The earliest winged insects of America [microform] : a re-examination of the Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in light of criticisms and of new studies of other Paleozoic types

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Twii; E.^nLtEST WrxuEo Tv.sects of Amu. icai A Re-examixatiox of the Devonian

Insects of New Brunswick, in tiik Light of Criticisms and of New

Studies of other Paleozoic Types.

a

IjKrilEVlNG that soionce is littlo iidviuiciM] hy tin; acrimony c'ii<]fendered by controversial
oMSiiys. the writer has always avoided replying to any criticisms of his scientific work,
however destructive they might appear at first sight, until in the natural course of sub-
sequent studies it became necessary to subject tiiem to public examination. Generally
\nnr]\ time will then have elapsed, both [nirties may view the matter more dispassionately
and, notwithstanding the delay, the truth is likely to be sooner reached.

It is on this account that up to the ])resent time 1 have in no way noticed the objections
which Dr. Hagen' made lour years since' to my interpretation of the wing-structure of the
Devonian insects,'' although his criticisms were not always couched in the most tempcate
language. Now. however, thai it has become necessary, for a work in hand, for me to
review systematically the entire series of ])iileo/,oic insects, the Devonian wings have been
stuilied anew, with the intention oi' profiting by the comments of so thorough and learned
a student of Neuroptera. both recent and fossil, as Dr. Ilagen is everywhere well known to
be; of profiting also by the greatly expended special knowledge I have myself gained in
the last five years through the kindness of many correspondents (and especially of Mi". R.
I). Lacoe). who have liber.illy I'urni.-lied me with a very considerable number of new
paleozoic insect ty[»es, discovered in this coimtrx .

Without wishing to discredit in the least the v^orth of Di'. ITageu's general opinion in
<|uestioiis which affect the Neui'optera. 1 tliiid< it is only fair to point out dispassionately to
the iiKpiirer of the future four things. 1 '. 'i'liat in the historic development of the
broailer groups of insects, so far as we now an; acquainted with them, no important
changes base transpired .s///'c paleo/.oic liuies; while oiu' perplexity regarding the proper
relation of paleozoic; insects to uioiK'i'ii types is often very great, and our conclusions
variabU'. 2'. That Dr. Hagen ha-' pulilisbed nothing upon paleozoic insecits (apart from
the paper aliove refiM'red to ii|)on Devonian insect-) excepting scattered notes on a few
which he referred to Termitina and wliieli. in all ])robal)ility. are no Termitina at all.^
3". That lliei-c Is no evideiiee. hiii the contrary, thai [)r. Hagen in his investigations, uses
the '-tlieory of de-cent" as a working liy|)othesis. without which no one who is stud3^ing any
group of animals in the |)eriod ol its rise and most: ra[)id evolution can expect to do other-
wise than stumble and wander astrav. To refuse to use it is to merit failure. 4°. That

I null. M.H. Cciiii|.. Z.Mil., viir, 111). It.
^ Aiiiiiv. .Mem. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., !>*«<».

' SiH> Pmc. Amor. Acinl. Arts Si-., xx, 167-173.

- ..ifiiriiiimT"Tf°"

BplftlMUT

of tlu> Povoninii wiiijjjs. t)r. Iti^'(>n lias stti(1ie(t m nnfiirc oiity the fin jiiost vasex poorfr)
reverses of the orij^niial spociiiiens. while soveral limes hofore and once siuct; tlic })ubliQti*
tion of his criticisms 1 have careful] v studied lioth sets toi^ether*

Gerephemera simplex.

Tiiis insect was phiced I>y me in a distinct fiuuily ^'•roiip to which I <fave the name of
Atociiia. Cuniparisous were particularly instituted with oiu' of the other Devohian forms,
I'latephemera. iind with Dictyoiieiu'a and its allies of the carl)onil'erous epoch, to the latter
of which it was ihouiilil to have most reseniMiince. At that time the i^i^^antic forms of
Protophasmida made known l>y Brdu^iiiait had not lieen pul)lishcd. and I was not aware
of the variety of ner.ratioii found in that ancient type. Now that this is known I am fur
cliiii'd. notwith^^tandiiiL;- il< anomalous strneture, to hclieve that Gerepheinera

more ni

should iall in the same p'lieral u'l'oiip. and tlial ihr name oi Atocina sliould he droppe(

<1

artieularh as a new stiiiK' makes me see that the neuiMtion wi

ar an interpri'tation

which le-:seiis the points nf di^tinetion lietweeii them, and icndei's the strncturt' of (lereph

niera less anomalous

Dr. IIai:-en. on the other hand, refers it uuhe^ifatinirly to the modern ()(h)nata; hut a
certain part of my de>;cri]>tion has heeii jilaiidy misunderstood hy him. The costal margin
is represented hotli in the description and in the liLiiM'e as two to three mm. lonj^ ; in the
fiifure it is not eij^'ht nun. innii-. as >tati'(l li\ him. 1 liave not said that "the mediastinal vein
is never a depressed one in >uch insects."' Inn -the maiunua! would then he an elevated and
the media-tinal a depressed vein, which | comliinat ion | is never tlie case," etc. lie ri<rlitly
says that no mention is niaile of tlie (piadrau'^iila;- cells occurriuLi' hetweeii the ohlirpie
nervules whicji mu fmm tie' mediastinal vein to the niaruin. for they were not looked
upon as important and are exceedin^.f'lx faint and ii'»sciire. lie remarks that if they (>\isf
lliey wouM lie the only i'eature- incnn^istcnl with an ndmiate hypothesis, overlook injr the
liict that the ne'vules they are -ii||iosed tu cnnnect ,ire stron,Ldy olili(pie, as never in
t)donata and usually in other Nemopiera. '1 lie -nperinr oi'iLi'iu of the hrauches of the prin-
cipal vein preserved, which he calls -proliahh' the -ector melius." is also entirely inconsist-
ent with an Odiinale liypnt!ie-is. jml j.; the niD-t -alimt pDint in the win;: lu-xt to the
luimerous ])arallel veins aliove it. Imt in this he does not at all refer.

The superior origin of the Kranclies nf this vein, howevei'. i- not unknown in paleozoic
wings as I hail supposed, havinir its eoimti'i'p irt in s,.veral of the l*roto|>hasmida.
a> I'roiigniarl calN them, and I am now inclined to !ielie\c that this wing should
Iind a iilac.- hei'e. s,)iii,.\Jirrc in 'he neiglihurliood of llaplophlehium. This would
necessitate a dilli-rent :niil 1 thinly a -oniewliat more lalioual view id' the neuration. viz.,
that wiiat I hail looked upon a- the externomeijiau is th;' ".itei-uomeilian vi'iii. and that the
externomediaii is the fnsi Inandied vein in the wing, counting from the costal horder. the
'■mlerealary nei'vnie ' heing r-'ally a lii'indi of this, room I'oi' other hi-anclies heing found.
it tlie main externomidiaii luaui h I'.lt the ciirvit ore nf the ape\ of the wing as soon as
the other veins; this would hring the sH^rhi l..nd in the outline of the outer horder at the
extremity ol the oiiteriiio-.t anal vein i -(, finpii'iii in insects), hut would give an ent)rmous

expansion to the anal area, a- in the ra-e in -n\\ ther paleo/oic insects and as occurs in

several of the l'rolopiia>mida. esp,.eially in the neiglil.<,ihood ui I lai)lo[)hh-hium.

Dr. ftnj»en, exiimitted ttie revefse of the prlncipu! specimen, and say>' of It, it "strongly
»'.onfirins my determination." ''It belongs," he says, ''to a part of the base of the wing
which is not preserved" in the figure published. It shows, according to him, the '-sector
trigonuli inferior," which belongs to the base of the wing and "is to be found only in
Odonata, never in Ephemeridae." Unfortunately for all this, the reverse, now figured for
the first time (in reverse) on fig. 9 of the acoompanying plate, is the exact counterpart of
that portion of the better specimen (of whi(;h a figure was published in my former paper),
which \\iin/arthe>it from the l)ase of the wing, and a piece of whi<!h is poorly figured on our
present plate at fig. 8 (again in reverse). As I have had both obverse and reverse to com-
pare both before the larger part of the better specuuien was uncovered, again after that
addition to our knowledge, and still again for verification since the comments of Dr.
Ilagen, tliis point cannot be disputed. It will be observed that in no other place is Dr.
Ilagen's language more positive than here.

Platephemera antiqua.

This insect was referred by me to the Kpiiemeridae, because the neuration "agreed in
all essential features with that family, and . . . con-iidering the antiquity of the creature
shows marvellously little divergence from living types." Its relation to Dictyoneura and
allies was discr.ssed. an<l a "general similarity" of structure jiointed out, though tliey were
not considered "closely alfiliated."

Dr. llagen, on the contrary, states that it "has nothing whatsoever to do with the
Ejihcmeridae." adding that his "(k'liberate determination is not based upon a dilFerence of
opinion, but merely on the ^:impll' evidence of facts. Tiie specimen is a part of tlie apical
half, without the tip, of a wing ol" a gigantic dragon lly."

Recognizing the life long labors of Dr. Iliigen upon the Odonata, the writer has striven
e.irnestly to see this fossil in the light in whicdi Dr. Ilagcu declares that he sees it, Ijut is
obliged to (loiiless that the distortion is not within his power. Tlie "siinple evidence of
facts" is unalteraldy o|)posed to it. as the following consiilerations, among others, seem to
show, in wliich the spi-cial points of Dr. Ilagen's iiisertions or criticisms are touched upon.

1. In no dragon lly, living or fossil, is there found, beyond the nodus, between the
"meiliana" and tiie margin, nutre than a simple longitudinal vein — the marginal vein;
excepting close to the nodus, where the sultcostii sometimes appears to extend a very little
way beyond the nodus, and then terminates on (he mcdimict. In Platephemera there is
an additional vein, which, on Dr. Ihigen's hypothesis, extends much more than half way
from his location of tiie nodus to the tip of the wing, and terminates nii (lie mxirginal vein;
in other words, there is no nodus, — one of the chief char-
acteristics of Odonata. absent, so liir as I know, from no'
dragon lly. living or extinct.

2. To carry out this hypothesis of an Odonate structure.
Dr. Ilagen is com])elled to say that '-sonu'thing less than
20 mm. of the tip are wanting." To add oidv I "> mm., as

' y , "' . Tip of will- >if IMiitc'iihomiTii, restored by

IS done by the dotted hues ni the accompauynig sketch, n,-. na^nnvdata.

woidd, on the most favorable showing, make a wing of ridiculously extravagant appear-
ance; the course of the known portion of the lower nuirgin will not allow us to suppose,
at the outside, more than 5 mm., and probably not more than 2 mm. of the tip to be lost.

n. Tho iiiirrowinj? of wlint Vh\ Jln^cn calls tlu> ''second ouhital Hpiiee'* is « comu»oj>
fcafiiiv in Kplu'imM-itlat' (r.y. species of ("alliarcys. Clioroterpes. lllasturi.s Atalophlebia,
Hlioenantlms. Cliloeon. etc.). tliough not often to cpiite sncli an extent, nor perhaps (|uit(«
so rapidly, as here; and as this varies in dillerent sjx'cies ol'tiie same genus, it seems to h(j
a very nniiuportant matter; tlie approach oftlie two veins, contrary to Dr, Ilagen's state*
ment. is mentioned in my paper.

4. What Dr. Ilairen calls the sector snl)nodalis does not rini unliroken to the tip, as \n
all dragon ll«'s 1 have exainineil. Iml is lost in the reticulation shortly l)etoro the nnirgin.

In looking ovr all tlie ancient types known. 1 lind none to which this insect may l>e at
nil closely com])ared excei)ting tiie K|>hcmeridae ; uidess it Ite iJreyeria, ti) which it l)ears
.lome distant resemhlanci". ;'.iid t) which it is not impossible that it is allied ; l)Mt it dillers
strikingly in every detail I'rom that fornu and so much more clos(>ly reseml)les the
F^pluMneridae of the present day th:it it would apptMr to lie soim-wiiat of a st rain to attempt
to hring the-<e two old I'oruis in clo-ie pro\iuiiiy, when otherwise tlie Jeries of forms in the
ancient I'iiasmida is so complete.

I referred in my fornu-i' memoir (p. '.') to the i-epetitiou. in the lower externomedian
stem, of the features of the upper stem. Ifthe>e two ;ire lookni upon as distinct externo-
meilian and iuternomediau stems, wt- liiive au ;i(lilitiou;d rescudilauce in this insect
to some of the Protophasmida. though not to jJreyeria : yet this repetition, '•which a])pears
t(» havt' iio counterpart among living Kpheiueiidae." is iii realit\ a Icature constantly seen
in paleo'/.oic wing*;, ami is indicative nuTcly ol simplicity and coumion (>rigin such as we
should naturally look lor in early injects: and on this ground we may he justified in con-
sid"ring this in«^ect as a representative of a distinct early type of KplnMueriileous insects, —
which may he called the I'alephcmeriihuv

Lithentomum Harttii.

This insect I placed in a tlistinct family of Neuroptera proper, which IVom "•having its
nearest atliuily to Sialina in juoderii tiuu'«." 1 proposed to cidl ('ronico^iaiinn. Dr. liagen
also recogiiizf* its Sialidaii l'eatui'e< and compare-; the wiul:' lo that of ('hauliode<. adding
•the paucitv of the otV-lioots of the sc;i|)ulai' lirauch i-^ liy no means exceptional . . . the
living ( 'liaulioile< possesst'S oidy one. '

Here again i-^ an evident misa|ipi'eln'!i<ioii of my language, for while the living Chau-
liode-; ha-i onlv one scapular hraucli. it has four or five oll'<lioot< of tlie scapular hrancdi ;
a ••lirauch" is not a main stem: and the ci)urse of the vein-;. a< I li;ive |iniiiti'il out, foi'hids
our suj)posing the ancient wing to have had more than one or two olVslioots ; only one is
preseive(l,

A compari<ini of tlii< wing with nnmeidus |)aleo/.oic wings now convinces me that it
should fall with many others in a group in which this branch may have several oiVshoots ;
at lea<t it clilTeis from them so little in giuieral strnctiu'e and in time that this disposition
would >eem to be the uio-^t rational (Uie. and though Dr. ilageu seems to imply (though
he. does not explicit ly state ) that the cliaracler above iueutione(l wa-; the only one laying
claim to distinguish the Cronii.'osialina from the modern Sialina. 1 do not discuss this poiiii
here, as I .-^hall soon do <o to better advantage, in treating of the wli>'e group.

T

8

SocaOtllMiM foSBili*.

On nccoiinT, niuinly of a transverse roln near tlie biiso of tlie wing, •which I considered
honioloi-oiis wi<h the nrcuhis of moch-ni Odonnta. \vhiU> almost every otiier feature of the
wing was (iistinetively n()U-()(h)nate and generally Sialidan, I looked on this as th(^ typo of ii
distinct synthetic! group, which F called lloniotiietidae, u (iiniily ■•forming the eonnecting
link hetweon the Ncuroptera projx'r and Pseutt'jnouroptera."

Dr. llagLMi. wlio has not seen the single original, says, ''It is obvious that the wing
helongs to the Sialina," and exphdns the so-called arculus iis the end of a horny basal ])art
of the wing, such as is seen in Corydalis. "'rhe fragment." he says, "shows nothing foreign
to the (.'ory<lalis type. e.\ee])ting a smaller ninnber ol transversals."

The re-exan)ination of this form after a speiMal study of a considerable number of later
paleozoic wings, some of which agree toleral)ly closidy in general structure with llomo-
tbetus. apart from the supposed arculus in the latter, convinces me that 1 have been mis-
taken altout tiiis arculus. i liud. indeed, iliat, when more clo:eIy .scrutiui/ed it just fails ol
ri'achiug the scapular vein al)ove. and that, what 1 strangely overlooked befons it is
elevated, while the other veins al)out It are depressed; it lies, indeed, at a slightly higher
level on till' stone than the others, on a piece which shows a fracture farther away from
the base of the wing, where the first separation of what 1 then considered the main
scapular branch and the exteruomedian vi'in takes place. Upon this elevated piece that
|)ortion of the siip])osed branch lying l)etween the so-ealled arculus and this He))aration is
placed, and it we discard one we discard also the other; that is. these veins do not amal-
ganuite at their base and curve downwanl (in passing baseward). but, as a closer exanunation
shows. I'eebly and uncertainly it is true, both run [)arallel to each oilier and are separated
by a slight interval, while the supposed oi)li(|uely curving basal amalgamation is something
foreiiiu to the wins'', as. indeed, is shown liv its also lieinu' elevated and not depressed.

KxamiiUMl with this new light to seek for the basal attaciiments of the branching veins,
a few faint indications, over that part of the fossil from which tlie wing has been llaked olY
(represented in the |)ublislH'd drawing by dotteil lines), show that there ai'e, between what
1 ii)rmerly calleil the externomediau vi'in and the main .scapular vein, two .separate,
paralK'l. longitudinal veins; moreover, that what I had looked upon as the l)asal pju't of
the so-called e\teru(»median vein is really only the edge of a Hake of stone, beneath which,
at a slightly lower point, this vein passes,

the vein being unseen further toward the
base than where the cross-vein strikes it.

if. then, within the l)asal fourth of the
wing, betwi'en the stout scapulai- vein, and the
so-called externomediau vein (which itself
lies lower than indic.iti'd in the original draw-
ing), there are two parallel, loujjitudnial \eins. if is highly jjrobable that, the upper of them
is directly conui-cted with the vein which strikes the tip of the wing and carries several
snbseiiuidistant. considerably oi)li(|ue bi-anches; and the lower with the vein or vein.s
carrying the entire set of more longitudinal branches, between the preceding and what
was lormerlv called the externomediau vein, .somewhat in the numner 1 have indicated on

II..m«>tIi.-tii> f.i-^ili-. Cnirri It'll >krt('h.

HSMK

wmmi*

(

tlK> iicconipiinviiijr sketch covrortinjr tliat /onuorly jrjvon. in wliii-li tlie lines inarUod In
loii^rer (lashes jrivt' tlie eoiijectmal eourse of the veins where they are not <le1erniinal)U',
anil flio linos marked with shorter ila«lies the portions where faint iiulieations on tiie utono
render the determination somewhat more prohahlo. This view is hused on the complete
rhanj:e lietween the eourse of the iiervules attached apicidly to the n|)permost hranchinj^
vein, and those lu'low it. I»y which they are separated into two sets, intensified no douht
hy the accident which has caused them to overlap where they are nearest together, hut
even in other respects very distinct.

(Ml this hasis we must make a very dilTerent interpretation of the entire nenration. The
scapular vein mu-^t lie looked upon as a simple ind»rai\ched vi'in; the vein terminating at
the tiji. witii the more ol>li(|ue iMiinclies <'onliued to the a|)ical fourth of the wing, as the
externomedian vein: the lirauclies lielow this, as I'ar as hut not iniduding what I formerly
considered the evternomedian vein, as hi-anches of tlie internonu'dian vein; and the re-
mamiler of the nervules im|)inging on the lower margin, anil more closelv connected than
the others hy cross-veins. a>i Immches of the anal vein.

Thus interpreted, the wing falls into a group of paleo/oic insects which was perhaps
the Mio>.t lunuerously repit'>;cnted of all the old neuroplerous types in carl)oniferons times,
a group which is sejiarated I'rom :dl others liv the complete independence of the medi-
astinal, and the lac k of any inferior hranches of the scapular vein. — a group to whiidi the
name of llomotlu'tidae. with this completi' alteration of the featiu'es hy which it was at
first char;icteri/.ed. may he appli<'(l.

As the lack of inferior luanclies to the seupular vein is an attrilmte at the present day
of nearly all l*seudoneuropter<<u< wing-;, and as it occurs in no true Neuroptera whatever,
oi- ceitaiuly oidy in very exceptional instances, we tinil in llomotlietus characters horrowed
from proMiiui-nt featun-; of two grejit division" of insects.

As stated aliove. Dr. llagtMi suggested that the "arculus" could lie explained hy sup-
posing it to indii'ate the point where, in the fiont wings of Corydalis. the horny hasal part
is <epiirated from the meuiliraiiou-^ portion iiy a xifter integument. This explanation
would hardly he teiial)le on account ni the di>^tauce in this case oi the "arculus" from the
hase of tin- wing, hut the facts given almve -iliow that the explanation is uuneces.sary.

Zenoneura antiquorum.

A re-examination of both fragmc-nts ot' tlii-: wing in the light of Dr. Ilageii's statements
shows my ligure to he correct in e\cry point wherein it ha^ heen criticized, except in the
wholly insignincant nuUter ol' omitting to give with sutlicieiit distinetiu'ss what Dr.
Ilagen has compared to the ••r«'curreut vein" of lleineri'hidae. ( hi the other hand. Dr. Ilageii
!■< incorrect in every statement of fact where his statement controverts mine. Jlehashad
the mi-fortune to putili>h his sfatenieiils after an examination of cmly the more incomplete
anil Ics- distinct of the two halves of the fossil, lie complains that ••the whole wing is
shown iiy numerous parallel and very close longitudinal lines to have heen jjlaced heneath
or ahove some jiart of a plant ; on account oi' these lines some parts of the venation are
less distinguishahle. " In the hetter St. .h)hn s|)ccimen these lines do not in the slightest
degree interfere with the neunition <u- its determination, hut in at least two specihc case.s
these lines on tin- iJoston speeimen hive led Dr. Hageii into error.

One rnse Is wlicro lie starts Upon liis tlicorv thiit. t\v<i pnrtinlly ovcrlnppin;; wings arc
}»n'S(Mit, ono of wliicli 1 Inid ovorlookcil, — n llicorv he could not poxsilily lmvi> iiinintiiincd
with till' St. .lolin spi'i'iuicn Ix'sidu liini. "Its hind nmr;>in," he siiys. '-is ii iittli' htdow the
liind margin of thi; main wing." Only a mere Iragnumt of th(,' hind margin exists in the
Hoston speeimen, and therefore the marking on the stone wliicli lie interprets as the hind
margin of a second wing is reeogni/ahh' with little donht. and a glance at its rtdatioiis to
the other liiu'S proves at onee thai it is simply one of the ••numerous parallel and very
dose lougitmlinal" lines which he refers to a jilant. An e.\aminalion of the rcveise shows
no such mark at all, and the glazed texture of the stone, peculiar to it whiu'e imy part of
(he wing is found, does not extend, on either stone, heyond the limits of the wing as I have
dcfinetl them.

Dr. Ilagen would, however, prohahly hase his doulile wing theory more upon his next
|)oinf: that the hranidies of what I have cilled the extcrnoniedian vein (foinidon the outer
detached fragment) are elevated, while the '•corrcspouding sectors of the main wing" (hy
which I suppose he refers particularly to the scapular and iuternoiuedian veinsof the piirts
on the hasal pieci-) •■nvi^ de]»r<'sse(l.'' That is. that the detached fragment represents one
wing, the Itasal piece another. lUit in (he St. .luhu s])eciiuen. aud indeed, though less
clearly, in the IJoston speeituen. we have ahsolute proof of the inaccuracy of this view, since
tlic externonu'dian vein, whether on lia<al ])iece or detached fragn\eut is. tliroiKj/ionf itn
co/^>'.s'c, elevated or depressed, according to whether oltvi-rse or reverse is examined; the
same is (he casi- in (he reverse sense with llie intiTuomedian vein, which is elevated, on
linth pieces, where the externomedian vein is dcpri'ssed. and rice nrsa. A little more
familiarity with paleozoic wings would have taught Dr. Ilagen to ex|)ect this very feature.

Dr. Ilagen is e(|ually unfortunate with the scratch of a tool on the costal margin »)f the
I'oston specimen, which he would look for in vain on the reverse stoue. If it had heen
shown on my former plate (lig. o) it woidd have lai i .'I mm. to the right of the outermost
cross-vein figured ; his makinif the oflu'r existing cross-veins '•llurc/nrf very douhtful" is
accordingly unwarranted. The upper lu'.inc'i of I he mediastinal fork is i-xactly as I have
figured it. and not as Dr. Ilagen represents, as the St. .lolm specimen shows more i)lainly
than its Hoston reverse. Dr. Ihigen's ••cilia" near this point are again the longitudinal
liiu's of his plant. Tlu>re is no sort of re;>; on foi' claiming the •■fork, as it is called by the
autlioi'." of (he s<'in)ular vein, as lu-loULrintr to an oveihiim' winir. since it does not exist.

Dr. Ilaiicn says he is ••not ahle to classify the iii<cct. except that it helougs to the Neurop-
tera [xin:<it strirtiorl)" thoiiu,h he adds. -what we see of the venation is more nearly allied
to the Cliaulioiies tyjie than to any other." lie further asserts tint ••the venation has no
similarity (o Coiiio|)teryx. IJaphidia and Kplienu'ra. and lirid.i^es in noway the gulf between
the Nenroptera ami I'sendoueuroptera. as stated by tli(> author." These are l)are assertions,
uii.iccompanied l)y any ]U-oof whati-ver. and it would therefoie be waste time to consider
them ; it will lie enough to say with regard to the lirst. that, if true, the wing cannot belong
to the Nenroptera, as he himself claims it does. My own claim, suppiorted by direct
evidence which can be examined into, was that it formed a distinct and extinct family of
Nenroptera. My later study of a larger series of paleozoic as well as of existing types con-
lirms my first cone liision.

(f

mt

m

'^^mmmm

/T/-«»rjia*».-/iiW:.*;5v:r:v:

Tliis new rt'vii'w of the Dcvouinn iiH(>ots iilt(»r«* Momcwliiit tho ronfluj^lonM wFiicIi Vfc ]^ro*
vioii.ily u'liclii'il, (i('ri'|tlu'iiH'iii i^ now coiisidt'i't'd a niciiilx'r of tin' f^roup I'l'otopliasinidii,
formcrlv lookcil ii))oii tin its lu'iiri'st ally. Itut from wliiidi it was rcj^ardrd as distinct. Tho
Htructurt' of lloniotlictus is shown to Im« did'crt'iit from what was formerly snpposod, in
tiikinz iVom it its prcxinned Odonatc allinilit's, Init its position is otherwise retained, and
the relation of the major part of the Devonian insects to later, carhonileroiiH types, i^4
shown to lie more inliinati' than was supposed. This latter conclusion has heen reached
maiidy l>y a >liidy of forms discovered since the former paper was |)riMted and wlii(di arw
yet unpiiltlished ; ami it is tlie oidy point in whitdi the thirteen several general C(»nclusion.s
Iniiiiidated in my previoii'^ paper reipiire any es-iential modification. It is even still true
that iiotwithstandin;; the discovery of ;rreati'r unity lielween the I)e\onian and carhonif-
erons insects, the little liiuna of St. .Inlm has features whicdi instantly stamp it as distinct
from thi' ciirlioniferous; since, while most of its uK'iidiers heionj; to restricted groups which
occur in carltoniferous deposii-i. they are in most cases very diiVerent from the later meni-
l)ers of these ^'roups. •

Instead, therelore. of the five sjiecies' liein;,' divided; — none to Kpliemeriilae, two to
Odonata. ami three to Neuro|)lera proper i and "proltalily" to Sialina). as claimed by Dr.
llap-n. we find none whatever li(don};imr to ( >doii.il,i. Imt of the two so claimed, onu
referalile to an ancient type of Kphcnu'ridne. ami one to an ancient ty|)e of I'hasmidu ;
while the rem;iiiiinjr three lieioui; to as many distinct families of ancient Neuroptera,
doiilitlcss rel.ited to. Iiut still distinct from, .^ialina. two of wlii(di were well represented in
carhoniferous times. The third, however, hail, so far as yet discovered, no repres«'ntative
even ainonji' paleozoic insects, and has special inteii'si from its distinct resendilance to the
carlioniferous I'rotophasmida, — a group aflcrwanls dilll'rentiated as a special type of
another lader.

FXI'LANAIloN n|' TIIK I'l.ATK.

I vcntiiri' tc. .■1.1.1 Id tliis |.:i|.i T :i |i|-.t>' fii^rax cl luiiiiy vi:irs ;i.^<i ti-..m iiii]nTf(ci .'iihI nulc ilra\\"m;;s of my
own. wliicli was ili^car.lc.i win ii I jiiiMi-licl my iiniiiuir im tliu I )i.\ niiiiiii insects, :is iiisiiHiciciit ami in part
inr. inert. It will siim-, i.ci1i:i|is t.i ev|.laiii somi- ..f I lie cljan-iv* my \ iews lia\c iih(lci'i:<ptit', anil tn InrlliiT
illiistratr t.i ii slij;lit .li'i^rcc s.miu' .>t'ili.> crr.it- iiii.i wlii.li my rriiie li:is lifin ilniwn. All tlic liLjiircs cxcept-
iiii.' til.'. •"' MIC iif tlip n.ilnral si/c.

I'iu. 1. J/'DiK't/ii tii.i j't'isi/is.

Vl-^s. '2, ;',. LitliCiit'Uiiiii,, ll'irtlii. 'I'liesi' litfiins ililTvr frmii tliosc ..^ivcii in my (iirmcrly |ml)lislicil plate
ton idiisiilcralilf ilc^rci.

Fij^. 4. Jh/nrrifil.i r, fiiafiis.

Fi^'N. ;'i, <», 7. X'H'iii, iii-'i finfl'/n'inim. V\\x. 'i is maili' ii|i fn'iii si'veral camera skctclics, atul is cnlarijl'il
aliuiit "Jll iliamctiTs.

Fi'.'s. s. <i. (rn-'ji/i' »« ni .i!mj>l'.t. '\'\u-<- n|iiisiiii Imlli ol.vifsc ami reverse, as lliey (irii,'innlly iipIX'iircii.
Fig. !t is till' . nil' that has never lieen ti«iirc.l lirl'.ir.-. All ur nearly all uf tlicsc willies .ipiiear in rcverscil
|Misiti.in on the plate. FIl'. 0 slioiilij have licen tnine.i :i little.

Fi._'s. 1(1, II. l'lat<i>h<iii-rn itntl'iun. It will he ii.iliceil that Ii','. II shows what looks like a hit i>f the
outir maru'iii not far fr..m tie- tip; this I suspect is simply a scries ofcross veins ami wi>s niuant to rcprcsiiil
only that; it is, however. <^ivcii jir.'.'i^cly in this way in my ori^rinal ilr.awiiiLj.

Oiiiillin^i DvM'iitus, lull liii[iirlr<t Inr uiiy s;ili.-r.iitiiry ili«cii»>ii)ii.

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