palaeodictyopteba ; ob, The Affinities and Classification op Paleozoic Hexapoda.
Pis. 15-18. (Mem. Boat. soo. nat. hist, iii. 819-361, pis. 20-82 ; publishod April,
1885) 288

Winged Insects from a Palbontolooical Point of View ; ob. The Geological Histoby

OF Insects. (Mom. Bout, soc. nat. hist., iii. 858-858 ; published April, 1885) . . . 817

The O'.uest Known Insect-Labva, Mobmolucoides abticulatus, pbom the CoNNEqjicuT
RiVEB Rocks. PI. 19. (Mem. Boat. sec. uat. liiat, iii. 481-488, pi. 45 ; published
September, 1886) , .... 828

Note on the Supposed Mybiapodan Ofnus Tbichiulus. (Mem. Best. boo. nat. hiat.,

iii. 438 ; published September, 1886) 830

A Review of Mesozoic Cockboachbs. Pis. 20-22. (Mem. Boat. aoc. nat. hist., iii. 489-

485, pis. 46-48 ; published September, 1886) 881

New Types op Cockboaches fbom the Cabbonifebous Deposits op the United States.
Pis. 23, 24. (Mem. Best. soc. nat. hist., iv. 401-415, pis. 31, 82 ; published Septem-
ber, 1890) 877

New Cabbonifebous Mybiapoda fbom Illinois. Pis. 25-80. (Mem. Boat. soo. nat.

hist., iv. 417-442, pis. 88-38 ; published Septem. or, 1890) 893

Illustrations of the Cabbonifebous Abachnida of North America of the Obdebs
Anthbacomabti and Pedipalpi. Pis. 31, 32. (Mem. Boat. soc. nat. hist., iv. 443-
456, pis. 89, 40 ; published September, 1890) 419

The Insects op the Tbiassic Beds at Pairplay, Colorado. Pis. 33, 84. (Mem.

Bost. soc. nat. hist., iv. 457-472, pis. 41, 42 ; published September, 1890) .... 483

Bibliographical Note on American Ltteratuue treating of the Older Fossil Insects 449

Index 458

ILLUSTRATIONS.

rr.ATB
MlAMIA AND HgMGIIISTIA I.

Carboniferous Cockroaches op the World II.-VI.

Devonian Insects op New Brunswick VII.

Restoration op Acantherpesteh, with surroundinoh VII*.

Archipolypoda VIII.-X.

Carboniferous Insects op Great Britain XI.

Palaeocampa anthrax XII.

Trichiulus and Mylacris XIII.

Devonian Insects op New Brunswick XIV,

American Carboniferous Palaeodictyoptera XV.-XVIII.

MORMOLUCOIDES ARTICULATUS OP THE CONNECTICUT RiVER TrIAS XIX.

Mesozoic Cockroaches op Great Britain XX.-XXII.

Amep.ican Carbonifepous Cockroaches XXIII., XXIV.

American Carboniferous Myriapoda XXV.-XXX.

American Carboniferous Arachn.'oa XXXI., XXXII.

Triassic Insects op Colorado XXXIIL, XXXIV.

FIGURES IN TEXT.

FAOB

Sigillarian Myriapods 81

Etoblattina lgsquereuxii ; part op the Venation 88

Etoblattina mantidioides 98

Anthracoblattina dresdensis 112

Schematic Figures of a Modern Diplopod and a Carboniferous Archipolypod . . 196

EUPHOBERIA ARMIOBRA ; TWO FIGURES 218

Edphoberia horrida 220

Platephemera antiqua 277

Homothetus fossilis 279

MuHoIOLDCOIDGS ARTICULATUS (AFTER HiTGHCOCK) 828

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I

INTRODUCTION.

'T^HE Essays contained in the first vuhime of the present work Imve no lojfioal
connection except that they cover nearly the whole of a Hingle limited field
whose scope is indicated by the title. They were written and printed ot different
times during the last twenty-five years, and ire here issued exactly as fir^t piintc<l ;
indeed, the sheets were struck off from time to time from the same type without
alteration in the body of the text.

It is evident, therefore, that as the subject has greatly developed within the
past quarter of a century, and the writer's viows have undergone some modification
during that development, the different essays are not so consistent when com-
pared with one another as would be expected in a volume the text of which was
published for the first time. It has been thought best, however, not to rob the
essays of such historic value as they possess, since they constitute almost th' entire
body of American literature upon the older fossil insects. Such few papers (or at
least the important ones) as have been contributed to the subject by other American
writers are indicated in the bibliographical note which forms the concluding essay,
where also the writer's other essays (mostly excerpts or abstracts of these memoirs)
are noted.

In like manner the second volume contains substantially all that has ever
been written upon the later fossil insects of America, where (excepting a single
paper by Dr. G. H. Horn) the author has been the sole worker. The volume is
the same as that just issued in ihe Reports of the Hayden Survey, with the simple
addition of the preliminary title to connect it with the present series; and it in-
cludes, besides the new material, all the descriptions of tertiary American insects
which had been previously published, occasionally with additions and corrections to

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X INTRODUCTION.

the same, excepting a few Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera — in all eight
species — that have beeii described from Florissant (by the author), and the few
butterflies from Florissant (seven species) which appeared in his paper on the same
in the 8th Annual Report of the United States Geo'.ogicel Survey.

Thus the two volumes, of which only one hundred copies are published ir
this connected form, not only contain, with the slight exceptions just noted, a
description of all the species of fossil insects (hexapods, arachnids, and myrinpods)
of ail American strata so far as known, but practically include the entire body
of literature upon this tonic At the same time descriptions of a few European
insects and critical remarks on others will be found herein.

SAMUFL H. SCUDDER.

Caaiiridoe, Ma88., SeptCLTber, 1890.

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An Inqvii'i/ into the Zoological Rclaiims of the first dincovcred traces of Fossil JVciiropt irons Insects
in North America ; with Remarks on the dij/'crence of structure on the Wings of lirinij Neiirop-
tera. By Samuel H. Scudder.

KeAil before llie Boston Souicty of Naturnl History, Janunry 18, I8(>a.

In the January number of Silliman's "American Journal of .Science" for 1864, (vol.
XXXVII., page 34,) Prof. J. D. Dana announced the discovery for the (inst time in North
America of the fossil remains of Neuropteroua insects. They were found in flattened iron-
stone concretions, which occurred in the carboniferous beds at Morris, Illinois, in company
with various coal-plants and amphipod crustaceiuis. Two specimens only had fiillen under
his observation, which, in the Journal referred to, in tin article entitled "On Fossil InsectK
from the Carboniferous Formation in Illinois," he hits ligiu'ed upon wood and briefly described
under the names of Miamia Bronsoni, and Ilcmeristiu uccidcntulis, the former after the ntune
of the original discoverer of these important remains.

Through the repeated courtesy of Professor Dana, I have been permitted as long an ex-
amination as 1 desired of these interesting fossils, the results of which, and the comparisons
I have incidentally instituted with allied groups of living insects, J have now the honor to
lay before the Society.

The specimens imbedded in these stones exhibit the insects in the ntitural attitude oi
repose, which, as in many other Neuroptera, is with the wings overlapping one another
above the abdomen ; in those Neuroptera which close their wings in this mtmner the right
upper wing overlaps the left upper wing (or the left overlaps the right), while that again
overlaps the right under wing, and this the left under wing ; the result is that in certain
places we have actually in a cross-section four thicknesses of wing with their accompany-
ing nervures, which last, if of sufficient thickness and strength to give an impression through
these four thicknesses, when compressed between layers of mud, wotdd in a case like that
o{ Ilemeristia, where the cross-veins are quite heavy and nmnerous, present an almost in-
extricable network of veins, and render it a very difficult ttisk to determine the neuration
of any one of them. In Miamia the nervures are feeble, though the wing-tissue is appar-
ently correspondingly delicate ; and the wings not overlapping one another so completely
as in Ilemeristia, it is not so difficult a task to determine to which wing different nervtires be-
long ; yet were it not for the general similarity of the neuration in the upper and under
wings in this suborder, it would even here be a perplexing matter. In Miamia the abdomen
is preserved, and the nervures crossing it leave no room for doubt that the insect is viewed
from above ; but in the specimen of Hcmcrislia we have the additiontil disadvantage that
we cannot tell which surface we view otherwise than by the structure and relations of the
wings themselves, which besides are but fragmentary, and exhibit in continuity but a small
portion of the outer margin of a single wing and the inner border of none at all, the base
and apex also being absent. We have then in Ilemeristia — given the central portion only of
four wings, completely overlapping one another, unusually charged with cross-veins reunit-
ing the branches in every part, with no external means of deciding whether the upper or
under surfivce is presented to the eye, to determine what is the exact structure of each w ing.

I I would here express my obligations to my friend Mr. P. use freely his extensive and varied collection of Neuroptera,
R. Ubier, for the kindness with which bo has permitted mo !o containing many form; .>thcrwise quite unknown to mo.
1

1^

;

Looking at the right side as being in this case more complete, and following the course of
the vein which appears at the margin next the base, we see that at a little distance out it
sends forth a prominent branch which has a peculiar curve. Now as we know that among
Neuroptera neither the vena marginalis ^ or vicdiastina sends off branches in this way, we
necessarily conclude that this canr. ot be either of those veins ; and as it is quite what we
might expect in the v. scapttlaris and is just so important a vein as that is, and as at one
side we find two veins outside of this running parallel to one another and to this, closely
connected by and frequently charged with cross-veins, which in this part of the wing is
often characteristic of the v. marginaUs and mcdiastina, we conclude that these three veins
belong to one and the same wing, and are those of the outer margin. Glancing at the
opposite side we see the same peculiar curved vein, which here also is quite prominent,
though there are no veins outside of it, and we naturally conclude that this belongs to
the corresponding wing on the other side, the outer veins of which have been destroyed.
We may notice next that on the right side between the peculiar curved branch and the vein
from which it springs there lies a vein running midway between the two and apparently .
connected with either by frequent cross-veins, which being quite an anomalous feature
among Neuroptera, if our previous views were right, excites our suspicions; but knowing that
it would be quite as great an anomaly were there to be four parallel veins along the costal-
border thickly beset with cross-veins and similar in every respect, we look more closely to
see if these may not belong to another wing, either above or below that to which the
curved branch belongs. We notice, in confirmation of this supposition, that on the left side
this dividing vein does not run midway, but considerably at one side ; and observing the
right side more carefully, we see that the cross-veins between the v. scapularis and its branch
override the vein which runs midway between these two, which has also itself separate and
less distinct cross-veins, connecting it with a vein which must be directly beneath the v.
scapularis ; and we therefore conclude, that the space thus covered by these less prominent
cross-veins must be either the area marginalis or scapularis of the wing lying beneath ; to
determine which of these it is, we look for the homologue of the peculiar curved branch and
find it taking its rise from this vein at a point similar in position to what we found in the
wing above, tyid less conspicuous than there, not only as it naturally would be from lying
beneath but proportionally less so, as is also the v. scapularis of the lower, as compared with
that of the upper, wing. The area referred to is then the area scapularis, corresponding to
the inner of the two narrow ones which lie outside the v. scapularis of the wing above. Now,,
as in Neuroptera, not to speak of other insects, the anterior half of the wing is more special-
ized, and contains stronger veins in the anterior wing than the corresponding portion of the
posterior wing, whiih in its turn is generally more specialized in its posterior half, Ave con-
clude from the prominence of the v. scapularis, and its branch and cross-nervures in the wing
which lie above, that they belong to the anterior wing, and that we view the insect from
above. In very strong confirmation of this view is the fact that thet'. scapularis of the wing
above lies outside of, and yet parallel to, the r. scapularis of the wing below, proving, beyond
a doubt, that the upper is the anterior wing ; for the v. scapularis of the posterior wing could
not lie outside of that of the anterior in any part of its course without crossing it or at least
being divergent from it.

Pursuing, then, the same method of inquiry in regard to the other principal veins,

' Sco note 3 on p. 3, wheru tlicsu names are explained.

the course of
[stance out it
r that among
this way, we
uite what we
id as at one
) this, closely
the wing is
B three veins
ncing at the
e prominent,
a belongs to
2n destroyed,
and the vein
id apparently
jlous feature
knowing that
ng the costal-
>re closely to
o which the
L the left side
bserving the
nd its branch
separate and
pneath the v.
ss prominent
beneath; to
d branch and
bund in the
from lying
mpared with
spending to
ibove. Now,,
norc special-
ortion of the
lalf, we con-
in the wing
insect from
of the wing
ving, beyond
r wing could
it or at least

jcipal veins.

we discover that those of the right anterior wing cut across the principal veins on the left
side which con-espond to those of the right anterior wing, and therefore that the right wing
overlaps the left. The position of each of the wings being then satisfactorily made out, it
requires only patient examination and studied comparisons to determine of every one of
the principal veins, or even detached * branches and cross-veins, to which of the four wings
it belongs;^ and being able thus to delineate the remnants of each of the four wings, and
making up from one, so far as is proper, the deficiencies of another, and carrying our
point somewhat farther into what is partly :!onjectural, but guided principally by our
knowledge of the relations of this insect to the Neuroptera in general, we are able to re-
construct, more or less accurately, the complete structure of all the wings of this insect,
as partially figured in our plate.

But this is only one step ; it is indeed but the starting-point. We have now merely a
basis, but a firm one, upon which to stand in making our most essential inquiry as to the
relation of these ancient types to the other members of the sub-order to which we saw at
first they were allied. We need to investigate something of their more intimate relation-
ship, and to know how much kinship these forms, which flitted through the oozy marshes
of the carboniferous forests, had with the living realities of our own day.

To determine this point we have in the Hcmeristia only the wings to guide us (except a
fragment of a leg which is here of but little value), and must therefore inquire whether the
difierent families of Neuroptera have anything in the structure of these parts Avliich shall
enable us by their aid alone to distinguish them from one another, and to determine of
any wing-form presented to our eye, to which of these groups it belongs. If we can do so,
we can ask of course, in reference to the fragments in question, whether they belong to any
one of the hitherto described family groups, and to which, — or whether they must form an-
other akin to them, but belonging to the same sub-order of Neuroptera. Inquiries made
with a view to determine this point have convinced me that this is quite possible, and I
have therefore embodied the results of my inquiry in the following statement of the distinc-
tion in wing-neuration amoug the families of Neuroptera."

Tekmitina.
The V. marginalk and mcdiastina run parallel to the \<ivy tip of the wing and in close con-
junction, apparently with no connection between them ; the r. acapulam also runs parallel
to the V. mcdiastina, though a little more distant from it, and is sometimes connected with
it irregularly by many cross-veins, directed from the v. seaimlaris upwards and outwards j
generally it forks beyond the middle thougli sometimes close to the base. The v. luierno media

I Detached by the iiicompletcncss of preservation, for there
appear to bu none independent.

^ It was only at the very last moment of examination that I
disuovered also the remnants of the v. maryinalis and medias-
tina separated from the I- lal portion of the right anterior
wing, but otherwise unbroken, lying entirely removed from
the wing ; and what is rather remarkable, an exactly similar
fragment of the left anterior^lng also entirely detaclied and
lying at right angles to it ; at the outer extremities of the first
we can see faint indications of fragments of a femur and tibai
at their union, which correspond pretty well, so far as can bo
determined, with what we find in Miamia.

'' I have made use here of the terminology employed by
Uucr, iu his memoirs on the fossil insects of (Eningon, etc., as

being more true than any other known to me. though I am
not quite sure that the names arc fitly chosen, to suit the ho-
mologies of wings of insects in general. He enumerates six
under the following names : the first, counting from the upper
border, the vena marginal^ ; second, icna mcdiastina; third,
vena scapularis ; fourth, vena externo-media ; fifth, vena inlerno-
media; sixth, vena analis. The spaces between the margin and
the vena marginalia he denominates area cxira-marginalis ;
that between the first and second veins, area marginalis ; be-
tween the second and third, area scapularis; between the third
and fourth, area exlerno-media ; between the fourth and fifth
area interno-media ; between the fifth and sixth, area analis]
and that between the vena analis and the hind-border the oreo
externo-anatis.

(I

M:

i 'I '

i I

if

iiiM

!M!

I ■ ;

is as distant from the v. scapularls aa that ic from the v. mediasliiia, and runs parallel to it,
sending out many branches downwards and outwards, which fork indefinitely, the forks
being never united by cross-veins ; these fill up the remainder of the wing. The ana ex-
teriVHnedia is occupied by an independent vein, which is connected with the veins on either
side by irregular cross-veins ; both wings are alike. This is substantially the same account
as is given of them by Heer, only that he considers what I have called the v. mediastina as
the scapularis, the v. scapidam as the extn/'iio-media, and the v. extemo-media as the itdeimo-
media, in which he may be correct.

Embidina.

In the Embidina the v. marginalis forms the anterior margin. The v. mediastina runs parallel
and near to it till quite near the tip, when it is deflected downward and terminates at the
V. scapularis, which in like manner, running parallel to the v. mediastina, turns abruptly
downwards just at or beyond where the v. mediastina strikes it, and strikes the upper branch
of the V. extcrno-media. The v. externo-media forks at a distance of one third or more from its
origin to the tip of the wing, the upper branch running parallel to the v. scapularis till it
strikes it, and then continues on in the same course to the tip; the lower fork is generally
dichotomous. The v. interno-media is a simple vein running in quite a direct course to the
margin ; the v. analis is sometimes forked at the base, in which case the lower branch
forms the hind margin of the wing, and the upper is generally simple and straight; cross-
veins, very few in number, connect the v. externo-media with the interno-media, the branches of
the V. externo-media with one anothei', the v. externo-media with the scapularis, and are found m
the area marginalis.

PSOCINA.

Vena marginalis continuous ; v. mediastina in the upper wing broken, in the under wing
reaching the v. marginalis, a short distance from the base ; t;. scaptdans occupying the
greater part of tlie wing, being the only forked vein in the wing ; near the base it sends
out a branch abruptly downwards, which immediately turns and runs parallel to the main
stem ; the main stem, running in a straight course, reaches the margin beyond the middle,
then deflects from it, and either strikes one of the branches of the other portion of the vein,
or just before reaching it again turns abruptly upwards and strikes the margin; the main
branch, running parallel to the main stem, sends out a branch at a wide angle just before the
middle of the wing, which running in a straight line strikes the lower margin near the
middle. Just below where the main stem reaches the upper margin, the main branch sends
out another branch sub-parallel to the first, but sinuous, from which more than half way to
the margin a widely spreading fork proceeds, the upper branch again and again forking
widely. The main branch just beyond the origin of this second branch is itself deflected
suddenly and sinuously downwards, running sub-parallel to the upper forks of the second
branch, till it reaches the margin at the apex of the wing, but from the middle of its down-
ward curve sending off a branch at right angles which forks and fills the space between the
termination of the main stem and the main branch of this v. scapularis ; at the middle of
the wing a stout cross-vein unites the main branch and stem, and this is the only cross-vein
in the wing. Tlie v. externo-media, curving slightly with a convexity toward the apex of the
wing, strikes the lower margin just behind the first branch of the main branch of the pre-
vious vein. The v. interno-media is but little separated from the v. analis, which simply forms

arallel to it,
y, the forks
rhe area ex-
nson either
ime account
mediastina ns
the itdemo-

runs parallel
nates at the
ns abruptly
ipper branch
lore from its
mlark till it
is generally
aurse to the
iwer branch
aight; cross-
j branches of
are found m

under wing
cupying the
ase it sends
to the main
the middle,
of the vein,
1 ; the main
st before the
<^m near the
)ranch sends
half way to
jain forking
M deflected
the second
of its down-
between the
le middle of
ly cross-vein
apex of the
i of the pre-
imply forms

the lower margin of the wing. In the under wing the variation is so great from this that
the main branch of the v. scapulam separates as a widely branching fork from the main
stem some little distance from the base, and continues straight on to the margin as the first
branch did in the upper wing, the main branch being then a fork from this straight one, and
branching as the main one did in the upper wing, except that it wants altogether the

second branch.

Perlina. ,

The V, mediastina runs parallel and pretty near to the v. marginaUs until somewhat be-
yond the middle of the wing, when it turns suddenly at right angles and strikes the v. neap-
ularis, which has been running nearly parallel to it, though at a less distance from it, than
the V. margip»lis. The v. scapulam continues on parallel to the v. vwrginalis, and runs into
it a little before it reaches the tip of the wing. The area margimlis is traversed by frequent
cross-veins ; the area scapiilaris has none. The v. scapiilaris gives off a branch generally half
way between the base and where the v. mediastina strikes it, which running sub-parallel to
the main stem terminates at about the tip of the wing, crossed at some point in its course
by another vein from the v. scapiilaris which generally (exc. Tcetmpterix, etc.) continues on
and connects with the upper branch of the v. extenio-media ; the branch of the v. scapiilaris
then divides into many branches, which are sometimes simple, sometimes again forked, and
sometimes have, in nnection with the branches of the v. exterm-media, recurrent forks.'
The V. extemo-media luns in very close proximity to the v. scapiilaris a little distance, and
then runs parallel to the branch, until it approaches the cross-vein from the v. scapiilaris,
when it forks, the forks sometimes again reforking. The v. interm-media has a very indis-
tinct attachment at the base, being seen only from the under side, — is distant from the v,
externo-media, — has a considerable curve at its commencement, and very soon forks, the
upper fork running distant from, but nearly parallel to, the v. externo-media, gradually sep-
arating from it until near the forking of the latter, when it curves towards it and unites
to its lower branch ; it sends off rather distant cross-veins to its own lower branch, and
beyond emits many branches to the margin. The area intertKHftiedia is traversed sparingly
by cross-veins, sometimes in the fore wing only. The lower branch of the v. ititemo-media is
siiaple, and diverges from the upper branch as that from the v. externo-media. The v. analis
IS stout and forks at its origin ; the space between the forks is enclosed near to the base by
a thick cross-vein which extends to the internal margin, and from mid-way betAvecn the
forks sends out a branch which runs between them, any or all of which branches and
forks may branch again, Avhich they do to considerable extent in the hind wing, where also
there are more branches from the cross-veins.

Ephemerina.

Fore Wing. The v. mediastina runs near, and parallel to, the v. margimlis, extending to
the tip of the wing. The v. scapulam bears the same relation to the v. mediastina. The
V. externo-media runs parallel to the v. scapuhris for a short distance, and is at the same dis-
tance from it as that is from the v. mediastina ; close to the base it sends out a branch,
which forks when it has reached two thirds of the distance to the margin, the lower branch
striking the outer margin at about the middle ; at less than one third the distance to the
tip of the wing the vein forks, the upper fork remaining parallel to the v. scapuhris, while

1 But in Capnia wo Lave a very remarkable iliflerenco !n that the main branch of the v. scapidark has its origin beyond
the croas-vein from the v. teapularu to the v. externo-media.

6

the lower branch diverges rather widely from it, the space between being divided into
equal distances by several independent veins. The v. inierno-media starts from the same
point as the former, and is simple. The v. analis is widely separated at the base from the
previous, is much curved, first upwards and then downwards, and sends out several branches
which curve as they are directed towards the margin. The veins and their branches are
traversed everywhere by rather frequent cross-veins, but the wing is nowhere reticulated
except slightly around the margin.

Ilind Wing. Either the v. mediastina or acapiilam is wanting, very probably the latter, as
the area cxterno-media is very wide. The branching of the v. externo-media is nearer the base
than in the fore wing ; the v. intemo-medta is apparently wanting, and the v. amlis is more
uniformly curved.

Odonata.

Quite a characteristic feature of this group is that the v. marginaUs extends but half way
along the margin, and terminates abruptly ; and that the v. mediasiina runs nearly parallel to
it, with a distinct sptice between them ; when it reaches the point where the v. marginaUs ter-
minates it turns abruptly upwards, forming the " nodus" and protects the rest of the margin.
The V. scapularis runs parallel to the v. mediastina as far as the nodus, is there connected by
a strong cross-vein to the v. mediastina, and then continues on in a direct line to the tip of
the wing. At a short distance from the origin this vein sends down a short abrupt branch,
which meets a similar branch directed upwards from the v. externo-media; from the cross-vein
thus formed, two veins take their rise ; the upper I consider to belong to the v. scapularis,
and to be properly a continuation of the short abrupt branch ; it continues a short distance
either parallel to the v. scapular'' or adjacent to it (as in some Agrionina), and then branches ;
it generally branches twice before reaching the nodus, and once at or just beyond that point,
with which it is connected by a continuation of the strong cross-vein before mentioned.'
The V. externo-media runs quite directly to the margin, curving downwards more or less at
the outer half) uiid running nearly parallel to the lowest branch of the v. scapularis ; it
sends upwards the short abrupt branch mentioned to meet that of the v. scapularis, which
turns abruptly outwards at right angles again, sometimes joining the vein again a short dis-
tance on, sometimes continuing freely to the margin. The intricacies of the neuration
are such that the v. intemo-media can be traced definitely but a short distance, to a point
below the cross- vein, uniting the v. scapularis and externo-media; here it sometimes forks,
sometimes continues on single but contorted, and sometimes seems to stop altogether.
The V. analis is frequently if not generally confluent with the preceding for a short dis-
tance, then diverges and forms the lower border of the wing. The arem marginalis, medi-
astina, scapularis and interno^mdia, are traversed by numerous cross-veins ; the area externo-
media is free from them as far as the cross-vein ; beyond this they are present ; the spaces
enclosed by the branches of the v. scapularis, and all the wing below the upper branch of
the V. externo-media, are reticulated. That the space between what I have here considered
as the lower branch of the v. scapularis and the upper branch of the v. externo-media, has
cross-veins and no reticulations, except in a few cases close to the margin (^schnidcej is
one reason for my conclusion concerning the meaning of the cross-vein and its branches.

SlAUNA.

The V. mediastina starts at considerable distance from the v. marginalis, approaching it

1 In Lestes, however, it is somewhat different; it send^ out a branch once before the nodus and once beyond.

gradually till it is in close proximity, when it terminates near the tip of the wing by
striking the v. acapulam; this last runs close alongside of the v. mediastiita and very nearly
parallel to it, striking the v. mar</inalia at just about the tip of the wing. At about one quarter
of the distance from its origin it sends forth a branch downwards and outwards, which
having passed a distance about equal to that of the undivided parent stem, forks, the upper
branch again forking, the upper branch of this fork again forking, and so on, the upper
branches in their course gradually approaching nearer to the main stem, connected to it
by a single cross-vein or two, and finally reaching the tip of the wing in close proximity ;
the various lower branches are connected together by a few scattered cross-veins, as are
those of the rest of the wing. The v. extemo-media starting and continuing in close prox-
imity to the V. scapularis, diverges from it at about half the distance to the branch of the
former ; from here it runs parallel to the branch of the v. acapulam and not far from the
middle of its whole course, and just below the divarication of the v. acapularis, forks, the
upper fork sometimes forking again. Thr v. interiuHnedia forks from its very origin, the
upper fork turning sharply upwards against the v. externcHncdia. One examining these
veins without great care would consider the former a branch of the latter, were it not that
the branching does not occur in the lower wing of Chauliodes until a very little past the
origin ; beyond itu collision with the v. ezieriw-media the upper branch runs sub-parallel
with the lower branch of that vein, and sends out branches from the under side more or
less. The under branch, with a slight curve, runs directly to the margin, forking once a
little before reaching it. The v. analts forks at its origin, the forks being connected close
to the base by a cross-vein ; each of the forks again divaricates, and their proximate forks
are connected by a cross-vein.

Hemerobina.

This familr includes a greater variety of forms than any other, even after we have ex-
cluded from jj many of the lesser families with which they are erroneously associated (as I
believe) by Hagen. To comprise the genera Ascalaphus, Nemoptera, AcanthacHsis, Poly-
stoechotes, Chrysopa, Sisyra, and Drepanopteryx in one group and show a imiformity of
character in the venation of the wings as great as they exhibit in other features, which
shall also distinguish them from the other families, and especially from some of those in-
cluded within it by Hagen, is certainly more difficult than the definition of many other of
the families, including as it does the more aberrant forms of the sub-order. The lower wing
of Polystoechotes is perhaps as fair an example as any of the family.

The V. margimlis is continuous and regular, except in Drepanopteryx, etc., where it is
very much curved abruptly forward next the base. The v. medlastina is straight, and ex-
cept where the v. marginalis is swollen, as in Drepanopteryx and Chrysopa, is parallel to the
V. margimlis, terminating near the tip of the wing by striking either the v. margimlis (e. g.
Chrysopa, Drepanopteryx,) or the v. scapuhris (e. g. Acanthaclisis, Polystoechotes, Nemop-
tera, Ascalaphus, Sisyra). The v. scapuhris runs parallel to the v. mediastina most of the way
from the base to the tip, where it terminates, generally just at the tip. It sends down a
branch, either quite near the base (Polystoechotes, Drepanopteryx, Sisyra), or at about
one third the distance from the base (Ascalaphus, Acanthaclisis, Chrysopa), or even so far
as the middle of the wing (Nemoptera), which strikes the border so as to include above it
seldom less than half of the wing, and often (especially Polystoechotes) much more.
From near the origin of this branch it sends forth another branch parallel to the main

: I i

] ;

III

I;

\ i

1 I '

II

8

Btom, which runs eqiiidisttint f''om it to the outer border, or reunites with the main stem,
sending off continually branches parallel to the first-mentioned branch. These latter
branches are either united by frequent or infrequent cross-bars, or they may fork to an in-
definite extent, or only near the border, or the space between the first branch and its
branchlet, porallel to the main nervure, may be filled with a net-work of veins. The main
stem and the branch parallel to it may be united by few or many cross-veins. The v. dx-
ierno-media may be either perfectly simple (Nemoptera, Acanthoclisis), or it may fork once
from near where it leaves its close conjunction with the previous neiVure, generally diverg-
ing narrowly, and have its forks continually united by cross-veins, while the spaces on either
side are differently characterized, or in some other way show more or less distinction from
the surrounding spaces, or it may so fork without such distinction (Drepanopteryx, Chrys-
opa, Polystoechotes), or it may fork farther from the base, and refork once or twice (Sis-
yra) ; at all events, it occupies quite an unimportant part, Chrysopa alone excepted. The
V. interno'media extends generally some little distance from the base before forking, though
sometimes it forks quite near to it, and generally occupies considerable space, in which the
character of venation is similar in nearly every case to that seen in the space occupied
by the v. scapularis. In Drepanopteryx, Nemoptera, Ascalaphus, and Acanthaclisis, they
are especially prominent, while in Chrysopa the large extent of the v. externo-media seems
to be balanced by the slight development of this vein, for it simply forks once, curving
downwards and meeting the border. The branches proceed downwards toward the border
mainly parallel to one another, and thrown off from the upper branch of the original
fork, which itself runs in close proximity to the v. extcnio-media. The v. analia generally
occupies but a small space, forking at least once, sometimes its forks uniting and i'rom their
union sending forth new forks. In one instance at least (Polystoechotes) it occupies a
larger space, and forks indefinitely.

In that abnormal genus of Hemerobina, Nemoptera, where the hind wing is reduced to
a long, ribbon-like appendage, the v. exteniMncdia alone is wanting ; all the rest are per-
fectly simple and parallel.

' CoNIOPTERYGIDiE.

In this family the venation is very simple. The v. margimlis (if it exists) is continuous.
The V. mediutstina is simple, parallel to t\ maryiiiaUis, and extends to the tip of the wing. The v.
scapularis forks near the middle of the basal half of the wing, the lower branch forking widely
shortly before it reaches the lower angle, the upper continuing parallel to the v. mcdkislina,
sending out a branch sub-par.allel to the lower branch, which forks widely before reaching
the border. The v. externo-medk is simple, rims sub-parallel to the v. scapulam, and is united
to it by the only cross-vein that exists in the wing, just anterior to the branching of the
former. The v. interno-media forks at its origin, the forks continuing sub-parallel to the for-
mer. The V. atialis exists only on the border, if at all.

Rhaphioiid^

The V. marginalis is continuous. The v. mediastina runs parallel to the former and strikes
it in the apical half of the wing. The v. scapularis runs parallel also to the v. marginalis, and
terminates at the tip of the wing. It sends off a widely diverging branch near the middle
of the wing, which forks widely before it has passed half way to the margin, the upper fork

\\:

c main stem,
These Intter
fork to an in-
anch and its
9, The main
8. The V. cX'
oy fork once
erally diverg-
nces on either
itinction from
iteryx, Chrys-
or twice (Sis-
cepted. The
rking, though
, in which the
pace occupied
thaclisif?, they
lo-media seems
once, curving
,rd the border
f the original
nalis generally
md liom their
it occupies a

is reduced to
rest are per-

is continuous,
ing. Tlie v.
brking widely
V. mcdkislina,
ore reaching
and is united
inching of the
lei to the for-

ler and strikes

marffimlis, and

ar the middle

he upper fork

running nearly parallel to the extension of the r. tcaptilam, and is united to it by several
cross-veins, while the lower one keeps on nearly the original course. The two forks are
reunited afterwards by a cross-vein which runs parallel to the border, and sends off several
branches to it. The v. extemo-media, running a short distance parallel to the last, soon
diverges considerably from it and immediately forks, the lower fork reaching the border at
the middle, or sometimcH nearer the base. The upper fork, sometimes imited to the r. scap-
tdan's by a crosH-vcin, soun forks again, its two forks continuing at about equal distances
from each other, from the other fork, and from the branch of the v. scapularia. These three
forks, half way from the original branching to the bonier, are reunited by cross-veins,
which send forth borderwards other branches, which are sometimes simple, sometimes forked
and sometimes united again by cross-veins, like the original branches wh'ch send forth
others to the border. In a similar way are the outer upper ones united by cross-veins to
the branches of the v. scapulam. The branches of this vein occupy more space and are
generally more prominent than those of the r. scapularis. Tlie /'. interno-media forks close to
its origin, is thereafter simple, or nearly so, but may have its forks united by an occasional
cross-vein to one another, or to the veins on either side. The v. analis is unimportant and
has but a single fork.

MANTISPADiB.

The V. marffiiialis is continuous, curving upwards next the base. The v. medinsUna runs
sub-parallel to it, and terminates abruptly at the outer extremity of the pterostigina, on the
apical half of the anterior margin, cither by a cross-vein uniting the v. margimtlis with the v.
scapularis, or by abruptly bending upon the latter. The v. scapularis runs in a straight
course to the apex of the wing, parallel and in close proximity to the v. mediastina, so long
as that continues ; it sends out two parallel branches near to one another at about the
middle of the basal half of the wing, from the second of which springs a branch which runs
parallel to the v. scapularis itself to the very tip of the wing, connected with it by an occa-
sional cross-vein, and sending out equidistant branches parallel to one another and to the
first branches mentioned. They fork once next the border, just before which they are
united together by cross-veins or by recurrence. They are united in a similar way to the
first branches of the v. scapularis, which latter arc also united together by a cross-vein,
which is a continuation of the parallel branch of the second branch but is placed at an angle
to it. The V. exierno-media forks widely at the very base, is almost innuediately united again,
from which union a short branch or cross-vein connects it with the v. scapularis anterior to
its branching, while two others widely divergent at origin run sub-parallel to the branches
of the V. scapularis, are again united not far from the margin by a cross-vein, from which
springs another branch. The v. inierno-mcdia is simple, and is united by single cross- veins to
the veins above and below. The v. analis forks but once.

Panorpina.

The V. marginalis is continuous. The v. mcdiastina is unimportant, parallel to it, and ter-
minates by striking it at about two thirds the distance from its origin. The v. scapidaris
runs in contiguity with the former for a short distance, thcii diverging a little distance
forks, the upper branch running parallel to the v. mcdiastina, and at about the same distance
from it, as it is from the v. marginaUs, till it terminates by striking the v. marginalis a little
way beyond where the v. mediastim strikes it, never forking except sometimes near the tip.
3

gf""

\l

!,

i:!

Iw

i'\

10

The lower brnnch forkH ami reforkn ngnitJ sovcrnl iimoff. Tliifl vein, with the two provioud,
occupy juMt nhoiit one half of the wing. The v. extcriuHnediti can with diiUculty be diHtin-
guiNhed from the r. sca/u/an's next the base, dincc it runH fur a nhort dintance in very cIoho
contiguity to it, after which it divurgcH and ruiiH Hub-parallol tu the luwornioHt branches
of the previouH vcinn, forking about the middle of itH courne, each of the forku dividing once
more. The v. iiifrniiHunlia, taking itw origin at a diutance from the r. ixUriuHnedia, curvcH
directly up into close proximity to that, thoii diverging riujs nearly parallel to it, forking
once at iio great distance from the base (but in Bittacus at the base), thereafter renuiining
Biniplc. The v. annlh, except where it is atrophied, an in Bittacus, forks at the base. The
upper branch, curving like the /•. mfiriio-iiifitia and running parallel to it, remains simple.
The lower branch forks again immediately, the lower fork (forming the margin) dividing
once more, but with these exceptions renuiining simple. All the areas, and the spaces
between the branches, but especially those beyond the middle of the wing, have conspicu-
ous but very infrequent cross-veins. There arc none in the arm cxtirm-ttmUa previous to
the forking of the t'. vxterno-meiUa,

PnnvoANiNA.
The r. luargimfh is continuous. The /•. iiictliasfiiiu is straight and runs into the margin in
the apical half of the wing. It is connected with the /'. luari/iiia/is close to the base by a
strong cros.s-vein. The /'. scdimhtris branches very near the base. The upper branch is sim-
ple, and running parallel to the r. mcJiastmi, reaches the margin before the apex. The
lower branch branches again before the middle of the wing, the branches connected half
way to the outer border by a bent cro.ss-vcin, which sends out a branch parallel to and
midway between these. The v. cxtiriUHucdia bends up towards the v. ,scapuUu'i», then diverg-
ing from it forks not far from the origin, the branches united at half their distance to the
border by a cross-vein, at which point they both fork, the upper fork of the upper branch
again and again forking, each time approaching the lowermost branch of the r. mvpufaris,
with which the last is joined by a cross-vein, which is continuous with the forks of this
vein and the cross-vein of the v. scajntlan's. The v, iiifiriio-iiicdiu is simple, and runs parallel
to the lower branch of the r. crtenio-iiit'tlui. It ♦orminates at the border or at a cro.ss-vcin
which unites the lower branch of the i\ extcnio-maUn with the border. The v. aiia/is forks at
the base, the upper -ranch running parallel to the r. I'li/erno-nicdia, and united near the base
to the other branches, one of which forms the internal margin and the other is short and
unimportant.

Since form dependent on general structure is a characteristic of families, as Aga.ssiz has
well presented it, we might have properly anticipated what we now find from this review,
viz. : that distinctions of a general nature in the neuration of the wings correspond with
t''e fam'!y divisions ; for it is upon the structure of the wings of insects that their form
very much depends. Especially is this true in Neuroptera, where, as much as in any other
group except Lepidoptera, the form is presented most obviously in the contour of the
wings. No systematists, however, have used these characters in the Neuroptera to any
extent so far as I am aware, except Burmeister, who has treated of them in a general way,
but scarcely so as to allow of ready comparison between the families. Heer, also, in his
work on the Fossil Insects of (Eningcn, has given in detail — and diiTering scarcely at all
from what I have here presented — the mode of this venation in the Termitina. Besides

iji

11

two prcviouji,
ilty bu (liHtin-
in very close
lOHt branchoa
dividing onco
HueJia, curvcH
to it, forking
:or remaining
10 bnso. Tho
nmins simple,
rgin) dividing
id the Hpacoa
lavc ctinHpicu-
ia previous to

the margin in

the biiHe by a

branch iH Him-

e apex. Tho

lonnei'ted half

irallel to and

», then diverg-

liutance to the

lupper branch

V. nciijHilan'sy

forkH of thin

runs parallel

a cross-vein

aiia/is forks at

near the base

is short and

I.S Agassis has

this rovievy,

respond with

lat their form

in any other

mtour of the

)tcra to any

general way,

r, also, in his

carcely at all

ino. Besides

theno, I do not know that uny authors have given any spouide distinctions of futnilios
among Nouroptera drawn from these charaiiteriMtics.'

To enable us more readily to inquire how the two fossil forms under discussion are re-
Iate<l to living types, we will reproiliujc some of the more sti'iking of these i-haractiirs in
epitonu', and append a similar brief account of (he venation of (he wings in (he fossils.

Tirmitimt. Nearly (lie entire wing is taken up with the "iiuple and parallel bruiiches uf
the V. vxlmio-iimtia, the anal area being wantin ^.

IJiiiim/iiia, The r. mi'dlmlina terminates near the tip of the wing by impinging on the t .
scnpuUtm, whicli impinges in the same way on (lie /'. ciicnio-iiK-iiiu. Tin? /•. ci/tnuHUitiii
occupies the middle half of the wing with a few straight, simple, or diuhotomous llranche^,
distantly united by straight cross-veins (o une anodier and to the veins above and below ;
anal area considerable.

J'nuciiut. V, mt'diuxlim insignificant. Tho v. ncti/ni/am occupies idmost the entire wing
and is tho only furked vein in it. It sends out a branch not far from the base, frum which
arise most of the branches, which curve and refork in the freest manner (though the wing
is less crowded with veins than ordinarily), united by only ono or two cross-veins to one
another. The anal area is more prominent than the costal.

JWliiia. Tho /'. mtdiasliim is connected with the margin by numerous cross-veins, and
terminates by impinging on the i\ scn/iiilam. The branches of this latter occupy the apex
only of tho wing. It sends out a slightly diverging branch, which remains simple about
half its distance to the margin, then sends out simple branches from its under side, seldom
united by cross-veins. The r. niiriio-vicdia branches like the branch of the r. ncupttlam, at
about the middle of (he wing, is coimected by a cross-vein to that branch at its divarication,
while the branches of the v.vxtiruu-nivdia are themselves connected here and there by cros,s-
veinsand recurrent nervules. The i: iii/cnio-mcdiu iovkn several times, the consecutive uppor
forks continually rcforking, and connected by a cross-vein at last to the ?•. cxtirm-mcdiu at
its first divarication. By this continual connection of the principal veins, two large cells
are Ibrmed in the middle of the wing, the upper open, the latter filled with cross-veins in
one sex ; the last three veins are of not far from equal importance.

J'Jjihciiierina. The first three veins are simple. The r. cxienio-mi'dia occupies the largest
portion of the wing, though it forks and reforks but once or twice, the spaces being filled
by many intercalary nervures proceeding from the outer border. The v. inlcrm-tncdk and
analis are about equal in importance, and similar in character to the v. cvlirno-uudia, though
with fewer intercalary nervures. All the nervures are generally connected by frequent,
straight cross-veins.

Odomla. The most peculiar in its venation of all the families. The v. margimlis ex-
tends only to the middle of the wing, the t\ mcdmlim taking its place beyond. The v. tscaji-
tilaris and cxlemo-inedia are connected close to the margin by a cross-vein, from which arise
two veins Avhich occupy the greater portion of the wing. The anoi maryimlii, mvdmlim,
scapularis, and iidmw-mcdia are traversed by numerous cross-veins. The most of the rest of
the wing is filled with minute reticulations.

Sialina. The v. scapidr/i. sends forth a branch in the basal half of the wing, which strikes

I When this was written 1 had not seen GolJunberjr's paper netoiiaaiy for the object he had in view, he has piven letailed

on the earboniferons Insetts of Saarbrikk, (Di : fosailen In- comparisons of the venation in some of tho fuinilius o.' Ncu-

scctcn dcr Kohlenformation von Saarbriicken, ois den Palai- roptora. I hojic to revert at some future time to the relation

ontographicis von Dunker und Meyer, Cassel 4°. 1854,) which the species of the genus Dictyoncura there described

which must be excepted from this rem^.'k, for so far as was bear to the iiialina and other Nuuroptera.

\n

V:

iii!

1 1

: * ' ■'

iifM

12

(ho bonlor on Iho outor hnlf. Init nonr it,<« origin sends nn< n bnuu'li wliioh fork:', its upper
fork oontiniinlly roforkinj? (tlio lowor nMnuininj? sinipio and oonnootod irrogulnrly by ooou-
nionul oross-norvnivs) nnd ivninining pnrnUol to tbo niiiin stoni. 'Hum*. «'.rA7'»»(>-i/»fv/»'<i f: :krt
iioivr tlio nii(ltU»» ofit^ oourso, <bo nppor fork soniotinios roforking. Tho r. iiifiriKHiiriiin forks
wi«loly at its vory baso, tbo uppor fork sonding «>ut branolu's from its undi'r surlUoc, It Is
of oonsidoraldo injportanoo. whilo tho r. <im»//.'.' is of but. slight signilioanoo.

Iiriiim>i>iii(t. Tlu» V. notniiftirin is gojuM'al'y tnuoh as in Sialina. but fiu'ks gonorally uoar to
tho baso, ur.d tho brauoltos aro straight instvad ^f t'urv»>tl, soldoui inutod by uioro tlian oiio
or two oiH)ss-voins. and thoso gon«>rally vory rogidarly disposod, frotpiontly »niito«l oloso to
tho margin and immodiatoly forking again. It oooupios also ahnost. Ihc ontiro wing.
TI'.o othor voins aro uuu-h as in Siahna, but quito iusignilioant.

Coiiio/i/ir'/ifiiiir. Tlio voins u»»vor roaoh tlu> bt»rdor. and aro oxtromoly simpK\ but thoy
novorthoU'.xs do n«)t .soom to agroo in oltaraotor with tho.xo of anv olhor familv. Tho only
lirauohing voin is tlio r. .ww/Wfrm, whioh oooupios half tho wing. It .sonds out lVt>m it»i
undor si(h» di.stant from ono an.ttbor oiu» or two branohos which fork wi(hdy uoar tho mar-
gin, .somotimos ooniu'otod by oross-voins, It is oonnootod to tho v. i'.tiirii(Hiiriila by a ou)ss-
voin,

li<ip/u\iiiito>. Tho r. .v»vi/»hAw/.v tkios not bnMu'h until boyond tho mi«ldlo of tho wing, thon
sonds out a branch which forks anti is rooonni'otoj. hi fnro roachiujr tho border, bv u cross-
voin wiiioh .sends out .several brauchos to tl'.o border. This vein thus ,tccu|)ios tho apex of
the wing. Tho r aiiriKHiiiifin «>ccupies tho central and largest portion. It .sends »)ut
branches c«)iu«octed by cross-veins which latter themselves .send out towards tho border
olVslmols, whioh aro sometimes again roconueotod.

Mttii/i's/Kuiiv. The r. tiiiihosfiiin impitiges ou the v. st'(t/>tilom in tho outer half of tho wing.
The /'. .vi'(»/>»/(»r/.s- .sends out near together, iu the ba.sal half of tho wing, two branches,
tho oulenuost of which .sends out a branch parallel t«t the main stem, which ,»gaij» emits
branches tv>wards (be border paralKd to and otpiidislant from ono an«>th«>r. The.se unite
next (he border and then fork again as iu IIomer«>bina. This vein t>ccupies u>ore than
half of tho wing. The v. ijftriKHiii'ifid is mncJi as in Khaphidlidio. but blanches nearer the
ba.so. The anal area is (piito iusignilioant.

t'tiitorfiiiin. Tho r. snt/titlan's forks near the middle of the wing, its lower branch ropoat-
e»lly tbrkiug. It occupies about ono third of tho wing, taking in all tho apical portimi.
Tho f. «M/(VH(HH«'(//(r forks inasimilar mainuM' but altogether boyond tho nnddle i»f its course.
Tho branches «»f the veins iu general are uuiinly coufnunl to the outer half of the wing,
un«l they aro couueetod by distant, straigh* cross-veins.

l*/in/ifiiiiiiiit. Tlu> /'. scdfutlitris sends from its lower side I'hKse to tho ba.so a branch, which
forks near tho middle of tho wing, tho branches being eonnectod together alU«rwanls by a
oross-veiu. which continues on and eouuoots the branches of tlu^ r. rjiiriio-iiitifiif. Krom thi.s
continuous eross-voin ii oonsidorable numb«M' of branohos aro s(>nt toward tho apex. This
i.' nearly or quite the i»nly cwss-voin in the wing,

Jlriiitrixtiiiii} The r. m'ttfiiilitris semis dowuwanis a branoh »u«ar tho midillo of tho wing,
which curves ontwanls .so as to run nearly parallel to the nniin stem, and sonds fnun it.s
umler siu'faco several other branohe.s, occupying about a third t<f tho wing. The r.iwfrnio-
iiituh'ii tlividos near the base, au«l iis lower branch forks when about half way to tho luuilor

I Tlioiio nititim Hfmtfiftmt nnd l'iilin<i>lmna ni-o |m<|uH(i<<l to lui i'.<i>|iiH-tiv«<ly ni(MiilK<r» ; Ibllcr ilclniln, Ai n lini<iii fur •
liir tho fniiiilioM «<!' wltioli lloiiiorinliii .iiiil Miniuiii »n< Ivliovt'tl WMov coiii|tAiim)u. an< givoit lK<yoii(l.

t

18

k;«, its iippcr
u'lv bv »)ooa-
fihiiu'iiiii T: '.krt
<Hiii'iiia forks
irlrtoo. It la

rally Hour (o
i)ro thm» Olio
itod oloso to
ontir»< wing.

»lo, l»n( thoy
•. Tho only
Diit iVoii) iU^
I'ur llu» tuiir-
I by a ontss-

»» wini;;. then
r. by H cross-
I tlio apox of
It sottils out
s (ho bonlor

of tho wing.

yvo bniiu'hos,
.igiiin tMiiits
Tbt'so unito
luoro tlitiii
s lu'iuvr tlio

iiu'li ro|u'at-

lioal portion.

if its oourso.

if tlio wing,

ratu'h, wliloh
warils by a
Krom this
apox. 'riiis

»f Iho wing,

luls tVoin its

10 r. twfi'nio-

tho bonlor

ns n liiifiii lor a

of tlu» wing. T\w I'. iiifiTWMiiriiM branobos many tinu's but at a vory .sligbt a«)gU» ; and tho
V. rtiialis is rjot unimportant. All tlu> voins and tboir brani'bos aro intinuttoly nnitod by
vory fro(piont, straiglit, strong oross-voins.

Pahro/ifrrino} Hotb tho v. nitifiilwis »\\i\ iwhrinHiififin fork not far from fhoir origin vory
narrowly, tho lowor fork of tho formor and tho uppor I'ork of tho luttor .•»omotinu's rofork-
ing noar tho margin. 'l\)gothor thoy oooupy soarooly moro voom tluin tho f. i>ifiriii>iiicih\t,
whioh at a tlistam'o l\x)n» tho baso sonds downwards nu>r«> tlivorging branohos wliioh aro oo-
oasionally tntitotl to ono anothor and to tho provious voin by disljint, straight, but obliquo
or«>,ss-voins. as aiv also tho branohos of tho /•. ncii/iiilon's to ono i.notbor. Tho r. (»;*(i//.v ooou-
pios oonsidorablo spaco. .sonding out many narrowly 'livorging forkod branohos not diohoto-
mi'/.ing.

Othor important distlnoti»n)s. drawn lV«>m or dopottdont npt»n tho strvu'turo of tho wit»g.s,
will bo found to bo «"haraotoristio of (ho familios of Noun)ptora. Thoy tlitVor, f»)r oxampto,
in tho various positions assmnod by tho wings whott in an aMitudo «»f roposo.

In tho Tiriiiiiiiia tho wings in thoir natural attitndo whou at rost aro oxtondod horizon-
tally baokwanls. thoso of tho opp«)si(o sidos o«)u»plotoly ovorlapping ono anothor. Thoro is
no <lollootiou of tho oostal aroa. and tho anal aroa boing ab.scnt thoro is no plioation.

in tho Hiiifuih'iiih aooortliug to Wostwood. tho wings aro matlod down upon tho abdouu>n
as in tho ortlu)ptorous family K«)rfio»dariiO. Kron* figuros of thom ono would jndgo that
thoro was no dollootion of tho oostal aroa aiul no plioation of tho am\l aroa, ami that thoir
p«>sition n>ay bo oxaotly as in Tormitina.

In tho I'aoriiKi thoy aro oxtondod backwards, sloping oblitpioly fr«»m « -lo anothor liko tho
n»of «)f a hou.so, thoir innor odgos mooting loosoly, witlu>ut plioation of tlio anal aroa of tho
hinil wings ; anal aroa of foro wings with a slight h'..ri/,ontal dollootion; no dotlootion of
tho oos(:d aroa.

lu tho IVrlim thoy aro oxtondod horizontally backwards, oomplotoly ovorlapping ono
anothor; tho anal aroa of hind wings plicat'-d ; tho costal aroa of fore wings slightly dc-
lloctod.

In tho Hf>/ii'ini'niiif thoy aro extended perpendiouliirly upwards, tho surfaeos of tho oppo-
site wings appr«)ximato. ov st)me(iuu>s separated by a slight, sohhtm a consiilorablo, angle ;
no dollootion of tho oostal aroa; no plioatit>n of tho anal aroa.

In tho Oiioiiiifii thoy aro oxtondod either laterally and horizontally, or (.Vgrituuna) up-
wards, and, by tho struettiro of the th«>rax. baekwanls, tho surfaeos of tho opposite wings
approximate; the anal aroa not plicated ; no detleoti«)n of tho oostal aroa.

In tho iSidh'mi thoy aro oxtondoil baokwanls. incmnploteh ovorlapping i>ne another,
arohe-' over tho abdtMuen ; a single plioati«)n tu* n«>ne in tho anal aroa of hind wings ; u
slight «lollootion in tho costal aroa of the foiv wings.

In tho llninrohiiia thoy aro oxtontled baekwards. steeply sloping obliquely frt)m ono an-
other liko the roof of a hoi-..;o, the-- innor o«lgos in ch)so eontaot throughout ; no plioation
of tho anal aroa ; tho costal aroa tiot ilollootoil."

Tho (\mopttrifiiitUr antl lihufthitiiiiUr \ have ne vet" seen alive, but they probably do nt)t
dilVor essentially fmm IhMuewbina. Neither have I seen tho MiVifis/>a,fa', but thoy aro
probr.ldy either as in l*orlina. though withoot delleetion or plioation, or also witlu)ut com-
ploto or any ovorlapping «»f tho opposite pairo (»f wings as in Panorpina.

I 8o« note on |m<c«>ai»« pug... t u«i S«vig»y ng«n<« N.-moiUoia in «n ttllitiulo \ik« K|tlum)ont.

•'mmmmmmi'f^im

Ilif

i

it:

'V

I:

i |;-

14

In the Panorpina the wings are extended backwards horizontally or sloping slightly, the
lower completely covered by the upper; the opposite pairs divaricate slightly, so as not to
overlap one another at all, while the inner edges meet only along the basal half. The anoJ
area is not plicated, nor the costal area deflected.

In the Phryganina they arc extended backwards, steeply sloping from one another
obliquely like a roof, at tip generally steeper, nearly vertical, and the opposite pairs ap-
pressed ; the anal area of the fore wings ^ /^fleeted horizontally, those of the opposite pairs
overlapping one another, the anal area of the hind wings pl.'cated ; the costal area not de-
flected.

In the Hemcmiina the wings overlap one another horizontally very completely, even
close to the base, probably arched over the abdomen, and probably with the sides protected
near the base by the deflected costal area.

In the Pfila'ojyterina they overlap one another partially in a loose way horizontally over
the abdomen, probably with no costal deflection, and in general as in the Termitina, though
with not so complete an overlapping.

Some of the families of Neuroptera will also be found to differ in the position assuried
by the wings of the pupa, as follows : —

Termitina. When developed more than as tubercles they are represented by Westwood
as extended horizontally elongate over the abdomen, their inner edges touching at tip,

Psocina. Horizontally extended backwards in a level plane, not covering much of the
abdomen, the posterior covered by the anterior.

Perlina. Same as in Psocina, but never covering any of the abdomen, the posterior
being behind and not overlapped by the anterior.

Ephcmcrina. Curving backwards and upwards over the abdomen, the posterior covered
by the anterior, the outer edges meeting along the median line.

Odomhi. Projecting backwards in a level plane, somewhat deflected, the hinder edge
downwards, those of either side parallel.

In the other families the wings are bent over, either curving over upon the breast or
extended along the sides, the posterior partially or completely covered by the anterior, or
with some modification of one or the other of these modes, so nearly the same as to make
the distinctions valueless.

The families differ also from one another, but agree among themselves in the position of
the head. In the Termitina, Embidina, Perlina, Sialina, and Kaphidiida?, the head is in the
same horizontal plane with the body. In Psocina, Ephemerina, Odonata, Hemerobina,*
Panorpina, Phryganina, Mantispadae," and Coniopterygidw, it is in a plane vertical to that of
the body. We do not know the position of the head in Hemeristina, but in Pala;opterina
it is horizontal.

From this review of the distinctions among the families we see that the Hemeristina are
related to the Hemerobina and Sialina more than to any other, by the mode of branching
of the v.scaptdaris ; to the Ephemerina by the comparative importance of the v. intcrno-media
and analis ; to the Odonata by the character of the v. marginalis and v. mediastina in the basal
half of the wing ; to the Ephemerina again in the method of dispersion of the cross-veins ;

1 It may be noticed here that the larva of Myrmelion lias the head Lorizontal.

3 This is an additional reason why this should be separated as a family group from Raphidiidte.

'I I

16

slightly, the
so as not to
r. The anal

)ne another
te pairs ap-
iposite pairs
area not de-

pk-tely, even
ies protected

;ontally over
itina, though

ion assiir

ted

»y Westwood
jg at tip.
much of the

the posterior

erior covered

linder edge

le breast or
anterior, or
as to make

le position of
lead is in the
lemerobina,*
ical to that of
Palajopterina

'emcrisiina are
of branching
intcrno-medla
in the basal
cross-veins ;

and to the Odonata in the strength and importance of the same ; and once more to the
Sialina in the form and manner of folding the wings ; while it has distinctive characters,
not only in the unusual combination of these peculiarities, but also in that the v. marginalia,
mediastina, and the main stem of the v. scajmlan's are equidistant nnd parallel throughout,
uniformly connected by straight cross-veins ; in the peculiar curving of the principal branch
of the V. scapuhm ; in the mode of branching of the v. externo-mcdia ; and in that the lower
principal fork of the v. inierno-mcdia occupies more space with its branches, and is of more
importance than the upper fork,
'Mp The Pdceopterina show their relation to the Tennitina in the character of the v. mcdiastina
and the irregular cross-veins which run towards the margin ; to the Termitina more than
to any other, though not intimately, in the mode of divarication of the branches of this
same vein ; to hardly any unless it be the Panorpina in the peculiarities of the v. extcnio-
media ; to the Ilemerobina and still more to the Sialina in the structure (though in Palae-
oplerina given with more precision and exaggeration) of the v. iiilcnio- media ; to the Eph-
.;, emerina in the mode of branching, and to the Sialina in the important development, of
■^ the V. analis ; to the Rhaphidiida) more than to any other, though but slightly, in the infre-
"l quency and manner of dispersion of the cross-veins, excepting the marginal ones ; and to
the Termitina in the obliquity of all the cross-veins apart from those on the margin, and
generally in the manner of folding the wings in repose. In the importance of the v. intcrno-
media and amdis, occupying as they do fully half the wing, v.e have characters which of
themselves would clearly separate this family from the otheis ; we also find distinctions of
sufficient significance in every vein of the wing except the v. marginalis and mcdiastina.

"Wc have thus far treated only of the structure of the wings. In the Palaeopterina, how-
ever, we have other portions of the body to examine in addition to these, though their
structure is generally scarcely as di.^tinct as that of the wings, being crushed and displaced.

The contour of the abdomen is best preserved, though least so at the terminal segment,
the most important part. It is apparently depressed ; the roundness of the lateral edges of
the segments indicate a membranous rather than a corneous, or even coriaceous integ-
ument, broad at the base, slightly increasing in breadth towards the middle and then taper-
ing considerably to the apex, the terminal segment apparently furnished with a pair of
short, stout, conical, anal stylets, — in all this corresponding in general to what we find in
some Sialina. The meso- and meta- thorax are somewhat indefinite in their outlines, but the
inequalities of the upper surfiice and the direction of the principal wing-nervures, which
afford us an indi ation of the point of attachment of the wing, together with the faint sutu-
ral marks, show that it was similar in character in this part of the body also to the struct-
ure we find in Corydalis, one of the Sialhia. The prcMiorax is quite remarkable for its
diminutive size, its width being only half that of the mesothorax. We find similar abrupt
changes in the Rhaphidiidoe, but in the Pala;opterina the pro thorax is not, as there, length-
ened anteriorly as a compensation, but is formed much as in Pcrlina, depressed, quadran-
gular, Avith a slight median carina, but its anterior edge produced in the middle to quite a
prominent tooth. The anterior legs are v.-anting,^ bat both the other pairs are present in
fragments, enough to show that thoy were of moderate length and strongly co.mpressed.

1 It vrill bo seen in our description of the nntorlor legs and reasons for this wo have given elsewhere,
of the head, that we interpret these parts very differently Science, (2) XL : 2G8.
from Professor Dana in bis article in <Si7/iman's yourna/. The

See Amtr. /oum.

r|f"

t i.

If

ip.

16

recalling vividly the Perlina. The outline of the head is partly very distinct and partly
very indistinct, and is docked posteriorly by what indistinctly resembles the posterior two
segments of the abdoraen of another insect. It is depressed (ike the other parts of the
body, and regularly ovoid in outline. The eyes are rather large, elongate, lateral. The
other appendages of the head cannot be made out distinctly enough for any characteriza-
tion, the only possible indication of antennas being slight lineur depressions in the stone.
In those points which can be seen the head olosely resembles the Perlina.

The only portion of the body besides the wings which is preserved with any distinct-
ness in the Heraeristfna is a fragment of a femur, which from its position on the stone may
be assumed to belong to the anterior pair of legs. It is compressed, with a slightly swollen
median ridge, as the femora of Palajopterina are. There is also an appi rent fragment of a
middle femur and tibia at their union, very indistinctly preserved. The most that can be
said about it is that it seems to agree with the same parts in Palajopterina.

Now what is most interesting in this connection is, that the Neuroptera have been
divided by Erichson, in this being followed by at least the Gennan Entomologists, ii;to two
groups, called respectively ilie Neuroptera (comprising the families Sialina, Hemeiobina,
Coniopterygida), Mantispada;, Rhaphidiidaj, Panorpina, and Phryganina), and the Pseudo-
neuroptera (which include the Tcrmitina, Embidina, Psocina, Perlina, Ephemerina, and
Odonata), founded principally upon one very essential characteristic, — the complete or in-
complete metamorphosis, /. c, whether the pupa be inactive or active ; in Avhich latter case
the ru'^imentary wings of the pupa are mere pads protruding horizontally or more or less
deflected from the thoracic segments, and in the other are more developed and wing-shaped,
encircling the sides and folded over upon the breast like Coleopterous pupa) ; and in sup-
port of the naturalness of this division it is urged that in no other sub-order of Insects do
we find existing simultaneously two so distinct forms of metamorphosis.'

We have already seen, by the comparison of the wings alone, that these two families of
fossil Neuroptera borrowed from one and another of the other families characteristics of
v/ing-structure, which show their close affinity to them. These families from which they
were borrowed, will now be seen to belong, some to one and others to the other of these
larger groups, proving that we have in our newly discovered families a Synthetic Neurop-
TEROus Type. And this is still more evident when we carry our comparisons into other
parts of the body, as we may in the Palicopterina, where the meso- and meta-thorax and
the abdomen remind us strongly of the Sialina, a Neuropteron, while the head and eyes, the
prothorax and legs, quite as much bring the Perlina, a Pseudo-neuropteron, to our mind.

In the Hemeristina we have nothing of importance in this direction ; but the femoral
fragments agree so closely with the Palajopterina in its mimicry of Perlina as to lead us
to suggest that in its other features it may also have followed somewhat the peculiarities of
the Palceopttriaa in the equal distribution of its characteristics over a field embracing both
the Neuroptera and Pseudo-neuroptera.

We shall have completed the task we have assumed when we have given in detail the

' I cannot, however, discover any ono character coniinon to general arc those of the Ncu-iptcra among themselves j un-

the wing-structure of one of these two groups which is not loss it bo that the Phrj-ganina are as widely separated from

found in the other as well, though the families of Psouc!o- the mora nearly related families as those of Fseudo-neurop-

neuroptcra are much more distinct from ono another than in tera are from one another.

t and partly
losterior two
parts of the
lateral. The
characteriza-
in the stone.

any distinct-
le stone may
ghtly swollen
ragmeiit of a

that can be

a have been
fists, ii;to two
, Hemerobina,
I the Pseudo-
lemerina, and
)mpletc or in-
ich latter case
? more or less
1 wing-shnped,
I ; and in sup-
■ of Insects do

vvo families of
ractoristics of
n which they
)ther of these
niETic Neurop-
>ns into other
ita-thorax and

and eyes, the
0 our mind,
the femoral

as to lead us
peculiarities of
nbracing both

it

in detail the

mg themselves ; un-

ely separated from

of Pseudo-ncurop-

17

characters of the families, genera, and species of the fossil insects referred to in the pre-
vious remarks.

Family Pal-uopterina Scudder.

Ncuroptera of medium, size. Body rather broad and flat; the head horizontal. Head
oval, depressed ; eyes rather large, elongate ; thorax square and depressed ; the prothorax
and head much narrower than tiie rest of the body ; legs compressed, not long ; abdomen
full, long, probably (like Corydalis) not corneous; the terminal segment probably with a
pair of very short anal appendages.

Wings large and regularly roimdeu, very broad near the base, the two pairs nearly
equal, extending beyond the abdomen, and when at rest both pairs reaching about the
same point ; Avith only a very few and slight cross-veins, except in the area marginalis,
where they are numerous and irregular ; when at rest, folded as in the Sialina.

The r. mcdiastiua rims parallel to the v. margiimlis, but not in close proximity to it. It
terminates at about two thirds the distance to the apex by impinging on the r. papillaris,
which runs parallel and quite near to the v. mediasfiiia, reaching the margin just before the
very extremity of the wing. The v. nn^ is forks at about one fourth its distance from
the base, the upper fork taking the direction mentioned and remaining simple, the lower
diverging but little though with constant increment, forking at about three fourths the
distance from the base, the forks reforking one or more times. The upper branch is
connected by a few oblique cross-veins with the lower, which run outwards and down-
wards. The V. cxtcrno-mcdia forks quite near the base, its branches but slightly divergent,
sometimes forking again. The v. iiitcrno-media covers Avith its branches a wider space. It
is at first about as divergent from the last as that is from the lower branch of the v.
scapiilaris. It soon forks, the upper branch again forking twice, the forks remaining par-
allel but separated from or.'e another at the start as widely as those of the previous vein at
their termination. There r.re one or two cross-veins imiting these forks, and one or two
uniting the upper branch to the lower branch of the previous vein, where it comes in close
contiguity. Of the v. aiialis little can be said, except that it terminates in a large number
of closely contiguous, parallel nervures, which arise from fo 'ks near the ba.se, which seldom
refork, the branches running parallel to the innermost branch of the v. iiiterm-mcdia. The
urea marginalia has a large number of irregular cross-veins curving outwards from the f.
mediastina, as in many Termiiina. Tlie wings are quite alike and weak. In the specimen
they are in their natural attitude of repose, overlapping one another in a loose way upon
the back, probably with no side support

Genus Miamia Dana.

Head ovate ; eyes oblong-ovate, situated on the sides in the middle, slightly approximate
anteriorly, prominent above and below but not protruding laterally beyond the general
contour of the head ; prothorax as wide as the head, quadrangular, broadest anteriorly, the
anterior border very much produced forwards into a median projection, both anterior and
posterior angles prominent but rounded, the posterior border square ; meso- and meta-tho-
rax much broader than prothorax, with large, slightly elevated tubercles just within the
base of the wings, as in Corydali? ; middle and hind femora and tibia) broad and not long,
femora and tibia) of equal length ; abdomen large and plump, as in Corydalis, the basal
joints not quite so large as the central, tapering regularly, though but little, from the
5

!!

9 '■

' t '•

18

middle to the tip ; Inst joint considerably smaller thnn the penultimate, furnished apparently
with a pair of very short, bluntly conical, anal append, tges. The costal border of the wings
is almost perfectly straight, till near the tip, at a point just before reaching the tip of the
abdomen when the wings are at rest, where it begins to curve. The inner border begins to
form an opposite curve at a corresponding point, and together they form a curve of per-
fect regularity with no angle whatever. The inner border is straijjht for some distance
from this curve towards the base, the wing growing but slightly narrower till near the base,
when it narrows suddenly, Lut (probably) with n regular curve.

The cross-veins connecting the branches of the v. scapulam are only two or three, run-
ning obliquely downwards and outwards from the upper to the lower branch at equal dis-
tances from one another, and the outer at a similar distance from the forking of the lower
branch. The cross-veins, between the branches of the v. mtenio-medut, run parallel to the
inner margin between the extremities of those branches. The cross-veins are very slight,
and in the case of those in the area marginalis are very irregular in direction and disposi-
tion, like the same sp.ace in the Terraitina. In the other parts of the wing the two or
three scattered ones in the places mentioned are regular and straight.

Miamia Br ^soni Dana.

Measurements : head, .10 in. broad ; length of eye, .08 in. ; length of prothorax, including
front projection or tooth, .15 in. ; breadth of meso-thorax, .25 in. j from the hinder edge of
prothorax to the extremity of the abdomen, 1.12 in. ; breadth of middle femora, .05 in. ;
length of hind femora (what is seen of them), .33 in. ; breadth of sam3, .07 in.; length of
hind tibia?, .18 in. ; breadth of .same, .04 in.; expanse of fore wings, 2.16 in. ; expanse of
hind wings, 2 in. ; extreme breadth of fore wing, .40 in. ; length of the anal append-
ages, .05 in.

Head just twice as long as broad ; prothorax of the same width as the head, the front
border convex, produced considei'ably forward in the middle to a pointed and rather slen-
der tooth, a very slightly impressed median carina extending the whole length of the pro-
thorax, a scarcely perceptible linear impression crossing the hinder portion, starting from
a little in front of the posterior angle and curving forward so much that the broad, straight,
scarcely elevated ridge connecting its two extremities is equally distant from it and the
hind border of prothorax ; the sides of prothorax very slightly convex, the prothorax itself
about five sixths as broad posteriorly as anteriorly. Femora (front legs wanting) broad,
slightly swollen along the middle line, flat upon either side, tlie extremities docked, the
angles slightly rounded. TibioD much narrower, with no median ridge except in the hind
tibia), where it is slight in the middle. Wings in repose reaching the same point.

Family Hemeristin.\ Scudder. • . ,. 'v ' ., '

Neuroptera of large size. The prothorax is quadrangular, narrower than the meso- and
mcta-thorax. though not proportionally so much so as in the Palajopterina ; the femora
(probably the front pair) are as in the Palaeopterina, but proportionally broader.

Wings large, long, about twice as broad beyond the middle as near the base, the costal
border convex in its outer half, with numerous ajid prominent cross-veins, but no reticu-
lations ; when at rest, overlapping quite completely even close to the base, much as in the
Perlina, and probably with the sides protected near the base by the deflected arece marffiih
alis d scapularis.

10

ictl apparently
!!• of the wings
the tip of the
irder begins to

curve of pcr-
some distance

near the base,

or three, run-
h at equal dis-
; of the lower
)arallel to the
ire very slight,
n and disposi-
iir the two or

orax, including
hinder edge of
LMnora, .05 in. ;
in.; length of
a. ; expanse of
! anal append-

lead, the front
nd rather slen-
gth of the pro-
i, starting from
broad, straight,
•om it and the
)rothorax itself
wanting) broad,
es docked, the
pt in the hind
)oint.

the meso- and
a; the femora
der.

Dase, the costal
, but no reticu-
111 uch as in the
ed arew margin-

The V. mcdiasfina and v. scapularis run nearly parallel to each other throughout their
course. The v. scapuhiris, at about one third the distance from its origin to the apex,
sends out a branch, which curves outwards and considerably downwards, again curving
upwards, so that when about two thirds the distance from the base it is as far from tiio
main stem as that is from the front margin ; beyond this, it keeps apparently parallel with
the main stem; at the deepest part of its curve it sends out a branch about as divergent
from it as it was from its parent stem, which continues directly to the margin, and again,
but a short distance further on, it sends fortli another, which runs parallel to the former.
The r. cxfenio-meiUa is found a short distance from the base in close contiguity with the
V. scapularis, but forliing as it separates from the former, the up])er branch continues a short
distance in close contiguity to it, and then passes unchanged to the border of the wing
parallel to the lowermost branch of the v. scapularis ; the lower branch runs in a direction
parallel to the general course of the upper, and forks once a little more than half way to
the border. The v. inter iio-vwdia forks at its origin, both forks running very nearly parallel
and in quite close contiguity to one another, and parallel to, but rather distant from, the
lower branch of the v. cxterno-mcdia. The upper fork again forks at a little distance from
the origin, the forks keeping in close contiguity. The lower fork sends off from its lower
side one or two slightly curving, rather divergent branches. Of the origin and branching
of the V. analis little can be said ; the branches are rather numerous and distant, and sub-
parallel to the lower fork of the v. iiitcrno-mcdia as continued in its first branch, and the area
covered by it is large and well developed. All of these veins and branches are connected
together by numerous cross-veins, which are quite prominent, equidistant, and equally dis-
tributed throughout the wing, much as in most Ephemerina.

The lower wing differs from the upper, so far as can be determined, in that the branch of
the i\ scapulari'' does not curve towards the main stem, and that there are other branches to
the V. scapularis beyond the iirst, parallel to that. The veins below this were not easily

distinguishable.

Genus Hemeristia Dana.

Prothorax equally wide throughout ; the sides straight ; the anterior and posterior bor-
ders slightly if at all convex ; (fore ?) femora as in Miamia, but proportionally broader,
though with the same flat surface on each side of a slightly swollen middle ridge.

Wings of large size, probably extending considerably beyond the body, the costal border
probably quite straight during the first part of its coiu'se, curving broadly towards the ex-
tremity, probably with the extremities rounded and without a pointed apex, and with a full
anal area and angle. The second branchlet of the principal branch of the v. scapularis in
the upper wing, previous to the origin of the third, is connected with the principal branch
by sinuate cross veins as frequent as the cross-veins in other parts of the wing.

Hemeristia oooidentalis Imna.
The prothorax here is so indistinct and poorly defined as to be incapable of specific de-
scription, or of measurements. Mesothorax, .25 in. broad ; the fragment of the (fore?)
femur is .10 in. broad. The wings, too, being but partially preserved, it is impossible to
give accurate measurements, save of parts within a wing. Ine probable expanse is 5.15
in. ; the distance, when the wings are at rest, between the first branching of the v. scapu-
laris on one wing and that on the other upper wing, is .50 in. The estimated breadth of

ir

1

20

ench wing at its widest point, probably the same as that between the margins of the wings
at rest at their widest point, is .85 in. ; the distance between the origin of the principal
branch of the v. scapulam of the upper wing and that of its second branch is .53 in. ; the
greatest width of the space between the i>. scapulam and its principal branch in the upper
wing is .11 in.; and the distance be' ocn the v. scapular is and the margin at this same
point is .09 in. The figure answers better than description.

In this specimen the right upper wing overlaps the left upper wing, and the insect is
seen from above.

Explanation of the Plate.

Vig. 1. — The right upper wing of Ifemeriitia occidentalit restored, inagniflud 1 J diameters.
Fig. 2. — Restorntioii of Miamia Bronsoni, magnified 2 Jinmeten).

The dotted lines in these two figures show the conjectural parts.
Fig. 3. — The four wings of HemerUilu occidentalit as seen in the fossil, magnified 1 ^ diameters.
Fig. 4. — The veins of the wings only of Miamia Brontoni, as they appear in the fossil, magnified 2 diameters.

Published December, 18G6.

I*
'I ''

d the insect ia

On the Carboniferous Myriapods preserved in the Sigillarian Stumps

OP Nova Scotia.

Among the most curious and interesting results of Dr. J. W. Dawson's researches in the
ancient fauna and flora of Nova Scotia is his discovery, in the carboniferous strata at the
" Joggins" mine, of erect sigillarian stumps, whose cavities enclosed, vnth the debris of
those ancient times, the reUcs of a fauna othenvise quite unknown. Tlie land-shells and
gally-worms — than which none are known of older date — with fragments of hexapod
insects, which had nom'ished the reptiles of that period and are now preserved in their
coprolites, indicate, from their nature and comparative abundance, a fauna of considerable
magnitude ; three stumps alone, Dr. Dawson informs me, have yielded the articulate re-
mains which I have examined.^ The gally-worms occur mostly in fragments of from three
or four to about sixty segments ; but also in smaller bits, enclosed in the masses of reptilian
coprolites ; hexapod insects scarcely appear except in the coprolites, and although they
unquestionably belong to Orthoptera and Neuroptera (of small size), they are in general
too fragmentary to justify one in predicating anything of their generic affinities.

In this paper attention is directed to the Myriapoda alone. These were originally re-
ferred by Dr. Dawson to a single species and described imder the name of Xylohins sigil-
larice.^ Greatly to my surprise, I found, on examining them, that they represented not
only several species, but two genera of gally-worms. Urged by the doubts both of Dr.
Dawson and myself, I subjected the specimens to repeated and most minute inspection, but
found my previous opinion confirmed at every step.

The condensed description, origmaUy given by Dr. Dawson, is as follows : —

" Body crustaceous, elongate, articulate, when recent cylindrical or nearly so, rolling
spirally. Feet small, numerous; segments thirty or more; anterior segments smooth,
posterior, with transverse wrinkles, giving a fiu:rowed appearance. In some specimens
traces of a series of lateral pores or stigmata. Labrxun ? quadrilateral, divided by notches
or joints into three portions. Mandibles two-jointed, last joint ovate and pointed. Eyes
ten or more on each side." Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xvi., p. 272.

In stating that the anterior segments were smooth, while the posterior were provided
with " transverse wrinkles," Dr. Dawson seems to have drawn his conclusions from a com-

1 Tho opportunity of studying them I owe to his kindness.
' For previous writings on " Xylobius sigillarix " see :
Dawson, J. \V. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., xn,
268-273, figs. 4-9 (figs. 5, 6, 8, A. xylobioides ; fig. 9, X. sigll-
lariai) ; ibid., xviii, 6 ; ibid., xxii, 116 ; Air Breathers of
the Co.il Period, 62-64, 67, pi. vi, figs. 57-61 (figs. 57, 61,
A. xylobioides ; fig. 59, X. Dawsoni ; fig. 60, X. sigillar!(e) ;
Can. Nat. and Geol., Viii, 280, 283, pi. vi, figs. 57-61

(s ^e as previous) ; Acad. Geol., Suppl., 33, 34, 36, fig. 45
{A. xylobioides) ; ibid., 2d cd., 385, 386, fig. 151, (fig. 1516
A. xylobioides; fig. 151c X. sigillarioe).

WooDWAno, H. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg.,ii, 235-237, pi.
iii, figg. 11-13 (figs. 11, llo, 13, 13a, X. Woodward!; fig. 12a,
A. xylobioides).

ScuDDER, S. H. Dawson's Acad. Geol., 2d cd., 495-496;
Geol. Mag., v, 21".

(21)

V

22

pariflon of specimens in which the anterior segments only were preserved, with others
which ho considered posterior segments ; but every specimen I liave seen either is or is not
smooth tliroughout the whole length of the fragment, and there are quite a number of
fragments in which more than half the body is preserved ; this distinction is the one upon
which I would base my division of these millipedes into two genera. In one (for which
the name of Xi/lobiua may be retained, since it comprises the larger "number both of spe-
cies and of specimens) the segments composing the body are broken up by longitud-
inal sutures into little quadrangular plates, of varying form and proportion, which,
for want of a better name, I have designated below as fruatra, and which, to the best
of my knowledge, are wanting in any living Myriapoda.* In the other, which may
be called Archiufua, the segments are apparently composed mainly of one unbroken
piece, as in recent myriapods. Other distinctions between these groups will doubtless
be found; but the imperfect preservation ot the fossils — not one of them approach-
ing completeness — forbids their present discovery. In the meantime it does not seem
imreasonable to consider this feature alone in the structure of the segments of sufficient
importance to separate the groups generically.

Of the genus Xylohitia four species may be distinguished among the remains from Nova
Scotia. For the species best represented both in numbers and in the character of the
specunens, I have retained the original name applied by Dr. Dawson.

Xylobius sigillarieB Dawi.

There are no large fragments of this myriapod and but few that throw any light upon
the form of the terminal portions of the body ; the specimens are usually more or less
coiled, and the largest, which is 28 °"°- in length, is curved in the form of a semi-circle.

* Mr, Edward Burgess lins c.iUcd my attention to n myriapod,
Spiroslrephon laclarius (Say) Brandt, which presents a some-
what similar appearance ; the zcgments in this peculiar
chilognatli bear frequent, longit idinal ridges, very elevated
and strongly compressed, the n titude of every other one
being double that of the intermediate; the segments arc
divided by these ridges into quadrilateral sections of much
the same proportions as the frustra of Xylnbius sigil-
lariee Daws.; but since these sections arc perfectly con-
tinuous (undivided by any sutures) they can bear no struc-
tural aflinity or homology with the frustra of Xylobius.

Another instance Vtay be seen in Trachyj'iUus ceylanicus
Pet. from Ceylon, spc.smens of which Professor Humbert
has kindly given mo '..i opportunity of examining, and which
are thus describeU by him (Essai sur les Myriapodes de
Ceylan, pp. 43-4G, pi. iii, figs. 18, 18a- ISA) ; "Each
segment is divided into *.ree successive regions ; the front
one, formed by the r.rticular portion (prozonite), fits into
the preceding segment and is regular and smooth ; behind
it is an annular region marked by numerous projectin^-
longitudinal Uncs; finally the hinder part of the segment
is prominent and furnished with strong longitudinal carinie,
each formed of two sharp spinous tubercles, placed ono
behind the other and united at their base. These carina

succeed each other in regular lines from one end of the
body to the other, and thus form strong longitudinal ridges
which follow those of the first segment. The ridge formed
by the median dorsal carina is slightly pronounced; on
each side of it are two stronger ones ; the second lateral
carina projects more strongly than the others, and arises or
each side of a strong, black, cylindical tubercle, which is
truncated at its summit, where the foramen rcpugnatorium
opens, and followed behind by another smaller sharp tu-
bercle, obliquely docked at the edge ; below this scries of
tubercles, there are five or six other rows, diminishing grad-
ually in size toward the base of the legs." Humbert further
states tbat, in this sculpturing of the segments, Trachyjultu
greatly resembles Glyphiulus granulalus Gcrv. from Mauritius.
Markings similar to the sutures dividing the frustra are
found in all lulids in the lines of growth on the lower borders
of the sides of the segments; but these invariably become
indistinct, and finally invisible at a short distance from the
lower border of the segment, and, moreover, never traverse
the segment in a straight line, but in a curve across the
lower anterior angle, or in lines parallel to such a curve ;
they are also closely approximate, while the division lines
of the firustra are at comparatively wide intervals — alto-
gether too wide to be mistaken for these lines of increment.

ftsi

I, with others
licr in or is not
) a number of
) the one upon
one (for which
r both of spe-
t by longitud-
ortion, which,
:i, to the beat
r, which may
one unbroken
will doubtless
lem approach-
joes not seem
its of sufficient

ins from Nova
aracter of the

iny light upon
more or less
a semi-circle.

n one end of the
longitudinal ridges

The ridgo formed
y pronounced; on
tlio second latcrul
hers, and arises of
tubercle, which ia
men rcpugnatorium

smaller sharp tu-
low this series of

diminishing grad-
Hunibcrt further
mcnts, Trachyjxdus
TV. from Mauritiug,
ig the frustra are
1 the lower borders
invariably become
distance from the
rcr, never traverse

curve across the

to such a curve ;

the division lines

) intervals — alto-
iines of increment.

23

Tlie body is cylindrical, of uniform width throughout the principal part and tapering a
little at either end ; none of the speciuicnH, however, are Hufficiently well preserved to as-
certain in what degree or over how great an extent the body tapers ; one specimen, whifh
shows the posterior three or four sognieuts quite clearly, topers from 1.05 """■ to 1.5 """•
in bread til in a distonce of 1.125 """•; another fragment occurring in the middle of the
body is 18 """■ in length and of uniform breadth throughout. It is of course impossible
to determine of how many segments the body Avas composed, but the largest fragments
number twenty-seven and thirty segments, respectively, and the body was probably fur-
nished Avith at least forty or fifty ; the breadth of the body varies from 2.25 "'"• to
3.6 """■, and generally averages about 2.75 """• ; at the posterior extremity, however, it
meosures only 1.15 °"°' The segments of the body are a little convex, and measiu'c from
.7 °"°' to more than 1 """• in length, averaging .87 """•, the length being to the breadth
as 1 to 3.441. The surface is smooth, and both the anterior and posterior borders appear to
be slightly incrassated.

The frustra are quadrangular in shape, extend regularly across the segments and are
always more than twice, and often more than thrice, as long as broad ; in segments which
measure from .7 °"°' to 1.05 """• in length, the frustra vary in length from .2125 ""• to
.45 '"'"•, and average .29 """•, the breadth being to their length (on an average) as
1 to 3.043 ; they are so arranged doAvn the sides of the segments that the upper edge of
each is always a little higher than the lower edge of the next frustrum above ; except in
partaking of the convexity of the segment, they are flat.

A single specimen seems to show a slight circular depression in the centre of one of the
frustra, which occurs about half way up the sides of the segment ; it resembles and is
found in the place of the lateral pores.^ There are two pairs of legs to each segment ;
they arise in close proximity, and apparently not from the middle of the segment, but
from the middle of its anterior half (possibly its posterior half — which, cannot bo deter-
mined from the imperfect nature of the fragments) ; they are very long and slender and
of nearly equal breadth throughout, tapering at the tip ; they vary, probably in different
parts of the body, from .6 "™- to 1.45 "™- in length,' and the largest are .075 """• broad:
they are apparently composed of five joints j of these the terminal is the longest ; the first
and second are equal and next in length, and the fomrth is the smallest of all."

Zylobius similis sp. nor.

The form of this animal does not seem to differ much from that of X. aigillaricB Daws.
In one or two specimens, which show some of the terminal segments, the extremities are
a little smaller than the middle of the body, the diameter diminishing near the head, in a
distance of about 11 """•, fi:om 5.5 °^- to 4 """• ; the hmder end tapers from 3.5 "^ ,
at a distance of 3 ""• from the extremity, to 2.75 '°°- at the extremity itself. The
number of segments on the fragments vary from twenty-seven to at least forty, and in
one specimen apparently to sixty, while in none of them are all the segments preserved.

> Fovamina repugnatoria of Waga.

'The length of the legs in this and all subsequent measure-
ments, refers to the distance to which they extend beyond
the crushed body.

'This statement concerning the joints is doubtful, being
based on a single instance, not clearly defined.

HKHoiBs soar.

VAT. HIST. VOL. II.

SB

J

24

Tlio Hppcimens vnry in length from 18 '"™ to 38 ""••, and in breadth 1.5 """ in mi-
nute, i)rohal>ly young, «peeiuiens to 5.5 """■ in very large ones ; UHually they are about
3.5 """• broad. The wegnientN are a little more convex tlian in X siyilhirite DawH., and
(with one exception, wliero tlie segments vary from .105 """• to .175 """• in length,
and the body in only 1.5 """• ))road) vary in length from .55 '".'" to 1.3 ■""', where
the body ranges from 2.5"'"- to 5.5 """'• in "oreadth ; the average length of the negment
to itH breadth is as 1 : 5.574. The 8egn;ents are ordinarily nmooth, but sometimos appear
to be coarsely, irregularly and very faintly scabrous ; they arc but slightly, if at all, in-
crassated at the anterior and posterior margins.

The frustra are quadrangular in shape, cross the segments regularly and are generally a
little less than twice as long as broad ; except in the case of the small specimen already al-
luded to (where they are .087 """ in breadth), they vary from .275 """• to .75 ■"■"■ in
breadth ; in segments, the lengths of which vary from .55 °^' to 1.3 '°°'' the frustra
average .55 ""• in breadth, and the breadth is to the length as 1 : 1.9. As in X atgillaricB
Daws., they are flat, except as they partake of the convexity of the segments, and their
upper edges are slightly prominent.

Besides the cross lines upon the segments, indicating the division of the frustra, finer,
fainter, parallel and more frequent impressed line« are occasionally seen ; some which were
measured were .0125 °"°" broad, and on an average 1 ■""• apart. In one specimen I
found a whitish substance, which appears to be the altered chitinous coat of the animal,
and in this were alternating elevations and depressions crossing the segment, at distances
varying from .1 """• to .175 '"°' apart; they are in direct continuation of the fine lines
mentioned above^ which at this point vary similarly in distance ; they differ, however, in
that the first mentioned lines are sharply defined furrows, separated by broad plane siur-
faces, while these are dull grooves between alternating slopes of elevation ; in the latter
also, the lines of depression are deepened and broadened at regular intervals, giving the
whole field a maculate, pitted appearance, apparently found in other chitinous spots, Avhich
bear no trace of the lines ; it may be noticed that these various sculpturings usually occur
on segments near the head and on the lower half of the body.

I have not found any trace of foramina, nor are any legs visible, with the exception, in
a single instance, of what seems to be a basal joint; it is .175 """• broad, or much
larger than in X. sigillarice Daws. In one specimen, in exactly the place where the eyes
should be, an aggregation of minute tubercles may be seen, arranged in five parallel rows,
each row containing from two to five tubercles; very probably these are only accidental
roughnesses on the stone.

: rylobius firaottu ep. noT.

I have seen but three fragments of this gally-worm, and my knowledge of its structure
is correspondingly limited ; only one fragment shows what may be an anterior or a poste-
rior end, or both, and it is so imperfectly preserved that one cannot be sure whether
the lessening breadth of the extremities is real or accidental. The largest specimen —
and this is parted in such a way that it may have belonged to two individuals — is slightly
curved in position, 25 °™' long, and composed of forty-five rings, the longer portion
counting twenty-eight ; another fragment, 7 °"°' in length, is composed of sixteen seg-

16

5 """ in mi-
ey are about
lie Daws., and
"■" in length,
3 mni.^ where

the segment
etinios appear
, if at all, in-

ro generally a
en already al-
to .75 ""»• in
"• the frustra
X. sigillariat
nts, and their

frustra, finer,
10 which were
le specimen I
of the animal,
t, at distances
the fine lines
r, however, in
id plane eur-

in the latter
ds, giving the
8 spots, which
usually occiur

exception, in
sad, or much
here the eyes
parallel rows,
ily accidental

its structure
or or a poste-
3ure whether

specimen —

— is slightly
)nger portion

sixteen seg-

ments. The body ordinarily varies from S.G"""' to 3.75"" in breadth, but is fwmctimes
BO nuich (i'storted as to bo only 2.25 ""• broad. The segments are still more convex
tlian in A', aimilia Scudd., exceedingly short, and vary in length from .425 """• to
.675 """•, averaging about .58 ""• only ; in other words, the average length of the Hegincnts
to their breadth is as 1 : 6.617; the surface does not present any noticeable irregularities,
and neither the anterior nor posterior margins appear to be thickened.

Tlie frustra are quadrangular in shape, cross the segments regularly and are very nearly
square, save at the lower portion of the sides of the body, where iliey become almost
twice as long as broad ; they vary in breadth from .275 ""• to .5 '■"'■ averoging .42 ""• ;
their average breadth is to their length as 1 : 1.353 ; except ia so far as they partake of
the convexity of the segments, the frustra ai'O flat, but the upper edge of each is very
slightly raised above the surface of the contiguous frustrum. The fine lines which were
noticed in X. aimilia Scudd., are also found in this species (probably they are common to
all), and occur invariably on the lower half of the body only ; in distance apart they vary
from .038 mm. to .1 ""•, being usually about .075 ""•. In one individual, where only one
or two segments are preserved, a slight depression, probably a lateral pore, may bo seen
in the centre of one of the middle frustra of eacU rogment. Only one specimen, and that
a very small fragment, preserves any sign of legs ; they seem to agrfs in general with
those of the species previously described, but the different joints cannot bo distinguished j
there are apparently two pairs to each segment j they are 2 ™"* in length, and near the
base measure from .0626 ""• to .0875 in breadth.

ZylobiuB Dawsoni ap. nor.

The only representatives of this species before me are two admirably preserved single
segments and a crushed mass of contiguous segments, all from the middle of the body ;
even in the latter case, there are not enough segments to show the form of the body j
the parts preserved measm-e 23.5 ""• in length, are composed of about twenty-five
segments, and are of uniform breadth throughout, measuring in this direction 3.5 ""•
The segments are quite pecidiar, and, if we except their being broken into frustra,
resemble very closely those of the single species of the genus Archiulus, described further
on. The portion of the segment lying, in repose, beneath the adjoining anterior segment
(I say anterior by assumption, for the remains themselves do not prove anything), is flat,
or nearly so — perhaps slightly concave ; while' the exposed portion is first (anteriorly)
strongly and abruptly convex, making a narrow prominent ridge aoross the body, and
occupying a little more than one-foiu:th of the length of the exposed portion of the seg-
ment, and then regularly and broadly, but rather deeply, concave along the remainder of
the segment. The segments are longer than in the other s^jocies, varying fcom 1.15 ""•
to 1.65 ""• in length, and averaguig 1.5 ""• ; but the portion concealed by the over-
lapping of the contiguous segment, .4 mm. in length, is not given in the measurements of
the previously mentioned species, and for comparison with them, must be subtracted ; this
leaves the average length of the exposed portion 1.1 ""■, and the average length of the
segment to its breadth as 1 : 3.4. The exposed svu-face of the segments is provided with a
very faint, minute and indistinct punctulation ; and also with fine, indistinct lines of scidp-
ture, .25 ""• apart, running parallel to each other and to the anterior and posterior borders
of the segment.

!.-!

:||.:-l

ill

-^

\l

26

Tlie frustra are not regularly quadrangular, as in aU tlie previoua species, but the lines
of division in crossing the segments curve slightly, and divaricate a little as they pass
fi'om the anterior border. If these frustra coidd slide over each oth'ir, as the specimens
seem to show, the animal could coil itself more readily and completely than the other
species of this genus ; the frustra vary in breadth, increasing, in general, in one direction,
but whether upwards or downwards, the nature of the remains does not permit us to
judge ; in the two separate segments they varied thus: first (visible only in one) .35 """•
by .9 """ ;^ second, .35 ""»• to .fi75 •""••, by 1.05 '"'°- to 1.25 """• ; third, .5 ""»• to .875 """•,
by 1.1 '""'• to 1.25 ""»•; fourth, .575 ""»• to .7 """•, by 1.25 ""»•; fifth, .5"""- to .025 """^
by 1.3 """• to 1.5 ""••; sixth, .675 """• to .9 "»"•, by 1.25 ""»• to 1.55 ■""'•; average .59 """•
to .815 ""»•, by 1.1-i """• to 1.36 """•, or .7025 ""»• by 1.25 ■»". Both edges of the ex-
posed portions of the frustra are raised — that which seems to be the upper one
to a considerable degree ; so that, besides partaking of the varying contoxu' of the
segment, the frustra are slightly and oppositely concave ; the lines dividing the frus-
tra run through the concealed, as well as through the exposed portion of the segment,
but, in the former case, they do not have their edges raised, and the lines of separa-
tion are straight, less distmct, and run at right angles to the anterioi' border of the
segments. The concealed portion of the segment is also provided with fine impressed
lines crossing it at right angles to the anterior border of the segment; they are
pliiced at an average distance of .075 """• apart, but every other one is more deeply
impressed and conspicuous. Although some of the specimens are remarkably preserved,
I have been unable to detect any trace of lateral pores, and no legs can be seen on any
of the fragments. The well preserved single segments are probably from the region
near the head where lateral pores do not occur.

The genus Archiuhis has but a single representative among these sigillarian relics ; '
in general appearance it resembles the last mentioned species, and may be called

Arohiulus zylobioides gen ct sp. nor.

As this species includes some of the best preserved and most completely coiled speci-
mens among thf fossils, nearly every part of the body can be seen in a more or less
perfect manner. Excepting at the two ends, the body must have been of nearly
uniform width throughout ; at about the seventh segment it begins to taper anteriorly,
at first gradually, afterwards quite rapidly, so that the segments adjoining the head
are scarcely more than half the width of those in the middle of the body ; the head
itself appears to be well rounded, and to have no ridge or crest ; apparently the body
tapers neither so lapidly nor considerably at the posterior end, although the fragments
of this part are less perfectly preserved. None of the fossils exhibit all the segments
of the body, but vary in length from 7 """• to 26.5 """•, and in the number of
segments from nine to thirty-tliree ; probably full grown individuals had as many as
forty or forty-five segments. The middle of the body varies from 2.5 °™' io 't.6 """•
in breadth, averaging 3.4 """• ; in one instance, at a distance of 15 "^' from the head,

^Tho shorter mciis'ircmcnt is tho brcndtli of the frus- are given, the first in every case refers to the lamospeoi*
trum, tho longer its length ; when two sots of measurements mens.

27

cies, but the lines
ittle as they pass
as the specimens
ly than the other
, in one direction,
not permit us to
ily in one) .35 """■
5 """• to .875 """•,

.5"""- to .925 °'•■^•
; average .59 ""•
edges of the ex-

the upper one
? contour of the
ividing the frus-
i of the segment,

hne.s of sopai*a-
'ior border of the
til fine impressed
:ment; they are
! is more deeply
rkably preserved,
I be seen on any

from the region

sigillarian relics ;
be called

e\y coiled ^peci-
a more or less
been of nearly
taper anteriorly,
»ining the head
body ; the head
rently the body
the fragments
11 the segments
the number of
id as many as
5 "™' to ;.6 """•
from the head,

rg to tho aamo Bpeoi-

it measured 4.25 """ , and at a distance of 7.5 """ , 3.25 ™»-; at 5 "" from the head it
measured 2.5 """ (the average breadth at this point is 2.375 ™™ ), and next the head
1.62 """ . One specimen, closely coiled, the body of which at its widest part was 2.75 ""•
in breadth, measured 4.625 "" across the coil. Btii-iath, there is a faintly impressen line
along the middle of the body, on either side of which the lines of divisions of the seg-
ments are inclined a little posteriorly. The segments are sliaped much as in X. Dawsoni
Scudd., but are not broken up into frustra ; the anterior ridge is more prominent, and oc-
cupies a greater extent of each segment in the anterior part of the body, and especially in
the fii-st seven segments, than in the posterior part ; and when the body is coiled, the
hinder edges of the segments project strongly above the adjoining ring, much as it is rep-
resented in some of Dr. Dawson's illustrations; other fragments show that the lower
edges of the segments were well rounded posteriori}' ; the segments are proportionally a
little longer close to the head than hi the middle of the body ; in general they vary in
length from .8 ""• to 1.5 °"°-, averaging 1.28 ""• (but one segment, near the head, in a
small specimen, measured only .475 °""), while the breadth varies from 1.62 """• to 4.5 """• ;
the average length of the segment to the breadth is as 1 : 3.05; the ridge occupies from
one-fifth (in the middle of the body) to nearly nine-twentieths (near the head) of the en-
tire length of the segment. In some specimens, which seem to be a little worn, tho sur-
face is perfectly smooth, but in others the altered integument is apparently marked with
broad, shallow, circular, tessellated pittings, the centres of which are .0875 """• apart ;
there are fine, parallel, longitudinal hues on the segments, varying from .04 °"'°' to .2 '°™*
apart ; those on the under surface, or on the lower portion of the sides of the segments,
seem to be in closest proximity, but the lines on the upper surface are sometimes not more
than .875 """• apart.

The foramina repugnatoria are more distinctly preserved in some specimens of tiiis spe-
cies than in any of the other fragments of fossil myriapods which I have examined ; they
occur from tho seventh segment backward (I could not determine how far, but at least to
the seventeenth segment), and are placed in the middle of the sides of the segments ;
they are oblong oval in ehape, with their longer diameters vertical ; the mean of their di-
ameters averages .2 "^•. A specunen of the under surface seems to show that the legs are
inserted cloL.e together, one a little outside the other ; together they are placed in tho
middle of the anterior half of the segment, and about midway between the ventral lino
and the outer edge; they vary in length according to their position on the body; on the
fifth segment, where they commence, they are from 1.35 ""• to 1.8 ""• long, while at the
middle of the body they measure from 1.75 ™"' to 2 '°°'' long ; at the base they average
less than .1 ""• broad.

I cannot determine whether the animal had any eyes, but the tubercles delineated by
Dr. Dawson cannot be considered as such, for an examination of his original specimen
shows, as his illustration itself indicates, that these tubercles are placed in the segment
behind that which should boar the eyes ; and, moreover, similar tubercles may be seen on
other segments, and indeed on other parts of the stone where there are no organic "e-
mains ; in another spot, close to the base of the antennae, and exactly where Newport rep-
resents the eye of the immature lulus, two or three minute tubercles, .0167 ■"" in diame-
ter, are situated close together at the upper edge of an abrupt pit in the stone, which — if
tJiese are parts of the aye — has engulfed the rest; these are the only possible iudica-

m

m\

,

si ■

1:

i '

I

:

1 '

H

"

1

1

„ i

1
J'

28

tions of eyes which I have been able to find. There are, however, two fragments of anten-
nae ; one is broken and parted, and simply indicates that the original was probably at least
.9 """• long, and in one place .2 ■""• broad ; the other is comparatively well preserved, and
ehov's that the fossil myrinpod preserved in its maturity the simple form of antenna, now
characteristic of adolescence ; it seems to be 1.3 ""• long, and is cojnposed of four joints,
forming two parts somewhat siniilnr in appearance ; the first and second joints together
have an oblong oval, well rounded outline, and run in a nearly sti*aight direction ; while the
third and foiu:th have a somewhat similar outUne, but are a little curved, lunate or reni-
form ; that is, the first and second are connate (or at least in no degree moniliform), as are
also the third and fourth, while a deep constriction nearly divides the second and third ; the
exact shape of the first cannot be determined, but it appears to be a little larger at the apex
than at the base, and about as long as its extreme width ; * the second is docked squarely
at the base, and is of equal width for a short distance, when it tapers gradually to a well
rounded apex, where it xmites with the third ; it is .4 """• long, .3 °"°- broad at the
base, and .1625 '°^- broad at the tip ; the third, which forms almost the whole of the outer
half of the antenna mentioned above, is .6 """■ long, and .375 """• in extreme breadth ; it is
broadest in the middle, and tapers toward either e.id, being .15 """• broad, where the mi-
nute apical joint is connate with it; the fourth, or apical joint, is but ,1°""- m leng ; . only
serving to round off the tip of the antenna ; were it not for the deep constrlctiuu at the
middle of the antenna, this organ would closely resemble the representations of the young
lulus given by Newport ; the surface of the whole antenna seems to be marked with very
minute, irregular, raised points, not crov,-cled together.

I ought here to .speak of the remains referred doubtfully by Dawson to a labruro ; they
are situated next to the head, but are equal to it in size, and seem to be three or four
connected segments o^ the abdoinen of some orthoptcrous or neuropterous insect ; their
whole length is 2.15 """■, and they vary from 1.1 """• to 1.45 """• in breadth.

Mr. Henry Woodward, of the British Museum, in an article printed in the Transactions
of the Geological Society of Glasgow,* has announced the first discovery in Great Britain
of a species of Xylohius ; having examined specimens from Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, and from
Cooper's Bridge, near Huddersfield, he states that he does not " think the specimens of
this fossil entitle us to consider it as specifically distinct from that discovered by Dr. Daw-
son, although a comparison of the figures may convey that impression." The illustrations
of the English specimens given by Mr. Woodward differ so greatly from each other, that
one would almost feel justified in believing they belonged to two distinct species ; I would
hardly hazard such an opinion without a. comparison of the specimens themselves, yet I
cannot bcheve that they belonged to any species I have had before me, unless the illustra-
tions greatly misrepresent the comparative length and breadth of the segments ; in these
drawings the segments are half as long as broad ; in the Acadian species they vary from a
proportion of 1 to 3.05 to that of 1 to 5.574. I am convinced, both from this and from sim-
ilar differences, that the British species — if there be only one — must be distinct from any
of the American ones, and I therefore propose for it the name of Xylohius Woodward'.
That the English specimens belong to Xylohius, and not to Archlulus, is probable, for

1 There may be more than one joint at this place, although
one only can h: seen.

•Vol. II, pt. iii, pp. 234-218.

■ments of anten-
robably at least

preserved, and
)f antenna, now

of four joints,
joints together
ition ; while the

lunate or reni-
niliform), ns are
I and third ; the
cgev at the apex
locked squarely
iually to a well
'• broad at the
ole of the outer
B breadth ; it is

where the mi-
ni leng ; . only
Qstrlctiuu at the
as of the young
irked with very

I labrum; they
I three or four
us insect ; their

he Transactions

1 Great Britain

shire, and from

3 specimens of

id by Dr. Daw-

16 illustrations

ach otlier, that

)ecies ; I would

mselves, yet I

ess the illustra-

icnts ; in these

ey vary from a

and from sim-

tinct from any

J Woodward'.

) probable, for

29

Mr. Woodward states that " the segments are marked by alternate ridges and furrows, and
the surface presents a somewhat rugose appearance, very different from the smooth and
shiniu" articuli of the recent lulus," and again, " this shows the segments to have been
ornamented with transverse, finely undulating lines." If the cross lines given in one of
Mr. Woodward's figures are correctly rendered, and represent the frustra into which the
seo-ment is broken, we have an additional featiu'e distinguishing the species, for these frustra
are far longer and narrower than those of X. sigiUctrlce Daws., the most extreme of the
American species in this particular ; the engraver has of course rendered the legs inac-
curately in making the tips furcate, since in all myriapods they are furnished with only a
simple claw; the length of the legs is another point of distinction, if we are to judge from
the plate, but as the desv iptioii of these parts is so greatly at variance with the figures,^
we will only draw attention to the necessity of examining this point more carefully. The
British specimens seem to be much more perfect than any I have seen.

It seems fairly deducible from the above detailed descrintions, that these fossil myriapods
compose a family of chilognaths, closely allied to the lulidoe, but distinct from any now
living, and to which the name of Archhdidce may be applied. They may be characterized
as having a cylindrical (or subcylindrical ?) body of uniform size throughout the principal
portion, but tapering, at either extremity, to about half the dimensions of the central
portions of the body ; they are composed of a large number of segments, not differing
greatly in character from those of lulidaj, and furnished with lateral pores of a large size
from the seventh segment posteriorly ; the legs are attached in double pairs to the anterior
half of each segment posterior to the fourth, and are not known to be present on segments
anterior to these ; the head is destitute of eyes, or, if furnished Avith them, the oceUar
tubercles are few in number, and rather distant from each other ; the antennae are com-
posed of four (?) joints, very simple in structure. The genus Xyloh'ms may be defined
as an Archiulid, in which the segments — with the exception of those composing the
head and anal plates — are broken by sutures into fragments which may 1)e termed frustra,
which run anteriorly and posteriorly across the segment; the segments themselves are
either slightly and regularly convex, or ridged anteriorly. The genus Archiulus closely
resembles Xyloh'ms, but the segments are not broken into frustra, and, in the single species
known, are prominently ridged on the anterior borders of the segment ; the antcnnie are
divided into two nearly equal halves by a deep constriction between the second and tliird
joints.

*Tlie fi'^iire rcprcconts the legs as nearly twicj as long as " two lines across the wiilcst, an<l one line across the narrow-
the width of the body, but the author states that the body is est segment," and that the legs are " one line in length."

i :i

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M r

I'HUfH

SUPPLEMENTAUT NoiJi; ON FoSSlL MyRIAPODS.

When my paper upon these insects was published by this Society,' the drawings with
which it was intended to accompany it were unfortunately mislaid. Having recently
been found, and no further material having been discovered since they were drawn,
I publish the figures for tho assistance of any one endeavoring to study these very obscure
remains. Ail the species described in the memoir referred to are illustrated here.

Fig. 1 represents two contiguous segments of Xylohius sigillarm, showing the shape of
the segments and frustra, with the position and form of the lateral pores and legs, those
only of one side being shown ; in this and the two subsequent figures the anterior end
, of the segment is at the right hand.

Fig. 2 shows corresponding segments of Xylohius simUls, with the omis.sion of the lat-
[eral pores and legs, these being unknov/n.

Fig. 3 gives the same parts of Xylohius fractus, with the legs and the lateral pores, the
[former of their supposed length.

Fig. 4 exhibits a single segment of Xylohius Dawsoni ; here the division lines of tlu-
[frustra are represented as strongly curved, only to exhibit the prominence of the anterior
Iridge ; in this figure and the next, the anterior end of the segment is at the left hand ; the
'slight divarication of the division lines of the frustra in this figure represents the appear-
^ance they present at the anterior extremity of the body.

Fig. 5 represents a similar segment of Archiulus xylohioides, showing its shape, the
[anterior ridge, the size and position of the lateral pores, and the length and position of the
[legs.

Fig. 6 is reduced from a camera sketch of Archiulus xylohioides to show the tapering of
I the anterior extremity of the body. The posterior segments of the specimen are greatly
worn, and do not exhibit the anterior ridge ; anteriorly the body is not very well preserved,
[and all the lines shown are not the division lines of segments ; nor is the anterior segment
[ a correct representation of the head; so that the figure answers only for the general
[outline.

Fig. 7 gives the antennal joints of Archiulus xylohioides, showing their close general ro-
I semblance to those of the larval antenna of recent myriapods.

'Memoira, Vol. 11, Part, ii, No. in, On tho Carboniferous Myriapods preserved in the Sigillarian Stumps of Nova Scotiii.

(4

1'

iriiii

li!

I, I

The Early Types op Insects ; or the Origin and Sequence of Insect Life in

Palaeozoic Times.

LN THE' year 1833, Audouin exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological Society of

, France tlie wing of an orthopterous insect from Coalbrook Dale in England.' This was the

- first discovery of insects in the coal-formation. Since then many authors, notably Germar

; and Goldenberg,* have added to our knowledge of the insec* .s of the palaeozoic rocks, until

inow perhaps one hundred species are known. Yet insect remains in these strata may still

^be looked upon as the greatest rarities. By far the larger part of these hundred species are

r^.lcnown to us by single specimens, and very fragmentary ones at that — a wing or even a

• mere piece of a wing b .''.iig usually all that we know of a given form. It has been claimed

Jby some writers that we should anticipate the earliest types of insects to be winged and not

apterous, and the remains that have been found would seem at first glance to sustain such

9k hypothesis. But as the wings retain after inhumation more characteristic features than

Other parts of the body, it is not surprising that naturalists have made most use of them in

• jliescribing the fossil forms ; and we should scarcely be wa''ranted in deducing therefrom the

j>b8ence of other fragments of the body ; moreover a characteris*"ically apterous form of

ft • Ann. Soc. Ent. Franco, Vol. ii, Bull., p. 7-8. It is also
,te(l that tliu same specimen was exhibited by Audouinjon
'eb. 25, 1833, before the Academic dcs Sciences; but no re-
irt of the meeting was published, unless in Le Temps
iwspa|>er, which I have not seen. The insect was consid-
by Audouin as neuropterous, but has recently been
lown by Swinton to bo orthopterous.

* For Gerniar's writings on palaeozoic insects, see the
lowing : — 1. Besclireibung einiger neuen fosailen Iiisecten.
Munst., Beitr. z. Petref., v: 79-94, pi. 9, 13. 4°. Bay-
ath,1842. — 2. Die Versteinerungen dus Stoinkohtengubirgoa
lu Wettin und Lobejiin in Saalkruiso. t°. Halle, 1844-53.
For those of Goldenberg, see the following : — 1. Prodrom
ner Naturgeschichte der fossilen Insecton der Kohlenforma-
n v<m Saiirbriicken. < Sitzungsb. math.-nat. CI. K.
:ad. Wiss. Wien, ix: 38-39. 8°. Wien, 1852. (In this

name is given as Goldberger). — 2. Brief an Herrn v.
all. < Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Gesselsch., iv: 246-48.

Berlin, 1852. — 3. Ueber versteinerte Insectenreste in

nkohlengebirge von Saarbriicken. < Amtl. Ber. Vers.

lellsch. deutsch. Naturf., XXIX : 123-26. 4°. Wiesbaden,
852.— 4. Die fossilen Insecten der Kohlenformation von

Saarbriicken. < Palaeontogr., iv: 17-40, pi. 3-6. 4°. Ca.ssol,
1851. — 5. Bcitriigo zur vorweltliclien Fauna des Steinkoh-
lengebirges zu Saarbriicken (Uebersicht der Thierreste
der Kohlenformation von Saarbriicken). ■< Jahresb. K.
Gymn. u. Vorsch. S.iarbr., 1867, 1-26. 4°. Saarbriicken,
1867. — 6. Zur Kenntniss der fossilen Insecten in der Stein-
kolilcnfurraation. < Neues,Jahrb.f. Mineral., 1869: 158-68,
pi. 3, 8°. Stuttgart, 1869 — 7. Zwei neuo Ostracoden und
einc Blattina aus dor Steinkuhlenformation von Saarbriicken
< Nuiioj Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1870: 286-89 with figures in
text. 8". Stuttgart, 1870— 8. Fauna Saraepontana fossilis.
Die fossilen Tliiero aus der Steinkohleiiforraation von Saar-
brucken. Hoft 1-2. 4°. SaarbrUcken, 1873-77. (Heft 1 is
the same as No. 5 above, with the addition of plates; a
supplementary part is promised by Goldenberg.)

For other papers descriptive of the palaeozoic insects of
Europe, see the writings of Andree, van Beneden and
Coemans, Proudlionirau do Borre, Brodie, Charles Brongniart,
Buckland, Corda, Curtis, Dohrn, Fric, Geinitz, Giebel,
Ilagen, lleer, Jordan and Meyer, Kirkby, Mahr, Murchison,
Roemor, Rost, Salter, Sternberg, Swinton, and Woodward ;
and ft>r those of America, papers by Dana, Dawson, Harger,
Le .^uereux, Meek and Wortlien, Scudder, and Smith.

i I 1

I

^!illl!

i:;!

H

34

cockroach* has been described from the rockn of Sanrbriicken, which ore us old as any of
the insect-bearing beds of Europe. The insects of the middle Devonian of New Brunswick,''
on the other hand, are known only by their wings and the most diligent examination of
thousands of fragments of shale has failed to reveal anything else. Further discussion of
this point may be dismissed with the remark that geological data .are not likely to throw
much light upon it.

It is of course of prime importance that we should understand the relative subordination
of groups in insects, before investigating their order of succession in time. Many attempts
have been made to harmonize the cui'rent views of their relative rank and geological suc-
cession ; but hitherto with indifferent success, mainly from the prevalence of the opinion
that Coleoptera were to be ranked highest among insects, while this suborder has been
known, from the first, to occur in Carboniferous strata, and some other suborders only much
later. Another obstacle which has stood in the way of a clear comprehension of the facts
has been the very common division of hexapod insects into two series, upon which the
English entomologists have perhaps specially insisted, called Mandibulata and Haustellata,
a division based upon inadequate physiological grounds. Or if it be maintained that the
function expressed in these names has a structural basis, it would be easy to point out that
in either of the two divisions the diversity of structure of the mouth parts is so great as to
admit of no common expression in other than physiological terms. If it were not so, the
claim made by Agassiz,^ on embrj'ological grounds, of a higher rank for the haustellate
insects woidd hold good, and we should be at a loss to account for the simultaneous appear-
ance of Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

An apparently more rational division of the true insects into two series is that which
separates those with complete from those with incomplete metamorphosis ; the young in
the former case unlike, in the latter resembling, the parent. This however, taken abso-
lutely, separates closely allied groups, such as the caddice flies and dragon flies, and one
form of metamorphosis shades into the other ; moreover it allies the Coleoptera with the
Hymenoptera rather than with the Remiptera or Orthoptera, and disaccords to so great a
degree with the general relations of structure among insects as to show that it cannot be
considered as of so fundamental an importance as we should suppose it would prove. Yet
it is an impoi'tant factor in the life history of insects, and cannot be disregarded totally, as is
done in divisions based upon the mouth parts, but must be considered in any attempted dis-
tribution of the suborders. So too must the nature of the wings, for Ihe possession of
wings is the preeminent characteristic of hexapods as a whole, and we should naturally
anticipate fundamential features in the differences of their structure.

My own view of the primary relations of the suborders of hexapods was first expressed
by Packard in 1863,* when he said that Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Neuro-
ptera " seem bound together by affinities such as those that unite by themselves the bees,
moths and flies." To the latter or higher series he has since applied ^ the term Metaboi.a

' (PulyzoKleriles i/raiionw.) (ioldvnb., Fann. Siir. foss., i:
18, pi. l.fig. 17.

" These Devonian insects, which were first briefly noticed
by me in Bailey's Observations on the Geology of Southern
New Brunswick (8°. Fredericton, 1 865) will form the subject
of a special paper now nearly completed.

' L. Agassiz. Classif. ins. embryol. data. j)p. 4-8.

* Packard. On synthetic types in insects. Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist., vir : 591-92.

» Packard. Guide to the study of Insects. Introduction.
8° Salem, 1869. In later editions these names are also in-
troduced in the text, on p. 104, with varying spelling.

35

as old 88 any of
New Brunswick,''
it examination of
her discussion of
t likely to throw

ive subordination
Many attempts
id geological suc-
e of the opinion
iborder has been
orders only much
nsion of the facts

upon which the
I and Haustellatu,
lintained that the

to point out that
:s is so great as to
t were not so, the
3r the haustellate
ultaneous appear-

ies is that which
lis ; the young in
ever, taken abso-
;on flies, and one

eoptera with the
ords to so great a

that it cannot be
ould prove. Yet
irded totally, as is
ay attempted dis-

Jic possession of

should naturally

as first expressed

tera, and Neuro-

mselves the bees,

term Metaboi,a

)l. data. pp. 4-8.

1 insects. Boat. Journ.

InsoL'ts. Introduction,
liestt names are also in-
arying spelling.

(in a more restricted seme than first used by Leach), and to too former, Hetero-ME-

TABOLA. The Metabola are unquestionably more homogeneous than the other group.

One of their primary features is found in the more clearly marked regional divisions of the

body ; this is a consideration of gieat significance, since in the progress of structure, from

the worms, through the crustaceans to the insects ; or within the class of insects, from the

myriapods, through the arachnids to the hexapods ; or in the developmental history of the

Metttbola themselves, from the larva, through the pupa to the imago, we discover a con-

stantly increasing concentration of the segments of which the body is composed into distinct

: regions, culminating in the Hyinenoptera, where head, thorax and abdomen are most sharply

I defined. This feature was first insisted upon by Agassiz in his remarkable essay on the

f] classification of insects (I.e., pp. 20-28), but its application to the division of the hexapods

■k has not before been pointed out ; yet a very little consideration will show how much more

I clearly these regions are marked in the Metabola than in the Pleierometabola, especially if

; the separation of the thorax and abdomen is examined. This is indeed what we might,

:, not unreasonably, look for in the highest members of a group characterized, as are the hex-

I apods, by the possession of organs of flight : the greater devetopment of these organs would

I necessitate a more compact and distinctive organization of the region devoted almost ex-

«i clusively to them ; and accordingly in the Metabola we have, on the one hand, a more highly

I organized thorax, more definitely separated from head and abdomen, than in the Hetero-

|metabola ; and on the other hand, greater power of continuous flight, of poise, of rapid

/fmovement, of sudden and repeated change of direction, and a far greater grace of move-

'inent in the former than in the latter.' This specialization of the thorax led me at one

.time to think of proposing the term Sternoptena for the Metabola; and, in allusion to the

, jjeneral preponderance of the abdomen in the groups composing it, Gastroptena for the

':|Heterometabola. For the latter series the term Gastroptena would be more distinctive,

tmt the names suggested by Dr. Packard seem to me better adapted to general use, besides

having the advantage of prior application, and I accordingly adopt them.

In addition to the primary features mentioned (which were not stated by Packard), the
[etabola are characterized by a usually cylindrical body with a very small protliorax ; mouth
oarts formed in whole or in part for sucking, the points of the mandibles seldom opposed to
Vpach other ; front wings membranous and much larger than the hind wings, which latter are
'IjWmetimes aborted ; the larva cylindrical and very unlike the adult, and the pupa always in-
'iMJtive. The Heterometabola on the other hand usually have a flattened body, with a very
'large prothorax ; mouth parts usually adapted for biting, the points of the mandibles then
©pposed to each other ; front wings usually more or less coriaceous or with very numerous
»/iuid thickened veins, and usually smaller than the hind wings, which latter are only excep-
l^onably aborted, and never throughout large groups ; the larva is usually flattened, often
Pesembling the adult, and the pupa either active or inactive.

ft ' This we affirm only as a general rule, taking eavh sub-
iler as a whole. There are, it is true, apterous or sub-
pterous Hymenoptera, bungling and inert flijis among the
epidoptcra, and Diptera whivh have a he.'>.vy and direct
ght; and on the other hand, groups like the Odonata
aong Neuroptera, whose rapidity and power of sudden

change of flight is very striking ; but these do not aflfect
the characters of suborders as wholes; and in the exceptions
which might be noticed, the specialization of flight is
nearly always accompanied to a certain <legree by a corres-
ponding development and dLst'nctivcness of the thorax.

• •••*•• •• •« «■

• •••••••••• •

• •••••*■ •• «• • «

■ •• • ;•;..;..

• • • •,••••*•■

'• •••• ••• • • • • a

• •• • • • • •

• • •.* ** * •••
• • • •

a -•■

•••• •• •««

M f

1 -i

II I

36

The exceptions in the former group are only in the Hymenoptera, which usually have
mandibles well developed for opposing each other. In the latter, more heterogeneous
group, the exceptions are more abundant. In the Coleoptera the metamorphosis is com-
plete.* In the Hemiptera, the mandibles are developed as needles and with the other
parts of the mouth form a sucking tube ; in many of them also the front wings are almost
wholly membranous. The Neuroptera, using the term in the Liunaean sense, are the
least amenable to law ; their fore Avings are usually membranous, though the veins are gen-
erally thick and approximated ; a few (Ephemerina) have small hind wings; many of them
show the regional divisions of the body almost as strikingly as the Metabola, although the
abdomen is generally developed to an excessive extent, and in such insects the prothorax is
not greatly developed ; while, as before stated, part of them have an incomplete metamor-
phosis, and so have been classed with the Orthoptera by the later German writers, and others
have an incomplete metamorphosis. The structural affinities, however, of the Neuroptera
proper and the so-called Pseudoneuroptera are so close that they cannot be disconnected,
notwithstanding the striking differences in general features between them ; and although,
thus composed, the Heterometabola exhibit anomalous features in nearly every suborder
contained in it, we must accord to this division of hexapods into Metabola and Hetero-
metabola a closer connection with all the facts than any that has yet been proposed.

How closely this division iccords \vith the geological succession of insects will appear
from the fact that all the suborders of Heterometabola, and none of Metabola are repre-
sented in the palaeozoic rocks." This is the more striking from the fact that, if we omit
mention of the single discovery of insect wings in the Devonian, the three orders of in-
sects,— hexapods, arachnids and myriapods, appear simultaneously in Carboniferous strata.^

1 It would appear, at first sight, as if Di-. TxiConte, in his
Classification of tlio Coleoptera of North America (8°.
Washington, 1861), Introduction, p. 8, held that Coleoptera
were to be ranked as the highest suborder among hexapmls.
His table would seem to indicate this ; but he speaks with
hesitation, as if proposing only a provisional arrangment,
remarking : " We can merely iitate in general terms that
those [hexapods] having a perfect metamorphosis are the
highest ; and those having the thoracic segments agglutin-
ated, or the prothorax separate, are to be considered above
those in which the larval character of similarity among the
thoracic segments is preserved." To the first proposition
no one will take exception ; the latter ought to be restricted
in its application to those groups only to which the Cole-
optera are most nearly related, viz.: to the other Hetero-
metabola ; so far as they are concerned this would seem to
be an indication of special and therefore comparatively
high structure ; but otherwise, as a mark of inferior organ-
ization, since it is opposed to the progress oi .(tructure seen
throughout the articulates, marked by a condensation, so to
speak, of the thoracic segments. Many Neuroptera and
Orthoptera, notably such forms as Corydalis and Forficula
(the latter classed by early writers with Coleoptera), show
in their prothorax a close res?mblance to Coleoptera ; and
the very size and importance of this segment in Cole-
optera, when the whole hexapod series is taken into ac-

count, should therefore be looked upon as a sign of rela-
tively low rank. I am pleased to be able to state, from a
recent conversation on this point with Dr. LeConte, that he
did not intend to extend the argument drawn from the pro-
thorax over the whole hexapod series, but only over those
most nearly related to Coleoptera, and purposely expressed
himself in guarded language.

' Ko generalization so broad as this and at the same time
correct has yet been made. Many authors indeed, and not-
ably Bronn, dividing the hexapods into two series, — Mandi-
bulata and Suctoria (or equivalent terms) — claim that the
carboniferous hexapods were all biting insects, and tliat the
sucking insects first appeared in the Jura. The latest state-
ment of this sort was made by Haeckel (Gen. Morph.
Organ., ii, p. xeix, 1866), but Dohrn's Eugereon was
published in the same year, and by the light of this strange
insect many palaeozoic insects now appear, as I shall en-
deavor to show below, under an entirely new aspect, and
render it probable that there were many, as there certainly
were some, sucking insects in palaeozoic times.

• Carboniferous arachnids have been described by
Corda, Frie, Harger, Meek and Worthen, Roemer, Scud-
der, and Woodward ; while myriapods from the same form-
ation have been described by Dawson, Meek and Worthen,
Scudder, and Woodward ; besides others from other palaeo-
zoic beds by Dohrn and Geinitz.

ft

87

hich usually have
'6 heterogeneous
norphosiH is com-
1(1 with the other

wings are almost
an sense, are the
he veins are gen-
;s ; many of them
)ola, although the
8 the prothorax is
amplete metamor-
vriters, and others
if the Neuroptera

be disconnected,
m ; and although,
ly every suborder
bola and Hetero-
proposed.

1 sects will appear
etabola are repre-
!t that, if we omit
hree orders of in-
boniferous strata.^

upon ns a eign of rula-
be able to state, from a
:h Dr. LeConto, that he
nt drawn from the pro-
'ies, but only over those
id purposely expressed

lis and at the same time
lUthors indeed, and not-
ito two series, — Mandi-
tcrms) — claim that the
ng insects, and tliat the
Jura. The latest stato-
3aeckel (Gen. Morph.
tohrn's Eugereon was
;he light of this strange
appear, as I shall en-
tirely new aspect, and
nany, as there certainly
>zoic times.

been described by
brthcn, Roemer, Scud-
Is from the same forni-
>n, Meek and Worthcn,
hers from other palaeo-

The earliest known Diptera occur in the Ltossic rocks at Cheltenham, Dumhleton and

■ Forthampton in England; the Ijepidoptera ' in the middle Oolite (Solonhofen) ; and the

■ Hymenoptera in the same formation.' The Metabola are then later in time and more per-
fect in development than the Heterometabola.

When we analyze the insect fauna of the earliest times more closgly, we notice that the

higher suborders of Heterometabola, the Coleoptora and Hemiptera, arc represented in the

palaeozoic rocks by very few types, as compared with the Orthoptera and Neuroptera ; the

two former groups having but three or four each," while Goldenberg enumerates fil>ee.n or

sixteen of each of the others from Saarbriicken alone, and double that number must be

. known. No Coleoptera nor Hemiptera have yet been found in the palaeozoic formations

t of America, while I am acquainted with about forty Orthoptera and Neuroptera from

M these rocks. The almost entire absence of Coleoptera from palaeozoic rocks is the more

5 remarkable, because their crust is much thicker than that of other insects, and their shards

^" as hard as the shell of the body. This is peculiarly the case in the lowest and presum-

I ably oldest type, the weevils or Curculionidae. Their remains have been preserved with

|: the greatest readiness in more modern strata ; in fact, in all the newer rocks, Coleoptera

r^ are best represented of all insects ; yet in the oldest, very few have been found in com-

' parison with the remains of the lower suborders. This is a strikin;^ and indisputable fact,

and notwithstanding the paucity of the material whereon to base a general statement, is

':■'■ scarcely to be explained on any other hypothesis than that of the later appearance of

Coleoptera.

In the Orthoptera again, nearly all the families represented belong to the lower series ;
only four or five members of the saltatorial families have been found, the cockroaches of
the Carboniferous period outnumbering all the other Orthoptera many times. In the lost
catalogue of fossil cockroaches (by Goldenberg), thirty-five species are recorded from the
J Carboniferous rocks and only seven from the Tertiary formation. Indeed about one-half
(the known species of palaeozoic insects are cockroaches.

Or, if we look at the Neuroptera, we find that the Neuroptera proper, or those with com-

>^lete metamorphosis, scarcely occur at all in the palaeozoic rocks ; whereas the lower

Pseudoneuroptera, with incomplete metamorphosis, are comparatively abundant. Many of

•the reticulate-winged insects of early periods, however, combine the characters either of

the Neuroptera and Orthoptera, or of the Neuroptera proper and Pseudoneuroptera. So

iatriking, indeed, is the comprehensive nature of these early type; i that Dohrn, and atlter him

jts ' Tlie carboniferous Breyeria of de Borre (Comptos
tend. Soc. Ent. Belg., [2.] xiii : 7-11) s universally con-
ceded to be a neuropterous insect. See the remarks in the

^Mune journal by Hagen, Heer, McLachlan, de Sclys,
Scudder, Van Volxera and others.

• A single species, doubtfully referred by Heer to the
latter suborder, has, however, been found in the Lias of
ISchiimbelen.

• The only Coleoptera known to me are Curculhides
insticii Buokl., from Coalbrook Dale, Troxiles Genmri

^Goldenb., from Altenwald, and the borings of a Hylesinus
i|^e«cribed by Brongniart as occurring in petrified wood from

the carboniferous limestones of Autun. Geinitz also de-
scribes borings of a larger beetle in fossil wood from the
Saxon coal measures to which Friu gives the name of
Xi/luri/cles planua; and Sti'rnberg others from Bohemia of
a doubtful character, which Fric calls Xyl. aeplariun. Cure,
Prestvicii Buckl. has been shown to be an Arachnid.

The only Hemiptera from these lowest rocks are Fxdgora
Ebersi Dohrn and Fulgorina Klieveri Goldenb., from
Saarbriicken, and Macrophlebium Hollebeni Goldenb., from
I.>ancbach ; besides Fulgorina lebachensis Goldenb., from
the Permian. Eugereon Boeckingi Dohrn, cannot be classed
here, as will appear further on.

Goldenberg, proposcH to group them under a new Hubordiniil diviHion, to which Goldenberg
has applied the name Palaeodictyoptera.'

This view I am inclined to think a correct one, but no definition of the group has yet
been attempted ; and while, on tho one hand, Goldenberg appears to have gone too far in
referring to it the Carboniferous insects from Illinois described by Dana, and the Devonian
insects of New Brunswick, it would seem probable that Woodward's Archimantis' should
be classed therein, as well as the genera Eugereon, Dictyoneura, Paolia and Ilaplophlebium ;
and it is by no means improbable that they all possessed mouth parts structurally com-
parable to the remarkable Eugereon of Dohrn, which certainly can be refer ed to no exist-
ing group of in.'tects. When more of their structure is known, they will probably be found
to agree in the possession of a remarkably depressed, cockroach-like body, with ample
thoracic segments, the prothorax well separated from the ot''«r joints, broadly expanded or
extended, reticulated wings, lancet-shaped mandibles and maxillae, long labial palpi which
have no direct part in the haustellate structure of the mouth, and multiarticulate antenniB.
This is a combination quite at varia.ice with that of any group of recent or of newer geo-
logical times, and indeed is known to us only in the palaeozoic rocks. It forms a synthetic
type in the largest sense, and nuiy be said to combine features of all the Heterometabola.

But it was not the only such type then existing ; for, as has already been noted, there arc
many other palaeozoic insects which combine in their structure features now characteristic
of diverse groups. Such are nearly all the Devonian insects. It is also not a little re-
markable to find that recent types existed in the earliest periods side by side with these.
Some of the Devonian insects, for example, are to be referred with very littl' lestion, not
only to the Neuropteru, but even to a particular family of Neuroptera n i^ting, the

May flies. Indeed, the presence, at the apparition of a given group, of mouou types, side
by ^'ide with those which elude our classification of existing forms, is one of the peculiar
problems of palaeontology.

Perhaps no more striking instance of this can be found than the recent discovery by
M. Charles Brongniart, in the upper Carboniferous rocks of Commentry, of one of the most
specialized forms of insects which exist ; of a type indeed so modern, that, so far as I may
judge from a rough sketch sent me by Brongniart, one would not have been surprised to
meet with its exact counterpart in every detail, living in the tropics of the old world. It
is a species of large, spinous, thick-bodied «Phasma or walking-stick, with abbreviated teg-
raina, long wings and body, rather long and slender legs and antennio, and in all its parts

> Cf. Dohrn, Palaeontogr.,xiii: 338-39; xiv: 134. Gold-
enberg, Faun. Sar. foss,, il : 8. Dohrn first proposed the
term Dictyoptera, but afterwards withdrew it, as preoc-
cupied.

' Woodward. On a reninrkable orthopterous insect from
the coal-measures of Scotland. < Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
Lend., 1876 : 60-64, pi. 9. Woodward, it seems to me, has
in all probability mistaken the aflinities of this insect. If
his figure is placed beside Dohrn's first illustration of
Eugereon, the similarity of the two wiU be apparent. The
form and relations of the head, prothorax and broadly
expanded wings (nearly all that is preserved in Archi-
mantis) are the same in each, as well as, in a general sense,

the neuration of the wings. The projection in front of the
head, therefore, would seem to be, not a ]>rolongation of tlio
head itself, comparable, as supposed by Woodward, to that
of the hcatf of some living Mantida;; but a rostrum, like that
of Eugereon, though much shorter than it, and by its state of
preservation apparently amalgamated witli it into a single
mass ; or, it may be the labrum alone with the otlicr parta
removed, for it would then probably appear as an integral
part of the head. The close relationship of the wing-
structure in Archiniantis, Eugereon and the other genera
sjjccified alxjve render it not improbable that they were all
sucking insects. Protophasma however, similarly related,
certainly was not.

hich GoWenberg

10 group hiis yet
3 gone too far in
nd the Devonian
liiniantiH' Hhould

Ilftplophlebium ;
itructurally coin-
>r ed to no exint-
robably be found
ody, with ample
idly expanded or
abial palpi which
liculate antenniB.
ar of newer geo-
foruiH a synthetic
eterometabola.

11 noted, there are
low characteristic
Iso not a little re-
y side with these,
ittl' lestion, not
n isting, the
loucni types, side
le of the peculiar

cent discovery by
f one of the most
t, so far as I may

)een surprised to
le old world. It

abbreviated teg-
nd in all its parts

'ojection in front of the
ot .•» prolongation of tlie
by Woodward, to tliat
but a rostrum, like that
an it, and by its state of
d witli it into a single
)nc with the otlier parts

appear as an integral
tionship of the wing-

and the other genera
lable that they were all
vever, similarly related,

perfectly reproducing the custoiniiry and yet uni(iue features of the Phasmida of to-day.*
I The family hud not previously been known earlier than the Tertiaries.

We may glean still another fact from the scanty data the rocks alTord us concerning the

early types of insects. All the lleiniptera of the palaeozoic rocks belong to the llom-

opterous division of the suliorder ; indicating, what is generally conceded, tiiat this division

is lower tl/ui the lleteroptera, which (irst appear»Ml in the .Fura."'' Now one conspicuous

dillerence between these two divisi(ms is found in the structure of the l)ase of the front

wings, which is coriaceous in the lleteroptera and membranous in the Ilomoptera ; show-

., ing that differentiation of the front an<l hind wings is, as we should suppose it might be, a

i later development, the homogeneous condition preceding it. Among Orthoptera, none of

>f the families, uidess it be the walking-sticks, have more densely coriaceous fore-wings than

the earwigs and the cockroaches. The earwigs first appeared in the Oolite ; and while

cockroaches were alumdant from the earliest times, it is not, with one exception, until we

reach the I.iiis that we find species with close approximation and multiplication of the veins

of the front wings, giving them a coriaceous appearance. This exception, Ledrophora

•| Girardi? in which the veins are nearly obsolete, occurs in the Trias ; and it is the earliest

■m indication of any diflerentiation of the front and hind wings in cockroaches ; for all the

;i1^ palaeozoic species had tegmina which were as distinctly veined as the wings, and could not,

"^ in any sense, be called coriaceous.* The same distinctness of the veins is ap])arent in all

'the other palaeozoic Orthoptera ; so that, excepting the two species of Carboniferous Coleo-

ptera and Protophasma (which do not aj)iiear to differ in this respect from living types),

we nijiy say that the wings of palaeozoic insects were homogeneous.

Inasmuch as we know the earliest insects principally from the rei»ains of their wings, it
}a interesting to note in them a further striking fact. If we should formulate the charac-

f. ' Since the aliove was written, I have received from M.
/^Broiigniart his final inenioir on Protophasma (Note sur un
'llouveHii ^>nre d' Orthopture fusailo do la famlllc ilcs Phas-
aiens — Ann. Sci. Nat., [fi] vii, Art. 4), by which it ap-
ars that the wings must be excepted from the statement
liven above ; for they ditl'er remarkably from the wings of
living Pliasmida, and resemble extraordinarily the wings of
< Jpalacodictyoptcra, and especially those of Dictyoneura.
^They cuiild not have been folded longitudinally to the de-
,^ "jjpee that the wings of Phasmida are now plaited, for the
Anal area embraces less than one-third of the wings, and
the interspaces between the veins of that part of the wing
^bich lies almve the anal area, are not straight but curved;
4li the number and arrangement of the veins in this upper
«rt of Oio wing we have an almost exact counterpart of the
rings of Dictyoneura; the same, to a less extent, may be
lid of the wings of the Fulgorina described by Golden-
erg. This type of wing structure was therefore a very
nmon one among palaeozoic insects, and accotmts for
ftrongniart's suggestion, hardly to be received, that these
Mgorina should be considered Neuropterous ; indeed the
euration of the wings of the numerous carboniferous
IHattarisB does not lack a somewhat close adherence to the
ne type, and we may yet succeed in establishing an un-
gual degree of homogeneity in the wing structure of all or
krly all palaeozoic insects.

' Perhaps a similar statement may be maile even of the
few Coleoptera known. For, if we accept LeConte's prim-
ary division of Coleoptera into normal and rhyncoph-
orous, the tormer the higher, and look upon the Troxitcs
of OoUleiJjerg, as I strongly incline to do, as a curculionid,
— the only indication of the higher normal Coleoptera in the
pal.icozoic rocks will be the Irarings brought to notice by
(ieinitz, which were evidently made by a longicorn, a
family of normal Coleoptera ranking rather low in the
series.

• Ilcer. Ucber die fossilen Kakerlaken. < Viertel-
jahrschr. naturf. Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix : 297, pi., fig. 8. 8°.
Zurich, 1864.

* Exception should perhaps be made to the very remark-
able cockroach described by Goldenberg (Faun. Sar. foss.,
I : 17, pi. 2, fig. 14, 14a), under the name of BlallinainsignLi;
this insect has a slender, perhaps cylindrical, abdomen with
tegmina and wings which appear to be equally leathery and
in which nearly all trace of veins are lost. Here, however,
all the wings appear to be alike in form, consistency and
structure; and Goldenberg has given us only a meagre ac-
count of it, which is the more unfortunate, since it is second
in interest only to Eugereon and Protophasma.

X It 1

I

40

teristics of the wing structure of living insects (which show, indeed, a variety of type truly
marvellous, and ranging from exceeding simplicity to a complexity which nearly baffles all
attempts at homology), we should not need to modify our statement in the least particular
to include the wing-strunture of the insects of earliest times. The plan of neuration upon
which the wings of iiic«^cts were then constructed is the plan we find in all existing types.
At the same time, r^ stated above in a note, there was an unusual degree of homogeneity
in the wings of palaeozoic insects

This review clearly indicates that the laws of succession of the insect tribes are quite
similar to those which have long been known to hold in other groups of the animal king-
dom ; and that the facts are, in the maiii, such as the theory of descent demands. The ex-
ceptions to theory, however, and indeed the general facts, are such as to indicate that pro-
found voids exir-t in our knowledge of the earliest history of insects. The appearance of
hexapods in the middle Devonian long previous to any traces either of myriapods or of
arachnids ; the apparent advent of generalized groups of a comparatively narrow range,
before those which are wider in scope and embrace the former ; the apparition of Cole-
optera,. wliii^li present no indication of any divergence from the subordinal type, in Carbon-
iferous beds first yielding an abimdance of insect remains, — that is, as early as any insects
whatever, excepting the homogeneous-winged Ileterometabola of the Devonian ; and the
occasional discovery of highly specialized types at very early periods : — all point to the
far earlier existence of widely comprehensive types, from whiuL .Jl these comparatively
specialized but still more or less synthetic forms must have originated. The additions to
our knowledge of palaeozoic insects within the past twenty years, and the increasing indi-
cations of dry land at earlier and earlier epochs,* must leave little doubt in tlie reflecting
mind, notonly that insects existed in no scanty numbers in Devonian and even in Silurian
times, but that persistent research over wider fields will probably enable us, at no distant
day, to replace hypotheses with facts.

In conclusion, we may recapitulate, as follows : —

i. With the exception of the few wings of hexapods known from the Devonian, the
three orders of insects — hexapods', arachnids and myriapods — appeared simultaneously
in Carboniferous strata.

2. Hexapod insects may be divided into a higher group (Metabola), in(;luding Hymen-
optera, Lepidoptera and Diptera ; and a lower group ( Heterometabola), including Coleo-
ptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Neuroptera.

3. All Devonian and Carboniferous insects are Heterometabola, the Metabola makint;
their first appeiu'ance in the Jurassic period.

4. Many synthetic or comprehensive types existed in palaeozoic times, combining the
charaoters either oi all the Ileterometabola ; of Orthoptera and Neuroptera ; or of Neur-
optera proper and Pseudoneuroptera.

5. The Devonian insects either belong to comprehensive types related to the two lower
suborders only, or are low Pseudoneuroptera ; and were undoubtedly aquatic in early life.

G. The lower suborders of Heterometabola, — Orthoptera and Neuroptera, were much
more abundant in palaeozoic times than the higher, — Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

' Cf. lA'9(iucrt'ux. Lniiil iiliuits, recently discovered in
the Silurian roclcB of tliu United States. < IVoc. Aiuer.
Fiiilos. Soc., xvii: 108-78, pi. 4. 8°. Philadelphia, 1877. On

the first pnge of tliis pa]>er will he found a rdsum^ of our
knowledge of this subject.

ity of type truly
nearly baflles all
3 least particular
' neuration upon
II existing typos,
of homogeneity

tribes are quite
the animal king-
nands. The ex-
ridicate that pro-
lie appearance of
myriapods or of
y narrow range,
parition of Cole-
type, in Carbon-
ly as any insects
vonian ; and the
- all point to the
le comparatively
The additions to
i increasing indi-
in the rellecting
even in Silurian
us, at no distant

le Devonian, the
simultaneousl"

hiding Hymen-
including Coleo-

letjibola makint;;

i, combining the
ra ; or of Neur-

i the two lower
tic in early life,
tera, were much
jtera.

8

41

7. Nearly all the palaeozoic Orthoptera belong to the lower non-saltatorial families,
^^and are olmost exclusively cockroaches.

8. The Neuroptera proper were at that time much rarer than the lower Pseudoneur-
optera.

9. All the earlier types were therefore of inferior or^^anization.
10. The general type of wing structure in insects has remained unaltered from the

t earliest times.

1 ^ . With the exception of two species of Coleoptera and one of Orthoptera, the front
' and hind wings of palaeozoic insects were similar and membranous, heterogeneity making

its appearance in mesozoic times. At the same time, the neuration of the wings of palae-
y ozoic insects in otherwise widely diverse types was much more similar than now.
, 12. The series of facts presented to us by the progress of geological research leads to
' the conviction of the probable existence and possible discovery, in the Devonian and even
'lin tho Silurian formations, of winged insects, still more generalized in structure than any
I yet detected in the palaeozoic rocks.

It may also be added that nearly all the earlier insects were large, many of them
', gigiintic in size, and, further, that there is a striking similarity between the carboniferous
fi insect-fauna of Europe and North America.

I-

1 Note. Tlio preceding pages were printed before I chnnced upon the following passage from Lacordairo

rf,(Intiod.iirentora. I, p. 326), which may bo taken as a note to the last paragraph of third page of this paper: —

t " Toutos les diilurenccs que I'on observe dans lo thorax dcs Insoctes provionncnt du plus ou mo' .is do d6vel-
oppemont qu'a pris chaque anneau thoraciquc, du nombro de pit^oes quo chacun d'eux pr6sunto, ct do la
grandeur relative de chacune de ccs pi6ces en particulier. Si lu prothorax a acquis un d6veloppement extra-
ordinaire, et s'est en quelquc sortc 86par6 du mdsothorax et du mC'tathorax, on aura le thorax d'un CoI{)opt6re,

^d'un Derniapt6re, d'un Orthopt6i"0 et d'un IK'mipt6rc. Si au contraire le prothorax est r6duit & des dimensions

' trds-cxiguos, ct que le m^sothornx intimemcnt uni au m6tathorax nit pris un accroisscment 6norrae, on aura

ioelui d'un IIyni^nopt6re, d'un L^pidopt6re et d'un Diptdre."

xmd a rdsuind of uur

■i

lir: Si

W i

?ALAEOZOIC CoOKKOACnES: A COMPLETE REVISION OF THE SPECIES OF BOTH WoRLDS,

WITH AN Essay toward their Classification.

1 HE study of fossil insects has hitherto furnished very little material toward a knowledge
y of the general laws which have governed the progress of animal life. The reason of this
^is not far to seek. The delicate nature of their framework is such that they are never
found preserved in any abundance, and seldom in such condition as to preclude doubts as
to their affinities ; the number of extinct known forms bears, indeed, a very smal'' propor-
tion to that of other fossils. Moreover, the most important period in the history of any
'group of animals is its earliest ; and while the later appearance of mammals, creatures
Jpossessing a bulky framework less liable to destruction, enables the naturalist to recon-
struct what must be a very significant part of the primitive mammalian faunas, the very
early appearance of insects, with their fragile framework, is a serious obstacle to obtaining
iny light whatever concerning their origin. Fragment by fragment have the few facts
been patiently gleaned ; yet to-day we possess for the entire palaeozoic period not more
than one species of insect to every thousand existing forms.^ A few scattered generaliza-
ions concerning these earlier insects have been attempted, and in the preceding paper I
indeavored to collect all that was known upon the subject, and to show that some general
.tements might be made, not likely to be gainsaid by further facts. The present paper
iscusses with greater fulness the cockroaches of the palaeozoic period, a group which
mtains fully one half the species of insects I nown from the ancient rocks, and therefore
e most likely to be fruitful in results.

Their remains were first made known by Germar^ in 1842, in Count MUnster's Beitrage

Petrafactenkunde, where four species from Wettin were described and figured. Soon

rwards, in his general work on the fossils of Wettin and Lobejiin, Germar redescribcd

ese with as many more ; and additional forms have been published from time to time by

oldenberg, Heer, E. Geinitz and others, until the number of European species at present

cognized in the palaeozoic rocks is about forty. To find the original descriptions of these

irty species one must look for no less than sixteen different papers by seven different

iters ; rarely, too, have any of them received any further study after their original

description ; it necessarily follows that our knowledge of them is very fragmentary, and a

orse showing could be made were we to include the American species, of which descrip-

;ons of seven have appeared on six separate occasions.

j^ » Compare this with the ratio of fossil to living mamninls, " One species liad been previonsly described, but as a fern
iecn in the list given in Murray'^ Geographical Distribu- leaf,
n of Mammals, pp. 320-64. 4°. I^ndon, 1866.

1' ;i

. ■.; I;

44

«

It Ih true that some slight suggestions have been made toward the classification of these
insects, but, as will be shown further on, without much success. With rare exceptions all
have been described under the generic term Blattina ; the species, however, have occasion-
ally been confounded, and their relationship to one another and to the cockroaches of later
times has never been seriously examined. This examination seems the more desirable for
tv :; reasons. First ; as a general rule, it is the upper wing of thiese creatures which has
been preserved, allowing the best comparison not only with their living representatives, but
with one another ; for, owing to the transparency of the front as well as hind wings of palae-
ozoic insects, the venation is remarkably distinct, and from the nature of the part preserved
is rarely displaced in fdssilization. Second ; our opportunities for any generalizations con-
cerning palaeozoic insects are exceedingly limited ; and this group, as the most abundant
of all the ancient types, offers the most inviting field of research. It would appear, too,
that the known species are in reality only the fragment of a vast host which existed at
that tir/ie, but have left no further traces, a host so great as to render it suitable to charac-
terize th<^ carboniferous epoch, so far as iiisects are concerned, as the age of cockroaches.

This conclusion is drawn from two facts. Every new discovery of palaeozoic cockroaches
with scarcely an exception, reveals new species, so that upwards of sixty different kinds are
enumerated in this paper, showing great diversity of structure, and seldom represented by
more than a single specimen ; this indicates that their petrifaction is a rare event, and that
the few relics we have really represent a vast horde. The second fact is the decreasing
representation of these insects in the rocks as we approach the present time, coupled with
a very generous allowance of cockroaches living at the present day. If we divide the time
which has elapsed since cockroaches appeared into three great divisions, corresponding to
the palaeozoic, mesozoic and caenozoic epochs, embracing the present period in the last-
named, we shall have, say, sixty species in the palaeozoic, thirty-five in the mesozoic and
only sixteen fossil species in the caenozoic (even including those occurring in that most
prolific insect-trap, the Prussian amber), with upwards of five hundred living species.* If
we then consider the present as a part of the pliocene, and take only five hundred species
as the number actually living in each of the three divisions of caenozoic time, making
fifteen hundred in all, and sixteen as the number now reported as existing in tertiary times ;
and, finally, assume the same ratio between the unknown and the known to have held in
the palaeozoic as in the caenozoic epoch, we shall have five thousand, six hundred and
twenty-five species as the number of palaeozoic cockroaches. Even if enormously exag-
gerated, this estimate will at least indicate the prodigious quantity of cockroaches which
then existed and give an additional reason for the present revision.^

Giebel, who published the first list of palaeozoic cockroaches, then supposed to be only
eight in number,^ brought them all under the generic term Blattina, and placed with them
also some of the mesozoic species. In a foot-note (p. 315) he promises to give a "careful
revision" of all the Wettin cockroaches, but this he has never done.

Heer, in his catalogue of fossil cockroaches,* was the first to attempt any division of the
palaeozoic forms ; his classification was as follows : —

' Thi8 is certainly a low estimate of existing types. Brun- cosmopolitan distribution and vexatious fecundity — the dom-

ner in 1875 enumerated nearly foui' hundred species, and ination in short — of certain existing species of cockroach,
since that time enormous additions to this fainily have been ' Giebel. Die Insecten und Spinnen der Vorwelt. 8°.

made, particularly by do Saussure. Leipzig, 1866. pp. 318-16.

' Perhaps we may fairly add that the early appearance and * Heer. Vierteljahrschr. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich. Jahrg.

prevalence of cockroaches also explains in a measure the ix, p). 287 et seq. (1864.)

46

isification of these
[ire exceptions all
er, have occasion-
jkroaches of later
more desirable for
eatures which has
spresentatives, but
lid wings of palae-
the part preserved
tneralizations con-
le most abundant
70u\d appear, too,
which existed at
uitable to charac-
)f cockroaches.
)zoic cockroaches
liflerent kinds are
m represented by
•e event, and that
is the decreasing
ime, coupled with
e divide the time
corresponding to
sriod in the last-
he mesozoic and
ring in that most
i^ing species.* If

hundred species
)ic time, making
in tertiary times ;

to have held in
six hundred and
normously exag-
ickroaches which

osed to be only
(laced with them
give a "careful

y division of the

I fecundity — the dom-
pccies of cockroach,
en der Vorwelt. 8».

Ilsch. Zurich. Jahrg.

^i

Div.
Div.
Div.
Div.

a.
b.
c.
d.

k Winged ;

Reticulation tetragonal ; main veins free. (9 species.)
Main veins connected at the base. (1 species.)
Reticulation polygonal ; main veins free. (2 species.)
Hind wings. (2 species ; one wrongly placed here.)

The only other classification which has been attempted is that recently made by Golden-
berg,* which is merely an extension of Heer's. He first separates those of the true carbon-
iferous series from those occurring in the dyas, and for the -former offers the following

icheme :

ii ( with simple quadrangular cells arranged

f fore-wings membranous r principal < in rows; Group I. (11 sp.^

with distinct venation ; < veins free ; ( with polygonal cells ; Group II. ( 18 sp.)

( principal veins connected at the base ; Group IH. ( 1 sp. )

fore wings coriaceous, with indistinct venation ; Group IV. (1 sp.)

f Wingless ; Group V. (1 sp.)

J- The few species from the dyas are divided into that from Weissig (1 sp.), and those
j4rom Lebach (2 sp.), and the latter are placed severally in groups corresponding exactly to
Cl-roups n. and III. of the carboniferous series.

'{' Nearly all the species represented by fore-wings, whether in the classification of Heer or
#f Goldenberg are grouped, then, according to whether the minute cross-venation or reticu-
'^tion of the wings is composed of polygonal cells or simply of cross veins running directly
from one nervule to another. There are three serious objections to the naturalness of such
it classification. First, it assigns a high importance to a necessarily insignificant feature in
^e structure of the wing. Second, the reticulation is frequently invisible either from its
itctual absence or the imperfect preservation of the fossil. And third, the same wing
0xhibits, certainly in some American species (o. g.^tobl. venusta, E. Lesquereuxii), a trans-
verse reticulation in one part of the wing, and a honeycombed reticulation in another.
Te may therefore fairly set aside these classifications as insufficient and unsatisfactory.
More than ten years ago, in studying the first fossil cockroaches that came under my
bbservation, and noticing the diversity of structure in the wings of palaeozoic species,
described two types under new generic names ; but on the discovery and separate descrip-
tion of additional forms, it seemed best to revert to the common custom of referring all to
plattina until the present revision or some other was attempted .* A considerabl*^ number
p{ new and interesting forms having recently accumulated, it seemed a favorable oppor-
tunity to pass the entire series under review ; accordingly the illustrations of the described
European species were copied and brought, as given in the plates, to the same scale
Ix 2 diam.), and, when necessary, so reversed as to place the costal margin on the left, the
base of the wing being uppermost. This renders comparison more direct and simple, and
such as have been reversed it is merely the same as if one koked at the wing from the
[opposite surface.

A comparison of these with American types at once showed that, among the latter at

Bast, a remarkable degree of diversity obtained, necessitating the division of the palaeozoic

ckroaches into two tribes, according to the structure of the uppermost vein of the front

I^Ting : this vein, in one tribe, exclusively American, being composed of a series of long

* Goldenberg. Fauna 8araepontana foasilis.
18-20. 4°. Saarbrucken, 1877.

Heft 2, pp. > Canad. Naturalist (2) Vii, 271.

(i: M

46

and unequal rays spreading from a common base, much like the rods of a fan ; while in
the other, found on both continents, the shorter and equal rays originate at regular inter-
vals, as branches from the side of a main vein. No such important distinction exists in the
cockroaches of the old world coal-measures, even in the most aberrant types ; but within
each of these two tribes, other distinctions appear, in the relative extent or position of the
different areas, in the mode of branching of the main veins, or in the point of origin of
the branches, affording valuable data for generic distinctions, and a tolerably safe clue, it
is believed, to the true relationship of the species.

The classificatio i proposed in this paper, based upon the structure of the framework of
the wing, and gen Tally neglecting its mere form or surface sculpture,"may be expressed
briefly by the sch ^me on the opposite page, which will be more fully developed in the
body of the memoi .

A word may be s lid concerning the nomenclature employed in this scheme. It will be
noticed that the generic term Blattina, first employed for palaeozoic cockroaches by Germnr
and since universally adopted in the same sense, has been dropped. It is not a little
curious that the first four species described by Germar (and, I may add, the first American
palaeozoic cockroach, t. ascribed by Lesquereux) all belong to a single genus as here
defined, namely Etoblattina, a genus at the same time the richest in species ; so that there
can be no doubt whatever as to which of these genera should bear the old name, if any of
them can do so. It were indeed to be wished that it might be retained by Etoblattina, and
to preserve the old name as far as possible I have retained it as a ^art of all the compoimd
terms I have employed to designate the genera represented in the European carboniferous
fauna, as well as in the tribal name which embraces them. But before Germar made this
use of the term Blattina, earlier indeed by about thirty years,* he applied it to a cockroach
from amber, which must be employed q^ the typical species, and which is utterly distinct
from any of the palaeozoic forms. We are therefore unwillingly compelled to reject the
name for palaeozoic cockroaches, and, unless indeed it be a synonym of some earlier name,
to employ it for the tertiary Blattarian only.''

The use of the term Palaeoblattariae for all the palaeozoic cockroaches to distinguish them
from more modern types requires also an explanation. In commencing this investigation
it was anticipated that the mode of distribution of the principal veins of the wing and the
relative juea occupied by each would furnish some ground for discussing the affinities and
natural classification of these animals and of separating them into genera and species.
But the degree of divergence from living types which t' e palaeozoic forms exhibit, and
their own division into two large groups was entirely unexpected. To appreciate the
former distinctions, it will be best first to examine the "vvings of living Blattariae.

The structure of the organs of flight in cockroaches has received an unusual share of
attention, principally from Mgssrs. Brunner and de Saussure, who have devoted a great

» Germar. Mag. d. Entom. Jahrg. i, 16 (1813).

^ In his first uso of the term Blattina, Germar employed it
witlioiit any explanation whatever. In his work on Wcttin
fojisils (p. 81), he says: " Dlattinac nomine utimur, quo
omnes species complectimur, quae antuhae ad Blattao genus
sunt relatae." Goldcnbcrg (Palaeontogr. iv, 6) was the first
to define the genus, as follows : " Venis omnibus areae
analis hcmelytri in inarginem internum excurrcntibus." In

it he placed Etobl, primaeva, Hermatobl. labachensLi ami
Pelrahl. gracilis. Goldenborg {loc. cit.) further credits
Berendt with the first uso of the term, but I cannot discover
that Berendt used it either in 1830 or in 1836, the two oc-
casions when he referred specially to fossil cockroaches;
while Germar certainly employed it in 1813. Nor did Ber-
endt use it in 1845 in the essay prefixed to bis Organisclie
Reste im Bernstein.

jf a fan; while in
e at regular intcr-
tction exists in the
types; but within
; or position of the
point of origin of
jrably safe clue, it

' the framework of

"may be expressed

developed in the

jheme. It will be
roaches by Germnr

It is not a little
the first American
le genus as here
ies; so that there
Id name, if any of
y Etoblattina, and
all the compound
pean carboniferous
Germar made this

it to a cockroach
is utterly distinct
lied to reject the
ome earlier name,

) distinguish them
this investigation
the wing and the
the affinities and
tiera and species.
»rms exhibit, and
0 appreciate the
ttariae.

unusual share of
devoted a great

Miolil. labachensLi and
cil.) further credits
, but I cannot discover
w in 1836, the two oc-
to fossil cockroaches;
n 1813. Nor did Bor-
ed to his Orgnniscliv

47

PALAEOBLATTARIAE.

•Tribe I. Mylacriiloe. Branches of the mediastinal vein arranged in a radiate manner, mostly springing from a common
DOlnt at the base of the wing; mediastinal area subtriangular, uniformly tapering apically. (3 genera. American.)

All the branches of the
mediastinal vein arising
close to the base of the
Wing.

Wings broad. Mediastinal and scapular areas together occupying loss than half the wing. Ex-
turnomedian area tolerably large, expanding regularly beyond the first branch.

Mylaorls. (5 species).

Wings slender. Mediastinal and scapular areas together occupying more than half tho wing.
Externomedian area small and compressed, scarcely expanding apically.

Iiithomylaoris. (3 species.)

le of the apical branches of the mediastinal vein arising beyond the base of the wing and scarcely partaking in the
radiate arrangement of tho others. Neoymylaoris. (2 species.)

Branches of the mediastinal vein arising at regular intervals from a principal stem; mediastinal
(8 genera. Both worlds.)

/Tribe II. Blaltinariae.
Mita generally band-shaped.

'■%

7p

':^'

latornomedian vein tcrmin-
itting beyond, rarely at,
tiie middle of tho outer
Ittlfofthe wing. Scapu-
lar and externomedian
^as together covering
lim than one half of the
iring.

lomedinn vein termin-
ing before the middle of

outer half of tho wing,
ipular and externo-

ian areas together

ering more than half

wins.

^Mediastinal area compar- I
atively short, rarely ex-
ceeding, seldom equalling ,
two-thirds the length of
the wing.

Scapular area not reaching the tip of the wing, the extrem-
ity of the main vein curving upward. Externomedian
area comparatively large.

Etoblattina. (20 species. Both worlds.)

Scapular area extending beyond and embracing the tip of
the wing, by the backward sweep of the main vein. Ex-
ternomedian area comparatively small.

Arohimylaorla. (2 species. American.)

' Externomedian branches inferior, so
that the nervules divaricate on
either side of the scapular-extemo-
median interspace. Anthraoo-
blattina. (7 species. European.)

Branches of
scapular vein
superior.

Mediastinal area long, usu-
ally at least three-fourths
the length of the wing,
sometimes nearly reach-
ing the tip.

Externomedian vein di-
rected toward and ter-
minating near the apex
of the wing, its branches
inferior.

Externomedian branches superior,
80 that the nervules divaricate on
either side of the externomedian-
internomedian interspace.

Oerablat-
tina. (12 species. Both worlds.)
Branches of scapular vein inferior.

Hennatoblattina. (2 species. European.)

' Principal veins closely crowded in the basal half of the

wing. Branches uniformly distributed all over the wing.

Scapular area terminating above the apex of the wing.

Progonoblattina, (2 species. European.)

Principal veins widely separated in the basal half of the
wing. Branches much more closely crowded in some
parts of the wing than in others. Scapular area termin-
ating below the' apex of tho wing.

Oryotoblattina. (l species. European.)

Externomedian vein directed toward and terminating near the middle of the inner border
^ of the wing, its branches superior. Fetrablattina. (2 species. Both worlds.)

48

deal of study to this family,^ and having used the tegmina and wings for systematic
purposes, have examined an immense series of specimens. These authors distinguish
in the tegmina four, in the wings five, principal veins, the distribution of which is
pretty constant in their general features, variable in the details; and this permits excellent
characters to be drawn for the separation of the genera, etc. The four veins of the tegmina
are the mediastinal, the scapular, the internomedian and the anal.' The mediastinal vein
runs from the root of the wing in a nearly straight course to about the middle of the costnl
border, throwing off branches to that border. The scapular vein extends to the tip of the
wing in a nearly straight course and throws off toward the costal border a number of
branches, which may be simple or forked and disposed with greater or less regularity ; in
some instances, especially toward the tip of the wing, it also throws out branches on the
opposite side. The anal furrow is an impressed curved line, characteristic of cockroaches,
running to the inner margin before the middle of the wing ; within the area thus
marked off at the base of the wing are a number of simple or forked anal nervules, often
curved, but always straighter than the anal furrow ; these, although they impinge upon the
latter, are to be considered branches of the anal vein, for they correspond to the radiate
nervules of the longitudinally plicate portion of the hind wings. Between the scapular
and anal veins runs the internomedian vein, an irregular nervure, the branches of which
may be inferior or superior, longitudinal or oblique, simple or forked, and it is here there-
fore that the greatest variation in thfe manner of distribution occurs, although the relative
extent of all the fields may greatly vary.

The hind wings have two features which are different from what we find in the tegminn ;
the first is the great expansion of the anal area, the innermost nervule of which is not
developed as a furrow ; the second is the presence of a new and distinct vein, the externo-
median, lying between the scapular and the internomedian. There is no doubt that in the
tegmina this vein should be regarded as amalgamated with the scapular vein, and the
branches occasionally found near the apex of the tegmina, parting from the so-called
scapular vein and terminating on the inner or apical margin (e. g., Chorisoneura), as
the branches of the externomedian vein ; the more so since in some genera (Ectobia, etc.)
the internomedian vein is also amalgamated with the scapular, so that the so-called scapular
vein appears to throw branches indifferently to one side or the other of the wing.

This curtailment or disappearance of the externomedian vein is due according to
Saussure to the contraction of the tegmina. In comparing the tegmina with the wings, he
remarks :' " La portion de I'organe [i. e. the tegmina] situ^e en arri^re de la nervure
hum^rale [scapular vein] s'est tellement contract^e que le champ anal a p^n^tr^ dans le
champ disco'idal [internomedian area] et se trouve un pen envelopp6 par celui-ci. En y
p^n^trant, il I'a ^trangl^ h la base, en refoulant la veine discoidale [internomedian vein]
contre la nervure hum^rale [scapular vein], en sorte que ces deux nervures se confondent
^ la base ; et il s'est r^tr^ci lui-m6me. Dans cette contraction, I'aire vitr^e [externomedian
area] a disparu." We should be careful however not to give Saussure's words a meaning
they were not intended to convey ; the broadly expanded plicated area of the hind wuigs

• Brunner. Nouveau Systbme dos Blattaires. 8°. Vienne,
1865, pp. 4-12. — Saussure. Etudes sur I'ailo dcs Orthoptferes
< Ann. Sc. Nat. [6] Zool., x, pp. 161, seq.; — lb., Orthop-
teros de rAindrique moyenne. 4°. Geneve, 1864. pp. 16-

28. — lb., Miss. Scieiit. au Mexique, Ins. Orth. 4°. ParL<,
1870, pp. 4-8.

' This is Heer's terminology, not Brunner's nor Saussure's.

s Ann. Sc. Nat. [5] Zool., x, p. 196.

49

;8 for systematic
ithors distinguish
tion of which is
permits excellent
ins of the tegmina
B mediastinal vein
ddle of the costal
to the tip of the
'der a number of
less regularity ; in
t branches on the
ic of cockroaches,
lin the area thus
lal nervules, often
impinge upon the
tnd to the radiate
ireen the scapular
)ranches of which
I it is here there-
bough the relative

id in the tegmina ;

le of which is not

vein, the externo-

doubt that in the

lar vein, and the

rom the so-called

Chorisoneura), as

era (Ectobia, etc.)

so-called scapular

le wing.

lue according to
dth the wings, he
re de la nervure
a p^n^tr^ dans le
ir celui-ci. En y
.ernomedian vein]
res se confondent
e [extemomedian
words a meaning
if the hind wings

, Ins. Orth. 4°. Paris,

Irunner's nor Saussurc's.
6.

18 with little doubt a comparatively late development, and we may not look upon the

:ttegmina as a contracted form of the wings; but rather, at the disappearonce of the externo-

^ median vein in the tegmina as one stage in the increasing heterogeneity of the organs of

flight, as we pass from ancient tinu's to the present; indeed the hind wings of insects in

•general contain far more indications of the earlier structure and ornamentation of the

wings tiian the front pair.' As one example of this we find that the extemomedian vein

was perfectly developed in the front wings of all the palaeozoic cockroaches, and although

probably some of the different nervures were sometimes blended at the base (e.g., Etoblatt.

rumoma, Pelrahl. grncifw), apically each vein was always developed quite separate from

|the others.

■ :|: This is a distinction of prime importance, and so far as we can discover, there is not a

illingle exception in ancient or modern types. In all the palaeozoic species, the e.xterno-

fmedian exists as an independent vein ; in all modern species the vein itself is blended with

fthe scapular, and can only be occasionally recognized near the extremity by its branches.

i; Besides this difference tliere is another which, although of less importance, is perhaps as

;iconstani and certainly is significant. In palaeozoic cockroaches the anal veins of the fore

'*lwing, as first noted by Goldenberg, intpinge upon the border, just as they do in the few

■hind wings which are preserved. In living cockroaches, the branches of the anal vein in

"ihe hind wing, preserving here again the ancient characteristics, impinge upon the margin

■:^ tlie wing; while the specialization of the anal area of the fore wing — a distinctively

'Blattarian feature — has gone so far as to affect the direction of the veins, which do not

Impinge upon the border, but run parallel to it and strike the anal furrow.

■ For these reasoiis, as being of fundamental importance in the structure of the tegmina,

ind indicative of the profound changes the entire group of cockroaches has undergone since

.lis origination, it appears nece.ssary to separate the palaeozoic cockroaches from those

i|xisting at the present day as a distinct subfamily type.

In reviewing the existing species, in order to obttiin some clue among them to the
[earest allies of the palaeozoic cockroaches, it would appear that very little resemblance
ists between the fore wings of the ancient species and those of the Blattariae sjnnosae,
compared with those of the Blattariae muticae. Further than this it would perhaps
llarflly be possible to go, unless indeed we were to compare some of the Blaberidae of the
Vjlresent day, comprising the giants of the time, with some of the ancient types, which,
fwhile generally larger than recent forms, also often boast of their very great size. Unfor-
:l|inately we know almost nothing of the structure of the legs in the ancient cockroaches;
ihey have been preserved, so far as appears, in only one or two instances. In one, Blat-
fina Tischheini, Goldenberg speaks of a fragment of a hind leg, consisting of the femur
illad tibia with traces of spines [Spuren von Dornen); but as neither his illustration nor his
Bcription show whether the spines occur on the femora or on the tibiae, we have no proof
to whether the former should be considered spinosae or muticae. In the illustration of
e other {Anthracohl. sojnta) no spines appear; and the describer of this species. Dr.
Geinitz, gives no further account of the legs than their size ; perhaps their preservation
lows of no further statement, but this point should be studied.

'his puint, which I hope to expand anil illiiBtfatu on
ithcr ovcasion, is what iiiiglit well be cxpeeU'd when we

reflect how coinmonly the hinil wings of insects are con-
cealed by the Iron', pair, when the insect is at rest.

50

Ijet US now cxaniiiio the neunition of tlie winj?s of cockroaches with Hpcciiil reference to
its (leveU)pinent, in order to detennine wliich of the two tribes into which we have diviiled
tho Pahieobhittariae is to be consi(U>red the more primitive type. At tiie outset we mnv
remark that were we to base our ideas of the rehitive rank of the existing? suborders
of insects upon tlje degree of complication of the neuration of their wings idone we should
undoubtedly fall into error. Yet, although in studying the most ancient insects tliis
portion of their structure is nearly all we have to guide us, we may confidently assume
that it is here sutlicient to determine their relationship with accuracy. The variation in
the structure of the wings of existing insects is the result of a multitude of forces exertcil
through aeons, and exhibits every imaginable form from extreme simplicity to excessivi-
complexity: in some insects the wings, like the rest of the body, have retained an ancient
simplicity of structure, as in the May-flies; in others they appear to have lapsed into
simplicity, or to have retained a simple distribution of the veins, when the other parts of
the body have become highly organized, such as the Lt'pidoptera generally; in still others,
by the diversity of use to which the wings have been put, they have beco'.ie in different
ways extremely complicated, so that the plan of neuration is greatly disturl>ed or nearly
lost ; as in the hind wings of earwigs, and of many cockroaches and beetles, and in botli
wings of dragon flies, — nearly all of which insects are otherwise lowly organized.

This differentiation of the neuration, we may judge by many proofs,' had made sligiit
progress in palaeozoic times. The wings of the tiien existing insects were comparatively
simple and uniform. Nevertheless, the variation o. structure was already sufficient 'u the
carboniferous epoch to prove that we must look far back of it for the origin of winged
insects. We have already shown that differences existed among cockroaches warrantinu,'
their division into two great groups; and as a whole this family group was distinctly
separated, even at that early time, from all other insects, even as they are to-day, unless
we except their nearest allies the Mantidae, in the burial of the innermost anal vein at the
bottom of a deep sulcation, dividing the anal area from tiie rest of the wing. They were
also peculiar — although a few ancient types partially shared with tiiijm this character-
istic— in that tiie large number of mediastinal branches, as well as the main inediastin;il
vein, terminate on the costal margin only, and do not leave it simply supported by the main
vein lying in close proximity. This peculiarity necessitated a somewhiit central origin for
the veins at the base of the wing, and apparently led to the diversity noticed in the two
types of ancient cockroaches.

If we were to express in simplest terms the. structure of a symmetrically developed winir
(like that of the palaeozoic cockroaches with iu live principal branching veins), we should
figure the middle vein as running straight to the apex, forking as it went and occupyinjj,-
the apical margin with its branches; while the similarly forking branches of the upper two
veins would curve toward and terminate upon the costal margin, and those of the lower
veins upon the inner margin. A wing has already been found' quite as simple in idea as
this, but belonging to the other group of palaeozoic insects, in which the wing is not
symmetrical, but where all the veins and their branches impinge upon the inner and apical
margin of the wing. In such a wing, differentiation of the veins may scarcely be said to

' Soe tlic prccL'ding paper: The early ty|>e8 of insects. '•' Scmliler. An inoeut wing of extreme simplicity from tin

coal formation. <l'roe. Bust. Soc. Nat., Hist, xix, 248-4V.

61

exist; the second repeats the first, and the fourth the fifth, a little further removed from
the bfl^e, while the third vein, filling the space between the second and fourth, differs from
them only by its straiirhtness and apical termination ; the general resemblance of each to
the othenr is very close. Yet one has scarcely more to do than to deepen the inner anal
vein, and perhaps remove the main veins a little nearer the costal border, giving a very
I slight asymmetry to the wing, to impress upon such an ideal wing distinct blattarian
features ; for in all the palaeozoic cockroaches, partially excepting Oryctoblattina, the distri-
bution of the scapular branches more or less resembles that of the mediastinal, and that of
the intemomedian the anal, while the extemomedian branches occupy the middle ground
I and the apex of the wing, seldom swerving to either side.

It is, however, highly probable that such an ancient wing was broad at the base, for this
I was the case with nearly all the palaeozoic insects, and certainly, which is more to our pur-
pose, with all the carboniferous cockroaches ; it is furthermore a characteristic of the cock-
j roaches of the present day, and therefore all the more probably of high antiquity. In this
case the mediastinal and anal areas must have been more broadly triangular in shape than
the neighboring areas, and their veins consequently arranged in a more radiate fashion, the
I different branches arising close together froin a common base ; while in the neighboring
areas they would naturally arise at intervals from a main stem. This condition is precisely
that of the Mylacridae and would naturally precede that in which the mediastinal vein, to
I strengthen the part of the wing most liable to strain, follows the basal curve of the costal
margin and throws its branchos off at intervals toward the border, heightening at the same
time the resemblance between the distribution of the branches in the scapular and medias-
tinal areas ; a tendency to this appears in Necymylacris and it is fully developed in the
Blattinariae. That the anal vein has not followed the same rule is doubtless due, partly to
the small need of special support for the lower base of the wing, and partly to the deep
impression of the inner anal vein, which has forced, as it were, the other branches to ally
I themselves with it.

This view of the relative primitiveness of jthe two types of ancient cockroaches is
[strengthened by noticing the further differentiation of the tegmina in modern times, where
[the only remaining relic of repetition of characters in adjoining areas is the resemblance of
[the disposition of the scapular and mediastinal branches ; and even this resemblance recalls
jthe features of the Blattinariae, rather than of the Mylacridae. In all the Pahicoblatti-
[nariae, so far as we know them, (excepting perhaps in Oryctoblattina,) the intemomedian
[veins have the same general tendency to repeat the downward and outward curve of the
J anal veins as we find in the corresponding veins of the costal region. But in recent cock-
I roaches, not only do the anal veins run parallel to the inner margin and impinge upon the
[anal furrow, but the intemomedian veins may branch in any direction, so varied has the
[plan of distribution grown ; in general however the intemomedian vein may be said to
[have assumed in modern types the r8le played Ly the extemomedian vein in the Palaeo-
[blattariae ; and iu not a few instances in the ancient types there is a marked tendency of
[both the scapula • and intemomedian veins, especially toward the apex of the wing, to aa-
|«ume a mode of distribution more closely resembling that of the externomeclian than of the

lediastinal and anal branches respectively. Indeed the similiarity of the distribution of the
Iveins in the scapular and extemomedian areas has induced me to place Hermatoblattina

/•

62

nnd Progonohlattina near Oryctoblattina high in the flcricH. Potrablattina has also been
placed very high, on account of the apparent amalgamation of all the principal veins next
the base, an they generally appear in modern types.

On zoological grounds, then, we shoidd look upon the Mylacridae as the older type, but
when we come to examine the geological record, we discover very little special corre-
spondence l)etween these features of structure and the relative ag<3 of the insects in ques-
tion. Our oldest American species are Gernhlattina fascirjera and Pelrablatlina nejmlta,
and probably Dlatt'mn venustn, all of which are Blattinariae, not Mylacridae ; the other
American members of the group of Blattinariae are foiuid in all the rocks up to the pernio-
carboniferous, while the Mylacridae are confined to the true coal-measures, unless Necym.
heroa and Archlm. parallehim fall below them. On the other hand, it is worthy of remark
that of the nine species placed highest in the entire series below, before their stratigraplii-
cal position was at all considered, and belonging to five distinct genera, Petrahlatthm
gracilis, Hermatohlatihm lehachensia and perhaps Gerahlattina balteata belong to the
permiah or dyassic fonnation, and comprise nearly one half of the species certainly known
from that horizon. And it will be seen further on that much the largest percentage of the
European cockroaches (Blattinariae only) come from the upper carboniferous beds ;. of the
American (Mylacridae and Blattinariae) from below them. It must not be overlooked
however that the great mass of palaeozoic cockroaches as a whole come from the highest
carboniferous rocks, and that the stragglers that have been found below these uppermost
beds are far too few for us to base any safe generalizations upon them.

As to the geological range of the species, it would appear as if it were always extremely
limited, did we not reflect that very few of the species are known by more than one
example. It has been claimed by Dr. E. Geinitz that five of the species first described
from the carboniferous series, viz. : Etohl. anthracophila, Etohl. carbonaria and Etohl
didyma of Wettin, Anthracobl. spectfibills of LiibejUn, and Gerabl. Mahri of Manebach, ull
from the uppermost carboniferous rocks, were also found in the lower dyas of Weissig.
He supports his statement by figures or descriptions in three instances, and in each of these
cases I shall show that the reference was incorrect : Etobl. didyma being referred below to
a distinct species, Anthracobl. aojAta; Elo'd. anthracophila to Etobl. Jlabellata; and
Gerabl. Mahri to a second distinct species, Etobl. elongata. This result throws some
doubt upon the unsupported references in the two other cases, and while these remain in
doubt,' Etoblattina jlabellata is the only species unquestionably found in both the carbon-
iferous and dyassic series of the old Avorld. The only other European species said to have
been found at two distinct localities is Etobl. didyma, which Germar described from Wettin
and Mahr says has been repeatedly found at Umenau ; but these places are at the same
horizon.

In the new world the only instance of the discovery of a second specimen of any species
is in the presumed case of Gerablattina balteata, where one was found in what are termed
permo-carboniferous rocks, on account of some question as to their true horizon, and the
other in undoubted uppermost carboniferous rocks. The so-called permo-carboniferous
rocks, however, are deemed by some geologists as certainly upper carboniferous.

__ ^ * Geinitz himself refers to Anthrac, speclabUu with a query.

;tina has also been
rincipal veins next

he older type, but
ttle special corre-
he insects in qucs-
'uhlattina nejmlta,
icridae; the other
t up to the pernio-
•es, unless Necym.
worthy of remark
their strntigraphi-
;ra, PetrahlatVina
ta belong to the
s certainly known
percentage of the
rous beds ;. of the
lot bo overlooked
from the highest
i these uppermost

always extremely

r more than one

ies first described

naria and Eloh].

i of Manebach, all

dyas of Weissig.

d in each of these

referred below to

, flahellata ; and

ult throws some

these remain in

both the carbon-

cies said to have

ibed from Wettin

i are at the same

en of any species
what are termed
horizon, and the
mo-carboniferous
erous.

Few of the genera appear to be confined to very narrow geological limits excepting those
which are poor in species. Mylacris (5 sp.) however is only found in the lower or middle
carboniferous series, as is also Necymylacris (2 sp.) and Archymylacris (2 sp.). Oerablat-
tir.A (12 sp.), Progonoblattina (2 sp.) and Oryctoblattina (1 sp.) are the only European
genera not occurring in the dyas and the first of these occurs in the permo-carboniferovis
of America; but Anthracoblattina (7 sp.), though occurring throughout the range of cock-
roaches in the European palaeozoic rocks, has its lorgest development (5-6 sp.) either in
^e dyas or in the very highest of the upper carboniferous b«ds.

> The following table represents the cockroach fauna of the different localities in the
Ijalaeozoic beds of Europe, the two doubtful species of Weissig being placed in brackets.

j DTA8.

iWeisaig, Snxony.

Etoblattina flabcllata.
" weissigcnsis.

[ " cni-'ooimrin.]

[Anthracoblattina spcctabilis.]
•♦ Bopita.

♦♦ porreota.

^•}^^€bach, near Saarbrtlckon, Rhenish provinces of PruDssia.
tt Hcrmatoblattina lobachensis.

Mtockheim, Bavaria.

Pttrablattina gracilis.

Anthracoblattina Riickerti.

CABBONIFERC'TS.
Maarbriicken (immediate vicinity), Rhenish provinces of Prussia.

Etoblattina primaeva. Anthracoblattina winteriana.

•*^ " labachensis. Gerablattina intermedia.

« inaicmia . u scaberttta.

Hermatoblattina wemmctsweilericnsis.

insignis.

rbnlcken (basin).

Anthracoblattina Remigii (Cusel, Rhenish
Bavaria).

lat'A, near Ilmcnau, Saxe Weimar.

Etoblattina didyma.

" manebnchensia.
Gerablattina Goldenbergi.

Gerablattina weissiana (Brtlckcn, Waldmohr,
Rhenish Bavaria).

Ger.tblattina clathrata.

« Mahri.

Progonoblattina Fritschii.

^etlin-ZdbeJtln, Prussian Saxony.
Etoblattina euglyptica.
" afBnia.

« flabellata.

" anthracophila.

" Dohrnii.

" an.iglyptica.

" carbonaria.

" didyma.

Etoblattina russoma.

" leptophlebica.

" parvula.

Anthracoblattina spectabilis.
Gerablattiiia Geinitzi.

*• Mttnsteri.

•• prodncta.

*• Germari.

Oryctoblattina reticulata.

' ■ ^ ^1

! ' ; ■ 1

1 ,! " ■ 'V-

i! ^' S

' 1

• 1

I 'I

1

I

p

.Klein- OpitZj near Dresden, Saxony.
Erbignoti, Switzerland.
Durham, England.

64

Anthraooblattina dresdensis.
Progonoblattina helvetica.
Etoblattina mantidioides.

The following table, mainly based on the " Chronologische Uebersicht des Steinkohlen-
Ablagerungen in Europa", given by Dr. H. B. Geinitz in Geinitz, Fleck u. Hartig: Die
Steiukohlen Deutschlan^ls, 4°, Miinchen, 1865, may serve to indicate the probable relative
age of the Eu. opear i-pecies. The carboniferous beds are divided by him into five zones,
as follows, commencing at the base : I. Hauptzone der Lycopodiaceen ; II. der SigUlarien ;
in. der Calamiten ; IV. der Annularien ; V. der Farren. The two dyassic species enclosed
in brackets are those credited by Dr. E. Geinitz to this formation. Perhaps all the carbon-
iferous species should be classed together as upper carboniferous, excepting the three placed
under zona ii-iii; and these to the middle carboniferous.

LOWER DTAS.

Etoblattina flabellata. (Woissig.)
" weis8igensi8.( " )

[ " carbonaiia.] ( " )

" elongnta. ( " )

[Anthraooblattina spectabilis.] (Weissig.)

Anthracoblattina sopita. (Weissig.)
« porrecta. ( " )

** Rttckerti. (Stockheim.)

Hermatoblattina lebachensis. (Lebach.)

Petrablattina gracilis.

CAKBOKIFEROUS ZONE V.

Etoblattina didyma. (Mancbach.)

*'• nianebachensis. ( " )

Anthracob ' .ttiua dresdensis. (Klein-Opitz.)

" Remigii. (Cusel.) " weissiana.

Progonoblattina Fritschii. (Mancbach.)

Gcrablattina Goldenbergi.
" clathrata.

« Mahri.

( " )

(Manebach.)
( ^ )
( « )
(Brttcken.)

g I Etoblattina primaeva.

labachcnsis.

euglyptica.

affinis.

flabellata.

anthracophila.

Dohmii.

anagiyptica.

carbonaria.

didyma.

russoma.

CARBONIFEROUS ZONE IV-V.

(Auerswald.) Etoblattina leptophlebica.

(Labach.) " parvula.

(Wettin.) Anthracoblattina spectabilis.

(Ldbejttn.) Gcrablattina inteimedia.

(Wettin.) ' « Geinitzi.

( « ) « MUnsteri.

( « ) «« producta.

( " ) " German.

( " ) Hermatoblattina wemmetsweilericnsis.

(Wettin.) (Wemmetsweiler.)

(Lobejiin.) Oryctoblattina reticulata. (Wettin.)

(Lobejttn.)

( " )

( " )

(Wemmetsweiler.)

(Ldbejan.)

(Wettin.)

( " ).
( « )

CARBONIFEROUS
Etoblattina mantidioides. (Durham.)

ZONE n-v.

Progonoblattina helvetica. (Erbignon.)

\[

CARBONIFEROUS ZONE II-III.
Etoblattina iusignis, (SaarbrUcken.) Anthracoblattina winteriana. (Dudweiler.)

Gkrablattina scaberata. (Altenwald.)

65

K v^: The American species come from the following localities, the Mylacridae being placed in
■Ihe left hand, the Blattmariae in the right hand column.

ACADIAN COAL-FIELD.

t des Steinkohlen-

jk u. Hartig: Die
! probable relative
im into five zones,

r,

I. der Sigillarien ;
ic snecies enclosed

■ I Ah

ips all the carbon-

^m

g the three placed

M

(Weissig.)

( « )
(Stockheim.)

is. (Lebaoh.)

->i<^^^^^H

Sydney, Cape Breton.

Mylacris bretonense.
« Heeri.

l^ictote, Nova Scotia.

Petrablattina sepulta.

Archymylacris acadicum.

.APPALACHIAN COAL-FIELD.
Cannelton, Beaver Co., Penn.

Mylacris pcnnsylvanicum. Archymylacris parallelum.

" Mansfieldi.
Ncoymylacris heros.

Pittston, Luzerne Co., Penn.*
Lithomylacris angustum.

" pittstonianuni.

Necymylacris lacoanum.

Cassville, W. Virginia.

Etoblattina Lesqaereuxii.
Ger.iblattina fascigera.

. Gerablattina balteato.

Sellairc, Ohio.

Gerablattina balteata.

(Manebach.)
( •> )
( " )
(BrUcken.)

(Labejttn.)

( " )

( « )

(Wemmetsweilcr.)

(LobcjQn.)

(Wettin.)

( " ).
( " )
reilerionsis.

(Wemmetsweilcr.)
(Wettin.)

Crbignon.)
(Dudweiler.)

EASTERN INTERIOR COAL-FIELD.
DanviUe, 111.

Lithomylacris simplex.

Colchester, III.

Mylacris anthracophilum.

WESTERN INTERIOR COAL-FIELD.

Froff Bayou, Arkansas.

£tobi'<ittina venusta.

The correlation of the beds in the Eastern border and Interior basins of N. America is
Qiot yet satisfactorily accomplished. The period of the deposition of the millstone grit in
|he interior basin may even possibly be synchronous, I am informed by Professor N. S.

^ Concerning the localities in the vicinity of Pittston, Mr.
'pL D. Lncoo, to whom 1 am indebted for all the specimens
scribed from there, writes mo that the shale containing
•toblattina Lesquereuzii was picked up hi the vicinity of
Ittston, in a pile of culm or impurities from a mine; the
t locality was unknown to him, but from the character
the ^'.ate ho hod no doubt of its being from the roof shales
the D seam of anthracite coal. LithomylacrU angustum
id L, pittttonianum are from the roof shales of the E seam
coal, which when unatTected by weathering much re-
imhlo the shales of the D scam, but is very rarely so highly

impregnated with carbon. The specimens came from Port
GrifHth at the outcrop of the shales at one of the prin-
cipal anticlinals that cross the otherwise quite level coal
(iold, and once apparently formed long narrow islands in the
carboniferous lake, against the southeastern side of which
many small objects drifted and loft their impress. Oera-
blattina fascigera was found by Mr. Lacoo in the anticlinal
next north of the one first mentioned and also on the south-
eastern side. Neeymylacis lacoanum conies from the lowes
productive coal measures near Pittston.

M-i

If!

56

Shaler, with some of the later coal deposits of the eastern border region ; but assuming
the millstone grit of the east and west to be of the same age, we may express tolerably
well the general stratigraphical relations of the species by the following table :

Anpalnclilan ooM-
lli'l.l.

Bate of Millstone grit.

Top qTMUlilme grit.

Lower or Miililte Coal
Measures.

Upper Coal Meatut^i.

Pemuhearbonifimnu.

1

s

Nccymylacris licros.

Mylacris i)cnn8ylvaiii-

ctini.
Mylacris Slai.-aoidil.
Necyiuylocris Ittcoa-

num.

Utiiomyiacris pittstou-

innuiH.
Litliuniylacris angns-

tiim.

Acitdlan coal-
field.

Mylacris Hecri.
Mylacris bretoncnso.

■astern Intorior
ooiil-tlcld.

BIylacris antliracophi-
luin.

LItliomylacria simplex.

Appalachian coal-
field.

Archiniylocris paral-
leluni,

Oerablattiiia fiiscigora.

Etoblattina Lcsquor-

eiixii.
(jprablattina baitca-

ta.

Gerablattina baltea-
ta.

Acadian coal-
field.

I'etraljlattina sepiilta.

Arcliimylncris acad-
icum.

Western interior
coal-fleld.

Etoblattina vonusta.

•

If we assume the separation between the upper and middle carboniferous to be correct,
we shall have the following percentage of the species from the different formations in either
country :

In Europe : Above the upper carboniferous 26 per cent. ; in it 74 per cent. ; below it 7 per cent.
In America: Above tlie upper carboniferous 6 per cent.; in it 24 per cent.; below it 70 per cent.

Certain species appearing in the lists twice over maki' the totals of percentage in eaoli
case above 100. It would appear from this summary that the American cockroaches are
the older, and a certain light is thus thrown upon the occurrence of Mylacridae in the New
World only.

I have already given some reasons for believing, not only that cockroaches formed the
majority of insects in palaeozoic times, but that the actual number of species was very
great. That they were also abundant in individuals is probable, judging from the present
fecundity of their descendants and from a few other facts. Goldenberg, for instance, re-
marks (Faun. Saraep. foss. l, 17) that where one finds any remains of cockroaches in the
palaeozoic rocks, one nearly always discovers more than a single fragment ; at least this wiis
the case with Etoblattina primaeva, E. labachensis and Blatt'ma Tiachbeini ; and he
judges from this, that, as at the present time, these creatures collected in numbers in «
single spot ; but it seems rather to indicate merely the great numbers of individuals which
then existed. Goldenberg elsewhere remarks (Faun. Saraep. foss. ii, 21) that cockroaches
formed nearly one-half the insects of the coal period, reaching then their greatest develop-
ment. He finds reasons for this, first, in the warmth and obscurity of the forest vegetation
of that time, which only suited such animals as these ; and second, in the intimate corre-

4

, if

57

ion; but assuming
Y express tolerably
table :

ri(rt».

Permo^arboni/ieroiu.

tutoii-

•

•

ucr-

Gcmblattina baltoa-
ta.

rous to be correct,
)rinatioiis in either

V it 7 per cent.
»■ it 7G per cent.

)ercentage in each
n cockroaches are
cridae in the New

>aches formed the
species was very
from the present

f, for instance, rc-

ockroaches in the
at least this was

schbeini ; and he
in numbers in ii

individuals which

I that cockroaches
greatest develop-
forest vegetation

le intimate corro-

}ation between the insect world and the plant world, by which the former finds its prin-
cipal nourishment in the latter. Such a food-plant for ihe palaeozoic cockroach he would
discover in the tree-like Nocggerathia, or the Cordaites of the period ; just as the ally of
Hhe former, the sago palm, furnishes food to the cockroaches of to-day. Ileer also relates,
in hif. essay on fossil cockroaches, that the botanical garden at Zurich accidentally imported
from Cuba cockroaches in all stages of development in stems of Cycads, and thereupon
suggests that Nocggerathia might very probably have been the food of palaeozoic cock-
roaches. I have also described a species of Platyzosteria (P. sahalianus) which lives in the
tops of the cabbage palmetto, Sabal palmetto. We thus arrive at some indications of the
inanner of life of these ancient creatures.

Heer believes the scantiness of our knowledge of fossil cockroaches to be due to the
slight attention that has been paid to them, and that in the mass of plants which have been
exhumed from the coal beds, many more will be found when these have been carefully ex-
amined with this in view. At the tune he wrote not a single species of cockroach had been
jfijund in more than one spot (and at Wettin and Manebach they formed aliiKJst or quite
ittie only insects found there) while many species of plants were common to the different
beds from which cockroaches had been exhumed. Notwithstanding the considerable in-
orease of our knowledge since that time, this is almost as true now as then.

In this paper we have discussed almost exclusively the front wings of the palaeozoic
cockroaches. In an appendix, however, those species which have been described from
other fragments are reviewed and the descriptions put into an English dress. These species
are Blattina Tlachbelui, lil. kdinervis and Bl. venosa, described from hind wings or very im-
perfect remnants of fore wings ; and Polyzosterites grnnosus, a wingless species. Acridiies
carhonaria, first described by Germar as the whig of a saltatorial orthopteron and subse-
quently considered by him as the hind wing of a cockroach, possibly of Etohl. didyma, and
so catalogued up to the present time, appears rather to be a neuropterous wing and there-
fore is not discussed here. Besides these a couple of obscure fragments from the American
jpcks are briefly noticed but without name. It only remains to give an alphabetical list of
iSbe former and present names of palaeozoic cockroaches, and the bibliography of the sub-
ject, before taking up the species in detail.

Synonymical Tadi.e of hitheiito describkd Palaeozoic Cockroaches.

A(chitnyl.icris acadicum Scudd. = Arehimj Lioris ncaditniin.
Bbtttidiiiiii inantidiui<lc3 (iold. = Etoblnttiim mantidioidcs.
Bhttina allinis Gold. = Kt>)blattiiia aflinis.
Blattina aua^lyptica Gei = Etoblattina anaglyptica.
Bkttina anaglyptica var. labacliuiisis Gold. = Etoblattina

labacliunsis.
]|bttina anthracopliila Gcru = Etoblattina anthrncophila.
Hftttlna anthracopliila Goin. = Etoblattina flnbcllata.
Blattina brctonunais Scudd. = Mylacris brutouunse.
Bkttina carbonaria Germ. := Etoblattina carbonaria.
pUttina clatlirata Ileur. = Gcrablattina clathrata.
ItUttina didyma Germ. = Etoblattina didyma.
Bkttina didyma Gein. := Aiithracoblattina sopita.
Bikttina drcsdunsig Gcin.-Dclchm. := Anthracoblattina drcs-
dcnsis.

ittina euglyptica Germ. = Etoblattina ouglyptica.

ittina euglyptica Gold. fig. 8. = Etoblattina Dobrnii.

Blnttina euglyptica Gold. fig. 9. = Gcrablattina producta.
Blattina euglyptica var. weissiana Gold. = Gcrablattina

wcissiana.
Blattina fascigera Scudd. = Gcrablattina fascigera.
Blattina flabellata Germ. (Miinst). = Etoblattina flabellata.
Blattina flabellata Germ. (Wettin). =: Gcrablattina Miin-

pieri.
Blat.ina Fritschii Heer. = Progonoblattina Fritschii.
Blattim. Gcinitzi Gold. ^ Gcrablattina Geinitzi.
Blattina Germari (Giebel) Heer. = Gcrablattina Gormari.
Blattina Goldonbcrgi Mahr. = Gcrablattina Goldedbergi.
Blattina gracilis Gold. = I'etrablattina gracilis,
Blattina Hecri Scudd. =: Mylacris Hceri.
Blattina helvetica Heer. = Progonoblattina helvetica.
Blattina insignis Gold . ^ Etoblattina iusignu.
Blattina intermedia Gold. =: Gcrablattina intermedia.
Blattina labachensis Gold. = Etoblattina labachensis.

1

p

Mi

58

Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina
Blattina

latinervis Hecr. = Blattina latincrvis (hind wing).
loKichcngig Gold. = Ilcrmatoblnttina Icbachcnsis.
loptophlebiea Gold. =: Etoblattina leptophlebica.
Mahri Gold. ^ Gcrablattina Mahri.
Mahri Gcin. = Etoblattina elongata.
manebachensis Gold. ^ Etoblattina manebachcnsis.
parvula Gold. = Etoblattina panrula.
porrccta Gcin. = Anthracoblattina porrccta.
primaeva Gold. =: Etoblattina priniacva.
Remigii Dohrn. ^ Anthracoblattina Remigii.
reticulata Germ. ^ Oryctoblattina roticulata.
Riickerti Gold. ^ Anthracoblattina Riickerti.
russoma Gold. = Etoblattina russoma.
scaberata Gold. = Gerablattina scabcrata.

Blattina acpiilta Sciuld. = Potrablattina scpulta.
Blattina spectabilis Gold. = Antliracoblattina spectabilis.
Blattina Tischbcini Gold. = Blattina Tischboini (fragment).
Blattina vcnosa Gold. = Blattina vcnoaa (fragment).
Blattina vcnusta Lcsq. =: Etoblattina vonusta.
Blattina wcissiana Gold. ^ Gcrablattina weisaiana.
Blattina weissigcnsis Gein. ^ Etoblattina weisslgensis.
Blattina wommetsweiloricnsitf Gold. = Hcrmatoblattina worn-

mctswcilericnsis.
Blattina winterlana Gold. =: Anthracoblattina winteriana.
Mylacris anthracophilum Scudd. = Myiacris anthraco-

philum.
Polyzoi^tcritcs granosus (Gold.) Jord. = Folyzoeterites gra*

noeut (body).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The papers are arranged chronologically under each author, and the order of the authors
is by a chronological arrangement of their first papers. Papers on the European insects
precede those on the American species.

EUROPE AX.

Halnc.

Host (W.) De filicum ectypis obviis in lithanthraciim Wettincnsium Lobejuncnsium fosdinis.

8°. No date. pp. 31. (Not seen.)
Gebuab (E. F.) Beschreibung ciniger neuen fossilen insecten. n. In Schieferthon dcs Stcinkohlen-Gebirgcs

vonWettin. < Mttnst, Beitr. zur Petrefactenk. Heft 5 : 90-94 taf. 13. 4°. Bay renth, 1842.
-i^^— Die Versteinerungen des Steinkoblengebirges von Wettin und Lobcjttn im Saalkreise ; also entitled :
- Petrifacta stratorum lithanthracum_^Wettini et Lobejuni in circulo Salae rcperta f°. Halle, 1844-63.

Ueberreste von Insekten ; also entitled : Inscctorum vestigia. Heft 7 : 81-88, taf. 81, 1851 ; — Heft 8, tab.

39, fig. 15, 1853.
QoLOENBEBQ (F.) Pi'odrom einer naturgeschicbte der fossilen Insecten der Kohlenformation von Saar-

brUcken. < S'tzungsb. matb. nat. CI. k. Ak.id. Wiss. Wien, Bd. ix: 38-39. 8°. Wien,1852. The name is

wrongly given in this paper as Goldberger.
— — Ueber versteinerte Insectenreste im Steinkohlengebirge von SaarbrUcken. <Amtl. Bcr. Vers.

Gesellsch. deutsch. Naturf., x.xix : 1*23-26. 4°. Wiesbaden, 1853.

Die fossilen Insecten des Kohlenformation von Saarbrtlcken. < Palaeontogr., Bd. iv : 17-40, tab. 3-6.

4°. Cassel, 1854. Also separately, pp. 24, tab 1-4. 4°. Cassel, 1854.

-^^— Beitriige zur vorweltlichen Fauna des Steinkoblengebirges zu Saarbrtlcken ; also entitled, within :
Uebersicht der Thierreste der Kohlenformation von Saarbrtlcken. <Jabresb. k. Gymn. u. Vorsr^;
Saarbr. pp. 1-26. 4°. SaarbrUcken, 1867. The same paper, with the addition of two plates, referroil
to in the text of this, but not published with it, appeared under the title : Fauna Saraepontana fofisiiis
Heft 1. 4°. Saarbnicken, 1873.

-^-^ Zur Kenntniss der fossilen Insecten in der Stcinkohlen-formation. < Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., Jahrg.
1869: 158-68, taf. 3, 8°. Stuttg.irt, 1869. An abstract (?) which I have not seon, appeared in the
report of the 42d Vereamml. deutsch. Naturforecher in Dresden in 1868.

Zwei neue Ostracoden und eine Blattina r.us der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrttcken. < Neues

Jahrb. f. Mineral., Jahrg. 1870 : 286-89 (figs.) 8°. Stuttgart, 1870.

— ^— Fauna Saraepontana fossilis. Die fossilen Thiere aus der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrflckeu.

les Heft, mit zwei Tafeln Abbildungen. 4°. SaarbrUcken, 1873, pp. 26, pi. 1-2. 2e8 Heft, mit zwei

Tafeln Abbildungen. 4°. SaarbrUcken, 1877, pp. 4, 54, pi. 1-2.
GiXBSL (C. G.) Die Insecten und Spinnen der Vorwelt mit steter Berttcksichtigung der lebenden Insecten

utid Spinnen monographisch dargestcllt; also entitled: Fauna der Vorwelt mit steter Berttoksicht-

igimg der lebenden Thiere. n. Band : Gliederthiere. Erste Abtheilung : Insecten und Spinnen. 8°.

Leipzig, 1856.

ittina scpulta.
icoblattina epectabilis.
laTiachbcini (fragment),
cnosa (IVogment).
la vonusta.
ttina wcisaiana.
nttina weiasigensis.
= Hcrmatoblattina wom-

icoblattina wintcriana.
= Mylacris anthraco-

d. = Polyzo6terite8 gra-

der of the authors
European insects

lium fosdinis. Halno.

StcinkoliIen-6ebirgc3
reuth, 1842.
krcise ; nlso entitled :
f°. Hallo, 1844-53.
1, 1851 ;— Heft 8, tab.

formation von Saar-
1, 1852. The name is

<Amtl. Ber. Vers.

IV : 17-40, tab. 3-6.

so entitled, within:
Gymn. u. Vorsrl!
two plates, referred

Saraepontnna fossilis

irb. f. Miner., Jahrg.
in, appeared in the

brttcken. < Neucs

1 von Saarbrttckou.
2e8 Heft, mit zwci

r lebenden Insecton

steter Bertlcksicht-

und Spinnen. 8°.

69

Beer (O). Uobcr die fossilen K;ikerl;ikcn. < Vierleljnlnwlir. iiat. (tesellsoh. Zdrieh, .Talirjj. ix : 27*1-302,

]A. 8°. Zilrifli. 1S(>4.
ii' Die Urweit dor Sehweiz. Mil sieben luiidscliaftliehin Hilderit, elf Tjifcln, einer f{eoloji;is«Iien Uober-

sielitskarte der Selnveiz mid zablreielien in den Text eiiifiedruekleii Abbildmigen. 8". Zdrieli, I8«ir).
. Le nioude piiinilive de la Suisse. Traduit do ralicniande par Isaac Deinolo. 8". Geiu^ve et

Bale, 1872.
.„ Tlie primitive world of Switzerland. Edited by James Ileywood. 2 v. 8". Loudon, 1S7(».

DOHRX (A). Zur Kennluiss der Inseeteu iu der rrimiirfonuationeu. < rabieoutoj:^-. Md. xvi: 120-84, taf.

8. 4". Cassel, 1807.
KiRKnv (J. W.) On the remains of insoets from the co.il measures of Durham. < Geol. Mag., vol. iv : J188-

90, pi. 17, figs. G-8. 8^ Loudon. 1867.
Mahr ( — .) Beit rag zur Kenntniss fossiler Inseeteu der Steinkohlenformatiou ThUringeus. • T Neues .Tahrb.

f. Mineral., .T.dirg. 1870: 282-8r> (ligs.) 8°. Stuttgart, 1870.
||Ikimt;^ (K.) Versteinerungen aus dem Br.iudsehiel'er der untereu Dyas von Weissig bei rillnitz in Saehsen

< Neues Jalirb. f. Mineral., ete., J.ahrg. 1873 : t501-704, laf, 3. 8". Stultgiut, 1873. Also separ.ate, pp.

m i-*<i'>-

"•m -Ueber neue Aufselildsse iut Brandsehiefer der uuteren Dyat vou Weissig bei I'illuilz ii~. Saebseu.

< Neues Jalirb. f.^^Miueral.,, lalirg. 187r): 1-14 pi. 1. 8\ Stuttgart, 1875. Also si'p:irate, jip. 14. pi.
;0EINIT/ (H. B.) Berielit fiber die . . . auf ileiu Heviere des Carlseliaelites der Lugau-Xiederwflrtseliiiitzer
-| Steinkoldenwerke gesammelten Steinkolilenplaiizeii. <Sitzungsl). naliirw. Gesellsdi. Isis, 1870: 7-13,
vf tat: 1. 8^ Dresden, 1870.

AMKRICAN.

IiESQiEnKux (L.) Botanical and palaeontological rejiorl of the geological stale survey of Arkansas.

<0\ven (1). D.) Second report of a geological reeonnoisaneo of the niii'idle and soul hern counties of

Arkansas, made during the years ISoO and 18(J0. 8". Pliila.lelphia, 1800. p]). 205-300, pi. 1-G.
' SouDDicu (S. II.) [Description of Archiinyl iciis aeadiciini in] Dawson (J. W.) Acadian Geology. 2d ed.

8°. London, 1808, p. 388, fig. 153.
— Descriptions of fossil insects found on Mazon Creek and near Jlorris, Grundy Co., 111. <Worllien

(A. II.) Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. m, Supplement to description of articulates, pp. 500-72, figs.

1-10. 8°. [Springfield,] 18(58.
— Two new fossil cockroaches from the carboniferous of Capo Breton. < Canad. Natur., n. s., vol. vii:

271-72, figs. 1-2. 8°. Montreal, 1874.
■m Now and interesting insects from the carboniferous of Cape Breton. < Proc. Amor. Assoc. Adv. So.

vol. XXIV n, 110-11, figs. 1-2. 8°. Salem, 1870. < Canad. Natur., n. s., vol. viii : 88-00, figs. 1-2.

8°. Montreal, 1876. Also separate, [pp. 2]. 8°. Montreal, 1870.

Fossil palaeozoic insects, with a list of ilescribed American insects from the carboniferous formation.

<Gcol. Mag., II. 8., Doc. 2, vol. iii: 519-20. 8°. London, 1876.
— Note oil the wing of a cockroach from the carboniferous formation of Pittstoii, Penii. < Proe.

Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. XIX : 238-39. 8°. Boston, 1878. <Scudd., Eiitoni. Notes, vi: 85-36. 8^

Boston, 1878.

tt

1 } '

■ (

4 ill:

i' I

1

1^

60

PALAEOBLATTARIAE.

Palaeozoic cockroaches ; in which the fore wihgs are diaphanous, generally reticulated
and nearly symmetrical on either side of a longitudinal middle line ; the externomedian
vein is completely developed and divides in the outer half of the wing, its branches gener-
ally occupying the apical margin. The internoiaedian area is broad at its base (beyond the
anal area), rapidly tapers apically and is filled with oblique, mostly parallel veins, having
nearly the same direction as the anal veins, which, like them, strike the inner margin.

Their bodies appear to have been flat, but slenderer than usual in cockroaches of the
present day, the pronotal shield depressed, more or less elliptical, but sometimes longer than
broad, the head partly concealed by it as in living types. They were of large size ; but
while the average was considerably above that of existing cockroaches' none were much
larger than some S. American species of Blabera. Germar was the fii'st to note the
diaphaneity of the fore wings,'' and Goldenberg the presence of the externomedian vein,^
and the course of the anal branches.*

Ml'LACKlDAE.

In this group the mediastinal vein of the tegmina Avith its branches consists of a number
of veins, simple or forked close to their origin, spreading in a fan shape and appearing to
arise from a single point or near a single point close to the base of the wing ; or in other
words, the branches originate from the main vein close to its base and to each other, the
outermost being much 'longer than the innermost, often double as long as it, and either
straight or uniformly ai .late ; the area of the vein is thus triangular and more or less than
half as long as the wing. The character of the vein therefore much more nearly
resembles that of the anal vein than of the others. The group is confined, geographically,
to America, and the wings are a little stouter on the average than those of the Blattinariae,
the breadth being usually contained in the length less than two and one half times.

Mylacrls {fin^.ax/it^).

;!/ytorm Scudd., in Worth, Geol. Surv. 111. Ill,, 508-69 (18G8).

The mediastinal vein of the upper M'ing consists of about five principal stems, two or
three of which fork before the middle, all of them straight or very gently curved, the
outermost extending half way or even more to the tip of the wing ; the point from which
the principal stems originate is either in the middle of the wing or nearer its inner than
its costal margin. The sccapular vein is always arched strongly at the base before branching,
which it commences to do as soon as allowed by the branches of the mediastinal vein ; it
then runs subparallel to the costal margin always to the extreme tip of the wing; during
the larger part at least of its coui'se it runs very nearly along the middle line of the wing.

1 The average length of tlie front wing a|)pears to liave
been about 26 mm.

2 Dor (lentliohe Ailerverlauf, den wir . . . wnlirnelimon,
zeigt mis dalier, dass diose vorweltlielien Arten perganu'nt-
artige Oberlliigel besassen. Geu.mah, Verst. Steink. Wet-
tin, H2.

' Bei jcnen [lebenden Blatten] liisst sicb in dicscm Felde
nnr eine sioli staric veraiitelirde Mitlelader wahrneliinon,
wahrend die Kohlenblatten hier zwei Mitteladern zeigcn

. . . wodiu'rh das Mittelfeld in eine iinsseres und ein inncres
Alittelfeld gcdieilt wird. GoLi>ExnEiio, Palaeontogr. iv,
20-21.

* Bi'i den HIatten der Jetzwelt miinden die A<lern dieses
Hinterfuldes [anal field] tlieihveise in die Begreuzungsader
[anal furrow] desselben, wiilirend bei den Lias- tind Koblen-
blatten siiinmtliebe Adern die.ies Feldes in den Nahtrnnil
[inner margin] anslaufen. Goi-nENnERO, Palaeontogr. IV, 20.

.iP

61

•ally reticiilatefl
externomedinn
tranches gener-
ise (beyonc] the
jI veins, having
er margin,
kroaches of the
nes longer than
large size ; but
me were much
st to note the
lomedian vein,''

its of a number
nd appearing to
ng ; or in other
each other, the
i it, and either
ore or less than
ti more neai'ly
geographically,
he Blattinariae,
times.

)•

stems, two or
tly curved, the
)int from which

its inner than
fore branching,
astinal vein ; it
3 wing; during
le of the wing.

ioies unil fin inncros
o, Palncoiitogr. iv,

len (lie AdiTii diesi's
ie Bi'grt'iizungsailer
11 Li.is- 1111(1 Kolilfii-
.s in (li'ii Kiihtriiiiil
, Palaconlogr. iv, 20.

so that the area of this vein generally occupies half the breadth of the wing, and together
with the branches of the mediastinal vein, half of the whole area of the wing ; it emits
four or five branches, some of which fork, occasionally twice, and all of which run parallel
or very nearly parallel to the outer branch of the mediastinal vein ; to gain the apex and
to keep this parallelism the terminal part of the scapular vein curves gently upward. The
externomedian vein seldom forks before the middle of the wing and rarely occupies much
space, generally branching but three times at the most, although one or more of these
branches may have secondary forks ; generally these branches are so straight that it is
difficult to say whether they are superior or inferior to the main vein, but they appear to
be indifferently one or the other. The internomedian and anal veins divide between them
very equally the inner margin of the wing, the anal furrow being distinct, generally curved
considerably and, fi'om the great breadth of the wing, having its general course very
oblique ; the internomedian vein generally has but three or four branches, but several of
these usually fork close to the base, the branches redividing, so that rarely less than nine
or ten branches of this vein strike the margin, the first offshoot of the penultimate branch
often having several inferior veinlets; the vein begins to branch at nearly the same point
I as the scapular vein, and occupies a subtriangular area with its spreading branches. The
l- branches of the anal vein are in general more longitudinal th.an those of the internome-
', dian vein, are nearly parallel, often forked and rather regular and abundant, but in one
species are irregular and connected by cross branches.

The Avings are peculiar for their unusual breadth at base and, so far as known, their
tapering apex, produced mostly by the costal curve ; the greatest breadth lies before the
middle of the wing, and their length is hardly more than double their width, in which
particular they differ greatly from Lithomylacris. They have a form common in recent
Blattariae, such as Nyctibora, strongly tapering posteriorly, with convex anterior and
^.posterior margins.

I This genus differs principally from Lithomylacris by the form of the wing and by the

lobliquity of the anal furrow of the same ; and from Necymylacris by the much greater

breadth and longitudinal extent of the areas covered by the mediastinal and scapular veins,

accompanied by a corresponding diminution of the extent of the externomedian area. The

species are tail of a rather small or moderate size and are found only in the new world.

The only fragment apart from front wings which has been discovered is a pronotal shield,
presumably belonging to one of these species. It is shaped much as in the modern
Periplaneta.

Mylacris bretonense. PI. 5. iig. 1.

Blatt'ma hretonensis Scudd., Can. Nat., vii, 271-72, fig. 1. Figured also in Dawson's
Acadian Geology, Suppl. to 2d ed., p. 55, fig. 5.

The front wing has a pretty regularly tapering ovate outline, with a slightly produced
Ibut rounded tip; the costal margin is apparently regularly and considerably convex,
lespecially near the base, and at least the middle third of the inner margin is straight, while
[the apical third of the wing tapers about equally from both sides. The veins appear
ito originate from a point scarcely above the middle line of the wing, and together to be
[directed considerably upward .at base, following the strongly arcuate basal cui've of the

! !

1 ?

^- [1:

1

J

62

costal margin nearly across the basal fifth of the wing. The mediastinal area is exception-
ally small for this genus, even if we consider, as is probable, a marginal half to be
destroyed ; the veins in the fragment of it are somewhat obscure, consisting of on]y two or
three parallel to each other, the lower or inner forking twice near the base and terminating
a little before the middle of the wing. The scapular vein suddenly bends at the end of the
basal fifth of tlie wing and runs closely parallel to the costal margin lor a distance equal to
about half the length of the wing, and then curves somewhat rapidly to a longitudinal
direction, running down the middle line of the wing and terminating at its tip; its first
vein, which like most of the others is deeply and simply forked, continues the direction of
the basal part of the stem ; the last is a shoot which parts from the main stem at about the
middle of its longitudinal course ; the intermediate ones, to the number of five, part at equal
distances from one another in the oblique portion of the main stum, and are straight and
parallel to the direction of the basal branch. The externomedian vein parts abruptly from
the scapular vein shortly before the end of its basal course and runs subparallel to it,
diverging gently from it in the apical half of the wing and emitting, at regular and distant
intervals, three or four superior, gently arcuate, simple or forked longitudinal branches,
commencing at a little before the middle of the wing, the first branch approaching tlic
scapular vein and then continuing beside it ; the area occupies only a narrow space at the
extremity of the inner margin. The internomedian vein parts from the scapular just
before the externomedian and in a nearly similar Avay; it runs nearly parallel to the latter,
but with a very straight course, to about the middle of the apical half of the wing; nor-
mally it probably emits four or five simple or forked branches not quite so closely crowded
as those of the two preceding areas ; but in the specimen examined several of them spring
from an offshoot of the second branch which runs parallel to the main stem, the latter
forking once at its tip; there is also a strongly arcu\,e vein, close and parallel to the anal
furrow, which seems to be a basal branch of this v oin parting from it while still amal-
gamated with the preceding veins. The anal furrow is deeply impressed, strongly arcuate,
roundly bent near the base, its apical half nearly straight, and strikes the inner margin a
little before the end of the basal third of the wing; owing to the basal curve the anal
area is nearly as broad as long, and is filled with six or seven nearly straight veins
of varying obliquity, some of them branched and the branches uniting irregidarly with the
neighboring branches in a very peculiar manner, somewhat, apparently, as in Bl. mantldi-
oides.

The fore wing only is preserved and is of a rather small size, being only 16.35 mm. long
and 7.2 mm. broad, or the breadth to the lengtli as 1 : 2.3 ; all the veins and their branches
(excepting of course the anal furrow) are very delicate and the branches generally rathor
closely crowded ; the surface appears to have been smooth as the interspaces are wholly
unbroken by any cross nervules. The wing is nearly complete, but the margin is rather
ragged and a considerable portion of the edge of the costal border appears to be gone.

From the comparatively small extent of the mediastinal area and the nearly paiallel
veins therein this species cannot be confounded with any other form of Mylacris.

The specimen occurred on dark grey shale, associated with ferns and leaves of Sjjheuo-
phyllum Schlotheiniii, and was found with the following species in the productive coal-
measures (or middle coal-formation) of Sydney, Cape Breton, by Mr. Richard Brown, F. G. H.,
and communicated to me by Principal Dawson, to whose kindness I owe many similar
favors.

,rea is cxception-
fiiml half to be
g of only two or
and terininatinj;
nt the end of the
distance equal to

0 a longitudinal
t its tip ; its first

the direction of
teui at about the
ive, part at equal
are straight and
'ts abruptly from
subparallel to it,
Ljular and distant
iidinal branches,
approaching the
row space at the
he scapular just
dlel to the latter,
r the wing; nor-
) closely crowded

1 of them spring
stem, the latter

•allel to the anal

while still anial-

strongly arcuate,

inner margin a

cuj've the anal

straight veins

gularly with tlio

in Bl. mantkll-

16.35 mm. long
d their brandies
generally rather
laces are wholly
nargin is rather
to be gone.
3 nearly parallel
lacris.

lives of Sjjheno-
productive coal-
Brown, P. G. S.,
ve many similar

63
MylaorUi HeerL PI. 6, fig. 11.

Blaltlna Heeri Scudd., Can. Nat., vii, 272, fig. 2. Figured also in Dawson's Acadian

Geology, Suppl. to 2d ed., p. 55, fig. 6.

Fore wine. The tip of the only specimen known is broken so that the exact form
cannot be stated, but the wing was probably a little more than twice as long as broad ; the
costal margin is regularly and moderately conve.v, perhaps a little flattened in the middle ;
the base of the inner margin is nearly straight. The veins originate from a point a very
little below the middle of the wing, and having scarcely the least upward cui've at base are
nearly straight. The mediastinal area is very large, i-egularly triangular, with only a few
distant straight very gently diverging veins ; in the specimen before me there are four
veins, of which the lowest is forked almost at the base and the second in the middle ; almost
the entire costal edge preserved is covered by this area and it probably covered two thirds
of the wing along this border, and occupied fully half the breadth of the wing at base.
.The scapular vein is very gently sinuous, being curved slightly downward close to the base
and upward toward the tip, the intervening portion being straight and passing exactly
down the middle line of the wing; the branches, four in number, are straight, equidistant,
parallel to the nearer mediastinal veins, only the basal one (which originates very near the
jbase) being forked and that close to the tip ; the vein itself, judging from its apical direction,
terminates just before the tip, leaving at the margin a very narrow field for this area. The
externomedian vein is straight and forks probably at the middle o£ the wing ; how many
times it forks is uncertain, two branches only being present in the fragment; the area must
occupy the whole of the apex of the wing. The internomedian vein is also remarkably
straight, having only the slightest curve at the extreme base and probably terminating
just as far before the tip iis the scapular vein ; it emits, in the fragment preserved, three
rather closely approximated branches, the outer more longitudinal than the others and
forked; from the cour.se of the upper branch of this foi'k (not represented iis sufficiently
i'longitudinal in the plate) and from the absence of other primary branches from the apical
portion of the nuiin stem which is preserved, it is probable that this .secondary branch runs
parallel to the main stem and that the outer branches are emitted from it, as in the
preceding species. In keeping with the straightness of the other veins, the anal furrow is
, exceptionally straight ; it is deeply impressed only over its basal half and is very gently
and equally curved throughout, terminating probably at about the middle of the posterior
:,. border ; the anal veins are five or six in number, most of them forked near the middle, the
I'M innermost compound, and the outer more closely approximated than the others; all of them
|are straight beyond a frequently curved base.

The species is a tolerably large one, the fragment of the wing being 21 nmi. long (its

[probable entire length about 25-26 mm.) and its breadth 11.8 mm., or the breadth to the

5 length as 1 : 2.1. The veins and their branches are rather distinctly impressed, somewhat

; distant and regular; the interspaces are transversely and very faintly wrinkled, rather

than provided with cross-nervules ; the surface is nevertheless pretty smeoth ; the costal

margin is very delicately marginate. The tip of the wing is broken off, so that from

a fourth to a fifth is gone, but the fracture extends much further down the ip' ?r margin,

extending even onto the anal area.

H:

"

64

The course of the anal furrow Hcpanites this species from nil others of the genus.
In the structure of the intcrnoinediim vein, but in hardly any other special feature, it
is allied to Mi/l. hreionense. In the general distribution of nearly all the veins it is vorv
nearly related to 3Iyl. jiennsylvanicnm, a slightly larger or at any rate a broader species ;
indeed these two species are more closely related than any other two American forms;
but the slight curvature and consequently great length of the anal furrow of this species
forbid their being considered the same, and this diflers also from the other jn the loss
crowded neuration of all parts of the wing, in the less sinuous course of the scapular vein,
and in many other minor points.

The single specimen occuiTed on dark grey shale, associated with ferns and leaves
of Sphenophyllum Svhlotheimu, and was found, with the preceding species, in the produc-
tive coal measures (or middle coal fornuition) of Sydney, Cape Breton, by Mr. Richard
Brown, F. G. S., and communicated to me by Principal Dawson.

Mylaoxls pennsylvanicum nov. s]>. PI. 5, figs. 18, 14.

Fore wing. Only the basal half of the Aving is preserved, with none of the inner margin,
so that it is impossible to determine the form of the wing; the course of tiie veins however
would seem to indicate a shorter and stouter, as it certainly is a broader wing than in Myl.
Heeri. The outline as given in fig. 14 probably makes the wing a little too long. The
costal margin is regularly and considerably convex, more so than in Myl. Ileeri. Tlie
veins originate from the middle of the wing or s]i"-)itly below it, and curve a little at tiie
base. Tlie mediastinal area has a basal width u. /lalf the wing and, separated from the
scapular by a .scarcely curved line, strikes the costal margin close to the limit of the fnig-
ment, and probably somewhat, perhaps considerably, past the middle of the wing ; the
extreme base is covered in the specimen by a foreign object, but four veins appear beyond
it,' the two middle ones simple, the others deeply forked, all tolerably close, scarcely
divergent, oblique and very gently arcuate ; toward the humeral angle there are no veins
and the edge of the wing at this point is very narrowly and delicately marginate. Tlie
scapular vein is gently and broadly sinuous throughout and probably terminates before the
apex of the wing, to judge from its apical curve; it runs very closely parallel to the costal
margin through most of its course, and down very nearly the middle line of the wing,
perimps nearer the costal than the inner margin ; it commences to divide very near the
base and emits five branches, all but the first of v.'hich are simple and all are subparallel to
the course of the outer mediastinal veins ; the basal branch is doubly forked and renders
this portion of the area a little more crowded. The externomedian vein is arcuate imtil it
divides, before the middle of the wing certainly, and some distance before the extremity of
the fragment; it forks only once however in the part preserved, two parallel veins running
longitudinally to the edge, equidistant from each other and the veins on either side. The
internomedian vein runs in a broadly sinuous course parallel to the preceding vein, and
although much obscured upon the specimen, at least one and perhaps two brai^ches can he
seen to be emitted before the division of the externomedian vein. Ine anal furrow-
is strongly impressed ujion its basal half, less so but still distinctly upon the apical hah",
appears to be composed of a pair of fine grooves closely approximated, and is regularly
and not very strongly arcuate, terminating on the inner border at some distance before the

' In both the figures on our plate the vein nearest the humeral angle s^huuld bu erased ; it does not exist.

8 of tlie gemiH.
ipccinl feature, it
e veins it is very
broader species;
American forms;
w of this species
Qther in the Icsh
he scapular vein,

ferns and leaves
:s, in the produc-
i, by Mr. Richard

:he inner margin,
lie veins however
ing than in Myl.
e too long. The
\/yl. IleerL Tiie
e a little at the
)arated from the
limit of the fmi'-
if the wing; the
IS appear beyond
y close, scarctdy
lure are no veins
irginate. The
nates before the
dlel to the costal
ine of the wing,
de very near the
re subparallel to
ked and renders
s arcuate luitil it
the extremity of

el veins running
ither side. Tlie
ceding vein, and
jraiiches can he
ne anal furrow
1 the apical hall',
and is regularly
tance before the

is not exist.

65

■r,r

«nd of the mediastinal area, and about opposite the origin of the last scapular branch ;
the anal veins are numerous and crowded, the first deeply forked and basally distant from
the furrow, the others simple and all slightly arcuate ond subparallel to the basal half of
the furrow.

The single known fragment represents a tolerably large species, the breadth of the wing
being 1.3.5 mm., while its length may be estimated as anywhere from 24 to 30 mm., the
•ctual length of the fragment being 19 mm. and the breadth to the length about as 1 : 2.
It is the under surface of a left wing which is exposed, in which all the veins and branches
of the costal half (namely those of the mediastinal and scapular areas) are prominent, while
ill the others are very obscure, and as the obscurity affects to some degree the anal furrow,
it is probably entirely due to the preservation ; by favorable light and on careful examina-
ikion, slight indications of transverse wrinklings may be seen in the scapular area, but there
Qould have been no regular nor definite reticulation.

The species, which is peculiar for its breadth and the slight tendency of its branches to
subdivide, appears at first glance to have considerable resemblance to 3Iyh Ileeri ; but it is
certainly distinct from that by the stronger curvature of the anal furrow and consequent
jjbbreviation of the anal area ; it also differs by the sinuosity of the scapular vein, the
Ipore arcuate line of separation between the mediastinal and scapular areas and the more
Irowded branches of at least these areas. From Mi/l. anfJiracojihiliim it may be distin-
l^ished by the lack of the strong deflection of the base of the principal veins, by its less
orowded venation, simpler branches and by the direction of the branching portion of the
aoapular vein, which is parallel to the border in this species, but converges toward it in
Myl. anthracojihilum.

A single .specimen, marked No. 284 by the discoverer, Mr. I. F. Mansfield, was found at
Cannelton, Beaver Co., Ponn., in dark .sandy shale immediately under a vein of cannel coal
known as the vein C of Professor Lesley. It is partly covered by a leaflet of Sj/henojihyl-
fwm, Schlotheimii. Lower coal measures of Penn.

/f Mylacris anthracophilnm. PI. 5, figs. G-8.

J Mylacris anthracophila Scudd., in Worth. Geol. Surv. 111., in, 568-70.. figs. 5, 6.

( Fore wing. The wing is very broad at the base and tapers almost from the base by the
idope of the costal margin, which is strongly and regularly arcuate, while the inner margin
is nearly straight, bringing the rounded but rather produced apex in the lower longitudinal
half of the wing; the extreme apex is broken. The veins originate below the middle of
the base and curve strongly upward before assuming a more longitudinal direction, when
•II are subparallel to the costal margin. The limitation between the mediastinal and
Scapular areas is strongly arcuate basally, straight apically, and the mediastinal vein termi-
iwtes at the end of the apical three-fifths of the wing ; the mediastinal branches, three or
ur in number, most of them forked, are straight or very gently arcuate, and radiate from
common point near the middle of the base of the wing, some of them plainly emitted
m the principal vein just beyond the base, and one from the same at a considerable
itancc from the base. The .scapular vein is strongly arcuate at the ba.se, but, next the
t branching of the mediastinal vein, takes a nearly straight longitudinal direction, sub-
rallel to but slightly converging toward the costal margin, and terminates near or at

I

^1

6r>

the tip of the wing but below the middle line of the same; it emit« five equidistant nlmost
equal longitudinal branches, each of wiiich forks at or sonu'what beyond its middle and iit
similar distances from the costal margin ; the mediastinal and scapular branches accordinf,dy
change their direction in the most gradual way from nearly transverse to longitudinal, and
the mediastinal and scapular areas together occupy nearly one-half the width of the Avin;'.
The externomedian vein, strongly arcuate, like the preceding, at the base, begins to divide
ns soon as that, and beyond this is straight, terminating at a short distance before the tip of
the wing; its first branch passes down the middle of the wing and dies out a little beyond
the middle; its three other branches, which like the first are superior, are emitted furtlior
out in the apical half of the wing ond are each simply forked before their middle ; tlio
upper fork of the first of these approximates very closely to the scapular vein, leaving no
passage for the basal branch. Beyond the base the internomedian vein is also straight and
emits four equidistant branches, .the first (at near the origin of the basal branches of tlio
preceding veins) being doubly, the others, excepting the apical, simply forked. The auid
furrow is deeply impressed, very regularly and rather gently arcuate, terminating a little
before the middle of the Aving ; the anal veins are numerous, gently sinuous and mostly
simple, the upper ones deeply forked and more distant.

The species is u bttle above the medium size, the length of the fragment preserved
28.5 mm., being scarcely siicrter than the real length of the wing ; its greatest breadth, at the
end of the basal fifth, 13.5 mm, oi the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.1. The specimen is
very nearly perfect, and represents the upper surface of a right Aving ; the anal area is
swollen ; the A'eins of the Aving are prominent, and the interspaces are rather regularly
divided by inconspicuous straight cros.s-lines.

The species is remarkable in this genus for the form of the Aving, which has its tip
noticeably Avithin the middle line of the Aving and somcAvhat produced. In this it difleis
decidedly both from Myl. hretonense and Myl. Mansfieldi It agrees better in this point
Avith Myl. Ileerl, but the crowded neuration of 3Ii/l. anthracoiihllum Avith the strong
deflection of the base of the veins distinguish it at once from that species. There is only
left 31yl. j)fnnsyhamcum Avith Avhich to compare it ; and although the apex of that species
is .10 far lost as to render it very imperfect, Ave may be sure from the sinuosity and apienl
curve of the scapular vein that the apex of the Aving is not Avithin the middle line ; it is
further distinguished from J!/^?.^}enHsy/«rtH/cH»i by its tapering form and the very stron};
ba.sal deflection of the veins*, so that this species is abundantly distinct from all the others.
Besides the front Aving a pronotol shield has been found. At least it probably belonj.fs
to this species, as the size agrees and both came from the same locality and Avere col-
lected at the same time. It is of nearly the same form as in Perijjlfineta americana (Linn.).
broadest in the middle of the posterior half Avhere it is roundly angulate, and in advance
of Avhich it tapers very rapidly to a convex front, hardly angulate laterally ; posterior
border broadly and strongly couA'ex ; its Inmiediate edge narroAvly and very slightly raised;
the Avliole pronotum is a little convex, and the surface is nearly smooth, Avitli a few minute,
transverse and longitudinal lines ; its greatest breadth is 16 mm. ; its anterior breadth
9.5 mm. ; length 12 nun.

The specimens above" described were found by Mr. A. H. Worthen, at Colchester.

qiiidiHtnnt nlmost
itH iiiiddio nn<l at
nohos accoi'(linj,'lv

lungitiulinal, niu!
idtli of tho Avin;f.
;, begins to dividu
J before tlie tip of
Hit a little beyoiiil
re emitted furtlu r
their middle ; tlio

vein, leaving no
) also straight and
I branches of tho
brkcd. The a mil
rminating a little
iiuous and mostly

agment preserved
est breadth, at the
The specimen is
; the anal area is
! rather regularly

which has its tip

In this it diilei's
)tter in this point

with the strong
There is only
)ex of that species
tiuosity and apical
middle line ; it is
d the very strong
om all the others.

probably belonj,'s
ity and were col-
mericana (Linn.).
e, and in advance
terally ; posterior
ry slightly raised;
k'ith a few niinnto.

anterior breadtli

n, at Colchester,

67

^cDonoiigh Co., Illinois, in tho roof shales of coal No. 2 of tho Illinois Survey, and by
him conuiumicated to me. liower coal measiues of Illinois.

Mylaoris Manafleldil nov. h\<. PI. 5, fig. 15.

Fore wing. The base of the wing is broken, but the part preserved sliows an oval
outline, with similarly arcuate costal and inner nnirgius and a somewhat pointed tip, tho
extremity of which is rouniled ; the tapering of the wing includes all the apical half. The
mediastinal area is very large, occupying fully one-half the breadth of the wing at the base
•nd covering about two-thirds of the costal nuu'gin ; the veins of its outer half (the base
|b broken in the specimen) are very long, very slightly arcuate, slightly radiate but sub-
. vparnllel, simple or deeply forked and closely crowded, and the limitation of the area next
the scapular vein is straight. The scapular vein runs nearly parallel to the costal margin,
jut least in the n)iddle of its course, but in the apical third becomes longitudinal, passing
4own the wing scarcely above its midtlle line ; it conuuences to divide near the ba,se of the
^agment, and |)iol)ably a little before the end of the basal third of the wing, and emits (ivo
^branches at unequal distances apart, one or two of whi(di are singly or doubly forked, and
ildl run parallel to the outer mediastinal branches; tho vein terminates at the tip of the
iving and so the area occupies on the margin tho apical third of the costal border. The
externomedian vein has a slightly arcuate cour.se, which, contrary to what is customary,
runs subparallel to the inner margin and, commencing to divide a little before tho middle
of the wing, emits, near together, turee inferior branches which are long, simple or forked
And longitudinal, the basal ones more or less arcuate in tho saTue sense as tho main vein ;
MB these branches are inferior, tho interspace between the .scapular and externomedian
veins (running almost exactly down the middle of tho wing) is marked by the divergence
of tho opposing norvules. Tho internomodian vein is broadly arcuate and terminates on
|he inner border considerably nearer the tip than the mediastinal vein ; it emits three

tranches, the apical one compound, the others more or los.s deeply forked, so that this area
I as crowded with veins as the others. Tho anal furrow is lightly impressed, scarcely
*>^cuato in its apical half, and terminates at the edge of tho fragment, probably at about
vlthe end of the basal half of the winsr.

I The species is a tolerably largo one, the largest of the genus, tho fragment of tho wing
, -measuring 24 mm. in length and 13 mm. in breadth ; probably the entire length was about
#80 mm. and tho breadth to the length as 1:2.3. The wing is a left one and the upper
'Burfaco is exposed ; tho veins are lightly impressed throughout and uniformly and rather
; closely crowded ; tho surface is nearly smooth, but with care a delicate wrinkling of ob-
scure tran.sverse lines can bo made out.

The wing is peculiar for its tapering oval form and the inferior origin of the externo-
edian branches, which distinguishes it at once from every other species of this genus.
The single specimen found was sent to mo by Mr. I. F. Mansfield and by him obtained
|at Cannelton, Beaver Co., Ponn., in dark sandy shale immediately under the vein of cauuel
loal known as vein C of Professor Lesley. Lower coal measures of Pennsylvania.

Lithomylacris nov. gen. {/.{•to;, /wkaxpi^).

The mediiistinal vein of the upper wings consists of about live principal shoots, only
two or three of which fork and these generally close to the base, all of them straight or
gently curved, and the outermost extending to variable distances along the costal margin,
but generally beyond the middle of the wing; the point toward which these branclios
converge is co/isiderably nearer the inner ;han the costal margin of the wings; this with tlio
great length of the outermost shoot gives the nu>diastinal area an unusual extent for M}!;!-
cridae. The scapular vein is considerably curved before branching, but beyond its first
branch is almost exactly straight, even the outer portion scarcely curvii^g, and runs down
the middle line of the wing to tlie tij). so th;it the mediastinal and scapular areas togctluT
occupy fully half of the wing ; it emits four or five branches, more or less closely^ approxi-
mated, according as one or two of them fork or not, and all run subparallel to, but rather
less obli(|uely than, the outer branches of the mediastinal vein. The extornomedian area
is very narrow and of small extent, occupying the lower half of the narrow tip of tlio
wing, the vein first branching at or beyontl the tip of the wing, and then but once or
twice, either superiorly or interiorly, the first branch sometimes forking. The interno-
niedian and anal veins together divide nearly equally between them the inner margin of
the wing, the anal furrow being rather cons])icuous and gently arched, and, from tiio
narrowness of the wing and the infeiior position of the conunon point of origin for .all tiio
principal veins, imusually longitudinal, most of the species difl'ering in this respect some-
what conspicuously from those of JNIylacris; the internomedian vein has oidy two or
three branches, which are very longitudinal and verv long, and yet Ibik comp.iratively
little, rarely doul)ly ; the vein may emit its first brancli somewhat before, opposite to, or
considerably beyond the origin of the first branch of the scapular vein. The branclies
of the anal vein are known only in one species, where they are parallel, rarely fork, and
are slightly more longitudinal than the branches of tlie internomedian vein.

The wings are remarkable for tiieii' elongate form and nearly parallel sides; the greatest
breadth is at about the middle and they are generally three times as long as broad, being
exceptionally slender for Mylacridae.

Upper wings are all the remains known of this genu.'?, whit h diflers from Mylacris in fho
more atteniiatcd and etpial shape, tlie sligiit oblicpiity and gentle curve of the anal furrow.
the slight iiiiportaiico of the externoiuedian area, and also by the unusual sulcation of tlic
interspaces between all the veins ; from Necymylacris it is readily separated by the very
wide extent of the (•ond)ined mediastinal and scapular areas. Tlie species are all of rather
small size and are U)und only in America.

Lithomylacris angustum nov. sp. I'l. r>, f\<xs. 2, 3.

The fore wing is long and very slender, the inner margin straight, the costal margin
very gently and regularly convex; the wing narrows from the nuddl<'. at first very slightly,
in the apical fifth mure rapidly ; the tip is broken in part, but was evidently well rounded
and, from a less r:ipid narrowing of the wing, probaldy not so slender as in the preceding
species. The veins take their ri.se from a point considerably below the middle of the wing,
the lower ones scarcely curving upward In passing outward, the upper ones curving very
ffentlv and broadly next the base, 'i'he mediastinal area is fully half the width of tlic

09

)iil shoots, only
hem straight or
e costal margin,
those hranches
[8 ; this with the
xtent for Myla-
beyond its lirst
and runs down
■ areas togctlior
dosely appro.xi-
d to, but rather
srnomedian area
rrow tip of the
len but once or

The interno-
inner nnirgin of
, and, from the
rigin for all the
s respect sonie-
i»s only two or
i comp.iratively
, o])posito to, or

The branches
rarely fork, and

es; the greatest
as ])road, being

Mylacris in the
the anal furrow,
ulealion of tiio
ed bv the very
re all of rather

J costal margin
st very slightly,
Iv well rounded
the preceding
le of the wing.
>s curving very
le width of the

wing at the base, and occupies very nearly two-thirds of the ccstal margin, its Ihnitation
next the scapidar area being almost straight, a slight sinuosity being scarcely perceptible;
the gently radiating veins of this area are six or seven in number, tho.se next the shoulder
simple and distant, the two outer somewhat sinuous, simply or doubly forked and clo.ser.
The scapular vein curves gently upward at the base until it has nearly reached the middle
of the wing, next pa.sses down the middle or slightly below it, subparallel to the costal
margin, and then curves gently upward again, its entire course being very broadly and
gently sinuous, terminating at the apex ; it begins to divide at the end of the basal lifth of
the wing, almost before it has lost its upward curve, and emits half a dozen oblique
branches, the first pair near together, the rest at snbequidistant intervals ; the second and
third are forked near the middle (one of the branches of the former again at the tip), but
the others are simple ; they become increasingly longitudinsd toward the tip but only to a
very slight degree, continuing the decr";ifMng radiation of the mediastinal veins; together
these two areas occupy more than half of the wing. The externoinedian vein runs in a
straight coiu'se nearly to the middle of the wing, scarcely turned downward from a longi-
tudinal direction ; here it forks, the upper branch again forking near the tip, the lower
at less than half way to the border, each of the latter forks again dividing, the upper
before, the lower beyond its middle; all follow a longitudinal direction and occupy upon
the margin only the lower half of the narrow apex of the wing. The internomedian
vein is remarkably straight throughout and is indeed the only palaeozoic cockroach
known in which it is straight; it terminates just before the tip of the wing, connnences
to divide almost as soon as the .'^capular vein, and emits, long before the middle of the
wing and at regular and short intervals, three straight veins, the first simple, the others
forked in the middle, al! having a constantly lessening obliquity, so (hat the outermost
fork is ))arallel to the main vein ; besides these the main vein emits aiiother slight
longitudinal branch close to the apex, and the whole area occui)ies about one-half of the
fainer border of the wing. The anal furrow is vei deeply and sharply impressed and
acarcely at all arcuate, running in nearly a straight line to a little before the middle of the
wing ; the anal veins, foiu- in nuiidjcr, one of the middle ones forked, are straight, equi-
liistant and pandlel to the furrow.

The wing is a little above the medium size. 2'J.r) unn. long, and yet only !).5 nun. broad,
or the breadth to the length as 1 to a little more than 3. It is nearly perfect, being only
i little iVagmentarv about the base and the lower ])ortion of the tip. It is a le''t wing, of
which the under sui'liice is exposed, showing the veins and anal furrow as ridges ; the anal
Ibrrow is renuirkaldy prominent, and most of the veins are also very prominent ; this is
ispecially true in the veins of the ,><capular and externomedian areas; the internomedian
liein itself, as far as its apical fork, is also almost e(|ually prominent, but all its branches are
Jfere lines u])on a Hat field ; while in the areas covered by the prominent veins the intor-
ipaces are roundly sulcate, giving additiomd prominence to the veins ; in the mediastinal
irea, however, where the veins are somewhat prominent, the interspaces are not sulcate,
liid the anal area, which must as a whole be broadly vaulted or tumid as seen from the
pper surface, partakes of the nature of the internomedian area; the surface itself of the
lole wing i.i smooth, no trace of cross venation L.'ing discernible. From its deflection in
rever.sed rfpecimen, it would seem that the whole costal edge was slight! • margined.

70 .

This species, like the next, is peculiar for tlie division of the internomedian vein.
Avhicli, excepting for a small apical fork, emits all its branches near the base ; in shape
it closely resenibles that species, even to the tlatness of the intt'rnomedian aret\ ; but
it diffl-rs from it in its greater length, the greater fre([iu'ncy of the branches. i\\\[\ \\\v'\y
nuu'h more abundant forking, especially m the externouiedian vein, which also divides
much nearer the )).ase in this species than in Lllh. plttsioiikauim. The shape of the ttu\g
and the closer venation fit once separates this species from L!th. siilcKfon. r

The single specimen was found with the following species b_y Air. 11. 1). Lacoe, a^ Port
Griflitli switch-))ack, near Pittston, Penn., in tlie roof shales of the K seam of coal of tliu
Second Pennsylvania Survey, and by him forwarded to me for examination. Upper cuul
measures of Pennsylvania. \ . , \ \,. .

Lithomylacris pittstoniauum no v. sp. PI. 5, figs. 4, 10.

Fore wing. The single specimen known is very imperfect, the base, anal area, and ii
large part of the tip I)eing lost, and the remainder l>adly fractur"d ; it is evident, however,
that the wing is very long and slendei, with a gently and regularl}- arcuate costal margin :
probably tlie wing is nearly equal, tapering very gently on the apical half. The vein-
must oi'iginate below the middle of the wing, i.nd are nearly straight. The mediastin;il
area, which is more tlnin half the width of the wing at the base, terminates at the middle
of the costal margin, and is separated from the scajjular area by a straight border, the ,
veins, six or seven in number, being sti'aight, gently divergent, and simple or rarely con-
nected close to the l)ase. The scapular vein runs ])arallei 1 the costal margin in the l)asiil
half of the wing, gradually approaches it in the apical half, and terminates probably a litile
before the tip ; it emits live simple, straight branches, which divaricate very slightly in
continuation of the divergence of the mediastinal veins, which they entirely resemble ; the
mediastinal and scapular areas togeiher occupy ju-t about one iialf of the wing. The
externomediiin runs parallel to the scapular vein, divides a little beyond the middle of die
whig, and emits aljont lour inferior, .slighth arcuate branches, which are simple (unless the
first be a])iially forked), and together probably occupy the entire apical margin of the
wing. The internomedian vein is very gently arcusite, and nuist terminate just beibre
the tip of the wing ; it emits, wholly in the basal thiv(^ of tiie wing, three siaple or simply
forked branches which are very longitudinal. The anal furrow is distinctly but not heavily
impressed, very gently arcuate, and nuist terminate at about the end of the basal third of
the wing; but such is the slenderness of the wing and the low origin of the principal veins,
that the anal area must be several times longvr than broad.

The wing is of moderate size, the fragment mi'asuriug 22.5 nnn. in length and 8,5 mm.
in breadth ; proI)al)ly the entire length of the wing is 26 nun., or the breadth to the leiiutli
as 1 : o ; it is a left wing with the upper surface exposed ; the veins are all \c\-y distiiu'tlv
hnpressed, excepting those of the internomedian area, which are obscure ; the interspaces
between the veins are vaulted also, so as to add to the impression of the veins them.xi'lvcs;
but otherwisi' it is smooth excepting in the (latter internomedian area, where a deliciite
and crowded cross-veining is faintly nnirked ; the basal third of the costal edge is gently
margineil.

With the preceding species, this insect is peculiar lor the biisal attachment of the
internomedian branches. In its shape it resembles only Lith. sulcutimi in this genus ; IVuiii

fl

momedian vein.
L> baso ; in sluqio
3(1iau area ; Init
inches. ■M\\\ tlu'ii
licli also divides
lapo oC the \\\\v^

3. l^acoe, at Voit
ni of coal of tln'
ion. Upper euul

anal area, ami ii

ivident, however.

te costal margin :

hall". The veii;-

The mediastinal

k's at the middlf

[Ught bonier, the ,

)le or rarely con-

M'gin in the basal

! ])r(il):ibly a Utile

3 very slightly in

ly resemble ; the

the wing. Tin.'

he middle of tlu'

mple (unless tlic

d nnirgin of tin

nate just bcl'oiv

si-.iple or simply

■ init not heavily

the basal third nl'

principal veins,

igth and S.,") nun.
dth to the length
dl very distinctly

; the interspiices
,eins themscdvcs;

where a delicate
al edge is gently

t'ichnient of the
this genuH ; IVeiii

■':4

this it differs in the simplicity of the branches, which are very rarely fnrcate ; conse-
(incnth tlu> venation is much more open, and in this respect it approaches Lith. simplex,
Avith whic'h. from its shape, it conld not possibly bo confounded.

The .single specimen found Avas obtained by Mr. R. D. Lacoe Avith the preceding at Port
Grilfith switch-back, near Pittstdn, Penn., in the roof shales of the E seam of coal (of Prof.
Lesley's table). U])per coal measures of Pennsylvania.

LithomylaoviB simplex nov. sp. PI. 5, fig. 5.

Fore wing. The Aving is long oval, tapering beyond the basal third, but very gradually,
the costal margin much arched next the base, the humeral lobe being large and Avell
rounded ; but along the most of its course the costal margin is very gentl;^- convex, almost
straight in the middle ; inner margin gently convex, the tip tapering but avcII rounded ;
the Aving is nuich broader than in the other species of the genus. The veins originate some-
w'.iat ))elow the nnddle of the Aving. and curve upward very sloAvly Avith a broad areuation.
Mediastinal area occupying more than half the base of the Aving, and on the costal margin
almost the entire extent of the Aving, ternnnating only a little before the tip ; it is sep-
arated from the scapular area by a very gently and broailly arcuate limitation, and is filled
with very fcAV veins (only three in the specimen seen), each of Avhich forks once near or at
its base ; all are divergent and gently and broadly arcuate, the outer the least so, and all
fail to reach the margin. The scapidar vein is very broadly ai'cuate, rmniing doAvn the
nnddle of the Aving parallel to the costal margin, and, lins ".ly longitudinal, teriiunates just
beyond {I.e., l)elow) the extreme tip of the Aving ; it connnences to divide Avhile still arcu-
cuate, just beyond the basal fourth of the Aving, and emits at subeqnal distances apart four
simple, gently arcuate branches, having a sinular direction to the outer mediastinal veins,
but if anything less longitudinal. The oxternomedian vein, arcuate as lar as the division
of the >ioapul;u", is straight beyond this, parallel to and rather distant from the same, fork-
ing simply at the ^i\\u of the middle third of the Aving, and occuining only an inconsider-
al)ie space on the border just below the tip of the Aving. The internomedian vein is
sinular to the pi'eceding at the base, but becomes straight a little sooner and continues
straight to the tip, terminating about as far from the apex as the mediastinal vein ; it emits
a very short branch close to the tip, another a little l)eyond the nnddle of the Aving, and
tAvo others, which must have their origin much nearer the base, as in the other members
of the genus ; only the apical portion of the outer of them, hoAA'ever, can be traced on the
specimen. The anal fin-row is distinct but not deeply impre.s.sed, is very regularly and
rather gently arcuate, and terminates just beyond the middle of the Aving, affording a vei'}
large anal area.

The Aving is of medium size, measuring pi'obably 24 mm. in length (the fragment is
22.5 nun. long) and 10 mm. in breadth at the middle, Avhich is probably not quite so broad
as the middle of the basal half of the Aving ; or the breadth is to the length as 1 : 2.4. It
is nearly perfect, a small portion of the tip only being lost, together with the Avhole anal
area ; it represents a left wing seen from the under surface, the veins being in relief; the
veins are prominent, but not remarkably so, and the anal furroAV no more prominent than
they, if it is as prominent ; as in the preceding species, the branches of the internomedian
vein are not elevated ; indeed they cannot all be traced in the someAvluit Avorn specimen,
and the vein itself, as Avell a» the externoniedian, i)artakes in part of the obscurity ; this

73

region also is flat, while the interspaces of the scapular and mediastinal areas, especially of
the former, are broadly sulcate {i. e., arched on upper surface) but much less so than in the
other species of the genus ; the surface seems to be completely smooth, is of a carbonaceous
black in the specimen, distinguishing it strikingly from the day-colored matrix. The ex-
treme edire of the entire humeral lobe is marginate as far as the mediastinal veins.

The Aving is peculiar for the very large proportion which the mediastinal and anal areas
occuj^y to the rest of the wing, and for the extreme simi^licity of the neuration, in which
there is not a single forked branch outside the mediastinal area ; the veins are very distant
a)id the species is at once distinguished from the others of the genus by the much stouter
shape of the wing, which is much less, while they are much more than three times as long
as broad.

The single specimen discovered was obtained by Mr. \Vm. Gurley, from the coal meas-
ures of Illinois, about six miles from Danville, and sent me by him for study. Lower coal
measures of Illinois.

Necymylacris nov. gc;i. (vlxu^, /wkuxi,i;.)

The mediastinal vein of the upper wing differs from the same vein in the other members
of this group, to judge at least from the most perfect specimen, in emitting from the outer-
most vein several branches at infrequent intervals, even to a long distance from the base ;
these branches may themselves be compound, so that a certain resemblance or approxima-
tion to Blattinariae may be seen ; but, in addition to these, there are the usual radiating
veins next the humeral lobe ; in the typical species, the only perfect specimen of the genus
known, the last vein terminates in the middle of the apical half of the wing, but in the
otiier it appears to be nuich shorter. The scapular vein, curved or bent before branching
(whioli it (loos near the end of the basal third of the wing) thereafter runs in a straight or
sinuous ('(jurse to a little before the tip of the wing, emitting three or four veins which may
be multiple-l)ranched or perfectly simple. The externomedian vein is forked a little before
tlio middle of the wing, and emits a number of forking branches, which, while they are longi-
tudinal in direction, are superior, so that the e((ual interspace between the externomedian
and internoiiii'diaii veins is marked b}' oppositely diverging branches ; the externomedian
area occupies the entire or almost the entire apical border of the wing, so that it is of a
Diirrow wedge-shaped form. The internoniedian area is apparently more extensive than
the anal, the anal furrow terminating on the inner margin nearly opposite the termination
of the nu'diastinal area and having a rather oblique curving course ; the internoniedian vein
emits live to ten branches, generally simple, occasionally forked at the base, and in one of
the STiecies itself forks longitudinally not far beyond the middle, the upper fork dividing
near the tip and the lower emitting the apical branches ; these all run in a slightly curved
course more oblique than the anal furrow. The branches of the anal vein are numerous,
run more longitadiiuilly. are more closely crowded toward the anal angle and fork feeblv.
excepting the upper one which, though considerably curved, is well separated from the anal
furrow and emits several inferior braiKihcs.

Besides upper wings, the flight fragment of a part of one of the lower wings has in one
instance been fouiul. In which the veins of the apical po'"tion are thickly crowded, straight
and parallelj and fork feebly toward their tip.

^

73

s, especially of
so than in the
ii carbonaceous
trix. The ex-
veins.

and anal areas
alion, in whicli
re very distant
3 much stouter
e times as long

the coal meas-
y. Lower coal

other members

roni the outcr-

from the base ;

or approxima-

usual radiating

n of the genus

•ing, but in the

ore branching

n a straight or

ins •which may

I little before

ley are longi-

xternomedian

xternomediau

that it is of a

xtensive than

le termination

lomedian vein

and in one of

fork dividing

lightly curved

ire numerous,

id fork feebly,

from the anal

gs has in one
vded, straight

The genus differs from the two preceding by the smaller extent, both in breadth and
^length, of the combined mediastinal and scapular areas ; from I)oth also, but particularly
from Lithomylacris, in the great extent of the externomedian area. The species are of
large size, including the largest American forms, and a. 3 unknown to Europe.

Necymylacris lacoanum nov. »\<. VI 5, fig. 12.

Fore wing. The form is indeterminable from the oidy fragment known, although it is
probably proportionally shorter tlian in JVec. heros ; the veins are all strongly curved at the
base. The mediastinal area is less extensive than in the other spe«..js of the genus, and
resembles the other genera of Mylacridae to a greater extent in a more radiate disposition
of the veins, at least four in number, of which the last has at least three rather distant and
apparently simple branches, the outermost originating at some distance beyond the first
division of the scapular and internomedian veins; probably the area does not extend
beyond the middle of the wing. The scapular vein has a rather strongly sinuous curve
and at least three straight and simple branches, of which the first, prol)ably arising in the
middle of the basal half of the wing, is in direct continuation of the basal portion of the
vein, and thus separates the scapular from the mediastinal area ]>y a straight lino ; the
branches are parallel to the outer of the mediastinal veins, ;u.d the area, which is certainly
broad, probably more than a third of the breadth of the wing, extends no doubt nearly to
the tip of the w'ng. The externomediiui vein beyond its l)asal curve is straight, and first
divides beyonci the last (preserved) branch of the scapular vein, oi-, pr(y))ably, shortly
before the middle of the wing; it emits at least two superior branches, the simple bases
only of which are preserved in the specimen, but, from the divergence of these, the area
proljably occupies the entire apex of the wing. The internomedian vein is regularly and
very strongly arcuate, probably terminating at some distance before the tip, and emits four
equidistant, woU-separatad branches, one of which is deeply forked, the others simple, all
straigiit or gently arcuate and very long, the area occupying apparently more than half of
the wing. The anal furrow is .scarcely more distinct than one of the veins, and is nearly
as straight as they, appearing to originate from the internomedian vein near the base of the
•^wing, and terminating probably a little before the middle of the wing; the anal veins are
numerous, especially toward the basal angle, gently arcuate, simple or forked, the outer
one very much curved, distant from the others, and compound.

The wing is of medium size, the largest fragment measuring about 13 mm. long, and
the l)readth of the two fragments when united nearly 12 mm.; probably the entire length
f the wing was about 25 nnn., and the breadth to the length as 1:2. It is a left wing, of
hich the upper surface is exposed, but is very fragmentary and shattered, no part of the
order, indess in the unimportant anal area, being preserved ; probably nearly half of the
,pex is gone, as well as a slight part of the base; the veins are delicately impressed, but
"distinct, excepting toward tiie costal border, and the surface flat, and, at least in the
iinternotnedian and anal areas, rather distinctly marked with very frequent transverse
rinkles.

Hind wing. Protruding from beneath the front wing is a small fragment of a hind wing,

apparently the apical lower portio/i of tlnit of the opposite side of the body; all that can

rbe made out are about a dozen straight e(|uidistant parallel veins, about half of (hem

'^mostly those nearer the apex of the wing) forking simply ; their direction, as they lie on

' i

74 «»

the stone, is parallel to that of the scapular veins of the front wing In distinction from
the veins of the front wing, these are slightly elevated, and the basal ii.U" of the fragment
has a glistening surface, while that of the apical half is dead and shows exceedingly faint
traces of transverse wrinkling like the cross neui-ation of the front wing. If, as the direc-
tion of the veins leads us to suppose, the wing is that of the opposite j<ide of the body, and
has its natural position as closed, the hind wing of this insect must have been very broiid,
broader indeed than the remains of any other palaeozoic cockroaches would lead us to
presume in them.

Notwithstanding the fragmentary nature of the fossil, it is plainly distinct from any
other known form. The structure of the mediastinal vein, although approximating to a
certain degree that of the IJIattinariae, plainly shows it to belong to the M3'lacridae, and is
indeed not very different from the same vein in L'dhom. amjiistnni, while the very arcuiito
form of the internomedian vein, coml)ined with the great breadth of this area, se[)arate it
at once from all the species of Myiacridae mentioned here. Its generic alHnities willi
Necym3'lacris are doubtful, and the material is insulHcient for accurate determination of iill
the points which should be settled before reference to a distinct genus can be made, hut
it agrees with that genus to a certain extent in several points iii which it diflers from otliur
Myiacridae, and especially in the mediastinal vein (although it is here very nuich simpIiT
than in JVeci/in. heros — as indeed is the whole neu- ation) and in the anal area, whose extent
and the distribution of whose biauclies, and particularly the chai'aeter of the compound
branch next the anal furrow, is very similar.

The single speci. len known (niimljercd lillU!') was found by Mr. R. D. Lacoe in the
lowest produciwe coal uxeasurc^ near Pittston, Peini., and by him sent me for examination.

ITecymylacris heros

sp. PI. .<■), lig. 9.

Fore wing. The wing ii l*>ng and slerjder. very long obovate. nearly equal; the costal
iMBTgin is ver- geuiliily coaroex. nearly -rraigh' along the middle, tlie inner margin even loss
convex, and ihe irtmtly tifi»ering apex roiiudi'd; the vt-ins originate from near the middlu
♦if the l)a:se oiii tliic iniug. ami most of them curve upward a little for a short distance. Tl"'
■tt!«liastinal "wein it- at fir"* nlirectt-; towanl the middle of the basal half of the co.-lal
■■i'i;:in. but olose to the ba-r nii.l~ ai)ru[)tly. and runs in nearly a direct line to the middle
<mBlhit outer half of the cwstal margin, separated therefore by a straight line from tliu
niJarareu: next rhit; hiuneral lobe, which is smooth, are two or three weak radiatiiii'
»-hi(di -'priii^- f'nmi the base of the principal vein; but most of the slowly nairowiiiL'
[isi.-final :u-ea is lillied with scarcely radiating branches whii'h spring unef(uivoeally lidiii
iBiin v«Mi beyond the base; there are three such prineijial branches, all originating In
liiKl of tkf winii' and compound, besides a simple apieid branch lU'ar the li|i:
compound branches, which are as nearly longi(uiliual as Iheir poslilnh
allowH, emits, genotally at some distance from its base, two oi- three outer sim|)le ni
forked hninches, so that the costal margin is Idled with crowdi'd veins. The scapular \riii.
gently ai-cuate until it divides, near the middle of the basal half of the wing, is thereiilir:
straight, ruunmg down near the middle line of the wing and parallel to the costal mai'iiin
a little beyond the middle of the wing, however, it is dellected very slightly ii[»wiirii,
the change being scarcely percept ibU-, and terminates on the apical margin just belbie I In

Ustinction from
)f the fragUK'nt
icecilingly i'aint
If, as the (lii'oc-
if the body, ami
oen very broad,
oiild lead us to

■;t'mct from any
roxiuiating to ii
ylacridae, and is
the very areuato
area, separate it
■ic affinities with
L'nnination of sill
:an be made, hut
hflers from othor
ry much simpkr
rea, whose extent
af the compoiuul

I). Lacoe in tiic
for examination.

equal ; the costal
margin even loss

near the middk'
t distance. '[\'
;df of the costal
iuc to the niidilK'
it line from tlio
o weak radiiiti)!;:
slowly narrowiii;:
ne(|iiivocally iVoin
all originating in
icli near (In- tiii:
as their position

outer simple I'l
'lie scapular \tiii,
wing, is then-Ill
lie costal niai>;ii

slightly upwiini
iiu just before lli«

75

extreme apex ; it emits four branches at unequal distances apart, all of them nearly longi-
tudinal, the first being compound and dividing only at the middle of the wing,^ the second
. doubly forked, and the third simply forked, both at a long distance from the origin, while
the last, arising opposite the fork of the third, is simple. The externomedian vein is very
broadly sinuous, being rather strongly arcuate at the base, then runs in a nearly straight
line a little divergent from the costal margin, and, finally, in the apical third of the wing,
becomes more longitudinal, and terminates just before the apical margin ; it first divides
opposite the second branch of the scapular vein, or at the end of the basal two-fifths of the
wing, and emits at subequal intervals, the last a little beyond the middle third of the wing,
four superior longitudinal branches, the first of which runs down the middle line of the
wing, forks at a little before the end of the middle third of the wing, its upper fork again
dividing ; the second forks in the middle of its course, and the others are simple ; all are
closely crowded together, and occujiy upon the border the lower part of the apical margin.
The internomedian vein follows nearly the direction of the preceding, being strongly
arcuate at the base, straight and considerably oblique in the second quarter of the wing,
beyond this subparallel to the costal margin ; at its change of direction, almost exactly in
the middle of the wing, it omits a branch, which runs close to the main stem, and, except-
ing for an apical shoot, emits all the regular branches beyond its origin ; including these
eecondary branches there are about ten simple slightly arcuate oblique veins, whose direc-
tion, especially that of the basal ones, is rather at variance, from their regular obliquity,
with that of the branches of all the other veins; the basal branches are more closely
approximated than the apical. Tlie anal area being broadly tumid, the anal furrow is
very deeply impressed, and is very strongly arcuate on the basal half, nearly straight on
the apical half, and terminates a little before the middle of the wing; the anal vein next
the furrow is straight and nearly longitudinal at base, curved gently downward beyond, atul
emits three or four arcuate distant branches; the other veins are very numerous and
'crowded, generally simple, nearly iiaight or arcuate, in an opposite sense to the first, and
about as longitudinal as the mediastinal branches.

The wing is of extreme size, the largest of the American 8pe<!i«s, and only exceeded by
■i^^Anfhracobl. sjyectabiVts of Europe; it is 48 mm. k»ng and 18 mm. l-road, or the breadth is
to the length as 1 : 2.7; the specimen is almost ahsolutely perfect, atvl represents the under
■surface of a right wing; the principal veins and tlie main brandies of the mediastinal
scapular, and externomedian areas before they fiirk are all distinctly pronounced ; the forks
of the same are delicately elevated, while the branches of the imemomedian and anal areas
jftre very delicately impressed. — all as seen on the under surface: the surface is flat, except-
ing where tue princiijal veins are most pronounced, and here the ii!iters])aces are a little
'^md broadly sulcate; all the interspaces, even in the anad area, but especially those which
4^e sulcate, exhibit a minute tracery of nearly straight, very closely approximated, exces-
j|<"vely delicate, scarcely impressed cross lines; those of the anal area are not sufficiently
jbstinct in the plate

This insect, from its extreme size alone, cannot jiossibly be confounded with any other

Am<'iican species, n<«' from the peculiar distribution of the mediastinal branches, in longi-

||udinal bunchen d«fK'nding from the main vein, with any palaeozoic species. Tliis peculi-

' Tlio pliitu rcpresonts the first oflTslioot of tins first brniich ion; it forks near the tip or directly opposite the e.xtremity
I siinpli', but this is inaccurate, and was overlooked in revis- of the lirst branch itself.

ill

i ffi^#

IP

76

I

nrity of the medinstinnl vein is of special interest as showing a certain affinity to the
Blattinariac, next which it is here phiced ; yet the distribution of the branches is never-
theless radiate, and the form of the area triangular and not band-shaped, according in this
respect wholly with the Mylacridae. It should be taken as the type of Necymylacris, for the
imperfection of the preceding species renders its alliance with this somewhat doubtful.

The single specimen, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. I. F. Mansfield, was obtained
by him at Cannelton, Beaver Co., Penn., in a dark sandy shale immediately under the vein
of cannel coal known as vein C of Professor Lesley. Lower coal measures of Pennsylvania.

Blattixauiae.

In the second group into which the palaeozoic cockroaches may be divided, the medi-
astinal vein is not constructed like the anal vein, but like the other veins of the wing,
being composed of a main vein which extends at least half way to, usually some wiiy
beyond, and sometimes quite to, the tip of the wing, emitting toward the costal border
several branches which are usually subequal, equidistant and parallel, often forking once in
some part of their course, the apical branches occasionally many-branched. The area
covered by this vein and its branches is thus band-shaped, and terminates beyond the
middle of the wing. The group occurs both in Europe and America, all of the European
and somewhat less than half of the American species falling therein. The wings as ■>
general rule are slenderer than those of most of the Mylacridae, the breadth being
contained in the length on an average more than two and a half times.

Etoblattina ('-V"7, Blattina) nov. gen.

Blait'ina Auct (pars).

The mediastinal vein of the fore wings with its l)ranchc8 rovers a rather narrow and not
very extended area, being seMom more, seldom much loss than one-fourth of the width of
the wing, and generally terminutiug ai)i('ally from a little mon* than one-half to a little
less than two-thirds the distance toward the tip of the wing ; in one or two instances, as
particularly in E. leptoplilchlca, it extends a little more than two-thirds the distance; the
area is usually of uniform width nearly to the tip, but it sometimes tapers througliout the
entire apical half, and in E. pritnaeva, where the whole wing is vory broad, it (ajiers willi
unusual rapidity and throughout the greater part of the wing; the jrincipal vein emits
from five to ten sinqile or forked, equidistant, obliciue branches. The .-icapular vein gen-
erally terminates just before the tip of the wing, rarely at the tip itself, and occasionally is
decidedly removed from the tip. though not to a great distance; it generally begins to Ibrk
a little before the mithlle of the wing, occasionally at it, and rather more frequently only
one-third the distance from the base; and the l»ranches usually take on the n ode of distri-
bution of those of the mediastinal vein, although the similarity is sometimes ,'ost from the
gre»<*ir breadth of the area and the consequently greater length of the veins; in other
instanW'S, »*i4 particularly in those in which the early branching of this vein is correlated
with more tb»N an average length in the mediastinal area (as particularly in E. venusta),
all similarity is Uj^i, the division assuming more or less of an arborescent form, gciti'iiillv
accompanied by frequ; nt ramifications ; as a general rule, however, more or less similarity
exists between t^e two areas, and in some (as in E. affinls, E. Dohrnii) the resemblance is

affinity to the
[inches ia nover-
iccording in this
mylacris, for the
it doubtful.
Id, was obtained
' nnder the vein
tf Pennsylvaniii.

'ided, the nicdi-
is of the wing,
iially some wiiy
le costal border
forking once in
led. The area
tea beyond the
•f the European
['he wings as i
breadth beintr

narrow and not
of the width of
-half to a little
0 in.stanc'OH, as
e distance; the
throughout the
, it (apers with
ipal vein emits
jiular vein gen-
oocasionally is
' begins to I'ork
frofjucntly oiilj
n ode of distri-
s ,'ost from the
ic'nu; in other
in is correlated
in £. vemtsta),
brm, gt'iicniilv
• less similarity
resemblance is

:t

77

very great ; the general course of the scapular vein is usually parallel to the costal margin,
but without partaking of its generally slight convexity; beyond the immediate base of the
wing therefore its course is nearly straight, sometimes with a gentle sinuosity; occasionally
it is conspicuously sinuous, as in U. lahachensw, so that the greatest breadth of the scapular
area is double that of the mediastinal ; yet even here the general resemblance and trend of
the branches of the two veins may be perfectly kept. The externomedian vein is of
moderate importance, occupying always a portion, generally the whole, of the apex of the
wing, generally commencing to branch not far from the first divai'ication of the scapular
vein, but in this respect showing great variation ; its branches are not numerous, occasion-
ally reduced to two or three, and while longitudinal are yet always superior, so that the
equal sinuously curving space between the extei-nomedian and internomediiin veins is
always marked by divergent branches, very frequently arising exactly one opposite an-
other. The internomedian vein originates near the middle of the wing in about half of
the species (the first half of the species described below), somewhat above the middle in
the other half; usually it is pretty straight beyond the arched base, and does not terminate
so near the apex of the wing as does the .scapular vein; but not infrequently it reaches as
far as the scapular, or at any rate extends further than it otherwise would by curving
outward near the tip, and thus reaching to a greater dii^tance; there is therefore much
difierence in the rapidity with which this area narrows, being very rapid in some (as in
E. riissoma), very gradual in others (as in U. Lesquereux'd) ; its numerous veins are nearly
straight; usually some of them are simple, and they have an obliquity about equal to those
of the mediastinal vein, although of course ir. an opposite sense. The anal furrow is
rather more lightly impressed than visual, arcuate and very oblique, generally terminating
on the inner margin at about two-fifths the distance from the base ; the veins of the anal
area are usually simple or forked near the base, very frequent, subparallel and subequi-
distant, generally less arcuate than the anal furrow; in one species, 31. mantkUo'tdes, they
are very irregular.

Usually the upper wings are moderately .slender, from a little less than two and a half to
about two and three-quarter times as long as broad; but a few of the species have wings
more than three times as long as broad, and the first two .species dift'er from the others,
not oidy in their unusual breadth, being only a little more than twice as long as
broad, but also in other features, such as an unusual breadth (and in E. (abarhensis an
unusual length) of the mediastinal area, the narrowness of the externomedian area, and
the extreme longitudinality of its hianches; as, Jiowever. the form of the wing often
appears to differ very considerably in species of the same genus in this group, there is not
sullicient ground for the separation of these .species from the others even as a section, and
the more so as there are several other species, placed in the middle and at the other
extremity of the genus, which have quite as broad wings. The general average is scarcely
less than two and three-quarter times longer than broad, which is a trille slenderer than
the average of the whole tribe; and it is not a little curious that this is exactly the same
proportion as holds in the genus next to this most prolific in species, Gerablattina.

Besides the front wings, which constitute most of the fragments of this genus preserved?
there are two which show the hind wings also; one of the.se also has the thorax and
abdomen, and a third the thorax. The hind wings appear to resemble the front wings
I losely, and not to be much larger, at least in one of the species ; the thorax in both

"

78

fl

is Hlmilar, being subtriangular, tapering anteriorly, but with rounded sides and a rounded
front. The abdomen in the single species where it occurs is extraordinarily slender, but
apparently not cylindrical, as would at first appear from Goldenberg's illustration.

This genus difl'ers from Archimylacris in the greater conformity of the mediastinal and
scapular areas, the superior position of the branches of the externomedian vein, and the
usually snudler extent of the scapular area; from Anthracoblattina, Gerablattina, and
Hermatobliittina by the greater brevity of the mediastinal area and the correlated greater
importance of the scapular area, as well as from the former by the superior position of the
veins of the externomedian vein, and from the latter by the superior position of the
branches of the scapular vein ; from Progonoblattina it is readily separable by the unim-
portance of the externomedian area; Orycloblattina differs from it in its excessive and
peculiar development of the mediastinal area with its inferior branches, and by the exces-
sive narrowness and length of the mediastinal area, as well indeed as by nearly every
other feature in the wing ; while Petrablattina, with the extraordinary development of its
externomedian area, fonned of longitudinally directed but yet superior branches, can be
confounded with no other.

This genus is by far the most numerous in species of all the carboniferous types, a third
of the species belonging to it ; it is, however, almost exclusively European, for only two
American species fall into it, one of these the first described from America ; this is not ii
little curious, for the first known fossil cockroaches of the European coal measures also full
into this genus.

Etoblattina primaeva. PI. 3, iig. 7.

Blattina 2)rimaeva Gold., Sitzungsb. math-nat. CI. k. akad. Wiss. Wion, ix, 38 ; — lb., Pa-
laeontogr., iv, 22, taf. 3, fig. 4 ; — lb., Foss. Ins. Saarbr., 6, taf 1, fi;^. 4 ; — lb., Jahresb.
Gymn. Saarbr., Ifi ; — lb., Faun, saraej). foss., i, 16, taf. 2, fig. 13 ; — lb., Faun, saraep.
foss., ii, 19, 51 ; — Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 31G ; — Broun, Leth. Geogn., 3 aufl., i, ii, (jS'6,
tab. 9^, fig. 15'; — Heer, Viertelj. naturf Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 288 ; — Roem., Leth.
geogn., tab. 47, fig. 18 ; — Gein., Geol. Steink. Deutschl., 149.

The front wing has a very regular o\ate form, and is broader in proportion to its length
than any other species of Blattina, being only twice as long as broad ; beyond the expand-
ing base, the front margin is very gently convex, and the hind border, at first nearly
straight, tapers considerably in the apical half; the apex is very broadly rounded. The
veins originate in the middle of the wing, but all curve at first upward, and where the
middle ones assume a general longitudinal direction, the externomedian is considerably
above the middle. The mediastinal vein passes with a very slightly sinuate course to a
short distance beyond the middle of the front margin, emitting five or more simple or
simply forked oblique branches. Beyond the basal curve, the main stems of the scajjular,
externo- and internomedian veins are longitudinal, nearly straight, and parallel ; the first
terminates in the upper and the last in the lower part of the tip, leaving only the central
part of the apical margin in the possession of the externomedian vein. The scapular vein
branches from its base and emits about five branches which are generally simply forked,
and the last of which runs parallel to the extremity of the main stem. The externomedian
is forked before the middle of the wing, its branches approximate and simply or doubly

and a rounded
ily slender, but
ition.

nediaHtinnl and
I vein, and the
rablattina, and
I'elttted greater
po»itiun of the
)Osition of the
! by the unim-
I excessive and
I by the execs-
Y nearly every
dopment of its
'anches, can be

types, a third
a, for only two
; this is not a
;asures also fall

38 ; — lb., Pa-

— lb., Jahresb,
, Faun, saraep.
aufl., 1, ii, 083,

- Roem., Leth.

n to its length
id the expand-
it first nearly
'ounded. The
ind where the
considerably
course to a
lore simple or
r the scapular,
iillel ; the first
dy the central
scapular vein
simply forked,
ixternomedian
ply or doubly

I

79

forked. The internomedian is scarcely arcuate, so that the area it covers narrows princu-
pally by the curvature of the raar^'in ; the vein emits four or five simply or doubly forked
branches. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate on the basal, straight on tlie apical half, and
terminates at the middle of the inner margin; the anal veins, eight or nine in number, are
simple, parallel, and gently arcuate.

The single specimen of the wing known is blackish brown, perfect, excepting the
extreme tip, the costal border distinctly nuiginate ; the veins are distinctly pronounced,
and the interspaces filled with delicate transverse veins, running from the veins and not
meeting those of the opposite vein directly, but forming by their mode of union pentag-
onal, sometimes tetragonal, cells, which can be seen by the naked eye ; those toward the
apex of the ving being lirger than the others. Length 39 mm., breadth 16 mm., or the
breadth to the length as 1 : 2.4.

Goldenberg compared this species, which is of large size and one ol the largest of the
genus, with L'tohl. carbonaria, but like the following species it is distinguished from other
Blattinariae by the unusual breadth of the wing as compared with the length ; and in this
respect this species is the more remarkable, being only twice as long as broad ; it is also
readily distinguished from the following by the rapid narrowing of the mediastinal area,
and by the brevity also of the same area.

Several specimens have been found in the Auerswald coal-seam in Gersweiler near
Saarbriicken, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Etoblattiua labachensis. PI. 8, fig. 5.

Blattlna ancujlyptka var. labachensis Gold., Vorw. Fauna Saarb., 16 ; — lb., Faun, saraep.

foss., i, 16, taf 2, fig. 15 ; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19.
Blattlna labachensis Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 51.

The front wing has a regular obovate form, a very little more than twice as long as
broad, the sidr>s nearly parallel. Beyond the base, the costal border is broadly convex, the
inner border xery ^^early straight, the apex very regularly and brot/t'ly rounded. The
veins originate near the middle of the wing and have scarcely any basal curve. The
mediastinal vein is very long and scarcely sinuate, terminating beyond the middle of the
apical half of the costal border, which is unusual in this genus ; it emits a large number of
generally simple or forked oblique branches, and is itself so far from the border as to make
the area very broad, about one-third the breadth of the wing in the middle. The limit
between the scapular and externomedian areas cannot be certainly determined, either from
Goldcaberg's illustration or description ; but is probably, almost certainly, as marked in
our plate, where the latter is exceedingly narrow, as in the preceding species, occupying
the extreme tip ; both the principal stems are longitudinal and straight, and both probably
fork rear the middle of the wing, to judge from the incomplete course of those given in
Goldenberg's illustration, and the branches sometimes fork singly, all the forks having a
longitudinal direction, parallel and close to each other. The internomedian bends a little
irom the longitudinal course of the other veins toward the inner border, while passing over
the anal area, but beyond that is nearly longitudinal, scarcely arcuate, terminating only a
little below the tip of the wing, making the internomedian area, like the mediastinal, of
unusual length for a species of this genus, by which it seems to have some aflSnity to Gera-

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80

blattina; the area is also of unusual equality, occupying like the mediastinal about one-third
the breadth of the wing; the main vein emits four or five branches, which may be simple
or forked, but all have a nearly similar oblique direction. The anal furrow is, apparently,
not especially distinct nor marked as an arcuate vein, but is nearly straight, terminating at
the middle of the inner margin, and, like the other anal veins, following fhe direction of
the internomedian veins ; as no mention is made of the innermost region of the wing by
Dr. Goldenberg, perhaps his illustration is fuulty at this point, as indeed it would be rather
anomalous ; more probably the species would not be found to differ greatly in this respect
from the preceding.

This species has a brownish colour, and a delicate reticulation, formed on the same gen-
eral plan as that of the preceding species. It is of comparatively small size, being 20 mm.
Jong and 9 mm. broad, or the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.2.

It was at first considered a variety of Etohl. anaglyptica by Goldenberg, but afterwards
separated by him. He noticed at the outset the smaller size and broader shape, but it also
differs decidedly in general shape, in the far smaller extent of both the scapular and inter-
nomedian areas, the length of the mediastinal area, and the widely different distribution of
the veins in the internomedian area. The breadth of the winj; separates the species at
once from all the other species of Etoblattina excepting the preceding, and it is also pecu-
liar, as remarked, for the great length of the mediastinal and internomedian areas, although
in the last point other species of Etoblattina equal it. It differs from the preceding species
by its much smaller size, its broader tip, and the small extent of the scapular area.

Several specimens have been found in the coal shales of the Labach coal seam near Saar-
louis, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Etoblattina englyptica PI. 2, iig. 16; pi. 4, fig. 7.

Blattina euglyptica Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, 8G-87, tab. 31, figs. 7% 7^ 8 ; —
Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 315 ; — Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 287; — Gold.,
Fauna saraep. foss., ii, 19.

Compare also the synonomy of Etohl. Dohrnii, Gerahl. prodmta, and G. weissiana.

The front wing is long and slender, having a very regular and rather strongly arcuate
costal margin and a straight inner margin ; the tip in the specimens known is broken, but
there is no reason to suppose it to have been other than regularly rounded. The veins
originate in the middle of the base, but immediately curve upward, so that the mediastinal
area is narrow and equal, occupying about one quarter of the width of the basal half of
the narrow wing, the main vein reaching somewhat beyond the middle of the wing, and
emitting about nine oblique, simple branches. The scapidar vein, curving somewhat
strongly near the base, is beyond it nearly straiglit, rather distant from the mediastinal,
and terminates at some distance short of the tip, commencing to divide at some distance
before the middle of the wing, and emitting three or four long branches, which fork midway
in their couree, and are somewhat more longitudinal than the mediastinal branches. The
externomedian vein is very similar to the preceding, and approximates it rather than the
internomedian vein, while its course assumes the curve of the latter ; it begins to divide at
the middle of the wing, and emits three or four strongly divergent but nearly longitudinal
branches, which fork again and occupy with these forks the entire apax of the wing, en-

\ I

81

croacliing a little upon the costal and especially upon the inner margin. The intemomedian
vein is somewhat arcuate at the base, curving upward to above the middle of the wing, but
afterwards extends to the inner margin in a nearly straight, arcuate course, terminating
probably at some distance beyond the middle of the apical half of the wing, and emitting
six or seven simple, oblique, straight, parallel and rather distant branches. The anal fur-
row is distinct, sharply arcuate, and terminates near the middle of the basal third of the
wing, the four or more rather distant simple anal veins being subparallel to it but iess
curved.

Two specimens were described by Germar, both plainly belonging to the same species,^
which ;is a large one, the wings measuring 10.5 mm. in breadth, and the longest l"agment
31 mm. in length ; the entire length was probably 33 mm., and the breadth to the length
as 1 : 3.14. The specimens subsequently referred to this species by Goldenberg noi, only
do not belong to it, but are referable to several distinct species (cf. Etohl. JDohrii'd,
Gerabl. prodiicta, and Gercibl. weissiana).

Hind wing. One of the specimens figured by Germar has, besides the larger part of the
left foro wing, broken fragments of the two hind wings, one of which, the left, we have
reproduced on pi. 4, fig. 7. These show that the neuration of the hind wing was very sim-
ilrr indeed to that of the front wing. The mediastinal vein extended further toward the
tip, but was somewhat similarly formed. The scapular vein had the same general arrange-
ment and proportional extent. The same is true of the externomedian vein, excepting that
the branches appear to be inferior instead of superior ; but of the rest of the wing nothing
can be d termined ; tb'3 interspaces throughout are of the same width. From the distribu-
tion of the veins it would appear as if the anal field were plicated, and this Germar asserts,
but the fractured condition of the fossil does not allow of certainty, so far as the illustra-
tions show.

It would appear from Germar's figure that there is some difference in the venation of
the two v'ings ; tlje mediastinal area appears much longer, for instance, in the right than
in the left wing. On the right wing an additional principal vein, the marginal, extends
down, next the costal margin, as far as the middle of the Aving, but this portion is broken
from the left wing.

This species is one of the largest of the slender forms of Etoblattina, the front wing
having at the same time a more equal width than usual. In this particular it differs from
the preceding species conspicuously ; from Etohl. affinis, to which it appears to be most
nearly allied, it differs in its very much greater size and in the more distant neuration.
From Etohl. Dohrnii, which was referred to the same species by Goldenberg, it differs in
the course of the mediastinal vein, which is parallel to the costal margin ; probably also by
the smaller extent of the intemomedian area apically ; and by the form of the wing, which
has a more strongly convex costal margin, and especially an arcuate base which bends the
roots of all the veins downward, instead of leaving them straight as in the latter species ;
it is also a little larger.

The two specimens come from "''^ettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

* Giebel says that the two fore wings figured by Germar
" show some dilTerences, whoso meaning will only be under-

stood when perfect wings are discovered"; but the differ-
ences are so very slight that they cannot have specific value.

:n

•"i

,4!

i

82

Etoblattina afflnis. Fl. 2, fig. 2.

Blattina affiinis Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. mineral., 1869, 159, taf. 3, fig. 3; — lb.. Faun,
saraep. foss., ii, 19.

The front wing is long and slender, straight and a little tapering beyond the base ; both
costfl and inner margin are nearly straight almost to the tip, which is well rounded. The
veins originate a little above the middle of the wing, and curve a little upward in passing
from the base. The mediastinal vein is arcuate, subparallel to the costal margin and rather
close to it ; the area occupies one-fourth the breadth of the wing, and terminates at some
distance beyond the middle of the wing, emitting a large number of oblique, generally
simple, approximate branches. The scapular vein is also arcuate but much more gently,
rather distant from the mediastinal before branching, and terminates just before the ex-
treme tip of the wing ; it commences to divide near the middle of the wing, and emits
about five long, straight, simple or simply forked branches, closely approximate, and pre-
serving very nearly the direction of those of the mediastinal area. The externomedian
vein has a course very similar to that of the preceding vein, commencing to divide at
nearly the same point, and emitting three or more compound or irregularly forking, closely
approximate, longitudinal veins, occupying at their extremity a narrow area at the apex
and the extremity of the inner margin of the wing. The Intemomedian vein is gently
arcuate, having a nearly straight course from scarcely above the middle of the base of the
wing nearly to the end of the inner margin, emitting a large nr.mber of slightly sinuate,
subparallel, simple or simply forked branches, oblique toward the base of the wing, and
gradually more longitudinal toward the apex. Anal area unknown.

The single specimen known is perfectly preserved, with ihe exception of the minor veins
near the base of the wings and the anal furrow ; it is a small species, being only 17 mm.
long, and 5 mm. broad, and the breadth to the length as 1 : 3.4.

This species is one of the slenderest of the smaller species of Etoblattina, and is peculiar
for the straiglitness and gently tapering form of the front wing ; in its form it most resem-
bles EtohL leptophlehica, from which it difiers a good deal in neuration, and especially in
the lesser breadth of the scapular area and the less crowded disposition of the veins.
Goldenberg considered it as coming between this species and Etohl. anaglyptica, but its
much closer affinity to Etohl. flahellata must be conceded; from this species it differs par-
ticularly in its straight costal edge and its longer mediastinal area ; it is also a slenderer
species. From the species which precedes it it is sufficiently separated by its very much
smaller size, as also by the straight costal margin.

One specimen. LobejUn, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Etoblattina flabellata. PI. 2, fig. 4.

Blattina flahellata Germ., MUnst. Beitr. z. Petref., v. 92, tab. 13, fig. 4% 4";— Gieb.,
Deutschl. Petref, 637;— Heer, Viertelj. Naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287; — Gold.,
Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19. (Not Bl flahellata Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin.)

Blattina anthracophila E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1873, 694, taf 3, fig. 2 ; —
lb., Verst. unt. Dyas Weiss., 4, taf, fig. 2. (Not Bl. anthracophila Germ.)

Compare also synonymy under Gerahl. Munsteri.

83

The front wing is long and slender, of only slightly unequal breadth, the costal border
being gently convex and the inner border nearly straight until near the tip, while the tip
itself is well rounded. The veins originate considerably above the middle of the I ase, and
curve somewhat so as to be subparallel at first to the costal margin. The mediastinal vein
is parallel to and not distant from the costal border, the area being less than one fourth
the width of the wing, and terminates at or a little beyond the mirldle of the wing, emit-
ting a considerable number of oblique, usually simple branches. The scapular vein is some-
what distant from the preceding and also runs very nearly parallel to the costal margin,
along the base of the anterior third of the wing, terminating just before the tip of the
wing ; it commences to branch just as the mediastinal commences to bend toward the
costal margin, and has four or five, generally simply forked, occasionally simple, branches,
which have a direction very similar to that of the mediastinal branches, although much
longer than they. The extemomedian vein is rather strongly sinuate, commences to branch
directly opposite the first dividing of the scapular vein, and emits at rather large angles
four or five branches, which are usually forked once, but, in two of the specimens known, one'
of the forks of the second branch again divides ; the branches occupy on the margin the
entire apex of the wing, the main vein following very closely the course of the succeeding
vein. The intemomedian vein is also strongly arcuate, and beyond the middle of the wing
assumes a more longitudinal course than before, extending the area very nearly to the ex-
tremity of the inner margin ; toward the base this area, with the anal, occupies more than
half the breadth of the wing, but it narrows rapidly beyond, and the vein emits a number
of branches, the basal half of which are simple, straight, oblique, and comparatively distant,
while the apical half of the same are simple or simply forked and considerably more longi-
tudinal. The anal furrow is distinct, very strongly and regularly arcuate, and terminates
at the end of the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins are few, simple, similarly arcuate
and parallel.

The species is a comparatively small one, the front wing measuring 15-17 mm. in length
and 6-8.5 mm. in breadth, the breadth to the length being as 1 : 2.56. Geinitz describes his
specimens as supplied with delicate cross-veins.

Germar described two species under this name, which I have of course retained for that
bearing the earliest date, described in Miinster's Beitriige. The other, described by Germar
in his Carboniferous fossils of Wettin, is redescribed further on under the name of Gerahl.
Miinsteri, where also the points of departure will be noted. Dr. E. Geinitz, in his fossils of
Weissig, has figured the present species with brief remarks, comparing it to Germar's Bl.
anthracophila, and giving it that name in 'he explanation of the plate where it is figured ;
the points of resemblance pointed out by Dr. Geinitz are the simple character of the basal
branches of the intemomedian vein, the sudden assumption of a longitudinal direction of
the same vein beyond the middle of the wing, and the simple character of the anal veins.
With Elohl. flahellata he says it does not agree on account of the structure of the medias-
tinal area ; but it is evident from this remark that he has compared it, not with the true
Etohl. flahellata, but with Gerahl, M'dnsteri, and that his comparison is, therefore, in great
measure justifiable. In all the points of his comparison with Etohl. anthracophila, how-
veer, it agrees even better with the true Etohl. flahellata, with which it also agrees in the
distribution of the extemomedian branches and in size, points in which it is at variance
with Etohl. anthracophila. Had Dr. Geinitz compared his specimen with the illustrations

I. I

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t7

84

of Germar's species as given in Munster's Beitrage, he would certainly have come to a dif-
ferent conclusion.

As indicated above, the species is very closely allied to Etohl. anthracophila, from which
it differs in the points mentioned, as well as in the greater narrowness of the mediastinal
area, and in the less arboreocent branching of the extremity of the internomedian area.
From Etohl. affinia, with which it agrees in size, it differs in its rather shorter mediastinal
area, the wider interspaces of the extemomedian area, and in the shape of the wing, the
costal margin of which is more convex and the whole wing not so slender.

Germar's single specimen came from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. The two
specimens described by Geinitz, from the lower dyas of Weissig.

Etoblattina antfaracophUa. PI. 2, %. 1.

Blattina anthracophila Germ., Miinst. Beitr. z. Petref , v, 92-93, tab. 13, fig. 3 ; — lb.,
Verst. Steink. Wettin, 84 (" ? = Bl anaglypika ") ; — Gieb., Deutschl. Petref, 637 ; —
Heer, Viertelj. naturf Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 287 (" = Bl. anaglyptica ").

Compare the synonymy of Etohl. fldbellaia.

The front wing is of medium size, rather slender and regularly tapering, both costal and
inner margin very gently convex, the tip broken in the only specunen known, but probably
rather contracted and well rounded. The base of the veins is not preserved. The medias-
tinal vein terminates a very little beyond the middle of the wing, and the branches, the
apical ones at least, are tolerably distant, simple, and a little curved ; the area is rather
bioad, occupying in the middle more than a quarter of the breadth of the wing, and nar-
rowing throughout nearly the whole of the apical half; the basal half or more unknown.
The scapular vein is very closely approximated to the mediastinal, begins to divide before
the middle of the wing, or opposite the last branch of the mediastinal, and has an arcuate
course beyond this, the convexity downward, and terminates a little before the apex of the
wing ; the branches are about six in number, having a direction parallel to those of the
mediastinal vein, simple or forked (in the specimen cited, the first two are forked, the oth-
ers simple), and the branched portion of the area occupies about one-third of the breadth
of the wing. The extemomedian vein is broadly sinuous, its curve in the fragment pre-
served, and the location of the other veins, indicating that it curved rather strongly at
base ; it commences to branch with the scapular vein and emits two or more very long
branches, the first of which is compound and the second simple in the specimen ; the vein
occupies a long and very narrow area in the middle of the wing, and on the margin the
entire tip and a portion of the extremity of the inner border. The internomedian vein is
also sinuous, being at first probably arcuate, then straight and very gradually approaching
the inner margin, until a short distance beyond the middle of the wing, when it assumes a
longitudinal direction, and finally curves downwaiJ to the border in the middle of the api-
cal fourth of the wing ; it throws off a considerable number of veins, those emitted before
it assumes a longitudinal direction being straight, oblique, simple and rather distant, those
beyond being simple and compound, and rather closely approximated. The anal furrow is
rather strongly and regularly arcuate, terminating at about the end of the basal third of
the wing ; the anal veins, about six in number, are simple and subparallel to the furrow.

85

Tlie species is of medium size, the fragment of the single front wing which is preserved
measuring 24 mm. ; the length of the wing is probably about 25 or 26 mm. ; the breadth
is 9.5 mm. in the middle, making the length to the breadth as 1 : 2.7, but the breadth is
probably a little greater toward the base.

After describing this insect in Milnster's Beitrage, Germar concluded that it was probably
the same as his Bl. anaglyptica, described in the same place, and subsequent authors have
accepted this assumption, rtpparently Avithout any special examination of the matter, with
the exception of Dr. E. Geinitz, who has referred to this species a wing described by him
from Weissig. Etohl. anthracophila, however, differs from Etohl. anaglyptica in several
important points : the mediastinal area is a little shorter ; the branching of the scapular
vein more closely resembles that of the mediastinal, originates farther towards the middle,
and is less arborescent, and the distribution of the externomedian branches is less regular ;
besides this the shape of the wing, and especially the curve of the costal border, is very
different. The wing referred by Geinitz to Elohl. anthracophila is, however, to be consid-
ered as belonging to Etohl. flahellata and not to this species, for the reasons mentioned in
the remarks here appended to the description of Etohl. flahellata. Our present species is
indeed closely allied to the last named, but may be separated from it by the greater breadth
of the mediastinal area, the approximation of the scapular to the internomedian vein, the
greater narrowness of the scapular area, the greater marginal extension of the externome-
dian area, and the more arborescent branching of the internomedian veins in the outer half
of the wing ; it is also considerably longer. It is also somewhat larger than Elohl. weis-
sigensis, which stands very close to it, and differs also by the tapering form of the wing,
the larger marginal area of the externomedian area, and in the branching of the veins of
the same area ; this is both less regular and commences much further toward the base of
the wing ; at the same time the vein itself is much less sinuous than in Etohl. weissig ensia.

The single specimen known comes from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Btoblattlna weissigenBis. PI. 6, fig. 5.

Blattina weissig ensis E. Gein., Neues Jalirb. f. Mineral., 1873, 692-94, taf. 3, fig. 1 ; — lb.,
Verstein. unt. Dyas Weiss., 2-4, taf., fig. 1; — lb., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1875, 6j
— lb., Neue Aufschl. Dyas v. Weiss., 6.

The front wing is long, slender and equal, the costal margin rather gently and very reg-
ularly convex, the inner margin straight Avith a very slight and very broad median excision,
the apex well rounded, and almost produced. The veins originate from the middle line of
the wing, and curve rather gently upward before assuming a nearly longitudinal direction.
The medijistinal is parallel to the costnl margin, curving rapidly to meet it a little beyond
the middle of the wing ; the area occupies nearly a third of the breadth of the wing, and
possesses comparatively few and very distant oblique branches, most of them rather deeply
forked. The mediastinal vein is in close contiguity to the mediastinal, is also parallel or
subparallel to the costal margin, and beginning to branch where the mediastinal begins to
curve toward the margin, emits a considerable number (about seven) of rather crowded
branches, most of which are simple, gently arcuate or sinuous, and while less oLlique than
those of the mediastinal area, are similar in distribution ; in the single specimen known the
first of the branches is compound, the rest simple ; the vein terminates just before the tip.
Beyond the basal curve the externomedian vein is straight mitil it branches, a little beyond

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86

tlie middle of the wing ; beyond this it emita two or three sometimes forking branches,
which are longitudinal and nearly approximated, so that the marginal extent of the area ia
very slight, occupying only the very tip of the wing. The internomedian vein, running con-
tiguous with the preceding in tlie basal curve, parts rather rapidly from it, being directed
at first toward the middle of the outer half of the inner border in a nearly straight course,
until opposite the branching of the externomedian vein, when it assumes a slightly arcuate,
longitudinal direction, and terminates just behind the tip of the wing ; in the middle of the
wing it is therefore very distant from the externomedian vein, which it afterwards rapidly
approaches ; in the basal portion, the distribution of the veins is very similar to that of the
scapular area, but they are distant ; beyond they are more frequent and arborescent, the
branch originating at the point of change in the main vein, emitting a compound branch-
let, which repeats the distribution of the branches of the main vein beyond it. The anal
furrow is distinct, strongly arcuate, somewhat bent in the middle, rather distant from the
internomedian vein and its first branch, and terminates at the end of the basal third of the
wing ; the anal veins are frequent, simple, arcuate and parallel to the furrow.

The wing is of rather small size, being 19 mm. long, and 6 mm. broad, or the breadth to
the length as 1 : 3.17 ; the veins of the middle of the wing are very sharply defined, and
the surface is delicately granulate.

Dr. Ceinitz compares this apecies with Etohl. anaglyptica and Etobl. leptophlebica, and
in a secondary way with Bl. nffinis. It is indeed related somewhat closely to these species,
and especially to the first named, and in form resembles best, though not very well, the
two last named ; but in essential features it has closer affinities with Etohl. anthracopMla,
which is somewhat larger than it, and is otherwise distinct from it by its general form and
by the distribution of the branches of the externomedian vein, which divides much nearer
the base, and occupies a larger marginal area than in Etohl. anthracopMla ; the branches
of the basal portion of the internomedian vein are also much closer together in the same
species.

The single specimen described by Geinitz came from Weissig, Saxony. Lower Dyas.

Etoblattina DohmiL PI. 2, fig. 5.

Blattina etiglyptica pars Gold., Neues Jahrb. f Mineral., 1869, 162-63, taf. 3, fig. 8 (nee 9).

Not Bl. euglyptica Germ.
Compare also synonomy of Gerdbl. producta.

The front wing is of a very regular shape, the tip being well rounded, and the upper
and lower halves almost exactly alike in form, the costal and inner borders gently convex ;
the wing is largest in the middle, scarcely tapers toward the base, but more rapidly toward
the tip, and especially near the apex. The veins originate together considerably above the
middle of the wing, and have scarcely any, if any, basal curve. The mediastinal vein is
straight, and terminates a little short of the extretoity of the middle third of the wing,
and emits, mostly from near its origin, lialf a dozen very long and unusually longitudinal
simple veins ; next the base the area occupies nearly one-third the breadth of the wing,
and it tapers very gradually on its apical half. The scapular vein is also ntaWy straight,
curved upward toward the costal margin only near the tip, and terminates just before the
apex of the wing ; it runs parallel to the costal margin along the middle of the anterior

87

two-thirds of tho wing, commcncea to divide before the middle of the wing, and emits only
two or three simple or forked ))rnnches, having the coiu'se of the apical branches of tlio
preceding vein. The externomedian vein takes a straight course nearly down the middle
line of the wing, does not divide until past the centre, and then emits two or three com-
pound or forking branches, which spread at a considerable angle and occupy the entire
apex of the wing. The internomedian vein, scarcely arcuate throughout roost of its
course, and slightly more longitudinal toward the extreme tip, terminates on the inner
margin just before the apex, opposite the extremity of the scapular vein, and emits only a
few rather distant straight or occasionally forked branches.* The anal furrow is not very
strongly arcuate, and terminates at about the end of the basal two-fifths of the wing ; the
anal veins, about five in number, are rather distant, similarly or less arcuate, mostly simple,
or when forked, but slightly so.

The wing is of medium size, measuring about 26 mm. in length, and 10.5 mm. in
breadth ; or the breadth to the length is as 1 : 2.5.

The wing is peculiar for its symmetry of form, and the straightness and longitudinality
of the veins, and particularly for the very loiigitudinal direction and basal attachment of the
veins of the mediastinal area. It i3 not very closely allied to any species ; from the true
Etohl. eiifflyptica, which Dr. Goldenberg considered it to be, it differs in form and size, and
in the branches of the mediastinal area ; from Gerabl. producta, which Goldenberg placed
in the same species, it differs in the brevity of the mediastinal area and the nature of the
branches in the same, in the origin of the division of the externomedian vein, and in the
gradual narrowing of the internomedian area. It is perhaps most nearly allied to Etohl.
weissigensis and Etohl. anthracophila ; from the former it is sufficiently distinguished by its
form, as well as by the distribution of the apical branches of the internomedian area, and
the great length of the branches of the mediastinal vein ; from the latter by the nearly
uniform breadth of the wing and the same peculiarities of neuration. I have placed the
American Etohl. Lesqiiereuxii beside it, but it is not very nearly related, the branches of
the mediastinal and also of the anal area being very different, while the whole wing in
Etohl. Lesqiiereuxii is larger and much less bilaterally symmetrical.

A single specimen is known, and was found at Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

3i r

Zitoblattina Lesqnereudi nov. sp. PI. 6, figs. 8, 4. (Soe also figure in text below.)

Front wing. This is long and slender, the costal margin very uniformly and consider-
ably convex, the inner margin straight or scarcely convex, the whole wing nearly equal,
the apical fifth tapering, the tip well rounded. The veins originate at about the middle line
of the wing, the mediastinal and the united anal and internomedian in rather prominent
ridges, the scapular and externomedian in a furrow between them ; all together curve
upward at first before assuming a more longitudinal direction, so that at the parting of the
anal and internomedian veins, the anal area has more than half the width of the wing.
The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but continually and very grad-
ually approaches it, much as in Etohl. Dohrnii, striking it at an unusually slight angle at a
point a little beyond the middle of the wing ; it emits about nine equidistant, and rather

^ In my plate the anal furrow is incorrectly represented as
being a forked vein ; in reality the vein following the forked

one is the anal furrow, so that there is one less vein in the
internomedian area than is represented.

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88

distant, simple, curving branches (the basal ones not represented on the plate), of which
the ba'<al ones are oblique while those beyond grow more and more longitudinal. The
scapular vein runs very nearly parallel to th ' costal margin, most nearly approaching it
where it first divides, a little beyond the end of the basal third of the wing, and then,
passing in an arcuate course opposed to the curve of the cosUd margin, roaches the latter
just before the apex of the wing ; it emits about four branches, the terminal one sim-
ple, the others forked and the second even trebly, the general direction of all being less
longitudinal than the apical branches of the mediastinal vein ; at the widest the scapular
area is two-fifths the breadth of the wing. Beyond the basal curve the externomedian
vein is straight until it divides, at some distance beyond the middle of the wing, and up
to this point it is unusually distant from the scapular vein on the one side and the inter-
nomedian on the other ; at its division, that is, at the origiii of its first branch, it turns
abruptly but slightly downward, and runs subparallel to the apical portion of the costal
border ; its first branch 13 doubly forked, the offshoots inferior and thrown off
at nearly equal distances from. the origin to the tip of the branch ; the two
other branches of this vein are simple, longitudinal and nearly straight, the last
arising before the end of the middle third of the wing, and the middle one mid-
way between the first and third ; all together occupy the entire tip of the wing ;
the origin of the middle branch jeing incorrectly given in our plate, a cor-
rected figure of the apical half of the internomedian vein is here inserted.
The internomedian vein is straight from a little beyond its separation from
the anal to its last branch, and is thence feebly arcuate in a slightly more
longitudinal course, terminating a little farther from the tip than the scapular
vein ; it emits four simple or forked, very distant, slightly arcuate branches ;
in the specimen upon which the description is based, the two middle branches
are simple, the others forked. The anal furrow is very distinct, especially on
the basal half, rather strongly and pretty uniformly arcuate, terminating at the basal
two-fifths of the wing ; the anal veins are numerous, being six or seven in number, and
generally forked, often very deeply, and excepting the extreme short ones, are gently
arcuate in the same sense as the furrow.

The wing is of medium size, being 25 mm. long, and 9 mm. broad, or the length to the
breadth as 1 : 2.78.

It appears to present the under surface of a left wing, as the anal furrow is in relief.
The principal veins and branches are also in delicate relief and distinct, excepting the anal
veins. The surface of the wing is glistening and, excepting on the apical third, flat ;
toward the apex, and especially on the apical fifth, the interspaces are broadly furrowed,
leaving the veins in sharp relief. In this part of the wing also, and indeed over nearly the
whole surface, but less distinctly than here, the interspaces are broken by a delicate
tracery of minute, irregular, pentagonal or rhomboidal cells, changing toward the base
to a series of closely approximate, obscvure, transverse lines, at right angles to the neigh-
boring veins, and often forking feebly.

In the extent and distribution of the branches of the scapular and externomedian veins,
as well as somewhat in tiie form of the wing, this species resembles ^to6^ weiasigensis, but it
difiers very much from it in the nature of the mediastinal vein, besides being a much larger
insect. It agrees best with Etohl. Dohrnii in size and in the general limitation of the

Etoblatlina
Lesquereuxii.

89 ^

various areas, but tlio .<hapc of the wing differs considerably, and the brandies of the medi-
astinal vein arise at equal discunces all along the principal vein ; the anal area too is larger
and more crowded with veins. From ElobL nnnijlypt'ica., to whit-h it is closely allied, it may
bo distinguished by the brevity, slenderness, and 'Uminishing extent of the mediastinal area,
as well as in the later division and more longitudinal direction of the externomedian vein.
Jn the characteristics of the mediastinal and scapular areas and their relations to each other
it resembles both Etohl. affiim and Etohh flahellatn, but it differs from both in the more
apical division and different distribution of the externomedian branches. Finally it is read-
ily distinguishable from the other American species of this genus, Etohl, venttsta, in the
nature of the mediastinal area, and the less arborescent distribution of the branches of the
scapular vein.

The single specimen known was obtained by Mr. R. D. Lacoe ; it is preserved on a
piece of carbonaceous shale picked up near Pittston, Penn., in a pile of culm, and is con-
sidered by him as doubtless coming from the roof shales of the D seam of anthracite (of
Prof. Lesley's classification). Middle carboniferous.

Etoblattina anaglyptlca. PI. 2, flg. 15.

Blatlina anaglyptica Germ., Miinst. Beitr. z. Petref., v. 92, taf. 13, fig. 2 ; — lb., Verst.
Steink. Wettin, vii, 84, tab. 31, fig. 4; — Gieb., Deutschl. Petref., G37 ; — lb., Ins. Vorw.,
314-15; — Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287; — Gold., Faun, saraep.
foss., ii, 19.

Compare also the synonymy of Etohl. anthracophila and E. lahachensis.

The front wing is long and tolerably slender, the costal border strongly arched, while
the inner border is straight ; the tip is broken, but is probably well rounded. The veins
originate at some distance above the base, and probably curve upward a little * at first.
The mediastinal area is very narrow, occupying not more than one-quarter the breadth of
the wing, the vein running subparallel to the margin and terminating beyond the basal
three-fifths of the wing ; it emits a large number of rather closely approximated oblique
branches, mostly simple, occasionally forked. The scapular vein is somewhat distant from
the mediivstinal, and has a broadly sinuate course, tenninating shortly before the apex of
the wing ; in the middle of the wing the area occupies considerably more than one-third of
its entire breadth, and, commencing to branch as far back as the end of the basal third of
the wing, it emits three or four, mostly forked, sometimes doubly forked branches, having a
direction very closely parallel to the branches of the mediastinal vein. The externomedian
vein, beyond its basal curve, is very nearly straight, and terminates at the extremity of
the inner margin, so that just the whole apex of the wing ia occupied by the externo-
median arep< ; it commences to branch at some distance beyond the preceding vein, but
still much before the middle of the wing, and emits three longitudinal branches, each of
Avhich forks nearly opposite the origin of the terminal branch of the scapular vein, and
most of the forks again divide halfway to the tip, the whole being very regularly disposed.
The internomedian vein follows the straight course of the externomedian to a short dis-
tance beyond the middle of the wing, the area thus rapidly narrowing, and then takes a

^ This does not appear so well ia our plate ai in the representation by Germar in his Wettin foasils.

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lungitudinal courao, reaching tho margin onl^ Tar toward the apex ; bcfuro this turn In ita
direction, tlie vein cniits three or four straiglit branchcH, most of which are Hiinple, but the
lf.Ht one emits on tho outer Hide a compound branch Homewhat nimihir to the arborescent
division of the main stem at its bend, which fills the apical half or more of tho area with
dichotonsizing veins. The anal furrow is distinct, strongly and regularly arcuate, termi-
nating near tho end of tho basal third of the wing ; on account of the anterior origin of
♦he main veins at the base of the wings, the anal area is nearly as broad as it is long, and
the anal veins, which are numerous and a2>proximate, are arcuate, parallel, and mostly
simple.

The wing is of medium size, being probably 20 mm. long (the fragment preserved has a
length of 25 mm.), and is 10 mm. broad ; or the breadth is to the length as 1 : 2.5. Tho
representation on my plate gives it a very little too small, and especially too short.

Germar subsequently placed his Bl. anthracojthila with this species, but wrongly, as I
have endeavored to show in my remarks under that species. Goldenberg at one time consid-
ered Hermatohl. lahachentsis as a variety of this, but afterwards more correctly removed it
from that category ; for the principal distinction in this case also, see the remarks under that
species. We bave placed it between the two American species of this genus, not because
it seemed most closely allied to them, but because their place in the series appeared to lie
here. Etohl. anarjhjptica, however, seems to be very closely related to Elobl. vemista in
most of its features, but is smaller than it, has n proportionally smaller scapular field and a '
considerably larger externomedian field ; the distribution of the apical branches of the in-
tcmomedian vein is also more complex in this species than in Etohl. venusta ; from Etohl.
Lesfjuereuxii it is at once separable by the form of the wing and the greater breadth and
extent of the mediastinal area. Among European species it is perhaps most nearly allied
to Etohl. mantidioides and Etohl. carhonaria, but differs from both of them in much tho
same particulars as from Etohl. venusta ; it is also larger than they, and especially than
Etohl. mantidloidea.

The single specimen comes from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Etoblattina Tenusta. Tl. 0, fig. 12.

Blattina venusta Lcsq,, Owen, 2d Rep. Geti. Ark., 314, pi. 5, fig. 11 ; — Heer,«Viertelj.
naturf Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287; — Scudd., Geol. Mag., v, 176-77; — Gold., Faun,
saraep. foss., ii, 19.

Front wing. The wing has an oblong subovate form, apparently resembling that of
Etohl. carhonaria, so far as can be judged from the rather imperfect fragment which repre-
sents the American species ; the costal margin, however, is nearly perfect, and is very
regularly and considerably convex — more convex, perhaps, than in any other species of
Etoblattina. Although the base of the single known specimen is broken, the veins by their
curve appear to have arisen near the middle line of the wing, and to have been well arched
in running from the base. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin,
gradually approaching it in its apical half, and at last rather suddenly impinging on it, at
about the end of the middle fifth of the wing ; it emits an excessive number (sixteen or
more) of mostly arcuate, simple or forked veins, closely crowded and subparallel, at base
nearly transverse, at tip very oblique ; in its middle the area is nearly one-fourth the width

91

tenni-

of the wing. The Hciipular vein runH Hubpiirallol to tljo coHtiil border and ratliL'r diHtant
from it, hut dooH not have a roj^idar curvo, for it dividon not far from tho ontl of tlio IiiimuI
third of the wing, and turuM from tho original (U)iirso as miioii as does tho branch ; it
apjUNirn, therefore, to l)e formed of two HtetnH, and each of these emits in a similar
manner three branches, the first two forked, tho last simple ; tho distribution of the
branches of this vein is therefore arborescent, the voiidets being mainly longitudinal, an<l
together occupying all the space beyond the mediastinal vein almost, if not quite, to the
tip. The externomedian vein has a broadly arcuate course, the apicid portion of whi(!h is
nearly traight; it begins to divide near the middle of tho wing, o])posite the secondary
forking of the scapular vein, and emits four straight longitudinal branches, which, if they
fork at all, only do ho ne.xt the apical margin ; they occupy a very slender field on tho
apical margin, apparently more below than above the very apex. The interno»ne<lian fol-
lows closely the course of the externomedian vein, being nearly straight in its apical half,
and terminates shortly before the tip of the wing, emitting eight or nine long, arcuate, gen-
erally simple, occasionally forked branches, the apical ones more longitudinally disposed
than the others, and all tolerably close. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate, and strikes
the inner margin certainly before the middle of the wing, perhaps considerably before it ;
the few anal veins that can be seen appear to hIiow that they are not very numerous and
are arcuate next the anal furrow.

The wing is of a tolerably large size, the length of tho fragment being 24.5 mm., the
probable length of the wing from 28-30 mm., and the breadth of the fragment doubtless
that of tho whole wing, 12.75 mm. ; the breadth to the length being about as 1 : 2.27.
The upper surface of the wing is exposed, and is flat and admirably preserved ; tho veins
at the base of the wing with their branches, as far a: the forking of tho scapular, are
slightly raised ; beyond this point, the principal veins, although elevated, are sidcate, and
the branches of the mediastinal, scapular, and externomedian are feebly impressed, while
those of the internomedian vein are slightly elevated ; tho anal furrow, in the part lying
parallel to the first internomedian vein (the only part preserved), is inxpressed in its basal
half, elevated in its apical half, and then indistinguishable in character from tho first int
nomedian branch, excepting in being a little less sharply elevated and slightly broader ;
the cross veins are equally distinct or nearly so throughout the wing, and are slightly ele-
vated, making a delicate tracery over the wings just indistinguishable by the naked eye;
in the apical half of the wing they are nearl}' all straight and regularly transverse, but in
the basal half, and especially in the central region of the wing, they are more sinuous and
interlacing ; this is especially true in the mediastino-scapular interspace, between the first
and second branches of the scapular vein, and on either side of the externomedian vein
where it first divides.

Although figured by Lesquereux nearly twenty years ago, this first known of American
fossil cockroaches has never before been described, the remarks in the Arkansas report being
only of a general nature. In the strongly curved outline of the costal margin, this species
resembles Etohl. anaglyptica, with which it agrees also in the general distribution of the
areas ; it is undoubtedly more nearly related to this species than to any other, but differs
from it in many minor points : the veins of the mediastinal area are much more frequent
and crowded in Etohl. venusta ; the branches of the scapular vein have a much more
arborescent distribution, and its first branch has as many sub-branches as the main stem,

(

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92

while in Ktohl. anagfifpti^.t it is only simply forked ; the division of the txternomedian
vein couinuMU'cs farther from the base mEtohl. renm('UM\i\ the apieal portion of the inter-
nouiedian vein does not have a snbarhoreM'ent distribution as in Etohl. amujli/ptica. In the
form of the winjjs and the riistribntion of the soapular hranoiies, it shows a certain likeness
to AV(>/>/. viaiitidtoides, but its nnieh jyreat-'r si/e and more extensive mediastinal area > . ul-
ily separate it from that spoi'ies. The points iti whieh it (litters from the only other Amer-
iean species of the jjenus will be iouni' mentioned under Htobl. Lixtiv.ert'uxii.

A single specimen only has been found, which lacks the base and tip. aiul has a ragged
inner margin. It is doubtfid whether the dotted line in PI. ('», lig. 12, by which I have in-
dicated the supposed outline of the base, is correct, for the curves of all the veins would
seem to indicate that too mucn is represented as lost ; but as this wouhl represent an amd
area of unusual brevity, I have only indicated in the measu''ement.s given above the possi-
bility of an error in my delineation.

It comes from Frog IJayou, Ark;>usas. and was obtained by Prof Leo Lesipiereux in black
carbonaceous ^hale. wilh broken fragments of plants, overlyijig the thin seam of coal be-
tween the millstone grit and the subcarboniforous limestones ; and if the period of deposi-
tion of the inillst»)ne grit was the same in tiie eastern and western coal deposits (see the
intro'.luction), is tlie oldest, sis it was the first discovered of the American fo.ssil cockroaches.

Etoblattina mantidioides. PI. '^, tig. S. (Si>i> als(> tUo tigmv on tliu opposito |>:igo.)

TihitUt sp. Kirkby, (leol. Mag., iv, 38'.), pi. 17, fig. 6, 7.
lihittUUnm mantidioides Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20.

The sijigle known specimen of this species is c<»mposed of oidy the basal half or more of a
front wing, so thai it is impo-ssible to give its shape with any certainty, or to be sure of the
lijuit between the scapular and externomedian areas. The costtd uuirgin is regular antl
rather gently arcuate, and the inner margin, beyo'.id the basal curve, is straight. This is
inaccurately given in our plate as cnrveil like the costal margin, and the ternunal portion
has therefore been incorrectly restored; it is far more probable that the shape of the wing
was nuich as in EtohJ. carbouaria, and a corrected figure is therefore given on the opposite
page. The veins originate above the middle of the base of the wing, and have a gentle
basal curve. The mediastinal vein is very short, ahnost reachiuj; the n\i\ of the frag-
ment, which cer^'iiidy does not represent more than one-half of the costal border; it runs
parallel to and not distant from this border, the area occupying less than a fourth of the
breadth of Ihe wing; it emits live or six simple or forked, parallel, oblique branches.
Between the mediastinal and internomedian areas, near to the base of the wing, are th.rei.
veins; whether the midtlle of the.>:e belongs to tite upper or lower — i. c, the scapidar or
externomedian — cannot bo told from the broken specimen ; it appears, however, to branch
from the scapular, and this I deem to be the most probable relation of this vein, although
it is otherwise indicated on the plate by the mark at the border; for on first study its
approxinuition, toward the end of the fragment, to the internomedian vein seemed to
render this i\n probable relation, and to make me then conclude that its basal union with
the scapular was only apparent ; subsetpient study, especially in comparison with the species
to which it appears most nearly allied, has since made the opposite appear the truth; and
while one cannot be ctrtnin of one's ground with so imperfect u fragment, the comparison
of this fragiuent with the more perfect relics of the specues near which I have now placed
it will coaviuue any ouo, I think, tluit ita true attinitiea are here, and tliat the middle niuhi

93

bninch probably boloiiojs nooordinj^ly to the sonpulivr voin. Supposinj; tbis to bo so. tlio
scapiibu* una is vi>rv oxtonsivo, torininntinj:^ probably at or scan-oly abovo (bo tip of (ho
wing, and oooupyiug in tho niitulle of tho wing noarly ball' its witltli; tbo voin branolios
vory noar tho baso, anti eaoh branch dividos diobotoinonsly sovoral tinios, soniling forth
b)ngitndinal shoot.-*, whloh in th«> uppor branch at loast sinnv, by a oortain ohliqiiity, signs
of a siniilarity to tbo voins of the niodia «tinal aroa. Tho oxtornoniodian voin branolios
(liohotonionsly I'ko tho lowor branch of tho soapnlar voin, oonnnonoing a littlo boforo (ho
middle of tho wing; the br.vnohos approximate, at loast at first, bnt afterwards pr(»bably
spread in more or loss of a fan shape. The intornomedian voin is gently obliqne and vory
slightly sinnons, and, to judge by its a.ssuniing toward the end of tho fragment a nu)re
longitudinal direction, probably terminates far out on tho inner margin toward tho tip of
the wing, tho aroa occupying nearly half tho breadth of the wing at tho middle; it etnits a
number of \ -allel, oblique, forked, rather distant branches. The anal furrow is strongly
and regular'^.' arcuate, terminating at not far from tho end of (he basal third of (ho wing;
(bo amil voins are ruthor numerous, sui)parallol, nearly straight and nsCially forked, tho
forks .sometimes torntinating on the neighboring veins or on the anal furrow, and so i)re-
.sonting a confused appearance.

In addition the wing is described as having the front margin produced and
llattonod. The fvagment is nearly 11 nun. long, representing awing of com-
pa'-ativoly snudl .»<izo, jjrobably altout IS nun. long; the breadth is about S mm. ;
tho restored portion in tho p.lato is reprosentod as nnich too short, the broatltb
to the length being about as 1 : l!.25. Tho annexed cut is more nearly correct
in this particular, llosides the single specimen described, another fragment,
slu)wing one or two voins only, occurrid with it, and pn)bably belongs here,
for both are similarly nuirkod by a line and irregular reticulation.

If wo have correctly interproled the parts of this wing, the species is sojuowhat closely
allied to Ktohl. carhoiiarla, although certainly distinct from it by tho biovity of tlie medi-
astinal area and the ditrorcnt distribution of the branches of tho scapular vein. In the
brevity, although not in the width of the mediastinal area it approaches Etohl. >f/)topfihhit'a,
but the wing does not appear to be so slender, and tho distribution of the branches of tho
scapular voin is again difl'orent; from JCtohl. nissointu with which it agrees in general
features, it diJlers in its smaller size and the brevity of the mediastinal aroa; while frtmi
EtoUl.jUiheUata, with which it agrees vory well in tho extent of tho Viiodiastinal area, it
dillors by tho very dittbreiit distribution of the branches of tho oxtornomodian vein.

The single sp, Mmen ca.no from '' the north bank of the Wear, opposite to Claxheugh,
about two miles from Simderland," Dm-hani, England; from '• very near to the dip of (he
coal-h>oa.sures, as developed in Ourhani." Upper carbojuferous, according to tho recent
classilication of Hull.

Etoblattdna carbonarla. PI. *2, ilg. 8.

niattina cm-bounrla Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, SiVvSO, tab. ol, figs. G", G'"; — Oiob.,
Ins. Vorw., 315; — Ileer, Viertelj. natnrf. Goselb;'h. Zilricli, ix, 287, No. W (noi, 28S,
No. 15);~E. Coin., Neuoa Jahrb. f. Miner., ISTf), 5 ; — lb., None Anfschl. Dyas v
Weiss., 5; — Cold., Faun, saraop. foss., ii, 1!), No. '^ (not 20, No. JU).

Tho front wing has a somewhat obovato form, the costal border boin^ very regularly and
ruther 8trongly convex ; the tip ih broken in the ningle specimen known, and the inner

i:tMiiltiitf

iiMiiiiiHiiiiiin.

I

i

!i
it;

'^U

i-i- 1

94

border ia not continuous, so that its contour cannot be certainly determined, but it appears
to he (gently convex. The veins stirt from some distance above the middle of the wing,
and curve upward .considerably before assuming a longitudinal course. The mediastinal
vein continues subparallel to the front border, and terminates scarcely before the middle of
the apical half of the wing, emitting seven or eight very oblique, usually forked branches;
the area is narrow, scarcely occupying one-fourth the breadth of the wing. The scapular
vein has a sinuous course, diverging slightly from the costal margin and from the medi-
astinal A jin in the basal half of its course, afterwards converging and terminating barely
before the tip of the wing ; ^ it commences to divide far before the middle of the wing, and
anterior to several branches of the mediastinal vein ; its branches are numerous (seven or
■more), and simple or forked, having in this respect as in direction, although not at all in
length, a resemblance to the mediastinal branches ; the mediastinal area occupies two-fifths
the breadth of the wing. The externomedian vein beyond its basal curve is nearly
straight, and terminates at some distance before the end of th") inner border, so that the
area occupies rather broadly i^e lower outer angle of the wing; the vein commences to
branch a little beyond the middle of the wing, and emits three or four simple or com-
pound branches, which, like those of the preceding areas, ai*e pretty closely crowded.
The internomedian vein follows closely the course of the externomedian, so that the area
narrows regularly and rather rapidly ; the vein emits six or seven simple or simply forked
branches, which are pretty straight, oblique, and more distant than those of the other
areas. The anal furrow is well impi'essed, strongly arcuate, and terminates near the
end of the basal thii'd of the wing, while the anal veins are subparallel to it, simple,
and rather closely crowded.

This gracefully formed wing might well stand as the type of this group of fossil cock-
roaches ; it is of medium size, the length of the fragment being 20 mm. ; the probable
length of the wing is 22.5 mm., and its breadth is 8.75 mm.; or the breadth to the length
as 1 : 2.57.

The pronotal shield attached to the wings has a parabolic outline, the hind border,
however, strongly convex ; the broadest part is scarcely in front of the middle of the
posterior half, where the breadth equals the length; in front of this it tapers rapidly.
Length, 9.5 mm.

The wing has much the same shape as Etohl. mantidioides, from which it diifers in its
larger size, the greater length of the mediastinal area, and the distribution of the branches
of the scapular and externomedian veins. It also approaches the American Etobl. venusia,
which is larger than it, but agrees better in the mediastinal area, and to a large extent in
the branches of the scapular vein ; in Etohl. venustu, however, this fii'st divides still
further toward the ])ase of the wing; and the branches of the externomedian vein are also
simple in the American species and compound in the European. From Etobl. didyma it
differs by its very much smaller size, the narrowness of the mediastinal area, and the distri-
bution of the externomedian branches.

Germar described the species from seven Individual?? from Wettin, Germany. Upper
carboniferous. Geinitz mentions a specimen from WeLssig, Saxony. Lower Dyas. (But
as no description or figure is given, this may ha looked upon as dubious.)

Acridites carbonaria, referred by some authors to Blattina, appears to be a Neuropteron.

' The area of this vein is represented on our plate m
broader than it should be, and the restored outline is also

probably too contracted, throwing the extremity of the vein
at the extreme Up of the wing.

K.il- ■' M

96

Btoblattina didyma. PI. 2, fig. 13.

" Dictyopteris didyma Rost, Dissert, flor. Wettin, 21."

Blatlina didyma Germ., Miinst. Beitr. z. Petref, v, 92, tab. 13, fig. l"!*"; — lb., Verst.
Steink. Wettin, vii, 83, tab. 31, figs. 2, 3 ;— Quenst., Handb. Petref., tab. 24, fig. 16 ; —
Gieb., Deutschl. Petref., 637 ; — lb., Ins. Vorw., 3^4; — Pict., Trcit^ Pal., 2" <3d., ii,
362, pi. 40, fig. 2 ; — Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287 ; — lb., Faun,
saraep. foss.. ii, 19.

Not Blattina ? didyma Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, 87, pi. 31, fig. 10 ; nor Bl. didyma
Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral. : nor Blatta didyma Germ. - Ber., Org. Re.'^te Bernst.,
II, 34-35.

Compare the synonomy of Anthracohl. sopita.

The front wing is long and nearly equal, the costal margia regularly and considerably
convex, the inner margin almost straight until near the tip, the apex broadly and regularly
rounded. The veins appear to originate somewhat above the middle of the base, but about
the middle line of the wing. The mediastinal vein runs parallel to the costal margin at
about the middle of the anterior half of the wing, and terminates by a somewhat rapid
curve upward at about the middle of the apical half of the wing ; it emits a large num-
ber of not very closely crowded simple or forked oblique branches. The scapular vein,
beyond its basal curve, ha.s a nearly longitudinal course, but apically bends upward some-
what abruptly,' and terminates just before the tip of the wing ; it first divides at about the
end of the basal third of the wing ; its first branch is compound, but the others, two or
three in number,* are simple ; the vein is very distant from the mediastinal, so that the
area, at its widest, occupies nearly one-half the breadth of the wing. The externomedian
vein also divides early, before the middle of the wing, and occupies with its branches the
entire broad apex of the wing, and encroaches slightly on the inner margin ; it emits first
a compound arborescent branch, and then several simple branches, the latter terminating
below the extreme apex. The internomedian vein, beyond its basal curve, is nearly
straight, and terminates a little before the apex of the wing, emitting eight or nine simple
or occasionally forked, somewhat sinuous, oblique branches, besides, in the only example
known, a single superior branch parallel to the main vein.^ The anal furrow is well im-
pressed, strongly oblique, and terminates at the end of the basal third of the wing ; the
numerous anal veins which follow it are similarly but more gently curved and simple or
forked.

The wing figured by Germar is a little broken at the base, but otherwise nearly perfect,
for although • the apical margin is represented as doubtful by Germar, its agreement with
the tips of the veins rtnders it almost certainly correct; the wing thus preserved is 40 mm.

i

* Tliis is the way it is represented in Germnr's larger r.nd
presumably more correct figure in liis Wettin fossils; in his
smaller figure it has no such abrupt bend.

' Diflurent in the several figures by Germar.

' It is impossible, from Gcrmar's figures, to be quite sure
that th ! lowest two or three branches of the externomedian
vein do not belong to this superior branch of the interno-
median vein, which latter would then have the peculiar dis-
position common to Etoht. anaglijplica and other allied
forms ; but the mode of distribution of the branches of the

main internomedian vein beyond the origin of this superior
branch is very regular, while in ull those species in which
the internomedian vein changes from an oblique to a longi-
tudinal course and is accompanied by an arborescent disposi-
tion of the apical branches, this portion of the area is either
itself filled with similar arborescent branches, or is at least
irregular. In his description GArmar also assigns these
doubtful branches tu the externomedian and not to the in-
ternomedian vein, and we may therefore reasonably follow
the same course.

96

!!;■

I!!!

I'i!

■'*<:

long and 15 mm. broad,' and is therefore the largest, or one of the largest, of the species of
this genus ; the breadth is to the length as 1 : 2. 07 ; with a lens the entire surface is seen
to be covered with a delicate network of cross veins, connecting the veins by exact trans-
verse lines.

The two species to which this insect is the most nearly allied are those between which it
is here placed. From both it is at once distinguishable by its far greater size; from Elohl.
carb'juaria it differs in the less extent of the scapular area, the fewer number of veins in
the same area, and its earlier division. From Etobl. russoma it is separated by its nar-
rower and longer mediastinal area, and the less profuse branching of the scapular and
externomedian veins.

Germar described the species from a single specimen and its i-everse, found at Wettin,
Germany. According to Mahr, the species has been repeatedly found at Manebach, near
Ilmenau. Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Acr'uUtes carbonaria, considered by some authors as the hind wing of this insect, is
rather to be looked upon as neuropterous. Blatta didyma Germ.-Ber., is an amber insect,
which does not belonj; to the Palaeoblattariae

Etoblattina russoma. PI. 2, fig. 6.

Blattina russoma Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 18G9, 159, taf. 3, figs. 2% 2*, 2"; — lb.,

Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20.

The front wing is tolerably broad, the costal margin very regularly and rather strongly
convex, the inner margin nearly straight to the tapering, well-rounded tip. The veins
originate far above the middle of the wing, and have a slight upward curve. for a short
distance. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal border, which it approaches
apically in a very gradual manner, and terminates shortly before the end of the middle
third of the wing ; the area is less than one-fourth the breadth of the wing, and is filled with
seven or eight simple or forked, straight, oblique branches. The scapular vein has a broadly
but rather strongly sinuous course, running parallel to the costal margin in the basal two-
thirds of the wing, and beyond that curving toward the margin, terminating just before
the tip ; it begins to divide in the middle of the basal half of the wing, and emits about
five branches, which become less and less compound apically, but terminate on the
margin in about a dozen closely crowded branches ; this area occupies more than one-third
the breadth of the middle of the Aving. The externomedian vein is broadly and rather
strongly arcuate next the base, afterwards nearly straight, terminating at some distance
before the end of the inner border; it commences to divide at some distance before the
middle of the wing, but further out than the scapular vein, and bears a couple of com-
pound branches, which subdivide irregularly many times, and fill with numerous veins an
area larger than usual in this genus, occupying upon the margin not only the whole of the
apical border, but an equal extent of the extremity of the inner border. The interno-
median vein is parallel and close to the externomedian vein throughout its course beyond
the basal curve, and emits about half a dozen long, generally simple and nearly straight
branches, parallel to and rather distant from one another; so rapid is the narrowing of the

' Germar gives the ineasiiruincnt as 30 mm. long and
10 mm. bruuil; but eviilently by mistake, as it disagreos both
with the dimensions of bis unenlarged figure and his Ger-
man measurements (18 liaes long by 6 lines broad); these

latter are also inaccurate, as the wing is not three times as
long as broad. The figures we have taken are from measure-
ments of the smaller Sgure in the Wettin fossils.

97

area, that its length along the inner margin is only a little longer than its longest basal
branch. The anal furrow is strongly impressed anil its basal two-thirds very strongly
arcuate, while the apical third is straight, terminating some distance before the middle of
the wing; the anal field, notwithstanding its unusual length, is almost as broad, and is iillcd
with about eight arcuate, moderately distant veins, most of which are simple, those nearest
the furrow subparallel to it, the others curved in an opposite direction.

The wing is peculiar for the prominence of thj lower basal angle, which in nearly right-
angled, and for the corresponding extent of the anal area; it is of medium size, measuring
25 mm. in length and 10.5 mm. in breadth, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 2.38.
Only a single specimen is mentioned as having been found, which is perfect but for the
obliteration of parts of one or two veins at the tip of the internomediaii area.

Goldenberg compares this species to Etohl. earbonaria, remarking that it agrees best
with it in size and shape, but must be considered specifically distinct on account of the
pecidiar venation of all the areas, and especially of the combined scapular and externo-
median areas (Mittelfeld), which has nearly double as many brunches as in Etohl. ear-
bonaria; he also mentions the peculiar branching of the externomedian vein by which the
vein, beyond its last fork, rims free to the margin, parallel to an oflslioot from the last branch
of the same vein ; and also the shoulder at the base of the wing, which is wrinkled and
projects as a sharp angle. Although certaiidy very closely allied to the species mentioned,
Etohl. russoma diflers further from it in the less frequent forking of the mediastinal veins,
in the earlier division of the scapular and externomedian veins, the doubly forking basal
branch of the former, the greater irregularity in the branching of the latter, and in the
much more rapid narrowing of the internomedian field. It also differs a little in its greater
size, but it is not truo that the combined scapular and externomedian areas have nearly
double as many branches as in Etohl. earbonaria ; the broken tip of the latter will not
allow us to determine just how many there are, but there is room for additional )n-anches
in the broken portion, and those actually visible are eighteen, against twenty-five at the
very nuirgin of Etohl. russoma ; or if we take each vein separately, we find in the nearly
perfect scapular vein of Etohl. earbonaria eleven branches, against twelve in Etohl. rus-
soma ; in the externomedian vein of the former, which is certainly very imperfect, seven
veins, against thirteen in the latter — a difference Avhich is nearly double, but which is
unquestionably due, in part at least, to the imperfect, state of the only known fragment of
Etohl. earbonaria. From Etohl. dichjma, Etohl. russoma differs in nearly all the points
by which it may be distinguished from Etohl. earbonaria, and, besides, differs consider-
ably from it by its smaller size and less symmetrical shape, and the more frequent division
of the scapular and lower externomedian branches. From Etohl. leptophlehica it differs
in its broader and rounder form, and the much smaller extent of tiie scapular and interno-
median areas, as well as in the fuller expansion of the externomedian area.

A single specimen was found at Lobejiin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Etoblattina leptophlebica PI. 3, fig. 9.

Blattina leptophlebiea Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 18G9, 158-59, taf. 3, figs. 1*, 1*; —

lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19.

The front wing is long and slender, tapering, and straight ; the costal margin is veiy
gently convex, the inner margin straight, but the tip of the only specimen is broken.

1%

IP.
,11

'■^ J;

■ , ; I

i.

98

The veins originate considerably above the middle of the wing, and curve slightly upward
from the base before becoming longitudinal. The mediastinal vein is gently arcuate, runs
for a short distance parallel to the border, then curves gently toward it, and terminates at
about the mi<ldle of the wing; the area occupies nearly one-third the width of the wing,
and is filled with half a dozen forking, occasionally simple, oblique branches. . The scapular
vein, beyond the common clustering of the veins at the base, parts rapidly from the medi-
astinal, and pursues a broadly arcuate course, at first divaricating slightly from the costal
margin and afterwards gradually approaching it, and terminates probably just before the
tip of the wing ; in the apical half of the wing it runs as far as the middle line of the
wing, making the area of unusual width ; it emits about eight singly or doubly forked
branches (Avith occasionally a simple one), which are therefore long and closely crowded, and
assume a direction parallel to the mediastinal veins and very similar; the branching com-
mences in the middle of the basal half of the wing, as far back as the first division of the
internomedian vein. The externomedian vein is nearly straight, but very gently and
broadly sinuous beyond the basal curve, and terminates probably not far before the apex,
leaving for the area a small marginal extent over the probably narrow apex and lower
outer angle of the wing ; notwithstanding the slenderness of the area, the vein commences
to branch before the middle of the wing, and emits three or four simple or forked branches
(most of them probably foi'ked near the tip, which is broken), which have a longitudinal
course. The internomedian vein runs side by side with the preceding, and emits first a
series of comparatively distant nearly straight and simple veins, about four in number,
which occupy about one-half of the rather gradually narrowing area ; these are followed
by a forked and then by a compound branch, whose forks fill the narrowing apex. The anal
furrow is strongly impressed, stout, strongly and very regularly arcuate, and terminates at
the end of the basal two-fifths of the wing ; the anal veins are mostly simple, occasionally
feebly forked, very numerous, and very crowded, especially away from the furrow ; next
the furrow they are rather gently arcuate, gradually becoming nearly straight or sinuous.

The wing is peculiar among its immediate congeners for its straight and tapering slender
form, recalling exactly that of Etohl. affinis ; it is also peculiar for the extreme breadth of
the scapular area, due to the deep sinuosity of the scapular vein. It is a comparatively
small species, the wing being probably only 19.5 mm. long (the fragment preserved meas-
ures 16.5 mm.), and is 7 mm. broad in the middle ; or the breadth is to the length nearly
as 1 : 2.8. To judge from Goldenberg's figures (he makes no mention of the fact), the
base of the mediastinal area is obscurely striate longitudinally, and the rest of the wing,
or at least around the anal furrow, very minutely and very obscurely reticulate, with three
or four rows of polygonal cells in each interspace.

This species cannot be confounded with any other, for it is widely separated from all
with which from its size and form it might be compared, by the broad scapular area, whose
long branches simulate the distribution of those in the unusually short mediastinal area ;
it is most nearly allied to Etohl. russoma, where the general distribution of the branches
in the much smaller scapular area is similar, as is also the early branching of this vein
and the externomedian ; but the form of the wing, the short mediastinal area, and the
much narrower and more gently tapering internomedian area of Etohl. leptophlehica at
once distinguishes it from Etohl. russoma. It was compared by Goldenberg to Etohl.
anaglyptica, on account of the form of the wing, but besides differing considerably in the

99

points of neuration mentioned by GoUlenberg, and by others, has a much less convex costal
margin and a more regularly and gently tapering form.

The single specimen comes from Liibejiin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Btoblattina manebaohensis. PI. 2, fig. 14.

BlaUina manehachensia Gold... Noues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, ll'O, taf. 3, fig. 4; — lb..

Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19.

The front wing is long obovate, both margins being somewhat similarly curved, although
the inner is more strongly and more regularly convex than the costal margin, the latter
being straight in its middle half; the tip is neither broadly rounded nor produced ; the
veins originate slightly above the middle of the wing, and cui-ve upward gently before
becoming straight ; beyond this they are all unusually straight. The mediastinal vein runs
parallel to, and tolerably distant from, the costal nuirgin in the basal half of its course, the
area here occupying a little less than a third of tlie breadth of tiie wing ; beyond, the vein
gradually approaches the margin, meeting it only a little beyond the middle of the
wing ; it emits half a dozen or more simple or simply forked oblique branches. The scap-
ular vein is very stra* \t, scarcely curved at the extremity as it approaches the border, just
before the apical margm of the wing ; it runs subparallel to the costjil margin, commences
to divide at the end of the basal third of the wing, and has about five branches ; tlie basal
one compound, the next forked, and the others simple, all taking tlie course of the medi-
astinal branches, and together occupying an area from one-fourth to one-third the width
of the wing. The externomedian vein commences to divide scarcely earlier than the scap-
ular vein, and emits about as many branches, which are simple, straight and longitudinal
for a long distance, commencing to divide only opposite the origin of the last branch, when
they fork almost simultaneously, the first again dividing ; the area occupied by them is very
regularly wedge-shaped, and at the margin occupies the entire apex of the Aving. The inter-
nomodian vein runs very close and parallel to the preceding vein, being arcuate at the base
ard beyond straight, meeting the lower border opposite the tip of the scapular vein ; it
emits seven or eight, generally simple, occasionally forked, nearly straight, parallel, oblique,
and rather distant veins. The anal furrow is well impressed, strongly arcuate, but straight-
ened apically, striking the margin a little beyond the basal third of the wing ; the area
covers about two-fifths of the width of the base of the wing, and is occupied by eight or
nine simple or deeply forked veins, arcuate next the anal furrow, straight and crowded
toward the inner angle.

The wing, by the similarity of its margins, differs from most Etoblattinae, E. Dohrn'd
alone resembling it closely ; it is also peculiar for the extreme straightness of its principal
veins. It is of medium size, the single specimen known being a perfect fere wing, 25.5
mm. long, and 10 mm. broad ; or the breadth is to the length as 1 : 2.55. From Etohl.
Dohrnii, which it so closely resembles in general form, and in the straightness of the veins,
it is readily distinguished by the crowding of the branches, the brevity of the mediastinal
vein, and the early division and numerous branches of the externomedian vein. It is larger
than, and not so tapering as, Etohl. lejjtojihlebica, besides being iuunediately distinguished by
the straightness of the scapular vein. From Etohl. elongata it is abundantly distinct by its
broader form, and by the straightness of the apex of the scapular vein. The straightness

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100

of the veins will also distinguish it from Etohl. anthracophila, with which it agrees in many
points. Golflenberg compares it" to JiJtobl. primaeva, with which it has certain resemblances
indeed by the straightness of the veins, and the early division of the externomedian vein,
but from which it differs in nerrly every other point of its structure, and from which itmny
be distinguished at a glance (to mention no other points), by having scarcely one-half the
breadth of the larger species.

A single specimen from Manebach, near Ilmenau, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Etoblattina elongata. PI. 2, fig. 10.

Blattina sp. ("cf. MahrV) E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1875, 5, taf 1, fig. 2; —
lb., Neue Aufschl. Dyas v. Weiss., 5, taf. 1, fig. 2.

The front wing is so imperfect in the only specimen known, that it is difficidt to describe
its form ; yet to judge of the apical half, which only is preserved, it is the very slenderest of
the species of Etoblattina, although nearly as long as the largest ; the two margins approach
each other gradually and equally in this apical half, making the tip exceptionally narrow,
although it is well rounded. Only the tip and a portion of two branches of the mediastinal
vein can be seen, by which we should judge that the vein was rather long, terminating only
a little before the apical third of the wing, and had a number of rather distant, straight,
oblique and simple branches. The scapular vein runs parallel to the costal margin until
close to the tip, when it curves toward the margin, which it strikes scarcely before the
extreme apex of the wing; it bej^.ns to divide near the middle of the wing, emits half a
dozen straight, oblique, simple, rather distant branches, quite parallel to those of the medi-
astinal area, and occupies near the middle two-fifths, next the apex one-half, the width of
the wing. The externomedian vein divides opposite the division of the scapular vein, the
forks parting but slightly and again dividing (doubly) only shortly before the tip, so that
this vein is unusually distant from the veins on either side of it, and occupies on the mar-
gin a narrow area, including most of the tip and the apical portion of the inner border.
The internomedian vein probably changes its early course (after being directed, in the un-
known basal half, more obliquely toward the inner margin), for the portion in the apical
half is nearly longitudinal and nearly straight, curved downward toward the border very
slightly ; it terminates at a little distance before the tip, and emits two or three extremely
distant simple branches.

Geinitz describes the surface of the wing as delicately granulate, and apparently of a
somewhat rigid, parchment-like consistency. The fragment is 18.5 mm. long, and 11 mm.
broad ; the whole wing was probably 35 mm. long and scarcely more than 11 mm. broad,
the breadth to the length being as 1 : 3.2; it is, therefore, the largest of the slender, or the
slenderest of the larger species, and is peculiar for its tapering apex. In the straightness
of its veins it resembles the preceding species as well as Etohl. Dohrnii, but is abundantly
distinct from either by its slenderer form. The only other species which has such a taper-
ing tip is Etohl. parvula, a much smaller and less slender form. Geinitz considered it as
probably the apex of the wing of Gerahl. Mahri ; the infrequency of the branches indeed
make it resemble that species in a general way, but it is difficult to compare it with that
from the fact that the only specimen of Gerahl. Mahri known has lost almost the whole of
the tip ; but there is a single point which is indisputable, and that is the excessive length

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101

of the mediastinal vein in Gerabl. Mahri, which I'oaclies the apex where that of the Hcapiilar
vein iinpingen on the border in Etohl. elomjata ; it ia, therefore, pkinly impossible tho^t
they should be properly considered the mime.
A single specimen is mentioned by Geinitz from Weissig, Saxony. Lower Dyas.

Btoblattliia panmla. PI. 2, fig. 0.

Blattina parmila Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 18G9, 161, tat. 3, fig. 6; — lb., Faun.

saraep. foss., ii, 10.

In form the front wing of this species agrees pretty well with that of the last, but it is
not so slender ; both costal and inner margins have a similar and pretty strong convexity,
and the wing Uipers rapidly and pretty regularly to a somewhat pointed tip, the very apex
of which is rounded. The veins spring from a common point, above the middle of the base
of the wing, and have scarcely any basal c rve. The base of the mediastinal area is, there-
fore, about one-third as wide as the wing at that point, and the mediastinal vein, very gi-ad-
ually approaching the costal margin, strikes it nearly at the end of the middle third of the
wing ; it emits half a dozen or more simple, oblique, slightly arcuate branches. The scap-
ular vein is nearly straight, curving only near the tip, and, running subparallel to the costal
margin, occupies with its branches a variable width of the wing, reaching the middle lino
in the apical half; it commences to divide at some distance before the middle of the wing,
and emits about half a dozen simple, straight branches, the first one of which is forked
near the tip, and r.ll have a direction similar to, but a little more longitudinal than, the
mediastinal branches ; the vein terminates exactly at the apex of the wing. The externo-
median v<Mn, emitting near the middle of the basal half of the wing a straight, apically
forked branch, which runs close and parallel to the scapidar vein, itself bends downward, and
then turns out again, and continuing nearly parallel to its first branch, ends some distance
beyond the middle of the apical half of the inner border, emitting a couple of equidistant,
straight and simple branches on the way ; on the border, then, this area occupies the apical
fifth of the inner margin. The internomedian vein runs in close proximity to the last vein,
and has, therefore, a rather deeply sinuous course, and emits three or four, basally curved,
apically forked branches. The anal furrow is very deeply impressed, strongly arcuate, ter-
minating near the end of the basal third of the inner border, and leaving the area
nearly as broad as long ; the anal veins of the upper half of the area are obscured ; in the
lower half they are thickly crowded, nearly straight, unusually longitudinal and deeply
forked.

This is one of the very smallest species, the front wing measuring only 9 mm. in length,
and 3.75 mm. in breadth, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 2.4. In its minute size it
differs from all but the succeeding species, which agrees well, as Goldenberg remarks, with
that of the living Ectobia lapponica (Linn.) ; but it is peculiar, among palaeozoic cockroaches,
for the shape of the wing and the distribution of the branches of the lower veins of the
wing. It is most nearly related to Etohl. elongata, which is many times its size and is a
slenderer species. It agrees in size with Etohl. insignis, but the course of the internome-
dian vein is very different, and all the veins and their branches are distinct instead of being
nearly obliterated, as in that remarkable species.

A single specimen from Lobejun, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

iiu

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j^ i!!

102

BtobUttUia (?) Inaignlii. n. 2, fig. 7 ; pi. 4, fig. 9.

Blattma InHit/niH Ciohl., Vorw. Fium. Saarhr., 17 ; — lb., Faun. Hnracp. fo88., i, 17, taf. 2,
fig. 14; — lb., Faun, naraup. funs., ii, 20, 51; — Scudd., Mem. Bost. boc. nat. liiHt.,
in, 19.

Tlic front wing of this insect seems to liave very nearly the same form its that of the
preceding species, but lius perhaps a little fuller anal area, and a less pointed tip. It is not
at all c.oar from what point the veins originate, and it is doubtfid whether they have a
conunon origin. Tlie veins are all exceedingly obscure, and even the limit*< of the areas are
doubtful. The mediastinal area appears to have a width of one-third that of the wing at
the base, and the vein seems to terminate at about the end of the middle third of the wing.
The scapular vein is apparently nearly straight, running down the middle of the wing, and
terminating at the tip. The externomedian probably occupies a narrow area; it can hardly
divide before the middle of the wing, and on the uuirgin covers the apical third of the
inner border. The internomcdian vein probably terminates at the end of the middle third of
the wing, perhaps farther out, and is supplied with closely crowded forking veins. The anal
furi'ow is deeply impressed, arcuate, and rather bent in the middle, and terminates at the
end of the basal third of the wing. No branches of veins can be made out, to judge from
Goldenberg's drawing, excepting in the internomedian area.

The two front wings are present in the only specimen yet discovered, one broken at the
tip, the other along the inner margin ; between these two the form of the wing can bo
accurately detemiined, but the tip is represented inaccurately in PI. 2, fig. 7, as fully
rounded, whereas its form shoidd be much as in Etobl. ixirvnla. With that species, it
is the smallest known, the front wing measuring but 9 mm. in length, and 4.25 mm. in
breadth, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 2.12.

Goldenberg renuirks, that from the slight traces of the veins, the texture of the front
wings of this insect was probably similar to that of those of Corydia and Phoraspis.

Hind wing. The hiiul Aving of this species closely resembles the front wing in form and
size, and could scarcely have possessed a plicated anal area ; the neuration, too, is nearly as
obscure as in the front wing, throwing some doubt upon the presumed thickened consistency
of the front wing, since, in living insects, the hind wing is always membranous. In the
original drawings of this insect, which formed the basis of Goldenberg's plates, and which
Dr. Goldenberg has been kind enough to send me for study, the two hind wings are not
quite alike, the left wing, which I have reproduced in outline in PI. 4, fig. 9, being con-
siderably more pointed and narrower than the right wing ; the two winga show, also, a
somewhat different arrangement of veins, although these are very obscure in both ; next
the front wing, which hides a portion of the costal area, there are in the left wing several
longitudinal parallel veins, which cannot be made out in the right ; and the rest of the
wing, or fully two-thirds of it, is made up of a single longitudinal vein (the anal), with
numerous obliquely longitudinal, simple branches ; on the right wing, however, it would
appear as if these branches, holding much the same position, were about equally divided
between an anal and an internomedian set, in both of which they appear to be forked as
often as simple ; the arrangement faintly indicated on the right Aving, corresponds better,
although not closely, to that of the front wing. Goldenberg considers all the veins as

f'i,

103

belonj^ing to the niml field, which he jlcBcrlben as having " mnny dolicato, radiating, longi-
tudinal voinH, connected hy scarcely perceptil)le delicate cross veins." Length, 11 mm. ;
breadth, 4 mm.

This insect is, perhaps, the most complete of any of the palaeozoic species of cockroach,
the abdomen being almost completely preserved, but the legs unfortunately wanting. The
pronotal shield is shiiped st mewliat as in EtobL carhonaria, being longitudinally oval,
broadest near the posterior margin, tapering toward the rounded front, the hind margin
apparently broadly romided ; it is somewhat gibbous, and shows in the middle and laterally
weak longitudinal furrows ; it is 7 nmi. long, and 6.25 mm. broad. The mesothorax is
very short and inconspicuous ; the metathorax quadilateral, nearly as long "s broad, broadest
in front, and narrowing rapidly behind ; the front and hind borders are slightly arcuate, tho
curve opening posteriorly, the lateral angles rounded, the surface marked by weak median,
longitudinal and transverse furrows ; length, 2.75 mm., breadth behind, 2 mm. The abdo-
men is extraordinarily slender, as it is in no modern types, giving tho insect a remarkably
strange aspect ; seven segments are preserved, and these grow gradually larger and broader
posteriorly ; they are sharply separated from each other, and the lateral margins somewhat
upturned; the whole abdomen is 8.5 mm. long; its breadth at base is l.G mm.; at the
end of the seventh segment 2.2 mm.

Goldenberg remarks of this insect, that it is by far tho most complete and best preserved
of all that have yet been found in the carboniferous formation (Anthracohl. sojnla was
not then known) ; and that it presents so many anomalies in not unimportant parts of
its structure, separating it from all hitherto known cockroaches, whether living or fossil, as
to render it highly probable that it should be considered a peculiar extinct genus, either
belonging to the family of cockroaches, or falling very near it.

So little, however, is yet known of parts other than the wings in this genus, and as
the wings appear by their neuration to fall within this genus, it has seemed the best way
to place it here, at least until new examination shall give us a better clue to its true ailini-
ties. Should the neuration prove clearly tlistinct from the other members of this genus,
there can be no doubt that it should stand by itself.

The single specimen found was discovered in n bluish shale, in the Skalley-shaft of the
Ilirschbach coal-pit at Smirbriicken, Gennany. Middle carboniferous.

1.

,

Archimylactls {"px^, /wXax/iii)

Archimylaeris Scudd., Daws. Acad. Geol., 2d ed., 388 (1868).

The mediastinal vein of the front wing runs parallel to and not distant from the costal
margin to a little beyond the middle of the wing, occupying less than one-fourth the
breadth of the wing, and emitting a considerable number of mostly forked, very oblique,
but still short branches. The scapular vein is considerably and pretty regularly curved, in
the same sense as the costal margin, but rather more strongly than it, lies rather distant
from the mediastinal vein, and, beginning to branch at some distance before the middle of
the wing, occupies with its branches, in the apical half of the wing, an average of nearly or
quite one-half the breadth of the wing ; its trend, however, is so fur downward that, trav-
ersing the apex of the wing obliquely, it terminates below the tip ; it emits a large number
of branches, the general direction of which is similar to those of the mediastinal vein;
they fork repeatedly, so that the area is closely crowded with veins. The externomedian

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104

area in inHigniflcant; tho vein runn parallel to tlio preceding, furkfl a little way beyond it,
the branches again bifurcating once or twice, all in a longitudinal way and cloHcly approx-
imated, 8o that at tho extremity of the inner margin the area only covers a very limited
space. The anal and internomedian areas together cover almost the entire inner margin,
ore very broad opposite the middle of the former, where they occupy considerably more
than half the breadth of the wing, and rapidly and regularly diminish in width ; tho anal
furrow is very strongly arcuate, rather distinctly impressed, and terminates at or a little
beyond the end of the first third of the inner margin ; there are six or seven simple or
forked branches of the internomedian vein, nearly all of which curve a little outward as
they approach the margin, and are more longitudinal toward tho apex than toward the
base. The veins of the anal area are five or six in number, more frequent toward tho anal
angle, nearly straight and oblique, and simple ; excepting that next the anal furrow, which
Ih arcuate, and emits two or three inferior branches, nearly parallel to the other veins.

The wings are peculiar for the backward sweep of the scapular vein, so that tho entire
apex is included in the area of this vein ; the two species diiTer very much in the proportion
of the length to the breadth, one being remarkably stout, the other a little more than
usually slender.

Besides front wings, one of the species referred to this genus, preserves a fragment of
the hind wing, and a pronotnl shield ; the former consists of the extremity of the costal
margin, and simply shows a collection of closely crowded, forked veins, having a somewhat
oblique direction, so nearly resembling those of the corresponding portion of the upper
wing, by the broken tip of which they lie, as to appear at first sight as a continuation of
them ; the pronotal shield is attached to the wing^ and is very regularly rounded, s(;arcely
exhibiting the least angulation, somewhat broader than long, with a central circular de-
pression.

This genus differs from Etoblattina in the character of the scapular vein and area,
and in the narrow limits of the extornomcdian area ; from Anthracoblattina, Gcrablattina,
Hcrmatoblattina, in the brevity of the mediastinal aretv and the much greater development
of the scapular area; from Progonoblattina in the very different distribution of the
branches of the scapular Vv.'-i, and the far greater extent of the internomedian area ; from
Oryctoblattina in the character or position of every area in the wing ; and from Petroblat-
tina in the distribution of the veins of the internomedian area and its slight importance.

The genus is confined to America, and is the only one of this group which has no Euro-
pean representatives.

Archimylaozis aoadloum. PI. 6, figs. 8, 14.

A iiutlacris acadicus Scudd., Daws. Acad. Geol., 2d ed., 388, fig. 153 ; — lb., Amer. Nat.,

1, 630, pi. 16, fig. 2j — lb., Geol. Mag., v, 177.

Fore wing. The shape of the wing cannot be definitely determined from its imperfec-
tion ; the costal margin, however, is very regularly and strongly convex, and all the veins
are arcuate, arising apparently from about the middle of the wing. The mediastinal vein
is aubparallel to the costal margin, but a little less arcuate than it, probably occupies about
one-fourth its width, and terminates at about the end of the middle fifth of the wing ; it

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106

emitH n Inrgo numbor of oblique, goncrnlly forked, ntrnight, nnfl nenrly parallel branches.
The Hcapulnr vein iH very Hlrongly nrcimte, parallel almont tbroiigbout to the coHtal margin,
terminating beyond the apex ; it in rather dintant from the mediaHtinnl ond externomedian
YcinH until it heginH to divide, at about the middle of the M'ing; here, and a little further
on, it HendH forth a couple of compound branehec, besideH a nhort, apical, Himple nhoot ; the
earlier forkn of the compound broncheH have p direction nimilar to the mediaHtinal voinn, while
the loter arc longitudinal. The cxternomcdian vein followH cioHely parallel to the Hcapular
vein, and emits only two branches, superior, Himple, and nearly straight, near together, and
only a little way beyond the branching of the scapular vein ; consequently this area occu-
pies only a narrow space at the extremity of the inner border ; somewhat before the middle
of the wing this vein is connected with those on either side of it by a pair of short, oblique,
cross veins, having the same direction as the internomedian branches. The internomedian
vein is even more strongly arcuate than the preceding, and very regularly curved ; in the
part which is preserved, and beyond the basal fourth, it emits four equidistant, nearly
straight, parallel and oblique, simple branches (they are represented as too sinuous in the
plate), and there are probably several others in the apical portion. The anal furrow is not
deeply impressed, is very strongly and regularly arcuate, and probably terminates a little
before the middle of the wing ; there are half a dozen anal brancher., mostly simple and
oblique, and straight or arcuate, those next the furrow about as widely separated as the
internomedian branches, the others more closely crowded.

The insect is of medium size, the wing being 2.3 mm. long, and the breadth of the frag-
ment 10 mm. ; probably the entire width of the middle of the wing, where it was presuma-
bly the widest, was 11.5 mm. and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2. The specimen is not
very perfect, being partially overlaid by the frond of a fern, by which the lower apical half
is obscured, excepting most of the longitudinal branches of the scapular and externomedian
veins ; the extreme baae is also broken ; if the upper surface is that exposed, it is a right
wing ; all the interspaces of the wing, excepting in the mediastinal area, are traversed by
delicate cross veins closely approximated. The shape of the wing at once separates this
species from ArcJi. parallelnm.

The single specimen known was found by Mr. James Barnes, at the East River of Pictou,
Nova Scotia, in shale overlying the roof of the main seam of Pictou coal. I owe an
opportunity of examining it to Principal Dawson. Middle coal formation.

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ft

Arohimylaorls parallelnm nov. sp. PI. 6, fig. 6.

The fore wing is very equal, the larger part of both costal and inner margins being
straight and very nearly parallel, the wing tapering only in a very slight degree until near
the tip ; the anal angle is broadly rounded, and very similar in this respect to the humeral
lobe ; the extremity of the wing is broken, so that the form of the wing cannot be stated ;
the veins originate a '. tie above the middle of the base, and curve upward as they pass
outward. The mediastmal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but gradually
approaches it throughout (hardly so represented on the plate), until about the middle of
the wing, when it curves rather rapidly to the border, terminating at some distance beyond
the middle ; it occupies le«s than a fourth the breadth of the wing, and emits, mostly in its
outer half, five or six oblique, forked, or simple branches. The scapular vein, beyond its

m

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100

strong biumvl curve, is straight, subparjvUol to, but a little divergent iVoin, tlie costal margin,
and terminates beyond the apex of the wing ; it connnences to divide a little beyond tno
bjuial (jiiarter of the wing, antl emits about seven longitudinal branches at subequidistant
intervals ; the lirst is c«»mpound, begiiming to branch next the apical curve of the nietlias-
tinal vein ; the others are simple or forked, or rarely doubly forked, and (ill the apex and
apical third of the costal margin with straight, crowded veins. The externomedian vein,
beyond its biusal curve, runs parallel to the i)receding throughout, but before it forks, in the
centre of the wing, is rather distant from both the scapular and internomedian veins ; it
emits three inferior branches, distant at their Jmses, the first two doubly forked, the last
simple, the branches all closely crowded, as in the preceding area, and occupying rather
less than the apical tifth of the inner margin. The internomedian vein, beyond it.s basal
curve, is straight, t)nly curving downward a little at the extremity, which reaches the bor-
der only just before the apical sixth of the ving; it «H)nunences to branch before the end
of the basal f»)urth, and emits about seven branches, simple or forked, the biusal ones trans-
verse, oblique, and sinuous, the apical longitudinal, oblique, and nearly straight. The anal
furn>w is very deeply impressed and strongly arcuu»;>, terminating before the basal third
of the wing ; the first of the anal veins is nearly as arci!>ito us fhe fiu'row, more distant
from it basally than apically, and has a couple of braiu'hes ; the uihi;;":' are generally simple,
obli(|ue, nearly straight, and erowded.

The insect is of medunn size, the wing measuring, as preserved, 2"> nun. in length, .uul
9.0 nun. in breadth ; the entire length was probably 20 nun., aiul the l)readth to the leuj^th
as 1 : 2.7-1 ; only the tip of the wing is wanting, with the apical third of the costal mar^;in.
It is the upper surface of a right wing. The anal area, especially next to the fm-rov , is
rather tumid, rendering the depth of the furrow uuich nmre apparent ; on the contrary,
there is a depressiim in the central parts of the humeral lobe ; excepting the anal furrow,
the mo<liastinal vein is more distinctly iuq>ressed than any ; the branches of this vein, and
those of the two following veins, as well as the veins them.selves, ai'e rather obscurely
impressed, while the vems and branches of the internouu'dian and anal areas are delicately
raised like tracery; the surfiu'c is very fiat, and the whole is covered with an obscure net-
wi)rk of j)olygonal cells of rai.sed lines, which become more distinct in the anal and metli-
astijjal areas, where they are nu)stly changed to Imusverse lines, frequently forking in pass-
ing frouj one vein to another, or uniting with the neighboring cro.ss vein.

Hind wing. A fracture of the front wing, beyo'ul the middle of the co.stal margin, with
the removal of the parts beyond it, leaves expo-sed a fragment of the corresponding portion
of tlu underlying right hind wing. Indeed, as I have proved by experiment, the upper
wing may be j)eele»l off from the lt»wer ; the piece broken oil", carbonaceous in appearance
throughout, rei)resents not only the upjierwing, but the fihn of detritus which hiy between
the two wiugs afU'r deposition ; for it shows upon the one side (the under) siuu'ply rai.sed,
delicate lines, corresponding exactly in reverse to the sharply iniprcssed veins of the under
wing ; while upon the upper sinface are faintly impres.sed lines which are not opposite those
on the other surface of the lamina, but represent the veins of the upper wing. The frag-
ment of the hind wing thus exposed is very small, ami covers the outer half or third of
the costal border. The veins have the closest resemblance to those of the front wing,
beyond which they lie, and ahnost appear as thiir continuation; the veins represented on
Mate 0, fig. 0. above tlio nuvrk separating, for tho front wing, the niodiastinal and scapular

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107

arena, together with the vein next below it, are delicately raised, and probably represent
the apical branchea of the mediastinal vein of the lower wing, while all the others are
distinctly impressed, anil probably belong to the scapular vein. The former vein can bo
traced (but is not represented mi the plate) for a short distance, through the thickiiess of
the upper wing, running in a straight line toward the middle of that portion of the bju^e of
the wing which is covered by the prothorax.

Attached to the front wing is the pronotal shield, this being the only American fossil
cockroach in which this part is certainly known. It is of a very broadly and transversely ellip-
tical form, but, as preserved, uoea not have a perfectly regular outline, the curve of the left
side being uniform, while that of the right side would place the bmadest part of tao shield
a little behind the middle; with this exception it is extremely regular, either lateral or
antei"o-posterior half being like its opposite. The surface is nearly flat and shows a cen-
trally disposed circular or elliptical furrow, irregularly subparallel to the margin, enclosing
a slightly convex central area, whose diameter is n littio more than a third the breadth of
the pronotum ; the fiu'row is coarse and rather deeply impressed, but irivgular frou» the
irregularities of the stone ; the posterior third of the shield is nm.'kei^ with faint, very
closely crowded, minute, straight, transverse wrinkles, crossing the .vhole pronotum.
Length, 7.5 mm. ; breadth, 10 nun.

The parallel-sided front wing can by no possibility be confounded with that of Archim.
acadicHtn, with its strongly convex cos*al margin ; in this species the strongest part of the
curve of the veins is close to the base, as in most palaeozoic cockroaches ; but in Archim.
acadicum it is at the middle of the wing, in conformity with its strong ;ostal curve.

The single 'specimen was obtained by Mr. I. F. Mansfield, at Cannelton, Beaver county,
Penn., in dark, sandy shale, immediately under the vein of Cimnel cool referred to vein C
of Pi^ofessor Lesley. Lower coal-measures of Pennsylvania.

Anthraooblattlna uov. gon. (<iv0/<uf, Bluttiuu).

Blattiua Auct (para).

The mediastinal vein of the front wing runs parallel to and generally rather distant
from the costal margin, terminating generally beyond, occasionally at the middle of the
apical half of the wing, and emits a large number of oblique, parallel, seldom forking
branches ; the area generally occupies nearly one-third of the breadth of the wing. The
scapular vein, sometimes curved near the base, is beyond that nearly straight, and termi-
nates shortly before or at the apex of the wing, — in a single instance (A. whiter iana)
beyr"^d it ; it never branches more than once, usually not at all, before the middle of the
wing, and the branches are usually longitudinal in appearance, although in all instances
actually superior, and seldom assume the appearance of similarity to those of the niediasfinal
vein, as in Etoblattina; the br>»v:!>es are not numei*ous (more numerous in A. spevti%bilia
than in the others), and seldom fork more than once; owing to the length, of the medias-
tinal area, the space occupied by this vein and its branches is very restricted, lUthough not
more so than that occupied by the next vein. For the externomedian vein, which is sepa-
rated from the preceding by an etjual intti'space, on either side of which the branches of
the two areas diverge at equal angles, is usually a close counterpart in a reverse sense of
the scapular vein, excepting that the first offshoot is usually more important than tlie
others, often equalling, with its forks, tlie rest of the vein. The combined internomediaii
and oiiol areas ocoupy fully half the breadth of the wing near the base, and, excepting in

[1 1

ff f

^|!

Ti';-

108

A. dreadensia, diminish in breadth more gradually than usual, the intemomedian vein
passing in a very gentle curve or a nearly straight lino to a point on the inner margin
usually beyond that to which the mediastinal vein reaches on the opposite border ; it emits
a large number (in A. dreadenais a small number) of either simple or forked, nearly
straight veins, of about the same obliquity as those of the mediastinal area. The anal
furrow appears to be tolerably well impressed, :i.' rather strongly curved, and usually ter-
minates a little more than one-third down the inner margin of ihe wing ; the anal veins,
about half a dozen in number, have a somewhat similar though slighter curve, are nearly
parallel, some or all of them simple.

The wings are stouter than usual, only one of them coming up to the average of the
whole group of Blattinariae, the average proportion of the breadth to the length in the
genus being as 1 to 2.4.

Only one of the species of this genus shows anything besides the front wing; this single
species is unusually perfect, showing the whole body and the legs as well as both pairs of
wings. The body is very slender, but almost equally so, the abdomen being as wide as the
rest, but much slenderer than is usual in modern types. The thoracic shield is longitudi-
nally oval, and the legs are similar to those of modem types ; whether or not they are
spinous does not appear.

This genus is most nearly allied to Etoblattina, from which it differs principally in the
greater size and much greater length of the medastinal area, and the lesser extent of the
scapular area; from Archimylacris it is similarly separated, although in one species {A. win-
teriana) the termination of the scapular area is somewhat similar, owing to the peculiar
conformity of the tip ; from Gerablattina it diflfers in having the branches of the extemo-
median vein Inferior instead of superior ; and from Hermatoblattina in having those of the
scapular vein superior and not inferior ; from Progonoblattina it differs in the much more
restricted extent of both the scapular and externomedian areas ; from Oryctoblattina in the
far less importance and very different nature of the scapular vein, and by the very different
character of nearly all the other veins ; and from Petroblattina in the nature and distribu-
tion of the veins in the externomedian area.

The species of this genus are altogether confined to Europe, so far as yet known.

■in'-!',
jL: |:,

AathraeoblattLaa speotabills. PI. 2, fig. 8.

Blattina apeetabilia Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, 161-62, taf. 3, figs. 7, 7% 7"; —
lb.. Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19; — ? E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1876, 6;—? lb.,
Neue Aufschl. Dyas v. Weiss., 6.

Fore wing. Although the only described specimen of this species is very imperfect, its
form is to a great extent known, excepting toward the base ; the costal margin is regularly
and stiongly arcuate, while the inner margin is straight; and as the wing tapers rather
rapidly in its outer half, the middle of the well-rounded tip is thrown considerably to one
side of the middle line of the wing. The mediastinal vein runs parallel to the costal
margin nearly as far as the middle of the wing, when it curves somewhat rapidly toward the
margin and terminates at about the end of its middle third ; the width of the area is about
one-fourth that of the wing, and it is filled with numerous, rather crowded, simple or forked,
oblique, straight branches. The scapular vein also runs parallel to the costal margin, and
terminates on the apical margin just above the tip, and, being very straight in the apical

m^)

109

half of the wing, approaches the costal margin very gradually ; it commences to divide
before the middle of the wing, and emits at equidistant intervals half a dozen, simple or
forked, straight and nearly longitudinal branches. The extemomedian follows the course
of the scapular vein, and begins to branch at the same point, emitting at unequal intervals
four branches, which, with their offshoots, occupy the apex and very extremity of the inner
margin of the wing ; the first and last of these branches in the specimen described are
compound, the others simple. The intemomedian vein is gently and regularly arcuate,
and emits, in the middle third of the wing, half a dozen branches, the basal ones of which
are compound, the apical simple, and all nearly straight or slightly arcuate. The anal
furrow is roundly bent where it parts from the other veins, and beyond that straight, prob-
ably terminating a little before the middle of the wing.

This insect is the largest of ~ the palaeozoic cockroaches, the fragment measuring 43 mm.
in length and 22 mm. in breadth ; the probable length of the whole wing was about
54 mm., or the broadth to the length as 1 : 2.45. Goldenberg describes the surface as
covered with a network of reticulations visible to the naked eye, which near the apex of
the wing are formed of transverse, closely approximated, parallel cross-veins, broken into
square cells by other fine lines ; while at the base and in the middle of the wing they form
an irregular tetragonal or pentagonal network.

This fine species has no rival in the genus excepting the next to be described, than
which it is only a little larger. It differs from this, however, in the shape of the wing,
which is much slenderer and has a less convex costal margin ; it also has a proportionately
shorter mediastinal area ; from its size, it can by no possibility be confounded with any
other species of the genus. Goldenberg compares it with Elohl. didyma, from which, as
we have seen, it is generically distinct by the inferior origin of the extemomedian veins;
but, as he rightly says, it differs from that species in the distribution of the branches of
each of the principal veins. Besides being peculiar for its great size, this species is marked
by the crowded venation and by the comparatively conspicuous reticulation.

The specimen described came from Lobejiin, Germany. Upper carboniferous. Geinitz
reports the discovery of a specimen at Weissig, Saxony. Lower Dyas ; but as he appends
to it a query, it may be considered dubious until direct proof is given.

Anthraooblattina sopita. PI. 4, fig. 8.

Blattina didyma E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f Mineral, 1875, 4-5, taf. 1, fig. 1; — lb., Neue
AufschL Dj as v. Weiss., 4-5, taf. 1, fig. 1. Not Bl. didyma Germ., for which see Etohl.
didyma.

The fore wing is rather elongated, obovate, the costal border very strongly and regularly
arched, the basal two-thirds of the inner margin almost straight, the tip well rounded ; it is
broadest in the middle, and narrows almost equally toward both extremities ; the humeral
lobe is greatly produced at the extreme base, by its sudden deflection to the root of the
wing, forming a rounded subacute angle ; the veins originate rather below the middle line
of the wing, and curve strongly upward, following very closely the basal curve of the cos-
tal margin. The mediastinal vein runs parallel to the margin ovet* nearly tWo-thirds of the
wing, and then curving toward it, terminates rather beyond the middle of the outer half of
the wing ; it emits a large number, a dozen or more, of simple or forked, oblique, and
oonnddrably arenate branches, tolemtbfy distant firom one another ; the area occupies nearly

m

110

hk\

'1'

i; t

one-quarter the breadth of the wing in the middle. The scapular vein ia differently repre-
sented in the two wings (of the same individual) figured by Geinitz ; so differently indeed
that both can hardly be correct, and for our description we have chosen the one which
accords with the structure of the species evidently allied to this ; in this it runs at first
parallel to the costal border, as far as a little beyond the middle of the basal half of the wing,
where it forks ; its first branch is simple and contin^ies in close proximity and parallel to
the mediastinal vein, while it itself runs in a nearly straight, longitudinal course, termi-
nating just before the extreme tip of the wing ; it emits three other simple branches, the
last one forking a. the extreme tip, just beside an additional short apical branch of the main
stem. The extemomedian vein, more strongly arcuate next the base, divides a very little
beyond the division of the preceding, and then runs parallel to that, emitting in all four
branches, the first forking in the middle, the others simple; and all longitudinal, closely
crowded, and together occupying an extremely narrow area on the margin at the extreme
apex of the wing. The internomedian vein runs parallel to the preceding vein and ito
basal branch; but somewhat beyond the middle of the wing, emits a supplemental superior,
branch running nearly parallel to the main stem, and extending the area so much furth . r
out, that it terminates as near the apex as the scapular area, and narrows very gradually ;
comraeucing before the middle of the basal half of the wing it emits about eight nearly
straight, slightly sinuous, oblique branches, the basal ones simply or doubly forked, the
others simple, four or five of them emitted before the supplemental vein, the others beyond.
Geinitz states, what his illustration bears out, that the second branch on this wing is forked
only at the end ; while in the opposite wing it is not only distinctly forked near the base ("nahe
der Wurzel," but really at the end of its basal third), but one of the forks again divides at
the tip. The anal furrow is rather deeply impressed on the arcuate basal half, lightly on
the struighter apical portion, and terminates at about the end of the second fifth of the
wing ; the anal veins are arcuate, those next the furrow compound, the others simple, and
all considerably and equally crowded.

Here again Dr. Geinitz's illustration is at fault, the two wings differing considerably, the
anal area being undoubtedly too extended in the wing which we have not copied. Care
seems to have been taken only with the wing which does not overlie the body ; this is
altogether unfortunate in illustrating an insect which is undoubtedly the most perfect exam-
ple of a palaeozoic cockroach which has yet been found ; and the chance to observe the
differences between the two wings, as a basis for a distinction between individual and specific
differences, is lost, excepting in the points actually specified by Geinitz ; and as he particu-
larly remarks upon the value of the differences observed by him, it is the more probable
that the other differences, apparent on his plate, do not actually exist, for if they do they
are of much greater importance than those he specifies.

The wing figured is a very large one, measuring 45 mm. in length, as stated by Geinitz
(in his plate it is 46.5 mm. long), and 20.5 mm. broad ; this he says is shorter than it should
be, the wing being contracted by a transverse wrinkling of the specimen, represented in his
plate by some wavy, transverse, narrow bands ; the other wing is 50 mm. long and 20 mm.
broad, and represents, he thinks, the proper size ; it is not impossible, however, that the
wings may have actually varied a little in length, and the breadth to the length may be put
down as between 1 : 2.2 and 1 : 2.5. Both wings are nearly perfect, the apical edge of
each being lost for a little way, and a few of the veins being obscured. The wing we have

Ill

chosen for illustration and principal description, as probably delineated with greater accu-
racy, is a left wing exhibiting the upper surface.

Hind wing. Portions of both hind wings are preserved in connection with the fore
wings, but show no outline of their form, but only some branching veins ; which from their
close resemblance to the scapular and extemomedian veins of the front wing, as to the
mode and position of their forks, probably belong to these veins ; their branching appears
to be a little further from the base than in the front wing.

The single bpecimen known, is, with the possible exception of Etohl. insignia, the most
perfectly preserved of all palaeozoic ''ockroaches ; for, besides the wings, we have the head,
thorax, a part of the body and the legs. It is, therefore, to be hoped that Dr. Geinitz will
give a fuller account of it at an f>arly period. The abdomen is probably ill preserved, as it
is not represented on the plate, but is said by Geinitz to be 40 mm. long, and about 10 mm.
broad, the narrowness of which he remarks. Of the head he makes no special mention ; it
projects a little beyond the thorax as a transversely oval body, 2 mm. long, and 5 mm.
broad. The pronotal shield is longitudinally oval, broadest apparently in front of the middle,
its front border well rounded, th* '" " convex, and the hind border apparently rather
etraighter than the front, its length lo mm., and its breadth 10 mm. The two hinder pair
of legs are well preserved, apparently shaped much as in modem types; no mention is maue
of spines ; the legs are short, particularly the hind pair, where the whole leg is about
35 mm. long, the femora and tarsi of about equal length, while the tibiae are a little longer ;
measuring his figure, we have the length of the former, 12 mm. ; its breadth, 3 mm. ; length
of tibia, 14 mm. ; its breadth, 2 mm. ; length of tarsi, 10.5 mm. ; their breadth, 1.25 mm.

The wing is larger than in any other European species, excepting Anthr. spectahilia,
from which it is readily distinguished by the more arched costal margin, the longer medias-
tinal area, and the earlier division of the scapular vein. It is related to Anthr. porrecta
by the extent of the mediastinal area, but the distribution of the branches and the extent
of the other areas differ considerably. Geinitz considers it identical with Etohlait. didyma
with which he says it closely agrees, specifying, indeed, the illustration of Germar
copied in our PI. 2, fig. 13. He mentions, however, ceri,ain differences, such as the greater
simplicity and number of the anal veins. But there are much more important differences
than these, and such as leave no doubt whatever of the specific, not to say generic, dis-
tinction, although there is imquestionably a general resemblance between the two. The
shape of the wing is very different from that of Etohl. didyma, principally on account; of
the greater convexity of the costal margin in Anth. sopita and the greater median breadth
of the wing, as compared with the extremities ; in A. sopita again the mediastinal area
is considerably longer, the scapular area very much narrower, as compared to the breadth
of the wing, and its branches longitudinal, instead of oblique, and similar to those of the
mediastinal area ; the distribution of the veins of the extemomedian area is totally differ-
ent, the branches being mostly simple and inferior in Anthr. sopita, while the branches are
superior and the uppermost unusually compound in Etohl. didyma, and all together cover
an extensive area at the apex of the wing, instead of a very narrow one as in Anthr.
sopita. No differences of importance exist in the internomedian and anal areas.

The single specimen comes irom Weissig, Saxony. Lower Dyas.

112

m

m
m

H

ii

I!

* -r'.'

▲afbraooUattlaa drwdnHls. (See flgnre in text.)

Blattina dreadenaia Gein.-Deichm., Sitzungsb. naturw. Gesellsch. Isis, 1879, 12-13, figs.

The fore wing ia elliptical and very regularly formed, broadest in the middle ; the costal
margin is pretty strongly convex, especially on the basal half; the inner margin much
straighter, and the tip well rounded. The veins originate a little above the middle of the
wing, and curve gently upward before assuming a longitudinal course. The mediastinal
vein, beyond the basal fifth of the wing, is nearly straight, scarcely curving upward with a
broad sweep apically, and terminating only a little before the apex of the wing ; it emits
eight or nine rather closely crowded, nearly straight, oblique branches, about half of which
are simple, the others simply or doubly forked at or beyond the middle; the area is
broadest a little before the middle of the wing, where it is one-third the width of the wing.
The scapular vein runs parallel and close to the mediastinal until it forks, a little beyond
the end of the basal third of the wing, and then turns downward in a
nearly straight course subparallel to the costal margin, to just below the tip
of the wing ; it emits three equidistant longitudinal branches, the first two
of which fork near the origin of the simple third, and embrace between
them the upper tip of the wing. 1 8 extemomedian vein, beyond its
curved base, runs in an almost perfectly straight line to just below the ex-
treme tip of the wing, and, commencing to branch just before the middle
of the wing, or scarcely beyond the division of the scapular vein, it emits
four simple, inequidistant, arcuate branches, which (especially the basal
pair) are at first oblique and then longitudinal. The intemometdian vein is
broadly sinuous in its course, being at first convex in the same sense as
the costal margins, afterwards, on parting from the anal furrow, in the oppo-
site sense, and terminates scarcely before the middle of the outer half of
the wing ; the area then diminishes rapidly in size, and is occupied by only
three or four straight, oblique, distant branches, none of which are long,
and which become continually shorter apically. The anal area is lost, as well as most of
the anal furrow, which apparently terminates not far from the end of the basal third of
the wing.

The length of the wing is 28 mm. ; its breadth 11 mm., and its breadth to its length as
1 : 2.5. It was therefore somewhat smaller than the average of the genus. The frag-
ment probably represents the upper surface of the left wing, and is nearly perfect, the
tip being broken in two places, and the entire anal area absent; the interspaces are
filled with a well-preserved reticulation of polyhedral cells. Geinitz compares this species
with Etohl. euglyptica, and, although he mentions Anthracohl. porrecta, foils to see how
much more closely it resembles the latter species. Besides the differences he points out
in his comparison with the former, the stouter form of the wing and the inferior origin of
the extemomedian branches should be mentioned. Of the species of Anthracoblattina, it
most nearly resembles A. porrecta, but differs from it in being less parallel-sided, in the
unequal width of the mediastinal area, the frequent forking of the mediastinal branches,
and especially in the more simple and regular branching of the scapular and extemo-
median veins; besides these points, the scapular-extemomedian interspace strikes the
margin below and not at the apex, and the intemomedian branches are more distant. It

A nthracoblattina
dradenii*.

113

is also Bomewhat closely allied to the much larger Anthracohl. sopita, from which it differs
principally in the unequal width of the mediastinal area, and the form and infrequent
branches of the intemomedian area. In the form of the latter area, indeed, it differs from
all other species of the genus, the course of the intemomedian vein in all the others being
broadly and somewhat uniformly arched, while in this it is rather strongly sinuous or
sigmoid, and has an unusually small number of branches.

The single specimen known was found in the rubbish at the mouth of the Kaiserschacht,
near Klein-Opitz, in Saxony, and, according to Geinitz, is the oldest insect known from the
rocks of Saxony. Upper carboniferous.

[The publication of thio species was known to me, by the kind communication of Dr.
Geinitz, only after the plates were engraved and the printing of the text well advanced.
I have, however, been able to place the species in its proper position in the text, to add a
wood-cut, and even to alter all references to the genus where necessary.]

Anthraooblattina porreota. PI. 4, fig. 5.

Blattina porreeta E. Gein., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral, 1875, 6, taf. 1, fig. 4; — lb., Neue
Aufschl. Dyas v. Weiss., 6, taf. 1, fig. 4 ; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20.

Fore wing. The wing is long and narrow, subequal, the costal border strongly arcvate
at the base, but beyond very gently convex to the rather broad, well-rounded tip ; the inner
margin is broken, but probably nearly straight ; the veins originate at about the middle of
the base, and curve gently upward before becoming longitudinal. The mediastinal vein
follows very closely the costal margin, but at considerable distance, approaching it very
gradually in the apical half of the wing, and terminating only just before the apical sixth
of the wing ; it emits nine or ten oblique, straight, generally simple veins, and occupies
about one-third the breadth of the wing. The scapular vein has a regular, gently and
and broadly sinuous curve, runs subparallel to the costal margin, and terminates at the tip
of the same ; it breaks into two shoots judt before the middle of the wing, the lower of
which emits two apical, superior, simple branches ; the upper, at subequidistant intervals,
three straight, superior branches, the basal forked, the others simple, similar in direction and
appearance to the apical branches of the mediastinal area. The extemomedian vein runs
closely parallel to the preceding, and emits two inferior branches, one at the point where the
scapular vein divides, which is doubly forked, and the other nearly half way to the margin,
which is probably singly forked. The intemomedian vein is regularly and rather gently
arcuate, and terminates on the inner margin a little before the extremity of the mediastinal'
vein, and emits four long and very gently arcuate, simple branches at regular intervals
from the middle of the basal half of the wing. The anal furrow is distinct, very regularly
and broadly arcuate, terminating scarcely before the middle of the wing ; the anal veins
are simple, arcuate, and apparently distant.

The wing is a large one, measuring 34 mm. in length, and 12.5 mm. in breadth, the
breath being to the length as 1 : 2.7. The only example known is nearly perfect, and if
the upper surface is exposed, represents a left wing, whose inner margin is nowhere well
defined, the anal field obscured, and an unimportant fragment of the tip missing. As
Geinitz says, it is clearly distinct from any other species, and is peculiar for the reversed
similarity of the scapular and extemomedian veins, which occupy equal spaces on either

114

1

^■^1

ii' i.

'"■i;l

side of the extreme apex. It is much smaller than the preceding species, from which it also
differs in form, in the width of the mediastinal area, and the very different distribution of
the scapular and externomedian branches. It probably agrees better in size with Anthr.
R'dckerti, from which it is abundantly distinct by the much earlier division of the scapular
and externomedian veins. From the succeeding species, Anthr. winteriana, it differs
strikingly in the greater width of the mediastinal area, and in the distribution of the
branches of the extei-nomedian veins.

The single specimen was found in the coal shales of Weissig, near Pillnitz, Saxony.
Lower Dyas.

Anthraooblattina winteriana. PI. 4, fig. 12.

Blattina winteriana Gold., Neues Jahrb. f Mineral, 1870, 288-89, figs. 1-4; — lb., Faun.

saraep. foss., ii, 19, 25-26, 51, taf 1, fig. 11.

Fore wing. The basal third or thereabouts of the wing being broken, its shape cannot
be fully described, but in the parts which are preserved are some unique peculiarities ; the
costal margin, straight in the middle of the wing, is afterwards strongly curved, and meets
the almost equally curved inner margin at nearly a right angle, the tip being bluntly angu-
lated, an extremely rare occurrence in palaeozoic cockroaches. The mediastinal vein is
nearly straight, m near proximity to the costal margin, and when the latter begins to curve
toward the apex, this curves in an opposite direction, giving the mediastinal area an elon-
gated lancet-shaped form ; the vein terminates at some distance before the apex, probably
scarcely before the apical sixth of the \(ing, and emits a considerable number of rather
distant, straight, simple or forked, oblique branches, becoming more longitudinal toward
the tip ; the area is probably not more than a sixth of the width of the wing, at the middle.
The scapular vein is rather widely separated from the mediastinal, and forks probably not
far from the middle of the wing, and continues then in a nearly straight line, subparallel
to the costal border, and terminates below the tip of the wing, being near the apex double
the greatest width of the mediastinal area ; it emits, at subequidistant intervals, four straight
longitudinal branches, the first compound, the second forked beyond the middle, the others
simple, the ultimate branches much more closely crowded than the mediastinal branches.
The externomedian vein divides close to the base of the wing, in exactly what manner
cannot be said ; for in the only specimen known, three very straight veins, which most
probably belong to this area, appear at <.he basal edge o^ the fragment, the outer ones
forking once beyond the middle of the wing, all parallel to the scapular vein, and occupying
a small area near the extremity of the inner margin, shorter than that occupied at the
margin by the scapular area, and, by the nearly uniform width of the area throughout the
wing, forming a striking contrast to the fan-shaped disposition of the scapular branches.
The internomedian vein is also parallel to the same veins, showing only a slight tendency to
an arcuate course, and terminating at the same distance from the apex as the mediastinal
vein ; it emits four or more, rather distant, simple or forked, straight and oblique branches.

The length of the fragment is stated by Goldenberg to be about 22 mm., its breadth
13 mm. ; the entire length can only be roughly conjectured ; it may have been 30 mm.
long, or above the medium size ; its breadth was to its length probably as 1 : 2.3. Golden-
berg's illustration of the natural size would, however, make the fragment only 18.5 mm.
long , or his magnified drawing only 21 mm. ; the enlargement on our plate chances to

■i

115

have been based for size upon the smallest of these figures, and is therefore doubtless too
small ; in length it should have clorely resembled Anthr. Buckerti. The fragment repre-
sents the upper surface of a left wing, in which the basal third, the whole anal field, and
part of the internomedian is destroyed. The veins are all deeply impressed, and the inter-
spaces are correspondingly vaulted, but the mediastinal vein, probably by the mode of
preservation, is sharply elevated into a ridge. Goldenberg describes the cross venation as
nearly effaced, but where traces of it are found, as consisting of a network of delicate
quadrangular meshes, visible only by considerable enlargement.

This wing is very peculiar, not only for its pointed apex, but for its elevated mediastinal
vein, perhaps due, as remarked, to accident ; and also for the nearly equal breadth of its
long externomedian area, which is the more striking because unaccompanied by corre-
sponding differences in other parts. These peculiarities forbid any reference of this form to
any other species, and render unnecessary any special comparison with allied types. It is
placed in its present position, however, because it resembles the preceding species in the dis-
tribution of the scapular and mediastinal branches, and the following in the narrowness of
the mediastinal area, more than it does the other species ; but the resemblance is not very
great, nor does it extend to other important parts of the wing. Goldenberg compares it
to Blattina russoma, but only as regards the size.

The single specimen was found in the Dudweiler coal-pit, near Saarbriicken, Germany.
Middle carboniferous.

Antbraeoblattma RemigiL PI. 4, fig. 2.

Blattina Bemigii Dohrn, Palaeont., xvi, 133-34, taf 8, fig. 3 ; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss.,

ii, 20, 26-27, 51, taf 1, fig. 13.

Fore wing. Nearly the whole of the inner margin is wanting, so that the form of the
wing cannot be definitely stated ; it would appear, however, to have been nearly equal or
slightly tapering, for the principal veins are straight for most of their course, and the costal
border is very gently and regularly convex, with the appearance of a fully-rounded apex.
The veins originate from above the middle of the wing, and have only a very broad and
gentle upward curve near the base. The mediastinal vein runs subparallcl to the costal
margin, very gradually approaching it, a little more rapidly as the apical third of the wing
is entered, terminating scarcely before the apical sixth of the wing ; the area is about one-
fifth the breadth of the wing, and is filled with a large number (eight to ten) of arcuate, simple
branches, longitudinally oblique even at the start, and becoming nearly longitudinal toward
the apex. The externomedian vein is much more distant from the mediastinal than from
the internomedian vein, has a very gently arcuate, longitudinal course, parallel to the costal
margin in the basal two-thirds of the wing, and terminates at the very tip of the wing ; it
divides, a little before the middle of the wing, into two branches, each of which fork near
the tip of the wing only. The externomedian vein runs in close proximity to the pre-
ceding, is straight beyond the basal nfth oi the wing, is represented by Dohrn as first
dividing in the apical third of the wing, and emitting two cimple inferior branches ; the
space, however, in the apical half of the wing between the externomediaxi and interno-
median veins is so great, that there must certainly be at least another, and that probably a
forking vein, originating a little beyond the middle of the wing and occupying this space.

7

116

The internomedian vein is rather strongly and regularly arcuate throughout, and termi-
nates probably about as far from the tip of the wing as the mediastinal vein ; it emits only
three similarly arcuate, long, and very distant branches. The anal furrow is not very
deeply impressed, rather strongly and regularly arcuate, terminating at a little before the
middle of the wing ; as the veins originate above the middle of the base, even including
the anal furrow, the anal area is very large ; the anal veins, to the number of six or seven,
are rather distant and simple, at first arcuate, afterwards nearly straight.

The wing is one of the smaller ones, the fragment measuring 14 mm. in length and
6.2 mm. in breadth, the whole wing being probably about 15.5 mm. in length, and the
breadth to the length as 1 : 2.5. A large part of the lower outer portion of the wing is
broken, but the course of the veins is pretty clear throughout ; the upper surface of the
wing, which is a left one, is exposed, on which the veins are slightly elevated ; but the anal
furrow is rather indistinct and depressed, the anal area being vaulted to a considerable
degree, while the middle of the wing is rather concave ; no cross venation can be seen.

The distant venation of the lower part of the wing, i. e., in the anal and internomedian
areas, is in unusual contrast to the crowded distribution of the other branches, and marks
this wing as very distinct from others; so, too, the narrowness and equality of the space
between the mediastinal and internomedian veins in the basal half of the wing is rather
peculiar, and allies the species to the foUo.wing; from which, however, it is remarkably dis-
tinct in the narrowness of the mediastinal area ; in this particular, one is reminded only of
the preceding species, but the distribution of all the other veins is very different. Dohrn
and Goldenberg compare it to Hermatohl. lebachensis, with which, indeed, the general
resemblance is greater than with perhaps any other palaeozoic cockroach ; but besides its
lesser size and the comparative narrowness and equality of the mediastinal area, we find
the scapular branches superior, instead of being inferior, as in Hermatohl. lebachensis.

The single specimen was found in an argillaceous schist in a coal-pit on the Remigius-
berge, near Ousel, in Rheinpflalz. Upper carboniferous.

!l

Anttaraooblattina RliekertL PI. 4, fig. 1.

Blattina EUckerti Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, 163-64, taf. 3, fig. 11.

Fore wing. The apex of the wing only being preserved, and that not perfect, it is im-
possible to describe the form of the wing ; the apical half of the costal border, however, is
preserved, showing a curve very similar to that of the species last described. The medias-
tinal vein, if I hnve ri^^htly interpreted it, is remarkably distant from the costal margin, so
that the area must occi'py more than a third of the width of the wing, terminating just
before the apical s'T.,th of the wing, and possessing distant, simple, nearly straight, and
oblique branches. The scapular vein is straight or scarcely arcuate in an opposite sense to
the costal margin, in t^ : outer half of the wing, and terminates scarcely before the tip,
dividing only in the apical third of the wing, and emitting at rather wide angles three
simple or forked branches. The extemomediat: runs down the middle line of the wing
exactly parallel and close to the preceding, begins to divide at the same point, and has two
equally divergent, simply or doubly forked branches, occupying an exactly equivalent area
to those of the scapular vein. The internomedian vein is gently arcuate in the distal half

.1 "

I. ! .

117

of its courfle, terminating a little beyond the modinstinal vein, and has a large number of
straight, oblique, crowded branches, Himple or deeply forked.

The length of the fragment is 16.5 mm.; its breadth, 13.5 mm. ; probably the length of
the wing was about 30 mm., or a little above the medium size, and the breadth to the
length as 1 : 2.2. The restored parts in our plate, however, no doubt represent the wing
as too broad, the projecting part of the internomedian area being inaccurately drawn.
Goldenberg describes the interspaces as filled with parallel and straight cross lines. If the
upper surface is exposed, the wing is a left one.

It is peculiar for the great width of the mediastinal area, even if we have carried it a
single vein too far inward ; and the regularly opposed and straight distribution of the
branches on opposite sides of tlie scapular-externomedian interspace, which follows nearly
the middle line of the wing, gives it a peculiar aspect. Goldenberg compares it to Her-
matohl. lehachensia, but the different position of the scapular branches, superior instead of
inferior, at once distinguishes it from that, not to mention the points referred to by him.
It is more nearly allied -to Anthr. Remigii, from which, however, it may be distinguished
at a glance by the far less arcuate form and the much greater frequency of the interno-
median branches.

Goldenberg neglects to record this species (of his own description) in his Catalogue of
fcssil cockroaches (Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19-21.)

A single specimen, from the Max coal-pit of Stockheim, Oberfranken. Dyas.

Oerablattlna nov. gon. (;>'>'<;, Blattinn).

Blaitina Auct (pars).

The mediastinal vein of the front wing runs parallel or subparallel to the costal margin,
and generally rather distant from it, frequently more distant in the middle of its course
than elsewhere, and terminates generally beyond the middle of the apical ualf of the wing,
frequently far toward thie very apex ; it sends a large, sometimes a very large, number of
oblique, straight or curving, usually simple branches to the costal margin. As the division
between the scapular and externomedian areas is at or before the tip of the wing (in a
single species, G. Mahri, perhaps slightly beyond it), the scapular area is nece.-»i3arily much
restricted ; generally speaKing, it is limited to only a few apical branches, which scarcely
originate before the middle ' 1 the apical half of the wing ; and in one or two, such as G,
Geinitzi and G. Munateri, there is only a single apical fork; but in G. Germari and G.
weiaaiana there are several branches, which originate near the middle of the wing: the
American species, however, seem to form a distinct section ; for notwithstanding that the
great length of the mediastinal vein is still retained, the scapular vein begins to branch before
the middle of the wing, and emits three or four branches, some of which branch again, and
that more than once ; the branches of this vein are always superior, whether the extent of
the branching be considerable or slight. The externomedian vein is very similar to the
scapular, although in some, but not all, of the species in which the scapular area is greatly
reduced, it does not suffer to a corresponding extent; in the species placed at the head of
the series, as well as in G. Geinitzi and G. Miinateri, it is considerably more extensive
than the scapular area, but in the others, including the American species, it is very simi-
larly developed ; all the branches are likewise superior, so that the reverse obliquity of the

118

branches of neighboring veins appea^' in this genus in the interspace between the extemo«
median and internoincdian veins. The combined intcrnomedian and anal areas occupy, in
the species at the head of the series, somewhat more than half of the width of the wing at
the base, about one-half or slightly more than that in the others ; and it generally dimin-
ishes gradually and regularly in width, and terminates, with rare exceptions, nearer the tip
than does the long mediastinal vein ; in some species the intcrnomedian vein is nearly
straight ; in others, however, while there is at first a rapid diminution in the breadth oi
the area, the vein afterwards runs parallel to the inner border, and extends the area far
toward the tip of the wing ; the vein has a large number of subparallel, straight or gently
curving branches, which are indifferently simple or branched, and the obliquity of which
corresponds in most cases very closely, although in a reverse sense, to the branches of
the mediastinal vein. The anal furrow is generally pronounced, and straight or gently
curved ; in one or two, however, it is very arcuate, and, while somewhat irregular in ter-
mination, its tip seems never to be far removed from the end of the baaal third of the
wing ; the anal veins, where known, are frequent, parallel, arcuate, and generally simple in
the European species and in one of the American species ; but in the other Am« '•lean spe-
cies, G. fascigera, they are very different, being nearly straight, multiple-forked, running
in a direction somewhat divergent from that of the anal furrow, and approaching the latter
only near its termination. ,

The wings in this genus are slightly above the average in slenderness, being precisely
the same, as a whole, as in Etoblattina, the breadth being contained in the length scarcely
less than two and three-quarter times.

This genus appears to be most nearly allied to Hermatoblattina, from which it differs
sufficiently in the superior position of the branches of the scapular vein ; from Etoblattina
and Archimylacris it may be separated at once by the great length of the mediastinal area f
from Anthracoblattina it differs in having the branches of the e.xtomomedian vein superior
and not inferior ; Progonoblattina, with the wide extent and importance of its scapular
and externomedian areas, is readily distinguished from it ; Oryctoblattina for similar rea-
sons, as well as for many others, cannot be confounded with it; while the strong backward
curve of the externomedian vein in Petroblattina, with the extensive area covered by its
longitudinal branches, separates it from that genus at a glance.

Most of the species of the genus, which next to Etoblattina is the richest in known
forms, come from the old world ; but two American species must be placed here, although
the extensive development of the scapular vein wnjld perhaps, as suggested above, warrant
separating them as a peculiar section.

U:

;'' ti

'*

Oerablattina OoldenbergL PI. 3, fig. 18.

Blattina Goldenbergi Mahr, Neues Jahrb. s Mineral., 1870, 282-84, fig. 1 ; — Gold., Faun.

saraep. foss., ii, 19.

Fore wing. The apical third of the wing being lost, its precise form cannot be described,
but it was evidently long and narrow ; the costal margin is regularly and rather strongly
arcuate, with a very prominent humeral lobe, the inner margin straight, with its basal
angle rather broadly rounded. The veins originate much below the middle of the ba£e
and curve strongly upward over a considerable distance, so as soon to occupy the middle of

I

119

the upper two-thirdn of the wing. The mediastinal area is nearly one-third the width of the
wing, Ihe main vein running parallel with the cofltal margin for a long dintance, probably
over the basal two-thirdH of the wing, beginning to turn toward the border only at the very
extremity of the fragment, and probably reaching the border at no great diHtance before
the tip of the wing; it emitf* nearly a dozen distant, nearly straight, simple and oblique
branches. The scapular vein runs closely parallel to the preceding throughout the frag-
ment, supposing the two veins which appear to originate from its under surface to represent
the externomedian vein ; whether this interpretation is correct, neither the description nor
the illustration of Mahr enable us to state positively ; but the resemblance of this wing to
others of the genus in which we place it renders it probable thn't here, as is usually the case
in the genus, the scapular is of less importance than the externomedian vein, and in such a
case only one of the three veins which lie between the mediastinal and intemomedian veins
in the middle of the wing can belong to the scapular vein ; although this vein is simple in the
iiragment, the turn of the mediastinal vein toward the costal border renders it nearly cer-
tain that it forks at least once or twice in the apical third of the wing. The externomedian
vein, on the same assumption, divides into two branches before the middle of the wing,
each of which again forks beyond the middle of the wing, and undoubtedly branches again
beyond that, probably occupying upon the mnrgin all the space from a little above the tip
to the extremity of the intemomedian area ; the general course of the vein is at first
strongly arcuate, afterwards longitudinal. The intemomedian vein is strongly arched in
the basal half of the wing, then becomes straight or bent a little toward a longitudinal
direction, and probably terminates about as far from the tip as the mediastinal vein ; it
emits only three branches, the first forked, the others simple, all gently arcuate, oblique,
and distant; the veins of this aiea are represented by exceedingly heavy lines in Mahr's
illustration, but as he makes no mention of any difference between them and the others,
this is probably an error. The anal furrow is very strongly arcuate indeed and deeply im-
pressed, terminating, probably, a little before the middle of the wing; the anal veins,
according to Mahr, are ten in number, but many more are represented in his figure,
which is carefully followed in our plate; these are all arcuate, regular, simple, and, in
striking contrast to the other areas, closely crowded.

The wing is of medium size, the length of the wing being 15.5 mm., while the entire
length of the wing is probably about 23 mm. ; its breadth is 9 mm., and the breadth to the
length as 1 : 2.55. From Mahr's statement that the anal field is concave, the under surface
is evidently exposed to view, and the wing is therefore a right one.

It is remarkable for the great extent of its anal area, by which it is readily separated
from all the species of the genus in which this area is known, and for the close proximity
of the veins in this area as contrasted with their wider separation in the rest of the wing ;
in the uniform belt-like nature of the mediastinal area it resembles several of the species,
particularly G. clnthrata, G. intermedia, and G. Mahri ; irom the first of these it is quickly
distinguished by the distance of the branches of the mediastinal vein, in which particidar it
more nearly resembles the other species ; from G. Mahri it differs greatly in size and in
the convexity of the costal margin ; and from G. intermedia in the early division of the
externomedian vein and the strongly-curved intemomedian vein.

A single specimen, from an argillaceous schist between the third and fourth veins of the
Ilmenau coal basin, Manebach. Upper carboniferous.

!l

ill

I

120

m

!r

Oerablattina elathrata. PI. 8, fig. 4.

Blattina elathrata Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 288, 294-96, pi., figs. 3, 3",

S*" ; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19.

Fore wing. The extreme tip and most of the anal area are wanting, and the inner mar-
gin is also broken, so that the precise form is uncertain ; it is, however, tolerably broad,
and the costal border rather strongly and regularly arcuate, much as in the preceding
species, but with a very slight humeral lobe ; the principal veins are all almost similarly
arcuate, origirating near the middle line of the wing, and running subparallel to the costal
margin ; the branches on either side being very frequent, long, and straight, and, parting
from their stems at an equal angle, give the wing a peculiai'ly simple appearance. The
mediastinal vein run« nearly parallel to the costal margin, but is more distant from it in the
middle than at the nase of the wing, is bent at the origin of its first branch, the humeral
lobe being devoid of branches, begins to approach the margin a little beyond the middle of
the wing and terminates at the very end of the fragment, or probably about midway be-
tween the middle of the costal border and the extreme tip of the wing ; it emits about a
dozen closely-crowded, straight or nearly straight, simple or occasionally apically-forked,
oblique and nearly parallel branches, the direction of the apical not diverging greatly from
that of the basal branch ; the area is very broad, occupying nearly one-third the breadth of
the wing. The scapular vein, appearing to originate from the same stem as the externo-
median and to separate from it in the middle of the basal half of the wing, runs close and
parallel to the mediastinal, until that vein turns toward the costal margin ; it retains there-
fifter its former direction for some distance, and then turns very slightly and gradually up-
ward, and terminates just before the tip ; in this apical portion it emits three closely
approximated branches, the first next the last branch of the mediastinal vein, and basally
forked, the others simple and soon parallel to the main stem. The extemomedian vein
does not fork until past the middle of the wing, and, just this portion being destroyed, it
is impossible to give a precise statement, but in any case the distribution of the veins is
peculiar, for the three or four straight and simple branci\es, which occupy the tip of the
^ving and run subparallel to the scapular branches, spring, in the apical fourth of the wing,
from a vein which runs almost exactly parallel with the costal border, and in continuation
of the main extemomedian vein ; while the other three or four branches, which strike the
apical part of the inner margin, run parallel to the internomedian branches, and are much
longer than the other extemomedian branches, running parallel to each other in a straight
and simple course, and originating, in some indeterminable manner, scarcely beyond the
middle of the wing. The internomedian vein is rather strongly and very regularly
arcuate, terminates a little nearer the apex than the mediastinal area, and emits about ten
nearly straight, very long, parallel, oblique veins, the first doubly forked, the others simple;
the area at its broadest occupies considerably more than half the breadth of the wing. The
anal furrow is well Impressed, strongly arcuate, apically nearly straight, terminating not
much beyond the basal third of the wing ; one or two fragments of anal veins ntxt to the
furrow are preserved, running parallel to the same.

The wing is of rather large size, one of the largest of the genus, the fragment measuring
32 mm. in length, and 13.5 mm. in breadth; the whole wing ia probably 35 mm. long,
according to Heer, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 2.6. By some accident it has

i" "^^

^■il

121

been represented upon my plate as magnified slightly less than twice. From Heer's
description of the reticulation, probably the upper surface is exposed, and the wing is that
of the left side ; all the interspaces, according to Heer, are filled with a very fine network,
as in Oryctobl. reticvlata, consisting of polygonal cells, forming from two to four rows in
each interspace; whence the specific name.

The species is peculiar for the regular distribution of the branches, parting in a uniform
manner on either side of the principal veins ; and for the unusual distinction of the upper
and lower branches of the externomedian vein, which take the direction, — the upper of the
scapular, the lower of the internomedian branches. In the great breadth, length, and uni-
formity of the mediastinal .irea, this insect resembles several of the species of Gerablattina,
but especially G. Goldenbergi and G. Mahri. In the form of the wing it most resembles
the former species, from which it is readily distinguished by its larger size, the much greater
extent of its internomedian and much smaller extent of its anal area. From Gerahl. inter-
media, with which it agrees to a certain extent in the apical division of the scapular and
externomedian branches, it is readily separated by the far more crowded neuration and the
larger size of the wing.

The single specimen comes from the coal-measures of Manebach, in Thiiringen, asso-
ciated with leaves of Pecojiteris arborescens. Upper carboniferous.

Gerablattina intermedia. PI. 3, tig. 11.
Blattina intermedia Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19, 24-25, 51, taf. 1, figs. 10, 10".

Fore wing. The wing is of an obovate form, its regularity only lost by the prominence
of the anal angle and the relatively diminished size of the humeral lobe ; the costal border
is considerably arcuate, but the humeral lobe so little developed as to be less full than
the inner angle ; the inner margin is gentlj' arcuate, and the tip broad and broadly
rounded ; the veins originate from about the middle, perhaps above the middle, of the
base, and are gently arcuate at their origin. The mediastinal vein, subparallel to and
rathet distant from the costal margin, turns rather rapidly toward it somewhat beyond the
middle of the wing, and terminates in the middle of the outer half of the wing, emitting
seven distant, arcuate, oblique, parallel, simple branches ; the area occupies a little less
than one-third the breadth of the wing. The scapular vein runs parallel to the costal mar-
gin until it branches in the middle of the third quarter of the wing, beyond which it cui ves
toward the margin, and half way to it emits a s(>cond and only other branch, which is
simple, the first being forked. The externomedian vein, which appears to be coalesced
with the preceding in the basal fourth of the wing, runs parallel to the internomedian, and
does not fork until it has reached the apical fourth, when it only emits from its upper sur-
face two simple, short, and straight branches, which, with tlie main vein, occupy the tip of
the wing, and leave a wide space between the scapular and extern )median veins. The
internomedian vein is rather gently arcuate at the base, and beyond nearly straight, in-
clined downward, terminating a little before the tip of the wing, and emitting half a dozen
or more distant, straight or gently arcuate, simple or aplcally forked, oblique brunches.

The wing is of medium size, measuring 22 mm. in length and 10 mm. in breadth, the
breadth to the length being as 1 : 2.2. If the upper surface is exposed, it belongs to the
right side. The anal area is lost, but otherwise the wing is perfect, and in certain places,

I

W

122

i! ,'!

I

2"=

Si'

I ili
1 a

says Goldenberg, one may see with a lens a delicate polygonal reticulation in the inter-
spaces, which he represents as formed of very closely approximated cross lines, often con-
nected near the middle by oblique cross lines, so as to form elongated interdigitating cells.

This wing is peculiar, as Goldenberg remarks, for the very slight development of the
scapular n,nd externomedian veins, and especially for the apical division of the latter. He
might also have added; its open neuration. In comparing it with ^•Blattina flahellata
Germ.," Goldenberg doubtless had in mind our Gerahl. Miinsteri, with which it no doubt
agrees in general features, but is at once distinguished by the peculiar marks of the species
just referred to; it is, however, more closely related to i. species described by Goldenberg
at the same time, Gerahl. acaherata, which also has very sparse neuration. It differs from
this, however, in the character of the mediastinal branches, which are far more longitudinal
in Gerahl. acaherata, and some of them also forked, while the division of the scapular and
externomedian veins in that species is even simpler than here. In the apical division of
these two veins just mentioned it is related to Gerahl. clathrata, but the smaller size and
openness of the neuration at once separate it from that species.

The single specimen comes from a bluish bituminous shale at Wemmetsweiler, near Saar-
brucken, Germany. Middle carboniferous.

Oerablattina scaberata. PI. 3, fig. 3.
Blattina acaherata GolcJ., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19, 25, 51, taf. 1, fig. 8.

Fore wing. The fragment preserved is exceedingly imperfect, and all that can be said
of the form of the wing is that its costal border, away from the two extremities,
is nearly straight or scarcely arcuate. The neuration of the wing, however, is suffi-
ciently preserved to indicate its probable pltice in this genus, and to distinguish it from the
other species of the same. The mediastinaal vein runs parallel to the border in the basal
third of the wing, then approaches it very gradually, terminating in the middle of the
apical half; it is very distant from the margin, the •^rea probably occupying about one-third
the width of the wing ; it emits half a dozen straight and very long, longitudinally oblique
veins, some of the basal ones rather deeply forked, the others simple, and all distant. The
scapular vein terminates just before the tip, is nearly straight from beginning to end, and
probably emits only a single, and that a simple, branch at the middle of the outer half of
the wing ; for there is hardly space for more. The externomedian vein runs in a straight
course down the middle of the wing, and can hardly fork more than once,^ and that beyond
the middle. For the internomedian vein also runs in a straight line along more than half
the wing, and must terminate scarcely below the tip ; only one branch of this vein can be
seen, and this has an unusually longitudinal trend, like the branches of the mediastinal
vein.

The wing is of tolerably large size, the length of the fragment being 25 mm. ; its
breadth, 7.5 mm. ; the probable length of the wing is 30 mm., but its breadth can only be
conjectured. The base, almost the whole of the lower half of the wing, and a large part
of the tip are lost. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is of the right side. Gold-
enberg mentions that no reticulation can be discovered, but that the interspaces are
sprinkled with small raised points.

* In the plate the branch of thb vein should have been given in dotted llies at the base ns well m beyond.

123

The wing is peculiar for the longitudinal direction of the branches of the mediastinal and
internomedian veins, and also for the simplicity of the scapular and externomedian branch-
ing ; the hitter, indeed, is only inferred, but reasonably so, from the openness of the exist-
ing neuration, the small space left for branches, and the extreme straightness of the prin-
cipal veins, which is another peculiar feature of the species. It is more nearly related to
the preceding species than to any other, but is readily distinguished from it by all the
features above named, and by the straightness of the costal margin.

The single specimen was found in a bluish bituminous shale from the culm of the Alten-
wald mine, near Saarbriicken, Germany. Middle carboniferous.

Oerablattina GeinitzL PI. 'i, fig. 11.

Blattina Ge'mitzi G d., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, 160-61, taf 3, fig. 5 ; — lb.. Faun.

saraep. foss., ii, 19.

Fore Aving. The wing is of peculiar form, the costal margin being straight nearly to the
tip, while the inner border is rather strongly ai'cuate and the tip well rounded ; Golden-
berg considers the humeral angle as complete, and therefore statts, as another point in con-
trast to the form of the wing in other ancient cockroaches, that it does not project so far
basully as the anal angle; but this would hardly seem consistent (to the extent figured)
with the use of the wing, and we are thereiore forced to believe the wing imperfect. The
veins originate from the middle of ^ue upper half of the base, and do not curve upward.
The mediastinal vein, owing to the straij^htness and basal contraction of the costal margin,
is nearer the margin basally tlian beyond, pursuing an arcuate course, first divergent from,
afterwards convergent with the margin, and terminating only a little before the apex, or at
the extremity of the straight portion of the margin ; the area is widest in the middle of
the wing, where it is less than a fourth of the entire width of the wing, and is filled with
frequent, longitudinally oblique, simple, arcuate veins, about eight in number. The scap-
ular vein is remarkable for its excessive simplicity, following close to the mediastinal vein,
and forking once only and close to the extremity, beyond the origin of the ? ist mediastinal
branch. The externomedian, on the contrary, has a broadly sinuous course through nearly
the middle of the wing, and although it begins to fork before the end of the basal third, it
only occupies, with its three branches, the extreme apical border of the wing ; the branches
are equidistant, the last emitted before the end of the middle third of the wing, superior,
longitudinal, and closely crowded apically, the first one (in the only specimen known)
simple, the next simply, the last doubly forked. The internomedian vein is subarcuate, or
bent in a sense opposite to what is usual in palaeozoic cockroaches, the basal half beiiig
nearly straight and bent downward, the apical nearly straight and sublongitudinal, termi-
nating just before the tip, where the scapular vein ends, and emitting about eight crowded,
subarcuate, simple or forked veins, the apical much more longitudinal than the ba.sal. The
anal furrow appears to be lightly impressed, gently arcuate, terminating a little before the
middle of the wing; the fivc unal veins are at first simple and arcuate, like the furrow,
afterwards forked and straighter.

The wing is of small size, measuring 14 mm. in length and 4.75 mm. in breadth ; or the
breadth to the length nearly as 1 : 3. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is from
the right side. Goldenberg makes no mention of the surface characters. The wing is

• mi

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124

unusually perfect, but probably the basal portion at the humeral lobe is wanting. It is
peculiar for the straightnesa of its costal margin as contrasted with the fullness of the
inner margin, for the basal narrowing of the mediastinal field, and for the extreme apical
simple forking of the scapular vein. In the first and last of these features it is undoubt-
edly allied to the preceding species, but is readily distinguished from that by its narrower
mediastinal field, as well as by abundant division of the externomedian vein,' the smaller
size of the wing, and the nujch more crowded neiu'ation. Gerahl. Miinsteri has a some-
what similar scapular vein, and also has a crowded neuration, but it also has an extremely
wide mediastinal field, in striking contrast to this species ; its straight costal margin also at
once separates this species from Gerahl. JUiinsleri, as indeed from all the other xmmentioned
species of this genus.

The single specimen found comes from Ltibejiin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Oerablattina Miinsteri. PI. 2, iig. 12.

Blattina flahellata Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, 84-85, tab. 31, fig. 5% 5"; — Gieb., Ins.
Vorw., 315. Not Bl. flahellata Germ., Miinst. Beitr. (for which see Etohl. flahellata).

Fore wing. The costal margin is rather strongly and regularly arcuate, while the inner
margin is straight ; and the Aving, being broadest at the end of the basal third, tapers very
regularly thereafter to the tip, which is broken, but probably weli-roimded ; the veins orig-
inate a little above the middle of the base, and curve a little upward at first. The medias-
tinal vein is arcuate at base, straight and subparallel with the costal margin beyond and
past the middle of the wing, curving gently toward the margin, which it does not reach until
about the middle of the apical foiu'th of the wing ; the area is very broad, being fully two-
fifths the entire breadth of the Aving in the middle of the latter, and emits a large nuniber,
a dozen or more, of nearly straight, mostly simple, occasionally forked, branches, the basal
ones transversely oblique, the apical longitudinally oblique. The scapular vein is very sim-
ple, broadly sinuate, follows the course of the mediastinal vein, and, passing nearly through
the centre of the wing, forks once in the middle of the apical half of the wing, and occupies
only an extremely narrow area on the extreme apical portion of the costal margin. The
externomedian vein appears to be coalesced with the scapidar in the basal fourth of the
wing, but both before and after its separation follows exactly parallel and close to the inter-
nomedian vein, which terminates probably almost as near the apex '.s the scapular vein,
leaving for the externomedian vein only the very apex of the wir.g ; it begins to branch a
little before the middle of the wing, and emits, at equidistant intervals, three longitudinal
branches, the middle one arising in the middle of the wing, and simple, the others simply
or doubly forked, so that the apex is crowded with veins. The internomedian vein is rather
strongly arcuate at base, then runs downward in a nearly straight line toward the middle of
the apical half of the inner margin, until nearly the end of the middle third of the wing,
when it turns suddenly outward, and runs parallel to the inner border, doubtless afterwards
approaching it, and probably terminating only when the apical margin is reached ; it emits
about eight straight, oblique veins, the short apical ones only slightly more longitudinal, all
simple excepting one which is compound, and fills the apical part of the regular portion of
the area. The anal furrow is distinctly impressed, rather gently and regularly arcuate, and

125

''

terminates a little beyond the biusal third of tiie wing; the anal veins, six in number, arc
simple and similarly arcuate.

The wing is somewhat below the medium size, the fragment being 17.25 nun long and
6.5 mm. broad; probably the real length of the wing is 18.5 mm., and the breadth to the
length as 1 : 2.85. The upper surface of the wing appears to be exposed, and is that of
the left side. Gcrmar speaks of the principal mediastinal and internomedian veins as
delicate.

Germar confounded this species with that formerly described by him in Miinster's Beitriige
imder the name of Bl.Jlahellata. It is indeed very close in general appearance, but if the
figure given in Miinster's Beitriige is correct, two species belonging to diflerent gener.t are
indicated. The principal dift'erence is to be found in the upper half of the wing. In Elohl.
flahellata (as lirst described, and as we have restricted it), the mediastinal area is veiy nar-
row, and the vein terminates at about the middle of the costal niargin ; in Gerald. Man-
steri, on the other hand, the area is very broad, and the vein teruiinates only just before
the apex. In Etohl. Jhthellafn again the scapular area is extensive, and filled with many
veins ; in Ge.rahl. Miinsterl, the scapular vein is simply forked once. Or, to put it other-
wise, the branches of the basal half of the mediastinal vein of Gerahl. 3Iiinsteri. are trans-
ferred, in Etohl. Jlabellata, to another short principal vein, running above the mediiustinal,
and which does not exist in Gerahl. Mtniftteri ; while the scapular vein of the latter, amal-
gamated at base with the three-branched externomedian vein, is to be considered, in Etohl.
Jlabellata, as the basal branch of a four-branched externomedian vein. The close resem-
blance of the externomedian and internomedian areas in the two wings would have led
me to consider the illustration in Miinster's Beitriige as simply faulty, were it not for the
follow'':g considerations : First, Gcrmar makes no mention of any such error, but merely
quotes the reference in his synonymy. Second, there are several points of difference
besides those pointed out ; for instance, the shape of the wing, which is less tapering in
Etohl. flahellata, with a less arcuate costal, and a more arcuate inner margin ; the com-
pound branch of the internomedian vein, found just beyond the middle of the wing in
Gerahl. Milnsteri, is represented in Etohl. flahellata by a pair of forked branches, having
a widely distinct origin ; the simply forked vein which I have considered the scapular in
Gerahl. 3I'unsteri originates from the externomedian vein nuich nearer the base than in
Etohl. flahellata; and the borders of the broken tip do not agree in the two wings. Third,
if they are to be considered the same, the correct drawing is certainly the later one, but
the structure of the mediastinal vein is circumstantially described, as well as figured, in both,
of Germar's works, in each case corresponding to the illustration in the same work ; yet the
structure of the wing of Etohl. flahellata is wholly in keeping with that of the genus Kto-
blattina, which comprises the largest proportion of the Eiu'opean palaeozoic cockroaches,
and is indeed very closely related indeed to that of Etohl. aflinis and Etohl. anthracophlla,
as we have already pointed out ; and were it not for the rcuuirkable similarity of the distri-
bution of the nervures referred in Etohl. flahellata to the externomedian vein, it scarcely
seems probable that any doubt would arise concerning tlu distinction of the two species.
Unless Germar's original types exist, and can be verified, it seems questionable whether the
point can really be decided.

Germar, in his Wettin fossils, compares this species to Elohlattlna anaglyptica, which he
says it closely resembles, so that one might take it for a small specimen of the same, but ois
we have seen above, the Wettin species must be placed in Gerublattina and not in Etoblat-

126

SV

tina. It is related to Gerabl. GeinUzi by the simple structure of the medio^tinnl vein, and
the branching of the internomedian, but is at once distinguishable from it by the extreme
breadth of the mediastinal area, and by the general shape of the wing. In the distribution
of the oxternomedian veins it also resembles Gerahl. pi'odncta, but it hardly resembles it
in any other feature, imless it be the shape of the wing. The structure of this same vein
separates it from all the other species of the genus, Giebel plainly described the Wet tin
species, and mistaking the scapidar vein for the first branch of the externomedinn (since
they are united at the base) considers the internomedian as entirely wanting, and suggests
that it should therefore form a peculiar genus.

The single specimen comes from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Gtorablattina produota. PI. 3, fig. 2.

Blattina euglyptica pars Gold., Neues Jahrb. f Mineral., 1869, 162-63, taf 3, fig. 9 (nee. 8).

Not Bl. euglyptica Germ, (for which see Etohl. euglyptica).
Compare also synonymy oi Etohl. Dohrni.

Fore wing. The wing is rather broad and subovate, the costal margin strongly and reg-
ularly arcuate, contracted at the humeral lobe, the tip well rounded and the inner border
nearly straight. The veins originate considerably above the middle of the wing, and are
scarcely turned upward at the base. The mediastinal vein, liowever, curves upward nearly
as much as usual next the base, where it is unusually near the costal margin ; but beyond
the base it is straight, and follows nearly parallel to the costal margin until past the middle
of the wing, when it bends very slightly towrrd the margin, and terminates in the middle
of the outer half of the wing ; it emits about eight straight, oblique, mostly simple veins,
and the area at its widest is scarcely one-quarter the width of the wing. The scapular
vein is nearly straight from one end of the wing to the other, and terminates just above
the extreme apex, separating an upper third of the wing from a lower two-thirds ; com-
mencing to divide at the middle of the wing, it emits four straight, obliquely longitudinal,
superior braiiches, the first forked beyond its middle, the others simple. The oxterno-
median vein is also nearly straight, but diverges a little Iron? the preceding beyond the
basal third of ^!.e Aving, and terminates below the tip of the wing, and n little farther from
it than tl i scapular vein ; it commences to branch a little beyond the basal third, and emits
about four straight, longitudinal, forked or simple branches at subequal distances all the
way to the end. The internomedian vein is somewhat peculiar; straight, or perhaps a
little arcuate at the base, it bends downward toward the lower outer angle of the wing in
the second fourth of the same, and then takes a longitudinal course nearly parallel to the
inner border, which it retains to the end, being throughout this portion of the wing slightly
broader than the mediastinal area, or a little more than half the width of the coiribined
internomedian and anal areas near the base ; on account of the length of the apical por-
tion of this area, I have proposed the above specific name ; the vein emits about eight
simple, oblique, straight, arcuate or sinuous, rather distant branches, the apical ones
much more longitudinal than the basal. The anal furrow seems to be lightly impressed,
rather gently and uniformly arcuate, and terminates at about the end of the middle third
of the wing ; the three or more anal veins are similarly arcuate, simple, and unusually
distant.

■

!■ i\

127

The wing is of medium size, being 26.5 mm. long and 11.25 mm. broad, the breadth to
the length being as 1 : 2.35. The wing is a right wing, viewed from above, exhibiting no
cro88 venation.

Goldenberg described this insect as identical with Etohl. Dohrnii, and referred both to
iJtobl. eiKjh/ptlca. This species, however, difiurs from both of them in the greater length of
the mediastinal area, the later branching of the scapular vein, and the earlier branching of
the externomedian vein. From Etohl. euglyptica, and to a lesiser degree from Etohl. Dohrnii,
it differs in the unusual form of the internomedian area, one of the characteristic marks of
this species ; while the wing is also much broader in proportion to its length than in those
species, and differs considerably in form from Etohl. euglyptica. The differences between
the other two species are stated in the proper place. The larger size, narrower mediastinal
area, and ovate rather than tapering form, as well jis the more complicated scapular vein,
distinguish this species from Gerahl. M'dnsteri, to which it appears to be most nearly allied.
In the narrowing of its mediastinal area at either extremity, in the character of the exter-
nomedian branches, and to a certain extent in the form of the internomedian area, it is to
be compared also with Gerahl. Geinitzi; but it diflcrs cry much in the form of the wing
as well as in the character of the scapular vein. Froni the species which follow it differs to
such an extent in the extended production of the internomedian area, as by no means to be
confounded with them.

The single specimen comes from Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

•Gold., Faun, saraep.

Gerablattina QenuarL I'l. 3, iig. G.

Blattina sp. Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, 87, tab. 31, fig. 9.
Blatta Germari Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 321.

Blattina Germari Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 288;-
foss., ii, 19.

Fore wing. The wing is slender and tapers considerably, besides being slightly curved ;
the costal margin is very strongly and regularly convex, the inner margin straight or very
slightly concave and a little convergent with the costal border, narrowing the rounded tip
unusually ; the veins apparently originate near the middle line of the wing, and curve up-
ward a little at the base. Beyond the base the mediastinal vein runs longitudinally in a
straight line to the middle of the wing, nc a great distance from the costal nuirgin, which it
reaches at about the middle of the outer half of the margin ; this area at its broadest occu-
pies more than two-fifths the breadth of the wing. The scapular and externomedian vein's
appear to run together, and in very close proximity to the mediastinal vein, as far as the mid-
dle of the wing, and then divide, the scapular running to the apex of the wing and dividing, so
that about half a dozen veins strike the costal nurgin. The externomedian vein, having
but a narrow space to expand in, appears to emit only a single forked branch or two from
near the middle of its free course, furnishing about five veins to the extremity of the inner
margin. The internomedian vein, also running so close to the mediastinal in the basal half
of the wing as to occupy the middle line of the wing, and crowding the middle pair of
principal veins together, turns toward the inner margin more slowly than does the medias-
tinal toward the costal border, and, having throughout a broadly arcuate course, strikes the
inner margin a little before the apical sixth of the wing ; it emits four straight, oblique,

m

III
fi'i

128

•p.j. ■

i -A- i

simple or apically forked branches. The anal furrow is well impressed, strongly and regu-
larly arcuate, and terminaten near the middle of the wing ; the anal veins that can be seen
are simple, closely approximate, and similarly orcujite.

This is one of the smallest species, measuring only 11.5 mm. in length by 3.75 mm. in
breadth, the breadth being to the length rather more than 1:3. If the upper surface is
exposed, it is a left wing. Germar does not describe it, believing the neuration too imper-
fect for determination ; but it is sufficiently preserved, to judge from his illustration (on
which this description is based), to determine its generic and specific relations with a reason-
able certitude. The form, excepting perhaps at the base, is well preserved, and this separates
it at once from all known species. In size it agrees only with Elohl. parvula and Elobl.
insignia, from which it is at once separated by the extent of the mediastinal area. The
mediastinal branches are obliterated, as well as the base of those of the scapular and exter-
nomedian areas, but the extent of the mediastinal area, and the common distance from
the base at which the scapular and externomedian veins divide, show that it belongs to this
genus ; while by the close approximation of all the principal veins in the basal half of the
wing, as well as by its size and form, it is readily distinguishable from all the other species
of the genus. It has no very close affinities to any of the species, although perhaps nearest
to Gerahl. Mahri, beside which we have placed it.

One specimen, Wettin, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

Oerablattina MahrL PI. 3, fig. 14.

Blattina Mahri, Gold., in Mahr., Neues. Jahrb. f. Mineral, 1870, 284-85, fig. 2», 2"; —Gold.

Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19.
Compare also synonomy of Blattina elongata.

Fore wing very slender and somewhat tapering, the costal margin rather gently arcuate
on the basal third, beyond nearly straight, the inner margin, at least in the middle, straight.
The veins originate below the middle of the wing, and are strongly arcuate at the base.
The mediastinal vein follows closely the curve of <-'ie costal margin, showing no tendency to
approach it throughout the fragment, that is, probably, as far as the middle of the apical half
of the wing ; it probably terminates only just above the tip, and emits about ten straight,
oblique, equal, very distant, simple branches ; the area occupies nearly or quite a third of
the breadth of the wing in its apical half. The scapular vein is closely parallel to the medi-
astinal, but very distant from it, running scarcely above the middle line of the wing ; it
forks once in the middle of the wing, and, to judge of the openness of the neuration, prob-
ably not again, the two forks probably enclosing the extreme tip of the wing between
them. The externomedian vein is distant from the scapular vein, but not so distant as the
former is from the mediastinal ; beyond the base, which is lost, it is straight and longitudinal
nearly to the middle of the wing ; just before this it is bent rather abruptly and slightly
downward, and runs nearly parallel to the internomedian , vein, emitting near together,
just beyond the middle of the wing, two superior, longitudinal, simple, straight branches.
The internomedian vein is very gently and uniformly arcuate, and being also as distant
from the externomedian as the latter from the scapular vein, the area is unusually narrow
and slender, the vein probably terminating a little before the middle of the apical half of
the wing ; it emits half a dozen nearly straight, oblique, mostly simple, parallel, and distant

H

'if

129

branches, the second only apically forked in the specimen, and, so far o« preserved, the only
forked vein in the wing ; the anal furrow is slight, rather gently arcuate, apically straight,
terminating at the end of the basal third of the wing.

The wing is a very large one, the fragment measuring 40 mm. in length, and 15 mm. in
breadth ; the whole wing is probably 47 mm. long, so that the breadth is to the length as
1 : 3.1. Goldenberg estimates the length at 45 mm. The base is broken obliquely, so that
the anal veins are absent, and a considerable portion of the apex is wanting, particularly
next the inner margin. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is of the left side ; the
veins are very prominent, and the Interspaces are filled with a close, irregular net work of
delicate cross veins, particidarly distinct in the interspaces on either side of the first inter-
nomedian branch.

This species is pecidlar, both for the spai'seness of the neuration, and for its extreme
simplicity, only one of the many branches preserved being forked ; it is also much more
elongated than most of the species, and has an excessively long mediastinal area, reaching
nearly to the tip of the wing, and, notwithstanding the slenderness of the scapular area,
throwing the externomedian branches wholly upon the inner side of the apex. In the
slenderness of the wing tlie preceding very much smaller species approaches it, and in sim-
plicity Gerahl. weissiana seems nearly allied, but it is readily distinguishable from- both by
the extreme length of the mediastinal area.

The single specimen was obtained in the " upper division of the Thuringen carboniferous
series," at Manebach, in the neighborhood of llmenau. Upper carboniferous.

Gtorablattina weissiana. PI. 3, fig. 1.

Blattina euglyptica var. loeissiana Gold., Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1869, 1G3, taf. 3, fig. 10;

— lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19.
Blattina weissiana Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 26, 51.

Fore wing. Only a part of the upper half of the wing being preserved, its form cannot
be stated, but the costal margin is strongly and regularly arcuate, and the tip apparently
well rounded ; the veins are arcuate at the base. The mediastinal vein runs entirely parallel
to and not very distant from the margin until beyond the middle of the wing, when it grad-
ually approaches it, and terminates in the middle of the outer half of the wing ; it emits
nine or more straight, parallel, rather longitudinally oblique, simple branches. The scap-
ular vein also rims parallel to the costal margin, and terminates just before the extreme
tip ; it begins to divide at a little distance beyond the middle of the wing, and in quick ,
succession emits three nearly longitudinal branches, whose course cannot be traced far
beyond their origin. The externomedian vein diverges slightly from the preceding in the
basal half of the wing, running in a nearly longitudinal course about as far from the me-
diastinal vein as the latter is from the margin ; it probably terminates not much further
below the tip than the scapular above it,' and only the extreme apex is therefore occupied
by this vein and its two branches ; these branches are longitudinal, and arise near together,
one at, the other a little beyond, the middle of the wing, and seem to crowd this part
of the wing with veins more closely than elsewhere. The internomedian is represented by

1 Wrongly represented on our plate by the outside mark, as if tlio internomedian vein belonged to this area.

pi
w

'1l

^*l^i.

I i

130

Goldenberg m straight, and no inferior branches are preserved ; a simple superior branch,
running parallel to the main stem, is represented as arising at the end of the middle third
of the wing.'

The wing is a large one, the length of the fragment being 33 mm. ; its breadth, 10 mm. ;
the probable length of the wing, 35 mm. ; its breadth, perhaps 12.5 mm. ; making the
breadth to the length as 1 : 2.8. Goldenberg gives the probable breadth as 16 mm., and
the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.4, and this breadth is represented by the dotted lines on
our plate, where Goldenberg is followed. The straightness, however, and the slight
obliquity of the internomedian vein, render it probable that the internomedian area was a
narrow one, more as appears in Gerahl. balteata, for instance, and the longitudinal direction
of all the veins and all the branches render it all the more probable ; for longitudinal
branches in the internomedian area are generally correlated with a narrow area ; there is
no reticulation in the interspaces, and the wing, if the upper surface is exposed, is of the
left side.

The extreme base, the Avhole of the anal area, all of the internomedian area below the
main vein, the neuration of the apical third of the wing, and the lower half of the margin
of the entire wing are destroyed ; enough, however, remains to indicate both the generic
and specific alliances of the insect, and to show that it is certainly distinct from any other
described form. Goldenberg's first reference of the insect as a form of Etohl. euglyptica was
natural, from the general resemblance of the neuration to what is found in that insect; but
the much greater length of the mediastinal area, not to mention the more apical division of
the scapular vein, at once forbids such a reference. In the form of the wing and in the
general distribution of the veins it most nearly resembles, perhaps, the American Gerahl.
balteata, but the far more apical division of the scapular and externomedian veins, and
especially of the former, separates it at once. In these points it is more closely allied to
Gerahl. Mahri, but the wing cannot be so slender as there, nor so large, and the medias-
tinal area is much shorter.

Goldenberg considers this species allied to Etohl. euglyptica and Bl. laiinervis on account
of the uncommon breadth of the veins, and to the liassic Legnophora Girardi on account
of the smoothness, of the margin, which the veins do not quite reach.

The single specimen comes from Briicken, Canton Waldraohr, in the Rheinpflatz. Upper
carboniferous.

Oerablattina balteata, nov. sp. PI. 6, figs. 9, 10.

Blattina sp. Font.-White, Upp. carb. flora W. Va., pi. 22, fig. 16, 16" [ined.].

Fore wing. The form of the wing cannot be definitely stated, as a large part of both
base and apex are wanting ; the costal margin, however, is moderately and regularly convex,
and the inner margin nearly straight, and parallel to the former, indicating a moderately
slender wing of a somewhat ovate shape, tapering at either end, and largest near the mid-
dle. The veins are arcuate at the base, and probably originate near the middle of the
wing. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but is straight to just
beyond the middle of the wing, when it curves gradually toward the costal margin, and

' Two are incorrectly represented on our plate, following Goldenberg'* first representation of the same.

131

terminatos near the end of the middle third of the wing ; in the fragment, which rcpreaents
all but the ba^al fourth, there are about eight feeble, niniple, gently arcuate, rather diHtinct,
longitudinall; oblique branchen, and the middle breadth of the area is Hcarccly Ichs than
one-fourth the width of the wing. The scapular vein, in the basal third or fourth of the
wing, runs in very close proximity to the mediastinal vein, then diverges from it, being
directed toward the apex of the wing ; but a little past the middle it returns by a broad
curve to its former trend, and terminates probably just before *he extreme tip of the wing;
in the fragment it emits four branches, and in the apex, which is destroyed, it p obably had
one or two more ; the first of these four is thrown off where the vein diverg» s from the
mediastinal, \h., a little beyond the basal third of the Aving ; and this branch continues
subpnrallel to the mediastinal vein, but is compound, forking once next the second forking
of the scapular vein, each fork again dividing at unequal distances before reaching the
border ; the other branches are simple, and originate at unequal distances apart, the second
in the middle of the wing. The externomedian vein follows very nearly the same sinuous
course as the scapular, but constantly a little divergent from it, and widely distant from
both it and the internomedian vein ; it emits its first branch midway between the first
two branches of the scapular vein ; this forks at least once, but probably only onco, at less
than half way to the apex ; a second branch, not shown on the plate, and obscure upon
the fossil, arises opposite the fifth internomedian branch, but only its base is preserved.
The internomedian vein, so far as it is clearly preserved, is straight, and considerably
oblique, being parallel to the general trend of the middle portion of the externomedian
vein, and, in this portion of its course, it emits five equally and widely distant, generally
forked branches, which are oblique at origin, and excepting the first, very strongly arcuate
beyond, becoming nearly longitudinal ; directly beyond the origin of the fifth branch, or
just at the end of the middle third of the wing, the vein itself becomes longitudinal, and
runs scarcely convergent with the margin, probably ending in the middle of the apical
third of the wing,* and thereafter emits one or two more simple branches.

The wing is of medium size, the fragment measuring 19 mm. in length and 10 mm. in
breadth ; probably the entire length of the wing was 25 mm., making the breadth to the
length as 1 : 2.5. The upper surface of a left wing is exposed, and the more essential parta
of the neuration are present, although the entire anal area, with the corresponding upper
portion of the base, is gone, together with a large fragment from the apex of the wing.
The most characteristic feature in the wing, one found apparently in no other palaeozoic
cockroach, is the peculiar limitation of the cross neuration to broad, piceous belts, which
follow the veins and their branches throughout all part i of the wing sufficiently preserved
to see it, excepting the branches of the mediastinal vein ; they are apparently worn from all
but the basal portion if the scapular and externomedian veins, to the extent represented in
the plate ; but, wherever they can be seen, follow each of the veins and their branches
with extreme regularity and nearly equal width, so as to cross the interspaces where these
are narrow ; the cross veins in these belts are very delicate, crowded, elevated, a little
irregular, but usually transverse to the interspaces, and only to be seen by the aid of a
magnifier ; between the bands, which are about 0.75 mm. in breadth at the widest, no

* The outside mark on the plate (fig. 9), representing
the teraiination of the internoincdiiin aren, slioiild tlicrelure

be removed considerably furtlicr toward the tip of the wing.

132

"I
"i'iil'

Si\>

trace of tranflverae markinga can be 8cen. Thifl peculiar atructure is well brouglit out in
fig. 16*, of Fontaine and White's plate, but the ligure of the wing, fig. IG, represents the
course of the neuration as entirely wrong.

The species is, of course, based upon the wing described above, but another fragment of a
wing (PI. 6, fig. 10) has been found by Professor Fontaine ; and, notwithstanding it occura
in a considerably lower deposit, and represents a part absent from the other wing (thus sup-
plementing it, but at the same time affording no common ground for structural comparison
beyond the size), we must consider it as belonging to the same species, on account: first, of
its size, which agrees perfectly with the other fragment ; and second, from the fact that each
of the veins is accompanied by a black belt, although without the addition of the transverse
veins. The fragment is that of an entire anal area, and shows that the anal furrow af this
species was very deeply impressed in its basal half, more gently in its apical, was rather
strongly arcuate and a little bent in the middle, but probably terminated a little beyond
the middle of the basal half of the wing, being unusually short: the anal veins Avere
simple, the first three rather distant (but the first very close to the ..nal furrow), scarcely
raised above the surface, and bent in the same sense as the anal furrow, being subparallel
to it; the other three or four are gently arcuate in an opposite sense, delicately elevated,
and closely crowded. The length of the fiagment is 7.5 mm.; its breadth, 3.5 mm. The
black belts accompanying the veins are a little narrower than in the other fragment. The
surface exposed is also that of a left upper wing.

This species is sufficiently distinguished by the banded neuration of the wings to separ-
ate it from any other. The distribution of the veins, however, shows that it falls into
this genus and has certain special affinities with Gerabl. Mahri and G. weissiana ; from
the former of these it differs very much in the greater brevity of the mediastinal area nd
fro a the latter it is distinguishtd (there are few points of comparison, from the fra ^-

ary nature of G. weissiana) by the much earlier origin of the first scapular branc. it
has closer affinities, in most of the broad features of its neuration, with the other American
species of thj genus, G. faaciata, but to the fine subdivision of the veins of the latter it
has nothing to correspond ; neither has it in the length and multiple division of its scapular
vein, nor in the basal union of the principal veins, nor in the structure of the anal area.

The first and principal fragment described above was found by Messrs. Fontaine and
White at Cassville, Monongolia County, W. Va., in the roof shales of the Waynesburg
coal, or the very highest of the beds of the upper productive coal series, in the nomen-
clature of the first Pennsylvania survey, or the beds termed Permo-carboniferous by Pro-
fessor Fontaine. The other fragment comes from Bellaire, Ohio, near Wheeling, W. Va.,
associated with plants of the upper productive coal beds, in shales twenty feet below the
Pittsburgh bed of coal, which lies at the base of the upper productive coal series, and
clearly within the carboniferous series proper. Professor Fontaine, who kindly sent me the
specimens, writes me that the two localities are eighty miles apart, and separated by three
hundred feet of strata. Upper carboniferous ; Permo-carboniferous.

133

i

OerabUttiiia f aaolg tra. PI. 0, figs. 1, 2.

Blatthm fuacigera Scudd., Proc. Bost. hoc. nat. hlHt., xix, 2.38-30; — lb., Entom. notes,

VI, 3r>-3G.

Fore wing. The wing is broad and nearly equal, the humeral lobe full, the costal
margin very gently and very regularly convex, the inner margin nearly straight until the
apical third of the wing, where it is roundly l)er.t and thus narrows the well-rounded apex ;
the veins originate below the middle of the wing, and all but the mediastinal and the anal
veini. from a single root considerably below the middle, from whence they curve rather
strongly upward. The mediastinal vein is very faintly preserved, and runs subparallel to
the costal border, with a similar arcuation, to the middle of the apical half of the wing,
and then curves toward it and meets it at the extremity of the fragment, or beyond the
middle of the apical fourth of the wing ; * it emits a very great number of closely crowded
branches, which are only visible in the apical half of the area, nowhere visible throughout
their length, both their boses and even the principal vein itself being obliterated, and the
course of the vein only indicated by the position of their outer extremities ; enough
remains to show that they are generally sunple (in a single instance a fork is seen), straight
or faintly arcuate, the convexity away from the costal nuirgin and oblique, the apical ones
becoming slightly longitudinal ; in the middle of the wing the area occupies somewhat less
than one-fourth the breadth of the wing. The common stem from which arise the scapular,
externomedian, and internoinedian veins and the anal furrow, runs in a straight line
parallel to the nearly obliterated mediastinal vein until just past the middle line of the
wing, at about the middle of tli<' basal third of the wing, when they all divide simul-
taneously, excepting the two lowor, which do not separate at once from each other. Be-
yond this common point of departure, the scapular vein is at first gently arcuate, shortly
afterwards, after its first branch, nearly straight, running throughout parallel to the costal
margin, but at a wide distance from the mediastinal vein, and terminates at the tip of the
wing ; it is, however, slightly arcuate, in an opposite sense to its first arcuation, between
each pair of branches, the main stem and each branch appearing, almost equally, as forks
of the preceding part of the main stem; these branches are four in number; the first
differs from the rest ; it parts from the main stem a little beyond the basal third of the
wing, soon becomes nearly longitudinal, but gradually approaches the mediastinal vein,
and finally forks, the two branches of the fork closely resembling branches of the medias-
tinal vein ; the second branch of the scapular vein arises a little beyond the middle of the
wing, the fourth midway between this and the apex, and the third midway between the
two; the second is doubly, the third simply forked, and the fourth simple; the apical
shoots of these branches strike the margin of the scapular area at increasingly wider inter-
vals, the lower interspaces being similar in width to those of the inner margin. The exter-
nomedian vein, beyond the point of common origin,'' runs in a nearly straight but fiiintly
wavy course nearly along the middle of the wing, parallel to the preceding, and has similar
arborescent but inferior branches, also emitted at irregular intervals ; the first, which is
doubly forked, is emitted at the centre of the wing ; the second and third, which are sim-

' The mark separating the mediastinal and scapular areas
is placed a little too far toward the apex in the plate.

' Represented on the pliite a little incorrectly, as it should
be united at its base with the scapular vein.

184

pie, are thrown off, one opposite the first fork of the first branch, the other opposite the
last branch of the scapular vein ; there is also the oomnicnoement of an oblique, stout
cross-vein opposite the basal branch of the scapular vein, running half way to the second
branch of the internomedian vein, almost precisely similar to what occurs in Etobl. venusta
and in Arch, acadicum, both, like tliis, American species, and members of the same sub-
family. The internomedian vivn and anal furrow part from each other almost iuunediately
after their common depart ire from the luiited vein, and the internomedian then runs in an
irregularly straight line, subparallel to the externomedian vein, and tei*minates a little
fi.rther from the tip than the mediastinal vein ; it curves downward a very little at the
origin of its third branch, so as to be a little more distant from the externomedian between
its third and fourth branches than before ; it has in all five branches, which originate at
subequidistant intervals, the last of which is simple, the others more or less deeply and
simply forked ; they are all more or less arcuate and somewhat longitudinally oblique. The
anal furrow, from the common origin of all the veins, is straight, very deoj)ly impressed on
the basal lialf, somewhat longitudinally oblique, and terminates in the middle of the inner
margin ; ' the anal veins are very independent of the anal furrow, consisting first of a pair
of compound veins arising from the extreme base of the wing at the origin of the connnon
st-^im of the principal veins, and running in an obliquely longitudinal coarse to strike the
apical half of the margin of the anal area, and leaving a wide interval at the base between
them and the common stem and tho anal furrow ; and in the angle four closely approxi-
mated, straight, sunilai'ly oblique, simple veins.

The wing is a large one, measuring 35 mm. long as far as preserved, and 15.5 mm.
broad ; the entire length of the wing must have been 38 mm., and the proportion of the
breadth to the length as 1 : 2.5. The wing is perfect, except a slight fragment of the tip and
a little piece of the base of the anal area. The specimen shows the upper surface of a left
wing. The surface is covered with a very delicate network of raised veins, which are
arranged more or less irregularly, transverse to the interspaces, in a broad marginal band
aioinul the apex and inner border of the wing, and as nn entirely irregular polygonal retic-
idation upon the disc ; no network can be seen, probably fi'om poor preservation, upon the
mediastinal area.

This species was wrongly compared by me to Eiohl. prbnaeva, with which it has very few
special points in connnon, and from which it is widely distinct in the structure of the medi-
astinal and anal %eius. It seems to belong certainly in the genus Gerablattina, but forms
perliap-^ a distinct section, difl'ering from all others in the extreme nudtiplicity of the medias-
tinal branches, in the basal coalescence of the other principal veins, in tlie arborescent
division of the scapular and externomedian veins, and in the longitudinality and dichotomy
of the anal ^■eins, and their wide separation from the anal furrow. In the broad features of
its neuration, however, and particularly in points of division of the scapular, externo-
median, and internomedian ureas, it resembles most and to a considerable degree the only
other American species of the genus, G. bnlteata, but it diflers from it in all the points
above mentioned, and in lacking tlie banded ornamentation of the veins.

The single specimen found was obtained by Mr. II. D. Lacoe, at Pittston, Penn., and lies
on a piece of black carbonaceous shale coming from the interconglomerate beds of the true

' Tho termination of tlio anal area ii marked in the plate on tlio wrong side uf the anal vein.

135

coal monsurea at the anticlinal next north of that in which the Pittston species of Lithoniy-
lacris occur, and also on the south-east siile. Lower carboniferous.

Bermatoblattina nov. gen. {^i>nit, Bl»ttini))< '

Blatt'ma Auct, (pars).
The two species which form this genus differ in the nature of the mediastinal area in the
front wings ; in one it is nearly one-third the br-Midth of the wing, equal nearly to the
extremity, and terminates close to the tip of the wing ; in the other it is fidly a tliii'd the
breadth of the wing near the base, and diminishes regularly to the extremity, which is
somewhat beyond the middle of the outer half of the wing ; in both the vein is gently
sinuous and the branches frequent, oblique and generally simple. Tiie scapular vein,
although beginning to branch before the middle of the wing, has only two or three
branches, which are inferior, diverge but slightly, and nuiy or may not fork, so that the
area occupied by the vein is slight, and terminates at the tip of the wing. In consequence
of the inferior position of the branches, the equal interspace between the mediastinal and
scapular veins is marked by oppositely diverging branches. The externomedian vein is very
similar to the scapular in extent, place and mode of branching, but the bi-anches may be
either superior or inferior, but always fall upon the margin below the apex of the wing.
The anal and internomedian areas are very broad at base, occu|)ying more than half the
breadth of the wing, but narrow rapidly, the internomedian being considerably lu'cuate,
and terminiiting not very far from the apex ; the branclicx of the externomedian are as
oblique as those of tiie mediastinal area, and althougli very long and straight, fork v ry
little. The anal furrow is not very pronounced, more or less arcuate, arl terminates not
far beyond the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins are subarcuate, subparallel, frequent
and simple. Nothing is known of the genus but front wings, which are unusually stout,
the breadth being contained in the length scarcely more than two and a quarter times ;
with the possible exception of I'etrablattina, the average form is stouter than iu any other
genus, although other genera contain stouter species.

This genus is peculiar for the inferior position of the branches of the scapidar vein, a
characteristic it sliares only with Oryctoblattina, from which it is readily separated by tiie
slender development of the same vein, and by the dilferent nature of almost all of the
others. But for the inferior position of these branches of the scapular vein, it could hardly
be separated from Gerablattina. From Archimylacris and Etoblattina it is distinguished by
the breadth and extent of the mediastinal area. From Anthracoblattina it is airain
separated by the inferior position of the scapular branches. The limited extent of the
combined areas of the scapular aiid externomedian veins readily (iistinguish it from Progo-
noblattina, while the totally difl'erent nature of tiie externomedian vein in Petrabhittina
permits of no confusion with that.

The two species belonging here come from the old world, and are of large size.

Hermatoblattina wemmetsweileriensis. PI. 4, fig. 14.

Blatlina wemmetsweileriensis Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19, 24, 51, taf 1, fig. 9.

Fore wing. The wing is broad and nearly equal, ahnost imperceptibly diminishing in
aize up to the apical fourth of the wing ;' the costal margin is very gently and regularly

> ThiB soiircoly appeani on our plato, wlmre tho apical Imlful' tlio costal margin ii n trillu too full.

r.

^^ %i^

186

convex, the inner margin straight, and the apex well rounded, no doubt, but broken in the
specimen. The veins probably originate a little above the middle of the wing, and are
gently arcuate at their base. The mediastinal vein runs jiarallel to the costal margin, but
beyond the middle of the wing scarcely recedes from it, afterwards curving very slightly
upward, and striking the apical border not a great way above the tip of the wing ; it emits
a large number, thirteen or more, of rather frequent branches, most of which are simple (the
penultimate doubly forked), parallel, the earlier ones oblique, the later longitudinally oblicpie ;
the area is a little more than a fourth the width of the wing in tl»e middle. Tim scapular
vein runs closely parallel to the media.stinal throughout its course and emits, at equal
distance., apart, three inferior, apically forked branches, the fu'st scarcely beyond the basal
third of the wing, the third somewhat before the end of the middle third of the wing, and
all with their forks crowded closely together into the space between the tip of the mediastinal
vein and the extreme apex of the wing. The externomedian vein, on the other hand, runs
close and parallel to the internomedian vein ; but it also has three branches, whicli are
slightly further apart thanin the preceding, but originate almost exactly ojjposite them, the
last simple, the others compound, (illing the area with veins as closely crowded as in the pre-
ceding area ; the branches being superior while those of the scapular area are inferior, brings
the branches opposed to each other in a sense the reverse of what is conunonly found in
palaeozoic cockroaches, and gives the wing a peculiar appearance. The internomedian vein
is gently and decreasingly arcuate from the base outward, and is very regular, but, at tiie
origin of its last branch, takes a direction a little above its former course, the branch and the
apex of the vein nuiking common forks of the preceding part of the stem ; it terminates
before ■''le apical sixth of the wing, and emits eight equidistant, simple or forked, straight
veins, .til but the last of which are oblique ; the vein originating above the middle of a
broad wing, and extending So far toward the tip, gi^es this area a great extent, making it
not a little remarkable that some of its basal branches, all of which are more distant than
the mediastinal branches, should be simple, and so very straight. The anal furrow is
apparently deeply impressed at base, pretty regularly and very strongly arcuate, terminat-
ing a little beyond the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins, nine in nmnber, are, so far
as preserved, simple, straight, and closely crowded toward the inner angle, gently arcuate
and more distant next the anal furrow.

The wing is a large one, the fragment measuring 34 mm. in length and 16 mm. in
breadth ; the length of the wing can vary little from 37 mm., making the breadth to the
length as 1 : 2.3. It is almost completely preserved, a little of the extreme base and tip
only wanting. If the upper surface is exposed, the wing is from the right side ; the
reticulation is mostly effaced, but with a lens one may see exceedingly delicate transverse
wrinkles, giving the wing a shagreened appearance.

Goldenberg compares this species with Etohl. primaeva, with which, however, at least
above the internomedian area, it has very little in common, and from which it differs greatly
in shape; the other spt^ies of the genus agrees far better with Etohl. primaeva. This
species differs from Ilerm. lebachensis in the structure of the mediastinal area, which is here
almost equal, and in the distribution of the externomedian branches, which are superior
and not inferior.

The single specimen was found in a bluish bituminous shale in the neighborhood of
Wemmetsweiler, near Saarbriicken, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

137

Heruatoblattlna lebachenslB. PI. 4, flg. 11.

Matthin lehachenHis Gold., Sitziingsb. nuitli.-nat. CI. k. Akiul. WIhh. Wion., ix, 38 (nnde-

pcril)c«l).
BUittina lehachenms Gold., Palneonto}?r., iv, 22, 23, taf. (5, fig. 7 ; — ll>., F<).s.s. Inn. Saarhr.

6, 7, taf. 4, (Ig. 7; — lb.. Faun. Haraep. Ioh.s., ii, LO, 27, 51, taf. 1, fig. 20; — GicI).,

Ins. Vorw., 310;— Gcin., Geol. Steink. DcutHchl., 150.

Fore wing. The extreme base and n considerable part of tbe apex of the wing being
lost, its form cannot be given in detail ; but it is remarkable ibr its great breadth near the
base, due to the unusual convexity of the basal half of the costal margin, which is a little
exaggerated in the plate ; ))eyond this fulness the costal margin is straight, and gradually
approaches the inner nuirgin, which is itself very gently and regidarly convex, so that the
wing tapers considerably beyond the basal third. The veins appear to originate not far
from the middle of the base, perhaps a little above it, and have a long basal arcuation.
The mediastinal vein is very broadly and gently sinuous, straighter than the co.stal margin,
so that the mediastimd area, which terminates just at the tip of the fragment, and probably
not much before the apical sixth of the wing, narrows toward either extremity from the
middle of its basal half, being at its broadest about one-third the width of the wing ; It
emits eight distant, straight branches, all excepting one which is forked, simple, the basal
one transversely, the apical ones a little longitudinally oblique. The scapu! cr is throughout
close and parallel to the mediastinal vein ; it seems to be coalesced with the externo-
median vein in the basal fourth or third of the wing, and to have three inUsrior, simple,
longitudinal, arcuate, apically distant branches, the first arising beyond the basal third of
the wing and reaching the extreme tip, the last arising at about the end of the middle
third of the wing. The externomedian vein is very broadly and gently sinuous, running
down the middle line of the wing, terminating just below the tip, and emitting three
inferior, simple, gently arcuate, sublongitudinal, apically distant branches, arising almost
opposite those of the scapular vein. The internomedian vein is strongly and regularly
arcuate, apically straight or slightly iircuate in a reversed sense, terminating about opposite
the end of the mediastinal vein, and emitting half a dozen rather closely approximate, very
long, oblique, straight or sinuate simple branchofi, the penultimate, in the individual figured
by Goldenberg in his Fauna saraepontan v, ending in the preceding branch.* The anal furrow
is lightly impressed, gently convex, and terminates a little befon; the middle of the wing ;
the anal veins, five or six in number, are simple, not very clo.^ely crowded, and similarly
arcuate.

The wing is a large one, the fragment measuring 28.0 mm. in length, and 16 mm. in
breadth ; the length of the wing may be anywhere from 32 to 36 mm., so that the breadth
is to the length as 1:2- 2.25. The wing is from the left side, and the upper surface is
exposed ; the recticulation of the wing is composed of polygonal, mostly tetragonal or
pentagonal, cells, forming a network which may be seen with the naked eye, and are more
delicate on the disc than near the apex.

* In Ilia first description, Goldenberg describes tlio six in-
ternomedian brandies as all simple excepting the fuurth,
whicli is forked ; nnd ho figures tliein as nil simple and run-
ning to tbe margin o/iuupting tbe third, which is forked. In

his second description, based apparently on the same speci-
men, he describes tlicni as all simple and figures them as we
have here described.

138

Goldenberg compares the species to Etohl. eugli/ptica, frotn wlilch ho snys it differs in its
larger size, broader mediastinal area, hirger ntunber of branches in the anal area, and a
wider interspace between the scapular and internomedian areas. The differences between
the two species in every part of the wing are so groat that it is ditlicult to see any special
point they have in conunon, excepting the simjjlicity of the internomodian and anal
branchc-!. •. hich is connnon to a great number of forms. Goldenberg subsequently com-
pares tiiis species to Etohl. aiuuflj/ptlca, with which it agrees better both in shape and
in neuration, but it is still larger than that species, and differs besides in the brevity and
non-production of the intevnomedian area. It much more closely resembles Etohl. j)ri-
viaei"x tlian either, although still widely distinct from it. From the only other species of the
genus it is distinguishable by the brevity and unequal breadth of the mediastinal area,
the inferior origin of the externomcdian branches, and the tapering form of the wing.

Several specimens must have been found in the iron-stone nodules of Lebach above
Saarlonis, Germany, as Goldenberg remarks that it appears there to be conunon. Dya.s.

We come nov lo the more aberrant forms of this group of carboniferous cockroaches, the
preceding genera being more closely allied to each other than to either of the groups
which are to follow, and which comprise between them but live species.

I i

ProgonoMattina nov. gen. (r^>S}'u>«)f, Blnttinn).
Blatt'ma Auct. (pars).

In the genus now under consideration the mediastinal vein of the front wing runs par-
allel and near to the costal border, occupying, even in the slender species, less than a third
of the breadth of the wing, and terminating only a little beyond the middle of the costal
margin ; its branches are frequent, oblique, gently arcuate, and simple. The scapular vein
is of much greater importance, commencing to branch far toward the base of the wing,
emitting five or six Ibrliing branches, and terminating only just before the tip of the wing;
the branches are superior, but longitudinal or scarcely oblique, and at the termination of
the mediastinal vein the are aoccupies about half the breadth of the wing. The exter-
nomedian vein early divides into sevei'al principal branches, which are very similar in
nature to those of the preceding vein, and occupy on the margin a similar extent ; ac-
c"rding, however, to the curve of the main scapular vein, this area may occupy, with its
many doubly forking longitudinal branches, more or less room than the scapular area ; to-
gether they occupy the entire apical half of the wing, and more than a third of the basal
half. The internomedian vein, which originates in the middle of the base of the wing,
slopes in a more or less arcuate curve toward the middle of the inner margin ; it emits
only three or four branches, simple or apically forked, and altogether plays a very insignifi-
cant part in the wing, the anal farrow, which is slight and considerably more arcuate than
the internomedian vein, terminating beyond the middle of the basal half of the wing. The
anal veins are more oblique than the anal furrow, not very numerous, subparallel, and
simple or forked.

Nothing but upper wings are known, and these vary exceedingly in slenderness, one of
the two species being the slenderest known species, while the other is a little below the
general average.

139

This gonus is ronrlily separated from nil the preceding by tlio much greater common
expanse of tlie scnpuhir and externomedian veins, and the unimportance of the interno-
medianarea; indeed, in these particulars it surpasses any "f the ancient genera of cock-
roaclies. B'rom Orvctohhittina it is readily separated by the brevity of the mediastinal
area, and by the approximation of all the \eins in the basal half of the wing. The totally
dillereut character of the externomedian vein distinguishes it from Petrablattina, although
it approaches that genus in the abundance of the neuration.

The two species, which dilfer widely from each other, are European ; one of thcni is a largo
species, the other rather small.

Progonoblattina helvetica. I'l. a, tisr. in.

niaftinn hehefica Tleer, Viertelj. naturf (Jesellsch. Ziirich, ix, '2S7, 21)1-0.'], pi., fig. 1 ; —
lb., Urw. Schweiz., r)!)'J, note ; — lb., Monde prim, suisse, 22, fig. lOc"''; — Gold., Faun,
saraop. loss., ii. It).

Blaita hchetivn Meer, Prim, world Switz., i, 20, fig. If.c"".

Fore wing. The ving is pretty regularly elongate-obovate, the costal and inner margins
about Cipially and consideral)ly convex, +he apex tapering but well rounded. The base of
the wing is broken, especially next the margins, so that the mediastinal vein can be traced
only a short distance ; here it runs near and parallel to the margin, and by a gentle curve
strikes it at the end of the middle fifth of the wing ; tho width of the area is less than a sixth
that of the wing, and in the portion preserved only a couple of branches are setMi, widely
separated at their origin, simple and arcuate, but brought near together by their unusual
longitudinality, so that it is doubtful if there are more than live or six branches to the vein.
The following areas, as lleer has pointed out, are d'lUcult to separate, from the fact that
the base of the wing is lost, and they all divide so early as to exhibit at the edge of the
fragment, very near the base, no less than eight nervules between the mediastinal vein
and the anal furrow. It would, how<wer, present a structure so abnormal were any but
the nervure next tho anal furrow to belong to tho internomedian vein, that it seems almost
certain that we must divide seven of them between the scapular and externomedian veins ;
the three lower of these have an oblique course at the base, anil are separated by an
unusual width from the upper four, which in their turn have a, longitudinal course ; and
these two bundles of nervules we may consider as belonging to tho externomedian and
scapular veins respectively. On this assiunption tho scapular vein is longitutlinal and
nearly straight, and terminates just above tho extreme tip ol the wing ; it has six longi-
tudinal branches, three of which originate within the basal ((uarter, two near th<j middle
and one next the tip of the wing ; tho first and last are simple, the others simply, the
middle one doubly forked ; the basal branches curve very gently upwaril toward their
tip, but the others are wholly horizontal. The externomedian vein is more dilli(uilt to
define ; the throe veins with which it starts from the base of the fragment are very similar
in character, and being perfectly parallel next the edge (which must lie within tho basal
fifth or sixth of the wing) it is not clear which should bo looked upon as the main stem ;
but the main stem may be said to break close to the base into three branches which run
clo.so together toward the middle of the outer half of the inner edge of the wing ; omitting
the upper branch of the upper vein, each of those three stems forks at or just beyond tho
end of the bjisal third of the wing, and each of those forks again divides at irregular

140

1 1

distances from this point, but most of them not far from the end of the middle third of the
wing ; the upper stem, however, has an upper branch, which starts in the middle of the
wing and is doubly forked, running in a very slniight, longitudinal course almost exactly
through the middle line of the wing, its first fork near the end of the middle third, the
second near the tip of the wing. The internoinedian vein is scarcely arcuate, and by an
apical fork is thrown a little further out than it otherwise would be, reaching close to the
end of the middle third of the wing ; besides the apical fork it has three branches, emitted
near together, not far from Mie end of the basal third of the wing, straight, oblique and
apically forked. The anal furrow is not impressed, regularly and considerably arcuate,
bears an inferior, nearly .>■ traight branch near the middle of its preserved course, and
terminates considerably beyc ad the basal third of the wing ; the anal veins are scarcely so
crowded as the others, simp ■}, forked or compound, arcuate, and subparallel to the anal
furrow.

The wing is a very large one, the fragment measuring 39 mm. in length, and 17 mm. in
breadth. The probable length of the wing is 42 nun., making the ratio of the breadth to
the length as 1 : 2.5. The wing is from the left side and shows the upper surface, which
is covered with a network of ve y numerous, closely crowded, delicate cross veins, visible
only by aid of a glar^. Heer compares the species with Etohl. jjrimaeva and Etohl. clith/ma,
but fails to point out its closer alliance to Progon. Fritschil, which he describes immediately
afterwards, or to notice the feature which is most characteristic of it, viz., the exceedingly
early division of the scapular and externomedian branches, and the nearly uniform longi-
tudinal course of all these branches ; no other palaeozoic cockroach has such an abundance
of longitudinal veins filling the larger part of the wing. From its congener it is readily
distinguished by this feature, and also by the smaller extent of the scapular area as
compared to the externomedian, and the far greater size and stoutness of the wing.

A single specimen, found in the anthracitic schists of the lower quarry of Erbignon,
Canton Wallis, Switzerland, is remarkable as the only animal yet discovered there.
Middle or upper carboniferous.

i 1

I

Frogonoblattina FritschiL PI. 3, fig. 12.

Blattina Fritschii Heer, Viertelj. naturf Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 287, 293-94, pi., fig. 2; —

Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19.

Fore wing. The wing is exceptionally slender and equal, both borders being almost
perfectly straight ; the apex and outer half of the inner margin are lost, but the part pre-
served is more than three times as long as broad. The veins originate just above the
middle of the base of the wings, and have the slightest possible upward curve in passing
outward. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but always almost
imperceptibly approaching it, more rapidly toward the tip, which strikes the margin at the
end of the fragment, or a little beyond the middle of the wing ; in the middle the area is a
little less than one-third the width of the wing, and it is occupied by about seven longitu-
dinally oblique, slightly arcuate, simple veins. The scapular vein runs close beside the
mediastinal through the basal quarter of the wing, then turns abruptly although only
slightly from it, and runs in a broad, arcuate curve past the middle line of the wing, to
strike the border just above the tip, or where a continuation of its basal course would have
brought it ; it has five superior, obliquely longitudinal branches, the first emitted at the

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point where it diverges from its first course, wliich is doubly forked ; the next, which is
forl<ed, at the end of the basal third of the wins; and three simple, more closely approxi-
miited vems, at and a little beyond the middle of the Aving. The externomedian has an
arcuate course, closely parallel to the scapular vein, through the basal third or thereabouts;
here it is broken up into three principal stems, the upper of which runs in a slightly arcu-
ate course to a point as far below the extreme apex as the scapular vein is above it, emit-
ting in the apical third of the wing three simple, nearly longitudinal branches, which
occupy the apex of the wing ; the middle stem runs close to the preceding, and emits, at
one-third and two-thirds way to the border, two superior, simple, straight, and nearly lon-
gitudinal branches ; the lower is basally forked, the forks resembling the basal branch of
the middle stem. The internomedian vein is rather gently and regularly arcuate, termi-
nating next the middle of the lower border ; it has three simple branches, and one (the
first) forked branch, approximate, straight, and oblique. The anal furrow is a little more
strongly, but just as regularly arcuate, and strikes the margin at the- end of the basal third
of the wing ; the anal veins, four in number, are simple, distant, slightly divergent, and
similarly arcuate.

The wing is of medium size, but appears rather small from its narrowness, the fragment
measuring 22 mm. in length and 6.5 mm. in breadth;' the wing must have measured
23.5 mm. in length, so that the breadth was to the length as 1 : 3.6. If the upper surface
is preserved, it is from the left side. It is very nearly perfect, only a portion of the tip
and lower apical margin being lost. The reticulation between the veins is mostly de-
stroyed, but with a glass one may see, particularly in the anal area, excessively delicate
wrinkles or little streaks, giving a shagreened appearance to the wing, and indicating the
presence of closely crowded cross neuration.

Ileer remarks that this species comes next to Gerahl. Munsteri, but it differs more from
that than from many other species, such as Etohl. flahellata and Etohl. affinis ; but
even from these it is widely different in the distribution of the scapular and externomedian
branches. From its single congener, Progon. heloetica, it is readily distinguished by its
exceedingly different size and shape, and differs also in its broader mediastinal field, the
less basal division of the scapular and externomedian veins, and the more oblique course of
the scapular branches. Indeed, it differs so much from it, that were it not for its essential
agreement in the points in which they both differ from the other palaeozoic cockroaches, it
would seem more rational to separate them generically ; which a more extended acquaint-
ance with palaeozoic Blattinarians may yet compel us to do.

One specimen, from the coal-measures of Manebach, near Ilmenau, in Thiiringen. Uppei*
carboniferous.

Oryctoblattina nov. gen. {(IpuxWi^, Blattinn).

Blattina Auct. (pars).

The mediastinal vein of the front wings runs parallel and very close to the costal margin,
closer than in any other of the genera here described, and terminates only a little before
the middle of the outer half of the wing ; it emits numerous branches almost transverse to
the wing in the basal portion, but notwithstanding their brevity often forked in this part
of the area. The scapular vein is very peculiar ; it begins to branch a little beyond the

' Heer says 7.5 mm., but his figure represents it as if it were 6.5 mm., and this is more likely to be correct.

I

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142

middle of the basal half of the wing, and the main stem terminates on the costal margin
a little beyond the middle of the apical half of the wing, keeping widely distant from
the mediastinal vein throughout its course ; it emits numerous parnllcl, straight, longitudinal
and forking branches, most of Avhich, in the only species known, originate from a vein
parallel to the main stem, which is emitted abruptly from near the base of the second
branch ; the first branch terminates at the extremity of the inner margin, 'so that the
entire apex of the wing belongs to the scapidar area, which is the largest in the wing.
The extemomedian vein branci.js near the middle of the wing, and before that is equally
separated from the neighboring veins by a wide space ; it has only two or three branches
which are superior, and perhaps simple, and they occupy a very restricted area, only the
apical fourth of the inner margin being covered by their extremities. The internomedian
vein is again very peculiar, this being the only genus known in which a Avide space
intervenes between the anal furrow and the branches of this vein ; it assumes to a consid-
erable degree the form of the extemomedian vein, first branching beyond its middle, and
then emitting a very few simple or forking, but inferior branches. The anal furrow is
conspicuous, very arcuate, originating in the middle of the base of the Aving, and terminat-
ing in the middle of the basal half of the inner margin; it is rendered more conspicuous
by the fulness <'f the anal area, which breaks the regular continuity of the margin at the
extremity of the anal furroAV, a peculiarity occurring in no other carboniferous cockroach ;
the anal veins are very fcAv, sinuous, subparallel, simple and oblique. The wing is of the
average slenderness, the breadth being contained in the length about two and six-tenths
times. Nothing is known of other parts of the body.

This most exquisite of the carboniferous cockroaches is very Avidely separated from the
rest. The peculiarities of nearly every part of the wing separate it at once from nearly
every other genus ; the extreme narrowness of the mediastinal area, the wide separation of
the main veins from one another (accounted for perhaps by the excessive development
of reticulation), the independence of the internomedian vein, and the fulness of the inner
margin in the anal area, occur nowhere else ; the inferior origin of the branches of the
scapular vein are found elsewhere only in Hermatoblattina, and the wide extent of the
area occupied by the combined scapular and extemomedian branches are reproduced only
in the aberrant genera among Avhich it is placed. From Progonoblattina it is separated by
the small space, and that wholly on the inner margin, which is allotted to the extemomedian
veins, besides the points first mentioned ; and from Petroblattina, its other nearest ally, it is
conspicuously distinct both by the nature of the extemomedian vein, and by the wide
separation of the main veins in the basal half of the wing.

The genus is only known from Europe, and is the only one represented by a single
species, Avhich is of rather small size. More than twenty years ago Giebel suggested that
this species should form the type of a distinct genus.

Oryctoblattina reticulata. I'l. 4, tig. 13.

Blattina reticulata Germ., Verst. Steink. Wettin, vii, 87-88; viii, taf. 39, fig. 15", \b^; —
Gieb., Deutschl. Petref , 637; — lb., Ins. Vorw., 316 ; — Gold., Faun, saraep. foss, ii, 19.

Fore wing. The wing is of a very graceful form, oblong obovate, the costal margin
tolerably convex next the base, with a very slight humeral lobe, beyond very gently and

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regularly convex ; the inner margin is straight, excepting for the fulness of the anal area,
but a large fragment of the apex of the wing is wholly lost. The veins originate from a
little above the middle of the base, and have a gentle basal arcuation. The mediastinal
vein runs in close proximity and subparallel to the costal margin, constantly but very grad-
ually approaching it, emitting numerous oblique branches; in the basal half of the area the
branches are forked half way to the margin, and between the forks are other parallel, spu-
rious branches ; but beyond the middle of the wing spurious and forked branches become
alike very closely crowded, oblique, simple branches, which continue along the edge, be-
tween the apparent termination of the main vein (about the end of the middle fifth of the
wing) and the scapular vein ; in the middle of the wing the area is only about one-tenth
the width of the wing. The course of the scapular vein has been described sufficiently
under the generic description ; it will be sufficient to add here that there are about half a
dozen longitudinal shoots to the offshoot of the second scapular branch, and that these
become more and more closely crowded toward the costal margin ; and that the two prin-
cipal branches of the scapular vein originate close together, the second forked at some dis-
lance be} ond the offshoot. The externomedian vein is gently arcuate in its basal half.
The internomedian vein closely resembles it, and in this particular this species is widely
separated from all others ; but it is a little more arcuate, has inferior instead of superior
branches, and terminates about the middle of the apical half of the inner margin. The
anal furrow is distinct and arcuate, bending downward to the margin more rapidly than
usual ; the anal veins are only three in number, crowded close together in the middle of
the area, traversing it obliquely, with a slightly sinuous, obliquely longitudinal course.

The wing is one of the smaller of the medium-sized ones, the fragment measuring
19 mm. in extreme length and 8.5 mm. in breadth ; it represents a wing of the same
median breadth and a length of about 22 mm. ; so that the breadth to the length must
have been as 1 : 2.6. The wing is from the left side. It is marked by a distinct and
exceedingly delicate and perfect reticulation of mostly pentagonal cells, two or more rows
being seen between the wider interspaces ; but in the narrower ones, as between the closely
approximated scapular branches, these are reduced to a single series of tetrogonal cells,
formed by single, transverse raised lines, as far apart as the interspaces, but still no smaller
than the pentagonal cells ; next the border, between the extremities of the mediastinal and
scapulor veins, these cells form, by the absence of their cross bars, spurious veinlets as
long as the apical width of the mediastinal area ; between the anal furrow and the nearest
internomedian branch they do the same, but the veinlets are longer; aud in the apical half
of the anal area the same thing occurs on a smaller scale.

This wing is so peculiar that it can be compared with no othei . Germar and Giebel both
describe the scapular vein as the mediastinal, and tlie mediastinal as a delicate, longitu-
dinal vein running down the middle of the mediastinal area.

The single specimen described by Germar was found at Wettin, Germany. Upper car-
boniferous.

Petrablattina nov. gen. {-iriiu, Blattinn.)
Blattina Auct. (pars).

The mediastinal vein runs parallel to and not very distant from the costal margin (the
area occupying perhaps one-fourth of the breadth of the wing), and terminates at some
distance beyond the middle of the costal bord r; it is abundantly supplied with straight,

)

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144

oblique, simple or forked cross-veins. The 8cai)uliir vein, contiguous to, perhaps united
with, the externoinedian in the basal part of the wing, is of small importance, emitting
in the apical half of the wing only two or three branches, which are superior, simple, or
furcate, anil terminate on the costal margin, the wholo tip (in one species at least, and
perhaps in both) belonging to the externomedian vein. The externomedian vein is the
most peculiar in the wing; as soon as it is free from the common basal union of all the
veins, it curves strongly backward to about the middle of the inner margin, in close prox-
imity to the internomedian vein ; and from its superior, now outer, surface emits a large
number of parallel, forking veins, which terminate on the apex and outer half of the inner
margin of the wing. The combined internomedian and anal areas are very broad at base,
occupying fidly two-thirds the breadth of the wing, and retain their breadth for some dis-
tance and then narrow with excessive rapidity, dividing about equally between them the
common space ; the branches of the internomedian vein are five or six in number, straight
or arcuate, simple or occasionally forked. The anal fiu-row is very arcuate, not very prom-
inent, and terminates near the middle of the basal half of the wing ; the anal veins are fre-
quent, arcuate, but not so strongly as the furrow, and simple or occasionally forked. Only
upper wings are known.

The wings are stouter than usual, although they are not sufficiently well preserved to
give any more definite statement than that they are, on the average, stouter than any
other, excepting probably Ilermatoblattina, and. possibly Ar*bracol)lattina.

This genus is remarkable for the close union of the veins at the base, and for the very
strong curvature of the externomedian vein, by which it resembles somewhat the anal
furrow, and for the contrasted longitudinality of the branches which spring from it. In
these particulars it differs strikingly from every other genus, and can be confounded with
none of them.

Only two species have been described, one of which is European, and the other, known
only by a very small fragment of a wing, American ; they are both of rather small size.

Fetrablattina gracilis, n. 4, fig. 4.

Blaltina gracilis Gold., Palaeontogr., iv, 23, taf 3, figs. 3, 3"; — lb., Foss. Ins. Saarbr., 7,
taf 1, figs. 3, 3^ — lb.. Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20, 27-28, 51, taf 2, fig. 1%— Heer, Vier-
telj. naturf Gesellsch. Ziirich, ix, 288 ; — Gein., Geol. Steink. Deutschl, 150.

Blatta gracilis Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 321.

Fore wing. The wing is of a regular elliptical form, broadest in the middle, tapering
more rapidly toward the apex than toward the base, both costal and inner margin equally
and rather gently convex, the tip a little pointed, but well rounded. The veins all origin-
ate above the middle of the upper half of the base, but, excepting the anal furrow, have no
basal curve. The mediastinal vein runs subparallel to the costal margin, but in a straight
line, nearly to the middle of the wing, and then curves very gradually to the border, which
it reaches a little before the end of the middle third of the wing ; the area is a little less
than a fourth the width of the wing ; its basal half is filled with closely crowded, arcuate,
oblique, simple branches, the apical half with similarly crowded and arcuate, longitudinally
oblique, much longer, and usually forked branches. The scapular, externomedian, and in-
ternomedian veins evidently spring from a single stem, according to Goldenberg ; the in-

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tornomedinn fii'Ht Hcpnrntos itsolf from tlio others, but tlio otlior two appoiir to bo united
nlniOHt throughout the basal third of the wing; the srapuhir vein tlien turns obli«iueIy
downward in parting from the medin-tiual Aein at the end of tiie l)asal foiuth of the wing,
in a direction toward the middle of tiie outer half of the wing; i)ut it very soon parts
widely from the externoniedian vein, and runs in a longitudinal, broadly arcuate eourse to
the costal margin, just before the apical eighth of the wing; it emits three long, longitu-
dinal, but obli(|uely arcuate branches, simple or deeply forked, the first before the separa-
tion of the vein from the externoinedian. The externoniedian vein c»)ntinues the direction
of the united scapidar ami externoniedian veins, following closely the internomedian. and
terminating on the inner border, about the end of the middle (ifth of the wing; it emits
at a wide angle about ten closely crowded, longitudinal veins, many of which fork singly or
doubly, nearly all of them broadly arcuate, the upper curving slightly upward, the lower
downward, and together embracing a very extensive area, including the entire apex of the
•wing. The internomedian vein has a bent, arcuate course, and emits about seven long and
simple, sinuous, closely crowded branches, the marginal extent of this area being rather less
than that of the anal area. The anal fun'ow is distinctly impressed, pretty regularly and
very strongly arcuate, striking the margin at about the end of the basal third of the wing;
the anal veins, nine in number, are closely crowded, arcuate, and simple.'

The wing is below the medium si/e, measuring 18.5 mm. in length and 7.5 mm. in
breadth ; a little of the base, however, is destroyed, which would add about 1.5 mm. to the
length, making it 20 mm. long,^ and the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.(1. The wing is from
the right side, t\w upper surface exposed, with a swollen anal area ; from the condition of
its preservation, it cannot be detenninod whether there is any interspacial reticulation.

Goldenberg compares this species to Etohl. anayhjtica and to "■Blatthin formosa Ileer"
from the Lias, but I fail to see the slightest ground for any .special comparison ; certainly
not with the latter ; while the peculiar basal connection of the principal veins, and, above
all, the distribution of the externomedian branches, forbid comparison with any palaeozoic
form, excepting the following species, from which it differs greatly in the multiplicity of its
branches and in its slenderer form. Indeed, in the crowded condition of its venation it
alone of all the palaeozoic cockroaches, excepting Etohl. insignis, shows any tendency to-
ward a thickening of the membrane of the wing, which often appears, in ancient types, to
have commenced by the multiplication of nervules.

The single specimen known comes from an ironstone nodule from Lebach, above Saar-
louis, Germany. Dyas.

Petrablattina sepulta. PI. G, fig. 7.

Blattlna sejmUa Scndd., Proc. Amer. a.ssoc. adv. sc., x^civ, B, 111, fig. 2; — lb.. Can. nat.
[n. s.] VIII, 89-90, fig. 1 ; — lb., Ins. carb. Cape Breton [p. 2] fig. 1.

Fore wing. The wing is so fragmentary that it is impossible to say anything more of
the form than that the middle of the costal and inner margins are gently convex, the
for ner nearly straight. The veins would appear to have originated con.siderably above
the middle of the base. The mediastinal area occupies in the middle of the wing consid-

* One is ini'orroctly represented on our plate as forlced.
■■' Goldenberg gives tiie breadtli as 9 mm. and tlie propor-

tion as 1:2.2; but his enlarged figure, presumably tbe most
accurate, malces tlie breadth only 7.5.

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146

ernbly less thnn one-fourth the width of tl»c winjf, nnd tlieronfter npproachos the costal
margin very grathinlly, torininating, prosumiil>ly. just bi'f(»rt' the apical sixth of the wing;'
in the fragment preserved it emits three longitudinally ohli(|ue, straight branches, of which
the first is simple, the secon<l simply, and the thinl doid»ly ft)rked. The scapular vein is
straight, and parallel to the costal margin, lying close beside the mediastinal vein, nnd, first
dividing in the middle of the wing, prol)ably terminates before the tip ; its branches, two
upon the fragment, are suidongitudinal, at least the lirst forked. The externomedian vein
is strongly arcuate, curving downward to tlie middle of the inner margin, and emitting
eight branches at n wide angle, all of them arcuate, the first nearly longitudinal, the suc-
ceeding ones gradually more and nu)re oblicpie ; the first must originate far toward the
base of the wing, nnd does not Ibrk unless near the tip, where it probably does ; the next four
branches are all forked near the middle of the wing, antl probably fork again apically ; the
lower three are simple, so far as they can be traced, and probably remain so ; these branches
are more distant than those of the upper part of the wing. The internomcdian vein is
wanting, but four of its branches (perhaps nil there nre) can be seen, the outermost forked,
the others simple, about as distant as the externomedian branches, very arcuate, and
obliquely transverse.

The wing is a small one, the fragment measuring 0.25 mm. in length, and 5.75 mm. in
breadth ; probably the length of the wing was 13 nmi. nnd the breadth 6 nun., making the
breadth to the length as 1 : 2.2. The interspaces, particularly in the internomedian area, are
filled with very frequent cross ncrvules. The fragment is exceedingly imperfect, not more
than one-third (a middle piece) of the wing being preserved ; but, excepting that it wants
the anal furrow, this contains the most important part of the neuration, which differs
widely from that of any other cockroach excepting the European species with which we have
generically associated it ; from this it differs in its presumably greater comparative breadth,
the comparative spnrseness of the neuration, nnd the downward curve of all the externo-
median branches ; the externomedian and scnpulnr veins are also certninly sepnrnted much
further townrd the base, if not altogether, and the distribution of the scapular branches is
different.

In my former description of this insect, so different is the neuration from what appears in
other American species, I mistook the internomedian i<.v nn anal field, nnd did not attempt
to interpret the other parts of the neuration. 1 also compared it, with no show of reason,
to Etobl. carbonaria, with which it hns no specinl relntionship Avhntever.

The single specimen known wns found at Cossett's pit nenr Sydney, Cnpe Breton, by Mr.
A. J. Hill, C. E., together with Lihellula carbonaria Scudd., nnd n frond of Alethopteris. It
was kindly sent me for examination by Principal Dawson, who informs me that it comes
from a rather lower horizon than that in which the Cape Breton species of Mylacris
occurred, or in the lower part of the middle coal formation near the upper limit of the
millstone grit. Lower carboniferous.

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I'

* In the plate, the lino which represents the niudiastinni
vein in the middle of the fragment is unfortunately oblique,

as if it were the continuation of the second forked medias-
tinal branch; instead of parallel to the margin, as it should be.

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147

Al'PKNDIX.

The following Hpecios cannot be definitely referred to any of the preceding genera.

BUttlna TisohbclnL PI. 4, flg. 10.

lilaltina Thvliheinl (lold., Vorw. Faun. Saarbr., 1(»-17; — lb.. Faun, naraep. foHH., i,
1(5-17, pi. 2, fig. 10; — lb., Faun, wiraep. IIwh., ii, 1!), 51.

Fore wing. The fragnieut preserved Ih an insignificant portion of the base, which dooH
not permit us to say more of its alKnities than that it belongs to the Blattinariae, and not
to the Mylacridae ; a network of delicate veins can be seen between the principal nerviires.

Hind wing. A much larger fragment of the hind wing is preserved, consisting, however,
altogether, or almost altogether, of the anal field fully expanded, but iiuich broken and
crushed out of shape, according to Goldenberg ; between the veins a very fine transverse
neuration is preserved, giving the wing a very delicate appearance.

A fragment of one of the legs is preserved beside the hind wing ; a hind leg, according
to Gohlenberg, consistini; of a part of the femur and tibiae *• with traces of spines." This
is the only palaeozoic cockroach described in which mention is made of spinous legs.

Besides these, upon the same stone but separated from them, is the pnmot^d shield, which,
according to Goldenberg, is transversely elliptical, somewhat gibbous, the hind margin
nearly straight ; elsewhere, both in front and on the sides, rounded, the surface with some
slight cross furrows, its length 8 mm. and its breadth 12 mm. Excepting for its hind mar-
gin, its form closely resembles that of Mif cmthracophilnm.

The species probably attained a length, according to Goldenberg, of 34 mm.

Several specimens were found in a bituminous shale at Hirschbach, near Saarbriicken,
Germany. Middle carboniferous.

Blattina latinervis. PI. 4, fig. §.

Blattina latinervis Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 288, 290-97, pi., fig. 4; —

Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20.

This is the best-preserved hind wing of a fossil cockroach known, but is still very frag-
mentary, nearly the whole anal field (all but a detached fragment), besides the extreme base
and a belt across the middle of the wing, being wanting. It is subovate, with a straight
or slightly concave costal margin and a rounded apex. The mediastinal vein, if the costal
portion of the wing is perfect and correctly represented, runs close to the margin, nearly
uniting with it in the middle, and then diverges slightly from it, terminating only a little
before the tip, and in its apical half emitting several short, oblique branches. The scapular
vein runs parallel to the border in the basal half of the wing, and then divides into two
compound branches. The externomedian vein is irregular, forking near the base, the
upper branch simple and running in an irregularly arcuate course to the tip of the wing,
the other forked doubly, with a similar but less arcuate and more regular course. The
internomedian vein emits, close to the base, two or three simple branches. The anal area,
to judge from the small detached fragment, is filled with parallel, frequent, gently arcuate
veins, united, like those of the other parts of the wing, with rather distant cross veins.

148

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forming quadrate cells with the longitudinal veins, and apparen; .y more distant in the anal
area than elsevvher The veins are everywhere edged with black. Length of fragment,
27.5 mm. ; breadth, xv mm.

Heer suggests that this may be the under wing of GerabL clathroM, but the unusual
width of the mediastinal area in the front wing of that species does not harmonize well
with the narrowness of the same area in this hind wing ; and it is hardly probable that we
shall ever be able to determine where it does belong.

\ single specimen, from the coal-measures of Manebach, near Ilmenau, Thiiringen.
Upper carboniferous.

Blattina venosa. PI. 4, fig. 6.
Blattina oenosa Gold., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 19, 25, 51, pi. 1, fig. 7.

This species is basad upon a single fragment from the middle of a wing, whether front or
hind can scarcely be determined. Goldenberg says it is of a front wing, but there appears
to be no reason for his conclusion. There are a pair of branching veins, the main stems
ranning parallel to each other, and the branches divaricating on opposite sides. Goldenberg
says the veins are remarkable for their distinctness, and therefore as he makes^ no mention
of any reticulation or cross venation, there probably is none ; the openness of the neura-
tion, with the undeviating course of the branches throughout the rather large fragment,
indicate a large species. Tlie two principal veins represented would appear to be the scap-
ular and externomedian ; or, perhaps, the externomedian and internomedian. Length of
fragment, 18 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm.

The single specimen was found in a soft, yellowish shale near Wemmetsweiler, in the
neighborhood of Saarbriicken, Germany. Upper carboniferous.

On PI. 6, figs. 11 and 13, are represented two fragments of wings probably belonging to
cockroaches, but of which little more can be said. Fig. 11 comes from Cosse*t's pit No. 1,
at Sydney, Cape Breton, and was found by Col. A. J. Hill; it has no natural border
whatever, and may belong to almost any part of the wing ; it may perhaps be a portion of
an externomedian area, similar to that of Petrahl. sejiulta (with which it was found), and
in that case would probably represent a distinct species. Lower carboniferous.

Fig. 13 probably represents the central portion of a wing, the right hand set of branches
belonging to the scapular, the left hand set, which are wrongly represented as connected at
base with those of the right hand, then belonging to the externomedian vein. The speci-
men (No. 2010) came from immediately below vein C at Cannelton, Beaver Co., Penn.,
and was discovered by Mr. I. F. Mansfield, through whom 1 received it. It represents a
species of perhaps the same size as Archim. parallelum, and possibly belongs to it; but as
no part of the margin is preijerved, any attempt to place it is useless. Lower coal measures
of Pennsylvania.

PolyiOBtarites.

Polyzostcrites Gold., Vorw. Faun. Saarb., 18 ; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., i, 18.

Goldenberg defines the genus as consisting of cockroaches i'l which both sexes are apter-
ous, with nearly semicircular, very slightly marginate pronotum, and a flat, crustacean-like
abdomen with sharply edged margin.

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149

Polyiosterltas granosns.

Adelophthalmns {Eurypterus) granosus Meyer, Palaeontogr., iv, 8-12, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2.
Eurypterua granosus Salt.-Woodw., Chart foss. Crust., pi. 3, fig. 15.

Poly zosterites granosus GoXA.jYovyf. Fauu. Saarbr., 18; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., i, 18,
pi. 1, fig. 17; — lb., Faun, saraep. foss., ii, 20, 51.

Goldenberg describes the species as follows : —

" The pronotum, beneath which, as usually, the head lies concealed, is serai-ellipti(!al, nar-
rowed and rounded ai^^eriorly ; its greatest breadth, which falls near the posterior blunt
angles, is scarcely less than 28 mm. ; the length does not appear to have exceeded 16 mm.
The convexity is gentle, and the slightly concave posterior border is accompo,"ied by a
feeble margin. The next two thoracic segments have in general a shape simile . to ihat of
the succeeding segments of the abdomen. All of them are tumid, not only ' Vui.. ;/, but
also in front and behind, and bordered with a slender marginal piece, conneci-ijz: oach seg-
ment with the preceding. The abdominal and thoracic segments together for', a regular
oval ; the pointed, lobe-shaped outer extremities of the segments become gradually larger
and broader toward the extremity of the body, as in living species of Polyzosteria ; the
last four rings are not so well preserved as the others, and are thrown far out of position,
so that the last ventral segment is turned completely around. The thoracic as well as the
abdominal segments have the dorsal surface covered with small, crowded tubercles, which
are most prominent on the more tumid portions, and by the unaided eye can be seen to be
of a blunt, triangular form, directed backward. An entirely similar structure may be seen
in what appears to be Polyzosteria limhata Burm. Had such an animal been found fossil,
it would very likely have been taken for a blind Eurypterus, were it not for the form of the
extremity of the abdomen, which in all Eurypteri is linear or linear-lancet shaped."

" This fossil was found in the Eisenbahnschacht near Jagersfreude, in an ironstone nodule.
Near Altenwald I found also in such a nodule a similar fossil, but not so completely pre-
served, which may probably have belonged to another and smaller species of this genus."

Goldenberg figures an articulated fragment found beside the abdomen, and which Meyer,
considering the animal as a Eurypterus, had compared to the maxillipeds or false abdom-
inal feet of the modern genu?? Scrolls, but which Goldenberg takes for a Myriopod, like
Polyxenus. So far as his illustration goes, it might be taken for the antennae of the insect
itself. The form of the last segment indicates a female.

Postscript. November, 1879. — It will not fail of notice how opposed to the drift of
this entire essay is the statement of Gerstaecker (Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des
Thierreichs, v, 292) that the cockroaches described by Germar and Goldenberg from Wettin
and Saarbriicken agree in every distinctive family characteristic with those now living
("«/tmweft in alien fur die hetreffenden Familien charakteristischen Merkmnlen mit
denjenigen der Jetztzeit ilberein"). In the same place (p. 291) Gerstaecker remarks that
scarcely a single extinct form of cockroach approaches in size the largest living species
of the family. Yet, as I have stated, the average size of ancient types may be considered
somewhat larger than in modern times.

Gerstaecker (loc. cit. 292, note) considers the wing described by Dohrn under the name
of Fulgora Ebersi as the nind wing of a cockroach, with most of the anal field destroyed.

160

f

It doos not. howovor. njrivo i«t all wilh (ho structuro of (ho liinil wiii^s of piihioozoio oock-
nwjohos nh'omly known.

Only artor (ho prin(ing of inos( of (Ins papor liavo wo liail nooow (o a papor hy Dr.
0. .1. Anih'ti (Kino Algo nnti oino ln.««oo(onlliigol au.s don S(oinkohh>nronnalw)n llolgions.
< Si(7.nnjjsh. niotiorrlioin. (io.**oll.soh. Bonn, ISTCt. UT-US) in wliioh niontion is niado of (ho
ooonrronoo of (ho wing of a otM'ki-oaoh in (lio ooal forinadon of ]{olginni.- Tho andior
nioroly s(a(os (hat an ollip(ioal frajftnont, ropro.«<on(ing (ho margin of a wing, was found,
(ho disd'ibution of tho voins in whioli 8nh.s(an(ially agrood wi(h (ha(. of *' IMattina."

Exri.ANATlON OK TlIK Pl.ATKS.

rr.ATK II.

All X\w figuivs on tl)is yhxW niul tlu> two foUowini; :nv ciiiioni liioiil.'i oopio.s from otiior nutliom; llio H(>m1»>
is rtltoivtl whow noooss.'H-y. so ns to lio uiulornilv iiliout two (liiiiiu'tors .ibovo tho iiatiiriil siw; tlu> murks out-
sido tlu' wing ropivsont tho limits of tho sovoriil iiroiis. Thoy nil roprosoiil Kuropoim insoots. Drawn by tho
.-nitlior.

Ki>i. (. hyoNattiiiii otit/)i'iicof>/>ilt> ((Jorin.), |). S4. Copiotl from Mllnstor's Hoitriigo /,ur IVlrofuoton-
kunilo, V, pi. l!l, tig. .'? ; ivvoi"soi( :mil tho liordor rostorotl.

Fig. '2. f-yoNitltina tijtf»ii> (Hold.), p. 8'J. I'opiod from tho Nouos Jithrhuoli i\lr Minoralogio, 18tH>, pi. !l,
tig. ;J ; rvvoiKod.

Kig. ;>. /.VoWciWifni iiirhomin'a (llorm.), p. Oil. t'opiod from GornnirV Vorstoinornngi-n <ios Sloin-
kohlongobii-gt^s von Wottin, oto.. pi. lU, tig. t)"*; rovorsod, iind tho jipio.'d imu'gin rosttirod. Tho soiipnliu' aro:i,
hiiwovor. is ropivsontod .-is Itroador thiUi it should l»o, suid tho rostorod outlino is prohably loo oontntotod.

Fig. 4. KtoNiittiiKi ^rfoMlntii (iivrm.), p. 8'2. Copiod fmm Mtlnstor's lloitrilgo mv IVlrofiiotonkundo, v,
pi. (;?. tig. 4'" ; ivvorsod, and tho bonlor rostoivd.

Fig. ;■>. KtohlUtino Pohniii Sondd., i>. Sti. Oopiod from tho Nonos .liihrbnoh (\lr Minorulogio, I8tH), pi. !J,
lig. S. right wing; rovoi-sod. Tho outsido mark, roprosonting tho tormination of the iinal uroa, should bo oar-
ri»>d ono intorsp.-voo turthor toward tho tip of tho wing.

Fig. 0. KtMitttiiKi nissomn (Gold.), p. J)t>. Copiod troin tho Nor.;-:; .lahrhuoh (!»■• Rlinoralogio, 18tt!t, pi. 8,
tig. 2* ; rovorsod.

Fig. 7. J-'toN<itti)iii f insii/nis (Gold.), p. lO'i. Copiod tVom part of an original drawing roooivod from Dr.
Goldonborg, tivm which pi. '2, tig. 14' of his Fauna saraopontana fossilis, i, was takon. Tho rosloroil tip is iiiao-
om-atoly ivpwsontod as t'uUy ixnindod, whoroas it should olosoly ivsomblo tho .-ipox o( tig. S>. Of pi. 4, tig. J).

Fig. 8. Antftrocoblotthui s/tectofiilh (Gold.), p. 108. Copiod from tho Nouos Jahrbuoh (Ur Minoralogio,
18(>8, pi. ;l. fig. 7 ; rovorsod.

Fig. '.>. i^of>la4tiita iHirvulij (GoM.), p. 101. Copiod from tho Nctios Jahrbucli lUr Minornlogio, 1800, pi. ;i,
tig. t>.

Fig. 10. EtMiittiiHi (loiujatii Soudd., p. 100. Copiod from tho Nouos .lahrbuoh i\\r MinoraIt>gio, 1875, pi.
1, lisi. 'J; rovorsod, ami with tho basal margins rostorod.

Fig. 11. Gerahlottina GciuiUi (GiAy\.),\'>.V2'A. Copiod from tho Nouos Jahrbuoh ftlr Minoralogio, 18tJ8,
pi. :Ctig. .">.

Fig. 1-. Gtrahlattina MiinMerii Soudd.. p. V2\. Copioil (Voni Gcrmar's Vorstcinorungcn dcs Stuiiikohlon-
gebirgos von Wottin, etc, pi. 31, fig. b^ ; the apical m.-ngin restored.

Fig. 13. Etohlattina iUdt/ma (Germ.), p. 95. Copiod from Gcrmar's Verstcincrungon dcs Stcinkohlcn-
gobirgi's von Wottin, etc pi. 31, fig. 3 ; reversed.

Fig. 14. EtohlattiiM mancfHicfiensis (Gold.), p. 99. Copied from the Nuucs Jahrbuoh fUr Minoralogie,
1869. pi. 3, fig. 4.

I

151

Kl^- Ifi- fCto/iliiffiini nnifjfh/fitira ((Icrm,), |i. Kl>. ('o|ii('(l IVoiii ( Irniiiu'H VoiHl.ciimninjti'n <I<'h Slcinkdlilcii-
f^olihxcH Vim WcMiii, «<to., pi. <ll, llg. 4 ; ntvoi'Kt^il, mill llii' ii|miiil iniii^in iknIihoiI, 'I'Iik IiukiiI ruivi< oI' iJki
iniiiti vciiiM \h nit( well i'i'|iiTm'iiti>il.

V\H. U\. Klofiliitthiii i'U!/li/f)tii'H ((li'i'iu,), y, H(». (1it|»i(>i| fVoiii lli'iiimrV Vt'iMiiinoiimKoii iIch HluiiikoliUiii-
^oltii'KCH von VVotliii, <<li-., |il. ill, tl^. H, with tlio M|iioiil ninixin rimloivil. (!('. |il. (, tijjr. 7.

I'l.ATK III.

Si'ii pri'liniliinry i>x|ilitiiiitiiiiiii In Pinlii II.

Ki^. !■ ViriMttthut m'liiDiinni {(UM.), \t. \2\l Oopinl rimii \.\w Nimich ,Iiilirl»iicli ttlr MincriiliiKif', IH(IH,
pi. U, l)f(. 10; with piii't dC till' iiiiicr lionlrr I'chIoi'ihI. 'I'Iki i)iil.Hii|i> niiirk, iii>liriitiii^ iJiii liiwi'r liiiiil. mI' l.liti
oxtcrnoinciiiiiii lircti ix pliiiti'il iiiiii'h loo liu' I'i'diii tlio lip of tlio wiii^; IIkm'd hIhiiiIiI Iii> iiIhh ii Niii;^!^ hrikiioli to
tho ititi<i'noiii(>iliini v«iii.

Fig. 'J. (hrahliitliiia proitinfii Hciulil., p. 1V!((. ('opinil f'riiiii tlm Nomw .liilirliiirli liir MiiiciiiloKii', IH(|H,
pl. !l, lig. II ; ri'viTHcil.

V'm. (I. (ivriMotthia Hvtthirntii ((iolil.), p. Vl'i. (!ii|iii'i| IViiin Onldcnlii'i-^'M Kiiiiiia Hiira<tpi>iit;iiiit foHNlJiH, ii,
pl, 1, I!k H ; "(<V(<rH{>il. 'Pli*' Itratirli of tliii itxtoniDiiii'iliitii vi^iii, liriiij^ roiijuctiii'iil, hIhmiM Intvi' liriiii ilottfij

tlll'Oll^llDUt.

Ki^. 4. iJi'niMiifthni rldt/irato (lliHir), p. IW. (lopiml Irimi tlin VirrtnljiilirHHolirill ilur iDitiirrnrHM'Kwuliiti
OcHi'llsoliiilV, Zlti'icli, IX, pl., 11^. !l; with tlii* itiiitM' iiiiil iipiniil iiiaixiM n'Htori»l. TliiH fi^iint ur.i^iilfiiliilly rcpi-o-
HunlH till) wiii^ MH iDii^iiiiioil It litthi Icnh thitii two iliiiiiu^toi'H.

Kilt. f*. l'!toblaUiiiii. /nfiiirhiiiHiH (ditlil.), p. 70. (Copied f'roiii (1(»IiIi'iiIm!I'^'h Fiiiiim Hiintopniitiiiiii fimHiliH, i,
pl. '2, lift. If* ; ri'Vi'iMdil.

Kijt. 0. (tinibldfliiiti (hrmari ((ticli.), |>. 1U7. (lopicil (Voiii (ioriiiiu'V Vn-Htciiioriiii^i^ii iIi'h Sti'iiikohli;iig«-
hii'm'H vim W«'ttiii, pl. ill, lift II.

Fijt- 7. I'Jlohliittiiiii^ .•himvmi ((Jnhl.), p. 7K. (N)pi<'il rioin r.ilfMMmtiistnipliicii, iv, pl. II, liit. I".

Fift. H. I'JtitlilaUiiin miinfiifioii/iK (Onlil.), p. {I'2. ('opiml tVoiii tlio (Idolofticfil Mujtu/.inr, iv, pl. 17, lift. 0,
Till' ri'Ntorcil ouliiiio of tlio iipiciil liiilt' iif tliif wiiift i^ iiiuloiililoilly iiii'.ori'oitt, iui<l tlin iiiiiiM' iiiiki'ftin <>!' tlio
l)iiNi< is rfpR'Hcii It'll tm iiiiich tiio cinivi'x ; ii <M)i'i'<'rliMl liftniit will Itc fi)iiiiil in thi' text, p. )l<l; tlii! nutHiili^ tiiitrk
inilioiitiiift tho Inwi'i' limit of llm hi'.ii|)uIiii' hi'imihIumiIiI lie ri-movcil to tint iipttx of thr wiiift.

Fift. }l. h'toh/iittinii /ifiloph/ifn'rii ((liilil.), p. 117. Copioil from tho Nuiuw .liihihiicli lUr Miii»iriilofti«', IH09,
pl. it, lift. 1' ; ntvci'siiil, mill with tlii< iipiriil iiiiii'ftiii rcHtoi'ciJ.

Fift. 10. I'luujonohldllina /irliutirn (llccr), p. litll. (lopiiMl Crom tlio ViiiflrljiihrHKrlirill ilcr iiiitiirrorHiihim-
(li'ii (icNdllHcliiilV, /llrioli, IX, pl., lift. I.

Fig. 11. (iifa/ifnffiiKt int('nuv<(i<i, (Oiilil.), p. I'2I. Copitul IVoin (ioidi iioi'ft'H Fmitiu HJiniopimtfina (iH-ii-
lix, ii, pl. 1, lift. 10; rrvnvwd.

Fift. 1-. /'roj/imo/il'ifliiKi Fn'fn<;hii (IIwt), p. 140. Copii^l iVoiii tho Viiii'tiiljalirHschriR diii- niitii' formthon-
lion (icHoilHchiill, Zllt'ioh, i\, pi., lig. '2; with tho iipii!)tl in.'trftiii ri^Htoi'od.

Fift. liJ. (itiralilnttina </o/<liii/)irr/i (Miilir), p. IIH. ('opii.'d Irom the Noih'h iffihrlmnh Cllr Miii<^nil(ifti<s
1870, |i. '284, lift, 1 ; with tlio npioiil niui'ftiii roHtorod.

Fig. II IhftihhitUna Muhri ({.hM.), y. !'28. (lopiod from the Nouch Jnhrhtich lllr Miinimli>j,'i<!, 1879,
p. '284, Iif: 'i*\ with the biiHitl mid iipicitl iiiitrftiiiM ruHturud.

.

PLATE IV.

Son pri'.llinlnar/ itxiilminlionfi to PlnUt II.

Fig. 1. Anthrar.oblaltitui Jtflckerli (Gold.), p. 1 KJ. Copiud fiom the Nouoh Jiilirhiu^h fllr Minoraloftio, 1 808,
pl. 8, tig, 11 ; witli moHt of the hordur roHtorcd ; proliubly tlUH ropHMttntn tho wing i\n hroiidor than it Hhoiild ho.

Fig. '2, AnthrdcohhUtiiKi Jinnif/ii (Dohrn), p, ll.'i. Copied from I'lilauontogniphicit, xvr, pl. 8, fig, 3,
with the inner and apioal niargiiiH roHtorod.

Fig. 3. Jiluttma latineruis Ilcer, p. 147. Copied from llie VierteljahrsHchnft der nalurforsohenden Gesell-
scliaft, ZUricli, ix, pl,, fig 4*.

'

T
i

t

152

Fig. 4. Petrablattina gracilis (Gold.), p. 144. Copied from Palneontographion, iv, pi. 8, fig. 8* ; reversed.
One of the middle 'iiial veins is wrongly represented ns forked.

Fig. 5. Anlhracoblattina porrecta (Geiii.), p. 113. Copied from the Neues Jahrbuch fUr Mineralogie, 1875,
pi. 1, fig. 4.

Fig. 6. Blattina venosa Gold., p. 148. Copied from Goldenberg's Fauna sar.iepontana fossilis, ii, pi. 1,
fig. 7.

Fig. 7. Moblattina euf/lyptica (Geim.), p. 80. Copied from Gormar's Versteinerungen des Steinkohlen-
gebirges von Wettin, etc., pi. 31, fig. 7'' (pare). Hind wing; of. pi. 2, fig. 16.

Fig. 8. Anthracoblattina sopita Scudd., p. 109. Copied from the Neues Jahrbuch fllr Mineralogie, 1875,
pi. 1, fig. 1, lefl wing.

Fig. 9. Moblattina? insignis (Gold.), p. 102. Copied from part of an original drawing received from Dr.
Goldenberg, from which pi. 2, fig. 14* of his Fauna saraepontana fossilis, i, was taken. Hind wing ; of. pi. 2,
fig. 7.

Fig. 10. Blattina Tischbeini Gold., p. 147. Copied from Goldeiiberg's Fauna saraepontana fossilis, i, pi.
2, fig. 16^

Fig. 11. Hertnatoblattina lebachensis (Gold.), p. 137. Copied from Palaeontographica, iv, pi. 6, fig. 7 ; with
the apical margin restored.

Fig. 12. Anthracoblattina winteriana (Gold.), p. 114. Copied from the Neues Jahrbuch ftlr Mineralogie,
1870, p. 288, fig. 2 ; with the basal margins restored. The figure is probably too small ; see p. 115.

Fig. 13. Oryctoblattina reticulata (Germ.), p. 142. Copied from Germar's Versteinerungen des Stein-
kohlengebirges von Wettin, etc., pi. 39, fig. IS*" ; with the a])ical margin restored.

Fig. 14. Ilermatoblattina wemmetaweikriensis (Gold.), p. 135. Copied from Goldenbcrg's Fauna sarae-
pontana fossilis, ii, pi. 1, fig. 9; reveraed. The costal margin is a little too full.

PLATE V.

All the figures on this plate are original, and represent American insects.
L. Trouvelot.

They were drawn on stone by

Pronotum.

The first (inferior)

Fig. 1. Mylacria bretonense (Scudd.), p. 61. Magn. f ; drawn by S. H. Scudder.

Fig. 2. Lithomylacris angiistum Scudd., p. 68. Magn. f ; drawn by J. H. Emerton.

Fig. 3. Lithomylacris angusturn Scudd., p. 68. Magn. { ; drawn by J. H. Emerton.

Fig. 4. Lithomylacris pittston'.anum Scudd., p. 70. Magn. f ; drawn by J. H. Emerton.

Kg. o. Lithomylacris simplex Scudd., p. 71. Magn. § ; drawn by S. H. Scudder.

Fig. 6. Mylacria anthracophilum Scudd., p. 65. Magn. ^ ; drawn by S. H. Scudder.

Fig. 7. Mylacris anthracophilum. Scudd., p. 66. Magn. \ ; drawn by J. H. Emerton.

Fig. 8. Mylacris anthracophilum Scudd., p. 65. Magn. \ ; drawn by J. H. Emerton.

Fig. 9. Necymylacris heros Scudd., p. 74. Magn. } ; drawn by J. H. Emerton.
oflfehoot of the first scapular branch should be forked near the tip, or directly opposite the extremity of the
first branch itself.

Fig. 10. Lithomylacris pittstonianum Scudd., p. 70. Magn. \ ; drawn by J. H. Emerton.

Fig. 11. Mylacris Heeri (Scudd.), p. 63. Magn. f ; drawn by S. H. Scudder. The uppermost fork of
the apical branch of the internomedian vein is not sufliciently longitudinal.

Fig. 12. Necymylacris lacoanum Scudd., p. iS. Magn. ? ; drawn by J. H. Emerton.

B^ig. 13. Mylacris pennsylvanicum Scudd., p. 64. Magn. \ ; drawn by J. H. Emerton. See note to ne\t
figure.

Fig. 14. Mylacris pennsylvanicum Scudd., p. 64. Magn. f ; drawn by J. H. Emerton. The mediastinal
branch next the hinneral lobe should have been omitted from this and the preceding figure ; it does not
exist. The restored outline of the wing probably extends too fiir outward.

Fig. 15. Mylacris Mansfieldi Scudd., p. 67. Magn. f ; dmwn by J. H. Emerton.

PLATE VI.

Excepting fig. 5, all the drawings on this plato are original, and represent American insects. They were
placed on stone by L. Trouvelot.
Fig. 1. Oerablattina fascigera (Scudd.), p. 133. Magn. f ; drawn by J. H. Blake. The base of the

i

153

exteniomedian vein Bhoiild have been represented as united at the base with the scapular vein ; the outside
mark indicating the end of tliescapulai- area is placed slightly too high; that indicating the end of the anal
area is placed on the wrong side of the anal furrow.

Magn. \ ; drawn by J. II. Blake.

Magii. \ ; drawn by J. H. Einerton. See note to next

Oerablattina fascigera (Scudd.), p. 133.
Etohlattina Xeaquereuxi Scudd., p. 87.

Fig. 2,

Fig. 3.
figure.

Fig. 4. Etoblattina Zesqtitrcuxi Scudd., p. 87. Magn. f ; drawn by J. H. Emerton. One or two basal
branches of the mediastinal vein are not shown. The origin of the middle externomcdian branch is wrongly
represented ; see a corrected figure of the latter in the text, p. 88.

Fig. 6. Etoblattina weiaaigensia (Germ.), p. 85. Copied from the Neues Jahrbuch ftlr Mineralogie, 1873,
pi. 3, fig. 1 ; reversed. Camera lucida sketch by S. H. Scudder. This is a European species.

V'lQ. 6. Archimylacria parallelum Scudd., p. 105. Magn. f ; drawn by J. IT. Emerton. The mediastinal
vein of the front wing should be represented as gradually approaching the costal margin in the basal half of
the wing. The mediastinal vein of the hind wing can be seen on the specimen, underlying the front wing,
but is not represented on the plate. The wing is accompanied by the pronotum.

w Fig. 7. Pelrablattina aepulta (Scudd.), p. 145. Magn. f ; drawn by S. H. Scudder. The inner margin of
the fragment is represented as more convex than it should be ; the short line representing the main medias-
tinal line in the middle of the fragment should be nearly paiallel to the margin, not obliq\ie.
. Fig. 8. Archimylacria acadicum Scudd., p. 104. Magn. f ; drawn by S. H. Scudder. The middle interno-
median branches are given too sinuous a curve.

Fig. 9. Gerablattina balteata Scudd., p. 130. Magn. •{ ; drawn by J. H. Blake. The terminal part of
the internomedian vein, as described in the text, is not shown here; the outside mark indicating the outer
termination of the internomediun area should bo considerably nearer the tip of the wing.

Fig. 10. Oerablattina balteata Scudd., p. 132. Magn. ^ ; drawn by L. Troiivelot. Represents the ana!
area only.

Fig. 11. Fragment of the wing of a cockroach from Sydney, Cape Breton ; p. 148.

Fig. 12. Etoblattina venusta (Lesq.), p. 90. Magn. \ ; drawn by J. H. Blake. The restored outline of
the base of the wing very probably represents too much as lost.

Fig. 18. Fragment of the central portion of the wing of a cockroach from Cannelton, Penn. ; p. 148.

Fig. 14. Archimylacria acadicum Scudd., p. 104. Magn. | ; drawn by S. H. Scudder.

^

. I

\:: : -j

155

yy The Devonian Insects of New Brunswick.

CONTENTS.

I.
11.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

Introtlnction.

The structure of the wings in Ephcmeridae ;

with a note on a jurnssic may-fly.
Plntephemcra antiqua.
Gerepnemera simplex.
HomothetuB fossitis.
Dyscritns vetustus.
Lithentomum Ilaittii.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

Xenoneura antiquorum.

General summai-y.

Note on the geologicnl relations of the fossil
insects from the <1cvonian of New Bnms-
wick. By Principal J. W. Dawson, LL.D.,
F. R S., etc.

Explanation of plate vii.

I. Introduction.

Investigation of fossU remains of the oldest insects is nearly always extremely diffi-
cult and perplexing, and often very unsatisfactory in its results. The interest, however,
necessarily attaching to the beginnings of life, warrants any labor that may be expended
upon them. Especially is this true of the fragments treated of in this paper, because
they are as yet the only insect remains which have been found in rocks older than
the carboniferous formation in any part of the world. The writer may be pardoned for
adding that they possess a special attraction for him, as among the specimens which
first directed his particular attention to fossil insects, and he only regrets that so
long a period as fifteen years should have elapsed before their full discussion.

The remains consist entirely of broken wings, and were discovered in 1862, by the
late Professor C. F. Hartt (at the time of his death director of the geological survey
of Brazil), while searching for plant remains in the devonian shales near St. John,
New Brunswick. The locality — called Fern Ledges by Mr. Hartt, from the abundance
of plant remains which occur in the black shales that are interstratified with the
prevailing sandstones — is about a mile west of the town of Carleton, not far
from St John. The rocks form a series of ledges, exposed on the sea-shore between
high and low water marks. The beds of sandstone and shale, of which they are
composed, have a seaward dip of about 45°, and a strike of about W. 10° N.,
corresponding very nearly to the trend of the shore. The fbssiliferous shales between
the enclosing sandstones are worn away by the action of the water, leaving the fossils
accessible in only a few places. The whole deposit is of very limited extent; it
reaches along the shore for about three hundred and twenty-five pacos, exposing a thickness
of strata of about forty-five meters, with a width of about ninety meters.

166

I 'I

The specimens discovered were six in number, some of them with their reverses.
They are now in the museums of the natural history societies of St. John, N. B.
and Boston, Moss. I am much indebted to Mr. G. F. Matthew, of the former institution,
and to Professor A. Hyatt of the latter, for the opportunity of studying these specimens
anew at my leisure.

The plan of the present paper will be seen by a glance at the table 'above. As
the simpler devonian insects, first described, have certain special relations with the
Ephemeridae, their description is preceded by an account of the wing structure of
the modern May-flies, as a basis of comparison ; each of the devonian species is then
separately described, and its affinities discussed, and the whole is followed by a general
summary. The stratigraphical question being, in this instance, of special importance,
Principal Dawson has kindly prepared for me a statement of the case with which
the article closes.^

! I

II. The Structure of the wings in ErnEMERiDAE ; with a note on a jurassic

SPECIES.

The following statement considers mainly the direction and division of each of the
principal veins, and the comparative areas covered by them.

The marginal vein forms the costal border. The mediastinal vein is absent or, perhaps,
amalgamated with the scapular in Lachlania, Oligoneuria and Tricorythus; in all
others it is simple, and extends to, or almost to, *he tip of the wing, keeping
at a very short and nearly uniform distance from the margin, with which it is generally
connected, especially on the apical half of the wing, by frequent cross veins. On
the basal half, the cross veins may be as abundant as apically, but they are generally
rarer, and may be entirely absent, even when frequent apically ; or they may be absent
throughout. In very rare instances, as in Coloburus, an intercalary vein may be
found in the apical half of the wing between this vein and the costal margin.

The scapular vein is simple, and reaches the tip of the wing, excepting in the
three genera mentioned above, where it may perhaps be said to be amalgamated
with the mediastinal, as shown by its forking near the middle of the wing in
Tricorythus ; in Lachlania, however, it terminates not at the tip, which possesses
only the marginal vein, but near the middle of the costal border. It is always
connected with the vein below by a greater or less number of, usually many, cross veins.

The externomedian vein is always compound, and always covers at least half, usually
much the greater part of the wing. It always divides at the very base, and the upper
branch is always forked, while the lower may, although rarely, remain single, and is
usually forked to a less extent than the upper branch. Three is, therefore, the
smallest number of nervules which may reach the margin in the area covered by

• nesidcs the references given in the bibliogrnphy uiulcr
eiU'h species, notices ot the <levunian insects will he I'uuiitl
ill (lie lulluwiii'^ places : Ilartt, on th*; Uevonian plaiit-
loealit}' of the Fern Letlges, Lancaster, N. B., in Uailey's Ob-
servations on the Geolog)' of Soiitliern New Brunswick, pp.
131-40. 8vo., Fredericton, 1866; reprinted in substance, in

Dawson's Acadian Gcolojry, 2d ed., pp. 613-23. 8vo. London,
18(i8. Dnrwiii, Descent of man, I, 3tiO. 12iuu. <.;...<iun, 1871.
Stett. Kilt. Zeit., XXVIII, 146-53, piusim. Trans. Entoiu.
Soe. Lond., 1871, 38-40. American Naturalist L 445, 625-
26. I'roc. Boston Sou. Nat. Hist., X, 96, XI, 150-51.
Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Ill, 13-21, pa.mm.

i

157

the vein, and this number we find in Oligonouria and, perhaps, in Lachhmia. The
portion of the area of this vein covered hy the upper branch and its forks is ahnost
always greater, generally considerably greater, than that covered by the lower branch ;
an exception to this will be found in Polymitarcys where the lower area is greater,
owing to unusual breadth of wing combined with narrowness of the area covered by
the intermedian vein, which has been crowded out of nuich of its natural ground by
this lower branch. Some of the allies of Polymitarcys, especially Astheuo[)Us and
Pentagenia, also have this area of the lower branch larger than usual, although not
larger than that of the upper branch, and some other genera not jjlaced near it exhibit
a similar propensity ; but as a general thing, the area covered by the lower is scarcely
more than half as large as that covered by the upper branch, and not infrequently it is
less than one third its extent. The upper branch usually forks close to the base,
occasionally at the very base, and sometimes the upper of the forks is amalgauuited
at the base with the scapular vein, as in Asthenopus, Tricorythus and Chloeon, and
to tt certain extent in Coenis, so as to give it the appearance of originating from that
vein, and of complete independence of the e.xternomedian ; whether thus severed from its
connections, or plainly arising from the externomedian root, this upper fork of the upper
branch runs in proximity to the scapular vein, parallel or subparallel to it, and, excepting
where the venation is occasionally simple (as in Oligoneuria, &c.), always emits from its
lower surface in the central portion of the wing one, two, or three nervules ; the first
and second of these nervules are usually pretty near together at base, but all generally
reach the border at unequal distances apart, the inequality being miide good by
intercalary longitudinal nervules ; these intercalary nervules often curve at their inner
extremities toward or to one or another of the adjoining nervules, assuming then the
appearance of regular branches, while the nervules proper are themselves oftener
detached from their base ; so that it is sometimes difficult to tell whether a given vein
should be considered normal or intercalary. The lower fork of the upper branch is
occasionally simple, as in the Tricorythus, but usually forks once at about the middle
of its course, rarely near the base, and very frequently encloses an intercalary nervule
between these branches, but no intercalary nervules (excepting such as often break
up the extreme margin into an irregular meshwork of veins) ever intervene between the
upper nervule of this fork and the lower nervule of the upper fork, nor between its
lower nervule and the upper nervule of the lower branch of the externomedian vein,
excepting in the rare instances where this lower nervule is detached from its base, and
takes on the form of an intercalary nervule.

This lower branch, as has been said, is usually forked to a less extent than the upper
branch, but a conspicuous exception is found in Polymitarcys where the branch is made up
of a large number of sub-convergent simple rays, directed from the outer margin
toward various parts of the upper internomedian nervule, but generally lost before reaching
it. In general, however, its area is only about half that of the upper branch ; it usually
forks close to the base, and each or either of its branches may again subdivide once ; all other
nervules in the area are sure to be intercalary ; where it forks only once there is usually
a single intercalary nervure midway between the branches, which seems to belong to one
or the other of them and to represent its fork ; while between it and either branch there

(
■.'i»i

168

may be other shorter interealarie« ; the only exception to this general statement is the
case of Polyniitarcys ah'eady cited, where after division at the base the upper fork must
be looked upon as breaking up at once into three rays, while the lower severed from its
connections breaks up similarly into a couple of forked rays ; the amount of abnormal
divergence in this case may be better seen, by stating that it is the only genus of Ephem-
eridiu in which this area is carried around the lower outer angle of the winj^; in all others
it stops short of, usually far short of this angle ; hero it reaches around it half way along
the anal margin. The genus agrees, however, with all the others in that all the branch-
ing occurs in the basal half of the area. In Oligoneuria and Ijachlania the branch is
simple and undivided, unless the apparent branch in the latter should be looked upon as
such, and not as a cross nervure, like the more directly transverse veins above it.

The area of the internomedian vein is never great, although always more extensive than
that of any other vein but the externomedian, and it always includes the lower outer
angle of the wing, excepting as above specified in Polymitarcys, and excepting also in
the full-angled Tricorythus, where the anal area disputes its sway. Its construction is gen-
erally similar to that of the lower branch of the extermomedijin vein, although from the
form of the area covered by it, its absolute appearance is very different ; moreover, one
rarely finds in it a.:y intercalary nervures, excepting such as sometimes line the
extreme border, the smalici nervures almost always originating from the main stems ;
the exceptions are found in Leptopiilebia, Cloeon, and Baetis. The vein almost invariably
forks at its extreme base, and from the upper of these branches sends either, rarely, a
single shoot, or, much more frequently, a half a dozen, occasionally a dozen simple or forked
shoots to the margin. In the interesting fossil described in the note at the end of this
section these shoots appear to originate from the lower branch, the upper remaining
simple, just as rarely occurs in living forms as e. g., in some species of Leptophlebia.

The anal vein invariably plays an insignificant part, and is apparently sometimes want-
ing. Its area seldom reaches even half way along the anal margin, but in Tricoi'ythus it
extends even round the lower outer angle, fairly upon the outer margin. Here it is
composed of a single vein with three or four short but widely divergent branches ; usually
it is forked at the base, and occasionally one or the other of these forks imitates the rayed
branch of the internomedian, by sending a number of parallel brunches, often closely
crowded, to the margin.

This account of the neuration of the Ephemeridae is based upon much more extended
material, and a longer study than that formerly given by me in my first quarto paper on
fossil neuroptera, and corrects it in several important particulars, especially in xhe account
of the internomedian vein, which was erroneously stated to be simple * and in the fuller
statement of the divisions of the externomedian vein.

m^

Note on a Jurassic May-fly.

Hexagenites Weyenherghii, gen. et sp. nov. : — A fragment of a wing only is preserved, in
which the entire costal area and base are wanting. The neuration of the parts that remain

* This statement was cviJently the result of some over-
sight, sinee in the digest given on a subsequent page of the

same memoir it was remarked that the internomedian vein
was " similar in eharaeter to the vena exleinotncdia."

169

i« perfect and indicate an insect whone alai expanse was nearly 45 mm., and whi(;h in moHt
nearly related to Ilexaj^enia ; the first inferior nervule of the upper fork of the upper
branch of Uie externomediun vein is thrown off some way before the middle of the winj^ ;
the lower branch forks at some distance beyond the middle of its course, and encloses
between its branches a single intercalary nervule which extends nearly to the widely
spreading fork. At a short distance from the base of the wing the lower branch of the
externomedian vein has divided into three branches, the middle one nearer the upper than
the lower, all of which continue undivided to the margin ; two intercalary nervures of
unequal length occur in each of the.se interspaces, extending almost half way to the base
in the lower interspace, besides many short ones near the margin ; the lowest of these
branches is considerably curved and subparallel to the iimer margin. The internomedian
vein probably divides at the very base into two branches, the upper of which is simple,
runs subparallel to the lowest externomedian nervule, striking the angle of the wing,
while the other branch is in close proximity to it and throws off a large number of
sinuous simple branches to the anal margin, in doing which its outer half follows an
irregular course by a slight change of direction with each emission. The cross veins are
moderately frequent and sub uniform throughout the portion of the wing which is
preserved excepting in the internomedian area, and the border is much broken by inter-
calary nervules into cells which are quadrate and generally much longer than broad. The
anal area must be very contracted and the form of the wing closely resembles that of
Hexagenia.

The specimen is from Solenhofen, and is in the British Museum. The description is
drawn up from a very clear sketch magnified 7 diameters, taken with the camera and pub-
lished by Rev. Mr. Eaton in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,
1871. PI. 1, fig. 10. The species is dedicated to my friend Dr. Weyenbergh, of Cordoba,
who has done so much in increasing our knowledge of the Jurassic insect fauna of Kavaria.

III. Platepiiemeiu axtiqua. pi. 7, figs. 5, 9, 10.

Platephemera antiqua Scudd., Can. nat., (n. s.) iii, 205, fig. 2 (1867) ; — Ib., Geol. mag.,
IV, 387, pi. 17, fig. 2 (1867);— Ib., Dawson, Acad. Geol, 2d ed., 624, fig. 181(1868); —
Ib., Amer. nat., i, 630, pi. 16, fig. 3 (1868); — Ib., Geol. mag., v, 173, 175-76 (1868); —
Pack., Guide ins., 77-78, pi. 1, fig. 3 (1869); — Nichols., Man. pal., 185, fig. 128
(1872);— Ib., Anc. life hist, earth, 145, fig. 89 (1877) ; — Dana, Man. geol., 2d ed., 273,
fig. 550 A (1874) ; — RoEM., Leth. geogn., pi. 31, fig. 9 (1876).

Mentioned without name, as the first species, in my letter to Mr. Hartt on the Devonian
Insects of New Brunswick (1865); — Bailey, Obs. geol. south. New Brunsw., 140
(1865); Amer. journ. sc, (2) xxxix, 357 (1865); — Can. nat., (n. s.) ii, 23 (1865);
— Trans, entom. soc. Lond., (3) II, 117 (1865). See also Amer. journ. sc, (2) xl, 277
(1865).

The wing was ample (whence the generic name) and gigantic. Probably a third of

the wing is wanting at the base, besides the greater part of the extreme outer edge, but
the fragment preserved enables us to to judge, probably with considerable accuracy, both
the general structure and, by the direction of the nervules and of the margins, the general

160

! .'.:■

■'I>i

ti J

form of the wing, which is presumed to be much as outlined on the plate. The wing
was probably more than GO mm. in length, and about 27 mm. in breadth ; the alar
expanse was therefore at least 125 mm., and pi'obably 135 mm., and the two figures
have been so placed as to indicate this expan.se.

This is more than double the ordinary size of the larger Epliemeridae and the largest
mentioned in Eaton's paper on these insects has an expan.se of only 78 mm., and the
largest of the jur.vssic species only 65 mm.

The costal margin is very gently arcuate ; the apex probably somewhat pointed, toward

^ which the upper veins are directed without additional arcuation ; the greatest breadth

was probably a little before the middl'.' of the wing, and the outer perhaps half as long

again us the anal margin. The marginal vein runs close to but does not form the margin

of the wing, the latter being indicated in the figures on the plate b}"^ a dotted line.

The mediastinal vein runs as close as possible to the margin, and is not connected with
it by cross veins ; these two veins apparently run side by side to the apex, when the
marginal disappears and the mediastinal takes its place close to the border. The scapular
vein runs sub-parallel to the mediastinal, but at double the distance from it apically as
basally, the change occurring rather abruptly near the middle of the preserved portion of
the wing ; it is connected with the vein above by straight cross-veins at tolerably regulai,
rather frequent intervals.

As usual in this f'vmily, the externomedian vein is apparently divided, probably not far
from, or at the base, into two stems, and the upper of these stems is again divided, prob-
ably at some distance from the base, into two principal branches ; the main portion of the
upper branch runs parallel to, but somewhat distant from the scapular vein, approaching
it, however, apically, and is everywhere connected with it by cross-veins, very much as in
the mediasthio-scapular interspace; it throws off from its inferior surface several inequi-
distant feeble offshoots ; the first originate a little before the middle of the wing, and
run irregularly but with a gentle downward curve to the outer margin ; tlu^y have between
them and between the outermost and the niain branch a number of equally irregular
intercalary nervules, all of which are connected together by cross-veins, and thus form
over the whole area a mesh work of irregular but usually hexagonal and longitudinally
elongated cells, uuiking it impossible to distinguish between normal and intercalary veins,
since the latter are as prominent as the former, and invariably arise from cros.s-veins ;
while whatever nervules lie next the main branch are united with it by frequent and,
equally irregular cross-veins falling from the main branch quite in the manner of the oll-
fhoots proper, and Ibrniing cells only slightly larger than the others, although generally
transversely elongated ; together there are about nine rows of cells between the main
upper branch and its first offshoot. The lower branch of the upper stem is simple and,
originating apparently near the middle of the basal hidf of the whig, diverges at first
slightly from the upper branch, afterwards a little more r ipidly, and in its apical fourth
curves downward consideiably, and is .somewhat irregular in its course ; its direction is in
general parallel to the oflshoots, and especially the nciirer offshoots of the upper branch,
and on the border it is separated from the apex of the upper branch by nearly one-third
of the outer margin of the wing; in its simplicity this branch resembles the same nervure
in Tricorythus, which is peculiar in this pariicular among modern Epliemeridae. As in

modern EpheineridtB generally, there is no intercalary nervule between this lower
branch of the npper externoniedian stem and the first ollshoot ol the lower branch, bnt
this interspace is lilled with simple and freqnent cross veins.

The lower externomedian stem is apparently formed on the same plan as the npper, a
feature which appears to have no counterpart amon.L? livinjif Ephemeridae ; appsirently it
is composed, like the npper, of two primary branches, whicdi seem to i)art from eacii other
very nearly at the same considerable distance from the base, (about one-third the distance to
the margin), a feature nnconunon but not unknown in living Ephemeridae ; but instead of
having a single independent intercalary or two between the forks, it has several otl'shoots
which depend from the npper branch, just as tlie offshoots of the upper branch of the
upper stem do, while between them in the outer half of their course other intercalaries
arise, depending from angnlar cross veins — the whole iniited by frctjueut cross veins
(again as in the upper area), to form a mesh-work of irregular cells generally pentiigoual,
althongh not often longitviilinal ; there are thus included between these forks altout six
rows of cells. The interspaces directly adjoining either side of the lower branch of the
upper externomedian stem are slightly wider than the interspaces between the nervnies in
the area of the lower externomedian stem, possess no intercalaries, and are divided by
frequent cross veins. The lower branch of the lower externomedian stem also curves
downward at the tip, like the lower branch of the upper stem ; the area of the lower
externomedian stem repeats, therefore, and on only a little smaller scale, the structun; of
the area of the upper stem, i'lstead of exhibiting, iis in recent forms, distinctive features.

That portion of the fragment of the wing lying below what we have hero considered
the lower simple branch of the lower externomedian stem, and which is shown in fig. 10
and not in Hg. 9, is so fragment^iry and so separated from its basal coiuiectlons that it is
ditficnlt to decide to Avhat area of the wing it belongs; it consists of four rows of cells
separated by curving nervules a little more iniifonn in their course than the minor
nervules above, with slightly less frequent cross veins ; the cells being slightly larger and
more regular, frequently quadrangular nd visually longitudinal ; this (ield belongs of course
either to the externomedian or the internomedian area. The general similarity of the
structure of the lields would lead one at first to suppose it to belong to the externomedian
area, in which case cf course our description of the lower stem and its branches should l)e
modified t« receive it. As, too, the form of the fragment would indicate that a very
considerable part of the region about the anal angle is lost, the reference of this field to
the internomedian area would give that areti a very great and very unusual preponderance
in the wing. But its reference to the externomedian area, which is certainly possible,
would involve ([uite as great an anomaly ; for in that case the U)wer externomedian stem
nmst be supposed to consist of two branches, the lower lying beyond the present
fragment and probably simple, the upper forked and reproducing on a wmaller scale the
whole of the upper externomedian steui, including the minor offshoots depending froui the
nppermost branch of each. In this case the area of the lower stem would exceed that of
the upper, which occurs in very rare instances iu modern Epheuu'ridae and then only by
crowding out of room the lower areas, which the probal)le wiile expanse of this wing would
not allow unless this lower area is of an exceedingly disproportionate size. The
translation of the Iticts which 1 have offered in my description, on the other hand, while it

I

It

i'-l

i Iffi-I

il i.

^<j

vtM]iiiivs n vcrv unusual (l»'V("1o)inuMit i>l" llio inlriiidiiMMliiin iirca. loaves \hv lower oNlenio-
luodian Tu'lil in its nsnal |)V<)|)oi'(i()natt> cxtenl as i-onipared to (lie njiper Held, and is
Ivntlier snpjunted hy several eonsidenitions : eliiel'\ liy llie inoltaliilit v tliat where
repetitions ot" struetnre .ire foinid — a mark of sini|)lieit\ nmeli more eoninion anionff
ancient than anionn' reeent inseets — they me tar more apt to oceiu' between repetitive
parts than hetwt'en those whieh mav not he so exaetlv compared. On the livptttiiesis
sustained nh«)ve. this repetition occnrs in the fields eml>raced between the two similarly
disposed set.s (»!' branches into which one vein is divided. On the other sufi'n'csted (and
ajiparently the only alternative, lor (lie oper interspaces on either side ol' the lower branch
»)!' liie npi'iT exteriiomedian stem siM'in to lix that nerviile nn(|Ucstionabl_v) (he repetition
wonld be between the whole ol" one set ol" branches of this vein, and one portion only of
the two of whieh the other set ol" that vein is eoiiipos«'d. Other arguments may be
advaiu'ed from the character both oi"tlie nervules and ol" the c«'lls rornied by them and the
cross veins, which dilTer slightly from those in the field in'\t above, a dinerence greater both in
extent and in nature than that existing between what we have coiisidere<l the upper and
the lower oxternomedian fields, t'urfl m- than this, (he slight change of direetio]! in the
course of the outer margin, n>snlting in a slight emargiuation of this border of the wing,
abhough apparently not found at all in living Kphemeridae. wonld be f"ar more likely to
occur, does far more fre»iuently occur in other insects, between two adjoining areas than
in the middle or other part of one.

Con.sidering then the Held under discussion as belonging to the internomedian area, wt*
must describe (his as plainly of" very nnnsnal extent, and a.s filled as it never is in living
types willi a large number of intercalary nervules.

It may be remarked that none of the many intercalaries in this wing arise indepen-
dently, and that they are not more abundant at tlu' extreme outer edge of (he wing, as
is f"re(iuently the case in modern types, '["he former feature is the more notew(M'thy, as
the independent origin of the intercala y veins in Kphemeridae would nntmally b-
taken as a mark of inferior organization; a?' I \,\'i it does not occur in this oldest member
of the group, nor yet in the jiu'assie species from Solenhofen. described on a previ(Mis
page: in this last, however, the edge of the wing is more broken by intercalaries than
the parts removed from it.

The length of the fragment ])re-^erved is I'J mm. and it.s greatest breadth. L").;') mm.

The points in whieh this insect presents the nu)s( siriking dilTerenees from modern
typos, and ujum which we would establish tlie genus IMatephemera. are. the very similar
instead of distinctive structvre of the I'ranie vork of the two sets ol" bran<'hes of the
oxternomedian vein, and of the respective areas included between them; the excessive
niimber of the intercalarios in the area included between the lower set of oxternomedian
branches, and their attachment (in the api^-al half of tlsc wing) to the ujjper of these
branches — from which the jn-evionsly mentioned peculiar ("eature mainly depends ; the
simplicity of the lower branch of the n|)per externomedian stem in an unusually ramose
wing; the unusual extent of the internonu'dia!! area and its rich supply of intercalaries;
the density and polygonal form of the cells ftu'iued by the cross veins below the upper
oxternomedian vein ; the emargiuation of the outer border ; and finally tho vast
dimensions of the wing.

If we look to ntluH" (Nirly lypM lor s|)i>.'i(H akin (o (his wf Hliall rni^l ii wlioji- frroiip of
('iirl)oiiill'i-ous iiiMcu!l,H with n'l.iciiliitiMl wiiiirs, to whitih tluH is cvith-iiUy rclntcil. 'Wt tluH
ht'lonjj; those ronns (o which the fj;(>iu>i-i»i mimes Diotyouoiirii iiiid Ureycrin hiivc Imm-ii frivcii
in the ohl worhl, iiml I'lioliu tind llii|)lo|ihl<>l)iiiMi in the new. Scvenil new loriiiM, iih yel,
u:i|)uhlishi'(l, nrc known to ni ^ from (he Am 'riciin curhonil'fnMH rocks. In nil these
j^ononi, hnt, es|)i>eiii,lly in DictyoiiiiiuM an'l IIa|»loi»hlel)ium (which |ierhti|)s shonhj not he
Hoparateil from eaeh otJu'p), the winj; is very mueJi larirtn- ami slon h-nn- (like a, dnifftm-lly'H
wini?) than tJii- fniffment of this devonian winu; will allow ns l,o snppose it to he. Ah in
thes(' winrfs, the mediastinal vein is present, and n-<nally runs into the inai>?imd id some
distane.e from the tip of the winjj;. and tiie }r(.iieral relation of the princtipal veins is sim-
ilar ill all ; in none of the olliers, however, do we fmd s(» distintd, a meshvv(»fk <»f Fuh-
t)rdinale veins, noi- can they he re-tolved as here inl^o sets depenilinj.^ from the two prin-
cipal hranehes of tlie externonu'diaii vein. So that while a f^eneral similaiitv of Htnictnrc
may he conceded, there is no occasion for consideiin^ the inseiMs iis closely alliliiitcd.

The distim^ti(»n hetween IMalephemera and (}ore|)hemera will h(' point»!d out in treating
of the latter insect.

This ins(>ct comes from planl-hed No. 7 of l'rofess(M' llartt, iind was the only in.sect
found at that hori/.<m.

In his " Monograph on the Kphemeiiilae,"' llev. Mr. Katon treats of the fossil species
whiidi have heen referreil hy one and another author to this family, in a. very smniriiiry
manner,'* asserting thiit : " when a llnsil compri: ,'s oidy a fragment, oi' even a. complete wing
ol an Kphemerid, it is hardly possible to determine the (jcniiH, and impossihh; to assist the
spi'vivH. The utmosi that can Ite learned from su(Oi a specinien is the approximate
relatiims of the insect. Neuralion hy itself is not siillicicnt to define? the species or (-ven
the genera of recent K|)hemeridae."

While we shoidd not wish to deny the <'laims of Mr. Katou to a profound knowledge of
the stru(;tur(! of the Kphemeridae, we ventine to doul»t il' he would as,sert that th(U(! arc
not features in tlie wing strnctiu'c of some genera not loiuid in others, an<l whietli arc;,
therefore, in so far characteristic of those genera; and it might he worth while to consider
wh(;tlier a careful study of such (lillerences woidd not revejd some further diOerences
not (lisccrnihle upon a cursory examination. One should he slow to hazard sweeping
statement: of a negative (diara(it<ir; and after all, it nniy la; cncpiired. what mon; is desired,
or at least, expected, than " the approximate relations of an insect " found fossil in the
older rocks. 'I'hal is precisely the aim of palae()ntology tin; w«»rld ovtu' ; and tho.si! who
discoiwage en()rts to discov(u" these r(dations are simply hidding us close one of the vol-
umes of the hook of life, (piite as valuahle as that they study.

In further comments in the same place, Mr. Eaton a.s.serts of tin; insects of the Devo-
nian discussed in this paper, that "they have all heen regarded as allies of the Kpliemt^r-

' Triins. Kntiiin. Soc Loud., 1S7I, IIH-IO. lowiiiil llicir iiiilli'irs. In tlii^ tliici^ piiiji's lii' (|r'Vol(!M to tliis

'■* 'rinMiianiici' in wliicli Mr. Ivitun liiiu r'nnrniinilc'l niiiiii"< tupic, Ihscritiiu !< tuiir j^ivcn .'i'; " Dysc liliiis "; ^irliiiilMiii.'*

ill lliis sccliiiii (iC liis wipik is |M'cll_\ Dili' cvicli'iicn lliat lie livicc iih " iinli'|iiorniii "; oiciilciilaliw oncc! iii " hroivii'idni ";

liiix iHil jiivi'ii llir |iii|icr'> 111' (|niili's llial v\im< atlcnli n Uioii-imi Iwii'c ;w " llriiwiisDiii " ; Dana Ivt'ui: a» " .Scud-

wliiuli would I'lilitlc liiiii lo use llii; laii;'ua!';- oi' riiliciiiu dur " ; .Scmldur six tiiiiui h< '•Uawnoii,"

~f 1

If

164

idae." I do not know by whom ; certainly not by myself, who first described
them. Phitepheniera lie says, may possibly belong to the Ephemeridae, " but there
is nothing in the figures to make Ibis cert^iin." The bett(»r figures published with
this should be sufficient ])roof that Platepheniera belongs whei-e 1 originally placed
it. The neuration agrees in all essential featiu'cs with that fiiniil}', and indeed,
considering the antiquity of the creature, shows marvellously little divergeuce from existing
types. And although Mr. Eaton has nothing to say of the wing structure of Mio Ephem-
eridae as a whole, in distinction from that of other neuropterous families, I can hardly
believe that any one who has studied it from the standpoint of the substantial unity of
wing structure in all insects, could fail to discover that the Ephemeridae have a special
development of wing neuration distinct from all others, permitting formulation, and to
which Platephemera conforms to so close an extent, that until we have further light by the
discovery of more complete remains we are amply justified in considering it as an antique
type of Ephcmoridae.

IV. GKKKrilKMKIJA SIMPLKX. PI. 7, figs. 8, 8a.

Gerephemern s!n)])Ie.>' Scudd., Geol. mag., v, 174-75 (1808).

Mentioned without name, as the fourth species, in my letter to Mr. Ilartt: On the
devonian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1 ; Bailey, Obs. geol. south. New Br., 140 ; Amer.
journ. sc, (2) xxxix, o57 ; Can. nat., (n. s.) n, 235 ; Trans. Ent. 8oc. I^Kind., (3) ii, 117 —
all in 18()5.

In the specimen and reverse as first seen by me, scarcely more could be said of this
insect than the brief notice ahead}- jiulilishcd ; nothing ajjpeared but a slight fragment of
the tip of a wing, and this would iu)t have been dignified by a name had not the extreme
interest attaching to Ibssil insects from the horizon at Avhich it occurred seemed to demand
it. The portion preserved was the upper half of the outer border with the extremities
of the veins impinging upon it, and two of the principal veins near the tip of the Costal
margin ; these two veins are as usual in the P'i)liemeridae and ])robably re|)resent the nuir-
ginal and mediastinal (or .scapular), and .«^how that the latter reached the border scarcely
above the tip of tlic wing.

Since my first exnmination, however, Mr. G. F. Matthew has worked out a considerable
part of the wing on one (jf the stones belonging to the St. John Society, which, though
veiy diflercnt in certain parts in.m wliat would have been anticipated from the portion
first ex])ose<l, bears out in a measure ;lie statement that was hazarded concerning it,
altho'igh it proves that the generic name chosen was unfortunate. In this removal of
the stone from the surface of the wing, a fragment of the tip with its two veins was
flaked off; but as careful drawings had been taken of it, 1 have replaced the two lines
indicating the veins mentioned above upon the drawing n:ade of the wing as it now
appears. This gives us intk'cd a nuich lietter clue to the probable form of the wing than
we co\dd possibly otheiwise have, for the considemule and constantly increasing diver-
gence of the u])per and lower veins of the continuous portion of the fragment leave a
very strsmge effect; and, without the aid these two vein-tips furnish, leave tiie form of the
apex of the wing decidcilly i)robhnnatical.

1G5

The wing is that of a very large insect, the fragment, which reaches neither base nor
tip, being 60 mm. long, and rendering it probable that the alar expanse was at least 150
mm. and more probably 175 nun. The apex of the wing was pointed, the costal and outer
margin probably meeting at a rounded angle of about 00'. The costal margin must have
been very strongly arched near the middle ol' the apical hidf, while the apical part of the
outer border is nearly .straight. The wing was probably elongated, not very broadly
expanded in proportion to its length, as I at first presumed from not having counted on
such an extended development toward the base. In the middle of the outer half of the
wing the width is about 23 mm., and from the course of the fragments of the two borders
it is probable that the width nowhere exceeded 25 mm. or a^-out two-sevenths the length of
the wing. The fi-agment preserved contains considerably less than half the area of the wing
comprising most of the central portions. The whole anal area is lost as well as what is
apparently most or all of the internomedian area, extending far along the outer margin ;
the merest fragment of the costal border, 2-3 nun. long, is preserved, apparently about
the middle of the wing ; the tip of the wing and outer half of the costal margin are
broken away, but a couple of veins at the tip are supplied, as already stated, from a piece
that was accidentally removed. This irregular fragment, extending diiigonally across the
outer half of the wing, with a basal extension along the middle line, is traversed by
principal nervures bound together by a net work of mostly very irregular and very fee))le,
occasionally more regular and distinct cross veins, forming irregular, mostly longitudinal,
unequal, polygonal, rarely quadrangular cells. The veins may be grouped into an u])per
set of ^/iirallel, equidistant and rather approximate, ncju-ly straight, slightly upcurved
nervures, three or four in number, traceable only near the middle of the wing ; and a lower
set of two, traceable throughout the apical half of the wing and extending nearly half way
from the middle to the base ; these are parallel, more distant, directed gently downward and
so divergent from the other set, and toward the ape.x curved considerably downward
Between the veins of the upper set the cross veins are infrequent and nu)stly straight,
forming quadrangular cells ; while in the lower set they are more frequent and very
irregular, forming polygonal cells which, toward the apical margin, are very indistinct
from the feebleness of the cross veins.

The area formed at the apex of the wings by the divergence of the two sots of veins,
is filled by branches from the superior surface of the uppermost of the lower set of veins,
supporting a mesh of cross-veins.

The principal vein of the wing then — the only one which appears unquestionably to
support a number of branches — is the uppermost vein of the lower set. And since in
all palaeozoic insects having true net-veined wings, one never has to pass beyond the
externomedian vein, in starting from the costal margin, to find the first extensively
branched vein, there can be little if any doubt ihat this sliould be considered as belong-
ing to that vein, and not to a lower one. The only difficulty aliout this interpretation is
that in the middle of the wing, there are above this vein no less than five equidistant and
almost equally distinct veins. The first of these, forming the margin, is the marginal
vein, and the next is the mediastinal. It is impossible to consider this marginal as the
mere thickening of the border, and the vein next removed from the border as the true
marginal vein, for both the mari/in itself would be too broad, and tlie marginal would

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166

then be an elevn'ed, and the mediastinal a depressed vein (see fig. 8a which is never the
case in such insects. The ncrvure at the margin then is certain! the marginal, and
that next to it the mediastinal vein. Only one vein, the scapular, can lie Itetween the med-
iastinal and the externomedian, yet between oiu" undoubted mediastinal and our presumed
externomedian there are no less than three veins to be disposed of.

Two of these lie in the depression following the mediastinal vein,' while the third is
upon the side or the upper edge of the ascending portion of the area, which on the
opposite side of the depression lies at the level or above the level of the mediastinal vein (see
fig. 8a). It seems, therefore, highly probable that the two low-lying veins are branches
of a scapular vein which probably divides not much further toward the base ; and that
the third vein in question is the main externomedian stem, of which the branching
vein below is only a principal basal ofEshoot ; indeed the very fact that the branches of
this offshoot are thrown off from its superior surface leads to the presumption that it is
itself a branch from a vein above ; for, while an area between two branches of one vein
may not very infrequently be filled by superior offshoots from an inferior branch, it would
certainly be abnormal for a wide area to be filled by superior offshoots from an upper
branch, or even from a main stem itself. Presuming then upon the correctness of these
interpretations, the structural basis of the wing is as foUovs :

The marginal vein forms the border. Tie meiiiastinal vein is simple, and,
running nearly parallel to the marginal vein, probably terminates by impinging
upon it not very far from the middle of the outer hall' of the wing; from it run
frequent oblique delicate cross veins to the border. The scapular vein divides into
two longitudinul veins before the middle of the wing, probably considerably before
it ; for even before the miildle of the wing, and for as great a distance beyond
it as it can be traced, the two branches are exactly parallel to each other and
tine mediastinal ; all the w)u;ritudinal interspaces in the middle of this part of the
inBig are e(jual : the forks are connected witii each otiier (and the upper with the medi-
aMinal?) by twieraliy tr«?«aient 'aiut cnjss v»"ns at right angles to the nervures ; and in
like middle (iif the wmg and btyond it. jit bu^t for a short distance, have a gentle upward
direction, and even ciu've verv slightly, almost imperceptibly, in the same directio!i ;
IttifytHid howe'wir. thty uiuht ciarve stnnigly in the opposite direction, lor the pair of detached
iMni» toward the tip of tha wing have a decided downward direction, and these forks,
vttetker the same or not. muKt in that part of the wing have a similar direction ; probably
Hht are the stune. aimtd if so they show that they retain a similar distance apart until
Hbtt strike the et)stui margin, one just belbre or at the tip, tlu- other a little earlier.

(externomedian vein must divide into two principal veins near the base of the wing;
fr bcaneh ti>llows closely the course of the veins above, and lies as far from the near-
•wii tw^lke laaaer from riie next ; a little beyond the middle of tiie wing, however, this s))aco
is 'IJL-iitl^ increased, and an intercalary vein, straight and similar to the others, but fainter,
take- ;t> rise trom an ublicjue bent cross vein; all the other cross veins in (his interspace
and on either side of the intercalary vein, are like the others in the scapular interspaces,
and the wuole area in which the.se straight and directly transverse cross veins lie, namely
that between the mediastinal and iq)per externon.edian veins, forms a deeply sunken but
broad sulcus, the floor of which is nearly flat, and not V-shaped as usual in folds in this

167

part of the wing ; probably it is otherwise further toward the base of the wing before
the division of the Hcapular vein, for the sides o» the sulcus are tolerably steep, and
where only a simple vein occupied the sulcus, ns is ordinarily the case in neuropterous
wings, the sulcus would be angular. The lower externomedian branch at the middle of
the wing is already as far from the upper branch as that from the upper scapular branch,
and continues to diverge from it with a very gentle curve, which increases apically, so
that it strikes the border with the same direction as the veins above ; in the interspace
between these two branches runs a feeble intercalary vein, slightly irregular in direction,
sending oiT cross veins to one side and the other, forming longitudinal irregularly pentago-
nal cells ; as the interspace widens these become more irregular, until at about two-thirds
the distance from the base of the wing to the tip of this branch, a superior offshoot from
this branch is emitted, having a course about midway between the two branches, but very
soon taking a somewhat zigzag direction, and assuming altogether the appearance of the
intercalary, to which it sends frequent cross veins ; a short distance further on, or at about
the end of the second third of the wing, this emits a second offshoot, rather more prominent
and regular than the first, which parts rapidly from the branch, and, remaining near the
first, afterwards takes the apical direction of all the veins ; it is bound to the upper off-
shoot by frequent cross veins forming small polygonal cells ; between it and the lower
externomedian vein is another very feeble intercalary arising from a cross vein, ■ and
becoming, like its lateral oflshoots, nearly imperceptible toward the outer margin ; as
indeed do all the other cross veins and intercaliiries, so that they were nearly unobserved
when the margin alone was exposed, and many of the cross veins fail to compass the
interspaces.

What can be seen of the internomedian vein is traceable slightly further toward the base
of the wing than the preceding, but as the win;/ is broken here, it is impossililn tii my
whether it is basally divided, and the poition visible is the upper branch, or whi'llier
what we see is the whole vein ; in the former case the upper branch, in the hitter the
vein proper, I'uns sub-i)iiiallel to the lower externomedian, very slightly diverging IVoiii
it, and in the middle of the wing (wlicir it is brokt-n. but where its connections leave no
doubt whatever of its course) is as distant from it a>! the two externomedian branches
at the same point ; n single, distinct, pretty regularly zigzag intercalary runs midway
between it and the lower externometiian bran(!li, connected with tolerable regxdarity to
the veins on either sixde bv alternating, straight, transversi orobrKiue cross veins, generally
forming rather regular, longituilinal. pentagonal cell^ which become exci'edingly irregular,
obscure and broten next tlie outer margin of the wing ; just below the apical olVH|uiot'
of the lower externomedian branch it throws otf an inferior branch, wliich is nearly
straight, and is apically as distant from it as is the next vein above ; between these
bran(dies in a very irregular intercalary vein. reseniMng in its connections the a))ical part
of the intercalary above. 'Hie parts of the wing l)«*low this branch are wanting.

The relations of this insect to living types is far more obscure than in the case of Plat-
ephemera. It has certain rcsembhuaces to Platepiiteauera and also to the carbon ilerons
PHla«'<Mli<'(\<)ptcra to which it may possil)ly belimg. bur it is certain that the limits of the
EpbenierKlae, even including Platepliemera. are nor elastic enough to admit it, and its diver-
geiM;« front Dictyoneura and other net-veined insects uf ejirly time is so groat that its

I I

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168

reference there would seem to obscure its real isolation. In fact there seems to be not
only no family of insects into which it can be placed, but even no sub-order living or
extinct, into which it would naturally fall. There is no known insect in which five par-
allel and distant nervures follow the course of the costal margin, and of which only two
arise from the same root ; and so far as my observations have gone, I have found no neu-
ropterous insect (to which of living groups this is plainly the most nearly allied), in which
the externomedian vein is the first extensively branched vein, and in which at the same
time, the upper branch of this vein is simple. In Ephemeridae (to which group one
would most naturally compare it from its general appearance), the externomedian vein, as
already stated, is always compound, and its upper stom is always forked. In this insect
on the contrary, the upper stem is simple (which is the more remarkable from the forked
character of the scapular, always simple in Ephemeridae) and the lower forked, its
branches being superior and herein differing remarkably from ordinary types.

Gerephemera then is not only further removed from modern Ephemeridae than is Plat-
ephemera, but can be even less closely affiliated with Platephemera than the latter with
modern Ephemeridae. It has, nevertheless, some distinctive points in common with it.
Such are its great size and the probable great expanse of the internomedian area, the dif-
fering chai'acter of the net-work above and below the uppermost externomedian branch,
the pol3^gonal nature of the mesh-work caused by the cross-venation (in common with
many other old insects), and the somewhat uniform character of that network next to
and away from the border. In common with modern Ephemeridae, but in distinction
from most other insects, must be mentioned the common feature of intercalary nervures,
which here, as in Platephemera, are never free at their origin.

As points of special distinction from Platephemera may be mentioned the broad area
given to the veins above the externomedian vein, the forking of the scapular vein, its
course at the bottom of a deep and broad sulcus, tlie occurrence of a straight intercalary
ill the scapixlar-externomedifni i/itorspiiri', the entire structure of the externomedian vein
(differing altogether from Platepliemera) and the elongated slender form of the wing,
wliich resembles much more closely Dictyonoura and Haplophlebium.

From these latter genera again, to which we shoidd perhaps consider it most closely
allied, this insect differs remarkably in the structure not only of tlie externomedian vein,
but in the wide extent of the wings above that vein, and the number of nervures which
fill it. It would appear also to differ in the character of the reticulation above the exter-
nomedian vein, a matter of less importance, but in wliich it agrees with Platephemera.
The difference in the frame work of tlie wing, however, is so great and so deep seated,
that there can be no doubt of at least its family distinction from all known types.
Whether or no it is worthy of being classed as subordinally distinct, I leave to future
discussion. But in allusion to the apparent faot that tlie peculiar nature of its neuration
has not left its mark on modern tyjjes, 1 propose to call the family group in which it
should be placed Atocina.' It will be sutficiently distinguished from other a.icient types
(as from modern) by the forking of the scapidar vein, the course of the exteriio-
nifiiiiui, its dii-taiit removal from the costal margin, and its peculiar division.

This insect and Xenoueura come Irom the lowest of the Lancaster Shales which furnish
insect remains, called ^amt bed No. 2, by Professor Hartt.

IGU

V. IIOMOTIIETUS FOfSSILI.S. PI. 7, flgH. 1, 2.

HomothetiisfoftsUiKiiCUUD., Can. nut. gcol., (ii. s.) iii, 205, fig, 3 (1807); — In., Gcol.
mag., IV, :J87, pi. 17, fig. n (1SG7); — In., Daws., Acad, gt-ol., 2(1 od. 524-25, fig. 182 (1808);
— lu.. Amor, mit., i, GrU, pi. 10, fig. 7 (1808); — lu., Gcol. mag., v, 172,170(1808); —
Pack., Guide ins., 77-78, pi. 1, fig. 7 (1809).

Mentioned without name, as the .second species, in my letter to Mr. Ilartt: On the devo-
nian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1 ; Bailey, Ohs. south. New Br., 140; Anier. jouni. sc,
(2) xxxix, 357; Can. nat. geol., (n. s.)ii, 235; Trans, ent. soc. Lond., (3) u, 117, — all in
1805.

The wing representing this insect is the most complete of the devonian insects,
and would leave little to be desired were the base more complete ; unfortunately the
reverse of this specimen was never found, or it might supply the missing parts. To
judge from the strong convexity of the costal margin, it is a fro'.it wing. It has the gen-
eral appearance of a Sialid of moderate size, and the form of the wing closely corresponds.
Although a fragment from the middle of the costal margin, and the Avhole outer half of
the lower margin with the apex are missing, the form of the wing can be estimated with
considerable probability. The costal margin is in general strongly convex, but is flat in
the middle third, the basal portion rapidly ascending, and the apical as rapidly deseending ;
the apex was probably rounded, but a little produced, and the hinder border pretty uni-
forndy and fully rounded, making the middle the broadest part of the wing, where the
breadth is probably contained n\ntv.-* three times in the length; toward the base
the wing narrows rapidly, but at the extreme base more gradually above so us to be
almost pedunculate.

The marginal vein forms the border. The mediastinal vein is at first inclined slightly
downward, then ascends as gently, parting slightly from the marginal, I)Ut again in the mid-
dle of the wing counnences most graihially to approach it, running toward tlie extremity of
the wing in close contact with it, but a])i)arent]y not joining it until just betbre the apex
and beyond the preserved part of the Ibssil ; throughout it partakes of the course of the
margin, but in a less exaggerated Ibrm. asc<>u(liiig slightly beyond the basal part, then
straight in the middle, gently arcuate apically ; it is connected with the margin, so far as
can be made out, by a single straight cross vein somewhat before the middle of the wing.

The scapular vein fblh/ws a similar coxu'se as the mediastinal, always about as far removed
from it as it is from the margin, excepting in the apical third ; where its distance from the
mediastinal is slightly greater, so as to carry its termination, no doubt, exactly to the tip
of the wing : no cross veins can be seen to conned this vein with the mediastinal. No
other veins can be traced at the extreme l)ase ut" the wing between the seajjidar and the
lower margin; but at a short distance (about 2-3 mm.) from the base of the scapular vein,
and where its course turns from a descending to a longitudinal direction, a strong trans-
verse vein depends from it, directed a very little obli([uely outward, and reaching from one-
third to one-half way to the lower margin of the wing ; and from near ai..l at the lower
extremity of this stout transverse vein, other longitudinal veins arise. The uj)permost arises
from the middle of the lower half of the vein, at a distance from the scapular nuich greater
than the scapular from the costal margin at this point ; at first it tends upward, parallel to

Ill

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170

the coHtal mnrj^in, but very soon divides into two main steniH. ThoHc two stems I take to
be : the upper the main scapular braneii, of whioh the transverse vein is the J)ase ; tlie lower
the externouied'an vein, amalgamated with the former at the base, the two being com-
parable, as will be shown further on, to the same uervures in the Odonata. The connecticm
of the main scapular branch with the veins ])reserved in the held bejond cannot be
directly traced ; but from the j)osition of the latter the following accciunt must be sub-
Btantially correct. It runs in a nearly straight course to the middle of the a))ical half
of the wing, where from not ibllowing the arcuate course of the uuiin scnpuliir vein it has
diverged considerably from it; here its straight coiu'se suddenly terminiitcs. but it passes
to the same point on the .ii)ical nuivgin (just below or at the apex), by a gentle arcuation
subparallel to but distant from the main scapular vein, with which it ajjpears to be
nowhere connected by cross veins. This main scapular braiu-h emits two basal and
several iipical inferior olfshoots ; the apical ollshoots are thrown off at wide angles, at sub-
equidistant intervals from the arcuate portion of the main branch, the first at its bend
being abruptly and widely forked not far from its origin, the others being simple and the
interspaces apparently free from cross veins. The basal oflshoots are probably thrown off
(their origin is destroyed) at a little distance either side of the end of the basal third of
the wing ; and, unlike the apical offshoots, certaiidy diverge at a very slight angle, and are
each similarly forked ; the first from the base is forked near its origin, and its upper fork is
again divided mirrowly about half way to the margin, the general course of all the near-
vules of this basal offshoot being broadly arcuate. The other and outer basal off><hoot soon
runs parallel to the main scapular branch, and is connected with it by a straight oblicjue
cross vein in the middle of the wing, where it forks ; a short distance further on a piece is
broken from the middle of the Aving, and the part beyond is displaced a little with refer-
ence to it, and ap])arently folded a little so as to obscure the exact course of these forks ;
Avhich seem to become involved with the fork of the fir.><t of the j pical oflshoots, with
which, as well as with each other, they are connected by weak, inequidistant, sti'aight, direct
or oblique cross veins.

The externomedian vein can be traced in all its parts, excepting an insignificant
portion of the tip of the outer of its branches ; the nuiin stem takes an arcuate
course, parallel to the basal offshoot of the main scapular branch, and terminates on
the lower nuirgin just beyond the middle of the wing ; half way from the transverse
basal vein to the margin it throws off an inferior branch, which soon becomes parallel to
it (and where it becomes so is connected by a cross vein to the vein below) and, by an
intei'polated vein, which ai)pears as a baseward continuation of this inferior branch, to a
bent cross vein in the same interspace, just beyond the middle of the basal half of the
wing ; this cross vein is bent on the externomedian side of the interspace. The inter-
nomedian vein is compound, being broken at the lower extremity of the transverse basal
vein (before which it is not seen) into two compound branches, each throwing off" a couple
of inferior curved oflshoots to the njargin, which are connected together bv two sets of

CD ■' O »/

cross veins, — one belonging only to the nervures of the upper branch, and in continuation
of the direct cross nervure in the externo-internomedian interspace ; the other set cover-
ing both branches and broken, each succeeding vein being carried successively further in,
the general cour.se of the whole series being across the middle of the internomedian

171

area, siib-pnrnlU'I to the outer M«»rio«; ono or two of the nervulos in tliif< nrca nre })ric'ny
forked next to the border. The anal veins cannot he seen.

The lengtii of the frajifnu'nt is 40 mm.; the prohal)I(' length of tlie wing 42 nnn.; its
breadth at the miihlle i> 14 mm., rodnred at base to 4 mm.

Tiie most important vein in this wing is the seapular, whose brunches occupy a))out
half the (Uiter margin ; the externomecUan is comparatively unim[)ortant, the interno-
median occupying a larger area. The more striking features of the wing besides this are :
the origination of the principal scapuhir branch (from which tdl the sca])ular nervides
nri.se) and the externoinedian vein from a common stem, having its .xource in a transverse
basal nervule ; and the meagreness of the transverse neuratiou, which in no place shows
any sign of reticulation. The point (irst mentioned hnds no parallel among insects excep-
ti'^g in the ()(l(mata, where it is almost precisely similar. There, as 1 attempted to show
many years ago in treating of the structure of the wings of recent and of fossil Neurop-
tera, the transverse vein termed the arculus in modern nomenclature should be considered
as made up of two veins meeting each other; for the upper of the two longi-
tudinal nervures which always originate from it belongs to the scapular vein, while the
lower belongs to the externomedian. Here, these two veins appear, at least, to be amal-
gamated at the base, but it is not impossible, and would indeed seem a jn'ior! more prob-
able, that the}' run side by side by side to the arculus, and are merely connate in ai)))ear-
ance from the preservation of the fossil. However, this may be, it would seem as if we
had in this peculiar structure the presence of an arculus as a forerunner at this early day
of the specialized type of Odonata ; the main scapular bi-anch arising from the arculus is
here, as in all nornnd modern Odonata, the principal vein of the wing.' from which most
of the subsidiary branches arise ; in these two points this fossil wing is distinctively and
decidedly Odonate in cluu'acter ; but if one looks further, one fails to find expected fea-
tures, now, and even in Jurassic time, invariably corellated with those mentioned; esjjcc-
ially is a nodus to be sought in vain ; the marginal vein runs without break to the tip of
the wing ; for, although it cannot be followed from want of its perlect preservation, all
the neighboring veins can, and the number is similar throughout. So too the fine niesh-
Avork of Odonate wings is not only absent, but what cross neuration exists is confined to a
dozen or so straight veins for the whole Aving. If, however, we consider this uppermost
offshoot from the arcidus as the main branch of the scapular, and simply inuigine the
arculus-structure removed, so as to bring this main bi'anch directly and plainly dependant
from the scapular vein, one cannot fail to see how close the entire structure would be to
what we find in the Sialina. In the latter group indeed, there is no such .separation
of apical and basal oflshoots to the main .scapular branch as here, but all the scapular
nervules take their rise, not from the vein itself, but as here from a principal scapular
branch, arising far back on the scapular vein ; the general relations of the diflerent
areas of the wing are also much the same in both, while the cross venation is very
similar. Here as there, the internomedian vein and its branches are of niox'e impor-
tance— cover a Avider area and bifurcate fiir more — than either the externomedian
vein on the one side, or the anal on the other. We have here, therefore, as I pointed out

* It is teimed vena principalin in the modern nonii'nclntiire not arise in the s.iine w.iy as in ofiicr Oilonata, but hastrans-
of students of Oilonata. In some Calopterygidae it does ferred its origin to the seapular (median) itself.

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when first calling attention to this fossil, the distinctive features of two tolerably well sep-
arated groups combined in one individual : certain features of the wing are distinctively
Sialid in character ; others occur nowhere but in the Odonata. Yet these two groups
belong, one to the Neuroptera proper, the other to the Pgeudoneuroptera, and we find
here the earliest proof ot their common origin, in a wing whose type is more distinctly
synthetic than any other known. It seems also to bring new and unanticipated evi-
dence in support of my view of the homologies of the vein arising from the arculus in
Odonata.

It is plainly impossible for us +o place this insect in any known fnmily of N( roptera.
It must be considered the first known member of a family, forming the connecting link
between the Neuroptera proper and Pseudoneuroptera, and will be evidence, in so far as
it goes, of a closer connection between these two groups, than between the latter and Or-
thoptera. For this family I would propose the name of Homothetidae, and would char-
acterize it as a family of Neuroptera {aensii latiori), allied to Sialina, but In which the prin-
cipal scapular branch, instead of originating as in Sialina directly from the main stem,
usually nci.r the middle of the wing, arises in common with or close beside the externo-
median vein, from an arculus near the base of the wing, connecting the scapular and inter-
nomedian A^eins ; and in which, further, the basal and apical oflTshoots from this main
scapidar stem are diflcrentiated, instead of exhibiting a similar and uniform character.

This insect was found in plant bed No. 8, of Professor Hartt's section, the highest in
the series as developed at the Lancaster locality.

VI. Dyscritus vetustus. Pi. 7, fig. 4.

Dyscritiis vetustus Scudd., Geol. mag., v, 172, 176 (1868).

Mentioned without name, as probably identical with one of the other species, in my
letter to Professor Hartt : On the devonian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1 ; Bailey, Obs.
geol. south. New Br., 140; Amer. journ. sc., (2) xxxix, 357; Can. nat. geol., (n. s.)ii,
234 ; Trans, ent soc. Lond., {S) i, 117 — all in 1865.

The insect brieflj^ mentioned hitherto under this name has not before been figured, and
is the least important of the devonian wings. It consists of only a small fragment of a wing,
which shows a bit of the lower margin with three or four curved veins running toward it,
and connected rather uniformly with one another by cross veins foiming quadrate cells. It is
plainly distinct from all the others, for the equivalent region in no case is similarly broken.
In Lithentomum Harttii the corresponding region is indeed not preserved, but the cross
veins in the neighboring parts, although weak, straight and direct as here, are so very
infrequent and irregular that we cannot presume the parts which are wanting below them
to be very different.

The veins preserved are four in number. The uppermost has two inferior branches
at short distances, of which only the extreme base of the outer is preserved, while the
inner is traceable throughout its extent ; it parts from the main vein, which in the brief
portion preserved runs nearly parallel to the lower margin, at an ordinary angle and
passes in a regular arcuate downward course to the margin. The three veins below this
take a course sub-parallel to this, and are sub-equidistant ; the upper, at the base of the

173

part preserved, is a little nearer to the vein above, and to its first branch, than to the vein
below, and may possibly, not improbably, be a branch of the fir?t vein mentioned, parting
from it further toward the base than the fracture of the specimen allows us to see ;
the two veins; below it seem to belong together ; the bit of margin preserved, covering
only two interspaces, is slightly convex. The cross veins are weak, but tolerably uniform,
and either direct or slightly oblique, or occasionally a little irregular ; they are nearly
equidistant as a general rule, but more frequent in the outer of the two interspaces touch-
ing the margin than elsewhere. The length of the fragment is 15 mm.

The fragment then consists of some curved veins striking the lower margin of a wing,
one at least of which is one of two or more inferior and, so far as can fc? seen, simple
branches of a principal longitudinal vein, whose course would make it terminate either at
the very tip of the wing, or, if it afterwards curved considerably, very near the extremity
of the lower margin. This principal vein probably belongs either to the scapular or exter-
nomedian, while the lower curved veins appear like branches of the internomedian vein.
The wing cannot therefore be referred to the vicinity of either Platephemera or Gereph-
emera, both on account of the relations to each other of the veins, and of the nature of
the reticulation, the latter being certainly polygonal in this region in both these genera ;
wiiile the irregular course of the veins themselves in Platephemera and their considerable
apical divarication in Gerephemera constitute peculiarities not observed in the simple frag-
ment under discussion. So far as the course of the veins is concerned it can be much
better, and indeed very well, compared to Dictyoneura and its allies ; but in all these
insects the interspaces am filled with a minute polygonal reticulation (wherever it is
preserved), which is such a characteristic feature that Dyscritus can by no possibility be
considered a:* very closely allied to them.

The neuration is altogether different in Xenoneura, finding nothing at all comparable
in this region. The longitudinality of the veins throughout Lithentomum seems to forbid
any close comparison with it. But in Homothetu:* we do find some points in common
with Dyscritiis ; for while the reticulation is much more sparse in the former, there is a
certain regularity about it similar to what we have in the latter, while the curving of the
internomedian veins and their parallelism certainly resemble in a general way the same
features in Dyscritus. And if Ave presume the fragment of Dyscritus to be broken from
near the middle of the wing, we may see a not distant resemblance between the longitudinal
vein of Dyscritus and its tAvo visibly connected branches, and the main branch of the scap-
ular vein in Homothetus ; Avhile the upper, independent, curved vein of Dyscritus may be
taken perhaps for the externomedian vein, and the other two nervules for branches of tlie
internomedian vein. The resemblance is at least sufficient to make us believe we have
here a clue to its relationship ; while at the same time it differs so much from it that we
cannot associate the two even generically ; for if they are to be compared in this way at all,
the lower stem of the main scapular branch, as seen in Homothetus, must either have
become single and simple in Dyscritus, or it must have assumed the longitudinality and
mode of bifurcation of the upper stem.

There is nothing, however, in the fragment to show Avhat the connection of the main
scapular branch may have been, and consequently nothing to prevent the reference of
this wing to the Sialina, Avhere the relations of the veins would be the same. Judging

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174

by compariHon of what we have presumed to be similar parts, we may suppose this wing
to have been slightly larger than that of Homothetus fossilis, and its probable length not
far from 50 mm.

Whatever views are held of the special homologies of the veins, its right to generic dis-
tinction from Homothetus, to which it is most closely allied, must be conceded on tlie
ground of the greater simplicity of the neuration.

On account of the insignificance of the fragment, however, and the consequent impos-
sibility of any sure clue to its affinities, it would not have been worth while to confer
upon this wing a distinctive generic name, even granting its generic dissociation from all
others, were it not for the extreme interest attaching to any insect fragment of such high
antiquity.

The remains were found in plant bed No. 8, of Professor Hartt, the highest in the Lan-
caster series.

VII. LlTHENTOMUM HaRTTII. PI. 7, fig. 3.

Lithentomtim ffarttii Scudd., Can. nat. geol., (n. s.) in., 206, fig. 4 (1867); — Ib.,
Geol. mag., iv, 387, pi. 17, fig. 4 (1867); Ib., Daws., Acad, geol., 2d ed., 525, fig. 183
(1868) ; — Ib.. Amer. nat., i, 630, pi. 16, fig. 5 [Hartiq (1868); — Ib., Geol. mag. v, 172,
176 (1868); — Pack., Guide ins., 77, 78, pi. 1, fig. 5 (1869).

Mentioned without name, as the third species, in my letter to Professor Hartt : On the
devonian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1; Bailey, Obs. geol. south. New Br., 140 ; Amer.
journ. sc, (2) xxxix, 857 ; Can. nat. geol., (n. s.) ii, 235 ; Trans, ent. soc. Lond., (3)
II, 117 — all in 1865.

The relic to which this name has been given is the central upper portion of a wing in a
very fragmentary condition, but with a bit of the upper margin sufficient to enable one
to determine pretty positively the homologies of the veins. A fragment of Calamites has
unfortunately covered the base and lower part of the wing, but one or two of the veins
appear through it at what must be the very base of the wing, and help to determine its
nature. The fragment preserved is 36 mm. long, and 15.5 nmi. broad; but the wing was
probably 55 mm. long, and perhaps 20 mm. broad, if one may judge from its general
appearance only ; it certainly represents a large insect.

The marginal vein forms the border. The mediastinal vein in the basal half of the
wing, and probably for some distance beyond, runs parallel to and at considerable dis-
tance from the border, with which it is connected by very weak oblique cross veins at
irregular intervals, which toward the base are considerably more oblique than further
outward ; this weak construction of the costal margin renders it probable that the wing
was a hind one. The scapidar vein in the basal quarter of the wing runs in very close
proximity to the mediastinal, then parts from it a little, and continues sub-parallel
to it, but a little nearer to it than the latter to the border ; there appear to be no cross
nervules between these veins, but a slight and irregular tortuous lo igitudinal line like
a mere puckering of the membrane ; at some distance before the middle of the wing
this vein puts forth at a slight angle an inferior branch, which takes an arcuate course
sub-parallel to the vein, and is forked about as far beyond the middle of the wing,
apparently, as it arose anterior to it, both offshoots taking a longitudinal direction.

175

The externomedian vein next the base of the wing is somewhat distant from the scap-
ular, is afterwards still further removed from it, and, in the middle half or more of
the wing, has a somewhat irregular, sinuous, longitudinal course, sub-parallel to the
scapular vein ; just before the end of the basal quarter it appears to have a straight ob-
lique inferior branch widely divergent from it ; this is the vein next the lower margin
of the fragment ; by its course it would appear to be a branch of the externomedian, but
it is not impossible tliat it may be the internomedian vein ; v.hichever it is, it forks in the
middle of the second quarter of the wing, each Ibrk beir g straight, simple and slightly
divergent. From the point where this inferior branch appears to be thrown oft' from tlie
externoinedian vein, a superior branch appears also to be emitted ; it scarcely parts from
the vein and runs only a short distance along the interspace in a nearly straight line and
then dies out. Beyond this the externomedian vein throws off" two, so far as can be seen
simple, branches, which are nearly straight, obliquely longitudinal, and part from the vein,
one at the middle of the wing, the other a short distance before it or just below the
branch of the scapular vein. The interspaces thus formed below the scapidar vein ire
very unequal and variable in bi-eadth, giving the neuration a feeble uncertain appearance,
whicli is heightened by the irregular distribution of the cross veins, which, although nearly
always straight and transverse, sometimes bridge the narrowes-^t, sometimes the broadest
parts of the interspaces ; they are exceedingly feeble and infrequent, the largest number
being found in the interspace between the scapular and externomedian veins, although
they may have been present in some of the areas where they cannot now be seen.

We shall seek, in vain to acconmiodate this wing in any of tlie modern families of
Neyroptera. There are none excepting the Ephemeridae, the Embidae ond perhaps the
Raphidiidae, in which the externomedian vein has such a preponderating importance, and
in none of these do the scapular or externomedian veins have a structure at all similar.
The structin-e of the scapular vein is somewhat similar to what we find in the Sialina, but
is widely different from it in the paucity of the offshoots of the scapular branch, in which
this wing is comparable to Xenoneura only. The structure of the externomedian vein is
also distantly similar to that of the Sialina, but in this family, in modern times at least,
the number of principal branches is always fewer, they never assume such a longitudinal
course, and never cover so great an area. We must, therefore, separate this group from
all known families, as one having its nearest affinities to Sialina in modern times, and
perchance to Xenoneuridae in the ancient ; and, considering it as in some sense a
precursor of the Sialina, may call it C'ronicosialina.' It should be looked upon as a family
of Neuroptera proper, of feeble neuration, in which the scapular vein emits a nuun branch
near the middle of the wing, which, running nearly parallel to the main vein, emits one
or at most two subsidiary, also longitudinal, simple offshoots. The externomedian vein,
tolerably distant from the former throughout, terminates near the tip of the wing, emitting
two or three branches at very unequal distances apart, all of them longitudinal and all but
the basal simple ; the irregular interspaces thus formed are crossed at very unequal
distances by very feeble but straight cross veins. The lower veins are unknown.

This specimen is the most obscure of aii the devonian insects and would have
been overlooked by any less keen-sighted observer than the late Professor C. F. Ilartt.

' hiiiivixiij, old fiiBliiuned.

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Very few persons seeing it would recognize it as an insect, yet it was the first insect found
by him which he recognized as such. It is on this account that I have selected this of
all the devonian wings to comtnemorate his discovery. It comes from plant-bed No. 8,
the highest in the series.

VIII. Xenoneura antiqlokum. pi. ?,

figs.

5, 6, 7.

Xenoneura antifjuoriim Scudd., Can. nat. geol., (n. s.) in, 206, fig. 5 (1867); — Ifl.,
Geol. mag., IV, 387-88, pi. 17, fig. 5 (1867); — Ib., Daws., Acad, geol., 2d ed., 625-26,
fig. 184 (1868); — Ib., Amer. nat., ii, 163, fig. 1 (1868); — 1b., Geol. mag., v, 174.
176 (1868).-

Mentioned withoiit name, as the fifth species, in my letter to Professor Hartt: On the
devonian insects of New Brunswick, p. 1 ; Bailey, Obs. geol, south. New Br., 140 ; Amer.
journ. sc, (2) xxxix, 357; Can. nat. geol., (n. s.) ii, 235; Trans, ent. soc. Lond., (3) ir,
117, — all in 1865; see also Amer. journ. sc, (2) XL, 271.

This fossil is represented by a fractured biL-al fragment of a wing, probably including a
little moi'e than half of it. It is the smallest of the devonian insects, the wing having
probably measured only a little more than 18 mm. in length. It was long and slender,
broadest near the middle, and probably tapered to a rounded but somewhat produced
extremity, as in certjiin species of Dictyoneuni. The costal border in the preserved por-
tion (probably a little more than half of the whole) is gently convex; probably beyond
tne middle it is straight nearly to the tip, as represented on the plate ; the portions of the
lower margin preserved indicate that this was more strongly arcuate but not full next the
base ; the direction of the margins and the course of the distant veins indicate, as stated,
a tapering tip, which was probably rounded, and in no way angular.

The marginal vein fonns the border. The mediastinal vein is simple and gently arcu-
ate ; at first it curves gently in the opposite sense to the margin, from which it is some-
what distant, and with which it is connected by faint, neai'ly transverse, or, aAvay from the
base, gently oblique cross veins, not very closely approximated. At tlie beginning of the
second quarter of the wing, it is about as distant from the scapular vein as from the mar-
gin, and thereafter runs nearly parallel with the latter, but with a slightly stronger curve,
to a little past the middle of the wing ; where it suddenly teruiinates in a cross vein bent at
a right angle, the upper half a little the longer, by which it is connected with the veins
on either side of it ; a somewhat similar termination of this vein is shown in Goldenberg's
figure of Divtyoneura Uhelluloldes.

The scapular vein is one of the most important in the wing. In the part of the wing
preserved it is very straight. Next to the base it is in exceedingly close proximity to the
mediastinal, diverging gently from it by the curve of the latter at about the end of the
basal fifth of the fragment, imtil it is as distant from the mediastinal as the mediastinal is
from the margin, and again gradually approaches it ; it is about equidistant from the bor-
der at the end of the fragment, and where the mediastinal diverges from it ; beyond the
tip of the mediastinal, it probably continues its straight course fl,t first, or even trends
slightly upwaixl to tjike the place of the mediastinal vein, until it is in close proximity to
the border, and then follows nearly the curve of the latter, gradually approaching it until

177

near the tip ; but the track of the vein beyond the tip of the mediastinal ih of course
conjectural.

At a little beyond the end of the first third of the wing, it emits at a considerable
angle an inferior branch, which, at about half way from its base to tho tip of the
mediastinal, or at just about the middle of the wing, begins to curve, so as to assume
a direction parallel to the main vein, and at the same time forks ; this whole branch
is very faint, and is almost efliiced at the fork next which the wing is fractured.
To judge from the course of the otiier veins, one and only one of the offshoots of
that branch is again simply forked ; which, it would be impossible to say ; but the
upper offshoot (with its upper fork, if it divides) most probably runs sub-parallel to, and at
considerable distance from, the main scapular vein, very gradually approaching it,
especially apically where it curves downward, initil it terminates, probably at the
very apex of the wing. The sketch in fig. 5, however, represents the lower branch
as forked, at a little past its middle ; there can be little doubt that the branches impinge
upon the margin at about the distance apart that is indicated, or at a little less distance
apart than the bi'anches are seen to abut on the fragment of the lower margin which is
preserved. The only question is concerning the basal attachment of the vein which
strikes the border the second below the scai>ular vein itself ; if not attached as represented
in the plate, it originates from the branch of the scapular vein at probably a little less
than half the distance between its first forking and the apex.

The vein lying next below this, and which appears on the plate (fig. 5) to have
a double attachment to the scapular vein, seems to be the externomedian vein. That
its basal half, like that of the preserved portion of the scapular branch, is very faintly
indicated on the stone seems due to some accident of preservation, for its apical
branching part is distinct. It appears to originate from the scapular vein at a little
more than half way from the base of the wing to the origin of the scapular branch ;
its basal portion must therefore be either connate with the scapular vein, or be so
closely connected with it by the accidents of preservation as to be inseparable from it. It
diverges from the scapular at the same angle as the scapula" branch, is very soon
connected with the adjacent vein below by a short cross nervule of u.iusual distinctness,
bends outward a little beyond this cross nervule, and at an equal distance beyond is
again bent to its former course ; here it is connected to the scapular vein by a faint
oblique cross vein, which is almost exactly continuous with the subsequent part of the
externomedian, and reaches the scapular vein directly above the distinct cross vein
above mentioned ; thus giving the mediastinal vein the appearance of having a double base,
and enclosing between its basal attachments an elongated subrhomboidal cell. Beyond
these basal divisions the vein runs in a straight oblique course to just before the
centre of the wing, where it forks widely, the upper branch being simple and excepting
for a gentle arcuatiou at its base nearly straight and a little more longitudinal than
the main stem ; the lower branch nearly continues the direction of the main stem,
and at a little less than half way to the margin forks, again widely, but synnnetrically,
the offshoot being simple, the upper again forked half way to the margin, the final
upper fork being nearly horizontal and striking the border in the middle of the apical
half of the wing.

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The intemomedinn vein seems to be repreHented by two widely separated simple veins,
the course of which, so far as they can be traced, would seem to indicate that they have a
common origin very near or at the base of the wing, directly below the common stem of
the scapular and externomedian veins. The upper branch first comes into view directly
beneath this stem, running parallel to it, and not very far away from it, but at double the
distance from it that the mediastinal vein is at this point, which is before the end of the
basal quarler of the wing ; when the mediastinal vein curves upward from the scapular,
this curves downward in about the some degree, until it reaches the distinct short cross
vein which unites it, as before stated, to the externomedian vein ; here it bends downward,
becomes more distinct than any of the nervules between it and the main scapular vein
(previously it had been rather inconspicuous), and runs in a nearly direct faintly arcuate
course to the middle of the lower margin of the wing, gently diverging throughout from
the externomedian vein and its nearer branches. The lower branch is first seen in the
very centre of the basal third of the wing, from which point it passes in a nearly straight
course almost parallel to the distincter portion of the other branch, and is as heavily
marked. The anal vein is perhaps simple, running at first doAvnward and curving outward,
Bubparallel to but distant from the lower basal margin, becoming just before the middle of
its regular course straight and distinct, when it diverges slightly from the border of the wing,
and inclines distinctly although not greatly toward the lower internomedian branch, con-
tinuing in this course until it reaches a distinct oblique cross vein which unites it to the
latter in the middle of the basal half of the wing ; here it bends abruptly downward at
right angles to the cross vein, and nms doubtless into the margin ; the cross vein is nearly
traun'erse to the interspace in which it lies, and is about parallel to, and is of the same
length as, the upper limb of the bent cross vein in which the mediastinal vein terminates.
Next the basal margin of the Aving is a brief simple shoot directed almost vertically
downward, Avhich may be an inferior bt.sal branch of the anal vein. The other lines
between the internomedian veins and the margin, seen in fig. 5, represent merely fractures
in the stone.

Besides the three distinct cross veins mentioned, — (1) that in which the mediastinal
vein terminates, (2) that between the upper internomedian branch and the externomedian
vein; and (3) that connecting the lower internomedian branch and the anal vein —
and the weak cross veins visible in the interspace above the mediastinal vein (of which
only those in the basal half are represented in fig. 5), there are in various parts of
the wing exceedingly indistinct, very weak, very closely approximated, but unequally
distant cross veins, transverse or nearly transverse to the interspaces, sometimes
curved but never showing any tendency to unite so as to form any kind of reticulation ;
it is probable that they exist throughout the wing, or at least below the main scapular
vein ; they are most distinct in the externomedian interspaces, and in those on either
side of the internomedian branches, especially next the nervules themselves, as
may be seen in fig. 5 on either side of the lower internomedian branch, where they
are more distinct than in any other part of the wing ; this mode of fracturing the
interspaces, rather than reticulation, is the more marked from the exce^uingly open and
distant neuration.

179

BesidoH these normal features of nexiration tliere arc some other charocteristics in this
wing, purposely left for description to the end. These are some peculiar marks near the
base of the wing, originally described by me as " apparently independent veiidets,
forming portions of concentric rings." These ridged rings overlie the probable
position, as here described, of the basal part of the lower internomedian branch, and
lie just beneath the initial divergence of the mediastinal and scapular veins ; they
consist of an alternate series of broken concentric grooves and furrows, some faint,
others in places very distinct, extending over nearly half the Avidth of the wing at
this point, i e., almost reaching the upper branch of the internomedian vein on thr-
one hand and the anal vein on the other; the most distinct are three short, shallow
furrows, with very rounded low ridges between them upon the upper side, next tiie
upper branch of the internomedian vein ; the outer of these is distant from the extreme
mark upon the opposite side about 2.2 nun. ; the central region, rather less than a milli-
meter in diameter, presents a slightly elevated, irregular, granulated surface, like many of
the rougher parts of the stone outside the wing, and has no peculiar structure ; the whole
lies directly upon what would be the continuation of the lower branch of the interno-
median vein were it present, and apparently obliterates it; one of the outermost
grooves, an extremely faint and delicate one, crosses the anal vein at a very sharp
angle. This peculiar feature in the wing I formerly compared to the stridulating
apparatus of the Locustariae, and suggested that this insect thereby united characteristics
now found only separated, some in Neuroptera and some in Orthoptera. Several
naturalists, e. g., Darwin, Dawson, and Packard, following my suggestion, have used this
as a striking illustration of synthetic character in early types of animals, and have
pictured this as the earliest exanjple of stridulation. I am now obliged to confess
that I have led them altogether astray; this peculiarity, although bearing a strong
superficial resemblance to the stridulating organs in liocustariae, having, I believe,
nothing whatever to do with the wing itself The stridulating apparatus of Or-
thoptera, whenever it concerns the wings, is invariably based on a modification of
existing veins; in its simplest forms it is the mere thickening of certain nervules,
and furnishing them with a sharp or rough edge. In the original appearance of
a stridulating organ in insects, we should look for some such simple form as the
initial stage. But in this fossil wing we find nothing of the sort; no one of the
concentric lines or grooves are continuous with any of the neighboring veins. The
only appearances which favor such a view are: (1) the openness of the neuration at
this point, which allows this great scar to lie at the base of the wing without disturbing
more than one of the veins; (2) the curve of the anal vein, which has the appearance
of passing around this obstruction ; but the course of which is in keeping with the curve
of the lower margin of the wing, equally explaining it; and (3) the curve of the cross
veins in the neighborhood of the scar, as seen on either side of the lower internomedian
branch in fig. 5; which veins, however, when narrowly examined, are seen to form
angles with the more prominent concentric grooves and ridges. These ridges, too,
are not of a form suitable for the production of sound, the depressions or elevations
being extremely smooth and gradual ; they are also of very unequal size and thickness ;
they do not occur in the anal area, as in alT Locustariae, but in the internomedian ;

•li i]

180

nnd tliey Imvo just Hufficient regiilnrity to render it mont probable that the central,
irregular, rough, and nlightly elevated mans is either the relic of a foreign subHtance,
which has fallen ujion the wing, subsequent pressure upon which, when the nien)brane of
the wing formed, so to speak, a part of the floor upon which it lay, has caused the mud and
membrane together to assume the present appearance ; or, that we chance here to have
stumble'd on a wing which, in the nymph condition, has met with some accident, producing
in the imago a blister-like distortion, such as those figured by Mocquerys, as suggested to
me by Dr. Hagen, in the elytra of Citrahvs monilia, Meaonjjhalia g'lbba, Timarcha
rvgosa, and as must have been observed in the veined wings of insects of the other
orders by all entomologists. This last supposition woidd better account for the greater
prominences of the peculiar markings around one part of the scar than elsewhere, and
for the apparent partial conformity of the cross venation to the contour of the scar.
Whichever way it be considered, it does not now appear to me reasonable to maintain my
former hypothesis of a stridulating organ, to which nevertheless there is, as stated,
a remarkable genei'al resemblance. That such a stridulating organ would be a great
anomaly no one can question, and the proposition should not be maintained in the
face of the objections which careful a'^d prolonged study and comparison elicit.

But putting aside its extraneous features, we may discuss the aflRnities of this insect on
the basis of the unquestionable characteristics of its neuration, and shall find in these enough
to excite our interest and even to perplex us. In its general features the wing is plainly
neuropterous. It would appear from the strength of the margin to be an upper wing,
and in its form to resemble that of many true Neuroptera ; its sweeping forking branches
with direct transverse cross venation attest the same proposition, but when we come to
compare it with known types, we shall find it extremely difficult to place it. Its very
open neuration is one general feature which is peculiar ; the presence of two or three
very prominent cross veins, with an extreme multitude of feeble cross veins never
breaking up into an irregular reticulation, is certainly strange ; so is the termination of
the mediastinal vein, and still more the entire simplicity and extreme separation of the
internomedian veins, occupying so large an area of the wing without a fork, and
connected in so unusual a manner with the veins on either side ; the apparent absolute
amalgamation of the bases of the scapular and externomedian veins in such early insects
is very unexpected ; — and all combine to form an ensemble which is the odder for the
general simplicity of the neuration. It would be hard to say which is the most prominent
vein in the wing; the scapular, externomedian and internomedian occupy about equal
areas, and Avhile the tAvo former branch more than the latter, their nervules are compar-
atively much feebler.

In the openness and sparseness of the neuration and in the paucity (but not
at all in the position) of the principal cross veins, it bears a certain resemblance to
the Coniopterygidae and to no other neuropterous family ; but the differences are far
greater and more important than the resemblances and scarcely need be stated.

There are also some features which give it a sialidan appearance ; if we suppose, as we
may, that the second nervule rejiching the margin below the main scapular vein arises
from the main scapular branch, we shall have a condition of the scapular vein very like
that of the Sialina, excepting in the slight number of offshoots from its branch, which
would be very abnormal; in the near or actual amalgamation of the externomedian

181

ic contrnl,
snbHtnnce,
E?n>brnne of
ic mud nnd
;re to hnve
;, producing
Liggested to
Tmarcha
,f the other
the greater
ewhere, and
,f the Hcar.
mahitahi my
8, as stated,
I be a great
lined in the
elicit.

this insect on
these enough
ing is plainly
I upper wing,
king branches
n wo come to
eit. Its very

two or three
i veins never
termination of
aration of the
t a fork, and
jarent absolute
h early insects

odder for the
most prominent
)y about equal
les are compar-

ucity (but not
resemblance to
ierences are far
tated.

i suppose, as we
pular vein arises
ar vein very like
ts branch, which
externomedian

with the scapular vein, there is also nothing to separate it from the Sialina, excepting their
amalgamation for so great a distance ; but the structure of all the other \eins and the
peculiarities of the cross venation is very different from the same points in the Sialina.

In the course of most of the main voins and their mode of branching, it has some
resemblance to the Rnphidiidae, but it has no affinity whatever with that group in the
peculiar directions of the nervules and their connection by distant cross veins, so as to
form large polygonal cells, which is one of the most striking of the characteristic features
of Eaphidiidae.

The apical two-thirds of the wing (excluding, therefore, the attachments of most of the
veins) are in sufficient harmony with these parts in the carboniferous Dlctyoneurae to
presume, at first, that the wing will fall in the ancient order of Palaeodictyoptera. As yet,
however, we know too little of the extent and even of the peculiar characteristics of this
group to say whether or not the structure of the base of the wing will allow its location
here ; certainly it will not admit its being placed in the same family with the genus Dictyo-
neura ; and at present this is, perhaps, all that we can say until the structure of all the
ancient wings shall have been most carefully studied.

It is in large measure in those points of structure which Dictyoneura shares with the
Ephemeridae, that Xenoneura is comparable to the former, and we therefore see in this
wing ephemeridan, sialidan, raphidian and coniopterygidan features, combined with others
peculiar to itself. Whatever the closest affinities of the wing may prove to be, it must
certainly, by its combination of characters, bridge over the gulf now separating the wing
features of Neuroptera and Pseudoneuroptera ; and these various considerations assure us
of its family distinction from any known ancient or modern type of Neuroptera, and of
the propriety of applying to the group it represents the family name of Xenoneuridae.

This species, with Gerephemera simplex, came from the lowest insect-producing beds of
the Tjancaster Shales, called plant bed No. 2, by Professor Ilartt.

IX. General Summary.

It only remains to sum up the results of this re-examination of the devonian insects,
and especially to discuss their relation to later or now existing types. This may best be
done by a separate consideration of the following points :

1. There is nothing in the structure of these earliest known insects to interfere with a
former conclusion ' that the general type of w'ng structure has remained unaltered from
the earliest tim,es. Three of these six insects (Gerephemera, Homothetus and Xenoneura)
have been shown to possess a very peculiar neuration, dissimilar from both carboniferous and
modern types. As will also be shown under the tenth head, the dissimilarity of structure
of all the devonian insects is much greater than would be anticipated ; yet all the features
of neuration can be brought into perfect harmony with the system laid down by Heer.

2. These earliest insects were hexapods, and as far as the record goes preceded in time
both arachnids and myriapods. This is shown only by the wings, which in all known
insects belong only to hexapods, and in the nature of things prove the earlier apparition
of that group. This, however, is so improbable on any hypothesis, that we must conclude
the record to be defective.

*Tlic early types of insui-tg. Mom. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist,, III, 21.

182

1';^ I

3. They were all lower Heterometaiola. As wings are the only parts preserved, wo
cannot tell from the remains themselves whether they belong to sucking or to biting
insects ; for, as was shown in the essay already referred to, this point must be considered
undetermined concerning many of the oldest insects until more complete remains are
discovered.

They are all allied or belong to the Netiroptera, using the word in its widest sense. At
least two of the genera (Platephemera and Oerephemera) must be considered as having a
closer relationship to Pseudoneuroptera than to Neuroptera proper, and as having indeed
no special affinity to the true Neuroptera other than is found in Palaeodictyoptera. Two
others (Lithentomum and Xenoiveura), on the contrary, are plainly more nearly related to
the true Neuroptera than to the Pseudoneuroptera, and also show no special affinity to
true Neuroptera other than is found in Palaeodictyoptera. A fifth (Homothetus), which
has comparatively little in common with the Palaeodictyoptera, is perhaps more nearly
related to the true Neuroptera than to the Pseudoneuroptera, although its pseudo-
neuropterous characters are of a striking nature. Of the sixth (Dyscritus) the remains
are far too imperfect to judge clearly, but the choice lies rather with the Pseudoneuroptera
or with Homothetus. The devonian insects are then about equally divided in structural
features between Neuroptera proper and Pseudoneuroptera, and none exhibit any special
orthopterous, hemipterous or coleopterous characteristics.

4. If early all are synthetic types of a comparatively narrow range. This has been
stated in substance in the preceding paragraph, but may receive additional illustration
here. Thus Platephem'^ra may be looked upon as an ephemerid with an odonate retic-
ulation ; Homothetus might be designated as a sialid with an odonate structure of the
main branch of the scapular vein ; and under each of the species will be found detailed
accounts of any combination of characters which it possesses.

5. If early all bear marks of affinity to the carhoniferov.^ Palaeodictyoptera, either in
the reticulated surface of the wing, its longitudinal neuration, or both. But besides this
there are some, such as Oerephemera and Xenoneura, in which the resemblance is marked.
Most of the species, however, even including the two mentioned, show palaeodictyopteran
characters only on what might be caller the neuropterous side ; and their divergence
from the carboniferous Palaeodictyoptera is so great that they can scarcely be placed
directly with the mass of palaeozoic insects, where we find a very common type of wing
structure, into which the neuration of devonian insects only partially fits. For :

6. On the other hand, they are often of more and not less complicated structure than
most Palaeodictyo2)tera. This is true of the three genera mentioned above with peculiar
neuration, but not necessarily of the others, and it especially true when they are com-
pared with the genus Dictyoneura and its immediate allies. There are other Polaeodicty-
optera in the carboniferous period with more complicated neuration than Dictyoneura, but
these three devonian insects apparently surpass them, as well as very nearly all other
carboniferous insects. Furthermore :

7. With the exception of the general statement under the fifth head, they hear
little special relation to carboniferous forms, having a distinct fades of their own. This
is very striking ; it would certainly not be possible to collect six wings in one locality
in the carboniferous rocks, which would not prove, by their affinity with those already

188

known, the carbonifcrouB age of the dcponit. Yet we find in thin devonian locality
not a ningle one of the Pahieobhittariae or anything reHoinbling them ; and more than
half the known insects of the carboniferous poriod belong to that type. The next
most prevoiling carboniferous type is Dictyoneura and its nenr allies, with their
reticulated wings. Gerephemera only, of all the devonian insects, shows any real and
close attinity with them ; and «!ven here the details of the wing structure, as shown
above, are very dillerent. The apical half of the wing of Xenoneura (as I have
« jpoaed it to be formed) also beors a striking resemblance to the dictyoneuran wing ;
but the base, which is preserved, and where the more important features lie, is totally
different. The only other wing which shows particular resemblance to any carboniferous
form (we must omit Dyscritus from this consideration, as being too imperfect to
be of any value) is Phitephemera, where we find a certain general resemblance
to Uphemerites liuckerti Gein., and Acrkliteit prisciis Andr., but this is simply in the
form of the wing and the general course of the nervules ; when we examine fhe details
of the neuration more closely we find it altogether different, and the reticulation
of the wing polygonal and not quadrate as in the carboniferous types.' In this
respect indeed, Phitephemera diflers not only from all modern Ephemcridae, but
also from those of other geological periods.' Another prevailing carboniferous type, the
Termitina, is altogether absent from the devonian. Half a dozen wings, therefore, from
rocks known to be either devonian or carboniferous, would probably establish their

age-

8. The devonian insects were of great size, had membranous wings, and were probably
aquatic in early life. The last statement is siniply inferred from the fact that all the
modern types most nearly allied to them are now aquatic. As to the first, some state-
ments have already been made ; their expanse of wing probably varied from 40 to 175
mm. and averaged 107 mm. Xenoneura was much smaller than any of the others, its
expanse not exceeding four centimetres, while the probable expanse of all the r«»st was
generally more than a decimeter, only Ilomothetus falling below this figure. Indeed if
Xenoneura be omitted, the average expanse of wing was 121 mm., an expanse which
might well be compared to that of the Aeschnidae, the largest, as a group, of living
Odonata. There is no trace of coriaceous structure in any of the wings, nor in any are
there thickened and approximate nervules — one stage of the approach to a coriaceous
texture.

9. Some of the devonian insects are plainly jirecitrsors of existing forms, while others
seem to have left no trace. The best examples of the former are Platephemera, an
aberrant form of an existing family ; and Homothetus, which, while totally different in the
combination of its characters from anything known among living or fossil insects, is the
only palaeozoic insect possessing that peculiar arrangement of veins found at the base of
the wings in Odonata, typified by the arculus, a structure previously known only as early as

' Dr. H. B. Gcinitz lias kindly ru-t- xntnlnt'd Ephemeri/ea ' The Dictyoncurac and their alliea, an may bo inferred,

RUckerii at my re<iue!>t, and status that tiie rutioiilation is in arc vonsidurud hs bulonging to the Palaeodiotyoptera
general tetragonal, but that at the extreme outer margin although their cjihemeridan affinities are not disregarded,
the cells appear in a few places to be elliptical five- or six-
sided.

184

'f i

the Jurassic. Exumples of the latter are Gerephemeru, which hn« a multiplicity of simple
parallel veins, next the costal margin of the wing, such aa no other insect, ancient or
modern, is laiown to possess ; and Xenmieura, where the relationship of the internoniedian
branches to each other and to the rest of the wing is altogether abnormal. If too, the
concentric ridges, formerly interpreted by me as possibly representing a stridulating i.i'gan,
should eventually be proved an actual part of the wing, we should have here a structure
which L;vs never since been repeated even in any modilied form.

10. They show a remarkable variety of structure, indicatimj an abundance of insect life
at that ejioch. This is the more noticeable from their belonging to a single type of forms,
as stated under the seventh head, where we have seen that their neuration does not
accord with the commoner type of wing structure found in palaeozoic insects.* Those
six wings exhibit a diversity of neuration quite as great as is found among the
hundred or more species of the carboniferous epoch ; in some, such as Platephemera, the
structure is very simple ; in others, like Homothetus and Xenoneura, it is somewhat
complicated ; some of the wings, as Platephemera and Gerephemera, are reticulated ; the
others possess only transverse cross veins more or less distinct and direct. No two wings
can be referred to the same family, iinles ? Dyscritus belongs with Homothetus — a point
which cannot be determined from the great imperfection of the former. This compels us
to admit the strong probability of an abundant insect fauna at that epoch ; although many
palaeozoic localities can boast a greater diversity of insect types, if we look upon their
general structure as developed in after ages, not one in the world has produced wings
exhibiting in themselves a wider diversity of neuration ; for tlie neuration of the Palaco-
dictyoptera is not more essentially distinct from that of the Palaeoblattariae or of the
ancient Termitina, than that of Platepheniera or Gerephemera on the one hand is from
that of Ho.nothetus or of Xenoneura on the other. Unconsciously, perhaps, we allow our
knowledge of existing types and their past history to modify our appreciation of
distinctions between ancient forms. For while we can plainly see in the Palaeoblattariae
the jjx'ogenitoi's of living insects of one order, and in other ancient types the ancestors of
living representatives of another order ; were we imfamiliar with the divergence of these
orders in modern times, we should not think of separating ordinally their ancestors of the
carboniferous epoch. It may easily be seen, then, how it is possible to find in these
devonian inscits — all Neuroptera or neuropterous Palaeodictyoptera — a diversity of wing
structure greater than is found in the carboniferous representatives of the modern
Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Ilemiptera.

11. The devonian insects also differ remarkably from all other known types, ancient or
modern ; and some of them ajjpear to be even more complicated than their nfarest liinny
allies. With the exception of Platephemera, not one of them can be referred to any
family of insects previously known, living or fossil ; and even Platephemera, as shown
above, difl'ers strikingly from all other members of the family in which it is placed, both
in general neuration and in reticulation ; to a greater degree even than the most aberrant
genera of that family do from the normal type. This same genus is also more compli-

cated in

structure than its modern allies ; the reticulation of the wing in certain

> CI'. Mum. Boat. Soc. Nnt. Ilitt., Ill, 19, note 1.

185

structurally defined areas is polygonal and tolerably regular, instead of being simply quad-
rate; whilM the intercalated veins are oil connected at tlieir ba-e, instead of being free.
Xenoneura also, as compai'ed Avith modern Sialina, rhows what should perhaps be deemed
a higher (or at least a later) type of structure, in the amalgaimition of the externomedian
and scapular veins for a long distance from the ba><e. and in the peculiar strui'tiu-e and
lateral attachments of the intornomedian veins; in the minuter and feebler cross
venation, however, it has an opposite charactjr.

12. Wc appear, therefore, to be no nearer the hegUmlng of things in the flecionian
epoch, than in the carboniferous, so far as either greater unity or simplicity of structure is
concerned ; and theso earlier forms cannot be used to any better advantage than the
carboniferous types in support of any special theory of the origin of in>*octs. All such
theories have required some Zoaea, Leptus, Campodea, or other simple wingless form as
the foundation pomt; and this ancestral form, according to Ilaeckel at least, must be
looked . r above the silurian rocks. Yet we have in the devonian no traces whatever of
such fouus, but on the contrary, as far down as the middle of this period, winged insects
with rather hig'dy differentiated structure, which, taken together, can be considered
lower than the ma.ss of the upper carboniferous insects, only by the absence of the very
few Ilemiptera and Coleoptera which the latter can boast. Remove those few insects
from consideration (or simply leave out of mind their future development to very
distinct types , and the middle devonian insects woidd not suffer in the comparison with
those of the upper carboniferous, either in couiplication or in diversity of structure.
Furthermore, they .show no sort of approach toward either of the lower wingless forms,
hypothetically looked upon as the ancestors of tracheate Articvdata.

13. Finally, tchih there are some forms tohich, to some degree, bear out
expectations based on the general dericatire hypothesis of stractKral development,
there are quite as many which are altogether unexpected, and cannot be explained by
that theory, tcithout incolving suppositions for ivhich no facts can at present be adduced.
Palephemera and Gerephemera are unquestionably insects of a very low organization
related to the existing uuty-llies, which are well known to be of inf.'rior structure, as com-
pared with other living insects ; these may-llies are indeed among the nu)st, degraded of the
sub-order to which they belong, itself one of the very lowest sub-orders. Dyscritus too
may be of similar degradation, although its resemblance to Ilomothetus leaves it
altogether uncertain. But no one of these exhibits any inferiority t)f structure when
compared with its nearest allies in the later carboniferous rocks, and they are all higher
than some which might be named. While of the remaining species it can be con-
fidentially .isserted that they are higher in structure than most of the carboniferous
types, and exhibit syntheses of character dlftering from theirs. It is quite as if we
were on two distinct lines of descent when we study the devonian and the ci'.rbon-
iferous insects ; they have little in ccmmon, and each its peculiar comprohe i.-^ive types.
Judging from this point of view, it Avould be impo.sslble ^o say that the devonian
insects showed either a broader synthesis or a ruder type than the carboniferous. This
of course may be, and in all piobabillty is, bocause oiu" knowledge of carboniferous
insects is, in comparison, so much more extensive ; but, judging simply by the
facts at hand, it appears tiiat the carbonifewms insects carry us buck both to tlie

186

more simple and to the more generalized forma. We have nothing in the devonian
80 simple as Euephemerites, nothing so comprehensive as Eiigereon, nothing at once
so simple and comprehensive as Dictj'oneiira. On the derivative hypothesis, we must
presume, from our present knowledge of devonian insects, that the Palaeodictyoptera
of the carboniferous are already, in that epoch, an old and persistent embryonic type
(as the living Ephemeridae may be considered to-day, on a narrower but more
lengthened fscale); that some other insects of carboniferous times, together with most
of thos>„ of the devonian, descended from a common stock in the lower devonian
or "ilurian period ; and that the union of these with the Palaeodictyoptera was even
further removed from us in time ; — carrying back the origin of winged insects to
a far remoter antiquity than has ever been ascribed tr them ; and necessitating a faith
in the derivative hypothesis, which a study of the records preserved in the rocks could
never alone afford ; for no evidence can be adduced in its favor based only on
such investigations. The profound voids in our knowledf,e of the earliest history of
insects, to which allusion a\...3 made at the close of my paper on the Early types of
insects, are thus shown to be even greater and more obscure than had been presumed.
But I should hesitate to close this summary without expressing the conviction that some
such earlier unknown comprehensive types as are indicated above did exist and should be
sought.

NoTK ON THE Geological Relations of the Fossil Insects from the Devo-
nian OP New Brunswick. By Principal Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S., &c.

1 $- 1

1

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1

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i

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The beds affording these remains occur in the vicinity of the city of St. John, New
Brunswick, and are well exposed on the shores of Courtney Bay, on the east side of the
city, and at Duck Cove, Lancaster, on its western side. They consist of sandstones,
shales, and conglomerates, having an aggregate thickness of about 7,500 feet,* as shown
in the following genenilized section, in ascending order : —

1. Bloomshury Conglomerate — Reddish-gray conglomerate with interstratified hard
red shale. 500 feet.

2. Dadoxylon Sandstone — (Lower part of Little River Group in my Acadian Geol-
ogy). Gray sandstone and grit, with beds of gray and black graphitic shale — ' Fossil plants,
etc. 2,800 feet.

3. Cordaite Shahs — (Upper part of the Little River Group) — red, gray and black
shales, with beds of sandstone and conglomerate — Fossil Plants, etc. 2,400 feet.

4. Mispec Conglomerate — Red conglomerate and shale. 1,800 feet.
In the vicinity of St. John, these beds rest on cambrian rocks of the Acadian (Mone-

vian) group, and are overlain uncomfomuibly by loAver carboniferous ("sub-carboniferous")
conglomerates, which in their extension eastward are associated with the Albert shales
holding fossil fishes and plants of characteristic lower carboniferous types."'' Elsewhere in

* Report cf Bailey and ; atlii-w, Gi'ol. Survey of Canada,
1871. In the author's Acadian Geology, tliu thickness it
given as 9S00 feet; but later obBorvatious have reduced the
thickness of the lower members.

'See ft'i details the author's Acadian Geology, :id Kdl-
tlon.

187

Southern New Brunswick, they overlie Iiiurentian and huronian rocks, and are seen
to rise unconformably from beneath the carboniferous rocks of the great central coal-for-
mation area of New Brunswick.' They are everywhere more distiu-bed and altered than
the overlying carboniferous beds; and Messrs. Bailey and Matthew have shown that
certain intrusive masses and «lykes of granite, known to be of pre-carboniferous ago, were
erupted subsequently to the deposition of these beds.

The vegetable fossils of this formation are very numerous. I have caUUogued or des-
cribed from it upwards of 50 species, belonging to the genera Dadoxyloii, Sigillaria, Cal-
amites, Asterophyllites, Lepidodendron, Cordaites, Psilophyton, Neuropteris, Sphen-
opteris, Hymenophyllites, Pecf»pteris, &c.; the whole constituting a well-marked devonian
assemblage, distinguishable from the uppei devonian flora of Perry in Maine, which is
perhaps newer than the Mispec conglomerate, and still more distinct from the lower
carboniferous flora of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, while on the other hand it is
incomparably better developed than any known flora of silurian age. Owing to
the richness of this flora, and to the fact that some genera and species of plants appear
earlier in North America than in Europe, some European palaeobotanists have been un-
willing to admit the devonian ago of this formation, but e itirely witiiout good reason.

That some of the spocies of the St. John beds, as C(daml(es transUionis {=C. radlatus of
Brongniart), are found in the lower carboniferous of Europe, is not wonderful, as in the
devonian as well as in subsequent periods the flora of America has been somewhat in
advance of that of Europe. Still the prevalent plants in the St. John beds are distinctively
erian or devonian and not carboniferous. Further, recent discoveries of tree-ferns and
petioles of ferns in great abundance in the devonian of New York, and as low as the
Hamilton group, have shown that the devonian must have been even more remarkable
than the carboniferous for the abunda'icc and variety of its ferns. A few additional
species of ferns found among specimens remaining in Professor Hartt's collections will
shortly be described.

The crustjiceans recognized in these beds are lUuri/ptenis 2)itllcaris Salter ; Amphi2)elHs
paradoxus Salter, a precursor of the Stomapods ; and a pygidium of a small trilobite,
unfortunately too imperfect for determination. A species of iSpirorhis, which I have
described as S. erlamitt,^ occurs attsiched to leaves of Cordaites, and is distinct from the
conunon Spirorbis of the coal-measures {S. carhouarius or piisilliiK). A fragment of a
spiral shell may possibly represent a devonian puhnonate, and will be noticed in a
forthcoming paper on the pulmonate>y^^he carboniferous. No other animal remains

fossil insects. The conditions of deposit were
the abundant fossil plants testify to the i)rox-

iJoWT il

have been found in these beds, excei!
probably estuarine rather than nuirine
imity of land.

It is diPicult to correlate the subdivisions of the devonian in eastern Canada, with
those in the great erian area of New York and western Canada, owing to the absence of
the murine limestones, so characteristic of the latter. In my report on the fossil plants
of the devonian and upper silurian of Canada,'' I have, however, stated some grounds

' Biiiley niul MiittiiuwV Kf |)ort8, whioli sets aha fur dutiiils
of thu Hti-uvtiiru aiitl rc'latioiLs uf tliu duvonian uiul ussuciittuU
furiuutiuiis, ill suutliurii Nuw Uruiiswiuk.

" Kc|M)i't on iluvuniiin |il iiit». Guul. Siirv. Canada, 1871.
» Gool, Survey of Canada, 1871.

^m

yhi ,1

>'i

188

for believing that the Dadoxylon nandstone and Cordaite shales may be equivalents of the
Hamilton group in New York and Ohio, which has afTorded some fossil plants compara-
ble with those of the St. John beds, especially trunks of conifers of the genus Dadoxylon
{Armicaroxylon). The horizon of the fossil insects of St. John would thus be middle
devonian.

In the finer shales of this series, the remains of plants are very perfectly preserved,
the most delitate leaves having not only their outlines but also their nervature repre-
sented by films and lines of shining graphite, resembling pencil drawings on a dark gray
ground. The insect wings are preserved in a similar manner.

The discovery of the insect remains is wholly due to the late Prof. C. F. Ilartt, who,
with the aid of other gentlemen, members of the Natural History Society of New Bruns-
wick, removed by blasting largo quantities of the richest fossiliferous beds and examined
them with great care. The extreme rarity of these remains renders it probable that
but for the large quantities of material examined by Professor Hartt, they would not
have been found ; while the extreme delicacy of the impressions would have prevented
them from being observed except by a very careful collector scrutinizing every surface in
the search for leaflets of ferns, preserved in such a way as to be visible only under
the most favorable light. These unusually perfect explorations should be taken into
the account in any comparisons made of the fossils of this locality with those of other
places.

The following detailed section of the Little River Group, at the Fern Ledges, Lancaster,
N. B., where the insects occur, is derived from Professor Hartt's paper in Bailey and
Matthew's report before alluded to, and is substantially the same as given in my Acadian
Geology.

Section at the " Fern Ledges." {Order ascending.)

Heavy beds of gray sandstone and flags (Dadoxylon sandstone). Dadoxylon ouan-

gondianum Daws., Calatnites, etc. Thickness, by estimation, 300 feet.

Under this head I have classed all the beds underlying the Plant-bed No. 1, which I am
disposed to regard as the lowest of the rich plant-bearing layers, and the base of the
Cordaite shales. These beds occupy the low ground lying between the ridge of the
Bloomsbury group and the shore. They are covered by drift, and show themselves only
in limited outcrops, and in the lodges on the shore. In the western part of the ledges
they are thrown forwaiJ on the beach by a fault, forming a prominent mass of rock, in
the summit of which a fine trunk of Dadoxylon is seen embedded in the sandstone.
Recent excavations made in these beds in quarrying stone for building purposes, in the
eastern part of the locality, where the rocks are very much broken up by dislocations,
have exposed numerous badly preserved impressions of large trunks of this tree.
Plant-bed No. 1 Thickness, 1 foot.

Black arenaceous shale, varying from a fissile sandstone to a semi-papyraceous shale,
very fine-grained and very fissile, charged most richly with beautifully preserved remains
of plants, among which are the following species : —

Calamites transitionis Goeppert. (C. radiatus Br.) Occasional, in large, erect speci-
mens.— Asterophyllites lati/oUa Daws. Extremely abundant, often showing ten or
twelve whorls of leaves, sometimes with many branches. — A. acicularis Daws. Also

189

very
their

abundant. — A. amtigera
scale-armed nodeH, occur

Daws. The curious stems of this species, with
abundantly in this bed. — Sphenophyllum anti-

qtnim Daws. — Pecopteris obscura Le.sqx. — Sphenopteris sp.? — Cardiocarpum cor-
nutiim Daws. Rare. — Pti'dophyton elegans Diiw.s. Occasional. I have never
detected any trace of Cordaites Rohh'd Daws., in this bed. It is extremely common
in the overlying strata.
Gray sandstones and flags, with occasional ill-preserved plants, Calamites transitionia
Goeppt. — Cordaites Rohhii Daws. — Asterophyllites and Sternhergiae . 2 feet 6 in.
Black arenaceous shales ot the same character as those of Plant-bed No. 1, but

without fossils, so far as I have examined 11 inches.

Compact flaggy, gray sandstone, with badly preserved plant remains, Calamites,

etc 2 feet.

Very soft, dark, lead-colored shales, much slicken-sided and charged with frag-
ments of plants. This bed is so soft that the action of the weather and the
sea have everywhere denuded it to the level of the beach .... 4 feet.

Plant-bed No. 2 1 foot.

At the point where the section crosses the bed, and where I first discovered it, it con-
sists of very compact and hard, light lead-coloured, slate-like, arenaceous shale ; but the
character of the shale varies much in its different exposures, being sometimes very soft
and fissile, and of a very black colour. The following is the list of species which it
affords : —

Calamites transitionis Goeppt. Occasionally; never in good specimens. — C. cannae-
formis Brongn. Occasionally ; never in good specimens. — Asterojihyllites acictdaris
Daws. Rather rare. — A. latifolia Daws. Rather rare. — A. longifolia Brongn. (?).
Rather rare. — A. parmda Daws. Whorls of a minute Asterophyllites, which
may belong to this species, are not infrequent in this bed. — Sjiorangites
acuminata Daws. — Pinnularia dispalans Daws. Abundant. — Psilophyton --elegans
Daws. Quite common, always in fragments, never in good specimens. —
P. glabrum Daws. Flattened stems, with a wavy Avoody axis traced in a
brighter line of graphite, occur in this bed, but always in fragments. — Cor-
daites Rohhii Daws. Extremely abundant, and very fine specimens may be
obtained, especially from the upper part of the bed, and rarely specimens showing
the base or the apex of the leaf. — Cyclopteris ohtusa Lesqx. Occurs very abund-
antly in detached pinnules. — C. varia Daws. Rare. — Neuropteris polymorpha Daws!
Extremely abundant, never in large fronds. — Sphenopteris Hoeninghausvi Brongn.
Quite abundant, often in fine fronds. — S. marginata Daws. Abundant, in fine fronds.
— S. Ha'i 'tii Daws. Very rare. — The original specimen came from this bed. —
Ilymenophyllites Gersdorffii Goeppt. Rather rare. — H. obttisilohtis Goeppt. Rare.
— H. curtilobus Daws. — Alethopteris discrepans Daws. Amongst all the abundance
of plants afforded by Plant-bed No. 2, I have delected only one or two pinnules of
this fern, which appears first in abundance in Plant-bed No. 3. It is afterwards one of
the most common species. — Pecopteris ingens Daws. Very rare, only two or three
fragments of pinnules having been found. — Trichomanites (?) Only a single speci-
men, probably, as Dawson has suggested, only the skeleton of a fern. — Car-

m;

6:

i

1

it! ji

190

diocarpum cormttum Daws. Abundant, and very finely preserved, never attached
— C. obliqiium Daws. Quite abundant, also never attached. — Trigonocarpma
racemosum Daws. Rare. — Eury2)terus jt^tl'^caris Salter. The occurrence in Plant-
bed No. 2 of this minute crustacean was first detected by my friend Mr. George
Matthew. It is very rare, not more than four or five specimens having been found
by Messrs. Matthew, Payne, and myself at the time of the description of the species
by Salter. I have since that time succeeded in collecting nearly twice as many more,
some of which appear to belong to a new species. — Amphipeltis paradoxus Salter.
The specimen figured in Salter's paper was found by Professor Dawson and myself, in
breaking a piece of shale in my cabinet, that came from this bed. Only one other
specimen has since been obtained. It consists of two or more of the thoracic seg-
ments, and was collected by Mr. Lunn. It is in the collection of the Natural History
Society of New Brunswick. In addition to the above species, this bed has afforded
the following: — Cydopteris, sp. nov — Neiiro2iteris, sp. nov. A single specimen
collected by Mr. Lunn. — Sphenopteris, sp. nov. — Sjnrorbis erianua Daws. The leaves
of Cordaites in the upper part of the bed are as thickly covered with a little
Spirorhia as are the fronds of the recent fucoids of the Ledges. The specimens
are poorly preserved. — Trilohites. Mr. Payne collected a minute trilobite from
from this bed, but it proved not determinable. — Insect Remains ! In the sum-
mer of 1862, I discovered an organism in Plant-bed No. 2, which at the time I could
make nothing of; but which I have since proved to be the wing of an insect. Several
weeks after, I found in Plantrbed No. 8 an unequivocal insect's wing. This discovery was
followed by that of others, my father, J. W. Hartt, finding another in this bed. [The
insects of this bed are Gerephemera simplex and Xenoneura antiquorum.]

Compact flaggy sandstone, quite barren 5 feet 10 inches.

Plant-bed No. 3 10 inches.

Black and lead-colored shales, quite compact in upper part, but in lower very crum-
bling, splitting irregularly, slicken-sided, often with polished surfaces, and traversed by
thin quartz-veins. These shales are so soft that the sea and weather have everywhere
denuded them to the level of the beach. There are now no exposures of the bed work-
able. The following are the fossils which occur in it: —

Calamites transitionis Goeppt. Occasionally. — C. cannaeformis Brongn. — Aste-
rophyllUes latifolia Daws. Very beautiful whorls of this plant are very common
here, the whorls, though usually detached, being sometimes found united three or
four together. — Sporangites acuminata Daws. Common. — Pinmdaria dispalans
Daws. Common. — Psilophyton elegans Daws. Occasionally. — ^P.(?) glahrum
Daws. Occasionally. — Cordaites Rohhii Daws. Extremely abundant, but not so
well preserved as in Plantrbed No. 2. Leaves usually appear as polished bands of
graphite, with venation obliterated. — Cyclopteris ohtusa Lesqx. Not very abundant.
— Neuropteris jtolymorjiha Daws. In beautiful specimens, common. — Sphenopteris
marginata Daws. Not common. — S. Hoeninghausii Brongn. Not common. — Pecop-
teris (Alethopteris) discrepans Daws. It was here that I first discovered this species.
It occurs quite abundantly, but always in fragments. — Cardiocarpum cornutum Daws.
Quite common. — C. obliqtmm Daws. Quite common.

191

6 feet

6 inches

2 feet

H

3

«
«

^
4 feet 10

«
«

9

((

5 feet 10

«

7

((

18 feet

9

«

1 foot

0

«

Coarse sandstone, full of obscure casts of Sternbergiae and Calamitea .
Soil shale and fissile sandstone, with Calamites .....

Sandstones

Shale with obscure remains of plants

Sandstones, barren, so far as examined ......

Sandstone and shale, with a few Calamites and Cordaites

Sandstone and coarse shale, with obscure markings ....

Light greenish, coarse shale, with fern-stems, Cordaitea, and obscure

markings, CarpoUtes (?)

Sandstones and coarse shales, with badly preserved vegetable remains

Plant-bed No. 4

Coarse shales, affording at the point where the line of section crosses it : —

Cordaites Robhii Daws. — Calamites transitionis Goeppt. — Neuropteris pohjmorpha

Daws. — Psilophyton glahnim Daws. — Pinmilaria dispalans Daws.
I have examined at two different points, in the eastern part of this locality, a bed
which appears to correspond to this. It is characterized there by a very beautiful Neu-
ropteris * (iV^. Dawsoni Hartt) with long linear lanceolate pinnules decurrent on the rachis,
to which they fo; a broad wing. The pinnules are often four inches in length. This
is one of the most beautiful ferns occurring at the locality. Several other new forms are
associated with it. Among these is a magnificent Cardiocarpum, nearly two inches in
diameter (C. Baileyi Daws.).

Sandstone with obscure markings 9 feet 6 inches.

Plant-bed No. 5 6 inches.

Soft, fine-grained light-greenish shale.

Cordaites Robhii Daws. Extremely abundant. — Calam,ites cannaeformis Brono-n.
Found occa-sionally. — Psilophyton (?) glabrum Daws. — (?) Asterophyllites acicidaris
Daws. — Alethopteris discrepans Daws. Quite abundant. — Sphenopteris marginata
Daws. Quite abundant. — Pecopteris, sp. nov. (?) — Hymenophyllites sp. (?) — Neurop-
teris polymorpha Daws. Very abundant — Spirorbis occurs in the bed, attached to
the leaves of Cordaites. I have never detected it in any of the beds higher up.
Compact fljiggy sandstones and coarse shales, with a few plants. ... 8 feet.

Plant-bed No. 6. 2 feet.

Fine-grained and light-coloured shale, with great abundance of Cordaites Robhii, and
Calamites transitionis ; above that a layer of coarse shale, with Cordaites and stems of
plants badly preserved ; then a layer of soft, very friable shale, with few fossils ; and lastly,
a layer of coarse shale of a greenish-gray colour, with : —

Alethopteris discrepans Daws. Abundant. — Cordaites Rohhii Daws. Abundant.

Calamites cannaeformis Brongn. — Neuropteris polymorjiha Daws. — Cardiocarpum

cornutum Daws. — Cardiocarpum ohliquum Daws. — Pecopteris, sp. nov. Occurs

abundantly in some of the overlying beds.

Sandstones and coarse shales, with abundance of plant remains, principally Cordaites

and Calamites 5 fggt_

* TbU plant belongs to a new genus, subsequently named Megalopteris. Report on devonian plants of Canada 1871,

i

i

ilii

■;^;r

:¥1*-H

;; ;ai

192

Pr>ANT-BED No. 7 2 feet.

This is one of the richest plant-beds of the section. The shales composing it vary
much in character in diflferent exposures. They are for the most part of a gray colour
and compact, like a fine-grained sandstone, though they pass into a light brownish, very
fissile, soft shale, and there are some layers of a very black colour.

Cordaites Rohhii Daws. Very abundant, and in a beautiful state of preservation. —
Calamitea tranaitioms Goeppt. Not abundant as good specimens. — C. cannaeformis
Brongn. Rare. — {1)A8terophyllite8 acicularis Daws. In very beautiful specimens,
very common in certain thin layers. There are two or three other species, occurring
also in the overlying beds, which appear to be new. — SporangUea acuminata Daws.
Extremely plentiful. — Pinnularia dlspalans Daws. Extremely plentiful. —
(?) Psilophytoa elegans Daws. I have obtained several specimens of a Pailophyton
growing in tufts, and closely resembling this species. — Neuropteria polymorpha
Dn,ws. Occasional. — Alethopteria diacrepana Daws. Abundant, and obtainable in
good specimens. — Cyclopteria ohtuaa Lesqx. Occasional. — Sphenopteria mar-
ginata Daws. — HymenophyllUea auhfurcatua Daws. — Cardiocarpum cormitum Daws.
Quite abundant. — C. obliquum Daws. Quite abundant. — C. Crampii Hartt. —
Alethopteria Perleyi Hartt. — Sphenopteria piloaa Daws. — Several other plants
not yet determined. — Inaecta. A single insect's wing was obtained from this bed
by my father and myself. [Platephemera antiqua.]

Compact sandstone and coaive shales (barren of fossils) 3 feet.

Plaxt-bed No. 8 1 foot 10 inches.

Fine-grained, tough, but fissile sandstones, rather coarse shales, often of a greenish
cast, and at the top a thin layer of very black shale very rich in plants. The middle por-
tion does not contain so many plant remains, but the lower is as well stocked as the
leaves of an herbarium. The following are the fossils I have collected from it : —

Cordaitea Rohhii Daws. As usual in great profusion, and in very fine specimens.: —
Calamitea tranaitionia Goeppt. Occasional. — C. cannae/ormia Brongn. — (?) Aate-
rophyllitea acicularia Daws. Quite common, together with one or two other species
apparently new, which occur also in Bed 7. — Anmdaria acuminata Daws. Ex-
tremely common, especially in certain layers. — Pinnularia diapalana Daws. Abun-
dant.—^?) Lycopoditea Matthewi Daws. Rare. — Cyclopteria ohtuaa Lesqx. — Cyclop-
teria, sp. nov. — Neuropteria polymorpha Daws. Quite frequent in detached pinnules.
— Hymenophyllitea auhfurcatua Daws. Very common. — Alethopteria diacrepana
Daws. This is the most abundant fern in this bed. It occurs usually in detached
pinnules, though not unfrequently in considerable fronds. — Alethopteria. Besides
the above, there are three or four other species, some of which occur also in Beds
6 and 7 ^ — Cardiocarpum cornutum Daws. Not very common. — C. ohliquum
Daws. Also not very common. — C. Crampii Hartt. Quite common. — Several
other species of plants not yet determined. — Inaecta. Two species, two specimens.
One was obtained by my friend, Mr. James Hegan. [Three insects were obtained
from the bed: Homotiietus fossilis, Dyscritus vetustus and Lithentomum
Harttii.]

> Prubnbly the ii|)ecic9 afterwards described (Dr. Dawson's serrulcUa Hartt, and Pecopleris preciosa Hartt.
Report of 1871) as AleUiopleris Perleyi Hartt, Pecopteris

193

Sandstones and coarse «haleH, with badly preserved Corddlten Rohhii Daws., C. tran-

sitionift Goeppt., and Alethopteris lUstrepanH Daws. ..... 26 feet.

Fine-grained, light-greenish shale, with obscure remains ..... 1 loot.

Sandstone and shales, with Calamites and obscure markings .... 23 feet.

Total thickness of the beds embraced in this section

440 feet, 11 inches.

XI. EXl'LxVNATION OF PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. Ilomothetua foasilia (in;«gM. f). The dottud linos nro (ioiijcetuial ; the break in tlio dotted line
it'ljiesenting tiio outer border indicates the |n uined ninount of separation at tiiat point to account for the
l)ending of the outer piece of llie wing.

Fig. '2. The same ( \). With no j)arts restored.

Fig. 3. Jjithentomiim Ifartlii (}). Tlie dotted lines show tlio presumed connection of the basal veins
with the other fragment.

Fig. 4. Dysci'Uus vetustua {\).

Fig. 5. Xenoneura antifjuoi'iini (5). The dotted lines indicito the supposed course of the veins and
border where they are not preserved. A portion of the base is shaded to show the exact appearance of
the concentric ridges; this basal portion is mostly drawn from the same stone as fig. 7, but the small fra!j;inent
unshaded, at tlie extremity of the anal vein, and the cross vein are drawn in from the reverse of fig. 5, shown
in tig. 6; so also is the larger apical piece with part of tlie lower margin, these two parts being more <!oniplete
on the reverae than on the obverse.

Figs. 6 and 7. The aanie (}). With no parts restoretl. Tiie apical fr.igment of fig. 7 is not represented ;
it exists, but i. not so con)|>lete as in fig. 6.

Figs. 8 and 8*. Oerepheniera simplex (f). The two incle|)endent lines at the extremity of the costal
margin are inserted from ii drawing made under the camera when only these lines and the outer margin with
the tip of the veins were exposed : in working out the rest of the wing these were broken .away, but are
here restored. The arrow indicates the direction of 8', which represents the contour of the surface of the wing,
the upper dotted extremity indicating the costal margin (shown to the left of the arrow), and the dots along
its course the position of the veins it crosses.

Fig. 9. Platephemera untiqua (|). The faint line of dashes above the mavginal vein represents the
margin of the wing, indicated on the stone by a slight darkening of the surface The dotted lines at base and
at tip indicate the presuniiul form of the wing.

Fig. 10. The same {]). This figure, the reverse of fig. 9, is so placed in relation to the jireceding as to
indicate the prob.ibje expans ■ of wing of this insect; a fragment at the lower angle of this specimen is not
preserved in fig. 9, which ])os8es8e8 a bit of the outer margin not found in this.

Figs. 1, 2, 4, 8, 8, 10 represent specimens jjreserved in the nniseum of the Natural History Society ol St.
John, N. B.

Figs. 3, 7, 9 represent specimens in the musetim of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Fig. 5 is a composite drawing from the specimens in each nnisemn. The Boston Society of Natural History
possesses the reverse of a small portion of fig. 8; and the St. John Society the reverse of No. 3, neither of
which are engraved.

The plate was executed by Messrs. Sinclair & Son of Philadelphia.

lENTOMUM

t!

AuCIIirOLYrODA, a Sl'lJOIlDIXAfi TVPK OK Sl'INKI) MVKIAI'ODS I'ltOM TIIK

CaKUONIFKHOUS FoitMATION.

All tlie i)alco/,oic inyriapods wliich have I)ul'ii puhlisiuMl. only lit'toun iioiniiial spocii's
in all. have been referred to the Diplopodii or Chiloj^iiatha as they are variously ternieil.
Among them are species which seem to bear a very close general reseuiblanco to modern
Inlidae, and some of them have oven beeii descrihed under the generic name lulus.
Others, however, first made known as inyriapods by Messrs. Meek and Worthen
in 1808, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and in the same
year figured in the third volume of the reports of the Illinois Geological Survey, dill'er strik-
ingly from modern types in the presence of rows of very large forked aii ! 'nanching spines
upon the surface of the body. Those naturalists were al)le also to show the probability that a
fossil from the coal measures of England which Mr. Salter had rel'crred lo the crustacean
genus Eurypterus belonged in the same group, and more recently Mr. Henry Woodward
has pointed out that not only this form, but another, known since the pul)lication of IJro-
die'sAvork on the English Fossil Insects in ISIm, and which was supposed by Westwood tt)
be the larva of Saturnia, a genus of Lei)idoptera. should ("ertaiuly be referred to this group
of spiny myriapods ; and to the list Woodward has also added another species.

Having enjoyed the opportunity, through the kindness of Messrs Carr, Worthen and
Pike,* of examining a considerable number of specimens cf these curious fossils — all from
the ironstcme nodules of Mazon Creek, Illinois — 1 bring here the results of my study,
which show that these spined myriapods, while allied to the Diplopoda rather than to the
Chilopoda, certainly form a very distinct type, which was no doubt the precur.sor of the
Diplopoda; and it appears very probable that even those paleozoic species which have
been supposed to resemble closely the modern Inlidae were also spined, and may therefore
be presumed to have resembled their evidently spined relations in other points of structure
in which the latter are distinguished from modern forms. The reasons for this belief will ,
be given further on.

One nmin distinction between the two groups, Diplopoda and Chilopoda, into which mod-
ern Myriapoda have been divided, consists in the relation of tne ventral to the dorsal
plates of the body segments. In the Chilopoda there is a single ventral plate, bear-
ing one pair of legs, to every dorsal plate. In the Diplopoda, on the contrary, there are

* A consiilui-Hblc iiiiiiibvr of spuciinunif, incUidinj; some new Carr, I'iki>, AnD.stronjr niiil Bliss, ndvnntagu has boon taken
speeies, having been sunt me afler tlic first presentation of of tliu delay in its pii1)lic'iition to introilnee into tlic text
this paper to the Society, through tlie kindness of Messrs. deseriptions of all sueli additions. (Jan. 31, 1882).

'M

\ I

i

!
Hi?: •

11)0

two Huch vontral pliitcH, ouch hcMiriiig a pair of logH, to every doraal plate (with the excep-
tion of a few Hogiuoutrt at the extreiiiitiert of tlie body). The Diplopoda arc univerHnlly
considered tlie lower of the two in their organization and it in therefore not Hiirpriaing to
find that no Chilopothi have been found in rockt* oUler than the tertiary xerieH, wliile niyria-
podn with two pairs of legs correspciiding to eacli (K>rsal plati' range batik through the
entire series of rocks to the coal measures.

This being the case, in any comparison wliicli we may make between the ancient and mod-
ern types we may U-ave tl»e Ciiilopoda entirely out of account, and confine our attention
to the jmints of distinction between the ancient types and the modern Diplopoda. At first
we shall confine oiu'selves, in speaking of the ancient forms, to the large-spined species
alone, many of which attain a gigantii- si/e. 'I'he head and its appendages, wlicrcin are
found the greatest divergencies of structure in the diflerent modern forms, are again so

poorly preservetl in the carboniferous species that our
conipari.sons must be drawn almost entirely from the
structure of the body segments, which are mainly a
repetition one of another throughout the body.

In modern Diplopoda, each of the segnients of the
body is composed in large part, almost entirely, of a
dorsal plate forming a nearly complete ring, for it
encircles nine-tenths of the body as a general rule,
leaving scanty room for the pair of ventral plates (see
Fig. 1). On the side of the body (Fig. 2) it is perfo-
rated by a minute foramen, the opening of an odorif-
erous glan'd; usually tife ring is nearly circular, but
occasionally the body is considerably flattened and the
sides are sometimes expanded into flattened lam-
inae, with a smooth or serrate margin ; a few spe-
(iies are provided with minute hairs, sometimes
perched on little papillae ; and the surface of th.
body, ordinarily smooth or at best wrinkled, is
occasionally beset with roughened tubercles which
may even form jagged projections. So far as I
am awai-e. no nearer approach to spines occurs on
this dorsal plate than the serrate edges of the
lateral laminae, the roughened tubercles or the
papilla-mounted hairs. In the ancient forms from
the coal measures we find a very different condi-
tion of things. The body segments may be nearly
circular, or they may be laterally compressed, or,
as in many modern types, depressed ; but in all,
view'^oC a seg" the dorsal plate occupies at most apparently only
meiit of a car- two-thirds of the circuit of the body, being met
chipoiypwi. by broad ventral plates (see Figs. 3, 4). This

P'ijl. 1. Croi-ii m'l'lion of Viff. 2. Siilc

n iii(i(lt>rn Diii'.opod. 'Hh' view »(' n w^-

iino.i iiiHiilo Uk> rinn iiinrk iiiciit of ii iikiiI-

llif (i(>|>nrii(ion of llie tlorsnl »'rn DipIojHKl.
mill vt'iitrnl {ilaloK.

//

Fit;. 3. Cross section of a car-
hoiiilerous Arcliipol,v|)o<]. Tliu
lines inside the ring mark tlic sup-
anition of tlie dorsal and ventral
plates.

107

(lorHiil plato Ih not porfornted lor ioriiiniiiii ivpii^ntitorin,' l>ut iih iiioanN of dofoncu it im
aniii'd with huge MpinoH upon I'lthor hIiU' ; ono row O'ov tln\v oocvu' on all Iho Mi»giui'»tH) Wvx
alxivo, near the uiidiUe line of the hody ; another lieH hiw down upon the HiiK'H near the
h)wer margin of tlie dorsal phite ; and a third row Ih HonietinieH interponed between them.'
Tliese spineH an? simihir in all the rows, hi it diller in the dilTerent npecieH ; in few proh-
al>Iy lire they nimpU' hut provided with npinuK'H to a greater or K'hh extent. In the most
bristling the spines are forked at the tip, and besides this have a basal eorona <if stout
spiiudes ; others have such a whorl of spinules in the middle of the spine ; in nearly all the
spines are at least half as long as the width of the body, and sometimes they are nearly
as long. These spines are in themselves very remarkable and resendde >)(>il;mg that I
ean discover in modern Arthropotla,' tniless it be certain thorny spines seen in the early
stages of some Crustacea, and especially of some found on the tail i)ie('i; of cirrhiped lar-
vae figured by Clans, to which Mr. Alexander Agassi/, has called my attention. Some of
his own unpublished drawings of the yoiuig of our common barnacle exhibit still closer
resemblances, although even here it is not very nuirked. These spines are fixed, and ono
can readily picture the diflerence in external aspect between one of these creatures a foot
or more in length, bristling all over with a coarse tangle of spines, and the smooth coiling
lulus of the present day. (See PI. 7".)

If we pass, however, to the ventral plates we shall find diHerences of even greater sig-
nificancti. In the modern Diplopoda, as already remarked, these plates are minute ; they
are similar in size and form ; the anterior one Ibrms the anterior edge of the segment, con-
tinuous with that of the dorsal plate; together, however, they are not so long as the dorsal
plate at their side, and the latter appears partly to encircle the posterior plate by reaching
inward towards the coxae of the legs ; the legs are attached at the posterior edge, and
those of the opposite sides are so closely crowded together that they often absolutely touch
each other (Fig. 1 ) ; the stigmata, of which there is a pair to each ventral plate, are placed at
the outer edge rather toward the front margin ; they are minute, and have their openings lon-
gitudinal as regards the animal, t. e., they lie athwart the segment ; the coxae of the legs of
the anterior plate are therefore opposite the stigmata of the posterior plate. No other
organs are found upon the ventral plates ; one might indeed say there was not room for
them. The legs themselves" are composed of six cylindrical simple joints, subequal in
length, the apical armed Avith a single terminal claw ; the whole leg is short, rarely more
than half as long as the diameter of the body.

In the ancient types all is very different. In the first place the ventral plates, which
are of equal size, occupy the entire ventral surface, and perhaps may be said to extend
partly up the sides of the rounded body, and no part of the dorsal plate passes behind the

* This h whiit wotiltl bu uxpuc-tuil I'ruiii tlic prust'iicu of
tipiiivs; two 8Ui-h iiifniis of (lmico ahoiild not bu lookuJ
for in the mme nnimiil; oUx. -te glnniln aru prvsunt only
in slow-movinj;, or othurwisu dufenccloss ure.itiircs, as in
Phasiniilito among Orthoptera for uxaniplt'.

' In ono gpccios thoro is only ono row ot' spinos on either
side, sitUAtctI where the thini row occurs in the trebly gpincd
forms.

' Since this was written, Sir. J. II. Comstovk has shown
me his capital drawings of Coccidae and pointed out to me

forked spines, niierosvopie indeed, fringing the Inst abdomi-
nal segment of the female, and occurring, he says, only in
the sub-fiiniily Dinspinae.

The spini>!< of these myriapods havp nothing to do with
the barbed hairs on the body of the embryonic Slrungylu-
soma as figured by MetschnikofT (Zeitseh. f. wiss. Zool., xxiv,
pi. 26, fig. 1 a.). These latter are comparable with the der-
mal appendages of the embryonic !-<rvae of Lopidopters,
See my Butterflies, pp. 28-32, figs. 3U, 37.

\\':i\

Wl;

lift

198

the posterior ventral plate ; they are together equal in length to any part of the dorsal
plate, the rings of which the body is composed being equal ; while in modern Diplopoda
the dorsal portion of the dorsal plate is always considerably longer than the ventral poi'-
tion, allowing the creature to coil ventraliy without exposing any intersegmental portion
of the back devoid of hard arnuiture ; while in these ancient forms, the animal appears to
coil dorsally as readily as ventraliy ; at least, when not extended straight upon the stones
in which they are preserved, Ihey are as frequently found bent upward r<s downward — or
perhaps more frequently ; and there is nothing certainly in their structure to prevent it.
Indeed in one species, E. flahellata, the ventral i)lates seem to be divided on either side
in the middle, apparently allowing of even greater flexibility, which the arrangement of
the posterior dorsal plates foi- a terminal llap, apparently for aquatic propidsion, would per-
haps require in an tuuisual degree. Then the legs, instead of being inserted at the
extreme posterior edge of the plate, originate from almost its very centre, and are indeed
so large that they nearly occupy the whole of it, a thin lamina oidy bi'ing left at the pos-
terior edge of the coxal cavities, though a wider space i emains in front ; neither are they
inserted close together, but are removed from one another by a space equal to their own
width, so that they have ample play (Fig. o). The legs themselves (.see PI. 8, iig. 1 1 ) diller
from those of modern types in having tlie secomi joint is long as tlie others combined,
and the whole leg as long as tho diameter of tiie body, sometimes nearly twice as long;
moreover tiiey are not cylindrical but compressed and .sliglitly expanded, streiygthened also
on the flattened surface by longitudinal ridges, and have in every respect the aspect of
swbnmhiy legs in those specimens in which the appearance of the legs is most vlear. No
modern aquatic myriapods are known. The spiracles, instead of being, minute and hav-
ing the position seen in modern Diplopoda, are very large, f-->tuated in the middle of each
ventral plate (Fig. 4), each spiracle opposite to and imleed touching the outs'de of the
coxal cavity of the plate to which it Ix'longs. and running therefore with and not
athwart the plate, /*. e. across the body ; its length equals the diameter of the large
coxal cavities.

But in addition to these structures, which nutke up the sum of the furniture of the
ventral plates in modern Diplopoda, we find in these ancient types some further interest-
ing organs which are so perfectly preserved that no doubt can be entertained concerning
their presence and their adherence to the ventral plates. The coxal cavities are not cir-
cular but oval and are situated with tho major axis in an oblique line, running from near
the middle line of the body forward .nid outo'ard ; this, and the slight posterior insertion of
the legs leave even a wider space between then> oti the anterior edge of the plates than
posteriorly, and this place ia occupied by a pair of peculiar organs (see Fig. H and PI. 8.
figs. 1-4), situated one on either side of the median line at the very front edge of the ven-
tral plate ; to these it seems to be impossible to assign any other function than that of sup-
poru. for branchiae ; they consist of little triangular cups or craters projecting from the
under surface, through which 1 believe the branchial appendages protruded ; so far as I am
aware, no other organs than branchiae have been found in any Arthropoda situated within
tl^e legs, and repeated on segnieiit after segment ; a single exception may perhaps be
nmde of Peripatus, in which Balfour has foviud segmental organs having their external
openings somewhat similarly situated ; but this being the only known instance ot their

190

presence in arthropods ' ; brnnchine also occurring in not a few instances nearer the metlio-
ventral line of the body than the legs, and branciiiae and spiracles coexisting even in the
true insects, and then in somewhat similar relative positions (though the branchiae in
these instances have never been Ibund next the niedioventral line) ; and the presence
further of swimming legs leading us to presume in these creatures an aquatic or amphibi-
ous mode of life : 1 believe we may fairly conceive these cup-shaped organs to be bran-
chial supporis, and that Ave are dealing here with a type of myriapod.'* very diflferent from
any existing forms, — suited to an amphibious life, capable of moving and of breathing both
on land and in water. Moreover the assemblage of forms discovered in these Mazon Creek
beds lends force to this proposition ; for the prevalence of aquatic Crustacea, of fishes and
ferns indicates, what the presence of marsh-frequenting flying insects does not contradict,
that the fauna and flora was that of a region aljounding in low and boggy land and pools.

These however are nol the only points in which the ancient forms differed from the
rocent. The modern forms are of uniform size throughout, while the ancient, at least
when seen from above, tapered noticeably toward eithar end and especially toward the
tail, the largest part of the body being in the neighborhood of the seventh to the tenth
body segments, which were often two or even three times brvMui^r than the hinder
extremity, and consid'^rably broader Ihan the head or the flrst segment behind it. A
single segment seems to have carried nil the appendages related to the mouth parts,
while in modern types two segments are required for tliis purpose. This is inferred
solely but sufliciently from the fact, even more lemarkable, that every segment of the
body (as represented by the dorsal plates), even those innnediately following the head, is
furnished with two ventral plates and bear;' two pairs of legs. As is well known, the
segments immediately following the head-segments in nuxlern Diplopoda have each only
one ventral plute and bear only a single pair of legs, — a fact correllated with the embry-
onic growth of these creatures, since these legs and these only are developed at about the
time of hatching. The mature forms of recent Diplopoda therefore liere resemble their
own young more than do these carboniferous myriapods, a fact wliich is certainly at vari-
ance with the general accord betwe(;n ancient types and the embr3-onic condition of tlieir
modern representatives, and one for which 1 can offer no explanatory suggestion worth
consideration.

These remarkable points, in Avhich the structure of the carboniferous myriapods are found
to be distinguished from modern Diplopoda, none of which (with the single exception of
the least important, structurally considered, v'vi. the spined appendages) have belbre been
pointed out, seem to warrant our placing them in a group apart from either of the modern
s.k')orders of m3Tiapods, and of a taxonomic value equivalent to them. For this group,
the -ime Archipolypoda is proposed.

Unfortunately the preservation of the appendages of the head in these anciei.t types
has not proved sufficient'" ^uuu to allow much compari.^on between them and modern types.
This is the more to be regretted since these parts are those on which v.'e depend largely
for our judgment of the relationship of the Myriapoda to other Insecta and to Crustacea.
If they were present and clearly defined we nuiy well suppose that they would afford some
clew to tlie genetic connection of these great groups.

' Attention slioiild bcilraTrn in tliis place to Kydcr's recent inlly of its trnchcnl system (Amor. Nut., xiv, 375), the uxtor-
observniionR on tlie nnntomy of Scolopentlrella, and espcc- nal openings of wliitli arc " inside the bases of the Ivgs."

M

If! <

T

i !

ill

200

There are certain features, however, common to most, at least, of these ancient types,
which should be mentioned ; these are the great breadth and depth of the head, which is
the more remarkable from the tapering of the anterior extremity. In one or two speci-
mens also the antennae have been more or less completely preserved (see PI. 10, figs. 7, 13,
18), and appear to differ little from their modern representatives unless it be in their greater
slenderness and brevity, possibly resembling iiore the embryonic condition of modern
types. Wha-t appear to be eyes are also preserved in one or two instances (PI. 8, fig. 10,
and PI. 10, fig. 18), and also present no contrasts worthy of special mention.

Besides these, careful examination has shown in specimens of not less than four species
of two genera, the presence of a long and straight unjointed appendage, or pair of appen-
dages, upon the under surface of one of the early segments of the body (the fourth, fifth
or sixth), which varies in length from one-htilf the width of the body to more than its
width. It is always entirely different from the spines and clearly not one of the ordinary
legs. No other external organ is known in Ihis part of the body in modern Myriapoda,
excepting the pair of intromittent organs, which are morphologically logs, supplanting
them on the sixth segment, and it seems, therefore, highly probable that we have in these
ancient types a movable organ of the same nature, but of an exceedingly simple char-
acter. Full description of each instance is given in the text.

The results reached by a study of these spined myriapods of the Mazon Creek nodules
lead naturally to the enquiry what their relations were to other paleozoic myriapods.
In some of these previously studied * I have , pointed out what I then believed to be for-
amina repugnatoria. These are described in Xylohius sigillariae Daws., where one spec-
imen h said to have " a slight circular depression in the centre of one of the frustra
. . about half way up the sides of the segment; it resembles and is founl in the
place of the lateral pores." Also in X.frcictiis Scudd., where " a slight depression, probably
a lateral pore, may be seen in the centre of one of the middle frustra of each segment "
(only two segments were preserved in this specimen). And also in Arch'mlus xylohiokles
Scudd., where they occur " from the seventh segment ... at least to the seventeentli
. . . and are placed in the middle of the sides of the segments ; they are oblong ov.il
in shape, with their longer diameters vertical ; the mean of their diameters averaged 0.2
mm." in specimens the diameter of whose body is about 4 mm. In a subsequent page of
the memoir, mention is made of the " large size " of the lateral pores.

In lulus Brassi described by Dohrn ^ he says he was unable to find any foramina, but
states that Kner thought he had recognized stigmata on some segments above the legs ;
" er glaubt an einigen Ringen oberhalb der Beine den Abdruck von Stigmen zu erkennen ;
gewisse Punkte," adds Dohrn, " an diesen Stellen kann man gewiss daflir ansehen, wenn
schon ihre wirkliche Natur nicht zweifellos festzustellen ist".

Woodward in his description" of the British Xylohius sigillariae (X.Woodwardi Scudd.)
says : " each segment of the body, wherever sufficiently well preserved to show it, bears
upon its lateral portion a slightly raised whart, indicating the position of the pores, stomata
or tracheal openings." These are figured in his plate, in fig. 11a, as nearly one-eighth
the diameter of the body.

* The Carboniferous Myriapoils preserved in the sigiHariiin
stumps of Nova Scotia. Mem. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., Vol. iii
pt. 2, No. 3 (1873).

» Verb, naturh. Ver. Rheinl., [3], v, 635-536, taf. 6.
'Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, ii, ?36, pi. 8 (I'?67).

201

page or

The great size of these lateral marks struck me, at the time my paper wa" written, as
inconsistent with their reference to the foramina repugnatoria, but there did not then
seem to be anything else to which they could be compared. A re-examination of a few
specimens of the sigillarian myriapods in my possession, coupled with the statements of
Woodward and Dohrn, lead me now to the conclusion that these marks are the scars or
bases of spines, which appear as warts or tubercles in man}' of the Mazon Creek myria-
pods, or, in casts or views of the interior surface, as pits of greater or less dimensions.
Their position would entirely accord with this. Add to this the fact that all of these
lulid-like carboniferous myriapods had a decidedly fusiform body (some more than others)
tapering somewhat toward the head and a great deal toward the tail ; and that the legs
where preserved are of unusual length — both of these features peculiar to the spined
myriapods of the Mazon Creek nodules : and I think we may fairij'- consider it probable
that they too possessed some at least of the other features characteristic of the latter, and
should be h)pothe*;ically classed, until proof to the contrary is found, among the Archipo-
lypodn.

In this paper however no further attention will be paid to these smaller lulidiform
types, which were not improbably wholly terrestrial in habit, and may very likely have
formed a distinct family of Archipolypoda, to which I have already applied the term
Archiulidae, and which, in addition to the characteristics mentioned in the paper upon
them, were not unprobably distinguished from the Mazon Creek myriapods, to which the
family name of Euplioberidae may be given, in the absence of branchiae.

It only remains, before proceeding to the discussion of different forms of Euplioberidae,
to point out that we have in these Archipolypoda still another proof of the close alliance
of the fauna of Europe and Aiiierica in paleozoic times. The genera Xylobius, Acanther-
pestes and Euphoberia, including ten of the twelve species of myriapods found in American
carboniferous rocks are all represented in the coal mciisures of England. I shall be able
in future papers, from materiiil already in my hands, to point out among other insects addi-
tional evidence of great interest in this direction, and shall hope at no distant day to offer
lists of the carboniferous insect faunas of Europe and America in partallel columns, so as to
bring clearly to the eye this prominent feature of early insect life.

The number of forms of Archipolypoda represented in the carboniferous rocks has
proved unexpectedly great. By the kindness of seveml friends, mostly residents of
Morris, from whence the ironstone nodule;-, in whicii most of them were found, come, I
have been al)le to study twenty-six specimens, which with the eight previously known
belong to tAvelve distinct species and four different genera. The genera are distinguished
in part by the form of the segments, and in part by their armature ; Acantherpestes having
three rows, Euphoberia two rows, and Amynilyspes one row of spines on either side of tiie
body, while in Eileticus, spines are absent and their place supplied by a series of warts.
Euphoberia is far the most abundant in species, Acantherpestes having only two, and
Amynilyspes and Eileticus one each.

ii

202

Order MYRIAPODA.

Suborder ARCHIPOLYPODA.

Paleozoic myriapods, with a fusiform body, largest near the middle of the anterior half
or third, the head appendages borne upon a single segment; each segment behind the head
composed of a single dorsal and two ventral plates, the dorsal of nearly uniform length
superiorly and inferiorly, occupying most of the sides as well as the top of the body ; desti-
tute of foramina repugnatoria, and divided into a ridged anterior and flat »^ osterior portion,
the anterior provided with longitudinal rows of spinej or tubercles ; the ventral plates occu-
pying the entire ventral portion, each bearing a pair of long jointed legs, and furnislied
outside of tliem with lai-ge spiracles, the mouth transversely disposed.

Family Euphoberidae.

Archipolypoda armed with very large forked or branching spines, occasionally '•3duced
to tubercles, running in several uniform rows along the back or sides of the body, and
attached to the dorsal plates ; the legs compressed, the second joint much longer than any
of the others and the whole adapted to swimming ; those of opposite sides well separated at
base, and having between their insertions a pair of branchial appendages.

Genus ACANTHERPESTES («x«vO«, ?,,!7<».)

Acantherpestes Meek and Worthen, Geol. ; urv. 111., Ill, p. 559 (hypothetical).

Spines bifurcate at tip and arrayed in subdorsal, pleurodorsal and lateral rows. Segments
three or more than three times as broad as long.

The name Acantherpestes was suggested for one of the species which falls within this
group by Messrs. Meek and Worthen, in case it did not agree with the genus Euphoberia
(to w'.iich the species itself was referred with question marks) in having two ventral plates
cci responding to each dorsal plate. This it does possess, as indeed the very figure they pre-
sent shows, two pairs of legs being pictured as corresponding to each dor.sal plate. Not-
withstanding this, and notwithstandhig the impropriety of suggesting hypothetical or con-
ditional names for animals whose affinities are not clearly understood, the name is a good
one, and rather than burden our heavily taxed science with .synonymy, it is brought into
requisition.

Acantherpestes major.

PI. 7", «, figs. 1-4, 6-8, 10, 11.
Etiphoberia ?? major Meek and Worthen. Ainer. Journ. Sc. Arts, [2], XLVI, 2-5-27 ;

—lb., Geol. Surv. 111., Ill, 558-559, fig. (1868).

The figure was reproduced by Woodward in the Geol. Mag., X, p. 105 (1873), and also
in his Monograph of the Merostumata, p. 172, fig. 62 (1872).

The specimens upon which this species was founded were very fragm"'ntary, the one fig-
ured consisting of only seven segments with a part of one spine, the spine-bases and .sev-
eral imperfect legs. Two other specimens have been placed in my hand by Mr. J. C. Carr,

203

one of which is very perfect nnd of enormous size, and which was first shown nie by Prof.
J. W. Pike ; the other though only fragmentary is the more interesting because it exhibits
the ventral plates more clearly than any other specimen of Archipolypoda yet discovered.
A third specimen with its reverse, representing a younger individual, has more recently
been placed in my hands by Mr. Pike.

In the specimen figured in the Illinois Report, and which by the kindness of Professor
Wovthen we are able to reproduce here, we have a lateral view, apparently of the ante-
rior part of the cylindrical body a little curved downward, in which the scars of the lower
spines and the mammiform base" of the other
series are present, besides one or two of those
of the uppermost row upon the further side of the
body. The width of the body shows how huge the
creature must have been. Judging by compar-
ison with the most complete one 1 have seen, it
must have been three decimeters or just about
one foot long ; " it probably atti ' - length of
12 to 15 inches" say the describers. The seg-
ments, which are about three times as broad as

, T'iji I'ii iii Fi«> 5. Acanihernesles mnjor.

long, are divided transversely into two parts, the

arched anterior portion a little longer than the flat posterior part and bearing the spines.
The surface is apparently smooth. The spines are altogether wanting beyond their bases
with the exception of a single fragment in the uppermost row ; and this is evidently one
of the basal spinules and not the spine itself, being comparatively small, simple and conical.
The bosses and scars, however, show that there was a subdorsal row of spines tolerably near
the mediodorsal line, another at the lower portion of the dorsal plate and a third pleuro-
dorsal vow considerably nearer the former than the latter. The legs are mostly broken olf
near their bases, but two or three are longer, and one is represented in the figure (not men-
tioned in the text) as complete, being regularly conical, shorter than the body, and divided
into five nearly equal joints ; I cannot doubt that this and the apparent joints of the other
legs are either given quite inaccurately or that at all events the marks do not represent
the joints of the legs. The length of the fragment is 62 mm. and its width 21 mm.

The most complete specimen seen (PI. 8, figs. 6-8, 11 ), exhibits a side view of apparently
the entire creature, the greater part of the body in a straight line, but the anterior part curved
a little upward ; along the entire upper line the spines of the subdorsal series may be seen,,
many of them very perfect ; the position of the other rows may be traced by the' pits
in the body itself, while legs, many of them almost perfect, may be traced along nearly
the entire lower margin. The body is cylindrical or nearly cylindrical in form, perhaps a
little higher than broad, tapering forward from the seventh or eighth segment so as to
be from one fifth to one fourth smaller ; and backward from the twelfth or thirteenth seg-
ment very uniformly and gradually, so as to be at tip only about one half the greatest
breadth. The whole length of the body is 207 mm., its greatest breadth 16 mm. There
can hardly be any doubt that the whole animal is preserved. The rapidly tapering form
of the extreme hinder extremity with the change in the characteristics of the spines make
it certain that the body ended here ; at the front extremity the first segment has every

204

1 11 1

I

appearance of being the termination of tlie body, and an a|'])endage, presumably an antenna
or a part of one, is attached at the upper nuirgin of the front ; it would also be in keeping
with the general form of tliese animals as shown by the study of all the species if thia
anterior segment were the head.

This head segment is only about half the size of one of the nearer body segments, round-
ed, higher than long, the front rather flattened, and bearing in front, above, a straight
antenna composed apparently of tinee joints, the basal joint equal, small, cylindrical, slen-
der, longer than broad, the apical oblong ovate, twice as broad as the others and four or
five times longer than broad ; the whole antenna is 0 mm. long, of which two thirds belongs
to the apical joint, whose gieatest diameter is O.i) mm. From the lower outer angle of
the head projects a bundle of spines (?), which afterwards diverge into three nearly straight
rods ; they evidently do not belong where tiiey are, but their structure and surface appear-
ance give them the aspect of spines and not of legs ; the triangular offshoot from them
appears to have no connection with them, but to be an accidentjil mark in the stone.

The segments of the body behind the head are forty in number, and of a similar size ;
where the body is broadest the length of tlie segment is 5.5 nnn., and this proportion of
length to breadth holds tolerably well throughout, e segments being about three times as
broad as long. They appear to be strongly arched and more equally than would appear to be
the case in the next specimen to be described, although some segments seem to present an
anterior, broad, I'ounded side where the spines are seated ; certainly the segments are
deeply and coarsely incised. A large part of the body and of the spines (PI. 8, fig. 8) are
covered with circular flattened raised disks of a yellowish color (PI. 8, fig. 7), with a
slightly raised rim and either a depression or a slight elevation at the centre, crowded
closely together and appearing as if formed of the dried up contents of the body ; the outside
of the spines seem to show them quite as much as the inside of the same ; indeed the
outside of the spines appears to be entirely made up of them. They are usually about
0.5 mm. in diameter, but a considerable nuiiiJ)er are smaller and show no structure ; the
head, antenna and the trifid appendage of the head are all furnished abundantly with them,
but they are entirely absent from the legs.

The only spines that are preserved belong, apparently all of them, to the subdorsal row,
but the openings into the hollow interiors of those which are necessarily concealed indicate
clearly that there are three rows upon either side, arranged exactly as described in the
specimen figured by Messrs. Meek and Worthen. The spines of the subdorsal rows (PI. 8,
fig. 8) are cylindrical, equal, hollow throughout, rather longer than the diameter of the body,
rather deeply and equally forked at tip, so as to appear Y-shaped, the branches not veiy
divergent; at the base, (in the anterior part of the body), or near the same (in the poi-
terior part of the body), is at least a pair, but nu)re probably a whorl, of subsidiary spines
springing from the main stem ; anterior and posterior spinules are preserved at the base of
nearly all the spines, but there are also indications of others which lie interiorly and exte-
riorly, and which necessarily cannot be very clearly exhibited in a fossil like this ; such an
indication appears at the base of PI. 8, fig. 8, repree:nting the spine enlarged, whtre a
rounded hollow seems to prove a spinule in addition to those in front and behind, as clearly
as the other pits in the body walls indicate the position of the principal spines ; they appear
to originate at the very base of the spine throughout the body and to be less divergent

205

than the other spiniile.s ; of the front and hind spinules, the posterior is generally longer and
slenderer than the anterior, and sitnated higher upon the stalk ; the double set oi holes
next the base of the legs in several segments of the body indicates that this was the ease
also with the lateral spines ; these spinules are longer on the posterior part of the body
than on the anterior, and have about the same angle from the main stem as the terminal
forks fioni each other. The spines occur, one to a segment In each row, on every segment
behind the head ; on the penultimate and antepenultimate the main sjdne seems to end
where the spinules spring out, and the latter are of unusual leugth ; on the last seguieut
the same arrangement occurs, though the spinules are very short. The main spines are of
uniform size throughout most of their extent, but enlarge slightly above where they fork,
and below where the spinules diverge ; the spinules are geuerally tapering and pointed, but
in the front part of the body the anterio." and posterior ones are stout, often scarcely taper,
and are blmitly tipped. The length of the spines is from 12-13 mm., and they are l.U mm.
in diameter in the middle.

The legs' (PI. 8, fig. 11) are better preserved than in any other of the Archlpolypoda
examined ; the creature is crushed in such a way that one sees in a groove, running
beneath the dorsal plates for the greater part of the body, the interior surface of the basal
joints of the lower lying legs (the renuiining portions of which are buried in the matrix),
and just below these upon the plane of the dorsal plates, the exterior surface as well as all
the rest of the legs of the upjjcr lying or nearer pairs. They consist of six joints. The first
is about twice as long as broad on a side vi(!W, narrowing a little at either end ; it is about
as broad as possible, the series o(!eupying almost the entire space below the segments so as
to crowd against each other ; it is apparently a little compressed, the outer surface furnished
with a distinct longitudinal carina at both anterior and posterior edge and furnished also
with a very prominent and stout median longitudinal carina, which is generally a little
curved ; corresponding to which on the inner face is a rather deep and very abrupt sulca-
tion. The second joint is very different ; it is laminate, nearly equal, considerably nar-
rower than the basal joint, very long, Iteing more than six times as long as broad ; it has
a distinct median carina, at least on the outer siile, or perhaps the slightly convex sides
are pinched or angidate along the middle; in some instances the one, in others the other
appears to be the case, even on adjoinmg legs. The third joint exactly resembles the sec-
ond, except in being shorter ; it has about the same width, and the same median carina, but
it is only about half as long again as broad, equal, quadrate and laminate. The fourth joint
is of the same length as the third, but slenderer, a little tapering and with only slight tracp
of the m-edian carina. The fifth is as long as the fourth, continues the gentle tapering of
the leg so as to be nearly half as broad as the second joint, and has no carina. There is
pretty certainly another still slenderer and apparently cylindrical joint of about equal
length beyond this, but it is only preserved in one or two instances and in part. Nothing
positive can be asserted of the claw, but one leg appears to have a single slender gently
curving claw of considerable length. The legs are at first sight apparently shorter at the
two ends of the body than in the middle, but this is due simply to imperfect preserva-

' Between tho tips of two of the le<;s mny bo seen a crushed consiilered by Dr. Dawson (Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
niollnscan shell, having the appe'kranuc of a luinute Planorbis, xxi, 157) as Spirorbis (Microconchus) carbonarius.

■-fll If

206

tlon, mcnsurcmonts ef the second joint showing no difference whatever. The length of the
first joint is 2.4 mm. ; of the second 7.7o nun.; width of .same 1.2 mm.; lengtii of third joint
2.2 nun.; of fourth joint 2.2 nun.; of fifth joint 2.2 mm.; of sixth joint 2.mm.; of tiic whole
leg as it lies on the stone 21 nnn. So fur ;is the legs are preserved there are two pairs to
every dor-sal plate ; the stone is broken away next the last two segments so that they do
not show there, one only appearing oti the penultimate, non j on the last segment ; the same
is true in front, sn that none appear on the first segment behind the head, and only one on
the second segment ; but this one is placed posteriorly, leaving room for an additional one
in front of it on the same segment.

Alt ig the ridges which separate the bases of the two sets of legs (of opposite sides)
from each other can be .seen remnants of the branchial cups to be mentioned further on, but
in a fragmentary and often somewhat displaced condition ; enough however to show clearly
to one who has studied the specimen next to be described that they were present here
throughout the greater part of the body, as they can be traced in various parts.

Both relief and intaglio of this specimen are preserved and have helped to reconstruct
the mj'riapod as we have attempted to depict it. Tliey belong to Mr. J. C. Carr of
Morris. Illinois, from whom, through tlie kind intervention of Mr. J. W. Pike, in whose
hands I first saw it, it was received for study.

Notwithstanding its far greater incompleteness, the next specimen (PI. S, figs. 1-4) of
this species to be mentioned rivals tiie one just dcscriltcd in interest and importance, on
account of its perfect exhibition of the ventral plates. It consists of only a few segments
from the stouter part of the body, probably presenting an oblique view, mostly dorsal, with
a cast of tlie same. In the breaking of the stone, the part reprosenting the former under
crust of the animal has in a small part of the fossil parted from the upper crust, so that in
looking upon the dorsal surface one sees also, in the central part of the fb-tsil, the interior
view of the ventral plates ; and its cast represents, no doubt with tolerable faithfulness, the
appearance of the under surface of the ventral plates. The body is a little curved and
the posterior segments parted from one another. The convexity of the upper surfiice "of
the bod}' well appears, but the form of the body cannot further be told from this specimen.
The fragment is 67 nnn. longa.s it lies, but this should be reduced to about 58 nnn. to allow
for the displacement of the posterior segments. It is 17-18 mm. broad and shows no sign
of tapering ; proliably it is a fragment from the broadest part before the tapering had com-
menced ; on that supposition its size indicates a creature rather larger than the complete
specimen last described, but not so large as tluit described by Meek and Worthen. l]leven
segments are present, four anterior ones in their natural relations showing the dorsal plates;
then three, also connected with one another and the preceding, but of whicli the dorsal
plates are gone, revealing the inner surface of three pairs of ventral plates ; and finally
four more dorsal plates separated from one another by more than their own length. The
dorsal phites are from 3.75-4.5 mm. long and therefore about four times as broad as long,
their anterior lialf bearing a broadly rounded, elevated, transver.se ridge with mammiform
knobs which are the broken bases of the spines ; the posterior edges of the segments are
also a little thickened and slightly elevated, giving the appearance of a slight transverse
ridge at this point. The surface appears to be almost or quite smooth ; in one or two
points a delicate granulation may be seen under a strong lens, and next the hinder edge of

207

Hotnc of th" '"jgmcntH there appears to be a feeble wriiiklin^r or faint «'orrugation of the Mur-
Ihce. In general only the bases of tlie spines an* present, whicli so far as (Min be deter-
mined show a disposition very similar to what is seen in the other specimens, Imt exhil)it
more clearly than they the relation of the snbdorsid series to each other as to distance,
showing that they are almost as far removed from each other as they each are from the
pleurodorsal series ; one or two spines also of this latter series remain and by their stractnre
show that they probably did not differ at all from those of the other series, unless oossibly
they were slighter and shorter.

The legs do not ajipear, but on the ventral plates their insertion is plainly visible (IM.
S, figs. 2-3), showing that the basal joint-t were probably obrK|uely appressed, for the coxal
cavities are obovnte and directed toward the anterior outer edge of the ventral plate next
in advance of that on which they are seated ; they are also seated a little posteriorly upon
the ventral plate, for they reach its posterior edge, but are separated from the anterior bor-
der by about one third their own shorter diameter ; those of the same ventral plate are also
separated from each other by a space equal to at least their own longer dianu'ter.

In the llattened part showing the ventral plates, these extend Just as far laterally as the
dorsal plates, and the distance from the outer edge, which is preserved upon one side, to their
median line is even greater than to the median line of the dorsal plates, showing certainly
that they had a wide extent and covered at least the entire under surface of the body ;
they were of equal size throughout, narrowing only at their extreme lateral extension where
they appear to have been rounded. Their length is 2.25 mm. Outside the basa of each
leg and abutting upon it are the large oldong-ovate spiracles (I'l. 8, figs. 2-.'5), running
transversely to the 1)ody, and showing as a deep groove with a very thin laminate ridge
along the (uiddle ; they are 2.5 mm. long, ().() nun. broad. Fiving next the front edge of
each ventral plate and on either side of the medioventral line of the body, almost attin-
gent at their slightly swollen bases, are the branchial cups (1*1. 8, (igs. 2-4), which ai)pear
from Avithin as sunken pits, rounded triangular in Ibrm, two sides of the tv:.vngle l)eing
formed by the i jdian line of the body and tiie front edge of the segment, the latter i)eing
the longer ; all the angles are well roimded ; the lloor of this pit is Hat, but depressed
around the edges, so that the deepest part forms a groove just at the base of tlu? bounding
walls : the surface of the floor has in some a spongy as|)eet with an appearance of converg-
ing laminae, but this is not clear ; these branchial pits are a third as broad again as long,
being 1 mm. in breadth and aliout 0.75 imn. in length. When viewed from the cast show-
ing these organs as they probably appeared upon the outside of the body (IM. (S, lig. 4),
they appear as crater-like elevations, the rim of which is suboval rather than triangular,
with the posterior inner angle of the boimdary wall somewhat higher and thicker than the
rest ; the lloor presents nearly the same aspect as in the other face.

This specimen was sent to me by Mr. Pike after I hiid seen and studied the large and
perfect specimen last mentioned. In studying that I had become convinced of the possible
aquatic life of the creature from the structure v.i the long paddling legs, and stated my belief
at a meeting of the Boston Society of Natural History held October 20, 1880. It was
therefore with no small pleasure that I subsequently found my conclusions supported in .so
remarkable a manner by the discovery of these structures on a second individual of the
species. Another specimen received from Mr. Carr is as small as that last mentioned and

208

more iiiiperfoct, consiHting of only a ilozon Hcgmcnts or lo8« of the front portion, with
scarcely any appendngcs. It in of particular interest, however, from partially preserving
the eye of one aide (PI. 8, fig. 10); it forms nn oval bo88 3 mm. long and 1.5 nun. broad,
gently elevated above the principal curve of the head, situated low down on the anterior
portion of the head, its longer diameter vertical ; it is covered with nearly heinispiierical,
low, circular warts about O.IC nmi. in diameter, crowded rather closely but not attingent,
and scattered about over the whole convexity with a slight indication of serial arrange-
ment. Tlie length of the fragment is 36 nun. and its breadth about 10 mm.

The last specimen I have to mention was sent to me by Mr. Pike and represents the
larger part of a young individual curled in a broad sigmoid curve. Sixteen or seventeen
consecutive segments besides the head are preserved, all poorly ; the spines and legs are
everywhere fragmentary and add nothing to the other specimens ; the diameter differs
only a very little at different parts, though the usual enlargement of the segments a little
way behind the head is indicated. The head itself appears to be larger than the segments
behind it, but is very badly preserved. The points of interest in it are : first, that tiie basal
joints of a leg may be seen on the first segment behind the head ; second, that the ventral
plates, where seen, are divided by a distinct suture into anterior and posterior portions, as
does not appear in the other specimens where ventral plates are preserved, but as occurs
in some specimens of Euphoueria ; and third, that from near the posterior extremity of the
sixth (?) segment behind the head, there projects downward a long, straight, stout, cylin-
drical, bluntly terminated rod, as long as the width of the body, the apical apparently a
little stouter than the basal half, suggesting, as in other cases to be mentioned, an intro-
mittent organ. The length of the specimen as it lies is 83 nun.; if straightened it would
measui'e about 97 ram. in length; its diameter is 11 nmi.; and the length of the rod men-
tioned 10 nun.; the greatest diameter of the latter is 1.25 mm.

This species differs from the next to be mentioned in the much less rapidly tapering form
of the body, in the proportionally shorter segments, and in the character of the spines,
which in this species are longer bodied, rather less divergently and much more equally
branched at tip, and are f irnished with basal spinules of a remarkable character which are
not apparent in the other.

m

II

Aeantherpestes Brodiei Sciuldcr.
PI. 8, fig. 5.

"Caterpillar" "Vestwood in Brodie, Foss. Ins. Eng., xvii, 105, pi. 1, fig. 11 (1845).
Eurypteru8 ? {Fuphoheria) ferox (pars) Woodward, Geol. Mag., X, 109-110, fig. 10
(1873).

Arthroplmra ferox Woodward, Monogr. Merost., 172, fig. 63 (1872).
Euphoheriafercx Roemer, Leth. geogn., pi. 47, fig. 4 (1874).
Not Eiirypterus ferox Salter.

This species has been known through Brodie's Fossil Insects for many years, but it is only
recently that its relationship was determined. This is partly due to its fragmentary nature,
for it is pretty evident from what we now know of the spined myriapods of the carbonifer-
ous period that the specimen is considerably imperfect, the head (and perhaps, two or three

200

MognicntH more) being iibMont from the front end nnd ii coiisidernhli' niiinlu'r of sognioutM iit
tlio tiiil onil. It prosuntM ii dorsal view of ton Mognit'iits in the stouter part of tlie body,
enough however to show that it tapered somewhat toward the head ami very eonsideral»ly
behind the tliickest portion of the body, so that the hinder portion seen is only lialf as
broad as the broadest, only six or seven segments distant ; the body has every appearance
of having been cylindrieal ; the fragment is -"trt mm. long and 18 nun, broad in the widest
part. The segments show a well arched transverse ridge en the anterior porti«>n, which
seems generally to occupy much the largest part of the segments, but there is an irregular-
ity al)out this in the engraving which would seem to be defective ; as a whole they are from
threi! to four times as broad as long. The three rows of spines are clearly marked, partly
by the spines themselves and partly by the tul)ercles which mark their former origin ; these
show the rows to have been equidistant from one another, the subdorsal rows being as far
apart as either frcmi the pleurodorsal ; the spines are preserved only in the lateral rows ;
these appear to be uniform, subcylindrical, nearly or quite half as long as the width of the
segments (counting to the forks of the spines), expanding at the tip and bearing a couple
of stout spinules, the hinder and longer of which is as long as the body of the spine, taper-
ing and i)ointed, directed slightly backward, and according to Westwood " evidently artic-
ulated" at the base; the front and .shorter spiuule is short, tapering and pointed, directed
a little forward. There is no appearan(!e of any basal thorns.

This species may be easily ilLstinguished from A. iikijoi' by its decidedly more tapering
body, comparatively shorter and broader segments and the charact'cr of the spines, which
not only appear to lack the basal thorns, but arc very unequally forked at the tip.

The specimen comes from the carboniferous rocks ( ironstone?) of Coalbrook Dale in Eng-
land, and is in the Hope collection at Oxford.

(lenus Eui'iioBEiUA. (•'», y,,p'- /,»,-.)

Euphoheria Meek and Worthen, Am. Journ. So. Arts, (2), XLVl, 2') (1868). — lb., Geol.
Suvv. HI., Ill, 550.

Spines spinidiferous, but with a single pointed tip, and arranged in subdorsal and lateral
rows only ; segments less than three times, generally about twice, a.s broad a.s long, rarely
le.ss than twice as broad iv, long, and then only upon a few segments of the body.

Enphoberia ferox

Evryptcrus ? [Arthrojjleura) ferox Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., XIX,
86-87, fig. 8 on p. 84.

Euryptems ? {Euphoheria) ferox (pars) Woodward, Geol. Mag., X, lOD, fig. 8 on p.
105. — 76., Mongr. Merost., 172, fig. 62 (1872).

Half a dozen segments of the body, seen from above, are all that are preserved of the
i-ingle known specimen of this animal. The body is equal throughout, but is perhap.s broader
than high, subcylindrical according to Salter, the surface rugose. Each of the segments is

r

:h

$1

1 '!■•

M
hi

m

I

' f

11

!

210

divided into im anterior and » )st»M'ior po •tioii. tlie ioriner appariMitly eli'vati'd, Hpinit'eroiiM,
(KMMipviiij? from two-tliinls to tlirce-limrtlis of the entire sej^nient., wliieli iih a wliole is
Hcarcely twice an hroad as long. The lour rows ol' spines are represented as if at ahont
e(|iial distanees apart, tliose of the siilxlorsal row indicated only hy tiieir l)ases ; those of
the lateral row appear from the lij^ures j^iven to he ahnosi a mere lateral expansion of the
edge of the dorsal plate, apparently depressed, forming a laminate et>mponn<l spine, con-
sisting of a main flange, two-thirds as long as the width of the segment, hroad at hase antl
hearing there a triangular, anterior, pointed spinule of considerahle size, heyond narrow-
ing and tapering anil at the same time curving a little hackward to a sharp point, h 'aring
however midway a triangular pointed spiiude, very hroad at hase and nearly as con^'picu-
ous as the main spine itself; so that it might he said to he apically f<n'ked as in the pre-
ceding genus. Salter says that these lateral spines *• have at their hase, front and hack,
two other smaller spines." hut only an anterior one is figm-ed. •• The length of the frag-
ment, including live rings " — the sixth is detaclu'd — "is 1 .1 inch; and the l>readth of
the !iyi«. without the long forked spines is jjths inch. The forked spines are jjlhs of an
inch each."

liocality : North Strallin-dshire. in ironstone.

This specimen was considered hy Salter as " the central lohe of the ahdomen of a trilo-
hate Kurypterus Ol allied genus," and like Westwood in speaking of the last spe<Mes, he says
" it w«,uld strike an entomologist as a fossil caterpillar of the Satuniia genus, so strong is
its rosenddance in size, form and orninnent to the larvae of that grouj)." It dilYers from
the other species of Kuphoheria in its size, its reinarkal)ly depressed spines with very
large spinules hoth at hase and in the middle, and appears in these two points to approach
Acantherpestes, on which account we have placed it nearest them in this list ; its subdorsal
spines could hardly have heen of the same character as these lateral spines in every
respect; and if they did not, this wouM pn)ve an additidual distinction from th(! other
species.

Euphoberia honrida, n<>v. np.
PI. 10, figs. 11, ll>, 14.

Messrs. Armstrong and Carr have each sent me a specimen and reverse of an unusually
large species of Kuphoheria, with highly developed spines, to which the ahove name may
be given. Mr. Cnrr's specimen (fig. 11). is 'lie better preserved and the more perfect. It
api)arently represents nearly the entire anJiiK 1 lying partly upon its side, so as to throw the
legs upon one side and the subdorsal spinc.« upon the other, but exposing part of the dor-
sal surface also; towai'd the hinder evtremity the legs appear on both sides ; the body lies in
a rather strongly sinuous curve, the -wo extremities broken ofT, each probably close to the
tip, at the edge of the nodule. As it lies it is 107 mm. and if extended would be 111)
mm. long, so that its total length must have been at least 130 mm; its width anteriorly
is 8 mm. ; at the greatest 4.5 mm ; at the posterior extremity 10 mm.

About twenty-eight segments are preserved, and there may not have been more than
three or four and probably were not over five or six more. The first five or six segments
preserved are of equal size, then the body enlarges a little for six or seven more, then
diminishes again, and continues to do so with considerable regularity to the hinder

211

II of a Inlo-
nioH, ho Mil VH

cxtPMiiity, which U htinlly iiiori' thiiii liiilf iis hroiul as tht> front extruinity, and a little Iusm
than halCas l>roa«l aH tlif niiildht of tin- hody. The swollen |)ortioii of tiio hody is thercforo
iniusiialiy distant from the head. In several places near tlit; niiddlt; and at the anterior
extremity of the body the original texture of th(> dorsal |)ljite-i seems to l»e |)n!served ((ij^.
14). showin^i; that the surface was covered with minnte and rather sharply elevated circular
papillae, about (l.l)H5 nun. in d.iamuter ami pretty uniforndy distril>utc'd at distances
averaging alxmt 0.1 nun. apart ; otherwise it appears to he smooth: l>iit the* s(U'fac(> of
the ventral plates is very finely and transversely striate.

'I'he junction of the dorsal anti ventral plates can he seen high up upon the sides of the
body as it lies, as repnwuted in figure I I. the line of .separation being a straight one. The
segments, as rei)resented by the d<M'.sal plates, arc^ about twice as broad as long in the* middle
of the body, which has the appearance of being souu^what contracted and thus shortening
the segments, hut in frimtaiKl behind tluty are proportionally longer, being less than half as
broad again as long. The dorsal plates are divided transversely into two equal portions,
the front portion being elevat«>d, .sellifbrm and spiniferous, the hinder half depressed and
nearly flat.

The spines of only one series, apparently the subdorsal, arc preserved, but in this
throughout nearly the whole length of the bouy ; each is sitiuitcd on a somewhat elevated
boss which u'crges into the spine, l)ut at base i't as broad as the entire; front half of the
dorsal plate and develops anteriorly the nuiiu spine, a .stout, cylindri(!al, erect, straight
stem, .slightly inclined backward, which in its uuddle divides into two portion.s, a compara-
tively small, short, conit'al, pointed thorn, continuing very nearly the erect lino of the main
stem but inclined slightly forward, ami a ."-imilar but very h)ng and slender pointed thorn,
as long as or even longer than the main stem, diroc^ted backward at a considerable angle
and also slightly curved in the same sense, so as to make the entire spine about half as
hmg as the width of the body in the broadest pcu'tion of the same, or about two-thirds its
width in the other portiims. In addition to this forking of the main stem, the bo.ss
expands at its posterior extremity, at the hinder lower elevation of the selliform dorsal
plate, and bears the spinules which in other species seom to cluster more strongly to the
very base of the main stem of the spine ; those spinules are two in nund)er, straight, ver-
tical or iiu'lincd backward a little, the anterior much longer than the posterior, both
slender, nearly equal, tapering oidy next the pointed tip, arising from a very short main
stem which is even stouter than the main stem of the s|)ine proper, the tip of the longer
spinule reaching about as high above the body as the fork of the main spine.

The legs are preserved throughout the greater p;irt of the frigmout, but so indistinctly
that in no case can the joints be determined with any precision ; they appear in general
to be divided much as in Acantherpestes ".ndjor, but they are propeytionally slenderer thiin
there, as is the case with all other species of Euphoberia ; they are slightly shorter than
the width of the body excepting near the slender hinder extremity, where they do
not diminish in size and length ho rapidly as the segments, and are therefore propor-
tionally to the width of the body longer than elsewhere ; they appear, as in Acanther-
pestes major, to have a median carina, to taper gradually, especially in the apical third
and to be either bluntly pointed at the tip, or, in other places, rounded. The legs are

.Hi

'II

.41

I

f

:ii!

III

ilJ :

^t ^^ 11

1

212

about 7 mm. long in the front part of the body, 9 nun. in the mid'llo and 5.r) nun. at the
posterior extremity. Tlie spines are about 5 nnu. hmg.

Mr. Armstrong's speoiinon represents nearly as large an individual as the preceding,
but it is not so well preserved, nor is the fragment so great, being composed of thirteen
or fourteen segments besides the head, and exhil>iting a dorsal view, but with some of the
veTitral plales expo.«ed. The friigment is 7- nun. long, stretched in a straight line, 8.0
nun. broad in the bronde-t. part (near the middle of the fragment), from either side of which
it (liminishes regularly and very slightly .so as to be about 0 mm. broad at the segment
behind the head, suid 7.;') uun. Iiroad at the end of the fragment; it is hu'gest and about
equally large from the Ibnrth to tlio eleventh segment beiiind tlu> head. Tlie .spines, the
lateral rows of which are exposed along either side of the body, are exactly similar iu
structure in every particular to those of the preceding specimen, Imt are a little longer in
proportion to the width of the body than there, being (1 nun. long where the width of the
body is a littli more than 8 mm. Signs of the position of so:ne of the closoly apj.ro.vi-
mated subdoi>al series n\ay also be seen. Excepting at the hindmost end of the fragment,
the segnu)nts are everywhere scarcely half as broad again as theij length. No legs are
visible, but on one side of the fourth (or fifth ?) segment behind tlu iiead is a straight,
equal, npically pointed, compressed, unjointed rod, carinate along the middle, as stout as
the stem of the spines, nearly three-fourths as long as the widtii of the segment on whiclj
it is seated, and projecting from it at rigiit angles (lig. 12). Prol)al)ly, as in other cases to be
given in other species, it is the intromittent m-gan ; it is 5.7") mm. long and (1.(5 mm. broad ;
as the fu'st segnu'ut preserved is not uniiuestiouably the head, the .segment on which the
rod is situated is of course luicertain ; the reasons for supposing it to be the head are that
the body ap})ears to terminate there, just before tl'e edge of the stone, and that the seg-
ment it.seU', while bearing no appendages, is, as is the case with the head in soeciiuens of
other species of Euphoberia, more deeply impressed and extends fiu-ther on one side than
on the other of the fo.ssil. No characteristics beyond this can be made out.

This species dilVers from the other of thj genus in its greater size, and from the next,
to whicli it is most nearly allied, in its proportionally longer segments and in the more
exteiuled development of the basal posterior spinules of the spines of the body, which in
tliis species are more widely separated from the main stem than usual.

Euphoberia armigera Meek and Wnrthcn.

IM. !t, fi^'s. 1, '2, 8, 5, (), l!l ; — |.l. 10, iijrs. 7, 8, 10.

Jixphohtrla (innlijera Meek and Worthen. Amer. Journ. Sc. Arts, (2), XLVI, 2;')-2(i
(1808); — /ft.. Geol. Surv. HI., Ill, 50(1-058 (pars), figs. C. D on p. 550 (1808) ; — Wood-
ward. Ceol. Mag., Y11I,'103-1(U, pl. 3, fig. 7, (1871).

To this species I refer two specimens and reverses received from Mr. Carr, two others
with reverses from Mr. Armstrong, another with reverse from Mr. Bliss, another, also with
its reverse, from Mr. Worthen, a fragment sent by Mr. Pike, and the two figures C and D
of Meek and Worthen 's illustration, though it is po.ssible that (ig. C may be distinct.

213

nun. at the

The spechucn figured in tlio Illinois report under the letter I), here reproduced in fiji^ure
6, by favor of Mr. Worthen, and which is copied by Woodward lus above referred to,
exhibits an inferior side view of tiic entire animal extended in a straight line. From this it
seems that the tapering form of the creature does not appear on a side view, and it is even
drawn as enlarging toward the head, which is considerably larger than any other part of the
animal ; toward the hinder extrenuty, however, ii tapers gently ; " the entire length is 3.9
inches and its breadth about 0.2 inch." The head is *• s<;micircidar, as wide as any part of
the long slender body. It is not

CM

Vif. ti. lui/ilioheria tirmiijern; &ft\veif 1) of Mook nii<l Worthen.

in a condition to show the eyes,
nor are any renuiins of numdi-
bles, antennae or other apperi.I-
ages preserved." It is repre-
sented as less than twice as
broad as long. The segments are apparently nearly forty in number besides the head ; of
the ventral plates " as many as about seventy-five or seventy-six may be coimted." The
segments themselves are represented as only slightly and uniformly arched on a side view,
and appear to be scarcely more than twice as broad as long. According to the authors,
the surface of all their specimens, this included, show " a minutely granular appearance ,"
but they figure only that of one of the others, with which 1 have a specimen agreeiisg, which
seems to belong certainly to a distinct species, much more granular than those I would
refer to this, and I therefore <loubt whether the same description should apply to all of
Meek and Worthen's specimens. The spines are all represented in dotted lines and
it is impossible to say how much of them is intended to represent what can be
seen on the specimen. They are represented on every segment behind the head. The
legs are also mostly given in dotted lines, there being only one exception, where it is
given fully as long a» the width of the body and compo.sed of four equal joints : the text,
which refei-s to them all, says " live gradually tapering joints." On the ventral plates
little round openings are marked a little above the bases of all the legs, and above them
smaller dots ; the former, say the authors, may be the point of attachment of the legs ;
the others they compare to spiracles.

The second specimen figured by Meek and Wor-
then, niprked C op p. TinO, and reproduced here in
fig. 7, is the posterior poition of a similar animal, pre-
senting the same view as the last mentioned, bnt bent
abruptly downward at the posterior end ; it is much
more tapering at the hinder end than at the other,
being at this part only a little .more than half as large
as the broken anterior end ; although imperfect, it is
larger than the other and nearly as long. It has
twenty-three segments, which are uniformly arched
on a side view, and not mare than twice as broad as long. The same statement concern-
ing the surface sculpture may be mudc of it as of the other specimen. The spines, many
of which of the subdorsal (?) series are represented, arc rather short and stout, generally
less than half as long as the width of the body, but us they appear to originate on its

Fig. 7.

Euf>hi>lifiiii armi'irrn ; (ig. C of
Muck luiil WurthiMi.

214

"

i :f 4

further side their bases may not show, in which case they are longer ; they are tapering
and sharply pointed and bear anteriorly, not far before the tip, a small, delicate, pointed
spinule ; they are represented on every segment but the last. The legs which the text
describes (for all the specimens) as five-jointed are three- or four-jointed in all figured, the
joints of equal length, the whole leg moderately stout, tapering, and slightly longer than
tlie width of the body. Similar circular holes are shown above the bases of the legs on
each of the ventral plates, as in the last specimen mentioned, and like them probably
represent the bases of the nearer pair of legs, all of which are wanting.

This specimen difiers from the last mentioned in the greater length of the dorsal plates,
and in a more conspicuous ttipering of the body posteriorly on a similar view ; but it prob-
ably should be considered as of the same species.

The third specimen which I would refer hure id one which 1 have received from Mr.
Carr, and first saw through the kindness of Mr. Pike (PI. 9, fig. 1). It lies flat upon its
back, with the lateral spines projecting equally on eithor side ; a fragment on a higher
level at one side shows a few legs, proving that we have here the inner view of the dorsal
plates. It is nearly straight and nearly or quite complete. It has the appearance of being
unnaturally flattened so as to preserve slight indication of its probably nearly cylindrical
form, but its position gives the best view of the form of tiie animal ; it is largest at the
end of the first thiid of the body or from the twelfth to the eighteenth segment.-- -p
front of this it taper.' very gradually and regularly, so as to be about one fifth siujillcr just
behind the head, while the iicad itself, as in the fii'st specimen mentioned, is again broader ;
posteriorly it gradually tapers more until the hinder fourth is reached ; this is of nearly
luiiform width and a little less than one-third smaller than the broadest part ; in the form
of the front of the body therefore it more nearly resembles the first specimen mentioned
(D, fig. 6, supra), while in that of the posterior extremity it is like the second specimen
(C, fig. 7, supra) ; the length of the animal is 105 mm.

As to the head (PI. 9, fig. 3), it is rounded in front and very short, being much
shorter than the body segments and as bi'^ad as they, but even broader than those
nearest to it ; it bears posteriorly a narrow, prominent, transversa ridge which appears
to bear on the left side the scar of a subdorsal spine, but situated, like that of the
next segment, far toward the side of the body ; something which looks like a spine, but
which may be an auterma, projects forward and outward from the outer front angle of the
head ; it is straight, tapering, rather regular and bluntly pointed, as long as the depth of
the head ; no joints can be seen in it. The segment iiiunediately behind the head k very
pinched, not half so long as the head, and bears lateral as well as subdorsal spines ; the
lateral spine is not represented on the enlarged drawing of this part. The other segments
are similar to one another and number thirty-seven, including all but the head ; prob-
ably they include the whole animal, although the hinder edge of the creature is brokea, and
there may be one or two more segments ; this number it will be noticed agrees very closely
with that of the first perfect specimen mentioned. The; average length of the body segment^)
is nearly 3 mm. while the average breadth is about 5.5 mm., the segments being about
twice as broad as long, in which it agrees again very well with the other specimens
described ; this proportion holds well throughout tlie body, the broadest segments measur-
ing about 7 mm. and their length about 3.5 mm. ; while at the tail where the width is 4 mm.

^ are tapering
icate, pointed
hich the text
II figured, the
/ longer than
f the legs on
leni probably

dorsal plates,
; but it prob-

ved from Mr.
i flat upon its
t on a higher
of the dorsal
[ince of being
\y cylindrical
largest at the
segments, 'p
1 sniiillor just
r&in broader ;
i is of nearly
; in the form
n mentioned
nd specimen

being much

than those

lich appears

that of the

a spine, but

angle of the

the depth of

head it- very

spines ; the

ler segments

head ; prob-

brokfc.1, and

very closely

»dy segments

being about

specimens

ents measur-

idth is 4 mm.

215

the length is barely 2 mm. The segments although much flattened in preservation show,
particidarly in the larger parts of the body, distinct signs of having been ridged on the
anterior half which bears the spines, a feature not seen, where we should the more expect
it, in the figures given of the lateral views of the two other specimens.

The head is delicately granulated, the granules oblong with their longer axes longitu-
dinal, and showing a tendency to run together in wavy but generally straight longitudinal
ridges ; these markings however are rather faint and dull ; similar granulation appears
obscurely in one or two of the segments behind the head, but shows no tendency to a long-
itudinal arrangement. The same circular disks which were described in the large speci-
men of Acantherpestes major appear here also all over the body, but the material of which
they are formed has generally cracked extensively in an irregular manner, so that they
are not so conspicuous ; those of average size have a diameter of about 0.35 mm.

The subdorsal row Oi sspines appears only by the little pits upon the surface, which show
that these rows are placed a little nearer together than either of them to the lateral rows.
The spines (PI. 9, fig. 2) are presarved in the lateral rows on one side nearly throughout
the body, on the other in the anterior third ; in their length they show a constant relation
to the size of the segments, and are present 'on all the segments behind the head, excejv
t'-nw near the tail where they are lost. They are more than half as long as the segments
on wh'ch they occur, very broad at base, rapidly narrowing at first, especially on the hinder
edge, and then taper gently, with a slight backward curve, to a delicate pointed tip ; they
lire not compressed or depressed but cirular in cross section, and bear at the base posteri-
orly (only seen in this specimen on one side of the body) a posterior, basal, triangular thorn
directed backward and outward ; it is stout, conical, pointed and nearly half as long as
the segments ; its absence from the spines of the right side is due no doubt to the position
of these spines, and the spinules might be found attached also to them by cutting the
stone ; besides this basal posterior thorn, there is an anterior delicate spinule on the
middle of the spine plainly visible, at, the base of which the spine has a slight bend back-
ward in most cases ; this is not shown in the one selected for enlargement (PI. 9, fig. 2),
nor is it brought out in the drawing of the natural size ; from certain appea ranee ^ it looks as
if there were, at the point where this anterior spinule arises, not merely this one spinule, but
a circlet of them, three or, counting the extremity of the spine as one, four in number : one
anterior as described, minute, pointed, hardly directed forward ; the posterior or spine
proper, \vhich is nearly as long as the basal part of the spine, tapering regularly and
pointed, directed only a little backward, divergent from the first af. .an angle of about 45°,
and occasionally very slightly curved backward ; still another superior (or interior) one
is indicated by a slight mark, seen in the enlarged drawing as a dark spot at the base of
the anterior spinule, indicating the base of a spinule ; and possibly, to match it, one on the
opposite side, of which of course no indication could well appear.

The only appearance of legs is in a short fragment at the middle of one side which slopes
down toward the body, where three sets of two each appeal ; they are of equal length,
and therefore are probably con.plote, for the stone is not split on a diflbrant plane from
that in which they lie until some distance beyond their extremities ; they are therefore
very much shorter than in Acantherpestes major and considerably shorter thnn the width
of the body ; the first joint appear'^ to be broken off at the edge of the stone ; the second

T\

1 ^fi

Ni

il:.

III

i?'-i.

J''

III

liH

it

.,,

216

is equal in length to the remainder of the leg (though this point is obscure and doubtful),
slender and compressed, with only a faint sign in one of any carina, equal. in width through-
out, and about six or seven time i as long as broad ; the rest of the leg tapers to a bluntly
rounded p int, with no possibility of making out distinct joints from the obscurity of its
preservation ; on two, a tapering, curved claw appears to be present, not sharply pointed,
less than 0.5 mm. long ; the entire leg is 5 mm. long and its greatest breadth 0.4 mm.

The next specimen referred here, and ^vhich was received from Mr. Worthen (PI. 9, fig. 6),
presents a nearly straight and uniform ventral view. There is no apparent sign of taper-
ing toward the iiead, the anterior half being nearly uniform in size ; behind this it tapers
gradually and uniformly, so that the hinder end is about two-thirds the width of the
anterior half The length of the creature is 98 mm., its greatest breadth 6 mm., narrowing
to 4 m-i. at the tiiil. The head and first segment (PI. 9, fig. 5) are together represented
by a deep and large, well rounded depression, in the intaglio half, a-s broad as the segments
behind it, and together much more than equalling two of them ; the head would appear
to have been much broader than deep and higher than broad, drooping and passing below
to a lower plane than the rest of the body, and with the next segment forming a compact
globe ; next the lower front edge of this globe is a slight rounded depression (indicating a
slight boss in the living creature), on which are half a dozen ovate wartlets or granules
which may indicate the eye, but it is too vague for any assertion.

The segments are many of them obscure, but appear at first siglit very numerous,
numbering some sixty or seventy, but as these are the ventral plates the real number is
only half of this; the whole body is blurred in parts, rendering it difficult or impossible
to be more precise ; these ventral plates average 1.5 mm. in length, and where they are
distinct, as in the broadest part, they are four times as broad as long ; they are well
arched transversely, indicating a well rounded body, and have their anterior half stoutly
ridged. They show in places series of short, longitudinal, slightly oblique, slight and
irregular corrugations. Traces of the insertions of the legs can be seen on many segments,
situated in the centre of the front margin of the depressed portions ; above them (that is^
toward the spined margin) there is a slight trace here and there of stigmata, but I hav e
not been able, so poorly preserved is the fossil, to detect any of the crateriform bran-
chial cups, described in Acantherpestes major. The subdorsal spines of a single row
are present on many of the segments, but poorly preserved, and are small, being only
about one-third the length of the width of the segment on which they occur, rather stout
at base, beyond this tapering, and curving slightly backward, and at first sight apparently
simple ; one, however, faintly shows a part beyond the apparent tip, indicating that the
others have been broken ; and as this is provided also with a slight anterior spinule in
the middle, and a basal posterior thorn, it agrees entirely with the last specimen described.
There are a couple of fragments of legs just beneath the junction of the first and second
ventral plates behind the head, situated side by side and touching ; they apparently rep-
resent the basal joints. We have here new proof that the first segment, represented by one
dorsal plate behind the head, bore two pair of legs in these myriapods, and the additional
evidence derived from the presence of the complete ventral segments to which they were
attached. There is besides only a single indication of what may be a leg, which appears at
about the eighth ventral plate behind the head, on the side opposite to that to which the

I'll

217

spines are attuched (PI. 9, lig. 5) ; it iippears as a .straiglit, cylindrical, slightly tapering,
unjointed rod, 4 mm. long, 0.3 nun. broad, the segment from which it springs heing
0.3 mm. broad ; it has the appearance of a spine, bnt is altogether nnlike any of t'^e other
spines and probably represents the intromittent organ.

The next specimen to be discussed is a fragment received from Mr. Pike after this paper
was written, and is introduced here with a figure (PI. 10, fig. 8) of a portion of it, because
it exhibits certain features of the ventral portions seen on no other examined. It repre-
sents the posterior half, more or less, of a myriapod, extended in a slight sinuous curve,
the legs trailing beneath, and a few spines showing al)ove. The length of the fragment
is 47 mm., its breadth in front 4 nnn., and beyond the middle of its posterior half 1. it iiiiu.;
beyond this it is very obscure, but between tliese two points it seems to tai)er regularly.
From twenty-one to twenty-three segments are preserved. The jointing of the legs is
very ob.scure but appears to be as in the tigure, the l)asal joint seen, un(loul)tedly the
second, being about as long as the rest of the leg ; the legs are" about as long as the width
of the body, slender and tapering. The subdorsal series of spines, the only ones preserved,
ai'e rather small, and show only here and there, and ol)scin'ely, an}' subsidiary spinules.
What, however, is of the chief interest is the preservation of the ventral plates in an
unusual manner ; these are separated from the dorsal plates by a straight line along the
middle of the body, and appear to l»e four in number to each dorsal plate ; in reality
there are two, each being again divided into a pair of subsegments by a transverse line
just behind the middle and oidy a little more faintly incised than the lines of demarkation
between the plates; the api)en(lage9 are borne oidy by the anterior, larger, subsegment ;
these are, .so far as can be seen, the legs, which are iittached at the extreme base in circu-
lar pits ; .lid just above them the spiracles, slender, ovate in form, their longer diameters
nearly as great as the diameter of the leg-pit and placed a little obliquely but nearly tnins-
veri-e to the bo<ly, the u})per end furthest back, thus diflering from Acantherpestes only by
their slight obliquity. The sight of this specimen inclines me therefore to believe Meek
and Worthen to have been correct in referring the openings a))()ve the log attachments
(see fig. 0, supra) to spiracles, which they speak of an less rounded than the pits supposed
to b( the points of attachment of the legs to the body. A similar division of the ventral
plates into subequal anterior and posterior portions is evident in other species of Eupho-
beria, as may be seen from the plates.

Mr. Bliss sends an interesting specimen not very well preserved, indeed, but showing
some valuable features of the head (PI. 10, f'g 7). It repre.-ents about twenty segments of ,
the body besides the head, lying fiat in a straight line, with the lateral rows of spines project-
ing equally on either side. There are two peculiarities in it which seem to make it a little
doubtful whether it should be referred to any of the species of Eupholieria here (k'scri bed ;
first, the segments are extremely crowded and very short compared to their breadth, vary-
ing from two and a half to three times as broad as long ; second, tiie portion of the body
exposed, though very favorably displayed for exhibiting any such feature, shows scarcely
any enlargement of any region of the body ; it docs indeed ta[yL'r slightly from about the
eightii segment forward, but so slightly as hardly to be noticed without direct ol)serva-
tion J the margins of the body are, however, poorly preserved and maj' give it a deceptive
appearance ; it differs slightly also from other specimens of this species in the brevity of

si

218

liii

'iiiil

■'4 : ■

the spines, which are less than half as long as the width of the body. From the character
of the spines, however, the surface character and general appearance of the segments, and
the size of the body, it can hardly be doubted that it belongs to this species. No legs are
present, but there are two features wortliy of note : first, on one side of the fourth seg-
ment behind the head protrudes a pair of straight, attingent, tapering, bluntly-tipped, so
far as can be seen unjointed rods, directed at right angles to the body and inclined a little
forward, half as long as the width of the fourth segment, and each considerably stouter
than the. spines ; they certainly may be legs though they differ somewhat from them ; but
appearing iii; this place only and recalling similar organs in other specimens of Euphoberia,
one cannot help inclining to believe them to represent introinittent organs, and this speci-
men has then a special interest from being the jnly one yet found in which a pair is pre-
served ; second, the appendages of the head ; the head is considerably broader than the
body, scarcely longer than the body segments, broadly and very regularly rounded in
front ; from either side of the front, about midway between the middle and the outer mar- -
gin, springs an antenna, composed of four joints : the first, of which only the apical part
can be seen and that obscurely, seems to be small and cylindrical ; the second, also obscure,
is large, stout, cylindrical, perhaps enlarging apically, a little longer than broad, termina-
ting bluntly ; the third about as long as the second but very much slenderer, cylin-
drical, enlarging a little apically, terminating bluntly and followed by an ovate terminal
joint, twice as long as broad and a little narrower than the apex of the penultimate joint.

The length of the fragnient is 54 mm. ; probably not more than half of the whole is pre-
served ; its greatest breadth is 7-5 mm. and just behind the head 6 mm. ; the head is
9.5 mm. broad and 3 mm. long; the whole antenna 3.3 mm. long; second joint 1 mm.;
third joint 0.9 mm. ; fourth joint 0.45 mm. ; greatest width of .second joint 0.5 mm. ; third
joint 0.55 mm. ; fourth joint 0.38 mm.

Another specimen, and part of its reverse sent by Mr. Carr represent the larger part of
a curved body on a lateral view with a few spines and many legs, none of it very well
preserved ; the head is not reached anteriorly although very few segments behind the
head car be missing. Nearly thirty segments are present, representing a large animal, 115
mm. long so far as preserved. The only parts worthy of special mention are the leg.s,
which arc in some places very well preserved ; they are very no?rly as long as the width
of the body ; the first and second segments are of equal width with parallel sides, but
beyoad this the leg tapers to a point; the second joint is much longer than the others,
longer indeed than the third, fourth and fifth together ; the first and third are of equal
length and a little longer than the fourth, fifth and .sixth, which are of similar length ; the
first joint is nearly twice as long as broad, the second nearly six times as long as broad,
the third twice as4ong as broad. The legs therefore essentially resemble those of Acan-
fherpestes major, differing from them only in detail ; the specimen figured (PI. 10, fig. 10)
shows no sign of any median carina, which is visible on some of the legs and not on others.
The leg measures 7.25 mm. in total length, the first joint being 1.4 mm. long, the second
2.75 mm., the third 1.3 mm., the fourth and fifth each 0.9 mm. ; the last 1 mm. ; the width
of the second joint is scarcely more than 0.5 mm.

The specimen received from Mr. Armstrong is very imperfect and adds nothing to our
knowledge of the species. It is a nearly entire body of a small animal preserved on a side

219

view, with both ends drooping but neither perfect, none of the spines and only a few of
the legs partially preserved. The length of the fragment as it lies is 33 mm.; if extended
it would probably reach 38 mm., and represent the full length, nearly thirty segments
being partially or wholly visible.

All the specimens which 1 refer to this species come from the carboniferous ironstone
nodules of Mazon Creek, Morris, 111. Those which have been personally examined
were received from Messrs. Carr, Armstrong, Worthen, Bliss and Pike.

The species differs from the last mentioned in the somewhat shorter segments and le.ss
highly developed spines ; it is besides somewhat smaller ; the spines are longer than in
the American species hereinafter mentioned and the shape of the body also differs.

The Scotch E. Brownii is not improbably distinct fi'om this, but is said to have no spines
preserved, removing one of the best sources of comparison ; this, judging from the cast I
have, seems to be a mistake, the appendages on the concave side of the body having the
appearance of being spines, while those of the convex side are certainly legs. If those of
both sides are really legs it presents a dorsal (or a ventral) aspect, and must be considered
as distinct from this species because it does not taper to ; iw considerable extent. If it
presents, as is far more probable, a side view, like those of the specimens of the present
species figured by Meek and Worthen, the spines must be incorrectly drawn in Woodward's
ficrure ; on the cast they appear much stouter than the legs (of the convex side), and
appear to be of about the same size as in the present species, but with no basal thorn, or
none of any size

Eaphoberia Brownii Wooilwni-d.

PI. 9, figs. 7, 8, 21.

Euphoheria Broionii Woodward, Geol. Mag., VIII, 102-104. pi. 3, figs. 6 a.-c. (1871).

The single specimen upon which this species was based, gives, according to Woodward
a dor-sal view -" ihe animal i' a slightly curved position ; but judging from a cast which I
owe to his kindness, as well as from the features of the animal as figured by him, we must
adopt the view that it presents a lateral aspect. Below, i. e. on the convex side, the
aippendages (legs) are really much longer than those (spines) upon the opposite side,
though similarly figured by him, even in cu enlarged view (pi. 9, fig. 7,8); and at this
same margin, as in figures C and D of Meek and Worthen's E. armigern, though not to
so great an extent, the pair of ventral plates can be seen against the lower edges of the
dorsal plates; and on the posteror part of the body, from which Woodward's figure C* (pi.
9, fig. 7) is probably taken, only the lateral row of spine-bases can be seen. The body is
flattened and of very nearly uniform size throughout, a little the largest near the seventh seg-
ment and a little tapering posteriorly ; this form would also indicate a lateral view. The
body is GO mm. long and 6.5 mm. broad at greatest. The head is rather broader than the
segments behind it, scarcely more tiian half as long as they, and well rounded, with a con-
striction in the middle, giving it the appearance of being formed of two roimded lobes.
No appendages caii be seen. The segments are stated by Woodward to be thirty-six iu
number besides the head. They are composed of two equal parts, the anterior forming an

f

^^

220

I ■!

m

arched transverse ridge, uiuloubtedly that bearing the spines, the posterior flat ; as a wliole,
the segments are about twice as long as broad ; nothing is said by Woodward about the sur-
face »(uilpture. Of the opines Woodward says " there are i.idications of pores and also of
tubercles or spines along the dorsal line, but the latter less perfectly preserved." Ilis
enlarged drawing (PI. !>, fig. 7), shows u single row of marks of spine insertions (?) along the
middle line of the body, on the depressed portion. To judge from the cast, they seem to be
arranged in distant subdorsal and lateral rowi, and those of the subdorsal row, as seen be-
yond the body, to be mammiform at base, beyond tapering, curved, pointed, and as long as
the segment's apparently simple, and originatitig from the arched part of the segments ;
the pits figured by Woodward should probably originate from the other half of the .seg-
ments and represent the lateral rows. The legs (PI. 'J, fig. 8) are represented as being as
long as the width of the body and as composed of throe joints, the first and last of etjual
length and the second as long as the others together ; this can hardly be correct.

The only American species with which this can be compared is the one to which Meek
and Worthen's name of ii'. armUjera is here retained. 1 have given under that species the
reasons for believing that it is distinct, but this cannot be con^^idered as conclusive until a
further study of the Scotch specimen is undertaken.

The specimen was tbund in a nodule of clay ironstone from Kilimaurs, Scotland, by Mr.
Thonuis Brown.

Euphoberia granosa, nov. h|).

PI. !>, figs. tJ'J, '24, :ir), 2(5 ; |.l. 10, tig. 1.1.

Eiiphohcrla armUjera Meek and Worthen, Amer. Journ. Sc. Arts, [2], XLVI, p. 25-26
(pars) (18('.8).— 76.. Geol. Surv. 111., Ill, O^tHoGS (pars), figs. A. B. on p. 550 (18G8).- lloemer
Leth. geogn., pi. 47, fig. 10 (1870).

The study of the ^ei-i(!s of specimens that have been intrusted to n>e, and of the figures
and descriptions given by Meek and Worthen. lead me to separate one (A) of those figured
by them as distinct from the others, and to place with it some others, for the opportunity of
examining which I am indebted to Messr^ v\rorthen, Carr and Armstrong.

The specimen figured in the Illinois report, and which is reproduced in tiie accompanying
wood cut kindly furnished by Mr. Worthen, presents a dorsal view, with a trace also of the

ventral plates of one side of the body in a curved position,
neither end preserved, and .sliowing spines upon one side and
legs on the other. The body is of nearly uniform ize through-
out, but tapers a very little posteriorly. It is not .so large as
any of the previously mentioned species, the fragment being
about 54 mm. long, and averaging about 5 mm. broad. The
Fig. 8. Eu,,Uoi^ria yrano<a. segments preserved are twenty three in number, each nearly

three times as broad as long, the anterior portion transversely
ridged and bearing the spines of both rows, and the narrower posterior portion depres.sed.
The description of the surface sculpture given by Messrs. Meek and Worthen for 'a eir
species E. armigera seems to me to apply only to this specimen, which they a.e chosen
to represent it (in fig. B) ; they say " Under a magnifier, the surface . siiows a minutely
granular appearance . . . ; as these granules are seen on the surface of moulds or impres-
sions left in the matrix, they indicate the presence of a minutely pitted marking on the
fossil itself" The subdorsal series of spines, as indicated by the pits on the surface of the

^

221

body are distjuit from each other, and probably quite as near the hiterul rows us they are
to each other ; the spines of the subdorsal rows, which only are preserved in their entirety,
are less than half as long as the breadth of the body, stout, conical, curving backward,
finely pointed, and bear near the middle a delicate anterior spinule. The legs are repre-
sented as tolerably stout, o little longer than the width of the segments and composed of
five equal joints.

The first of the specimens I have seen which I refer to this species, and in which we have
both obverse and reverse (PI. 1), figs. 22, 25, 20), was received from Mr. Worthen, and
shows a partly dorsal partly lateral view of most of the body, the head end missing, curving
upward near the middle so as to be bent neaily at right angles, Tiie anterior half of the
fragment is uniform in width ; behind, it tapers slightly and regularly, so tiiat tiie poste-
rior end is about two thirds as broad as the stoutest portion. The entire length of the
I'ragment is CO mm. and its great('-<t width 4.25 mm. There arc twenty-seven segments
preserved, varying from 2 mm. to 2.5 mm. in length, i.e. they are about twice as broad as
long, or somewhat broader than that ; transversely they are not very strongly arched,
indicating a somewhat flattened body; longitudinally they are very strongly divided into
two parts, the anterior two-thirds being very much elevated, ridged and spiniferous, the
posterior third deeply sunken ; between the subdorsal .spines is a slight, didl, transverse
furrow. Over all the segments nuiy be noticed distinct, close granulations, a little coarser
on the lower non-spin iferous parts of the segments, and more apparent in the front than in
the hinder portions of the body ; they appear in the cast of the upper surface and therefore
indicate, as Meek and Worthen say, a pitting of the exterior crust (PI. 9, fig. 24).

The spines of the lateral rows are liir down the sides of the body, while the .subdorsal rows
approach them, being set very widel}- apart ; those only of the lateral rows are preserved
(PI. 9, fig. 24), and are rather more than half as long as the width of the body, tolerably
stout, tapering, curved slightly backward, and not very sharply pointed ; they have a
slight anterior spinule springing from the extreme base. The legs are present along the
whole under surface, which is so preserved as to show well the basal joints ; these are not
so stout, comparatively speaking, as in Avunlhvr petit en major, and taper a little, the adjoin-
ing legs not touching each otiier at base but ."separated by a considerable space ; the basal
joint is evidently conipressed, subquadrate, with a not very pronounced median carina,
terminating squarely, a little longer than the basal breadth, and about 1.1 mm. long; the
second joint is long and slender, nearly as broad as the tip of the first and about six times
as long as broad ; it is laminate, straight and equal, with a median carina of no very great
prominence ; its length is about 2 nun. and its breadth 0.32 mm ; a third joint is .some-
times visible and is slightly nairower, and only a little longer than broad, quadrate, appear-
ing as a mere continuation oi the second ; all the parts beyond are broken olT in all the
legs, the longest of which is 4 mm. where the body is of the .same width.

A second spechnen belonging to the collection of Mr. Carr (PI. 10, fig. l'») exhibits on
one stone the entire length of the aninud, and on the counterpart almost the whole. It lies
in a nearly straight line upon its side, showing the .spines on one side and the legs on the
other, somewhat faintly and imperfectly, but throughout nearly the entire extent of the body.
There are nearly forty segments besides the head, but the exact number cannot be deter-
mined from the obscurity of some parts. The length as preserved is 63.5 nun. which, if

222

m

extended, would he about 70 mm. ; it w of a nearly uniform width of 3.1 mm. throughout,
but tapers posteriorly especially on the apical fourth, so that the hinder extremity is only
2 mm. broad ; at its broadest part it measures 3.3 mm. ; perhaps by its mode of preservation
it does not show the entire breadth, for the legs, which in otiier specimens of the species
are no longer than the body, are here 3.75 mm. long. The spines agree in character
with those of the last specimen mentioned, but in only one or two places can the anterior
spinule be recognized. The segments of the body are very badly preserved and are hardly
twice as broad as long ; the structure of the surface can nowhere be distinguished, but
some signs exist of the marked distinction between the anterior and posterior portions of
the segments ; the head again is badly preserved ; it is very full in front, and bears u
distinct, long and slender antenna, as long as the depth of the head, originating, on a side
view, above the middle of the head, and consisting of seven subequal joints ; the first and
second are slightly longer than broad, rounded subquadrate, a little larger at the tip than
at base ; the Hfth and sixth similar but snuUler, tlie last similar but nmcii smaller, and tliu
third and lourth like the basal ones, but longer and more cylindrical, perhaps a little more
than half as long again, or twice as long as broad. The whole antenna is 3 mm. long and
in the middle 0.3 mm. broad.

Three specimens of this species, two of them with counte^Marts, are found in Mr. Arm-
strong's collection ; one of them with its counterpart shows twenty-three segments of the
posterior portion of the body lyuig in a near!)' straight line, partly on its side, with spines
on one side and legs on the other. The total lengtli is 00 mm. and the broadest part 4.5
nun. wide, a width which is retained with slight diminution until the last 20 or 25 mm. are
reached, when the body tapers more rapidly, and just before the tip is reduced to 3.25
mm. As in the last specimen, the anterior basal spinule of the spines is rarely visible, and
the spines themselves are unusually slender and pointed, and rather more than half as long
as the width of the body. The legs are slightly shorter than the width of the body, and
tlie segments, which are nmch flattened, and poorly preserved, show signs of the granula-
tion of the surface and the dilTerence of level of the anteiior and posterior portions which
is characteristic of the species.

The other two specimens referred to this species are very imperfect and add nothing to
the points already brought forward.

This species differs frjm all the others in the coar.ser pitting of the surface and in the
deep and sudden contrast in elevation between subsegments. The segments are also much
longer than those of tlic preceding species, the legs longer than usual and the spines
rather shorter, although of the .s'anje simple character. The subdorsal spines are separated
at an unusual distance, and there is a transverse sulcation between them, in which points
it differs markedly from those of all the other species ; it seems apparent, therefore, that it
cannot be confounded with the other .specimens referred by Meek and Worthen to their
original U. armigera. This specie; -'Iso shows scarcely any sign of tapering^ excepting
toward the hinder extremity and here very gradually ; in this respect it presents features
very different from the following species. All the specimens known came from Mazon
Creek.

223

Bnphoberia Oarrl, iiov. up.
n. J», fig». 4, 9-l'A 14-19; pi. in, HgM. 10, 18.

Five specimens, all showing relief and intajriio, are proseiveil. The first (PI. 9, fig. 10),
is bent into the shape of an L imd presents on the longer anterior liinl) a dorsal view,
but the hinder portion is somewhat twisted as well as bent so as to be partly lateral ; both
extremities are broken oft'. The l)ody thus preserved is largest anteriorly, nearly ecpial
on the front half of the fragment ; behind this it tapers at first considerably, i fterward
less rapidly, so ihat the posterior e.xtremity is scarcely more than half as broat^ as the
anterior jjortion ; the body is very strongly tiattened, but may have been rOiUided.
The fragment is about 58 mm. long, <•..'» m;n. broad in front and 3.5 mm. broad l)ehind.
There are twenty-four or twenty-five seg.neiits, about twice as broail as lang ; there is
little sign of any ridging in the anterior i)art of the l>ody, but toward the posterior
part the spiniferons portion is dearly seen to be elevated above the plane of the
remainder of the segment. The whole body is minutely and clo'fely granulated like a
very fine shagreen (PI. 9, fig. 4, showing the first segment eidarged) ; there are also some
slight signs of the same circular disks that have been described in other specimens, and
which are of the same size as in Acautherpentes major.

The subdorsal spines are placed in contiguous rows, which are separated by a considera-
ble space from the lateral row, where only are any preser>ed entire, and that only
in a few places. They j're of more uniform length than the width of the body (PI. 9, ligs.
17, 19), being about half as long as the width of the body where the latter is slender, and
less than one-third as long in the anterior broader part ; they are almost simple, being
conical and sharply pointed beyond a more or less mammiform l)ase, curving slightly back-
ward, especially beyond a minute anterior thorn or spinule which springs from the end
of the basal third, and is only slightly divergent from the main spine. Tlie legs are pre-
served at onl}' one part of the ibssil, in the slenderer portion of the body ; they appear
(PI. 9, fig. 18) to taper throughout and almost uniforndy, or a little more rapidly on the
apical than the basal half; there is plainly a median carina, and on some it even extends
throughout the length of the leg, but it is impossible to tell where the joints are ; the
whole leg is 4.75 mm. long, where the width of the body is slightly less than that.

The second specimen (PI. 9, figs 9, 12) probably presents the animal throughout its
entire length, exhibiting a side view of the creature, doubled upon itself downwards in
front of the middle, the front portion considerably curved ai d overlapping the other. The
body tapers forward, but not very .strongly, from about the seventh segment ; the broadest ,
part appears to have continued for about ten or twelve segments (the bend renders this
uncertain) and then to have tapered rapidly, for the hinder third is uniform and nearly half
as broad only as the broadest part ; the body was plainly cylindrical, about 42 nun. long,
4.25 mm. broad at the broadest part and 2.5 nun. in the apical half.

The head (PI. !>, figs. 14, 15) consists of a single segment considerably appressed, well
rounded, not so long as the next segment behind it. but much deeper than it and droop-
ing ; what little can be seen of the surfac! is pitted and rugose ; something which looks
as if it might be an antenna droops from the upper anterior margin of the head, curved,
tapering, and apparently rugose like the head, or else broken up into a great number of

'W

li'i'i; :

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224

joints ; the whole in however very problematical. The xegments are difficult to determine
IVoMi the doubled position of the ftwsil, but there are apparently only twenty-eight of thoin ;
in all excepting the broadest part of tlie l)ody they are twice an broad as long ; there, they
are a little nioro than twice as broad as long; the anterior half is transversely ridged and
bears the spines, ivhile the posterior half is flattened. The segments in the posterior portion
()f the body show a very faint, rather coarse and distart, scarcely noticeable granulatioji,
but it is not elsewhere visible.

The subdorsal rows of spines are a little nearer to ea<!h other than either of them aVe
to the lateral rows, as Indicated by the pits; the only spines that remain are a few of the
sulxlorsal series, near the front and again at the hinder end of the body, all ( f which are
simple, straight, r'»gularly conical, bluntly pointed, and dir^'cted backward ; they have no
subsidiary spinules, and are less than half as long as the width of the segnjents on which
they are seated ; a single one of the spines (IM. !), Hg. 11) apnears douldc and forked ; it
is probably due to the accidental presence of a broken spine. The spines originate near
the front of the anterior ridge I part of the segments. A few legs may be seen scattered
along one side of the hinder portioii of the body ; none of them are perfect, and all that
can be said of them is that they are slender (PI. !), fig. 10), flattened and tapering, with a
median carina, at least on the basal portions ; they are fully as long as the width of the
segments to which they are attache<l ; the longest fragments, apparently showing the tips
in natural position, are 2.0 mm. h)ng and 0.2') mm. broad, the segment to which they
Ijelong being 2.25 nun. broad. A few legs may be seen depending from the anterior part
of the liody (PI. 0, figs. 14,15), and have special interest a.s certainly appendages of the
first and second segments behind the head ; one is attached to the hinder part the first
segment, leaving ample rt om for another in front of it, and there is an obscun arance

of the base of such a leg at its proper place, having the same form and genei.n turectiou
as the 'under one ; in addition there is a third leg at the anterior edge of the second seg-
ment of exactly similar appearance ; these legs are perhaps imperfect, but they are as
long as the width of the segments at this point, compressed, tapering, straight and of
moderate stoutness, with a slight indication of a median carina ; joints cannot be made
out ; they are 3 niui. long and 0.5 mm broad at base.

The third specimen (PI. 10, fig. IG) also represents the entire animal, bent in the middle
and showing a partially side view, so that the legs appear on ojie side and the spines on the
other. There are from thirty to forty segments beside-* the head, the exact number being
indeterminable ; the larger part of the body includes the first sixteen segments ; with the
seventeenth the body begins to taper consideraldy fi)r several segments, and then narrows
very gradually to the hinder extremity, which is only a very little more than half as broad
as the broadest part ; in the broadest part the .segments are rather more, in the narrower
part somewhat less, than twice as broad as long. The specimen is 48 mm. long, .3.25 mm.
broad in front, and 2 mm. broad behind ; in some places the surface appears to be closely
and rather minutely granulated. The only spines preserved are .some of those of the sub-
dorsal row on the wider part of the body, where they are slender, conical, pointed, curved
backward, as long as half the width of the body, generally furnished with a minute ante-
rior spinule about the middle of the spine, which is directed upward or scarcely forward ;
the .spinule is not half so long as the thickness of the middle of the spine, and is indeed

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225

sonietiiut'H wanting. The logs are also prosiTVi'd in the sunu' pait of the luxly and not
t'lsewiiere and are oonsidcralily shorter than the width of the body, heing oidy from 2.2")
to 2.") nun. long, where the body is eonsiderahiy broader. It should also be n<»ted that the
segment behind the head bears not only a spine Imt apparently at least one pair of legs,
while on the seeond and eaeh of the sueceeiling segments two pairs of legs are preserved.

But the greatest interest in this spefinien is found in the head and its appendages. It
is very -"hort, with a well rounded front, and extends downward, as in the preeedingspeei-
uieu, eonsideral)ly beyond the general lower line of the body. At its ui)per outer limit one
sees a rounded oval s))aee eovered with a eluster of about a dozen large ])rominent hemis-
pherical wartlets, eaeh separated Iroui the others by nearly its own diameter, and whieh
together represent, apparently, the eyi*. It will bi> noticed that it appears on the upper
part of the hea«l and not. as in a specimen of Aranf/iei'/x'stes major, on the lower part.
Projecting beyond the lower edge of the front is seen a long and slender jointed organ,
which seems to be an antenna, agneing in a general wa}' with that found in U. (jrnnnsn.
It is about as long as the legs, nearly eipial, perhaps a little larger in the middle than at
the two ends, moniliform, composed of five subequal, broad, oltpyriform joints, a little
longer than broad, besides a much smaller, roundish oval, apical joint. The whole length
of the antenna is 2.ti mm. and its mi«ldle width. 0..'] mm. (PI. 10, fig. 18.)

This specimen difters from all the others in the greater length and slenderness of the
subdorsal spines, but agrees so well in its other characteristics that there are hardly valid
groimds for its separation from them.

The fourth specimen is the largest i>l' all though not very perfect ; apparently the whole
creature from head to tail is represented. It is 75 mm. long and appears to have about
^53 or .'14 segments besides the head, but some of the posterior s-gments are very obscure,
making the exact number uncertain ; the body tapers Ibrward from about the fifth seg-
ment, but only slightly ; back of this as far as the sixteenth segment or thereabouts, they are
of nearly equal size, and then taper again a little more ra|)idly ; but not so much so as usual
in this species, although the hinder half of the body as a whole is only just half tue breadth
of the front part, the breadth in the front portion being 5.8 mm., in the middle of the hin-
der half 2.!) mm., at the hinder extremity 2.5 nun., and on the first segment behind the
head 4.2 mm. The body is preserved on a dorsal view and the segments of the Ijroader
portion are a little more than twice as broad as long. The spines are very small, shaped
as in the first specimen described, and not more than one-fourth as long as the width of
the body in its broadest part. The legs are only to be seen in a few places ; on the seg-
ments directly behind the head they are about three-fourths as long as the width of the
segments, while near the middle and a little behind the middle of the body they are nearly
as long as the width of the segment bearing them.

The head is about as long as the segments next it but much broader ; indeed nearly
twice as broad, being 7.5 mm. broad, with a well rounded fiont. No traces of any appen-
dages can be seen. The second and third segnu'nts behind the head bear each two pair
of legs, and the first segment a spine. This and all the specimens hitherto mentioned
were received from Mr. Carr.

The last specimen to be mentioned (PI. 10, fig 17), and which belongs to Mr. Armstrong,
is a mere fragment of the head end of the body, showing about seven segments besides the

226

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head, upon a side view. The fragment is IG ram. long, somewhat curved, and shows spines
upon one side and some legs upon the other. The spines are small and obscure, 1 nun. long
and scaicely more than one-lburth as long as the width of the body. The legs are more
distinct and are considerably longer than the width of the anterior segments where only
they can be .^een ; a single unusually stout pair is attached to each of the first two seg-
ments behind the head, much stouter than, though of the same length as, the legs behind
them, probably from being preserved on a front instead of a lateral view, thus indicating
the poss'ible paddle-like condition of legs, which appear to be very slender ; whether there
are other legs attached to those segments is uncertain ; these legs are 3.5 nun. long, as
long as the width of the body at this point.

The head is considerably larger than the segments behind it and dioops as in tiie secontl
specimen described, ialling considerably below the level of the l)ody. As there, the front
is full 'uul well rounded, ani terminates l)elow in a l)eak-like projection, forming a very
pointed and .slighth" recurved lip. From the lower portion of the front, at the base as it
were oi' the lip, projects the single, basal, joint of an antenna, which is somewhat obovate in
shape and 0.5 mm. long.

This species is remarkable for the suddenness with which, and extent to which, the body
tapers; the liinder half as a whole is only about half as broad as the front half as a whole,
and somewhere about the middle of tiie Ijody nearly the whole alteration in size occurs,
liilling often upon three or iunr segments. In the character of its spines, it is closely
related to the preceding species, but the subdorsal rows are not nearly so distant from
each other. It is also related to the same species in the Ibrm of the segments as a whole,
but diflers in this lospect I'rom the two following s])ecies, in each of which the segments
have a peculiar form, and where also the outline of the entire body is diflerent.

The opportunity of str.dying this species is due mainly to the favor of Mr. J. C. Carr, of
Jtorris, 111., for whom the species is named and to whose cabinet four of the live specimens
belong. The remaining one ])el()ngs to the collection of Mr. P. A. Armstrong. They
occur in the ironstone nodules of Mazon Creek.

Euphoberia flabellata, nov. s|i.

PI. 10, fig. 15.

Through the kindness of Mr. Pike I have been able, after the other species had been
studied, to exTiiiine another and tolerably well preserved specimen of this group of myi-i-
ii')ods. which can be relerred to none of them. It lies upon its side, coiled into the
connjiencement of a very open spiral, and altiiough preserving none of the spines and
(udy a few of the legs, and these imperfectly, it is interesting from the good preservation
of the hinder segments, and the exhibiti(>n of the dorsal and ventral plates abutting against
each other along a l...e passing nearly down the middle of the exposed surface.

The entire body is preserved in its contiiniity and consists apparently of thirty-five seg-
ments besides the hoiid. The body tapers forward from the eighth segment or thereabouts,
and rather ra])i(lly, so that the anterior extremity, incliidhig the head, which does not
appear to be larger than the segments next it, is scarcely one-fourth the widtii of the
eighth segment; behind this, however, it apparently tapers .scarcely at all, until near the
hinder end, when the last six or eight segments, and especiall}' the last four, rai)idly narrow ;
the dorsal plates however do diminish in size from near the middle of the body backward.

227

lending to the presumption, that, if Letter displayed, the ereatiire would show the usual
appearance of a swollen second fourth of the body. The dorsal plates are very uiuch
larger in the front than in the hind part of the animal, and are nearly quadrate or even
slightly broader than long (as exposed), while in the middle they are of equal length and
breadth, and posteriorly are longer than broad. This refers however only to the plates as
they are shown above the line which appears to separate, along the side of the body, the dor-
sal and ventral plates; but in the hinder third of the body, or the last dozen segment. , one
sees far below this line the true rounded lateral edges of the segments ; between the two
very different margins the ventral plates appear, and continue forward nearly to the head,
with occasional indications of the division line between consecutive dorsal plates seen
through them, or through which the ventral plates are seen ; as in many other fossils,
both carboniferous and tertiary, the sutural marks of both an originally underlying and an
overlying chitinous mass appear upon the same surface, so as frequently to render it quite
imcertain Avhich was originally superincumbent. Judging from those appearances the
dorsal plates, perhaps only when flattened, were four or five times broader than long, and
in front of the last six segments regularly and fully rounded ; in these last six segments,
the anterior half is rounded as before, or very nearly so, but the outer hinder angle is pro-
duced, bearin{5 a triangular process which extends to the middle of the succeeding segment ;
together they give a straight margin to the sides of the body at this point, and evidently
form by their combination a terminal flap, since the triangular process closes the lateral
excavation which the rounded front angle would otherwise create (whence the specific
name); a rapid forward and backward movement of this part, after the manner of macruran
Crustacea, would propel the creature Itackward in the water ; and we have seen that the
structure of these myriapods allowed so much freedom of movement between the
joints, as to render it no great surprise to find a movement so peeidiar for myriapods to-
day indicated by the special structure of the segments. It adds too another fact in support
of (he theory that these were aquatic or partially aquatic animals.

Perhaps a similar flexibility of the body is indicated by a feature seen in the ventral
plates, which seems entirely different from anything hitherto found in the Arehipolypoda.
These plates, as stated, are visible along the inner side of the body throughout a large part
of its length, two to each one of the dorsal plates ; and along the mi<ldle of their course they
are broken by a longitudinal suture, (/. e. transverse to the segment), which is only not con-
tinuous from one plate to the next on account of the lateral sliding, due to the curled posi-
tion of the animal ; where it becomes straight, at the tail, these breaks are also continuous ;,
in one instjmce, neii'' the middle of the body, the ventral plate is again broken by a second
suture next the dorsal plate, but no similar case is noticed elsewhere. Such a fracturing
of the ventral plates has nowhere eise been seen in these ancient myriaj>0(ls from Ma/on
Creek, although in several the parts equivalent to these are amply exposed ; but theii
regularity here is such that it cannot be looked upon as accidental, but only as an
inherent structural feature, and reminds one of the repeated and regular fracture of the
dorsal plates in Xylobius, where 1 have shown this peiMdiarity to be a feature of the
entire genus.

Next the outer side of the coiled specimen one sees, partly on one stone, partly on its
counterpart, a partial duplicate as it were of the fossil, a teatiu'c which I have seen in

228

ii ni

other fossils, and for whioh I scarcely understand how to account ; it is as if a cast of the
creature had been taken, left connecteld at one edge, then turned over on this edge as by a
hinge, without rupture, and laid down beside it ; for here, and always, if I rightly recollect,
it is concave while the fossil proper is convex. But here at least it does not perfectly
repeat the parts which lie beside it, especially in that portion of it which I have liad
drawn, and which is on the half of the stone on which the fossil lies in relief; for the
structuie of the surface is quite different, and is uniformly flat (excepting for the general
concave curve of the whole) instead of showing the irregularities of the bosses on which
the spines rest, noticeable in the fossil itself; this surface is finely and regularly striate in
a t»'ansverse sense, a feature which no doubt belongs to the surface of the fossil at this point,
since it is found elsewhere, but which does not appear here on the specimen proper. This
fine transverse striation of the surface is a marked feature of this species, and .seems U)
be confined to the dorsal plates, although in the portion of which we have just spoken it
extends over a great breadth, apparently as great as the entire supposed width of the
dorsal plates, instead of being limited to Aie narrow breadth of the portion truly exposed
at their side. The fine striation seen over the lower half of the body apically is either
adventitious or it belongs to some similar cast as this puzzling duplicate ; it lies beneath the
body in a different axis, for the lines are oblique to the true plates of the fossil, whether
dorsal or ventral, and extend slightly beyond their actual limit.

No spines are preserved, but their position can be determined to be the same as in other
species by the bosses which mark the bases of the upper series, and in a few places by the
small pits which mark the casts of the underlying spines of the lower series, seen through
the segments above. Neither can the legs be made out, but only faint indications of them
h J and there of no value.

There is however an additional though problenmtical feature in this fo.ssil, of much
interest. Below the sixth segment behind the head, but still at sonfe distance from it and
therefore not necessarily connected with it, is the impres.sion of a long and slender, straight,
rod-like body, consisting of a close series of delicate transverse impressed lines, cut by a
central longitudinal impressed line ; it is half as long again as the width of the exposed
dorsal plates at this point, and nearly or quite as slender as the legs must be. Taken by
itself, it would appear of little importance, detachad lus it is from the body; but considered
with somewhat similar instances in other species of a long and straight appendage to seg.
ments at about this point, it cannot be denied that it may indicate an intromittent male
t)rgan at this point.

Tlie length of the IkmIv. if uncoiled, would be about 44 mm. ; its extreme width 4.5 mm. ;
its width next the head 1.75 mm. ; and its width at the seventh segment from the t^iil 3.8
mm. ; the length of the dorsal plates in the middle of the body is 2.1 mm. ; the length of
tlie problematical rod 3.2 mm. The specimen comes from the Mazon Creek nodules, and
was sent me for study by Mr. J. W. Pike.

Euphoherkt flahellata differs strikingly from the other species described in the form of
the terminal segments, as well as in the comparative stoutness of the entire body, and its
unusually tapering anterior extremity and small head. The spines being unknown and no
clear indications of the legs preserved, these important features necessary to di.stinguish a
creature of this sort are much to be desired, but the further distinction of a transversely

\S . 4;

229

striate surface of the body may be mentioned. It would ^oem in some of its features to
have closer resemblances than other Euphoberiae to the genus Amynilyspes.

Enphoberia angullla, nuv. n\^.
PI. 9, tig. '20.

The single specimen upon which this species is founded is very obscure, but differs so
nuich from all the others in the parts that can be made out that it nuist be referred to a
dii'tinct species. It is probably a complete animal preserved so as to show a dorsal a-^pect,
bent laterally but not abruptly i)chit)d the middle, and the whole, besides, curved in a
sinuous manner. The body is remarkably long and slender, broadest from the seventh to
tenth segments, tapering in front somewhat rapidly, so that the head, which is somewhat
narrower tVnn the segment behind it, is scarcely more than half as broad as the broadest
part of the bo.ly ; behind the tenth segment it tapers very gradually indeed and with great
uniformity over considerably more thun half the body, so that the hinder end is only
two-fifths the width of the broadest part ; this and its serpentine position give it an eel-like
appearance; the length of the body is about oO mm.; its greatest breadth 8 mm.; its
breadth at posterior extremity 1.2 mm. The head, as stated, is narrower than the following
segment and of the same length, subqxuulrate in form with a flatly rounded front ; no
appendages can be made out. 'I'he segments of the body are difficult to enu nerate, owing
to the obscurity of certain parts, and especially at the bend of the body, but there are
somewhere between 32 and 'M\ and probably the niunl)er is 34. The body, although almost
completely flattened in preservation, does not wholly conceal evidence of a former trans-
verse ridging of the anterior part of each segment, not shown in the flgiu'e ; probably also
the body was cylindrical. The segments themselves vary considerably in their proportions,
those at the posterior end being much longer in ])roportion to their Avidth than in the other
parts of the body. The last six or seven segments for instance show a gradation from an
almost perfectly square form, in the last segment, to a quadrate segment twice as broad as
long ; while directly in front «)f this, and also in the broadest part of the body, they are three
times as broad as lorg.

Marks of the position of some of the subdorsal spines can be made out with difficulty,
showing that these were not distant from en<'!i other. There is also on one side of the
broadest part of the body a faint indication of a simple, straight, short, conical, outward
directed, lateral spine, next the anterior margin of two or three iccessive segments; it is
scarcely more than one-fourth as long as the width of the same segments. No legs are
visible.

This species is remarkable for its extreme slenderness and the delicate tapering of the
body, and the length of the jjosterior segments. In all these respects it diflers strikingly
from all the species described.

The specimen is from Mazon Creek and was submitted for study by Mr. .1. C. Carr, of
Morris, 111.

Genus Amynilyspes, nov. gen. (i/vivio, iXuttndona.)

Spines so far as known simple, conical and pointed, arranged in dorsolateral rows only ;
segments nearly four times as broad as long, the dorsal plates terminating below in prob-
ably free rounded flaps j the extremities and perhaps the whole of the body more or less
onisciform.

! i

230

This genus, represented by a single species and a fragmentary one at that, is so evidently
distinct from p]uphoberia, to which it is most nearly allied, that there can hardly be any
question of the undesirabilit)' of placing it therein even provisionally. Its definite separa-
tion will call iittention to its distinguishing characteristics and bring to light, much sooner
than would otherwise be the case, allied forms in carboniferous beds.

Amynilsrspes VTortheni, nov. sp.
I'l. l(t, fills. 1-4, 9.

A single specimen and its counterpart represent the anterior extremity of the body with
about ten or eleven segments. From these it would appear that the form of the body
itself did not taper anteriorly, the first throe segments behind the head forming with it the
common roiuided front of the body, each of the three segments becoming successively
narrower and shorter from behind foi-ward, while the head, still narrower but a little
longer, completed the ouisciform hood which all combined to form. The body appears to
have been stoutly arched, a little flattened above, the sides and front equally deflected,
and by the juipression of the ventral rings perhaps reaching or nearly reaching the
surface on wliich the creature crawled. With the exception of such modifications as
are required for those in front to form the hood, the segments are all alike, each being
nearly four times broader than long, and divided about equally into a longitudinally
and strongly arched anterior half, and a gently arched posterior half; both portions help to
form the deflected lateral lobes, which are triangular, well rounded, and terminate rather in
advance of the middle ; at the outer edge of the dorsal field, the anterior lobe bears on
each side a spine, straight, erect, simple, scarcely tapering above the basal boss until near
the bluntly pointed tip, about half as Icng as the space between the two spines of the
same segment; they are borne by every segment behind the head and are just as long on
the narrower first and second segments as elsewhere. The head is a little more than half
as broad as the entire body, as seen in the specimen simple, and forms the greater part of
the front of the hoof-like anterior extremity of the body ; no appendages can be made out.

The length of the fr.agment is 18 mm.; its widtli 8.1 mm ; length of segments 2.15
mm. ; length of latersil deflected lobes 2.5 nnn. ; length of spines 2.8 mm. ; l>readth of head
5.4 mm. ; length of the deflected head-shield 2.9 mm. ; space between spines of same segment
5.6 mm.

The single specimen comes from Mazon Creek and was received for study from Mr. P. A.
Armstrong. I have dedicated the species to Professor A. H. Worthen, who was the first,
witli Mr. Meek, to detect the myriapodan character of these spined articulates in his Illinois
(jieological Reports and elsewhere.

Genus Eileticus, nov. gen. (iiXr^uxo;.)

Segments longer than in the other genera, being considerably less than twice as broad
as long, very few in number, and furnished in place of spines with a series of tubercles, of
which there are more than one in the same row upon a single segment.

Although presenting at first glance a very different appearance from the types already
described, there seems to be no reason why it should be separated very widely from them ;
the spines are merely reduced to tubercles, and this reduction allows their multiplication
along any one line, especially when the segments are at the same time longer tlian com-

i»i.

231

mon. As in the other types, we find a pair of legs attached to the first segment behind
the head and the head composed of only one segment ; such agreement in general features
will not permit a wide distinction, while the minor differences which do occur are certainly
of generic value, especially when several are correlated.

EUeticuB anthracinuB, nov. »\\
V). 10, figs. 5, 0.

This species is founded upon a single individual, exhibiting the lateral and partly dorsiil
view of the anterior portion of the animal ; how nmcli is lost posteriorly cannot be
positively stated, but the body is unusuiilly stout and short, is largest frou) the fourth to the
eighth segments, and tapers toward eithei' end, slightly in front, raj)i(lly behind, so as ratiier
to indicate that the creature is nearly all preserved ; the body was transversely arched and
probably nearly cylindrical. It is 44 mm. long and 7.5 mm. broad in tbo widest part. The
head (PI. 10, fig. 5 ) is very obscure, but it can be stated to have been well rounded in front,
very shallow and broad ; the shortness of tlie head is the more remarkable from its con-
trast with the great length of the segments, being not one-third their length ; from the
upper extremity of the front projects a very obscure appendage, which is nearly
as long as the depth of the head, very '^lender, regularly tapering to a point, nearly
straight, slightly curved forward, and projecting upward and a little forward ; it has
some appearance of being broken into a large number of joints.

The segn^ents behind the head are only eleven in number ; longitudinally they are per-
fectly Hat, showing no sort of appearance of an anterior transverse ridge, but they are never-
theless composed of two nearly equal parts, a slightly larger anterior part which appears to
have been more chitinous, and a posterior more membranous ; these segments in the broad-
est part of the body are 5.5 nun. long, st) that they are only half as broad again as long;
their surface is entirely smooth excepting for the low mannniform tubercles which take
the place of the spines, and which appear to be arranged in low lateral and subdorsal rows.
In the lateral row there are two to each sjegnient in the same row, one in either longitudi-
nal half of the segment, of which that on the anterior half appears so much more
prominent that it may be the base only of a real spine ; iu the subdorsal rows, there are
three in a row on each segment and confined to the anterior half of the same ; these
mammiform elevations are shallow and transversely ova or roundish.

Three or four legs are preserved at the anterior extremity, showing the diplopodous
character of the fossil and that the legs were long and slender; they are apparently' about
() mm. long where the body is 7 mm. broad, anu they are about 0.5 uu)i. broad in the .
middle ; they appear to be flattened, but from their fragmentary nature no determiniitiou
of their jointing can be reached. They are interesting from their attachments, for one of
them certainly proceeds from (though it is not in absolute connection with) the anterior
part of the second segment behind the head, while one in front of it is similarly related to
the posterior portion of the first segment ; there is also something that looks like the frag-
ment of a leg in part of the last, and which, if so, must be a second leg to the first segment
beliind the head.

This specimen comes also from the Muzon Creek nodules and was comuiunicated by
Prof. A. H. Worthen, of Springfield, 111.

232

r

It may he well, in closing this paper, to rofer to otiior inyriapodal or suppo8U(i niyria-
podal remains from tiie paleozoic formations. No mention Itas heen made of one, Pahteo-
jtilus dyndlrii)* Geinitz, from tlie Saxon Permian, hecanse its myriapotlal nature has l)een
iJenieil,' and it is now eonoetUHl hy its author to he a fern, as shown hy Ster/.el, and in
any event is tot) imperfect to he discussed liere. Three species of luhis have also heen
named (only) hy Fric" froui the IVrmiau rocks of Hohemia. AnthracerpeK li/pus from the
Ma/.on Creek l)eds descrihed hy Meek and Wortlien." wiiicii tiiese authors were " rather
inclined to view as a myriapod " wlien lirst descrihed, has heen referred to the worms, and
was afterward so coiisidered hy its descrihers; it is perhaps very fragmentary and may
helong here. Gohler. ()erg descrihes and figures.* under tlie name o( Athopleiirion J[Arthr<>-
plcurioH ?] inerniis, a ointed fossil from the coal measures ol iSaarhriick. wiiicii he considers
a crustacean, perhaps allied to Arthropleura. and which u>ay possihly he a myriapod ; it
is. however, not worth liscussion until something uu)re perfect and somewhat resemhling it
is found. Finally Jorda.i has descrihed and ligured.'"' ami iJoldenlierg" also, another jointed
creature, also from near Saarhriick, which they consider a crustacean, and to which Jordan
has given the name of Chonionotiis fithanthraca. It is here reproduced in PI. 8, fig. J).
It bears certain resen»hlan'''.'s to these spiny niyriapods, and perhaps helongs to Acanthor-
pestes. It is however a mere fragment, consisting of only five segment^s, including perhaps
the head. The segments are about four times as broad as long, uniform in size, uniformly and
not greatly arched, with no division into an anterior and posterior suhsegment. There is a
mediodorsal groove, jv row of approximate subdorsal tubercles (broken bases of spines ?) sit-
uated centrally on the segments, and a pleurodorsal series of similar but a little smaller tid)er-
cles showing only on one si«le. These extend over the four segments behind the front one ;
this latter is smooth and well rounded in front, as long as the other segments and may
possibly represent the head. The length of the fragment is 14 mm. and its breadth H
nun. By the presence of two rows of spine-bases (?) on either side above (any lateral
series not showing), it must be nearer Acantherpestes than Euphoberia ; provided indeed
it belongs in this group at all, which the fragmentiry nature of the fossil by no means
allows us to assert.

m

U ft ii

'il I ill -i

>Cf. Stcrzol, ZcitM-lir. duiitdi. )^<i)l. (ioiii'llsch., 80: 417-
426; Noiu's Jalirb. Minoral., 1S78, 72!>-7.11 ; »w aUo |». TA3.
'Fmiii. Ciaskulilo Hoiiiu., I, .11 (1879).
Geol. Surv. III., li, 409, pi. .Si. fig. I.

* Fauna Mra«<p. (o»»., ii, 48, pi. 2, fig. 20.
' I'alacontogr., iv, 12-1.1, tab. 2, dg. 3.
'Faun saracp. foM., i, 21, pi. 1, fig. 19.

il

233

Exi'LANATtON OK THK Pf-ATKH.

I't.ATK VII 'I.

Ai'fiiitfKTpi'i^fi'i* iniyoi'. Att.oin|)l.('c1 rest oriil inn of m s|i(M'iiiii'ii, not of Ili(> lin'ijosl, si/.c, for wliM'li tliorc '.vmh
not room on (lie (iliilo. 'I'lio l»oi1y is miidi' r.illn'r too sJiMiilcr awl not MMllicicnIly t.'i|it'rinLt ; tlic licnil, lirini^ very
iiii|K'rlVi'liy iviiown, is coMt'iMlcil i»y » liroopinix fi'onil of Xi itro/itirin (■/iir/,:ii)iii |j('S(|. Tlii' Hiicciincn in rciirc-
KiMitciliis ti'uvinij till' wiUiT in wliicli it is still swimniinir l>y nicnns of its liiuilcr li"j;s, iiml its crccpin;^ m|i tlio
trunk of ii Iji'iiiiloilrcndrftn ( //. rinfi'/mn Ii('si|.). UiKin tlic trunk t'rawls n cockroiicli, /''fn/t/nf/ind iini-niia
Scuilil., wliilt' !i In'okcM stem of ii Ciiliiinitrs (('. Cis/ii Hiontjn.) Iins pintly fallen into ii flnnip of {'crn,
Aiiiro/>liri.i fjOi'Ki'hIi Hronirn. All tlio tisfurcH inv of tlio naturiil si/.(>, iunl rcpn'si'iil. N|i('cii'H t'oinirl in tlin

idulr

Mm/oh Crook,

Drawn by J. S. Kingsloy.

'I'lio iilaiits liowovor, with llio oxoopt

ri.ATH VII

of the last, aro

onji tl

w rarer s|u'i'ii'H.

[I'^iiis. 4 anil 1(1 aro from tlu' tirawinjis of J. IF. IJIako; lijjs. fi ami It aro coiiiod ; llio romain<lor aro by J. S.
Kiniisloy. All tho original tlrawiiijjN aro from spooimons in tlio oollt-oliini of ,Mr. Carr.]

{'"itr. I. Actinf/ii r/H Kf<i< tiiiijor \, Tins spiM'imon hIiows in tlio niidillo tho interior faces of tho v«'nlral
]dates, and olsowhoro the dorsal plates.

i. Till' naiiK' 'f. 'I'ho reverse of tlio eontral portimis of fii;. 1, Hhowiii}^ noarly (lie appoaranod of

I'"

the under snrt'aeo of llio body.

Fit;, it. T/if .tiiiiD' '■(. 'I'ho cent nd portion of lifx. 1, majinillod.

I''ii:'. 4. 77ii' noiiif \". A ))air of tiu^ su|iposed liranohi.'il supports, as they appear in liji. '2, onlar;xed.

V\iX. '1. .trtiiif/ii rjiisfin lirotfiil of Kn^land ). t'o|iie(l from 1*1. 1, lii;. II, of IJrodio's Kossil insects of
the secondary rocks of Knu'land.

V\]i. tl. Aritiilhi I'liiKtin iiiiiJDi' \. 'i'ho most perfect larire speoimon that has boon discovered.

1'

Th,

}. One <d' the disk-like bodies which cover the surface of the whole fossil excepli

iij:

V\[X. S. Tht)^iiiiii''\. One of the subdorsal spines of liu;. (i, on the hinder part of the bmly ; it unfortu-
lately does not show tlio base of tho third spinulo roferredjo in the text, the ori;^inal di'.awiuL; havinf; boon
i.sl.

I''ijl. !). ('/iiinloiKifii.i h't/iaiit/irdrii {i( (iormany |. (^opied from I'al.'ioontoLtraphioa, N'^ol. I V^, pi. U, lii;. '{.

\'"\'j:. m. A<'<iiif/ii'r/>i xfm iiiitjor 'f. 'I'ho lioad of a third specimen, to show the eye.

l''iu'. II. The Hiimc if. 'I'hroo adjoining loifs from the middle of the body of tlu' l.arp' specimen repro-
cnted in liir. '».

PbATK IX.

[Kijis. 7, S, 'J1 .'Mid 'J'J aro oopiod. The others aro from drawins^s by J. S. Kini^^sley.]

l''!-;. 1. Kiii^hohi ria iirniiijiiui \. Specimen from Mr. Carr's cabinet.

Fiii. '_'. '/'/(( xmiii' J. An onlarji'oil spine from tho above.

I''i<;'. Ii. 'I'hi siiiiif j. An enlarired view of the hea<l of the above.

Fi.U. -l. /ui/iho/irn'ii Curri ■{. I'.'irl, of the anterior sofrnn'nl of the spoeiineii shown in ti}^. 1(5.

Fi};. 5. J'.'iifi/in/icn'd uniiiifcra if. Anterior extremity of the specimen shown in tho next fipiuro.

Fiif. (i. Tin >i<ii)i<\ \. Specimen from Mr. Worthon's collo<'tion.

I''i,<j. 7. J-liiphdhi't'ia //co/r/z/i of Scotland. Knlartiotl view of some of tho so^^nionts. Co])it'(l from tho
(ieolojiical Mama/ino, Vol. VIII, pi. !J, fijjr, <> b.

V\\i. 8. The xauw. One of tho lojjs still fnrther onlarjied. (\)|iiod from the same, tij;. (i c.

Fiji'. !t. JCii/ifid/itriu Ciirri '^. 'I'ln' donbled specimen from Mr. t^arr's collection.

l''iir. I". 7''t)' Kdtiic y. One of the loi;s, poorly proserveil, from the same Hpeciinon.

Fi,H'. II. T/i)' naiiit' y. 'I'ho apparently forked spine of the sann' specimen.

Fiif. I'i. T/ii' Kitinf \. 'I'lio reverse of tho s.amo specimen.

Fi'j;. l.'i. /'J'ljihitfiii'iit <ii'iin'(/i'rii if. Two of the seixmonls of tho anterior half of tho spoclinon shown in
liu:. '">. exhibit intt 'ho spines.

"W"HHPB!W

■|i|iai,j)ippiiii|

234

\) t

'^n <

'm

Fig. 14.

IMS,'. 15.
Kitf. 10.
Fi-. 17.
Fi|T. 18.
Kii?. lU.
Fisj. 'JO.
Fij?. iil.
fitj. 0 (^ -

Fi.i;---'-

Fii;. -ja.

Vol. X. p.

Fij;. 24.

8]lilU>.

Fijr. 125.
Fig. 20.

Euphoheria Varri ^. Tlio liutid of the sjH'ciini'ii shown in Kj?. I'J, enlarm'd.

T^e same J. The head of tlic K|it'cinH>n shown in tijj. l>, I'nljirgi'd.

77if «f»wje {, TIk' L-slia|)('d N|u'cinu'n from Mr. Carr'n coUcction.

T/ie same ^. A pair of the spines from tlio anterior end of tlie hist mentioned speeimen.

The same f. One of the Icj^s on the iiinder part of Ihe body of tlie same.

The same ^. One of the spines on the iiinder pari of tlie body of the same.

Kiijihoberiuanj/uilla if. From Mr. Carr's eolleetion.

J'Juphohei'ia Jinmnii of Seotland \. Copied from the (teoloj»ical Majj^a/.ine, Vol. VIII, pi. 3,

\-^V'

J''ii/)/i(i/)t I'ia, >/i-inioHii f. The speeimi'ii shown in fij::. *25, eiilar<j;ed.

A'lijihobtfld J'crox ol Kn<;land \. Copied from Woodward's figure in tlie Geological JMagazine,
105.
J'Juphohcria <iruiiosa ■\. The tenth segment of the speeimen shown in the next fignre, with the

The same \. From Mr. Worthen's eolleetion.

The same if. Ueverse of the specimen shown in figs. 'J2 and 25.

PLATE X.
[Figs. 5, G, 11, 10, were drawn by J. S'. Kingsley ; the others by J. II. Blake.]

Fig. 1. Aiuynih/spvs Wortheni ^. Dorsal view of tho fossil in relief. From the collection of Mr.
Armstrong.

Fig. 2. The same f . Dorso-lateral view of the same.

Fig. 3. 77ie same If. Lateral view of the same.

Fig. 4. I'he same <f. View of the cast from above.

Fig. 5. Elktivus anthracinus ^. The anterior portion of fig. 6, enlarged. The fr.ictures in tho third
ajipend.ige are accidental and do not re|n-esent joints.

Fig. 0. The same \. The entire speciMien. From the collection of .Mr. Worthen.

Fig. 7. Kuphiiheria armiijertt. The anterior i)ort ion ^, showing the liead and antennae ; and the suc-
ceeding segments of tlie anterior i)art of the body 'f, showing the spines; the hinder segment of the more
magnified portion is rej>eated in the front segment of the less magnified part. From tlu; collection of Sir.
Bliss.

Fig. 8. The same ^. Three or four segments from the stouter i)art of tlie body, showing not only the
8])ines and legs, but also the stigmata. From the collection of Mr. I'ike.

Fig. 9. Amynilifspes Wortheni f. The front spine of figs. 1-3.

Fig. 10. Euphoberia armigera \. One of the legs, showing very well the division into joints. From
the collection of Mr. C.irr.

Fig. 11. Euphoberia horrida \. From 3Ir. Carr's collection.

Fig. 12. 77«c' same f. The suiijmsed intromittent organ. From the collection of Mr. Armstrong.

Fig. 13. Euphoberia granosa \. The anterior ])ortion of the sjtecimen, showing the head and antennae,
the legs, and a few spines. From Mr. Carr's collection.

Fig. 14. Euphoberia horrrida *,«. A fragment of fig. 11, from near tlie middle of the specimen on the
right side, to show the character of the surface.

Fig. 15. Euphoberia flabdlata ^. From Mr. Pike's collection.

Fig. 10. Euphoberia Carri ^. From Mr. Carr's collection.

Fig. 17. Tho same if. The anterior portion of tlie body, showing the basal joint of the antenna.
From Mr. Armstrong's collection.

Fig. 18. The same f . The anterior portion of the reverse of fig. 16, to show better the head, with its
eye and antennae, as well as the legs, the comparative breadth of the anterior ones of which is the opposite
of what obtains in fig. 10.

NoTK. The introductory part of this paper, nearly as given here, ajipeared in the American Journal of
Science for March, 1881.

■ft

^)1. VIII, j.l. 8,

The Caiiboxiferous IIexapod Insects of Great Britain.

lli'otioii of Mr.

rc8 ill tlic third

'j; not only the

joints. From

t'ciinen on tlic

the nntoiinii.

■an .Toiiriial of

iVi/niOUGIl it is very nearly fifty years since Aiiilouin first announced the discovery of
in ■'-"•t remains in the coal-measures of England, the number of known forms from that
country is still so small that they may ho counted upon tlie fingers of one hand. The
addition of two species to that number, which I am able through the kindness of Rev. P.
li. Brodie to make at the present time, is therefore of more tlian common significance.
I*lach of these, moreover, has a special interest, the one from its striking color-contrasts,
the other from its gigantic size ; and both throw so much new light upon the ancient
insect fauna of Great Britain that I venture to pass all the neuropterous forms under
review, partly to clear away certain niisappreheusions concerning the affinities of those
that have been described, partly with the view of vindicating the accuracy of Audouin's
early announcement ; partly also in the hope that this may lead to the discovery of more
forms in these older beds, where every addition to our knowledge is likely to be of more
tiian ordinary importance.

Both the additional foruxs represent genera hitherto unknown, as do also each of those
already described. To tiie first of tlie new types we may apply the generic name

Brodia nov. goii.

Ill this genus the wing is long and slender, shaped somewhat as in Panorpa, slightly
poduiiculated at the base ; the (postal margin is nearly stniiglit, being very gently and
and efjuably convex, the lower margin moderately full, straiglit along the middle portion.
The marginal vein forming tlie border is stout, armed throughout witli short prickles or
spines (pi. 11, figs. 5,6). The mediastinal vein is the most indistinct in the wing and situ-
ated at a low level (compare pi. 11, fig. .S and fig. -4) ; it runs midway between and entirely
parallel to the marginal and .scapular veins until near its extremity, where it turns upward
very gently, terminating in the margin at about the middle of the wing. The scapular
vein runs parallel to the margin throughout the wing (as preserved; that is, nearly to the
tip) and is situated at a high level ; its main branch, which is again at a low level, parts
from the vein at ar. exceedingly slight angle at the end of the basal fifth of the wing, and
runs parallel to the main vein, anil at a distance from it about equal to the distance of the
latter from the margin ; this main branch emits half a dozen or more equidistant, oblique
veins fro;ii its lower side (five are foinid in the fr.'Xgm'^iit), which run parallel to each other

11

I'-'

1 ,

f
fowiii'd tlio outoi* part of (ho lower n)tir<;in ; Mic lirst of tliosi' ihtviiU's Ih nt ii liijjii level,
is tlii'own olV iH'iir the hiise in eoiitiiiinitioii of tlie hiise of (he inniii hriincii iiini is iiiure
eurved tlian the oliiers. its l»asiil direotion lieiiig K'ss (tltlique than theirs. 'I'lie «'xteriioiiie-
(haii vein is a 8iM)|iU>, gently arenate vein, runnin<r iVoin the hase to a little heyond the
luitltlle of the lower nuirgin, and eniittin,n' from its upper side ut the middle of its course a
single Itrantdi. arcuate at hase. which, like the main vein, has a eours(> parallel to the scap-
ular Itrauches ; hoth main vein and branch are situated at a very low level. The intcino-
niedian"vein is nearly straij^ht.a little arcuate, especially in the apical hall', and perfeclly
simple, situated at a iiigh level and terminating a little itelore the middle of the lower
margin. Tlu' anal vein, neither elevateil nor depressed, is forkt'd at the hase, one fiu'k rim-
ning parallel 'o the internomedian vein in (he hasal half, anil heyoml curving downward
to the margin, which is slightly indented at this point ; and the other again forking, the
forks similar, curving, hut very short.

There are severid distinct cross-veins in tlu' wing; one important one. a lung and eiu'v-
ing vein, connects the externonu'dian and scapular veni, near the l»ase. and appears to
Ibrm a d(»wnward curving hasal «'ontimiation of the main liranch of tie' scapular, making
it look like a superior hranch of the lower vein ; the others a>e trans/erse and most of
them nt exactly right angles to the nervnrcs, and they are all situated in the dark hands,
llesides these, there are a large numher of fainter cross-veins transvcr-<e to the ncrvures
they connect, pretty regularly and uniformily distriltuted over the wing helow the main
scapvdar vein, forming quadrangular cells whieii over most of the wing an* more than
twice as hroad as long.

The genus is dedicated to niv honored friend Kev. Peter Hellinger Hrodie ; as his name
will always he eoiuiected with the fossil insects of England, it is (Itting that so nolahie a
form as this should recall his eminent services.

This generic type is an ancient form of I'lanipennia or true Neinoptera, the structm-e
of who.se wings dttes not agree with that of any of the existing families (»f the group, hur
rather shows a condiinat ion of features which now distinguisli separate faunlies. It has
the general aspect of a gigantic I'anorpa. horrowed from its Ibrm. its markings, the pres-
ence of a few scattered cross-veins, and the course of the mediaslinal nervure. When,
however, its neuration is carefully ohserved. the .scapidar vein is seen to he fumlamentally
dilU'rent. although its position and the origin of its main hranch is similar ; for, while in
both cases the area it occupies is important, in the hniorpina the main branch divides
dichotomously throughout, and its oH'shoots take a longituilinal direction ; while in Urodia.
the main branch emits oldiipie shoots at regular intervals dowi\ward and outwaid, as it
does in other I'lanipennia, hut not in I'iinorpina. 'I'iie veins below the scapular are also
very diflerent from what they are in Panorpina, and relatively to the rest of the wing
much loss important.

With the llemerobina. the wide space between whose marginal and mediastinal veins is
tilled with numeri»us ohlicim; and generally forked veinlets. and whose scapular vein has
numerous sectors, this ancient type hna less to do. In this grouj) the mediastinal vein
extends nearly to the tip of the wing, while in lirodia it terminates a little beyond the mid-
dle. The llemerobina, however, difler from other Planipennia in the insignificant part usually

287

itliivod l»,y till' ('Xt'*rii()m('ili(iii v»>iii, \vlii<ili is CnMiiKMitly almost (Mitin^Iy HiinpU' or only
lorki'd oiuw in tlio iipiciil hall' ni' its (;(nn-((>. "i'liis pciiuliiirity is liorrowud, llioii<f|i not in
11 Htrikin^ il»?ji;i"oe, l»y llroilia, wlnin) this vein is lorkcMJ onco near tho niiddlf ; l»iit whosis
hriinrlit's, widt'ly distant like those of the s< a|)idar v<'in, covet' a consideniMu area.

'riie more esseiitiid I'eatnresor this ancient win^. however, loreslmdow the characteristics
of the Siaiina. In form, while it is not very diili>rent, it has none of the archin;^ of the
costa almost universal anion;; Siaiina, and usually a(M!oin|):iiiied in nioilern ty|ie.s hy a
liroad space hetween the niarL^inal and niedi:i-<tinal vein-i, not at all displaytMl hy lirodia.
In the hrevily of the meiliaslJnal vein Krodia resemltles the l^lphidiida^ l)nt tin; nenra-
tion of the rest of the win^ is (lomplelely diU'erent; while in the Siaiina, proper the medi-
astinal vein always continucis nearly to the tip of the winj^. The course and distril)ulion
iiC the hranches of the scapular vein, howevcsr, are ol'^rtMter importance, and in this
respect Hrodia agrees very widl with the Siaiina; a;^ain, howtu'er, tli(> simidicity of the
internonKMlian vein in Ur.)dia, when; it (consists ol oidy a single un livided ray, is very
dillerent from that now foinid in Siaiina, where it i» always divided and often plays a soine-
wliat im|»ortant part.

Urodia, then, is a planipennian in a Itroad sense, refiisin;^ to alliliatcf closely with the
restricted families of the present day. Nor does it appiMr to he iiitiinattdy ndatcd to any
paleozoic insect yet descrihed. It is also peculiar for possessiui; a very larif(! ninnhcr of*
fnie cross-veins or wrinkles, hesides the stout cross-veins which are .-(tattered here and
there over the winj; ; the latter are, however, confined to dark i)at(di(vs to ite numtioned
presently ; while the former are uniforndy distrihuted over the win^, siil»(M|uidistant, and
always run at ri;.5ht anj^Ies to the nervures they connect, even where, hy kiseping that
course, they strike the often ohli(|uely direc^ted, stouter cros.s-veinH.

In the preservation of its c<dors (pi. 11, (ig. 7), IJrodiais the most striking instance
kn«)wn anu>ng paleozoic insects the markings are sh:irply delined and, to judge from illustra-
tions, uKM'e deeply tinted than in Pi'otophtisinit Ditinnxll recently des<!rihed hy IJrongniart,
who has drawn parti(!ular attention to this reinarkal)le feature in the wings; or than in the
longer known (iri/ffKcrls /l/fumtfu'dra of Cioldenherg. In allusion to this colorational fea-
ture, tlie species may hear the name of *

Brodia priscotiiicta nov. sp.
I'l. II, tins. :{-7.

The wing is a rather large one, heing pro!)aldy ahout 05 mm. long (the fragment is 44
lUMJ. long) and 12 mm. hroad in the middle. IJoth front and hind margins are very dark
t oiored and are distinctly furnished at the e.xtrenie edge with a row of (hie hristly teeth,
short, stoitt, triangular, pointed, hlack, directed outward and forward (or hackward), and
on the costal edge moreclo.sely approximated away from (pi. 11, ftg. 5) than near (pi. 11, fig.
(1) the h ise ; heyond the hase, also, the marginal vein is furnished along its lower edge with
a siinih.r armature, only the teeth, here also hlack, are depressed, directed outward, and
not nearly so sharply pointed (pi. 11, fig. 5).

The stone on which the wing is preserved is of a dull, impure gray color (pi. 11, fig. 7),
and the hyaline parts of the wing do not diiler from it in tint. Nearly half of the wing

238

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it
f

li

i i

however is of a niuoli darker wlmde, the miirkhij?« consHting mahily of three broad trans-
vorse belts, which cross the wing from tiie scii|)ular vein to the lower margin, one near
the nnddlo of the wing and one near the middle of either half; these, and especially the
outer two, are of a distinct though dull umber brown ; the same deep tint is also found
throughout the space between the scapular vein and its main parallel branch, but the
whole costal margin above the scapular vein is hyaline; the apex of the wing, whinh is
lost, was probal)ly tipped with the dark color. Of tiio three transverse l)elts the outer-
most is pretty regularly transverse, its inner margin following an irregular zig/ag course,
generally at right angles to the costal margin, from the base of the third offshoot of the
main scapular branch to the tip of the lower externomedian branch ; its outer margin fol-
lows a similar direction downward from the base of the fourth oll'shoot of the main scaj)-
ular branch, until it reaches the second offshoot, when it follows that outward (to the
broken part of the wing). The middle transverse belt is less regular, being nearly broken
in the middle, its lower half hardly more than half as broad as its upper half and thrust
a little further outward ; the upper half is seated on the extreme base of the upper
externomedian branch and, broadening upward, reaches from near the base of the (irst off-
shoot of the main scapular branch to nearly midway between the second and tliird olFdioot ;
the lower half is equal and tolerably regular, its middle line opposite the lower tL'rmina-
tion of the outer margin of the upper half, its outer margin terminating below at the tip of the
internomedian vein. The inner belt is broken into three fragments ; the upper, between
the scapular and externomedian veins, reaches from where these veins begin to diverge
to the extremity of the curved cross-vein uniting the two veins ; the second, between tlie
externomedian and internomedian veins, extends in neither direction so far as the on'j
above, and is terminated outwardly by a distinct and oblique cross-vein ; the third occupi.'s
the outer half of the anal area. Besides there are a few dark cloudy spots at the base,
one following the lower edge of the internomedian vein, and others parts of the anal veins.
The heavier cross-veins, besides the one referred to in the generic description, at the
base of the main scapular branch, are the following : In the scapular area, four equidistant
transverse veins between the main stem and thf ..lain branch ; two approximate transverse
veins between the third and fourth offshoots of uie main branch, — both in the outer dark
belt and the outer forming its outer margin ; one in the same belt in the interspace below,
and in continuation of the inner of the transverse veins above it ; one in the middle belt,
oblique to the nervures but at right angles to the costal margin, between the scapular and
externomedian veins; two others in the same interspace in tiie outer belt, a little oblique to
the nervures, in the opposite sense to the preceding; two others in continuation of these,
but transverse to the nervures between the externomedian branches ; another in the same
interspace in the middle belt, also transverse ; one in continuation of this, in the interspace
below, forming the inner margin of the middle belt, besides another outside of it in the ex-
terno-internomedian interspace, both transverse, and one in the same interspace, very oblique,
forming the outer margin of the inner belt ; two in the interspace below, one oblique, its
lower extremity at the tip of the anal vein, the other transverse, above the middle of the
lower spot of the inner belt ; and finally one, very oblique, in continuation of the preced-
ing. It thus appears that all the heavy cross nervules fall in the three transverse dark
belts and that with few exceptions those which are oblique to the neighboring longitudinal

■li! H

239

nervures (ire Hitimtod in the interspace between main veins, while those which are trans-
verse are between brnnohes of a single vein.

The specimen comes from the coal measures near Tipton, StalTonlshire, where it was
obtained by Mr. C. Beale and was kindly sent to mo for study by the Rev. P. B. Brodie,
Vicar of Kowington, near Warwick, to whom it now belonj^s. The face examined is the
upper surface of the right wing, or else the reverse of the lower surface of the left wing.
The Bccond species may be called :

Arohaeoptilus ingena nov. np. ot ^-u.
PI. 11, figH. 10-12.

The costal uuirgin, or marj^inal vein, is pretty strongly convex at the base, but beyond
is straight ; no other marjjin is preserved, and only the base of this, but the wide sepa-
ration andstri'ight course of tlie upper, and the sweeping curve of the lower, veins indicate
an immense expanse of wing both in length and l)readth ; all the veins are exceedingly
stout. The mediastinal vein is at first directed in a straight line toward (presunuibly) the
middle of the costal margin, but at a distance of 20 mm. from the base bends very
gently and very slightly downward, still continuing a nearly straight course, indicating
the extension of the vein to the tip or nearly to the tip of the wing ; at the extremity of
the fragment, at about 40 nnn. from the l)ase, it lies midway between the marginal and
scapidnr veins; but previous to this it lies nearer the latter. It lies in a slight
depression, a little lower than the level ot the interspaces beside it, as well as that
of the marginal vein. The scapular vein, on the contrary, though broad and flattened
like all the rest, lies at a high level from which the wing slopes in a rounded curve
equally on both sides ; it starts from the middle of the base of the wing, and follow-
ing a course subparallel to the costal margin, especially beyond the extreme base of the
latter, moves in a broad inconspicuous curve, apparently reaching the highest point of the
curve at the extremity of the fragment. 'I he externomedian vein crowds against the
scapular at base and, at a distance of only about 15 mm. therefrom, it divides into two
branches, the upper of which continues the course of the undivided base, but diverges
very slightly from the scapular vein ; so that at the end of the fragment the two veins are
separated by scarcely more than the width of one of them. Like the scapular vein it lies
at a high level, but the lower branch, on the contrary, falls rapidly beyond its origin, so as
to lie, at the terminal portion of the fragment, at a lower level than the mediastinal vein ;
but unlike the mediastinal, and indeed all the other principal veins, it is Aveak, having less
than one-fifth the width of the scapular vein ; it diverges with tolerable rapidity from the
main branch, and divides equally the space between it and the internomedian vein. The
latter vein, again heavy, and also closely crowded at base against the veins above, as far as
the division of the externomedian vein, sweeps downward in a pretty strong curve beyond
this point, so that at the end of the fragment, up to which it is undivided, it is as far from
the upper branch of the externomedian, as the scapular is from the mediastinal. It lies
again at a higher level, the space between the lower branch of the externomedian and the
internal forming a broad gentle arch, lower and less conspicuous than that between the
mediastinal and lower externomedian veins, but otherwise similar to it, at the summit of

ml 'M

mi ■ ^a

mi m

240

which lies this vein. The anal vein is not crowded against those altove it; it has a cnrve
even niorr - >ping than, bnt running subparallel to, the internoniedian vein, and omits
several similarly curving branches, of which fragnK'nt!* of two can be seen upon the stone :
at base it is separated from the veins above by a space several times its own width, and
at the extreme biise it seems to part more widely from them, and to 'have its root attach-
ments at a considerable remove from them ; the vein itself is neither depressid nor
elevated.

The cross-veins ol the wing are ve.v conspicuous, especially in the two broad upper
interspaces ; here they are pi'ominent, in relief, generally simple, occasionally lurking,
and then rather widely, generally curved or sinuous, suboquidistant, and dividing the inter-
spaces into cells gent'iully about twice as broad as long. In the mediastino-scapuhir
interspace th'jy arc generally regularly curved with the convexity outward ; and the same
is usually the case with the other cross-veins of the interspaces below, in all tf which tiiey
are found (even in the slender interspace between the scapular and the upper branch of the
externomedian vein) ; though here they are much feebler, more numerous, uniform and
simple ; they are especially feeble and numerous in the internomedio-anal interspace, as
well as in the slight fragments that remain of the ansd area.

Besides these cross- veins are a few others, the nature of which it is more dillicult to
divine; such are three short, curving, transverse impressions which cross continuously the
base of scapular and externomedian veins ; and also a considerable number of transverse
impressions on these same veins away from the base generally crossing the vein, sometimes
only half crossing it and usually in continuation of the ordinary cross-veins in the inter-
space below ; these latter cross- veins are not shown in the figures ; they are not con-
spicuous in the fossil nnd appear to be confined to these two veins.

In addition to these points it may be mentioned that the only fragment of a border
which remains c'lows that the edge of the wing was spinous ; toward the base the costal
margin is furnished on its convex portion (pi. 11, fig. 11) with frequent short, oblique,
spinous points, which further out seem to be altered to distant, recumbent, outward
directed, longer and rather slender spines.

Length of the fragment 43 mm. ; breadth 32 mm. ; greatest width of upper interspace
10 mm.

Ttiis fragment is remarkable for representing the largest known insect-wing from the
paleozoic rocks, not excepting the Acr'nUten formosus of Goldenberg froui Saarbriick, or
my Meijathentomum imstiilatum from Illinois. Certainly not more, probal)ly much less,
than the fifth of the ving is preserved (pi. 11, fig. 12), but the direction of the veins, their
very great robustness, and the extraordinary distance apart of the upper three, are clear
indications that the spread of wing enjoyed by this insect was not less than 25 cm., and
may have been even more than 35 cm., while the width could not have been far from
6 cm. All the principal veins are a millimeter or more thick.

The specimen occupies the entire surface of a reddish-brown iron-stone nodide and came
from the coal measures near Chesterfield, between Shelton and Clayborne, Derbyshire, Kng-
land ; it was received for examination from Rev. P. B. Brudie, to whose collection it belongs.
Tiie reverse is in the British Museum, from which I have received excellent casts through

„M

241

1 it belonirs.

Dr. Henry Woodwarrl. The specimen before me represents the upper surface of a left wing,
or else the reverse of the lower surface of a right wing.

The exact position of a fragment a.s small (proportionally speaking) as this would seem
to be indeterminaljki at first sight ; and so indeed it would be, were there not other forms
living at that time, l)eloiiging to a group from which this cannot bo separated by anything
in the structure of tiu' base of the wing ; and yet, as it dillers stril\ingly from all of them
in certain features, and from its immense size can be confounded with none, it merits dis-
tinct mention and a name. All of the principal veins are present, and from their trend and
relative level, and from the width and nature of the interspaces, there can be no (juestion
that the insect belongs to the same group as fhe oidy other heretofore known neurc,,te-
rous wings found in Great Britain, viz., C'uri/ilalix lirontpiUifli Mantell and Lilhoiiiaiit' ■■ ' ci-
hoiifn'iiis Woodward, and is only to be separated generically from them. Its proper; .^t- .;.
can therefore best be determined after the structure of those wings has been disci -^'d, —
a point to which we will now direct our attention.

Dr. Woodward is assuredly mistaken in refei ring Lithomantis to ■' the neighborhood of
the Mantida'," notwithstanding that he supports himself by the adherence to his views of
such able entomologists as Messrs. Westwood, Waterhouse and M'Ltu-hlan, who can hardly
have made a serious study of the neuration. It bears indeed a vague resemblance to that
of the Mantida^ excepting in the hind wings, where tlie fullness of the anal area, with its
special development of folding ray.s in the insect of to-day, need not be looked for in its
less specialized ancestor; but when the elements of the neuration are examined, the
reseudjlance is seen to be ])urely sui)erlicial. Then it appears that Lithomantis agrees
with other ancient types, and not at all with tiie Mantida\ The front wing of the Man-
tida^ has a very peculiar and characteristic neuratifui. The nuirginal vein Ibrms the front
border of the wing, as 1 believe it never does in any saltatorial Orthoptera, and always does
in the Neuroptera. The mediastinal vein is simple, and runs in ch)so proxin»ity to the
scapular, terminating near the tip of the wing. So far there is nothing essentially difler-
cnt from the condition of things in Lithomantis; l)ut in the next three veins all is different.
To use the s])ecific exiimple {Ii/i'/)h<irh) doiniiirt of Africa) given by Mr. Woodward: the
scapular vein is perfectly simple as far as the extreme tip. when it divides into three very
short nervules supporting the apical margin. In Lith'^mautis. however, it emits a stout
inferior branch near the middle of the wing, which runs parallel or nearly parallel to the
niai; vein, and probably (if it is like its allies of the time) sends olf .several branches to
tlie low^M' apical margin. As this is one of the principal veins of the wing, dill'erences
which occur here are significant, and there is hardly any group of insects which basso
unimportant a scapular vein as the Mantidie. The dillerences are even more striking in
the next tw veins, better preserved in the fossil. In IMepharis (and it is much the same
in all MantidaO the e\terno;uedian vein is divided at base into two main stems, the upper
of which runs in close proximity to the scapular, and in the outer half of the wing sends
downward three or four conspicuous obli(|ue veins, which appear at first glance precisely
as if they were oflshoot-i of the scapular, which they are not at all ; they only perform
the ollice of such ollshoots in other wings ; the lower bran(;h takes an irr(*gularly longi-
tudinal coiu'se below the upper branch, and emits similar veinlets to the lower margin ;
and the entire area occupied by the two branches of this vein and their olVshoots covers

11

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■ : 1 ';> -

'I

242

very much tho larger part of the wing. The internoiiu'duin vein, on the contrarv. is
exceedingly simple, being forked only once (often, in other Mantida^. not at all), and
occupies much less space tiian even tiie anal area. Now in Litlioinantis the easo is
very diflerent ; the e.vternomedian vein does not divide at all until near the middle, and
then only once or twice, its branches covering an area which is certainly nuich less than a
quarter part of the wing ; while the internomedian vein subdivides nmnerously, no less
than eight final nervures reaching the margin, and covering an area, certainly as great as,
and apparently considerably greater than, that of the extt'rnomedian vein. These singu-
lar dill'erences between the Mantidse and Lithomantis, allecting the distribution of the
three most imi)ortant veins of the wing, leave no doubt whatever that the reseujblances
between the two are only superficial, and that Lithomantis can with no propriety be
referred to the Mantida>.

What place, then, should be assigned to Lithomantis ? T believe we should compare it
with certain other paleozoic wings, and not;ih]y with '- C<n'i/(ht/i)i /{roiif/iiittt'ti" of Man-
tell, to which indeed Woodward has himself ccmipared it ; speaking of their "marked simi-
larity " and giving at the same time an original figure of this interesting tossil (reproduced
in pi. 11, fig. 8).

The last insect, as I shall show, should be referred, neither to the modern gemis ('ory-
dalis nor to Gryllacris, but is generically distinct from all modern types, and may bear
the name of

Lithosialis Brongniarti.

IM. 11, figs. 1, 2, 8, 0.

This insect is especially interesting from its being the first discovered in ])aleo/oic rocks,
and that at a time when, to use the words of Audouin, no fossil insect was known either
from the lower oolite, the lias, the keuper, the muschelkalk, <»r the new red sandstone ;
still less in any older rocks. How astonishing then it must have been to find this trace in
the coal ! It was at first supposed to be a plain, and as such was sent l)y Mantell to
IJrongniart, with other remains from Shropshire. IJrongniart placed it in Audouin's hands,
and he drew attention to it on several occasions, — before the Kntomological Society of
France, the Academy of Sciences, and the Assembly of German Naturalists at Bonn,
asserting its relationship to Neuroptera, wliere he placed it in the neighborhood of Ileme-
robius, Semblis, Mantispa, and especially of Corydalis. Mantell accordingly figured it in
18ot), in his Medals of Creation under the name of Corydalis, adding in the second edition
in 1844 the specific name IJrongniarti. The figure given by Mantell (reproduced in i)l.
11, fig. D) is thoroughly bad, not one of the veins being correctly drawn, and giving an
altogether false idea of the wing ; that by Murchison, in the various editions of his " SiUiria"
(reproduced in pi. 11, fig. 2) is apparently made from the same drawing, and therefore
almost equally bad ; the anal veins alone are more correct.

No further notice appears to have been taken of this wing until, in 1874, Swinton, and
again, in 1870, Woodward, gave us new illustrations of it, (cf. pi. 11, figs. 1 and 8) which
leave little to be desired. Swinton thought he had discovered the relics of a stridulating
organ at the base of the wing, and compared it to similar characteristics alleged to be

'1

243

present on the under surface of the front wing of the niotlern (Irylliicris. lie accordinglv
referred the wing to the Ortlioptera, and even to tlie Locustarian genus Cryllaeris. This
view cannot possihly be maintained, and a more unfortunate comparison couM hardly have
hcen made. Swinton himself acknowledges that he could not succeed in finding a species
t)f (jrvllacris "with an effective file," and the scMuhlanceof one he figures cannot jje nscril)ed
to a stridulating iii>paratus ; for (1) the "file" he figures could not produce any somul wiien
brought into contact with a similar structure on the opposite wing, since from their course
the two would not be l»rought into the pi;)i)er relations to each other, or at least into such
relations as they always are brought in strididating Ortlioptera ; (2) but it could not be
brought at all into contact with the similar |)art of the opposite wing, the wiiig-inserti(ms
being far apart in (Jryllacris, anil the supposed file lying at the extreme base of a vein in
i\w middle of the wing; (o) if this were a stridulating organ, it would not only lie in a
(lidcrent area from that in which it lies in all other Locu^itarians, but would agree with its
place in no other Ortlioptera whatever.'

The supposed file in Grvllacris being no stridulating ai)paratus. any i-omparisons between
it and the fossil from this point of view are of cour.se misplaced ; but, aside from this, the
])osition and course of the supposed file of the fossil is entirely diflerent from that of the
supposed file in Gryllacris, more indeed as it really is in Locustarians. IJut a careful c»
aiiiiiiation of casts of both obverse and reverse, kindly given me by Mr. Woodwanl, and
wliicli show even more details than are given either by Swinton or Woodward (as, for
instance, tlie spiny nature of the edge of the costal margin), brings nothing to light which
lends any supjiort to this supposition.

In his comparison of the general neuration of the fo.ssil wing and the modern Orylla-
cris, Mr. Swinton's language is vague ; and his conclusion, though evident, is wholly
erroneous. It needs only the figures upon his plate to point out the essential diil'ovences in
the neuration. In the first jdace, a distinction of i>rime importance appears in the margin-
al vein, which forms the border (and is heavily spined) in the fossil, is widely removed
from it in Gryllacris, the margin being formed of a film supported by superior
oiTshoots from the marginal vein, which of course do not exist in tli fossil. In Gryllacris,
tlie ^capuliir vein is crowded into a narrow s|)ace. embracing 'on the margin only the
extreme tip of the wing ; while im such contraction apjiears in the fossil, wdiere the area
embraced by this vein iiiu t cover the entire apical margin. The externomedian vein of
the fossil i< closely crowded against the scapular at base, and parts from it beyond with a
sweeping curve (as in most Neunnitera), a])pearing as if a branch of it; while in Gr^dla-
cris it lies m: way between the adjacent veins, and has scarcely the slightest downward
tendency, its lanches lieing e<iually parallel instead of tlivergent. The internomedian
vein in the foss is widely separated on eitl.er hand from the adjoining veins ; while in
Gryllacris it is I'ciually crowded with the others. Finally, all the branches of the hitter^
as well as those of the preceding vein, impinge upon the apical margin in Gryllacris;
while in the fossil they strike the lower border of the wing.

' Ml'. K. r.lln'fiili;!' ofllu' lirilifih MusiMinilias I'xaniiniMl the is in liict only a iiai'tiiri" of tlif surface of tlic! noiIiiU-, in

orifiiiial s|K'iimru ami 'is I'onviniT.I lliat not tlio sli;;lit»'st wliicli llif win;; is luvsi'ivtil. This is shown both ,>n tht fos-

t;uw (if any cii(;an, as fi^inrcil liy Mr. .Swinton . . . t'xists on sil and its counterpart." (icol. Ma;;. (2) viil, iW. note,
tlip spu'iincn In i|ncslioii. The snpposcd ' striihllHiin;; organ'

1 m

244

These difroronces, many of which separate also most of t!ie families of Orthoptera from
those of Neuroptera, prove that the fossil is widely distinct from Ciryllacris, which, on its
side, has a nenration more nearly allied to that of Neuroptera than, perhaps, any other
group of Orthojitera; any comparison with other Orthoptera would therefore he still
more vain, the nenration of the I'ossil wing hearing so i uich closer resemblance to that of
those groups to which Audouin at lirst referred it.

Compared even with IJroilia, it will be seen that the essential features of the nenration
are the" same, with the single exception of the niedia>tinal vein, which in lirodia ends
on the margin not far from the middle of the wing ; while in tiiis ancient " Corydalis " it
extends no doubt nearly or quite to the tip. But exactly such a dillerence as this is found
to-day between Raphidiidiu and Sialidie, and there can be little doubt that all four of the
wings which have now been discussed (comprising all the important fragments of wings
from the English carboniferous rocks but one — a cockroach) belong to an ancient type
of planipennian Neuroptera.

Of these, the two which are most nearly related to each other are, unquestionably, the
Corydalis lironguiartl of Mantell and the Lithomaiitiii carhonririiisoi' Woodward. Indeed,
the resemblance between them is so close that one would almost consider them as belong-
ing to the same genus. The basal narrowness of the margiuo-mediastinal interspace^
however, as well as the considerably greater importance of the internomedian area in
Lithomantis, forbid this, though the course and general disposition of every principal vein
is nearly identical.

Corychdis Bronyniartl, then, being generically distinct from its synchronous allies, and
widely difterent from living types, merits a distinctive name, and may be termed Lithosi-
alis, to recall its relationship to the forms to whicii Audouin lirst compared it. From
Lithomantis it dift'ors in the points just mentioned; from Brodia in the basal breadth of
the margiuo-mediastinal interspace, the much more numerous branching of the lower
veins, and the greater extent of the mediastinal, besides the more luiiforui breadtii of the
whole wing ; from Arducoptilus, in the proportionally narrow area occupied at the base of
the wing by the upper two interspaces, and the far later division of the externomediau
vein.

Objection would perhaps be made by some to the retention of Woodward's name of
Lithomantis for an insect whose supposed resemblance to the Mantidic is found to ]n>
erroneous, and which does not even fall witiiin the sui)oi' ler to wiiich the Mantidto belontj ;
but, aside from the fact that it belonged to an age when the char.icteristic I'eature* of
Orthoptera and Neuroptera were more or less bleuded, its outward aspect is at (irst glance
by no mean;j very dilferent from the insect to which Wojilward has compared it ; and the
retention of tlie name has an historic interest which should not be disregarded ; the tium-
ber of p.aleozoic insects is not, and is not likely to become, so great as to render the nauie
itself an obstacle to a knowledge and easy recollection of its true attinities.

Attention luay here be drawn to the apparent fact (the e are nuiny described fossils whicii
1 have not yet studied with sulHcient attention to speak in any stronger terms) that while
all the carboniferous Neuroptera of CJreat Britain belong to a single groui), not oidy is
this group not represented (at least at all conspicuously) in any other locality, whether in
Europe or America ; but also the prevailing forms of other coal measures, the Dictyoneurae

245

Termites, etc., arc entirely absent from England. It is a noticeable exception to the
prevailing uniformity o( insect type among carboniferous localities generally. The same
oxcoi)tio:i does not exist among the arachnids and myriapods of Great Britain, as Mr.
Woodward has sliown in nearly all his papers upon fossil insects.

ConcLMMjlng the otlicr hoxapod insects described from Great Britain we have here noth-
ing to add besides a mere list of all the species hitherto recorded, with which this paper is
concluded.

LIST OF THE CARBONIFEROUS IIEXAPOD INSECTS OF GREAT BRITAIN,

Neuropteka.

1. Lithasialis Brongniartl Scuddkk, Gool. Mug., (-J), vni, '297-300 (1881); — lu., Ilarv. Univ. Bull., ii,

17o (1881).
Cori/'lulit (ulliofl to) AunoriN, Ann. Soc. Entoni. Franco, ii, Bull., 7-8 (1833) ; — ^Iast., Wond. (icol., ii,

080 (1839) ;— Mlucii., Silur. Syst., i, 104-li:5, tig. a on p. Ho (1S39) ; — In., Siluriii, p. 2^4, lig. 1 (1854).
Si'iilidiiv (liilor.gs to) Fk tet, Traite Paloont., '2i' od , ii, 377-378, |il. 40, tig. 1 (ls54).
C(iri/(l'tli.i /yrw«///;/rtrt* .Ma\ti:u., Mud. Crc'.it., 11, 575, 578, ligii. 1*24, iig. '1 (1844); — In., ib., 2d ed., it,

551, 551, li-n. 181:2 (lf'54) ; — Muitcii., Siliiria, 3d ud., 320, loss. 81:1 on p. 321 (1859);— Swint., Geol.

Mag., (2), I, 3-5 (1874).
Gi'i/lla ri'n ( Coi'i/ldlin) lii'.niijniarti S\vi\ ton, Gool. Mag., (2) i, 5, jd. 14, fig. 3 (1874) ; — WooDW., Quart.

Journ. (Ji'ol. Soo. Lond., xxxii, GO, pi. 9, fig. 2 (187G).
Gri/lhicri's Jiroiit/niarti Novak, Jalirb. geol. Rciclisaiist., xx.\, 73-74, pi. 2, fig. 4 (1880).

[Coalhrook Dale, Shropshire],

2. Lith^mintls ca/bsnarlns Woonw. Quart. ,Tourn. G.'ol. Sod. L')u 1., xxxir, Gl)-G4, pi. 9, fig. 1 (1876); —

S. ii>i)., Giol. M:ig., (2), VIII, 'jgG-SCO (1881); — III., Ilarv. Univ. Bull., ii, 175 (1881).
Air/iiiiiiiiitin (err. ti/j>.)ciirfio.'niriitii Soi;oi>., Mem. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., iii, 18, note 2 (1879); — In., Arch.
Sf. I'iiys. Nat., (3) iii, 3(33 (1880), [Scotland].

3. Archaeoptilus ingens Scidd., Geol. ^Ing., (2) viii, 295, 300 (1881).

[Ni'ar Ciu'sterlii'l 1, lietwei'ii Sliultoii and Clay Lane, Derbyshire],

4. B.-Jdia p.-isc3tinota Soudd., GjoI. .Mag., (2), viii, 293-295, 3J0, fig, on p. 293 (1881).

[Tipton, Staffordshire].

Ohthopteua,

5. Etoblattina mantidioides S( inn., Mem. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., iii, 72-73, fig. on j). 73, \)\. 3, fig. 8
(1879) ; In., Geol. Mag. (2) viii, 300 (1881).

Ji/iitfa sp. KiKKij., (JeoL Mag., iv, 389, pi. 17, fig. 6 (1867).
B!attidiaiii mantidioides Goi.dknu., Faun. Saraep. Foss., ii, 20 (1877).

All indetenninite fragment of auotlier wing, perhaps of the same species, is mentioned and figured, fig.

7, by Kirkby as above. [Claxheugh, Durham.]

6. Phasmidae sp., Kikkii., Geol. :Mag., iv, 389, pi. 17, fig. 8 (1867); — Scunn., Geol. Mag., (2) viii,
300 (1881). [Cla.vheugh, Durham,]

COLEOPTERA,

7. CurcnUoidea Ansticii Bucki.., Ge(d., n, 76, pi. 40", fig. 1 (IS37); — Aoass., Buckl., Geol., Expl. pi.

4G", pp. 1-2, pi. 4G", fig. 1 (1838) ;— Manx., Med. Creat., 2(1 ed., ii, 555 (1854) ; — Scudd., Geol, Mag.,
(2), VIII, 300 (1881).
//«"i7rt /l«s<»f/t GiEH., Ins. Vorw., 143 (1856), [Coalbrook Dale, Shropshire].

Tlie other species described by Bucklnnd as a beetle has been sliown to be an arachnid.

•246

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

• '

Fig. I. LithoiiiaUs Brotifjniiirti '\. Tlic figure given by Swiiitoii ; coined from Geol. Mng., (2) i, pi. 14,
fig. 3. The .trrow points iit tiie stipjiosed file.

Fig. 2. The same. \. The figure given by Mureliison ; eopied from liis ^ilnrin, 3d ed., p. 321. The figure
given by Pietet is copied from the same.

Fig. 3. Jirodia priscotincta. \. Showing sim])ly the neuration with the heavier cross veins. Drawn by
J. S. Kingsley.

Fig. 4. The same. ?. Cross section of the same at the jioint where the dotted line is jilaced in fig. .3, to
show the different jilanes at which the veins lie. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.

Fig. 5. The same. *,»• '^ l*'t i>f the costal margin frniii near the tip of the wing, showing the double row
of approximated depressed teeth. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley. The positions of ligs u ami 0 upon the [ilate
would better have been reversed.

Fig. 6. The name. y. A bit of the same margin niarthc base, showing the single row of more disti'.nt
and elevated teeth. Dr;iwn by J. S. Kingsley.

Fig. 7. The same. \. The whole wing and stone. Drjiwn in color by J. II. Ulake.

Fig. 8. Lithosialis JJrougiiiarti. {. The figure given by Woodward; copied from the Quart.. louin. Geol.
Soc. Lend., XXXII, pi. 9, fig. 2.

Fig. 9. The rime. \. The figure given by JIantell ; copied from his Medals of Creation. 1st. ed. ii, ]i. 57S.

Fig. 10. Archaeoptilns iii</eiis. |. Cross section at tlu' point where the dotted line is placed in fig. 11, to
show the ditlerent pbines at which the veins lie. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.

Fig. 11. Tlie same. \. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.

Fig. 12. 27ie same. \. Restored to its presumed size, etc. Drawn by S. II. Scudder.

An abstract of this paper was published iu the Gkolouical Maoazink (2), Tin, 293-300 ; July, 1881.

m

Two New and Diverse Types op Carboniferous Myriapods.

nori' (listr.iit

oiiin. Gool.

C;IL\.UACrERI.STIC.S of a (VHtinct typo of carbon! foroui myriapods were recently given
ill a paper on the Arcliipolvpodii, or jrigantic spined myriapods of the coal measures. In
collecting the material lor t'.iat memoir so.no otiior striking forais fell under notice, which
at (irst were seta>ide as having no clo<e connection with my studies; but which, with more
ample material and careful inspection, proved to be allied, though re;narkably distinct. It
is the purpose of the present paper to Ir'ng the-se strange forms to the notice of natura-
lists. They belong to two distinct types, each ditl'ering coiniderably from other known
ancient myriapols. Ouij of these typj^ i-s here not'cLid for th:; (irst time; the other and
more remurkable type U tliat figured in the Illinoi't Gedogical Report-^, to which Messrs.
Meek and Worthen applied the name of P.ilaiiJca:npa, and of wliu^e alfiaitles thure hag
been much doubt and some public discussion.'

For the opportunity of studying tlio^e iutjrQiting animals, t!i3 writar is entirely indebted
to his friends at Morris, 111., Messrs. J. C. Carr, P. A. Armstrong, and F. T. Bliss, who
have generously placed at his disposal the material tliey have, with great pains and
assiduity during a number of years, gathered in the nodules in the shales of Mazon Creek,
in that vicinity.

The first of these new forms, to which the name of Trichiulus may be given, probably
belongs to the Archipolypoda. Five specimens of different spL^cios have been examined,
but they do not togetiier furnish all the details that could be desired, even in those points
where most of the Eiiphoberiae and allied genera are sulficiently clear. They maybe de-
f-cribed (pi. IS) as jointed vermiform myriapods, tapering considerably from in front back-
ward. The segments of the body are unusually short and probably consisted of two ventral
plates to every dorsal plate, furnished profusely with rows of papillae, apparently ar-
ranged in definite series both longitudinally and transversely, and bearing long llexible hairs
which were sometimes much longer than the width of the body and formed a thick and uni-
form (lowing mass entirely concealing the body. The body, and especially the hinder half,
was capable of being tightly coiled, as in modern lulidae ; more than this can hardly be said.
The relation of dorsal and ventral plates is by no means certain and is presumed mainly
from certain features which also occur in some obscure but indubital)lc specimens of Archi-
polypoda, and Avhich are there referred with little doubt to a separation of the dorsal and

'For refurencc to tlii.i, see tlio bU)li()<;iMpliical uitiitions imJi!r thu iloscription, tn/ca, of I'ulavouiimpa anthrux.

til

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248

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M' ^

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I

! if

ventral fields. It is ul^o supported by a vii^ue appearance of what seem to be legs on one
or two of the specimens, and which show two pairs to eacli dorud segment. Tlie clo<e
general resemblance of most of the species to the species of Eiiplioberia is also an argu-
ment in favor of the same supposition ; and would, perhaps, by itself, ))e consideied sulli-
cient to one studying these forms, were it not for the unexpected discovery of a very
distinct type of chilopodifurm myriapods next to be considered.

This second type, as we have remarked, has been known to naturalists for some time
under the name of Palaeocampa, given to it by Messrs. Meek and Worthen in 1 865, under
the supposition that it was a caterpdlar. The original specimen, figured in 18GG, was de-
stroyed by fire a year or two later, but a better specimen enabled these naturalists to give
further description of the sjyines in the same year that I questioned the lepidopterous
nature of the fossil ; and to express th'j opinion, that, as I had suggested from the figure alone,
" it was more probably a worm." I have now received, through the favor of Messrs. Carr
and Bliss, three remarkably well preserved specimens of what is unuoul)tedly the same
creature, and which show that the animal combined some most extraordinary features.
One of these specimens, the discovery of Mr. Bliss, shows the legs distinctly on both halves
of the split nodule in which it occurs an;l gives ona much fuller information concerning
this ancietit creature than one could gain from the legless specimens otherwise known.

But for my previous study of the Archipolypoda of Mazon Creek, and the revelation
which these ancient types give of the divergence of structure betwetMi extinct and mod-
ern forms of Myriapoda, it would have been dillicult to reac'.i the full conviction that
Palaeocampa was a myriapod. It is a caterpillar-like, segmented creature, three or four
centimeters long (pi. 12), composed of ten similar and equal seg.nent^ beside-! a small heid;
each of the segments excepting the head bears a single pair of stout, clumsy-, subfusironn.
bluntly pointed legs, as long as the width of the bo:l_y, an 1 apparently co npojil of several
equal joints. Each segment also bears four cyliicrlcal but spreading bundle < of very
densely packed, stiff, slender, bluntly tipped, rod-like > pines a little longer than the legs.
The bunches are seated on mammillae and arranged in dorsopleural and lateral rows.

The individual rods have an intricate structure (pi. 12, figs. 1-4); instead of being striate,
as supposed by Meek and Worthen in their last examination, they are furnished externally
with about eighteen longitudinal, equidistant ridges, about half as higii as theii distance
apart; the edges of these ridges are broken into slight serration ■; at regular intervals about
equal to the distance between neigiiboring ridges, the highest point of each serration
being toward the apex of the spine; the body of the ridge itself appears as if broken at
each serration. The intervening space between neighboring ridges is equally divided by
two or three exactly similar, but miniature ridges, serrated at more frequent intervals.
This serration of both larger and smaller ridges, with the apparent jointing or incision of
the ridges to the base at ^'le lowest point of each serration, gives the whole spine a jointed
appearance ; but a close inspection of the floor of the spine itself between the ridges
shows no sign whatever of any break in its perfectly snu)oth surface. The diameter of
the spines is only about one-tenth of a millimeter, and yet it gives room for an exquisitely
regular division of its periphery by seventy or more delicate ridges, every fourth one
higher than the intervening, and all broken at minute intervals by uniform serrations
(pi. 12, fig. 2). The preservation of these structures from carboniferous times is only less

iy;L't!iy*i

249

roinnrUnble tlinn the occurrence, nppnrently so nenr the origin of the type to which it
hc'loiigs, of ornaMicnttitioii of such excessive delicacy, finish, coiiiplication and regularity.
1 cannot di-scover that dermal appendages of such delicate and spcciall/ed organization
ovcw :i'iy.v'iure to-day among arthropods, unless it be when developed as scales,
iM ill rji;)Moi)t'3iM, and o:!c;isionally in other group* of hexapods ; some chactopod worms
have indo'jd hairs of curiou-i asymmetrical structure, often very delicate and somewhat
specialized, but never, so far as I can learn, to nearly so liigli a degree as here. The col-
lection of these rods into fascicles is also not a little curious, and is again a feature known
now in artliropods only in a few in-itancos, sucli as some tufts of hairs in lepidopterous cater-
pillars like Orgyia ; or tiie pencils of hair-like scales in the riiales of some perfect Lepidop-
tera, e. g. at the tip of the abdomen in Ileliconia, Danais, Agrotis, fjcucarctla, etc.; or in
the terminal fascicles of barbed bristles in the myriapodan genus Polyxenus.'

There is no group of aniuials into which such a jointed creature as this coidd fall except-
ing worms, myriapods, or the larvae of hjxapol inject''. Tlie certainty that this animal
possessed a single pair of well developed legs of identical cliaracter on every seguient of
the body behind the first segment or head is of itself suliicient evidence to exclude it both
from the worms and from the larvae of liexapod injects. No such legs or leg-like struc-
tures occur to -day in worms, and it would be idle to look for them in their ancestors of car-
boniferous times. The only approach to such an appearance in liexapod larvae is in the
young of tenthredinous Ilymenopter.i, where, however, a difference of great morphological
significance is found between the true or thoracic legs and the ])ro-legs or those attached
ti) the abdomen; a difference based on one of the most essential underlying features of
their struct, ire as hexapo.ls. No such difference occurs in Palaeocampa, and it is, therefore,
impossible to conceive of it as the larva of a luixapod insect of any sort.'*

In myriapods only do we find a repetition of legs of exactly similar structure on every
or nearly every segment of the bo;ly ; ' by this test Palaeocampa is a myriapod ; and now
that we have found ancient types of this group, like the Archipolypoda, bearing huge and
liri-itliiig spines arranged in series along the sides of the body, we need not be at all dis-
coner.ed at discovering this new type, with longitudinal series of fascicles of stiff" rods, al-
tIiou/!i w;) cannot restrain our surprise and admiration at their exquisite intricate structure.

Accepting Palaeocampa then as a myriapod, we may next ask what relation it bore to
the myriapods of the same period and found in the same waters, and also to myriapods of
to-day.

The differences bi^tween the stout, forked and bristling spines of the Archipolypoda and
the close-set but spreading bunches of highly organized stiff rods of Palaeocampa appear
upon the barest statement. Were it not, however, for the complicated ornamentation of

• Seo Pioe. BoKl. Snc. Nat. Hinl., xxii, 66, figg.

^ Ur. P.itk.iril li«8 riict'iitlv reiiiiirki'd (/V«f. Amtr. Phil.
Snc XXI, 208)': "It sei'iiis to ust that the hirvae of t\\v neiiro|)-
tui'oiis I'luiorpiiliic, with tlivir two jointed abiloiiiinal prop-
lv<;x, iiniall huiid and siiigidarly hir^u spinosu npinvs, arising
ill gruiiiM troin a tiibi rvlu or niaiiiinillii, voniu iiuarcr to IV
lauDCMiinpi thitn any myriapod with whiuh sviunc.t is ac-
qiiaiiitvd." Tiiis opinion, cxprt-saud since this pa|ierwas writ-
tun and since the pnbiivation of mr general results in the

American Journal of Science, the author supports by no facts
beyoiKl what are implied in the above quotation. How he
will ai'eouiit for tlie uiupiostioi.ably eloso relationship of Pa-
laccieauipa, Trieliiuliis, and Kuiihoberia does not yet appear.
' Siane smaller groups, fornieily, and by some autliors still,
considered as belonging to ilie myriapods, must be excepted
from tids statement; their relation to Palaeocampa will be
discussed further on.

\'l i'

i ,.;

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250

the rod'? them^elvo^, the d*ntinction betwoan tho fassicloi of P.ilaooc:impi and tho sp'no< of
Euphoberia would be hardly gruatur tlian that botvvcL'ii the latter and tho long hairs of
Trichiulus; ho that to this feature alone we cannot grant so high an importance' as to an-
other which has already boon nauvjd: thj presLMice in l*ahuM)ca npi of a sin.;le pair of legs
(and consequently, to judge by analogy, of a single ventral pi itL') to e;ic!i s'g lu-nt ; w!iilo
there are two ventral plates and pairs of leg< to eac!i sjgiu3iit in Are'iipolypoli. This is
a difference of profoun 1 signiticance, which has separated the pr.'vailing typ„>s ol niyrlapods
down to Jbhe present day, lying as it does at the lnne of the ilistiiict'om between the living
chilopods and diplopods. The discovery of thi< typa is of Uu greater importance because
we have hitherto known ni)t!iing of any chilopodiform nyriapods previous to tjrtiary times,
unless Miin-tter's duMou* G3ophilus procunis from the Jura prusibly be an exception,'

In studying the Archipolypoda we necessarily confined our comparisons with modern
types to the Diplopoda, became of their common possession of the fundamental feat. ire
just named ; in the samj way the comparisons between Palaeocampa and recent forms
must be reiluced to the com no.i featare< or the radical distinction'* which appear in study-
ing the Chilopoda. Now altliough the structure of Palaeocampa can be far less p^'rfejtly
known than that of the equally ancient Euplio'jeria and its allies, enough can be seen to
point conclusively to wide and important diffjrences between it and modern Chilopoda.

In Chilopoda, of which the modern scolopendra or centipede is the type, the body is al-
ways depressed, formed of many segments, rarely a^ few as sixteen behind the head, each
of which ia compound, being formed of two sulKseginonts, one of t!iem atropliied an 1 carry-
ing no appendages; both dorsal and ventral plate e coriaceo.ia, of nearly equal width,
and possess no armature whatever excepting the simplest hairs, which are occasionally scat-
tered over the surface. The larger sub-segment bears a single pair of legs wliicli are com-
posed of five slender, cylindrical, sub-equal joints beyond the coxa, and armed with a single
apical claw ; they are attached to the interscutal membrane uniting the distinct dorsal and
ventral plates of each segment and are therefore .sepnrated by the entire width of the broail
ventral plates. The hindmost legs are transformed to anal stylets, while the first two pair
are more profoundly transformed to subsidiary mouth parts, the first becoming palpi and
the second stout nippers. The head really composed of eight primitive segments, i< appar-
ently made up of two, each of which is generally of about the same size as the body seg-
ments and as distinctly separated; the stout biting jaws, composed of the second pair of
legs, spring from this second segment of the head, and the palpi or first pair of legs froju
the hinder part of the first cephalic segment; the anterior part of the same bears the
many-jointed simple antennae.

Passing now to the comparative stud}' of Palaeocampa, we find that its boly was in all
probability cylindrical, composed of a limited number of segments behind the head, and
the head itself, considerably smaller than the body segments, is composed of only a single
apparent segment. The legs of the segment immediately succeeding it are in every respect
like those of the rest of the body, and have nothing whatever to do as auxiliary to the mouth.
In this point alone we have a distinction as wide and incisive as any whi':!; separate the
modern Diplopoda and Chilopoda. In the body segments we discover no trace of anything
more than a simple ring without sub-division, but as the specimens indicate a coriaceous

> Uagen considers this a nerciil worm, a suggestion I once udopted, but now find ruasoii to ijiatitioii.

f«'ii

liliiiii

p ^ftm>aiVse-'^*mKin!*mmaiit»-ff-*^^'-'

261

structure like thiit of modern Chilopoda, and no trace of the division between the dorsnl
and ventral plates can bo seen in any of them, the separation of the segments into two
Kub-segnients, as in Chilopoda, one of them greatly atrophied, could hardly be apparent
did it exi-it. But on the other hand, as wo regard tlie socond sub-segment of Chilopoda as
atiopliied. we should expuct to (ind it fidly or partially developed in these creatures, which
of all kuD.vu aiicle;jt typj< are cortiinly the most closely related to them. Yet we find
here no sign of anything more than the simplest possible, uniform, leg-bearing segments,
and of a very limited numbor. In one feature, however, thi'y are not so simple as in
Chilopoda ; for, as stated, each is provided on each side with two pairs of nuunmillae, support-
ing very large bun.dijs of spreidiug rod<, and the rods the.nselves are sculptured in a very
remarkable way. This distinction between the two typiis, though more striking and notice-
able thiui any othir. is in itself by no means so important as the others, but may be added
to the catalogue; and it must have some weight, from the total absonce of appendages of *
any sort (l)eyond scattered hairs) from the dorsal plates of Chilopoda. The position of
tlu'se rows of fascicles and of the legs indicates thiit the ventral plates were otdy a little
nariower than the dorsal, and probaldy of about the same extent as in the Archipolypoda ;
in this respect they would not differ to any important degree from modern Chilopoda.
The legs were diflerent in form, but tlu-ir poor preservation in the only specimen in which
thev have l)eeii seen prevents anything more than the mere statement of the following
difference: while the legs of Chilopoda are invariabl}' horny, slender, adapted to wide ex-
tension and rapid movement ; those of Palaeocismpa are fleshy, or iit best subcoriaL^eous,
very stout and conical, certainly incapable of rapid movement, and .serving rather as props.

These differences, which luiderlie every part of the body that is preserved in J^daeocampa,
show that while the general accordance of grand features compels us to look upon
I'alaeoeampa as a precursor of the Chilopoda, we must separate it from them in the same
wiiy as we separate the Archipolypoda from the Diplopoda. For such a group the nan^.e
of Prolosynguiitha is proposed, indicating its ancestral relations to the ChilopoUs, or Syng-
natiia, as they were called by Latreille.

There are, however, two aberrant groups of living animals more or less closely related
to myriapods, and placed with them by some authors, with which also we should compare
Palaeocampa. The first of these is Peripatus, our knowledge of which has been so nmch
increased of late years, and especially by the researches of Moseley.

In external appearance Peripatus resembles an annelid, but is furnished with a pair of
long, jointed antennae, and with numerous fleshy, tapering legs, each armed at tip by a
pair of claws; the legs, set wide apart, are o!)scurely jointed, the joints being perceptible
only at the extreine tip and on t'.ie apical half of the inner side, above which are the large
elongatt'd openings !n o the uepliridia. The entire body is of a leathery texture with no
external sign of segments, or of the separation of the heiul from the rest of the body, except
the appjniages: namely, the legs, the nephridia opening on the legs, and the ordinary
appi'udages of the head. The same is true when the internal structure of the body is ex-
amined, for neither in the disposition of the muscles nor of the tracheal apparatus does it
appoar that one could judge whether a pair of legs represented one or more segments of
tie body ; even in the n jrvous system it is only indicated by a small ganglionic swelling
next each pair of legs. The tracheae are like extended cutaneous glands, independent of

ra

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•252

one another, and scnttered ovit tho body, nnd tlio lonj^itudiniil miiaclos show no r('j»)ihir
segmental breaks. This weiikntHs of Mo^inoiital divisioiH is iiowli Tt* parjilU'K'd nmoii;^
hexnpods, arachnids or niyriapods, and is an in llcation of v^'ry low orgin'zation aiiionj^
arthropods generally. The number of legs lndtcate^ from !•') to 3') seg iient-< in tbe
body, aoeording to the species. The first pair, a-* they are develop-'il in the adult, are finic-
tionless as legs, and are situated (in t'le sp.'ciinen-* I haVv- '»xa iiin^fd — a South A lu'r'eiu
Bpecies, probably P. Edwarch'd), midway between the ant'nniie and s.-cond pair of legs
ond not .only outside of, but ut soiio distance fro;n thj mouth parts *o tliat tho latter are
not furnished with auxiliary appi-ndages borrowed from a segment beliind the fir.-t, as in
chilopods ; this is further proven by the development of these parts in the two groiipx.
The body is profusely covered idjove with corrugated papillae, without regular distribution.

From this it will appear that Palaeoeampa differs in many essential features fiom Peri-
patus, and in most at least of these shows a higher organization. The seguients are well
separated froui one another, and the head is distinctly marked. The number of segments
is much less, and each bears clusters of appendages of a highly specialized cimracter. Al-
though no spiracles are present in the remains we have of Palaeoeampa, it is clear that res-
piration must have been effected through linearly di.spo.sed openings ; since the muscular
or mechanical re(ii.:''nuients for tiie movement of a completely segmented body (especially
if, as in Palaeoeampa, tiju segments bear a heavy armature), forbid the miscellaneous dis-
tribution of tracheae, and demand a well-developed systeui with the same linear arrange-
ment which we fnid in the armature. The best that can be said of the respiratory appara-
tus in Peripatus is that the tracheal bini'lles show a tendency toward "a concentration along
two sides of the body, ventral ami lateral." The pos<es;ion, however, in each type, of a
single pair of legs to every segment behind the head indicates an affinity which cannot Ite
overlooked, and which is the more interesting since one of tlie type- i-t very ancient and
the other is universally looked upon as an e.\i-t!ng survivor of an ancient typo. The
form of the body and of the fleshy l.-gs is also similar, but these are minor point- ; nnd
however close the agreement between the-ie fjrius, we c.innot look upon Palaeoeampa.
with its undoubtedly well-developed tracheal develop neut, as in any sensu t'le geui'tic
predecessor of Peripatus, for the generally distributed traclieal apertures of the latter
could not have developed from a serial disposition, without a degradation of type which,
as Moseley points out, many other features combine with this to di-prove. It may also
be added that while the legs of Palaeoeampa are poorly preserved in the only specimen
which gives a .side view, the presence of nephridial openings, of such an extent and in
such a place as in Peripatus, could hardly fail of detection, and they are entirely absent.
The presence of these in Peripatus is one of the marks of their inferior organization, or
rather of their alliance to an inferior type, the annelids.

The other aberrant group which we must specially notice is Scolopendreila, placed at
first among Chilopoda, but recently shown by Ryder and Packard to differ from them in
very important features, in some at least of which it agrees with Palaeoeampa. The
researches of these naturalists, as well as the earlier ob.servations of Menge, clearly prove
that it must be separated from the myriapods altogether, and that it is certainly provided
with many points of affinity to the Thy.sanura. Ryder suggests for it an independent
place between the Myriapoda and Thysanura under the name Symphyla. Packard, with

][ :ti|vi

Miiiniiuy-iAiiui

bettor rea')on, would place it. within tlie ThysanMni. undor whioli Iioad ho would niso inohido
the Colleinholiv nnd Tiiysaniira propor, or Cinura, as ho tonus tliciu.

ScolopLMnlrolla, lu thosu autliors point out, dilfers from tlu; Chilopoda in tliat the appen-
dages of the segment behind that furnishing the nu)utli-parts proper do not serve as
auxiliary organs for uiau'lueation, but are developed, liite those of the succeeding seg-
ments, as legs, while tlie nu>uth parts resemble those of Thysnuura. and difl'er from those
of Chilopoda ; indeed the whole head is decidedly thysaiuiriform ; the legs are provided
with a pair of claws, and the terminal segment bears a pair of caudal stylets with a special
function. Besides these points the possession of a collnplior.' is dNtinctively tiiysauuran,
and the position of the stigmata, between the legs, is dilU'rent froni the position they
uniformly maintain in Chilopoda, while it only adds to the great irregularity of place seen
in Thysauura. On the other hand, the identity of form in the thoracic and abdominal
segments, the lull development, ujjou the abdominal segments, of jointed legs like those
of the thoracic segments, and the occasional alternation ol leg-bearing and apodal segments
in the ab('omen, are striking marks of its real alKnity to the chiloiKxls, Alxlominal appen-
dages, homologous with legs, but unjointed, do. however, occur in Thysauura to a greater
degree than in other hexapoils, so that we can hardly refuse to admit these polypodous
creatures as lowest members of the sub-class of insects proper, although they are the only
non-hexapodal type.

Now the separation of the head and its appendages from those of the next succeeding
segment distinguishes Palaeocatnpa from the chilopods in the same way as it does Scolo-
pendrella; so, too, the segments behind the head in I'alaeocampa and Scolopendrella, alone
of all arthro|ols in which the liead is thus clearly separate*!, agree in showing no distinc-
tion whatever between what nuiy be looked upon as thoracic and what as abdominal,
V. iicther in the form of the segment itself, or in the appendages of the segments. These
are certainly fundamental points, bat when we have mentioned them we have reached the
end of all possible alKnities. or prints of resemblance, unless we may consider the minute
structure of the rods in the fascicles of Palaeocampa parallelled by the well-known Jelicacy
of organization of tlie scales in souje Thysauura. though they do not exist in Scolopen-
drella. The limited number of abdominal segments might be looked upon as a further
point were it not that the number is even less than in Scolopendrella or in th(> Cinura;
and that the Pauropida among diplopod myriapods have in some instances even a still
smaller nund)er. On the other hand, the character of the legs, the apparent absence of
a double claw at their tip, the peculiar arnuiture of the fascicled rods, which ibrms so
striking a feature in Palaeocampa, the want of any caudal stylets, anil the complete uniform-
ity of the segments of the body unprovided with distinct dcu-sal scutL-s, distinguish Palaeo-
campa not only from Scolopendrella but from all Thysauura whatever; the general form
of the body, too, is altogether different from anything occurring there, even itscylindricity
being foreign to the Thysanura, excepting in their highest types among the Collembola.
It seems, therefore, clear that the points of affinity between Palaeocampa and Scolopendrella,
with the single exception of the separation of the head and its appendages from the body,
are precisely those in which Scolopendrella is chilopodan, and that the assemblage of fea-
tures which our fossil presents are therefore chilopodan rather than thysanuran.

Regarding Palaeocampa then as a myriapod, though of a type very distinct from any

i

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ir)4

known, whether living or fossil, we are brought faeo to face with two remarkable and
somewhat parallel facts : First, that in this nnvient myriapod, as old as any with which we
are acquainted, carrying us back inlojd as fir as any tracer of winkles < trachoate artliro-
pods have been found, and, therefore, pros;iinably not far fro;ii tlio origin of this form of
life upon the earth, loe find dermil appendages of an extraordinarily high organization,
more complicated, as we have pointed out, than anything of the sort found in living iirthro-
pods, excepting the more varied but not more exquisite scales of several orders of hexa-
pods ; u form of appendage >f!uch it would seem, on any genetic theory of development,
must have required a vast time to produce, but which we now seem to find at the very
threshold of the apparition of this type of arthropod life.

Second, that at this early period, in ii;arked contrast to what we find in other groups of
articulated animals, the dicergencies of structure among myriajjods loas as great as it is
to-day. This is the more surprising because we possess only imperfect remains of a few
types, and yet from what we iilready know of the Archipolypoda on the one hand, and of
the Protcsyngnatha on the other, tliey are found to differ quite as nuicli as the Diplopoda
and Chilopoda, and in point-s fully as i;iiport.viit as tliose wliich separate so sharply the^se
great modern group-*. Whether they are to be looked upon, one as tho ancestor of one,
the other of the otiier. of these modern groups, is another question. It would certainly
be reasonalde to consider the Archipolypoda as the common ancestors of both the Chilo-
poda and Diplopoda ; and possibly on the P.oto-iyngnatlia as tlie descendants on one line
of a primitive type which, on another line, has retained its integrity up to the present day
in Peripatus (and on possibly a third line has reached Scolopondrella) ; while on that whioii
p'^oduced Palaeocampa it ha-s not, so fir as we know, survived t!ie carSoniferous epoch.

With the facts of structure of ancient and mo lern types now before us we are coinptdled,
on any genetic theory, either to presume a great acceleration of devL-lopment in earlier
times or to look for tiie first appearance of myi-iapods at a vastly remoter epoch than we
have any rea.«on to do from the sligiit bin's in the rocks themselves — a period .so remote
as to antedate that of winged insects, which are now known from rocks older than any
which have yielded remains of myriapod-!.^ In a memoir on Devonian insects,'^ I showed
the probability, on developmental ground-*, that so:iie of t!ie carbouil'erous insects, " to-
gether with uiost oftho.se of tlie Devonian, descended from a common stock in the lower
Devonian or Silurian period; and that tlie union of these witli tiie Palaeodictyoptera (of
the carboniferous), was even further removed from us in time." The structural relations
ofmyriapods and liexapods render it probable that the former preceded the hitter ; and
in complete accordance with this expectation, the .structural relations ol the oldest fossil
myviapods indicate their apparition at a period earlier than that to which the winged
insects are liypothetically assigned. This would compel us to consider the earlier type as
aquatic, for which we have presumptive evidence in the structure of the Euphoberidae,
and renders it all the more surprising that Mie penetrating researches of the last thirty-
seven years, since the fir.st carbonifenms myriapod was di.«covered, have not yieldefl the
slightest trace of fossil myriapods below the Coal measures.' This discrepancy between
fact and hypothesis should never be lost siglit of, and should stimulate to more searching

' This VIH.1 written butore the iiiiblivatioii of .Mr. IVuira dificov-
erv of iiivriiiiio.ls in the Ol Hrl Samlstonc of Seotl'tnil.

'^ Aiiniv. Muiiioir.i Dost. Sue. Nut, Hist., 188U.

•J 00

investigations particularly of those articulates of the older rocks whose affinites have not
been satisfactorily settled.

It only re T.ains to give descriptions and refer to illustrations of the species of the two
•Toups whose general affinities have been discussed.

Suborder ARCHIPOLYPODA.
Family Euphoberidae.

Trichiulus nov. gen. (ep\{, tuXot.)

Segments from three to four or five times l)roiid('r than long, covered closely with toler-
ably large papillae, which aro arranged in definite sfrios both longitiulinidly and trans-
versely, and support long flexible hairs, which together form a sweei)ing mass covering the
whole body.

These points will serve nbiindantly to distinguish thi^ genus from the other Archypoly-
poda descril)ed in my previous paper on the suUject. They are derived from tiie study of all
the species descril)e!l below, no one o( which, however, presents them all ; only one o( them
shows the sweeping mane of hair enveloping the whole creature ; the others eitlicr have
no hair pre^'erved at all, or at most vague app^'aranees of a mat of hair next tlie integument ;
on the other hand the specini'Mi showing the hair so well siiows nothing of*the papillae
which (doubtless) bear them, and which show to perfe'ction in most of the othiM" specimens.

The number of segments appears to vary consideraldy, from about 20 or more in one
specii'S to o5 or more in another ; the form appears to be nearly the same in all, the body
being much larger at the front than at the hinder extremity, and tapering prett}' steaddy
toward the tail ; in one, however, which is fragmentary, no sign of this change is shown.
The head end also tapers, but oidy just next (lie head itself so far as known, in this respect
dill" M'iug iVo n ot'ur Arc'.iipolyp;)da. The heail ivself, too. joins in tliis rapid diuiinution
entirely, in-tead, as in most other Archipolyi ula, of being consideraldy larger than the
segments just beliiud it; its outline, however, is perfectly preserved in oidy a single speci-
men, so that this statement should not i)e taken as absolute. The various species dilfer
iron eaeli other in tiie form in which the hoily varies in proportion, in the uuud)er and
relative proportions of the segments and in the freijiienciy and arrangement of the papillae
or tubercles from which the hairs originate.

TrichiuloB villosns nov. sp.

ri. 13, fii,'. 2.

Ho ly composed of more than thirty segments which vary from two to three times as
broad as long, being broa lest in the stoutest part of the boily; it is broadest from the
third to about the tentii segment ami then tapers very regularly to less than half the
diameter at the hinder extremity ; the anterior extremity of the body in front of the third
segment tapers very rapidly and considerably, the head l)eing oidy a little larger than the
tail — a point seen best in the reverse of the specimen drawn and not appearing on the

W'ti

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plate. The whole surface of the body upon both sirles, as it lies coiled in an open spiral, is
covered with a thick mat of rather fine hairs which appear to he two or three tines longer
than the diameter of the body. Two or throe pairs of short and slender tapering legs can
be seen (not given on the plate) depending from the anterior segments; they are scarcely
half as long as the diametci" of the segments. The length of the fossil if unrolled would
be 20 mm. ; its greatest diameter is 2.1 nun. Thu specimen is from the nodules of Mazon
Creek and was obtained by Mr. P. A. Armstrong.

Trichiulus nodulosus, no v. sp.

PI. 13, figs. 1, 3.

Two specimens at hand are referred to this species, though each is so fragmentary that
the determination is uncertain.

One of them (pi. 18. fig. 1) represents a dozen segments of the entire width of the crea-
ture, lu'lng apparently only a fragment of the larger end ; it does not taper, and the seg-
ments are about four times as broid as long, each furnislied with two transverse series of
equidistant, small, rounded warts, apparently the bases for appendages of some sort ; the
series are also equidistiuit so that the warts are sprinkled over the surface in a very regu-
lar fashion, like a ciieckerhoard, in both longitudii4.il and transverse rows. Each series
on the same segment is separated from the other by a transverse depro^.-iion a little
shallower than the sulcation between the segments. The warts are about 1.25 m n. d"s-
tant from each other and slightly less than half a mill! ujter in dia:njter. The length of
the fragment is 29 nun., and its breadth 0.23 mm. No appju :la^\>s of any s;)rt are to he
seen; but next the margin in soma places are fiint signs of delicate iiairs an 1 the discol-
oration of the skin in the neighljorhood may indicate its previous extent.

The other specimen (pi. IS, (ig. 8) is longer. l)ut by tiie method of preservation and the
cleavage of the nodule it only shows a portion of the breadth, and neitlier edge, so that no
appendages can !)e seen, nor any hairs. Tlie same arrangement of warts or tubercles can
be seen, rendering it probable that it belongs to the same species as the other. These
wartlets are at the same distance apart as in the other sj)ecimens, and the series are simi-
larly arranged, the sulcations between tlie segments being slightly deeper than those
between the transver.se series of a single segment ; but tlu' warilets appear a litt' j sharper
or more conical. The length of the fragment is 4-3 mm. and its extreme breadth 4.(3 mm. ;
the segments can only be faintly seen over a portion of the fragment, l)ut there were prob-
ably about twenty ui this piece, which does not seem to reach either extremity. Uoth
specimens are from Mazcm Creek and ..-ere obtaineil by Mr. P. A. Armstrong, and are in
his collection.

Trichiulus ammonitiformis, nov. sp.

PI. 13, tiff. 4.

Although the single specimen found presents few tangible characters, it differs go much
from the others that it seems worth while to make it public. It is of much greater size
Mid is coiled into a sligiitly open spiral, and being preserved on a side view has a cursory
'i.semblance on the stone to a fo.ssil ammonite. If unrolled it would measure about 115

267

ram. in length and its extreme breadth is 14 mm. The head end is broken badly but
enough is preserved to show that it tapered anteriorly, the largest part of the body being
probably the end of the anterior third; beyond this the body tapered gently to very near
the tail, but then diminish jd very rapidly in size, thu tip, however, b nng rounded; a little
before the rapid diminution in size the diameter is 9 mm. There se Mn to hive been about
thirty-five segments to the body, about four times as broa 1 as long on tlie average, not
very much arched and least so along the upper poition, whore, at least in the fossil, the
surface is almost completely flat and shows scarcely a sign of the division-! of thj segments.
In certain parts of the fo«il there are indications of minute tubercles as if for the supi)ort
of liairs, but they are obscure and would not have bL>en nuticud but for their occurrence
in the preceding species. There is, however, along the outer edge an excet^dingly faint
indication of a delicate mat of very fine hairs, wliere the surface of the stone, as in T.
villosus, is decidedly darker than elsew here. This specimen also was found by Mr. P. A.
Armstrong in the nodules of Mazon Creek.

Suborder PROTOSYNGNATIIA.

Palaeozoic myriapods, with a cyliudrical body, the head appendages borne upon a single
segment; each segnent beiiind the head co;nposed of a dorsal and ventral plate of equal
length and, probably, of suljequal breadth ; the dorsal at least somewhat broader than the
ventral, occupying the greater piirt of the sides of the body, and supporting several longi-
tudinal rows of clustered needles ; the ventral plates occupying the entire ventral portion,
each bearing a pair of widely separated, stout, fljshy legs, i. e., one pair to each segment
of the body beliind the head; spiracles probably present in a definite longitudinal row.

Genus PaLAEOCAMPA (iroXauJs; ico|iin|.)

Palaeocampa, Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1805, p. 52 (1805); —
lb., Geol. Siirv. 111., 2 : 410 (1800).

Desmacanthus, Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., 3 : p. 505 (1808).

Head corneous with no armature. Body coriaceous co'irsely shagreened, composed of

ten segments furnished on each side with two ro.vs, dorsolateral and lateral, of fascicles of

needle-like spines, one to a segment in each row, placed upon tubercles near the front of

the segments ; tht fascicles are cylindrical at base, the needles diveiging oidy a little ;

each needle tapers very slightly, is blunt at tip, and very regularly divided by longitudinal

serrated ridges. Legs stout, subequal, about as long a< the width of the body, tapeiin""

and pointed.

Palaeocampa anthrax, Meek and Worthen.

PI. 12.

Palaeocampn anthrax, Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1805, pp. 52-53,
(1865); Palaeont. 111., Vol. 2, pp. 410-411, pi. 32, fig. 3 (1866); — lb., Vol. 3, p.
565 (1868) ; Scudder, Geol. Mag., Vol. 5, p. 218 (1868). Figured also in Packard's
Guide to Study of insects, fig. 68 on p. 78.

1 ^H

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mi^immm'imimmi'^f'iiK'm

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258

Four specimens of this species have been examined, two of them belonging fornerly to
Mr. J. C. Carr, of Morris, 111., and received for study fro:n him, but now in tlie collection of
Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pitt-tton, Penn. ; a third rec^iived fro n Mi-. Licoj and nu nberjd 1831
in his collection; the fourth obtained by Mr. F. T. Bli-!s. of M():•ri^ III., and in my own
collection; all of these are alinirably pro'survod and show b:)th rjliot and counterpart.
Both of Mr. Car/s specimens are preserviid from above and have t!ie fasciicles spread
regularly upon either side of the bo ly. In one (pi. 12, fig. 7), wliich has the hL"id end as
well as the opposite completely fringed with spines, the general cursory resemblance of
the whole to the caterpillar of an Arctian is very striking. The rods of tlie fascicles of the
first and second body segments and especially of the first are considerably shorter than
those of the succeeding segments, those of the first projecting forward over and concealing
the head ; in the same way those of the last segment make a complete fringe around the
posterior extremity of the body. The fascicles are more readily seen on this than on the
other specimens to emanate from tubercles, which are conical and apparently (here at
least) higher than their basal breadth. The fascicles are longer than the wiiHh of the
body, and their most divergent rods are about at right, angles to each other. Tlie length
of the body in this specimen is 33 nun. ; or. with the rods, 40.5 mm. ; the width of the body
is 5.5 mm. ; or, with the rods, 17 mm. The longest rods are (5.5 mm. long.

The second specimen of Mr. Carr's collection (pi. IJ, I'lg. G) is about the same size as the
last, the body measuring 34 mm. by 5 mm. ; or with tlie rods 40.5 mm. by 15 mm. The
rods in the fascicles are, however, considerably less divergent and trend a little backward
giving them a more bunchy appearance; tliose of opposite sides of t!io same fascicle rarely
diverge more than 55° ; the rods themselves appear here to bo usually a little longer than
in the first specimen though the longest are of the same length, and to be seated on tuber-
cles which are stouter and less elevated, but this may be merely an appearance due to the
way in which the specimen 's preserved. The relation of the rods of the first and second
body segments, and of the last segment to the others so far as their size and distribution
is concerned, is the same as in the previous specimen ; but those of the anterior segments
are not directed forward, but on the first segment backward an 1 on the second laterally so
as to leave the head nearly uncovered. Tliis appears as a rat!ior sin dl, transversely oval,
rounded mass, al)<)Ut twice as broad as long, iind only about half as brcjid as the body ;
neither eyes nor antennae can be made out.

The specinicn obtained by Mr. Bliss (pi. 12, fig. 8) is slightly smaller than the others,
preserved on a side view, and arcuate instead of straiglit. If extended, the length of the
body would be 33.5 mm. and its height 4.5 mm. ; or, including in the height both spines
and leg><, 13.5 mm.

The rods in the fascicles are even less divergent than in the last mentioned specimen,
rarely exceeding 40" between opposite rods of the same fascicle (pi. 12, figs. 5, 9). There is
also less indication here of any tubercles at the base of the fascicles, and those of the first
and secon<l segments although shorter than the others are not noticeably so, and the first
are very nearly as bng as the second ; the longest spines are about 6 mm. long. In this
side view the head again appears, not separated by any sharp line of demarcation from the
segment behind, but considerably smaller than the body, higher than long, rather flattened
in front, and with an inferior basal projection of a conical form ; no eyes nor appendages

wmm^fmmmmmm

259

can be made out. The legs are about as long as the width of the body, stout, slightlj
smaller at the humediatc base than just behind it, tapering beyond the middle and with
increasing rapidity nearly to the tip, the last joint (apparently) being equal ; this is hardly
shown in the plate, and does not show on all the legs in the fossil, the apices of these
members being exceedingly vague; but in a few instances it appears to be somewhat
clearly the case, and a slight appearance of it shows on the leg of the seventh body seg-
ment in the plate ; on the reverse of the specimen drawn it appears even more plainly on
tiie logs of the second, fourth, and fifth seg'uents. This apical joint appears as such simply
by the contour of the leg, but no otlier joints can be determined in the same way ; indeed,
th'J le^s the.nsL'lvjs are only pule s!i;idows. and they aie trave >d by numerous darker
bands which seem to indicate joints but they are ratlier more numerous than one would ex-
pect, and a little irregular, so tliat little can be (k'linltjly allirmed concerning them ; taking
tliein, however, where they appe u' mo'it r..'gular an 1 be<t deiiujd and connecting with
them the two or three transverse row-i of minute granulations, that seem to encircle each
joint with some regal irity. and it would appear a-i if thjre were about five equal joints in
the leg besides the s nailer uon-tipering ap'c.il joint. Tin lengtli of the legs appears to be
slightly greater in tlie middle ot the body than at the two extreme end-: ; the middle legs
are 4.0 \n.n. long (of whicli the apical joint is O.To nun. long) and 1.4 mm. broad in the
middle, the apical joint being 0.0 mm. l)road. No sign of claws can be seen.

The foirth -specimen, receive 1 fra.n Mr. Cirr aftjr t!ie otiiers had been studied and
figured, differs but slig'itly fro.n the first two. It exliibits the animal expanded in a
straight linj, but a little on one side so tliat only the spine > of one side show in full. The
spines of the first and second segments are latjr.d ; but, nevertlu'le-is, no head is visible,
being, perhaps, buried in the stone. The spines, especially individual ones, are of unusual
length, the longest being 8.5 n);n. long ; they diverge in the fascicles less, rarely exceeding
a divergence of oj^ and unidly not exceeding 20'. The fascicles of the hinder half of the
body trend slightly backward, increasingly so toward the tip, but they are almost exactly
at right angles to the bo ly on tliL.' front half No legs are visible. The bod}' is 32.5 mm.
long, or including the .spines which fringe the posterior end 3') mm. (perhaps more, for
the end of the stone is reached) ; the width of the body is 0.5 nun. ; or, inclu<ling the mass
of spines (on one side only) 12 mm. ; or, including the longest spines, 14 mm.

These spet^imjus, which agree so closely in size, are considerably larger than the first
specimen found, upon wdiich the description of the species was based by Messrs. Meek and
Worthen ; judging l)y their figure and description, that s])pcimen if extended woidd meas-
ure 2.J mm. in length ; or, inclusive of the rods, .32 mm.; and 3.5 mm. in breadth; or, in-
cluding the rods, 8.5 mm. To judge from the arcuate position and the absence of rods from
the under surface, it prol)al)ly presented a side view or one partially dorsal ; but the
authors say tliat neither head nor feet can be seen ; the distribution of the rods is some-
what like tuat of our fig. 7, that is they are considerably divergent, but the figure gives
no sign of any tubercles to whicli they are attached ; the general resemblance of the
whole animal is so close that no doubt can exist that it is of the same species as those now
figured. The specimen has been lost by a fire.

In a later volume of the Illinois reports the original authors of the species describe
another specimen from the same place, only mentioning, however, the rods, which they

M

260

say are much better preserved, and which for the first time they discover to have longi-
tudinal markings.

A careful study of the four specimens seen by me show that there is .0 variation in
the character of the rods in different individuals beyond what is found on one and the
same individual; and these may now have a particular description, which from their
remarkable structure they well merit.

The rods (pi. 12, fig. 1) are straight, rigid, needle-shaped bodies, 5-6.5 mm. long and
about O.OTo.mm. in diameter, imperceptibly tapering, so as to be at tip fully three-quarters
as large as at base, and terminating abruptly, apparently with a broadly rounded tip. It
seems to be composed (pi. 12, figs. 2, 4) of an inner core, about nineteen-twentieths (in
diameter) of the whole, and a shell upon which very delicate markings are traced ; the
shell readily peels from the centn 1 core and may thus be mounte 1 in balsam and examined
by transmitted light under the microscope (pi. 12, fig. 3), when tlie d . mictions between
the parts may be readily seen.

Two schematic drawings are given to show the minute markings of the shell. PI, 12,
fig. 4, represents u diagriimmntic \iew of the cross section of a rod, magnified 1000 diame-
ters, and fig. 2 represents an oldique view 011 the same scale. The rods are thus seen to
be longitudinally furnished with about eighteen ir.ainridgos, as straight as the rod itself,
equidistant from eath other, rounded iit the top and with stco jly sloping sides so as to be
scarcely broader at base than in the middle and of equt.l basa) breadth and height ; these
ridges are divided at suboqual distances by notches, or rather tli-^y are made up of serra-
tions, the highest end of the serration next the tip of the spine ; tl e greatest increment in
the height of the serration is in its basal fourth, calling the buse tl.e end toward the base
of the spine ; and tine extreme height is about double the least height ; in the same basal
fourth occurs the jin-atest increment in breadth, for eacii serration increases also in this
dimension toward its higliest posimt. -^o as to be about one-fifth broader at apex than at
base. To increase the distinctitjcn of the serration, there appears at the base of each to be
;a. clos*:^! joint, separating each one trom its neighbors. Although at first these serrations
ajppeair To be dividtm oft ironi each other »itli ren arkable regularity, and at a distance
ajjart aveniging ii -(Hiit ..1 lil.j nau.- a little observation shows that this is not strictly true ;
aiQd a ttieasiireuiema. of nMie'teen -mecessive serrations on the same ridge showed the follow-
ing sexm^ an gtveniin miEmettHw: .0144. .0135, .0182. .0144, .0135, .0115, .0154, .0115,
.H173, .W135, .013«. .0115, .0144. .(t»135. .0125, .0115, .0077, .0115, .0135 ; another shorter
set on another spiiie ga-ve the Ibllowing series: .0154, .0115, .0154, .0192, .0135, making
thf ave':;iise a ver\- little lew.

EetwHsn every pair of these ridges are generally three, sometimes two, exactly similar
lull iiiiiiMlMii ridges al)«ut one-eighth the height of tlie others, and also of equal height
ubA wni^ but uip»arently a little more triangular in cross section ; these likewise are
bBUJMaa op with serrations, iippsireiitly resembling tlie others close'.y but so minute that the
pi«p«rtH)i» cimnot be so cio<!«^ly -tiidied as to Ije quite sure of this; they certiiinly differ
in that the semitions are proportionally longer, there being l)ut two or three to each ser-
ration of the larger ridges, as shown in pi. 12, lig. 2. In this drawing based on instruction
giT-en the artisi from my studies of numerous iVagmonts, and by liis examination of tlic
specimen represented in pi. 12, iig. 3, he !uis misunderstood a single point, in bringing the

261

larger ridges nearer together in some parts of the same cross section than in others, as J
pi icing butween them only two instead of uniformly thr^j minor ridges. In all the frag-
ments I have seen there are either two or three (almost universally three) minor ridges
between evry pair of larger ridges on every part of the same fragment. It is possible
that in the slight taparing of the 9pin3 two larger ridges coming nearer together compel
the union of two adjacent minor ridges and reduce the number to two instead of three, so
that in one portion of a spins one may find two anl in a-uthjr t'.irja minor ridgas between
every pair of larger ones ; but this I have not sean, and c:in only say that while three
smaller ridges usually appear in evary intjr^p.vje bjtwaan adjoining larger ridges, the
number is sometimes only two. Otherwise the proportions of these riJges and serrations
to each other is very well shown in fig. 2.

All the specimens found came from the ironstone nodules of Mazon Creek, near Morris
Illinois.

Explanation of Plates.

PLATE XII.
[All the figures represent Pal.aeocainpa anthrax.]

Fig. 1. A spine Y to show its appearance under an ordinary strong lens, sliowing an apparently striated
surface. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.

Fig. 2. An ohliipie view of a frag:nent of the surfa .e of the spiiiu ^-Y-", showing the serrations
of till- larger and smaller ridges and their rehitions to each otiur; three of the minuter -ri Iges siiould have
been shown in every interspace, but in two of tliein only two are given. Tuj figure is schematic. Drawn
by J. Henry Bhike.

Fi . 3. A fr.igment drawn from nature of ths shell of a spine i''-i !W seen with a half-inch olijeiiUvu.
Drawn by the same.

Fig. 4. Schemalic view of a cr '^s soctio'i of the sliell of tlio spine, sli nving the relations of size and
position of the spine, tiie slicil au 1 the two kin Is of ri Iges, lY'-- Dnwu by S. H. Scudder. ' '

Fi". 5. One of the dusters of spines of fig. 8, f . Drawn by Katherine Plerson.

Fig. 6. One of Mr. Carr's ■pecimeiis, sliowing the head, above, f. Druvn by the same.

Fi". 7. The other of Mr. C";irr's spt'cimens, 'f. Lt.iwu )>y the same.

Fig. 8. The specimen with legs, found by Mr. Bliss, f. Drawn by the same.

Fig. 9. The same cluster of spint^s shown in fig. o, f . Drawn by the same.

PLATE XUl.

Fig. 1. Trichiulus nodiilosus, f. From the collection of Mr. P. A. Armstrong, No. 7. Drawn by
Kiitlier.ne Peirson.

Fitf. -. Trichiiilii I'illosnK, J. From the same colltrtion, No. l^^- D^a^m by the ><ame.
Fig. 3. Trichiulus nodiilosus, ^. From tiie same collection, No. b-2. Drawn by tlie same.
Fig. 4. Trichiulus ammonitiformis, f. From the same collection. No. 2. Drawm by the same.

The remaiuing figures belong to the next memoir.

4) If

The Species of Mylacris, a Carbonifeuous Genus of Cockroaches.

IVlYLACRIS was first suggested by me as a name for a genus of paleozoic cockroaches in
1868, but its full definition Irom other cockroaches was not given until eleven years later
in my memoir on paleozoic cockroaches, when five species two of thorn new, were fully
characterized and figured. It is the principal genus of the tribe Mylacridae, the distinct-
tively American group of ancient cockroache-i, and by the facts known three years ago
appeared to be confined to the lower or mid«'V coal measures. Through the indefatiga-
ble efforts of Mr. R. D. Lacoe of Pittston, Penn.. whose explorations of the coal measures
of the United States have yielded better results lor fossil insects than those of any other
person, I am enabled in this paper to double the number of species, besides giving addi-
tional information concerning an imperfectly known species, nearly all the additional
forms coming from the coal measures of Pennsylvania ; not all, however, as before,
from the lower and middle series, but also from the upper coal measures, showing that
Mylacris has the same range as Lithoniylacris. The species of the genus may be dis-
tinguished by the following table.

1.
1.

2.
2.

4.

Key to the Spkciks of Mylacris.

Externoinedian veins superior <m apical. 2 5.

Externomedian veins inferior or aj>ical. 7

Externomcilinn veins distinctly siijierior. .3 5.

Externomedian veins rather ajiical than su-
perior. 5 6.

Apex of wing falling in the middle line,
the costiil and inner margins being about
equally arcuate. 1. M. hretonensis. C.

Apex of wing falling below the middle line,
the inner margin being nuicii straighter
than the costal. 4 7.

Costal margin curving inwar<l on the basal 7.

thiid of the wing. 7. M. anthracophilum.

Costal margin bent abruptly inward at ex- 8.

trenie base of the wing with no previous
inward curve. 8. M. priscovolans.

Externomedian area occupying the apex nf
the wing. i. Jf. Ileeri.

Externomedian area falling wholly below the
middle line of the wing. fi

Mediastinal veins comparatively few and
distant ; scapular vein forked at base.

8. J/! (inti'jnum.

^lediastinal veins numerous ; scaj)ular
branches all emited from a single main
braiicli. 4. M. lucifugum.

Costal much more curved than inner margin. 8

Costal and inner margin similarly and sym-
metrically curved. 9

Costal margin very strongly curved in the
mediastinal area, which scarcely reaches to
the middle of the wing. 6. M. carbonum.

I T!

ill

viA

264

Costal margin gently curved in the mcflins-
tinal area, which extends considerably
beyond the middle of the wing.

6. M, pennaylvanicum.

Combined mcdiustinal and scapular areas as

broad at the base as beyond.

0. Af. MaiinfivUlli.
Combined mediastinal imd scapnl .r areas
much broader near the middle of the wing
than at the base. 10. M, ocalv.

1. MylaorlB bretonenae.

Blaltma hretonens'is Scudd., Can. Nat., vii, 271-272, fig. 1. Figured also in Dawson's
Acadian Geology, Suppl. to 2d ed., p. 55, fig. 5.
Mylacris bretonense Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 41-42, pi. 5, fig. 1.
Sydney, Cape Breton.

2. BSylaerl* Beeil

Blattina Ileeri Scudd., Can. Nat., vii, 272, fig. 2. Figured also in Dawson's Acadian
Geology, Suppl. to 2d. ed,, p. 55, fig. 6.

Mylacris Ileeri Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., lii, 43-44, pi. 5, fig. 11.
Sydney, Cape Breton.

3. Mylacris antiqunm, nov. sp.

Front wing. The inner edge is imperfect and a little of the tip is gone, but the rest of
the wing, which is remarkable for its npproncli to Lithomylacris, is prt-tty well preserved.
The mediastinal and scapular areas together certainly occupy tiie mnjor part of the wing
and the externoinedian area expands but very little apienlly ; the wing, however, is broad
and full and closely approximates M. Heeri. The humeral lobe is full and angular, witii the
corner well rounded off, the costal margin scarcely convex beyond the base ; the whole
wing was probably a trifle more than twice as long as broad. The veins originate from a
little below the middle of the base and curve upward at their start until they reiich the
middle, when they are very nearly straiglit. The mediastinal area is very Iiirge indeed
with few and rather distant veins, forking once near the base, reaching the end of the mid-
dle third of the wing. The scapular area occupies the rest of the upper half of the wing,
the vein itself dividing close to the base, the forks again dividing near together in the
basal third of the wing, with a still further branching of neaily every ramus half way to
the tip, and again of some near the tip ; these branches are all straight except the lowest
near the tip which turn slightly upward, thus throwing all the extremities of the branches
above the middle of the tip and giving the scapular-externomedian interspace a slight sin-
uosity. The externomedian vein is straight and forks first just before the middle of the
wing ; each of its branches dichotomizes more or less but without much further divarica-
tion, so that the area is more crowded with veins than those above. The internomedian
area is tolerably large, notwithstanding the considerable size of the anal area, for it reaches
well toward the extremity of the inner margin of the wing, sweeping thither in a some-
what sinuous curve with imusually longitudinal veins ; in the single specimen the vein has
but three branches, the middle one forked near its origin, the others simple. The anal

265

nroa Is very larj^p, the anal furrow hoing very pronounced, broarlly ctirved and extending
i'ar oiitwiird in a somowliut uniisfially longitudinal course nearly to the middle of the wing;
the uiial veius appear to belong to two HCt.s opposed to each other, an upper with inferior,
and a lower with superior branches, all very longitudinal, nearly parallel with the costal
margin and nearly all simple ; the upper area is just as longitudinal as the lower and quite
indt'pendant of the course ol' the furro^r. leaving a large sub-triangular space near the
most strongly curved portion of the furrow quite devoid of veins.

The species is a very large one, the largest of the genus yet known ; the fragment of
the wing being 8'} uun. long (its prol)ablc entire length 37 mm.) and its breadth about
17.5 mm. ; or, the breadth to tiie length as about 1 : 2.1. All the veins are in very dis-
tinct reliei, with the interspai'cs deeply simken between them ; there seem to be no
surface markings. The specimen is e.iriously preserved, the edge of one-half of the
nodule falling longitudinally across the inner margin, lollowing nearly the mid-space be-
tween the two sets of anal veins as marked by the light belt in the larger figure we shall
hereafter give; all the parts below this, together with the opposite left wing (given in the
other figure) lie over the edge on the back side of the stone, the plane of which lies at
an angle of about 40" with that showing the main portion of the right wing, and forms the
present surface of the nodule ; the other half of the nodule shows the counterpart of our
larger figure.

Tliii' species is, as we have said, most nearly allied to M. Ileeri in the great amount of
space occupied by the mediastinal and scapular areas as well as by the course of the anal
furrow, and apparently by the peculiarities of the anal veins. It is, however, a very much
larger species than it (or any oih.u" species of Mylacris), and the peculiar dichotomous
division of the scapular vein separates it at once from every species known, and it is nearly
as peculiar for the longitudinal course and sinuous sweep of the internoraedian veins. In
the general positions occupied by the different areas, it resembles 31. lucifiigiim, with which
it better agrees in size ; but it disagrees with it, not only in the peculiar division of the
scapular vein, bu*^ in the less crowded and more regular veins of the mediastinal area, and
the more rounded humeral lobe.

The specimen comes from the famous locality of Mazon Creek, and is in the collection of
Mr. 11. D. Lacoe under the number 203G. Having been received after the plate was en-
graved, figures of the species will be given on some future occasion.

4. Mylacris lucifugom nov. sp.
PI. 13, fig. 8.

Front wing. The basal portion, excepting the anal area, is preserved, but at least the
apical third is gone. There is a rectangular rounded shoulder of considerable extent,
minutely marginate, but without nouration ; the basal, preserved half of the costal mar-
gii' is straight, but at the extremity of the fragment begins to curve slightly, and this
with the direction of the veins makes it probable that beyond this it was gently arcuate,
the cip rounded and the inner margin nearly straight. The mediastinal veins are confused
at their base by vegetable remains and may be inaccurately given in the plate, but they
apparently occupy the area marked, or more than one-third of the fragment and nearly

m

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IMAGE EVALUATION
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(71*) 173-4303

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266

one-fourth of the wing ; they diverge from a point before the base of the wing and are
very straight and forit somewhat — just how much the preservation does not permit
one to say. The scapuhir vein passes in a very straight course down the middle of the
wing with a slight obliquity from above downwar Is in passing distally, but probably
terminates at the apex; it emits a nunber (4 or o are preserved in the fragment) of
straight, approximate, so far as we can see simple, branche.; parallel to the mediastinal
veins. The externomedian vein is slightly arcuate, but otherwise parnllel *o and equi-
distant from the scapular, forks before tlie middle of tht> wing, each of these branches
again forking, but not widely ; in the part lost they probably branch more but can hardly
occupy much space on the boi dor. The internom'-'dian vein is gently and unifonr-ly arcu-
ate and probably terminates where the inner margin begins to curve considerr.bly toward
the tip ; in the ba^^al half of its course it emits four or five simple, occasionally simply
forked branches, more liaintly traced than the other veins of the wing and which curve
gently in an opposite sense to the main stem. The anal furrow is slight and faintly
impressed, gently and regularly curved throughout, terminating probably at the middle of
the wing; the anal veins are aot preserved.

The species is a large one, the fragment being 22 mm. long, while the entire wing can
hardly have been less than 3.3 mm. long, .ind its breadth, whicli is preserved, is 15 mm.,
making the breadth to the probable length as 1 : 2.2. The veins are slightly elevated and
distinct and regular. IhtTc appears to be no reticulation or cross venation whatever, and
the surface of the shoulder of the wing is particularly smooth.

The ppecies appears to be most nearly allied to M. Heeri, but it is much larger than it,
or, indeed, than any other .species of the genus, except the preceding, and its anal furrow is
even more longitudinal ai.d less arcuate than in 31. Heeri; it differs also from the latter in
the much greater number and closer approximation of the nr^diastinal nervures and in the
downward sweep of the externomedian veins, probably causing uie area to occupy the
margin Avholly below the apex of the wing. In the stout square humeral lobe of the wing,
in which the veins are obliterated, it seems to be peculiar, as it is also in the regularity of
the curve of the anal furrow.

The single specimen upon which the species is based was found by Mr. R. D. Lacoe at
Port Grittith Switchback, near Pittston, Penn., and bears the No. 2017 in his collection.

5. Mylacris pennsylvaiileiun.

PI. 18, fig. 11.

Mylacris pennsylvanicum Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 44-45, pi. 5, figs.
13-14.

A second specimen of this species enables me to supplant the previous description froui
an imperfect specimen by a better ; the present specimen ia also itaperl'ect but makes up
in part what the other lacks.

Fore-wing. The distal extremity is lost in each, but more of the costal is preserved in
the new s^^ecimen, while the inner margin is almost completely lost in both ; the form of
the wing can nevertheless be judged with probable accuracy ; the course of the veins
indicates a shorter and stouter, as it certainly is a broader wing than in M. Heeri, The

267

humeral lobe is prominent, its straight basal side bent at nenrly a right angle with the
arcuiite costal edge, the angle rounded off; the costal margin is considerably arcuate,
more strongly at extreme base and beyond the middle than in the intermediate straighter
portion where the arciiation is very gentle; in this respect the fig.'.re previously given is
slightly inaccurate. The course of this margin with the breadth of the wing and the direc-
tion of the veins render it probable tiuit the rest of the wing had the form given in the
dotted lines in the figure, in which the apex of the wing falls within the middle line, and
slightly change* the fcu'in fro:n wliat was given l)efore, and which we had already noticed
as irobalily not toriect. The veins originate from the middle of the wing and curve a
little at the base. The mediastinal area has a I)asal width of very nearly half the wing,
and, separated i'roni the scapular by a scarcely curved line, strikes the costid margin at
about tiie end of the second third of the wing (in one specimen probably a little less than
that, in the other probably a little more) ; the basal part of the costal margin is very
Uiiriowly and delicately marginate ; the part of the mediastinal area next the humeral
allele is not veined, b.i^ below it are four or (Ive scarcely curving; long, gently diverging,
simple or deeply forked veins ; the middle cues simple (possibly united nearer the base,
where they are not sulliciontly preserved to see it), the otiiers forked. The scapular vein
is gent'y and broudly sinuuu- and probably terminates just above the apex of the wing;
in the basal pi.rt of its course it runs closely parallel to the costal margin and a little
nearer to it t'laii to tlie iirier innrgin ; in the latter half or more it curves in an opposite
sense to the costal margin ; it commences to branch very near the base, and emits four or
five brandies, simple or forked, rarely conipounl, long and nearly straight, having the
same direction as the outer mediastinal veins ; in one specimen the basal, in the other the
apical vein is compound, tlie rest generally simple. The externomedian vein is somewhat
arcuate until it divides, a little beyond the basal third of the wing ; both these branches
again divide scarcely beyond the middle of the wing, the uppermost again forking not long
alter ; probably tliey fork more, and, as in the central part of the wings, fill their area with
dichotomizing veins whose general direction is nearly longitudinal, with a slight down-
ward tendency, but closely approximated, so that on the edge the veins occupy a narrow
area mostly below the apex of the wing. The internomedian runs in a broadly sinuous
course parallel to the preceding vein, probably strikes the lower margin where the wing
begins rapidly to narrow, and emits four or five, perhaps more, simple or basally forked,
indistinct, arcuate branches, which occupy upon the inner margin about as much space as
the scapular upon the costiU margin. The anal furrow is strongly impressed upon its basal
half or more, less so but still distinctly beyond, is composed of a pair of closely approxi-
mated fine grooves, and is regularly and not very strongly arcuate, terminating on the
inner border at some distance before the end of the mediastinal area, at just about the
middle of the border ; the anal veins are numerous and closely crowded, nearly all simple,
and uU slightly arcuate.

It is a tolerably large species, the breadth of tue wing being 13.5 mm. and its length
probably 2G nnu. ; or, its breadth to its length about as 1:2; the actual length of one frag-
ment is 19 nun., of the other 20.76 mm. ; the condition of the first is iren'^ioned in the former
description of the species ; the second specimen is represented both by that drawn and by
its reverse ; in the one diawn the veins are in relief and the figure represents, therefore.

Ill

II

' i

I 1

■ 'i

m

i!

i il

fi

268

the under surface of a right wing (or a cast of the opposite) in Avhich, as in the individual
previously described, slight indications of transverse wrinklings may be seen here and
there and especially in the scapular area, but there could have been no regular or defi-
nite reticulation.

The species differ frora M. Heeri, its nearest ally, in the stronger curvature of the anal
furrow, and in the greater width of the anal area but not in its greater abbreviation, as
previously stated, the breadth of the area making up for the greater curvature of the
furrow ; it also differs, as before stated, in the sinuosity of the scapular vein, the more
arcuate line of separation between the mediastinal and scapular areas, and the more
crowded branches of all the areas but the internomedian ; the wing as a whole is also pro-
portionally broader.

The new specimen comes from the sauje bed as the last, and was sent me by Mr. R. D.
Lacoe of Pittaton, in whose collection it bears the number 2024. It occurs on the same
stone as M. carhonum.

6. MylaeriB carbonmn nor. sp.

PI. 13, figs. 6, 7, 10.

Fore-wing. The greater part of the wing is preserved, but the apical fourth or fifth ot
the tip is missing as well as a pa'.ch along the inner margin from the tip to the ana! area.
From what remains, the wing had probably a form somewhat like that of M. anthra-
cophihim, but was not quite so tapering, the costal margin being .i little less convex ; the
inner margin next the anal area was straight. The veins originate from the middle of the
wing, but do not curve at the base. The mediastinal area has, therefore, a basal width of
half the wing and extends to beyond the anal, or probably to just about the middle of the
wing; in the humeral portion ot the area no veins can be made out, but in the opposite
half two compound veins can be seen, the first consisting of a pair of simple veins united
basally, the second of a pair of forked veins united bfisally very near the extreme base of the
wing ; both of these veins are forked about midway in their course, the outer twice, close
together. T'.ie scapular vein can only be traced basally to where it begins to curve inward,
a little beyond the forked mediastinal vein just described ; it, together with the next vein in
close juxtaposition, curves strongly but only for a very short distance, and the curve of
the anal furrow would seem to preclude any further continuation of the curve, so that in
reaching the base of the wing it must resume its outer course ; beyond this basal curve it
is straight and must strike at the apex of the wing, though it cannot be traced throughout ;
in the fragment it has five equidistant branches, and probably has a couple more before
the tip ; the third of these is forked not far from the base, but all the others, so far as
seen (excepting the first) are simple and straight, although very long, for the straight
main vein runs sub- parallel to the costal margin scarcely above the middle line of the
wing ; the first branch, however, differs from the rest ; it originates where the main vein
begins its straight course, and continues the direction of the deflected basal part of the
vein, and emits from its apical side three long, straight, equidistant offshoots, the first from
its very base, the last half way to the margin. The externomedian runs in a straight line
scarcely below the middle of the wing and first divides a little before the middle, and in

269

the fragment has three sniiplc sliglitly cui-ved branchos, their convexities toward tlie anal
area, and their bases considerably further apart than the scapular branches. The interno-
niedian runs parallel and close to the externoinedian vein and its basal branch, probably
reaching the inner nuirgin more than half-way from the anal furrow to the apex ; it com-
mences to divide as soon as there is space for it opposite the middle of the anal furrow,
the (irst branch forking, and the second bianch originating, next the first branch of the
externoinedian vein ; a third branch springs at a similar distance further on, b'lt more
cannot be seen. The anal furrow is tolerably distinct, curved gently throughout and bent
a little in the middle, terminating at more than one-tliird of the distance toward the tip,
or about opposite the first divarication of the externomedian vein ; the anal veins are
exceedingly numerous and crowded, many of them forked, some of them doubly, gener-
ally near the middle of their coarse ; those next the anal area are obliterated, but if they
retained the character of the remaining part of the area, about twenty voinlets must have
impinged upon the outer margin in the anal area ; those lying next the angle of tlie wing
have a sinuous course, changing to a simple gently arcuate curve toward the anal furrow.

This fragment represents a species of toleral)ly large size, the breadth of the wing
being 13.5 nnn., the length of the fragment 2o mm., and tlie preserved length of the \tring
about 27 mm. ; so lint the breadth to the length must have been as 1:2. It is the under
surface of a right wing, i^H the veins and the anal furrow being in relief and, with the
exception of the anal veins and the internoiuedian branches, .somewhat prominent. No
trace of reticulation or transverse wrinkling can be seen.

The specimen occurs on a piece of black carbomiceous shale with reeds at Cannelton,
Penn., and was sent me by Mr. iC. D. Lacoe with the number 2022 a.

After the above description was prepared two other specimens came into my hands
through the indefatigable exertions of the same friend. As they are less perfect than
that already described, the points in which they vary from it may best be pointed out by
separate description.

The first, No. 2022 b, c, occurs in duplicate on the same stones with No. 2024, M.
2)ennxyleaiucitm, and was found at Cannelton, Penn.. in the same shales as that which
yielded the type. It preserves a middle fragment of the wing, with a portion of the costal
margin only, and a minuie bit of the inner margin ; no part of the wing appears which
is not seen in the type, unles.s it be a little jnore of the externoinedian vein. It is a little
smaller than that specimen, its width at the end of the br al third of the wing being 11
mm., where in the other specimen it is fully 13 mm. In 2022 b, c, all the mediastinal
veins are straight and simple as far as they can be seen, so that they do not divide beyond
the base, giving this area a very dilFerent appearance from what it has in 2022 a. The
scapular vein, although extending on the fragment as far toward the apex as in 2022 a,
has only three branches, the outer two simple so far as they can be seen, the basal, how-
ever, dividing at its very base into two forked branches, the upper fork of the upper branch
again dividing ; this is somewhat different in description from the condition in 2022 a,
but is really much the same as if the second ofTshoot of the first branch were united to the
first offshoot and they together arose in the axilla of the first branch. The externome-
dian vein also differs somewhat and reminds one rather of the arrangement of that vein

■if

1

31

A ■

270

in 31. pennaylvanicum. It commences to divide at the same point, but instead of two or
three simple inferior brunches with a tolerably good expansion it forks narrowly in a longi-
tudinal fashion, and each of its forks simultaneously divide in a similar way a little further
on. Below this the wing is not well preserved, but the veins that do show do not appear
to diflFer from the type.

The second additional specimen, No. 2022 d, comes from a different locality, the Empire
Mine at Wilkesbarre, Penn., and was found at the horizon of the E. vein on a piece of gray
shale filled with remains of ferns, etc. This specimen, excepting in the internomedian
area, preserves also no part not found in 2022 a ; it is of the same size as it, measuring fully
13 mm. in width at the same point ; the basal half of the costal border (excepting the
humeral angle) and a fragment of the inner margin beyond the anal furrow are preserved ;
the costal margin is represented as perhaps too convex in the figure, where it should cor-
respond very closely to 2022 a. The veins of the mediastinal area are better preserved
than there and resemble their disposition more closely than that of No. 2022 b, c, being
compound or two-forked away from the base, while in 2022 b, c, they are all simple ; they
diverge from one another more widely than in 2022 a, and those toward the humeral angle
are simple, distant and incomplete. The scapular vein agrees very closely with its disposi-
tion in 2022 b, c, differing only in having an additional branch in the same spnce, in which
it agrees more closely with 2022 a, and in having the axillary branch simply forked instead
of compound. The externomedian vein does not agree with either of the other specimens ;
its main stem runs closely parallel to the scapular and has only one branch, which is
emitted in a similar ];)osition to that of the first branch in the others ; this branch, however,
is compound, its upper fork dividing, and the whole area which it appears to occupy, in
the lost part of the wing, as broad as in 2022 a. The internomedian area appears to be
exactly as in 2022 a, but as a general thing only the terminations, while in 2022 a only the
bases, of the veins can be seen ; the fragment of the inner border at their tips is straight.
The anal furrow appears to be more gently and regularly curved than in 2022 a, but the
difference is slight. No anal veins are preserved.

The differences between these specimens, although considerable, do not seem to be more
than individual and strengthen rather than weaken the validity of the other species of the
genus, and support the distinctions upon Avhich they have been separated from one another.

This spef ' -j, peculiar for the excessive crowding of the veins in the inal area, falls in its
general features between M. pennsylvanicum and M. anthracophibim. From the latter it
differs in that the veins do not curve downward at the extreme base of the wing, but have a
sinuous course, the greatest curve being nearly as far out as the middle of the anal area ; in
the simplicity of the scapular veinlets and the comp')site character of the first branch ; and
in the crowded condition of the anal veins in contrast to the comparative openness of the
neuration elsewhere, nearly all the nervules being long and simple, while in M. anthraco-
philum nearly all are forked about the middle. From M. pennsylvanicum, which comes
from the same general locality, it differs in its more tapering form, due to a greater con-
vexity of the costal margin ; in the straighter course of the scapular vein, the more gentle
sweep of the anal furrow allowing a much narrower space for median veins, which in M.
pennsylvanicum first divaricate at the same point, but here, notwithstanding the narrowness

271

of the space, the internomedlnn first forks between the first nnd second branches of the
scapulnv, while in M. pennsyhanicum only opposite the base of the third branch ; the anal
veins are also much more numerous in the present species.

7. Mylaorla anthraoophilain.

Mylacris anthracophihim Scudd., in Worth., Geol. Surv. 111., in, 568-570, figs. 5, 6. —
lb., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii; 45-47, pi. 5, figs. 6-8.
Colchester, 111.

8. Mylaorla priaeovolana.

PI. 13, fig. 9.

Fore-wing. A bit of the extreme tip and a considerable part of the wing next the inner
border is v/anting, although the position of the margin itself is indicated by a depres.sed
line upon the stone, showing the form of the wing to have closely resembled that of 31.
carbonum, being broadest at the extreme base, narrowing toward the apex with increasing
rapidity, so that the inner margin being straight, the costal margin is considerably curved ;
the tip, though narrow, is broadly rounded, and lies within the median line of the wing ; the
humeral lobe is v>.'ry square, rounded inly at the extreme angle. The mediastinal area is
of a very regularly triangular form, one-third the width of the wing at the base, and apically
extending considerably beyond the middle of the distal half of the wirg ; its three or four
veins fork near the base, and extend their long, simple, or branching rays far out to the
margin. The scapular vein is rather strongly curved near the base, beyond which it
sweeps with a very slight opposite arcuation, subparallel to the costal margin to the very
tip of the wing; its four or five long and mostly simply and deeply forked branches have
a completely longitudinal course, and the area forms a triangle of about the same size and
regularity as the mediastinal area, but with an opposite disposition. The externomedian
vein passes with a curve similar to, but stronger than that of, the scapular vein, diverging
from it, and terminating on the inner margin beyond the middle of the outer half of the
wing ; but within the extremity of the mediastinal vein, its long, arcuate, simple, or simply
forked branches being superior. The internomedian vein is again curved in the same sense
as the externomedian and has about four simple or forked arcuate branches. The anal
furrow starting from above the middle of the wing is deeply impressed, regularly and con-
siderably arcuate, but more strongly curved in its basal than its apical half, and terminates
at the middle of the inner margin ; the anal veins are oblique or arcuate, simply forked
or compound, somewhat irregular and hardly more crowded than the internomedian veins.

The species is a large one, the wing measuring 26.5 mm. in length by 14.5 mm. in
breadth, the breadth being to the length as 1 : 1.8 ; the continuous part of the fragment is
25 mm. long and 12 mm. broad at the base. The wing is a right one, the under surface
(or cast of the upper) having been figured, and the veins are distinctly and sharply-
impressed ; no sign of cross venation or of any reticulation appears. The wing is peculiar
for its excessive breadth at base combined with its square-shaped humeral lobe, which causes
it to taper from the very base ; it is nearly allied to M. carbonum and M. anthracophi-
lum, differing from both in the peculiarities just noted, as well as in the less produced and

M

272

more fully rounded npex, nnd the considerably greater extent of the mediastinal area ;
the veins of the anal area are less crowded and less resjular tlian in M. cnrhonum, and the
cxternoniedian branches are superior instead of inferior ; hence it agrees better with M.
anthracophilum, but tlie externomedian vein lacks the basnl brancii found there and tlio
anal veins are not so regularly disposed ; the much less strongly curved costal margin is
dependent upon the basal breadth of the wing, already mentioned.

The specimen figured is numbered 2031 a, in Mr. Lacoo's cabinet, and its reverse
No. 2031 b. It comes from Cannelton, Penn.

1^

9. MylaoriB MansfieldU.

Mylacris Mamfieldii Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 47, pi. 5, fig. 15,
Cannelton, Penn.

10. Mylacris ovale nov. sp.
PI. 13, fig. 6.

Fore-wing. The anal area and the extreme base of the wing is absent, but the larger
part of the wing is entire with perfect margins except an unessential fragment, showing
the wing to have been a little more than twice as long as broad, very regularly oval, with
similar and symmetrical costal and inner margins and a rounded subacuminate tip. It is
peculiar for the basal narrowness of the mediastino-scapular area. The mediastinal area
is very small though reaching beyond the middle of tiie wing, for next the base it is not
more than one-fiftli the width of the wing and begins to narrow opposite the end of the
anal furrow; its veins are only two or three in number, simple or forked, very gently
arcuate and subparallel, the limitation between the mediastinal and scapular areas being
arcuate in a sense opposed to that of the anal furrow. The scapular vein has a consider-
ably arcuate course throughout ; starting so as to be fairly within the upper fourth of the
wing, it curves first downward and then upward with a r'-guUir sweep which includes two-
fifths of the wing in the middle, and terminates just above the apex of tlie wing ; it emits
in this specimen four branches, gently arcuate in the same sense, simple, singly or doubly
forked, all but one of which are thrown off in the basal third of the wing, not very fur
apart. The externomedian vein has an arcuate course in the same sense as the preceding,
running in the outer half of the wing subparallel to the inner margin ; it coimnences to
divide before the end of the anal area and emits four inferior equidistant branches, the
last opposite the end of the mediastinal area, the extreme ones simple, the middle ones
simply or doubly forked, all considerably curved in the same sense as the main vein, at
least at their base. The internomedian vein curves again in the same sense, taking no
curve toward the inner margin until close to the tip, and reaching the margin farther from
the apex of the wing than the scapular vein, so that the larger part of the externomedian
area is below the .pex ; it emits half a dozen or more very long, simple, or simply forked
veins, all arcuate in the same sense, though more gently ; three of them arising near the
base far within the tip of the anal furrow, three other near the middle of the wing at no
very great distiince apart, and probably an apical one. The anal furrow is lightly im-
pressed, very slightly arcuate and probably terminates before the end of the basal third
of the wing. No anal veins are preserved.

278

The species is a Inrge one, the fragment measuring 24.5 mm. long and 12 mm. broad ;
probably the entire length was not less than 28 mm., and the breadth to the length as
1 : 2.3. The wing is a right one, of which the under surface is shown in the figure and
the upper in its le.ss complete counterpart. The veins are distinctly marked, and some-
what prominent on the under surface, excepting those of the internomedian area and all
the veins in the apical fourth of the wing ; no cross veins or reticulation can be discovered.

This species agrees with M- Mansfield'd in its form and size and in the inferior origin of
the externomedian branches, but it diflers decidedly from it, as well as from all other species
of the genus, in the sweep of the mediastinal and scapular veins, as well as in the exceed-
ingly restricted area they cover in the basal part of the wing.

The specimen comes from Cannelton, Penn., and was kindly communicated by Mr. R.
D. Lacoe, in Avhose collection it bears the No. 2033.

Explanation of Plate xiii.

m

Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.

[All the specimens are from the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe.]
Mijlacris ovale. ^. No. 2033. Drawn with camera hicida by S. H. Scudder.
Mylacris carbonum. J. No. 202'2 b, from Cannelton. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.
The same, f . No. 2022 d, from Wilkesbarre. Drawn by the same.
JUi/lavria luciftigum. f . No. 2017. Drawn by the same.
Mi/lacris priscovolans. ^. No. 2031. Drawn by the same.
Mylacris carbonum. f . No. 2022 a, from Cannelton. Drawn by the same.
Mi/lacris pennsyluanicum, ^. No. 2024. Drawn by the same.

The other figures belong to the preceding memoir.

m

II

i

I

M

Thk K.vurjKHT WiV(iKi) IvsKcrrs ok Amkiuc.v: A IIk-kx.vminatiox of the Dkvmmas

InsK(!T.S ok NkW BkUNSWICK, in TIIK liKJHT OK C'lMTK'ISMS AND OK Nk.W

Studiks ok ()Tiii:i{ I'ai.ko/ok; Tvi-kh.

llKfjIKVlNCJ that scioiico is little lulviinrcd hy llit- acritiioiiy ciif^t'iKlcnMl Itv conlrovcrsiiil
ossavH, the writer lias always avoided n'|»iyiiij< to any criticisiiis ol' liis sciciitirK! work,
liowcver di'striKftive tlioy luiglit appear at first sight, until in the natnral (loiirse of snl)-
secpient studies it l)e(fainu necessary to snltjeet tliein to puldic exaniinntion. (Jenerally
nni(;li time will then have olapsed, both pariic^s may view the matt(M- mort> dispassionately
and, notwithstanding the delay, the truth is likely to lu^ sooner reached.

It is on this account that up to the present time I have in no way noticed the ohjecrt ions
which Dr. Ilagen' made four years sinci' to my interpretation of the wing-strncitiu'e oC the
Devojiian insects,' although his criticisms were not always ccMU'licd in tiie most temperate
language. Now, however, that it has l)ec<'me necessary, lor a work in hand, lor me to
review systematically the entire series of |)aleoy,oic insects, the Devonian wings have Iteeu
studied anew, with the intention ol' profiting hy thecom;nent^ of so thorough and learned
a student oi" Neuroptera, hoth reiHiiit and lossil, as Dr. Ilageii is everywhere well known to
he; of profiting also hy the greatly extendtMl special knowledge I have myself gained in
the last live years through the kindness of many cctrrespondents (iind especially of Mr. I{.
1). Lacoe), who have liberally furnished me with a very considerable iiuinl)er of new
paleozoic insect types, discovered in this coimtry.

Without wishing to discredit in the least the worth of Dr. llagen's general opinion in
questions which alVect the Neuro|)tera, 1 think it is only lair ti» point out dispassionately to
the iii(|uirer of the future four things. 1". That in the historic development of tlio
broader groups of insects, so far as we now are acquainted with them, no important
c!»anges have transpired since paleozoic; times; while our perphfxity regarding the proper
relation of paleozoic insects to modern ty])es is often very great, and our conclusions
variable. 2". That Dr. Ilagen has published nothing upon paleozoic iii-<ecls (aj):irt from
the paper above referred to upon Devonian insects) excepting scattered notes on a few
which he referred to Termitiiia and which, in all prol)al)";lity. are no Termitina at all.'
3°. That there is no evidence, but the contrary, that Dr. Ilagen in his iiive-itigations, iines
the ^'theory of descent" as a working hypothesis, without which no one wiio is studying any
group of animals in the period of its rise and most rapid evolution can expect to do other-
\>'ise than stumble and wander astray. To refuse to use it is to merit failure. 4". That

m

1 Bull. Mils. Coiiip. Zool., VIII, no. 14.
<* Anniv. Moiu. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., ISHO.

' S«u IVoe. Anier. Ai'iul. Arts So., xx, I('i7-178.

276

of tlio Dovotiinii wiiij(s. Pr. Ilnjrt'u lm^^ stutlicil in nnturc only tlio (in inoxt ciimow ixiorcr)
rovor«o« of tlu» o»'ijjiniil s|u'cin»('ns. wliiK* sovoral Jinios Ih'Toiv and tmco sinco tlio i)nl)li<'a-
tion of liis criticisuis I hiivi' oaivlnlh slmlitMl both sct.s fnjroliu'r.

Oerephemera dlmplex.

'V\u>* insect was placoil l»y nic in a (lisliiict I'aniily frn»n|) to wliicli I jravi' the naino ol
Atocina. Ctnnparisons \ti'iv partit'ularly insiilnlcil with unc ttf Uu' otliiT Devonian loi'mH.
I'lateplienu'i'a, ami witli Dictyonoura and it.M allies of the earboiiiferoiis epoeli, to the latt(>i'
of wliieli it was tliou'xht to have most reseiniilane*'. At that time the jjij^antie forms of
l*i:.tophasinida made Unown In llrongniart had not heen pnhlished. and I was not aware
of the variety of ni'uration found in that ancient type. Now tlitit this is known I am far
more iiiclineil. notwithstmidinu; it<i anomalous strnctur*'. to helieve that (terephemera
should fall in the sante ;j^eneri>l ,u'ronp. anil that the name of Alocinu slionid he dropped ;
particularly as a new study makes me see that the neiu'ation will hear an interpretation
which Ivsseus the points of distinciioii hetween them, and renders the structure of Gerephe-
mera less anomalous.

Dr. Hajien. on the other hand, refers it unhesiliitin<rly to the modern Odonata ; hut a
certain part of my description has heen plainly misund«'rstood hy him. The costal margin
is rc))resented hoth in tin* description and in the li<i:iMv as two to three nnn. lonfj; ; in the
figure it is not eight imn. long, as statt>d hy him. I have not said that "the mediastinal vein
is never a depressed one in such insects." hut 'the marginal would then he an elevated and
the mediastinal a depressed vi'in. which [comhination | is never the case," etc. He rightly
says that no menliou is mnde of the <|uailrangular cells occurring hetween the ohiique
nervules which run Ifom the medi.istiual vein to the margin, for they were not looked
upon as important ami are exceedingly faint and ohsciu'c. He remarks that if they exist
they would he the oidy features inconsistent with an Odonatc hypothesis, overlooking the
fact that the nervules they are supposed to coiniect are strongly ohliqne, as never in
Odonata and usually in other Xeuroptera. The superior origin of the hranches of the i)rin-
cipal vein preserved, which he calls ■•prol)al)ly the sector medius." is also entirely inconsist-
ent with an Odonate hyp(»thesis. and is the most salient |)oint in the wing next to the
numerous parallel veins alxtve it. hut to this he does not at all refer.

The superior origin of the hranches of this vein, however, is not iniknown in paleozoic
wings as I had supposed, having its counterpirt in several of the Protophasmida,
as lirongniart calls them, and I t\n\ now inclined to helievo that this wing should
find a place her., somewhere in the neighhorhood of Haplophlehinm. This would
necessitate a diO'erent and I think a soniewhat more rational view of the neuration. viz.,
that wiiat 1 had looked upon as the exteruomedian is the internomcdian vein, and that the
externomedian is the first hranched vein in the wing, counting from the costal honler, tho
"intercalary nervure" heing really a hranch of this, room for other hranches heing found,
if the main externomedian hranch felt the curvature of the apex of the wing as soon as
the other veins; this would hring the slight hetid in the outline of the outer border at the
extremity of the outermo-<t anal vein (so frecpient in insects), hut would give an enormous
expansion to the anal area, as in the case in some other paleozoic insects and as occurs in
several of the Protophasmida, especially in the neighhorhood of Haplophlehinm.

2TT

Pr. ITnffpn oxiuniiicd tlu» rpvi»r»o of iho priiiripnl spociincii. iiml hiivs of it. It "strongly
coiitinns my <K'tt'rininiiti(>ii." "It lioloiiufM." Iu« huvm. "to ii piirt. oC tlic l»iist> ^A the wiii^
wliit'li Im ii(»t pn'sci'vi'd" in tli« I'ikuio piil)liMli«>('i. It, slu»\vs. iitM'onlinjr to iiim. the "HCdtnr
ti'i){«)inili iiitoi'ior," wiiicli liolongH to tiu> Imho of tli(> wiii^ timl "is to l)*> roiiinl only in
()<lonitii, novor in Kplionu'ritliU'." Unrortiiniitoly (or nil tliin. tin' reverse, now li^iired for
the first time (in reverse) «m lij^. !) of the neeoinpiiiiyinj^ plate, is tin exiiel eoimterpiirt of
tliat portion of tliu het^'T speeimen (of which ii li^iire wiis pnlilislieil in my formt>r paper),
whieh lies /<//7/4»'«/ from the hase of the win^. anil a. pieee of whieli is poorly figured on onr
present plate at fij(. S (again in reverse). As I have had Itolh oliverse and reverse to «'om-
pare hotli before the larger (lart of the Itetter speiMmeii was uncovered, a;j;ain after that
additi(m to our knowletlge, and still again for verification siiici> the comments of Dr.
I I'igen, this point cannot l)i> disputed. It will he ohserved thai in no other place is Dr.
Ilagen's language more positive than hen'.

Platephemera iintlqna.

This insect was referred hy me to the Mphemeridae, Itecaiise the ncuralion ''agreeil in
all essential features with that family, and . . . considering tin' autiipi'ly of the creature
shows marvellously little divergence from living types," Its relation to Dictyoneura and
allies was discussed, and ii "general similarity" of structure pointed out. though they wt'i«'
not considered "closely alliliated."

Dr. Hagen, on the contrary, stat«'s that it "has nothing whatsoever to do with the
Mphemeridae," adding that his "deliherate determination is not hased upon a difference of
«>pinion, hut merely on the simple evidence of facts. The spei'iimui is a part of the apicid
half, without the tip, <»!' u wing of a gigantic dragon lly."

Hecognixing the life long hihors of Dr. Ilagen U|ton the Odoiiata. the writer has .striven
eirnestly to see this fo.ssil in the light in which Dr. Ilagen declares ih;it he setvs it, hut is
ohliged to confess that the distortion is not within his power. The "siuiple evideuct« (»f
fact.s" is unalterahly oppo.sed to it, as the following considerations, among others, seem to
show, in which the special points of Dr. Ilagen's assertions or criticisms .ire touched upon.

1. In no dragon lly, living or fossil, is there lound, heyoiid the nodus, lielween the
"mediana" and the margin, more than a simple longitudinal vein — the marginal v('in ;
excepting clo.ye to the nodus, where the suhcosta sometimes appears to extend a very little
way l)cyond the nodus, and then torminates on (he mtd'innti. In Platephemera ihere is
an additional vein, which, on Dr. Ilagen's hy|)othesis, extends inu»di more than half way
from his location of the nodu.s to the tip of the wing, and terminates i>i> t/ir iii'irijliiiil iwin;
in other words, there is no nodus, — one of the chief char-
acteristicH of Odonata, absent, ho far as I know, from no'
dragon fly, living or extinct.

2. To carry out this hypothesis of an Odonate structure.
Dr. Hagen is compelled to say that ".something less than
20 mm. of the tip are wanting." To add only I ') mm., as

1 I .1 I .1 1 !• • .1 • 1 , , Tip of wiiiK "f I'lftli'iilii'iPiirn, risloreil hy

IS done by tlic dotted lines m the accompany nig .skeU'h, i)r. iiiiK.ii's.iiiin.

would, on the most favorable showing, make a wing of ridiculously extravagant appi'ar-
ance; the cour.se of the known portion of the lower margin will not allow us to suppose,
at the outside, more than 5 nun., and probably not more than 2 nun. of the tij) to be lost.

,-'l

W^WPPWWPBF

278

3. The narrowing of whiit Dr. Ilagon calls the "second cubital spncc" is a common
ieatinv in Epheujeridae (e.(j. species of Calliarcys, Ciioroterpes, Blasturus, Atalophlebia,
RhoenaniliMs. Chloeon, etc.). tliou>r|i not often to quite such an extent., nor perhaps quite
so rapidly, as here ; and as this varies in dilferent species of the sumo genus, it seems to be
a very unimportant matter; the a|)proac)i of the t»vo veins, contrary to Dr. Ilagen's stjite-
ment, is mentioned in my p.»per.

4. What Dr." ILigen calls the sector suI)uoilalis does not run unbroken to the tip. as in
all dragon tlies 1 have examined, luit is lost in the reticidation shortly before the nuirgin.

In looking over all the ancient types known. I lind none to which this insect may be at
all closely cou)nared excepting the KpluMueritli.i ; uidess it be lireyeria, to which it bears
some distant resemblance, and to which it is not impossible that it is allied ; but it dift'ers
strikingly in every detail I'roin that form, and so mu(di more closely resembles the
Epiiemeridae of the present day tliat it would a|)pear to be soniewhat of a strain to attempt
to bring tiiese two old I'orins in close proxMuity. wiien otherwise the series of forms in the
ancient IMiasmida is so co.nplete.

I referred in my former uiemoir (p. !>) to the repetition, in the lower cxternomedian
stem, of the features of the upper stem, if these two are looked upon as distinct cxterno-
median and internomedian stems, we have an additional reseud)Iancc in this insect
to .some of the IVotophasmida. though not to IJreyeria ; yet this repetition, "which appears
to have no counterpart among I'viiig Epiiemeridae." is in reality a feature constantly seen
ill paleozoic wings, and is indicative merely of simplicity and conunon origin such as we
should naturally look lor in early insects ; and on this ground we may be justitied in con-
siilering this insect as a representative o'" a distinct early type of Ephemeri<leous insects. —
wiiich may be called the Palepbemeridae.

Lithentomum Harttil.

This insect 1 placed in a distinct family of Neuropfera proper; which from "having its
nearest i'llinity to Sialina in modern times," I j)roposed to call Cronicosiallna. Dr. llagen
also recognizes its Sialidau features iunl compares the wing to that of Chauliodes, adding
"the paucity "f the olVshoots of tiie scapular branch is by no means exceptional . . . il»e
living Chauliodes possesses only one "

Here again is an evident misapprehension of my language, for while the living Chau-
liodes has only one scapular branch, it has four or live olVshoots of the scapu'-ir brandi ;
a "branch" is not a main stem ; and the course of the veins, as 1 have pointed out, forbids
our supposing the ancient wing to have had n:ore than one or two ortshoots; only one is
preserved.

A comparison of this wing with numerous paleozoic wings now convinces mo that it
should fall with many others in a group in whicli this braiu^h may have several oft'shoots ;
at. least it dilfors from them .so little in general structure and in time that this disposition
would seem to be the most rational one, and though Dr. llagen seems to iniply (though
he does not explicitly state) that the character above n>entioned was the only one laying
claim to distiiiguish the Cronicosialina from the modern Sialina, I do not discuss this point
here, ns I sha'l soon do so to better atlvantage, in treating of the whole group.

279
nomothetas fossilis.

On nccount iniiinly of a tronsvorsc vein noiir tlio buso of the wiiij:^, which I consiilorod
liomoloffous with the arculus of niodiM-n Odonnta. wliile ahnost everv other foatiiie of the
wing was distinctively n'tn-Odonate and generally Sialidan, 1 looked on this as the tyjie of a
distinct, synthetic group, which I called lloinothetidae. a family "fon.iiiig tlie connecting
liidv between the Neuroptera proper and Pseudi)neuroptera."

Dr. Ilagen, who has not seen the single original, says. "It is obvious that the wing
belongs to the Sialina," and explains the so-called arculus as the end of a horny basal part
of the wing, such as is seen in Corydalis. ••The fragnic'it," he says, "shows nt.thiug foreign
to the Corydalis type, excepting a smaller nund)er of transversals."

The re-examination of thi.s' fo-m after a special study of a considerable nn:nber of later
pa'.eozoic wings, some of wliicli ..gree tolerably closely in general structure with Homo-
tlietu.s, apart from the supposed arculus in the latter, ccmviiu-es me that 1 have been mis-
taken about this arculus. 1 <ind, indeed, 'hat, when more do ely scrutinized ii just fails ol
reaching the scapular vein abi>ve. and that, what 1 strangely overlool'ied before, it is
elevated, while the other veins about it arc depres.se(l ; it lie.s, indeed, at a slightly higher
level on the stone than the others, on a piece which shows a fracture tiirther away from
the base of the wing, where the first separation of what I then co.\sidered the main
scajjular branch and the externomedian vein takes place. Upon this elevated i)iece that
portion of the supposed branch lying between the so-called arculus and this separation is
placed, and if we discard one we discard also the other ; that is. these veins do not a.nial-
gamate at their base and curve downward (in passing basoward), but, as a closer exanunatiou
shows, feebly and uncertainly it is true, both run parallel to each other and are separated
by a slight interval, winle the supposed obli(|uely curving basal amalganiiition is something
foreign to the wing, as, indeed, is shown by its also being elevated and not depressed.

Examined with this new light to seek for the basal attachments of the branching veins,
u few faint indications, over that ps.rt of the I'ossil from which the wing has been llaUed oil
(represented in the published ilrawing by dotted lines), show that there are. between what
I Ibrmerly called the externomedian vein and the main scapular vein, two separate,
parallel, longitudinal veins; moreover, that what I had looked upon as the basal part of
the so-called externomedian vein is really only the edge of a llake of stone. I)eneath which,
at a slightly lower point, this vein pa.sses,

the vein being unseen further t- ward the
base than where the cross-vein strikes it.

If, then, within the ba.sal fourth of I he
wing, between the stout scapular vein, and the
so-called externomedian vein (which itself
lies lower than indicated in the original draw-
ing), there are two parallel, longitudinal veins, it. is highly probable tiiat the upper of thent
is directly connected with the vein which strikes the tip of the wing ;.nd carries several
snbsequidistant, considerably ob'iipie branches; and the lower with the vein or vi'ins
carrying the entire set of more longitudinal branches, between the preceding and what
was formerly called the externomedian vein, somewhat in the manner I have indicated en

UlMnotlll'lUS lll^^ili». ( 'unvili'il skc'li'li.

280

the ncooinpanyinj; skotch corroctiii}? tlmt fonnorly given, in which the lines marked in
longer dashes give tli^f conjectural course of the veins where they are not determinable,
and the lines marked with shorter dashes the portions where faint indications on the stone
render the determination soniewhat more probable. This view is based on the complete
change between the course of the nervules attache«l apically to the upperniost braiuhing
vein, and those below it, by which they are separated into two sets, intensitied no doubt
by the accident which has caused them to overlap where they are nearest together, but
ever, in other respects very distinct.

On this basis we nuist make a very iliiTerent interpretation of the entire nenration. The
scapular vein must be looked upon as a simple unbranched vein; the ve'.n terminating at
the tip, with the more obli(|ue branches confined to the apical fourth of the wing, as the
externomedian vein; the branches below this, as Car as but not including what 1 formerly
considered the externomedian vein, as branches of the internomedian vein ; nid the re-
mainder of the nervules impinging on the low -r margin, and more ch)sely connected than
the others by cros.s-veins, as l)rauches of the anal vein.

Thus interpreted, the wing falls into a group of paleozoic insects which was perhajis
the most numerously represented of all the old neuropterous types in carboniferous times,
a group which is separated from all other.s h\ the complete independence of the medi-
astinal, anil the lack of any inferior branches of the scapular vein, — a group to which the
name of llomothetidae, with this complete alteration of the features by which it was at
first characterized, nuiy be applied.

As the lack of inferior branches to the scapular vein is an attribute at the present day
of nearly ail I'seudoneuropterous wings, and as it occurs in no true Neuroptera whatever,
or certainly only in very exceptional instances, we lind in Ilomothetus characters borrowed
from prominent features of two great divisions of insects.

As stated above, Dr. llagen suggested that the "arculus" could be explained by sup-
posing it to indicate the point where, in the front wings of (Jorydalis, the horny l)asal part
is separated from the mend)ranous portion by a .softer integument. This explanation
would hardly be tenal)le on account of the distance in this case of the "arculus" from the
base of the wing, but the facts given above show that the explanation is unnecessary.

Xenoneura antiquorum.

A re-examinati(^n of both fragment.s of this wing in the light of Dr. IIagen'.s statements
shows my ligure to be corre(^t in every point wherein it has been criticized, except in the
wholly insignificant matter of on/itting to give with sullicient distinctness what Dr.
Ilagen has compared to tiie "recurrent vein" of Ilenierobidae. On the other hand, Dr. Hagen
is incorrect in every statement of fact where his statement controverts mine, lie has had
the misfortune to publish his statements after an examination of oidy the more incomplete
and less distinct of the two halves of the fossil, lie complains that "the whole wing is
shown by numerous parallel and very elo.se longitudinal lines to have been placed beneath
or above some part of aplaiit; on acci 'ut of these lines some parts of ilie venation are
less distinguishable." In the better St. John specinten these I'nes do not in the slightest
dej^i-ce interfere with the neuration or its determination, but in at least two spcciflc cases
these lines on the Boston specimen have led Dr. Hagen into error.

281

One case is where he stnrts upon liis theory that, two partially overlapping wings are
present, one of which 1 had overlooked, — a theory he could not possibly have niaintained
with the St. John specimen l)eside him. "Its hind niargin," he says, "is a little below the
hind margin of the main wing." Only a mere fragment of the hind margin exists in the
Boston specimen, and therefore the marking on the stone which he interprets as the hind
nnirgin of a second wing is recognizable with little doubt, and a glance at its relations to
the other lines proves at once that it is simply one of the "numerous parallel and very
close longitudinal" lines which he refers to a plant. An examination of the reverse shows
no such mark at all, and the glazed texture of the stone, peculiar to it where any part of
the .wing is found, does not extend, on either stone, beyond the limits of the wing as 1 have
defined them.

Dr. Ilagen would, however, probably base his double wing theory more upon his next
point: that the branches of what I have called the externomedian vein (found on the outer
detached fragment) are elevated, while the "corresponding sectors of the main wing" (by
which I suppose he refers particularly to the scapular and internomedian veiiHof tlio p;irts
on the basal piece) "are depressed." That is, that the detached fragtnent represents one
wing, the basal piece another. IJut in the St. John specimen, and indeed, though less
clearly, in the lloston specimen, we have absolute proof of the inaccuracy of this view, since
the externomedian vein, whether on basal piece or detached fragment is, f/iroiKjhoiif its
course, elevated or depressed, according to whether obverse or revei-se is e\ainiu;>(l ; the
same is the case in the reverse sense with the inttTiiomedian vein, which is elevated, on
both i)ieces, where the externomedian vein is depressed, and tuvc rcrsa. A little more
familiarity with paleozoic wings would have taught Dr. Ilagen to expect this very featiu'e.

Dr. Hageji is equally unfortumite with the .sc-ratcli of a tool on the costal margin of the
Boston specimen, which he would look for in vain on the reverse stone. If it had been
shown on my former plate (Jig. 5) it would have lain 3 mm. to the right of the outermost
cro.ss-vein figured ; his uuiking the other existing cross-veins ^^ therefore very donbtfid" is
accordingly unwarranted. The upper branch of the ine<liastiiuil fork is exactly as I have
figured it. and not as Dr. Ilagen represents, a.s the St. John specimen shows more plainly
than its Boston reverse. Dr. Ilagen's "cilia" near this point are again the h)ngitudinal
lines of his plant. There is no sort of reason for claiming the "fork, as it is called by the
author," of the scapular vein, as belonging to an overlying wing, since it does not exist.

Dr. Ilagen says he is "not able to classify the insect, except that it belongs to the Neurop-
tera {setmu sfrivtiori)" though he adds, "what we see of the veni-tion is more nearly allied
to the Cliauliodes type than to any other." lie further asserts that "the venation has no
similarity to Conlopteryx, Uaphidia and Kphemera, and bridges in no way the gulf between
the Neuroptera and I'seudoneurop^era, as stated by the author." These are bare assertions,
unaccompanied by any proof whatever, and it would therefore be waste time to consider
them ; it will be enough to say with regard to the first, that, if true, the wing cannot belong
to the Neuroptera, as he himself claims it does. My own claim, supported by direct
evidence which can be examined into, was that it formed a distinct and extinct finuily of
Neuroptera. My later study of a larger series of paleozoic as well as of existing types con-
firms my first conclusion.

!>il

?4

282

This new review of the Devonian insects alters somewhat the conclusions which we pre-
viously reached. Gerephemera is now considered a member of the g/oup Protophasmida>
formerly looked upon as its nearest ally, but from which it was regarded as distinct. The
structure of Homothetus is shown to be different from what was formerly supposed, in
tiikiug from it its presumed Odonate affinities, but its position is otherwise retained, and
the relation of the major part of the Devonian insects to later, carboniferous types, is
shown to be more intin.ate than was supposed. This latter conclusion has been reached
mainly by a study of forms discovered since the former paper was printed and which are
yet unpublished; and it is the only point in which the thirteen several general conclusions
formulated in my previous paper require any essential modification. It is even still, true
that notwithstanding the discovery of greater unity between the Devonian and carbonitl
erous insects, the little fauna of St. John has features which instantly stamp it as distinct
from the carboniferous; since, while most of its members belong to restricted groups which
occur in carboniferous deposits, they are in most cases very different from the later mem-
bers of these groups.

Instead, thei'efore, of the five species' being divided; — none to Ephemeridae, two to
Odonata, and three to Neuroptera proper (and "probably" to Sialina), as claimed Ijy Dr.
Hagen, we find none whatever belonging to Odonata, but of the two so claimed, one
referable to an ancient type of Ephemeridiie, and one to an ancient type of Phasmida ;
while the remaining three belong to as many distinct families of ancient Neuroptera,
doubtless related to, but still distinct from, Sialina, two of which were well represented in
carboniferous times. The third, however, had, so far as yet discovered, no representative
even among paleozoic insects, and has special interest from its distinct resemblance to the
carboniferous Protophasmida, — a group afterwards differentiated as a special type of
another order.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

I venture to add to this p.ijjer a plate enjiraved many years a<io from imperfect and rude drawings of my
own, wliicli was discarded when I publislied my memoir on tlie Devonian insects, as insufficient and in ]>art
incorrect. It will serve, perliaps, to explain some of tlic changes my views have undergone, and to rurther
illustrate to a slight degree some of tiie errors into whicli my critic has been drawn. All the figures except-
ing fig. 5 are of the natural size.

Fig. 1. IIoTDOthetus fossilis.

Figs. 2, 3. fJthentoniuin Ilarttii. These figures differ from those given in my formerly published plate
to a considerable degree.

Fig. 4. Vyscritus vetitstua.

Figs. 5, 6, 7. Xenoneura antiquorum. Fig. 5 is made up from several camera sketches, and is enlarged
about 20 diameters.

Figs. 8,9. Gerephemera simplex. These rejiresent both obverse and reverse, as they originally appeared.
Fig. 9 is the one that has never been figured before. All or nearly all of these wings appear in reversed
position on the plate. Fig. 9 sliould have been turneil a little.

Figs. 10, 11. Platephemera antiqua. It will be noticed that fig. 11 shows what looks like a bit of the
outer margin not far from the tip; this I suspect is simply a series of cross veins and was meant to represent
only that; it is, however, given precisely in this way in my original drawing.

' Oiniiling Dvwritiis, too in.pcrfeia fur any untiffuctory iliwiwcion.

Palaeodictyoptera : or the Affinities and Classification of Paleozoic Hexavoda.

JjiXCEPTING the cockroaches, which form so large a proportion of carboniferous insects,
moL-t of tlie known psileozoic hexapods have long been referred to Neuroptera. But the
opinion has been gradually gaining ground that (1) the wide divergence of some of them
from post-piileozoic as well as from existing forms, and (2) the occasional unexpected
proofs of the combination in single individuals of characters now only known to exist
separately in insects of distinct ordinal divisions, i.e., the appearance of broadly synthetic
or generalized types, required somo modification of our earlier notions. The discovery of
Eugereon and the discussion of its structural peculiarities by Dohrn, Hagen, Gerstaecker,
Snellen van Vollenhoven, Packard, Brauer, Goldenberg, etc., did more than any thing
else to suggest and enforce this opinion.

Dohrn himself in his very earliest paper went so far as to propose to place Eugereon in
an ordinal group apart under the name of Dictyoptera, and in the following year to add
to the same order the group of insects then known luider the name of Dictyoneura. Ten
years later, in changing this ordinal name to Palaeodictyoptera, on account of previous
employment of Dohrn's term, Goldenberg also included in it the types described by Dana as
Miamia and Hemeristia. and Beneden's Omalia ; Brongniart has of late years employed it
in much the same sense, his only really distinctive addition being that of Geinitz's Ephe-
merites'.

The recent startling discovery by Brongniart of insects plainly related in no very distant
way to modern Phasmida, — a highly specialized and unique group of Orthoptera, — but yet
bearing wings whose venation compels us to connect them directly with the synchronou? type
of Dictyoneura,'^ and which had heretofore been supposed either neuropterous or to belong
to an archaic type some of whose members showed distinct hemipterous characteristics ; —

' In liis latest writings Brongniiirt, influenced no doubt by
the striking combination of neuropterous and ortliopterous
characters which liu discovered in Piotopiiasnia and Titano-
phasmn, has endeavored to supplant this term by Nevror-
ihoptcres. Three distinct oV)jtctions can bo made to this:
1. The group already has a good name which has been pre-

viously accepted by Brongniart, and which the recognized
laws of nomenchiture will not allow us to set aside; 2, as a
distinctive term his fails to cover the synthetic characters of
the entire group (cf. Eugereon); 3, the accepted language
of nomenclature is Latin and not French.
« See Proc. Amer. Acad., xx, 167-173.

'4

I

-' 1

t

I
t

284

this discovery following close upon m}- demonstration that all paleozoic cockroaches
belonged to a type distinct from and taxonomically equivalent to existing Blattariae, lends
countenance to a new attempt to discuss the relationship of all paleozoic hcxapods to each
other and to later types. The time has plainly come for a revision of our general knowl-
edge in the light of special discoveries.

Our acquaintance with paleozoic hexapods is mainly based upon the structure of the
wings, and this is greatly simplified by the fact that, as has been previously noted, differ-
entiation in the structure of the front and hind wings of insect., had not in paleozoic times
obscured the neural framework of the front wings. It is nevertheless true that the great
advances in our knowledge of relationships among paleozoic insects have not come from a
study of the wings, but from the happy and rare discoveries of other parts of the
bodily structure, as in Eugereon and Protophasma. T'ais would be supposed to render
any attempt to reduce the entire series to systematic order somewhat hazardous, were it
not that, as will appear later, the great body of Ibrms now known can be grouped, by
their wing structure, into a few distinct types, whose relation inter se is such as to warrant
a belief that they must have been structurally related in the rest of their organization;
and that, among the forms so related, one or another has generally preserved such frag-
ments of the body as enable one to speak with some degree of confidence ; at the f^ame
time it will have to be admitted that while we are dealing with imperfect remains, any
deductions which may be drawn from inferred structure is valuable only as it is
cumulative.

Brongniart in his latest papers, while, as stated above in a note, unnecessarily and
undesirably dropping the name Palaeodictyoptera, — a name historically connected with the
greatest advances in our knowledge of the relationship of paleozoic insects, — has also
extended its scope, so as to include also all the forms he (and others) had previously
placed under Neuroptera and Orthoptera, but, impliedly, leaving the species of Fulgorina
still under Hemiptera. There is no reason for this exclusion, and it is probable that it was
not intended.

Leaving aside, for a moment, the question of the existence of paleozoic Coleoptera, we
submit that the same reasons which would justify the use of the term Palaeodictyoptera
for Eugereon alone, as was done in the first instance by Dohrn (for its predecessor Dicty-
optera), compel us to include in it the entire series of paleozoic hexapods. It is a name
too which is peculiarly appropriate to the insects of the paleozoic epoch as a whole, with
their undifferentiated wings. It is as applicable to the ancient ephemerids as to the
phasmids or cockroaches, and any definition of it grounded on known characteristics must
be based almost wholly upon the structure of the wings, from which the name is derived;
this structure is, collectively, so simple, the similarity between representatives of groups
whose descendants are afterwards ordinally distinct so striking, that we may be justified
in claiming the probability of the homogeneity of other parts of their structure. At all
events the known facts of the structure of paleozoic insects, apart from the historic develop-
ment of the hexapod type in subsequent epochs, would warrant no ordinal separation
between them. In saying this I do not overlook the fact that Eugereon was probably a
sucking, and Protophasma a biting, insect, for a physiological distinction is of itself of no
value whatsoever ; it is the underlying structure only that should be considered ; and we

286

.':aine

h any
it is

have no fact beyond the subsequent development of biting types into groups ordinally dis-
tinct from sucking types (a fact paralleled in wing structure), to show that from the stntc-
ture of the mouth parts Eugereon should be ordinally separated from Protophasma.

Whether the paleozoic relics which have been referred to Coleoptera should also be
grouped with the Palaeodictyoptera is another question. That coleopteriform insects then
existed is I think probable, both from the traces which are reasonably referred to borings
similar to those made by existing types, and by the present structural relationship of
Coleoptera to types whose predecessors are most plainly recognized among paleozoic
forms, i.e. other Heterometabola. Troxites — the single relic from the paleozoic referred
to Coleoptera — is nn obscure ooject, and may, as Brongniart has suggested, be the fruit of
a plant. It seems to me most probable, all things considered, that Coleoptera sprang from
such Pniaeodictyoptera as were wood-borers throughout life, and which in paleozoic times
had no greater differentiation of structure between the front and hind wings than exist in
other Palaeodictyoptera. Such differentiation would be likely to arise from the preserva-
tion of favored races with such a habit ; while the inherent probability that all the
heterometabolous types had their already diverging stems in paleozoic times, coupled with
the entire absence from these rocks of "'xy shards of beetles, which in later rocks are the
most readily and frequently preserveo ,{ all insect remains, renders the supposition the
more acceptable.

If then, Troxites be a fruit, and the above hypothesis account for what are apparently
beetle borings in the older deposits, we have left one insect only, Pbthanocoris, claimed to
come from paleozoic rocks, which shows any considerable sign of such differentiation in
structure as led to the existing distinction between the front and hind wings of heterome-
tabolous types, as we now know them.

Another reason for the claim here urged, viz., that all paleozoic insects should be grouped
in one order, Palaeodictyoptera, is to be found in the fact that whenever any of the
special groups which it includes, whose distinct affinities to special modern types are easily
recognized, are compared with these types, they are found to possess characters which
distinguish them as a whole from them. My meaning here will be clear by reference to
my paper on paleozoic cockroaches ; these insects, though plainly cockroaches or the
ancestors of existing cockroaches, are nevertheless structurally distinct from the latter to
such a degree that it was necessary to recognize them as a separate group, Palaeoblattariae,
taxonomically equivalent to the entire modern group Blattariae. The passage from one
group to the other took place in early mesozoic times.

The above view of Palaeodictyoptera then reduces itself to simply this : that hexapodous
insects were not ordinally differentiated until post-paleozoic time. The example we have
given above, however, sufficiently indicates the next step we must take, and that is to dis.
tinguish between groups which the historic development of insects shows were the
precursors of types ordinally distinct. This it is difficult to do on any other basis than that
of family-continuity. It is comparatively easy to see that the Palaeoblattariae were the
probable ancestors of Blattariae, Protophasmida the precursors of Phasmida, Palephemeri-
dae of Ephemeridae, and Hemeristina perhaps of Sialina ; but from wing structure alone,
Palaeoblattariae (ancient Orthoptera) are as nearly allied to Palaeopterina (ancient Neurop-
tera) as they are to Protophasmida (other ancient Orthoptera). Our clew is through the

286

minor groups, and by their aid, and almost entirely by their aid, we may distinguish
between orthopteroid, neuropteroid, and hemipteroid Palaeodictyoptera.

, I '. >,:

PALAEODICTYOPl'ERA.

Body more or less elongate, composed of three well-defined regions, head, thorax, and
abdomen ; mouth parts as in modern Hexapoda, variously developed ; antennae filiform,
simple ; eyes compound. Thorax three-jointed, subequally developed, each joint bearing
a pair of moderately long legs ; the meso- and mctathoracic wings closely similar, equally
membranous, supported by a framework in which six principal stems are developed, the
first of which always forms the costal mars^in ; the mediastinal is simple or only provided
with superior branches, the scapular and internomedian simple or compound, the exter-
nomedian and anal nearly always compound, their branches almost always inferior ;
generally most branches dichotomize ; the membrane is usually more or less reticulate
with generally irregular polygonal cells ; stout and well-defined cross veins are rare ; the
costal area is generally scant, the anal area generally ample, often very ample, yet not so
much from depth as from distal extension ; when at rest the wings appear in all cases to
have covered the abdomen as in modern cockroaches, white ants and Sialina ; but although
there is some indication from their greater breadth that the hind wings were then folded >
they were never plaited like a fan as in modern 0? thopter.i. The abdomen was usually
long and slender, composed of nine or ten joints, the last one sometimes furnished with a
pair of articulated appendages.

[Orthopteroid Palaeodictyoptera.]

Palaeoblattariae Scudder.

The points in which the ancient cockroaches differed from existing types has been fully
pointed out in a comparatively recent paper,^ and need not be repeated here. The classi-
fication there proposed has been generally accepted and no little addition to our know-
ledge of ancient types of cockroaches has since been added. A number of undescribed
forms are in my hands from American deposits, including several new genera, and will be
made the subject of special papers. Recent explorations in Triassic beds of Colorado have
thrown new light" on the passage of the Palaeoblattariae to later types and it is announced
by Brongniart that he has discovered a cockroach in the middle Silurian. The figures he
has given, however (La Nature xiii, 116), though unsatisfactory, would lead us to suppose
the insect to belong to the neuropteroid Palaeodictyoptera.

Protophasmida Brongniart.

A classification of the members of this group having been recently proposed by me*,
and as I intend to refer to them more fully on another occasion in fully describing and

> Mem. Bosf. Soc.Nat. Hist., in, 23-134.
» Amer. Journ. Sc., (3) xxviii, 199-203.
• Proc. Amer. Acad. Acad. Arte. Sc., xx, 167-173. A
careless error vhich crept into this paper may be corrected

here. Diet. elon<rat.t Gold, was place 1 in botli Bruycriit and
Guldenlicrgin ! It was at first supposed to lielong to Breveria
and was accidentia left there atlvr it whs discovered tlint its
true place was in Guldeiil)ergia.

287

illuatratinf? the American forms, it will not be necessary to enlarge upon them here. It
may be added, however, that the Devonian Gercpheinera falls in this group, and that
Brongniart is probably correct in assigning Archacoptilus Scudd. to the vicinity of Dic-
tyoneura.

ArohegogryUos priaotu. I'l. i.'>. titiH, -2. :).

Archegogr alius prlncntt Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Ilist. xi, 402-403.

Ill now publishing figures of this fossil, I place it among orthopteroid Palaeoblattariao
simply in accordance with my early determination of it, not wishing to speak positively aa
to the character of so fragmentary and uncertain a specimen. The remains consist of what
appears to be a broken leg, and of a fragment of a wing in close contiguity but possibly
not at exactly the same level. The wing, as may be seen y the figure, shows only a
few parallel veins of varying degrees of stoutness, with one, apparently detached, crossing
several at an acute angle ; no sign of any margin is seen excepting in the presence above
of two or three very distant, delicate, arcuate, oblique veins, apparently of the costal area.
The leg is broken into fragments from which an apparent saltatorial femur and a very
irregular tibia can be made out, the general course of each straight, but bent at a slight
angle with each other. They are somewhat remarkable, for the femur is smooth, has a
median flat area bounded by slight ridges, while the tibia is furnished with several promi-
nences of large size ; in modern types the prominences when they occur are found only on
the femur. There is a slight rounded prominence on the upper surface near the very
base of the tibia and another a little beyond the middle ; opposite the latter on the upper
surface, is a deeply cleft elevation, its hollow corresponding to the elevation on the upper
surface ; thelbasal half of the under surface is occupied by a very broad prominence, of nearly
equal height throughout, but slightly depressed in the middle and terminating abruptly
at either end. The femur is slightly larger than the tibia and more than twice as broad*
Length of wing fragment 15 mm., width of same 11.5 mm., length of femur 10 mm.,
greatest breadth of .same 3.1 mm., length of tibia 8.5 mm., breadth of same at base 1.5 mm.,
at tip 1 mm. More has been uncovered since its first description.

The specimen was obtained by Dr. J. S. Newberry in the lowest cold beds at Tallmadge,
Ohio.

[Nenropteroid Palaeodictyoptera.]

Palephemeridae Scudder.

This name has just been proposed by me' for the ancient Ephemeridae, in which the
lower seems to be formed on the same plan as the upper externomedian stem. The
ancient types are distinguishable from their fellows, as the modern are from most of theirs*
by the great number of cross veins breaking the interspaces into generally quadran-
gular cells larger then the fine irregular reticulation of other paleozoic insects. The
following insects may be referred here : —

Palephemern antiqua Scudd., Dev. Ins. N. Brunsw. 7, pi. 1, f. 5, 9, 10 ; Devonian, St. John,
New Rrunswick.

' Earliest wingeil in8. Aiuer., Cambridge, 1885, p. 4.

288

Ephemeritea SUckerti Geinitz, Jahrb. f. Miner., 1865, 385, pi. 2, f. 1 ; Lower Dyan,
Reitsch, Saxony.

PaUngenia Feiatmantelii Fritscii, Beitr. Pal. Oesterr.-Ung. ii, pi. 1, f. 1-fi; Carboniferous,
Bohemia.

Although one can hardly doubt the position of t\m insect, the re!<ciublnnce of the
abdominal appendages to those of Dictyoneura Qoldenbergi Brongn.j as shown in a sketch
kindly sent me by Brongniart, is very striking.

HoMOTiiETiUAE Scuddcr.

Though one of the characters upon which this group was originally founded has proved
to be fallacious, so as to require an entire revision of the neuration of the single insect upon
which it was founded, the name may still be applied to the otherwise unnamed group into
which I have since discovered that it must fall, as I have proposed in a recent publication.'

In this group, which contains a considerable variety of forms, the mediastinal vein ter-
minates on the costa at very varying distances from the tip, being sometimes very brief
(Cheliphlebia), at other times very long (Homothetus), almost invariably sending a con-
siderable number of short, oblique, usually simple veins to the margin. The scapular vein,
which has no inferior branches, generally runs parallel to, but at no great distance from,
the mediastinal, and after passing its limits, which it generally does to a conspicuous
degree, continues the emission of branches to the margin now dropped by the mediastinal ;
this vein seems invariably to terminate just before the tip of the wing. The externo-
median vein is generally the principal branched vein, though there is a curious exception in
Didymophleps. It generally begins to branch about or a little before the middle of the
wing, and then emits from its main stem at regular intervals from three to six oblique ner-
vules, simple or simply forked, and so longitudinal in course that the area rarely infringes
far on the inner margin. The internomedian vein is also conspicuously branched, the area
generally occupying the larger part of the lower margin, though the anal area not
infrequently reaches nearly to the middle of the wing; its mode of branching is very
variable ; generally it closely resembles the preceding vein, sometimes to such a degree as
to make all the offshoots appear as branches of one vein, at other times only beginning to
part from the stem after the latter has taken the oblique course of the externomedian
branches, and then having a different obliquity. The anal area is generally though not
always narrow, but often reaches far out toward the middle of the wing, and the vein is
abundantly branched.

This family is readily distinguished from the Palaeopterina, to which it seems most
nearly allied, by the course of the mediastinal vein, which terminates on the costa and not
on the scapular vein. The externomedian area is also almost always more extensive, and
its veins less longitudinal, by which the internomedian area extends to the end of the lower
margin of the wing. It would be hard to say to what modern family of Neuroptera it way
most nearly allied, as its scapular vein is completely simple, but the general aspect of the
neuration leads one to consider it more nearly allied to the neuropterous than the pseudo-
neuropteroiis groups.

' Earliest winged in«. Amer., p. 5, 6.

285)

Tho following aro some of tlie forms falling here, arranged, as far as may be, in their
natural sequence.

AorldltM prlscna.

AvridlteH priKcus Avdkek, Neiies Jalirl). Miner., 1864, 103-104, pi. 4, fig. 1.

This species is reiuiirkal)le for the great length of the mediastinal vein and its nniform
distance from the margin, which suggest that it may bo a hind wing. Amlrce referred it
to Orthoptera. It comes from the Bohemian coal measures at Stradonitz.

A fragment of a wing, figured here on pi. 15, fig. U, seems to come in this vicinity. It is
remarkable for the excessive length of the mediastinal vein, the longitudinal obliquity of
the branches of the same, and the confinement of the branches of the scapular vein to one
or two brief nervules at the very tip of the wing. The externomedian branches seem to be
almost similarly confined, while the internomedian branches are crowded, nearly straight,
and simple or apically forked. It also has the appearance of a hind wing. It cornea from
the carboniferous beds of Mazon Creek, III., and was received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe, in
whose collection it bears the number 2055.

I'!

Buoaenns ('«> ""uvifi) gen. iiov.

Stout bodied, the thoracic segments twice as broad as long, the raeso- and mctathorax
very large ; the abdomen ovate, the final segments with a median keel ; front wings very
regular, oblong obovate, the costal border uniformly arcuate, the mediastinal vein straight,
terminating before the apical third of the wing, with numerous straight, simple and regular
branches ; scapular vein terminating midway between tho end of the mediastinal vein and
the tip of the wing, with similar branches; externomedian vein very important with rather
distant branches.

Bucaenns ovalis sp. nov. PI. l.*), fig. 4.

The fore-wings are very regularly rounded, a little more than three times as long as broad,
the tip situated rather below the middle, only a little above the termination of the middle
externomedian branch ; externomedian branches about five in number, taking a course
about parallel to the apical third of the cosUil margin, very distant compared to the
mediastinal branches, always forked, sometimes doubly ; anal veins more oblique, numerou.s
and parallel. The prothorax has a slight median ridge, and the flat fore femora are
minutely, distantly and rather coarsely granulate. Length of body (excepting the missing
head) 22 mm., breadth of abdomen 7 mm., length of front wings 22 mm., their probable
breadth 7 mm.

A single specimen is known from Mazou Creek and bears, in the collection of Mr. R. D.
Lacoe, the number 2049.

Oerapompns (rip«> «o|Mn>i) gen. nov.

Body slender, elongated, the meso- and metathorax tolerably stout, but the prothorax at

I"

tn

290

leoMt 118 long m broad. F'ront wiiigH obovate, the coHtnl margin Mlightlj lesH nrciiate in the
middle than at either extremity, the mediastinal vein Hubparallel to the co-sta and tormina •
ting near the apical third of the wing, with rather distant HJinplo branches ; scapular
vein terminating near the tip, with longer and usually forked but otherwise similar branches.
Externomedian vein very important with numerous, very long, generally forked, curving
branches, subparallel to the outer half of the costal border.

Ctorapompns bUttlaoldM ap. nov. PI. lA. flg. I.

The general aspect of the closed wings is that of a cockroach. The prothorax is sub-
cordiform, not unlike that of some Carabidae, with a blunt subcentral boss ; the parts in
fVont are obscure. The hind leg is rather long, the femur much stouter than the shorter
tibia, the tarsi obscure but nearly as lung as the tibia. Win^a slightly produced at the apex,
but well rounded, less than three times as long as broad. Scapular vein first forking some
way beyond the middle of the wing, at or beyond the last fork of the mediastinal vein, and
then at once curving downward to approach the margin less rapidly. Length of prothorax
3.5 mm., hind tibia i mm., breadth of hind femur 1.5 mm., length of front wing 20 mm.,
breadth of same 7.5 mm.

The carboniferous beds of .\Iazon CrB3k ; discovered by Mr. P. T. Bliss.

Oerapompns Mctmsns sp. nov. PI. 15, figs. 5, 8.

The prothorax is quadrate, the mesothorax of the same width in front as the prothorax ,
but widening posteriorly ; the head apparently a little smaller than the prothorax. Fore
wings tapering apically but rounded at the tip, less than three times the length of their
median width, the costal margin less arcuate than in the preceding species. Scapular vein
nearly straight, first branched near the middle of the wing, some distance before the
final forking of the mediastinal vein, and unaccompanied by any change in the direction of
the stem. Hind wings, very similar to the front wings in size and shape but with the branches
of the externomedian vein much more transversely oblique and curving in the opposite
sense, their open side being toword the tip of the wing. Leu'^th of prothorax 3 mm.,
breadth of same 3 mm., length of front wings 30 mm., median width of same 11 mm.

Mazon Creek, Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 2019.

▲nthraoothramma (S>^9^, Mmm) gen. nov.

Body stout, appi*."\i'i,ly >^8pre«:5r5d, the iii'»racic segments several times broader than long,
tapering anteriorly to a subtriangular head and more gradually behind along the almost
parallel-sided abdomen, broader at tip than the head. Wings elongated, with nearly
straight costal margin, extending far beyond the abdo:nen ; the mediastinal vein extends
over about two-thirds of the wing ; the scapular vein rather strongly arcuate, and reaching
very near to the tip ; the externomedian vein closely parallel to the latter, commencing to
branch before the middle of the wing and emitting many long, parallel, simple or simply
forked, straight or gently curving, longitudinally oblique branches ; internomedian branches
similar.

201

Anthraoothramma roboata. t>\>. nov. IM. in, tig. i. A, B.

The Murface of tho body in tho Hpccimen illuHtruted in f^. 0 in not well enough pre*
Hcrvcd to n\\ov/ much texture, but the bond iippenrt* to have a median suture and to taper
riipidly to a rounded trout in advance of the lateral eyeH. The prothorax, althou<;h very
Hhort and transverne, taperH rapidly in tront ; the mcHotborax ih a little larger and longer
than the tnetathorax, which docH not exceed the abdominal Hegments in length. The
trout wingH are three and a quarter timcH longer than broad, with the coxta very Htraight
excepting at the extremitiuH ; the HtiffneHH of the wing, however, i8 relieved by the arcuation
of the principal veiuH ; the branchcH of the mediaHtinal vein are Himple, oblique, n little
curved, not crowded ; thone of the 8capular vein are few in number, lie wholly beyond tho
mediastinal and are rather vague ; thoHc of the externomedian vein arc nearly straight, on
one wing about half of them forked at varying distances along the stem, on the other ving
in the single specimen at hand most of tiiem simple, and one transferred from the main
stem U> a forking branch ; they are equidistant and not closely crowded. Legs stout and
llattened. Length of body 30 nun., of head 3.25 mm., of prothorax L5 mm., of entire
thorax 0.25 mm., of abdomen 19 mm., breadth of head 4 mm., of thorax 10 mm., of lant
segment of abdomen 5 mm., length of front wings 28 mm., breadth of same 8.65 mm. '

Mazon Creek, 111. Carboniferous. Collection of Mr. R. D. Ljicoe, No. 2048.

Another specimen (tigs. 1, 5) is better preserved in some parts, showing the texture of
the body to have been uniformly and delicately granulose. The borders of the head are
imperfect so that the drawing nuiy here be incorrect. The tip of one of the wings is
better preserved so that the form can be better determined. Nothing additional can be
gained from the neuration. It comes from the same locality and bears in Mr. Lacoe's
collection the number 2052.

G«noptar]rx {!(*•*, «Wpi<) gen. nov.

Win^^s obovate, with more or less arched costa, and somewhat produced apex ; medias-
tinal vein of vaiiable length, the scapular extending to or nearly to the tip, connected to
the veins on either side of it by transverse or oblique cross-veins ; externomedian vein very
important, commencing to branch considerably before the middle of the wing and by
several longitudinally oblique mostly forked veins, closely connected by feebler cross
veins, feeding the apex of the wing ; internomedian vein also important with several
similar veins, the outermost of which runs in close proximity to the basal externomedian
branch from its very origin, so that at first sight both externomedian and internomedian
branches appear to spring from a common vein.

Oenopterjrx coii8tric:ci. sp. nov. PI. 1.5. flg. ii.

A single broken wing is preserved with part of another, probably of the same side. It
conforms best to the generic characters laid down above in the similar appearance of the
externomedian and internomedian branches, wh'ch are all less longitudinally disposed than
in G. lithanthraca. Another marked distinction from that species is in the comparative
narrowness of the area of the wing above the scapular vein, due partly to the less strongly

2!»'2

convox oostul margin, and in tho nuu'li groatcc loiigtii of tliu nioiliiustiiiai voiii, wliicli in
G. lithanthraoa scarcely extends beyond the niidille ilurd of tlie wing, while liere it doi>s
not. stop -.nnch aliort of tlie tip. L*robabU> hMigth of wing .'iO mm., its breadth, S.'Ja mui.
Carboniferons beds of Ma/.on (-reek (Mr. \i. I). Iiacoe No. *JOK>).

li!

Gtonoptaryx llthanfJuraoa.

Gri/flnn'tK' IKhanthraca Ooi.o., I'Hiaeontogr., iv, lil-27, pi. 1. ligs. I, 'J.
Carboniferons deposits of Fisehbacli ««id liusliiitle near Saarbriicken, (Jermany.

CheUphlebla (xn^i 4^«Pu>v) tion. nov.

A large coarse-winged group, with tolerably slendiM* lornu indicated by the position of
the wings in rep«)so and marks on the stom* ttu'. vag»i'> to be well represented. The wings
are elongated with snb-parallel b«)rders, have a scarcely arcnate costal margin and variable
tip, and cross veins, unle.s.s e.xeeedingly feeble, entirely absent. The mediastinal vein is
short, terminating before the middle of tlu^ wing. The scapnlar vein being dist^ln^ f''om the
margin, though tolerably straight and supplying many obliipie branches to tho same,
reminds one of the species last nuMitioned. The externomedian veins are few, distuMt,
simple or compound, and terminati* ntostly on the apical margin ; while the internomediau
vein extends far towards the extremity of the lower margin parallel to the externome-
dian branche.-i, and feeds all that margin with transversely oblitjue, curving branches.
This feature, nuist conspicuous in the first of the species, has snggesti^d the generic name.

dhsliphlabla oarbocarla. Hp. uov. IM. li>, iIk. h.

The wing is about three times as long as br«)ad, uniform in Itreadth over most of its
extent, with a very broadly rounded ti|). The middle third of the low<>r margin is ahiio it per-
fectly straight, g'ving a sti IV appearance to the wing, which seems to be largest beyond the
middle; the veins are very prononnce<l. The mediastinal brunches arc Very dillcrent from
those of the rest of the wing, being feeble, cr«)wded and arborescent. The internomediau
branches, which are distant, are pretty strongly ciu'ved, their convexities toward the
tip of the wing, and especially curved when, toward the margin, they fork in a claw-like
fashion. The anal veins are few in number and mor(> longitudiuid than the internomediiiM
branvihes. Urngth of wing, probably, .'IS nnn., breatlth l;5 mm.

Carboniferous nodides of Maxon Creek, 111. (Mr. U. 1). liucoe. No, 20:M.)

CheUphlebla elongata, h|i. nov. I'l. i:>, il^. 7

The wing is probably aitvMit three and a half times longer than broad, broadest in the
middle, and beyond that regidarly tjipering to a prolonged and probably somewlmt pointed
tip; the veins are «»b,scure. The mediastinai braisi-hes .seem to be few, distant and Him|de.
The oxternomedian branches differ considerably on the two front wings, being of the usual
type <rn one side, but mt»re or Ic'^s arborescent on the otiur, t he sidtordinate branches fork-
ing m«n*e than the more import.ant ones. The internomcdian branches, which are not
dii^tant, are ratlter giuitly curved, with their convexities away from the apex of the wing.

298

riiMij^th of lVii>?im>nt of wlnj^ 25 imiii.. prol>iil>lo coinploto lonjj;(li US mm.. hiviitUli 7.7") mm.
i/iirltoiiilV'i'ous Ixm's «)!' Miizoii ('ivt«k. III. (Nfr, L. M. UmltiicliV

Tlio H|u>ciiiu>ii li^uivd on pi. I(>, lij«;. 7. nlso lu'lon^.s to this liimily. I'lit too little of llio
tuMiration is pro.sorviMl to onalilo ono to spoaU witli any «u)iirnl(>uci> of its oxiict. poiitioii.
It would .soiMii proltaltic that it should fall lu'nv Tin* iiH»>ft is cxpim'il on a side vi«'\v and
thi> wings ovoiiap so a;; to ot>nl'ns»> tht> nounition at tho co-ilal liordcr. hut tho mivjiaslinal
and soapniat' voins atv plainly sinipli> and tho I'ormor oiids o\i the «*osta and has I'cw or no
hraiudios. 'riu> hody was oiongattMl and llio wings proltiihjy altont '.\'t mm. long. It
coinos iVoni Ma/.«>n ('I'l'ok, Illinois, anti hiNirs the ninnltor'JdlS in th(> colhs'tion of Mr. |{. I).
Ijaroo.

Oanentomum (y^vot, jfvToiM*) »<<n. imv.

'I'lio wings in this group aro largo and olougaiiMl with roarst* m>uration and ahinidaut.
soinowhat locldo oross voins. Tho front is inoro ovato than tho hind wing. th«' ooslu!
margin hoiug nioi'o a 'ohod. tho tip apparontly nioro point«>d and tho anal ar«>a miuv
oxoi.sod. 'I'ho modiastinal voin is Itmg. at lo:ist two-thirds tho h'ugth of tln^ wing, anil
sonds altnnil. ut though not orowdod Id'anohos to tho oostal nniigin. 'I'ho scapular voin lios
vory oloso to it and omits no hranohos until hoyond it. whou it sonds olY a fow nioro ol)li(|no
onos and it^tdf o.vtonds to tho tip. Tho (>\tornomodian voin is soparatod hy an iniusual
iiit«'rval Ironi tho .so;ipular and omits sovoral stout forkod hranohos, whi«'h oovor tho apioal
and tho oxtromo outor part of tho iidi'rior hordoi. Tho inlornomodia.; voin is forkod ono«>
or twioo «»nly in tho front wing, tho hranohos ap])oaring similar to tlioso of tho proooding
voin : whilo in tho hind wiiiu, it hoirs utany shortor and niuoh nioro ohlitpio inferior
hranohos.

m

Oonentomum valldum. xp. uov. 1*1. Id. il^x. -.>, ;t.

Tho tmly [.arts prosorvod in tho singlo spooimon known aro tho groator portions of two
wings, a front and a himl wing, widoly soparatod from oaoli ttlhor Imt in tho sann- nodulo.
In tho front wing tho groator p:irt of tho oostal margin, inoluding all of tho nuMliastiual voin
and its hninohos, is d«'strovod. nnloss as is prohahU* tho first voin shown is tho o.'ctromily
of this voin; in tho hind wing tho hnujohos of this voin aro oltlitpu'. ir.oroasinglv longi-
tiidinid away from tho haso, and ofton lork(>d i>t)d sinuous. In tho front wing tho oxtiM-
nomodian vt>in is .soparaicd from tho scapular hy a spico altoiil cipial to tho intorspacos
holwoou its hraiudios hoforo .",oy fork, and is connoctod with it hy distant transverse «*ros8
veins, hreaking the iulorspaco up into sul»t]uadrate oolls ; ni the hind wing, the course of
tho voin is not so straight, it is rather more wid. ly so| aratod from tho .scapul.sr vein and.
hesidos tho trausvorso veins, tho intoi'spaoo is traversed hy a siipplotuontary. hmgitutliual.
hiuding veil in the middle of tho wing nearly a fourth the length of tho latter; the
l>ran«'hos of the oxtoruoniodian vein an* nn»re fretiueullv and t-xlonsivoly forkoil in tho
fron' than in tho hind wing hut do not <lit1er much, Tho intermunedian vein is soon
lorked in tho front wings and hoth hranohos again dichotoini/o to a oonsiderahio extent,
while in the himl wing half a do/on simple arenato hranehex. their concivitios toward

294

the apex of the wing, part from the under side of the single stem. The anal area is
broader and the veins more numerous in the hind than in the front wings, but in both they
are tolerably simple and take the course of the externomedian branches ; near the base
they are separated by a broad space from the internumedian branches, a space which is
occupied iu both wingc by a number of longitudinal arcuate wri■:^Vle8 or independent cross
veins,, difficult fully to understand. The front wing is broadest about the midule ; the
hind wing, notwithstanding its basal expansion, in the middle of the outer half.

It may be added that on the same stone (reversed of course on its counterpart) the
scapular vein of the front wing is depressed, and the externomedian and internomedian
veins with all their branches raised ; while in the hied wing, the mediastinal vein, the exter-
nomedian vein and its branches, and the branches (only) of the internomedian vein are
depressed, while the scapular, the supplementary binding vein and the main internomedian
are elevated ; showing that on this stone (the one drawn) we see the two wings of one
side, one of them upside down. Length of wings 45 ram., breadth 14 mm.

Carboniferous deposits of Mazon Creek. From tiie collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No.
2C47.

Didymophleps (S(S«|u>t, 4Mi|r) gen. nov.

This is one of the most anomalous genera of this family, all the veins nnd branches
above the internomedian being longitudinal and nearly parallel to each other and the
straight costal margin ; the externomedian vein is twice forked not far from the base of
the wing, and all the branches run in the same genenil direction ; so does the internome-
dian vein, which is exceptionally developed, and emits a considerable number of rather
distant, parallel, oblique, rarely forked, nearly straight branches.

DidjrmophlepB oontosa. PI. la, tig, )>.

Termes contustis ScvX)J)., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 300-301.

The body is crushed past all recognition, and fragments of legs lying between the wings
only show that they were slender. The wings, al<<o, are only partially preserved, their
bases being destroyed with the crushing of the body and their tips by extending beyond
the edge of the nodule in which they are enclosed ; more tlian half of each wing remains,
however, comprising some of the more important parts. All the veins from the marginal
to the internomedian inclusive, as far as they are traceable on the stone, are nearly straight
and parallel ; the upper three are also simple, and the scapular area is considerably and
uniformly depressed ; the externomedian vein is forked near tlie base of the wing and the
space included between the forks, as well as the externomedian area, is traversed by feeble,
inequidistant, straight or oblique cross veins. The internomedian vein traverses the middle
of the wing, or runs scarcely above it, and emits from its lower border a large number of
oblique veins, which run, often with a slightly irregular course, to the margin of the
wing ; in the fragment there are eight such veins on one wing and six on the other and
more imperfect wing, in both cases about equidistant, but more regular and straighter on
the left than on the right wing , in both also one of the secondary veins, and one only,
arising shortly before the middle of the wing, is forked — on the left side close to its origin,
on the right side near the middle of its course. Both borders are perfectly preserved on

295

the right wing, showing it to be 1 0 mm. broad ; the length of the larger fragment is 20
mm., and the probable length of the wing about 35 mm.

Coal measures of Vermilion Co. Illinois, obtained and sent to me by Mr. Wm. Gurley.

HomothetQS Scuddv^r.

The characters of this genus having been misapprehended by me in my detailed paper
on the "Devonian Insects of New Brunswick," I have given a revision of them in a recent
paper on "The Earliest Winged Insects of America." The genus is remarkable for the
length of the mediastinal vein, which is scarcely shorter than the scapular, for the absence
of oblique branches of the same, for the absolute shnplicity of tije scapular vein, and for
the small importance of the externoinedian vein, which has only a few oblique generally
simple branches occupying the apex of the wing.

Homothetns fOMilla.

Homothetus fossilis Scudd., Dev. Inj. New Brunsw., 17, pi. 1, figs. 1-2. Earlier refer-
ences may be found in the synonomy there given.
Devoniiin beds of St. John, N. B.

BSizotermes Sterzel. .

This genus, considered by Sterzel, not without some reason, as one of the Termitidae,
seems to find its place here. Probably the mediastinal vein will be found to reach the mar-
gin not fiir beyond the middle of the wing, where th*» scapular vein, otherwise simple, first
begins to send short branches to the border. The structure of the e.sternomedian vein
precisely accords with this family. What Sterzel considers the lower branch of the exter-
nomedian is probably the internomedian vein, while at least the lower of the veins con-
sidered \> him as internomedian should be considered as anal.

Mizotannes Ingauensis.

JUixotermes Ingauensis Sterzel, Ber. naturw. Gesellsch. Chemn., vii, 273-276, pi., fig. 3-5.
Carboniferous deposits of Lugau, Germany.

Omalia Coem.-Vaa Ben.

Probably tliis form belongs here but the original needs a new study, as its curious
venation is plainly impossible and no sufficient description has ever been given.

Omalia maeroptera.

Omalia maeroptera Coem.-Van Ben., Bull. Acad. roy. Belg., (2), xxiii, iv, 384-401, pi.
Carboniferous deposits of Sars Longchamps, Belgium.

Palaeopterina Scudder.

Wings obovate, several times longer than broad, the mediastinal vein of front pair ter-
mintinag, usually not far from the middle of tiie wing, by running into the scapular vein.

I !!

J

m

i

.1 1 '

M

ii

^^B

1

■' '''
- -i

■ i

i

i

0

1

1 i

296

The scapular vein throws off an inferior branch before the middle of the wing, generally
close to the base, and runs past the extremity or the mediastinal without being affected by
it ; it usually reaches nearly the tip of the wing, but in some cases does not extend beyond
the middle ; the inferior branch is forked a few times, the branches, very longitudinal,
rarely occupying more than the upper half of the tip of the wing. The externomedian vein
is very unimportant, often simple, occasionally divided at the base into two stems, each of
which may fork once or twice, and in one abnormal type assuming an importance equal to
the main branch of the scapular .ain. The internomedian vein nearly always extends so
far as to occupy with its branches the whole of the lower margin; the m-^in vein is some-
times strongly sinuous, and the branches are nearly always more oblique than in the
Homotbetidae, more numerous and arising somewhat continuously from the base out-
ward. The anal vein is provided with many closely crowded, generally longitudinal
branches, the area never reaching beyond tlie middle of the wing.

This account of the structure of the wing differs from that formerly given by me (Mem.
Bo."t. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 189) in some slight pnrticulars only, due to the discovery of addi-
tional types.

The group differs conspicuously from the Homotbetidae in the termination of the medias-
tinal vein, which impinges upon the scapular vein and not upon the margin of the wing.
The relative importance of the externomedian and internomedian areas is reversed, and
the contrast between the course of the br.inches in the two areas generally more marked
here than in the Homotbetidae. Tiie importance of the internomedian area, prevents the
anal from encroaching beyond the middle of the wing. It differs from tlie Xenoneuridae
principally in the structure of the lower part of the wing, in the complete independence of
the externomedian vein, and in the conspicuous branching of the internomedian. The ter-
mination of the mediastinal vein separates it from the Hemeristina, as does the less im-
portance of the scapular and externomedian areas. Apart from the termination of tlie
mediastinal vein, the relation of the neuration to existing neuropterous families is much the
same as in the Homothetidiu. In this respect, however, it more closely resembles tlie
Sialina and Perlina. From these it is separated by the decided deficiency of the scapular
branch, whose offshoots rarely fall below the middle of the apex of the wing; by the unim-
portance also of the externomedian vein, which is usually simple; by the far greater
extent and importance of the internomedian area, which may be considered the remarkable
part of its structure, reaching out far toward the tip of the wing, and with the anal area
occuping nearly half of the wing.

Gerstaecker has in various places claimed ihat tlieir neuration would place the Palaeo-
pterina in the Perlina, but nowhere specifies the reasons for this belief. The more perfect
presentation of the family characteristics, which we are now able to give, shows that his
claim is unfounded ; indeed, the single point in which a special resemblance can be traced
is in the distal union of the mediastinal and scapular veins, by the impinging of the former
on the latter in the apical half of the wing; a feature which these two families share in
common with the Embidina, Raphidiidae, etc. The e.\ternomedian vein, for example, is
either simple or divided almost at the base in the Palaeopterina, while in the Perlina it runs
undivided past the middle jf the wing, separating two great fields, the one above devoid of
cross veins, the one below cut, at least in one sex, by numerous prominent cross veins.

297

and together forming a very distinct and characteristic feature having no sort of coun-
terpart in Palaeopterina.

Most of the genera agree in the structure of the intemomedlau vein; but in one (Stre-
phocladus) it is remarkable for throwing off its offshoots from its superior, and not inferior,
side ; while another type (Aethophlebia), which we have placed at the end of the series, is
very remarkable throughout, though it would seem to fall in this place.

Miamia Bronsoiii Dann.

Miamia Bronaoni Dana, Amer. Journ. Sc, (2), xxxvii, 84-35, fig. (1864).
Mazon Creek, Morris, Grundy Co., HI.

Proptetioiui («|m(, imiTMrfi) gen. nov.

Body apparently flattened, of moderate size, the thorax very broad but narrowing in
front of the wings, the reduction falling on the mesuk ., the prothorax and head
being narrow and proloi?ged. Abdomen apparently similarly slender. Mouth parts formed
of a spreading tuft of organs extended in front of the head and in the same pkne. Legs
obscure but apparently rather long and slender, and increasing in size in passing back-
ward. Wings large, full, oval, of nearly equal breadth excepting at extremities, at rest
considerably overlapping the abdomen ; the scapular vein prominently elevated, widely
distant from the margin in the basal half of the wing, gradually approaching it in the dis-
tal half where the mediastinal vein soon falls into it, and terminating in the margin just
before the tip ; it has a single inferior branch arising near the base, which divides beyond
the middle into two apically forked or simple branches. The externomedian vein divides at
base into two long curved branches either simple or apically forked, which, with the
branches of the scapular, occupy the whole of the apex of the wing. The internomedian
and internal veins occupy nearly half of the wing, the former the outer and probably larger
portion, with nearly straight, oblique, rather distant, simple veins. Straight or curved cross
veins are scattered over the whole wing.

Like Miamia, this genus has a remarkable aspect from the narrowness of the head and
prothorax as compared with the rest of the body. The mesothorax is broader than long
and narrows rapidly, so as to be less than half as broad in front as behind, while the head and
prothorax, each longer than broad, are parallel sided. Since the mouth-parts project for-
ward in the same plane, the prolongation of the parts in front of the base of the wings is
excessive, being considerably more than half as long as the body behind the front base of
the wings, and perhaps as great as the extension of the abdomen behind the posterior base
of the hind wings. The wings are ample and apparently folded upon the back as in mod-
ern Sialina. The hind wings appear to have been of the same general shiipe or a little
broader, but without any special fulness of the anal area ; tliis point, however, is very
obscure from the imperfection of the fossil.

The genus differs from Miamia in the even great'»r slenderness of the head and protho-
rax, the anterior prolongation and tapering of the mesothorax, the larger anal appendages,
and particularly in the neuration of the wings ; viz., in the wider marginal field in advance
of the scapular veins of the front wings, the arcuate course of the same vein, the much

i

mmm

u

•fi

■ if

Sifl

ill

1

298

earlier origin of ita inferior branch, and the much wider space between it and the main
vein filled with stout, arcuate branches.

Proptetleiui infemiui, sp. nov. PI. 17, iiga. 3, 4.

Head subquadrate, rounded behind and apparently a llutle broader than in front, nearly
half as long again as broad, very slightly arched above, the eyes and antennae not appearing
on the stone ;' the mouth-parts are nearly as long as the head itself, but do not admit of
any clear separation of the parts; apparently, however, they consist of three pairs of very
similar, single-jointed, moderately stout blades.

Prothorax simil tr in shape to the head, but a little larger, subquadrate with rounded an-
gles, and apparently no broader behind than in front, transversely arched like the head, with
a slight median carina obliterated in the centre. The head could apparently be partly with-
drawn beneath it, since it seems to have been preserved in that condition, as the illustrations
show, the front margin of the prothorax appearing to cut the head in halves in fig. 4, where
it best appears ; while in fig. 3 the hinder edge of the head is seen embrr ced at the sides by
the edges of the prothorax, as is seen better still upon the stone. The front legs appar-
ently are indicated by the scars on either side of the stone, especially by that on the left
side of fig. 4 and its reverse, where a tibial joint appeal's to be marked. The legs are
shown by this to have been rather short and very slender ; toward the base of the de-
tached scar of the right leg. in fig. 4, is seen the end of a slender femur, which appears even
slenderer in the reverse (left side of) fig. 3.

The mesothorax is of a very strange form when taken in connection with the prothorax ;
it is half as broad again as long, and the wings are attached next the hinder margin,
while the parts in front taper, as has been said, to the size of the prothorax, which is
considerably less than half the posterior width of the mesothorax ; the front margin is
roundly excised as if forming a socket for the movement of the prothorax, and the taper-
ing sides are gently convex ; the surface does not appear, as in the parts in front, to be
regularly arched, but to be furnished with coarse bosses, especially in the medial portions.
Its legs are shown only on one siile, ami that very obscurely, indicating a length about
the same as that of the front pair.

The dimensions of the metathorax can only be judged by the size of the legs and wings,
the hind wings being ampler than the front pair, and the hind legs longer, so far as can be
told from the scars, than either of the others ; it can hardly be narrower than Lhe meso-
thorax, and in all probability was of the same width ; its legs, or rather the fracture-scars
indicating where they were, are preserved on both sides of the body, and a basal fragment
of that of the right aide (in fig. 4) is actually preserved, showing again that they were very
slender, compressed, and of consideraole lengtli, or much longer than either of the other
pairs.

The indications of the abdomen are very vagvie, but show it to have been slender, nearly
as broad at tip as the prothorax, and provided with a pair of rather slender, tapering,
pointed anal appendages about as long as the mouth-parts.

Front wings broad, more than three times as long as broad, oblong oval, the middle half
or more equal or very nearly equal, the apex very regularly rounded ; costal margin a lit-

299

tie shouldered near the base. Marginal vein bordered on the proximiil half of the wing by
a very narrow and tapering membrane, so that it does not form the actual mai'gin until
beyond the middle of the wings. Mediastinal vein parallel to it, impinging on the scapular
a little before the end of the middle third of the wing, and running nearer the marginal than
the scapular '^ein. Scapular vein gently arcuate, running in the proxinuil half of the wing
in a straight course parallel to the marginal vein, then bending slightly upward to meet
the top of the mediastinal, and in the apical third of the wing curving gradually downward,
a little less rapidly than the marginal so as to unite with that not far before the extreme
tip (which is broken off); very far toward the base of the wing (near the middle of the
ba.sal fourth) the inferior offshoot originates, and runs completely pai'allel to the marginal
vein until it forks, at or just beyond the tip of the mediastinal vein ; each of its forks
again subdivides in the left wing, at no great distance from the border, the upper one
more distant from it than the lower ; but in the right wing the upper fork is simple, and
the lower as in the opposite wing. The externomedian vein forks near the base, next
the origin of the scapular branch, and its branches pass in a broad curve to the tip of the
inner margin, the lower one simple, the upper forked apically, the fork being deeper on the
right wing than on the left, where, in this feature, it stjmds midway between the two forks
of the scapular branch. The internomedian vein is a little obscure except in the apical por-
tion, where the veins originate a very little earlier on the left wing than on the right ; it
parts from the neighborhood of the other veins next the forking of the preceding vein, and
passes first in a straight line to just about the centre of the wing, when it sends a straight
oblique branch to the middle of the apical half of the lower margin ; it then takes a course
sub-parallel to the costal margin, very soon emits another similar branch, and finally forks
opposite the tip of the mediastinal vein ; whether it also emits some branches nearer the
base is uncertain, but it is probable that either there is a single one turown off close to the
base, parallel to those beyond ; or that all the nervules within the first distinct branch
belong to the anal vein ; these last nervules are obscure, but appear to repeat the course
and separation of the internomedian veins.

Hind wings shaped as the fore wings, but more ample, extending at rest, like the fore-
wings, beyond the tip of the abdomen, which reaches about the middle of the distal half
Little of the neuration can be made out. but the apical half of the scapular vein appears to
be the same as in the front wing. The internomedian vein is strongly curved before it
forks in a sense opposed to the general course of the curving veins ; it first branches a lit-
tle before the middle of the wing, and in sending out its three or more branches (a little
nearer the base than in the front wing) it turns parallel t<) the costal margin, and its
branches part at a much wider angle and pursue a much more transversely oblique course
than in the front wing. The anal area is probably not any fuller than in the front wing,
for the hind wing of the right side shows by its apical margin, beneath the front wing of the
left side (a margin not shown in the figure), that if there were any fulness to its anal area
't should appear be3'ond the costal margin of the left front wing.

Length of body, from extremity of head (exclusive of mouth parts) to tip of body
(exclusive of anal cerci), 34.5 mm., of mouth-parts, 2.5 mm., of head, .S.25 mm., of pro-
thorax, 5 mm., of mesothorax, 5.75 mm., of anal cerci, 2.5 mm., of front wing, 31 mm.,
breadth of head, 2.25 mm., of prothorax, 3 mm., of mesothorax, 9 mm., of front wing,
10 mm.

300

This specimen is one of the most beautifully preserved of the fossil insects in nod-
ules which I have seen. It was sent me for study by Dr. Jasper C. Winslow of Danville,
111., to whom it belongs, and was found by him on Little Vermilion River, about four miles
above Georgetown, Vermilion Co., 111., in a carboniferous deposit. It is referred to as
a species of Miamia in the Oeology of Illinois, vol. iv, p. 253, where the relation of the
deposit to the region is explained. The drawing by Mr. Blake is a very perfect represen-
tation of its appearance.

Di«oon«ara (SiiixM, vavpov) gen. nov.

The wings of this genus are long and slender, largest beyond the middle. The medias-
tinal vein strikes the scapular vein considerably beyond the middle of the wing, while the
main branch of the latter, bearing two or more simple or forked branches, which fill
the whole apex of the wing, arises in the middle of the basal half of the wing. The
extemomedian vein is simple. The internomedian vein is very long, reaching nearly to
the extremity of the lower margin, and sending at equal distances a number of simple
oblique branches to the border. The anal vein with its branches occupies the basal third
of the lower margin.

The simple extemomedian vein, combined with the importance of the internomedian, are
the striking features of this genus.

Dieconenra arcnatn sp. nov. PI. 16, flg. 4.

The scapular branch begins to fork beyond the middle of the wing, and is connected near
here by an oblique cross vein to the extemomedian vein, which is at first straight and
divides equally the broad space in the middle of the wing between the scapular branch
and the internomedian vein, but afterwards curves downward following the course of the
extremity of the internomedian vein. The latter is strongly sinuous, taking at first a
nearly straight course as if it would terminate at about the middle of its actual area, then
curving upward into close proximity to the base of the first offshoot of the scapular branch,
and then turning to its former course, but arcuate ; the main stem is bordered throughout
by a dusky band intensifying its otherwise striking cha; acter. The abdomen is long and
slender, the joints of nearly equal length and breadth. Length of thorax and abdomen 29
mm., of front wing 30 mm., width of same, 7.25 mm.

Carboniferous beds of Mazon Creek, 111. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 2043.

lH;l I

XMeeonetua rlgida »p. uov. PI. 15, flg. 10.

All the veins are remarkably .straight and stiff. The mediastinal strikes the scapular
vein at an acute angle without bending down to it. The scapular branch has few and
distant branches (two only are seen), the first arising far before the middle of the wing and
forking near the origin of the second branch below the imion of the mediastinal with the
scapular vein. The extemomedian vein is perfectly straight, filling the equal space
between the internomedian vein and the scapular system. The internomedian vein is
slightly bent near the middle of the wing and its simply oblique briinches are slightly

301

arcuate. The wing is the only part preserved and 's very imperfect, showing only the
middle of the wing. The length of the fragment is 11 mm.; piobahly the whole length
of the wing was 20 mm., the breadth 6 mm.

From the intercomglomerate beds of Pittston, Penn. Mr. R. D. Tjjieoe, No. 2042.

Strephooladna (<rW<^*t. nhiSot) gcii. nov.

The wing is long, slender und nearly equal throughout. The mediastinal vein throws off
distant and longitudinally oblique, more or less arcuate or sinuous branches to the margin
in the basal half of the wing; in the apical half, in connnon with the mediastinal, frequent,
straight and tranversely oblique branches. The scapular branch arises shortly before the
middle of the wing and sends several simple longitudinal branches to the upper half of the
apex ; it is connected close to the base to the otherwise simple externomediaji vein. The
internomedian vein is the most remarkable and characteristic ; instead of following the
course of tiie externomedian vein and emitting inferior oflshoots, it runs to the middle of
the lower border of the wing and emits I'rom its superior surface a number of nearly
straight simple or forked offshoots parallel to the externomedian vein, to which the upper-
most is united by a few basal cross veins. The anal veins are numerous and arcuate.

Strephocladus sabtUis.

Petrohlatt'ma stibtilis Kliver, Palaeontogr., xxix, 254, pi. 35, fig. 1. "
The peculiarity of the internomedian vein wrongly led Kliver to consider this a cock-
roach, since Petrobhittina presents a similar feature.
Carboniferous deposits of Schitt'weiler, Germany.

Aethophlebia dfajeti*, <tou«|>) geu. nuv.

A very remarkable and anomalous genus, particularly in the structure of the interno-
median vein, and in the existence of an adventitious vein made up largely of a branch of
the internomedian, and running across the externomedian vein into the main branch of
the scapular vein in such a way as to appear z baseward continuation of it. The medias-
tinal vein strikes the scapular a little beyond, and the main scapular branch is thrown off
a little before, the middle of the wing ; the latter is at first parallel to the costal margin
until, just below the tip of the mediastinal, it meets the adventitious vein, when it takes
the upward course of the latter until it is in near proximity to the main vein ; it emits
three or four longitudinal, slightly declivent, parallel branches. The externomedian vein
is coalesced with the internomedian at the base, then takes a straight, horizontal course to
the adventitious vein, where it forks into two simple branches parallel to the scapular oflF-
shoots, the base of the fork forming part of the adventitious vein, ihe internomedian vein
runs in a slightly tortuous course toward the middle of the lower margin of the wirg and
beyond its middle sends out obliquely upward the main branch which forms the adventi-
tious vein, and from the lower surface of the branch and the outer surface of the main
stem arise frequent straight ond mostly simple branches like the scapular offshoots.

i

n

III

|:j

1^1

i

802

Aethophlabia sliigiilwrla np. nov. PI. 17, fl«. 9.

The single specimen is a nearly perfect wing, broadest in the middle, with the tip lust
where it extended beyond the nodule. The straight mediastinal vein is at considerable
distance from the nearly straight costal margin and connected with it by straight, trans-
versely oblique, mostly simple veins which become more crowded toward the extremity,
and where they arise from the scapular vein, which is sinuous and beyond the tip of the
mediastinal approaches the margin. The interspace between these two veins is traversed
by straight, transverse veins, but the other main interspaces are crossed by oblique and
generally straight but sometimes arcuate and always simple cross veins ; the offshoots from
the scapular branch and adventitious vein are parallel to each other and equidistant, con-
nected by straight, transverse veins in places (and probably everywhere), making quadrate
cells in these narrow^er interspaces. The large triangular space between the middle portion
of the cxternomedian vein (here straight and parallel to the costal border) and the interno-
median and adventitious vein is broken by a sinuous, longitudinal vein parting from the
externomedian, below which the cross veins are oblique, above, transverse. The anal veins
are obscure, excepting the two outer principal ones which are close together, distant from,
and sub-parallel to, the internomedian vein. The lower margin is gently convex. Length
of fragment, 31 mm., probable length of the wing, 38 mm., breadth, 12 mm.

Carboniferous deposits of ^lazon Creek, R. D. Lacoe, No. 2037.

Xenoneubidae Scudder.

The characteristics of this family have already been given by me in my paper on Devo-
nian Insects.* It agrees best with the family just reviewed, in that the mediastinal vein
impinges upon the scapular, and that the latter bears a principal branch with offshoots
feeding the tip of the wing. But the externr median vein is peculiar in being amalga-
mated for a considerable distance with the s capular, and then forking considerably and
occupying the outer half of the lower margin; while the inner half is equally divided
between the internomedian vein with its basally divided, simple branches, and the anal
vein crowded against the border.

Zenonenra antiqnomm.

Xenoneiira antiquonim Scudd., Dev. ins. New Brunsw., 24-29, pi. 1, figs. 5-7. Eai'lier
references will be found there.
Devonian beds of St. John, N. B.

Hemeristina Scudder.

Wings elongate, the mediastinal vein simple, terminating on the costal margin beyond,
generally far beyond, the middle of the wing. The scapular vein throws off an inferior

> Anniv. Mem. Boat. Soc Nat. Hist., 1880.

if

303

branch which arises before, generally far before, the nrnMIe of the wing. an<l runs sub-par-
allel to the main stem; from this branch arise a variable niiml)i>r of obliquely longitudinal,
Himple, or forked ott'shoots, which generally occupy the whole of the apex of the wing, and
sometimes infrin'ge a little upon the lower margin. Tlie externomedian vein generally
extends nearly to the middle of the wing before branching, and then forks uu>re or less
abundantly, showing considerable variation in this respect, the nervnles sometimes oc-
cupying the larger part of the outer half of the inner margin, sometimes reduced to a sin-
gle branch or two. The internomedian vein resembles the preceding, although it branches
from the the base and is generally more important than the externomedian vein where the
latter is poorly developed, though .sometinies it is simple. The anal veins generally occupy
the basal fourth of the inner margin, with a series of simple, or simply forked, sub-paral-
lel branches, generally arising close to the base of the main stem.

This group has been twice described and named by me — once in 1865 ' under the name
of Hemeristina, when only a single and rather aberrant form was known to me ; and again
in 1880' under the name of Cronicosialina, when discussing the affinities of one of the
Devonian forms. It now appears that not only these, but the series of wings discussed by
me in a paper on English paleozoic insects (excepting one, Archaeoptilus, shown to belong
in quite another place) should be brought together from possessing one important charac-
ter in common, characteristic of the ncuration of most plannipennians to-day, — the exis-
tence of a main .scapular branch from which a consideral)le numbei of inferior offshoots
arise and occupy the entire tip of the wing, or even more than that. In modern planni-
pennian Neuroptera it is ftsually more important than here, and the modern groups to
which this series of forms bears most resemblance — the series allied to Sialis — differ in
that the mediastinal vein impinges on the .scapular and not on the costal margin. The
ancient group can, indeed, only be looked upon as a generalized plannipennian type, as we
have already pointed out in our discussion of the British forms (loc.cit.).

Other ancient groups, indeed, the Palaeopterina and Xenoneuridne, agree with it in the
possession of a single, main scapular branch from which offshoots arise ; but in each of
these the offshoots are few in number and importance as compared to what is found in
the Hi ueristina ; from them it further differs in the point of termination of the mediastinal
vein, aiid the usually far greater importance of the scapular branch ; while from the Palae-
opterina it may also be distinguished by the minoi- importance of the internomedian vein,
and from the Xenoneuridae by the more abundant neuration. Gerstaecker has referred
Hemeristina positively to the Ephemeridae, with which it has no more in common than have
the other families here characterized, whose mediastinal vein terminates on the costa.

Lithomantis Woodward.

Prothorax with large, dilated, and rounded lateral lobes. Mediastinal vein of front wings
running in very close proximity to the border, but farther from it in the middle than at
the base of the wing. Internomedian area extensive, occupying the middle third of the
lower margin, and fully as important as the externomedian area.

> Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 190.
•' Devon. Ins. New Brunnw.

* Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hut., iii, 213.

304

Ziithoiiiaiitis onrbonarla.

Lithomontia carbonariua WooDW., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., xxjui, 60-64, pi. 9,

flg.l.

Carboniferous deposits of Scotland.

Zilthoalalla Seudder.

Wings only known. Mediastinal vein of front wings moderately dintant from the margin,
gradually approaching it all the way from the base ; internomedian area unimportant, and
far less exten»ive than the externome<1ian.

LlthMialla BrongniartL

Lithosialia Brongniarti Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 223.
Carboniferous' deposits of Coalbrookdale, England. See the reference above for
earlier synonymy.

Zilthmialia bohemloa-

4'

m

i

MM

Iii

Idthoaialia bohemica Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxi, 167.
Gryllacria bohemica Novak, Jahrb. geol. Reichs., xxx, 69-74, pi. 2, figs. 1-2.
Coal measures of Stradonitz, Bohemia. .

Ziithoalali* carbonaria.

Acriditea carbonariua Germ., Miinst., Beitr. zur Petrel'., v., 92-94, pi. 13, fig. 6; — Ib.,
Verst. Steink. Wettin, 87, pi. 31, fig. 10.

1 place this species here from the close general resemblance of the neuration to that of
the two preceding species. To do so, however, it is necessary to suppo.se an error in the
figures given by Germar in making the mediastinal vein arise as a superior offshoot of the
scapular; but as this correction seems neces.sary to any understanding of its neuration, it
is not a violent supposition. Germar in his later work presumed it to be the hind wing
of his Blattina didyma, but it does not at all agree with the neuration of the hind wings
of any paleozoic cockroaches.

Carboniferous beds of Wettin, Germany.

Brodia priseotincta.

Brodia priscotincta Scudd., Mom. Bost. Soc. Nat. H:t. m, 215-217, pi. 17, figs. 3-7.
— Ib., Geol. mag., (2) viii, 293-295, 300, fig.
Carboniferous deposits at Tipton, England.

Pach]rtylopBiB DeBorie.

There has been some dispute about the position of this genus, but I think there can he
no doubt that its place is here. Through the kindness of Mr. DeBorre I have been able
to examine not only the excellent heliotypo he has published, but a cast from the fossil, by

nor>

which it in uviduiit that whilo tho wing has much tho Ki'nural form and proportionH of a
mstlorn Pachytylu<4 \U nouratioii in altoguthur ditfuriMit. The niodiastinai vein vtvU in the
margin a littlu huyond the mt(Mlo of the wing. Th ■ strong and prominent gently arcuate
Hcapnhir terminates at the upper tip; from it is throvvn off before tiiu middle of the basal
half of the wing a simple branch parallel to it-ielf, wU'u'h supports numerous, parallel,
oblique branches, the innermost of which strikes tlio middle of the outer half of the
lower border. The externomedian and internomoilian odshoots, similar and parallel to
those of tho scapular branch, are comparatively insigiiifiuiint and divide about equally
between them the space between tho scapular and anal veins, which latter strikes the lo«ver
margin below the origin of tho first offshoot of the sciipular branch. An additional proof
of its position hero is tho presence of a long lon^^itudinal cross-vein uniting the base of
tho nuiin scapular branch with the externomedian branch, as in Brodia.

Paohsrtylopala Peraocairei. I'l. I7, fl»r- '•

Pachi/fyhpn'iH Persinnlrei DeBorre, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xvm, 5-6, pi. 5, fig. 1 ; —
GiARD, Bull. Sc. Hist. Litt. Nord, VII, 121-122. — VanV'olxem. Comptes Rend. Soc. Ent.
Belg. (2) XXIV, 20-26.

Carboniferous beds of Mons, Belgium.

Lithentomnm Scmldcr.

This genus differs from all the others placed in this group in the presence of only a
single offshoot of the scapular branch ; and although this point is uncertain from the
imperfect nature of the single fragment, it seems improbable from what is preserved that
more can find a place. It agrees, however, in all other features with the family and
seems to find its place here.

Lithentomnm Barttil.

TAthentomum Harttii Scudd., Dev. Ins. New Br., 22-24, pi. 1, fig. 3, where earlier refer-
ences are fully given ; — Haoev, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, 278 ; Scudd., Earl. Winged
Ins. Amer., 4, pi. fig. 2-3.

Devonian beds of St John, New Brunswick.

OhrestotM Sciidder.

The termination of the mediastinal vein in the border and not in the scapular show.s
that this insect cannot be referred to the Palaeopterina as formerly supposed by me. Its
place seems to be here in the neighborhood of Hemeristia, though it differs widely from
that in the character of the scapular branch, and is peculiar for the deep impression of the
principal anal vein.

OhraatotM lapidea. PI. I7, flg. 2.

Chrestotes lapidea Scudd., Geol. Surv. III., iii, 567, fig. 2.

In the figure formerly given the engraver obscured the venation by numerous lines
parallel to the veins. The one now given is from a sketch taken by myself at that time.
Carboniferous beds of Mazon Cr., Morris, Illinois.

mirmimiffmmmwyimmmmmm

806

fif'-t i_i i.t',.

W%

HomeriBtia oooidantaUa.

Hemerhtia occidenfnUs Dana, Aincr. Journ. So., (2) xxxvii, 35, fig. 2 ; — Scunn., Amor.
Journ. So., (2) xl, 261M',7l; — Iu., Mom. Host. Soc. Nut. Hist., i. 1J)M02, pi. «, fig8. 1, .H;
— In., Geol. Mag., v, 217-218.

Same depoHitH.

Apparently allied io this, bnt too iniperfeot to wnrnuit oonlidenoe in a (Icfinito stAtc-
mcnt, is an inHOct(pl. 17, (ig. S) frotn the nanjo deposits, reooived from Mr. R. I). FiHOde
nnder the nnnilier 2050. It oert^inly «Uflers from the precedin}? in the development and
ptri'Ure and enrving di.>4position of what appear to be the internomedian vein; l)nt tlie
outer half of the wing being lost, iu> soapular braneh can bo seen, although one would
look for it in the portion presorveil. The eonrse of what appear to be the e.\ternomedian
oflfshoots — at least as seen on the lelY side — lead one to suppose that sueh a branch
(or branches) nuist exist, and the general a[»pearanee of the insect is that of this family.
The head is transveis(>, well rounded and strongly convex, and obscure parts in fi*ont of it
take on a triangular form.

(sKKAKiNA fam. nov.

Wings variable in form but usually not so elongate lu* in the other types, and sometinios
remarkably short in proportion to their width. The mediastinal vein is simple, runs close
to and torminatos in the margin, usually far toward the tip of the wing, and sends
numerous oblique oflslu>ot8 to the imirgin. The scapular is generally the ntost important
vein in the wing, running parallel to the mediastinal, and emitting several or many longi-
tudinally oblique branches, most «>f them generally in the outer half of its course; these
branches may be perfectly simple, the outermost forked ;v little, or all more or less forkeil,
and then liable to ap>i ur arbores«'ent; even when most numerous they rjirely occupy njore
or much more than tiie tip of the wing, mi accttimt of their longitudinidity and their lack
of tendency to sj»read. The extcrnomedian vein is generally less, often far less, impin'-
t4int than the scapular, and has two or more branches, the otrshoots nnniing parallel to
those of the preceding vein, which they resemble so as to bo indistinguishable fn.m thetn
when their origin is concealed; the innern.ost branch neve" strikes tb" margin in the
basal half of the wing. In one curious type (Megathentonunn) this seems to be the most
important vein in the wing, and all its branches fall on the broad apical margin. The in-
ternomedian vein is geiierally re«luced to a simple vein, or to u lesser imit^ition of the
externomedian vein. The ar.al area generally extends to or beyond the middle of thi'
lower margin of the wing, and seems UHiiall^v t«> be filleil with more tn* less oiilique and
more or less frequent nervules running to the nnirgin.

This family ditYersfrom all the precceding in that the scapular vein has a considerable
number of oftshottts depending from the main vein it-self and not from a simple principal
branch. Nor is tnereany modern type to whi«'li it can be eompare<i. A <'onsiderable ,)ro-
))ortion of the forms are now for tl»e lirst time desc'ribed, and all are American, excepting
one which is very closely allied t.o an American form, falling into the same gunus, which
iit in numy respei'ts widely dilTerent from the other types.

307

Folyemtui (^nkit, ipw«) p>ti. uov.

Hody apparently of inodoratv stout nos8. tho wings largo and rathor broad, woll rounded.
ModiiiMtinnl vein at a tolcpable tlistniMV iVoni tlio front margin, to wliirl; it sends ntany curv-
ing liranches, and extending nearly to tiie tip of the wing. Seapnlar vein with three or
four dist^mt, inequiiHstHnt. but very longitudinal, and therefore elosely erowded, raniose
l)ranelies, the lowermost falling but little below the tip of the wing. Kxternomedian nu-
luewusly branched but less ranu>se, of about equal importane«' with the preceding. Inter-
nomedia.. ..ith numerous inferior, mostly simple l-"anches, occupying the middle half of
the lower margin. Anal veins .similar.

Polyemna oomplanatua, Hp. uov. IM. is. n^n. s, n.

The prothorax forms a sort of depressed shield like that of a cockroach, ami is tolerably
well preserve»l, showing that it was sidxpiadrangidar, narrowing «nteri«)rly, with well
roundel! front and rounded posteri«)r angles, a little broader tJiau long, the posterior margin
convex ; the wimie surface was rugose, itut especially over a large, subcentral but poste-
rior, sul)ciroular boss, tho cast of which shows a depression fdh'd with coarse, low granules.
The wings are very large and long, evidently extending liir bcyttnd the tip of the abdomen,
and overlapping, in the single example known, so that it is dillicult io separate them, or to
distinguish certainly to which wing each belongs. From . a careful study, however, it
would appeal- that the mediastinal extends nearly or (piite t«) the tip of the wing (which is
lost); that the scapular throws olV three long and slightly curving, forked, or multiple
forked, oflshoot^s ; and the k'XternonuMiian three or four more t)blique, but not more curv-
ing, simple, or simply forked, branches, licngth of prothorax, 7 mm., breadth of same,
'.) mm., bri-adth of mesothorax, t^o mm., length ot fragment of wing, •{(> nun., probable
length of wing, 'itt n)m., apparent breadth of the same. I'J to II nnu.

Mazon Creek, HI. Heceived from Mr. U. I). Lu-oe. N«>. 2(tr»S.

Polyemiw lamlnamm. »\*. nov. I'l 17. li^. i.

The four overlap])ing wings ure alone preserved, the base lost aiul the wh'^le somewhat
oltscure ; the tips of all are rountlly pointed. The mediastinal vein is much farther re-
moved from the margi:i in the hind than in the front wing, and shorter ; in the front wing it
reaches only the rapidly decliveut portion of the margin before the tip *, the branches both
of the scapular and cxterntMuedian veins have a strong, but graceful, downward sweej) in
the apical third of the wmg ; and the two basal oflshoots of the former are forked just on
a line (slightly oblique) with the singly forking extenioniedian branches, and just before
the commencement of the tlownwani curve of the nervules ; the outer branches »)f the
scaj)ular vein are very ramose, in rather .strong contrast t«) the simple forking of theextei*-
nomedian branches. licugth of fragment r<<) nun.. Itreiidih of sanu> M) mm., probable
length of wing (lO nun., its probable breadth 'J.'i mm.

A single specimen and Uh rever.se, Niw. 2012, 20 1. '1, were receiveil from Mr. H. I). liiicoe.
They are fn)m a thin shale interleaved in the conghuuerate near IMttKton, Penn. (No. xii
of Roger's Survey of L*etni.), and very near its ba.«e, there being but six or eight feet of
cearse pebbly roek between this shale am! the " red shides" beneath.

!

It

I

1 1

J P

1

I

s

■ 1 ' '

308

Oeraros (vf^) gen. nor.

Body slender and elongated, the prothorax rapidly narrowing in front, so that the head
is probably narrow and elongated. Wings correspondingly slender, well rounded, but with
tips not produced. Mediastinal vein at a considerable distance from the front margin,
united to it by many arcuate cross veins, and extending a variable distance toward the tip,
but always to some distance beyond the middle. Scapular vein with a considerable num-
ber of longitudinal, more or less oblique, simple or forked offshoots, ipn,king it by far the
most important vein in the wing, the internomedian and anal veins apparently dividing the
remaining space about equally between them.

Qeranu vetiui, sp.

nov.

PI. 17, flg. 6.

The mesothorax appears to be broader than long, the prothorax rounded .subtriangulur,
and in front of it a linear prolongation more than three times as long as broad, which may
be the head, or a prolongation of the prothorax ; in front of this the stone shows a black-
ish discoloration. The wings are broadly rounded at the apex. The mediastinal vein ex-
tends nearly or quite to the tip ; the scap>dar vein, arcuate and separating itself gradually
from the former, again sweeps toward it past the middle of the wing, and throws off a large
number of mostly simple, parallel, oblique branches, the earliest of which must strike the
lower margin not far from the middle of the hind margin ; transverse cross veins are to be
seen throughout in the minor inter.spaces. Length of whole preserved portion 71 mm., of
head (?) 11 mm., breadth of same, 3 mm., breadth of musothorax 10 mm., length of
wings 62 mm., breadth across the partly opened wings 23 mm., breadth of wing 19 mm.

Mazon Creek, 111. Received from Mr. J. W. Pike and now in the collection of Mr. R.
D. Lacoe under the nu^.^er 2054.

A. much smaller but very imperfect fossil, figured on pi. 18, fig. 3, appears to belong in
this neighborhood, but to be distinct from anything known. Nearly all the numerous ner-
vules of the scapular and lower veins are straight, simply and early forked, parallel and
oblique. A future find may enable us to place it more exactly. The length of the frag-
ment is 30 mm., the probable length of the wing about 40 mm., and its probable breadth
about 15 mm. It comes from Mazon Creek and bears the number 2016 in the cabinet of
Mr. R. D. Lacoe, to whom 1 am indebted for the opportunity of seeing it.

Oerams maionna, sp. nov. Pi. 18, (ig. 7.

The body is much elongated, but is very imperfectly preserved, patches only or obscure
indications of it appearing at various places. There seems to be a transversely roun led
granulated prothorax, in advance of which is a longitudinally ovate head, shaped like that
of Eugereon, and in advance of that the base of a tube-like prolongation, which is almost
immediately broken at the end of the nodule in which it is embedded, and is half as broad
as the head. The abdomen is slender and the wings long and slender with scarcely pro-
duced rounded tips. The neuration is imperfectly preserved, and in some parts it is difK-

309

cult to determine whether certain veins belong to the upper or under wings, but it would
appear as if the mediastinal vein were shorter than usual, not reaching the middle of the
outer half of the wing, and that the scapular vein had four or five forking and curving
branches, which occupied nearly one half the area of the wing. The neuration would
appear to bring the species in this group, and I have accordingly placed it here, but with
reserve. Length of body from front of head (excl. appendages) to tip of abdomen 45 mm.,
of head 3.5 mm., breadth of same 2 mm., apparent breadth of prothorax. 6 mm., apparent
length of same 4.5 mm., probable length of wing 42 mm., breadth of same 12 mm., width
of abdomen 3.5 mm.

Mazon Creek, 111. Found by Mr. F. T. Bliss and now in my collection.

Perhaps in this vicinity comes another ni.-,derately slender species (pi. 18, fig. 5) which
is very imperfectly preserved. Very little of the wing structure can be made out, but the
general arrangement seems to be much as in Gerarus and to be most nearly allied to what
is found in the preceding species. The wings are about 20 mm. long. It comes from
Mazon Creek, where it was obtained by Mr.F. T. Bliss.

QeraroB Danae. PI. 17, fig. 5.

Mia7Hia Danae Scudd., Geol. Surv. III., iii, 566, fig. 1.

This species differs from the others placed here by the xongitudinal disposition of the
veins, which have little obliquity in them. The mediastinal vein extends nearly to the tip ;
the apical scapular branch is compound, but the others simple ; a few cross veins may be
seen. It is the smallest species in this genus. The body is very vague but shows enough
to prove that it was much elongated. The thorax looks as if it had a median furrow. The
wings were apparently about 25 mm. long ; their breadth is 8 mm.

Carboniferous deposits of Mazon Creek, Illinois.

Adiphlabia («-. 8*"«, ^'Pmv) gen. nov.

Body rather stout, of subequal breadth throughout the thorax and basal two-thirds of the
abdomen, the latter tapering apically, and the obscure parts in front of the prothorax tri-
ang(da>' lui) iibout as long as one of the thoracic joints. Wings rather broad, well rounded,
with 8trafi.h^ costu. All the nervules arising from the main stems in the basal third of the
wing ami v\v u'ling without any forking, sub-parallel, scarcely divergent, straight and lon-
gitudinal thicii'^hout the wing, giving it a very unusual appearance.

Adiphlebia Lacoana, ap. nov. PI. 18, fig. G.

The mediastinal vein runs to the declivent portion of the costal margin, the scapular in
olose proximity to it, throwing off" three branches only, close together at the root of the
wing, which run parallel to each other unbroken to the tip, where they do not fall below
the middle. Il is impossible to tell to which veins all the subsequent similarly simple ner-
vules belong, as they also part from one another and their main veins at the very root
of the wing. Length of body 31 nun., of abdomen 17 mm., breadth of body 5.25 mm.,
length of wing 25 mm., its width 9 mm.

Mazon Creek, 111. K. D. Lacoe, No. 2057.

L>

i

t|

310

Blegathentomnm Scudder.

This genua has certain relations to the preceding, since most of the branches, which are
apically formed, must, in most instances, to judge of their direction by the only fragments
whicii are known, have originally parted from the main ster^ very near the base. The
branches are, however, very few in number, and the wing remarkably broad, rounded and
large, the main scapular vein branching only near the tip, and the vein there bent
upward as if it were a superior branch and the first branch the main vein. Two species are
known, one from this country and one from Germany.

MegathentoPiiiun piistiilatiim. PI. 18. flgs. l, 9, 10.

Megathentomum puatulatum Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 401-402 ; Ib., Geol.
Surv. 111., in, 570, fig. 7.

The original specimen (fig. 1) is the best that has been found, so far as I know, but sev-
eral others have been discovered, one of which is figured here. The wing was exceedingly
broad, indeed, probably more than half as broad as long. It was broadest beyond the mid-
dle and subtriangular in shape, though the outer margin was fully rounded. The medias-
tinal vein was long, terminating shortly before the declivent termination of the straight
costa, and emitting several very oblique and nearly straight branches to it. The scapular
vein, parallel to the latter, first branches near the tip of the latter, sending out one or two
simple or forked branches which support the upper tip of the wing. The externomedian
vein occupies the middle third of the wing, and occupies the largest area, dividing into
three branches near the base of the wing, each of which forks singly and rather widely near
the border, and at varying distances from it. The internomedian vein divides more than
once and supports the lower outer angle of the wing.

In this specimen there are six larger, round or squarish, discolored spots, the surfaces
irregularly elevated or blistered ; four of them form a bent row in the middle of the outer
half of the wing, the upper three spots being nearly straight and the lower one turned
inward at a little more than a right angle ; the uppermost spot occurs in the scapular-exter-
nomedian interspace ; the others follow in succeeding interspaces. The two other large
spots are found in the same interspace with the upper two of the inner row and are situ-
ated about half way between them and the border. There are also many smaller spots, often
deeper in tint and not elevated, which appear to be leas regularly distributed ; they are
usually round but sometimes oval or transversely elongated ; there are three at equal dis-
tances from one another in the lower interspaces formed by the branches of the scapular
vein, another occurs just within and above the inner of these thrje, and one in tlie angle of
the last branch of the scapular vein; there are two between the forks of each of the upper
branches of the externomedian vein, and one near the margin between these two forks ;
two larger and elongated spots occur in the same interspace with the lowest of the larger
spots, at equal distances on either side of it, and the outer close to the margin of the wing;
three equidistant ones are seen in the fork of the upper internomedian branch, one near
the middle of the hind border, and finally two faint ones in the middle of the wing situated
beneath and against the upper branches of the externomedian vein.

311

In the other fragment particularly studied (fig. 10) there are two largo spots, as before,
in the scapular-externomedian interspace, but they are more widely separated ; a single
large one in the interspace beneath, situated mid-way between tbe two ; but one of inter-
mediate size, though apparently belonging to the larger series, in the same interspace
nearly half way between the inner and the margin. The smaller spots are distributed in a
very irregular and evidently meaningless way ; they are i<?s8 frequent than in the first
specimen found, but on the other hand there is a third series vif mere dots, to the number
of twenty or more, scattered about the apical part of the wing in the scapular aiea and just
above it, below the apical branch of the mediastinal vein. A point unnoticed in the pre-
vious specimen, and perhaps from its preservation not discernible, is the fine but pro-
nounced serration of the entire costal margin (fig. 9), which is armed with a close-set series
of conical dentations, two or three times longer than broad, and separated by about their
own width from each other ; they are about 0.35 mm. long.

The wing in both specimens is of a dark brown color, the spots blackish brown, and the
interspaces broken by a fine weak tracery of delicate irregular veins, having a general
transverse disposition.

The smaller fragment is 57 mm. long and 23.5 mm. broad ; the larger 55 mm. long and
46 mm. broad, the latter being the breadth of the wing, the length of which was not far
from 80 mm. The smaller fragment appears to belong to an even larger wing.

The original specimen was sent to me by Prof. A. H. Worthen, through Mr. L. Les-
quereux, and came from Mazon Creek, 111. The smaller came from the same place and was
sent me for study by Mr. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 2025.

Meganthentomnm fonnoBam.

Ac; Iditesformosum Gold., Fauna Saraep. Foss., ii, 18-20, pi. 2, fig. 18.

Megathentomum formosum Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 359.

This species differs from the preceding in the absence of spots and dots, and in having
a more rounded and less triangular form and a more abundant branching, the externo-
median vein having four principal ofiTshoots and thirteen ultimate veinlets against scarcely
more than half that number in the American form. Both have the same weak reticula-
tion and are of about the same size.

Fischbach, Germany.

[Hamipteroid Palaaodletyoptara.]

A

Engaraon Bockingi.
jE'u^ereon J?ocHn^i DoHRN, Palaeontogr., XIII, 333-340, pi. 41.
Permian deposits of Birkenfeld, Germany.

B

Folgorina Ebani.

Fulgora Ehersi DoBiiiT, Paleontogr., xvi, 131-133, pi. 8, fig. 2.

Fulgorina Ebersi Gold., Faun. Saraep. Foss., ii, 28-30, 51, pi. 1, figs. 16-17.

Carboniferous deposits of Saarbriicken, Germany.

tl •

1 ; !

t> i

n '

m

^Hii - -

812

Fulg. lebachenaia Gold, and F. Klieveri Gold, are probably hind wings of Palaeoblatta-
riae. I may remark that Goldenberg left behind him a drawing, now in my possession, in
which he tried to restore the latter so as to make it fit the wing of a Gerablattina. Macro-
phhalum Holleheni Gold, seems to me also most probably the hind wing of a cockroach, and
the supposed separation line between a basal and distal area (corium and membrane) an
accidental circumstance.

C

The two forms conceded above to belong in this section of Palae^dictyoptera seem to
foreshadow the homopterous rather than the heteropterous division ot hemipterous insects.
The reverse is the cose with the interesting species next to be described.

PhthanoooriB OCCidentallS (^*<^> "o'lMt) gen et spec. nov. PI. 18, fig. 4.

Phthanocoris occidentalis Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xx, 58-59.

A perfect front wing of moderately large size, nowhere very broad, and less than three
times as long as broad. The corium occupies rather more than three quarters of the wing,
separated from the membrane by an oblique sinuous line running from a point on the
lower margin about three-fifths the distance from the base, and reaching the costal margin
only a little before the tip. Beyond the basal fourth the costal margin is very regularly
and gently arched. The inner margin is strongly rounded next the base, beyond that
to the end of the corium straight, with a scarcely perceptible turn outward where it strikes
it ; beyond this forming with the apical margin a regularly convex curve, the apex of
the wing falling in the middle of the upper two-thirds and the greatest breadth of the wing
being twice its width near the base. All the principal veins are stout and prominent, but
especially is this the case with the mediastinal and scapular. The marginal vein forms the
costal border. The mediastinal is simple and follows the curve of the margin, constantly
and very gradually approachin;; it and finally blending imperceptibly into it just before the
extremity of the corium, or in the middle of the downward slope of the margin. The
scapular vein is the stoutest and most prominent in the wing ; it originates scarcely aucv»
the middle of the base (thp mealostinal midway between it and the margin), and runs par-
allel to the mediastinal until it divides, a little beyond the basal third of the wing ; its infe-
rior branch here recovers the straight course of the extreme base of the vein and retains it
to the extremity of the corium, scarcely turning upward at the end and gradually losing
its prominence ; while the upper branch or main vein curves upward, very gradually and
very slightly approaching the mediastinal vein until it reaches the upper limit of its con-
vexity, and then runs parallel to it, terminating in the margin at the extremity of the corium.
The externomedian vein originates just below the middle of the base of the wing and runs
in a straight course down the middle of the wing to the end of the corium ; it is the least
promiment vein in the wing but occupies most space, filling the area below it with somewhat
approximate, parallel, straight, oblique veins, most or all of which originate from a principal
branch which runs parallel and near to the main vein. The internomedian vein, or sutura
clavi, runs from the base of the last vein to the inner extremity of the corium a little
beyond the end of the middle third of the wing in a strai'i'ht line, curving very slightly

.1!

313

toward the margin at the extremity of its course. The anal vein, starting from the same
point, runs parallel to the inner maigin throughout its basal curve and as far from it as the
mediastinal from the marginal, and after that runs in a straight line to the tip of the sutura
clavi, or almost exactly parallel to the inner margin. The margin of the membrane is filled
from a quarter to a third its breadth with crowded, parallel, straight veinlets, which appear
to arise vaguely from irregularly arborescent interlaced veins originating from the margin of
the coi-ium, at subequidistant intervals, which are about equal to those between the oblique
branches of the internomedian vein. The surface of the clavus and coriuin has a minutely
wrinkled appearance, not shown in the figure, formed of faint, crowded, transverse lines ;
these are most distinct upon the clavus ; the surface is of a pale brown color, a little irides-
cent excepting where along some of the veins it appears to be covered with a clay brown
film. The length of the wing is 15.75 mm., and its greatest breadth 5.75 mm. ; a minute
fragment of the tip is all that is not preserved.

It was found in the upper coal measures of Kansas City, Mo., in a small nodal'' in the
blue and bituminuous shales, forming layer 95 of the general section given by Broauhead in
Pumpelly's Geological Report, ii, 88-97 (1873), and was received for examination from
Mr. B. D. Lacoe under the number 2030.

The discovery of this fossil in carboniferous beds is a very remarkable one, for up to its
discovery not only was no hemipteron known from rocks earlier than the tertiary in Amer-
ica, but no heteropterous hemipteron aad been found anywhere in paleozoic formations.
Yet the structure of the wing shows it to be distinctively heteropterous. The separation of
the corium and membrane and the differential character of f heir structure is as clearly
marked, apparently, as in existing types ; the corium, it is true, is usually large in propor-
tion to the membrane, and the clavus is very narrow; moreover while unquestionably
divided into areas as in modern Heteroptera, their characters are very different. The su-
tura clavi for instance, instead of arising far toward the costal margin above the middle of
the base of the wing, originates as in most ancient insects considerably below it ; and the
clavus, instead of being a broad field of a quadrangular shape (the opposing suturae clavi
often forming a secondary triangular projection similar to the scutelluin) , is a narrow, elon-
gated, triangular field of very slight importance and scarcely affecting the shape of the
wing, especially as the sutura clavi terminates not before but it the extremity of the
corium. Then the membrane, as stated, is very small, somewhat as in Zaitha, and indeed
there is no group of Heteroptera to which it can be so well compured as to ttie aquatic
reduvioid subfamily Belostomidae, one of the lowest groups of Heteroptera, though it
certainly cannot be brought within the limits of any existing family. Another striking
feature is the basal width of the margino-mediastinal, and mediastino-scapular interspaces*
a feature almost or quite unknown in Heteroptera though not so uncommon in the Homo-
ptera. We see, therefore, in the structure of this wing inherent signs of its antiquity — of
its alliance to the earliest types of Homoptera and of less degree of divergence from other
ancient types. No signs whatever of any approach to an embolium or cuneus are present,
showing that in this as in other respects differentiation of the wing had not proceeded very
far. Still the actual differentiation into the three grander areas is an indisputable fact
which is very surprising; and adds another to the many startling distances already known,
where a deep seated difference of structure has appeared abruptly so far as any evidence in
wing structure or discovery in the rocks can point out.

wmmm

814

A (eyr species which have been mentioned, figured or described as coming from paleozoic
rocks have not been introduced above and may here be briefly referred to : —

Euephemeritea primordialis Scudd. (Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 248-249), is no in-
sect at all, but the half of a leaf of Cyclopteris.

The three species which I described briefly and flgured poorly in the Geol. Surv. HI., vol.
Ill, under the generic name of Ephemerites ( wrongly printed Eupheinerites) are also prob-
ably plants.

lAbellula carbonaria Scudd. (Can. Nat., (2) viii, 88-89, fig.), as a recent examination
shows, is more probably the abdomen of an Arachnid, one of the Anthracomarti.

Termitidium amisaum Gold. (Faun. Saraep. Foss., ii, 17, pi. 1, fig. 6), ia too fragmen-
tary to be of any value, and it would be impo.ssible t<j determine its position.

Termitidium rugosum Gold. (Ibid. pi. 1, fig. 14), which Dolirn first described as perhaps
the remains of an orthopteron (Palaeontogr., xvi, 134, pi. 8, fig. 4), shows no vein attach-
ments, and is, therefore, of very uncertain position.

Corydaloidea Scudderi Brongn., (Bull. Seances Soc. Ent. France, 1885, p. xiii) has not
yet been figured and the description of it is only provisional, so that its precise position
cannot be discussed at present. A photograph Mr. Brongniart has kindly sent me shows
that it is an interesting insect.

I venture to add the figure of an obscure fossil (pi. 18, fig. 2) showing most of the veins
of the two overlapping wings, but generally without their attachments, so that their rela-
tion to each other cannot be determined ; it is impossible to say until further material is
at hand where it belongs. It was found by Mr. R. D. Lacoe near Pittston, Penn., in coal
C of the Boston Mine and bears the number 2029 in his collection.

A species to which I had given the MS. name of Termes longitudinalia (see Lacoe's list
of paleozoic insects, p. 15) is omitted here, because from an accidental circumstance it could
not be obtained for reexamination before the plates went to the engraver. It is not a
Termes and will be considered on a future occasion.

Explanation of the Plates.

.'4 ;

Plate xv.

Fig. 1. Oerajjompus blattinoidea,^, Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by .1. H. Rlake.
Fig. 2. Archegogryllus priscm, leg, f , Talmadge, Ohio. Drawn by S. H. Scudder.
Fig. 3. Archegogt-ylliispriscus, v,-ing, "i^, Talmadge, Ohio. Drawn by J. H. Emerton.
Fig. 4. Eucaemm avalis, f , Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by Katherinc Peirson.
Fig. 5. Oirapompua extensm, f , Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.
Fig. 6. Didymophlepn contuaa, |, Vermilion Co., 111. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.
Fig. 7. Cheliphlebia elongata, f , Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.
Fig. 8. Oerapompus extettaun, f . Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.
Fig. 9. No. 2055. See p. 289, f, Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by S. F. Denton.
Fig. 10. IHeconeura rigida, f , Pittston, Penn. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.
Fig. 11. Oenopteryx conatricta, ?, Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.

315

Plate xvi.

Fig. 1. Authracitthremma rohmta, No. •20.")2, f , Mnzon Crook, III. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.
Fig, 2. Oeni'tUonmm vulidum, front wing, f , Mazon Crook, 111. Drawn by Katherine Poirson.
Fig. 3. Oeufulomiim vnliilitm, hind wing, f , Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.
Fig. 4. Dievnufura arcuata, J, Ma/on Creek, III. Drawn by Katherinu Peirson.
Fig. 5. Anthracotfiremma robmtd. No. 2052, f , Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by Kathorine Peirson.
Fig. 0. Anthmcothremma robintta. No. 20'I8, ^, Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by Kathorine Peirson.
Fig. 7. No. 20*8. Seo p. 293, f, Mazon Crook, III. Drawn by Kathorino Poirson.
Fig. S. ChelipMebia carbonaria, f , Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by Kathorine Peirson.

Plate xvii.

Fig. 1. Poljfermis laminarum, {, Pittston, Penn. Drawn by J. U. Emerton.

Fig. 2. Chreatotea lapidea, |, Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by S. H. Scudder.

Fig. 3. Proptetittis infernna, anterior extremity, reverse of fig. 4, f , Little Vermilion River, III. Drawn

by J. II. Blake.
Fig. 4. Proptetimca infeniua, reverse of flg. 3, f. Little Vermilion River, 111. Drawn by J. H Blake.
Fig. a. OeraruH Danae, |, Mazon Crook, III. Drawn b}- S. H. Scudder.
Fig. 6. Gemma veins, a little enlarged, Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by S. H. Scudder.
Fig. 7. Pachi/tj/lopaia Perainuirei, ^, Mons, Belgium. Drawn by S. H. Scudder from the heliotype pub-

lislied by DoBorre.
Fig. 8. No. 2()r)0. See p. 306, ^, Mazon Crook, III. Drawn by Kathorine Poirson.
Fig. 9. Aethophlebia ainijularia, ■i, Mazon Crook, III. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.

Plate xviii.

Fig. 1. Megathentomum pustulatum, ^, Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by S. H. Scudder.

Fig. 2. No. 2029. See p. 314, ^, Pittston, Ponn. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.

Fig. 3. No. 2016. See p. 308, ^, Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by Katherine Peirson.

Fig. 4. Phthanocoria occidentalia, |, Kansas City, Mo. Drawn by J. H.Blake.

Fig. 5. See p. 309, f, Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.

Fig. 6. Adiphlebia Lacoana, f , Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by S. F. Denton.

Fig. 7. Oerarna mazomia, if, Mazon Crook, 111. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.

Fig. 8. PoUjenma complanattia, rcerso of fig. 11, f, Mazon Creek, 111. Drawn by S. F. Denton.

Fig. 9. Megathentomum puatulatum, showing the serration of the costal margin of fig. 10 near tip, V**

Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by J. 8. Kingsley.
Fig. 10. Megathentomum puatulatum, \, Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.
Fig. 11. Polyemua cnmplanatna, f, reverse of fig. 8, Mazon Creek, III. Drawn by S. F. Denton.

lAiei

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p

WiNOED Insects from a Paleontolooical Point of View, or the Geological

History of Insects.

J. HE diviaion of hexapod insects into orders has undergone no very striking changes
since the time of Linn^ and Fabricius, the founders of entomological science ; new ele-
ments, indeed, have entered into their definitions, but the main divisio.is introduce 1 by
these pioneers have, on the whole, stood the test of time and increasing knowledge in a
somewhat remarkable way. Unquestionably this is due in large measure to a somewhat
unusually sharp delimitation of most of the main groups, recognized even by the least
observant, who, if given a thousand chance insects from his own neighborhood, would be
pretty sure to separate from one another the wasps, the moths, the flies, the beetles, etc.,
or at least most of them. There are, of course, a few forms (few, compared to the mass)
which would prove disturbing elements, and there are some concerning which the best
informed are not wholly agreed. There are also some groups about whose taxonomic
value there is still disagreement, such as whether the Heteroptera and Homoptera should
be looked upon as orders or as primary divisions of the order Hemiptera ; others con-
cerning which there is some dispute wiiether they should be separated as orders, or as
mere families of one of the long established orders, instances of which may be found in the
Westwoo'Han orders of Aphaniptera and Euplexoptera; still others, not regarded as dis-
tinct orders, concerning whose nearest affiliation there is or has been question — is in the
case of the so-called Pseudoneuroptera. This is in effect only to say that he-e, as in
other great zoological divisions, there are aberrant groups, and the main groups them-
selves are unequally delimited.

The attempts, however, to group the orders into larger divisions still subordinate to the
grand hexapod type have resulted in very diverse presentations, according as one or
another set of organs, or other peculiarities, were deemed of prevailing weight. The two
which have found the most adherents have been that which separated the mandibulate
from the haustellate insects, and that which divided them from each other according as
their metamorphosis is complete or incomplete. To the first, the objection naturally arises
that it places the Hemiptera beside the Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, rather
than with the Coleoptera and Orthoptera, to which by all other points in their bodily
structure and by their metjimorphoses they are certainly far more closely allied. To the

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latter, that we find very varied foriuH of inetamorphoHiH within the liniitH of u single order,
8o that it would require a diHineinborniont of the orders to uphold tiie distinction in u
logical form.

In the attempts alluded to above, naturalists have simply selected, as it were, combina-
tions of acknowledged ordinal peculiarities in order to form and distinguish their super-
ordinal divisions, and have failed to search deeper into the general structure for more
fundamental characteristics. Packard, however, has done this, and by employing the
terms Metabola of Leach, in a modified sense, and Ileti-rometabola, has brought the
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptcra under the former, and the other orders under the
latter. In a paper published six years ago on the Early Types* of Insects, 1 gave my adhe-
sion to this view, and strengthened it, as I believe, by some additional characteristics drawn
from the regional divisions of the tnmk. In the Metabola, the thorax, supportinor the
organs of aerial locomotion — a primary feature of the Hexapoda as a whole — is very nighly
organized and compact, well diflferentiuted from botii head and abdomen, the prothorax
very small; the body is generally cylindrical ; the mouth pirts prolonged into a beak of
tome sort, and the mandibles rarely opposed at tip; the front wings are membranous and
larger, generally very much larger, than the hind pair ; the larva is cylindrical and in no
way resembles the adult, and the pupa is inactive. In the Heterometabola, on the other
hand, the prothorax is large, and the joints of the thorax are les.4 compacted, as a rule,
than in the Metabola, or, if compacted, generally massively soldered to the abdomen ; the
body is usually flattened ; the mouth parts are generally not prolonged into u beak, and
the tips of the mandibles are generally opposed ; the front wings are generally more or
less coriaceous or with very numerous and thi.ikened veins, and generally smaller than
the hind wings ; t'le larva is unially depressed, often resembles the adult in form (except-
ing, of course, in the wings), ..nd the pupa may be active or inactive.

The exceptions, in special points, to the above general statements, are not few, especially
among the less homogeneous Heterometabola, but if any superordinal division of Hexapoda
is to be looked for, it would seem to be on the lines here indicated. The points which are
especially disturbing are the opposition oi the mandibles in the Hymenoptera, and the
appearance of many metabolous characteristics among the Neuroptera properly speaking,
a group which is, nevertheless, as a whole, admittedly related most nearly to other hetero-
metabolous orders.

That the Metabola should rank, as a whole, higher than the Heterometabola, can scarcely
be disputed ; the regional division of the body, the structure of the wings for flight, and
especially for strong and directed flight, the complication of the mouth parts, and the
univStsally complete metamorphosis and quiescent pupal state, — are fundamental features,
in which the hexapodal type is carried, as a whole, to its highest development. And yet,
as we shall see, there are some features in which its members have held to fundamental
characteristics of paleozoic hexapods more firmly than have most of the heterometabolou.s
groups.

This brings us fairly to the main object of this paper. Wliat were the relations of the
ancient to the modern types of winged insects ? In what succession did the two super-
ordinal divisions of insects appear, and at what period the diflerent orders as we now
recognize them ? What light, in short, can paleontology throw upon the origin and suc-
cession of insectH ?

819

In attempting; nomo yonrs ago, in ii paper already referred to, to answer thin question in
a broad way, I stated that all the orderM of Ileterunietabola, and none of Metabola, had been
found in paleo^joic depositn. To-<hiy 1 »hnll have to modify this proponition. Not only
have niuuerouH discoveries been nuuie in paleozoic deposits within the past six years, but
thoce already known have been suljjected to more rigorous study and vvider coniparisons,
which have considerably enlarged our knowledge. Protophasnia hud then only just been
discovered, an insect which ,»as dohe more than any other, excepting Eugereon, to throw
light on the fundamental characteristics of the early world of insects; and even now
Urongniart has published but Kve or six examples of the treasures of Commentry, a place
which has already yielded remains exceeding in numbers those of all the rest of the world
put together. Nor nuist we leave out of sight his discovery of a winged insect in the
Silurian.

While our knowledge of paleozoic insects is thus shown to be clearly still in its infancy,
it may appear hazardous to attempt to formulate statements of a broad and sweeping
character concerning the appearance of the primary groups of insects in paleozoic times,
especially if I am already compelled within six years to modify such assertions then made.
Yet when I point out the nature of this modification, made after a special study of every
known paleozoic form, it will appear less hazardous.

The modification I would introduce is to this effect: That while we may recognize in
the paleozoic rocks in.si»cts which were plainly precursors of existing Heterometabola, viz.:
Orthoptera, Neuroptera (both Neuroptera proper and Pseiw'oneuroptera), Hemiptera (both
Homoptera and Heteroptera), and perhaps Coleoptera — and no Metabola whatever — a
statement almost identical with that previously made, we may yet not coll these Orthoptera,
Neuroptera, etc., since ordinal features were not then differentiated ; but all paleozoic
insects belonged to a single order which, enlarging its scope as outlined by Goldenberg,
we may call Palaeodictyoptera ; in other words, the paleozoic insect was a generalized
Hexapod, or more particularly a generalized Ileterometabolon. Ordinal differentiation had
not begun in paleozoic times.

It will be asked, were there then no cockroaches in paleozoic times ? I answer, yes ;
cockroaches but no Orthoptera; Palaeobjattariae, not Blattariae; that is, Palaeodictyo-
ptera, not Orthoptera. Mayflies ; but they were Palephemeridae, not Ephemeridae — again,
not Neuroptera but Palaeodictyoptera. Walking sticks; but no Phasmida — only Protophas-
mida, another group of Padaeodictyoptera.

The grounds for this view are as follows: 1. No group of paleozoic insects ha^ yet
been studied carefully — and it is important to observe that, though our knowledge of
them is of necessity fi'agmentary, 3'et the more perfectly they are known the clearer is
this true — no group, I say, has been carefully studied which does not show, between it
and the modern group which it most resembles, differences so great that it must be
separated from that group as a whole, as one of equal taxonomic rank, as in the case of
the three related groups last mentioned.

2. That the different larger groups of paleozoic times, of which we now know nine or
ten, were more closely related to one another, at least in the structure of their wings
(which is the only point of general structure yet open for comparison), than any one of
them is to that modern group to which it is most allied, and of which it was with little

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320

doubt the precursor or ancestral type. Thus the Palaeoblattariae are more nearly allied in
the ground structure of their wings to certain neuropteroid Palaeodictyoptera of paleozoic
times than to the modern Blattariae ; and yet we can so completely trace in mesozoic
times the trausition from the Palaeoblattariae to the Blattariae, that no reasonable doubt
can exist ar to their descent, the one from the other.

3. The ordinal distinction which is now found in the wing structure of modern insects
did dot exist in paleozoic insects, but a common simple type of neuration which barely
admitted of fathily division.

It will appear from this that, by a sort of principle of family tjontinuity, we may recog-
nize in the paleozoic insects a tendency toward a differentiation in ordinal characters, suffi-
cient to enable us in an ex j9o»< /ac/o fashion to distinguish between orthopteroid, neu-
ropteroid, etc. Palaeodictyoptera.

In speaking above of the diiferent orders of Heteromotabola which were foreshadowed
in ancient times, I included the Coleopt(>ra with a limitation, for the following reasons :
Troxites, the only supposed paleozoic beetle which has not been shown to be an arachnid,
is a very obscure object, and is very likeiy, as Brongniart has suggested, to be merely
some fruit. But there have been found wood borings of different kinds which so nearly
resemble similar excavations made now by Coleoptera that it iu natural, though of course
not necessary, to attribute these to them. Yet if Coleoptera, with front wings differentiated
as those of to-day existed then, it would be rather anomalous, since all the paleozoic insects
we know excepting one, Phthanocoris, which foreshadowed the heteropterous Hemipteru,
'."id fore wings rs completely membranous as the hind wings.

It seems to me probable, tlierefore, though there are no further grounds for it than those
just given, coupled with the present relationship of the Coleoptera to other Heterometabola,
that Coleoptera sprang from such Palaeodictyoptera as wore wood-borers throughout the
greater part of their life, and which at first showed no greater distinction between the
front and hind wings than existed generally in other Palaeodictyoptera ; but afterward those
races were preserved in which the tlxickening of the membrane of the upper wings the
better protected the insects while in their burrows for the marriage (light in open air.
Their habits .vould render their preservation in tlie rocks less frequent, and this special
diff'^reutiation would be likely to proceed rapidly, and to be retained even by those which
lost the wood boring habit; — a habit, by the way, likely to have existed with some insects
living in the vast carbon ifei-ous forests.

Of the metamorphoses of the paleozoic insects we know absolutely notning, for no lar-
val or pupal forui has yet been found, nor even any apterous insect' whicli might by any
possibility be looked upon as suih. The preparatory stages of existing Heterometabola ;
the fact that from every form of evidoict tiio more '• complete " metamorphosis must
have been derived from the less complete; and the generally admitted proposition of
Brauer and others that metamorphosis, that is, radical change of form after birth, 's a
secondary adaptive feat-jre ; — these all lead us to conclude that the only significant change
in the paleozoic Ptilaeodictyopteron after leaving the egg was the acquirement of wings ;
and that the acquirement of wings was the lever which natural selection handled to
procure the present varied forms of metamorphosis in insects.

' PulyxiBteritui of Goldenberg ia luokud iipuii lu h crustavonn.

.'{21

A curious and somewhat unexpected fact is found in tlie present universal prevalence of
membranous front win}»3 in all the orders of Metabohi, similar to what is foimd in the direct
paleozoic ancestors of Heterometabula ; while most existing Heterometabola, though lower
in general organization than the Metabola, liave passed beyond this feature of uniformity
to one of greater differentiation, the front wings being more or less coriaceous, while the
liind wings ara still membranous. This, together with the direct relation of some paleozoic
insects to later types, would lead us to believe that we are to look at the neuropteroid
Palaeodictyoptera as the ancestors not only of later Neuroptera but also of all Metabola,
and would account i . a measure foi' the somewhat close relationship of the Phryganidao
and lower Lepidoptera.'

Allusion has been made to Brongniart's discovery of an insect's wing in the middle
Silurian — a long way removed from the upper Devonian, which had hithetto been their
lowest known horizon. But though he quickly published a rude figure of his fossil, it is
insufficient for critical purposes, and it would probably be hard to obtain from a single
discovery tho clew we need as to the ancestry of the Palaeodictyoptera. We may safely
conclude, however, that the winged Palaeodictyoptera came in as early as the middle
Silurian and that up to the close of the paleozoic epoch their divergent stems were still
admissible into one general order.

Now when we look at the insects of latter formations, we find types of every one of the
existing orders of insects — speaking of these orders in their broadest sense, as we have
everywhere done in this essay — we find every one fully developed in the Jurassic period.

In the Orthoptera we find as good a proof as anywhere, since cockroaches are the only
insects found in any numbers in the ver^' lowest mesozoic rocks. Their presence in the
Triaa and its significance will be alluded to later. In the Jurassic rocks nearly forty
species are known, of which about one-third are in the lower Jurassic, and nearly all are
true Blattariae. So too in the Liiussic rocks we recognize all the families of saltatorial
Orthoptera and the Forficuluriae, so that the Orthoptera may be considered as well
established early in mesozoic times. Unfortunately no Phasmida have yet been recovered.

Only one or two Neuroptera have been recognized in the Trias, but in the Lias we have
a considerable number, including Megaloptera, Sialina, Panorpidae, Phryganidae, Ephe-
meridae, Termitina and Odonata, showing that the differentiation into the nort-existing ,-, i
farailiei; was apparently complete early in mesozoic times, and that forms of nearly all
recognized families were abundant in the middle and later Oolite.

The two orders just mentioned are almost the only ones that have yet been recognized
in the scanty fauna of the Trias, but the moment we reach the lower Jurassic rocks we
find traces of nearly all the others; thus several families both of Homoptera, and of Heter-
optera are found in Lin-ssic rocks, including such diverse types as the Coreidae, Belosto-
midae, Cicadina and Cicadellina, while Fulgorina and Aphidina are added in the Oolite.

The Coleopteru, of which we found oidy indefinite traces in paleozoic rocks, have been
found in the Trias (Chrysomelites), an<l the adjacent Rhaetic has disclosed forms as differ-
ent aa Hydrophilites, Buprestites and Curculionites, while the Lias already claims some
one hundred and twenty-five species referred to as many as seventeen distinct families.

Pm
,..*.'.i

' In this connection it would bo wull to call iittimtinn to
one of Dr. A. 8. Packard's earl} pa|ierR on Ncnroptera a,» a

' syiitliotic trpu." See Bout. Journ. Nat. IliBt., Vll, 690.

322

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issS.

When we come to the metabolous orders we find a scantier representation, but in the
more limited sense necessarily attendant upon this fact nearly the same things are true.
Three or four species of Diptera, referred to Chironomidae, Tipulidae, and Asilidae, are
found as low down as the Lias, about as many more in the middle Oolite, and some fifteen
or twenty in the upper Oolite, of several different families, mostly Nemocera. Of Lepi-
doptera, the remains of which are exceedingly scanty even in the tertiaries, we know of
two unquestionable ■Sphingidae in the middle Oolite, and the mines of a tineid moth in the
Cretaceous. While of Hymenoptera we have eight or ten mesozoic species, the oldest of
which is an undoubted a.:t from the Lias, next a wood wasp and four or five very obscure
reinaiiis from the middle Oolite of Solenhofen, two ants again from the upper Oolite
(Purbecks), and the eggs of one of the Teuthredinidae from the Cretaceous.

We find then that the entire change from the generalized hexapod to the ordinally
specialized hexapod was made in the interval between the close of the paleozoic period and
the middle, we may say, of the mesozoic. These significant changes were ushered in with
the dawn of the mesozoic period, and the Triassic rocks become naturally (together with
the Silurian) the most important, the expectant, ground of the student of palentomology
Hitherto for fifty years the Carboniferous period has claimed this interest as its birthright.

The Silurian period has furnished only a single insect, just discovered and already alluded
to. The Triassic has four or five representatives in the Old World, while a new locality
recently made known in Colorado has yielded a considerable number of specimens of about
twenty species, mostly still unpublished. Most of these are cockroaches, and they illustrate
and enforce the conclusi-^n we have reached in an interesting way. One of them, the Euro-
pean Legnophora of He jr, shows for the first time in the history of cockroaches* a thickening
of the front wings, rendering the veins nearly obsolete, a characteri.otic of Blattariae (not
always very striking) but never found in Palae'oblattariae. A similar appearance is to be
seen in a few of the American cockroaches of the Trias, and in addition to this they are
divided between Blattariae and Palaeoblattariae, and the passage from one to the other i^j
traceable. The two exist side by side, but some of the Blattariae have the front wings
equally membranoi'.s.

It would then appear that the geological history of winged insect^i, so far as we know
from present indications, may be summed up in a very few words. Appearing in the
Silurian period, insects continued throughout paleozoic times as a generalized form of
Heterometabola which for convenience we have called Palaoodictyoptera, and which had
the front wings as well as the hind wings membranous. On the advent of mesozoic times
a great diflerentiation took place, and before its middle all of the orders, both of Hetero-
metabola and of Metabola, were fully developed in all their essential features as they exist
to-day, the more highly organized Metabola at first in feeble numbers, but to-day and
even in Tertiary times as the prevailing types. The Metabola have from the first
retained the membranous character of the front wings, while in most of the Heterometa-
bola, which were more closely and directly connected with paleozoic types, the front
wings were, even in mesozoic times, more or less completely differentiated from the hind
wings, as a sort of protective covc^ring to the latter, and the.se became the principal
organs of flight.

> Etoblattiria insignia Guldonb., cp., may, perhaps, Ih; nil pruservation, aa the 'lind wings sliaro fully the same cbarac-
exception, but the apparent tliivkening may be due to poor teristiv. Is it possibly a " pupal " form?

The oldest known Insect-lakva, Mormolucoides autioulatus, fuom the

Connecticut Rivek Rocks.

A ROPESSOR Edward Hitchcc k, who published so extensively upon the footprints
found in the sandstones of the Connecticut River was the first to make known the
presence in the triassic shales at Turner's Falls, Mass., of insect remains.' These he
first mentioned in his report on fossil footmarks published by the state in 1858, giving
illustrations upon one of his plates, which are too obscure to be of any value. Judging
the creature to be a crustacean, he sent specimens to Prof. J. D. Dana of New Haven,
who, in a letter published in this volume by Professor Hitchcock,
considered it to be " probably a larve of a neuropterous insect," and
sent to Hitchcock the cut we here reproduce, in which he regards A as
the head, i? to C as thoracic, and C to D, abdominal segments. This,
reduced, is the figure given in Dana's Manual of Geology.

Some years after this, the late Dr. J. L. Leconte, having express'id
the opinion from an examination of the figures alone, that Professor
Dana was coi .-ect in his judgment of the neuropterous character of these
remains, and having further referred them more definitely to the Ephe-
nieiidac. Dr. Hitchcock, who never lost the opportunity of changing the
name of a fossil, if he thought he could thereby indicate more closely
its afiinities, proposed that the name of Mormolucoides articulatus, he
had at ^rst given it, should be altered to Palephemera mediaeva. The
first name, being in no sense misleading, must, of course, b retained,
and indeed fortunately, since this is not the end of the oj)inions
which have been held (and may perhaps yet be held) regarding it.

Having an opportunity some years since, of studying a slab lent me
by Prof. O. C. Marsh, containing twenty or thirty individuals, and of
comparing them with others in the Museum of the Boston Society of
Natural History, I published my views of the structure and relationship
of this fossil larva in the Geological Magazine of London, in which I
came to the conclusion that they were coleopterous larvae, and sug-
gested that they " remind one of some Cebrionidac," but the only larva of that group
whose history is known "lives on the roots of plants and would not be likely to occur in

' Mormolucoides articulatus Hitchcock, Ichiiol. N. Engl., pp. 7-8, flg., I'l. 7, llgs. .S-l.— Dana, Ibid.— Scuddkr, Proc.
no8t. Soc. Nat. Hist, xi, p. UO; Ii>., Guul. Mag., v, pp. 218-20.

Pulephemera meili<ieva Hitchcock, Aiuer. Juurii. Sc, [2] xxxiii, p. 4S2.— Packakd, Bull. Kssux In->t., iii, p. i.

(323)

Kiu. 1, Moniiolii.

coiiica articiilutUB

Hitchcock.

324

such a deposit as that in which these remains were found. " In this communication,
finding among the specimens I exainined none with any lateral appendages, I concluded
that the figures which had been given were inaccurate in that particular, a conclusion
based, as will be seen, on insufHcient material.

A few years later, Dr. A. S. Packard published a short note upon them, in which he
expressed the opinion thuc they were " aquatic coleo])terous larvae, belonging perhaps
near the family Heteroceridae."

It will thus be seen that some difference of opinion has been expressed concerning
the affinities of these fossils, though they have uniformly been considered larvae, and as
belonging either to Neuroptera or Coleoptera.

Having recently been able through the kindness of Professors Emerson and Hitch-
cock to examine the considerable collection of these remains in the cabinets of Amherst
College, and by favor of Professor Marsh to study all the specimens in the Yale Muse-
um, I have examined with care some hundreds of these larvae, and reviewed the whole
subject anew. Notwithstandini, ihe considerable differences which show themselves, I
am strongly convinced that all the specimens I have studied belong to a single species,
differing somewhat in structure from what I formerly believed, and whose affinities are
pretty clearly different from what I formerly supposed, several new features, not before
observeu, being now apparent. This point, however, will be discussed afler the struct-
ure has been set forth in full.

The body is composed of thirteen apparent segments, of which the head forms one,
and three are differentiated, sometimes very obscurely, as thoracic. The statement that
the head forms but a single segment is at variance with my former conclusion, for the
two segments of the description then given by me form together what I now look upon
as the head. There are doubtless a good many specimens which lend color to ray former
conclusion, and I reproduce upon the plate (fig. 3), a copy of a drawing made fifteen or
more years ago of what I then considered the first three segments of the body. A sim-
ilar development of the first segment may be seen in fig. 13, and to a much less extent
in fig. 9. Whether these lateral anterior lobes of the head, always separated from it by
a more or less marked suture, are inferior appendages showing only when projedted for-
ward, can hardly be determined, but this seems the most probable explanation. The de-
cided differentiation of the thoracic segments in certain individuals (see figs. 1, 5, 14
for example) leaves no room for doubt that the smaller segment in front of them, usu-
ally single, at other times apparently double, represents the head.

The head ther is a rounded segment, usually a little broader at base than in the middle
(see especially figs. 12, IG) and slightly broader than long, the front well rounded.
It is generally about as large as the hindmost segment of the body, but occasionally is
larger than it where the final segment appears but partially extended, and in a few in-
stances is much larger; it is then also out of all due proportion to the segments behind
it, as in fig. 10, where it does not appear to be crushed and unnaturally expanded, but
rather as if the lower appendages of the head, fonning in other cases the protruded an-
terior lobes, had been laterally spread out and lay beside the head, of which, as in the
other case, they seem at first sight to form an integral part. That this is the correct view
is the more probable because, when the siu'face is not absolutely flat (as may be the case

325

in any fossil insect, no mnttei- how highly irrcgnlnr its snrfacc may have been in life), the
head is provided with lateral bosses, which may be partly explained as due to the under-
lying appendages; for when these supposed appendages are thi'ust l.)rward and form the
anterior lateral lobes, it is these lobes which are embossed, as described in my previous
paper; while when, as in fig. 10, they are supposed to lie outside the lateral limits of the
head, the protuberances arc still foinid connected with them. What appendages these
lobes may represent it would be difiicult to say. One w«)uldmore naturally expect sui'h
evidently corneouH organs, forming bosses even where they ?»rc separated from the head,
to be mandibles, but their broad and rounded shape gives no clear evidence of their use
in such a way ; and in such a Hattened larva it could not be supjKJsed that they formed
a vertical fang, the crnshing of which, from above downward, would bring all the chiti-
nous portion together in a mass, and so produce a boss upcm the stone.

The three thoracic segments are almost invariably larger, generally ccmsidcrably
broader than the others, and are often distinctly ditterentiated as a separate region, both
by their breadth, greater than that of the uniform segment behind, as well as by the
slight forward inclination of their sides. This appears clearly iii fig. i5, but is generally
less marked than there by the smallness of the hindmost thoracic segment, which is not
often broader than the following abdominal segment, as in figs. 5 and 14. Usually also
the middle thoracic is larger than the front thoracic segment, so that their r'lativo size is
II, I, III (see figs. 1, 11, 12, 14) but not infrequently the front one is the largest, as in
figs. 5, 6, 10, and there are some cases where the broadest part of the body is behind the
thoracic segments, and the order of breadtii in the thoracic segments is III, II, I. In
these cases, as in figs. 4, 7, 13 and particularly 0, the whole aspect of th i insect is (^hanged,
and yet a careful study of the specimens leads one to the conviction that all belong to a
single species. In some, of which fig. 5 may be taken as an extreme type, we are re-
minded, in form, of the larva of a longicorn beetle, while the other extreme, as in fig. 0,
recalls rather some of the Sili)hidae. What may be looked upon as the average or normal
thoracic segment, is about three times as broad as long, subquadrate, with very slightly
concave front margin, and a little more distinctly convex hind margin, the sides well
rounded and the hinder angles more broadly rounded off than the front lateral angles,
giving a slight sublunate form to the entire segment. These segments are further
marked by more or less distinct lateral marks, usually impressed, cither angular (figs.
5, 14) or roimded (figs. 1, 10, lo), which are the only indications, if such they are, of
appendages. I had thought they might be taken for the marks of very short legs, and
perhaps they can ; but the figures given by Schiodte of the larvae of the cok!oj)terous gen-
era ]S^ecrophorus,Anisotoma and Agathidium, where similar marks are purely sculptural,
leave me in doubt. Eveiy one must have seen in nature similar marks on longicorn
larvae, but these are more generally nu'sially disposed, .md do not, as here, reach so dis-
tant a point from the middle line. W^hatever they are, there is nothing else on a single
specimen examined by me — many hundreds in number — which could be referred to
h^gs.

The abdominal segments invariably taper to some extent toward the tail; sometimes
the tapering is scarcely visible on the anterior segments, and it is always more pro-
noimced posteriorly, but here as before there are nearly all shades of difference between

326

'' :l

I j

I 'i

iiulividunls, the oxtivmeH of which may again be represented in figs. i> anil 0 ; in the former
of tliese the l>aHal abdominal segments are only about half as broad again as long, and
the middle ones are about s(|uare; while in the latter, the basal al)dominal segment is
more than twiee as broad as long and it is only tin; terminal segment whieh is sijuare.
As a very general rule, the segments are (juadrate, with very gently e()nv»'X sides, and
slightly and equally rounded anterior and posterior lateral angles; but in a few eases, as
in fig. J), the ^interior angles are eonsideralily more rounded than usual, aiul the posterior
angles, besides being sipiare, are furnishi d with a faint posterior extension, bi-istle, or
tapering eluster of hairs (it is im|)ossible tt say whieh, but the last is the most probable).
This same posterior set of appendages ma}' be seen more or less distinetly in s(»me of the
other specimens, where the segnients have t le posterior angle as rounded as the anterior,
but otherwise resemble this fig. 0 (as in fig. -4), or in whieh the segments are of the nor-
mal form, as in fig. (>, Avhieh represents the specimen which apparently furnished the
figure which has hitherto been current, and in which these a[)pendages ap[)ear more
decidedly as hairs, being more spreatl out, and also as attached to the posterior thoracic
segments.

The surface of the abdominal segments is in general flat, but not quite nniform, at
least on many specimens. There appear to be two kinds »»f ine<(ualities, one of which
from its iufrequency and position seems to be accidenlal, |)erliaps due to pressure. This
is seen in fig. lt>, in sharp lines close and jmrallel to the margin. The othei-, howevei',
though often obscm-e, is too connnon to be so considered, and consists in a longitudinal
series of slight ridges, laterally convex, and extending the whole length of the abdomen,
tlividing the segments into eipial or subeijual transverse thirds, of whieh the middle
third is apt to be the largest. This may be seen in figs. 1, 0, 1;>. IJesides these, thei'e
is nearly ahvays i-onie median mark of greater or less intensity, indicating probably the
track of the alimentary canal. Two specimens whieh T have figured (figs. 2, TJ) show
this in a mai'ked degree, the remains of a tube which extended the entire length of the
body bi'ing visible. It is nnich more pronounced on the abdominal segments than else-
where, but in fig. 2 more distinct on the anterior half of the abdomen, Avhile in fig. 1 1 it
is more distinct on the posterior half, where it is clearly at least double, being turned
upon itself between the fifth and sixth abdominal segments, forming there a distinct
rounded loop, and again njore obscurely on the front of the eighth segment. To coi'-
respond Avith this, we have in fig. 2 a distinct horse-shoe shaped dejjression suy n-poscd
a little latci-ally on the median groove at the p<)sterior end of the fifth abdominal seg-
ment, and a shallower, smaller, circular depression in Avhich the gi'oove appears to ter-
minate on the front of the seventh abdominal segment. From these it would appear
tolerably clear that a slender alimentary canal, nowhere expanding into a well marked
stomach, doubled sharj)ly upon itself at or near the seventh abdominal segment, and
again, by doubling at the hinder extremity of the fifth abdominal segment, resumed its
former course, the whole of the sixth segment and at least a part of the seventh haviug
therefore three sections of the canal passing through the middle.

The variations in form of the different segments of the abdomen have been mentioned.
It now remains to speak of the curious variations of the terminal or ninth abdominal
segment and of its S2>ecial appendages. The general relation of this segment to the

■i ■■ 't

m •■'

:{27

jH'Ccedlng as well ns its ordinary Ibrm is shown in figs. 1, 10 anil 10, whoi-o it is quad-
rate bnt well rounded, tapering and about two-thirds as large as the preceding joint.
In some cases, however, as in fig. 0, it is very small, and its sej)aration from the preced-
ing joint hardly noticeable, Avhile at the other extreme, as in fig. 7, it is scarcely smaller
than the preceding segment and longer, if anything, than broad. But the most inter-
esting feature in this segment is the discovery in a few specimens, as in figs. 0 and 14
and to a slight degree in figs. 2 and 10, of appendages. There is an outer pair of
slender styles, a little shorter than the penultimate segment, directed backward and a
little divergent; and a much shorter pair, or perhaps only projections of the pygidium,
lying between the longer styles.

As there is not a single specimen among the hnndreds I have seen showing a lateral
or even a partially lateral view, the insect could not have been cylindrical but must have
been considerably flattened. The variation in the general form of the specimens, as pre-
served, indicates a not very corneous oi- rigid integument, since the shape of single seg-
ments varies considerably. Yet the general form is as a rule so uniform (as ap|)ears in
fig. 8, where a number of specimens are exhibited just as they lie on the stone, much
better than my selection of other specimens to be di'awn for some particular feature)
that we must consider the integument to have been at least coriaceous, and the varying
proportions of single segments to depend, partly at least, upon the greater or less ex-
posure of the intei'segmental membrane.

AVben we come to consider the probable aflinities of a larva having the structure
above described, we are at a loss. Ko living form seems to be at all nearly allied to it.
It would appear on general grounds to be either coleopterous or neuropterous, and from
its aquatic habit to be more likely neuropterous than coleopterous; but further than this
one must tread largely on conjectural ground. The structure of the head, in which the
only recognizable appendages appear to be nearly or quite globular and chitinous, the
absence or extreme brevity of the legs in connection with a plainly flattened bod}', and
a terminal segment provided with cerci, are combinations and features very extraordi-
nary. The only coleopterous larvae which seem at all to remind one of their general
appearance are the Silphidae, all the larvae of which now known prey upon decaying
animal and vegetable mattei- or live upon fungi, and none ai-e aquatic; the Lampyridao,
which are equally out of the question ; and the Ileterocerijae, which have no terminal
appendages. These larvae, besides having a general form somewhat resembling that of
lilormolucoides, have a flattened body,' short legs, and the Sili)hi(lae also a small head
and distinct anal cerci, besides posterior lateral extensions of, or appendages to, the ab-
dominal segments; but they have also comparatively small and tendei" mouth-parts; and
the Silphidae stout, jointed antennae of considerable length, while their legs are usually
as long at least as the greatest width of the body; and besides the ordinary nine seg-
ments of the abdomen, there is m the Silphidae the strongly protruding pipe-like pygid-
ium, for which there is no homologue in Mormolucoides, unless the inner pair of cerci
be taken as representing a completely forked pygidium. When we add to these diller-
ences the peculiar habitat of the living Silphidae, and the similar terrestrial haun'ts of

' In Ilctcrocci'us it U cylhulrlctil.

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in-

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iii

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the Lampyrldac and ITctcroccrulac,' wo sliall be loth to assert a close aflllnity with those
groups. Such groups of Coleoptcra as have aquatic hu'vau show, however, no points
of resenibhuice at all to Aloruiolucoidus, and it seems, therefore, far more probable that
they are neuropterous.

In support of this view, we have on general grounds, the flattened and postcrioi'ly ta-
pering form, much more common in Neuroptera tlum in Coleoptera, besides the ter-
minal corci, and posterior latei'al apiiendages of the abdominal segments — features much
more in accordance with the structure of those groups of Neuroptcra to which they
seem most nearly related, than with the structure of any Coleoptera.

These groups arc the Perlidae, Ephemeridae and Sialidae, in all of which the larvae are
at least in large part aquatic. In each of the first two of these groups, there is a re-
markable uniformity of larval organization, and they seem to ditl'er so much from Mor-
niolucoides as to make it unwarrantable for us to look for intimate relationship with
them. In Perlidae, for instance, we have a prothorax distinctly ditterentiatcd from the
other thoracic segments, and the latter bearing at a comparatively early age, as in Blat-
tariae, indications of the coming wings in the form of pad-liko expansions of the outer
angle of the said margin; W( have also long and prominent antennae, very long and
large fiattened legs, anal cerci of great length, and no sign of an inner pair of cerci.
In Ephemeridae, we have an entirely ditferent form, equally discordant in its relations to
^lormolucoides. The legs are nearly as long and stout as in Perlidae, lateral respiratory
filaments cover the dorsum of the abdominal segments, the head bears stout, and often
long antennae, while the terminal segment is almost invariably armed, not only with outer
large, long, feathered anal cerci, but also with a similar, single, median style, even when
the latter is absent from the imago; two inner styles are never present.

The comparative uniformity of larval structure among the diverse genera of each of
these two groups prevents us from believing that Mormolucoldes with its very dilferent
structure could by any possibility be included in either of them. Not a trace of thoracic
wing pads or abdomiiml respiratory filaments can- be seen on the hundreds of specimens
examined. The great length and size of legs and multiarticulatc antennae in both the
groups, find no counterpart in Mormolucoides, and the appendages of the terminal seg-
ment are altogether diiferent.

Not so, however, or not by any means to so great an extent, when we compare the
iTvae of Sialidae. Here we find a considerable greater range of characteristics, so that
it is not so easy to recognize a common facies among them. But we may note one or two
charactei'istics by which they approach much more closely our fossil type. All the ap-
pendages,— antennae, legs and (often) the cerci, are shorter and slenderer than in the two
groups last mentioned. In some, the antennae at least are comparatively insignificant.
The mandibles in some are very stout, and though long in all that are known may well
be believed to be capable of modification in this regard. The abdominal segments are
provided with lateral filaments, projecting backward from the posterior outer angles.
The appendages of the terminal segment vary very much, some having a single median
style of considerable length, others a shorter lateral pair, in some cases furnished ajji-

' The Ilctci'occrldue llvo near but not lu water.

cnlly with rceurvcd liooltH. The olijcctioiiH to conHulering tlnw as the iiiost nearly nllicd
group are the considerable Hi/,e of tiie Ie«^H even when k-ast developed, the {jfreat Hize of
the head, which is at least as lar«j^e as the segments Ix'hind, and tlu; slight diHereiitiation
of the pi'otiioracic^ segment shown at least in its larger si/e.

I had reached the conclusion that upon the whole W(; miglit look upon tlu; SiaTKhic at
the group of insects to which MormoIucoidcH was the most nearly allied (though still
regarding the conclusion as provisional) when it received n ciu'ioiis support fi'om an
unexpected (piarler — the internal structure of the larva. I have said that several spec-
imens of Mormolucoides showed traces of the alimentary canal, and that in two of them
(figs. 2, 11) in the posterior part of the body it doubled tAvicc upon itself, covering with
its triplication the sixth abdominal segment and partsof others, indi<-ating a convolution
of the small intestine. Looking at the published a(vounts and figures of the internal
organs of the larvae of the three groups of Neuroptcra we have been discussing, I Hnd
that the digestive tract so far as known, is invariably straight and simpU; in both I'er-
lidae and Ephemeridae, while a triplication of the small intestine is not unknown in Sial-
idae, being distinctly figured and described by Leidy in Cori/dalis aonmlus,^ wluin; it
covers the fifth abdomimil segment, or the one next in advance of that in which we have
found it in Mormolucoides. The only other figure of the digestive tract of a Sialid larva,
which I have found, is that of Sialitt lutarlus published in the same year by Dufour,'^
where it is figured as perfectly straight and desci-ibcd similarly as "droit commc cclui de
rinsccto aile." Several species in their perfect state, in groups closely allied to the Sial-
idac and sometimes placed with them, such as Panorpa, have a similar triplication of the
small intestine, and it is also found in the larva of Myrmcleou as figured by Dufour:'
These seem to be fair corroborations of the conclusion independently i-eached, that Mor-
molucoides is ])robably the larva of a Sialidan ncuropteron. It has spetial interest from
the fact that it is the oldest known insect larva.

KXl'LANATKJN OF PLATE 19.

All Uic Okiii'L'.'; rbpr'Mont Sformnliir.otilrii artieiilatun, niul all lint fl^. 3 wuru driiwii by J. Ilciiry Dluku. Fig. H \h iiatiirni
Nlze; ttif. SuiilarKL'd iibout !i diamutcrH; tliu otlivrx uiilargcU :i (llaint'lcrH.

Ki;;. I. A Hpfciinen ri'oiii Moiitaguu, Ma.sH., culluctud by I'rof. O. C. Marsli and In tliu Tualiody Mnscuni of Yalu CoN
lege. Tliu huiid Ih sniidlur Uian usual.

V\g. 2. From the Hainu place and vnlluctinn oh the last and on the same Rial) as II;;. If!. AltliouKh Iniperrcct, the head
and llrst thoracic scf^nient wanting, It shows remurkalily a sharp median Kroovu, which can lie n<ithin];; else than the dii;cs-
tivc tract, with the indlcathin or Us twice doubling on itself at the end of tlie llfth and ba.sc of the Muvculh ncgments. A
slijjlit Indication of one of the anal styles is also seen on the last scKuient.

FIk- •*!. The head and llrst thoracic segment of u specimen in the Yule Collc;;^ Musenm, as drawn, many years ago,
by !^. 11. KcUvMer. It shows the apparent division ofthe head Into two segments, then supposed to lie head and llrst thor-
acic segments.

Fig. 4. Specimen from Montague, Mass., collected by Professor Marsh and now in the Peabody Museum at New
Ilnven. It shows a head of unusual lireadtli, basal abdominal segments which are larger than the thoracic, and slight lu-
dleatlons ofthe lateral appendages ofthe abdomen.

Fig. 5. Specimens from Turner's Falls, Mass., marked No. 1,405 In the Shepard collection of Amherst College. Figs.
Hand 12 arc on the same slab. This specimen shows well the lateral marks ofthe tliorucic segments Interpreted as possi-
bly legs, a well marked dlOerentlatlon of the 'hor.'vcic and abdondnnl segments, and an unusually uniform bruadtli in the
latter.

Fig. G. Thia specimen appears to be the original type of Murni'iluroidcs articuliUus. It is on the same slab with flg.
15, marked as coming fiom the Horse Itnce, Gill, and numbered {[ In the Amherst College collection. There Is not more

' Mom. Araer. Acad., iv, 162-168, PI. 1, 2(1848). • Ann. So. Nat. (3), ix, 01-99 VI. 1 (1848).

•Mem. Sav. Etrung. Acud. Sc, vii, PI. 12, figs. 175, 177 (1811).

than Olio other nIii)) In tlic collvcli.'>ii wlilcli beai't it wry olil priiitcil liiliul with tliu orlKinnl immo, niul ihl.t Hpucliiiuii U tlin
only oiiu ill wlik'li tliu liitoriil n|)pi-ndii|{*^H nru illstliict. It Iiiin, iniiri'ovcr, liooii tonlctl to moiiic rxtuiit mid Iniiirx no mniill
rv;Hi-iiililniiL'o to till' flituri'N III llltuJKHX-k'M pinto. Apnrt rroin Itit InlvroNt It woiilil liiivo licvn drawn iit tlilx tinio If only to
bIiow tliu liitcriil iip|u'iiil;it!('!< of llio iiliilonii'ii, wlilcli Nt'fiii licru to liu NUppllod iiNo to tliu litMt tlioruciu NfUinuiit.

Kl;j. 7. L'nliilM'lK'il sl;il) In llw Anilicr.Hl ('.illi({u Caldnct. Ilciniii'kiililu for tliu vury HniidI si/.u ol' tliu llioriiulu mu^.
iiiuiitM, wlili'li iiru not only niirrowur than tliu unturlur, lint no widur tliiin tliu posturior iilidondnnl si'u;inuiiti«. It Ih tliu
only Hpuulinun I li:ivu xuun nIi4i\vIii;{ .snuli a ruiitiiru, and lit tlio niuro iiiitrkvil bucausu llio tlioruclciiv|{niuiitM uro, II' any tiling.
■Iiortur tliun iinnal. V\!i*. !> and l:l aru or. tliu .sainu Ntoiiu.

Fiji. H. A Hiali i'roni MiHita^iiu, M.'imm., luiniliurud I,i!:l7 in tlio Vale Collu);u Mii<iuiiiii and colloctcil liy I'ror. l>. C.
Maritli. TIiIh Is lltsnred to xliow tliu aliumiancu ol' larrau on a Niiistlu Ntonu, »ltlion|{li other iimtanco!* cihiUI liavu liuun ^Ivun
wliuro tliuy hi'o two or three tlinuM a.s iiiiinoroiiM. This was selected simply oil account of the small size of thu sliili.
The speolnien niarkud a is roprosunted eiilai'Kud in ttg. ID.

Fl^. '•>• Speuinien from tlie saiiio slali as li;{s. 7 and i;i. It Is oiiu of the most Inturuslinu; seen, as it Is ruiiiark:ililu
not only for the iiiiiisually syinnietrliMil and purP'ot duvelopment of both the lateral and turnilnal appuiidauus of thu alidoin-
inal su);inuiits, wlileli to;{utlier show III no other spuclniun seen, but iiiso lor tliu syinniutrieal and nniisnal rnsiforni shape
of the body. Tiie last se!;nient is iiniismdly small. Thu huail too shows some slj^ns of thu fronlnl lubus.

FIj;. 10. Thu spuclniun niarkud >i on ttf. M eiilarKud, In which the m.ilnintei'ustueiitres In the head, wlileli Is unnsiially
broad, apparenlly from a liilunil di^plauuinunt ol the fronlal lobus, as uxpl.ilnud In thu luxt.

Fl;;. II. (Ml the saniu slab as ll;;s. 5 and I'.'. 'I'liU Is drawn to show tliu iiimsnally uluar tloiibllii;; of thu allmuntisry
canal at thu Mitnru butwuuii thu lil'tli and sl.\lli abdominal Ku;;muiit. (In thu front part of tlioul^lith su;imuiit, tliulufl hand
tubu Is seen to pass benualh that on the rl^;lit on the eomineneumunt of its recurrent conrsu, but It does not show clearly
ill lliu platu.

Fli;. I'.'. On samu slab with llgs. /i and II. Iluad of moru than the usual sl/.e. slniwlii!; nn iiiinsual linsai uxpa'i>loii.

Fi;;;. lit. On thu .same slab Willi llijs. 7 and '.). It is especially luterostinj; on account of tho tliio dovelopinent of the
frontal lobes of thu liuad.

Fljt. 14. Spuuliiiun from thu Horse Ifaeu, (illl, Mass , iinmburrd H in the Amhurst CoIIuko CoIK 'Ion. Tliu head Is nii-
usually circular and rather small; the thoracic appundaKus (orsculpinrin;;) unusually distinct and anj;nlar ; the abdoinun
tapurs with jfwnt ru^jnlarity, and the last sejjiiient is supplied with all tlie appundaijus. As drawn on the plate the last
scijmeiit Is perhaps a little too loii^.

Fi;;. 15. On the same slab with 11^. (!. Thu special fuaturo Is tho nearly uniform size of the body throughout and thu
position of tlie head, sunken nearly out of sl^lit within tlie thoracic 8e;;meiit beliind It.

FIk. 1(>. From the samu slab as 11^. '2. The specimen is of unusual size, thu head has au unusual banal cnlar^jemeut,
ami a slight sign of oiio of the terminal styles Is seen on the last segment.

Note on the suppo-sed Myiuapodan Genus Tiuchiulus.

A. WO years ago I published in the jSIemoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History
the tlescription of u genus of supposed hairy niyriapods, Triehiiilus, from the beds of
Mazon Creek in Illinois, of Avhich three species were distinguished. A short time ago
my attention was again called to these specimens by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, Avhose collection
is very rich in remains both of plants and animals from tho carboniferous period, and in
which are all the types of the species described. Mr. Lacoe was convinced that at least
two of them should be regarded as the terminal circinate jjortions of ferns. Dr. II. IJ.
Geinitz of Dresden (who had made a similar mistake in regarding a frond of Scolecop-
teris as a inyriapod, to which he gave the name I'alaeojulus) also wrote me somewhat
to the same effect, and I have accordingly reexamined the original specimens by the favor
of Mr. Lacoe in the light of half a dozen undoubted coiled fern-tips from his collection,
sent me with them; with the result that there is no doubt whatsoever that they are ferns
of the genus Pecopteris or one of its allies, preserved obscurely at the time of their par-
tial unfolding, and that the name Trichiulus must disappear. The only specimen not re-
examined is that of T. nodulosus, figured on pi. 27, fig. 1.

A lii;viK\v OK IVricso/orc Cockuoaciiks.

OlX yoavH iif'n, wlu'U I |tu])Hslu'(l a revision of all llu' paleozoic coi-kroaclu's lljcii known,
I was ohii<;c'<l to ii'sort (.'iitiiTly to cxistiiii;- foi-ius in tlii' conipari'sons inwtitnti'tl iu-'ween
the winj;' strnetnre ol the ancient types and tiiat ot titosc oi later times. Illustrations
indeed and paitial des-riptions existed of more than thirty inesozoic forms, hnt since many
of these were very impcrlcct, and n)any va<>;ni'ly drawn, any attempt to reach delinite
eonchisions concerning' them, withont upeciinens themselves fron> that peiiod to examine,
seemed I'ntile.

It was my hope that, since strnctural distinctions of fundamental importance and
of complete uniformity were shown to exist between paleozi>i(r and recent cockroaches,
renderin;^ an examination of the mesozoie forms most desii'al)le, Home 10n<;lish nat-
ni-alist would undertake the task; for it was evident, from x\u' illustrations already
yiven by Hrodie and Wcstwood, that the Mritish Lias and Oolite were especially prolific
in these forms, and that abundant material must exist in public and private collections
for the elucidation of the problems sujjfjjfestcd.

This hope has not been fullilled; but an unexpected discovery of Ti'iassic cockroaches
in considerable a])undancc in the South Park of Colorado rendered the examination of
other mesozoie foi-ms still more desirabli', and I determined, therefore, to study the ques-
tion myself as best I could. My venerable friend, the Ivcverend 1*. 15. Hrodie, the pioneer
student of British fossil insects, kindly came to my aid by sendinjif me, from his unex-
ampled collection of IJritish mesozoie insects, such s[)ecim((ns as seemed to be cockroach
Avings. In this way, I have not oidy been able to study from the specimens themselves
as many as ten of the wings which had before been described and figured, but nearly
three times as many forms now i)ublished for the first time. The study of these natu-
rally threw much light upon obscure points in the illustrations of species not studied
from the specimens, both in I'lUgland and on the continent, — a number less than those
seen, and most of them easily inter])reted with their aid and often without it. The fruits
of that study are hei'ewith presented, with my best thanks to the Rev. Mi". Brodie for \n-
generosity. The number of mesozoie types now slightly exceeds the paleozoic, though
their relative proportion to the rest of the synchronous insect fauna is far less than in the
earlier period.

(331)

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892

As in the paleozoic cockronclios, so licro, moat of the remnitiR coiiHist exclusively of
front wln;ifs, and the ])rincl|))il ^nide to our knowlodgo of these enrly forms eomes nec-
essarily from u study of the neuration of these parts. This study, in the ease of the
paleo/oie cockroaches, led to the discovery of some features of fundamental importance,
by which the front wings of paleozoic cockroaches could be invai'iably distin^^uishcd front
those of existing types. In paleozoic forms all of the main veins are completely inde-
pendent, and the anal nervides fall at regular intervals upon the inner margin. In exist-
ing types, two or more of the main veins are amalgamated, either completely or to a large
extent, while the nervnles of the anal area strike the anal furrow, or nt least compose a
fusiform bunch directed toward the tip of the fiu'row. In consequence of these distinc-
tions the paleozoic forms were distinguished as a sei)aratc group under the name Palaeo-
blattariae.

Tliis discovery naturally led to the enquiry: Which of the veins in the modern teg-
mina have undergone the blending i)rocess? An examination of existing species showed
that, as a rule, the veins were still independent in the hind wings, and an opportunity was
therefore afforded of investigating the subject by the comparison of the front and hind
wings of many modern types, and the conclusion reached that in modern tegmina the
scapular and externomedian veins were those which had blended.'

This conclusion was shortly shown to be incorrect for mesozoic types, by the discovery,
above mentioned, of cockroaches in the Triassic beds of Colorado, where a series of forms
were found associated, some of them belonging to the Palaeoblattariae, ond some witli
blended veins, allowing a more exact comparison than had before been possible. The
conclusion newly reached from their study was that "when we compare the series of gen-
era near the boundary line of the departure of the Palaeoblattariae toward later forms
(those i)aleozoic cockroaches allied to Petrablattina) and especially those [Palaeoblatta-
riae] brought to light by the discoveries at Fairplay, we find that in the mesozoic species
at least, it is the mediastinal and not the externomedian vein which has blended with the
scapular, although the externomedian also may become blended with the others in living
types. Tliis amalgamation has proceeded by the enlargement '•; the scapular area,
Avhich has ci'owded the mediastinal toward the base of the wing, whose few remaining
branches finally become attached to the scapular vein, no trace of their former depend-
ence remaining visible.""

The present study shows that this conclusion must also be modified by a somewhat
further extension. The above statement is true of about two-thirds of the species, but
there are also others, both in the Lias and the Oolite, in which a diflVjrent or even a
greater variation is found, the externomedian vein being sometimes united, throughout
at least part of its length, with the scapular, or it may be wholly united with the inter-
nomedian, and in both cases, the mediastinal may or may not also be united with the
scapular. The variation is therefore already very great in Liassic times, although it
reached its maximum only in the later Oolite. With the exception then of about a
dozen species of Palaeoblattariae in the Triassic rocks, all of the mesozoic cockroaches,
like the living, have front wings in which two or more of the veins arc coalesced.

As regards the other distinction, drawn from the anal area, there is much diversity,

>Mciii. Bo6t. Sac. Nat. HUt. Ill, 28. *Ainer. Journ. 8c. (3) xxvili, 201.

■ ' -; ■

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333

le. Tlu!

and in fact very imperfect knowledge, this region being freqnently tniHsing in the fossils.
In most of the gcncrn the nnal nervnies, so far a.s known, ntHke tlie margin, bnt in Home
the Bpeciesvary in tins respect; in otliers tlieir conrse is entirely unknown, while in such
as are perfectly preserved in the most prolific genus, Mesol)lattinu Cteinitz, they impinge
indeed upon the margin, but show a decided tendency to direct themselves toward the
tip of the anal furrow, as in many modern forms. This feature cannot therefore be said
to have become fairly established in mesozoic times.

These changes in the general structure of the front wing are no doubt but one ex-
pression of the increasing heterogeneity in the neuration of the front and hind wing
which was almost entirely unknown in paleozoic times, but which has reached a high
development at the jjresent day. The remains of the hind wings of mesozoic c(»ck-
roachos are indeed not sulliciently abundant to jirove this, but we have grouped here
under one generic name, Aporoblattina, such single detached wings as seem to be prop-
erly considered as such, and here the veins arc entirely distinct. Another iiulication of
this specialization on the part of the front wing is their increasing density, by which
the neuration is in part obscured. This is not very marked, but in some species is un-
mistakable.

A fiu'ther peculiarity of mesozoic species, as a general rule, is their small size. Tn a
previous paper, before the number of paleozoic forms known was as great as now, the
average length of their front wings was estimated as 20 mm., and there is no reason to
suppose that that measJirement would be altered by later discover' "s to any extent woi'th
mentio ling. On the other hand, even the Triassic Palaeoblattariae already show a ten-
dency toward that diminution in size which is well marked in the mesozoic Jllattariae,
for the average length of the former is only 16 mm., while in the mesozoic Blattariae as
a whole it is still further reduced to 12.5 mm. Even this would be somewhat diminished
(to 11.5 mm.) if we should omit the species from the middle Oolitic beds of Solenhofen,
all of which were large and some gigantic, one reaching a length of (JO mm. That this
should be the case seems a little unexpected when we find the species of the upper
Oolite (of England) a little smaller as a genera' rule than the Liassic forms. This
somewhat curious fact led me to ask what should be considered the average size of the
modern cockroach. I accordingly took Brunuer's Systeme des Blattaires and tabulated
the measurements of the front wings given there whenever the material was at hand for
the purpose, to the number of 243 species. One measurement only was taken ft)r each
species and where the sexes differed (as oflen excessively) these also were averaged.
Of course the apterous species had to be omitted, and it was plain that the result would
be too large as the larger species find their way to collections much more rapidly than
the smaller forms. The general result was that the average size of the front wings of
recent cockroaches is 18.2 mm. which is considerably more than that of the mesozoic spe-
cies, and much less than that of the paleozoic forms.

As regards the relative geological position of these mesozoic cockroaches two facts
are patent: 1°. No species has been found in more than one deposit. 2". While all three
of the genera of the Trias are peculiar to it (some of the genera of the Triassic Palaeo-
blattariae have also been found in lower paleozoic rocks) and two genera are found only
in the upper Oolite, all of the genera found in the intermediate Lias also occur in the

If- . i'

334 .

Oolitf'P. The genera peculiar to i,'.^ .-ppcr Oolite are however very poor in species, one
having only one and the other only two representatives, while the genera, common to the
Lias and Oolite are generally prolific in this respect.

Of the seventy-seven species of Blattariae mentioned in the following pages, not in-
cluding those found in the Appendix, three are found in the Trias, seventeen in the Lias,
three in the middlo Oolite and forty-six in the upper Oolite, besides three whose precise
horizon is unknown.

A comparison of the venation of tho tegmina of mesozoic and recent cockroaches, to
determine, as far as possible, the imrpediate relations of the former to existing forms,
gives little satisfaction. Still, Mes'oblattina and Rithma may be said to bear considera-
ble resemblance to the Phyllodronxidae — as Phyllodromia, Apolyta and Thyrsocera, for
example — and the peculiar neuratioii of Elisama is in part repeated in the Panchloridae
(e. g., Panchlora, Leucophaea, Nauphoeta) and also occurs in some Phyllodromidae
(Thyrsocera > and Epilampridae (Paratropa, Epilampra) . Scutinoblattina also reminds
one in certain features of some Bpilampi'idae, like Phoraspis. The other genera, and
particularly Blattidium and Pterinoblattina, appear to have no relations to any special
typo. As ". \\ hole, then, it Avould appear as if the Blattariae sjnnosae approached closei-
to the mesozoic forms thai . the Blattariae muticae.

As I have already stated, tlie n)ost fundamental distinction separating the mesozoic
i'rom the paleozoic f^ockroaches is in the change which the principal nervures of the upper
wings have undei-gone, by the basal or total amalgamation of some of them, — a change
which reaches its culmination in living cocki'oaches.

On tlie basis of these differences, mesozoic cockroaches may be divided into three
groups : a, those in which only the mediastinal and scapular veins are amalgamated ;
h, those in which the externomedian is united with one of the veins on either side of it ;
and c, those in which either the mediastinal, scapular and externomedian veins are all
united : or there are two lines of union, one between the mediastinal and scapular, and
the othev between the externomedian and internomedian veins, i.e., where, besides the
union of the mediastinal and scapular veins, the externomedian also allies itself in whole
or in part with the united mediastino-scapular, or with the internomedian. In all meso-
zoic cockroaches, exce[)ting the Triassic Palaeoblattariae, amaigamation of some of the
veins occurs; for a further study of Pterinoblattina convinces me that my first interpre-
tation of its neuration was incorrect, in that what I had taken for the internomedian
vein is really the anal, and that what was loiiked upon as the externomedian must be
regarded as the united externomedian and internomedian veins.

a. The mediastinal and scapular veins of the upper wings, and these oidy,

are amalgamated.

CteNOBLATTINA gen. nov. (xrsucuToc).

In the wings of this group, which are minute, the humer.al angle, usually consider-
ably developed in cockroaches, is obliquely docked, and the united mediastinal and scap-
ular veins occupy a broad area, at first nearly one-half of the breadth of the wing, and
extend nearly to the tip, provided with numerous parallel more or less forking branches.

335

The internomedian occupies a very similar belt on the inner side, extending nearly or
quite to the tip; and between them the pinched externomedian, eniurging a little toward
the t^p, finds narrow quarters. The anal area is very brief, but the chi;racter of its vena-
tion is not known.

Two of the species come from the English Purbecks; the third from the German
Lias.

Ctenoblattina arcta sp. nov.

n. 20, fig8. 1, 2. .

This minute species, as may be seen by fig. 2, has its venation somewhat obspui'cd,
partially perhaps by the thickness of the integument. In its interpretation, in fig. 1, it
is probable that the internomedian area is given too little width, as its apical nervules are
given toe little curvature. The form of fig. 2 is more correct. The wing is broadest at
the extremity of the anal area, just before the end of the basal third; up to this point it
increases rapidly In size, the humeral angle being strongly docked, and beyond tapers
very gently to a well rounded tip. The costal area (as the united mediastinal and scap-
ular areas may be termed) is crowded with nervules, every alternate one appearing a
little heavier than the others, so that the intermediate are probably intercalary veins,
as one would judge also from their absence from the internomedian area, where the
veins are more distant. Excepting for the simple division in the middle of the basal half
of the wing, the externomedian vein does not fork before the middle of the wing, and
then but narrowly, but the whole of this region is obscure, though it seems certain that
it occupies outwardly nearly the whole tip of the wing. The anal furrow is distinct and
very strongly arcuate. The anal area is neither elevated nor depressed, the whole wing
being entirely flat. The wing is about 2.7 times longer than broad, its length being 5.5
mm. and its greatest breadth a little more than 2 mm.

The specimen comes from the English Purbecks (precise locality not known), and
occurs on a stone of a very pale sordid brown color, on which the veins appear dark
brown ; it was received from Rev. P. B. Brodie.

On account of the obscurity of the venation, and its apparent derivation from the
thickness of the integument, I formerly, from partial study, considered this a species of
Hcer's genus Legnophora, from the Trias, and so referred it, without name, in Zittel's
Handbuch der Palaontologie (II, 766) ; but a severer examination has enabled me to
trace the neuration, which cannot be made to accord with that of Legnophora.

Ctenoblattina Langfeldti.

Blattina Langfeldti E. Gien., Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., 1880, 521, PI. 22, fig.

3; i6id., 1884,571.

This species seems certainly to fall here, but Geinitz appears to have confounded the
costal and inner margins. The externomedian vein resembles the foregoing more than
the following species, but first forks much farther from the base. The wing is 5.5 mm.
long and about 2.2 mm. broad. It comes from the Lias of Dobbertin, Germany.

m

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336

Ctenoblattina? pinna.

[Without name.] Brodie, Foss. Ins. Eng., 118, PI. 5, fig. 5.

Blatta pinna Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 322.

Blattidium pinna Heer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zarich, 1864, 290.

This species appears to belong here, but I have not seen the specimen and the obscu-
rity of the drawing renders its location uncertain. It is badly broken at base, so that
the humeral angle and anal area are (probably) entirely obliterated. The fragment is
represented as nearly 4.5 mm. long, and its real length was probably about 5 mm. It
differs from the preceding species in the uniform width and greater extension of the cos-
tal area, which must reach the very tip of the wing, the apparent absence of spurious
nervules in the same area, the even slenderer externomedian area hardly expanding api-
caily, and the very great width- of the internomedian area, which occupies fully half of
the wing.

It comes from the English Purbecks.

NeORTHROBLATTINA Sciulder.

Neorthrohlattinu Scudder, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 108.

In this genus the wings are about two and a half times longer than broad, with fairly
well rounded apices, the costal area extending nearly to the lip, and in the middle of
the wing occupying nearly one-half its width. The internomedian vein is of varying
importance, and in the large anal area the veinlets terminate on the margin ; the anal
furrow is strongly arcuate, and deeply impressed.

All the species come from the American Trias.

The four species are N. alholineata, N. Lakesi, N. rotundata and N. attemmta, all
found at Fairplay, Colorado. They were brielly described in the Philadelphia Academy's
Proceedings, and will be fully discussed and figured in a jjaper devoted to this Triassic
locality, so that it is only necessary here to indicate their apparent position in the series.

RiTHMA Giebel (emend.).

Rithma Giebel, Ins. Vorw., 318; Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 113.

The wings of this group, as it is limited by me in the place above referred to, are gen-
erally rounded wedge-shaped, i.e., slender and tapering (though the latter peculiarity is
wanting in some even of the slenderest species) with the costal area large, occupying
nearly or quite half of the wing, the main vein sinuous, generally conspicuously sinu-
ous, rarely almost straight, terminating close to, sometimes even below, the tip. The
anal area is generally pretty large, vaulted, and filled with arcuate parallel veins whicli
terminate on the margin. The externomedian and internomedian veins are also sinuous
and divide the remaining space about equally betAveen them, each forking considerably
and radiating apically. Their nervules, and especially those of the internomedian vein,
are rarely more longitudinal than oblique. The genus stands midway between Neor-
throblattina and Mesoblattina, the flatness of the humeral field, and the great extent of

337

the costal area distingnisliing it from the former, the greater obliquity of the inferior
nerviile? anil particularly those of the interiiomjdiau area, as well as the paralk-l and
similar course of the anal nervules, separating it from the latter.

Most of the species come from the English Purbeeks, but two occur in the Lias of
England and Switzerland.

Rithma Strickland!.

PI. 20, (Igs. 4, .'..

Blatta StncUandi IJrodie, Foss. Ins. Engl., 32, 118, PI. 4, fig. 11 (2 figs.) ; (lieb., Tns.

Yorw., 317.
Blottklium StricMandi. Ileer, Yiertelj. naturf. Gosellsch. Zurich, ix, 290.

By the favor of Mr. IJrodie, I have had the opportunity of studying and redrawing
the original of this species, which shows a c()m[)licated cross-neurati.ou by the overlap-
l)ing of the four wings and the tenuity of the membrane. This has enabled me to trace
out the separate neuration of the tegmina, as shown in (ig. 4, which would not have
been possible from the original drawing, whi(th was in other respects not wholly correct.
Xo description accompanied the figure.

The most perfect wing is the U[)per wing of the left side, and this is only preserved
sufficiently to show that it probably belongs in this genus and caimot be identified with
any otlier of the species here referred to Rithma. The humeral area is very narrow, and
is not dilferentiated from the rest by its llatness; the costal area of ni'arly esjual breadth
until close to the tip as in the next species, but the main vein has a slight sinuosity and
no terminal inferior forked vein, and its branches are comparatively few and distant. So
too, are the branches of the cxternomLnlian, which in other respects do not differ from the
next species. In the hind wing, the costal area is nmch narrower and distinctly tapers
apically. The inner bases of all the wings are wliolly obsi-ured by the meso- and meta-
thoraeic scuta, which cf)me to the surface as large spots, so that there is no indication
even ofchK anal furrow; they indicate, however, the p :)sitiou of tht' bases of the wii ,s,
enabling us better to judge of their exact length, while the curves show, where the tip
must lie. Judging by these, the length of the wings was 12 nun.; the breadth of the
two wings at rest o.o nun.; that of one of them, probably about 1 nnn.; and the width of
the mesothorax, 3 nnn.

The specimen comes from the rurbecks of the Vale of Wardour, 'Wiltshire, England,
and is of the same color as the di y brown stone on which it rests, excepting that i)arts
of the thorax are black, the veins n-ying from light to blackish bi-own. The surface of
the specimen is very slightly convi >, and the veins are slightly nnpvessed.

' !|

Rithma Oossii s^p. nov.

ri. 20,n<;. 15.

This species is founded on a nearly perfect wing in which only the anal area is r.iiss-
ing. The wing is of nearly uniform width, nearly <hree times as long as broad, with a
well rounded tip. It is of the same color, veins and all, as the dirty, chalky-white matrix ;

11

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338

the wing shows the tipper surface and is arehefl transver.=<?ly, the costal area roof-like ,
the veins running in sliglit fnrrows. It is pft'uliar for having, like Ji. StrlcMandi, a. very
straight and uniform costal aroa, but the dopres5;\l humeral Hold is of the usual width,
though riithor short, the co'jtal veins are nuin:M*ous and erowdcMl, and a supplementary
inferior, foi-kod, apical vein carrie-5 thj aroi qiittf to tha tip of th ' wing; tlij latter char-
acteristic may avoU bo individual. The externo:n.Mlian and internoin.'dian veins divide
their spuce b^twoan tliem very erjuuUy with abundsmt, forked, almost perfectly straight
veins, the internomedian area terminating just before the apical curve of the Aving, and
the externonu'dian first forking far bi-f )re the middle of the wing. Tlie anal furrow is
no more depressed than the other veins, strongly arcu;ite in its basal half, straight be-
yond, Avith a slight outward curvature at the tip, which is o[)posite the first forking of the
externomedian vein. The course of the main externomedian vein is almost exactly down
the middle of the wing, and the nervules on either side of the wing are about equally
croAvdcd.

Length of wing, 6.5 nnn.; breadth, 2.2 nnn. Tiie species is named for Mr. Herbert
Goss, who has done so nuich in recent years to foster in England an interest in fossil
insects. It comes from the English Purbecks and was submitted to me for study by
the Kev. P. li. lirodie.

Rithma disjuncta sp. nov.
PI. 20, fig. 1».

A single wing in which the characteristics of the neuration are well shown, although
only fragments of the border appear. It is possible nevertheless to judge Avith probable
accuracy of the form of the wing, which seems to have been pretty regularly obovate and
a little more than two and one-half times longer than broad. Tlie wing is perfectly Hat
on the dirty brown stone, with blacdc veiu'^ and more or le^s broken black intercalary
veins, espL'cially in the costal area. Tlie humeral field must have been very slight; the
mediastino-scapular vein pretty strongly sinuous in the basal half, nearly straight api-
cally, the costal area oecn[)ying in the middle nearly half the wing, terminating just above
the apex, and being filled, including the intercalaries, with numerous, crowded, oblique,
simple veins. Tlie externomedian vein follows the same siimous course, is forked not far
before the middle of the wing, the lower branch again forked at less than half-way to the
margin; probably all fork again beyond, but the specimen is broken here. Tlie inter-
nomedian reaches just about as far out as in R. Gossii, is doubly arcuate, and has three
or four inferior, straight, parallel, oblicpie branches. The nervules of the inner are not
nearly so crowded as those of the costal margin. The anal furrow is not dei)ressed,
strongl}' arcuate at base, straight and oblique beyond, reaching the maigii opposite the
first forking of the externomedian vein.

Probable lengili of wing, o.3 mm.; breadth, 2 mm. The species is the smallest of the
genus, eomes from the Wiltshire Purbecks, and is in the collection of the Kev. P. li.
IJrodie.

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Rithma liasina.

PI. 20, ng. 7.

[Without name] IJi-odie, Foss. Ins. Engl., 101, PI. 8, fig. 12.
Blattina liasina Giob., Ins. Vorw., 317.

Blattidiam Uasinnm Ilt'iT, Vicrti'Ij. naturf. Gesollsch. Zilrich, ix, 289.
Itithma liasina Scnulil., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Piiilad., 1885, 114.

Uy the Ivindnt'ss of Ui'v. Mr. Brodie, I have had the oijportiinity of studying the orig-
inal s|)ecinu'n shown in I'l. 8, fig. 12, of his woi'k, and find that it differs so much from
the fignre given that a new drawing is neeessary, whieh shows better than the original
that it belongs in Hitlnna. The Aving exhibits an under surfaee on a dirty light brown
stone, on whieh the veins show slightly darker; it is very slightly eoneave, the interspaees
being slightly depressed in general, and rat her mai'kedly dei)ressed where fignred in white.
The wing is largest just before the middle, tai)ers regidarly beyond, and probably had a
well ronnded tapering ti|), but the apex is nuieh broken. The eostal margin is gently
areuate and the innei" mtirgin straight. Tiie luiin,.'ral field is very large, broad and ex-
tends to the middle of the wing, is Hat, and does not partake of the eoneavity of the I'est.
The mediastino-seapular vein is rather strongly sinuous and terminates just above the tip
of the wing, the bi'oadest part of the eostal area being in the middle where it o( eupios
nearly half the wing. The veins of this area are tolerably numerous, longitudinally ob-
licpu', parallel, the basal ones simple, the apieal forked. The externomedian vein and
its branches are disposed almost exactly as in 7^. disjunda, but occupy a little less space
on the margin, being more displaced by the internomedian veins, which from base api-
cally change their course conspicuously, the basal branches being almost transversely
oblifpie with a slight terminal curve outward, the outer arcuate at root and nearly longi-
tudinal beyond; the branches on the costal and inner margins have a similar distance
apart. The anal area is very large, the furrow being roundly bent in the middle and
transversely oblicpie beyond, but yet reaching nearly or quite half-way down tlii' inner
margii* ;:'hI opposite the basal forking of the externomedian vein; it is not prominent,
and would appeal" to have been no more strongly depressed (on uppei- surface) than the
other veins.

Ijcngth of fragment, 12 nun.; ]>robable length of wing, 11.5 mm.; l)i'eadth of same,
i".25 nun. The specimen comes from the Lias of AVainlode, Strensham, England.

Rithma formosa.

Blattina formosa Ilecr, Lias-Ins. Aarg., 15, PI., figs. 11, 42; Id., Urw. Sehweiz, 83, PI.

7, figs. 1, \h.
mtlnna formosa Scudd., I'roc. Acad. !N"at. Sc. I'hilad., 1885, 114.

In this species, in which the t^'pical rounded wedge-shaped form of the wing is excel-
lently shown, and only interfered with by the lateral expansion of the anal area, [)erhap8
due to displacement by the ci ushing of its vaulted Ibi'ui. the humeral field is very narrow
and small, the costal area broad, equal and appearing to embrace the tip (the figures are

11

m

w

ii

^^' I i- i

.ii . '

I
I

1 1

tin

m

■ll ,
il i

not quite clear nor consistent), while in no other species is the fan-like disposition of the
rays of the externo-and internomedian veins so well shown as here; they divide the field
very equally between them, the externoniedian vein forking far back toward the base; and
the large anal area with its almost regularly arcuate annl lurrow and parallel veins oc-
cupies about a thii'd of the inner margin. The nervules on the two sides of the wing
are of similar distance apart and i-ather crowded. I have not seen specimens of this
species but describe it briefly from the figures.

The length of the wing is 15.5 mm; its breadth 5.5 mm; it comes from the Lias of
Schambelen in Switzerland, and is known from a single wing.

Rithma MorrisL

[Without name] Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., x, 390, PI. 18, fig. 3L
liithma Morrisi Gieb., Ins. A'orw. 319; Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad., 1885,

113, 114.
Blaltidium Moft'lsi Ilecr, A'ierteij. naturf. Ciesellsch. Zurich, ix, 290.

A single nearly jjerfect wing, known to me only by Wcslwood's figure, is closely relat-
ed to li. Jbiinosa, but is smaller, has its greatest width close to the base, has even more
crowded veins, with more abundant dichotomizing and a nnich smaller not protruding
anal area. The humeral field is very small but not slender, the costal area as in H.for-
mosa, but terminating just above and not nibracing the tip, the median veins much as
there but Avith more abundant forking of the branches. The anal fui'row appears to be
bent roundly in the middle and to be oblique apically, yet not to reach even a fourth way
down the inner margin.

The length of the wing is 10 mm. and its breadth nearly 4 mm. The specimen comes
from the Lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay, England.

Rithma purbeccensis.

["Without name] Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., x, 390, PI. 18, fig. 32.
liithma jmrbeccensis Gieb., Ins. Yorw.,319; Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885,

113, 114.
BlattiiUum purhtccensis Ileer, Yicrtelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, ix, 290.

This wing is only known to me as the last, and it is less perfect, but has characteris-
tics which easily distinguish it. It is ])robably broadest in the middle of the basal half
and has the typical wedge shape. The humeral field is large and broad, tajiering much
apically and reaching more than one-third way down the costal margin. The mediasti-
no-scapular vein is very sinuous, making the costal area broadest in the middle of the
apical half of the wing where it occupies two-thirds of the entire breadth, but as the
vein curves upward again apically and ])robably strikes the exact tip of the wing, it nar-
rows rai)idly at the end; the area is filled with crowded, sinuous or arcuate, partially
forked nervules, which are much more crowded than the distant, slightly forked, sinuous
branches of the externomedian and internomedian veins, which appear to divide the space
to the anal furroAV about equally between them. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate in

■; :■ ■ !

Ul

the middle and terminates as far out as tlie luuneral field and far lieyond tlie basal brancli-
inj? of the externomedian ', ein; anal veins not i)reserved.

Tiie length of the fragment is 10.i> mm. and the presumed length of the wing 11.3
mm.; its breadth is 3.5 mm. It comes from the Lower I'urbccks of Dnrdlestone Bay,

England.

Rithma Daltoni sp. nov.

PI. 20, fig. 16.

The single wing sent to me by ^Ir. Brodie is preserved in a similar manner as H. jmr-
heccensis and was at fii'st taken to be the type of that species, but a closer examination
showed that if the latter has been correctly drawn by AVestwood, this nuist be distinct
from it. The wing is of the same color as the dirty chalky white stone on which it rests,
the veins even showing no color distinction. These are finely impressed, showing as
well as the slightly arched surface that its upper side is seen ; there are some faint inter-
calary veins in the costal area not showji in the figure; the anal furrow is no more deeply
incised than are the others, and the humural fii^ld is fiat and at a lower level than the rest.
The wing is undoubtedly broadest in the middle of the basal half, is wedge-shaped, ta-
pering very regularly and considerably, with a straight inner and gently convex costal
margin, to a somewhat pointed (here broken) tip. The humeral field, at first etpud,
tapers in the apical half, which reaches neui'ly to the middle of the wing. The medias-
tino-scapular vein is broadly sinuous, giving the costal area tlni same shape that it has
in E. imrhecccnsis, including the entire tip of the wing, the exti-emity of the vein passing
a short distance below the very apex; its branches are neai-ly sti-aight, i)aral!el and
oblique, the early ones simi>Ie, the later, arising in the bi'oadening field, forked, the forks
originating on a line with the bases of the simple veins. The remainder of the wing is
as in It. jiiii'beccensis, only the branches are equally distant on the two sides of the wing.

Length of the fragment 10.75 mm.; probable length of wing 12 mm.; its breadth prob-
ably 4 mm., though the extreme breadth at the tip of the anal furrow is slightly less,
or 3.85 mm. The specimen comes from the English Purbecks, and the species is named
for Mr. W. II. Dalton of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.

Rithma Westwoodi.

ri. -20, lig. 11.

[Without uame] Westw., Quart. Jouru. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, 300, 39(3, 1'l. 18, fig. 22.

lilthvia Wcstivoodi Gieb., Jns. Vorw., 318-310.

Bluttidium Westwoodi Ileer, A'iertelj. iiaturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, rx, 200.

Among the specimens sent me by Kev. V. B. Br(»die, one occurs Avhich seems to be the
type of AVest wood's figure, since in all that I have seen the figure is reversed, and in this
instance the resemblance is close. I am able, therefore, to describe this s])ecies from the
original and find the doubts I expressed concerning its ])ositi<)u (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
I'hilad., 1885, 113) hardly to be confirmed, though of all the species of Rithma it is the
most closely related to Mesoblattina-.

The under surface is exposed, the specimen being ti-ansversely concave, with elevated
veins and concave interspaces: all arc of the same color as the dirty chalky-white stone.

3':

:i

I "

Im

\m

¥

}

m

M2

Tlic "wmg is t'xci'i'dinjjfly slcmlt'r and suIk'UIU'Hoi'iu, Ju'Iiif? lU'iirly four tiinos lonjjoi' tliiin
broad, its jjirati'st hri-adtli just bcfoir tin' middle, botli costal and inner inar<>:ins f^ently
areuate, and the ti|) somewhat produeed. Theouter hairol" the inner mar<>°in appears to
be sli<j;;htly broken, but is ajjparently narrowed to the very sli<?htest de<i:ree. The hu-
meral Held iwlai'j'e. Hat, rather regularly euneiform, reaehin*;; about two-tilths way down
the eostal mar}j;in, separated by a ridy^e (furrow, if it were viewed from above) from the
adjacent i)arts. The mediastlno-seapular vein is stronjjfly sinuous and terminates far
below the tip of the win<y, so that the eostal area, Avhieh in the entire apical half of the
Avin<>" occui)ieN moiv and j'enerally nuich more than half the breadth, embraces the entire
tip and is filled with re<>"ular, strai<j,ht or j;ently arcuate, siniple or forked, ])arallel, not
crowded branches. The externomediau and internoini'dian areas divich' equally between
them Avhat little sj)ace is lell between this broad costal area and the anal I'urrow. The
anal area is Iar<>;e, the furrow, which is no more prominent than the other veins, bein<;' bent
roundly and sharply in the middle, and yet reachinj^; almost as far as the humeral field,
and as far as the basal fork of the externomediau vein. No anal veins are prcservi'd.
The exteruomedian branches are oulv three or four in numbei-, sinuous and lon<>-itudinal:

• CD 7

those of the internomedian quite as few, nearly strai<;ht and oltlique.

The lenjith of the will";" is 10 nun.; its breadth, 2.(5 mm. It comes from the l]u<>lish
I'urbeclvs, and according to West wood, from the lower members at Durdlestoue Hay.

It is p()ssil)le that the obscure s])ecimen tigiu'cd in IM. 20, lig. (5, also belongs to this
species. It i*. too imperl'cct to determine. The sleiuK'rui'ss of the wing" and the resem-
blance of the humeral iield and amd furrow are very similar, but the form is less tapering,
and the nervules, especially toward the ti[), are nuicb more crowded and moi"e directly
longitudinal. It is j)os!<ible, howcvei-, that it should be represented i s broader, as the
iimer edge comes against a slight elevation in the dirty chalky-white stone. Perhaps ;i
closely allied s])ecies is indicated. It comes from the English I'urbecks and was sub-
mitted to me with the other by !Mr. Brodie.

Another species. a])parently belonging to this g;enus, is indicated by tlu; obscure speci-
men figured in I'l. '20, fig. 8. It diffei's from any in the decided tapering^ of the apical
half to an almo>t ])ointed tip, but the neuration is too imperfect to indicate any fui'ther
characters. I'robably the right baud margin is the costal. The wing is flecked with
reddish-brown, contrastinjjf with the light brown color of the stone, the veins dusky. Its
length is 7.2.") nun., and its breadth. 2.<) nun.; and like the last it comes from the Knglish
Purbecks and was conununicated by Kev. Mr. IJrodie.

Rithma? minima »p. nov.

IM. 22, flga. 2,8a, Sjr, 11.

[AVithout name] figured with others by AVestwood, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. Lond., x,
J383-384, I'l. !;■), fig. 1-1, the ui)permost and the letl hand of the two lowest objects.
Two objects Avhich probably belong- together, as their relative sizes agree perfectly,

are found on the same light brown stone, and are referred here from ulight indications

!

fi il-

^13

'i'lu-

Hav,

only in tlii' clini-actcr ol'llic win<:f. The K|K'cii's is ccHainly distinct from any Iviiown on
acconnt of its si/c alone, and tlic diri'ction oT tiic ni('diastino-scai»nlai' vein is siicli as to
!<'ad ont' to pi-csinnc it tt'rminatcd at tlii' very tip ol' tiic win^, wliicli is ol'an oval slia|)C!
and rather lnoad for its IcnjjjtJj, ta|K'rin<^ in tiie apical lialCto a ronndcd tip c(|nally slop-
in{5 on both sides. The anal fnri'ow is not w-vy stronjifly ai-cnate, but unnsnaliy li-ans-
versc and the anal veins inipin<j^(' on the niar<^in. An upper surliice is shown which is
sli^'htly domed. Jionfj^th, 4 mm.; breadth, I.O mm.

The other object is a pronotum (tl" a cockroach, S.'J.l nnn. broad and 2.'^ nun. lonjr,
broadly and transversely oval, the hinder mar^jfin less rounded than the Cront niar<^in,
the disc slij^htly convex, with slij^^ht irreji^ularitles like jjfcntle lon<:;itudinal plications, as
seen in the (i<;ure (li^-. li), the delicate edj>e very slij;htly min-ked by n darker line.
As it corresponds exactly t(t what Ave should expect of a |ironolum belon<;iu;>' with the
wing on the same stone, and is only about 2 cm. reujoved from it, and as no other known
niesozoic sj)ecies approaches it closely in size, there can be little doubt that they belong
together. 'V\u\ specimens come from the middle Piirbecks of I)j)i-set, Kugland.

The other objects found on this same stone are als(» figured on the same plate. One
of them, I'ti'.vinohhdlinfi pi iniui, is described elsewhere in this paper. Fig. I (S/>) is lig.
\\X of Westwood and considered by him as the wing (»f a grasshopper. Fig. 10 (S/") is
lig. 11® of Westwood and considered by him us one of the Trichoptera. Fig. 12 ( 8^/)
is fig. 14:* of AV\\stwood, also considered by him as trichoptenuis. Fig. V.\ (Se) is fig.
14* of Westwood and named by him Cercopidlam TtleftpJioriis. 'i'hese will be dis-
cussed at some future time, and are only mentioned here to exi)lain the jdatc, accord-
ing to AVestwood's views.

MkSOUT.ATTIXA E.Goiiiilz.

Mi'soblcitllua E.(iein., Zeitschr. deutsch. gcol. (Jesellsch., 18S0, r)19-r>2(); Scudd.,

I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phi lad., 188.'), 1 14.

This gemis, ])roposed at iirst by (ieinitzas a sub-genus for a cotiple of species of nies-
ozoic cockroaches, on account of the course of the anal ni'rvures, was afterwards ex-
tended by him to include another species, which disagn'cd in this ])articular from the
others. In this he was right, inasnmch as the group, which slutnld be accorded generic
value, contains forms which vary considerably in this respect. The characters refi'rred
to in my paper on niesozoic cockroaches (si-e above) relating to the course (»f the inter-
nomedia?! and externonu'dian nervules seem to be more important. The genus was the
most prolific of any in niesozoic times. The wings are generally slender and parallel
sided or nearly so, though in not a few they taper as conspicuously as in most of the
species of Kithma, and one species at least is broadly oval. The flat humeral field is
nearly always large and cons])ieuous, and the costal area large as in liithmn, from which
it is distinguished mainly by its greatest peculiarity, which is the basal sinuosity and
subsequent almost completely longitudinal course of the extcrnomediuii and interne-
median veins and all their branches, the latter even rarely touching the border before
the a])ical half, and generally not before the apical fourth or fifth of the wing, while the
anal furrow does not extend ont after them, but meets the border at a broad angle. In
addition to this, the veins of the anal area show in a considerable number of species (in

•B'in

'M \
»>rtnvt1u*ivirt i" not piv<«ovvoi\^ n «tv.>»vu' (ontloiwv \\\ run in n ^iinilulv l.M\iii(n<lin!»tr«un'H(>.

tlio rtiv.K \\li» IT th»\\ nn' olo-.olx (1\\s(,m«mI. I'l\i«< i>. on n|>|»ri>Hth low ;uil lli<' {ionouilh
lonaiUhlinrtI »Nnn'so of \\w i\\\',\\ \v\w< in ro»>ont «'ooki>>iM'hoH, wlw'co lln-v ulnH npon thr
rtn.\l rnn-o« mu] n<>t .Nn tho n<;\Vi;in. Tlio f>«MuiH hJiuuIh nn<h\iv\ l>«>l««M'n Kill\n»ii nnti
Kli>;un:\. tlio lull or l^ciiiu ■"' ij< i\n>- in wlnoh iho |>(M'nliin'«'<»ni>*(' o(" (l\o ini'«lii>n \ i'in« i^ n>««ii>
o<M\s|M»Mi«M(>.' {h;\\\ ]\cvi\h\\\ \\]\\y\\ h;\s no snrh laijio snud incst :i>< !•< I'lnninmi to (Iii>
s)v«^ioN ol'ihit \ivnnH. Mo«(>M;U(in,» is (i«\t\<oitM»ln\nil;(n( in MpocioH (hiin :u»\ oUm'i (noto
7oio jivnns, Uoin.ti' J'onnd in oonHi(lov;\Mo nUnnil.in* i> liodi in (hi' Lin-j ;)n<l in (lie (>oli(i'.
Imt osixH-ijiUv in \\w l;\((or. ri\<' sp,. ii». \\\:\\ he '.<>p;n.i1«tl inio i\>o oioup'^.

M«»r^olM«tMn(» BtAk<>< ■-\y n v.

n. M. «!2. t'h

A siniil*' winja iVoiw whith !i < o\»>i>l<>V!«l>I«' portion of (l\(> tip i- lo-^t. Iml witiili show-
nil tli«MhjnM«^1oti;vtio i>,ni>- ol'il>(> n>>ni;Hion !ilnii»>l «'oi\tpl('iol\ . A'^ io^IoiimI on tlioplnd'.
ihc winsi i> o\ioo«linj:l\ -londcr. \»0!\il\ (o\n' li(\ios .■t-' lonu ;i>« InoMil. \> illi mmx puitilli'l
sidoN. tlio «ost;)n>or<liM' iit>n'l\ ;ir<n,itr. (liMlcnt-d in tl>i' iniiltilc ;in'' ''\o innor ncnj^iii
ivrtvlx strjusihi. Tlu' lntnnM';«l (iold iv xciv lotijj. lim< ri-s|\!ipi'»l. ('\(«'i\. no noin'l\ to tln'
nii<Mlo ol' the Min<j. V\w ini'diMslino-M'MpulMr xi'in i'. i'\<'iM>ilitmi_\ •-ittnonx. (In> imtm Itcinji
br.v^ilo^l .^p]vwiio thi' ti]> o1' thi' l\nn\i>;;il (icM. \\ hi>ii' it i'' no,iil\ linlT oT tlio iMonlth ol
thowiuii. ;>n»l oxtt^nilittu (prolvihlv "^ o)\l\ ;i little di'-tuncv' I>i'\oni| \]w niitlillc ol" the ontcr
h;\ir<>rtlH' wit^ii-; tho ttoiv (tit- iin> oMi,pio. siinplo. pinnllcl. toloifihlx (tlniniliinl. Tlio on
t< ii\oiuo<li!\n voit) (n-st fovKs soi\t«'\\l»a( holoiM* \\\v n\i»ltll«' of tlu> \\in,i>' .'titil litis loii^. ho liir
ns <;\\\ Iv Mvn siin)0«\ whollv loni:itnilin!il. or npw.ivil cnixiim InfiinlicM wliicli Irnnl sn
ns ]M\>1viM\ l<^ tonnin;»1r on tlio t.ipi rinu .•ip«'\ oltlu* \\in<i \\holl\ !iI>om> iIic nii(lilli> line;
proK-iM\ tli»\\ tovk noar tlio ti|>. Tin- in(ornonit>(li;in \riii is <li\ idod lifioK ol' the liisi
lovkinji' oftlu' » \tovnoniotli.in into two Im.-uu'Iios. tlii' upper ol' uliioli I'orKs nojir (lie iiiitl-
dlo of tho winvi .'nul reseniMes one of (lie e\(<Mnonie«lifin oll'».lioo(s; tlie otlier Iimm lliree
or foTU" iulerior. sinnou-*. \i'r\ lonjiitndin.il lujinelies. nil inipiii.i;in,;v on (lie oii(er liiiH" ol
llio l(>\\er margin anil rather inon- eloseI\ eiNMxdt^d than (he eosial ner\ iiIom. The iinal
an\-« is ver\ larj;e. exteiulins: \er\ nearix a-- Car out a'- the Innneriil llehl ; (he anal riiirow
i> «le]Mvssed. \er\ iinilorinlv aivnale, and (lie anal \eins ar.> \(>r\ peenliar. appearing (o
consi'»( of a niitl-\ein jvirallel (o (he anal furrow, dividinn' the area into (wo nearlv
tNpial halves and fnrnished \\i(h loiiiiitudinallv oMiipie paralh>l nervnh's whieli appear (o
tenuinalo at e<p(idistant points on (he tnaviiin: and seeond. of a siuyle slight vein iniilwax
Wtwoen the Ih-st and th«> anal fnn\nv, the tennination of whi»'h is iineiMlain sinee (he
outer lower half of the anal aiH'a is hndxen awav. revt-alinii' heneath (he v»>rv eloselv ap
]m>\inia1ed. ]>aralle1. ohliijni' olVshoots of (^prohahlx) (he anal area of (he hind wiiij^'.

Length of iVacnuin lo nun.; piN>hahle leiiiidi t^f winji' 15> nini.; wiildi ."» nun. In (he
struotuiv of the anal aivrt (his winjiis (o(ally «lilVeri>n( from miv odier s|)eeies. It comes
friMtt the I'pp.T l.ias of Alder(on. (ihuiivstorshiiv. l-ln,i>-land, ami was moiiI iiu> I»,v Ke\ .

MIA

I*. 11. HriMlii'. It 1l'")'J nil II tlillv IllnWII mIiiIIc, IIh' \*'\\\^ llilllji lljlli'Mull. I ||||\t> lllMlll'll
it lor K(|\ . .1. I'', nilllu' \\\\<\ llll' llliuli' ■<n|in> li'Mi'iMi'lu'i i||iii|| ll|i< |,it|M ill-Ji'llu.

Ni>\) (n (ll'n I |i|||ri', i|nl|liirilll> . ll i iii||i|.' iiri'iinil'^ M llii It ii|i> im!i||'||||\ llniih K Itllctl,

mill ii|i|iiiii'iill\ liolitiivi ill llii-i > ii iiiil> , ltii< III)' liMt iiii|ti'iTci I (n iIImi ihm liill^ iiiilil licl -
li>r iiiiHiM'iitl hIiiiII itll'i'i'.

i )\\o i»|' iliiMii ( V\. 'Jit. Il;t'. ;i) liiH ll liM«ii' mill Imiio' cimliil mi'ii In wliii Ii ||ii> iniilii vi'lit I**
irunliirh iiii'iiiili' mill iN iili|i<|iii> Iniiin Ihm m r iliMimii ni |iii'<i> mid ii|rn ullv I'Mildil: mi
cNliMiiiMiK'ilimi M'iii III' liltir iiiipi ii t iiiHi' wilti tWM III lini'i' ulmllv |iiii;>il inliiiiil liiiiiii Id'm
niiiiilii^ iliiwii llio iiiiililli' III' (III' «iiiji; mi iiilii iiniiiiilimi willi (Iiiim' m I'mii' Iiiliiiiii. nl
IIi'mI rntlii'i' ili'iliiiil, liiMil liriiiK'lii'H. Iriiiiiiiiitiii^ I'm' mil ; mihI mi iimil I'liiinw v\ liii li ii nli
lii|iii> mill Miniio.lil ii|iiriill>. iiiiliriitiiuv ll nitlii'i ImjH' mml iinii.

ll mIihiiIiI Iii> imli'il ImwiMM' lliiil llir iiid riniiiii ijiiiii tinii ]» i iiliiilv Mi'|im iiliil I'lnin mul

lioH III II mIIoIiIIv ImMT Ii'M'I IIiiIII |I|i< I'I'hI III llir wilia. mm) lull il i^^ llnt illl|ili'J'^ilili' ( ll|MM(i||
linl |l|ii|llllt|i') tlllll llli'lt' mi' Iwn « ill,",^ lli'lt'. IImIIi jiiiiIm mr |ii| |i'<( I >' IImI Willi ItlMWII-

IhIi vi'iiiH.

'Tilt' Iciiydi hI' llii' ll iii'iiii'iit \i A 7r» mill mill iN IikmiIiIi |.r» miii. iiiijii'iiliii^ n wiii(.>
iiliDiil I'J mill. Iiiii^', mill |ii'rliii|i'4 A iiiiii ImohI. ll i'imih'm I'imiii lln' l'!iii>li i|i I'm lii'i'h'4

mill WllM Hrlll me liv Wi'V. IV M. Ilnnlii'. ( )ll lllr t:!imr 'jImim , ijiiuic III MJiji' till' i||i|ii I liMu;-
iiii'iil. lii"^ llii' H|n riiiii'ii til' / hiilinn/iftittiini tlnih/i ili^ii ilnil liiillii r mi mhI lij'.iiii i| mi

n. '"-', 11^. n.

'I'lii' iillii'i' ( I'l. 'Jl'. ll;',. IM) liii'j 11 liiiiinl iM^liil mh'ii wliiili wmiM Im' iiilliir 'iliml, Iml.
lliiil (III' itdit'rwiMi' I'iiIIh'I' Hli'mi!>lv iiniiiili' miiiii viiii jw icinrnirfd ii|pii nlly I'V Iwn or
llll'i'c Hii|ii'riiir lmi«',iliiiliiiiil liiiiin In '% wliili' IIh' iiilii inr In imt In m mr nniin huh, Kiiii|i|('.
|tmiillrl mnl iililiijiii'; lln' i\lii inimiiliMii mIii i'^ iiiinli inj in Ilii' inci i iliiii'. iiinl tlic inlcr-
iiiimi'ilimi liiiH iiIiiiiimI ('i|iiiiIIv lnn^iilinliiiiil mIih, linldiiji cmiMiiliinlily mnl i^ciilly iin iinlc
III liiiMi' iiiiliriiliii}' II lmi<r iiiiiil iiit'ii. 'I'Ih' uli^lil ili'iin'w^imi nllln' vi'Imh iinli«'(il<'M iin up-
|t('l' Hill I'lni'. Iml llii' Hill I'liri' ilHi'lr in |»( il'ii lly llnl. 'I'lnif' i'^ ii wjij^lil I'ci ril^iimim lini^rc
III lln> win;; uliiili willi IIh' MinKi'^li limwii vi'IIih ili'^liiiiriii'^li it i|irn l<ly li'im lln- iliily
li^lil lii'iiwii Hlmii'. 'I'Ih' Iiiij^IIi mI'IIh' riiioMKiil Ih 5> mm. mnl ilw liii'inllii I.Ljri mm., in-
iliciiliii^' II wiii^' iilimil l.'l mm. Imi^ mnl piiliiipH I. A mm. Iiioml. It wiih li'ccivt'il I'l'iiii
|{(>v, Mr. Hi'oilii' Inil willimil iinliriilimi nl' liHiilily m- Inni/mi.

A:'- A

' I

}^

Monoblnttiitn Bntinonl b|i. imv.
I'l. W, tU;. 17,

All iiliiinHt pcil't'cl wiiit^, lii'Iiiir liiuld'ii Hli^rlilly (ll lln- liimc ll im very ^liinlcr, li<iiit<;
iiliiiiiHt I'mir timc,'^ nn lmij» ii.h ImoikI mnl oCtlic Hiinn- HJinpf iih /I/. IU<il,il, i-4 p)'simn<l f'»
Ih>. /\ii iimli'i" Hiii'riirt" Ih hIkiwii, 'IIh- liimn'idl lidil i^ iiKMlfriilc, fxti'inliii;/ 'iv«r smm'-
wlinl iiioiT llimi II ipiiiilc r ol' tlic winy. 'I'lic mfdiimtiini-HC'iipnl/ii vein i-j j/i nlly Kimioiis
iM'iir till' liiiHc, liryinl iniiily Hlriii^lil, tf'i'miiiiiliii<,c.i"**t nliovc lln' fxticmf tipfx mnl <.':ivirij<
the nisliil mrii iirmly liiiH" tlir wiiij<; tlic viiiik mr iiimnroim, sli^^htly clrvdt'd, psiKilJil,
lmi;jiiliidiiiiilly nltliipH', mnl in the miter Indl" ol' tin- win;; (ilwny^ Torked l'» n modcnitf
ili'gn'c. Tlic c.Nlcniomcdinii liiHl I'mkn opjir»silc the end of the hiimerfil lield,iind h(i-< id-

';h

!.) 1

'■! : i

! i

340

timntoly about ciglit or niiio hrnnclics which liuvtMi vi'vv ^ract'ful h)nf?llinVinnl ('oursc,
scarcely arcuato downward and oceupyinjjf tho whole of the lower half of the winjjf
t'p. The iiit.M'noinedian is flrsl forked even earlier than the precediiifj;, and its similarly
abundant and crowded branch<'s have a very f?raceful and <?i>nlle, longitudinally Hiiuions
sweep, all falling on the mar;;in in the apical two-liniis of the wiufj^. The anal area Ih
nmplc, the furrow being very regularly arcuate, ternunating near the end of the hccoiuI
lilYh of the wing, <lepre8scd, especially in the a|>ical half; the anal n»'rviden of a similar
nbundanco t<) those of the rest of tlu' wing, mostly forked near their base, arcuate and
parallel to the furrows.

The length of the wing is about 18.2.1 mm. its breadth /i.! nun. It comes from the
Upper Lias of Dumbleton, Gloucestershire, England, where it was obtained by Kev. H.
L IJenson, who gave it to Kev. I*. H. Mrodie, to whom I am indebted for an opportiuiily
to study it. It is of a dull fuliginous color with here ami thee a reddish tinge on a blu-
iaii gray stone.

*

MoBoblattina Swlntoni f<i). nov.

PI. 20, r.- 10.

A fragment of the most important parts of a wing shows so great a resemblance to
M. Bensoni that it can hardly bo doul)ted that it belongs in this immediate vicinity,
while its differences will scarcely allow us to place it in the same species. The general
distribution of the branches of all but the anal veins (which are not preserved) is es-
sentially that of M. Bnisoni, even to the relative origin of the earliest forks of thee.x-
terno- and intcrnomediau veins and their relation to the humeral field; but the course of
the media8tiuo-scai)ular vein (which is quite straight just where in M. Jicnsoni it is most
sinuous, and gives the costal area about two-fifths of the area of the wing), and the less
strongly arcuate and apically more straight anal furrow, Avhich gives the area a greater
longitudinal extent while the straightncss of the superior veins lessens its breadth, give
it at once a dilferent aspect from M. Bensoni and renders it most probably an entirely
distinct siieclcs. It is also probable that it is not so slender a species as the preceding,
being probably but little more than three times as long as broad.

The fragment is 8 mm. long, and 5 mm. broad, but the probable length of the wing
was about 18 mm. and its probable breadth 5.5 mm. It comes from the English Pur-
becks and is in the collection of Kev. P. B. Brodie. The species is dedicated to Mr. A.
II. Swinton who has contributed somewhat to our knowledge of English fossil insects.
It occurs on a dirty chalky-white stone, and is faintly fuliginous in color. An upper
surface is shown and the wing is faintly arched transversely but is otherwise fiat; the
veins are channelled, the anal furrow and internomedian less than the others, but the
anal furrow is not depressed below the level of the other veins.

Mesoblattina Oeikiei sp. nov.

ri. 20, fig. 9.

A nearly jierfect wing, beautifully preserved, showing an upper surface. It is slender,
being slightly more than three times as long as broad. The humeral field is moderate

% 1

347

being nhniit an long nn tho width of tliu wing, iinil liinc(<t-Hhii|HMl. Tho nicdiastino-
Hciipulitr vi'in is gently niid hroiiilly Hinnons terminating ii litth^ above the very apex of
tlie wing, making tin' (M>Htal area broadest in tlu^ middle and a littb* leHs than lw<»-(illlhH
tilt! width of the wing; its branehits are tolerably nnnierons, longitndinally obli(|ne, tho
basal ones simple, the odierH which an; morit obli(pi(t iorki-d about their middle. Tlieex-
turnomediaii vein forks first oppositi; the tip of the nnal ftirrow, and tcrminaleH an far
below the ti|>as the upper vein above it; it has two or three simple or forked longitudi-
nal branches. The internomedian forks opposite the end of tin; humeral field and haH
three or four more or less longitndinally sinuous branches impinging on the outer half
of the inner margin, which, like the costal branches, are less crowded (m the margin than
the externomcdian. The anal furrow is rather deeply depressed, strongly and very regu-
larly areuate, terminating a little beyond the end of the basal third of the wing; the nnal
nervules are parallel to it, but sinuous mesially (as if by an accident of iiduunation) and
apically forked, terminating at erpiidistant points on the margin; they are about aH dis-
tant as the costal branches. The wlwde wing, cx<M(pting in the basal half of tho <rostaI
area and of course the humoral lield, shows a cross venation between the nurvules,
breaking them into pretty regular <|uadrate cells.

The length (»f the specimen is 12.25 mm.; jirobable length of wing l.'J./) mm.; Its
breadth 4..') mm. It comes from the Ijlas of Hrown's wood, Moreton Hagot, Warwick-
shire, Kngland, and was sent mo by Rev. 1*. H. Urodie. It is named for the present
director of the (Jefdogical Survey of Great Itritain. The wing, M'hich glistens a little,
Is scarcely darker than tho slate-gray stone on which it rests; the veins, which run in
depressions (while the Jntercalaries keep the ridges of the roof-like int.'rspaces) are
reddish brown, interrupted frequently by obscurer portions giving them a nm'k«jd appear-
nnuc under the lens; the same is true of tho cross veins in tho anal area.

Mesoblattina dobbertinensis.

Blnttina {Mcaohlatlina) dobbertinensis E. Gein., Zeitschr. Deutsch. gcol. Gesellsch.,

1884, r>7(), PI. l.'J, fig. 1.
Mesohlattina dobbertinensis Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phllad., 1885, 115.

This spoeies has bctm de3cril)ed with some care by Geinltz, and needs no further men-
tion than to say that its nearest ally appears to be .U. Geikiei, a species twice as long;
it differs from it also in the greater brevity of the anal area and the much greater breadth
and importance of tho costal area.

Its length is G.5 mm. and it comes from the Lias of Dobbertin, Germany.

Wy \

' I '

2. Hie anal veins are directed toward the tij) of the anal furrow.
Mesoblattina Higginsii sp. no v.

ri. 21, fig. 14.

This species and the next, of neither of which is the anal area known, are placed in
this group because of their general relations to the species which unquestionably fall
here, though it may readily be found hereafter that they must bo transferred to tho

Ii

i ■--■'

:m8

preceding proi'p, to the latter s]ieeie8 of wliieh they hear main' niarlis of resenihlauee,
but from which ru y also hoth dilfer much in the immense extent of the humeral field.

A sin}>le wing with a fragmentary lip represents the upper surface of this species.
It is of a dull, i)ale yellow color on a dirty chalky-white stone. The surface is Hat, the
veins depressed and slightly dusky. Restoring the form of the apex from the course of
the existing margins and veins, the wing a])iiears to have been elongate elliptical in
shape, pi'obahly three times as lom.-* as broad, with u>iiforml\ and considerably arctiate
costal margin. The humeral field is depressed, lancet-shaped, and of unusual extent,
reaching certainly over one-half the wing and probably more. The mediastino-seai)ular
vein is pretty strongly sinuous, especially arcuate a little beyond the base and terminates
at the tip of the wing, the costal area occupying in the <niter half of the wing fully half
its breadtii; the branches are longitudinally oblique, straight, parallel and not crowded,
the basal ones simple, the outer forked and more longitudinal. The externomedian is
closely attached to the jHTceding vein in the basal third of the wing, beyond that arcu-
ate with superior, forked, longitudinal branches, the lirst fork opposite the end of the
anal furrow. The internomedian is pretty strongly sinuous and obliquely longitudinal
■with three or four inferior, rather distant, arcuate branches, strtmgly arcuate and sublon-
gitudinal as they approach the mai-gin, which they touch only in the outer half of the
wing; it first forks opposite the divergence of the upper veins. The anal area is very
large, the furrow no more impressed than the other veins, strongly and jiretty regularly
arcuate, terminating, by reason of a slight outward sweep at the tip, not far short of the
middle of the wing. The ultimate branches are more crowded on the a[)ical than on the
costal or inner maig-ns.

Length of fragment, 11 mm., probable length of wing, lij.S mm., breadth, r>A mm.
The specimen comes from the English Purbecks, locality not stated, and was submitted
to me hy ilev. 1*. li. Brodie. The species is named for Rev. II. II. lliggins of Liver-
pool.

Mesoblattina Murcbisoni

ri. 21, flg. 5.

[Without name] Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, PI. 18, fig. 43.
Jtithma MHirhisoni Csieb., Ins. A'orw., 319.

JilaUiilinm Murchi><oni Ileer, Viertelj. naturf. CJesellsch. Zurich, Tx, 200.
Mesohlatt'ina Miifdnsonl Scudd., Vvw. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad., ISHa, 111-11.').

Among the species with which I have been favored by Mr. lirodie is the typeof Wesl-
wood's figure, uul as this is defective in some particulars, I have drawn the specimen
again. It is in .nueh the same state of preservation as the preceding and though nearly
related to it is nevertheless vei-y disliiiet in the sweep of the inferior veins. It shows an
iinder surface, nearly fiat, the humeral field ])cing a very little higher than the rest, the
veins seated on slightly convex ridges. The specimen is of the same color as the dirty,
chalky-white stone. Apparently no part of the inner margin is jiresent, but the course
of the inferior branches leads us to i)resuine that it is straight, and the i-estoration of the
wing on this basis, with the regularly arcuate curve of the 'v-stal, leads us to jjrcsume it

Avas a little more tlian three times as loiip^ as broad, and, while nearly equal in width
thnnig'hout, broadest in tiie middle. Tlie humer.d Held is larj^^e, laiu-et-shivped but broad-
est shortly before its pointed lip, reaehinj'' just about to the middle of the winj^'. The
nuMliastiuo-seapular veiu is pretty sti'oui^Iy sinuous and espeeially areuate a little be-
yond till) biisi', exaetly as in .1/1 //tyj/Ms-tV, eurving" upwai'ds apieally and terminatinuf be-
fore and above the tip, muking the costal area broadest in the middle, where it is a little
less than half the width of the wing; the nervtdes are exactly as in M. Jllijulnsii ov per-
haps a little more oblique. The entire structure of the externomeilian is a repetition of
what is found in the last species, excepting that iho basal divi-rgeiiee from tiie upper
veins is a triile earlier, and that all the nervules impinge on the apical border above, in-
stead of all below the tij). The internomediau veins are more numerous and crowded
than in M. IIii/(jinsii\ have a more decided basal curve, and so throughout nearly their
entire length are almost completely longitudinal, sub-parallel to the mediastiuo-scajmlar
veiu, and undoubtedly parallel to the inner margin. The anal area is tolerably large,
but not so large as in the last si)ecies; the furrow, which has the character of the other
veins, is strongly arcuate in the basal half, bent beyond the middle, and transversely ob-
Tupie and straight beyond, terminating pi-obably at about the end of the basal tliiid of the
wir.g. As stated, the anal veins are absent, and it is only presumed to belong in this
section by its allinitiesto others and es|)ecially to .1/. JJucl-faiitfi.

Length of fragment, 11..") mm.; probable length of wing, 1.'5 mm.; breadth, o.S,") nnn.
The spei.imen studied is the original of Westwood's figure and comes from tiie Lower
I'urbecks of Durdlestoue liay.

d\

Mesoblattina Bucklandi sp. uuv.
ri. •_>!, lij;. 2.

Although a slight fiagment isbndien from the base and from the ai)i'x of the specimen
representing this species, il is practically perfect, and though the ,'ostal mai'gin is con-
siderably less arcuate, it is of much the same shape as that presumed of ]\r. Mnrv/iisoiii,
with which it agi-i'es closely in all other ])arlicnlai's. Tt shows an under surface, l)eing
concave, the anal ari-a separately and to a considerable degree; the veins run along the
top of convex ridges. The humeral Held is, lio\vevi>r, simple, lanei't-shaped. and only
about two-lifths the length ol" the wing, though slill exii'iiding further than the anal
area. The costal ari'a is almost a eompUte dnpliiale <.'f that of .1/. Jlinr/iisoni, but is a
little broader in the middK-, almost eipialling half the l)readth of the wing. Tiie extei'-
noniedi!".! vein arisis in the same way but lirst forks a little later, just beyond the tip of
the anal area, and the branches, diverging very slightly and uuifoinily, covei- a con-
siderable space on the margin, so as to occupy nearly all the arcuate porti(m of the apex
below the costal area. The internomediau veins are hence a very little li's> longitudi-
nal, trending sliglitly downward, though they stiike the margin only in the apical half
of the wing. The anal an-a is of about the same size, but the I'urrow, which if an
upper surlaec were shown would be uniformly and rather lU-eply iinpressi-d, is almost
uniformly arcuate, Avith no median bend, striking the margin oliliipiely, a little beyond
the basal third of the wing. The anal veins, next the furrow subpai'allel to it, form as a

$

f

III

('

' I
I

t« ■

ng

i i

350

wliolo a subfiisifonn hiimlle, its ontor apov cliivcMcd (oward the pxdvinity ofllic anal
furrow; thov si'om, lunvovor, to tonninate ratlu'r on the iniuMiiiost vrin wliich runs p.n--
alK'l to till' niar>;in, tlian on tlu' niar<>in ilsclC The anal aiva Jind tin- outor adjoining;-
mi'ts show .i fuu' cross-vi'ining hirakinj;' up tho intrispaccs hito tolerably re^^uihir (|ua(l-
rato I'l'lls.

Lonj^th of IVai^ini'ut, It) mm.; prosnniahK' lonj^th oCwinj;-, 11 nnn.; its breadth, 3. 2.">
mm. The speeiinen, re('elve<l tln'ou,i;li the favor of Mr. lii-odie, eomes froni lOiifj^Iand,
but its location and hori/on are not indicated. It is probably f oni the l*in'I)ecks, and is
named in me\nory of William Hnckland. The winj;* is of thesaine color as the dull blu-
ish gray matrix, but the veins. i;-eiu'rally scarcely darker, are in places quite black.

Mesoblattina elongate. ,

I Without nauic] Wislw.. Quart. .louru. (Jeol. Soc. Loud., \, .")!)!, Tl. 1;", fly. 23.

lihttliiKi if()iii/(i/(( (iiel).. Ins. Vorw., 322.

Maiohhtlllna i/mif/afd Scudd.. Troc. Acad. >>'al. Sc. IMiilad., ISS-I, 1 bl.

This spi'cies is too obsc nrt'ly li,i>ined to enable me to cesci'ibi' its strticture in detail,
but it certainly aj;rei's closely with M. lincldandi, with which it a,:;rces well also in si/e.
As, however, they diifer in several points of importance, I have m.. thouj>ht it right to
consider tluMU identical; in particular maybe noted in this species tlni coin])arative
brevity of the humeral iield, which apju'ars to be hiokeu olf, the abundance of the co.stal
nervures, and the upward sweep of the median nervules.

The species is re|)resented as 11.7;) mm. long, and comes from the Middle rurbecks
of Durdlestone Bay, England.

Mesoblattina protypa.

Blatthia (.Uesohlattuin) ^>/-o////>rt K. Gein., Zeitsehr. Deutscli. geol. Oe.-icllsch., 1880,

O19-20, n. 22, fig. 1 ; Id.j iUd. 1881, oGO-TO.
Mesohhittlna protypa Scudd.. Troc. Acad. IN at. Sc. Philad., lS.s.1, 114.

This si)ecies, distinguishable among its neighbors by the comparative brevity of the
humeral fiidd, tho narrowness of thu e )st;il area and the straightnuss of the mtuliastino-
scapular vein, has been carefully described and liguriul by (Jeinitz, and liouds no further
mention here.

The wing is 8.5 mm. long and comes from the Lias of Dobbertin, Germany.

Mesoblattina Murrayi sp. < ov.

I'l. 21, llg. 4.

This species, Icnown by a singli' example broken in the middle and lacking the tip, is
still so nearly complete as to be satisfactory, and its evident relationship to the next two
species shows that, although the anal veins are wanting, it must fall in this group. The
specimen is screely dingier than the dirty chalky-white stxme on which it lies, the veins
concolonms '1 ho upper surface is exposed and it is well arched, the veins impres.sed,
the into"'i»acc.s < • .ivex, and when narrow, as at ajiex, prominent. The wing is broad-
est a iiuic ber<;;e the middle, and tapers very gently owing to the arcuation of tiie

861

costal tnarfj^in; the lip Is ]>r()l)ahly in-cdy fully rountlod. 'IMic luimoi-al fiold is well dc-
volopcd, well inni'kcil. Hat a?t(l stroiif^iy (luprcsscd, Hlcmlci'ly laiu'cojiitt?, fxlcudiii^ over
tiic basal tvvo-liriiis of llic wiiijj^, tiif (lostjil boi'dor di'iicatcly niar<;iiiat(!. 'V]n'. incdias-
tiiiD-scapiiIar vein has ,"ii t'litii-t'ly similar coiirsc! to that of M. MiirrlilsnnI, iiiakiii;^^ lh((
costal area broadest in [\\v middle of (he wiii^, but lhei'(! only l\vo-(ii'llis tlu! width of
till! wiii^; llu! iiervides are simple, rather lon<;itiidii)ally obliipie, parallel and nnmeroiis.
The base of the cxtornonuidian vein is obsinn'ed, but the branches, which ar(M)ccasionally
forked in the apical hall" of the win;^', an; all straij^ht, crowflcd ami completely lon^^itu-
dinal or trend Kr<i!;htly upward, occupyin<j^ on the mar^j^in the ^^reater, especially the
up|)er, part of the tip. 'i'he internomcdian vein liist forks before the middle (d" the basal
half of the wing, is ver)- sinuous, the basal branclieH sfron;jfly bent near the outei- angle
of the anal area and afterwai'ds 8vveei)ing outward with a slight obrKpiity. The anal
furrow is not depressed, sti'ongly arcuate, its tij) slightly sinuous, i-eaching a little be-
yond the basal third of the wing.

Length of fr gment, llJ.CJ.Ii mm.; probable length of wing, 10 tmn.; its breadth, .'"».;}.") mm.
The specimen, the study of which I owe- to Mr. Itrodie, conies fi-oni the English Tiir-
be(d<s, locality not stided, and is named for the late Andrew Mui'ray, Ksq., wlio found
time amid other valuable studies to describe IIk^ oidy known fossil insects (tf iiiiiish India.

m

Mesoblattina Brodiei Hp. nuv.

ri. 21, n-,'. 7.

The species is represented by an excellent specimen showing the upper surface of the
■wing, a little dingier than the dirty chalky-white stone on which it lies; it is slightly con-
vex with the flat humeral field declivent, its inner border deeply impressed lik(! the anal
furrow; all the veins are impressed and of the color of the wing, those? i»f the cxterno-
mediaii and iuteruomedian areas mucli more faintly than the others. Tin; wing is obo-
vate ill general form, but is of somewhat irregular shape, in which it agrees in ])art at
least witli M. MautAlL The costal margin is strongly arcuate up to the tip of tlu! hum-
eral field, and beyond that straight to the very broadly rounded ajjcx of the wing. The
inner margin has two pretty sti'ong and independent curves; oiu! that of the auid area,
and the other that of the remainder of the wing, where, whih; the curve is unirorm, the
effect is gained of being subparallel to the costal margin until half way tf> the tij), when
the wing tajjcrs sf)mewhat by tlu; rounded excision of the lower outer angle. The
winjr as a whole is about two and one-half times as long as broad. Tin; humeral field
is lanceolate, its inner border bent in the middle, its pointed tip icaching two-fifths way
down the wing, '^fhe mcdiastino-scajmlar vein, parting from the humeral field at its an-
gle, runs eubparallel to, but a little divergent from, the costal margin in a very broadly
arcuate curve to the tip, throwing off many ])arallel, oblicpie nervurcs, the basal ones of
which arc simple and crowded, the apical mf)rc distant, more longitudinal and forked,
forming a costal area which occupies considerably more than two-flfihs of the width of
the wing. The externoinedian vein runs close and parallel to the preceding, first forks
just before the tip of the hiuneral field, and has three or four generally simple, inferior,
sweeping, arcuate, longitudinal branches, followe<l by the eviii more arcuate, simple, api-

852

cally longitudinal, intcrnomcdian branches, which arise earlier and cover an area of ahotit
equal extent. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate, being bent strongly in the middle
and terminating slightly further out than tlie humeral Held. The anal veins consist
first, of two rather distant nervules subparallel and next to the anal furrow, aiul next,
of two sets of offshoots of the .nner of these, the outer of which form, with these, a
subfusiforin series directed toward the tipof tlieanal furrow, the other iiuier set sinuous,
crowded, and.aiiparentl}'^ impinging on the basal lialf of the border within the anal furi-ow.
The length of the Aving is 10.5 mm.; its breadth -1.1 mm. It comes from the English
Purbecks and was kindly sent me for study by Itev. P. B. Brodie to whom I take pleas-
ure in dedicating it.

Mesoblattina Mantelli sp. nov.
ri. 21, II;,'. 0. .

An almost comidetely ])rcserved wing, curiously resembling and curiously diflerent
from M. lirodiei. The veins are of the same color as the rest of the wing, which is
slightly dingier than the dirty cb.alky-white stone. It shows an uppiu- surface, but is
somewhat distorted by lying on an uneven siu'face, so that its convexity is not quite so
apparent as it would otherwise be. The anal area lias its independent and somewhat
marked convexity, and the anal furrow, as well as the inner liuiit of the flat depressed
humeral field, is deeply impressed. The wing is ol)ovate with subparallel sides, but with
somewhat irregular shape, the costal margin being straight from the middle of the hu-
meral field to the middle of the outer half of the wing, and then curving strongly and
pretty regularly downward to the lowermost part of the rounded apex, where it is met by
the imilbiin and slight arcuation of the inner mai-giu from the anal furrow outward; for
the mai'gin of the anal area has an independent arcuation, also regular but much stronger.
The whole wing is a little less than three times as long as broad. The humeral field
is subhmceolale, finely tapering, reaching more than two-fifths way to the wing tip. Tlu'
mediastlno-.scapular vein is very strongly sinuate, termiuatiiig just above thi; tip of the
wing, and the costal area is broadest in tin; middle of the wing where it is scarcely less
than half its width; the branches are longitudinally obliciue, the basal onessim|)le, the
apical compound, arcuate, and less longitudinal than the basal. The externomedian
branches, which are considerably forked apically, arise from two forked l)ranches, which
unite close to their divarication opposite the tij) of the anal furrow and far within the
tip of the humeral field ; as a whole they are longittulinally and broadly arcuate. The
internomedian branches few in number and hardly forked, arise scarcely earlier and have
a similar course, but are more strongly arcuate l)asnlly; they extend far out to the lower
angle of the ti[)orthe wing, while the externomedian brancbics occupy the tip only. The
anal furrow is strongly bent in the middle, turniiig sinuously outward at ti]) but even
then does not extend <[uite so far as vhe humeral field. The anal nervuU's are obscurely
l)reserved, but api)ear, as in J/. Jirodlei partly to impinge on the basal half of iirier
margin, partly lo converge towartl the tip of .he anal furrow.

The wing is 10. L mm. long, and ',\S')~> mm. broad. It comes from the Knglish Pur-
becks, and was received from Mr. Brodie. It difi'ers from 3[. Brodlc.i in the form of

the wing, the shape of the hnmoriil area, the course of the m^dlast'mo-scapular vciu and
the character of its brandies, and in the multiplicity of the apical externoniedian ner-
vules. It is named in memory of Mantell the English gi'ol')gist.

Mesoblattina Hopei s[). nov.

ri. 21 , fij?. 11.

I'lie liiignu'iit of ii wing representing this species laclcs the apical fifth of the wing
and a considerable fragment of the liumeral region as ^\^•\\ as the anal area. It s! \vs
the under sin-face of llu' wing, whicli is a little dingier than tlu' dirty clialky-wliite stone,
l)elng nniforinly concave transversely, witn the veins slightly sunken on the sunnnits of
ridges; aUhougb the anal aiva is gone, the furrow shows slightly proniiuent as a /idge.
As restored in the hgnre, which seems to indicate its proI)able form, it was parallel-sidi'd,
with a scarcely perceptible taju'r, and ])i'ol)al)]y a little more than three times as long as
broad, for the remains of the costal and iinicr margins aiv straight and almost |)arallel
and the veins have a vi'ry longitudinal aspect. 'I'lu' mediastino-scai)ular vein was broadly
and gracefully sinuous, ])lainly terminating at some distance before the tip, most of its
branches somewhat longitudinally ol)li((ue and com|)ound, the costal ai-ea being I)i'oadest
at the end of the basal third of the wing, wlu^re it is scarcely less (lian hall" its entire
breadth. The externomi'dian and internomedian veins are longitudinal beyond their
base, and even, especially the externomedian, swing upward, the division between tiio
two being probably at the very a])ex of the wing. The anal furroAV, roundly bent very
strongly before its middle, takes an oblique course beyond it, Imt probably does not ex-
ceed the basal fourth of the wing.

The length of the fragment is 11.25 mm.; the ])rol)able length of the wing 14.2.11 mm.;
its width 4.75 mm. It comes from the English Vurbccks, and is named for the late Rev.
F. W. Hope who has contributed to our knowledge of fossil insects.

In this vicinity appears to fall another specimen from the English Purbccks (PI. 21,
fig. ()) which is too obscure for extended description. It is a nearly perfect wing, showing
the upper surface, but being of the same color as the dirt}' brown stone it is hard to deter-
mine the venation excepting in the most general wa}'. In form it appears to resemble
I'ather closely that presimied for .1/. Hopei, except in being slenderer and having a more
acuminate tip. It appears to be more than three times as long as broad, with a large,
])rominent, sunken humeral field; a scarcely sinuous mediastino-sca]nilar vein, terminat-
ing ])robably above the apex of the wing ami having numerous ol)lique branches, form-
ing an area which occupies nearly half the wing; longitudinal and closely approximate,
])arallel, median -eins; and a comparativel}'^ small anal area, the furrow not reaching one-
fom'th the way out.

Length of wing, 1(5.7 miu.? ; breadth, i'..") miu.

Mesoblattina Feacbii a\i. iiuv.

ri. 21, (lii. 10.
The uearly perfect specimen which represents this s])ecies shows the upper surface of
i; >\ '"fX, which is a little dusky on a dirty, chalky-white stone. It is gently convex with

JH

' M

f

:■■ ■

M I

854

t1)o veins tlc'lionloly improssod, the .iniil fiirrow nppanMitly no more dooply (Imn llio
otliors. The win<>' is voiy iTji^nliuly I'lon^atc I'lliptic;)! in lorni miuI ahont two and tln'cc-
Iburths tinios lon^or than broad. Tlu' I'xtronu' haso is hi-okon, Init the Hat Iiinni'ral
Hold is apic-ally pointed and tapoiinj;". and ap])ari'ntly Jnst ahont as Ioiilj as tlic widtli of
tlio Avin^j^. The eharacters of the eostal nerviiles are just about intermediate between
those of Jf. lirnilii'i t\\u\ M. Maiitrlli, the area beinj*; broadest in tlie middle, wliere it is
very nearly ludf the widtli of the win<»- and extends t(» tlie exact lip of tlie win<^. The
externomedian and internoinedian veins aiv also about inteiinediate betwi'en tln^ same
two species, thouj>'h their terminal area is almost exactly as in J/. JirodifL It dilVers,
however, from both of these species in the very regular form of the Avinjif. The anal
furi'ow is precisely as in J/. Jfopii and terminate^ on the margin Just short of the tip of
till' humeral Held.

Length of fragment. 10.;") mm.; probable h>ngth of wing, 11.(5 nun.; breadth of same,
4.1 nun. It is named for Mr. IJ. X. I'each of the (Jeological Survey of Scotland, and
comes from ihe English I'urbecks.

Mesoblattina angiistata.

nJiilthia (/»r//^>j/r/^/IIcer.A'iertelj. naturf. Gesdlsch. Zurich, IX, 288, 290-:]00, Tl., tig. C.
BUtttlmt {}[<\sohhiftl)Ki) (tniiHKlatu 10. (Jein., Zeitschr. 1 )(>ulsih. geol. ( iesellsch., lvS8(),

.■51!»-.")20.
Msoh/dtfiiia (iiiiiii.^tafa ''^.•ndd.. Trnc. Acad. Xat. Se. I'hiiad., 188."). 1 U.

This species, which is wi'll ligurcd and dcscril)cd by Ib'er, is conspicnons among the
species of Mesol)lattiiia for its wn^.i^i'-shaped form, in which it closely resembles a
Ikitiima. The course c I" the interiiomvdian liraimches contends, however, ;igaiiist this, and
besidi's. all the anal ve ns cluster apirally towan' llii.- tip of the anal fui'row. as ofti'ii in
Mesoblattina. and iievi r. so Car as known, in liitbirna. The co---al area occu|)ies half the
■wing a"..' the luiineraiil tield. of Avliich lleer rmike-^ no mention, must be very small,
sK'iuler :.iui sliort.

Length of wing, 8 mm.; I)rea(khi. '2S> aaim. Ifc t*t)ines from the Lias of ScluunbeU'ii,
Swiiri-rlaiid.

Hi

H

lUE^ffiblolxma Mazixudae.

JJlat'-i" ■J',ihU,hn' YL •^r.-rn.. Flotzform. Meeklenl... 2!>-;50, V\. <>. Iig. \.

Ti..- -' A ;;u ;;.>eiT:ann fonn ofMesolilnrina has been wronu'ly interprt'lcd by Dr. M.
(ireiiutz. as he ha»- !ui>tuu--n the inner lor tiu' costal margin and rive vevMi. The base
of tli>' wing is l)r «ut-u- •■£ the iisiirmeiit -"cms to represent an elliptical wing, a little
more' Dsan I wo and onie-iatH'-— - iLrer than broad, with the lower outer vkV^^} rouiKU'd
otl". M :i» lO ])riiig i;;i.' ti| . iiig ai»'Ve the middle line. .Xo trace of a humer.il

tiiea cutti Ih' *hs«u and it nn. -i oiiliiud to the broken base and therefore short. The

mediu?*uiin>-»t-apular vein (anal and part of intenioniedian of Geiiiil/) is ])retty stronglv
and !■• _'n! • ly an nate in the r'':'Lrinent (probably with a reveise curve, so as to be sin-
uous, toward the uawe), terminaiing just above the elevated tip of th" wing, broadol
in the middle, where it in more than t wo-llltlis of the bi'eadth of the \>iiig, all its brandu -
a litth longitudinally obliijue and parallel, tlu' basal ones simple, the outer forked oi

.>;>

compound. 'Vlw cxloriiomodiau is nrcuato at, liasc, lii-sl rorkiiiL-; opposito ihc lip ol' (lio
iinal lurrow, sh )rtly aCtcr whicii tlu> (t»rkiii;j; l)raiu!lu'.s I);'C()im' coiiipIfU'lv loiij^iliulinal
and occ-upy apically a very narrow portion ol" tlu' I'xtrt'nio api'x. Tlu' inlcrnonu'dian
lirst (brlvs haciv ol'llu" lrai>nuMit and with its hranclu's has a decidedly areuate sweep, all
tiu> veins in tlie apical half ol' the win;;- hv\i\jx alniosl completely longitudinal, and ini-
pin;>in,'j^ at suhoipial distances aloni;- the whole iniuM- niai'^-in heyoiid the anal Inrrow.
In this particular it rather resenihles Kitlnna, hut this is l)r(Mii;hl about hy tin' sin;;le (act
that the inneiMUost hraneh, just opposite and close to the tip of the anal fui'row, has ji
forked hraneh wliich sends three siioots to the niari^in closi" beside it, but for which, all
the li'rininal branches would rt'ach bi'yonil the middle of the win;;'. The anal Inrrow
is only seen near the I'nd, where it is straii>hl and obli(pie and probably .strikes the mar-
;;in before the end (»f the basal third of the win;;'.

]jen<;-th of fra,i>inent. IS mm.; prob.ible leiiL-lh of win^-, '_'_*..> mm.; breadth, HM mm.
It eome.s from the Lias of Dobbertin, (iermany.

Mesoblattina antiqua.

[Without name] Weslw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., \, l^!).', PI. 17, Ih^. 10. .
h'ithiiia (iiifiqiKi Ciieb., Ins. N'orw. IW.).

lilatHilinm iiiifiiiiniiii I leer, \'iertelj. naliu'f Gescllseh. Zurich, ix, 2!)0.
Mcsoh/itflina (iitfi(iiitt .Sciidd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad., ISS,"), jl.i;.

This species is peculiar for its remarkable form, the costal mar;;in bein;j^ nearly sli'ai;;ht
and the inner and apical mar_L!;in slron;:^ly curved, thi'owin;>' the apex of iIk win^;^ far
above the njiddle; in this resp;>ct no spe;'ies Inil ,1/. Mulhi' hie re-i( inliles it ; but the foi'in
is exa;>;;;erated in AV^i'sl wood's lii:^urc from the fait that the base i-^ want in;j:, which, if
supplied, would i)robably make the win<? about two and one-lialf limes loii;;-cr than broad,
instead of the extreme brevity of only twice as Ioml::, as the fra^xment is. Marx'inal field
and an.al area are allo::;i!ther wantiii;;' in the prrseived portion. aMhoii;;h it is proitabh;
that till' anal furrow is shown; in which case the latter must ha%f had a siimons <'(iiirs(?
from a strong outwaivl eui've at tip, and have t(-wmiiiiated consi(W'rablv be
third of the win;j^. The mediastino-srapular vein i'^ very sharply sinuous,
the elevated tip of tht- win^ and m ikin;;" the costal area twice as br(»ad (h
of the wini;) in the middle i '' the outer, as in the middle of liie inner h:i
its branches very loii;ritudin dly oI)li pi", the ;4-enei-,illy simple ba- il one
till) outer ones. The evternomedian is nun-h more impoilant than the inter
occupvin;; more than twice the ari-a, and as much ni.aririn.il Nijace. its In
uniformly and rath • si -oni^ly areuate throughout, ai»ieally parallel to the
of the costal area.

Li'Ugth of ihe fragment, 7.2"» mm.: probable length of wing, 9 hum.;
mill. It comes IVnin the liower I'lii'l* eks of Diirdlesloiie Hay, I'hii;ianil
siiilv be found to belong in I'ili-ama,

yoiid

Ihe

lermi

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If of the \

s mor

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brai

outer

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'aitll

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will

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wing,
tbin
vein,
idles
icIk m

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11. .s-

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'd'Ai

Mesoblattina? lithophila.

Miimi UfJinjtJii'la Germ., Acta Aciul. Leoji.-Caiol., xix, 222, PI. 23, fij?. 10; Woyonh.,
Aifli. aius. Toyl., II, 2.")0-2r)7, PI. :{1, ^i<,^ 2; Asmu., Ik-ikht Vers, deutscli. Natuil'.
L. 102.
Itlattldium /{froldhif/idnum I leer, Vleilelj. natiirf. Gesellscli. Zi'lricli, IX', PI , fig. 8.

Assinann is jjrobahly correct in referring I leer's species to the one earlier (leseril)e(l
by Gennar, and it appears probable that it belongs to this genus, thongli no figures
good enough to make it certain have yet been published, and its reference here is only
by way of suggestion.

The upper Avings are 10 mm. in length and the species comes from the Jurassic beds
of Solenhofen, Bavaria.

ElI8A:M.V Giobd (emend.)

J^lis(im<t CJiebel, Ins. Yorw., 320; Scudd., Proc. Acad. Kat. Sc. Philad., 18Si), 113.

Although Giebel misinterpreted the neuration completely, interchanging the costal
and inner margins, the species on Avhich he founded the genus form a natural group, to
■which I am now able to add others; his name may, therefore, be retained. The wings
are not so slender, generally, as in Mesoblattina and Jtithma, and are more nearly allied
to the lV)rmer, but the characteristics by which that is distinguished from liithmaare here
intensilied. In none of the species known to me are there any specimens in which the
base is com|)letely preserved, but what remains are i)reserved show, without reason for
(loiil)l, that the wings are most peculiar in this very region. There is no sign in any of
them of any Hej)arate humeral field, so characteristic of Wiihma and AIesol)lattina, and
if it existed it nnist have been very slight. The anal area is also exceptionally small
(\ni\ niiiinportant, rarely extending a fifth way do^ n the wing and having a very slight
bi' adtli, the (iiial furrow ap[)eaiiiig to be either straight or bent in a sense the reverse
of (tsiKil, taking rather the direction of the anal angle of the wing. In consonance with
this, the niedinii branches and esi)ecially the internomediiin are more sharply bent than
it/Ven ill Mesoblattina (though some sjiecies of the two genera agree fairly well here)
and till the inner half or more of the wing with longitudinal vt'iiis, so that this region is
in marked contrast to the costal with its oI)li(pie branches. The median branches seem
to be always numerous, and, excepting in one instance, do not reach the border before
the distal liaU\)f the wing.

The genus is tuleral)Iy abundant in siiecies, most of which are found in the English
Purbecks: oiw, however, doubtfully referred here, belon<is to the Swiss Lias.

Elisama Molossus.

Jildttidlum MoloHsnx Westw., Quart. Joiirn. Geol, Soc. Lond., rx, .384, 394, PI. ];">,

lig. 2(5.
lifethania MoIoshus Gieb., Iijh. V'orw., 321.

Giebei founded the genus ^ethania upon this single species, npon characters drawn

357

from the supposition that tho obrKinc veiiili'ts were tlmsc of the nnal, while tlicy are
really those of the costal area, the mar<?iiis of the winj? huviiiij^ been interehan<>:e(l in his
coneeption of it. The j^enus Nethania tlu'ii niij^ht he allowed to drop out of sii-ht, even
if it did not appear that the spi-eies in ((uestion should fall into tlie sanie j^enus as the
s})ecies referred hy him to Elisania, in thi^ conception of which, as ])ointed out above, he
made an exactly similar error. The species seems in fact to fall next to E. Kiicri, hav-
iufif a very similarly arcuate mediastino-scapular vein, terminating^, probably, hiy;her than
there, and a similar sweep and manner of forking of the median veins, and, I)esides, a spot
near the base of intei-nomedian area (but larther out than in J'J. Kiurt) apparently njade
up of numerous cross veins; but the basal sinnation of the main vi'in is much j;reater
than is possible in E. Ktutrl and the basal arcuation of botli exiernomedian and inter-
nomedian nervules, especially the latter, is so much less marked, so comi)aratively sli<jjht
indeed, that it was not at first recognized as a member of this group, of which indeed it
must be looked on as a rather al)errant form.

Length of fragment, 8 inni.; probable length of wing, lO.o nnn. The breadtli is too
uncertain in the figure to give any definite statement. The specimen comes from the
middle Purbccks of Durdlestone IJay, England.

Elisama Kneri.

I'l. 21, li<r. 1.

.-] Brodie, F

Lis

1.

drawn

[Without n

Elisama Kneri Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 320.

Blatttd'nim Kneri Ileer, Yiertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. Ziiricli. rx, 291.

I have received from 3Ir. Brodie the original of his illnstralion, ol which I give a new
figure showing the wing to be less ci)nii)lete than his plate would lead one to suppose.
Only about half the wing renuiins, but this the most imi)ortant part, more than a third,
pi'obably, of the tip being broken olf, and a not uuimpoilaut part of the ba«e. The stiaight,
scarcely divergent costal and inner margins of the fragment indicate, with tlic iieura-
lion, a I'orm like that restored, which, if coi'i-ect, would make the wing alxmt two and
one-lhir<l times longer than broad and broadest just bi'yond the middle. Tlie medias-
tino-scapuliir vein has a very strong arcuation, strong. -st on ilie i)a>al side, sin<-e ix'vond,
by successive forks, it loses the sti'englli of if-; ai'cuiiti )ii aail is pi'obahly carried to the
veiy tip of the wing; the greatest width is before the midille of tlii' wing, where lln' costal
ari'a is considerai)ly more than two-iifllis the l)rea<lth of the wing; the basal branches are
simpli' and oblicpie, those beyond forked or eoinponnd and increasingly longitudinal.
The externomedian bi'anclies are all superioi', the internomedian all inferior, but all take
a common arcuate sweep so as to be longitudinal in the middle of the wing, and the
I'oiiner probably occupy on the margin only the lower half of the tip. lietween all the
veins which reach the margin are intercalarie-s, and where the interiionieilian nervules
eommenceto become longitudinal,/, r-., just wlu-re the lowermost approaches the border,
they areobscuri'd by a large roundish fuscous spot, which nearly crosses the entire field.
The anal furrow and unal area ai'e lost in the broken base; of the win"', but must have

1

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1 1

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K 1

H E

'i

B '

i

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^1

B

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;

.(

\< '11

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if'

m

becMi very small. An uiuU'r .surfapc is exposed on the (lirty li^lit brown stone, scnreely
darker than the stone Itself, with veins and Intereaiaries l)la('k; the sni'Caee is almost
])erl'eetly Mat, only a slight eoncavity being* diseernible, and the veins are elevated in the
slijj:htest |)ossil)le dej^ree.

The lenijfth of tlu' iVaj^'incut is S..") mm.; pr(tbal)le len;^lh of the winy;, !;).;■) nnn.; its
breadth, ."j.?."! nnn. The specimen comes from Ihel'nrbeeks ol" Wiltshire, En;^land.

Elisama minor.

I'l. i>i. rv^. i;i.

[AVithout name] Itrodi.', Foss. Tiis. Kiigl., 118, l»l. .}, fig. 20.

J'JIisdiiKt minor (Jii'b., Ins. \'or\v. ;>"J().

JSlutlidiiiin iiiiiior Heer, \'iertelj. natnrf. (iesellseh. Ziirieh, ix, ii!)l.

A speeimen received from Uev. Mv. IJrodie seems to me to represent pretty cer-
tainly the oiiginal of his illusti-ation of this species (represented, as nsual, reversed on
his plate). But even if it is not. it certaiidy belongs to the same species, and its exam-
ination shows that, as in the single specimen of 7^'. /v;<(;y't, the base is l)adly broken, and
aboiitaqnarter of the tip lost; nevertheless the most important ])art of the nenration re-
mains and enal)les us to restore the wing with considerable confidence, by which it
Avonld appear to be nearl}- two and one-half times longer than broad and to have had a
more convex costal mai'gin than J'J. Kncri. An under surface is exposed, of the same
color as the dirty brown stone on which it lies, with black or blackish brown veins
and intereaiaries. The surface is ilat or scarcely concave, the veins scarcely elevated,
and the intereaiaries slightly suid<en. The mediastino-scapular vein is moderately and
ver}' regularly aicuatt' throughout, terminating probably just above the extreme tip of
the wing, its branches cpiite as in E. Kncri; the width of the costal area, which is broad-
est just before the middle of the wing, is here scarcely less than half that of the wing.
The externouK'dian and iiiternonu-dian l)ranches, by a strong arcuation at base, almost
immediately taki! on a longitudinal and parallel (course, filling the s])ace below with very
straight veins, those of the externomedian occupying apparently a very narrow space on
the extreme tip of the wing. On theii" basal half oi" third, fai"ther out next the inner
margin than above, these veins are ci"ossed In' numerous cross veins, and in the same
])lace as in J'J. Kncri is a pivtty large roundish dusky patch. There are inti-rcalaries be-
tween all the veins. The anal furrow, which is pci-lectly fiat, is bent in the middle at a
broad angle in the same direction as the iinier angle of the wing.

The length of the iVagmi'nt is .■).."> min.; the probable length of the wing 7.7.> mm.;
its breadth 12.1 nnn. The specimen comes fi'oni the English Purbecks and bears also the
name "Blake,"' probably the collector.

Eliaama Bucktoni sp. nov.

PI. L'l. lios. S, 12.

Two specimens, sul)mitted lo me by Mr. lirodie, represent this species, neither of
them with the base quite perfect, and one with about one-fifth broken from the tip.

Both (if llicin show Ihc upper surlju'c linnsvcrst'Iv, slij^litly mikI rc^xiilnrly arched, with
ihe (h lieiite veins impressed sliiirply ;md sli<;htly in the iiunl hjdl' ol' llic win;;', ^\llIleill
the it|)ieid hall' they run mh shglit rid<;'es nt tin liottoni of Ihitteiied furrows between
sli;;lil, rounded rid;;es, the lid^cs senreeiy uaridwer tlian the furi'ows and tiu* passa<j^ps
from one to the othi'r hi-iu^ j^^radunh One of tliem, l\<s:. 12, is of the Hame color, veins
and all, as tlu- dirty li;4ht hrown sti lie, and has the anal furrow a little uiore deeply im-
pressed than the other viins; tin other, lij»'. S, is slij^htly dl"<oolored and rests on a dirty
ehalky-white stone, and the anal furrow is oI)sciu"e, althi)Ui;;h apparently impressed no
more deeply than the others; whei-e the eostal border of tiiis spe;-iin;'U is best preserved
it is si'cn to be nariowly margined. The winii's are sfimewhat more than two and one-
half times lonu'er than broao, are Inoadest just before the miildle of tiie basal half, be-
yoiul which they taper very sli.t;htly and re<>ularly to about the middle of the apical half.

w

hen, especiallv bv the rounded excision of the imu'r mari^^in, tliev ua

rr' w

nnicl

I nioi'e

rapidly and terminate in a somewhat poiiiti'd shape, the apex above tlu- middle line of
th(^ winj;; alonj^ most of their course both eostal and inner margins are straight or very
nearly straight. Tlie nu-diastino-scapnlar vein is vi-ry broadly and pretty uniformly
arcuati', terminatiuu,' just al>ove the extrein:; apex of ihu wiui;', and, excepting' two or
three simpli- ones close* to the base, all thi' braiu'hes are arcuate, pai'allel, oblique and
Htrouyly compound, so that comparatively few orij;'inate directly Irom the main stem,
while a very lai'<;'e numl)er of crowded uervidi's reach the nuu\!j,iu; at its extreme breadth,
about the middle of the winj>-, the costal area occupies a little more than two-fifths the
width of the wiu;^'. The e.xteruomedian and intei'nomediau veins arc broadly sinuous,
beiuj^- almost longitudinal in the middle, pri'lty strongly arcuate in o]w sense next the
base, and gently arcuate in the opposite next their pretty uniformly forking tips where
they curve downward to strike the margin, the externoinediaii terminating upon the apex
ami exti'eme apical end of the inner margin, the internoniediin beyond the middle of
the inner margin. The anal fui'row is a straight obliipie line, ajjparently curving down-
ward at extreme tip, in one specimen (lig. 12) terminating at no further than one-iiuh
of the way from the base, and leaving necessarily an extremely small anal area.

lA'iigth of one specimen (fig. 8) 10.(5 mm.; breadth 1 mm.; of the other (fig. 12) 8
inm.; probable length of wing 10.1 mm.; breadth 3.7.") mm. IJoth spe(imens come from
the English I'nrbcck-; the species is named for Mr. G. li. IJuckton, who, in a recent
nionogra[)h of British Ai)hides, has not neglected the fossil species, whetlier British or
foivijrn.

j

\

1

Vf

\

I

' 1''

I '1

Elisama Kirkbyi sp. nov.

I'l. 21, (ly:. .'i.

A wing fi'om which the base and one-third of the tip aie lost represents this species,
wliich nevertheless plainly belongs in this genus and is very distinct from the other spe-
cies, the neuration being so regular that it could be restored in the inlssing apical por-
tion with high probabii'ty of accuracy, though the form of this part is more conjectural.
As restored, the wing was probably rathei'inoiv than two and one-half times longer than
broad. It represents an under surface, being uniformly concave, and is of the same

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360

color, veins and t.U, as the dirty, chixlk^'-white stone on wliich it rests, the veins beinpf
slightly impressed on the summits of rounded ridges separated by transversely rounded
furrows. The niediastino-scapular vein is straight in the basal half of the wing; beyond
curves slightly and probably terminates a little above the tip with, so far as can be seen,
only simple or basally forked, parallel, oblique, scarcely sinuous branches, the costal
area being slightly less than two-fifths the breadth of the wing. Tho externomedian
and internomedian veins are strongly arcuate at the extreme base; beyond comjdetely
longitudinal in the externomedian area, probably terminating in a uai-row space at tlie
extreme tip of the wing, and the same, but slightly declivous, in the inter omedian area,
■where from this cause they terminate along the entire inner margin, even within the
basal h'alf of the wing; in the median ureas, the interspaces arc generally seen to be
broken by dull cross veins into quadrate cells, but near the middle of (he wing both
veins and cross veins are effaced by imperfect preservation. The anal furrow is trans-
versely oblique with no distinction of impression and must termi'iate at a very shoil dis-
tance out. The s])eeies is remarkable for the straightness and simplicity of its costal area,
the early termination of its earlier internoinedian nei'vules and its uniform breadth.

Length of fragment, 7.5 mm. ; probable length of wing, 14 mm. ; breadth, 4.5 mm.
The specimen was received from Kev. Mr. Brodio, as from the English mesozoic beds,
but without further indications. It is named for Mr. J. "W. Kii-kby, who has made us
acquainted with some of England's earliest fossil cockroaches.

Elisama ? media.

BlattkUmn medium Ileer, Viertelj. naturf. Gesellsch. ZQrich, ix, 289, 300, PI. fig. 7.

An obscure and imperfect specimen, which agrees better with this genus than any
other and probably belongs here and to a si)ecie8 distinct from any others known, being
distinguished for its tapering form, its straight inner mai'gin, while the costal margin is
convex, the regular narrowing of its costal area, Avhich is broadest close to the base and
which probably terminates at the very upper extremity of the apex, its intercalary veins
and the complete longltuf^inality and straightness of its median veins.

Length of fragment, 8 mm.; pi-obable length of wing, 10.25 mm.; breadth, 3.5 mm. It
comes from the Lias of Schanibelen, Switzei-land.

h. The extri'ntmf'Uav rrhi of the vppcr ivings is amalgamaied either
irifh !:. ^rnjuilor • vith the intemoriedian, and all
other vtlns are indejjendent.

PtKKIXOHLATTINA ScmUkr.

Pterinohlaftina Scudd., Proc. Acad. Jfat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 105.

Among the fossil cockroaches figured by "NVestwood thirty years ago, was one which
Giebel afterwai'ds named lilatta jtlumn, on account of the resemblance of its neuration
to the barb:; of a feather, with the shaft on one side. Several species are now knoAvn,
including one 'described as an hemiplcron by Germar nearly fifty years ago, and on

361

account of this cni'lous arrangcincnt of the vehis, I proposed recently the generic name
here employed. The wings are very broad, expanding considerably beyond the base,
broadest beyond the middle, and lilled with an abundance of branching veins. The
mediastinal, scapular and combined externomedian and internomedian veins run close
together, side by side, in a perfectly straight course (the shall of the feather) from
near the middle of the base of the wing toward a!ul nearly to a point on tlic costal
margin a little within the apex of the wing, and the superior mediastinal and scapular
and inferior externomedian and internomedian branches, ci-owdcd closely together,
part from this apparently common stem at nearly similar angles on either side of it;
\r\\\\e the anal area, at least where known, occupies a considerable and nearly equal
band along a considerable portion of tlie in^uir margin, running into and often strongly
interfering with the internomedian nervules. As stated in the introductory ])ortion
of this paper, what was formei'ly regarded by me as internomedian is now looked upon
as imquestionably anal, so that we can only interpret the neuration by sunposing the
externomedian and internomedian veins to be amalgamated, and this will remove the
giMius from the Palaeoblattai'iae.

0?he genus was tolerably pi-olifie in species, which vary greatly in size, the two spe-
cies from the middle Oolite of Solenhofen being particulai-ly large, while one of the
Liassic species from Germany is one of the smallest of mesozoic cockroaches. Four
species (including two doubtfully referred here) are known from the middle and lower
Purbecks of England, two from the middle Oolite of Bavaria and three from the Lias,
one in Germany and two in England.

Pterinoblattina pluma.

PI. 22, figs. 7, 8°.

[Without name] TVestw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, 384, 394, PI. 15, fig. 14.

(2 figs.)
Blatta pluma Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 322.
Plerinohlattina pluma SciuM., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 188;"), 10o-l()(3.

The speci)nen, the original of Avhich I have had the [)rivilege of studying, by the favor
of my kind friend Kev. P. li. Brodie, is rather imperfect, and a little deceptive from the
fact that just that porticm of the tip is missing which contains the scapular branches; it
is probable, however, from tae longitudinal character of the apical offshoots of the me-
dian vein that the species more closely resembles P. clirysea than P. intermixta. There
is no discoloration of the stone to mark the wings, tlumgii the veins are pale; no ])ortion
of any margin is preserved; it lies fiat upon the stone, but the scapular vein is slightly
depressed while the others with their branches are slightly elevated, by which it would
seem that the under surface were uppermost. All the mediastinal branches are simple,
parallel, equidistant, almost straight, closely crowded, and part from the main stem at an
angle of about 45". The nu dian branches, the only others preserved, part at a less an-
gle, gradually become quite horizontal apicalh', are nearly as close at l)ase as the scapu-
lar branches, and as most of them fork andev^n re-fork, though with entire irregularity,
become excessively crowded toward the margin.

k, '

3G2

The length of the fragment is 0 mm. ; its breadth 5 mm. Probably the Aving was 12
mm. long, and 5.5 mm. broad. It was found in the Coi-bula or Pecten beds of the
middle Purbecks of Dorset, England.

Pterinoblattina penna.

PI. 22, tig. 14.

Pterinohlattlnc penna Sciidd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 100.

The single specimen of this species at hand is preserved in much the same manner as
the last, but shows a fragment of the anal region. Tlie specimen is of the same color as
the dirty chalky-white stone on which it rests. Tlie im dian area is scarcely concave, the
vein depressed; the mediastinal area is slightly convex and its main stem is elevated above
the two next below it. The three principal veins approach each other very gradually
so as to give them the ap]>earance of a tapering rod. The mediastinal branches part
from the stem at nearly a right angle near the base of the Aving, gradually increasing in
obliquity distally, initil they form an angle of 45" with it; they are slightly curved, the
concavity outward, very closely crowded, and about every third one forked near the mid-
dle, but with no regularity. The scapular brandies are not preserved, but as in JP.pluma,
and for the same reason, they proI)al)ly i'eseml)le JP. chrysea rather than P. intermixta.
The median branches are very closely crowded, generally straight, part from the stem at
an angle of 45° next the base, and become almost wholly longitudinal at the apex; they
fork about as frequently as, and more irregularly than, the mediastinal branches. The
anal area extends far out on the wing, and its branches (what few can be seen) resemble
those of the preceding area, and at its extremity are parallel to them.

Length of fragment, 13 mm. ; width, 9 mm. Probable length of wing, 15 mm. ; prob-
able width, 9 mm. Described from u specimen from the English Purbecks sent me for
examination by Rev. P. B. Brodie.

It is not impossible that the fragment of a larger wing figured without name by
Westwood (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, PI. 17, fig. 7), from the Lower Purbecks
of Durdiestone Bay, may be a species vi'ry close to this, if indeed it is not the same.

Pterinoblattina ctuysea.

BlaWna chrysea Gein., Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., 1880, .'520, PI. 22, fig. 2.
Pteniyohlalthia chrysea Scudd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, lOG-107.

In this case Ave have a more i)erfect Aving, the tip being almost completely preserved.
The mtdiastinal vein terminates before the middle of the outer half of the costal border,
and is furnished Avith simple, straight, oblique branches, not so numerous as in the other
species, to judge by the figure, though they arc spoken of by Geinitz as "very nmnerous
and closely crowded.'' flust before the scapular readies the tip of the mediastinal, it
turns parallel to the costal margin, runs to the ui)per ti[) of the Aving, and emits branches
similar to those of the mediastinal, but of course of equal lengtli. All the median
branches run almost longitudinally, are straight, sometimes forked, and appear from the

868

figure to be less crowded than the ineduistinal brandies, tliough they are com])ared by
Gehiitz to the barbs of a feather. The anal runs to just beyond the broadest part of the
wing, being thus longer than the mediastinal, and sends less crowded, <;ently curved,
usually forked, rather short branches to the border. The few anal branches curve and
strike the inner margin.

Length, 5 mm.; b/eadth about 2.25 nun. Fi-om the Li^is of Dobbertin, Gernmny.
The descrijition is drawn up from the data given by Gein'tz.

3 same.

Pterinoblattina Curtisii sp. no v.
ri. 22, flg. 16.

The fragment of only a tip of a wing represents a species ajiparently about midway be-
tween P. chri/sea and P. intermixta, a])proaching the latter in delicacy and nuUtiplicity
of its crowded neui'ation, the former in the disposition of the scapular vein and 'fs
branches. It is independent of both in the pointed, almost falcate shape of the tip of the
wing. The scapular and median veins and ijranches are the only ones preserved. The for-
mer runs i)arallel to, and at but a short distance from, the declivous curve of the (mter part
of the costal margin and sends frequent, longitudinally oblicpie, apically foi-ked branches
to the margin, ending at the extreme pointed tip of the wing. The median veins are
numerous, straight, parallel to each other and to the apical portion of the scapular vein,
and forked pretty uniformly when about as far from the margin as the width of the
scapular area.

The length of the fragment is 10 mm. ; probably the wing was of twice this length.
It comes from the Upper Lias of Alderton, Gloucestershire, England, and was received
from Rev. P. B. Bi-odie. It is named for one of the first English naturalists who inter-
ested himself in fossil insects.

Pterinoblattina intermizta.

ri. 22, fig. 9.

Pterinoblattina intermixta Scudd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., ISSo, 107-108.

A nearly complete wing of this species has almost the same shape as P. chnjsea, but
the upper i)art of the apex is more produced, though not at all pointed as in P. Curtisii.
The mediastinal vein terminates before the middle of the outer half of the wing, and the
area narrows more gradually than i any of the others; its branches are gently curved,
and oiten forked, but not excessively crowded. Just before reaching the tip of the me-
diastinal, the scapular vein suddenly bends toward the apex, running subparallel to, but
away from, the costal margin, terminating at the tip and emitting a crowd of ciu'ved and
forked branches. The closely crowded median bi-anches part at an angle of 45" with
the stem, are straight, and fork only just before the tip, forming a tolerably regular belt
of croAvded veinlets along the margin. The basal branches, howevei-, are interfei'ed with
and aft'ected by the anal vein, winch is nearly straight, at first running plump against the
median branches, curves then downward jiarallel to these and terminates a little before
the mediastinal; it is furnished abundantly with branches curving like its extremity and

t I

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I 1

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3G4

l)raiichingiu'Xttho border likt'tlir iiudian bnuuliis, but whore it abutH aj^ainst these lat-
ter, they Himibite the appeaniiu'e of tl>e anal branehe.s so as to appear an if a part of the
anal area, and thus j^^ive the Intter tiie appearance of extei.dinj? out beyond the broadest
part of the winjn'. The speeinien is of a sli<>hlly glistening, «lark brown eolor on a dirty
brown stone, the veim-- and all the nervules sharply though only slightly impressed, while
the whole wing is at a dead level.

Length of fragment, lOf) mm.; probable length of wing, 12 mm.; breadth, iU.T.'Jmm.
Received from Kev. P. 15. Urodie, as coming from the Upper Lias of Alderton, Glouces-
tershire, England.

, Ftexinoblattina hospes.

Ricania hospes Germ., Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., xix, 220-21, PI. 23, fig. 18.
Ptennohlatthm hosjws Sci.dd., Proc Acad. ^Tat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 108.

Germar took this for one of the Fulgorina, in tlie neighborhood of Kicania and Poecil-
optera. Assmann thought it a neuropteron, ialling in the neigliborhood of Drepanop-
teryx. It is pretty plain, however, that it belongs here, though the figure given by
Germar is not sufficiently clear to enable one to fonnulate any characteristics. It would
seem, however, that the scapular vein i)robably terminated on the costal margin some
way before the tip, ai d that the latter is shaped nuich as in P. intermixta, and occupied
by median branches only; these are more obliipie and the lower outer angle much less
prominent than in P. intermixto, Avhile in the present species the anal angle is prominent
and the anal area extended by that alone, occui)ying a very oblique equal basal band.

It comes from the Oolite of Solenhofen, and measures about 25 mm. in length and
13.5 in breadth.

Pterinoblattina gigas.

Ricania gigas AVeyenb., Arch. Mus. Teyl., ir, 270-71, PI. 3/), fig. 23.
Pterinoblattina gigas Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885,108.

Following Crermar, Weyenbergh placed this enormous species in liicania, bnt it evi-
dently falls here and bears a close general resemblance, excepting in size, to P. penna
of the Purbecks. It dift'ers from P. hospes, which it most resembles, in the greater ex-
tension of the scapular area, which nearly reaches the tip, and in the far wider extension
and angular protrusion of the anal angle.

It measures GO nun. long and 35 nun. broad, and conies like the last from the Oolite of
Solenhofen, Bavaria.

Pterinoblattina? Sipylus.

Sialium Sipylus AVestAV., (^uart. Journ. Cteol. Soc. Lond., x, 3{)0, 39G, PI. 18, fig. 24.

Westwood considered this to re])resent '' a wing of an insect allied to Sialis," while of
the closely allied form, P. Binncyi, he says it aj)i)ears " to be orthopterous." An exami-
nation of the series of wings here ranged inider the name «)f Pterinoblattina will convince
any one of the close i)roxiiiiity to them of these two abnormal wings; in their elongated
form they are indeed entirely diiferent, and were they certainly comparable as front wings

! Oolite of

305

they sir Ail be neparated goiierli-ally; but their elofse reseinl>h\iu'e in neuration, whieli is
at the same time in most i)arts of the win<? U'ss dense, leads me to siispeet that tiiey may
really be hind wings ofspeeies ofl'terlnobiattina of a more elongate form tiian any yet
known (the speeii's vary eonsideraldy in this direetion), and that for this reastm it may
be well ut least for the present to plaee them hei-e, (h)nbtfully. The wing referred to
the present speeies is between three and four times longer than broad, sidKHpial, tapering
to a somewhat pointed but rounded tip, tlie latter on the middle line. The seapnlar
branehes sueeeed the mediastinal, in a eonnnon, ecpial, narrow liand, which follows the
costal margin to just below the tip; the anal area, in a broader, apically tapering band,
with much more distant nei'vules, reaches to the mi(Ul!e of the outer half of the wing;
while the long ar.d sinuous, basally distant, ajjically crowded and foi-ked median veins
occupy the intervening space.

Length of fragment, 21.5 mm.; probable length of wing, 24 nun.; breadth, G.G mm.
It conies from the lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Hay, England.

Pterinoblattina? BinneyL

[Without name] Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., x, :«)(), :«)G, PI. 18, fig. 42.

This wing has the same general form and proportions as P. SipyUis excepting that
the extreme tip of the wing is next the lower margin and not on the middle line, but the
scapidar area still holds the same relation to it as in that species, bending downwards
and end)racing it. The anal area is more uniformly tapering and does not extend quite
so far, giving ampler space for the median uervules, which appear (they are not so ex-
actly delineated) to have the same character as in P. Slpylus. It is a considerably
smaller speeies.

Length of fragment, 10.5 mm. ; probable length of wing, 12 nnn. ; breadth, 3.75 ram.
Lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay, England. Named for Mr. E. W. Binney.

BlATTIDIUM Wcstwood (reslr.).

Blattidium Wcstwood, Quai-t. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., x, .'JOl, .39G, without descrip-
tion; Scndd., I*roc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 111-112.
Westwood designated four of the considerable number of mesozoic cockroaches Avhich
he figured in 1850 by the name of Blattidium. One of these, B. Molossus, was after-
wards taken by Giebel as the type of his Xethania, based on an entirely wrong concep-
tion of the neuration, and which, as we have seen above, falls i)roperly into his genus
Elisama. A second species, B. Achelous, is probably neuropteroid, and will not be con-
sidered here. The other two form a second very peculiar type of cockroaches, quite as
strange as Pterinoblattina, though very dillerent from that, both from their long, slender
and parallel-sided form, and from the union of the externomedian and scapular veins for
nearly half their length. The mediastinal vein terminates not lar from the middle of
the wing, and sends out a multitude of crowded oll'shoots to the margin. The united

m

i r

-.4

30G

Bcnpulnr nnd extenionu'dinn vein runs ])ai'allel to the Ijonler, to which, ns well as to the
• niedinstinal vein before it terniinnteH, it hv\u\h rather (liHtiint,()l)li(iue veins, besides an in-
ferior longitudinal braneh, wliieh has several very distant, inloi-ior, eqiudly longitudinal
offshoots. Tlie internomedian vein is wholly longitudinal, and has few distant branehes;
these apparently tenninate only in the a\m-n\ bordi'r, while the n)ain anal vein, longitud-
inally oblique, extends nearly as far as the mediastinal, and the outer half of the inner
margin of the wing seems to have no veins falling on it; the veins of the anal area run
obliquely from the margin upward and outward to the main anal vein.
The two sjjeeies known come from the Lower Purbecks of England.

Blattidiam Simyms.

ri. 23, flg. 17.

[Without name] Brodic, Foss. Tns. Engl., 118, PI. o, fig. TO.

Blattidium Simyms AVestw., Quart. Joui-n. (ieol. Soc. Lond.,x, 39(),:{l)(i,PI. 18, fig. .3:?

OryllicUwn Oweui Westw., Quart. Journ. Cieol. Soc. Loud., x, 387, 35);"), PI. 17, fig. If).

The figure here given is made up from two specimens, obverse and reverse, of the
type of Westwood's B. Simyrus, which ^Ir. Brodie has kindly sent me. The mediastinal
area is slightly lower than the rest of the wing and the mediastinal vein deeply depressed.
The species is peculiar for the fineness and iri'egularity of the mediastinal nervules, which
are in strong contrast to the distant and regular scapular superior branches, and these in
their direction and brevity to the dozen longitudinal veins belonging to the median series.
The anal area is filled with oblique transverse veins having the same direction and about
the same distance apart as the superior scapular nervules. An inferior marginal vein
borders the under siu'face of the wing.

Length of fragment, 25 nun. ; possible length of the wing, 42 mm. ; breadth, G.5 mm.
It comes from the Lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay.

It seems highly probable that (xryllidium Oweni "Westw., which comes from the same
place and is of the same size, is a specimen of the same species, in which the subordinate
nervides of the mediastinal and anal areas are not preserved; the latter are not deline-
ated in Westwood's figure of this species. Brodie's PI. 5, fig. 19, which Westwood took
to be the folded hind wing of a cricket, seems also ])robably to fall here, though it may
indicate another species in which the superior scapular branches are as crowded as the
mediastinal.

Blattidium Nogaus.

Blattidium Nogaus "Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud, x, 390, 396; PI. 18, fig. 23.
I have not seen this species, which has a proportionally much broader mediastinal area,
and apparently a smaller number of median veins than the other. The Aving could hardly
have had the excessive slonderncss of the other species, the fragment being 18 mm. long
and 7 mm. broad, and the whole wing probably not more than 27 mm. long. It too comes
from the lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay, England.

3G7

c. The mediastinal and scapular veins of the upper wiuffs are amalgamated,
and in addition the externomedian vein is amalgamated either
with the foregoing or with the internomedian vein.

NanNOULATTIXA gen. nov. (v«/v(.7.)

In this gomis, wliort' all the avIuj^h arc ininiitc, the oxtornoini'dinn sin-ings from tho
united nu>(liastin(>-scai)uhir vein in the second quai'ter of the winj^. 'Jlie ecKstal tield is
very broad, while the intenioniedian areaiseonsiderahly restrieted in width, thon<^h it ex-
tends a {jfood distance towai"<l tlie tip. In otlier ivspects the different species vary widely.

The throe species come from the npper Oolite of England.

!i

Nannoblattina similis.

Corydalis IJrodie, Foss. Ins. Enj?!., 110, PI. 5, fig. 2.

lilattina similis (iieb., Ins. A'"orw., .'HH.

In this species the niediastino-scapnlar area is regnlarly arched on either side of the
middle of the wing and occnpies at most more tliaii half its width, while the externome-
dian originates nearer the base than in the other species, and leaves a nearly uniform
narrow internomedian area.

Length of fragment (from which a small i)art of the base only appears to be broken)

5 nun.:

breadth 2 nun.

It comes from the English Wealden.

Nannoblattina Prestwicbii sp. no .

PI. 22, «g. 3.

A noarly perfect wing, but with the anal area lost and the basal ])art of the costal area.
It is possible, however, to restore the missing border with a considerable degree of pre-
cision, and so to judge that the Aving was tolerably slender, a little less than three times
as long as broad, with straight margins, scarcely tapering, the tip well rounded. The me-
diastino-scapular vein is well arched, so that in the middle of the wing the area occupies
nearly half the width; most of its nervules are straight, obli(pie and sim])le, bnt some of
the apical ones are forked. The externomedian vein parts from this in the middle of the
biisal half of the wing, and with its forks occupies nearly the entire tip of the wing. The
internomedian is rather strongly sinuous, its area narrow excepting at extreme base, the
nervules few, simple, slightly sinuous and longitudinally oblique. The anal furi'ow is
pretty regularly and not very sti'ongly arcuate, tei'minating beyond the middle of the
basal half of the wing. An upper surface is exposed on the light brown stone, but it is
perfectly flat ; it is a little fuliginous, with blackish brown veins which are just perceptibly
impressed, the anal furrow no more than the rest.

Length of fragment G mm.; probable length of wing ().;") nun; breadth 2.2;"> nun. The
specimen comes from the English Purbecks and was studied by the favor of Kev. P. B.
Brodie. It is named in honor of the veteran English geologist.

.SG8

I I 'i»

I ^

Nonnoblattina Woodward! np. nov.
1*1. 22, (Ig. G.

This minute spccii's is rcpri'sonti'd by a siii;>:li' nciirly pcifi-ct wiiijf, brokiMi obliciucly
across tlu' hasi*. \\\ uikUt surfiuT is fxposcd on the dark ^j^ri'tMiish ;jfray sfonc, as «p-
j)oars from its siifi^lit concavity, and the prominent veins; the winj? is t'uli<:^iii<)us and the
stout veins broadly marked in bhick. The win;? is com|)arativeIy broad, the costal and
inner margins straight and parallel, thi' tip broadly rounded, the apex slightly above the
middle. The njcdiastino-scapular vein rims in an obli(pu'ly and gently sinuous ccuu'se,
terminating below the apex and broadest in the whole apical third of the win;:f, where it
occupies fully half of its width, furnished with considerably arcuate, rather numerous,
])arallel, simple, oblifjue branchi's. The externomedian vein arises from this in the mid-
dle of the second fourth of the win^ and is but once forked, ni'ar the tip. The inter-
nomcdian vein is strongly sinuous, the urea rapidly narrowing and the branches very few,
short and s«)mewhat divergent. The anal I'un-ow is scarcely or not at all more distinct
than the other veins, is stron<jfly arcuate and nuist enclose a very lar<ji;eanal area, but tlu'
broken win<if will not allow us to determine how nmch; it is probable, however, that it
reaciies nearly to the middle of the w: >^'; the anal veins are simple, parallel, impinge on
the margin, the basal ones turned apically a little outward.

Lensjth of fragment Ii.7o nun.; probable length of wing 4.1 mm.; its breadth l.G mm.
It comes from the Wiltshire Pnrbecks, w'as reci'ived through Kev. 3[r. Hrodie and is
named for Dr. Henry AVoodward who has introduced to us so nuich of the life of tlu^
past.

DiPLUKOnLATTIXA gen. nov. (.5if, rXsupiiy)

In this genus the externomedian vein has become completely amalgamated, not M'iili
tlic mediastiuo-scapular but with the intcrnomedian. The humeral field again appears
and, notwithstanding the amalgamation mentioned, the mediastino-scapular area occupies
a very large share of the wing, which is of a tapering, cuneiform shape in the only 8p<>cies
kno\vn. The veins are, therefore, branches of two principal stems which pass down the
middle of the wing side by side, but as distant as the principal branches frimi each other.

The single species comes from the English Purbecks.

Diplaroblattina Bailyi »p. nov.
PI. 22, fig. 5.

A nearly perfect wing represents this species in Avhich the an.ll area only is wanting,
excepting a minute fragment of the tip. It has a tajjoring, graceful form, both costal and
inner margin being similarly aiid gently arcuate and the slender tip being well rounded.
A smooth and Hattened humeral field, lanceolate in shape, extends over ai)out a third of
the Aving. Tlie mediastino-scapular, strongly arcuate near the base, runs in its apical hall'
nearly through the middle of the wing, terminating scarcely above the tij); its rather
nmnerous branches, simple at first, beyond simple or forked, arc oblique and tolerably

860

Htrniglit. Tlic niodiiin •, ciii niiis pnrnllcl to the procodinp tbrouprhoiit, lins four inferior
l)rnnclu>H nt'iNiii<^ toU-ralily near tojfi'tlu'r juat lu'lbrc the middle of (he win^, whieh are
very strongly areiiate, Hiinple or forked, apieally longitudinal; in the apieal thinl of tlu)
wing, distant in origin from the preeedin*;, are a eouple of NimpK> longitudinal hranehes.
The anal area eannot I'Xtend beyond the basal fourth of the wing.

Length of fragment O.Tonnn.; of wing restored T..! nun.; breadth Q.O.TI nun. The wing,
whi:'h is weareely dingier than the ehalky-white stone cm whieh it rests, showing its upper
d<mied surfaee with the slightly dusky veins minutely depressed, is faintly and very <lel-
ieately retieulated in the basal half It eonu's from the English I'urbeeks, lies side by
side with the Mesoblattinu tiguretl on IM. 20, Hg. 'A, and was received from Kev. 1*. H. Hro-
die. It is named for ^Ir. AV. II. Uaily who has interested himself in some of the fossil
insects of Ireland.

DiEOIIOHIiATTINA gen. nov. ('>(//<i<)

This gt'uus is nearly allied to the last, all the veins of the wing being dependencies of
two stocks, which as there pass down the mithlle of the wing, the veins diverging in op-
posite directions; but here these uuiiu stems are very closely approximated and appear to
terminate before the tip of the wing, leaving the longitudinal branches only to run to the
tip. The humeral field also is Avantiug. All the branches, as a mass, are arciuite, the
superior ones with the arcnation opening toward thebasalhalf of the costal border, the in-
ferior toAvurd the ai)ical half of the same.

The two species arc found in the English Pm-becks.

Diechoblattina UngerL

[Without name] AVestw., Quart. Jonrn. Geol. Soc. Lond., x, 395, PI. 17, fig. 13.
Malta Ungeri Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 322.

This minute species has much the appearance of a feather. The two main stems run
close together in a regular gently arcuate course nearly to the tip, the arcuation opening
toward the costal margin.

Length of wing, 5.5 nun. ; breadth, 2.5. Lower Purbecks of Durdlestonc Bay.

Diechoblattina Wallacei sp. nov.

PI. 22, Hg. 1.

Restoring the wing at its broken base, as in the figure, the approximated stems are
seen to run in a straight, scarcely oblique course through the basal tliii'd of the wing, be-
yond which, in more delicate shape, they are regularly and consiclerably arcuate, tennlnat-
ing in the middle of the vtay broadly rounded tip. Most of the nervules are simple, the
superior ones rather more crowded than the more strongly arcuate and more longitudi-
iual inferior ones, and those arising in the apical half of the wing usually more or less
forked. The costal margin is very gently convex, and the apex of the wing roundly
docked; anal area broken oft'.

870

Lmjfth of frajfiucnt, 8 mm.; prolmblo h'i)<;th of winjf, 0.7i> mm.' Ihh-ikIiIi, 4 mm. Tim
Hjn'citiK'n is of llic Hiimo ('(»lor iih tlio <lii'fy, clialky-whltt' Htoiic on which it is prcHi-rvi'*!
aiul t'xhiliits iipparoiitly llu* under H'n-faci', (ho vi-iuH h»Mi^' slijfhlly raiHi-d; the prin; ipal
vcinHare scarci'ly Hcparahlc near tin* baHi*. The species, Hent me hy Mi". Hrotlie, comes
from (lie En;;liHii INu-heckN and is named foi- (lie l<Jiijj;|irih niituralist, Mr. A. J{. Wal-
lace, whose studies have embraced fossil insects.

1 f

ScUTIXOni.ATTIXA Sciuliler.

ScittinoUattina Scudd., IVoc. Acad. Xat. Sc. I'hilad., 188.'), 110.

The te«?mina are more or less coriaceous obscuring;; somewhat the neuration. The
niediasdno-scapular vein is nearly or (iui(e s(rai<?h(, (erininatiii<j; a little below the tip of
the winj?, while the median vein (the externoinedian and internomcdian beinjjf united)
runs parallel to and somewhat distant from it. The anal veins fall sometimes on the in-
ner margin and sometimes on the anal liirrow. All the species are from the American
Trias.

The three species are 5'. ^row/7Miff>yj, >S'. intermedia and S. recta, \\\\ found at Fairplay,
Colorado. They have been briefly described in the I'hiladelphia Academy's Proceed-
ings, and Avill be fully discussed and figured in a paper devoted to this Triassic locality,
so that it is only iiecessary liere to indicate their position in the series.

vV I

LeoXOPIIOKA Ileor.

Legnopliora ITeer, Yiertelj. iinturf. Ciesellsch. Zflrich, ix, 207.

lleer gives this name to an object of whose animal nature he was not wholly convinced.
If, as he supposed, the front wing of a cockroach, it differ.* from all known foi-ms in the
j)arallel and longitudinal course of the veins of the costal area. Ajiparently it falls near
this place, and the wing itself appears to have been somewhat coriaceous.

The single species is L. Qirardi Heer {loc. cit.) tig. ;>, from the Trias of Trebitx,
Germany.

APOKOnLATTINA gen. nov. («;;<>/)«?).

Under this name, I group a series of wings, of three of Avhich I have seen specimens,
which appear to me to be in all probability hindAvings of cockroaches They difl'er con-
siderably among themselves, but agree in having the mediastinal and scapxdar veins dis-
tinct, the former occupying a narrow belt with longitudinally oblique veins, and in having
n very extensive develoj)ment of the internomedian vein, with long, sweeping, arcuate
nervules; the externoinedian, in all eases but one or two, where it appears to be either
altogether wanting or amalgamated with the internomedian, being very slenderly devel-
oped in a A^ery narroAV area.

Most of the species come from the upper Oolite of England, but three speeiet. come
from the Lias, two of them from England and one from Geniiany.

871

Aporoblattiiui Batonl ttp. nov.

ri. 22, ng. 19.

TWit* HpcciiiuMi is n nearly coiuplctc wiiijf ol'llu' same <<»Ior an tlu> lij?li(, dlrly l>i'(»wn
Htouc nil wliicli It 1h prt'siTVcd, with very dark brown veins; it is perfectly Hat, hnt tlie
veins are sli<i;htly inipresscil in places; it. has the ap|)earance of heinji; the upper snrface
of a liind win;j^, partly fohled in the partially incomplete anal re^rioii. The costal niar;ii^in
is perfectly strai«j;ht in the Imsal half, then more and m(»re arcuate, meelinjf at a broad
anp^le the arcuate curve of the lower part of the winjj^ at the scarcely annulate aprx in
the middle of the up|iei- half of the win^. The basal half •of the costal ana a|)pears to
bi' narrowly folded. The ni','<liastinal vein is strai^j^ht, terniinatin;jf in tlu" middle of tho
outer half of the win<;f, witli a few distant, lon<j^itudinally ob!i(|ue, but short, sim|)'o
branches. The scapidar vein is also straij^ht, terminates just below the tip and Ik lur-
nished with three or four lonj^itudinal, slij^htly upcurved branches, con>p*>iii>d apically, and
ori^i^inatin;;^ at e(pial distances far apart, the second in the middle of the winj^. The ex-
ternomedian vein is also strni;:^ht, llrst divides in the michlle of the winjj; and is very
sli<jfhtly and lonjfitudinally branched. Tin: intern-tmedian vein, also slrai;;ht, bi.t slij^htly
declivous to beyond the middle of the win;^, then bends slightly downward, and has four
sli^j^htly arcuate, longitudinally obliciue, equidistant and rather distant simple branches.
The anal vein has branches similar to the preceding, but, ajiparcntly by a fold, they aio
made to take a more longitudinal course.

Length of wing, ir) nun.; breadth, Co. It comes from the English Purbecks, was
sent nie by Kev. Mr. llrodie, and is named for Itev. A. E. Eaton who has contributed
slightly to our knowledge of fossil insects.

Aporoblattina anceps.

[Without name] Westw., Quart. Jou.-n. Geol. Sop. Lond., x, 39^, PI. 15, fig. 22.
JBlattina anceps Gieb., Ins. Yorw., 317 (Giebcl wrongly quotes fig. 21).

This small species seems to be closely allied to ^.j^a/otti, but of a very different shape,
tbe costal margin being quite as arcuate as the lower margin, or more so, and the bluntly
rounded afiex being in the middle of the Aving. The characteristics of the neuration are
in general similar to those of A. Eatoni, but the cxternomcdian vein (whicb is probably
wrongly represented as attached at base of fragment to tho scapular vein) is only once
forked, near the tip, and the branching of the scapular vein is much simpler.

Length of fragment, 7 mm.; probably the wing is not much longer; breadth, 4 mm.
Lower Purbecks, Durdlestone Bay.

( J

'"■\

cK't. come

Aporoblattina McLachlani sp. nov.

ri. 22, Wg. c.

[Without name] Westw., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. Lond., x, 390, PI. 18, fig. 35.
Westwood looked ujion this wing as neuiopterous, and apparently as more complete

Lte *

fe'- ■!•. S !

■■*,'.!«.'

r,

■a' 4

872

than 11 seems to l)e, its tnie (limensions being uttemptetl to be shown in the figure here
given, whieli is take . , with scarcely any doubt from the same spechnen, now in the collec-
tion of Kev. P. B. Urotlie. The specimen is slightly duskier than the dirty, chalky-white
stone, perfectly flat, with delicately impi-essed veins which are the clearer for being filled
with dirt. ^Next the anal area another wing partly overlies this, but it is not drawn.
The wing was of a sub-oval form with a very nuich fuller ciirve below than ji)ove, the
apex, which is rounded though produced, being in the middle of the upper half of the
wing. Only the tip of the me(^iastinal vein appears on the fragment, and it is very sim-
ilar to that of A. Eatoni, terminating probably a little before the middle of the outer half
of the wing. The scapular vein difters from that of A. Eatoni considerabl}', tenninating
scarcely above the apex and having only simple oblique branches in the outer third of
the wing, and a single longitudinal also simple branch, arising one-third the way from the
base. The internomedian vein is nuich as in A. Eitoni, but only branches in the api-
cal third of the wing. The cxternomedian vein occupies an even broader field than in
the last species, with similnr but more arcuate, and apically more longitudinal branches,
also simple. The anal veins are not seen.

Length, of fragment, 6.75 nun. ; probable length of wing, 8.5 mm. ; breadth, 4.75 mm.
From the English Purbecks, named for Mr. R. McLachlan, whose well known entomolog-
ical studies have extended occasionally to fossil insects.

Aporoblattina Westwoodi sp. nov.

[Without name] Westw., Quart. Jouni. Geol. Soc. Lond.. x, 396, PI. 18, fig. 28.

Westwood looked on this wing as phryganideous, but It plainly belongs in this im-
mediate vicinity, resembling closely the preceding species, from which it differs in its
greater size and slendei ncss, in the forking of the first branch of the scapular vein (no
branch in any part of the wing is forked in A. McLacTilani) and in the generally less
vegidar disposition of the branches of the scapular area. The cxternomedian vein is also
simpler and less regular.

The fragment is 10.5 nun. long and 5 mm. broad. Probably the wing reached a length
of 14 nun. It comes from the lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay.

Aporoblattina KollarL

[Without namo] Brodie, Foss. Ins. Engl., 33, 119, PI. 5, fig. 14.
Blatta Kollari, Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 322.

Westwood, in lirodie's work, looked upon this as belonging to a family of Xeuropte va
"of which Corydalis is the type.'' It i)lainly belongs here, and is apparently not distantly
related tc the two preceding species and especially to A. Westwoodi, from which it is
readily distinguished by its still slenderer form, and the greater straightness and regular
distribution of its scapular branches.

Length, 18 mm.; breadth, 6.5 nun. It comes from the Purbeck strata of the Vale of
Wardour.

373

Aporoblattina incompleta.

[Without name] Brortie, Foss. Ins. Engl., PL 8, fig. 13.
Blattina incompleia Giebel, Ins. Torw., 317.

Tliis species clifterb somewhat from tlic preceding fonns and is very imperfect, but
seems to belong here, and to be not distantly related to A. Westwoodi, but with the ex-
ternomedian area much more fully developed, ^.•ith nervuies simulating those of the scap-
ular area. Both scapular and anal areas are wanting.

Length of fragment, 8.6 nnn. ; width of same, 3.75 mm. ; probable length of wii)g, 11
mm. ; probable breadth, 4.2o mm. It conies from the English Lias.

Aporoblattina recta.

[Without lame] Brodie, Foss. Ins. Engl., 33, 110, PI. 5, fig. 3.
Blattina recta Gieb., Ins. Vorw., 318.

This also West Wv'od looked upon as allied to '^Jorydalis, but it is clearly related to the
others. It is a small and slender spi'cies, but, e?:cepting for the changes in neuration
which this involves, closely resembles A. McLachlani. The externomedian branches
only near the tip and entirely beyond the extremity of the mediaLstinal area, occupying
the tip with its forked branches, Avhich, in contradistinctiim to all the other veins are
ooth superior and inferior; all the other branches are simple.

Length of fragment, 6.5 mm.; probable length of wing, 8 mm.; breadth, 2.75 mm. It
comes from the Wealden of the Vale of Wardour.

Aporoblattina nana.

Blattina nana E. Gein., FlOtzform. Mecklenb., 30, PI. 6, fig. 2.

This niinute species appears to belong here, though it dift'ers conspicuously in the more
longitudinal and straighter branches, most noticeable in the internomedian area. It is a
little difficult to tell where the separation of the scapular and externomedian veins shouVl
be placed, as the base is broken, but it woidd appear probable that Geinitz's construction
of the neuration is correct, in which case the very small development of the scapular is a
marked feature of the species.

Length of fragment, 5 mm.; probable length of wing, 6.5 nnn.; breadth, 2.'4 nnn. It
comes from t" e Lias of Dobbertin, Germany.

. Aporoblattina exigoa sp. nov.

[AVithout name] Wcstwood, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., x,300, 3i)<>, PI. 18, fig. 38.

This species, represented by xx wing which AV^estwood regarded as orthopterous, seems

to belong here and to be nearly related to A. nana, than which it is not nnich larger.

The mediastinal vein runs to the middle of the outer half of the wing. The scapular

9U

\e\n runs almost sti'uifj^lit to tlic tip, ami, coinineiicinj^ to hrancli pretty near tlie base,
sends fonr widely and equally distant, superior, and almost longitudinal branches to the
niar<ifin, which in the outer t!iird of the wing are considerably forked, so that the ti]) is
crowded with terminal branches. The externomedian is simihu'ly branciied, but narrowly-
and only quite beyond the middle of tlie wing. Even the nnnsually longitudinal branches
of the here conq)aratively narrow externomedian area are fo'ked in the a{>ical third of
the wing. The anal area ai)pears to be brief and narrow with rwo or tlnve oblique veins.
Tile narrowness of the wing is its marked I'eature, disguising its resemblance to its allies,
ne t to Avhich is the general nuiltiplication of branches in the apical third of the wing.
It is from two and a half to three times as l<mg as broad.

Length of fragment, which is very nearly complete, 0 nun. ; breadth, 5J.6 mm. It comes
from the lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay. lleer referred it to IJlattidium.

Aporoblattina Butleri sp. nov.

'il

^i

PI. 22, fig. 15.

A single specimen and its reverse on a grayish-brown stone, in which the surface, per-
fectly Hat, is of the same color, excepting foB the reddish-brown veins slightly impressed
on one, slightly prominent on the other, represent this species. It is but a fragment, and
is the oidy (me placed here which a})pears to have certainly no externomedian vein; a mere
fragment of the costal margin remains, but a conjectural outline is given on -the 'plate,
hardly consonant with the idea that it is a hind wing; indeed the presence and character
of the anal vein (which is, however, no more depressed than the others) hardly alloAvs
that supi)osition, so that it is probable that it does not belong in this group. Still the
neuration strongly reminds one of that of these species, with the single exception of the
arcuate anal lurrow, and the absence of the externomedian vein. The metliastinal vein
extends beyond the limits of the fragment, but iuidoid)tedly stops considerably short of
the tip (running at first parallel to (?) and afterwards) approaching the not distant costal
margin, with few, distant, longitudinally oblique, nearly straight and sinq)le branches.
The scapular vein i-uns, apparently to the tip of the Aving, in a nearly straight course iar
from the costal margin, yet conunences to fork only just before the middle of the wing
and has only two or three superior, longitudinal, so far as can be seen simple, distant
bi-anches. The median vein runs in a nearly straight coiu'se, parallel to the formei',
through the middle of the wing, and has oidy a few similarly distant, longitudinally ar-
cuate, so far as can be seen sinq)le veins, all, or all but one of which, arise near together
before the middle of the wing. The anal furrow is broadly arcuate, terminating probably
a little before the middle of the wing.

Length of fragment, 8.25 nun.; i)robable length of wing, 12 mm.; its breadth, 4.25 mi:i.
It comes from the English Lias and was sent by Kev. Mr. Brodie for examination. It
is named alU-r Mr. A. (r. Butler, of (he British Museiuu, who has contributed somewhat
to ouv knowledge of English fossil insects.

', IS

873

APPENDIX.

There are a few xpeeies, iiiipei'feetly preserved, e()nceriiiii<;' wliicli we ean eoine to no
satisCactory eonelusions. Sueli is lUthma ramificala (iiebel (figured by AVestw.,
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., x, PI. 1."), H<j^. 20), in whieli all the veins, or at any rate
all but one are represented as originating from a single root. It ih perhaps an Elisania.

Another is Blatluia incerta Geinitz (Zeits(tl:r. deutsch. geol. (resellseh., 1881, 571,
PI. 13, fig. 2), whieh the author eonii)ares to Cteiioblattina Laruffehltl, a reseniblanee
Avhich would not have been mentioned if a mistake had not bemi made in the interpreta-
tion of the margins of the wing of the latter speeies, as mentioned above, liy the dis-
tanee of the mediastinal vein from the margiii, it Avould appear to be a front wing; but
for that and for the corresponding very strongly arcuate front margin, it would a|)pear
to be a hind wing, and to be not far removed from the Avings I have j)laced in Aporo-
blattina. As, however, it is clearly a front wing, as all the veins appear to be independ-
ent, and as its general form and the general distribution of the areas are very difti'rent from
that of mesozoic cockroaches in general, I am strongly inclined to doubt the IJlattidean
relationship clr.imcd for it, and to look at it rather as a neuropterous wing allied tollagla.

There is also the mere fragment of a wing figured by Westwood (Quart. Journ. (ireol
Soc. Lond., X, PI. J. J, tig. IJ)) which is probably less than a quarter of the whole wing,
and the apical portion at that, which is probably quite indeterminate. Ileer refers it to
Blattidiuni.

The fragment of a wing figured by Brodie (Foss. Ins. Engl., PI. .5, fig. 6, cf. p. 121)
from the Wealden is apparently the anal area of a cocki-oach, in which the upper ciu'vo
represents the anal furrow and the lower, with the veins falling on it, the iinier margin
of that part of the wing. It seems to have belonged to a species about the size of
mthma Westwjodi.

The insect from Solenhofen (Jura), which Ileyden (Palivontogr., I, 100-101, PI. 12,
fig. 5) figures nnder the name of Jilabera avlta, but which he says " einer eigenen Gat-
tung angehoren mag," on account of the shape of the tegmina, has rather on his plate
the appearance of a Cybister or an Hydrophilus, but until further examination of the
original or of other specimens, cannot be definitely fixed. There is nothing, either in
shape or nenration (whieh appears to be very obscure), which shows any relation to
other mesozoic forms, and with the exception of the Solenhofen species of the abnormal
and widely different genus Ptcrinoblattina, it is very much larger than any other mes-
ozoic forms of this family.

Finally a species from the Jura of Solenhofen is mentioned and rudely figured by
Weyenbergh (Period. Zool., r, 80, PI. .S, fig. 12) nnder the name oi Blattaria Duncl-eri;
but all he sayr of it is that it is characterized by tiie abdominal appendages and the small
head. As far as the figure goes, there seems to be nothing to show that it is certainly
a cockroach, still less where it belongs; no wings are preserved.

\Mi

376

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 20.

Ftg. 1. Ctenoblatllna arela. f Drawn by Knthe'lne Pelrson. Purbecks, England.
" " if Drawn by J. Henry Blake.

Metoblatttna, sp. i Drawn by Miss Pelrson. Purbecks, England.
Sithma Stricklandi. } Showing only the left upper wing, drawn by Mr. Blake. Purbecks, England.

" " t I'be entire insect. Drawn by the some.

SUhma Wettwoodif \ Drawn by Miss Pelrson. Purbecks, England.
liilhma Uanaa. f Drawn by the same. Lias, Strensliam.
Jillhma, sp. -f By the same. Purbecks, Englund.

JUesoblatlina Qeiktet. f By the same. Lias, Brown's Wood, 'Warwickshire.
UeaohlntUna Saintoiii. 4 By the sume. Purbecks, England.
JiUhma We$tieoodi. f By the same. Purbecks, England.
Uteioblattina Biakfi. \ By the same. Upper Lias, Alderton.
llesublattliia, sp. f By the same. England.
liitlima dlsjuncla. f By tlie same. Purbecks, Wiltshire.
litthma Gosstl. \ By the same. Purbecks, England.
Hithma Daltoni. t By the bamc. Purbecks, England.
17. Mttoblattina Benaoni, | By the same. Upper Lias, Dumbleton.

(t

2.

•(

8.

■ 1

4.

• i

6.

<f

6.

tt

7.

•1

8.

II

9.

II

10.

II

11.

II*

12.

II

13.

II

14.

II

IS.

II

16.

Fig. 1.

if'

1?«,

tt

2.

• (

3.

i(

4.

t(

6.

(1

6.

It

7.

((

8.

tl

9.

«(

10.

<(

11.

l(

12.

t(

13.

(•

14.

^IflC

. 1.

ti

2.

t<

8.

((

4.

II

6.

II

6.

«l

7.

II

8.

II

9.

11

10.

II

11.

If

12.

It

13.

l«

14.

41

IS.

II

IC.

II

17.

II

18.

li

19.

PLATE 21.

Elisama Kneri. f Drawn by Kalhcrine Pelrson. Purbecks, Wiltshire.

Mesoblaltlna Bucklandi, } By the same. England.

i'liaama Kirkbyi. 4 By the snme. England.

JUesoblatlina ^urrayi. f By the same. Purbecks, England.

Mesoblattina Unrchiaont. f By the same. Purbecks, England.

Nesoblattina, sp. f By tiie same. Purbecks, England.

Mesoblattina Brodiei. i By the same. Purbecks, England.

Elisama Bticktont. \ By the same. Purbecks, England.

Mesoblattina Mantelli. f By the same. Purbecks, England.

Mesoblattina Peachii, t By the same. Purbecks, England.

Mesoblattina Jlopei. { By the same. Purbecks, England. '

Elisamc Buektoni. ^ By the same. Purbecks, England.

Elisama minor. 4 By the same. Purbecks, England.

Mesoblattina Higginsii, } By the same. Purbecks, England.

PLATE 22.

Dtechoblattina Wallacei. f Drawn by Kalherlne Pelrson. Purbecks, England.

liitltma? minima. | Drawn by J. H. Blake. Purbecks, Dorset (see llg. Sa).

Nannoblaltina Prestwichii. ^ Drawn by Miss Pelrson. England.

Part of the upper wing of an Orthopteron ("Orasshoppcr," Wcstwood.) i Drawn by Mr. Blake. Pur-
becks, Dorset (see flg. 86).

Diplxiroblattina Bailyi. { Drawn by Miss Pelrson. Purbecks, England.

Hannoblattina Woodwardi. 4 Drawn by Mr. Blake. Purbecks, Wiltshire.

Pterinoblattina plitma. \ Drawn by Mr. Blake. Purbecks, Wiltshire (see flg. 8c).

Slab of . tone from Purbecks of Wiltshire, showing In their natural sise the species represented In figures
2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13. Compare the flgures by Wcstwood In Quart. Journ. Oeoi. Soc. Lond., x. Pi. 15,
flg. 14. Drawn by Mr. BInke.

Pterinoblattina intermixta. f Drawn by Miss Pelrson. Upper Lias, Alderton.

Trichopterous wing, according to Wcstwood. f Drawn by Mr. Blake. Purbeclcs, Wiltshire (see flg. 80-

Hithma? minima, i Drawn l)y Mr. Blake. Purbecks, Wiltsliire (see flg. 8{r).

Trichopterous wing, according to Westwood. j Drawn by Mr. Blake. Purbecks, Wiltshire, (see flg. M).

Cercopidium Telesphurus, Westw. f Drawn by Mr. Blake. Purbecks, Wiltshire (see flg. 8«).

Pterinohlattiua penna, f Drawn by Miss Pelrson. Purbecks, England.

Aporoblattinat Uutleri. f Drawn by Miss Pelrson. Lins, England.

Pterinoblattina Cnrtisii. i Drawn by S. F. Denton. Upper Lias, Alderton.

Blattidium Simyrtis. f A composite flgures from the obverse and reverse together. Drawn by Mr. Blake.
Purbecks, England.

Aporoblattina MeLachlani. \ Drawn by Miss Pelrson. Purbecks, Eng'and.

Apcroblattina Ealoni. \ Drawn by Miss Pelrson. Purbecks, England.

[r. Blake. Par-

II by Mr. Blake.

New Types of Cockroaches fboh the Garbonifebous Deposits

OF THE United States.

OllfCE the publication of my revision of the carboniferous cockroaches of the world,
a very considerable number of new forms have been described from the Old World and
a good many additional kinds have been found in our own country. A few of these
from the Richmond, Ohio, coal fields have been described by me, and a very large num-
ber more are in my hands awaiting investigation. The forms herewith described (for
the first time in full) have been awaiting an opportunity for illustration before final pub-
lication, and extend considerably our knowledge of the ancient fauna, several of the tpe-
cies showing much more than the upper wings, upon which we have heretofore mainly
depended. The larger part of them come from Mazon Greek, HI.

MYLAGRIDAB Scudder.

As there are two generic forms to add to the three published in my paper on Palaeo-
zoic cocki'oaches, I add a new table of the genera of this family.

table op the genera op'mylacbidab.

AU the branches of the mediastinal vein arising close to the base of the wing.
Mediastinal and scapular areas together occtipylng less than half the wing.

Scapular area larger than the mediastinal Mylsoris.

Scapular area smaller than the mediastinal Fromylaoria.

Mediastinal and scapular areas together occupying half or more than half the wing.

Wings broad ; externomedlan area expanding aplcally Faromylaoris.

Wings narrov/ ; externomedlan area small and compressed, scarcely expanding aplcally . Lithomylaoris.

A number of the apical branches of the mediastinal vein arising l>eyond the base of the wing aud scarcely partaking of

the radiate arrangement of the others Neoymylaorii.

MylaetiB mansfieldlL

Myldcris mansfieldii Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., m,. 47 (1879).
A fragmentary and small specimen of this species, affording some points in addition

(877)

I

378

r '

4o the original specimen, has been sent me by Mr. W. F. E. Giirley. It is incomplete
ami the best face is l)roken into several fragments, but it shows the greater part of the
costal margin with the outer tip of the wing. Though the wing tapers apically, this tip
is not at nil pointed, as was supposed from the original imperfect specimen, but well
rounded, and the costal margin is pretty regularly and gently rounded but a little
flattened beyond the basal two-fitths of the wing, where there is a slight change in
the cui"ve, due to this flattening. As in the original, two or three of the mediasti-
nal I'nys are forked near their origin, and the mediastinal area appears to extend a
very little further than in the original. What can be seen of the other areas (the
scapular vein is nearly complete, but only a little of the others) agrees tolerably well
with those of the original specimen, except that the externomedian vein certainly be-
gins to fork at an earlier part of its course, namely at about the same point as the scap-
ular vein. The wing is presei-ved a little further toward the base than the original, but
only imperfectly, so that little more can be learned from it. None of the anal veins ap-
pear.

Length of fragmcint, 17 mm. ; probable length of wing, 21 mm.

The specimen was found at Potty's Ford on the Little Vermilion river, four miles
east of Georgetown, Vermilion Co., Illinois, in the same deposits that furnished Prop-
teticus infeiiius Scudd.

PrOMYLACRIS (Trpd,MtjXaxp{i;^,

Promylacris Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 34.

Allied to Paromylacris, remarkable like it for its strong convexity, and its stoutness
of form, although surpassed by Paromylacris in both features; the frontal shield is about
twice as broad as long, sometimes much less than that, and the wings are considerably
less than half as long again as their united breadth.

The mediastinal vein, though large and abundantly supplied with veins, tenninates at
about the middle of the wing; most of the branches fork. The scapular and externo-
median veins together occupy the greater part of the wing, the latter teiminating below
the tip of the wing, but in the diflferent species known they are of varying importance,
sometimes the externomedian, at others the scapular, having the predominance; in all,
the externomedian branches are long and nearly straight. The internomedian area is
narrow, though deep, its veins few and faint. The anal furrow which terminates only
a little before the middle of the wing is very deeply impressed and the anal area strongly
convex and. raised, its veins regular, simple or forked, frequent, and strongly curved.

Indications of legs in one species show that the femora were about as long as half the
width of the tegmina, and about as stout as in the modern species of Periplaneta.

This genus is closely allied to Paromylacris, but differs from it strikingly in the much
smaller development of the mediastinal area and the course of the scapular vein, which
runs through the middle of the wing in Paromylacris but here considerably above it.
The costal margin of the wings is much more convex here than in Paromylacris, the
pronotal shield not so broad in proportion to its length, though this is variable, and the
whole insect not so stout nor so arched.

Three species are kiiown wliich may be separated as follows:

379

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OP I'nOMYLACRIS.

Prothorax distinctly twice as broad m long. Scapular voin miicli more important than thu ostcrnomcdlan

1. P. teBtudo.
Prothorax distinctly loss than twice as broad as long. Scapular vein not nnro important than the oxtcrnonicdinn.
Prothorax more than half as broad again as long. Scapular vein far less important than the oxternomudiau ; anal

veins simple 2. P. ovalis.

Prothorax less than half as broad again as long. Scapular vein not far loss Important than the cxtcrnomedian ;
anal reina mostly forked 3. P. rigida.

1. PromylacriB testado sp. nov.
PI. 24, flg. 6.

A single excellently preserved specimen showing both obverse and reverse, slightly
broken on one side. The form of the body with closed wings is slightly more elongate
than in JP. ovalis and it is a smaller species.

The front wings have a strongly developed well rounded humeral lobe; the costal
margin is strongly and regularly conve.K, while the inner margin is nearly straight, and
the apex, so far ar an be told, well rounded and not at all produced. The mediastinal
area, which is very oroad at base, rapidly narrows and terminates at some distance be-
fore the middle of the wing and before the anal furrow; the main vein is sinuous in its
course, and several of the radiating branches arise from the main stem and nearly all ai-e
forked near the margin. The scapular vein, strongly arcuate at the base, is nearly straight
but ajiically arcuate in the opposite sense, running in the middle subparallel to the cos-
tal margin, terminating just before the tip of the wing; half a dozen more or less forked
branches originate from it mostly in the middle third of the wing, neighboring ones
sometimes amalgamated at their bases into a bunch. The externomedian branches oc-
cupy all but the upper portion of the tip of the wing, but they are not numerous, though
the earliest originate as far or nearly as far as the scapular branches. The internome-
dian area apparently occupies about half the space from the anal farrow to the tip of the
wing, but the veins are few and obscure. Tho nnal farrow is very deeply impressed,
the anal area being strongly vaulted, its veins delicate, numerous, straight and paral-
lel; the furrow tenninates a little beyond the middle of the wing.

The whole body is considerably arched but the outer fourth of the costal region from
the scapular vein to the margin is flattened, a flattening which is shared in no way by
the transverse pronotum ; the latter is slightly more than twice as broad as long with
well arched, slightly appressed front, pronounced though rounded posterior lateral an-
gles, scarcely convex hind margin, and minutely marginate edge ; a slight median furrow
is indicated, besides two anteriorly converging but distant straight and faint depressions
of the surface, and a scarcely perceptible similar V-shaped central impression.

Length of whole body, 23 mm.; of pronotum, 4.75 mm.; width of same, 10.5 mm.;
length of wing, 19 mm.; breadth, 8 mm.; breadth of closed wings, 14 mm.

The single specimen known comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and was received for ex-
amination from Dr. J. S. Ncwbeny. It is preserved in the Columbia School of Mines.

I

' Bt' c>

wi

' '111

m

380

Ui

2. Promylaoria ovalia.

PI. 28, flgs. 1-4.

Promylacris ovale Scudd., Pi oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 34-45.

This species is represented by a single specimen and its reverse, in a nodule presei-v-
ing well the front half or more of the body.

The wings have all the tip removed, but the curve of the costal margin is so strong
that we may believe only a little less than a third to be gone. This would give to the
whole body a rather short obovate foi*m. The front wings have a strongly developed
humeral lobe, and a costal margin of considerable convexity ; the inner margin appears to
be straight but is ill defined. The mediastinal vein originates at the middle of the base of
the wing, and after the basal curve the innermost vein runs in a straight course to near
the end of the fragment, or to what is apparently near the middle of the wing; most of the
branches dichotomize. The scapular vein runs, beyond the base, in a nearly straight
course constantly approaching the margin and terminates apparently at the middle of
the apical half of the wing; it has three principal branches each of which has several
superior branchlets. The extemomedian vein is far more important, occupying with
numerous branches the entire apex of the wing; the principal branches are three, all
of which originate near together far toward the base and dichotomize beyond. The in-
ternomedian area is nnususMy small, reaching apparently not so far toward the tip as the
scapular. The anal area "S considerably domed, the furrow very deep, considerably
cui-ved and ending only a little beyond the basal third of the wing; the veins are numer-
ous, simple, parallel, curved.

Besides the wings, the prothoracic shield and the legs may be seen; the former is reg-
ularly arched, about a fourth as high us broad, and twice as broad as long; the latter
are seen but vaguely as discolorations through the wrings, but closely resemble those of
modern cockroaches; whether they are spined or not cannot be said.

Length of fragment of wing, 20 mm.; estimated entire length, 29 mm.; breadth of
same, 12 mm.; length of prothoracic shield, 8.5 mm. ; breadth of same, 15.5 mm.; length
of hind femora (partly estimated), 7 mm.; breadth of same, 1.5 mm.

The single specimen comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and was sent to me by Mr. W.
F. E. Gurley of Danville, 111.

3. Promylacxis tigiite sp. nov.
PI. 28, fig. 6.

A single specimen of which the anterior half is well presei-ved, including most of the
prothoracic shield; but the apical half of the tegmina is broken away, revealing the
apical parts of the hind wings somewhat displaced. It is of about the size of P. ovalis and
resembles it more than it does the other species, but has its prothoracic shield much
narrower in proportion to itp length, being distinctly less than half as broad again as
long, the front margin distinctly though bluntly angulated in the middle, smooth through-
out, very gently and unifonnly arched and overlapping the wings posteriorly.

are numer-

881

The fore wings have a well developed angulate humeral lobe, so that the curve of the
prothorax is hardly interrupted in passing to the wing; the costal noargin is regularly but
not strongly convex, much less convex than in either of the other species, so far as it can
be traced. The mediastinal area is triangular, broad at base and rapidly narrowing, ter-
minating at the middle of the wing and slightly beyond the anal furrow ; the radiating
veins are almost perfectly straight and only the outer ones fork and then but singly and
deeply. The scapular vein is almost rigidly straight, stiffly forking beyond its basal
fourth, the upper branch again dividing in a similar way near its base, and altogether
much resembling a continuation of the mediastinal vein, and covering on the margin
only the proximal half of the outer half of the wing. The externomedian vein is simi-
larly rigid in its upper half, but in its lower shows the proximity of the more arcuate
internomedian ; it divides close to the base into two branches, the upper of which mimics
the scapular, forks once before the mid"'© of the wing and probably again beyond, while
the lower with a downward curve, scarcely perceptible in the part preserved but no
doubt more pronounced beyond, forks a little earlier than the upper branch, each fork
again dividing at about the middle of the wing; this vein evidently holds the tip of the
wing in its grasp. The internomedian vein, feeble in structure, is gracefully arcuate,
but otherwise closely resembles the preceding; for it divides in two branches close to the
base, the upper forking just before the middle, the lower sending out two or three arcu-
ate simple or forked veins to the inner margin. The anal furrow is sharp and deep,
considerably curved, terminates considerably before the middle of the wing, the anal area
well domed, with numerous, parallel, mostly simple and deeply forked veins, the outer
ones more arcuate than the others and simple.

The hind wings are exposed apically but not enough to show much of the structure
of the wing for want of the vein-attachments. It would appear, however, as if the scapu-
lar area were very broad and nearly uniform in the distal half of the wing with relatively
few, oblique, moderately distant, straight bi'anches; that the externomedian was not
greatly different from what appears on the fore wing; and that the rounded apex was
somewhat pointed.

Length of entire fragment as misplaced, 43 mm.; probable length of creature, 37 mm.;
length of prothorax, 12.5 mm. ; breadth of same, 16.5 mm. ; probable length of fore wing,
28 mm.; apparent breadth of same, 16.5 mm.

One specimen from Mazon Creek, received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe under the number
2086ab.

'■ 1
* 1

;H

PaROMTLAOMS («<</'"?. lioXaxpt';)

Paromylacris Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 35.

An exceedingly broad, rounded, and well arched cockroach, in which the pronotal
shield is broadly rounded in front and slightly convex behind, broad in proportion to its
length, and the wings not half so long again as their imited breadth.

The wings in the only specimens known are imperfectly preserved, but sufficiently to
show that the species cannot fall into any described genus of Mylacridae. The medias-
tinal vein of the upper wing consists of at least seven or eight principal branches origi-
nating near the middle of tlie base of the wing, several of them forking close to the base

and ono or two dividing simply beyond tlie middle; nil of them nre straight or very
slightly curved, the outermost extending fur toward the tip of the wing, so as to give
this area an iinusual preponderance; it occupies indeed about one-fourth of the wing.
The scapular vein runs subparallcl to the costal margin in a straight course through the
middle of the wing to its extreme tip, so that this area and the mediastinal together oc-
cupy fully one-half the wing, dividing it between them by a straight and very oblique
line; this vein emits four or more long straight branches parallel to the outer mediastinal
branches, all of them, with the possible exception of an apical, forking once at or beyond
their middle. The extcrnomedian vein begins to fork at about the middle of the wing
with dichotomizing branches which, however, do not separate widely and occupy on the
margin only the lower half of the broad apex ; these branches cannot be called either
superior or inferior, as the forks port equally in opposite directions. On the inner margin
the internomedian area occupies less space than the anal, and is filled with a number
of closely approximate parallel veins scarcely curved and directed obliquely in an oppo-
site sense to those of the mediastinal area. The anal furrow is deeply impressed, broadly
curved, and strikes the middle of the inner margin.

The wings are peculiar for their extreme breadth and rounded outline ; the costal bor-
der is not greatly curved so that the tip of the wing is unusually blunt; they are broadest
in the middle, and scarcely twice as long as broad.

Besides the upper wings and the unusually broad pronotal shield, some few unimpor-
tant veins of the hind wings occur, but too insignificant to have any special value.

The genus differs from Mylacris, with which it best agrees, in the form of the wing,
which does not taper apically but only has the tip rounded off, in the slight obliquity and
gentle curve of the anal furrow, in which it resembles Lithomylacris, and very strikingly
in the great extent and apical extension of the mediastinal area; in this latter point it
recalls somewhat the features of Necymylacris, but only superficially, as the veins all
originate and diverge from the base of the wing and show no tendency to simulate the
Blattinariae. In its great breadth it is at once distinguishable from Lithomylacris, from
which it further diffei's in the lesser proportionate breadth of the combined mediastinal
and scapular areas. Its position in the system is indicated in the table of genera given
above.

Two species are known.

ParomylaeilB rotnnda.

PI. 24, figs. 1, 2.

Paromylacns rotundum Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 35.

The front wing is obovate, scarcely narrower at tip than at base, barely twice as long
as broad, the costal border gently and regularly convex, the apex broadly and regularly
rounded ; transversely also the wings are arched. The base of the wing is injured, but
the veins apparently originate in the very middle of the base, with little if any upward
curve at starting. The mediastinal area is very large, occupying half of the width of
the wing at base, and extending to the middle of the distal third of the wing apically;
the numerous veins of this area are traceable to about eight basal shoots, which radiate
considerably and not unfrequently fork singly (one is doubly forked), but there is aeon-

lera given

IS a con-

Bidernblc humcrul space altogether devoid of any trace of veins; the hnmcral angle itself
is very |)roiniiient, nearly rectangular, the extreme angle rounded. The scapular vein,
in the part wheio it is preserved, which does not include the basal third, is perfectly
straight, running through the middle of the wing but slightly nearer the costal than the
inner border ond slightly oblique, being a very little lower apically, where it terminates
at the middle of the tip, thaw at base; it begins to branch at the end of the basal fourth
of the wing, and emits four or perhaps five straight superior branches, the third before
the middle of tiie wing and the fourth at some distance beyond, or at the middle of the
outer half of the wing; the third branch consequently not only emits an inferior offshoot,
but the latter is again forked to fill the space between the third and foiu-th scapular
branches. The exteniomedian vein is exactly parallel to and equidistant from the scap-
lUar, excepting in the terminal fourth of the wing, where it slightly a[)proache8 it ; it
first divides a little before the middle of the wing, and both these branches, but especiiilly
the lower, dichotomize to some extent, but do not diverge widely, so that the inner limits
of the extemomedian area are not further removed from the tip than those of the scajiu-
lar. The inteniomedian vein is obscure, but its branches are scarcely less longitudinal
than those of the mediastinal vein and are as closely crowded as those of the extemome-
dian. The anal furrow strikes the middle of the inner margin, but the anal veins are
not preserved.

The species is a large one, the lai'gest of this group of Palaeoblattai-iae excepting Necy-
mylacHs heros, the length of the wing being 20.5 mm. and its breadth 15 mm., or about
as 2 : 1. The specimen is composed of a pronotal shield and the two upper wings, be-
sides a cluster of veins of one of the lower wings which, however, are of no importance;
the pronotal shield is nearly pei'fect, and the wings are I'clated to it in the position of
repose, showing the whole animal to have been 38 mm. long from the front of the pro-
notnm to the tip of the fore wings, and 22 mm. in breadth across the middle of the basal
half of the wings. A large part of the anterior base of both wings is obscured by poor
preservation, the outer half or more of the right wing is wanting, and the left wing lacks
all the anal veins and a piece is broken from the apex. The wings may be seen to be
transversely wrinkled between some of the veins, but as a general thing they appear to
be as smooth as the pronotum, and as if of the same opacity.

The body is strongly arched, the central portion of the pronotal shield being elevated
about 4.5 mm. above the margins and regularly rounded in every direction. Fig. 1 shows
a cross section taken slightly behind the middle of the pronotum. The pronotum is
very large and broad, being 20 mm. broad and about 10 mm. long, the front very broadly
rounded, the sides tapering and convex, the hind margin apparently (from the little that
can be seen of it) nearly straight but regularly convex; it is rathar delicately margined
around its lateral and front borders, as shown in both figui-es. The surface of the pro-
notum is entirely smooth, excepting in a rather narrow, rather small, subtriangular, cen-
tral field, its broken apex at the front margin ; this area is slightly roughened or scabrous
and shows slight signs of a median, longitudinal, very blunt carina which does not ap-
pear in the figure.

The specimen was submitted to me by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears
the number 2026. Both obverse and reverse are preseiTcd. It occurs in an ironstone

I

1 1

AiV

'II

i. ,..

884

nodule 60 x 45 mm. in size, found in tho carboniferous beds of Mazon Crook, Grundy
Co., Illinois.

S'li

v( ,

h

Puromylaorii ampla ap. nov.
PI. 23, flg. 7.

The single specimen known is of large size and tolerably well preserved, showing the pro-
thorax (imperfectly), most of the fore wings, and an unimportant part of the hind wings.
The body is not so strongly vaulted as in the preceding species, but is considerably more
arched than most modern cockroaches. The prothorax is not wholly exposed, being part-
ly still imbedded in the rock (upon the right side of the figure), but it is apparently not
quite twice as broad as long and so differs conspicuously from the other species ; a triangu-
lar space in the posterior middle of the disk is flattened and more or less rugose, while
the rest is smooth ; there is no sign of margination. In the wings, however, the vaulted
area terminates just before the costal edge, leaving a slight horizontal marginal shelf free
of arcuation.

The fore wings are a little more than twice as long as broad, the costal area well but
not strongly arcuate with a decided humeral angle. The mediastinal area is large, occu-
pying just about one-fourth of the wing, triangular, broad at base, tapering to the tip
which is well beyond the middle of the wing; the proximal veins of this area are single,
the middle ones deeply and widely forked and the distal third or more is occupied by a
compoundly forked vein, all of these radiating with a faint arcuation. The scapular vein
is sharply curved at base and beyond runs nearly straight through the middUt of the wing
and must terminate at or even below the tip; its branches, four or five in number, are
either singly forked somewhat beyond their middle or are simple and all are subparallcl
to the innermost course of the mediastinal vein. The externomedian and intemomedian
veins have little space wherein to develop and each is simple and single in its basal half
and nearly straight except for the necessary ba^al curve; probably in their outer half they
occupy about equal space. The anal furrow is very deep and shai'p, and the anal area
strongly vaulted, especially in the neighborhood of the former, which is very strongly
rounded, nearly bent at base and beyond this at first straight, then gently arcuate, teimi-
nating apparently well beyond the middle of the wing; the anal veins, overlooked by the
aitist, are very numerous, parallel, arcuate, simple, nearly twice as close as the veins of
the wing generally.

Parts of the hind wing are also seen beyond the broken fore wings, but show only a
multitude of nearly parallel and straight, simple or forked veins.

This opecies dificrs from the preceding in its more oval contour, tapering much more
at both e»ds, the less vaulted form, the longer and narrower thorax, and the simpler and
weaker construction of the externo- and intemomedian veins.

Length of fragment, the hind wing a little thrust beyond its natural position, 45 mm. ;
probable length, 42 mm.; length of prothorax, 12 mm.; breadth of same, at least 21 mm.;
length of fore wing, 31 mm. ; breadth of same, 14 mm.

One specimen, Mazon Creek, HI. Seceived from Mr. B. D. Lacoe under the number
2088ab.

385

nov.

Ziithomylaorla panp«niu sp.

PI. 82, fl|;. 6.

The Htnglo spccimun represents a friigment of a front wing nnfortunntely very iini)er-
fcct, but still sufBeiontly preserved to shov that it is a Lithoniylaeris, allied to Ij. jmhU'
aylvanica, but much larger than it, and ccruiinly distinct from any known s|)ecies. Not
one of the borders is preserved, although in several places the vnns are evidently perfect
to their tips.

Only one or two of the mediastinal veins can bo seen, the outer one long and straight
and minutely forked at the tip, with no other offshoots, unless it be at the l)ase, showing
the insect to belong to the Mylacridae; within this the forked extremity of another parallel
vein can be seen. The scapular vein is [)erfectly straight as far as what is probably the
centre of the wing, and in this basal portion runs down the middle of the wing, thns prov-
ing its proper reference to this gonus; beyond this it curves very gently and slightly up-
ward; in the fragment it emits four branches, the basal two close together, the others far
apart, and the last at the very tip of the piece; the first is simple, the second and third
simjily forked at no great distance from their origin, and all run in a longitudinally ob-
lique direction, subparallel to the mediastinal vein. The cxternomedian vein is exactly
parallel to the scapular and hardly more distant from it than two adjoining scapular
branches from each other; it divides far toward the base, apparently opposite the middle
of the anal furrow and just beyond the second branch of the scapular vein, each of its
branches again forking opposite the extremity of the anal furrow, and the uppermost
branchlet again before the end of the fragment is reached. The intcrnomedlan vein is en-
tirely composed of very faintly impressed lines, emits two parallel arcuate branches close
together a little nearer the base than the firet two branches of the scapular, the first sim-
ple, the other forked simply in the middle of its course; and farther apart and from those,
two other simple branches, the first opposite the fork of the preceding branch ; oil of these
branches on approaching the border sweep in a more longitudinal course toward it. The
anal furrow is not deeply impressed, a little roundly bent beyond the middle, otherwise
nearly straight ; the anal veins are not preserved, but the fnn*ow appears to strike the
inner margin slightly before the middle of the wing. There is no sign of any transverse
venation or reticulation.

The breadth of the wing is 12.5 mm.; the length of the fragment 17 mm.; and the pre-
sumed length of the wing about 26 mm.; making the breadth to the length as 1 : 2.1. It
ronld hardly have been much longer than that, and would need be very much longer to
have had the same proportions as L. pennsylvanica to which it is the more nearly allied ;
the disposition of its nervures is very similar to what we find there, and even if the propor-
tions given are (as they possibly may be) vei-y much out of the way, it is a much larger
species than it, being hp'< •\8 broad again. It differs also slightly in neuration, as in the
foi'king of some of the scapular veins, and particularly in the much earlier branching and
greater significance of the externc median vein, which is exceedingly unimportant in L.
pennsylvanica; the entire disposition of the internomedian veins is also different and they
play in this species a much loss prominent part than in L. pennsylvanica. From the
other species it is as widely separated as is its ally.

mmmmm

mmm

X

386

The specimen was obtained by Mr. R. D. Laeoe, and bears the number 2041 in his
collection. It was found at the Port Griffith railway cut near Pittston, Pa., over the E
vein and probably over the F vein.

BLATTINARTAE Scudder.

The species to add to this group of carboniferous cockroaches are really more numer-
ous than those from the Mylacridae; but only a few of them are here selected, as the
larger part are still unstudied, and there are no new generic types to be found among
them, though one, the last described below, belongs to a generic type not before recognized
in Amefrican rocks.

ii

\l

« ^!

I \,

Etoblattina ocddentalis sp. nov.
PI. 24, fig. 4.

Pore wing long and slender, its greatest width before the middle; the costal margin
is rather strongly convex on the basal quarter of the wing, and scarcely at all convex in
the middle ; the inner margin is gently convex but nearly straight in the middle and the
apex is tapering and well rounded. The veins originate at about the middle of the some-
what constricted base, and all curve considerably upward in separating, excepting the
anal furrow. The mediastinal vein runs closely parallel to the costal margin, nearly to
the middle of the wing, and then curves toward it, terminating only a little before the
end of the middle third; it emits a considerable number of equidistant, obliquely curving,
simple branches, of which there are about seven in the distal half of the field. The scap-
ular vein runs still more nearly parallel to the costal margin as far as the middle of the
wing, and then sweeps very gi-adually toward it, reaching it only a very little before the
tip of the wing; beginning to branch about opposite the end of the anal furrow, it emits
about half a dozen subequidistant, simple or simply forked, nearly straight but slightly
sinuous branches, which are more longitudinal than those of the preceding area ; in the
middle of the wing this area and the preceding occupy scarcely two-fifths its width.
The externomedian vein divides close by the divarication of the scapular; previous to
forking, it is regularly and considerably arcuate; it is now straight at first, but after-
wards appears to take on a sinuous course, obscured in the only specimen; it emits three
or four principal longitudinal branches which dichotomize somewhat, especially in the
apical third of the wing, the nervules curvmg downward more or less as they appi'oach
the margin. The internomedian vein follows closely the course of the externomedian and
apparently terminates a little further out than the mediastinal; it emits in the basal half
of its course five or six more or less cunning, generally simple veins, and doubtless an
equal number beyond, but this part is obscured in our fossil. The anal furrow is re-
markably pronounced, strongly and regularly arcuate, terminating scarcely beyond the
end of the basal third of the wing, and followed in the anal area by seven or eight equi-
distant, similarly arcuate, simple veins.

The wing is of good size, being 32 mm. long, and 12 mm. broad, or the breadth to the
length us 1: 2.7.

ijadth to the

387

A portion of one of the hind wings also shows between the partial'.y opened fore
wings, and some few 'veins of a hind wing appear mixed with those of the right fore
wing. Little can be determined from these fragments, for to jndge from the first, the
hind wing must have been of the same length and very much indeed of the same form
as the fore wing, with a similar distribution of veins; while to judge from the latter, in
the position it holds, the neuration must have been very much more developed in certain
areas.

This insect is more nearly allied to E. lesquereuxi than to any other species, but dif-
fers from it in many features, such as the equality of the mediastinal area, its more fre-
quent veins, the gi'eater regularity of the scapular brajiches, and especially the earlier
divarication of the externomcdian vein, with its consequently larger area, as well as the
general disposition of its branches. It is also ti'lied, but not so closely, to E. mazona,
a smaller species, differing from it in a shorter and more uniform mediastinal area, a dif-
ferent distribution of the veins of the scapular vein, an earlier divarication of the exter-
nomcdian vein, and, apparently, a much shorter internomedian area.

The specimen is presei'ved with some of its natural brownish coloring on a light clay-
colored stone, and the better half shows a deep impression of the anai area which must
have been well vaulted; the other half, showing the upper surface, is not so well pre-
served. It comes from the old Fair ground at Lawrence, Kansas, and was sent me for
examination by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 2(M5ab.

Archimylacris paucinervis sp. nov.
PI. 23, flg. 5.

The fore wing is long and rather slender, nearly equal, the costal margin, however,
somewhat and rather regularly convex (too convex upon the plate), the inner margin
straight throughout the greater part of its course, the tip somewhat tapering, a little pjo-
duced and rounded ; the broadest part of the wing is near the middle or a little before it.
The mediastinal vein runs in a nearly straight course, very nearly to the end of the sec-
ond third of the wing, and emits a considerable number (from eight to ten) of mostly
forked or doubly forked branches; they differ a little in the two wings, that of the right
wing having a fewer number of branches, and they are also more regularly bi-anched;
the greatest width of the area is considerably less than one quarter that of the whole
wing. The scapular vein runs in a nearly straight line toward the outer margin which
it nearly reaches a little before the tip, and then curves a little downward to terminate
on t'/s margin a very little before the tip; with its branches it occupies a narrow wedge-
shaped "rea which at the tip of the wing is scarcely more than half its breadth; it emits
at the end of the first third of the wing a single branch at a slight angle, which beara all
the other branches, excepting a i"3W, mostly simple, short branches which sepai*ate from
the main stem near its tip upon the upper side, filling the space left unoccupied by short
branches beyond the tip of the mediastinal vein; this principal branch reaches the apical
margin a little below the apex of the wing and acts differently in the two wings : on the
left side it emits two superior branches near together near the end of the second third of
the wing, the first simple, the second forked near the tip; on the right wing it forkp a

:

II

f|

Vi

t ,

,11

it

I :
I I

T

t s

I 1

388

little before the end of the middle third, a very little sooner than on the opposite wing,
and each of these branches is again forked, the upper the nearer to the outer margin,
and at the sama distance from it as the apical fork of the opposite wing. The externo-
median vein also diflfers in a single point very markedly in the two wings; it occupies
more space by its earlier division in the left wing, but in neither does it differ much from
the preceding in the extent and form of the area which it covers: in the left wing it di-
vides at the end of the basal third of tho wing, just beyond the initial forking of the
scapular vein; in the right it does not fork until it has reached the middle of the wing;
notwithstanding this difference the rest of the area has the same aspect; the lower branch
forks a little beyond the middle of the wing, and the upper at about the end of the mid-
dle third, the nervules baing entirely simple, and this brings the secondary forking- of
this vein close to its primary forking in the right wing, although far fi-om it in the left. In
addition to those peculiarities, this vein possesses another in the presence of a short cross
vein running obliquely like an ordinary branch from before the end of the basal fourth
of the wing to the internomedian vein, which it strikes at or barely beyond the origin of
the second branch of the same. The internomedian vein with its outermost branch strikes
the innei" margin near the middle of the outer half of the wing, thus occupying on the
border considerably more space than either of the preceding two veins; it is considerably
arcuate and emits from its lower border three principal veins, the first two simple, the
outermost forked, and differing in the two wings; the first vein is sent forth opposite the
base of the cross shoot of the preceding vein, the next a little beyond it or a little before
the end of the middle third of the wing, while the third originates at a greater distance
off, in the middle of the wing opposite the fork of the lower branch of externomedian
vein: on the left wing, the inner fork is simple, the outer forked again in the middle
of its course, or it might be said that the main stem had four principal and all simple
branches; in the right wing, bi)th forks subdivide, the inner halfway, the outer at much
less than halfway, to the margin. The anal furrow is very arcuate near the base and at
this part deeply impressed, beyond nearly straight and hardly impressed, running vei-y ob-
liquely and terminating on the iimer margin not very far before the middle of the wing;
the anal veins count about eight at the margin ; they are much simpler on the right than
on the left wing, having in the latter three which fork and one of these an interpolated
one which connects with those on either side by an oblique cross vein; while most of
those on the right wing are simple, one forking close to the base, another near the
middle ; they are all considerably arcnate. The differences thei-efore between the two
wings are considerable mi the minuter details, though important only in the first branch-
ing of the externomedian vein, which strangely does not affect the subsequent offshoots
of the same.

The hind wing of each side is also present to a considerable extent. More pei-haps
can be said of its form than in almost any other paleozoic cockroach hitherto described.
The wing, except in lacking altogether any convexity in its straight costal margin until
the narrowing of the wing begins toward the apex, closely resembles in form the fore
wing; it is of just about the same length and breadth also, a point which appears to dis-
tinguish the ancient from the modern types ; so far as we know, the hind wings of the
former gradually taper apically to a well and very regularly rounded apex. It should be

880

particularly noticed that its form as well as the character of its main venation bears a
striking resemblance to the wings of Dictyoneiira and its allies. The only well marked
difference is, perhaps, in the costal area where its alliance to the fore wing of the Pal-
aeoblattariae appears. Owing to the obliteration of the attachments of the main veins,
very great uncertainty must remain as to the normal veins to which any of the longitud-
inal nervures belong; the mediastinal vein, however, is clearly marked; it runs in very
close proximity to the margin, not farther from it than the other nervures are separated
from each other; it terminates just about as far from the tip of the wing as in the front
wing and emits a large number of necessarily short but very oblique and generally forked
branches. Following it are at least five principal nervures, all of which seem to belong to
preanal areas, but any two or more of which may belong to the same principal vein, so
far as anything can be stated from this specimen. The first, counting from the medias-
tinal vein, is forked at a point exactly similar to the basal forking of the scapular vein of
the fore wing and in a similar way, and hence may be presumed to be that vein ; this
basal forking of the presumed scapular vein can only be seen in the left wing, where the
upper branch is simple; the lower branch, however, is seen distinctly in both wings to
fork exactly opposite the second forking of the lower scapular branch of the upper wing;
the forks, however, act differently in the two hind wings: on the left side they both
fork, the upper halfway, the lower three-quarters way to the margin ; on the right side,
the lower is si.nple, while the upper forks before the middle and its lower branch forks
again halfway on its course; the number of nervules reaching the margin is thug the
same and they cover the same narrow space, the lowei-most striking the tip. Judging
from the analogy of the upper wing, the next two nervures^ which are exactly alike in
the two hind wings, belong to the externomedian vein, in which case they repeat almost
exactly the characteristics of the same vein in the upper wing of the left (but not of the
right) side, forking first (to judge from the gradual ap^iroximation of the two nennires
baseward) at or a little before the end of the middle thii-d of the wing, the lower fork
again branching at some distance beyond the middle of the wing, and the upper halfway
between this and the tip. Below these ai-c, first a forked nervure and then a simple one,
both of which probably belong to the internomedian vein, but do not resemble the same
part in the upper wing; the foi-ked vein forks as far from the margin as (but of course
further from the tip than) the upper exteniomedian branch: in the leftAving it is simply
branched ; in the right it sends a similar offshoot from both sides of the stem, i. e., it
divides into thi. e at the same point; all these nervures are very long and straight with
a slight downward sweep as they approach the margin, especially in the upper part of
the wing; they are about as distant from each other as in the upper wing but, particularly,
the lower ones are less oblique ; on the left wing there is also another fragment of a simple
yein, as far below the lowest mentioned as the latter is from its predecessor and trend-
ing slightly toward it baseward; it probably also belongs to the internomedian vein.

Besides the wings, a part of the pronotal shiek^ is i>resent, and the limits of the abdo-
men are partly marked by a depression. The former is nearly semicircular, somewhat
broader than long, veiy regularly rounded in front, the sides very slightly divergent be-
hind the middle; the posterior edge appears to be scarcely convex; a little to the outside
of the middle of either lateral half is a slight rounded furrow or depression, less curved

I

i

II

890

than the margin and passing faintly aronnd the front close to the margin; a subcircular
flat depression nearly a third as broad as the shield rests upon its posterior margin ; the
edge of the shield is veiy delicately marginatc.

The abdomen is remarkably slender like that o^ Eloblattinaf insignia, as mentioned in
my memoir on Palaeozoic cockroaches, being scarcely more than a third as broad as this
pronotal shield, and extending beyond the middle of the outet* half of the closed wings;
a few incisures marking segments can be seen, but the whole contour is exceedingly vague.

The insect is of pretty large size, much larger indeed than the other species of the genus,
the fore wii.gs measuring 30.5 mm. long and 10 ram. broad, the proportion of the breadth
to the length being as 1 : 3, making it also slenderer than the other spec? .s. The length of
the whole body from front of pronotal sliield to tip of abdomen is 29 mm., the pronotum
itself being 6 mm. long and 7.75 mm. broad and the abdomen about 3 mm. broad. The
specimen is unusually perfect, both fore wings being nearly complete, as well as the apical
half of both hind wings, and most of the pronotal shield; the latter is in its natural posi-
tion in relation to the partly expanded wings, but the direct connection with it is broken ;
the abdomen is only traced by a depression in one stone and a rough ridge in the ■"everst.
The front wings are covered throughout with a delicate but readily traceable reticulation,
consisting of very irregular polygonal cells in all the areas but the mediastinal, interno-
median, and anal, where the nervules are united by frequent uncertain or wavy cross veins
into subquadrate cells, usually square in the mediastinal area and broader than long in the
others; hi the latter, too, and especially in the internomedian area, they tend next the
margin of the wing to change to the irregular polygonal reticulation.

This species differs decidedly from either of the species of this genus hitherto known.
It is larger and has a much slenderer wing than either. The scapular area is of consid-
erably less extent, the vein far less branched, and the mode in which its branches are dis-
tributed very different; its internomedian area is also much more restricted than in the
otherb.

The specimen occurs in nn ironstone nodule found at Morris, Grundy Co., Illinoib, and
was 'iiscovered by Mr. J. C. Carr of that place, through whose kindness I have been able
to examine it. It is now in Mr. R. D. Lacoe's collection with the number 2011.

It may be added that this specimen is of particular interest as having the wings more
completely preserved than in any other paleozoic cockroach yet known, and offere even
a better example than Anthracoblattina sopita} for >3omparison of the neuration of opposite
wings; it leads us to hope that future discoveries may enable us by correlating these dif-
ferences to determine the distinction between individual and specific characters among an-
cient cockroaches, — a question we are hardly yet in a position to discuss.

Oiyctoblattina oecidna.

PI. 24, fig. 3.

Orydohlattina occidua Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad., 1885, 37.
The single specimen known lies in the half of a nodule, and show«4 the larger part of

' C/. Scudder, Palaeozoic Cockroaches, Mem. Bost. See.
Nat. Hist., m, 89 (1879). Gelnitz, Blatttnen unter. Dyas

V. Welssig, Nora, acta Leop-Carol. Akad., xli, 428 (1880).

891

the two front wings, slightly parted and vague indications of the thorax and possibly of
the legs. The prothorax is quadrate, pinched transversely in the middle to a definite
ridge, which is probably accidental. The legs, if the elevations near their position may
be taken to indicate their appearance, must have been veiy short and tolerably slender.

The front wings are rather slender, the tip well rounded and slightly produced, the
costal margin slightly shouldered at the base, beyond nearly straight in the basal half,
apjiarently sloping downward beyond, the inuer margin apparently broadly rounded but
the basal half not clearly indicated in the specimen. The veins appear to originate fi'om
the middle of the upper half of the base of the wing, and have scarcely the least basal ar-
cuation. The mediastinal vein runs at but slight distance from and nearly parallel to the
costal border, in the outer half or more constantly but very gradually approaching it, emit-
ting numerous oblique generally simple branches; the vein tenninates in the middle of the
outer half of the wing, and shows no such peculiarities at its tip as characterize the Eu-
ropean species. The scapular vein also is not so peculiar as in 0. reticulata; it runs in
near proximity and parallel to the mediastinal vein, but there is the same slight bend in
its course at the base of the princip"' ' '^nch; the mass of the branches, which are much
fewer than in O. reticulata, do not arise as there from a vein emitted abruptly from near
the base of the second branch, to which they are inferior, but from the principal branch
itself, to which they are superior. Less can be said about the other veins, as they are ob-
scured throughout most of their course, but the internomedian vein tenninates at about
the end of the middle third of the wing and has only few branches; and the externome-
dian branches all terminate on the inner margin.

The wing is 19 mm. long, and 7 mm. broad, the breadth to the length being as 1 : 2.7.
It is reticulated minutely, as in the European species, and is interesting as being the second
species of the genus known, and as illustrating once more the close relationship of the
insect fauna of Europe and America in carboniferous times. It is a smaller and slenderer
species than the European.

It comes from the beds of Mazon Creek, Illinois, and was sent to me by Mr. R. D. Lacoe,
in whose collection it bears the number 2039.

among an-

Figs

Fig

1.

2.

8.

4.

6.

6.

7.

Figs

Fig

I.

2.

8.

4.

6.
6.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate 23.
1-4 by Mrs. Kathcrlno Fclrson Ramsay ; fig. 5 by J. S. Klngsley ; figs. 6-7 by J. H. Emertou.

Promylacris ovalis, f cast.

Promylactis oralis, f side view.

Promylacris ovalis, 'i cross section of prothorax in middle.

Promylacris oralis, f relief.

Archimylaeris pavctnervis. J

Promylacris rigida. }

Paromylacris ampla. )

Plate 24.
1-2 by J. S. Klngsley ; flgs. 3-4 by Mrs. Katherlne Peirson Ramsay ; flg. 6 by S. H. Scudder ; fig. 6 by J. Henry Blake.

Paromylacris rotunda ; f cross section of thorax in middle.

Paromylacris rotunda. ^

Oryctcblattina oeeidua. f

Etoblattina oceiitentalis. f

LUhomylaerts pauperata. )

Promylacris testudo. f

'if'

I tli

1

Nbw Carboniferous Myriapoda from Illinois.

X HE publication of my paper on Archipolypoda, eight years ago, in which a consider-
able number of new types of American carboniferous Myriapoda were described, has so
stimulated search in this country that, thanks to the kindness of many friends and par-
ticularly of the indefatigable Mr. R. D. Lacoe, there has since passed under my eyes a
much greater number of specimens than I had then seen, and as they contain not a fc"
additional and some remarkable forms, as well as throw more light upon the old, it has
seemed well to bring them together in a systematic way, and to present some tables by
which they may be distinguished, when sufficiently perfect. Accordingly there are here
published such as have been found at Mazon Creek and vicinity leaving for a future pa-
per several new forms which have been found in the sigillarian stumps of N'ova Scotia.
The sources from which the specimens were received are in all cases indicated, and the
paper concludes with a summary list of known American species of palaeozoic MjTia-
poda.

TABLE OP THE ORDERS OF PALEOZOIC MYRIAPODA.

Each of the principal body segments composed of a single dorsal and single ventral plate, each of the latter with a pair of
legs. Body usually unarmed.
Head apparently formed of a single segment. Dorsal plates of body supporting clusters of nccdle-lilce spines on

serially ranged tubercles. Legs stout and fleshy Frotosjmgnatha.

Head apparently formed of two or more segments. Dorsal plates of body sometimes furnished with lateral expan-
sions but otherwise unarmed. Legs slender and horny Chilopoda.

Each of the principal body segments composed of a single, but more or less distinctly divided dorsal plate and a pair of
ventral plates, each of the latter with a pair of legs. Body generally armed with spines or tubercles serially ar-
ranged Archipolypoda.

Only the Chilopoda and Archipolypoda will be considered in the in'esent paper, as I
have nothing to add concerning Palaeocampa, the sole representative of the Protosyn-
gnatha.

Order CHILOPODA Latreille.

It has not been supposed that this group of myriapods reached further back than the
Jura or even than the tertiaries, for its only claim to recognition in the secondary rocks

1S

Ik

m

I

&t

t!ff. '

V t *

394

is Mtlnster's Geophilus proavuSy which is very probably not even a myriapod. The near-
est proof of the appearance of the oi'der in paleozoic deposits is in the possible judgment
of some that Palaeocampa (which bears somewhat the same relation to Chilopoda that
Euphoberia does to Diplopoda) should be taken as one of them. No one has made such
a claim, and should one do so he woulu nave to recognize in Palaeocampa a highly organ-
ized and very aberrant type. But not only do specimens received in recent years from
Mr. R. D. Lacoe and Mr. W. F. E. Gurley, but especially from the former, show that
Eiletieus was nearly allied to the Scolopendridae, and either belonged to the Chilopoda,
or was an archaic type to be looked upon as its forerunner; but a single specimen from
Mr. Lacoe has also revealed still a second type of chilopodiform character, an ancient
typ*^ of Scutigeridae. These discoveries carry the chilopodiform line much further back
than it was believed it existed, and so far as the record goes renders nugatory much of
Dr. Packard's reasoning concerning the gi'eater antiquity of the Diplopoda (Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc. XXI, 206-207), though the occuri-ence of the diplopodan lino in the Scottish
devonian should not be overlooked.

The indications of the presence of heavy armature in some of these chilopodiform car-
boniferous myriapods, together with the character of the segments, and the features by
which they show kinship to their contemporaries rather than their descendants, lead me
to believe that when more is known about them, they may prove to form an archaic type
distinguishable as a whole from the later chilopods, as the Archipolypoda from the di-
plopods; but the incompleteness of our knowledge of their structure leads me to wait for
further light and meanwhile to place them in distinct families separable from their evi-
dent successors by trenchant characters.

Gebascutioeridae fam. nov.
Body relatively short. Head no broader than the body. Dorsal scutes of the same
number as the segments and corresponding to them, much broader than long, with no
evidence whatever of mediodorsal stomata. Coxae extending beyond the sides of the
body, followed by femora of excessive length.

Latzelia. gen. nov.
Of the general aspect of Scutigera but differing essentially at every point. The head
is vaguely preserved, and none of its appendages can be seen. The body is broadest
in the middle, and tapei'S gradually and about equally in each direction, giving it a rounded
fusiform appearance, and the head does not interfere in the least with this outline, so that
it is scarcely half as wide as the middle of the body. The segments, to which the dorsal
scutes exactly correspond (so different from Scutigera), are subequal in length, and ap-
parently nineteen in number, certainly not more than one or two segments away from
that; in the middle of the body where widest they are about four times broader than long;
both front and hind margins are entire, showing no trace of a recess to favor the pres-
ence of stomata. The legs are nowhere completely preserved, but are apparently unequal
in length and slender, as in Scutigera, and at shortest raoi-e than half as long as the body,
apparently very much as in Scutigera; but their composition is veiy different; the coxae

The near-
e judgment
lopoda that
I made such
ghly organ-
, years from
•, show that
I Chilopoda,
icimen from
, an ancient
urther back
jry much of
Proc. Amer.
;he Scottish

sdiform car-
features by
tits, lead me
archaic type
from the di-
e to wait for
n their evi-

of the same
ng, with no
sides of the

The head

is broadest

lit a rounded

pline, so that

|h the dorsal

fth, and ap-

away from

than long;

^r the pres-

itly unequal

IS the body,

:; the coxae

395

are even <i/^.o prominent than in Scutigera and notwithstanding the more robust body
project much further beyond the sides; but in addition the femora are of excessive length
and slondorness., slenderer than the coxae and half as long again as the width of the very
broad body, and taper from base to apex; to judge by appearances these two members
constituted the larger, instead of as in Scutigera the smaller, part of the leg, but this can-
not be asserted; probably however the tibiae and the (multiarticulate?) tarsi together were
no longer than the femora.

The genus is named in honor of Dr. Robert Latzel of Vienna who has so much ad-
vanced our knowledge of the Myriapoda.

Latsella primordialla sp. ncv.
PI. 30, flg. 3.

The single specimen is found in a small nodule which at the two extremities cuts off
the appendages, but offers no hindrance to the full expanse of the members laterally,
though their full length cannot yet be seen. The main features have been described
above under the family and genus, both of which have their source in this single speci-
men. No part of the antennae is presei'ved. The body segments, however, show a
peculiar structure ; not only are the front and hind margins entire and transverse, per-
mitting no opening to the position of the mediodoi'sal stomata found in Scutigera, but
most of the segments (all where not obscure) show a distinct, marked and sharp medio-
dorsal carina extending the whole length of each segment, but somewhat obscure poste-
riorly over just about so much of the dorsal shield as in Scutigera is emarginatc for the
stomatal opening; and on either side of this carina, all the segments, but especially the
median ones, show a pair of diverging sulci, twice as distant posteriorly as anteriorly,
crossing the entire segment, and posteriorly as far apart as the length of the segment;
sometimes also showing faint traces of continuing upon the segment next posterior. The
body itself is slightly arched transversely.

The legs are similarly constructed, but the median ones ai*e evidently stouter than
those at the extremities, to a slight degree. Both coxae and femora show the median
half transversely arched, while the sides show nothing of the sort, or sometimes interior-
ly, next the transverse arching, a broad longitudinal siilcus, all giving the appearance
of a depressed leg with a median rounded longitudinal ridge, very common in the Archi-
polypoda.

Length of body, 22.5 mm.; breadth in middle, 4.5 mm.; length of coxae in middle of
body, 2.3 mm.; of femora in same, 6.5 mm.; breadth of same coxae, 0.9 mm.; breadth of
same femora at base, 0.7 mm. ; at tip, 0.5 mm.

Mazou Creek. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 1837ab.

EosooLOPENDRiDAE fam. nov.
Head evidently formed of two principal segments, but these much moi'e closely fused,
separated only by sulcations or blind sutures. Body segments numerous and similar,
each bearing a single pair of legs and having a single dorsal and ventral plate, the former

r

'V

il;;

i i- i %

,r-l;ft}-

i'!i

sometimes Airnished with tubercles,
the animals hero brought together.

Much remains to be learned of the structure of all

EiLETicus Scudder.
As already remarked, the discovery of better remains proves that this genus finds its
place better here than in the Archipolypoda. The imperfection of the only specimen
known when this genus was founded led to several errors of interpretation which may
now be corrected. The head was not composed, properly speaking, of a single apparent
segment, but of two, a larger anterior and smaller posterior segment, each with its inde-
pendent vaulting, the hinder with a pair of foot jaws arising from its posterior portion ;
but the two segments are not separated as in modern chilopods by a distinct suture, but
only by a broad and shallow transverse sulcus from the meeting of the two arches.
Nor do any of the segments bear, as was judged from the appearance of the non-attached
anterior members of the original specimen, more than a single pair of legs, but very little
can be said about them. The form of the segments and their tuberculation would appear
to be subject to some variation. Ko complete specimens have been found, nor any in
which more than thiiteen or foui'tceu segments behind the head are preserved.

i- >

EileticnB anthraeinas.

PI. 30, fig. 6.

Eileticus anthracimis Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 179 (1882).

Another specimen of this species, far more perfect than the first and with its reverse,
has been found at Mazon Creek, and sent me by Mr. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears
the number 1835ab. It exhibits the dorsal surface of the anterior extremity, very likely
about half the body, but fragmentary and without appendages, of an animal of about the
same size as the original. It shows about thirteen segments besides the head. The lat-
ter, broken in front, shews a flattened globular mass of smooth texture, with a faint trans-
verse median impression separating independently though'faintly arched anterior and poste-
rior portions; a longitudinal median impression of similar depth crosses both but is not
accompanied by an independent arching of the head in the other sense; from the middle
of the posterior margin of either lateral half of the hinder section of the head arises a de-
cided, cornuous, tapering, forward and downward reaching, independent arched member,
plainly represerting the foot-jaws.

The segments of the body are sub-equal in length, but enlarge in breadth in passing
from the first behind the head where it is slightly narrower than the head to about the
sixth segment, beyond which they are about equal; each, when perfectly preserved, shows
a transverse, marg'^ial, strong and abi-upt, rounded sulcation at its anterior edge, the mar-
gins of which are prominent, and the hinder at a much higher level than the anterior or
proper margin of the segment. The surfa.'fi of the segment is smooth and uniform, ex-
cept that at the extreme lateral margins, as in the original specimen, are seen more or
less distinctly small tubercular bosses serially arranged. The best presei-ved segments
appear to be a little more than twice as wide as long.

397

Length of fragment if extended, 48 mm.; breadth of hend, 6.4 mm.; gi-eutost breadth
of body, 8 ram.

BUationB aequalii ap. nov.
ri. 80, flgs. 6-9.

A second' species seems to be indicated by n couple of specimens from the same local-
ity sent mo by Mr. Lacoe under the nunibei's 1836ab and 1836cd, both shown in obverse
and reverse. The better of these (figs. 0-8) is a remarkably well-preserved but very
fragmentary specimen, showing the dorsal view of the front part of the body consisting
of the head and eleven segments. The head closely resembles that of the specimen of
the last species just described, but has more accentuated sulcations both longitudinal and
transverse, and the foot-jaws are more pronounced even than there; as there, also, the
front of the head is broken, but on the reverse, what appear to be the fii'st two joints of
an enormous antenna project laterally, in which case the antennae are broader at the base
than the very base of the foot-jaws.

The segments of the body have a smooth texture, and the same transverse stepped
sulcation that occurs in the preceding, but with less prominent edges; still it differs from
it markedly in that the segments are almost absolutely uniform in size; they have a late-
ral depressed and horizontal flange with a rounded edge, while the main body is strong-
ly arched, and the lateral flange bears such slight tuberculations as can be seen; without
this flange the body is slightly narrower than the head; with it a little wider; the seg-
ments without the flange are a little more than three times as broad as long.

Length of fragment, 26.5 mm.; of one of the principal segments, 2.3 mm.; breadth
without flange, 7.25 mm.; with it, 10 mm.; breadth of head, 7.75 mm.

The other specimen (fig. 9) is similarly preserved but more imperfect, one whole side
being broken, and the head far less complete. There is little to be said about it, but its
transverse arching shows that it was nearly cylindrical ; and the posterioi* as well, but
not to the same extent, as the anterior margin of the segments has a stepped transverse
sulcation. The head is far less perfect, but as far as it goes shows precisely the same
features; the body segments are thirteen in number, and show by their apparent inequal-
ity in length that there was greater or less power of extension by elastic intersegmental
membranes. No one of the segments is perfect, so that the proi)ortion8 cannot be stated,
and only one side is approximately perfect, and that does not preserve the lateral flanges ;
but enough remains to show that the specimen by its equality of breadth belongs to this
rather than to the preceding species.

Length, 50 mm. ; breadth of head, 7 mm.

!ii

f

I :

I

III

PaLiSNAIITHUUS gen. nov. (To^aj, hapOpn^)

A genus evidently very different from anything before known from the carboniferous
rocks, but unfortunately known only by a single specimen, which from its incompleteness
leavos much to be desired. That it was a scolopendriform chilopod or archaic type of
chilopod is evident from the flattened rectangular plates of which the dorsal surface of

398

the body w compoBcd, cnch •< coinpniiied by n Hinglc pair (>r 1»g8. What is poculiiir about
it, is not only its tnpuriiig form iintoriorly but its grcnt attenuation at this extremity, in-
dienting apparently a remarkably small head followed by a slender neck of at least t'YO
elongated segments, whieh do not appear to be pcdigerous; these neck-segments are
fully twice us long as broad, and not only do the segments behind them taper as they
approach them, but the anterior of these two is the smaller and narrower and not a fourth
nor probably a sixth as broad as the brtadest segments of the body. The logs are poor-
ly preserved, about as long as the bi'eadih of the body (relatively longer in front) and
apparently have very prominent coxae, as in other carboniferous myriajMids.

,*.

Paltnarthnis ImpreMiia Hp. nov.
PI. SO, flg. 4.

The single specimen probably represents nearly the whole animal, though neither end
is shown; it is hardly probable that anything more than the head is wanting at the an-
terior extremity, but posteriorly an indefinite number of segments. T'^cre are twenty-
three segments in all. The first two behind the head arc slender and twice as long as
broad, the third subquadrate, the four or five succeeding broader than long, of subequal
length, but increasing breadth in passing backwuiil; thereafter they appear to be of the
same size, about twice as broad as long and rectangular, the front outer angle sometimes
a little produced. The first two elongated segments show a slight median carina; the
fourth and succeeding ones on either side a laterodorsal series of large circular depres-
sions next the anterior edge.

Length of fragment, 46 mm. ; breadth of first body segment, 1 mm. ; of seventh, 5 mm. ;
length of legs, 3 mm.

Mazon Creek. Mr. R. D. Lacoe^ N^o. 1821ab.

Ilyodes gen. nov. (i^omSi^i)
I ven<,ure to propose this name for some obscure forms in the hope of stimulating
furth^T search for more perfect specimens to elucidate their structure. One of them is
l^lainly chilopodifoi-m, though very different from anything we know; there is certainly
but a single pair of legs to each segment, though the line of separation of the segments is
obscured by the curious transverse sculpture of the dorsal plates; but we are aided in
our determination by the presence of serial tubercles. These latter, or their reverses, also
occur on the taenioid body of a second form which has no legs preserved, and wb:oh is
provided with such a multitude of short ivfuisverse segments that it would seem impos-
sible that it could have possessed more thiin a single pair of legs to each; it reminds us
somewhat of Geophilus. The onl} points these have in common are that they are com-
posed of a large number of similai transverse segments each bearing a single pair of
legs and furnished with serial rows of tubercles.

Ilyodes divisa sp. nov.
PI. 30, flg. 1.

The single specimen referred here is a straight fragment composed of fourteen simi-

890

lar Bogmcnts shown nppnrontly upon n sulo view, tho lower edge of the HogmcntH h'rcg-
iihii'ly broken ho thnt their exact pro])ortionii can hardly hu told, though Hotne of the
legs a\\: partly preHerved; there is no indication, however, that the HegnientM varied in
size, and all were probably about half as broad again nn long. They tthow two features:
first, each segment is composed of a scries of equal and similar slight transverse ridges,
abont eight in number; these ridges arc more or less tremulous or sinuous, and slightly
uneven, presenting faintly a beaded appearance; second, there is a '.utcral series, one to
a segment, of rather largo tubercular bosHcs, irregularly rounded, upon the very front
margin of tho segments. The legs arc very obscure, and their jointing, as shown in tho
figure, oltogether uncertain; as far as preserved, which m»>y very well bo not to their ex-
tremity, they arc shorter than the breadth of the body.

Length of fragment, 48 nun. ; apparent breidth, 5.5 mm.; average length of segments,
3.6 mm.; diameter of tubercles, 1.5 mm.

Mazon Creek, III. ITr. R. D. Lacoc, No. 1830ab.

Dyodea eIon<{ata sp. nov.

PI. 80, fig. 2.

The single specimen which represents this species is formed of two masses, one L-
shapcd and overlying tho other which is U-shapcd; evidently both belonged to the same
individual, and their connection could have been traced had the stone been broke!', open
more favorably. The division lino between the segments cannot be overywhcre traced
from the obscurity of the preservation on the stone, but there aro present evidently at
least ono hundred and sixty-six segments, which differed apparently not over a sixtli
in width and that little perhaps duo to a twist in the body as laid down; they differed,
it would appear, as little In length, being almost uniformly about three and a half times
as broad as long; they show no sculpture whatever, but an obscure series of small de-
pressions in tho middle of tho segment next the suture; if the creature where these so
appear were lying on its side, those depressions would hold precisely the position of the
tubercles in /. divisa and may represent the cast of weaker tubercles.

Length of whole if extended, 65 -{-96=161 mm.; breadth, 3.5-4 mm.

Mazon Creek, III. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 1829ab.

Order ARCIIIPOLYPODA Scudder.
It is in this order that the principal additions in specific forms are to be found, and
they are mainly in the family Euphoberidae from which, as already stated, the genus
Eileticus must be removed. It is, moreover, not imposjible that future discovery of
more perfect sp'^cimens may show that Amynilyspes should be regarded as one of the
Diplopoda (allied to tho Glomeridae) rather than as a member of the Archipoly poda ;
but tho apparent necessity of ventral plates of excessive width and the known armature
of the dorsal plates render it proper to retain it in the Archipolypoda until its structure
is better known, or at any rate until undoubted Diplopoda are found at so early a pe-
riod.

teen simi-

( .IS'

400

Fnm'ily Ecphobkridae Sciidder.

AcANTiiKRPESTES Meek and Worthen.
Aeantherpestes major.

Acantherpestes major Sciidd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 150 (^882).

Mr. R. D. Lacoe has sent me several new specimens of this species, which appears
to be not uncommon at Mazon Creek, but they add little or nothing to what has previ-
ously been published. The best specimen (No. ISOlde) exhibits about twenty-four
segments of the body, neither end of which appears. The spines are nowhere well pre-
served, but the legs are partly snown at each extremity, and seem to be unusually broad,
flattonefd, and crowded, with no sign of any median carina; although the specimen is not
of the largest size, the fragment measuiing about 15 cm. in length, and at most 17 mm.
in breadth, the legs are 1.5 mm. broad in the middle.

Another >pecimen of this species, from Mazon Creek, sent me by Mr. "W. F. E. Gur-
ley, consists of a fragment from the middle of the body, of twelve segments preserved
upon a side view, the spines of the subdorsal series showing finely, but no trace of legs.
The body is curled slightly backward, as is most common in the specimens so far found,
and the segments are 20 mm. high and in the middle 7 mm. long on an average. The
spines are about 15 mm. long, the apical 4.5 mm. concerned in the furcation ; the forks
are deeper than usual, and the boss on which they are seated is 2 mm. high.

Finally, a smaller specimen, pi-esumably of this species, likewise from the middle of
the body and about 11 cm. long, from Mazon Creek, is in the museum of Columbia Col-
lege, the opportunity of examining which I owe to Dr. J. S. Newberry. It is also pre-
served upon the side, shows no legs, and only indications of the subdorsal spines, the
pleiu'odorsal indicated by abraded bosses. It contains nothing to add to the structural
peculiarities of the species. It is made up of sixteen segments which are about 14 mm.
in height.

AcantherpesteB ineqnalis sp. no v.

PI. 25, flgs. 2, 4.

Two specimens of gigantic myiapods have been sent me, one by Mr. R. D. Lacoe,
the other by Mr. J. C. Cai-r, but now in the possession of the former, which are clearly dis-
tinct from anything hitherto known. Although very differently preserved and shov/ing
very different characters, they seem tv^ belong to^Jther since they agree in the one feat-
ure of the inequality of the tines of the forked spines.

One of them (fig. 2), received from Mr. Carr, but now numbered 1819ab, in Mr. La-
coe's collection, is a fragment of the anterior part of the body preserved to show u com-
pletely dorsal view. The head is transversely oval, but shows no structure; about a
dozen segments are preserved, showing that the body tapered forward, and that the first
segment was much narrower than the head, unless, as is very probable, the latter is un-
naturally crushed ; the first few segments are very short and broad, but postenorly they
enlarge and lengthen, so as to be only about three times as broad as long, and rresent
a somewhat coarse granular structure. The armature, however, is the most interesting

eh appears
has previ-
wenty-four
re wellpre-
lally broad,
imcii is not
lost 17 mm.

F. B. Gur-

s preserved
ace of legs.

0 far found,
srage. The
1 ; the forks

e middle of
ilumbia Col-

1 is also pre-

spines, the
e strnctural
)oiit 14 mm.

,. D. Lacoe,
clearly dis-
id shov/ing
le onefeat-

1 in Mr. La-
low a com-
^e; about a
lat the first
latter is un-
li'iorly they
Jind rresent
[interesting

401

feature; the lateral spines extending on either side are fully as long as the width of the
body, sometimes considerably longer, and are remarkable for the great length and ine-
quality of the forks, at least from the fifth segment backward, the longer fork being
posterior and diverging from the other and sometimes as long as the stem of the spine
itself; there are, besides, basal thorns both anterior and postei-ior, of varying lei;gth but
the anterior usually the longer and sometimes very long and slender. The subdorsal row
of spines is clearly indicated by bosses (or pits in th. obverse) upon most of the seg-
ments; the pleurodorsal series is not so clear, but appears to be indicated, posteriorly,
by the extremities of appai-cntly simple spines which protrude laterally beyond the sides
of the body between the lateral spines. There is besides, protruding from the poste-
rior extremity of the sixth segment, just as I described it in A. major, a long slender
stiff rod, here thrust sidewise and thrown a little forward, longer than the width of the
body.

The length of the specimen is 6.3 mm.

The second specimen (fig. 4), received from Mr. Lacoe, under the number 1819cd,
shows only the posterior part of the animal and in an entirely different position. It is
preserved upon a side view, and shows about eighteen segments though only ten are
here figured. Here only the dorsal spines are shown, and they differ remarkably from
the others in being almost boot-shaped, the longer posterior fork being almost the only
one developed; this is inclined at a strong angle with the stem, and is neai-ly as long as
it; moreover, the whole is short and stumpy, less than half as long as the width of the
tapering body, excepting on the posterior segments, and the anterior fork is only indi-
cated by a slight projection at the heel of the boot; as, however, they agree with those
of the lateral row in the other specimen (and not seen here) in the unequal length of
the forks, which mainly distinguishes either fi-om A. major, they are placed together
until further light is obtained fi'om other specimens. The legs are fairly well preserved,
are not closely crowded, slender, with only slight sign here and there of a median car-
ination, taper very regularly beyond the middle to a point, the last joint the shortest,
the preceding three subequal and only a little longer; at the hinder extremity of
the body they about equal in length the width of the body, but a dozen joints away,
while of the same length, they do not more than equal half the breadth of the body.
The length of the fragment is 93 mm.; the lugs are about 9 mm. long. The spines of
the other rows do not plainly appear, but their place is here and there obscurely in-
dicated.

It remains to be seen whether we are here dealing with two species, but the complete
and striking inequality in the forks of the spines will not allow us to look on them as
belonging to A. major, to which at first night they have a striking resemblance. Neither
of these specimens indicates quite so large a species as that, though much stouter than
any species of Euphoberia.

Mazon Greek, 111.

EuPHOBERi.*. Meek and Worthen.
I subjoin a table of the species of this genus known up to the pi-esent time in North
America.

mm

mm

fmai

mmmmmmm

mmmm

402

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OP EUPHOBERIA.

Body stout.

Very large species, with large bristling spines having large basal splnules.

Largest of all, with spines like Acanth. nuyor but more deeply forked, not very divergent and with basal

splnules both anterior and posterior E. bystrioosa.

Smaller with more delicate spines and only posterior basal splnules B. horrida.

Ordinary sized species with more delicate compound spines, the basal splnules not so highly developed.
Spines long ; splnules highly developed.

Surface sculpture delicate; body largest on segments 12-18, tapering gradually each way B- armigera.

Surface sculpture coarse ; great contrast in elevation of Bubsegments E. granosa.

Spines either very short with highly developed splnules, or long with very slightly developed splnules.
Body with broadly rounded hinder extremity.

Hinder half of body much smaller than front h^lf , the change sudden ... E. oarri.

I Hinder half of body gradually tapering and not strikingly dllTerent in the two halves B. ouspidata.

Body with hinder extremity abruptly tapering to a blunt point B. flabellata.

Ordinary sized species with simple spines B. spiniilOBa.

Body slender and long drawn out.
Nearly uniform throughout.

Segments at least half as broad again as long. B. simplex.

Segments hardly broader than long E. traota.

Delicately tapering so as to be less than lialf as broad at tail ns in front E. angxillla.

•\K

' . I M

Enphoberia hystricosa sp. nov.
PI. 25, figs. 1, 8.

Unfortunately but a small fragment of the single known specimen is preeervec^ hit
this is so characteriistic r.s to leave no doubt of its relations. Seven adjoining segments
from near the middle of the body appear on the small nodule, all of the same size and
showing a dorsal aspect. The segments are about two and a half times broader than
long, and the shorter anterior portion is considerably elevated and bears near its outer
limit a boss which represents the base of a spine belonging to the subdorsal series ; the
spines themselves are broken off, but those of one of the lateral series appear, and are
exceedingly large and formidable. They are very stout and very long, nearly as long
p". the entii'e breadth of the body and apparently depressed, forked a little beyond the
middle, the forks only slightly divergent aud subequal, lying in the same plane as the
body of the spine, the anterior the longer, stouter and blunter, and scarcely bent forward
from a continuation of the basal part of the spine. Besides this, there is at the base,
apparently clearly separated in all instances from the great spine, but in close proxim-
ity to it, a slender spinule anterior and another posterior also lying in the same plane,
but showing no signs of depression.

Length of the fragment, 46 mm. ; of the single segments, 5.5 mm. ; breadth of same,
14 mm.; length of spines, 13 mm.; width at base, 1.75 mm.; length of splnules, 3 mm.

The species closely resembles in general affect Acantherpestes mq/or, but there arc no
pleurodorsal series of spines, and therefore it cannot fall into that genus. No species of
Euphoberia at all resembles it, or can compare with it in size, excepting the Euro{)ean
E.ferox, which differs entirely in the shape of the spines at base, and in lacking the an-
terior ridge upon which the subdorsal spines ai-e mounted. The spines of this species
closely resemble those of Acantherpestes major, and agree with them in size, but they
differ in the great depth of the apical fork, as well as in minor points.

The nodule comes fi-om Mazon Creek, III., and was sent to me for study by Mr. R. D.
Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 1802ab.

w

403

:id with basal

!. bystrioosa.

E. horrida.

cd.

B. armigera.
E. granosa.

Inules.

E. oarri.
E. ouspidata.
E. flabellata.
E. apimUoBa.

E. simplex.

E. traota.

E. anguilla.

Beer"C(' ''it
ig segments
line size and
roader than
3ar its outer
1 series; the
;ar, and are
irly as long
beyond the
ilane as the
lent forward
,t the base,
se proxim-
lame plane,

Ith of same,
js, 3 mm.
Ihere are no
[o species of
le European
ling the an-
jthis species
\e, but they

Mr. R. D.

f

Ecphoberla annlgera.

PI. 26, figs. 2, 4, 8 ; pi. 27, fig. 3.

Euphoheria armigera Meek and Worthcn, Amer. Journ. So., (2), xlvi, 25-26 (1868).

A specimen received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe (No. ISOicd, of his collection, fig. 3)
from the Mazou Creek nodules, is nearly complete but appears to lack both extremities;
thirty-five segments are preserved, showing a dorsal view of a sinuous body, the lateral
spines of one side nearly complete, together with a few of the other side in front; these
are slender, gently curved, and do not appear to show any spinules whatever, though
there are here and there possible indications of them, not shovMi in the figure; the spines
are, however, poorly preserved, and the absence of spinides may be looked upon as merely
the accident of preservation. The body is not prominently ridged, and is flattened by
preservation; no rug sity of the sui-face is noticeable. The anterior half is of nearly
uniform size, scarcely tapering in front, the segments about twice as broad as long ; the
posterior half tapers very regularly to less than half the size of the middle, the segments
shortening a little. The spines are about half as long as the greatest width of the body.
No legs are visible.

Length of specimen, 75 mm.; greatest breadth, 4.25 mm.

Besides this I have seen nearly a dozen specimens, most of them received from Mr. R.
D. Lacoe, but others from Mr. W. F. E. Gurloy, Prof. J. S. Newberry and Mr. F. T. Bliss.
None of these require special mention, axcepting one of those received from Mr. Lacoe
under the number 1804kl (fig. 8). This is a portion of the hinder end of the body of
unusually large size, and containing about twenty-nine segments; one remarkable thing
is the slight degree to which it tapers, the diminution in size being altogether confined
to the last ten segments, half the diameter being lost in that distance. The segments are
nearly twice as high as long, have the subsegments well distinguished, and show the
texture of the surface, which appears to have been finely pitted with ti-ansversely arranged
somewhat transverse punctures, shown as too circular in the figure (fig. 2). Along the
middle line of the body and also next the under edge appear some perhaps a. holly foi*-
eign textures, one of which is represented still further enlarged in fig. 4, which are seri-
ally arranged and may be mere mineral fillings of spine-scars. Nearly all the subdorsal
spines are seen ; they are well heeled, rather slender, arcuate, and pointed, considerably
longer than the segments. Very many of the legs can be seen, and these are unusually
short and stout and incurved; the enlarged figures show well their division into joints at
different parts of the body, from which it would appear that the second joint was not
elongated, and on this account I have very much doubted whether this specimen should
not be sepaiated from the others as a distinct species. .

Length of fragment, 108 mm.

Enphoberla granosa.

PI. 26, flgs. 6, 6 ; pi. 28, fig. 2.

Euphoheria granosa Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ni, 168 (1882).
To this species I refer several specimens seen since the originals were described, which

II

I'- 1

I,'
1 1

ti

It

404

y

i'

1 fi

i

i'j^

1 I

1

9* ■*

t
\

i' i

^

='l

are remarkable for their coarse sculpture, inequality of the subsegments, and general form
of the segments, although some at least of them have spines which differ somewhat from
those of the previous specimens, perhaps due, however, to their belonging to different
longitudinal series.

One of them which is here figured (fig. 6) shows only about a dozen or fifteen seg-
ments from near the anterior end of the body, and is considerably larger than the largest
specimens hitherto known. It is preserved upon the side and the spines seen at one
edge are evidently those of the subciorsal series. The segments are about three times
as broad as long, but the flattening of the body largely conceals the evident previous in-
equality of the subsegments; the surface is veiy coarsely granular (fig. 5). The spines
are rather stout, very much shorter than the segments, curved backward, and show no
sign of any anterior fine basal spinule, but instead a distant basal posterior spinule of
similar coarseness as the main spine, but very low; these are not well shown on the plate
as they can only be well made out by shifting the point of view. The legs are slender
and nearly as long as the width of the body. The ventral plates are seen in part and
are normal.

Length of fragment, 58 mm. ; breadth, 10 mm.

The specimen comes from Mazon Creek, III., and was received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe,
in whose collection it bears the number 1805ij.

Another specimen, also received from Mr. Lacoe and bearing the number ISOSmn,
is of nearly equal size, preserved in a sinuate curve, lymg upon its side, and showing
similar parts; it is much more complete, showing almost the entire length of the animal,
the head possibly and a portion of the tail certainly absent. About thirty-eight seg-
ments are present. It is of nearly uniform size throughout, except that it is slightly
larger over a rather broad sjiace in the middle, the front third about equal, and the pos-
terioi- pail; considerably smaller, giving a contour imlike any before met with. The
segments have the usual proportions and distinct heavy sculpture of the species, the
granulations, however, somewhat exceptionally unequal and distant. Here also the spines
of the subdorsal series are much as in the specimen last described, but do not show so
clearly the posterior basal spinule, and also show no sign of any anterior one. The legs
are slender, extended at full length, and evidently longer than the width of the body in
advance of the widest part.

Length of fragment if extended, 95 mm. ; greatest width, 9.5 mm.

Two other specimens also received from Mi-. Lacoe, Nos. Io05kl and 1805h, of smallei'
size, also belong here; they show nothing peculiar excepting that each at its hinder ex-
tremity, which in one case is perfect, shows that the subdorsal spines at this extremity
of the body were apparently simple but remarkably stout, short, and blunt; they are only
twice as high as their basal breadth.

To this species I also refer doubtfully a specimen fi'om Mazon Creek (fig. 2) sent
me by Mr. Gurley, showing about twenty-four segments preserved on a side view with
some of the legs. No spines are present and only a few places are at all characteristic.
It is in any case a small specimen, measuring but 40 mm. in length, and 1.75 mm. in
diameter. It is nearly equal throughout, tapering only a little toward the tail. The legs
are 2 mm. long.

m

III

405

P
■1

Enphoberia cai-rL
Euphoberia earn Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 171 (1882).

A single additional specimen has come to hand, a large fragment containing all but
the two ends of the body, stretched in a oent line, presenting a dorsal view of about thirty
segments. As in the specimens already described, there is not only considerable diver-
sity in the genei-al size of the front and hinder half of the body, the front half being
nearly double the width of the hinder, but the change is relatively rapid, falling upon a
few segments near the middle, though this is not so pronounced as in those previous!;'
described. The segments are about three times as broad as long, with a slightly greater
relative breadth on the front than on the hinder half of the body. The anterior spinif-
erous half of each segment is heavily ridged, while the posterior is nearly flat, though
this condition is somewhat effaced by crushing in the middle of the body.

Only the basal bosses of the subdoi'sal series of spines can be seen and these are near
together, but in many cases obscure. The lateral series is tolerably complete through-
out upon both sides and shows these spines to have been tolerably stout, sharply pointed,
a little curved and scarcely so long as the segments ; where suitably turned they show
an angle near the middle of the front contour, which is all that appears of a spinule,
probably broken off; but a veiy considerable, straight, slender needle arises fi-om behind
the base of the main spine, in situations favorable for it to be seen, almost half as long
as the main spine. No legs are preserved. The whole surface of the body is finely and
evenly granulate.

Length of fragment, 63 mm.; greatest breadth, 9 mm.; least breadth, 5.5 mm.; length
of spines, 2.5 mm.

Mazon Creek, Illinois. Museum of Columbia School of Mines, communicated by Dr.
J. S. Newberry.

\i

'r.

Enphoberia enspidata sp. nov.
PI. 26,Jig9. 8, 7.

A e.ingle specimen only is Icnown of this species, the head end of which is obscure, and
the other extremity broken off. About seventeen segments are shown, pi-eserved in a
straight line upon a side view. The body tapers forward a little on the three or four
front segments and to a somewhat similar degree behind the tvvelflh or thirteenth seg-
ment, but the portion preserved is very nearly uniform. The surface is granulose as in
E. granosa. The head is exceedingly vague, but appears to be large, to have a rounded
front, and to droop. The body segments appear to be slightly selliform by the ridging
of the anterior edge, and they bear, apparently on the posterior half of the segments, a
row of superior spines (presumably on both sides). By the fracture of the stone, these
spines are very obscure, but they appear to be shoH., stout and double, having an ante-
rior erect prong, not higher than one-fifth of the thickness of the body, and an oblique,
backward directed, posterior prong a little shorter and subtriangular. The legs are a
little loTiger than the thickness of the body, laminate, the flat surface set obliquely (the
edge being foi*ward and outward), of nearly equal width until near the pointed tip, when
they taper rapidly, the joints indistinguishable in this specimen.

\{^

406

Length of specimen, 36 mm.; breadth, 2.5 mm.; length of legs, 4 mm.; their basal
breadth, 0.75 mm.

The species is distinguishable from the others by its short, double spines, its more than
usually equal form, and by the shape of the segments, which are only about half as broad
agaiu as long. It seems to be most nearly related to E. carri, but altogether lacks the
sudden attenuation of that species in the middle of the body. It is not unlike JS. granosa,
with which the texture of the body and the length of the segments agree, but the spines
are very differont and there is no such sudden contrast in elevation between the sub-
segments. The figure represents the legs as much too slender.

The specimen was sent me for study by Mr. R. D. Laeoe, in whose collection it bears
the number 1814 ab. It comes from Mazon C eek, Illinois.

r:^ ■

HI l-isf

' I

i( ■

Enphoberia spinnloBa sp. nov.
PI. ?C, tig. 1 ; pi. 27, figs. 1, 4, 5 ; pi. 28, flgs. 7, 8.

The single specimen upon which this species was first recognized is a nearly complete
animal lying partly coiled on its side (PI. 26, fig. 1) and showing the legs and a few
spines. It is somewhat stout, tapering only a little in its posterior half and still less an-
teriorly, the specimen composed of about thirty-seven segments; the segments consist
apparently (for they are crushed and obscure) of an anterior, shorter, elevated, domed
portion, beai'ing spines, and a longer, lower and flat portion. In some places the ventral
plates, two to each of the dorsal subsegments, can be seen, every alternate one bearing
legs; that is, every ventral segment is broken into two, — an anterior larger, pediferous,
and a posterior apodal subsegmcnt, the division indicated by a slightly lower level of the
apodal half. The main segments of the body are from two or two and a half to a little
less than three times as broad as long, and the spines (of which only a few of the sub-
dorsal ones can be seen) are perfectly simple, straight, slender and tapeiing, scarcely
half as long as the width of the body. The legs are slender and tapering, slightly more
than hplf as long as the width of the body. The head is completely obscured, being
mingled with the legs toward which it is coiled, but the posterior end of the body is dis-
tinct, with a rounded rectangular hinder edge where in tlic last segment it suddenly
comes to ?^n end.

I-jtimated length of the specimen if imcoiled, 94 mm.; breadth in the middle, 6 mm.;
at posterior extremity, 3.5 mm.; length of legs, 3.5 mm.; of spines, 2.75 mm.

The specimen lies on a piece of blue limestone forming the roof shale over the lower
coal seam at Braidwood, Illinois, and was received for study from Mr. R. D. Laeoe, in
whose collection it bears the number 1820a.

The species as based upon this specimen seems to differ from all I have seen in the
simple character and delicacy of the spines, which have no basal thorn ; the anterior ele-
vated portion of the segments is also narrower in proportion to the rest than usual.

About a dozen other specimens later examined agree pretty well in their general char-
acteristics with E. granosa, and in the form of the segments with E. earn, but differ
from them, as from nearly all others, in the character of the armature, the spines being
long' and slender and entirely without basal or other secondary spinules, and are there-

407

heir basal

more than
f as bi'oad
• lacks the
1. granosa,
the spines
1 the siib-

on it bears

y complete
and a few
till less an-
nts consist
ted, domed
the ventral
>ne bearing
pediferous,
level of the
to a little
if the sub-
:, scarcely
;htly more
red, being
(ody is dis-
It suddenly

|le, 6 mm. ;

the lower
|. Lacoe, in

teen in the
iterior ele-
isual.
Iieral char-
but differ
lines being
1 are there-

fore regarded as belonging here. In this respect they agree apparently with E. brmonii
of England, with which indeed they may possibly prove identical, though they grow to
a much larger size than any British specimens I have seen.

The most perfect example (figs. 4, 5) is preserved upon a side view, each half with a
distinct and partial coil. The lateral termination of the dorsal and ventral scutes is visi-
ble throughout; and the large transverse spiracles are readily seen next the outer base
of the legs, in the middle of the segments or with the anterior edge in the middle of the
segments. The head shows little beyond its outline, and appeal's little larger than the
segment behind it, with an inferior tapering prolongation; from a little below the middle
of the front springs an antenna whose total length a little exceeds that of the head, in-
terrupted in the middle, but apparently as a whole consisting of ten or eleven joints
which are oval and subequal, more than half as long again as broad, and slightly lai'ger
apically than basally, the terminal joint smaller than the others. The body is largest in
the middle and subequal in more than the middle half, tapering about equally and very
gently at each extremity. As thus preserved, upon a side ' 'cw, showing only one half
of their surface, the dorsal scutes are of about equal length and breadth, and appear to
be composed of a larger anterior and shorter but higher posterior section, upon the latter
of which the straight, simple, delicate spines shorter than the segments are mounted.
The legs are exceptionally short and stout, and blunt tipped, hardly tapering; they are
about as long as the segments.

Length if unco: Idd, 84 mm.; height in middle, 4.5 mm.; length of segments, 2.75 mm.;
of spines, 2 mm.; of legs, 2.5 mm.

Mazon Creek, 111. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, "No. 1820cd.

One of the largest specimens belonging to this species (PI. 27, fig. 1) is also preserved
upon a side view coiled into a semicircle. The ventral scutes here look as if formed of
a collection of transverse straps, three or four to each scute> with a finely granular sur-
face, but the dorsal scutes are less perfectly preserved, thoagh when clear differ in no
way from those of the typical specimen; the siiines at the front end of the body are,
however, relatively coarser and the legs seem relatively longer. The specimen measures
130 mm. in length, and 9 mm. in middle height, tapering as in the preceding toward
either end but perhaps over a longer region. The specimen is in the collection of Co-
lumbia College, whence I received it through the courtesy of Prof. J. S. Newberry.

Another specimen (PI. 28, fig. 8) shows the same view of the front half of an animal
stretched out straight, and is interesting principally from its preserving one of the an-
tennae attached to the middle of the front of the head (fig. 7) ; this is apparently not com-
plete, a little shorter than the head and composed of about seven joints, some of them
obscure, but where best preseiTed cylindi'ical and half as long again as broad ; it tapers
a little. The distinction between the anterior and posterior sections of the body-seg-
ments is greater than usual, and where the surface is clearly scon it is distinctly and
rather coarsely granulate; the stigmata are very distinct, and as in the previous speci-
mens, but the legs are vague. It comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and bears the number
1820ef, in Mr. Lacoe's collection.

Other specimens, ^ome received from Mr. Lacoe, others from Mr. Gurley, do not ap-
pear to add much to what these have told up One, however, No. 1820gh, of Mr. Lacoe,

I

If i;;

408

is a young specimen, and here the spines appear to be erect with no backward sweep
and to be neni'ly or quite aa long as the width of the body ; only a dozen segments are
preseiTed and the specimen, very imperfect, is only 17 m.n. long and 1.75 mm. in diam-
eter.

nov.

Eaphoberia aimplex sp.
PI. 27, flgs. 2, 6, 7.

A couple of specimens of spined Archipolypoda differ so much from the others I
have described, that they seem better separated from them. By their slender forms
they agree best with the two species which follow, while in their size and armature they
agree better with most of those that precede.

The first and best specimen (fig. 2) shows the whole of a myriapod extended with a
gently sinuate curve; it jiresents a lateral aspect. The head is a little larger than the
immediately succeeding segment, but is very poorly preserved, and shows no appen-
dages. The segments of the body are thirty-seven in number, increase rather rapidly
in size on the anterior six, the size then attained being retained up to the third or fourth
before the hinder end when they taper similarly, the last segment being bluntly rounded
and about as large as the head; excepting where tapering, the segments are a little less
than twice as broad as long, and are separable into a shorter anterior and a longer and
more elevated posterior subsegment, at the anterior part of the latter of which the
sj^ines are seated. These are arranged as usual in the genus, and the subdorsal series
consists of nearly simple, short and pointed, arcuate spines, barely or not half so long
as the segments, with a posterior basal spinule arising faintly from a sort of heel to the
spine, often very inconspicuous and not shown on the plate ; in texture, the upper sur-
face appears to be finely granulated, while the lower plates show a fine punctuation, the
punctae transversely elongated. The legs are very well preserved, in many places
showing well the division into joints and the median longitiidinal carina; the second
joint is usually just about as long as tb- subequal remaining three; they are strongly
compressed Lerally, and most of the tapering occurs on the apical joint; their surface
is smooth but not polished.

Length, 91 mm.; breadth in middle, 4.5 mm.; length of middle legs, 3.75 mm.; of long-
est spines, 2 mm.

Mazon Creek, 111. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 1812ab.

A second less perfect but interesting specimen from the same place (fig. 7) is simi-
larly preserved on the stone but with the hinder end drooping and possibly not quite
complete. The head is better preserved than in the preceding specimen, much larger
than the immediately succeeding segments, well rounded, a little longer than broad,
and shows a few obscure antennal joints (fig. 6) ; they are only three or four in num-
ber, subequal in length, but narrowing slightly, and all together not more than half as
long as the head. The body is subequal almost thoughout, scarcely showing any signs
of tapering in front, while the specimen is too imperfect behind to determine that point.
There are about thirty-three segments which are only about half as broad again as long.
"JSo spines can be certainly made out, but nearly all the legs are preserved, though ob-

409

rd sweep
ments are
. in diam-

J others I
der forms
jture they

ed with a
• than the
no nppen-
er rapidly
I or fourth
^ rounded
I little less
anger and
which the
rsal series
ilf so long
icel to the
[ipper sur-
ntion, the
,ny places
le second
strongly
|ir surface

; of long-

is simi-

I not quite

|ch larger

m broad,

in num-

hi half as

Iny signs

Vat point.

|i as long.

)ugh ob-

scurely, and where preserved do not always show the longitudinal carina on adjacent
segments; legs are found at entirely equul intervals up to the head, but the state of |)re-
servation of this general region does not permit further statement ; the legs are a little
shorter than the width of the body.

Length, 51 mm.; breadth, 2.75 mm.; length of legs, 2.4 mm.; of antennae 1.75 mm.

Mazon Creek, III. Mr. W. F. E. Gurley.

The species is peculiar for its slender form and relatively long segments combined
with short sharply pointed spines. In general appearance, except for its slenderness
and general form, it reminds one most of E. earn.

Bapboberla tracta sp. nov.
PI. 28, figs. 1, 4-6.

The first specimen seen (fig. 1) is only tolerably well preserved, shows both obverse
and reverse, and exhibits a lateral view of the greater part of the creature from the
head backward over about thirty-four segments. The body is gently curved, the back
convex, and near the head end more strongly arched, exceedingly long and slender, of
nearly uniform size throughout, there being no sign of tai)ering anteriorly, and it is
barely perceptible on the posterior fourth preserved. The head is larger than the seg-
ments behind, and droops considerably, the larger size being indicated by the amount
of this droop, since the top of the head is continuous with the upper surface of the
body; it is well rounded in front, but nothing can be made of any ajjpendages. Unfor-
tunately also none of the spines are preserved, and the only indication of their presence
is in occasional pits, especially at the anterior end. The segments are unusually long,
bringing the legs of succeeding pairs much farther apart than usual. Excepting in the
anterior part of the body, they are of about equal length and breadth, — a feature which
at once distinguishes this species from any other; the anterior part of the segments is
narrowly ridged, and across the middle is a less prominent and more rounded transverse
elevation dividing each segment into two equal subsegments. This has not been made
to appear in the figure. In places where best preserved the surface of the segments
shows a very delicate granulation. The legs are, as stated, far apart, a little longer
than the width of the narrow body, slender, tapering regularly and pointed. They show
slight or no signs of any unusual basal expansion, and their joints are indistinguishable.

Length of body, 46 mm.; width of same, 1.6 mm.; length of legs, 2.5 mm.; their basal
width, 0.3 mm.

The specimen comes from Mazon Creek, HI., and is numbered 1838ab, in the collec-
tion of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, from whom I received it.

The second specimen (fig. 5) is in a similar state of preservation, and was not seen until
the preceding was descnbed. It shows both obverse and reverse and represents the lateral
view of the entire animal, if the tail end is complete, and though difficult to determine
by its obscurity in certain partf., appears to be composed of about thirty-five segments
behind the head. The body is long and slender, tapering very inconsiderably in its pos-
terior half. The head appears to be still partly buried in the stone, and consequently does
not show its size or form, but it evidently droops very much below the lower level of

6

mmm

^

1 i

410

the body. No spines nre preserved anywhere, and only slight indications of their in-
sertion ore opparent. The segments are obscure throughout, excepting near the head,
and therefore could not be cniimerated, but for the legs. As in the previous specimen,
they appear to be generally of about equal length and breadth, but next the head they
are broader than long. The division into two parts, as shown in the other specimen, is
obscured here, excepting next the head where it is identical. The legs are as in the
other specimen, except in being possibly a little longer and in showing some basal ex-
pansion.

Length of body (if straightened), 40 mm.; middle width of same, 1.5 mm.; length of
legs, 2.8 mm.; their basal width, 0.3 mm.

The specimen comes from the same place, and bears the number 1838cd, in Mr.
Lacoe's collection.

A third specimen (fig. 4) seen, together with the following, after the preceding de-
scriptions had been written, shows o lateral view of a slightly arcuate animal, nearly
the whole of which is pi'eserved, although almost wholly destitute of appendages. The
body is thus seen to be of nearly equal size thoughout, scarcely tapering on the first
three or four segments and in the posterior fourth, composed of forty-two subquadrate
segments, besides the head; the latter is a little broader and larger than the segment
behind, well rounded but shows no appendages. The segments are everywhere simi-
lar, about a third or a fourth broader than long and show a division into two subseg-
ments by a median or antemedian tranverse sulcation and a slight difference in eleva-
tion of the two subsegments, the anterior being slightly the higher; the signs of spines
are slight, but occasionally a simple, arcuate, very short spinule rises above the dorsal
outline. The legs are almost entirely obliterated, but a few at either extremity show
that they are as long as the width of the body or even longer, and very slender.

Length of body (if straightened), 45 mm.; middle width of same, 1.6 mm.; anterior
width, 1.2 mm.; length of anterior legs, 1.5 mm.

The specimen comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and was received from Mr. R. D.
Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 1838gh.

A fourth specimen (fig. 6) shows a scarcely arcuate body of a specimen slightly
larger than the last but not so fully preserved, both ends being lost. About thirty-
six segments are seen, slightly broader than long, but in genei-al they show very little
structure ; it would seem, however, as if besides the median sulcation between the sub-
segments, each of the latter had its own aubmedian transverse sulcation much sharper
and slighter than the other; the surface was apparently smooth; no signs of spines ap-
pear except a lateral series indicated at one extremity by very deep circular pits at one
margin, presumably the anterior, of each segment. Legs are seen all along the lower
margin of the body, though by no means always perfect; when complete they are some-
what longer than the width of thr body, very slender, and delicately tapering.

Length of the fragment, 52 mm.; breadth in middle, 2 mm.

This specimen also comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and from Mr. Lacoe, and bears
the number 1838ef.

A fifth specimen is a curious one ; it represents apparently a single specimen, but it is
bent abruptly upon itself twice, so as to be broken or apparently broken into three

411

nearly equal parts, lying one above the other, the upper and lower parallel, the middle
and longer pi&^e, really the anterior third, a little oblique, crossing one end of one of
the others. The great length and slenderness of the spcijimen with the subquadnite
form of the segments leave no room to doubt that it belongs here, but it shows very
little, for the head is unprovided with appendages, and only slight indications of spines,
quite as in the other specimens, appear. Some parts display the legs fairly well, showing
that they were very slendei* and tapering, considerably longer than the breadth of their
segments. The body appears to have been largest near the base of the antei'iiM* third
and to have tapered very slightly in either direction, the hinder end quite blunt. If it is
not broken, but the disconnected parts are united beneath the present exposed surface
of the stone, its total length must have been fully a decimeter; if broken and all parts
are seen it would still be 9 centimetres long, while its greatest breadth is 2.5 mm., and
at the hinder extremity 1.75 mm.

The specimen comes from Mazon Creek, 111., and was received from Mr. R. D.
Lacoc, in whose collection it bears the number 1838ij.

Another specimen has been received from Mr. W. F. E. Gurley fi'om the same local-
ity, but is exceedingly imperfect; it is apparently a young specimen, being if uncoiled
only 40 mm. long. It is too poor to measure the breadth at any point, but it ajjpears
to have been equally slender with the others.

The species is remarkable for its nearly unifonn and slender body, the great length
of the segments as compared with the width of the body, the slenderness of the legs,
and the unusual distance apart of consecutive pairs.

I.

•

1 Mr. R. D.

Enpbobetia sp.
Mr. R. D. Lacoe has sent me a straight fragment of a Euphoberia, composed of
about fifteen or sixteen similar and equal segments from what is apparently about the
middle of the body, but Avhich is too imperfectly preserved to detei-mine the species,
though it perhaps represents E. tracta or E. simplex. It would not be worth mention-
ing but for the appearance it presents of being covered above with a mat of flowing hairs,
here appressed to the surface. The segments are about half as broad again as long,
and tho?r surface finely granulate. The total length of the fragment is 26 mm.; it
comes from Mazon Ci'eek, 111., and is marked 1839a, by Mr. Lacoe.

, and bears

Euphoberia angnilla.

PI. 28, flg. 3.

Euphoberia anguilla Scudd., Mem. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 177, PI. 12 fig. 20 (1882).
An additional specimen (fig. 3) has been found, but it adds little to our previous mea-
gre knowledge. It is nearly complete, however, though the head end is altogether ob-
scure. It lies in an arcuate position upon the stone, the dorsal parts convex, and the
legs drooping from the under surface. The head is very obscure, but apparently agrees
with what is seen in the original specimen, and, as there, no appendages are visible.
The body is largest in the middle of the anterior half and tapers very gently in each
direction, the tail being about half as wide as the broadest portion, which is not so nar-

,' f:

:lM!

112

I h

5,1* f

. ?

1 ,'

mwly oonfliu'd dh in the s|-.ociinon hofoiv foinul; llio Hc^jfiuiMitH vary In t1u>ii' proportionH
vory nincl) an in (luMX'i^i^innl, II)<mi;(Ii (lu>y appvar lo 1m> ivlativoly nIioHoi' ni>xt tlio liinilor
on<l. The logH an' poorly piVHorvtMl, hnt can bi> nvv\\ tin-on;i:h all hut the fi'ont end of
tho hotly to hi> Hhorlor than Iho width ol'tho hoily, oHpocially in itH wiilont portion, and to
ho rathor ntout, Hli)<;htly taporinjic 'tud hlunt tipped. No HpincH are oloarly H(u<n, hut
thoir prosonco on tin* HuhdorHal region is indicated hy ohHcnre niarkH, whieh in no way
ditTer fntni the few Heen in the typ«'. Tlie Npeeinien is ahoui CtW nnn. long and conieH
A'oni ^Tazon C^reek, ^forriH, III., where it wat* ohtalned hy Mr. F. 'V. HIIhh. It hearH the
nuniher VM in my collection.

Still another Hpeeinu'n of what appears to he thin HpeeicH has heen wnt ni * hy ^Fr. H.
D. Lncoe. H«)th faecH of the nodule show the N|)eeiniei\ ahout ecpndly well or rather ill.
It is indeed ho fault that no attempt han heen made to have it drawn. IJke the orig-
inal it is preserved on a dorsal view in a curved position, the Wont two-thirds pretty
strongly howed, the hinder third hent at right angles to tin , uri in ft'ont au«l curved or
roundly heut in the same sense. The whole animal appears to he preserved and it <litVers
from the type only in tapering a little more rapidly an«l in having the posterior extrem-
ity extended nhuost to a point. If oxteiuled its length would he ahout •'(•'i nun.; its
hreadth at greatest hehimi the head, 2.5 nun.; aiul in the middle of the hody, 1.7o mm.
The segnu'uts are too indistinct in many j'arts of the hody to ho counted, so that the
total uumher caimot he compared with that of the type, hut Just hehind the head the
segnuMits appear to he just ahout twice as hroad as h)ng, an<l in the miiMlo of the hin-
der half they are projMirlionally hut little longer than in front. Tho tapering of the
hody is almost entirely eoullned to the hinder half, and at the oxtronu^ tip tl* '>ody is
less than 0.25 nun. hroad. Nothing can he told from this specimen any mor ■ fnmi

the lirst known c«mcerning' the structure of the spines or legs, unless certniii marks at
the siden «)f this, near the middle, indicate legs; these would then ho exceedingly slender
and ful'y as hmg as the width of the hody.

Ma/ )n Creek, 111., nodules. No. l»S07cd.

"' i

Family Archiitlidak Scudder.
AuciiiULlis Scudder.
Several s])ecie8 are now known to me from North America, hesidt's those hero de-
scrihed which are sonu'what prohlematical from the natui'c of their entomhmeut. Others
from the sigillarian stumps of Nt)va Scotia will he descrihed o\\ another occasion.

n

nov,

Arehinlua? glomeratns »[>.
ri. 29, Hgs. 2, 3.

A closely coiled, moderately large galley-worm (fig. 2) is douhtfully referred to this
genus, though much larger than any heretofore found, hecauso its well preserved seg-
ments show no sign of any division into fi-ustra and no indication of spines or any lon-
gitudinal series of prominences. Eighteen or nineteen segments are preserved, all hut

iVA

four or Hv«' of (ln'in v»-ry Wiili, — lU l«'n«t Hie iIih'mhI Hriil«'M. 'IMh'h«( rnimiHt oC Niiupl<>
pInlcH with wt'll i-<Miii<l<'<l lnw«'f(<<l^(<;< wliirli ii|i|inrt'iitly <>\l«<u(l lH>ynn)l IIh* liilcnil liiiiilH
(>rtli(« body pr»t|u'i' ((<> jiitlp;*' l»y the IniiiMvt'rMo nirviii^ nd;;^*'^ fi;('n('i'ally hccii iiI»ov«' llicir
((■nniiintion), iilioiit twice iih IhoiuI ih llx'ir ^ri'iilcHt (Hiipcrinr) lon^tli, willi iiidiciitiiMH
(>rH<iiiu> tliickciiiit^j: <>r tlic inil«'iiior iiiul poHtonor:!Mn';,;;lnM, prcct'dcd l»y ii uxnw or Ichs ilis-
tiiict and cxtniNivc tnn)sv(>i'M«> IniTow. No dclliiitc ni^iiH oC tli«> vt'iitnd Hciilt's cini Im>
Horii iiM<l \\\vy mv iippiirontly covoH'd l>y the prrHiiincd liitrral cxpnnHimi of tlin doi'Hiil
HCiltcH whioli oil 11 Nidc ', i«'W would roiirt'ul tliciii. Tlu> IrjfH iirr him'II in Hi'vcnil pliici'M,
but too <il>s(Min>ly iiiul intci'iuin^lcd to Niiy tnoriMd' th«Mu tlian that (hey appear to Im< «-t>r-
tainly very Htout mid lon^ and h)ti};;itudinally rid;f<'d. Neither extremity of tlie body
iH Heeu and there \h no apparent F«i^n of any tapering;.

lieiifi^tli orHp(>einien if iiiieoiled, <i:) nun.; h<n)j^th ofNingh^ He^rinentN, '2.5 nun.; bi-eadth
of Name, /1i.r» mm.; Iireadlh ol'le^^H near middle, 0.7o mm.

The Hpeeiineii oeeiii'H in n nodule IVom Ma/on (/reek. III., and was eolleeled by Mr. J.
C. C;arr, to whom T owe the opporlniiily of Ntudyin^ it. It ban muee been Heeiired by
Mr. liUeoe, in wIioho eolleelion it beiirH tlu^ number IH'JItab.

Uer(> hIho I am ineliued to place a Nimilarly coiled but. miH^h Ntnaller specimen (11^. '()
IVom the Nnine locality, prcNerved in ii Ninall iioduh^ Nent tnc; by Mr. K. I). liaco(t and
bearing the number IH'i.'icd. It Ih rather obHcure and hIiows little mor(> than the dor-
sal HcutcH Heeu on a wide view with no hI^jii of HpincH «)r Ic^^m or fruHtra. About forty-
two Hc^mentH art^ repr(<seiited and all iire of nearly the nanu^ Ni/i; and in tlu^ir relative
])roportionN elosoly rcHcmbh^ \\\i' larger Hpeeimeii before dewM'ibed. The t('xture of the
Hurface Ih very llnely granular, abiioHt Ninooth. If uncoiled, tlut creature (imperfect)
would be about •)() mm. lon<if; itH width In '2.5 mm.

H

I!

Arohittlaa? up.

IM. 29, llif. I.
A HpocieH of myriapod appan^itly behmping to thiH genuH but very obHciircly prcHcrved
on black Hhale amid a maHH of vegetable, dcbrlH, cHpecially fern IcavcH, wan wMit me by
Mr. H. D. Lacoo from the Maiden Mine, Kittanning c»ml, Kanawha Co., VV. Va., and
beai'H in IiIh collccti«)n tin; number 181()a. Tt represents an openly f-oiled body, appar-
ently nearly complete as to length, about 8/i mm. long, composed of from forty to lilt.y
segments very obscurely «le(iiicd. The Ixwly is largest at what is taken to be the head
end, tapers rapidly to the head and very gradually to the tail end at the «!dg<! of the
stone. Generally speaking the segments are about twict; or a little more than twice as
broad as long, and the surface is generally covered with an exceedingly <lelicat(! and
uniform striation transverse to the body, and in some places at the head end alH(» lon-
gitudinally ; although not detected elsewhere on the sttme, it is suspected to be extraneous
to the fossil.

XvLoHiu8 Dawson.
This genus, peculiar for the frustrate dorsal scutes of the body, originally dcsci-ihed
from the sigillarian stumps of Nova Scotia, is now somewhat widely known, occurring

n

mi

i I -'5

Is i:>

414

as it does in Great Britain and, as will be seen by the following descriptions, from the
carboniferous deposits of Mazon Creek, III.

■'^\

ZylobioMiraBtnlentns sp, nov. .
PI 29, flg8, 4-6,

This is a small species and represented by specimens closely resembling in general
appearance our smal'fir species of lulus from temperate regions. One is preserved on
a side view (fig. 5), strongly curved like a fish hook, and is apparently complete, though
both ends are rather obscure. It is long and very slender, almost equal, tapering
scarcely in the least at either end and composed of alternately longer and shorter seg-
ments, as shown in fig. 6; the number cannot be determined from the obscurity of parts
of the body, but they would appear to number all told more than fifty. The larger
ones arn about three, the smaller about four times as broad as long. The frustra are
the same on both, separated from each other by delicate incised lines, which are a little
sinuous as well as slightly oblique; they are very narrow, narrower than on any known
species, being eight or ten times longer than broad. The legs are delicate, slender,
cylindrical, a little shorter than the width of the body, the joints indeterminate.

Length of the body, 33 mm.; width of same, 1.75 mm.; length of legs, 1.45 mm.

This specimen, which comes from Mazon Creek, was received from Mr. R. D. Lacoe,
and is numbered 1842ab, in his cabinet.

The second specimen (fig. 4), sent me after the preceding desciiption was prepared,
is similarly preserved in a somewhat semicircular curve; as there, both ends are obscure
and probably neither of them is complete. It is long and slender, nearly equal but
slightly tapering on the posterior half and anterior fifth, and not so clearly composed
as there of alternate longer and shorter segments, the shorter, in the greater part of the
body at least, appearing more as mere interspaces and showing no sign of division
into frustra, which are perfectly evident and exactly as in the other specimen in the
shorter segments. The shorter segments have ir.ore the appearance of bfing originally
formed of a less dense integument than the larger ones, and as being here folded or com-
pressed; in this way only can the structure of the two specimens — which agi-ee in all
other respects — be made to accord sufficiently to consider them the same species. The
nmnber of segments, counting only the larger ones, are twenty-nine, and they have
the same form and proportions as in the other specimens, with exactly similar frustra.
The }«!gs are of similar delicacy and length, but, as there, with indeterminate joints.

Length of body, 31 mm.; width of same, 2.2 mm.; length of legs, 1.75 mm.

This specimen was obtained at Mazon Creek and was received from Mr. J. C. Carr,
but is now in Mr. Lacoe's collection under the number 1842ed.

Still another specimen from the same place has been more recently sent me by Mr.
"W. F. E. Gurley. It is in better condition than the others, cnrled much as they, and
shows all but the very head and hinder extremity; probably not half a dozen segments
are lacking; forty-one appear. These are alternately longer and shorter, one about one-
half longer than the other, each with its own independent arching; the whole of a pair
of segments as thus constituted when seen on a side view, is about two-thirds as long

415

from the

11 general
erved on
3, though
tapering
orter seg-
y of parts
he larger
I'ustra are
ire a little
iiy known
J, slender,

:i
_f •

mm.

D. Lacoe,

prepared,
■e ohscure
equal but
composed
art of the

division
len in the
originally
tl or com-
ree in all
lies. The

hey have
,r frustra.

joints.

C. Carr,

le by Mr.
they, and
■segments
jout one-
lof a pair
Is as long

as high and is traversed longitudinally by fine lines breaking it up into frustra of ex-
ceeding slenderness, perhaps eight or ton times longer than broad. The legs iire ex-
ceedingly slender, finely tapering to a delicate point, and about as long as the width
of the body.

Length if extended, 44 mm. ; breadth, 2.25 n. m.

The species is mainly peculiar for the exceedingly narrow frustra, but also for the
alternation of longer and shorter segments which appears wherever two adjoining seg-
ments are clearly denned. It bears certain resemblances to the interesting Knmjiecaris
forfarensis Page, so carefully described and figured by Mr. Peach of the Geological
Survey of Scotland ; more indeed than to any myriapod yet described from this con-
tinent. But the smaller segments are much less important than there, the feet are much
slenderer and Mr. Peach makes no mention whatever of anything akin to frustra. Onr
own species is represented by specimens far less perfect than his and does not admit of
a really satisfactory comparison.

Zylobias mazonus.

PI. 29, figs. 7-11.

XyloMus mazonus ^c\\^A., Zittel, Handb. d. Palaeont., i, ii, 730, fig. 902b (1885).

The first specimen of this species which came under my notice was received from Mr.
Lacoe with the number 1809ab, and was interesting from being the first myriapod
seen from Mazon Creek in which the segments wei-e broken into frustra, and much
larger than other species of the genus, found heretofore only in the sigdlarian stumps
of Nova Scotia. This specimen (fig. 7) is preserved on a side view, and shows a gently
arched body, bent a little behind the head; excepting near the extremities, which taper
considerably for half a dozen segments (fig. 9), the body is of nearly uniform width; it
is complete, and composed of numerous very short segments, obscure in places but ap-
pai'cntly numbering about fifty. The form of the body and its general appearance at
first recall the commoner Euphoberiae of these beds, but a closer examination soon
shows considerable diflferenees. Spines are wanting, the extremely short and broad
segments extend the whole width of the body and are broken regularly into frustra; the
legs are very delicate and not very long, and the head is not larger than the segment
behind it. The segments are about six times as broad as long and the frustra unusually
narrow, being fully four times as long (equal to the width of the segment) as broad, as
shown in the enlarged sketch (fig. 8) of two or three adjoining segnients a little in
front of the middle of the body. The legs are very slender, and apparently cylindrical,
but their full length shows only at the hinder extremity of the body where they equal
its diminished diameter. The specimen is 01 mm. long; 5.5 mm. broad in the middle;
2.75 mm. broad at the head end; the longest legs at the posterior end are about 4 mm.
long.

The second specimen (figs. 10-11) is more interesting on account of its perfection.
It was also received from Mr. Lacoe and bears the number 1809cd, in his collection.
It also shows a side view, gently arched, especially toward the head end, which is appar-
ently complete though obscure, while the hinder end is partly concealed under stone,

II

416

and may extend beyond the limits of the enclosing nodule. The body is of nearly uni-
form width, but tapers forward a very little on the first eight or nine segments and
toward the posterior end. The segments preserved are forty in number, and are of
about the same proportion as in the other specimen. From its better presei-vation, how-
evei", it shows clearly, what the other shows but vaguely, the exact form of the segments;
the body was plainly cylindrical or nearly so, and the anterior and postei'ior border of
each segment was thickened to form together an elevated, more or less rounded band,
together a little more than twice as broad as the intei-mediate, lower and more flattened
interspace covering the most of the segment; the anterior thickening occupies twice as
much of the band as the posterior; the sutures of the frustra cross the entire segment,
including the band, both anteriorly and posteiiorly; the frustra are separated and marked
oif by slight raised lines, running with a slight obliquity and are of the same proportion
as in the other specimen. The head shows no peculiarities, as it merely ends in a blunt-
ly rounded curve, with no visible appendages and is altogether very obscure. The legs
are delicate, slender, cylindrical, pointed, and unless in the proportionate lengths of the
joints, which cannot be detennined, in all respects like those of a modern lulus; they
are nearly as long as the width of the body.

This specimen is also of special interest from the fact that its excellent preservation
ensures seeing any spines which might project beyond the body, and which do not exist.
On one of the stones, however, there may be seen on most of the segments a minute
wart or tubercle centrally placed, forming a pleurodorsal row apparently about midway
between the middle of the sides and the middle of the back, similar therefore to some
obscure indications of the same sort on other species of Xylobius. It is interesting also
e jhowing clearly the lower edges of some of the dorsal shields next the present lower
edge of the fossil, showing that here the ventral scutes must be much narrower than
the dorsal.

The length of the specimen is 45 mm.; its breadth in the middle, 4.5 mm.; at the
head end, 4 mm.; length of legs, 4 mm.; their greatest breadth, 0.08 mm.

Both the specimens are from Mazon Creek, El.

The species differs from any known by its much larger size, the narrowness of its
frustra, and the strajj-like character of its sutural prominences, which do not fall grad-
ually to the level of the lower part of the segment forming a more or less striking selli-
form curve, but abruptly.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate 25.

Fig8. I and 8 are by Mra. Katherine Peirson Ramsay ; flg^. 2 and 4 by J. H. Emerton.
Fig. 1. Euphoberia hyslricosa \.
Fig. 2. Acanth«rpeate$ tnequalis \.
Fig. 3. Euphoberia hyttricosa \; reverse of flg. 1.
Fig. 4. Acantherp«$tei tnequalis {.

Plate 26.

Figs. 1, 3 and 7 are by Mrs. Katherine Peirson Ramsay; the others by J. H. Emerton.
Fig. 1. Euphoberia spinulota f .

Flcr. 2. Euphoberia armigera; a portion of the Integument of one of the neighboring segments of flg. 8, further en-
larged.

417

Fig. 8. Euphoberla eutpUUtta f ; the anterior extremity only.

Fig. 4. Euphoberla armigera ; one of tlie pccnliar structures of tlie opposite segment of flg. 8, further enlarged.

Fig. 5. Euphoberla granoea ; a portion of the integument of one of the neighboring segments of flg. 6, further enlarged.

Fig. 6. Euphoberla granosa }.

Flg. 7. Euphoberla eufptdata }•

Fig. 8. Euphoberla armt'jera ^ ; several of the legs are still further enlarged and placed opposite their position on the
Iwdy.

Plate 27.

Figs. 1, 2, 4 and 5 are by J. H. Emerton; flgs. 3 and 7 by Mrs. Katherine Pelraon Ramsay; flg. 6 by J. Henry Blake.
Fig. 1. Euphoberla tptnulosa \.
Fig. 2. Euphoberla $lmplex f ; some of the legs stlU further enlarged are placed opposite their position relative to the

body.
Flg. 8. Euphoberla armlgera \.
Fig. 4. Euphoberla splwilosa ?.

Fig. 5. The wme f ; the head ; from the reverse of flg. 4.
Fig. 6. Enp,. ' erla simplex f ; the head and antenna of flg. 7.
Fig. 7. 7%e same i ; the entire animal.

Plate 28.
Figs. I, 2, 8, and 6 are by Mrs. Katherine Peirs')n Bamsay; the others by J. H. Emerton.
Fig. 1. Euphoberla tractai.
Fig. 2. Euphoberla granosa }.
Flg. 8. Euphoberla angutlla f .
Flg. 4. Euphoberla traeta }.
Fig. 6. The same i.
Fig. 6. The same }.

Fig. 7. Euphoberla splnulosa ; the antenna of flg. 8, still further enlarged.
Flg. 8. The same 'i.

Plate 29.
Figs. 1-5, 7 and 9-11 are by Mrs. Katherine Peirson Ramsay; flgs. 6 and 8 by J. Henry Blake.

Fig. 1. Archlulua sp f .

Fig. 2. Archlulus glomeratus i.

Fig. 3. The same \.

Flg. 4. Xgloblus frustulentus \.

Fig. 6. The same |.

Fig. 6. The same f ; a couple of segments from mar the middle of the body of flg. 5.

Flg. 7. Xyloblus maxonus }.

Fig. 8. The same { ; three segments from the middle of the front half of the body of flg. 7.

Fig. 9. The same i ; a few of the terminal segments of flg. 7

Fig. 10. The same }.

Flg. 11. The same ? ; reverse of flg. 10.

l! iv.

Fig. I. llyodes dlvisa {.

Fig. 2. Ill/odes elongata f .

Fig. 3. Lattella prlmordlalls i.

Fig. 4. Palenarthrtu Impressua f .

Fig. 6. EUetlcus atUhraclnus i.

Fig. 6. Elletleus aequalls ^

Fig. 7. The same \ ; side view of flg. 6.

Flg. 8. The same £ ; reverse of flg. 6.

Fig. 9. The same f .

6

Plate 80.
All the drawings are by J. H. Emerton.

further en-

\

418

SUMMARY LIST OF THE KNOWN PALEOZOIC MYRIAPODA OF NORTH AMERICA.

PROTOSYNONATHA.

1. Falaeocampa anthrax Meek and Worthen.
Creek, III.

Mazon

CHILOFODA.

OerascutigerMae.

3. \ ,<,zeUa prlmordlalts Scudd. Mazon Creek, lU.

EoMToloprndritlae.

8. EUeticus antbraclntia Scudd. Mazon Creek, III.

4. EUeticus aequalis Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111.

5. Palcnarthrus Impressus Scudd. Mazon Creek, III.

6. Ilyodes dlvisa Scudd. Mazon Creak, 111.

7. Ilyodes elongata Scudd. Mazon Creek, HI.

ARCIIIFOLYFODA.

Etiphoberidae.
6. Acanthe'pestcs major Meek and Worthen. Mazon
Creek, III.

9. AcanthiM -tes incqualis Scndd. Mazon Creek, 111.

10. Euphobi'i'ia hystricosa Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111.

11. Euphoberla horrlda Scudd. Mazon Creek, III.

12. Euphoberla armlgera Meek and Worthen. Mazon
Creek, 111.

13. Euphoberla granosa Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111.

14. Eaphoberia carrl Scudd. Mazon Creek, III.

16. Euphoberla cuspidata Scudd. Mazon Creek, III.

16. Euphoberla flabcllata Scudd. Mazon Creek, III.

17. Euphoberla splnulosa Scudd. Mazon Creek and
Braidwood, 111.

18. Euphoberla simplex Scndd. Mazon Creek, III.

19. Euphoberla tracta Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111.

20. Euphoberla angullla Scudd. Mazon Creek, 111.

21. Amynllyspcs worthenl Scudd. Mazon Creek, III.

Arehiulidaf.

22. Archlulus xylobloldes Scudd. Jogglns, Nova Scotia.
28. Archiulua glomcratus Scudd. Mazou Creek, III.

24. Archlulus sp. Maiden Mine, W. Va.

25. Xyloblus slgUlariae Daws. Jogglns, Nova Scotia.

26. Xyloblus simills Scudd. Jogglns, Nova Scotia.

27. Xyloblus fractus Scudd. Joggins, Nova Scotia.

28. Xyloblus dawsoni Scudd. Joggins, Nova Scotia.

29. Xyloblus frustulentus Scudd. Mazon Creek, III.
80. Xyloblus mazonus Scudd. liazon Creek, IlL

( f

*

rjj

t'l

hen. Mazon

^m

Illustratioxs op the Carboniferous Araohnida op North America, op

THE orders AnTHBACOMARTI AND PeDIPALPI.

i <

X HE present paper contains a discussion of all the carboniferous Araohnida of Amer-
ica, excepting Arthi'olycosa, of which Mr. C. B. Beecher has lately given a fuller and
more correct account than we have had before, and the scorpions, which will be treated
on a future occasion. The descriptions of the previously known species are more de-
tailed than at first, other new forms are added, and illustrations are given of all, except
of Architarhus rotundatum, previously figured ; with that exception it is the first attempt
to figuie the American forms in these groups. It should be added, however, that since
these illustrations were prepared, furth-^r material has come to my hand, mostly fi-om
the rich collections of Mr. Lacoe and if Mr. Gurley, which may still further extend
the list, but I have been obliged to leave Uiom for another occasion.

;!

Order ANTIIRACOMARTI Karsch.

Body somewhat depressed, the cephalothorax and abdomen distinctly separable. Ce-
phalothorax usually made up in large part of more or less wedge-shaped peuigei'ous seg-
ments, the arrangement of which corresponds to that of the coxae. Abdomen forming
a single mass and composed of from four to nine distinct joints. Palpi not much longer
than the legs and simply terminated.

This group, the only extinct order of Arachnida, was established by Karsch for some
interesting carboniferous forms of somewhat obscure relations allied to the Phrynidae
and Phalangidae, but very distinct from either of them. Its position seems to be be-
tween the Chelonethi and the Ped'palpi, to the latter of which it bears perhaps the
closest relations. The Anthracomarti were the most varied in structure and, with the
possible exception of the scorpions, the most abundant in species of the carboniferous
Arachnida, and being unknown after that period they may be considered the most char-
acteristic of paleozoic Arachnida. The forms here considered belong to two distinct
families.

• («»)

420

Fnniil.v PoMoniKiunA k SouiMor.

Cophalothornx qimdrnto, not nuu'h Hiualloi' tlini) (lu> alxloinoi). (\)\iu< rndialin^ »p-
pajviUly fiH>in a median lino. Alulonion ronndod, ol'oqnal hiva«Uh with tho (vphalotho-
rax, with very intlistinot or no longitndinal sonlptnring', ooniposeil ol'only lour Kog-nu'ntH,
oC whioh tho ba>jal is vory short ami Iho others of equal UMtgth. No abdominal appen-
dages.

A ^^ingIo gonns and spoeies ai'o known, eonfir.od to North Amorloa.

f 1

H

I

.1 t:

W. !l

*'5a

U 1

IVn.ioriir.iiA Sendder (-"■>"'-, r>'?)

/W/(W»f'rrt Seudd.. Pi >o. Amor. Aoad. Arts So. xx, 10 (18.S1).

IVphalothorax qnadi nte, a little longer than broad, tho front stpiaro, tho sides neai'ly
and the posterior boi-der quite straight, the sm-laoe Hat. Abdomoti roumh'd siib«pia«l-
rato, a little longer than broad, its base ooniplet«>ly sosnilo, as broad as tho eephalol borax,
tho sides and extremity oonvex and with a oontinuons ourvo, the surlaeo flat and on tho
same ]>lane as thecopbah h»»rax, the llrst segment short, the others large and etpial, tho
transverse sutures straight. Legs tstout, dopresNcd, nioderatoly long.

This very auon\alons araohnid, the position of whieh f"H'n»s to lie near tho Arehitar-
boidae. must be ivlorrod to a distinet fannly as given above. It would «oom not im-
pi\>bable that Kusta's genus Seud»leria (junue preoooupied in Orthoptora, — Silil, IHT.'l)
is nearly allied to this.

Polioeheni punctulata.

ri. ;)i, «i>rs. 2, 0.

Poliochcra punduhxia Seud«l., IVoo. Amor. Aead. Arts So. xx, KJ (1881).

The fr«mt border of the oephalothorax is a little elevated, and behind it, extending
nearly to tho middle, a very broad, very shallow, transverse deprosHion; tlu-io is also an
equally slight but small oontral dopivssion, but all of these searcoly atVeet the extreme
tlatnoss of tho whole Held whioh is shared also by the abdomen; both oephalothorax
and abdouu :*• are regularly and deeply pmiot.'ito, as shown in lig. (J, oxoopting (Ui tho brief
fii>it abdominal segment whieh is «mly puuotate.jdong its hinder edge, and excepting
also, as in tho figuiv, in the division lines of the sognu'uts' tho pinictualion is perhaps
a very little heavier on the oephalothorax tbati on tho abdomen. Tho abdomen is also
marked by slight straight lateral ridges, dividing tho segments into throe nearly oipud
]>arts whioh are only notieeablo on tho fr«)nt half of the Boguu'nts, but oun bo traood
tht»ughout; a moderately narrow and slightly elevated rounded Ixmndiug ridge seems
to follow tho ontiiv rim of the abdomen. The logs are stout or at least all but the front
jtair, and all are long though none are preserved for their entire length; tho basal j(»iiils
of all of thomnre short, stout ami <|uadrato, those of tho fi'ont pair about half ns stout us the
otlioi"s. and thosoof tho third pair thostmitost of all; tho joint beyond is long and only a
little more than half as broad as the basal joint, those of tho ditferent logs of about equal
length with eaoh other and nearly as long as tho width of the oephalothorax; the tiiird

421

Fimtily Aiutii tTAitno m»ak ScikMci*.

(.Jcplitilolliortix viiritililc in lonii lint nl IciiHt liiill' iih Inr^r ih tlic iiIxImhicii. roxiii- cn-
dinlin^ IVniii n cinlriil pit, ii iiirdiiiii line, or IVoiii a lii-oinl Iriini^iilMr Hpncr, itn Iiiihc on
tlu< iilxloniiniil iniit-gin. Alxloincn oi'liicnliif or ovnl, hi-oinl iit Imihc w'hli a more or Iohb
(liHtincI liHcrnl Htliyo on nicli «i(U', convi'itifin;;- lowind llm nnnH; Hc^nu'nlH lVt»ni Ht'vcn to
nine in ninnluT, viHili|(> below, llion^li llic liiisnl oiu'h oHcn cxtrnncly hIioi'IcikmI in \hv.
niiddio; no alidoininiil nppcndii^cM.

Tins Mppi'MTH to l)(> \\h> Ik'sI (IcvclopiMl lunon^ llic rmnilicH of pnh'OKoic AnIlnMconiinIi,
oHprcinlly in Anicricn wlu'W IbiM" gcni-ru occnr, inosl orilicni, ho fur hh known, pccniinr
\o\\w Now World.

i!

flKKAIMIIIVNIIH Scnddcr (,•,;,.,<?, 1'lM.vimH, iiom.K'-ii. )■

Gera/ihi'f/nim Scndtl., I'lot-. Ann-r. Aoid. Arts Hv. xx, H5 (IHH4).

Allied cloHcly to Arcliitni'lMm; I.I u> body \» coinpiicl with no constnclion nt. llu* m\vH
holwrcn the (>(>plinlotlioi-(ix and alidonicn, a<;(i'('('in(7 in its g(!ni'i-id Htniclnio willi Arcli-
itarluiM, hnl diircring fVoni it considiM'nbiy in detail. The eontonr of the body is ovate,
but inHtead of being rounded in front aH in Architai-biiH, it iH pointed and angnlnte, whilo
behind it \h also pointed, thongh roundly. Tin; eephalothorax oeeiipieM a litth^ Ichh than
haH'oi'tlu; body, and the pedigeronn eoxal HegnientH whieh, aH in Ar<fhitarbnH, are trun-
cated wedge-nhaped, enlarging diHtally, meet in a conunon median longitudinal ridge,
tlui hmU'h of which an; rather Htrongly teetiform; thin lidge rniiH (rom tin- extreme Cront
to the posterior edge of the hindmoHt pedigerons negment, or through about two-tliirdrt
the length of the (iephalothonix; behind it Ih the posterior Hhield of tin; <'ephalothorax,
th«! anterior triangular fragment of whieh Hlopen upward to the ridge, whiht tlu; liinihM'

portions with their transverHe scorings an<l ridgiugs lit; on a plain; below. Hoth anterior
and p(»Hterior parts of this shield extend laterally nearly to the borderH of the body, and
are thus much br()a<ler and comparativiily shorter than in oiir species of Architarlxis.

The postthoracic plate is small and resemblcH tliatof Architarbns but is more triangular.
The abdomen resembles that of Ai'cltUurbus rolundaluin, since this postthorucic! plate, an

/i;

422

thoro, owwils ilown the tniiUllo of tlio wlx followinf? HOjjfnu'iUH, all of which roach the mar-
gin ami arc wider there than in the nii(hUe;' while the h«st three Joints are, again as there,
extremely hroatl and nniform; similar lateral fin'rowH are also found in each.
Thi8 genus is American and a single Hpecies in known.

It *

^ '

0«nipbrynus oarbonarlus.

ri.32, llgN. 1,9, 10, 12.

Geraplin/iius carftonanioi Scudd., l*roc. Anier. Acad. Arts Sc. xx, 10-17 (1884).

The median ridge of the cephalolhorax (tig. 10) is Ihit upon the summit, with its lat-
eral c<lges a little raised, so as to cause the rest to form a Hat groove; the ]>edigerous
coxal segments arc very faintly punctnlatc, so as to he scarcely perceptible; the lli'st pair
taper more rapidly toward the interior than the others from the shape of this part of the
body and terminate in a point, while the others present to the median ridge an edge; the
others taper about ccpudly, their interior margins being a l-ttle more than half as long as
their exterior. The posterior shield has its front edges divaricating at considerably more
than a right angle; at the base of the anterior sloping triangle is a transverse rounded
ridge of considerable width, its posterior margin limited by a very broad and shallow
double ere >'eutic line; following this, opposite the anterior margins of the first abdtmii-
ual segment is a similarly waved grooved ridge, the grooves of either side fading out
before reaching the middle lino; the sinuous postericu" margin of the cephalothorax fol-
lows hard upon this. This posterior shield of the cephalothorax is faintly pnnctulate
but more distinctly than the pedigerous segments (coxae).

The postthoracic shield is similarly punctnlatc, while the abdomen is profusely and
rather distinctly punctate (fig. 0); the postthoracic shield is triangular, more than half
as long as broad, extending laterally over alnnit one-half of the body. The first six ab-
dominal segments are unifonn in size at the margin of the body where they occupy nearly
one-half of the abdomen, but mesially are crowded down less atul less strongly in pass-
ing backward, the last showing it more in being naiTowed centrally than in any other
way. The last three scgilients are equal in length though constantly decreasing in
width, and the extremity of the body is marked by a circular impression. The lateral
furrows of the abdomen extend from the third segment backward, beitig sharp on the
narrower, deeply impressed but carrying the surface with it on the broader, segmentH, so
as to leave the outer narrower portion archod. There is besides a faint ridge down
the middle of either lateral half of the abdomen across all the segments, but fading out
toward the hinder extremity.

Besides the body, however, there are several fragments of legs and palpi, the siu'faco
of all of which is heavily punctate. The palpi arc the most perfect, nearly or quite the
whole of one and half of the other being i)rcsent; they arc attached at the extreme front
of the head and extend backward and outward on either side; they consist of seven joints,
the first two small, quadrate, subequal, together reaching to the \livlsion line between
the first and second pair of pedigerous segments, each a little longer than broad. The

■XotMni; ot UUs sort occurs in the Bngltsh Arehitavbita
sii6rifa/« Woochv., ami U would apponr probable that a
dlfltreirt 8iif face of the body was esposeil ; and as It gcems

tolerably clear that the dorsal Hurfacc of Gcraphryniis U
expoMi'd, Woodward's sjn'clnien probably sho .'. a a ventral
aspect.

423

noxt three NegnuMitM n\v \nr}fvr iniil l(>ii;;f«'r, NtilHM|iiiil, hut cncli ii litlle l<>n;j;;i'i- tliiin tlie
pi'ucc<lii);j:, Hubinonilironn, boiiif^ largcHl apinilly, (lu>iin}j:l«>H rnllicr N(|iiar('; tlicHixlli joint
\n an long UH the tilVli Imt Nlen(K>rer ami e(|ual, whiU> the Hcvenlh \h a mere rapidly taper-
ing hliiiitly pointed eap to the Hixth. The HnrlaeiMtrall liiil. the last thnrjoinlH Im Hat
or e(pially ronnded, while these terminal JointN have a eoinmon nuMlian ridge i»r eunsid-
crnhle Ntrungth. Ah preHerved, there Ih next the anterior margin a very <leep ronnded
groove oeeiipying nearly hall' the width of the joint ; theoppoHile margin liaH alHo a pro-
nouneed lint narrow groove and between them is a high roinided ridge, mnrower than the
fIrHt mentioned groove, terminating in the middle of tint last joint wlier(> the laleral
grooves join; they are Hiender. From the single fragment of one of the anterior pairs
of legs that remains, apparently of the lilHh joint, these wtMV scarcely st)»nter; Imt the
hinder pairs are twice as sloni, and very heavily pnnctate; of (he third pinr tlu; lii'st
fonr joints are preserved in whole or in part npon either side. Tlu^ lirst joint is too oh-
Bcnre tor description; it can only he said to have heen small, and probably of the sanu^
size and perhaps of the Hame form as the second which is «pnulrale (it is oidy seen per-
feiiiy u|)onone side), about twice as long as broad; the third joint is of similar form but
longer and perhaps slightly br«)ader at its distal than its basal extremity ; it is half as long
again as the preceding joint, and is fitllowed by a fourth joint exactly like itself; all the
joints of this leg, with tin; possible exception of the basal, are Inuivily ri<]ged as in the
front legs but not so conspicuously. Of thu fourth pair of legs only what are perhaps tin;
third and fourth joints i-emtnn (and not completely); if they an* these joints they agrei;
altogether with those of the third pair of legs. 'rh(Mlistin(*tion in si/e between tin; base
and apex of the joints of all the legs has been exaggerated by the artist.

Length of the body, 1!) nun.; breadth of same, Uft nun.; length of median furrow, 0
mm.; last three abdominal segments, (} mm.; palpi, 11 mm.; breadth of same, 5 nun.; lenglli
of third joints of third pair of legs, 2.1) nun.; breadth of same, I nun.

This description was originally drawn up froni a single specimen from Ma/on Creek,
submitted to me by Mr. ]{. 1). J^acoe under tlu! niunber ITOlab. Since it was written,
the same gentleman has sent me fonr more spe(!imens from the Hame locality all of which
arc believed to belong here, although they range in si/.e from 1(>.5 mm. to 21 nun. in
length and from 8 nun. to 11 mm. in breadth. In oik; of them, No. ITOlcid (lig. 1),
the legs are unnsually well preserved, one in particulai', apparently th(^ third pair, being
nearly complete, showing nearly the whole of live joints, the terminal being siui|>ly pctint-
ed, and their size, counting from the tip, being as follows: lirst or tei-minal joint, length,
1.85 mm., breadth at base, 1 nun.; second, length, 2.2 mm., breadth at i>asc, I.J) nun.; third,
length, 2.2 mm., breadth nt base, 2 mm.; fourth, length, 2.1 uun., breadth at base, 2.1
mm.; fillh, length, 2 mm. The fourth pair of legs is slightly longer.

i'

m

Qkiiatahhus gen. nov. (>-»>«?, t«>;9..;)

Cephalothorax snborbicular, the front rounded or very broadly angulate, about half
as large as the abdomen, or a little more than that, but either distiiuitly narrower than
the abdomen or separated from it by a mark(>d lateral constriction. Coxae ra<liating from
a short median line, which apparently lies at the bottoM of a shallow central pit. l^egs

I

424

stout niul tolcrnhly long. AlulonK'n oval, coimidoralily conHtrictctl nt the hnso, com-
poHcd of nine Hogmontu, of wliit'h five of the ha^al ones arc very narrow, at least on the
uniler surface, but transverse and not angulate, the remainder longer and subequal or
lengthening posteriorly.

This ge)uis is so far known only from Anierica by two very distinct species, both de-
scribed below. It is possibly nearly related to Eotarbus Ku&ta from the Bohemian coal.

Oknitarbns laooei op. nov.
PI.32, fljj. 11.

The c^ephalothorax is nearly orbicular and the wedge-shaped pedlgerous segments
subequal ; the posterior border shows a weak, broad, and routided emargination. Only
the very base of the first pair of legs can bo seen ; of tbo others on one side or the other
three or four joints each; in the two middle pairs the first three joints arr subequal,
about half as long again as broad, fiatlcned and a little arcuate, the anterior edge
produced at tip and base, so as to form by the union of the adjacent joints a decided den-
tiform spine directed forward and outward, and more distinct on the second than on the
third pair of legs, both of which curve forward; the last ])airof legs is directed backward
and is diirorontly constructed, having no such compound tooth, though both outer and
inner apices arc slightly produced and rounded; t!:" first joint is scarcely longer than
broad, the second and third subequal aiul nearly twice as long as broad, all of similar
breadth to those of the other legs.

The abdomen broadens rapidly from its base over the two basal segments until it is
nearly a third broader than the thorax, then tapers, at first gently, afterwards rapidly,
with a well rounded extremity, the whole only a little longer than the greatest breadth ;
all the joints are transverse, the first five very short, the sixth twice as long, the eighth
three times as long, the seventh midway in length between these, and the last nearly
equal in length to the preceding two. The lateral sulcus is distinct but not deep, sep-
arating a very narrow side piece from the main body of the abdomen.

The whole body is rather finely and uniformly punctate, the legs much more coarsely
and distinctly.

Length of body, 11 mm. ; ccphalothorax, 4.8 mm. ; abdomen, 6.2 mm. ; breadth of thorax
4 mm.; abdomen, 6 mm.; length of second joint of second pair of legs, 1.3 mm.; of third
pair, 1.5 mm.; of fourth pair, 1.8 mm.; breadth of last, 1.2 mm.

Mazon Creek, 111. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. ITOSab.

nov.

QeratarboB Bcabmm sp.

PI. 81, flg. 5.

Ccphalothorax apparently orbicular but for its truncate hinder extremity, but in the
specimen turned a little so that the median line is thrown (as seen in the figure) to the
left. The upper surface appears to be exposed so that the form of the subordinate parts
can scarcely be seen. Fragments of the legs are preserved, showing parts of every pair
but the first; all are flattened; the basal joints of the second and third pairs are more

438

than hnir iih loii^ again a.s hi-oad and the thrm; HnRcoi'dhig JnintH of iho Hanii^ an; alxiiit
two and a halfthncN txit long as liroad, (Mich nioro than liali'aH Imig hh the (u^phalolhoiaN ;
the Heeond joint a little tlie hroadest, tluM>therH ta|>(>i'ing slightly; the joints of the I'ourth
pair are not very dill'erent.

T\w abdomen In Hhaped wry nuieh an iu the last wpceii's hut more Hmoothly roiuided,
mneh more elongati'd, being nearly twii'o as long as, and at itH greatest only Hli;;htly
broader than, the ecphalothorax; the lateral Hnleus, only diHtingnishabh' in plaees, is Nim-
ilarly clone to the margin.

The whole body Ih eoarsely, deeply and nniformly punctate, and the Hui-fact! between
the pnnotureH apparently minutely and faintly pun<*ttdate, giving a Hcabrcuis appearance
to the whole; the name is true of the legs though the puneta would appear to be ii little
Hhal lower.

Length of body, 1/) nun.; ecphalothorax, /;.2.'» nun.; abdomen, 0.7/> mm.; breiuliii of
ecphalothorax, /).2/> mm. ; abdomen, ().25 nun. ; length of second joint of third pair of legs,
ii nun.

Ma/on Creek, III. Mr. U. D. Lacoe, No. ITOOab.

AnciiiTAunus Scuddcr.

AvchitarhiH Soidd., Gcol. Surv. III., iir, flOS (IS()8).

Cephalothorax oibicular, broadly rounded in front, much smaller than the abdomen,
but not separated from it by a marked lateral constriction. Coxae radiating from a cen-
tral pit. Abdomen ovnl, composed of nine segments, of which those on the basal half
are very nnieh shorter than the others, and on the dorsal einrface are forced still more
closely together by the large postthoracic jdate.

Species of this genus are foinid iu the coal measures of Silesia, Great Britain, and Illi-
nois. In addition to the one long known from the last locality, another is described
below.

Arcbitarbus rotandatnm.

Architarbus rottmdatus Scudd., Geol. Surv., 111., in, 508, fig. 4 (1868).

I have nothing to add concerning this species. It comes from Maz(»n Creek, III.

i, .'

nov.

Archltarbna elongatom ap.

ri. 82, ng. 4.

This species is remarkable for the great elongation of the abdomen which hardly ta-
pers apically ; it is twice as long as the cephalothorax and of equal breadth on the basal
half, thr Inst segment nearly as long as broad. On one face of the opened stone there
appear to be only five abdominal segments, but on the opposi^^o face, while the three
apical segments remain the same, the basal portion is broken by very pronounced ridges
and furrows into five short segments, together not half the length of the remainder of
the abdomen. Only the merest fragments of the base of the legs are preserved. The

7

l-iMifith. 1 1.7.'> mm. (r(>]>l»al<>th<MJU. .") nnn,; iiluloincn. '.>.7rt nun.) ; Ini'HtUh, A.'J."» nnn.
Ui'!ii(hvo<ul, 111.. \\\m\ \\w Kinno horizon n** lln> Mnx.on ( ■n'«>k WAh M Moni^. Me. It,
IV I,n.»i>o. No. 17(V_)nh.

Krsr.VHAt'MNTo (Knsiu, nom, |>i'«>pv., «/"<>''»,) ^hmi. nov.

1V>]>«>M'«! for n jixmnn of onrl>onironni« nvin'ln\i«l» |n"»'f«ninoil to h«>tong to \\w Antln-ii'
oom.ivti jin<l tlu' laniilv An'hitsnhoiilno. 1M\(> crphnloihovnN iw <n-1tirnlin', ntorr ov loHn
on>I>rM(M)\ii' jU itH l>iis«> tlhM'Ofiulinl\ oxiUo «l<(|onu>n, l>nt not so no to pi^'vonl i) lU'cidoil
ronMriotion botworn (ho t«o liitoiMllv. In tho sinjiio N|u>cinion vot Known, tln< «>lonu<ntn
niv too \nuvvtiun to (1is(in>>\ii«h it \\\ \W\h prtvt lVon\ tho othov jforn'rn. Tlu* \\'txf* whirh
worn t<^ hrt\o !\ stont hnNi« mi> lintg- nnd ovoroilin^lv sU>n«l«'r. Tin' |»«lpi \\i\\o tin' Hinno
slon(l«'v\ioss hnt onlv the haso is pi-oHn'ivod. The ttlxlomon pvoprr ih oonNidornMv lin^oj*
thnn tli«' o»'phMlo(l\o\!i\, tli>i(lotl into scxon sooinontH. ol" ninoh tho llrst I'onr mo I'ipuil
i\ni\ lonjiv\' than tho l;«st thn^o, which ni'o (ollowoil In n pi-otnh«'n)nt pv^iilinni t'ojnpoHoil
ol'twosiihsoj^montK. It isposxihlo that this wns (i>l|ow«'(l In ii joinloti sotn; if so it ronhl
h;n\lly tall in this plaoo, hnt .-nnonji- the Podipnljii whot-o it wonhl tlilVor striKin^lv iVom
tho Viuinvn tornis. Tho invgular divisions of the nhdonn'n do not distnrh tlu' rognlnr
mu'vo of tho sidos.

Named in honor «>lTrolossor .loha\ui Knstaof UaKonitz who hanso j^vcntlv onlargi'd
our knowlodjfo of carh<Mulor«>UK Araohnida by Iuh wtndy of tho ooal-laniia of Hohcniia.

I S)

It. .i

^11

i

1

,1

u

KuatAiKchne tennipea n\y nov.
l'i.;VM\!<. T.

Thi oxaot h'mits of tho oophalothorav in tho oidy sporinuMi nro rathor ohsonro hnt so
far as oan ho soon this ivgion is «>rhio\dar wit ? slijihtly ^j^roator hroadth postoriorly.
Tho radiation of tho oo\ao fn>m tho oontral pit is a littlo ohsonro, hnt nnipu'stionahlo,
and tho }>it ojvnn ^wstoi'iorly with llarinii' sidos. Tho lojjs aro ovoossivoly nlondor, long,
straight, and almost throad-liko. and tho palpi havo at haso tho wanio lonn. two whort atnl
sh^ndor joints «»f ono iM'ing visihlo. Tho al>ilom«')» is vory rognlarly oval, tho hroador
basal oxtromity boing sossilo hnt having its basal sntnn' woll dollnod and tho latoral o\-
oision at thoir bonndarios distinct ; tho last thivo Bogin»'nts of tho abdomon propor, whioh
aro oqnal, aiv abi>nt half as long as (ho four opial. basal sogmonts; th«> torniinal Nnbsog-
nion(s intorforo with tho ivgularity of tho f«M(n of tho abdonion. oxtonding boyojid tl(o
oval; tho tirst is of tho samo longth as tho tonninal sogmont, hnt o(dy half itH hroadth
and semilunar in f<M'm; at oithor sidoof its baso a possible globular appondago appoacN to
l>o present ; the last segment is as l<>ng as tho pounltiuiato but (uneh slenderer, being fnlly
half as htng again as lm>ad: and thoiv are some indieations on tho Ntojte (whieh may lu'
fortiiitons) that it was followed by a slender seta; the stu'faee of the abdomen Ik faintly
and shallowly punet;Uo. A straight bolt of lighter color than the Hides and an wido m the

127

\\\ to W
Mr. U.

l»ly linp.'''"
mo iMjnnl

«(> '\[ I'ould
inglv «Voi«

I' '

Uoltontia.

nHU'iiorlv.

>HtioiinM«',
[tilor, lonf),

short nnti
l«> l>rom\or

ltUornl ON-

HT, whirlt

lovoiul tlu'
In Itiviulth
jippotn'H (<»
V'iug Tully

A\ mny lu'
Ik Tuiutly

liilo «« Uio

1«>rtninitl Hnl)<4i>^ii)i<nl iiium i\,\\\\\ ilii< iniiMIc hI'IId' iil)i|itiit<'ii, lint tttrir Im iim hI^ii ol'iiiiy
Intrt'itl Niilriition WH in nt-ioltlMMiop; ui'iii'in. I huvr Iff) in ll(«> lt^nl'l< tlif Knnlt-liKr up
prntltt^t'H uirntioniMl itltoM> ni ilu' ontrr Iuihi' n|'<lti> npinil MnltHc^tncnlM of tlii< ilMlonn'n,
(Iritwn liv (In* iniiHt, Init I lit<lit>\t< tlirnt li« he pini-lv iUTii|)>nliil itml pi'tlnipM uIidIIv iiitci^n
to tlu> cnMitnit' HH they nro rnilly iliHlimily pn-Hcnt «nily <<n oih' hIiIc dh h www l^^•p^l'^-
niini.

Length <trl»t>(|y, 1 1.Tt nnn.; « tilth urcrpliMlntliitiux. I.rt nnn. ; li-nolli ni tiltitMntcn. nut In-
rlnilinn ti'iniinnl Ht'onirnlM. 7 nnn.; ilMMitllh. I.TTt nnn.; uiiltlmr li-iniiniil HnliHi-pincnl,
1.2A n\in.; It'np;th o|'I('i<m (intpci t'tMl) licvoml limly. \'\ nnn.; tlu'ii' nitllli, O.M tJ.A nnn.

Mn9!on ( Vn'k, III. Mi. U. I). Lnror, is... ITAtl nli.

\ Ntii u A« ■• m \ lift IS K iiiHih.

Jutfnnromnrtvi* Kiunrli. ZcitHclii'. iltnlHili. ^.nl t ^..^fllHcli . IMH2. filKt ( IHH'J).

( 'I'plinlndioinx tpnnliiilf, lilt" IViinl Mipiinr. ttr Hcint'cly mnvt'i, iilmnl liiill' tlic wlzi' mI'
the tiliiliinuMi; tlii> i'ii\i«i> litrnilly iilMxnl, liKliiitiii^ IVnin n Im.miiI liinn^nlin- ntrrniil pliili',
tln> linsi' III' wliirli liniiH tin- piiMli'ilnf nitn-;>ln. MidiH nl' tlii' Imily HJinwin^- ii •llHtlnt'l
tlmn^'l) nli^ht riinMti'iclinnlii'l wiM'ii till' i'i>pliiilMtliniii\ Mini tlii' iiImImiiiimi liy tlii' niMii* rnn-
vi>\ Miili'Hiil' tln> liittrt'. Aliiliiincn niliirnlnr, ii litth' lun^rr lliiin liininl, cMinpnMt'il nrNcvcii
m'P,ini'ntH orHiiniliU" li'ny;tli.

TIiIh im tipptnrinly tin* iiiuhI iitinnitiint lyin' nl' Ariii'linlilii In tin- ••inliMnWi'i'MnM (itiimi-
tinn. KiiHtii liiiM Innnil i'mir or llv<> HpnliH in llMliiMniii tiliini<, iini< \» I'lMnnl in MiJiMin, iin-
otlior in Itclginin, tnni ill IciiMt tun in nil' nwii cmmI. 'I'lii'Mf IhhI iiri> iIi'mciHiciI IicIow.

AntlimoomNrttiii trilobitttii.

I'l. Ml. Iluq. 7 lit.

Avffii'ovoiwtvttm fnlohifiiH Mi-mlil . I'imi'. Amcr. Annl. AiIh Mi-., \\, 17 (IHH(); ('nnip-
ti's icnil. HIM', int. Miljr., (M) Nn. (I'J. p. Hr.. Iljr. (IHHr.).
Alllmn^li iiiDrc lliiin litill' ti iln/i'ii Hprcinii'iH nl' IMm Mpi-cii'M linvi' hci'ii MJilnini'd, tin' iili'
iliinii'ii Ih tlio only pint tlinl liim Imtii mtiu'i'iI in ii cnninlcli' cnnililiMn, tin- fcpliiiltilliunix
ln'inf»; inciiinpli'ti' il' pri'sciit, iiinl tlic ippciMliiycH in no ('((«»«' pri'tont. It oII'i'ih, lntwcvci',
Rtrikin^' (liHi'rrm'i'H IVmn tlii'iitliri- hiiccIi'm knnwn. 'I'lic n'liliMlnlliotiix wim lifxiij^oinil in
outlin«>, till* iVont iiml liiinl niiir^inH i'^irniin^ tlic Inn^rMt iiml '^nlii'tpiul mIiIih, iinil tlif liilciiil
niiirgiiiH lii'ii)^ ronmlly tini>;nltit<'il lii'liiml tln^ niiildli', tin* ninili>i- liitcriil iiiiiigitiM rnrnifd
thi' Hlmi'tcHt bIiIi'h III' the ln>xiiy;on; the Iront l« nciirly Hli'ni;^lit, Hli>r||(|y c(»nv«!X, mimI »i llf-
(li> IniiffiT limn tlio Hiriiijiflil nr cvrn Hliii;litly ciMinivi' liiinl inni^in; tlin Htnl'dfc (h ucitv-
]y lliit lint wli^^litly ilnincil, willi tin' triiUHVi'iMi'ly ridfri'd hinder imirKln Hcpiinilcd rrnfn
lh»< niiiin iiiiih^ liy ii Mriii^hl triinRV('i-Hi> inrniw. Tlic MlMlnnicn Ih vi-ry hrdinl find well
mniuli'd, «>x(>(<pling in IVniit. whi>n> tin; cxtrcnH'ly li -niid liiinn in iiIiiiohI ntmi^ht, gen-
tly t'onvox, nnd on eiifh Hide exlendH I'lir lieyniid the eephiihithonix, heing even here,
where the iilidinneii Ih nnrroweni, wider Ihiiii the widcHt, purl of the ee.pluihfthornx;
nnd iiM the hinder pnrtion of lh«> eephiilMtlinriix rnpidly nnri-dWH Imekwiird, an nniH-
Uitlly deep uxviHiuii HeporiileH il iVoin the iilidoiiiun. The outer nngleH oi' tlio Imne of

hi

•! .»

428

the abdomen are distinct and not rounded, and the first conrse of the hiteral slope as the
abdomen enlarges is in exact continuation of the direction of the anterior half of the sides
of the cepL..; .. orax;the abdomen widens to beyond its middle, so as to be half as broad
again as the cephalothorax, and then narrows, the outline of its apical half being an al-
most exact semicircle with the central point of the abdomen (near the middle of the fifth
segmenc) for its centre. A soalaviform incised line runs on either side obliquely in-
ward from opposite the outer limits of the cephalothorax to either side of and in close
proximity to the large circular or more often transversely oval anus, dividing the body
into three subequal longitudinal thirds a.'d giving it a trilobitic aspect, which is more
pronounced from the fact that the central region is nearly flat or only slightly domed,
while the' sides fall off" as far as the again flat, lateral flanges; these are separated about
as distinctly from the rest of the body by an incised line subparallel to the margin and
dividing the lateral iobes as a whole into nearly equal halves, extending also across the
middle of the sevonth segment and dividing it just beyond the anus into an aaterior and
posterior half.

The entire surface of both cephalothorax and abdomen is delicately, uniformly, and
rather spaisely granulate. In the original description it was described as piuictate, but
this is ajjparently a mistake, the surface being punctate only in casts, though it is diffi-
cult in the flattened condition of all the specimens to speak confidently.

Length of cephalothorax, 5.25 mm.; its greatest width, (J.75-7.5 mm.; width at poste-
rior extremity, 4.5-5.5 mm.; length of abdomen, 8-12.5 ; width at base, 5.75-8.25 mm.; at
widest point, 8-12.5 mm.

The specimens were found on a dark gray carbonaceous shale associated with ferns,
in the subconglomerate coal mcasiu'es six miles northeast of Fayetteville, Ark., by Prof.
F. L. Harvey of Fayetteville. Some of the specimens are in Mr. R. D. Lacoe's collec-
tion under the number 1753.

t<h

I '

Anthracomartus pustnlatna.

PI. .32, figs. 5, 8.

Anthracomarttis pustulatiis Scudd., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sc, xx, 18 (1884).

The stone on which the single known specimen occurs is broken just at the front edge
of the cephalothorax, as is shown by the course of the front pairs of legs and of the pal-
pi in the face of the broken wall (fig. 5). If this break has not interfered, as looks pos-
sible, with a projecting fror.l, the cephalothorax was squarely truncated in front and was
of a quadrate foi-m, narrower, however, in front than behind and with tolerably straight
sides, the hind margin straight or a little concave. The surface of the cephalothorax is
however the most remarkable thing about it, the sides being strongly elevated, and the
middle third deeply sunken in a longitudinal furrow rapidly widening i)osteriorly, from
the bottom of which a sharp median ridge arises with abrupt sides, gradually increasing
in elevation and thickness from the middle of the front half where it arises, to the middle
of the hinder half where it abruptly terminates, but nowhere rising to half the height of
the sides. The abdomen on the contrary is sti'ongly arched, the central field somewhat
flattened and separated from the lateral by distinct carinac. The outline of the abdomen,

s

PTW^^— 'III

429

though nowhere seen on the stone, appears to be regularly obovatc, broadest at or before
the middle and ranch broader than the cephalothorax, with Avhich it appears to be united
throughout the base, the sides of the body showing little excision at their junction. The
abdominal segments are equal in length. The entire surface of both cephalothorax and
abdomen is closely covered with very irregularly polygonal, or rounded subovate, sunken
cells of varying size, but generally tolerably large, the largest forming pyriform cells
lining internally the abdominal carinae, one to each segment, the broadest entl anterior.
The legs are moderately stout, veiy long, thickened at the joints, the fourth pair appai--
ently the longest, the first pair comparatively small ; the palpi, as far as they can be
seen, apparently similar to the front legs but still smaller.

Length of body, 15 mm.; cephalothorax, 6 mm.; abdomen, 9 mm.; width of iopli^lo-
thorax in front, 4 mm., behind, 7 mm.; abdomen, 8 mm.; length of first two joi* (-- '.rst
pair of legs, 4.5 mm.; of third pair, 5 mm.; of fourth pair, 5 mm.; first four joi.''i^ of third
pair of legs, 12 mm.; of fourth pair, 13.5 mm.; length of second joint of first pai • of legs,
3 mm.; of same (?) joint of pali)i, 1.75 mm.

Mazon Creek, 111. Collection of Mr. R. P. Lacoe, No. 1752.

Order PEDIPALPI Latreille.

Family Gekalinukidae Scudder.

I Cephalothorax divided into two masses: the hinder much the smaller, snort and trans-
verse, and carrying only the hindmost legs; the front portion large, tapering. anteriorly,
and furnished with long and slender cheliceres. Abdomen subfusiform. While most
nearly related to the Thelyphonidae, this family, by the division of the cephalothorax,
shows some aflinity to the Nyctalopidae. Two genera have been found belonging here.

Graeopiionus gen. nov. (r/»«i"f, v'"""?)*

Cephalothorax remarkably short and stout, rounded quadrate (especially rounded in
front, nearly quadratiform behintl, the sides nearly straight, the hinder margin gently
convex), divided into radiating pedigcrous segments. Palpi very stout, chelate at tip.
First pair of legs like the others in all general respects, very stout, flattened and taper-
ing, of no great length. Abdomen ovate, largest in the middle, rather narrowly attached
at base, composed of twelve similar segments, excepting that the last three rapidly nar-
row and are considerably shorter than the others, but the posterior curve of the abdomen
is not interrupted to form a post-abdomen as in other Pcdipal[)i. Whether an articulated
seta follows the last joint cannot be told from the specimen preserved ; a pair of distant,
distinct, and divergent furrows arc seen on the first and second abdominal segments of
a cast of one specimen, reaching halfway across the second segment, nnd occupying the
place which the "combs" of modern scorpions occupy.

This genus pretty plainly falls into the Pedipalpi on account of the stout chelate palpi
and the number of abdominal joints ; but the absence of a post-abdomen, perhaps also of
a seta, the undiiferentiated character of the first pair of legs and the radiated arrange-

: i

m

iP

430

nicnls of the pedigerous segments of the ccphalothorax separate it widely from all known
Pedipalpi ancient or modern. In the characteristics of the body proper it approaches
decidedly the contemporaneous Anthracomai'ti.

r

:■

;u:

H!

pi,
I ■

i

t

I

J ■

OraeophonuB carbonatinB.

PI. 82, figs, i, 3, 6.

Lihellula carbonaria Scudd., Can. nat., (2), viii, 88-89, fig. 1 (1870).

Ccphalothorax (fig. 3) quadrat iform posteriorly, the hinder angles scarcely rounded,
the hinder margin gently convex, and the sides straight ; anteriorly the front is regu-
larly and rather strongly convex, the whole ccphalothorax being nearly half as broad
again as long; on the posterior half is a sharp and deep median siilcation which increases
in depth posteriorly and at the posterior limit ends in a circular pit which appears to in-
volve also a part of the first al)dominal segment. The whole surfsice is minutely and
delicately punctate, as is also that of the legs and palpi. What are apparently the third
joints of the legs are disproportionately long and tapering. The abdomen is regularly
obovate, nearly twice as long as broad, the first to the fifth joints longer and equal, the
sixth to the ninth slightly shorter and subequal, the tenth to the twelfth scarcely more
than half as long as those directly preceding. The surface of the abdomen is punctate
as the rest of the body.

Length of whole body, 15.5 mm.; ccphalothorax, 5 mm.; abdomen, 10.5 mm.; breadth
of ccphalothorax, 7 mm.; abdomen, 7 mm.; length of palpi, 6 mm.; breadth of palpi, 1.6
mm.; longest fragment of legs (second pair), 12 mm.; apparent length of third joint of
this pair of legs, 7.5 mm.; its breadth at base, 1.75 mm.; at tip, 1 mm.

Mazon Creek, 111. Collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 1762.

The above description was drawn up from the specimen above mentioned before it
was recognized as the same species as that described by me many years ago from an ab-
domen alone, under the name of Libelhda carbonaria, presuming it to be a larva. A
direct comparison of the two, for the opportunity for which I am indebted to the kind-
ness of Sir Wm. Dawson, leaves little doubt on this point. Xo marks of divergent fur-
rows or ridges can be seen on the basal segments, however (figs. 2, 6 ), and it further
differs from the above in that the posterior border of the eighth segment is broadly,
roundly, and rather deeply excised. In addition one may see large, faint, shallow de-
pressions on either side of each of the larger segments, at equal distances from either
border and the lateral ridge, which look as if in the jjosition of stigmata. Finally there
is a mesial, apical, small, triangular depression on the last segment as if the cast of a
basal fragment of a seta, and which formerly led me to think the segment bilobed.

The specimen is 14 mm. long and 8.25 mm. broad, though apparently it is crushed
out of shape a little, and should be considered 7.2 mm. broad.

The specimen comes from Cape Breton and is now in the museum of McGill College,
Montreal.

Geralinura Scudder.
Geralinura Scudd., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sc, xx, 19 (1884).
Ccphalothorax ovate, the front rounded, narrower than the squarely tiimcate posterior

431

:nown
)aches

(Unded,
i regu-
i broad
icreases
I's to in-
;ely and
he third
egiUarly
jual, the
ely more
punctate

; breadth
palpi, 1.6
d joint of

before it
»m an ab-
larva. A
j^he kind-
gent fur-
jit further
broadly,
lUow de-
^m either
illy there
least of a
bilobed.
crushed

College,

posterior

margin, the sides well rounded, the whole not more than half as large as the abdomen,
which is cylindrical, perhaps depressed, and composed of nine principal joints, of which
the first three are a little shorter than the others, followed by a post-abdomen of three
much contracted joints, and this by the jointed thread peculiar to the family, and Avhich
is as long as the abdomen. A pair of eyes on the front of the cephalothorax. Palpi large,
robust, composed of three similar joints, spinous within, and the apical coarsely chelate.
First pair of legs thread-like, no stouter than the tail, and longer than it; second and
third pairs of legs moderately slender, equal, the last pair similar but considerably longer,
supported by a ti'ansverse independent joint between the cephalothorax and abdomen.

This genus, first described in June, 1884, was brought to the attention of the Ameri-
can Academy only nine days before another species of the same genus was described by
Ku.^ta to the Bohemian Academy; a fact the more striking since up to that time no
Pedipalpi had ever been found fossil even in tertiary or secondary rocks, unless credit
be given to Serres' mention of a species in the tertiary marnes of Aix. Kusta has since
desci'ibed several species from the Bohemian coal.

Geralinnra carbonaria.

PI. Sl.flgs. 1,8, 4.

Oeralinura carbonaria Scudd., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sc, xx, 19-20 (1884).

Cephalothorax broadest in the middle, but tapering more rapidly in front than poste-
riorly, the front triangularly produced but the extreme tip rounded; apparently a pair of
globular eyes are situated in front as in G. bohemica, but larger, notwithstanding that
they are seated on a much narrower spot. The front pair of legs are of the same size as
the tail ; the second pair have the femur hardly half so stout as that of the hind pair, which
is nearly as broad as one of the middle abdominal joints, that of the middle pair ap-
proaching the former rather than the latter. The abdomen is regularly obovate, twice
as long as the thorax even excluding the post-abdomen, and half as broad again as that.
The post-abdomen composed first of two joints, together half as .ong as broad and one-
third as broad as the .abdomen, next of a single quadrate joint, followed by the thread
which is about one-fourth or one-fifth as broad as the tip of the post-abdomen, and about
as long as the body, composed of numerous joints, as far as can be seen about twice as
long as broad. In one of the two specimens found, the body is piceous from carbona-
ceous matter, but interrupted at the abdominal interstices and traversed irregularly by
broken, longi ' udinal, slenderer interruptions of the color of the stone.

Length of 1 'dy to base of tail (a), 16 mm.; (b), 13 mm.; of tail (a, broken), 4 mm.,
(b, probably pei '"''ct), 12 mm.; of cephalothovax (a), 4 mm.; postthoracic plate (a), 0.75
mm.; abdomen {^a), 8.5 mm.; postabdomen (ft), 2.5 mm.; breadth of cephalothorax («),
2.6 mm.; postthoracic plate (a), 1.75 mm.; abdomen (a), 4.5 mm.; postabdomen (a), 1.4
mm. ; thread («) , 0.25 mm. ; breadth of first pair of legs («) , 0.25 mm. ; second pair («) , 0.5
mm. ; third pair (a) , 0.75 mm. ; fourth pair (a) , 1 mm. ; length of femoi-a of third paii- (a) , 3.5
mm.; of fourth pair («), 5 mm.

Mazon Creek, III. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, two specimens, Nos. 1754a- d.

The species differs considerably from G. bohemica Kusta sp., first in its much smaller
size, then in its much moie pointed and ovate cephalothorax. It would appear indeed

'M

ill

i X.

432

as if Kusta hud more than one species before him, as his figures i and iv differ remark-
ably, fig. I having a cephalothorax scarcely half so long in proportion to its breadth as
fig. IV, and its abdomen is strongly constricted at the base, while in fig. iv the latter only
tapers gently in front. Our own species has the abdomen much broader and larger than
the cephalothorax, and tapers in front considei-ably but not so rapidly as in Kusta's fig.
IV. More recently Kusta has described other species, but they seem no nearer ours.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Platk 31.
Figs. 1 an<3, 3 are by J. Henry Blake; flgs. 2, 5-8, 10 by Mrs. Katherlna Peirson Ramsay; figs. 4 and 9 by J. H. Emerton.
Fig. 1. Geralinuracarbonaria ^.
Fig. 2. Poliuchera punctulala f •
Fig. 3. Geralinnra carbonaria }.
Fig. 4. The same '{.
Fig. 6. Oeratarbua scabrum f .

Fig. 6. PoUochera punctulata \'^ ; a fragment from tlie middle of the abdomen to show surface structure.
Fig. 7. Anthracomartus trilobiiits f .
Fig. 8. The same f .
Fig. 9. The same k.
Fig. 10. The same f .

Plate 32.
Figs. 1, 3, 4, 7, 12 are by J. H. Emerton; flgs. 2 and 6 by S. H. Scudder; flgs. 5, 8, 11, by Mrs. Kathcrine Peirson Ram-
say ; and flgs. 9 and 10 by J. S. Kingslfy.
Fig. 1. Geraphrynus carbonaritis f .
Fig. 2. Graeophonus carbonaritis ^.
Fig. 3. The same f.
Fig. 4. ArcMtarhus elongaUnn ^.
Fig. 6. Anthracomartus pustulatus ? ; front view.
Fig. 6. Graeophonus carbonarius ^.
Fig. 7. Kustaraehne tenvipes f.
Fig' 8. Anthracomartus pustulatus f.

Fig. 9. Geraphrynus carbonarius ^ ; a portion of the first broad abdominal segment, to show the surface structure.
Fig. 10. The same { .
Fig. 11. Geratarbus lacoei f.
Fig. 12. Gerapfirymts carbonarius f .

H :i

itJi

remark-
adth as
ter only
rev than
sta's fig.
ours.

:. Giuerton.

Pelrson Ram-

tructure.

The Insects of the Tbiassic Beds at Fairplay, Colorado.

jliARLY in 1882, Mr. Arthur Lakes, iJrofessor in the Colorado School of Mines, discov-
ered a bed of plants and insects near Fairplay, Colorado, in rocks much older than any
that had before yielded insect remains west of the Great Plains ; the two or three speci-
mens he sent me were sufficient to prompt a more thorough exploration of the locality,
which T was able to make the following summer, resulting in the discovery of a fauna
and a flora of considerable interest.

The plants have been studied by Mr. Lesquereux,' who pronounces the species, some
thirty in number, but in a very fragmentary condition, to belong to permian types, and
declares the evidence to be decisive on this point.

The animal remains consist almost exclusively of insects, and are two-thirds as abun-
dant in species as the plants, an exceptionally large ratio in beds whei*e both occur. These
insects form an assemblage wholly different from anything before known, and, in con-
tradiction to what Mr. Lesquereux says of the plants, clearly belong to types of a more
modern character than any the paleozoic series has yet disclosed. It is not often that
one may speak so positively in the discussion of fossil insects, especially when not a sin-
gle one of the species and only the smaller portion of the genera found have been pre-
viously known. But in this case all but two or three of the specimens obtained (some
eighty in number) belong to a group which of all paleozoic insects has received the most
attention, namely, the cockroaches. This great preponderance of cockroaches, and the
fact that the known genera found in this collection have hitherto been discovered only in
carboniferous and permian rocks, would lead us at first to refer the beds in which they
occur to one of the paleozoic series ; but the presence of the other forms, and even the
characteristics of those which are referable to carbonifei-ous and permian genera, unmis-
takably point to a later horizon.

As has been repeatedly pointed out by me, paleozoic cockroaches are distinguished

i

'On some specimens of permian fossil plants from Colorado.
8

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vll, 243.
(488)

4M

from living types by the complete interdcpondence of two of the veins of the fore wing,
and by the fact that the anal veins of the same wing impinge snecessively upon the in-
ner margin and do not either fall upon the anal fuiTow or become clustered together at
the outer point of the anal area; and I have accordingly grouped them under the name
Palaeoblattariae to distinguish them from their descendants the Blattariae proper. Now
as not only all the living cockroaches belong to the Blattariae proper, but the same is
time of all mesozoic cockroaches later than the trias,' it becomes a matter of special inter-
est to inquire into the position of these Faii'play cockroaches, which number eighteen spe-
cies.

Eleven of the species and five of the seven genera belong to the Palaeoblattaruie.
These five genera arc Etobluttina (2sp.), Spiloblattina (4 sp.), Anthracoblattina (1 sp.),
Petrablattina (2 sp.), and Poroblattina (2 sp.). Only five of the species belong to gen-
era previously known, Spiloblattina and Poroblattina having been established upon and
still being known only by the Fairplay fossils. But the difference is more marked than
this; for at least one of the species referred to Etoblattina is an aberrant form with an
excessively long internomedian vein; and both the species of Petrablattina agree in dif-
fering from those heretofore known to a very considerable degree. Of the new genera,
Spiloblattina is very peculiar in the strongly divergent and then convergent curve of the
externomedian and internomedian veins around a large stigma near the middle of the
wing, iniknown in any other cockroach, ancient or modern, sofai* as I know; but other-
wise it is related to Etoblattina; while Poroblattina is more nearly related to Petrablat-
tina, and especially to the two new species of that genus from this locality.

The average size of tl. -se Fairplay Palaeoblattariae is much less than that of the pa-
leozoic Palaeoblattariae in general. The average length of the front wings of the
paleozoic species is 26 mm. ; that of these Fairplay Palaeoblattariae, 16 mm. This fact
has its value, for the Jurassic si)ecie8 are nearly all of very small size, and the wing-
length of the remaining species from Fairplay (^. e., those which do not belong to the Pa-
laeoblattariae) is less than 8.5 mm., ranging from 6.5-11.5 mm. This agrees completely
with the size of mesozoic species already known. The average of all the Fairplay cock-
roaches is less than 13.5 mm.

As to the seven cockroaches from Fairplay which belong to the Blattariae, the char-
acteristics of their venation as well as their small size show them to be closely allied to
Jurassic forms, although the two genera to which they belong are peculiar so far as yet
known to Fairplay. One of them is distinctly allied to Rithma, as defined by me in my
memoir on mesozoic cockroaches (loc. cit.), while all the species have a decided mesozoic
aspect and would at once be considered liassic or at least Jurassic by any one at all fa-
miliar with the forms already known from these deposits. They have on the other hand
an entirely different aspect from any and all paleozoic forms, and present no points of
close comparison with any Palaeoblattariae excepting some of those mentioned above
from the same Fairplay beds, notably with the genus mentioned under the name of Poro-
blattina, which one of the genera not a little resembles. The manner in which the change
of the venation was brought about has been stated by me in my memoir on mesozoic
cockroaches.

'See Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in, 430 seq.

485

I wing,
the in-
ither at
,c name
, Kow
same is
il inter-
een spe-

ittanue.

(1 sp.),

to gen-

pon and

:ed than

with an

36 in dif-

genera,

ve of the

e of the

Lit othei'-

etrablat-

' the pa-
ls of the
his fact
le wing-
the Pa-
[mpletely
lay cock-

the char-
I allied to
ir as yet
le in my
knesozoic
lat all fa-
ler hand
joints of
JA above
lof Poro-
I change
icsozoic

The few insects other than cockroaches emphasize the mesozoic aspect of the rest of
the fauna.

We have then at Fairplay an assemblage of forms altogether different from anything
hitherto found in the paleozoic series on the one hand, or in the Jurassic beds on the other.
They show a commingling of strictly jui-assic forms with a larger proportion of types
which may be called upper carboniferous or permian with a distinct Jurassic leaning.
There is therefore a strong probability that the beds in which they occur belong to the
intermediate formation, the triassic.

If this should be proved, Mr. Lake's discovery will have an added interest, from the
fact that almost nothing is known either of the plants or of the insects of this formation.
Of the plants, it is only necessary to point out that in the paucity of data, the upper pa-
leozoic aspect of the few vegetable remains from Fairplay can have but a negative value
beside the positive proof of the alliance of the insects to mesozoic forms. Of triassic in-
sects our knowledge is exceedingly meagre; a single neuropterous larva from the Con-
necticut valley is all that the formation has hitherto yielded in this counti-y. In Europe
we know of only four species, each, I believe, from a single specimen ; one of these is a
cockroach, but it is entirely different from any of the Fairplay species, and indeed from any
other known forms, so that we get no light from this quarter.

So far as I know this is the first attempt to determine the age of a deposit from its in-
sect remains alone, and it is unfortunate for its acceptance by natui'alists that the plants
give it, to say the least, no support, but rather are deemed by one competent to judge, to
be decidedly adverse to what is here claimed.

The paleontological contradiction shown in the plants and animals of the Fairplay beds
is not unlniown to American geology, as every one is aware, but I do not know that it
has been pointed out in this country at this horizon or in this direction, the discordance
appearing later in time, and the plants indicating a younger and not an earlier age than
the animals. An exactly parallel case appears to be shown in eastern Russia, for in dis-
cussing the poorer strata of Kargalinsk, which he refers to the permian, Twelvetrees
says, "as regards the flora [eleven species] the list has a paleozoic aspect, but a second-
aiyone as respects the reptilians remains" [four species cited.]*

All the specimens are in ray own collection.

PALAEOBLATTARIAE Scudder.

Etoblattina Scudder.
Etoblattina persistens sp. nov.

PI. 33, fig. 7; pi.

34, fig8. 10, 19.

The fore wing is a little less than two and a half times as long as broad with a mod-
erately convex costal margin and apparently a full and well rounded apex. The medi-
astinal vein extends somewhat beyond the middle of the wing and is provided with

•

'Qnart. Jourii. Oeol. Soc

. Lond., xxxvin, 49S.

n ' 'J ' " ! ■ > . 1
. » J , » i' *i 1 ' I

* ' 1

ilh-y !:■'■■/

lilt t i»i 1
1 1 t

436

] i

immci'ous oblique simple branches. The scapular reaches nearly to the tip of the wing,
1 anning in a nearly straight coui'se, most distant from the costal margin in the middle of
the wing; it begins to branch just beyond the basal third of the wing, and sends to the
costal margin half a dozen or less oblique branches, subparallel to the mediastinal branches,
but apically growing more longitudinal, any of which may, and the greater number do,
fork at less than halfway to the margin. The extemomedian vein occupies the centre of
the wing, and with its branches feeds narrowly the apical mai'gin, for it only forks three
times, usually simply, near the centre of the wing, beginning a trifle earlier than the
scapular vein, and the long branches are wholly longitudinal and closely crowded. The
internomedian starts as if to terminate with a gentle arcuation before the middle of the
outer half of the wing, sending off half a dozen moderately distant, usually simple but
sometimes deeply forked, slightly sinuous, parallel, oblique branches; but when it reaches
the middle of the wing, it throws off from its other side a couple of deeply foi'ked or com-
pound, nearly straight, crowded, longitudinal branches, which extend the range of the
interKomedian area almost to the very tip of the wing. The anal furrow is moderately
impressed, strongly arcuate or almost bent, and the anal veins simple, moderately fre-
quent, also strongly arcuate, and parallel.

To this species I refer with little doubt (if it belongs to any of the species here de-
scribed) a prothoracic shield, independently preserved in the same shales. It is pretty
strongly domed, rounded subtriangular, more than a third as broad again as long, strongly
rounded in front, centrally subtruncate behind; the surface is smooth and the margins
entire, but the disk shows a little behind the middle a very faint subtriangular depres-
sion, one-fourth the size of the pronotum, the apex posterior.

Length of wing, 20 mm.; breadth, 8.4 mm.; length of pronotal shield, 7 mm.; breadth,
9.75 mm.

Four fragments of wings were found, with a singit pronotum, Nos. 21 and 65, 22,
29 and 69, 66, 67 and 68. The species is cleai'ly different from anything before described,
but in the apical reach of the internomedian area and the means of securing it, it resem-
bles the later carboniferous Etoblattinae.

i 1

Etoblattma sp.

PI. 34, flg. 20.

A second and smaller species of Etoblattina is indicated by the poorly preserved fore
wing and its reverse figured as above. Like the preceding, it is about two and a half
times longer than broad, with well arched costal margin, and the general course of the
veins shows that it is neavly allied to that species; the details of the neuration, however,
are very obscure. The mediastinal vein reaches the end of the middle third of the wing.
The scapular occupies about the same area as in the preceding species, and with very
similar, crowded, pretty longitudinal veins. The extemomedian is more obscure. The
internomedian certainly differs in that the inferior branches are fewer, more longitudinal,
and far longer, but there is apparently, though this is uncertain, a somewhat similar api-
cal extension of this area, and apparently by a similar method. The anal furrow is ar-

0 «• «« »••••#•»

.•«••• .'t

I t

487

cuate, but more broadly than in E. peraiatens, and the anal veins similai-ly arcuate, longer,
and perhaps less numerous.

Length of wing, 12 mm.; breadth, 5 mm.

A single specimen and its reverse, Nos. 28 and 70.

)wever,
B wing,
th very
The
budinal,
jlar api-
is ar-

Spiloblattina Scudder.
Spilohlattina Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 35-36.

This genus is allied to Etoblattina, but differs from it and from all other genera of
Blattinariae in the divergence of the scapular and externomedian veins beyond the mid-
dle of the wing, and then their rapid convergence beyond a more or less conspicuous
elongated spot (whence the generic name) which fills the space so produced ; a similar
arrangement is seen even more conspicuously between the externomedian and interno-
median veins, where the spot is much larger and round.

This genus is only known from the Fairplay triassic, where four species occur. 8.
gardineri may be considered the type.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF 8PIL0BLATTINA.
Scapular vein as far as Us penultimate branch almost cnni|ilctuly parallel to the costal margin, not receding from It
opposite the middle of the adjoining dlscal stigma.
Wings relatively slender, fully three times as long as broad.

Scapular faintly approaching the externomedian vein to enclose the stigma between them . 1. S. gardineri.
Scapnlar In no way approaching the externomedian vein to enclose the stigma between them 2. S. triassioa.

Wings relatively broad, not over two and a half times longer than broad 3. S. guttata.

Scapular vein distinctly receding from the costal margin opposite the middle of the adjoining dlscal stigma

4. S. marginata.

1. SpUoblattina gardineri.

PI. 33, figs, 4, 6, 8, 10.

SpilohlatUna gardineri Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 36.

This was the most common species found at Fairplay, and a number of tolerably per-
fect fore wings well exhibit the chai'acteristic discal stigma of the wings; some hind
wings also occurred, and one somewhat crushed specimen with parts of all the wings
and some of the body. The fore wing is long and slender, more than three times as
long as broad, the costal margin very gently convex, the tip produced and attenuated
but rounded. The mediastinal vein terminates some way beyond the middle, approach-
ing the margin very gradually and emitting numerous parallel simple veins. The scap-
ulai* vein runs parallel to the costal margin, slightly more removed from it in the apical
than in the proximal half, and terminates a little before the tip of the wing; it first branches
a little before the middle of the wing, and has many offshoots usually forked, sometimes,
especially the first one, compound. The externomedian vein usually begins to branch
beyond the middle of the wing opposite the distal end of the stigma between it and the
scapular vein, and its longitudinal, more or less forked branches, which are sometimes
superior, sometimes apical, fill the apex of the wing; to form the enlarged cell for the
larger stigma, the curve of the main externomedian vein is graceful and gradual. The
internomedian vein at first descends rapidly toward the margin as if ' > terminate near
the middle of the outer half, but shortly before reaching it, it bends outward with a sinu-

I

I

438

m<

nte curve embracing the discnl Htigma next it nnd terminates about as far out as the
scapular vein; its branches are almost always simple, gently arcuate, and more distant
than in other parts of the wing, except those that arise nearest the somewhat sudden
and considerable turn in direction, where they are generally deeply forked. The anal
furrow is not pronounced, almost bent i-ather than arcuate, and terminates hardly be-
yond the basal third of the wing.

The whole wing is of a dark color, excepting for the two stigmas which are light or
diaphanous and for occasional light streaks in the broader spaces, paiticularly in the
neighborhood of the stigmas and on the costal side; besides, the whole wing, as also the
hind wing, is covered with a delicate scarcely perceptible mesh of fine lines.

The outer half or less of the hind wings is preserved in several instances, showing
that this wing was of about the same length as the fore wing but of a different shape,
having a straighter costa, a fuller hind margin, and a more pointed apex, which was far
above the middle line of the wing. The mediastinal area (fig. 4) was very narrow, and
subequal, terminating somewhat abruptly when it had extended over nearly five-sixths
of the wing, and had numerous very oblique branches. The scapular does not branch
before the distal third of the wing, and then reaches with a few longitudinal and mostly
simple veins to the tip. The externomedian area is narrowly fan-shaped, the first divar-
ication occurring near the middle of the wing and most of the forking of the longitudinal
branches near the middle of the apical half. The internomcdian vein reaches a little
further out than the scapular, but the main vein is nearly straight, and the branches
mostly simple, and only gently arcuate and parallel. > as to be very different from the
fore Aving.

The pronotal shield can be seen and then but obscurely only in a single instance. It
appears to be rather small and ti-ansversely obovate.

Length of fore wing, 17.5 mm.; breadth, 5.5 mm.

Eleven more or less perfect specimens were found by our party, the first and best
sjjccimen (fig. 6) by my son. I have accordingly named the species for him.

' )

2. Spiloblattina triasaica.

PI. 33, fig. 1.

Spiloblattina triassica Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 3G.

Two incomplete fore wings are preserved showing that the species is nearly allied to
the last; the veins are more delicate, however, and have other differences which will be
pointed out. Although only the costal margin is in any degree preserved, and this is
straighter than in 8. gardineri, the foi-m of the wing appears to be essentially the same
and with the same proportions. The mediastinal vein and its branches are precisely as
in 8. gardinen. The scapular vein is also very similar, and its branches similarly ar-
ranged and forked, but they are a little more longitudinal and arise earlier, the first some
way before the middle of the wing; the main vein is also exceptionally straight, showing,
as it passes the stigma between it and the externomedian vein, no disposition to curve
toward the latter. The externomedian vein is practically a repetition of the same vein
in 8. gardineri. The internomcdian passes at rather a less distance from the preceding

hf

,i .

439

vein than in S. gardineri, producing a small stigma, but its further sti'ui'turo cannot bo
told from either of the specimcus, and the anal area is not preserved.

In this species the wing appears to bo more slender than in the others, although the
exact proportions cannot be given from the imperfection of the specimens; all the
branches have a more longitudinal and less arcuate course, the extornomedian and scap-
ular veins scarcely part from each other to give place to the stigma, and the divergence
of the former and the internomedian veins is also less conspicuous. The wing was prob-
ably about 15 mm. long, and 5 mm. broad.

Two specimens obtained, Kos. 23, 59 and 60.

It

illied to
will be
this is
le same
isely as
jirly ar-
3t some
Rowing,
curve
le vein
Icediug

3. BpUoblattlna guttata.
PI. S3, flg. 2 ; pi. 34, flg. 14.

Spilohlattina guttata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad., 1885, 36-37.

Although no perfect fore wing has been discovered, it was evidently stouter than in
the other species found and was perhaps not much more than twice as long as broad ; the
costal margin is nearly straight in the middle. The mediastinal area is wider than in
the other species, terminating more abruptly, and is filled with less longitudinal branches
pretty closely crowded; it terminates directly opposite the scapular-externomedian
stigma, or a little earlier than in S. gardineri. The scapular vein runs in a nearly
straight but slightly sinuous course at a considerable distance from the mediastinal ; its
branches, at first compound, afterwards deeply forked and then single, are five or six in
number, scarcely more longitudinal than the mediastinal branches, and it woultl appear
as if the last could not come veiy near the tip of the Aving as it does in S. gardineri; the
first vein is given oflT about opposite instead of far before the last branch of the medias-
tinal and after its second branch it begins gently to recede from the costal margin to
share in the embrace of the adjoining stigma. The externomediau vein first forks about
opposite the end of the mediastinal area, and sends four or more longitudinal mostly sim-
ple branches to the apical margin, the basal arcuation of the fii'st branch serving for the
embrace of the smaller, the sinuous course of the main vein for that of the larger, stigma.
The internomedian vein has the same strongly sinuous course as in 8. gardineri, and
the branches are arcuate, distant, parallel, and so far as can be seen, all sim|)le. Anal
area unknown.

There is a single hind wing (fig. 14) which appears to belong here as it agrees closely
with the hind wing of S. gardineri except that a broader wing is indicated by the greater
width of both the mediastinal and scapular areas, and therefore more in accordance with
the present species.

This species differs from the others in the stoutness of the wing, which is proportionally
much shorter than any of the others; in keeping Avith this peculiarity is the greater width
of both the mediastinal and scapular areas, and the more rapid descent to the margin of
the termination of at least the former. In other respects the species completely resembles
8. gardineri.

The fore wing was apparently about 15 mm. long and 7 mm. broad; the length of the
fragment is 8.5 mm.

Two specimens, Nos. 19, 27.

;

440

|i

rh

,1'

Ml !

^^

m 1

I

4. BpilobUttliui margliuita.

PI. 83, fl({. 3.

Spiloblattma marginata Scudcl., Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad., 1885, 37.

The single specimen (witli its reverse) upun which this species is founded, shows the
larger and more important parts of the wing, but preserves neither the inner margin nor
the tip, so that its form and proportions cannot be determined ; it has, Iiowever, some
marked peculiarities. The mediastinal ai'ea is rehitiveiy broad with very few, distant,
oblique, simple, and nearly straight branches to the main vein, and ends very gradually
after the manner of »S. gardlneri, but opposite the middle of the scapular-cxternomcdian
stigma as in S. guttata. The relations of the scapular to the mediastinal vein are as in
S. gardineH, but instead of a nearly straight course opposite the stigma mentioned, it
actually curves so as to encroach upon the space allotted to the stigma, and the branches,
forked or simple, never compound, are distant and inequidistant; apparently the vein ter-
minates not far above the tip of the wing. The externomedian vein is very sinuous and
its longitudinal branches, sometimes componnd sometimes simple, are more crowded
than the others, and very inequidistant, the main vein itself almost colliding with the
scapular beyond the stigma. Nothing can be determined of the internomedian or anal
veins. The wing dittei.: from the others in having its darker colors concentrated in a
narrow margin to all the veins, the paler colors between them forming the real ground
color to the wing.

This species is remarkable for the paucity of its ncuration, and for the fact that all the
veins and branches are margined with a slender dark edging. The scapular vein re-
cedes more than usually from the costal mai-gin opposite the very slight median stigma,
and the externomedian vein is consequently more than usually curved to make place for
it. The probable length of the wing was 18 mm. The inner margin being lost, the
width can hardly be more than conjectured, but it was perhaps 7 mm.

One specimen, Nos. 26 and 58.

Anthracoblattina Scudder.

Antbracoblattina triassiea sp. nov.

PI. 33, fig, 9.

A single specimen and very fragmentary at that, with its reverse, is pretty plainly ref-
erable to this genus, hitherto known only from the carboniferous rocks, but it differs so
much from all the known species, which are not many, that notwithstanding its imper-
fection I have ventured to name it. It was evidently a large fore wing, and presents a
fragment from the outer half of the apex; it is hardly probable that more than a quarter
of the wing appears, and only the mediastinal and scapular veins. The outer margin was
very straight; the apex broadly rounded and roundly angulate externally. The medias-
tinal area wide at base reached to the distal sixth of the wing and had numerous simple
or forked, oblique, parallel branches. The scapular vein began to fork not far beyond
the middle of the wing, and itself straight and running to the tip of the wing, sent four
distant and subequidistant branches to the margin, the last two simple, the first two com-

441

pound, the brnncljcs boiiifj; Hcnrci-ly more longitiulimil tlian the mediastinal hnt increas-
ingly BO as t\w apex is gained.

The iVagment, Noh, 24 and G4, is 13 mm. hmgand indicates a wing ahont 2i'>-3()mm.
long, making it much the largest of the Fairplay eoekronehes. The color is a nnlform
dark brown.

Pktrahi.attina Sciulder.

This genus, established on forms discovei-ed in carboniferous deposits, proves to be as
well develoi)ed in the triassic rocks as in the paleozoic series.

Petrablattina aequa.

PI. 84, tig. 13,

Petrohlaltina aequa Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. He. Philad., 1885, 38.

Mediastinal vein terminating scarcely beyond the middle of the costal margin, with
numerous, closely crowded, simple branches; scapular vein terminating above the tip of
the wing, and beyond the basal curve nearly straight, witii four or five singly forking
branches; branches of externomedian vein straight, superior, mostly simple, parallel to
the main scapular vein; the internomedian area extending to some distance beyond the
middle of the wing. It is a tolerably large species, the wing measuring 24 mm. in length
and 10 mm. in breadth.

Four specimens were obtained, one however showing nothing but the anal area, Nos.
20, Gl, 02, 03.

Petrablattina meierL

PI. 34, flg. 17.

Petrablattina meieri Scudd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 38.

Mediastinal vein terminating a long way beyond the middle of the costal border, with
comparatively distant, usually simple bi-anches. Scapular vein teiminating just below
the tip of the wing and beyond the basal curve, gently arcuate throughout, with branches
similar to those of P. aequa, but occupj'ing a larger area. In consequence, the externo-
median area is of less importance than in P. aequa, and it has bnt few Itranches, which
appear to be generally simple, and slightly declivent, though superior. Unfortunately
this portion' of the wing in the single specimen known is very obscure. The interno-
median vein is not preserved in its outer portion, but it evidently reached the border
nearer the base than the mediastinal vein, and the anal furrow is strongly curved. The
wing is broken at the base, but its probable length was 19 mm., and its breadth, 7mm. It
is named after Mr. Robert A. Meier, of Garo, Col., in whose shaft all these sijccimens
were obtained, and who afforded our party all possiide assistance in working them.

A single specimen was secured, No. 25.

9

^'

Iki

1

,1

M2

POROBLATTINA ScuddcM".

PorobUHina Sctuld., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 38-30.

Allied to Petirtblattina, and especially the species of that genus found in the same Tri-
assic rocks, differing from them princii)ally in the insignificant part played by the me-
diastinal area and the corresponding importance of the scapular area. The mediastinal
vein extends no further out than the anal, terminating far before the middle of the wing,
and has consequfiitly but a few offshoots; while the mediastinal, sweeping downward,
away from the costal margin at the termination of the mediastinal, occupies nearly half
of the wing before curving upward again to terminate above the apex. The externome-
dian vein iS arcuate and terminates on the lower margin not far from the tip, and has
only three or four superior longitudinal branches. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate.
The anal veins are nearly parallel to the inner margin, but impinge upon it near the anal
furroAV.

This genus is peculiar to Fairplay and two species are known.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF I'OHOBLATTINA.

Scapular vein strongly sinuous, the proximal scries of liranclies simpic
Scapular vein gcnlly sinuous, the proximal series of brnnelies deeply roikcd

1. P. arouata.
. 2. P. lakesii.

1. Poroblattina arcuata.

PI. 33, fig. 5.

Porohlaltina arcuata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 39.

The costal border is considerably convex. The scapular vein is unusually arcuate and
has a large number of mostly sim|)le oblique branches. The externo- and internomedian
veins, on the contrary, have few and distant bi-anches, and the former is also strongly ar-
cuate. The whole surface of the wing is broken by closely crowded cross-veins, which are
more transverse to the whole wing than to the interspaces.

Length of fragment, 5.5 mm.; pi'obable length of wing, 10 mm.; brcddth, 4 mm.

A single rather imi)erf(.'ct specimen was obtained, No, 47, indicating a wing well
roiuided and much shorter in proportion to its breadth than in the next species.

".1 . '

I ■'

2. Poroblattina lakesii.

I'l. 33, lig. 11.

ForoUatt'ma lakesii Scudd., Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 39.

The costal bordei- is nearly straight and the wing elongate. The scapular vein is much
less arcuate than in the i)i'eceding sj)ecies and has a comparatively small number of dis-
tant, singly or doul)ly forked, oblicpie bi-anches. The nuich less oblique branches of the
itjternomedian vein are moi-e frequent but a|)pear less ci'owded from their simplicity,
while those of the externomedlan are moi-e distant than the latter, and equally simple.
There is no sign of any cross-venation.

Two specimons, Nos. 30, 73 and 71. This sjjccies like the preceding, is small, the
wing measniing about 12 mm. long, and 4.5 nun. broad. Namedallter Prof. Arthur Lakes
of the School of Mines at Golden, Coloi-ado, the first discoverer of these fossils.

^.!l'

443

no Tii-
:ho me-
iastinul
le wing,
irnwartl,
irly half
.•rnoine-
iind has
areiiate.
the anal

>. arouata.
p. lakesii.

suatp and

loinedian

ugly ar-

Ivhich arc

Inim.
tnig well

|i is ninch
T of dis-
IcH of the
[mplic'ity,
simple.

Jinall, the
lur Lakes

BLATTAKIAE Latieille.
NEORTiuiom.ATTiNA Scuddei*.

morthrohlattina Scudd., Proc. Nat. Sc. Philad., 188;Ti, 108-109.

In this genns the wings are about two and a half times longer than broad, with fairly
well rounded apice 1, the mediastinal and sea )ular veins amalgamated into a single vein,
which extends nearly to the tip and in the middle of the wing occupies nearly one-half
its Avidth. The internomedian vein is of varying importance, and in the large anal area
the veinlets terminate on the margin; the anal furrow is strongly arcuate, and deeply
impressed.

All the species are small. N. luTcesii may be taken as the type.

TAIU-K OF THE Sl'KriES OF NKOltTIIKOBLATTINA.

Fore wliitf!' not nioru thiiii two iiiul ti li -U ' lines n:) loiij; us broad ; inoilinstluo-Hciipiiliir voiii tcrmlnntlnj; only n liltlu l)el'oi'c
the tip ol' the wliijj.
Iiitcnioint'ilfaii vein hcKliiiilii;; to Turk long bcTore fXti'rnoiiivdiMU and of cqnal linportancu with it. 1. N. albolineata.
Intt'iMioinudian vein hoglniilMjj! to forii scarct'iy or not helbre the fxlernDnicdian and of less iniportanci' liiuii U.
Intel noiui-dlau iiroa tcrininatlnj; niucli Tarlliur Troin thu upo\ of llio wing than tlio iiiediastinu-scapiilar.

2. N. lakesii.
Iiitcrnoincdiun nreii i-enching out toward the npex of tho wiii^ nearly as far as tlie nu'diaslliu)-sca|inlar.

3. N. rotundata.
Fore wiiigs al)oiit tliree times as long as broad; niodiastini)-scapular area terminating long bcforo the tip of the wiiii;.

4. N. attenuata.

1. Neorthroblattdna albolineata.

ri. 3-J, lifTs. 2, 18.

Neorthrohlattina albolineata Scudd., Pi'oc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Piiilad., 1885, 109.

The single wing lias lost the tip, but all tlie essential f'.^atiires are prc^^erved, excepting
the form of the ti[). The wing is very di'vk colored, and the veins appear as very i)ale
lines upon it. The costal maigin is gently and e((iiably arched, wiiile the inner inargin
is perfectly straiglit. The externoinedinn vein is little developed, lirst Ibiking and tiien
not widely in the middle of the wing, its fuller development being prevented by the am-
ple and unresti'icted development of the internomedian vein, which runs in a full rounded
course nearly to the tip of the wing. The anal area is interesting because the veins of
the upper half run close to, but (b) not imi)inge upon the anal furrow, eu'.'ving down-
Avard just before reaching it, and either running into the next vein below and terminat-
ing there, or continuing parallel to the furrow and tei'ininating on the innei' bordei-.

A single prothoracic shield has been found which T have ii-ferred heiv. It is bi'oadly
transversely oval, considerably domed, highest in a vague, transverse, median ridge, the
anterior curve indistinctly bent in the middle (iu)t so shown on the plate), the jjosterior
curve broad and in the middle somewliat llnttened; the sides are well rounded and the
whole is about a foui'th bi-oader than long, all the margins entire.

Length of fragment of wing, 7 nun.; probable length of wing. 9 mm.; breadth, 3.5 mm.;
lenjurth of prothoiacic shield, ;$.5 mm.; l)readtli, 4.3 mm.

Two specimens, Nos. 32, 33.

T

I

V

1

l^i I

444

1^ Neorthroblattina lakesii.

]'l. 34, life's. 9, la.

Neorthrohlattina lal-esli Sciuld., Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. PhihuL, 1885, 109.

The costal margin isar'ilied as in the last species, and the inner margin has an almost
equal opposite curvature. The externomedian vein has a very sinuous course, and forks
before the middle of the wing with abundant neuration, occupying on the margin the en-
tire tip of the wing, and almost the outer h'.ilfof tiie lower margin, while the iuternome-
dian is rcdnced to an arching vein, extending but little beyond the anal furrow, and with
only tAvo or three branches; the anal veins are all jiarallcl to the anal furrow and simple.

A single, st(me with its reverse shows the prothc^raclc shield, which is broadly and
transversely oval, a little more than a fifth broader tlian long, tolerably i-cgular, with
very bi'oad sides, tlie anterior margin scarcely l)ent in the middle, the curve of the hind
margin somewhat llattened; uniformly and rathei- strongly domed, the lateral margins a
little flattened, and with a median, sHght, but rather abrupt and pretty lar-ge, rounded
depression.

Length of fore wing, 9 mm.; breadth, 3.5 mm.; length of prothoracic shield, 3 mm.;
breadth, 3.65 mm.

Two wings, one of them with its reverse, and one shield with its reverse, Avere found,
Nos. 34, 35 and 82, 70 and 77. Named after Prof. Arthur Lakes of the School of Mines
in Golden, Colorado, Avho first made known these beds, this species being one of the first
discovered by him.

^

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1

'i i

i i

■1 f:i.

3. Neorthroblattina rotundata.

PI. 34, ligs. 7, 8.

NeorthroMattina rotundata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 188.5, 109-110.

The costal mai'gin in this species is very sti-ongly irched, wliile the inner margin is
straight, giving a very dilferent aspect to the wing. It closely resembles the preceding
species in the mediastiuo-scapidar and anaj areas, and also in the peculiarities of the
externomedian \ein, excepting that the latter does not encroach to so large a degree
upon the internomedian, the tei'mirial oflslioot of which creeps along the border so as to
limit the marginal extent of the externomedian area ahnost as much below af above, al-
though the branching of the externomedian vein is scarcely lessened thereby.

Length of wing, 8.5 nun.; breadth, 3.3 mm.

Three specimens, all with reverses, Nos. 78 and 70, 100 and 101, 102 and 103.

4. Neorthroblattina a ttenuata.

ri. 34, '^i. I.
Neorth'ohlattina attennata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110.

This species departs from the typical forms in its sienderness and pointed apex, but
it agrees so fairly in general structure that it would best be jjlaced here. The costal mar-
gin is not regularly arched, being llattened mesially, Avhilc the whole wing ta[)ers regu-
larly in the apical half; the inner margin is alrfo arcuate, and the tip bluntly pointed. The

ftV

445

mediastino-scapulai' vein terminates considerably before the apox, and the oppositely ar-
cuate internouu'dian reaches almost as far out, the branchv>s of both nearly always simple.
The anal veins are only slightly irregular.

Length of wing, 12 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.

A single specimen with its reverse, Xos. 31 and 75.

SCUTINOBLATTIXA Sciuldcr.

ScntlnoblttUlna Scudd., Proc. Acad. 'N'at. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110.

In this genus, composed of small species, the front wings are decidedly more coriace-
ous than the hind wings, so that the neuration is often more or less obscured by it. The
wing itself is convex, as iiithe modern Phoraspi.s, and subtriangularin form, its greatest
widtii being near the base, while the ti|) is bluntly jwinted. The mediastinal and scapular
veins are again blended into one which, instead of having a sinuous coiu'se, is nearly or
quite straight and terminates IjcIow the apex of the wing, while the externoniedian vein
follows closely parallel to it, and the oblique veins of this and the internomedian veins
follow each other so as to make it difficult to tell where the line of demarcation may lie.
The anal veins sometimes fall on the margin and sometimes on the anal furrow. Scu-
tinohlaltina hvongniartt may lie regarded as the type of this group.

TAULR OF THE Sl'KCIKS OK SCUTINOIU.ATTINA.
Medlastino-scapuliir iiiul I'xteriimiK'iliaii veins having a distinctly sinuous course tlirou;|h the middle of the v, iu^, both
teruiinatiuj; l)clow the apex.

Anal branches falUnj; on the hind margin 1. S. brongniarti.

Anal branches falling on the anal furrow 2. Ti. intermedia.

Medlastino-scapular and oxternomcdiau veins taking a straight course througli the uikldle of the wing, l)olli terniiuat-
ingatthctlp . . * , 3. S. recta.

•■ M

5 of the

al-

•s regu-
d. The

1. Scutinoblattina brongniarti.

ri. 34, lij;. 5,

Scutikohlattlna hro^njniart!, Scndd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110-111.

In this interesting si)ecies the Avings are very strongly convex at the base, and the
whole surface is flecked witli dark spots. The l)ranches part from the main veins at a
similar angle on either side of the middle of the wing. The anal area extends nearly to
the middle of the wing, where it is marked by a cousideral)le emarginalion, and its veins
are frequent, oblique, mostly simple, and terminate on the margin.

One of the specimens shows also a portion of the hind wings and most oftlu protho-
rax. The former were longer and considerably !)roader than the fore wings, Imt no es-
sential part of the neuration can be traced. The prothorax was transvei'sely ovate, a
little angulate at the sides, sti-cmgly domed, and either the head or an impresj^ion of nuich
the shape and size of a head, about half the width of the prothoracic shield, can be seen
lying on the anterior half of the latter.

Length of fore wing, 7 nun.; breadth, 3 min.; length of prothoracic shield, 2 mm.,
breadlli, 3 nun.

Two specimens, one with rever.se, Nos. 36, 80 and 81. Xamed after Mr. Charles
Brongniart of Paris, avcU known for his remarkable discoveries among the older fossil
insects.

J!

446

2. Scutinoblattina intermedia.

PI. 84, flg. 4.

{Scutinoblattina intermedia Scudd., Proc. Acad. !Nat. So. Philad., 1885, 111.

This species resembles the hist, but is not marked by any dots, and the anal area, while
shorter, shows no eniargination of the border at its extremity; the anal veins are very
close, parallel to the inner margin, and terminate not on the margin, but on the anal fnr-
row. It further ditters in that the externomedian branches are considerably more longitu-
dinal than those terminating on the costal margin.

Length of wing, 7 mm. ; l)readth, 2.75 nun.

Two specimens, one Avith its reverse, Nos. 97 and 98, 99.

3. Scutinoblattina recta.

PI. 34, flgs. 3, 16.

Scutinoblattina recta Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 111.

This species, the smallest and most abundant of all in the ti-iassic rocks, is rather slen-
derer than the others, and has the surface finely reticulated. The mediastino-scapular
and externomedian veins run side by side in perfectly straight lines from the middle of
the base to the middle of the tip, the branches, very few in nimiber, parting similarly on
the two sides. The costal is more arched than the inner margin, and where they can be
made out, the one or two anal veins seem to run to the margin, but all the veins on the
wing are exceedingly obscure.

A couple of stones, one with its reverse, show the prothoracic shield to have been very
nearly circular, slightly broader than long, scarcely more produced in front than behind,
unilbi'mly and considerably domed, the margins entire and in no way displayed.

Length of wing, G.3 mm.; breadth, 2.4 mm.; length of prothoracic shield, 2.9 mm.;
breadth, 3.1 mm.

Four wings have been found, three of them with reverses, Nos. 37, So and 8G, 87 and
88, 89 and 90, besides two prothoracic shields? one with its reverse, 2ios. 38 and 84, 83.

!

HEMIPTERA.
Ceucopidae Leach.
The remaining insects appear to fall in this group of homoiiterous insects.

Cercopyllis (dim. of Cercojyis) gen. nrv.

UnuL-r this name are grouped the very few insect forms found in those beds which are
not cofki-oachi'K, They are very small and api)ear to be quite unlike anything found
in mesoz<jic or older deposits, Hardly anything b(;sides wings are known, and these in
all cases fore-wings with extremely simple neuration, consisting of a simple radial vein

447

teraiinating in the distal half of the wing after an abrnpt bend, an ulnar vein with only
a very few branches not connected by cross veins, and one or two simple or simply forked
veins in the anal area of the wing.

Cereopyllis jjsticiae sp. nov.
PI. 34, fig. 6.

A small stout-bodied insect with a tapering abdomen, divided uniformly into joints
and with a somewhat pointed tip. The fore-wing extends a long way beyond the tip of
the abdomen, which indeed only reaches its middle, is r"*deratcly broad with a strongly
and regularly convex nosta; the apex is lost, but the curve gives a certain definiteness to
the ijrobable le;igth of the wing, so that the radial vein may be said to terminate at the
end of its middle third; this vein runs completely parallel to and at a moderate distance
from the margin until close to its termination, Avhen it bends abruptly as if to form an
ovate stigma and passes obliquely to the margin. The ulnar vein forks thi'ice subequi-
distantly, the last time ojiposite the bend of the radial vein, to the oblique end of which
its final branch is parallel ; the first fork is a little nearer to the base of the wing than
to the last fork, and the vein is rather distant from the radial vein ; all the branches are
simple, distant, nearly straight, and unconnected by cross veins. AVithin these are two
other simple veins, parallel to the inner ulnar branch, the one next it perhaps the sutnra
clavi.

Length of (headless) body, 4.4 mm.; breadth of thorax, 2.2 mm.; length of fragment
of wing, 5 mm.; probable conii)lete length, ,5.4 mm.; probable breadth, 2.1 mm.

A single specimen and its reverse, Ifo. 39. :

li

ij!

mm.

A\ are

foinul

lese in

vein

Cereopyllis delicatula sp. nov.
PI. 34, fig. 11.

A nearly complete fore-wing unfortunately with the base very obscure. It is about two
and a half times longer than broad, broadest in the ai)ical half toward which it increases
very slowly in size, tapering more ra])idly, the apex well rounded, the upper andh. .ver
halves nearly symmetrical, the costal margin nearly straight to the end of the radial vein.
The radial vein is very similar to that of the preceding species, but if anything is a lit-
tle longer. The ulnar vein has the same number of branches, but arising at very unequal
distances and so of very unequal lengths, the first and second near together, well within
the basal half of the wing, the outer quite as in the preceding species, though a little
farther removed fi'om the oblique portion of the radial vein. The vein next within the
inner ulnar vein (the sutnra clavi V) is straight and not, as shown on the plate, arcuate,
and the one within that shows some signs of simple infei'ior branches. Veins and mem-
brane alike are seen under a half-inch objective to be uniformly clothed with excessively
fine hairs, as far apart as their own length (which does not exceed 0.017 mm.), directed
outward, with a tendency to run in lines.

Length of wing, 5.2 mm.; breadth, 2 mm.

One specimen and its I'cvcrse, No. 40.

448

Ik

lii!

I 1

Cercopyllls adolescena.

PI. 34, fig. 12.

A single fragment of the tip' of a wing which resembles C justiclae rather than the
last species, but in size agrees better with the latter and has the same apical curve. The
radial vein comes much nearer to the tip of the wing than in either of the others, and has
a decided curve in opposition to the costa just before the final bend. From what can be
seen of the ulnar vein, it would seem to be constructed as in the others, but the final fork
is earlier and its relation to the preceding and to the oblique end of the radial vein more
as in C.jnsticiae than as in C. (lelicatula. Nothing of the other veins can be seen. The
membrane -and veins are clothed precisely as in C. delicatula, though less distinctly, and
the hairs ajjpear to be shorter (;)erhaps more erect) and if anything more distant.

Length of fragment, 3.2 mm.; breadth, 1.4 mm.

One specimen, No. 41.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

rLATK33.

All the drawings are by Jlrs. KiitUeriiie Pcirson Ramsay and are magnified f.
Spilohlattina Iriassica.
Spilublattina yutlala.
Spilohlattina maryiiiata.
{i'lnlubJattiiia gardineri ; liUul Viing.
Poroblattina arcnata.
iSpiloblattina ijardineri.
Etohlattina persinH:ns.
Spilohlattiua (}(wtineri.
Anthracoblattimi triassica,

/Spilublattina ijardineri. ■ '

I'orublatlina lakesii.

PiATE ;U.
IHhe dianrlugs as uu tlii' ii!ii"'«:eding plate.
XenHhroblattiiK nti ,■" ■•::-t.
Xeorthrohlattmi •H.'^uumua.
S'ltliiKiblattviiativcta.
^ntiniihldttinuiiutermtima.
•^^iliniiblattinit'oronijnmrti.
Ltnmiiyllin jitsUeiae.
Xftrtlkroblattiim rohmdatii.
The »ame.

'Hmrthrublattiun latesii.
^.^tbisitina ))er»i.s(eit6.
'iim:up0iliii dkiiinlula.
tetmifl^Uaaaiuirfccns.
imi" I iia.

ttnta ; liimli wiiig.
lakesii; prothorai-ic shield.
SiHUiaaHaMwt rtcta ; protbuiiucic ^.hielU.
PetraMattiiia meieri.

Xcorthnii'iattimi alboliiieatn ; protUoracic shieUl, •

Etoblattpiya pernistens ; piothoracic >\\ivl([.
Eloblaltiua »p.

Fig-

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

1.

Fig-

5.

Fig.

(i.

Fig.

I .

Fig.

8.

Fig.

1).

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11.

Tig.
Fig.
Fig-
Fig.
Elg.

mg.

Efc-

rig.

Fig.

Fig.

ma.

1.

8.
9.
IB.

u.
vs.
s.

M.
IS.

ic.

17.
18.
I'J.
20.

mu the
5. The
,ncl has
can be
ml fork
in more
n. The
tly, and

Bibliographical Note on American Literature treating of the Older

Fossil Insects.

Fossil insects have not been a favorite stndy with American natnralists, and the fore-
going pages include so nearly everything that has been written in tliis country upon
the pretertiary species that I have thought it worth while to make it still moi-e complete
by supplying references to what other material existed in a printed form.

The earliest reference to any pretertiary insect in this country is that of Dr. Edward
Hitchcock in 1858 to Mormolucoides. His and subsequent opinions of other naturalists
upon that larva will be found given above on p. .323. In the following year, Dr. (now
Sir William) Dawson published his interesting discovery of my ria pods in the sigillarian
stumps of Nova Scotia (Quart, journ. geol. soc. Lond., xvi: 271-273, figs. 4-9; Can.
. nat. geol., viii: 280, pi. 6), and in 1860, Lesquereux described a cockroach from the
carboniferous beds of Arkansas (Rep. geol. Ark., ii: 314, pi. 5). The more important
papers were those which followed within a few years by Prof. J. D. Dana and Messrs.
Meek and Worthen. The former published descriptions of two neui-opteroid types ol'
insects, the fii'st known in this country from the cai'boniferous rocks (Anier. Jourii. se.
arts, [2], xxxvii: 34-.35, figs.), which first drew my own attention to fossil Insects.
The latter, first in serial literature (Proe. acad. nat. so. Phihul., 18<i.5: II 1!l; Amor.
journ. sc. arts, [2], xlvt: 19-28), afterwards in the report of the Geological Snrvi'3 of
Illinois (ii: 410-411, \i' . 32, fig. 3; iti: r>40-5G5, figs), describe and figure several niyr-
iapods and arachnids from the carhouiferous rocks of the pi-olitic deposits at Muzon
Creek, III. Later description- liavc l>eon those of Paolia in 1871 Ity S. I. Smith (Anier.
journ. sc. arts, [3], t: 44 40, fig.); of Arthrolycosa in 1874 by Ilarger (Ibid., [3], vii:
219-223, fig.), recently restudied by Beechcr (Ibid., [3|, xxxvni: 219-223, lig.) ; ol"
Proscorpius from the New York silarian rocks in 188.') by Whitfield (Science, vi : 87-
88, fig.; Bull. Amer. miis. nvst. hist., i: 181-190, pi. 19, 20), the Miibjeet of some conli'U-
tion on the pait of the author and Dr. Thorcll (Amer. nat., xx; 209-274; Science, vii :
216-217) ; and of a highly interesting find in the Devonian of New Brunswick by INIat-
thew in 1889 (Trans, roy. soe. Can., 1888, iv: 49-(i±. pi. 4).

A few minor notices may be alluded to. Clark i-eeords the discovery of a cockroach
in the Rhode Island coalfield (Proc. Newp. nut. hisi. soc.. u: 9-12); James regards the
carboniferous Rhizomorpha an insect-burrow (Journ. Cine. soc. nat. hist., viii: 1.'37-
159) ; and Ilagon and Chambers have somewhat t- say regarding the occurrence of
galls, etc., on the vegetable remains of the Dacotiiii gioup (Nature, xxv: 2().')-26(j, .')2i) ) .
Besides tltese are some critical [)apers l)y llagen on the Devonian insects of New Bi'iui?"-
wick (Nature, xxiii: 483-484; xxiv: 356-357; xxxii: 53-54; Bull. mus. comp. zool.,

10 (.«!»)

'3'

450

VIII : 275-284; Zool. anz., viii: 296-301), mul by Paoknrd on the carboniferous myria-
pods (Proc. Amer. phil. soc., xxi: 197-200, figs.; Amer. nat., xvii: 326-329). Refer-
ence may also be made to Lesley's Dictionary of the fossils of Pennsylvania (Rep. Geol.
surv. Penns., P*) in which figures of many of our species are copied, and of Miller's
North Amei'ican geology and paleontology (Cincinnati, 1889) in which a few are also
re-figured; to Lacoe's list of the paleozoic fossil insects of the United States and Can-
ada (Publ. 5, Wyom. hist. geol. soc), complete up to the date of its publication in 1883;
and to the excellent bibliographies of White and Marcou in the American naturalist
and elsewhere.

It may be worth while to add that tracks upon Amei'ican triassic rocks referred to in-
sects Avere first mentioned by Warren in a separate publication on footprints (Boston,
1854), next by Deane (Journ. acad. nat. sc. Philad., [2], in: 177, pi. 19), then by Em-
mons (Amer. geol., vi: 136, pi. 13), and lastly by E. Hitchcock, who in his Ichnology
(Boston, 1858) and supplement thereto (Boston, 1865), figured more than all the others
together. A list of them was subsequently published by C. H. Hitchcock in Walling
and Gray's Atlas of Massachusetts (1871).

My own contributions are principally embodied in the present volume, the table of
contents to which shows where they were originally published. Yet as there are some
others, issued elsewhere, and the results ehiboi-atcd in the present memoirs were some-
times given in abstract or epitome at an earlier or even date in some other place, it may
be well to note them briefly.

The first of all, a bi-ief notice of the highly interesting Devonian insect-fauna of New
Brunswick, was published in 1865 in Bailey's Observations on the geology of southern
New Brunswick, published by order of the House of Assembly. Descriptions of sev-
eral Canadian carboniferous insects will be found in Dawson's Acadian geology, 2d ed.,
386-388, 524-52(5, figs. 153, 181-184, London, 1868 (see also Can. nat., n. s., in: 202-
2(^)6, figs.). Dt'scn[)tions of Mcgathentoinum and Archcgogryllus were also given in
1868 (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hisi., xf ; 401-403; Amor, journ. sc. aits.[2],XLVi: 419-421),
as well as of a number of new carboniferous insects from Mazon Creek (Geol. surv. III.,
iir: 56G-572); two cockroaches from Cape Brct(m in 1874 (Can. nat., n. s., vii: 271-
272, figs.) ; otiH-i' car'Donil'croiis insects from the same in 1875 (Proc. Bost. soc. nat.
hist., xviii: 113-114; PrvV. Amer. assoc. adv. sc, xxiv: B, 110-111, figs.; Can. nat.,
n. s., viir: 88-90, figs.) ; a list of American paleozoic insects in 187^ (Geol. mag., [2|,
III: 519-520), and a Ijricf comparison of tlie carboniferous insect-faun;i of Europe and
America in the same year (Proc. liost. soc. nat. hist., xviii: 358-3.59); descriptions of
single carboniferous insects or sui)p<)sed insects in 1878 (Proc. Bost. so'-, nat. hist., xix:
238-239, 248-249, 300-301) ; of a single carbonifei-ous cockroach from Virginia in 1880
(Kep. geol. surv. Penns., PP, 104); of two Bi'itish carboniferous insects in 188l(Geol.
mag., [2], viir; 21*;i-300, fig.; Ilarv. nniv. bull., ri: 175), with anoteon Lithosialis (Proc.
Bost. soc. nat. hist., xxi: 167) ; a descrip'ion of an Etobhitriiia in 1882 (Ibid., xxi: 391-
396); in 1883, notes on a carboniferous hcmipterous insect from Kansas, and of triassic
insects in Colorado (Ibid., xxrr: 58-60), fi.rther notes on sigilhirian insects from Nova
Sfotia (Pliil. trans., 1882: 649-650), and a notice of Protophasma (Science, i: 95-96,
fig.) ; a revision of pai('(jzoic Arachnida wit'i descriptions of new forms was given in

451

us myna-
. Kefer-
Icp. Geol.
f Miller's
r are also
mid Can-
in 1883;
naturalist

I'ed to in-
( Boston,
1 by Em-
ohnology
he others
Walling

table of
are some
!re some-
se, it may

\ of New
southern
8 of sev-
y, 2d ed.,

Ill: 202-
ven in
19-421),

urv. 111.,
hi: 271-

soe. nat.

an. nat.,

•opt' and
)tions of
St., XIX :

in 1880
<l(Go()I.
8 (Proc.
a: 391-

triassic
in Nova
: 95-90,

ivt'U hi

;.

1884 (Proc. Amor. acad. arts sc., xx: 13-22) ; in 1885, a similar revision of the Proto-
phasmida (Ibid., xx: 107-173), together with descriptions of new carbonifei'ous and
triassie cockroaches (Proc. acad. nat. sc. Philad., 1885: 34-39), and of niesozoic cock-
roaches (Ibid., 1885: 105-115); also descriptions of two English carboniferous insects
(Geol. mag., [3], ii: 205-200), a general review of the geological history of myrlapods
and arachnids (Psyche, iv: 245-250), and a note on Anthracomartus (Coniptes rend,
soc. ent. Belg., [3], No. 02); a general review of fossil cockroaches was published in
MialPs work on the cockroach (London, 1880) ; a bi-ief note on some British cai-bonif-
erous cockroaches was all that appeai'cd in 1887 (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hi8t.,xxiri: 350-
357) ; and in 1889, descriptions were published of the Palaeoblattariae of liichmoud,
Ohio (Ibid., XXIV : 45-53).

The first paper in the present volume was preceded by a digest of its conclusions a
year earlier (Amer. journ. sc. arts, [2], xl: 209-271). So that on Early tyi)es of insects
was preceded by a similar general summary (Ibid., [3], xvii: 72-74; Kosmos, v: 01-02) ;
as also that on the Devonian insects (Amer. journ. sc. arts, [.3], xxi: 111; Ann. mag.
nat. hist, [5], vii: 255-201); on Archipolypoda (Amer. journ. sc. arts, [3], xxi: 182-
180); on Diverse types of myriapods (Ibid., [3], xxvr: 101-170); and on the Triassie
insects (Ibid., [3], xxviii: 199-203).

In addition, besides a bibliography of fossil insects in general (Ca-nbridge, 1882') and
a review of the advance made in this division of the paleontological field during the last
decade (Psyche, v: 287-295), the author has published several general accounts of fos-
sil insects: the earliei-, very brief and summai'y, and concerning North America only
(Amer. nat., i: 025-031, i)l. 10; (icol. mag., v: 172-177, 210-222), the later giving a
systematic survey of the entire field, published in German in Zittel's Ilandbuch der pa-
laeontologle, I, th. rr: 721-831, with numerous illustrations (Miinchen, 1885, French ed.,
1880), and in English, with slightly fuller text and no illustrations, as Bulletin 31 of
the U. S. Geological Survey.

P.-ige
Piige
I'llge
Pa^'c
Piige
Page

Piigo
Page
Page
Page
Page

Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page

KimATA.

1, line 2, /or on tlic wings, rfrnJin tlie wings.

5, 5tli line from hottonij/or two-tliiids. reccf oiio-lhinl.

;)8, line 5 anil note 2, for Arcliinianlis, rend Lltliomanlis.

3i), line 15,/«r Le(ii(>jrfiora rcaiJ Legnophora.

«H, line 20, /or inteinoiiKilian, re(((? extornonicdian.

ISO, centre heading, /or tigs. 5, 9, 10, mid llgs. 0, 10. .

" Till line from l)ottom, /'/r 2;?, rcncJ 23").
1(*3, 9lh ilne from l)ottom,/or rDiitldenlially, reml CDiifltlontly.
202, line 19, /,(r arrayed, ?'ea(/ arranged.
22i), line 2, /or ligs. 10, 18, nail (Igs. IC-IH.

277. The (Ignre is very poorly printed ; ati the apiiai margin beyond tlio longitudinal veins should be dotted.
287, last line but one, /or Palephemcra, ((■'((( Platephemera.

" last line, /or Hui.swick, r<-ainirnns\vicli.
iOl, Una 6, for (iTctf to, reaA fTpiifu),

311, In centre, /or Megantlientomnm, renc? Megathontomuiil.
321, ilne 31, /or non existing, read now existing.
333, 8lh line from bottom, /or size, rei«i length.
371, 3d line from bottom, /or tig. G, rend llg. 18.
408, line 25, for punctae, read puncta.

'A new edition of this is now In press, to be published by the U. S. Geological Sun-ey ( Bull. C9).

,

,.

■

"

1:1

St

INDEX.

AcaiitherpcHtes, 202, 400.
Acautlierpcstes brodlel, 208.
incqualis, 400.
major, 202, 400.
Acrldltea priacua, 289.
Adiphlebia, 309.
Adlphlcbla lacoana, 300.
Aethophlobia, 301.
Aethophlebta sliigularia, 303.
Aniynllyapes, 22U, 3U9.
Amynllyapea worthenl, 230.
Anlhracobluttlna, 47, 107, 440.
Anthracoblattlna dresdenaU, 112.
porrecta, 113.
remlgli, US.
I'Uckert!, 116.
soplta, 109.
spectabllls, 108.
triassica, 440.
wliiterlana, 114.
Authracomartl, 419.
Authracoinartus, 427, 461.
Anthracoinartus pustulatus, 428.
trllobllus, 427.
Anthracotlircmniii, 290.
Aiithracothreiiinia robusta, 291.
Aporoblattlna, 370.
Apoi'oblattliiu aiiccpa, 371.
butlerl, 374.
eatoni, 371.
exigua, 373.
iiicoinpluta, 373.
kollari, 372.
innclnchlaiil, 371.
iiaim, 873.
recta, 373.
westwoodi, 872.
Archaeoptllus, 239.
Arclmeoptilui] liigens, 239, 245.
Archegogryllus, 4S0.
Archegogryllus priscus, 287.
Archlniantis, 38, 451.
Arcblmylacris, 47, 102.
Arclilmylacrls acadlcn, 104.

Arcblmylacris parallela, 105.

pnucinervis, 887.
Archlpolypoda, 195, 202, 255, 393, 399.
Archltarboidoe, 421.
Archltarbus, 426.
Arcbltarbus elongatuin, 426.
rotundatuni, 42S.
Archlulldae, 29, 412.
Arclilulua, 412.
ArcbluluH glomeratus, 412.

8p., 413.

xylobloldos, 20, 31.
Artbrolycosa, 419, 449.
Atocina, 168, 276.

Blabcra avita, 375.
Blattai la dunckerl, 375.
Blattariae, 443.
Blattldluin, 3C5.
Blattldium iingaiiR, 366.
almyriis, 366,
Blattlna, 46.
Blattina Incerta, 375.

Inslgnls, 39.

latlnurvla, 147.

tischbeini, 147.

vunosn, 148.
Blattlnariae, 47, 76, 386.
Brodia, 235.
Brodia priscotlncta, 237, 245, 3C4.

Cercopldoe, 446.
Cercopldluin tclespborua, 343.
Cercopyllls, 440.
Cercopyllls adolcscens, 448.

dellcatula, 447.

justlclae, 447.
Chellphlebla, 292.
Chellphlcbla carbonarla, 292.

eloiigata, 292.
Chllopoda, 393.
Chrestotes, 305.
Clirestotes lapldea, 805.
Couioptcrygldae, 8, 12, 13.

Corydalls brongulartl, 241.
Corydaloldes Hcudderl, 314.
Cronicoslallna, 175,
Ctenoblattlua, 334.
Ctcnoblattlaa arcta, 335.

laugfeldtl, 335.

pinna, 336.
Curculioldes anstlcll, 245.

Dawson, Plr J. W., Note by, 186.
Dldymoplikps, 294.
Didymoplileps contusa, 294.
DIechoblattliia, 369.
Dlechobliittlua ungcrl, 369.

Wallace!, 369.
DIeconcura, 300.
Dleconeuru arcuata, 300.

rlgUla, 300.
DIpluroblattlna, 3I>8.
DIpluroblattlna balleyl, 368.
Dyscrltus vctustus, 172.

Klleticus, 230, 396.
Elletlcus aequalls, 397.

nnthraclnu.s, 231, 396.
Ellsama, i)56.
Ellsama bucktonl, 358.

klrkbyl, .S69.

knurl, 357.

media, 360.

minor, 358.

molos,>m8, 356.

raniiHcAta, 375.
Embldlna, 4, 11, 13.
Eoscolopendildae, 396.
Eotnrbus, 424.
Ephcinerldae, 156, 328.
Epiiemerlna, 5, 11, 13, 14.
Epiicmerltes, 314.
Ephemcrltcs riickerti, 288.
Epilampridue, 334.
Etoblittthm, 47, 76, 435.
Etoblattlna nlllnts, 82.

anaglyptica, 89.
(453)

\"«^ *.\2

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Etoblattlna nntbrncophlla, 84.

carooDOiia, US.

ilidyinn, 95.

dohrnti, 86.

elongata, 100.

euglyptica, 80.

flabellata, 82.

iDslgnIs, 102.

labncheiiitls, 79.

iRptophlebica, 97.

lesquereuxil, 87.

mauebacliensis, 99.

inantidloldes, 92, 246.

occidentnlis, Sae.

parvula, 101.

pers'jteiis, 435.

primneva, 78.

russoma, 96.

8p.,436.

venusta, 90.

welsslgensis, 85.
Encaenns, 289.
Eacaenus ovalis, 289.
EiiepbemeriteH primordialls, 814.
Eugereon bficklngi, 311.
Enpbemerltes, 314.
Euphoberia, 209, 401.
Euphoberla angulUa, 229, 402, 411.

arrnigcra, 212, 402, 403.

browilii, 219.

carii, 223, 402, 405.

caspldatn, 402, 405.

ferox, 209.

flabellata, 22<>, 402.

granoiia, 220, 402, 403.

horrida, 210, 402.

bystrlcosa, 402.

simplex, 402, 108.

sp., 411.

splnulosa, 402, 400.

tractn, 402, 409.
Euphobeiidae, 20?, 255, 400.

Fulgora ebersi, 149.
Fulgorlna ebersi, 311.

klleveri, 312.

lebacbeusis, 312.

Uastroptena, 35.
Otinentomam, 293.
Genentomam validum, 293.
Genopteryx, 291.
Genupteryx constrlcta, 291.

llthantliraca, 291.
Oerablattlna, 47, 117.
Gerablattlna balteata, 130.

clathruta, 120.

fasclgera, 133.

gelnltzi, 123.

gerniari, 127.

goldciibergt, 118.

Intermedia, 121.

Gcrnblattinn mahrt, 128.

iiiUnsterl, 124.

prodiictu, 126.

scaberatn, 122.

vrei8slana, 129.
Goraliimra, 430.
Oerallunra boliemica, 431.
carboiinria, 431.
Gerallnuridau, 429.
Ueraphrynus, 421.
Geraphrynus carboiiarins, 422,
Gerupompus, 289.
Ocraporapus bliittinoide!), 290.

exteusiis, 290.
Gerarlna, 806.
Gcrarus, 308.
Geraras dauae, 308.

mazoims, 308.
vetiis, 308.
GerascutigeriUae, 394.
Geratarbus, 42!).
Get'atarbus Incoel, 424.

scabrum, 424.
Gerepbomera simplex, 1C4, 27'>.
Graeophonns, 429.
Graeophonus car'Miiai'ias, 430.

Hemeiistia, 19.

Heme'riMla occldcntaiis, 19, 806.

Hemerlstiiia, 12, 14, 18, 302.

Ilemeroblna, 7, 12, 13.

Hemiptera, 446.

Hemipteroid Pultieodictyoptera, 311.

Hermatoblattina, 47, 135.

Hermatoblattinii lebnchensis, 137.

wemmetswulleriensis,
136.
Hetoroceridae, 327.
H«te;-ometabola, 35, 318.
Hexagenites weyenbergliii, 158.
Homotbetidae, 172, 288.
Homotlietus, 29S.
Uomothetus fossilis, 169, 279, 295.

Ilyodcs, 398.
Ilyodes divlsa, 398.

elongata, 399.

Julus brassi, 200.

Kustaraehne, 426.
Kustaraclme tenuipes, 42u'.

Latzelia, 39^,:.

Tiatzclia primordialls, 895.

Ledropliora girardi, 39, 451.

Legnophora, 370.

Legnophora girnrdi, 370.

Libellula carboimria, 314.

Lithentomum, 305.

Lithentomum barttil, 174, 278, 305.

LUtaomantis, 803.

Llthomantis carbonaria, 241, 245, 304.

Litliomylacris, 47, 68, 377.
Litbomylacris nngnsta, 68.

pauperata, 386.
pittstoiilana, 70.
simplex, 71.
Lithosinlis, 242, 304, 450.
LitliosialU bobemlva, 304.

brongniarti, 242, 246, 304.
carbonaria, 804.

Mantispadne, 9, 12, 13.
Megatiientomum, 310, 450.
Meguthe'^tomum fonncsum, 311.

pustulatiim, 810.
Mesoblnttlna, 343.
Mesoblattina angustata, 354.
antlqua, 356.
bensoni, 345.
blal<ei, 344.
brodiei, 351.
bucl<1aiidi, 319.
dobbertiiiensls, 847.
elongata, 360.
gclkiel, 346.
biggiiisii, 347.
hopei, 353.
Ilthophila, 356.
mantelli, 352.
mathildae, 364.
murcliisoni, 348.
murrayi, 350.
peachii, 363.
protypa, 350.
swiiitonl, 346.
Metnbola, 84, 818.
Miiimia, 17.

Miumir bronsoni, 18, 297.
Mixotermes, 295.
MIxutermes ingauensis, 235.
Mormolncoiiles, 449.
Mortiioiucoides artlculntus, 328.
Mylacridae, 47, 60, 377.
Myla '.8, 47, 60, 263, 377.
Mylncris antliracopliila, 65, 263, 271.
nntlqua, 263, 264.
bretoneusis, 61, 263.
carbonum, 268, 268.
beeri, 63, 263.
lucifugu, 263, 265.
manMHeldll, 67, 264, 272, 377.
ovalis, 264, 272.
peiiiisylvanlea, 64, 264, 266.
priscovolaiis, 263, 271.

Nannoblaltliia, 367.
Nannoblattina prestvicliii, 367.

similis, 367.

wuoilwnrdi, 368.
Necymylacris, 47, 72, 377.
Mecymylacrls heros, 74,

lacoana, 78.
Neorthroblattina, 836, H8.

455

S85.
», 70.

2, 245, 804.
4.

1, 311.
im, 810.

4.

9.

Is, 847.

I.

48.

328.

2C3, 271.
I.

Neorthroblattlna albollneata, 336, 443.
atteuuatn, 386, 443,

444.
la<{esll, 336, 444.
rotundata, 386, 443,
444.
Neuropteiold Palaeodlctyoptera, 287.

Udonata, 6, 11, 13, 14.
Omalla, 295.
Omalia macroptera, 296.
Orthopterold Palaeodictyoptera, 286.
Oryctoblattina, 47, 141.
Oryctoblattiiia occldua, 390.
reticulata, 142.

Fachytylopsis, 304.
Pachytylopsls perslnairel, 306.
Palaeoblattiirlae, 47, 60, 435.
Falaeocampa, 248, 257.
Pulacocampa aiitiirax, 257.
Palaeodictyoptera, 283, 286.
Palaeopterinn, 13, 14, 16, 17, 296.
Palenarthius, 397.
Falenarthrus impressus, 398.
Palephenrera inedlaeva, 323.
Pnlephemeildae, 278, 287.
Faliugeiila fei.stmantelll, 288.
Panchloridae, 834.
Fanorplna, 9, 12, 14.
Faolia, 449.

Faromylacris, 877, 381.
Faromylacrls nmpla, 384.

rotunda, 382.
Fedipalp!, 429.
Feripatus, 261.
Perlidae, 328.
Ferlina, 5, 11, 13, 14.
Fetrablattlna, 47, 143, 441. .
Fetrablattliia aequn, 441.

gracilis, 144.

meicti, 441.

sepulta, 14S.
Pliasmlda sp., 245.
Pliryganlna, 10, 12, 14.
Pbtbanocorls, 812.

Phthanocoiis occldentalis, 812.
Phyllodroiiildae, 334.
Platephemera antiqiia, 159, .777, 287.
Pollochern, 420.
Poliocbera punctulata, 420.
Puliocherldnc, 420.
Poiyernus, 307.
Polyernus complanatas, 807.

laminarum, 307.
Polyzosterites, 148, 320.
Polyzosteiltes granosus, 149.
Poroblattliin, 442.
Poroblattlna arcnata, 442.
lalccsii, 442.
Progonoblattliia, 47, 138.
Progoiioblattlna fritsclili, 140.

helvetica, 139.
Promylacrls, 377, 378.
Promybicria ovails, 379, 380.
rigida, 379, 380.
testudo, 379.
Propteticus, 297.
Propteticus infernus, 298.
Proscorpliis, 449.
Frotopliasma, 89, 450.
Frotophnsmida, 286, 451.
Protosyngnatlia, 251, 267, 398.
Psocina, 4, 11, 13, 14.
Fterlnoblattina, 360.
Flerliioblattiua biniieyl, 365.

clirysea, 362.

curtisii, 363.

glgf.9, 864.

hospes, 364.

Intermixta, 863.

peiina, 362.

pliima, 343, 361.

sipylus, 364.

Raphidlidae, 8, 12, 13.
Bithina, 336.
Rltlima dalto'ii, 341.

disjuncta, 348.

formosa, 339.

gossli, 337.

liaslDN, 339.

Rlthma nilniina, 342.
morrisi, 340.
purbeccensis, 340.
ramiflcata, 375.
striclilandi, 337.
westwoodi, 311.

Scolopendrella, 262.

Sciidderia, 420.

Scntinoblattina, 370, 445.

Scutliioblattlna brongniartl, 370, 415.
Intermedia, 370, 446.
recta, 370, 445, 446.

bialidae, 828.

Sia'ilna, 6, 11, 13.

Silphldae, 327.

Spiloblattina, 437.

SpUoblaUina gardineri, 487.

guttata, 437, 439.
marginal!, 437, 440:
triassica, 437, 438.

Sternoptena, 85.

Strepbocladus, 301.

Strepliocladus subtills, 301.

Termes longitudinalis, 314.
Termitidiuni araissum, 314.
rngosum, 314.
Termltlna, 3, 11, 13, 14.
TrackB referred to Insects, 450.
Trichiulus, 247, 255, 330.
Tricbiulus ammonltlformis, 256.

nodulosus, 256.

viUosns, 256.
Troxitcs, 285.

Xenoneura anttquorum, 176, 280, 302.

Xcnoueurldae, 181, 302.

Xylobius, 413.

Xyloblus dawsonl, 25, 31.

fractUR, 24, 31.

IVustnlentus, 414.

raazonus, 414.

siglllarlae, 21, 22, 31.

slmilis, 28, 31.

woodwardi, 28.

'I '

, 272, 877.

$64, 266.
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