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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


12  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

f 


THE 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


AND 


HISTORICAL 

DICTIONARY 


OF 


AMERICA  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES. 


1^" 


\  I 


J 


J'KIMED  BY  WlIiniNOMAM  ANU  ROWLAND, 
OosictH  Strttt,  Londtm, 


%\ 


THE 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


AND 


HISTORICAL 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


AMERICA  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES. 

CONTAINING 

AN  ENTIRE  TRANSLATION  OF  THE  SPANISH  WORK 

OF 

COLONIVL  DON  ANTONIO  DE  ALCKDO. 

CAPTAIN  OF  THK  KOVAL  SPANISH  GUARDS,  AND  MEMBER  OF  THE  ROYAL  ACADEMY  OF  HISTORY 

WITH 

JLaxQt  zmtions  and  Compilation0 

FROM     MODERN     VOYAGES    AND    TRAVELS. 

ANI«   FROM 

ORIGINAL  AND  AUTHENTIC  INFORMATION. 


G.  A.  THOMPSON,  ESQ. 


IN  FIVE  VOLUMES. 


VOL.  V. 


"^ '^Jii^na  modii  mulli.s  miranda  vidtltir 

tii'nti   .r/itimfinis  regio,  visendaqiiefertur, 

Jielius  opimii  Iwnis.  LucRETH's.  //7».  /.  iinr  ,T. 


Lontiou : 

IMMNTKO  rOK  THK  AUTHOR,  AND  I'UIil.ISH  F.D  I'.V 
CAKPFNTKn  AM.  snN.oi.nnoxn.THi:.:.-;  r.oNGMAN.iansT.HEKs.oHMP.AM.  mumN,  HA.E   i».^Tri.r.-    v,if    .  <of.l^,^^ 

AM.  CO.    ILbLT-STKtKl,   AN).    IMIHI'.AV,   AI.UKM  AULK  STHEtT,    l.dNI.ON;    PAUKKU,  OXFOKD,   ..  .,.    i.  .1 .S     ...  M  llRlni.K. 

1HI5. 


15390,1 


M 


I 


193,1 


TO  THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE 

NICHOLAS    VANSITTART, 


CHANCELLOR  OF  THE  EXCHEQUER,  ^c.  Sfc. 


SIR, 


It  was  your  advice  and  encouragement  that  first  induced  me 
to  attemnt  the  Translation  of  Alcedo's  Dictionary.  The  work 
was  undertaken  six  years  ago,  when  I  was  only  twenty-three 
years  old,  and  has  ever  since  been  the  chief  employment  of 
those  hours  which  the  necessary  attendance  of  my  office  has 
left  at  my  disposal. 

In  seeking  a  name  to  give  credit  to  my  work,  I  am  naturally 
led  to  solicit  yours,  not  merely  by  the  impulse  of  gratitude 
and  esteem,  but  by  the  dictates  of  prudence,  since  there  is  no 
name  that  is  better  calculated  than  yours  to  stamp  on  it  the 
impression  of  authority,  and  give  it  currency. 

With  you,  Sir,  whose  duty  it  has  been  to  provide  for  the 
pecuniary  exigencies  of  your  country  in  times  that  have  called 
for  an  expenditure  so  unprecedented  and  astonishing,  the 
resources  she  has  derived  from  the  extensive  regions  of  the 


6 

Western  World  iiiusL  he  too  familiar  not  to  be  duly  appreciated. 
To  display  those  resources  in  their  due  magnitude  and  import- 
ance to  your  countrymen  at  large  is  amongst  the  objects  of  my 
labours  :  1  trust,  therefore,  that  yourself  and  the  public  in 
general  ^vill  have  the  goodness  to  receive  them,  if  not  with 
commendation,  at  least  without  much  severity  of  censure. 

The  Egyptians  wisely  suspended  their  judgment  of  distin- 
guished men  till  death  had  sealed  their  characters.  Were  I 
here  to  take  the  liberty  of  expressing  my  sense  of  your  worth, 
my  contemporaries  would  suspect  me  of  flattery,  whilst  posterity 
would,  with  infinitely  more  justice,  blame  me  for  underrating 
it;  nor  would  the  attempt  be  less  presumptuous  in  me  than 
displeasing  to  yourself.  I  hope,  however,  I  may  be  permitted 
without  offence  to  yourself  or  to  any  one,  to  acknowledge  my 
great  obligations  to  you,  and  to  assure  you  of  the  high  respect, 
esteem,  and  gratitude  with  which 

I  have  the  honor  to  be, 

SIR, 

Your  most  devoted 
and  faithful 

humble  servant, 

G.A.THOMPSON. 


I 


ti  I? 


PREFACE. 


PART  I. 


'H 


1 


Ihe  writers  of  every  age  have  been  inclined  to  represent  their  own  as  inferior  to  those 
which  preceded  it.  No  writer  of  the  present  day,  however,  can  with  reason  com- 
phun  that  he  has  been  called  on  either  to  act  in,  or  to  behold,  a  drama  destitute,  at 
least,  of  incident.  Tlic  great  theatre  of  human  life  has  for  the  last  fifty  years  exhibited 
in  rapid  succession  transactions  of  such  extraordinary  novelty,  of  such  perplexing 
intricacy,  of  such  terrific  grandeur,  and  of  such  increasing  interest  that  he  must  be 
destitute  of  feeling  as  well  as  of  reflection,  who  is  capable  of  regarding  them  without 
an  earnest  wish  to  trace  them  to  the  causes  in  which  they  originated,  and  to  the  con- 
sequences  in  which  they  are  likely  to  terminate.  Whichever  course  he  pursues, 
whether  retrograde  or  prospective,  he  will  find  that  part  of  the  swelling  scene,  which 
has  been  laid  in  the  old  world,  much  more  intelligible  and  of  easier  explication  than 
that  which  is  supplied  by  the  new.  In  contemplating  the  former  portion  of  the  drama, 
he  will  be  aided  by  all  the  lights  which  ardent  inquiry  and  unfettered  communication 
have,  during  a  course  of  many  centuries,  been  able  to  throw  on  it.  In  considering 
the  latter,  he  will  find  himself  obstructed,  not  only  by  the  obscurity  naturally  belong^ 
ing  to  his  subject,  but  by  that  in  which  the  art  of  man  has  purposely  laboured  to  in- 
v')lve  it.  To  assist  in  dispelling  this  darkness  has  been  my  principal  motive  for 
cngaginp;  in  the  work  I  now  offer  to  the  public. 

Wiien  Buonaparte,  in  the  year  1808,  entered  Spain,  the  curtain,  as  it  drew  up,  dis- 
covered, even  to  the  most  inattentive  spectator,  and  by  no  means  in  the  back  part  of 
the  stage,  a  view  of  the  transatlantic  possessions  of  that  nation.  The  plot  of  the 
piece  here  so  strongly  developed  the  grasping  ambition  of  its  chief  hero,  the  baseness 


t  • 


1 1 


?iii 


PREFACE. 


;!'• 
'  i  I 


of  tho  princes  and  rulers  who  ouglit  to  have  opposed  him,  and  the  unstahle,  though 
virtuous  energies  of  the  hetraye<l  and  deserted  people,  against  whom  the  detestable 
machinations  of  both  these  distinguished  parties  seemed  e(|iially  directed,  that  all 
mankind,  however  before  divided  in  their  sentiments  of  the  performance,  seemed  to 
stand  up,  and  with  one  common  feeling  to  pronounce  their  sense  of  it. 

I  was,  I  must  confess,  not  amongst  the  last  to  catch  the  general  enthusiasm  ;  and 
wishing  to  contribute  my  mite  towards  the  sacred  cause  of  truth  and  freedom,  I 
determined  to  give  to  my  country  a  work  to  which  ray  attention  had  been  directed, 
no  less  by  the  commendations  it  had  experienced  of  learned  and  judicious  friends, 
than  by  the  public  testimony  borne  to  its  merits  by  the  enlightened  Editors  of  the 
Edinburgh  Review.  To  this  end,  I  immediately  entered  upon  an  elaborate  study  of 
the  Spanish  language,  with  which  my  acquaintance  had  then  been  the  etlects  of  only 
a  few  weeks  application,  and  before  the  lapse  of  two  months  from  the  period  of  my 
first  resolution,  began  the  translation  of  Al<;edo's  Dictionary. 

It  was  mentioned  in  my  Prospectus,  and  ought  to  be  recorded  here,  that  the 
original  was  published  at  Madrid,  in  1787,  by  Colonel  Don  Antonio  de  Albedo,  a 
native  of  America,  in  tive  small  quarto  volumes,  by  a  large  subscription  of  the  most 
respectable  characters  in  the  state,  and  that  its  merits  were  its  only  condemnation ; 
for  that  the  very  true  and  accurate  information  it  contained  was  looked  upon  with  an 
eye  of  such  jealousy  by  the  Spanish  Government,  as  to  have  caused  its  immediate 
suppression  by  the  Supreme  Power.  The  copies  which  escaped  were  very  few ;  I 
found,  after  many  enquiries,  that  a  very  small  number,  not  supposed  to  exceed  five 
or  six,  were  existing  in  this  kingdom,  and  the  late  endeavours  to  procure  any  from 
the  continent  have  always  been  unsuccessful,  even  when  attempted  by  official  pursuit, 
and  at  an  unlimited  expense. 

Whatever  is  good  in  the  original,  I  confidently  assure  the  Public,  will  be  found 
in  the  translation,  for  (with  the  exceptions  mentioned  in  the  advertisement  published 
in  the  First  Volume,  namely,  in  some  cases  of  evident  errata)  I  have  faithfully 
given  the  whole  text.  To  this  [  have  added  much  new  matter,  drawn,  all  of  it, 
from  the  best  sources  extant,  and  a  great  portion  of  it  from  those  of  the  most  un- 
questionable authority;  but  of  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  additions  made  to  Albedo's 
Work  I  shall  presently  speak  more  fully,  whilst,  for  an  account  of  the  indefatigable 
exertions  of  that  author,  I  feel  I  cannot  do  better  than  to  refer  the  reader  to  his  own 
Preface. 

The  invasion  of  Spain  has  led,  as  I  conceived  it  would,  to  the  confusion  of  its 
authors ;  and  though  it  has  not  yet  been  attended  with  all  the  good  to  that  nation, 
or  to  the  vrorld  in  general,  which  I  fondly  hoped  it  might,  it  must  yet  be  inevitably 


(5 


i 


PREFACE. 


i\ 


f 


:i 


prpgnnnt  with  mifflity,  and  I  trust  most  snlutary,  eflorts.  Those  aro  diicfly  to  he 
h)ok«Ml  for  ill  the  \v«'st<'ru  ht'inispherei  and  if  tiie  work  I  now  ofl'tr  to  the  Pnhlic 
ran,  in  the  sinallost  de|j;ree,  help  to  piwline  tht'in,  I  sliail  think  my  ialjonrs  ami»ly 
rewarded.  1  well  know  that  the  writer  of  u  Dictionary,  whether  of  words  or  thiiif^s, 
is  aptly  ronsidered  hut  as  the  «hiid};e  of  science,  the  mere  pioneer  of  hleratnre. 
With  this  hiimlde  character  I  shall  he  well  satistied  if  I  shall,  in  any  degree,  have 
helped  to  clear  the  way  for  the  Pliilanthro|)ist,  the  Patriot,  the  Philosopher,  the 
Statesman,  or  the  Merchant,  and  supplied  them  in  their  several  capacities  with  the 
materials  either  for  thought  or  action. 

If  I  may  stand  excused  for  having  thus  far  explained  my  views  in  undertaking  the 
work  in  question,  and  for  exhihiting  to  the  Pnhlic  the  general  plan  on  which  it  has 
been  founded,  it  will  be  both  necessary  and  becoming  in  me  to  shew  the  sources 
from  whence  I  have  chiefly  derived  the  materials  by  which  the  superstructure  has 
been  raised.  These  are  acknowledgements  which  1  shall  have  peculiar  pleasure  in 
making,  not  only  in  justice  and  gratitude  to  my  authorities,  but  in  deference  to  the 
claims  of  my  readers,  and  in  gratitication  of  my  own  feelings. 

But  if  the  political  state  of  the  western  hemisphere  be,  at  the  present  moment, 
an  object  of  the  greatest,  universal  interest,  it  seems,  in  its  relations  with  this  coun- 
try, io  be  of  a  striking  and  peculiar  importance:  I  shall,  therefore,  endeavour  to 
advance  whatever  may  be  desirable  to  be  said  as  well  OQ  this  as  on  the  foregoing 
head,  in  the  following  order : 

PART  II. 

On  the  Commercial  Importance  of  America  and  the  TVcat  Indies  to  Great  Britain,  deduced  from  Facts, 

and  from  Calculations  on  official  Documents. 


.51- 

$ 


PART  III. 

Liu  of  the  chief  Booh,  Documents,  and  Authorities,  consulted  for  the  Completion  of  this  Dicthnary. 

PART  IV.  ® 

Geographical  Appendix. — Memoranda. 


PART  11 


\w 


PHKIVCK 


PART    II. 


()!»  Tin:  ( OMMlilU  lAL  nil'Oin  ANCE  OF  AMERICA  AND  THE  WEST 
lM)!ES'rO  (;iii:ATUKlTAIN,  DI'DIJIEI)  l-UOM  FACTS,  AJN  I)  FROM 
('AL(  l)LATlO.\S  ON  OFFU  lAL  IKK  IKMEiNTS. 


4 


li' tlu<  wcstnii  htiuisphon'  adonis  us  a  soiurr  ttf  aniusouuMit  ami  instruction  front 
tlif  validly  of  ils  hisfoiy.  aiul  fron»  its  i-xtraonliuai y  pliysioal  advantages,  with 
rosport  to  its  connuiMcial  relations,  it  has,  uuuv  tlian  any  other  portion  of  the  jih)l»e, 
.1  rii;lit  Ut  th  luaiul  our  attention,  ('onuneree.  at  hast  siuee  the  Revohition.  has  been 
ihe  soul  of  (Jreat  Britain,  ami  it  is  from  An»«>riea  ami  the  West  Indies  that  the 
-reali>st  portion  of  her  life-hloo.i  h%s  heen  dnMvn.  The  snhjeet  is  in  itself  both 
^nuid  and  invi'  io-:  it  has  exeited  (he  \von«ler  ami  admiration  of  surroinulins>- nations 
MO  less  than  of  ourselves.  Some  ae<>ount,  thertfore.  of  the  orijiin.  proifress,  extent, 
,Mul  nature  of  our  lra«le,  when  supported  l.y  otlu'lal  testinu)ni.>s,  will  not,  I  trust,  be 
ui  this  piai'e  dtu'UU'd  useless  or  invaluable. 

To  the  iuiportaiue  of  (lu-  intercourse  between  tl.is  country  and  the  new  world,  it 
has  been  my  endeavour  to  do  justice  in  the  body  of  this  work.  With  regard  to  the 
success  that  has  awaited  my  etlorts,  I  am  little  tloubtful;  since,  to  whatever  cAtent  I 
may  have  t;«»ne,  I  have  scrupuh)usly  avoid«'d  all  theory  and  speculation,  and  have  stated 
uolhiui-  but  facts.  In  this  view.  I  trust  tliat  tlu>  information  ituparted,  nu»re  |).irli- 
(ularly  under  the  heads  I  nited  States  and  West  Imlies.  wiil  be  fouml  as  well  original  as 
desirable.  Something,,  however,  is  still  wantini;-  to  substantiate  the  utility  of  the 
commercial  documents  int«  rspersed  throut;h  this  work.  The  scattered  rays  nuist 
be  drawn  tot;«'tlu!r  into  one  locus,  that  their  mutual  relations  may  be  placed  in  a 
more  ct)uspicuous  lijiht,  and  their  combined  iiitluenre  Ix'  n.or<>  duly  apprt-ciated. 

It  vas  not  until  the  l\e\olution  that  this  country  bei;au  to  form  a  riuht  estimate 
of  th  ad\anta,ut's  of  commerce.  From  the  time  of  William  tin-  Coiupuror  to  the 
rei^ii  of  i:ii/.ab«tli.  a  few  feeble  att<>mpts  oidy  were  n)ai!e  to  establish  *)r  encourai;e 
uu'uufactun's.  ComnuMie,  either  iiit«rual  or  external,  was  har«lly  look«>d  upon  as  a 
scurce  of  emolum«'ut,  ami  m()uo|»olies  ami  patents  without  umnber,  si>tmed  to  fornv 
ll»<M)idy  revenue  of  the  (.'rtuMi,  and  interest  of  the  Slate. 


■« 

i 

f 


\l 


PHKFACi: 

Bill  tlir  ostahlislmu'iit  ofllir  Airi'iinin  (((iDiurs  in  tlio  irijiiis  of  James  iumI  Cliarlcs, 
if  tlicv  (!iil  u«)t  aHonl  an  imnir(liaf»<   atlvantaj;*',  laid   llu'   ronnilatiun  of  an  «\tinsi\t< 
and  |M'os|)iM()iis  in(t'noiiis«>   in    limes    to   etmie.      nefiui"    Iji-iland    \\as    known  a-^  a 
eommeivial  state,   Spain  and  I'oitnual  liad  immense  a(<niisiiions   in   llie   Indies;  and 
it  was  with  exactly  tli»>  same  spirit  of  monopoly,  and  al»and«)imient   of  arts  and    nia- 
luifaetiires.   that  led  lo  the  ruin  of  these  sovereiiinti(>s.   that   tiie    ori-inal    charters  of 
James,  granted  to   the    North    American   colonies,  wer(<    indittd.      Wealth,  witlu.nt 
indnst.y,  produces    eipially   the  tlehasemcut   of  individinds  a>  oC  kin-doms.     Spain 
and  l»ortui>al  fell   conquests    to  their  iidlnx  of  -oM.       The    Dutch   rose    upon   their 
ruins,  and  lurame  the   curriers    and    factors  ,)f  the  world,     'riu-ir   formidal.h'  na\  \ 
awi'kcned  theapprehensioii  and  jealousy    of  (Jr.at    Hrilain.     'I'he  spirit  »»f  conuner- 
cial  emulation  was  roused  hy  Croiuwell.  and  the  celeluated  navi-atitui  act  was  lorlh 
with  passed.     Immediately  upon  tli.«   Hevolution.  three  other  a.ts    were    pass.-d  of 
considerable  importance  to   the  extension   of  trade;  namely,  those   of  |  >V .  and  M. 
cap.  12.   and   cap.  21.,  niul   «  (Jeo.  I.  cap.  ICt.      By    the   two    tirst.     htMinties    wer»< 
jiianted  t)ii  the  exportation  of  corn,  when  it  »lid  not  exceo<l  a  limit«>il  price ;  l»y    tin- 
last,  near  two  hundred  taxes,  on  ru>v  mal«'rials  imported,  and  on  British  manufactures 
exported,  were  at  once  rept^ded. 

A  review  of  the  wisely  discriminative  measures  hy  which  tli«'  commercial  interests 
of  Clreat  Britain  have  been  j-uarded  and  upheld  to  this  «lay,  woi.ld  form  a  subjec  f 
far  too  ditluse,  and  pre<?nant  with  historical  and  parliain.nfary  circumstances,  to 
aHonl  any  reasonable  hope  of  doini;- justice  to  it  in  the  limiteil  sco|)e  of  this  Preface; 
but  the  followiii}.-  document  1ms  in  itself  advanta.:>es  of  u  natiir.>  more  valuable  and 
intrinsic  than  any  commentary  I  ini-l.t  »»tr.'r  on  that  subject.  It  is  a  .ontiiimMis  and 
oro-anized  system  of  facts,  n.utually  assistinj;-  and  assisted,  a-ainst  which  tlnre  is  no 
answer  or  appeal.  It  is  a  standiii"-  lecortl,  that  in  all  times  ,.f  internal  cu-  external 
coinnu)tion,  of  foreign  or  domestic  peace,  this  ct)untiy,  like  soim.  stately  vessel,  has 
been  still  impelled  forvvani,  iIom  n  a  never-ebbins;-  tide  of  tortiim«,  whilst  at  every  har- 
bour into  which  sh,.  has  enttM-ed,  and  at  ev«My  barivn  p»>iiit  at  which  she  has  touclu'd, 
^he  lias  left  some  lusting  memorial  of  her  ureatness  and  her  wealth. 


i-i 


III 


XII 


PItEFACE. 


The  Annual  Value  of  Goods  Impoktkd  into  and  Exported  from  Great  Britain,  com- 
pared uith  tlieir  1'jXcess,  in  the  seve.al  undermentioned  Years,  viz.  from  IG97  to 
1812— IIG  Years. 


3 


M 


\\ 


i 


Imports. 

I'xi'oi's.      Imports  Excess. 

Exports  Excess. 

1697  ■  - 

3,482,586 

3,525,906 

.  .  - 

43,320 

1698  ■  - 

4,732,360 

6,522,104 

.  _  - 

1,789,744 

1699  -  - 

5,707  669 

6,788,166 

-  .  . 

1,080,497 

1700  -  - 

5,970,175 

7,302,716 

.  .  . 

1,332,541 

1701   -  - 

5,869,606 

7,621,053 

-  - 

1,751,446 

1702  -  - 

4,159,304 

5,235,874 

-  -  - 

1,076,569 

1703  -  - 

4,526,596 

6,644,103 

.  -  - 

2,117,506 

1704  -  - 

5,383,200 

6,552,019 

.  .  . 

1,168,819 

1705  -  - 

4,031,649 

5,501,677 

... 

1 ,1-70,027 

J  706  -  - 

4,113,933 

6,512,086 

.  -  . 

2,398,153 

1707  -  - 

4,274,055 

6,767,178 

.  .  . 

2,493,122 

1708  -  - 

4,698,663 

6,969,089 

.  .  . 

2,270,426 

1709  -  - 

4,510,593 

6,627,045 

.  .  . 

2,1  16,452 

1710  -  - 

4,011,341 

6,690,828 

.  .  . 

2,679,487 

1711   -  - 

1 

4,685,785 

6,447,170 

.  .  . 

1,761,384 

1712  -  - 

4,454,682 

7,468,857 

.  .  . 

3,014,174 

1713  -  - 

5,811,077 

7,352,655 

-  -  - 

1,541,577 

i   1714  -  - 

5,.i29,227 

8,361,658 

.  .  . 

2,432,411 

!  1715  -  - 

5,640.943 

7,379,409 

.  .  . 

1,738,465 

1716  -  - 

5,800,258 

7,614,085 

.  .  - 

1,813,826 

1717  -  - 

6,346,768 

9,147,700 

.  .  . 

2,800,932 

1718  -  - 

6,669,390 

8,255,302 

.  .  - 

1,585,912 

1719  -  - 

5,367,499 

7,709,528 

.  .  . 

2,342,028 

1720  -  - 

6,090,083 

7,936,728 

-  -  . 

1,846,645 

1721   -  - 

5,768,510 

«,68 1,200 

.  .  . 

2,912,690 

1722  -  - 

6,378,098 

9,650,789 

.  .  . 

3,272,690 

1723  -  - 

6,505,676 

9,489,811 

.  .  . 

2,984,135 

1724  -  - 

7,394,405 

9,143,356 

.  _  . 

1,748,951 

1725  -  - 

7,094,708 

11,352,480 

-  -  - 

4,257,772 

1726  -  - 

6,677,865 

9,406,731 

.  -  . 

2,728,865 

1727  -   ■ 

6,798,908 

9,553,043 

.  .  . 

2,754,135 

1728  -  - 

7,569,299 

11,()31,383 

-  -  - 

4,062,084 

1729  -  - 

7,540,620 

11,475,771 

-  -  - 

3,935,151 

1730  -  - 

7,780,019 

11,974,135 

.  .  . 

4,194,116 

1731   -  - 

6,991,500 

11,167,380 

.  .  . 

4,175,880 

1732  -  - 

7,087,914 

11,786,658 

-  .  . 

4,698,744 

1733  -  - 

8,016,814 

11,777,306 

-  -  - 

3,760,492 

1734  -  - 

7,095,86! 

11,000,615 

3,904,783 

1 


■t», 

■i 
I 


I 


■9 


PREFACE. 

Imports  and  Exjxirts,  kc, — conliiiued. 


XIU 


Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports  Fxcc.-is, 

Exports  Kxces?. 

1735  -  - 

8,160,184 

13,544,144 

■■       a.       V 

5,383,960 

1736  -  - 

7,307,966 

11,616,35() 

-    -    - 

4,308,389 

1737  -  - 

7,073,638 

11,842,320 

-    .    . 

4,768,682 

1738  -  - 

7,438,960 

12,289,495 

-    -    - 

4,850,535 

1739  -  - 

7^829,373 

9,495,366 

.    .    - 

1,665,993 

J  740  -  - 

6,703,778 

8,869,939 

.    .    - 

2,16,»,161 

1741   -  - 

7,936,084 

11,4  69,872 

.    .    . 

3,533,787 

1742   -  - 

6,866,864 

11,584.427 

-    .    . 

4,717,562 

1743  -  - 

7,802,353 

14,623,653 

-    -    - 

6,821,300 

1744  -  - 

6,362,971 

11,429,628 

.    -    - 

5,066,657 

1745   -   - 

7,847,123 

10,497,529 

.    .    . 

2,650,206 

1746   -  - 

6,205,687 

11,360,792 

.    -    . 

5,155,105 

1747   -   - 

7,116,757 

11,442,049 

_    _    . 

4,325,291 

1748  -   - 

8,136,108 

12,351,43", 

... 

4,215,024 

1749  -  - 

7,917,804 

14,099,3()6 

_    .    . 

6,181,562 

1750  -  - 

7,772,059 

15,132,004 

.    .    . 

7,359,964 

1751   -  - 

7,943,436 

13,967,811 

.    .    . 

6,024,375 

1752  -  - 

7,889,369 

13,221,116 

-    .    . 

5,331,746 

1753  -  - 

8,625,029 

14,264,614 

.    .    . 

5,639,584 

1754  -  - 

8,093,472 

13,396,853 

-    -    - 

5,303,380 

1755  -  - 

8,772,865 

12,182,255 

... 

3,409,390 

1756  -  - 

7,961,603 

12,517,640 

.    .    . 

4,566,036 

1757  -  - 

9,2  53,317 

13,438,285 

.    .    . 

4,184,967 

1758  -  - 

8,415,025 

15,034,994 

.    .    . 

6,619,969 

1759   -   - 

8,922,976 

14,696,892 

-    .    - 

5,773,916 

1760  -  - 

9,832,802 

15,579,073 

_    -    . 

5,746,270 

1761   -   - 

9,543,901 

16,365.953 

■    -    . 

6,822,05 1 

17G2  -  - 

8,870,234 

14,134,093 

... 

5,263,858 

1763  -  - 

11,665,036 

16,160,181 

.    .    . 

4,495,145 

1764  -  - 

10,364,307 

16,512,403 

.    .    . 

6,148,096 

1 765  -  - 

10,889,742 

14,550,507 

... 

3,660,764 

1766  -  - 

11,475,775 

14,024,964 

-    - 

2,549,188 

1767  -  - 

12,073,956 

13,844,511 

-    »    - 

1,770,555 

1768  -  - 

11,878,661 

15,117,982 

.    _    . 

3,239,321 

1769  -  - 

11,908,560 

13,438,236 

.    _    . 

1,529,675 

1770  -  - 

12,216,937 

14,266,253 

.    . 

2,1)49,716 

1771   -  - 

12,821,995 

17,161,146 

-    -    . 

4,339,150 

1772  -  - 

13,298,452 

16,159,412 

,    .. 

2,860,960 

1773  -  - 

11,406,841 

14,763,253 

. 

3,356,1!  1 

1774  -  - 

13,275,599 

15,916,343 

_    .    - 

2,640,744 

1775   -  - 

13,548,467 

15,202,365 

... 

1,653,898 

,  1776  -   - 

11,696,754 

13,729,731 

. 

2,032,977 

1777  -  - 

11,841,577 

12,653,363 

.    -    - 

811,786 

■I 


1 


;')  i 


xiv 


PREFACE. 

Imports  and  Exports,  A:v.— continued. 


Iripoits. 

Exports. 

Imports  I'.xces.. 

Exports  Hxcfss. 

1778  -  - 

10,293,243 

11,551,070 

—      *      a. 

1,257,827 

1779  -  - 

10,()()0,492 

12,693,429 

-      -      - 

2,032,937 

1780  -  - 

10,812,239 

12,696,138 

-      -      . 

1,883,899 

1781   -  - 

11,918,991 

10,569,186 

1,349,805 

1782  -  - 

9,532,606 

12,355,750 

_  .  _ 

2,823,144 

1783  -  - 

12,114,614 

13,851,670 

-  _  _ 

1,737,026 

1784  -  - 

14,119,369 

14,171,589 

-  .  . 

52,220 

1785  -  - 

14,899,942 

15,109,533 

-  -  - 

209,591 

178(i  -  - 

14,610,162 

15,385,987 

_  .  . 

775,825 

1787  -  - 

16,335,096 

15,754,654 

580,442 

1788   -  - 

16,551,054 

16,283,159 

267,895 

1789  -  - 

16,408,039 

18,170,472 

_  _  _ 

1,762,433 

1790  -  - 

17,442,549 

18,884,716 

-  .  _ 

1,442,167 

1791   -  - 

17,688,151 

21,435,459 

... 

3,747,308 

1792  -  - 

17,897,700 

23,674,315 

-  -  . 

5,776,615 

1793  -  - 

17,823,274 

19,365,428 

... 

1,5'12,154 

1794  -  - 

20,844,998 

25,663,272 

-  _  - 

4,818,274 

1795  -  - 

21,468,369 

26,146,346 

.  .  _ 

4,677,977 

1796  -  - 

21,462,709 

29,196,190 

-  ■  . 

7,733,481 

1797  -  - 

19,520,872 

27,699,889 

.  .  - 

8,179017 

1798  -  - 

25,954,161 

31,922,58^ 

... 

5,968,419 

1799  -  - 

24,483,841 

34,074,698 

.  -  - 

9,590,857 

1800  -  - 

28,357,814 

40,805,949 

-  _  - 

12.448,135 

1801   -  - 

32,795,557 

37,786,856 

-  -  - 

4,991,299 

1802  -  - 

31,442,318 

41,411,966 

.  .  - 

9,969,648 

1803   -  - 

27,992,464 

31,438,495 

. 

3,446,031 

1804  -  - 

29,201,490 

34,451,367 

... 

5,249,877 

1 805  -  - 

30,344,628 

34,308,545 

... 

3,963,917 

1806  -  - 

28,835,907 

36,527,184 

... 

7,691,277 

1807  -  - 

28,854,658 

34,566,572 

... 

5,711,914 

1808  -  - 

29,629,353 

34,554,267 

... 

4,924,914 

1809  -  - 

33,772,409 

50,286,900 

... 

16,514,491 

1810  -  - 

41,136,135 

45,869,860 

... 

4,733,725 

1811   -  - 

28,626,580 

32,409,671 

... 

3,783,091 

1812  -  - 

28,595,426 

43,243,173 

... 

14,647,747 

1813  -  - 

* 

1 

1,386,359,556 

1,823,288,741 

2,198,142 

439,127,327 

2,198,142  i 

Total  Bal 

ance  of  Trade  in 

favour  ci^i^vt^uf   Ri'itfiiii  fiw 

; 

IIG  Y 

■^'■■■^-■v^  vrA   .a.  ■  u\lW  111 

eai-is,  up  to  181 -J 

,  inclusive,    -    -    -,£.436,929,185 

*  The  aulhoritits  for  the  above  table  are  as  follow  ;— 
From  16.97  to  1773  inclusive,— Sir  Charles  Whifwortli's  Tabl.;s,  consistinj;  of  compilatioiis  tVom  animal  accounts 
'lejivered  tc  House  of  Commons. 


1 


-i 
■^ 


-  -s 

'is 


■I 


■A 


PREFACE.  j^ 

In  the  above  account  ^ye  look  in  vain  for  those  glaring  features  so  common,  smro 
the  late  unsettled  and  distressing  times,  in  the  commercial  .statements  of  most  other 
nations;  for  those  striking  distinctions  of  profit  and  loss,  those  blots  of  defalcation 
or  those  blanks  of  depreciation,  with  which  the  columns  of  their  accounts  have 
been  so  mvar.ably  disgraced.  We  find,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  increase  of  the 
trade  of  Great  Britam  has  been  rapid  and  progressive;  and  that,  if  at  any  time  a 
partial  check  has  been  experienced,  it  was  the  dam  reserving  the  impetus  of  an 
overwhelmmg  torrent,  or  that  i.dierent  stubbornness  in  material  things,  that  relaxes 
but  to  recod,  and  that  benefiting  by  coercion  and  resistance,  assumes,  in  proportion 
a  power  more  elastic,  an  energy  more  uncontroulable. 

I  do  not,  however,  mean  to  deny,  that  the  variations  of  our  Imports  and  Exports 
ui  the  long  period  just  alluded  to,  bear   sufficient   marks  of  originality,  in   certain 
years,  to  afford  ground  for  speculation  and  historical   research.     To  li  ce  some   >f 
he  more  important  facts  will  be  desirable;  and  I  shall  enter  upon  the  subject  wi 
he  greater  wi  iingness,  as  I  shall  tL.s  be  led  to  the  more  immediate  ob/ect  of 
diapter,  namely    of  affording   some,    I   trust,    useful     illustrations    respecting 
ntrinsic  value  of  our  colonies  in  the  western  hemisphere,  and  the  relative  e^tinm- 
t.on  m  which  they  should  be  held,  as  well  with  regard  to  each  other  as  to  tbe  re- 
is  expended    "''  """"^  ''""*"''  *""  ''^"'''  '•'"  ""bounded  interc(nirse  of  Great  Britain 
From  the  year  1697  to  1776,  a  periou  of  80  years,  the  value  of  the   Imports  in- 
IZL^oV'T""   v.    "'"'"'^   ^"'  '^^   *^^'^'   *'-^   ^'  *'-   ^^^oL  from 
43,000  to  7,359,000.     Thus   the  Imports   and   Exports  had  ri.sen   on  a   medium  of 
h.r  aggregate  amount  as  4  and  a  quarter  to  f,  and  the  balance  of  tradeTs  to 

1  11   80  years      I„   the  36  years  following  „p  to  1812,  the  highest    amount   of  Im! 

lo^^o^o '  T'' :!  ^^'"'^  '■''''''''''  '^"^^  ^^^  '-^-'  ^'^^--  «^  "-^'  - 

10,000,000,  and  thus  the  Imoorts  and    Fvnni*«    1..,..^   „• 
We^ev.uetoasnearly3ll,rtlt^:^^^^ 

:ie  3^1:1:.:;;:^^^—*^  -^ '-  ^--^^-^  -  ^-s,  compared  with  those :; 


f:i  lUn  \:  T,  ;nd;:::::'=K3':;;  ur'r'.'?"'"'"'^^^^'  ^"'t-"-'  '^  -^"--  °f  sedans 

and  ,„her  authenlic  .I^I.'n.sI  '"'"^  "•"''""''  ^'""'"'''  1 804-M,scellano«s  Accounts  and  P., 


iipcrs,  1 8 1  2, 


II 


xvi 


PREFACE. 


Imports.  ^  Export!),  Export*  Excess. 

« 12,090,775  806,.'n9,083  274,'228,308 

The  excess  of  Exports  to  those  colonies,  now  the  United  States,  during  the  same 
period,  was  £.20,657,232  *,  which  was  more  than  one-thirteentli  of  the  whole  com- 
mercial profit  derived  by  Great  Britain  in  lier  intercourse  with  all  parts. 

In  the  following  six  years  of  struggle  and  perturbation,  arising  from  the  American 
Revolution,  a  considerable  proportion  of  our  Exports  to  that  part  of  the  Continent 
had  necessarily  fallen  off,  though  not  to  such  an  extent  as  might  be  imagined.  The 
annual  average  excess  of  Exports  for  the  six  years  ending  1776  was  £.791,697, 
and  for  the  six  years  following,  or  during  the  disturbances,  £.362,123,  making  a 
loss  of  profit  to  Great  Britain  during  the  latter  period,  of  somewhat  more  than  half 
of  that  derived  from  the  regular  trade. 

The  total  amount  of  Imports  and  Exports  to  those  colonies,  with  the  balance  of 
trade,  for  the  six  years  ending  1782,  was 

Imports.  Exports.  Imports  Excess.  Exports  Excess. 

197,977  2,370,718  5,217  2,177,958 

5,217 


"Balance  in  favour  of  Great  Britain 


£.2,172,741 


u 


Vi 


nr 


The  total  amount  of  Imports  and  Exports  and  Balance  of  Trade,  between  Great 
Britain  and  all  parts,  for  the  same  period,  was— 

Exports  Excess. 

8,809,591 
1,349,804 


Imports. 

65,059,151 


Exports. 

72,518,938 


Imports  Excess. 

1,349,804 


Balance  in  favour  of  Great  Britain    -    £.7,459,787 


So  that  during  this  period  the  intercourse  of  the  United  States  formed  a  proportion 
of  2  to  7  of  the  whole  balance  of  trade  in  favour  of  this  country. 

The  two  next  periods  of  10  years  each,  commencing  with  1783,  will  afford  some 
general  phaenomena  on  our  commercial  relations,  respecting  the  effects  produced  by 
peace  and  by  war. 

The  value  of  goods  imported  and  exported  between  Great  Britain  and  all  parts  of 
the  world,  between  the  years  1783  and  1792,  both  inclusive,  being  10  years  of  peace, 
was — 

.See  Vol.  V.  Page  O'J,  of  lliis  Dictiniiiiry. 


;l 


At 


he  same 
le  com- 

merican 
ontinent 
(1.  The 
,791,697, 
taking  a 
han  half 

ilance  of 


en  Great 


I 
H 

\7 

Toportion 

bid  some 
duced  by 

1  parts  of 
of  peace. 


I 


:f 


f 


PREFACE. 


xvu 


Imports. 

i  58,006,7  II 


Exports. 

172,721,-559 


Imports  Excess. 
«48,335 


Exports  Excess. 

15,503,183 
848,3;i0 


Balance  in  favour  of  Great  Britain    -    £.14,654,847 

The  vahze  of  goods  imported  and  exported  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  dunng  the  above  10  years  of  peace,  was- 

aloToin  ''^'"""-  Exports  Exces,. 

«'^0>.O48  25.494,296  17.393.248 

the^\"o;e'i?v''"'''^*'!f^  "'■'*'•"  ^''''"'^  ^'•"™  the  United  States  alone  in 

millbns  '       '  '  '^"'  '""  '"  "*''^  ^""''^  ^^  '^'  "•^r^^  ^y  "---ly  t»-ee 

With  respect  to  the  war  period. 
The  value  of  goods  imported  and  exported  between  Great  Britain  and  all  oarts  of 
the  world,  between  the  years  1793  and  1802,  both  inclusive,  was  J  ^ 

ImporLi.  I, 

244  I 'iq  Oil  ''  Exports  Excess. 

244,153,913  314,073,174  69,919,261 

The  value  of  goods  imported  and  exported  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  during  the  above  10  years  of  war,  was- 

15  7rfi7«n  ^'"'"""-  Exports  Excess. 

15,768,780  53,571,870  37.803,090 

The  first  thing  to  be  noticed  here  is  the  extraordinary  increase  of  profit  derived  bv 
Great  Britain  with  all  parts  during  10  years  of  war,  comparatively,  witlftL  prece  di- 
lO  years  of  peace,  as  there  was  an  increase  of  nearly  5  to  1  in  favour  of  tLTr  t 
nod.     ihe  next  observation,  and  what  is  not  less  worthy  of  remark,  is,  that  in  time 
of  war,  the  exports  to  the  United  States  diminished  in  so  great  1  d  gee  that  Tn 
«tead  of  exceeding  those  to  all  other  parts,  as  they  usually  did  in  time  of  peace  tVnv 

ports  of  the  British  empire  to  all  parts;  being,  however,  still  more  than  do.ll     r 
the  excess  of  exports  of  the  former  period  of  10  years  of  p;ace.  ''"'''  '' 

But  this  consideration  naturally  leads  us  to  another  not  less  imnorf.nf 
Jhether  the  surplus  of  English  commodities  thus  excluded  fio„,  Z  T         .  wT  '' 
did  not  find  a  vent,  not  merely  as  we  have  seen  in  othe   parts   but  rn  ^'"*^^.^^^^^«' 
m  the  British  colonies  in  North  America  and  in  the  WestTdies  "  '"'""'"'^ 

c 


^1 


il 


H 


xvin 


PREFACE. 


Now,  the  balance  of  trade  from  the  North  American  colonies,  for  any  period  of 
10  years  previously  to  that  ending  1783,  (when  they  benefited  exceedingly  by  the  un- 
settled state  of  the  neighbouring  colonies)  was  never  greater  than  for  the  10  years 
ending  17!)2,  which  was  £.5,028,370*;  and  hence,  the  decrease  of  exports  to  the 
United  States  |,  compared  with  the  general  trade  of  Great  Britain,  for  the  period  of 
war  ending  1002,  may  be  taken  as  the  cause  of  the  increase  of  the  balance  of  trade 
to  our  own  colonies  in  North  America,  in  the  10  years  ending  1802,  when  it  rose  to 
£.7,735,401) ;  this  increase  being  as  about  7  to  5  in  favour  of  the  North  American 
colonies,  whilst  the  decrease  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  was  as  about  2  to  4. 

Thus  far,  however,  we  have  only  brought  to  account  the  trade  of  oiu"  North  Ame- 
rican Colonies. — If  we  add  to  this  another  statement,  also  requisite  to  be  made,  of 
the  trade  to  the  West  Indies,  the  demonstration  of  the  proposition  advanced  Mill 
be  infinitely  more  striking  and  conclusive. — But,  in  this  case,  it  is  not  the  balance 
of  trade  to  which  we  must  refer,  since  that  of  the  West  Indies  is  always  against 
Great  Britain;  and  this,  although  it  may  seem  an  anomaly,  always  at  least  to  the 
amount  to  which  she  is  really  benefited.     This  will  be  easily  understood,  when  it 
is  remembered  that  colonial  produce,  constituting  the  imports,  is  so  much  real  pro- 
perty belonging  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  country,    which   is    the   same  as   to   the 
country  itself,  and   is,  consequently,  so   much   profit;   that  the  exports  consisting 
chiefly  of  articles  of  manufacturing  industry,  are  also  so  much  profit.     If,  also,  we 
consider  that  the  imports  from  the  North  American  colonies,  and,  in  short,  that, 
generally  speaking,  all  exchange  of  wealth,  whether  in  regard  to  import  or  export, 
between  colonies  and  the  parent  state,  is  so  much  actual  property  belonging  to  and 
enriching  the  latter,  it  will  obviously  appear  that,  by  taking  the  aggregate  amounts 
of  import  and  export  of  the  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  North  America  and 
the   West  Indies,   and  comparing  the  same  with  the  aggregate  amount  of  imports 
and  exports  of  any  other  country  for  a  similar  period,   we   shall  have  a  tolerably 
fair,  and  perhaps  only,  medium  by  which,  in  a  short  and  compreliensive  manner, 
an  estimate  of  the  value  of  any  trade  compared  with  that  of  our  colonies  can  be 
made  out.     I  proceed,  therefore,  to  state, 


4 


-^ 


»  See  vol.  V.  page  35v),  of  this  Dictionary, 
t  See  idem,  page  66,  idem. 


<  ■  > 


The 


1 


PREFACE. 


XIX 


I 


I 


.m 


The  official  Value  of  linportt!  and  Exports  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  and  between  Groat  Britain  and  tiie  North  American  Colonies  and  the  Went 
Indies,  for  the  two  periods  above  alluded  to,  viz. — 


United  Stntca. 

North  America, 

West  Indies. 

Sin|iluf  of  North 
Aniorica  nnd 
Wc:tt  Indian. 

£. 
28,3(]7,084 

10  years  of  peace,  ^Imports 
ending  1792     -^Exports 

Total 

10  years  of  war,  Um ports 
ending  I  02     -  ^Exports 

Total 

t'. 

M,10l,04» 
25,494,290 

£. 
2,158,tl3 
7,980,109 

f. 

30,040,086 
15,777,140 

33,.59.5,344 

10,144,002 

51,817,820 

15,708,780 
53,57  l,C70 

3,000.450 
10,801,850 

0(;,700,513 
38,972,038 

50,200,210 

09,340,650  i 

13,808,309 

105,672,551 

Tlie 


Fi-om  whence  it  appears,  that  from  the  year  1793,  a  comparative  check  was  given 
to  the  trade  of  the  United  States  by   the   increase    of  that    to    the   colonies,    for, 
whereas  the  intercourse  of  the  former  with  Great  Britain,  aft'orded,  as  it  has  been 
already  shewn,  with  respect  to  the  balance  of  trade  in  her  favour,  for  the  10  years 
ending  1792,  an  excess  of  the  balance  to  all  other  parts,  the  amount  of  imports  and 
exports  having  been  as  about  1-lOth,  or  as  J.33,595,344  to  £.330,788,270,  in  com- 
parison with  those  of  Great  Britain  in  general;  and  whereas  in  the  10  years  ending 
1802,  the  same  balance  of  trade  with  the  United  States,  so  far  from  exceeding,  fell 
to  about  one-half  of  the  whole  balance  of  Great  Britain,  the  imports  and  exports 
for  the  same  period  being,  however,  as  l-8th,  or  as  £.69,340,650  to  £.558,227,087, 
in  comparison  of  those  of  Great  Britain  in  general,  the  large  and  progressive  ad^ 
vance  of  the  trade  of  the  remaining  colonies  was   most   striking :   first,   from    the 
balance  of  trade  to  the  North  American  colonies  for  the  last  period  of  10  years, 
bemg,  as  already  shewn,  as  7  to  5  compared  with  the  former;  and,  secondly,  irom' 
the  aggregate  amount  of  imports  and  exports  of  those  colonies  and  the  West  In- 
dies, bemg  with  respect  to  those  of  Great  Britain  in  general,   as   about    1-Otl,,   in 
the   former,   or    as  £.51,817,826  to  £.330,788,270,    and  as   about  one  fifth,    or  as 
£.105,672,551  to  £.558,227,087,  in  the  latter  of  the  periods   under  consideration; 
and  here,  also,  I  infer  that  the  whole  imports  and  exports  of  Great  Britain  havin- 
increased,  in  the  latter  period  of  ten  years,  in  the  ratio  of  as  about  five  to  three. 

c2 


.•■r 

i\ 

1 

1 

h 

ti 

1 1)1^' 


■'   i 


P 


!  f 


ri 


XX 


PREFACE 


whilst  those  of  Nortli  America  and  the  West  Indies  have  increased  in  ihe  ratio  of  as 
about  ten  to  five,  and  the  latter  angnientation  being  more  than  C(|nivalent  to 
aeconnt  for  the  increase  of  the  trade  of  (ireat  Britain  in  general,  the  comparative 
decrease  of  the  trade  to  the  United  States  was  the  canse  of  its  increase  to  the  British 
Colonies. 

I  proceed,  now,  to  treat  of  the  actual  relative  importance  of  the  trade  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere,  compared  with  that  to  all  other  parts. 

The  amonnt  (official  value)  of  the  imports  and  exports,  with  their  excess,  and  the 
balance  of  trade  between  ( Jreat  Britain  and  all  the  Colonies  in  North  America,  and 
between  Great  Britain  and  all  parts,  for  the  period  of  13  years,  ending  1812,  was 


Iiii|)orls. 

7,025,!J0.'J 


Kxpoits. 

10,839,00!) 


Exports  Excess. 

0,813,800 


With  Colonies  in  North  America 


j  Annual   average  balance  in  favour 

V     of  (Jreat  Britain £ 


With  all  parts 


.'$.00, 584,739 


197,060,805 


Aimual  average  balance  in  favour 
of  Great  Britain 


754,908 
98,070,000 


£.  7,544,312 


Thus  the  balance  of  trade  derived  from  the  North  American  Colonies,  is  as  one 
tenth  in  proportion  to  the  whole  balance  of  trade  derived  by  Great  Britain  with  all 
other  parts  :  it  thus,  also,  appears  that  taking  the  aggregate  amounts  of  the  imports 
and  exports,  the  trade  of  those  Colonies  forms  one  thirty-seventh  and  an  half  part  of 
the  whole  trade  of  Great  Britain,  for  the  thirteen  years  ending  1812,  or  is  as 
.f.23,8G5,532  to  £.897,245,544  *. 

Thus  far  the  tiade  of  our  North  American  Colonies  does  not  look  very  important, 
but,  if  there  be  any  weight  or  moment  in  that  generally  received  opinion,  that  on  their 
possession  depends,  in  all  probability,  the  safety  of  the  West  India  islands,  and  in 
consequence,  our  lucrative  cormection  with  them,  and  their's  with  the  United  State?, 
and  that  in  the  eventual  loss  either  of  our  North  American  or  West  Indian  Colonies, 
our  intercourse  with  the  United  States  would  be  either  suspended  through  the 
hostility  of  that  government,  or  be  put  on  a  footing  highly  disadvantageous  to  this 
country ;  in  consideration,  I  say,  of  all  these  points,  it  Avill  be  necessary  to  take  also 
into  the  accoiuit  the  aggregate  value  of  the  imports  from  and  exports  to  those  several 
parts  separately  and  collectively;  they  were  as  follows  : 

*  See  preceding  tabic  of  Imports  and  Exports. 


i 


\v 


J       i 


f 


i 


PREFACE. 


XXI 


For  tlie  thirteen  years  ending  1812. 


Between  Great  Britain  and  tlie  Colonies 

of  North  America 

Idem,  and  the  West  In<lies      .... 
Idem,  and  the  United  States       .     ,     . 


Importi. 

7,025,063 

127,401,641 

26,158,846 


Exports. 


TotaU, 


16,839,060 
74,650,541 
77,133,884 


23,865,532 
202,052,182 
103,292,730 


168,624,094    329,210,444 


£.   160,586,350 

From  whence  it  appears  that  the  trade  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  estimated  on 
the  aggregate  amount  of  the  imports  and  exports  for  tlie  last  thirteen  years,  is, 
according  to  the  official  value,  though  not  quite  half,  more  than  one  third  of  the  value' 
of  imports  and  CAports  between  Great  B-itain  and  all  parts,  or  as  £.329,210,444  t„ 
£.897,245,544,  or,  at  an  annual  average,  as  £.25,323,880  to  £.6,0,018,880. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  balance  of  trade  with  the  Continent  of  Europe  is  in 
favour  of  the  country;  but  more  than  half  of  the  exports  to  that  quarter  consist  of 
transatlantic  produce*.  With  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  and  Man  the  balance 
is  against  us,— with  Africa  it  is  but  inconsiderably  in  our  favour,— with  Asia  it  is 
against  us.  But  our  colonies  in  the  last-mentioned  quarter  are  extensive  and  rich, 
and  the  nature  of  their  commercial  relations  with  the  parent  state  may  here  hv 
advantageously  considered. 

By  a  general  account!  of  the  trade  of  Great  Britain  for  five  years,  ending  1810, 
the  balance  of  trade  in  her  favour  amounted  to  as  follows : 

t.  O^W«/ value  of  exports 201,804,783 

O^c/a/ value  of  imports 162,228,462 

Balance  m/aroM/- of  Great  Britain     .     £.39,576,321 

But,  according  to  the  realyahw,  there  appears  by  the  same  account,  to  have  been  a 
balance  against  Great  Britain  ;  viz. 

*  See  lliis  Dictionary,  article  West  Indi es,  Table  (B.) 
t  See  idem  idem.  Table  (C.) 
,  ^t  %  '•^tum  to  the  House  of  Commons.  April  8,  I  S(,(f,  it  was  shewn  that  the  real  is  to  the  ojicial  value  as  40  to 

VvJj    or    O     to     3m 

The  official  values  ■.to  calculatecl  on  estimates  for.ned  at  the  establishment  of  the  office  of  inspector-general  oi 
nnports  and  expor  s  n.  the  year  IO96 ;  and  the  real  values  are  ascertained  from  the  declarations  of  the  exporter  on 
all  articles  chargeable  w.th  duty  aU  valore.n,  and  iron,  the  average  prices  current  of  the  year,  on  articles  S  a" 
charged  w.th  a  rated  duty,  or  entitled  to  a  dcawback  or  bounty  on  the  quantity  exported.  The  quantities  oXeZ 
and  colonial  goods  exported  are.  in  like  manner,  ascertained  with  the  utmost  accuracy,  on  delivery  from  1  warf 
ouses  for  exportation,  and  the  value,  thereof  are  calculated  at  the  otficiul  rate,  a'nd  also  at  S  aZge  market" 


!fl 


t     V, 


I, 

[i, 


XXII 


PREFACE. 

/fcrt/valiu!  of  imports 2ni, '2.10,788 

/et'«/valu(M)f(Xi»ortN '2Mi,2(M,  10!) 

Balaiirc  aarainst  Great  Biitaiu     .     .     .  i'.  2,O-2!»,.J70 


It  is,  however,  to  be  remarked,  that,  taking  tho  traih;  at  thi«  poriod,  according  to 
the  real  valne,  the  excess  of  exports  to  America  and  tlie  West  Indies  was,  neverthe- 
less, niONt  considerable. 


Ileal  value  of  exports 
To  America  .  .  . 
To  West  Indies 

Real  valne  of  imports 
From  America 
From  West  Indies 


70,004,017 
r,  1,2 12,0  II 


39,544,707 
05,401,425 


127,070,02H 


104,!)4(>,i;i2 


Balance  in  favour  of  Great  Britain 


je.2i,930,490 


Now,  admitting  the  principle  just  urged,  the  advantages  of  a  colonial  intercourse, 
even  when  the  balance  is  against  the  mother-country,  it  must  also  be  allowed,  that 
this  benefit  is  neither  so  large  or  direct  as  that  derived  from  an  actual  excess  of 
exported  to  imported  produce.  Looking  therefore  at  the  comparative  value  of  the 
trade  to  the  East  Indies  and  to  the  Western  Hemisphere  through  this  medium,  one 
certainly  not  the  most  favourable  to  the  latter,  when  the  productions  of  the  one  and 
the  other  imported  are  relatively  appreciated,  we  shall  plainly  perceive  the  extent  to 
which  the  Western  trade  exceeds  the  Eastern,  and  the  little  probability  there  would 
be,  in  the  case  of  the  eventual  loss  of  the  former,  of  the  defalcation  being  supplied 
by  this  portion  of  the  Old  World. 

Bv  the  account  (C)  above  referred  to,  for  the  five  years  ending  1810,  the  balance  of 
trade  with  Asia  against  this  country  was  prodigious,  viz. 

Real  value  of  imports  from  Asia  .     .     .     39,402,437 
i?ea?  value  of  exports  to  Asia   ....     16,641,554 


Balance  against  Great  Britain  . 


i:.22,8'iO,P53 


So  that  the  difference  of  value,  as  to  the  balance  of  trade  between  the  Eastern  and 
Western  Hemispheres  in  the  above  period  was, 


I 


i 


PREPACK. 


XXIII 


>i'ding  to 
novortlic- 


tercourse, 
wed,  that 

excess  of 
ue  of  the 
iium,  one 
le  one  and 

extent  to 
ere  would 
;  supplied 

balance  of 


i 


I 


I 


I 


lixcfss  of  exportfi  to  America  and  the  West  Indies 
Excess  of  imports  from  Asia 

Total  in  favour  of  the  Western  Hemisphere.    .     . 


22,f>3(),4nfl 

ti2,H40,HM.*J 

.£.4.'>,77I,37» 


Or,  at  the  annual  average  of  live  years,  ending  1010 £.9,254,275 


astern  and 


Nor  does  an  agt^egate  statement  of  the  amount  of  imports  and  «>xports  make  the 
account  with  Asia  more  favourable.  For  the  live  years  ending  IHIO,  the  total  value 
of  these  was  £.50,123,991,  or,  at  an  annual  average,  £.11,224,79}),  whereas  the  value 
of  those  of  America  and  the  West  Indies  was  £.232,022,700,  or,  at  an  annual 
average,  £.40,504,552,  which  is  as  four  to  one  in  favour  of  the  latter;  and,  whilst 
the  trade  to  America  and  the  West  Indies  for  the  same  period  was  nearly  half  of  the 
total  of  that  of  Great  Britain,  or  as  £.232,022,760  to  £.500,432,197,  that  to  Asia 
formed  only  one-tenth  part  of  it,  being  as  £.56,123,991  to  £.S0({,432,I97. 

Ill  closing  these  cursory  remarks  on  the  commercial  relations  of  Great  Britain,  one 
other  would  seem  to  force  itself  upon  my  attention ;  namely,  how  do  these  facts  and 
calculations  bear  upon  the  internal  situation  of  the  country,  her  resources  and  her 
finance?  To  which  I  answer,  that,  though  aware  of  the  strong  and  intimate  connec- 
tion existing  between  them,  I  am  also  too  .sensible  of  the  impossibility,  should  1 
endeavour  to  point  them  out,  of  my  doing  justice  to  the  subject  in  the  limited 
scope  of  this  Preface :  a  due  sense,  also,  of  my  own  inefliciency  would  cause  me  to 
shrink  from  the  task,  at  least  till  I  had  better  prepared  myself  to  enter  upon  its 
execution.  In  the  absence,  however,  of  more  practical  results,  it  should  appear  that, 
upon  a  re-consideration  of  what  has  been  here  laid  down,  the  following  important 
conclusions  may  be  deduced. 

First,  That  an  insular  situation,  with  a  superiority  of  marine,  is  most  favourable  to 
general  and  colonial  trade ;  and  that  such  a  power  will  be  strengthened  and  en- 
riched by  the  dissentions  that  weaken  and  impoverish  the  rest. 

Secondly,  That  it  is  as  difficult  for  a  nation  with  a  commanding  trade  to  exceed  her 
resources,  as  it  is  for  another  without  commerce  to  supply  them. 

Thirdly,  That  an  increase  of  trade  involves  an  increase  of  industry,  and  that  as 
the  latter  generates  an  augmentation  of  capital  and  floating  medium  to  represent,  in 
part,  the  property  created,  a  National  Debt  may,  in  that  light,  be  considered  as  the 
offspring  of  national  prosperity. 

Fourthly,  That  a  National  Debt  having  a  direct  tendency  to  attach  the  public 
creditor  to   the  government,    is  a  great  sedative  in  every  disposition  to  domestic 


I 


WIV 


PREFACE. 


(listurhiUKM'.  aiul  ran  novoi-  ho  «lau}>0K)n.s  hut  when  moans  aiv  (hiUitnt  io  pay  tho 
intorosl  Ihoroon  ;  and  thai,  with  a  oonnnanding  trach',  it  is  almost  impossihh'  tor 
siu>li  jlofioionoy  to  arise. 

Finally,  That  oonnnorce  is  the  oontro  and  oircnmfeionot!  of  insidar  }>i-oatnoss. 
and  tliat  the  oxallalion  of  (Jioat  Britain  in  the  scale  of  nations  has  proeoeded  from, 
and  must  over  (h'i)end  upon,  an  attention  to  its  interests. 


11 


u 


i» 


i  PI 


1 1 


TAUT  in. 


« 


Ic>  pay  1li«> 
(Kssililf  lor 


PREFAOK. 


XXV 


{ii'i'afiiosN, 
(UhI  from. 


PART  II L 


l.lSTOFTIIKCIiriiF  HOOKS.  DOUDMK NTS  AND  AllTIIOFlITIFS  (  ON 
SIJLTKI)  I'OIl  Tin:  COMl'LliTlON  OF    THIS   DICTIONAItY. 

In  U.is  sta(<HH>nt  i»  may  Im-  lur.  ssaiy  t<.  pivniisr.  Ihat  ll.o  traii.sla(i..ii  ..f  tl.o  ..ri-iiial 
vc.lmutvs  >vnv  nra.ly  ro.nplrlnl  uHI,i„  the  (i.st  y,>ar  afU-,-  tl„.  voumwuvcuum  cf  the 
t-Ml^rfak.nj..  so  n.at  tUv  iulr.vruino  ,M.ri,Hl  of  .our  yra.s  to  tho  ,uvsc„t  ...o.nn.t 
l.as(w,tl,  11...  rx.vption  of  so,,,..  i,..Iispn,sal,lo  ,.„j.aov,„..„ls)  l,.r,.  ,.x.l.,siv..|y  ,l,.v.,t.-.l 
l<»  n,t.  ..MUiulat,.,,,  of  „.at..,ials  IV.,„.  s„.l,  u.„k.s  as  „,ioI,t  ill„s|,at..  a,„l  till  „p  tl„. 
e.vtn.s.v..  o„tli„..  thai  ha<l  1,...„  o,ij;inally  .halk,.!  o„t  ;  whilst,  with  a  vi.w  of 
l»«-i.j....j;  .1...  l),.t,ona.y  to  tho  highrst  p.rlWti.M.  ..f  uhi.l,  it  was  .apal.l.-.  ..v..,y  souno 
otuiUmuMum  has  luvn  ivsort.nl  t...  a,..l  „..  ,.vp.M,s..  ,„•  lah,.,..-  has  Urvn  spar..! 

io  tl,..  „a.„..  .,r  thr  s.>v.Mal  auth..,iti.>s  I,.mv  .p,ot...l.  I  s„l,joi„  tl...  „at,„v  a,„l  ,.x|..„t 
"  th..  ,.xt,a.-ts  that  hav..  I,.r„  „,a<l..;  ,m  hvss  Co,-  the  p,„pos..  .,f  a.k>,ouU-,lui„..  „.v 
ol.l.;;a.,.>„  to  ..a.I,  i,.  pa,.i.M,la,-.  tha,.  ..f  poi„ti..f;  o„t  ,o  th..  ,ra.!o,-  the  on„„..ls  ..poi, 
M J,iel,  any  laet  or  (loe„ii,ei,t  n,ay  have  be.ii  instite.l. 


\UT  in. 


rsOHTll  AiMFHK  A. 

Lviiors  IV.„„  (^u,a.l«,  writ...,,  .hui.,.  a  Uosi.l..,KH.  tlu-.v  i»  .1...  Yoa,-s  IS(K{.  IS()7.  a.ul  ISOS  slu.„  i,,.. 
lu.  ,>.vs..,.t  ^,ate...raaa.la.  its  l>n„|,u.ti.,ns,  T.-a.!..,  c.,...nu..cial  I>np.>.-.a,u-..,  an.l  ,,..li,i..a,  ,{.,,,: 
u.ns  ;  ..xlnlu,M.»  als,.  th.-.-.,.„,n.....-ial  l..,,H,.ta,H-..  .,f  Newlhuaswick,  a.ul  Ca,,..  n,.,..,,.  .^,.   .^.. 
Uy  lli.iii  (.llA^.     London.      ISO!). 

,  ,'  "" ';  ','"'■","''  ' ' •''•''■  "•'■■'"""lion  from  this  ,vo,k,  ,.i,l„.r  1„   .-Mrarls  ,„■  n.l 

Itiuiisuiik.  N„V!,  S,:„(ii,.  au.l  l'ass;,„uu|uo,l,l_v  Ifciy. 

i..<.I...Im».„„„.m,U,  rv„„„,i«l(!,„,il,w.     I.um isi.i. 

I  ..-X  i„sn„.,l  a  s,va,  „„„ ,-  „r  ,„■„   a,-.i,.l..,,  r,,,,,,  ,l,i»  l,„ ,,. ,,„,,,,„.„ 

(I 


i-rff 


III 

m 


'    !' 


'     t 


fi? 


^  i!' 


'li-l 


'  1  f 


XAVl 


PREFACE. 


the  topography  of  others,  and  selected  from  it  the  tables  exhil)itii)g  the  division  of  the 
province  of  Upper  Canada,  together  with  the  bearings  and  distance  of  every  principal 
place  from  York. 

The  Britisli  Empire  in  America,  containing  tlie  History  of  the  Discovery,  Settlenent,  Progress  and 
State  of  the  Continent  and  Islands  of  America.     '2  vols.     London.     1741, 

These  volumes,  although  in  a  great  degree  superseded  by  the  information  of  more 
recent  liistorians,  I  have  found  it  necessary  to  consult  no  less  in  the  early  history  of 
the  West  Indies  than  of  the  Continental  Colonies  in  North  America,  with  a  view  to 
fill  up  and  illustrate  particular  portions  of  historical  dissertation,  as,  amongst  others, 
in  the  articles  Massachusetts  and  West  Indies. 

The  History  of  the  Colony  of  Massachusett's  Bay,  from  the  first  Settlement  thereof  in  1628  to  the 

Year    1719.     By  Mr.  ifuxcniNSoN,   Lieutenant  Governor  of  the  Massachusett's  Province. 

!2  vol-;.     Londor.     17(0. 

As  forming  an  interesting  record  of  the  transactions  of  a  British  Settlement,  the 

parent  of  all  the  other  Coiumcs  of  New  England,  and  of  political  events  in  which  all 

the  other  American  Colonies  were  deeply  concerned,  I  have  inserted  an  abridgment 

of  the  complete  history  of  Massachusetts  under  that  article. 

Some  Information  respecting  America,  collected  by  Thomas  Cocpeh.     London.     1794, 

Tin:  information  contained  in  this  pamphlet  was  collected  by  the  author  with  a 
view  to  serve  as  a  guide  for  his  own  conduct,  though  he  published  it  for  the  informa- 
tion of  his  friends,  and  to  account  for  his  motives  for  quitting  this  country,  and  going 
to  ^ettle  in  the  I'nited  States  ;  his  chief  reason  appearing  to  be,  as  ho  states,  the  com- 
parative ease  of  providujg  for  a  large  family  in  the  latter  country.  I  have  inserted  in 
the  Dictionary  some  extracts  of  the  American  trade,  as  it  stood  about  the  period  of 
hiN  journey,  together  with  many  commercial  tables  of  coins  and  exchanges  at  the  end 
of  llie  article  United  States. 

Travels  througli  Lower  Canada  and  the  United  States  of  North  America,  in  the  Years  i806, 
IS()7,  and  IS08.     By  John  Lambfiit.     J  vols.     London.     iSJO. 

Amonot  nuK  h  lit^lit  but  pleasing  anecdote,  a  great  deal  of  weighty  statistical  in- 
formati(»n  is  contaiiuMi  in  these  voliun.s  ;  and  there  are,  consequently,  few  articles  in 
the  Dielinnary,  which,  with  regard  to  the  latter  sort  of  communication,  and  within  the 
seopeofthat  authors  research,  are  not  indebted  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  to  the 
valuable  contents  of  his  work. 


PREFACE. 


ion  of  tlie 
principal 

rogress  and 

1  of  more 
liistoi'y  of 
a  view  to 
;st  others, 


1628  to  the 
>  Province. 

ment,  the 
wliich  all 
jriilgment 


1794. 

[)r  with  a 
3  informa- 
111(1  going 
tlie  coni- 
iscrted  in 
period  of 
it  the  end 


'ears  J  806, 

tistical  in- 
iirlich's  in 
tvithin  the 
ee  to  Iho 


xxvu 


The  American  Review  of  History'  and  Politics,  and  General  Repositorj-  of  Litc.atme  and  State 

Papers.     3  vols.     Loudon.     ISI'2. 

Tm:  title  of  this  work  too  clearly  indicates  its  importance  with  re-iard  to  that  sort 
of  information  aspired  to  in  the  Dictionary,  to  need  any  comntent;  hnt  it  may  be 
proper  to  stale,  tiiat  the  accounts  of  trade,  revenue,  and  Hnance,  under  the  article 
United  States,  have  either  been  formed  from  the  Treasury  Reports  and  other  ollicial 
documents  contained  in  that  periodical,  or  by  such  a  collation  of  them  with  other 
materials  as  might  have  fallen  into  my  pc    ossion. 

The  Travels  of  Captain  Lew-  and  Clarke,  !rom  St.  Louis,  by  way  of  the  Missouri  and  Columbia 
Rivers,  to  the  Pacitic  Ocean,  in  the  Years  1801,  J803,  and  IS06,  by  o.der  of  the  (Government 
of  the  United  States;  containing  Debneations  of  the  Manners,  Customs,  Rolbion,  &c  of  the 
Indians,  &c.  &c.  &c,     London.     1812. 

Besides  inserting  numerous  new  articles  in  the  Dictionary,  under  the  heads  or  names 
of  the  different  tribes,  with  a  succinct  detail  of  their  particular  manners  and  customs, 
I  have  extracted  from  this  memoir  an  account  of  the  navigation  of  the  Missouri,  its 
soil,  productions,  and  commerce;  and  this,  with  a  more  speciHc  description  of  the 
degree  and  nature  of  the  civilization  existing  amongst  the  natives,  may  be  found  under 
that  article;  as  likewise  an  account  of  the  navigation,  &c.  &c.  of  the  Mississippi 
under  this  head,  being  also  extracted  from  a  document  in  that  memoir,  taken  from  the 
journals  of  Wm.  Dunbar,  Esq.  and  Dr.  Hunter. 

History  of  the  Voyage  from  Montreal  on  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  through  the  Continent  of  North 
America  to  the  Frozen  and  Pacific  Oceans,  in  the  Years  1789  and  1793;  with  a  Preliminarv 
Account  of  the  J{ise,  Progress,  and  Present  State  of  the  Fur  Trade  of  that  Country.  By  A .  ex- 
ANOER  Mackenzif,  Esq.     London.  -^         ^ 

An  abstract  historical  narrative  of  the  Fur  Trade  has  been  drawn  from  this  volume 
and  ,s  mserted  under  the  article  Canada;  also,  the  positions  of  numerous  phKvs  that 
had  been  touched  at  and  explored  in  the  rout  of  this  enterprising  traveller,  have  been 
notihed  under  separate  articles. 

The  Gazetteer  of  the  American  Continent,  an  1  also  of  the  West  L.dia  Islands,  &c.  <S:c.  .v^c.     By 

.Iedidiaii  Morse,  D.D.     London.     1798. 

In  abnostall  the  minor  articles  of  the  United  States  this  Dictionary  maybe  said  to  be 
a  reprint  ot  this  Gazetteer,  and  respecting  these  the  author  ha.  to  n-jret'that  he  could 
only  r-     -ure  an  abstract  .letail  of  the  population  of  each  >late  according  to  the  la^l 

d  2 


«    _      t 


( i 

Hi 

if 

4 


XX\  111 


PREFACE. 


census.  The  reader  will,  therefore,  consider  the  amount  of  population,  and  in  general 
the  statistical  information  in  the  townships,  &c.  as  correspondini:!,'  with  that  of  the  year 
1700  ;  and  for  the  present  amounts,  the  numbers  may,  on  an  average,  he  about  doubled, 
as  may  be  seen  in  the  account  of  the  population  in  the  periods  1790  and  1810,  and 
statistical  table  of  the  progressive  increase  of  the  United  Stales  for  twenty  years;  and 
this  method  I  have  preferred,  as  more  consistent  with  the  character  of  the  Dictionary, 
as  being  rather  a  book  of  authority  and  of  fac^s,  than  of  facts  submitted  on  analogy 
and  surmise. 

The  work  of  Morse  is  too  well  known  not  to  be  generally  appreciated,  it  is  an 
abstract  of  all  the  works  written  on  America  and  the  West  Indies  up  to  the  year 
1796;  besides  v.bich  it  contains mucli  local  information  respecting  the  Unitod  States 
not  to  be  found  in  any  other  book  existing.  It  would  indeed  be  reprinthig  a  cata- 
logue to  recapitulate  all  the  authors  and  documents  mentioned  by  Morse,  in  his  pre- 
face, as  his  authorities,  I  shall  therefore  forbear  to  restate  them  here.  It  was 
suggested  by  persons  of  talei^ts  and  discernment,  .ipon  my  proposition  of  translating 
Al<jedo's  volumes,  that  the  embodying  with  it  the  contents  of  the  American  Gazetteer 
would  make  a  veri/  complete  work.  Indeed  a  better  sui>erstructure  for  the  American 
Dictionary  could  not  have  been  laid  ;  but  what  I  have  already  stated  in  regard  to  the 
illustration  of  the  original,  and  what  I  am  about  to  add,  will  shew  how  even  the  con- 
tents of  Morses  elaborate  production  have  been  improved  upon  by  the  addition  and 
collation  of  later  authorities. 

Political  Essay  of  the  Kingdom  of  New  Spain,  containing  Researches  relative  to  the  Geography  of 
Mexico,  the  Extent  of  its  Surface  and  its  Political  Division  into  Intendancies,  the  physical 
Ai-pect  of  the  Country,  the  Population,  the  State  of  Agriculture  and  Manufacturing  and  Com- 
mercial Industrj,  tlie  Canals  projected  between  the  South  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the 
Crown  Revenues,  the  Quantity  of  Precious  Metals  whicii  have  flowed  from  Mexico  into 
Europe  and  Asia,  since  the  Di'covery  of  the  New  Continent,  and  the  Military  Defence  of  New- 
Spain.     By  Ai.EXANDEH  DC  Humboldt.     London.     ISll. 

I  HAVE  found  it  necessary  greatly  to  condense,  and,  at  the  same  time,  completely  to 
new-arrange  the  valuable  w  ork  of  this  learned  traveller ;  in  the  first  instance,  by  a 
general  digest,  under  the  article  iMexico  ;  in  the  second,  by  the  insertion  of  a  greater 
part  of  his  information  on  the  intendancies  of  Nuiva  Espana,  in  new  articles,  under 
separate  heads;  in  the  third,  by  a  collation  of  his  statistical  accounts  with  those  of 
Ahjedo  antl  otlicis,  in  tlic  several  capitals  and  towns;  and,  lastly,  by  an  insertion  of 
various  new  settlements,  and  many,  now  by  him  more  accurately  ascertained,  geogra- 
phical positions. 


I  general 
the  year 
doublerl, 
310,  and 
ars;  and 
ctionary, 
analogy 

it  is  an 
the  year 
3d  States 
g  a  cata- 
i  his  pre- 
It  was 
•anslating 
Gazetteer 
American 
ird  to  the 
I  the  con- 
iition  and 


'ograpliy  of 
he  physical 
»•  and  Coni- 
Occan,  tlic 
Icxico  into 
nee  of  New 

ipletely  to 
nee,  by  a 
'  a  greater 
les,  under 
h  those  of 
isertion  of 
■d,  geogra- 


PREFACE.  xxix 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Histoire  Philusophiqnc  ct  Politique  dcs  Etablissemens  ct  du  Commerce  dcs  Europeens  dans  les 
deux  Indes.     Tomes  7.     a  la  Haye.     1774. 

By  the  large  scale  on  which  this  work  has  been  planned,  it  may  be  considered  a 
reservoir  of  much  useful  information;  and  I  have  not  failed  to  drsiw  frt  m  it  such  as 
could  not  be  afforded  through  other  sources :  but  as  the  chief  advantages  I  have 
derived  are  rather  illustrations  in  amoral  and  philosophical  point  of  view,  than  any 
abstract  historical,  commercial,  or  physical  information,  their  influence  is  too  loosely 
diffused  over  the  Dictionary  to  authorize  the  mention  of  one  particular  instance  iu 
preference  to  the  rest. 

Voyage  a  la  Partie  orientale  de  la  Tierre  Ferme,  dans  I'Anierique  Meridionale,  fait  pendant  les 
Annees  1801,  1802,  1803,  et  1804.     Par  F.  Depons.     Tomes  3.     a  Paris,  1806. 

The  whole  of  the  N.  and  N.  E.  Coast  of  South  America,  including  the  whole  of 
the  ^jpanish  dominions,  bounded  by  Peru  and  Mexico  on  the  W.  and  by  the  At- 
lantic on  the  E.  formed  the  object  of  the  statistical  researches  of  Depons ;  conse- 
quently I  have  readily  adopted  all  the  new  information  I  could  find  relative  to  the 
governments,  provinces,  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  within  the  scope  of  his  inquiry ; 
and,  as  most  of  the  articles  in  the  Dictionary,  with  respect  to  those  territories, 
will  be  found  to  be  either  entirely  new,  or  an  improvement  of  the  original  work  of 
Albedo,  the  readf -  is  requestetl,  except  where  the  contrary  is  asserted,  to  consider, 
in  all  such  cases,  Depons  as  the  authority  for  the  information  submitted. 

Interesting  official  Documents  relating  to  tlie  United  Provinces  of  Venezuela.     London.     1812. 

The  declaration  of  independence  by  a  country  so  large  and  valuable  as  that  of 
Venezuela,  was,  in  an  historical  point  of  view,  a  subject  of  too  great  magnitude  not 
to  deserve  a  specific  and  minute  attention.  As  a  corollary  therefore  to  the  outline  of 
events  tliat  led  to  the  independence  of  those  States,  the  official  documents  that  they 
have  published,  namely,  '  the  Grievances  complained  of  in  their  Manifesto,'  their 
'  Act  of  Independence,'  &c.  and  their  '  Federal  Constitution,'  have  been  recorded 
in  the  Dictionary. 

Sketch  of  the  present  State  of  Caracas,  including  a  Journey  from  Caracas,  through  la  Vittoria 
and  Valencia,  to  Puerto  Caballo.     By  Robert  Semple.     London.     1812. 

This  little  volume,  though  neatly  written,  is  chiefly  entitled  to  notice  from  its  late- 
information  respecting  the  territories   of  which  it    treats.     Some   brief  account   of 


l-^tf 


% 


il|:# 

.(•(i 


I 

1 1 

ill  V* 


if 


n: 


XXX 


PREFACE. 


VoiK'Zuela,  and  of  other  places  on  the  roast  of  Caracas,  is  the  extent  of  the  ex- 
tracts for  which  the  Dictionary  is  ind(!l)te(l. 

Vo^'agcs  dans  rAmerique  Meridionalc.  Par  Don  Felix  de  Azaua,  Commissairc  pt  Coni- 
iimndant  dcH  limitcs  Espagnoles  dans  le  Paraguay.  Depuis  1781  jusqu'eii  1801.  Tomes  t. 
Paris.     1809. 

The  oliject  of  Azara  was  to  collect  the  most  accurate  statistical  information  of 
that  part  of  the  South  American  Colonies  bordered  on  the  N.  by  Brasil,  N.  \V.  by 
Pern,  and  S.  W.  by  Chile,  namely,  of  Paraguay  and  la  Plata.  The  result  of  his 
inquiries  have  been  incorporated  by  the  collation  of  his  information  with  that  of 
Alfredo  in  some  hundreds  of  articles,  and  many  new  ones  have  been  added  on  his 
authority.  The  geographical  positions  of  the  several  settlements  now  existing  in 
those  territories,  the  years  of  their  foundation,  and  the  amount  of  their  several 
populations,  have  been  extracted  from  the  tables  in  his  work,  and  may  be  found 
under  articles  liuenos  Ayrcs  and  Paraguay  of  the  Dictionary.  Some  illustrations 
of  their  natural  history  have  also  been  transferred  into  the  Appendix. 

Guia  Politica,  Eclcsiastica  y  Militar  de  Virreynato  del  Peru ;  or,  Political,  Ecclesiastical,  and 
Military  Guide  of  the  Viceroyality  of  Peru.  Published  annually  '  for  the  Academical  Society 
of  Lovers  of  the  Country  of  Lima.' 

The  first  number  of  this  work  was  published  in  1793.  In  1797  it  contained  a 
digest  of  the  information  of  the  four  previous  years ;  and  having  received  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  Governor,  contained  some  useful  tables  of  a  commercial,  financial,  and 
statistical  nature.  Indeed  it  seems  always  to  have  been  well  compiled,  and  in  a 
manner  to  give,  in  a  small  compass,  the  greatest  possible  information  respecting 
the  power,  resources,  and  actual  state  of  that  viceroyalty ;  and  I  much  regret  that, 
not  having  been  able  to  obtain  any  information  respecting  the  subsequent  numbers  (and 
it  is  not  improbable  that  they  were  suppressed)  I  was  obliged  to  seek  for  other  autho- 
rities in  completing  the  account  of  those  far-famed  territories.  And  this  I  have  done,  as 
the  reader  will  find,  by  consulting  those  no  less  accredited  works,  the  Viagero  Universal, 
and  Alvear  y  Ponce.  But  of  the  preciseness  and  value  of  the  information  of  the  perio- 
dical just  alluded  to,  the  reader  will  be  convinced,  amongst  various  other  instances, 
by  turning  to  those  under  the  articles  Xauxa,  Urubamba,  Yauyos,  &c.  in  the 
Dictionarv. 


1 


■    » 


.--:;i 


-i 


PREFACE. 


XXXI 


f  the  ex- 


D  et  Com- 
Tomes  1. 

nation  of 
>f.  \V.  by 
lit  of  his 
1  that  of 
d  on  his 
dsting  in 
[•  several 
)e  found 
istrations 


stical,  and 
ul  Society 

itained  a 
:he  sanc- 
cial,  and 
md  in  a 
ispecting 
ret  that, 
)ers  (and 
?r  autho- 
!  done,  as 
Universal, 
be  perio- 
istances, 
.  in   the 


Tho  (Jcoeniphical,  Natural,  and  Civil  History  of  Cliile.     By  Abbe  Don  J.  Ignath's  Molina. 
With  Notes,  from  the  Spanish  and  French  Versions.     United  States.     180S. 

Therk  are,  1  believe,  few  persons  (certainly   amongst  those  with  whom  I  have 

met)  who  have  not  read  and  been  delighted  with  this   entertaining  production.     So 

convinced  was    I  of  the   valuable  and  perspicuous  information    it   contained    with 

regard  to  those  southern  limits  of  th(>  Spanish    dominion,  that  I  resolved  not  to 

omit  any   thing  in   the   Dictionary   that  had   been    stated  by   Molina,  and  seemed 

worthy  of  record.     But  this  has  been  a  work  of  considerable  difliculty  ami   labour. 

for  not  only    has   the    manner  of  imparting  such  information  to  my  readers  been 

necessarily  completely  changed  to  suit  itself  to  the  style  of  the  work  before  them. 

but  it  has  been  condensed  into  somewhat  less  than  one-half  of  the  original,  and  this 

more  especially  by  curtailing  the  more  minute  and  uninteresting  part   of  the  detail 

of  the  Araucanian  wars,  or  of  such  other  heads  of  investigation  as  appeared  to  have 

been  already  fully  treated  of,  either  under  the  original  article,  or  the  provinces  of 

the  kingdom  of  Chile,  by  Albedo. 

History  of  Brasil.  By  Robert  Soutuey.  Part  the  P>st.  London.  1810. 
The  article  Brasil  in  the  Dictionary  is  almost  exclusively  indebted,  with  regard 
to  the  historical  information,  to  the  labours  and  researches  of  this  author,  as  far  as 
his  narrative  is  now  before  the  Public,  that  is  to  say,  for  the  period  between  the 
year  1498  and  H512.  Some  other  articles  have  also  been  entirely  newly  written  or 
corrected  by  the  same  authority. 

History  of  Brasil    comprising  a  Geographical  Account  of  that  Country,  together  with  a  Narra- 
tive of  the  most  remarkable  Events  which  have  occurred  there  since  its  Discovery    &c    &c 
ByANDHEwGRAKT,  M.D.     London.     1809.  .y,  vxi,.  o.t. 

A  CONTINUATION  of  the  History  of  Brasil  has  been  brought  down  to  the  present 
rlay  from  the  period  above  mentioned,  namely,  from  1042  to  the  middle  of  the  last 
century,  by  a  succinct  narration  of  the  events  alluded  to  in  the  annexed  title;  and 
rom  that  period  to  the  present  day,  by  a  particular  detail  of  each,  as  they  attached 
to  he  different  captanic.es,  either  upon  the  credit  of  the  same  authority,  or  of 
.uch  other  as  might,  m  the  course  of  my  researches,  have  fallen  in  my  way. 


I 


p-rUT^T' 


■;';i 


'  >    ' 


'\^' 


xxxn 


PTIEFACE. 


Travels  in  the  interior  oP  Brasil,  partir ularly  in  the  Gold  and  Diamond  Districts  of  tliat  Country, 
by  Authority  of  the  Prince  Regent  of  Portugal,  including  a  Voyage  to  the  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
&c.  &c.     By  John  Mawe,  Author  of  the  Mineralogy  of  Derbyshire.    London.     1812. 

Much  useful  information  has  been  derived  from  this  work  respecting  the  soil, 
productions,  and  mineralogy  of  all  the  most  important  places  of  Brasil,  no  less  than 
of  those  of  Monte  Video,  and  other  parts  of  the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  so  that 
from  25  to  30  long  and  important  articles  have  either  been  fresh  arranged,  or  newly 
prepared  from  the  observations  of  this  interesting  traveller. 

WEST  INDIES. 

The  West  India  Common-Place  Book,  compiled  from  Parliamentary  and  Official  Documents, 
shewing  the  Interest  of  Great  Britain  in  its  Sugar  Colonies,  &c.  &c.  &c.  By  Sir  William 
Young,  Bart.  F.R.S.  M.  P.    London.     1807. 

Although,  through  the  liberality  of  friends,  I  had,  from  time  to  time,  been 
put  in  possession  of  most  of  the  important  parliamentary  documents  that  might  assist 
me  in  the  subject  in  which  I  was  engaged,  yet  such  is  the  clearness  and  perspicuity 
with  which  the  voluminous  information  of  the  annexed  work  is  arranged,  that  I  can- 
not but  express  myself  in  the  most  unqualified  manner  indebted  to  it ;  since,  indeed, 
wherever  it  has  answered  my  purpose,  I  have  made  use  of  the  subject  matter  of  the 
text,  no  less  than  of  such  tables  as  might  conduce  to  its  illustration;  but  not,  I  trust, 
with  such  a  close  imitation  either  of  method  or  arrangement  as  in  any  way  to  injure 
the  originality  of  the  Common-Place  Book.  With  respect  to  the  value  of  the  extracts 
I  have  made,  the  reader  m''11  be  enabled  in  some  degree  to  judge  by  the  following 
account  of  the  high  pretensions  of  the  honourable  author,  though  so  modestly  asserted 
by  himself. 

"  When  (says  he,  in  his  Preface,  page  11)  I  first  took  my  seat  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  now  more  than  twenty-two  years  past,  I  carefully  observed  the  course 
and  succession  of  parliamentary  business,  with  the  view  of  chalking  out  some  line  of 
industry,  rather  than  of  talent,  in  which  I  might  qualify  myself  to  be  humbly  useful 
to  my  country ;  and  I  selected  the  Poor  Laws,  the  British  Fisheries,  and  the  Com- 
merce of  the  Kingdom,  as  the  leading  subjects  on  which  my  attention  was  to  be  fixed, 
and  my  attendance  given  on  the  Committee.  From  that  time  (June,  1784)  I  kept  a 
Common-Place  Book,  in  which  I  entered,  under  distinct  heads,  whatever  occurred 
iinder  these  matters  iu  dabate,  or  I  could  collect  from  the  Statute  Book  and  other 
reading;  and,  at  the  same  time,  I  carefully  arranged  and  preserved,  every  document 
returned  to  Parliament,  and  some  which  Avere  not  printed  by  order  of  the  House,  I 
copied  iu  the  Journal  Office." 


'* 


% 


PREFACE. 


xxxm 


lat  Country, 
le  la  Plata, 

1812. 

;  the  soil, 

)  less  than 

ea,  so  that 

or  newly 


Documents, 
V  William 


ime,  been 
ight  asijist 
erspicuity 
lat  I  can- 
e,  indeed, 
ter  of  the 
)t,  I  trust, 
T  to  injure 
e  extracts 
following 
y  asserted 

lie  House 

tie  course 

ne  line  of 

)ly  useful 

the  Coni- 

)  be  fixed, 

I  kept  a 

occurred 

and  other 

document 

House,  I 


1 


The  History,  Civil  and  Commercial,  of  the  British  Colonies  la  the  West  Indies.    By  Biiyan 
Edwards,  Esq.  F.R.S.  S.  A.    3  Vols.    London.     1801. 

This  generally  appreciated  work,  though  consulted  by  Morse  and  other  authors  of 
later  date,  of  whose  labours  I  have  availed  myself,  was  yet  too  clear  and  circuujstan- 
tial  in  the  original  not  to  require  my  attentive  perusal,  and  the  consequence  has  been 
that  I  have  found  it  necessary,  in  justice  to  the  plan  of  the  Dictionary,  to  form  from 
the  historical  information  contained  in  Edwards's  volumes,  a  newly  digested,  and  con- 
cise History,  not  only  in  sepai.  3  articles  relating  to  most  of  the  islands,'  but  con- 
jointly under  the  head  West  Indies.  Some  of  his  statistical  information  has  also 
been  acceptable. 

Present  State  of  the  Spanish  Colonies,  including  a  particular  Report  of  Hispanola,  or  the  Spa- 
nish  Part  of  Santo  Domingo,  &c.  &c.  &c.  By  William  Walton,  Junr.  Secretary  to  tho  Ex- 
ped.t.on  which  captured  the  City  of  St.  Domingo  from  the  French  ;  and  resident  British  Agent 
there.    2  Vols.    London.     1810.  ^ 

Some  information  of  an  interesting  and  useful  nature,  extracted  from  the  annexe<I 
work,  has  been  scattered  over  several  parts  of  the  Dictionary;  such  for  instance  as 
may  be  traced  in  the  account  of  the  Spanish  intercourse  with  Vera  Cruz,  under  thai 
article,  and  in  the  later  detail  of  historical  transactions  relative  to  St.  Domingo  under 
the  article  West  IndL.  ^  with  various  other  cursory  statements  and  remarks,  for  which 
as  they  might  be  too  tedious  to  detail,  it  is  hoped  this  general  acknowledgment  of 
obligation  will  suffice. 

'^Wri!^T?\^'r'''""'''r"'^'''""'^^  Q-rter  of  the 

World ;  Illustrated  by  copious  Statistical  Tables,  constructed  on  a  new  PlaZ    By  P.  Col^u- 
HOUN,  LL.D.    London.     1814.  "^ 

No  one  unless  prepared  to  push  his  researches  to  the  extent  of  those  of  this  dis- 
tinguished author,  or  unless  enjoying  every  means  of  information  on  the  subjects  on 
Jhich  he  has  been  peculiarly  engaged,  could  do  justice  to  his  compilation,  by  pro- 
ducmg  any  original  statements,  however  nearly  by  approximation  they  might  corres- 
pond with  those  in  the  Statistical  Tables  here  quoted 

n.nnr.''  ^  ^""^T  T^^  "^  ""^"'  *"^"*^  '^  '"'  judgment  in  having  given  the  amount  of 
population,  and  the  estimated  value  of  the  colonies,  asset  forth  in  his  most  useful 
and  elaborate  treatise. 


V  ?■ 


\h 


lA 


■'  ri  i  a 


%^ 


xxxiv  PREFACE. 

ALL  PARTS  OF  AMERICA,  AND  WEST  INDIES. 

State  of  tlio  Trade  of  Great  Britain,  in  its  Imports  and  Exports,  progressively,  from  the  Year 
ieS7  to  1773,  &c.  &c.  &c.     Uy  Sir  Cuarles  Whitwohth,  M.  P.    Folio.     London,     177U. 

This  was  the  Hrst  and  last  work  of  the  kind  ever  undertaken,  in  this  or  perhaps 
any  other  country.  In  as  far  as  relates  to  the  trade  of  the  western  hennsphere  and 
to  the  trade  of  Great  Britain  with  all  parts,  I  have,  by  the  assistance  thereby  attbrded, 
given  complete  accounts  of  the  Imports  and  Exports,  from  the  Revolution  down  to 
the  present  day,  distinguishing  those, 

•     with  North  America, 
with  the  West  Indies. 

■  witli  the  United  States. 

■  with  all  parts  of  the  world. 


1st.  of  Great  Britain 
2d.    of  do.     - 

3d.   of  do.      - 

4th.  of  do.      - 


Annals  of  Commerce,  Manufactures,  Fisheries,  and  Navijfration,  &c.  &c.  &c.;  with  an  Account  of 
the  Commercial  Transactions  of  the  British  Empire  and  other  Countries.  By  David  Macfiier- 
soN.    4  Vols.    London.     1805. 

This  valuable  compilation,  amongst  other  important  records  of  the  trade  to  Ame- 
rica and  the  West  Indies,  is  enriched  with  a  series  of  official  documents,  from  whence 
I  was  enabled  to  bring  down  the  Tables  of  Import  and  Export  above  alluded  to,  and 
as  inserted  in  the  Dictionary,  to  the  year  1800  inclusive. 

The  History  of  the  Public  Revenue  of  the  British  Empire.    By  Sir  John  Sinclair,  Bart. 

3  Vols.     London.     1790,  and  1804. 

Many  of  the  financial  and  commercial  calculations  in  the  Dictionary  have  been 
made  upon  the  credit  of  the  accounts  and  statements  found  in  the  elaborate  and  useful 
production  of  the  distinguished  author  here  quoted. 

An  Inquiry  into  the  Colonial  Policy  of  the  European  Powers,    By  Henry  Brougham,  Jun.  Esq. 

2  Vols.    Edinburgh,     1803. 

I  OWN  myself  indebted  for  several  useful  hints  and  illustrations  to  this  able  treatise. 

The  Financial  Accounts  and  Papers  laid  before  Parliament. 

By  these,  as  far  as  they  have  been  laid  before  the  House  ofCouunons  for  some  years 
piist,  I  have  been  able  to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  modern  authors  in  all  objects  of 
s1ati>tical  research. 


1 


PREFACE. 


xxxv 


n  tlio  Year 

1,   mo. 

•r  perhaps 
[)here  and 
I  afforded, 
I  down  to 


I  Account  of 
)  Macpuer- 

e  to  Arae- 
>in  whence 
ed  to,  and 


LAIR,  Bart. 

have  been 
and  useful 


Some  Series  ofCaracaH  and  other  South  American  Gazettes. 
An  intimate  view  of  the  more  recent  affairs  of  the  Spanish  colonies  has  thus  l).'«'ii 
brought  before  me,  from  wlience  I  have  reflected  such  lights  upon  those  subjects  in 
the  Dictionary  as  might  be  deemed  desirable. 

A  Number  of  Original  and  Personal  Communications,  of  the  Sources  of  which  the  Translator  does 
not  feel  himself  warranted  more  spccilically  to  treat. 

But  though  restricted  from  speaking  of  the  sources  of  such  communication,  it  will 
be  necessary  to  mention  their  nature  ;  and  I  shall,  therefore,  at  the  same  time,  be-v  to 
offer  my  smcerest  acknowledgments  for  the  liberal  communications  of  those  Genlle- 
men,  who,  from  the  situations  they  have  held,  or  from  the  interest  they  have  had  in 
America  or  the  West  Indies,  have  been  peculiarly  entitled  to  my  gratitude,  a.id  who 
have  added  so  much  to  the  value  of  the  book  by  the  local  informatvn  they  have,  in  so 
nmny  instances,  contributed. 

I  am  also  particularly  bounden  in  duty  to  express  my  sincere  thanks  for  the  as- 
sistance  and  advice  I  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  enjoy,  during  the  whole  course 
of  my  labours,  from  one,  who,  equally  distinguished  for  his  judgment  and  experience 
IS  hlling,  with  universal  applause,  an  exalted  station  in  the  British  Government-  by 
whose  powerful  assistance  I  have  been  able  to  supply  whatever  of  statistical,  financial 
and  commercial  information  was  necessary  to  the  completion  of  a  Work,  which  I 
trust,  will  prove  as  novel  in  its  principle  as  useful  in  its  design. 


M,  Jan.  Esq. 
)le  treatise. 


some  years 
objects  of 


e2 


PAirr  IV. 


.  '■*r 


■■»■!  - 1-  -^Ci-iriiti  i,r 


XX  XVI 


PREFACE. 


PART    IV. 


i\\n 


C'i 


M  '  / 


Mn' 


TA  BLE  of  the  Geographical  Positions  of  the  more  important  Places  in  the  Spanish 
Colonies,  determined  by  Astronomical  Observations. 

(The  positions  marked  with  an  asterisk,  arc  established  cither  by  triangulations,  or  angles  of  altitude 

and  azimuths.) 


Namei  of  Places. 


INTEHIon  OF  NEW  SPAIN. 

Mexico    -.---.--- 

S.  Au^nstin  dc  Ins  Cuevas,  (village) 
Cerro  dc  Axusco*,  (mountain)  •     - 
Venta  dc  Chaico,  (farm)      -      -     - 
Moran,  (mine)      -      -     -      -     -     - 

Aclopan,  (villajjc)  .  .  .  -  . 
Totonilco  el  Grande,  (village)  -  - 
Tisajuca,  (village)  .  -  .  .  - 
Toluca,  (village)    ------ 

Nevado  dc  Toluca 

San  Juan  del  Rio,  (city)      -      -     - 
Qucretaro,  (city)    ------ 

Sulamnnca,  (city)  .-.-.- 
Guanaxuato,  (city)      .     -     -     -    - 


Valladolid,  (city) 


Patzquaro,  (city)  .  -  -  - 
Las  Piajas  de  JoruUo,  (farm) 
Volcan  de  Jnrullo*  -  -  - 
Pont  d'lstla,  (farm)  -  -  • 
Tehuilotepec,  (village)     -     - 


Tasco,  (city)      -     -     -     . 
Tepecuacuilco,  (village) 
Puente  de  Entola,  (inn)   ' 
Mescala,  (village) 
Popocatepetl*,  (volcano) 


San  Nicolas  de  los  Ranchos,  (village) 
Itztacihuatl*,  (mountain)      .     -    -     - 
Pyramide  de  Cholula,  (ancient  monu- 
ment)  


N.  Latiludr. 


19  25  45 

19  18  37 

19  15  '27 

19  1(1     8 

20  10  4 
20  17  28 
20  17  55 


19  16  19 
19  II  33 


20  3G  39 

20  40     0 

21  0  15 

19  42    0 


18  37  41 


18  35    0 
18  20    0 


17  56    4 

18  35  47 

19  2    0 
19  10    0 

19    2    6 


I^ngitiide  W, 

fioni  London, 

n  degrees. 


99    5  30 


99     7 
99  12 


0 
45 


Longitude 
W.  from  Pa 
ris.  In  time. 


Names  of  Obaervcrsind  Remarks. 


98  28 
98  49 
98  33 

98  51 

99  21 
99  25 
99  52 

100  10 
100  55 
100  55 


0 

0 

0 

30 

45 

38 

30 

30 

0 

0 


100  52  15 


lOI  90 

101     0 

101     I 

m  14 

99  28 

99  29 
99  28 
99  24 
99  29 


45  42  Humboldt,  at  the  convent 
of  St.  Augustin. 
6  45  48  idem. 
6  46  1 1  idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

dem. 

idem. 

idem,  at  the  house  of  Don 


43 
44 
43 
44 
46 
47 
48 
50 
53 
53 


4 

37 
32 
4fJ 
47 

n 

50 
2 
0 
0 


6  52  49 


0  6 
30  6 
45  6 


45 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 


98  33    0 


98  21 
98  35 


98  13  30 


54 
53 
53 
46 
47 

47 
47 
46 

47 


40 
22 
27 
19 
12 

16 
12 
56 
16 


43  33 


42 
43 


44 
40 


6  42  14 


Diego  Rul. 
dem,  at  the  bishop's  pa- 
lace. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem,  near  the  watcr-spout 
machine. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem,  summit  of  themoun- 
tain. 

idem. 

idem. 

idem. 


e  Spanish 
I  of  altitude 


md  Remark). 


he  convent 
tin. 


use  of  Don 
ishop's  pa- 


rator-spout 


fthemoun- 


PRKFACi:. 

Table  of  Geographical  PoHitioiin — f continued. J 


WWII 


Namri  of  Placet. 


La  Put'bhi  do  los  Angeles,  (citj')  - 
Vcnia  dc  .*»olto,  (farm)  .... 
Perotte,  (village)  ---... 
Coffre  de  Perote,  (mountain)  -  - 
l-as  Vigas,  (village)     -    -    -    _    . 

Xalappa,  (city) 

Cerro  de  IVfacultepec,  (mountain)  - 
Pic  d'Orizaba*,  (volcano)     •     ■    . 


EI  Encero,  (farm) 

Tezcuco*,  (city)  ---.-.. 
Zumpango*,  (village)  .  .  .  .  . 
El  Pertol*,  (hill) 

Xaltocan*,  (village)  -  -  .  -  -  .- 
Tchiiilovuca*,  (village)  -  -  .  .  . 
Haciencia  de  Xalpa*,  (farm)  -  -  . 
Cerro  de  Chiconnutia*,  (hill)  -  -  . 
San  Miguel  dc  Guadalupe*,  (convent) 

Huehuetoca*,  (village) 

Gurita  de  Gaudalupe*,  (barrier)  -  - 
Cerro  de  Sincoque*,  (hill;  -  -  .  . 
Hacienda  de  Santa  Ifies*,  (farm)  -  - 
Cerro  de  San  Christoval  *,  (mountain) 
Pucnte  del  Salto  *,  (bridge)       .     -    - 

EASTERN  COAST  OF   NEW  SPAIN. 

Campeche,  (city)  -----_. 
Punta  dc  la  Disconocida  -     .     .     -    - 

Castillo  del  Sisal 

Alacran,  (western  point)  -  .  -  -  . 
Alacnui,  (northern  extremity)  -  -  . 
Mouth  of  the  Rio  de  los  Lagartos 

Punta  S.  O.  del  Puerto 

North  point  of  the  Conboy  -  -  -  . 
South  point  of  the  Conboy  -  -  .  . 
Baxo  del  Alerta     ....... 

Shallow  of  Diez  Brazan 

Small  island  to  the  S.  W.  of  the  triangle 

Baxo  del  Obispo    -     - 

Vera  Cruz,  (port)  ----.-. 
Island  of  Sacrifices,  (centre)     ... 

Shallow  of  the  Pajaro 

Isia  Verde  --...._.. 
Islote  Blanquillafl,  (centre)  .... 
Anegada  de  Fuera  (south  point)     -     - 

Gallega  Shallow     - 

Punta  Gorda     -.--.. 


N.  Latitude. 


19  0  I.-} 
19  S6  30 
19  33  37 
19  28  57 
19  37  37 
19  30  8 
19  31  49 
19  2  17 

19  28  25 
19  30  40 
19  46  52 
19  26  4 
19  42  47 
19  43  17 
19  47  58 
19  38  39 
19  28  48 
19  48  38 
19  28  38 
19  49  28 
19  42  25 
19  35  5 
19  54  30 


19  50  45 

20  49  45 

21  10  0 

22  27  50 
22  35  15 

21  34  0 

22  21  30 
21  33  30 
21  28  50 
21  33  0 
^0  32  JO 
20  55  50 
20  30  14 
19  11  52 
19  10  10 
19  10  55 
19  11  16 
19  12  55 
19  12  12 
19  12  55 
19  13  20 
i9  14  30 


Lnnititiuir  W.    LonKitiiile 

from  London. Iw.  from  I'a-  NameiofObiervem  mid  Rcmurkf . 
In  drgrei's.    riii.  In  linif. 


98  2  45 


6  41 


97 
97 


13  45' 

8  45i 


96  55  0 
96  66  35 
94  15  15 


96  48  32 
98  51  15 

4 

2 

I 

8 


99 
99 
99 
99 
99 


6; 

30, 
15; 


9  45 


98  56  0 


99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 


4  45 

12  45 

4  45 

13  30 
4  15 
I  3f> 

16  0 


90  30  45  6 


6  3H 
6  37 

6  37 
6  36 
6  38 

6  36 
6  44 
6  45 
6  45 
6  45 
6  45 
6  45 
6  45 
6  45 
6  46 
6  45 
6  46 
6  45 
6  45 


6  46 


31  Humboldt. 

-  idem. 
15  idem. 
55  idem. 

-  i<Iem. 
Oidem. 

58  idem. 

21  Humboldt     and     I'Vrrer, 
I     summit  of  the  mountain. 
34  Ferrer. 
45  Velasquez. 

36  idem 
30idei  . 

25  idem. 
54  idem. 

59  idem. 
4idein. 

39  idem. 
1 1  idem. 
39idem. 
14  idem. 

37  idem. 

26  idem. 
24  idem. 


0 

0 

13 


90  24  30 
89  59  45 
89  47  40 
89  40  45 

88  10  15 

89  38  15 
86  45 
86  44 
86  51 

91  54 

92  11  52 
92  10  236 
96    9    06 

6  40'6 
6  106 
5  266 
0  456 

4  356 

5  56 
8  226 

11  206 


II 

10 

n 

8 
8 
2 

7 


23 
58 
U) 
30 
3 
1 
57 


56  20 
56  16 
56  45 
15  56 


18 

18 


7i 


96 
96 
96 
96 
96 
96 
96 
96 


33  56 
33  47 
33  45 
33  42 
33  47 
33  38 
33  40 

33  531 

34  5 


Ferrer  and  Cevallos. 
Cevallos  and  Herreru. 
idem, 
idem, 
idem, 
idem, 
ideiii. 
idem, 
idem, 
idem, 
idem, 
idem, 
idem. 

Humboldt  and  Ferrer. 
Ferrer, 
idem, 
idem, 
idem, 
idem, 
dem. 
dem. 
idem. 


-■  ■.j.*^>^j-rtifif^s^^^Hr-nT^^y!"«K;^  --• 


U 


\im 


ii  %^i 


',.«■ 


If  ^1 


n',i. 


M'? 


■    'Ml 


WWIll 


PUKr.ACE. 

Tabic  o(  (Jooijrapliical  Position;! — {covtwitrd.) 


.'  lines  of  I'liiiTs. 


Moiitlis  of  ilio  Mil)  Aiil'ififiui  -     .     -     - 
Ht  riial  ("liico      -.----.. 

nonial  (iraiuir  -----.-- 

I'mila  Mali  Aiidroa     --..-- 
Harra  dr  Tamiaijiia     ------ 

SaiitaiulfM-,  (litv)  -  -  .  -  .  _  . 
liaijodf  San  l'Vriiaii(lo,or  laCarboiieni 
Mouth  of  till'  Rio  Uravo  dol  Norto      - 

WKsn.IlN    (OAsr  Ol'   NEW  SPAIN. 

Acapiilco,  (|)t)rt)  -     ...     -      -     . 

W  Cslt'riH'xtivinitvoriasl'layasdoCiijm'a 
Mono  I'clatlaii,  "(hill)     -  '  -     -     -"    - 
i'orl  dc  St-lanii  (a  little  tUtuhttul)  -     - 
('al)o  Corrii'iitos     -      ------ 

SmaU  island  to  the  N.  N.  W.  of  Caju' 

Corrioiiios      .-..--.. 

(Vno  del  Vallo  (hill) 

Islos  Marias,  (Capo  soiitli  of  (he  most 

caslorii)     ----..--. 

Mountain  of  San  iMian     -     -     .     - 
San  nias,  (p»)rt)      ----.-- 

I'iodia  Mlanca    -----..- 

Isle  San  tinanico     ------- 

Isloto  Isabella    .-----.. 

Cape  San  Lucas     

Mission  de  S.  Josef,  (villajjc)     -     -     - 
Mis>ion  de 'I'odos  Ids  Santos     -     -     - 
Mountain  ol' San  Lazaro       -     -     .     - 
Mountain  to  the  north  of  the  Abieojos 
Islaiul  ofCedais,  (south  point)  -     -     - 
Isin  de  San  Henito  (the  hii>hest  part)  - 
Isla  (  I  nadalupe,  (Cape  south)     -     -     - 
Isia  de  San  liei'iiardo  ------ 

Isla  de  S.  Maitin  m-  de  los  Coronados 

(the  laiijest  and  nu>st  eastern  islot) 
^■A\\  l)iey;o,  (j'orl)  -  .     -     -     _     . 

Isla  S.  Sahailor,  (south  |)oint)    -     -     - 
Isla  San  Nicolas,  (west  cape)     -     -     - 
San  finan,  (mission)    ------ 

Isla  lie ,1  nan  Kodrijjnez  Cabrillo,  (west 

cap(  )    -----.-.-- 

Santa  Hnenaxentura     ------ 

I'resulio  de  Santa  llarbara  (mission)  - 
iMonterev.  ^I'residio)  -  -  -  .  .  - 
I  I'uuta  ilel  Ano  Nuevo  •  -  -  _  - 
|l''arallones.  (rocks)       -..-_- 


hiiigitiuli 

\v. 

Lnimitutlr 

N.  L:\lit  lulf 

from  1,t)iu 

*>ll. 

\V.  f.oin  I'j- 

Names  iif  OIiscimm.s  midRciiiniks. 

111  iK'jjit' 

">. 

lis.    Ill  iiinc. 

■«        /       /  ,■ 

v''            / 

/. 

ti       /      // 

i«)  IS  n 

nt)  17 

I7:()     .'il     '2^) 

I'errcr. 

M)  :>7  \h 

f)()  'i() 

.jit)  .'J.j  \ 

idem. 

If)  :{<)  4'.> 

<)()  'ij 

l.'J 

()  .'j.j   [] 

idem. 

ID  v.)   I.') 

f)S  'ij 

IJ 

()  Jj   y 

idem. 

'.^1    1.^   ts 

- 

_ 

idem. 

'J:J  .I")   IS 

fIS   I'i 

'iJ 

()  I'i   91 

idem. 

yi  :}(i    t) 

f)7  .JS 

10 

(j  -11    13- 

idem. 

'ij    IK)       0 

f)7  Jl 

10 

(>  :jf)  'i3 

idem. 

\6  bo  yo 

99  IG 

0 

()   18  'il 

Iluniboldt,  at  the  ^ovcr- 
nor'.s  house. 

17   I.J     0 

100  t.j 

I.j 

(i  .j'i  'il 

l'i\peditioii  of  Malaspinn. 

17  :y>   0 

101   'iS 

I.j 

(»  ;j.j   I.j 

idem. 

IM     ()     0 

101  33 

.j 

7     7  .'J'i 

idem. 

'-^0  'J.J  :j() 

lO.J  .'Jf) 

0 

7   II  M 

idem. 

'iO   l.")     0 

lOS   17 

I.j 

7   I'i  'i9 

idem. 

'Ji     1  ao 

107    lj 

0 

7   IS  'iO 

idem. 

'Jl    l(>     0 

IO(j   17 

I.j 

7   II  .'Jl 

idem. 

'ji  'j(i  i.j 

lO.j     .'J 

()7    9  :i^2 

idem. 

'-M   IV>  is 

lOj    17 

l.jj7    10  .'Jl 

idem. 

'Ji  :.vj   0 

lO.J   17 

I.j  7    II    II 

idem. 

'Ji  I.j  .';n 

I0()   11 

,'J.j7    l()    (j 

idem. 

'iO  ,J0  .'JO 

lO.j  .J7 

,j7    l.'J    S 

idem. 

'j'i  .j9  y.'j 

lOf)  ;j;j 

|j7  'is  .j.'j 

idem. 

'i:j    J  y.j 

109   I'J 

'ij:7  'is   11 

idem. 

'i.'J  y()     0 

no   IS 

|j7  'JO  .'J.'J 

idem. 

'it    17     0 

ll'i  'il 

|j7  .'JS     .j 

idem. 

'it)    .J»    .';() 

1  l.'J   IS 

IJ 

7    1 1  .'>;>    idem. 

'JS      'i    It) 

1  l;j  y.'J 

I.j 

7  30  J.'J 

idem. 

'iS    IS  '>i 

llj   ItJ 

I.j 

7  3'i  'i3 

idem. 

'JS  .O.'J     0 

IIS    17 

IJ 

S     'i  'if) 

idem. 

'J!)  4t)  10 

ll.j  .J7 

I.j 

7  .j.'i     f? 

idem. 

:i'i  'i.j  10 

117   IS 

.jj 

7  3S  ;;() 

idem. 

:y>  v>\)  .'JO 

117    IS 

IJ 

7  3S  .'J.'J 

\  ancouverandMalaspina. 

.'J'i  4. 'J     0 

IIS  .'JO 

I.j 

S     .'J  'il 

I'Xpedilion  of  IVIulaspina. 

lui     l(i    .'JO 

llf)  .'Jt) 

IJ 

S     7   IJ 

idem. 

:j;j  'if)   0 

117  b'3 

.'JO 

S     0  31 

V  ancouverandMalaspina. 

.'Jl     0     0 

I'iO  .'Jl 

Ij 

S   II  'iJ 

l''\|)edition  of  Mala.spina. 

.•Jl    17     0 

119  'i.j 

.'JO 

S     7     'i 

\  ancouver. 

:\\  'i()    0 

119   I.j 

.'JO 

S     S  '2^2 

\  aiu'ouverandiMalaspina. 

.'J()  .'J()     0 

I'il  ,JI 

s 

S   It)   llj 

I'iXpedition  of  Malaspina. 

.'J7     f)   I.j 

I'i^    'W 

.j.'J 

S    IS  31' 

idem. 

;J7  'IS  10 

I'l-J  "\ 

l;j 

S  'il  'i3 

idem. 

i 


niicIRcumiks. 


the  jjovcr- 


Muluspina. 


IMaliis|iina. 
M<ilas|niia. 

IMalaspiiia. 

Afalaspina. 

IMalaspiiia. 
Malaspiiia. 


PKEFACE. 

Tabic  of  Goo<jraphical  I'ositioiis — (couliniied.) 


\\\\\ 


Nnnu's  III"  I'liic'i's. 


San  Fiiiiicisco,  (porf) 
Cape  Mt'iidociiU)     - 
Not)tka,  (  port) 


Itl.Vll.I,  AdWiUno  ISLANDS. 

Isla  (ii>  .Saiila  Uosa,  (ci'iitir)       -     -     - 

[sla  (li'l  Soforio,  (siiiimiit  ol'tlu'  iiioim- 
*aiii,  wliirh  is  moio  »li;ui  IJI.')iiie- 
(ri's  hiijlt,  (n- :j,(ij7  tl'ol)     -     -     .     - 

Hocca  I'arlida  -----_.. 

Isla  do  .Sail  lioiu<dito,  (soiilii  i-apo) 


I'osirioNs  i.i-.ss  (T.urAiN. 
(iiiatiiico,  (jiorl)    -     -     -     .     . 
|{ariii  (!(•  Maiiialtopt'c       -      .     - 
racliiitla.  (villai-c)  -    -     .     .     . 
Xiiniilcpw,  (\illa»o)     -      .     - 
(Jiiifiiiapa,  (villaj,^o*   -     .     .     - 
OincloptH-,  (viliafjc)     .... 
NcK-lii^liaii,  (\illai;v)  .... 
'I't'poscoliila  ---.-.- 
Sail  Antonio  dt>  los  Cues,  (villa"*-) 
(iiiadalaxara,  (city)     .... 
Zacatfias,  (city)     -     .    -     .     . 

Real  (Id  Uosaiio, (mine)  -     -    - 
I)iiraiij;<>,  (city)      .      -     .     .     _ 
I*r«'sidi<»  dol  l'assa<rc  -     -     .     . 
Villa  dol  Fiiorto     -     -     .     .     . 
Real  did  los  Alamos,  (niino)      - 
Pivsidio  do  Rnonavista     -     -     .     . 
(^Iiilinaliiia,  (city)    ...... 

Aiispc,  (citvl     --..._. 
l'n>si(lio  do  .lanos  ---... 
I'rosidio  dol  Ahar  ...... 

Paso  dol  Norto,(l'rosi(lio)    -     - 
Jniulionoldio  UioCJilaand  Color 
Las  Casas  j.iaiidos  (noar  RiofJila) 
Saiila  To,  (oity)     -      ...      .     . 


I^l  31     0 


ado 


N  li  W  (i  II A  \  A 0  A  ,  QU ITO,  &C. 

Quito  -  -  .--... 
Ciioiua  -  ----... 
Jaoii  --.--.... 
liO\a  -.-... 
S.  lloija  --....'"." 
(luayaipiil     -     .     .     .... 


IS  4S 

in    \ 

19  I.') 


0 

0 

10 


\b  It 

I'l    17 
1.")  ,')()     0 


0 
0 


l(»     7 

I.)  !^:. 

I(>  31 


0 
0 
0 


17    l()     {) 


17    IS 
IS     3 


0 
0 


yi  9  0 

2,'j  0  0 

y,'5  .'io  0 

yi  y.)  0 

y."»  ys  0 

»(i  :)()  0 

|y7  s  0 

|y7  i")  0 

ys  ho  0 

I'jO  3(i  0 

bi  y  0 

[,*)y  9  0 

.'W  »■)  0 

33  30  0 

3{>  ly  0 


0  ly 

y  ,'^»,j 

o  yi 

.•}  ,^)9 

4  y? 


0,v, 

0  .V 

O.v 

0  ,v, 
0  v, 

y  10  yo  ,v, 


Loiinitudo  W.I    l,iiii|{iliiil 


\.  l.iilillKlv. 

fmin  1.(111(1(111. 
In  decrees. 

o             /          // 

i.'jy  31   0 
lyi  ys  1.) 

iy(i  31}    1.-) 

\V.  IV.im  I'.i 
lis.    In  tunc 

37  4s'  .'JO 

10  y9   0 

49  J;>  \3 

1.      /         // 

S    19   JS 

s  y7  I.j 
s  3:1  \  1 

Niiuics  iit'ObstTVivs  ami  Kdiuiks 


114   3  \:n  b\  33 


9 


110 
III    .') 

1 18  .W 


4,J7 


yf) 

33 


.J7 
\3 


4."»7  ys  [}•} 


\03 
101 
I0() 
10,') 
10,'} 
I  OS 
I  Of) 

no 

101 
I  OS 
I0() 

III 

104 


,'{.j 
(> 

.•i;j 

\3 

\3 

3 

s 

30 
.jS 
4.) 
4() 
4.'} 


30 
0 

.')•() 
0 

,■;() 

,'fO 
30 

0 

30 
30 

0 
0 


104  \3    0 


7S  yo    0 

7S  ,J0     0 

7S  ys    0 

79  I.j  0 
7()  yi  30 
79  40     0 


I 

.J.j 

I, 'J 

3 
o 

yy 
y.j 
y9 


i(> 

s 


30 
40 

lol 

14; 
14 

:;4 

4J 
40 
14 

yy 
yl 
ly 


s  ,jy 


V'ancoiivor  and  Malaspiiia. 
Kxpodilion  of  Malaspiiia. 
idoin.   I  This  position  and 

llio   piooodinji    are    ho 

voiid  tlio  iu-liial  lionnds 

of\o>v  Spain. 
Collnot,  ("amaolio,  (<•  Tor 

ros    ( monioiio     of    M. 

i''spiiiosa.) 
idoin. 
idom. 
idoin. 


Podro  do  r-aijiiiia. 

idoni. 

idom. 

idom. 

idom. 

(lom. 

idiMii. 

idtMii. 

idom. 

Masoaid  and  Rivera. 

Connl  do  la  l-asiiiiia. 

Masiai*)  and  Rivora. 

Oloy/a. 

Masoaro  and  Rivora. 

iih'iii. 

idom. 

idom. 

Masciiro  and  r,al'ora. 

Vlascaro  and  Rivora. 

Masoaro. 

Mascaroaiid  Rivora. 

Masoaro. 

lalhors  Diaz  and  I'oiit. 

Falhor  Font. 

Ijafora. 


('(dlationsbvArrovvsmith. 

idom. 

iilom. 

(lom. 
idem. 

(lom. 


I 


i   '! 


^  i  fL 


n 


i  \ 


i!-ivr'' 


F'l* 


PIJEFACE. 

Table  of  Geographical  Positions — (continued.) 


Names  of  Places. 


Rio  Baiiilia      -  -  - 

Macas    -      -     -  .  - 

Esineraldas  -    .  -  - 

Otavalo      -      -  -  - 

Ibarra     -     -     .  -  - 

Biieiieventura  -  -  - 

Pasto 

Popa^aii  -    -    -  -  - 

Neyva   -    -    -  -  - 

Santa  Fe      -    -  -  - 
St.  Juan  de  los  Llanos 

J  unja      -     -     -  -  - 

.Vntioqua      -      .  -  - 

Panama  -     -     -  .  - 

New  Edinburgh  - 

Cartagena    -    -  -  - 

Santa  Marta     -  -  - 

ilncha    -      -     -  -  - 

TenerifFe      -     .  .  • 

.Mariquita     -     -  -  - 


Truxillo 
Caxamarca 
Lima  -     - 
V 


PERU,  &C. 


[irma 


Pisco  -     - 
Fluanianga 
Cuzco 
.Vrequipa 
Titicaca  - 
A  rica     - 
La  Paz   - 
Potosi 
Tarapaca 
Ilo      -     - 


mo  NEGRO,  &C. 

St.  Carlos  Ft.  Espafiol  -  - 
Ft.  de  S.  Joze  .... 
Sta.  Joaquim  -  -  -  -  - 
Sta.  de  Nazaret  .  .  _  - 
S.  An  to.  do  Casanhoronova  - 
Carvociro      --__-. 

Ft.  de  S.  Joze 

Borl)a  Villa 

Santarein      ....... 


N.  Latitude. 

LonpitiiUe  W 
Iron)  London 

Longitude 
W.fioniPa 

Names  of  Observers  and  Remarks 

III  dv^rfc^- 

lis.  In  time. 

O          /         // 

1  42    0*. 

2  25    Os. 

0        /         // 

78  35    ( 

77  48    0 

Il      /      // 

Collations  by.Arrowsmith 
idem. 

0  56    On. 

79  24    0 

... 

idem. 

0  13    Ow. 

78    3  30 

... 

idem. 

0  20    0«. 

77  55    0 

.      -      - 

idem. 

3  51     5«. 

76  49    0 

... 

idem. 

1   13    Om. 

77    5  30 

.      -      - 

idem. 

2  28  20  «. 

76  29    0 

... 

idem. 

3  15    On. 

75  12    0 

... 

idem. 

4  36    0  n 

74    8    0 

.      _      . 

idem. 

3  11  20«. 

73  57  20 

... 

idem. 

5  25     0«. 

73  47    0 

.      .      - 

idem. 

6  45     0«. 

75  18    0 

... 

idem. 

9     0    0 «. 

79  18    0 

... 

idem. 

8  47    0  n. 

77  34    0 

.      .      - 

idem. 

10  27  10  «. 

75  23  30 

... 

idem. 

11    16    Ow. 

74    7  30 

.      .      - 

idem. 

II  30    Om. 

72  55  30 

... 

idem. 

9  45     On 

74  33  30 

.      .      • 

idem. 

5  15  30  w. 

74  15  10 

-      ,      - 

idem. 

8    8  20  5 

78  52    0 

idem. 

6  52    0  5. 

78  40    0 

... 

idem. 

12    2  20  s. 

76  58  30 

-     .      _ 

idem. 

II  35    0*. 

75  17  20 

... 

idem. 

13  46    Os. 

76    8  30 

.•     .      . 

idem. 

12  57     0  s. 

73  58    0 

... 

idem. 

13  42    0*. 

71     6    0 

... 

idem. 

16  17  20  .V. 

71  58  10 

... 

idem. 

16  39    0  s. 

69  43    0 

... 

idem. 

18  27    0  s. 

70  19    0 

... 

ideni. 

17  30    0.S-. 

68  26    0 

... 

idem. 

19  47    0  s. 

67  25     0 

... 

idem. 

20  17    0  5. 

70    6  20 

«      ■■      . 

idem. 

17  36    0  s. 

71   12    0 

idem. 

1  54    Ow. 

67  37    0 

idem. 

1  12    Ow. 

67  30    0 

... 

idem. 

0    i  30  s. 

67  40    0 

... 

idem. 

0    7    Os. 

67  20    0 

... 

idem. 

0  20    Os. 

65  20    0 

... 

idem. 

1  19    0  5. 

61  58  20 

... 

idem. 

3  10    0  5. 

59  57     0 

.      .      • 

idem. 

4  26    0  5. 

59  20    0 

.      -      - 

idem. 

2  28    0  5. 

54  57    0 

... 

idem. 

and  Remarks. 


rrowsmith 


i 


THE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTORICAL 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


AMERICA  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES. 


U  B  A 

UBAQUE,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  corrc^imknto  of  tliis  name,  in  the  new  king- 
dom of  (jranada;  it  was,  during  the  Pagsin- 
ism  of  the  Indians,  one  of  the  most  powerful 
principalities  belonging  tc  the  caciques :  at  pre- 
sent it  contains  :^00  inhabitants  and  as  many 
Indians.  In  its  church  is  venerated  with  parti- 
cular devotion  an  image  of  our  Lady  painted  on 
canvass,  and  which  after  undergoing  much  injury 
from  time,  appeared  all  at  once  miraculously  re- 
novated. By  a  rugged  spot,  called  De  Zaname, 
close  to  the  valley  in  which  this  settlement  stands, 
there  is  a  stone  wlih  the  impression  of  a  human 
foot,  which,  by  the  tradition  of  the  Indians,  is  on 
various  authority  that  of  the  apostle  St.  Bartho- 
lomew.    It  is  seven  leagues  from  Santa  Fe. 

UBARANA,  Ensennada  de,  a  bay  on  the 
coast  of  the  province  and  captainship  i»f  Seara, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Brazil :  it  is  between  the 
rivers  Lagaribe  and  Riobara. 

Ubauana,  a  point  of  land  of  this  name,  which 
is  one  of  those  that  form  the  afore-nientioned 
bay. 

UBATE,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
flio  corrcpmicnto  of  that  name,  in  the  new  king- 
dom of  (jranadu.  Its  climate  is  cold,  but  not  to 
excess,  and  produces  in  abundance  the  fruits  pe- 
culiar to  such  a  temperature ;  especially  wheat, 
potatoes,  maize,  apples  and  barky.  In  the 
church  is  worshipped  a  miraculous  image  of 
Christ  on  the  cross,  to  the  sanctuary  of  which 
the  people  are  impelled  by  devotion  io  coaie 

VOL.  V. 


U  B  A 

from  the  other  provinces.  It  contains  more  than 
10,000  inhabitants,  and  was  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlements of  the  kingdom  which  was  converted  by 
the  missionaries  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis,  of 
whom  it  was  for  many  years  a  doctrinal  curacy. 
It  is  29  miles  m.  w.  w.  of  Santa  Fe. 

UBATUBA,  a  town  of  the  province  and  cap- 
tains/lip  of  San  Vicente  in  Brazil ;  situated  on 
the  coast  on  a  neck  of  land  opposite  the  Isle  of 
Puercos. 

Ubatuba,  a  lake  of  this  name,  in  the  same 
province  and  kingdom,  by  the  coast,  on  the 
shores  of  which  the  Portuguese  have  constructed 
a  fort. 

UBAY,  a  large  and  copious  river  of  Pera.  It 
takes  its  source  from  u  lake  which  is  formed  by 
the  river  Parapiti,  or  Apere,  in  the  country  and 
territory  of  Isoso,  and  runs  to  the  «.  always  in- 
clining to  the  n.  n.  w.  more  than  70  leagues.  It 
crosses  the  country  of  the  Chiquitos  Indians  and 
the  province  of  Los  Moxos  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito,  in  which  it  enters  much  encreased  by  the 
waters  it  has  received  from  that  of  Itenes,  oppo- 
site the  entrenchment  of  Santa  Rosa.  This  river 
is  also  called  Magdalena  San  Miguel,  and  for- 
merly Los  Chiquitos.  Its  mouth  is  in  lat.  11^ 
57'  s. 

UBAZA,  a  huge  settlement,  in  tlie  time  of  the 
Indians,  of  the  province  and  corrcsiniirnto  of  Ve- 
lez  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada  ;  it  was  con- 
quered by  Conzalo  Ximenez  Quesada  in  15^7, 
but  is  at  present  entirely  ruined. 

B 


1    «■ 


I'' 


^1   ^V 
III   =i^> 

1  4 
il 


■  n\ 


•1 ' 


Ml       '.    : 


2  U  C  A 

UBAZU,  or  Canqua,  a  river  of  the  province 
and  captai/is/iip  of  San  Viccnto  in  Brazil,  wliich 
enters  the  sea  opposite  the  island  San  Sebas- 
tian. 

I'BKITA.     SpoOijkita. 

VBERO,  Point,  on  tlie  coast  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Venezuela  and  new  kinn;dom 
of  (iranada,  op))osi(e  tl>e  islandofCura9oa,  close 
to  the  point  ofHicacos. 

l.'BIA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  San  .Fuan  de  los  Llanos  in  the  now  king- 
dom of  (Jranda.  It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of 
several  streams,  and  enters  the  (Cruayavero. 

l.'BINAS,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corrcgimktito  of  Moguehua  in  Peru ;  situate  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  cordiUcra,  lying  to  the  e. 
of  the  province,  the  same  having  on  its  skirts  a 
great  volcano,  which  is  constantly  vomiting  fire, 
and  also  seen  frequently  in  the  month  of  October 
to  emit  black  and  boiling  water.  To  the  district 
of  the  settlement  belongs  a  church,  well  furnished 
and  of  no  mean  erection,  in  a  spot  called  Ichufia, 
where  there  is  a  mill  for  grinding  silver  metals 
extracted  from  a  mine  in  that  quarter,  and  al- 
though the  q\uintity  procured  be  at  present 
trifling,  it  was  not  always  so,  if  we  may  judge 
from  the  sumptuous  ornaments  still  belonging  to 
the  temple  just  mentioned. 

I'BOCA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  La  Guavana,  which  enters  the  Apure. 

UBZAQI'EN,  or  I'sAQUEN,  an  ancient  city, 
at  the  present  dav  almost  in  a  st!>'r  of  ruins,  i» 
the  province  of  the  Indian  nation  of  the  Mozcus, 
of  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  It  was  con- 
quered and  subjected  by  the  arms  of  Gonzalo 
Ximinez  de  Quesada  in  1537.  At  present  it 
forms  a  settlement  of  the  corrcglmiriito  of  the  In- 
dians of  Boza,  is  of  a  cold  temperature,  abound- 
ing and  fertile  in  the  productions  of  a  similar  cli- 
mate. It  has  .1  vice-parish  in  a  neighbouring 
hamlet,  called  La  Calera.  Its  population  is  com- 
posed of  100  housekeepers,  and  some  more  In- 
dians. [It  lies  about  i  I  miles  n.  e.  from  Sajita 
Fe.] 

[L'CAH,  Port,  on  the  >i.  tc.  coast  of  N.  Ame- 
rica, is  situate  on  Washington's  Island,  y.  of 
PortGeyer,  and  ii.  of  Port  Sturgis.  At  its  mouth 
are  Needham's  Isles.  The  middle  of  the  en- 
trance of  this  l)ay  is  in  lat.  /)'2^  23' ;/.] 

I'CAHEO,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  (dcaldia  inai/or  of  Xueva  Espaua.  It  contains 
4S0  families  of  Indians,  including  those  dwelling 
in  the  wards  of  its  district,  and  in  a  convent  of 
the  religious  of  S.  Augustin.  It  is  I'J  leagues  to 
tlie  n.  ic,  of  its  capital. 


U  C  IT 

UCAYALE,  a  vt  .y  abinulant  and  navigable 
river,  and  one  of  the  largest  of  tliose  which  enter 
the  Maranon,  or  Amazonas,  and,  according  to 
some,  even  wider  than  this  at  its  mouth.  It  has 
its  rise  in  a  great  lake,  called  Chinchaycocha,  in 
the  mountains  of  the  province  and  corrcshuicnto 
of  Tarma  in  Peru,  and  only  about  12  miles  from 
the  city  of  Tarma.  It  runs,  under  different 
namesj'first  to  s.  then  turns  its  course  to  c.  and, 
after  many  windings,  inclines  to  the  «.,  forming 
many  islands  and  lakes,  in  which  are  multitudes 
of  alligators  and  tortoises.  Amongst  the  nume- 
rous rivers  which  j  jin  it  in  its  course,  are  the 
Paucartanibo,  Manua,  Sarayacu,  Cassavatay  and 
Tapissi.  According  to  modern  oliservations  it 
runs  more  than  200  leagues:  in  the  woods  on  its 
borders  dwell  the  nations  of  the  Piros,  Cuni- 
vos  and  Cocamas  Indians,  who  had,  for  the  most 
part,  been  reduced  by  the  labours  of  the  Jesuit 
missionaries  of  the  province  of  Quito,  but  sud- 
denly rebelled,  and  put  to  death  the  father  En- 
rique Jlicter,  with  a  clergyman  called  Vazquez, 
and  retired  to  the  mountains;  and  although  it 
lias  been  since  attempted  to  bring  them  into  a 
civilised  state  of  life,  first  in  the  year  1()95,  and 
again  in  17(il,  the  effort  was  vain.  The  river 
Ucayale  enters,  as  before  observed,  into  the  Ma- 
ranon, or  Amazonas,  by  the  s,  side,  [in  lat.  4^ 
25'  ,v.] 

UCCHIUMARCA,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  tonrg/w/fw/o  of  Lucanas  in  Peru;  an- 
nexed to  the  ciiracv  of  Saiza. 

UCCHUBAMBX,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  correginiktito  of  Xauja,  in  the  same  kingdom 
as  the  former ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  set- 
tlement of  Apata. 

UccHUBAMBA,  auotliei*,  in  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Andahuailas,  in  the  same  king- 
dom:  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of 
Chincheros. 

LTCnUILLUAILLAS,  a  settlement  of  the 
province  and  correghtiiento  of  Angaraes,  in  the 
same  kingdom ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the 
settlement  of  Lircav. 

UCCHUSTAMBO,  a  settlement  of  the  jiro- 
vince  and  ro/vrg/w/Vw/o  of  Lucanas,  in  the  same 
kingdom  :  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settle- 
ment of  Saiza. 

I'CH AN,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
cnrrcgimknto  of  Chichas  and  Tariia,  in  the  same 
kingclom,  and  of  the  division  and  district  of  Lu- 
canas. 

IJCHAYUCAPA,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Canta  in  Peru:  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Pari. 


u  c  o 


U  L  S 


navig;a1)le 
,  hich  cuter 
corning  to 
ith.  It  has 
aycocha, in 
rrcs^imiento 
miles  from 
r   different 

to  ('.  and, 
n.,  forming 

niultitudcH 

the  nume- 
•se,  are  the 
iavatay  and 
jrvations  it 
/ouds  on  its 
iros,  Cniii- 
br  the  most 
r  the  Jesuit 
o,  but  sud- 

tiither  En- 
■d  Vazquez, 
althoiiirh  it 
thoni  into  a 
[•  1(j9j,  and 
The  river 
nto  the  Ma- 
,  [in  lat.  4=" 

of  the  pro- 
n  Peru;  an- 

the  province 
me  kingdont 
y  of  the  set- 

rovinco  and 
s  same  king- 
lettlement  of 

ment  of  the 
raes,  in  tlie 
iracy  of  the 

of  the  pro- 
in  tlie  same 
,f  the  settle- 

rovince  and 
,  in  tlie  same 
strict  of  Lu- 

of  the  pro- 
Peru  :  an- 
it  of  Pari. 


[UCHE,  an  Indian  town  of  N.  America,  si- 
tuate on  the  Chata  Uche  river.  It  is  situated, 
according  to  Bartram,  on  a  vast  phiin^  and  is  the 
hugest,  uM)st  compact,  and  best  situated  Indian 
town  he  ever  saw.  The  habitations  are  large, 
and  neatly  built ;  the  walls  of  the  houses  are  con- 
structed of  a  wooden  frame,  then  lathed  and  plas- 
tered inside  and  out  with  a  reddish  well-tempered 
clay  or  mortar,  which  gives  them  the  appearance 
of  red  brick  walls;  and  the  roofs  are  neatly  co- 
vered with  cypress  bark,  or  shingles.  The  town 
appears  populous  and  thriving,  full  of  youth  and 
young  children ;  and  is  supposed  to  contain 
about  1500  inhabitants.  They  are  able  to  muster 
500  gun-uien  or  warriors.  Their  national  lan- 
guage is  radically  different  from  the  Creek  or 
JSIuscogulge  tongue,  and  is  called  the  Savanna 
or  Savainica  tongue.  It  is  said  to  be  the  same  as, 
or  a  dialect  of  the  Shawanese.  Although  in  con- 
federacy witli  the  Creeks,  they  do  not  mix  with 
tlicm ;  and  are  of  injportance  enough  to  excit.; 
the  jealousy  of  the  whole  Muscogulge  confede- 
racy, and  are  usually  at  variance,  yet  are  wise 
enough  (o  unite  agamst  a  common  enemy  to  sup- 
port the  interest  of  the  general  Creek  confede- 
racy.] 

L'CHIRE,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Cumanii,  which  enters  the  sea. 

I'CHOS,  a  seitlement  of  the  province  and  cor- 
regiiiik'iilo  of  Caxamarquilla  in  Peru,  having  a 
very  good  port  in  the  river  Marafion,  whereby 
the  commerce  is  facilitated  between  this  province 
and  that  of  Conchucos. 

UCHUMARCA,  a  settlement  of  the  same  pro- 
vince and  kingdom  as  tlie  former;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Balzas,  in  the 
province  of  Chachapoyas. 

L'CIIUPIAMOUIAS,  San  Joseph  de,  a  set- 
tlement of  the  province  and  corregimienlo  of  Apo- 
lal)aniba  in  Peru,  one  of  the  missions  that  were 
held  there  by  the  religious  of  St.  Francis.  It 
lies  between  the  cordillera  of  the  Andes  of  Cu- 
choa  and  the  river  Beni,  and  has  the  name  of  the 
Indian  nation  from  whom  it  is  formed. 

UCITA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  (niayana,  or  Nueva  Andalucia, 
which  rises  ic.  of  V'errama,  runs  parallel  to  the 
same,  and  enters  the  Ventuavi. 

I'CO,  a  settlenuMit  of  the  province  and  cor- 
res;imit'n(o  of  Conchucos  in  Peru,  to  the  curacy  of 
wiiich  belongs  the  valley  of  Araucay,  in  the  s.v). 
part  of  the  Marafion,  where  there  are  three 
estates,  all  belonging  to  the  province  of  Iluania- 
iies.     [This  settlement  is  situate  nearly  00  miles 


«.  of  what  Fritz  in  1707  called  the  source  of  the 
Maranon.l 

UCUBAMBA,  or  UcuPAMPA,  which  signifies 
in  the  Qnechuan  language,  a  deep  lUinura.  It  is 
here  the  name  of  a  river,  which  rises  in  the  pro- 
vince and  corregimif'tito  of  Caxamarquilla,  of  the 
kingdom  of  Peru,  passes  throuo;h  the  province  of 
Chachapoyas,  and,  united  with  the  Taulia,  en- 
ters the  Maranon,  between  two  lofty  mountains 
called  Remtema,  opposite  the  settlement  of  To- 
mepcnda.  It  has  also  the  name  of  Chachapoyas, 
and  near  its  mouth  that  of  Iluabua,  in  lat.  5'^ 
30'  *. 

UCUCHACAS,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  f orrfig-Zw/rw/o  of  Condesuyos  de  Arequipa  in 
Peru ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement 
of  Choco. 

UCUNTAYA,  a  mountain  of  the  province 
and  conrgiinrtito  ofCarabaya  in  Peru,  celebrated 
for  a  rich  silver-mine,  from  which  there  was  ex- 
tracted in  the  year  1713,  a  solid  mass  of  that 
metal,  which  produced  many  thousands  of  dol- 
lars. 

[UGALACIIIMIUTI,  a  Russian  settlement 
on  the  «.  u\  coast  of  America.  For  a  further  de- 
scription of  which,  see  Vol.  iii.  p.  222.  of  this 
work.] 

UGUNUCU,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Popayiin,  in  the  new  king- 
dom of  Granada. 

UJIBO.     SeeOjiBA. 

[ULIETEA,  one  of  the  Society  Islands  in  the 
S.  Pacific  Ocean,  is  about  seven  or  eight  leagues 
from  the  island  of  Huaheine,  at  s.  a',  by  w. 
There  are  nine  uninhabited  islands  a',  of  it.  The 
s.  end  lies  in  lat.  16°  55'  s.  and  long.  151"* 
20'  u:l  ^ 

ULLAGAS,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
conegimiaUo  of  Paria  in  Peru  ;  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Coroma  in  the  pro- 
viiice  of  Porco. 

ULLIJN,  a  settlement  of  the  kingdom  of 
Chile;  situate  e.  of  the  volcano  of  Simari,  or 
Choapa. 

I'LSTER,  a  county  of  the  province  and  co- 
lony of  New  York,  in  the  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica. [It  contains  all  that  part  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  bounded  c.  by  the  middle  of  Hud- 
son's River,  s.  by  the  countv  of  Orange,  rr.  by  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  rr.  branch  ol' Dela- 
ware River,  and  «.  by  the  county  of  Albany.  In 
1790,  it  contained  29,397  inhabitants,  including 
2,f)9()  slaves.  In  I7<)(i,  there  were  4,l^if)  of  the 
inhabitants  (jualiticd  to  be  electors.  It  is  divided 
K  2 


ttSbttii 


ft  !  (• 


,.ji 


^  ^R 


'it 


I! 


4  U  M  A 

into  16  townships.  Chief  town,  Kingston.  A 
part  of  this  county  and  that  of  Otsego,  were 
erected  into  a  separate  county,  January,  1797.] 

ULUA,  San  Juan  de,  an  island  of  the  N. 
Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Nueva  Espana,  opposite 
Vera  Cruz,  and  so  close  as  to  form  a  road  which 
»erv  s  for  a  port  to  vessels  which  are  accustomed 
to  make  themselves  fast  to  some  large  blocks  of 
brass  which  are  opportunely  placed  here  for  that 

{lurpose.  It  has  lor  its  defence  and  security  a 
arge  castle,  furnished  with  more  than  100  can- 
non ;  and  bej^ond  this  is  another  handsome  bat- 
tery, which  flanks  and  defends  the  tv.o  channels 
to  the  right  and  left,  and  which  lie  to  the  n.  and 
to  the  s.  e.  In  1682,  this  island  was  taken  by 
.some  pirates.  It  was  discovered  in  1318,  b^' 
Don  Juan  de  Grijalva. 

Ulua,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Honduras.  It  is  large  and  abundant, 
navigable  for  vessels  of  200  tons,  and  on  its  shores 
are  some  small  settlements  of  pacific  Indians.  It 
enters  the  sea  in  the  Gulf  of  Honduras. 

ULU-MAYU,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corregimiento  of  Tarma  in  Peru  ;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Carhuamayn,  in 
which  there  is  a  fort,  with  a  troop,  to  restraui  the 
incursions  of  the  infidel  Chunchos  Indians,  who 
border  t^ie  province  on  that  side. 

[ULYSSES,  one  of  the  military  townships  in 
Onondago  County,  Ne^v  York ;  situate  at  the 
s.  end  of  Cayuga  Lake,  having  Hector  on  the  w. 
and  Dryden  on  the  e.  which  last  township  is  in- 
cluded within  the  jurisdiction  of  Ulysses,  which 
was  incorporated  in  1794.  In  1796,  38  of  the 
inhabitants  were  electors.] 

UMACHIRI,  a  settlement  of  *he  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Lampa  in  Peru. 

UMACHUCO,  San  Roque  de,  a  settlement 
of  the  province  and  corregitnienlo  of  Condesuyos 
de  Arequipa,  in  the  same  kingdom  as  the  former; 
annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Ca- 
sarani. 

UMAGATA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Arica,  in  the  same  kingdom;  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Copta. 

UMAGUA,  or  Omagua  San  Joaquin  de,  a 
settlement  of  the  province  and  government  of 
Mainiis  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 

UMAMARCA,  a  large  lake  of  the  province 
and  rorrro7/H/< '//o  of  On)asuyos  in  Peru,  divided 
from  that  of  Tiiicaca  by  the  peninsula  of  Copa- 
cavann,  leaving  only  a  small  strait. 

UMANATA,a  siottiement  of  the  province  and 
rorregimiento  of  Larecaxa,  in  the  same  kingdom 


UNA 

as  the  former  lake ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the 
settlement  of  Italaque. 

UMAUANE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Guayana,  or  Nueva  Andalucia; 
situate  in  the  country  and  territory  of  the  Quiri- 
quiripas  Indians. 

UMAYA,  a  large  and  abundant  river  of  the 
province  of  Culiacan  and  kingdom  of  Nueva 
Vizcaya  in  N.America,  which  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  the  sierra  of  Zopia,  and  disembogues  it- 
self into  tlje  S.  Sea,  at  the  port  of  Navitoos.  It 
a])ounds  more  in  fish  than  any  river  in  the  king-- 
dom,  particularly  in  robalos  (a  kind  of  trout),  of 
which  the  fisheries  are  very  considerable.  On  its 
shores  near  the  sea,  the  salt  is  accustomed  to  ac- 
cumulate in  such  large  heaps,  as  not  to  be  af- 
fected or  washed  away  by  the  violent  showers. 
Further  up  its  banks  are  various  settlements  of 
Mexican  Indians,  reduced  to  the  faith  by  the  re- 
ligious of  St.  Francis. 

[UMBAGOG,  a  large  lake  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, next  in  size  to  Lake  Winipiseogee.  It  lies 
in  Grafton  County,  and  a  small  part  of  it  in  the 
district  of  Maine.] 

UMBRA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Canta  in  Peru,  which  rises  from 
tlie  lake  Purun,  runs  e.  and  enters  the  Pari. 

UMMEU,  or  Uu  AM r.o,  according  to  others,  a 
settlement  of  the  province  and  country  of  the 
Amazonas,  or  part  of  Guayana,  belonging  to  the 
Portuguese;  situate  at  the  source  of  the  river 
Tuhere. 

UMURANAS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians 
descended  from  the  ancient  Mainas,  who  live  in 
woods  between  the  river  Chaml)ira  to  the  e.  the 
Pastaza  to  the  zc.  and  the  Maranon  to  the  s. 
Many  of  them  dwell  at  the  source  of  the  rivers 
Nucuray  and  Orito,  or  Lorito-yacu.  They  wan- 
der about  through  the  woods,  and  maintain  them- 
selves by  the  chase. 

UNA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  cap- 
tainship of  San  Vicente  in  Brazil,  on  the  coast 
between  the  bay  of  this  name  and  the  island  of 
San  Sebastian. 

[UNADILLA,  a  river  of  the  state  .,f  New 
York,  called  also  Tianaderba,  runs  s.  and  join- 
ing the  main  branch,  forms  Chenengo  River.] 

[Unadilla,  a  township  of  New  York,  Ot- 
sego County,  on  the  «.  side  of  the  main  branch  of 
Chenengo  River.  It  is  about  1 10  n>ilcs  s.  w.  of 
Albany  ;  and  in  1796,  502  of  its  inliabitants  were 
electors.  In  the  same  year  the  townships  of 
Suffrage,  Otsego,  and  Burternuts,  were  taken 
from  this  township,  and  incorporated.] 


U  N  C 


IJ  N  I 


o 


icy 


of  the 


.A 


vince  and 
luialucia ; 
the  Quiri- 

ircr  of  the 

of  Niieva 

the  inoun- 

bogues  it- 

vitoos.  It 
the  king- 
trout),  of 

lie.   On  its 

ined  to  ac- 

t  to  be  af- 

it  showers. 

tlements  of 

I  by  the  re- 

ew  Hanip- 
pce.  It  lies 
)t'  it  in  the 

rovincc  and 
li  rises  from 
K  Pari, 
to  otliers,  a 
ntry  of  the 
ging  to  the 
jf  the  river 

I  of  Indians 
who  live  in 
o  the  e.  the 
in  to  the  5. 
)f  the  rivers 
They  wan- 
lintain  them- 

nce  and  cap- 
on the  coast 
the  island  of 

ate  wf  New 
s.  and  join- 
o  Uiver.] 
w  York,  Ot- 
ain  branch  of 
niles  s.  zc.  of 
ibitants  were 
townships  of 
were  taken 
d.] 


rUNAKA,  Mountain.    See  Tennessee.] 

L'NAMARCA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  correfr'uniento  of  Andahuailas  in  Pern:  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Pam- 
pachiri. 

[UNA MI,  a  tribe  of  the  Delaware  Indians, 
considered  to  be  the  head  of  tliat  nation.] 

UNARK,  a  settlement  of  (he  province  of  Bar- 
celona and  government  of  C'umana,  in  the  new 
kingdom  of  Granada,  one  of  the  missions  or  re- 
duccions  of  Indians  made  by  the  observers  of  S. 
Francisco  de  Piriti'i. 

Unahe,  another,  in  the  same  province  and 
kingdom;  situate  in  the  serrania,  and  bein^g  a  re- 
duccion  of  the  missions  of  the  Arragonese  Capu- 
chins. 

Unare,  a  large  and  abundant  river  of  the 
same  province  and  kingdom,  celebrated  for  the 
excellent  cacao  gathered  in  the  estates  on  its 
banks.  Some  call  it  also  Harinas  :  it  rises  in  tlie 
mountains  to  the  e.  of  Upar,  runs  n.  n.  e.  in  a  ser- 

fentine  course,  and  collecting  the  waters  of  the 
luere,  disembogues  itself  into  the  sea  near  its 
capital.  On  its  banks  are  various  settlements, 
consisting  of  reduccions  of  tlie  religious  missiona- 
ries of  Piritu.  This  river  would  be  navigable 
for  bilanders  and  packet  boats,  were  it  not  for 
the  bar  at  its  entrance,  which  is  in  lat.  10"  4'  «. 

[According  to  Depons,  the  L'nare  divides  the 
governments  of  Caracas  and  Cumana.  It  is  na- 
vigable as  far  as  the  village  of  S.  Antonio  deCla- 
rinas,  six  leagues  from  the  sea.  Its  course  is 
about  40  leagues  from  «.  to  s.] 

Una  HE,  a  small  river  of  the  same  province 
and  kingdom,  which  runs  n.  and  enters  the  sea  in 
the  coast  of  Paria. 

Unaue,  a  small  lake  in  the  same  province; 
situate  on  the  sea-shore  with  the  which  it  com- 
municates, and  on  the  side  of  the  river  of  its 
name. 

UNA VI,  a  small  river  of  the  same  province 
and  government  as  the  former,  which  rises  near 
that  of  Arebato,  runs  correspondently  with  it, 
and  then  unites  itself  with  it. 

UNCAHUASI,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corrcgimknto  of  Castro  V^irreyna  in  Peru ; 
annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Jul- 
camarca,  in  (he  province  of  Angaraes. 

UNCl'ICIA,  a  lake  of  the  province  of  Quito 
and  kingdom  of  Granada,  to  the  s.  of  the  settle- 
ment called  Nombre  de  Jesus,  and  distant  a  little 
more  than  half  a  mile  from  the  same.  It  has  a 
short  and  narrow  gut  through  which  it  runs  into 
the  Napo,  and  is  fidl  of  islands,  forming  a  laby- 
rinth of  channels.    In  the  same  islands  dwell 


some  barbarian  Indians  of  the  Yetes  nation,  in 
lat.  1-27' 30"  5. 

L'NDAMEO,  Santiago  de,  a  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  the  ulcaldia  niaijor  of  Val- 
ladolid,  in  the  province  and  bishopric  of  Mechoa- 
can ;  situate  in  a  high,  stony,  and  desert  plain, 
but  on  the  «.  side  of  which  runs  a  crystal  stream, 
with  which  the  Indians  irrigate  some  of  their 
sowed  land.  Its  population  consists  of  20  fami- 
lies of  these,  and  six  of  Spaniards  and  Afiislees. 
In  its  district  are  various  estates,  in  which  dwell 
14  other  families  of  Spaniards,  11  of  Mustees,  ami 
20  of  Indians.  It  has  a  convent  of  the  religious 
of  St.  Aiigustin. 

UN  DA  VI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
conrgiiniento  of  Carangas  in  Peru,  and  of  the 
archbishopric  of  Charcas;  annexed  to  the  curacy 
of  the  settlement  of  Chuquicota. 

UNE,  a  settlement  of  the  corregimknto  of 
Ubaque  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  It  is 
of  a  good  temperature,  and  its  situation  is  level 
and  agreeable ;  it  yields  in  abundance  the  pro- 
ductions of  a  cold  climate,  and  contains  more 
than  100  housekeepers,  and  as  many  Indians. 
Eight  leagues  s.  w.  of  .Santa  Fe. 

UNGUI-YACU,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
corregimknto  of  Luya  and  Chillaos  in  Peru,  which 
rises  in  the  skrra,  runs  w,  and  enters  the  Ca- 
huapana. 

LNGUIGI.\,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Mainas  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 
It  runs  from  whence  the  Coya  enters  the  Yebi- 
neto,  and  changes  its  name  to  enter  the  Putu- 
niayo. 

UNINI,  a  river  of  the  province  and  country 
of  the  Amazonas,  in  the  territory  possessed  by 
the  Portuguese.  It  runs  e.  between  the  rivers 
Negro  and  Marafion,  and  enters  the  former. 

UNITED  STATES.  An  indepeadent  re- 
public, formed  by  the  union  of  the  13  English 
colonies  of  New  Hampshire,  Mas  sachussetts, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  the  three  counties  of  Delaware,  Pensyl- 
vania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  the  two  Carolinas, 
and  Georgia,  separated  from  the  dominion  of 
the  court  of  England,  after  a  bloody  war,  which 
took  place  in  l7Ci7,  anil  which  arose  from  an  act 
of  parliament,  imi)osing  new  duties  upon  glass, 
lead,  colours,  letter  paper,  and  tea ;  the  which 
act  the  said  Estates  professed  themselves  inimi- 
cal to :  accordingly,  atTter  five  years  altercation, 
England  agreed  to  revoke  part  of  the  act.  Judg- 
ing that  to  comply  fidly  with  the  desire  of  the 
United  States,  was"  inconsistent  with  its  dignity. 
It  accordingly,  in  1773,  commanded  the  duties  to 


0 


UNITED    STATES. 


■i''l!'' 


Hit' 


ture, 
This 


,,»»  -^ 


be  taken  oft'  from  tea  ;  but  the  Anioricaii  colo- 
nists resolving;  not  to  submit  to  what  they  con- 
sidered us  a  broach  of  tht-ir  privilegRs,  denied 
admittance  to  any  tea  that  «as  broiiijlit  from 
Europe,  notvvithstandinn;  that  this  was  an  article 
amongst  them  in  the  greatest  recjuest  and  most 
common  use.  The  example  was  set  by  the  city 
of  Boston,  the  capital  of  New  England,  which 
declared  as  enemies  to  their  country  all  those 
who  should  soil  this  article,  bestowing  great 
thanks  and  eulogiums  upon  many  merchants 
W'ho  refused  to  trade  in  it,  and  to  others  who 
disavowed  the  consignments  of  it  actually  made 
from  their  correspondents  in  England.  The  in- 
habitants publicly  burnt  what  they  had  in  their 
houses  for  private  use,  as  likewise  a  quantity 
that  was  lying  on  board  three  ships  lately  ar- 
rived from  Jiondon.  The  parliament  taking  of- 
fence at  this  resolution,  declared  the  port  of 
Boston  to  be  inu  state  of  blockade;  and  its  com- 
merce, whether  of  an  active  or  passive  na- 
to  be  prohibited  from  the  year  1774. 
,  instead  of  calming  the  spirit  of  the  Bos- 
tonians,  irritated  them  still  more;  they  called 
it  an  inhuman,  barbarous,  and  bloody  act,  and 
excited  the  whole  of  their  citizens  to  defend 
their  liberty  against  the  tyranny  of  England. 
To  such  a  pitch  did  the  enthusiasm  rise  that 
nothing  but  exhortations  were  heard  in  the  tem- 
ples or  the  streets,  and  a  placard  was  printed  of 
the  following  pith^  and  energetic  tenor.  "  The 
severity  of  the  British  parliament  against  Boston 
ought  to  cause  all  the  provinces  of  America  to 
tremble ;  since  there  now  remains  for  them  no 
choice  between  prisons,  fire,  and  violent  death, 
or  the  yoke  of  a  mean  and  servile  obedience. 
The  epoch  of  a  revolution  has  taken  place; 
which,  in  its  vast  importance,  will,  eitlier  by  a 
happy  or  disgraceful  termination,  render  us 
either  a  subject  of  infamy  or  admiratior  to  pos- 
terity. The  solution  of  the  grand  problem  now 
before  us,  is  simply  this :  the  choice  between 
liberty  or  slavery  ;  on  this  choice  depends  the 
future  happiness  or  misery  of  three  millions  of 
men,  and  of  their  posterity.  Rise  then,  Ame- 
ricans ;  never  was  the  region  that  you  inhabit 
overcast  with  clouds  like  these  :  ye  are  branded 
with  the  name  of  rebels,  because  ye  have  dared 
not  to  be  slaves.  .1  ustif^y  your  pretensions  by 
your  valour,  or  seal  the  loss  by  your  blood. 
Now  is  it  no  time  to  wail,  when  the  hand  of 
your  oppressor  is  already  forging  your  chains  : 
silence  were  now  a  fault,  and  peace  itself  were 
infamy.  The  support  of  the  Republic's  rights 
is  the  supreme  law ;  and  he  who  shall  deny  to 


lend  his  utmost  assistance  in  warding  olT  the 
dangers  which  are  thus  thronging  around  the 
shrine  of  American  independence,  let  him  be 
ranked  amongst  the  vilest  of  her  slaves." 

This  impressive  declamation,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  all  the  provinces,  caused  the  inha- 
bitants to  meet  together,  and  to  form  a  congress 
in  Philadelphia,  in  September  1774.  England, 
in  the  mean  time,  no  less  agitated  by  the  de- 
bates and  opinions  of  its  parlmment,  atler  argu- 
ing, in  many  ways,  upon  the  means  best  adapted 
to  quiet  the  colonies,  at  last  made  choice  of 
measures  of  force ;  and,  accordingly,  sent  Ge- 
neral Gage  with  some  troops  ;  who  having  for- 
warded a  detachment  from  Boston  on  the  18th 
April  177.5,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  ant. 
burning  the  stores  of  arms  and  ammunition, 
which  the  Americans  had  collected  together  in 
Concord,  was  completely  routed  by  the  latter ; 
who,  however,  lost  their  comnmnder  Warren, 
to  whom  they  afterwards  paid  singular  honours 
as  having  been  the  first  victim  who  died  in  the 
cause  of  their  liberty.  This  calamity  was  fol- 
lowed by  many  others  of  an  unorganized  war  ; 
until  that  Congress  nominated  George  Wash- 
ington, as  their  general,  a  native  of  Virginia,  a 
man  already  renowned  for  his  valour  and  sin- 
gular abilities,  exhibited  on  various  occasions. 
Delighted  at  his  election,  he  marched  for  Mas- 
sachussetts,  and  obliged  the  royalists  to  shut 
themselves  up  in  Boston,  where,  being  perse- 
cuted by  their  enemies,  and  oppressed  by  hun- 
ger, by  miseries,  and  by  sickness,  they  were 
obliged  to  embark  to  the  number  of  6,000,  find- 
ing an  asylum  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Florida  : 
some  however  remained  in  England.  Carleton 
dislodged  from  Canada  the  commissaries,  who 
had  gone  to  use  persuasions  with  the  city  of 
Quebec.  Clinton  and  Parker  were  driven  back 
upon  the  coasts,  as  was  also  general  Gage,  who 
was  supported  by  Howe,  and  both  backed  by 
the  brother  of  the  latter,  who  had  under  his 
command  a  fine  squadron  :  but  the  incompara- 
ble Washington,  unwilling  to  venture  his  im- 
portant objects,  and  the  fate  of  his  country  on 
the  event  of  a  battle,  contented  himself  with 
harassing  the  English  troops,  who,  in  1777, 
foinul  themselves  engaged  with  the  Americans, 
and  had  made  themselves  masters  of  Philadel- 
phia. But,  a  short  time  after,  an  army  of  six 
thousand  veterans  were  found  to  s(d)mit  and 
render  up  their  arms  at  Saratoga  to  some  la- 
bourers and  rustics,  without  any  military  expe- 
rience, commanded  by  the  fortunate  (rates : 
but  these  different  events  subjected  the  colonies. 


f  9,   ! 


;  off  the 

luml  tliu 

him  be 

vas  pub- 
lic inbii- 
coneress 
Bngland, 
the  de- 
ter argu- 
t  adapted 
choice  of 
sent  Ge- 
ving  for- 
the  18tli 
yinar  ant. 
munition, 
"fotlier  in 
le  latter; 
Warren, 
r  honours 
ed  in  the 
was  fol- 
zed  war ; 
je  Wash- 
irginia,  a 
and  sin- 
occasions. 
.  for  Mas- 
to   shut 
ng  perse- 
by  hun- 
nov  were 
000,  find- 
Florida  : 
Carleton 
iries,  who 
he  city  of 
iven  back 
iiigo,  who 
lacked  by 
under  his 
icoinpara- 
his   im- 
oinitry  on 
nsclF  M'ith 
in    1777, 
niericans, 
Philadol- 
iiy  of  six 
)niit   and 
some  la- 
ary  expe- 
■  Crates  : 
colonies, 


M 


UNITED    STATES. 


in  1779  to  the  expenoe  of  ^.188,G70,,52.5  (Al(;odo 
should  have  said  dollars,  though  even  (hen  the 
amount  would  be  excessive  by  about  30,000,000 
of  dollars);  at  the  same  time' all  communication 
with  Europe  was  prevented  by  the  English  squa- 
dron ;  hut,  obstinate  in  their  resolutions,  the 
Americans  exclaimed,  "  The  English  name  nmkes 
Hs  odious  to  the  whole  world :  let  us  solemnly 
abjure  it.  All  men  are  our  brothers,  and  we  are 
the  friends  of  all  nations.  Let  then  their  ships 
enter  our  ports  without  fear  of  being  insulted." 

Many  of  different  nations  then  flocked  to  Ame- 
rica, and,  amongst  the  rest,  ninnbers  of  French  ; 
but  the  greater  part  were  arrested  in  their  pas- 
sage by  y\dmiral  Howe.  At  last,  a  treaty  of 
alliance  was  formed  between  America  and  France 
in  1778,  and  this  power  acknowledged  the  Ame- 
ricans to  be  independent  of  England ;  upon  which 
the  latter  declared  war  both  against  tlie  French 
and  the  Spaniards ;  at  last,  however,  finding  that 
the  expectation  and  hopes  of  reducing  the  colonies 
diminished  daily,  she  came  to  the  resolution  of 
sending  commissioners,  who  proposed  many  mat- 
ters of  conciliation,  but  all  short  of  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  independence.  These  propositions 
were  treated  with  contempt,  until  that  England 
was,  at  last,  under  the  necessity  of  acknowledging 
and  declaring  America  to  be  an  independent 
country  in  the  peace  of  Paris  of  1783;  and  this 
example  was  followed  by  all  the  powers  of  Eu- 
rope, who  acknowledged  the  title  of  the  L'nited 
States  of  An\erica  ;  the  which,  being  composed  of 
the  thirteen  provinces  aforesaid,  we  treat  of  more 
fully  under  tlicir  corresponding  articles. 

[INDEX    TO    ADDITIONAL    IXFonVATION    CON- 
TAINED UNDER  ARTICLE  UNITED  STATES. 

Boumhries. — Grand  divisions  and  slatistiml  paiii- 
<iil(irs  of  each  stale. — lAihcs  and  rivers. — Fare 
oft/ie  couiitri/. — Mountains. — Soil  and  vcs^(t(dtle 
productions.  —  Vatura/  history/. — Population  and 
territortj. — Government  and  constitution. — -^^ri- 
cufture  and  manujatiurcs. — Finance. —  Trade. — 
MiHtari/slrvns;th. —  Iieli<xion. — Ifistort/. — Ana- 
fj/sis  of  the  licrlin  and  Milan  decrees,  and  of  the 
American  scamin ;  Nan -importation  and  em- 
hargo  latis — Solices  of  tlie  campaign  in  ISia 
and  IHIS.—  Table  of  post  -^flices,  SfC.—  Post 
office  regulations.— fuble^ofcoins,e.vcliange,  6^-c. 

Boundaries. —The  actual  extent  of  territory  in 
thesp  States  is  very  difficult  to  be  estimated.  '  In 
17-)j  their  boundaries  were  or;  the  n.e.  British 
.\nierica,  or  the  provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower 


Canada  and  New  Brunswick ;  on  the  .».  c.  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ;  on  the s.  the  Floridas ;  c.  and  w, 
— and  on  the  70.  the  river  Mississippi. 

Such  are,  with  the  increased  extent  to  the  rt'. 
occasioned  by  the  acquisition  of  Louisiana,  their 
boundaries  it  the  present  day.  'IMieir  length,  in 
1795,  might  In*  thus  averaged  at  1250,  and  their 
breadth  at  1040  miles,  and  they  laid  between  lat. 
30°  and  49"  n. ;  long.  8°  e.  and  24^  ic.  from  Phi- 
ladelphia, and  long.  G4^  and9()°  u\  from  London. 

Their  acquisitions  which,  since  that  ji.'riod, 
have  been  merely  to  the  jr  affect,  in  consequence, 
their  extent  only  in  length,  though,  as  correctly 
speaking,  in  breadth,  the  direction  lieing  longi- 
tudinal. The  exact  surface  thus  added  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  calculate,  since  the  bounda- 
ries of  Louisiana  are  constantly  shifting.  In  I7SS 
the  number  of  square  acres,  included  in  these 
States,  amounted  to  283,800,000,  of  which  about 
one  million  and  a  quarter  were  cultivated,  and  in 
1808  to  000,000,000,  of  which  nearly  t^vo  mil- 
lions and  an  half  were  cultivated. 

In  the  treaty  of  peace,  concluded  in  1783,  their 
limits  were  more  particularly  defined  in  the  v  (irds 
following :  "  And  that  all  disputes  which  might 
arise  in  future  on  the  subject  of  the  boundaries  of 
the  said  United  States  may  be  prevented,  it  is 
hereby  agreed  and  declared,  that  the  following 
are  and  shall  be  their  boundaries,  viz.  From  the 
11.  ti\  angle  of  Nova  Scotia,  viz.  that  angle  which 
is  formed  by  a  line  drawn  due  w.  from  t)ie  source 
of  St.  Croix  lliver  to  the  Highlands,  along  the 
said  Higl'lands  which  divide  those  rivers  that 
empty  t'lemselves  into  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
from  th"se  which  fall  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  {• 
the  nor  .h- westernmost  head  of  Connecticut  river; 
thencf  down  alou"-  the  middle  of  that  river  to 
lat.  45°  n. ;  from  thence  by  a  line  due  w.  on  said 
lat.  until  it  strikes  the  river  Iroquois  or  Catara- 
f]ui ;  thence  along  the  middle  of  the  said  river 
int(»  Lake  Ontario ;  through  the  middle  of  said 
lake,  until  it  strikes  the  communication  by  water 
between  that  lake  and  Lake  Erie  ;  thence  along 
the  middle  of  the  said  communication  into  Lake 
Erie,  through  the  middle  of  the  said  lake,  until  it 
arrives  at  the  water  communication  between  that 
lake  and  Lake  Huron :  thence  through  the  middle 
of  the  said  lake  to  the  water  communication  be- 
tween that  lake  and  Lake  Superior ;  thence 
through  Lake  Superior,//.  «»fthe  Isles  Rryal  and 
Phillipeaux,  to  the  Long  Lake :  thervf  through 
the  middle  of  the  said  Long  Lake,  and  the  water 
communication  between  it  and  the  Lake  of 
the  Woods,  to  the  .said  Lake  of  the  Woods:] 


iiaiiiiiffai  ir 


n 


UNITED 


r,  J 


( thence  t1ii-uii<>:li  the  snid  lake  to  tlio  iiioMt  «.  w. 
|Htiiit  thci'oof,  and  from  thoticc*,  on  a  due  w. 
course,  to  the  river  MiHsissippi ;  thenre  by  a  line 
to  be  drawn  along  the  middle  of  the  said  River 
Mississippi,  until  it  shall  intersect  the  northern- 
most part  of//,  lat.  31°. 

"  South,  by  a  line  to  be  drawn  due  c.  from  the 
determination  of  the  line  last-mentioned,  in  lat. 
31°  «.  of  the  equator,  to  the  middle  of  the  river 
Apalachichola,  or  Catahouche  ;  thence  alonjj  the 
middle  thereof  to  its  junction  with  the  Flint 
River;  thence  straif^ht  to  the  head  of  St.  Mary's 
River;  and  thence  down  alonjo^  the  middle  of  St. 
Mary's  River  to  the  Atlantic  ()cean. 

"  East,  by  a  line  to  be  drawn  along  the  middle 
of  the  river  St.  Croix,  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  to  its  source,  and  from  its  source  di- 
rectly n.  to  the  aforesaid  Miirhlaiids,  which  divide 
the  rivers  that  full  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  from 
those  which  fall  into  the  river  St.  Lawrence;  com- 
prehendina;  all  islands  within  twenty  leagues  of 
any  part  of  the  shores  of  the  United  States,  and 
lying  between  lines  to  lie  drawn  due  e.  from  tlie 

Soints  where  the  aforesaid  Imundaries  between 
lo\a  Scotia  on  the  one  part,  and  East  Florida 
on  the  other,  shall  respectively  touch  the  Bay  of 
Fundv  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  excepting  such 
islands  as  now  are,  or  heretofore  have  been,  with- 
'11  the  limits  of  tlie  said  province  of  Nova  Scotia." 
The  territory  of  the  United  States,  according 
to  Mr.  Hutchins,  contained  in  1790,  by  computa- 
tion, a  million  of  square  miles,  in  which  are 

640,000,000  acres 
Deduct  for  water       5 1 ,000,000 


I   589,000,000 


Acres  of  land  in  the 
United  States 
That  part  of  the  United  States  comprehended 
between  the  w.  boundary  line  of  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  e. ;  the  boundary  line  between  Great  Bri- 
tain and  the  United  States,  extending  from  the 
river  St.  Croix  to  the  ».  w,  extremity  of  the  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  on  the  n. ;  the  river  Mississippi  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  on  the  w. ;  and  the  river 
Ohio  on  the  s.  to  the  afore-mentioned  bounds  of 
Pennsylvania,  contained,  by  computation,  abi>ut 
411,000  square  miles,  in  which  are 

263,040,000  acres 
Deduct  for  water      43,040,000 


To  be  disposed  of  by 
order  of  Congress, 
whefj  purchased  of 
the  Indians  .     .     . 


220,000,000 


STATES. 

The  whole  of  this  immcnflc  extent  of  unappro* 
printed  ic.  territory,  containing,  as  above  stated, 
220,0(M),000  of  acres,  and  several  large  tracts  s. 
of  the  ()hio,  (ceded  by  N.Carolina,  S.  Carolina, 
and  (ieorgia,  with  certain  reservations  for  the 
Indians  and  other  purposes),  have  been,  by  the 
cession  of  some  of  the  original  Thirteen  States, 
and  by  the  treaty  of  peace,  transferred  to  the 
federal  government,  and  are  pledged  as  a  fund 
for  sinking  the  debt  of  the  United  States.  Of 
this  territory  the  Indians  now  possess  a  very  large 
proportion.  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  his  report  to  con- 
gress, Nov.  8,  1791,  describes  the  boundary  line 
between  the  States  and  the  Indians,  as  follows ; 
"  Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cayahoga  (which 
falls  into  the  southernmost  part  of  Lake  Erie) 
and  running  up  the  river  to  the  portage,  between 
that  and  the  Tuscaroro  (or  N.  1,.)  branch  of  the 
Muskingum;  then  down  the  said  branch  to  the 
forks,  at  the  crossing  place  above  Fort  Lawrence; 
then  w.  towards  the  portage  of  the  Great  Miami 
to  the  main  branch  of  that  river;  theiki  down  the 
Miami  to  the  fork  of  that  river,  next  below  the 
old  fort,  which  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1752; 
thence  due  w.  to  the  river  De  la  Pause  (a  branch 
of  the  Wabash)  and  down  that  river  to  the  Wa- 
bash." So  far  the  line  was  precisely  determined, 
and  cleared  of  the  claims  of  the  Indians  as  far 
back  as  the  year  1790.  The  tract  comprehend- 
ing the  whole  country  within  the  above  described 
line,  the  Wabash,  the  Ohio,  and  the  w.  limits  of 
Pennsylvania,  contains  about  55,000  square  miles. 
With  regard  to  the  territory  on  the  w.  side  of  the 
Wabash,  the  title  of  the  Indians  to  the  lower 
country,  between  that  river  and  the  Illinois,  was 
supposed  to  have  been  formerly  extinguished  by 
the  F^rench,  while  in  their  possession. 
Estimate  of  the  number  of  acres  of  water,  n.  andw. 

of  the  river  Ohio,  within  the  territori/  of  the. 

United  States. 

AcreB. 

In  Lake  Superior 21,952,780 

Lake  of  the  Woods 1,133,800 

Lake  Rain,  &c 165,200 

Red  Lake 551,000 

Lake  Michigan 10,368,000 

BayPuan 1,216,000 

Lake  Huron 5,009,920 

Lake  St.  Clair 89,500 

Lake  Erie,  w.  part     .     .     .     .     .      2,252,800 

Sundry  small  lakes  and  rivers,  as  )       oq|  qqq 

included  in  the  year  1790     . )  ' 

43,040,000] 


it  of  unappro- 
abovc  stated, 
laree  tracts  s. 
I,  S.  Carolina, 
iitions  for  the 
been,  by  the 
lirteen  States, 
Hferred  to  the 
Iged  as  a  fund 
sd  States.     Of 
ss  a  very  large 
report  to  con- 
boundary  line 
IS,  as  follows : 
lyahoga  (which 
of  Lake  Erie) 
rtage,  between 
l)ranch  of  the 
branch  to  the 
i"ort  Lawrence; 
0  Great  Miami 
theii  down  the 
next  below  the 
rench  in  1752 ; 
'aiise  (a  branch 
iver  to  the  Wa- 
ely  determined, 
Indians  as  far 
ct  comprehend- 
above  described 
the  w.  limits  of 
00  square  miles, 
he  w.  side  of  the 
js  to  the  lower 
the  Illinois,  was 
extinguished  by 
sion. 

''water,  n.andw. 
territoTi/  of  the. 

Acre». 

.  .  21,952,780 

.  .  1,133,800 

.  .  165,200 

.  .  551,000 

.  .  10,368,000 

.  .  1,216,000 

.  .  5,009,920 

.  .  89,500 
2,252,800 

301,000 


1/  iV  I  T  E  n    S  T  A  T  E  S. 


0 


8,  as) 


43,040,000] 


\  Esl'inKTtv  ofllir  ninnhir  of  Acres  of  H'aln 
the  ThiiliDi  I'tiilnl  Slulcs. 

In  tlif  Lakes,  iS:c.  ns  hcfuie  men- 
tioiK  il 

Ill  I. like  Eric.  r.-.  of 
♦  IicliiHM'Xtciulodrroin 
tl"'  u.  u'.  ('(iriicr  »)l' 
PciiiiMlviiiiiii,  (liic  ;/. 
(o  (lie  l)()ii!i(|iii>  1)0- 
Jmocii  JIic  Hiitish  tci- 
lilorv  and  the  riiitcd 
Stafc's 

Ill  Lake  Ontario     . 

Lake  Cliampknin 

Chcsapcak  iJay   . 

Allu'iiiHilc  F5ay  . 

Dclauan-  Bay     . 

All  the  rivers  uithiii 

the  13  States  iiielii<|. 

iiii!' tile  Ohio,  as  in  (he 

\ear  1790     .     .     . 


13,010,000         Soiithon.  States. 


1 J  0.000 
'i,3fJO,000 

.")0(»,000 
l,T()O,()()0 

330,000 

630,000 


Territorial 
(i<)\eriiiiieiits. 


2,000,000 


''■'V/'/w  r.Marvlinui 

Viryii'ia 
I  Kentiickv 
{  N.  Caroliiui 
S.  Carolina 
(leoriria 
.'reimesHee 
'Orleans 
Mississippi 
Indiana 
<  ('olnnil)ia 
liOiiisiaiia 
Illinois 
[.Michigan 
In  the  (oilow iiig  account  ol'eaeli  ol'tlKse  state-, 
it  iniiHt  1)0  observed,  that   the  niineiiil  and  vege- 
table productions,  inaniilartures,  and  evporls,  are 
liir  more  niiineroiis  than  nhat  are  nienlioiied:  tlie 
limits  of  each  table  allowing  a  notice  onlv  of  the 
chief  pn-diictioiis  and  staple  coniinodilies  of  the 
country.     .A  more  specific  account  may  be  found 
7,9()(),000      '"  "'^''''  i^cparate  articles. 


m       1-  1      ,.  .        .  51,000,000 

Jo  which  add  for  rivers,  itr.  in 

States  siil)se(jiientlv  embraced 

in  the  I'nion    ..'.,..         ^,000,000 


Total  acres  of  water  at  the  present 


da  y    . 


73,000,000 


Ormid  Divisions  and  slalislical  Pm/icii'drs  of  aidi 
St„lc. 
The  American  repnhlie  consists  of  (our  grand 
divisions,  denominated  the  imrt/imi,  mirldlr.  and 
soulhirn  slates,  and  the  tcrriloritd  aoi; rtiwr, its-  ■ 
the  latter  being  so  denominated  as  h:i\  in<v  been 
organized  since  the  eslahlishment  of  the  onuiiial 
states,  but  now  lormin;.'  integral  parts  ol'^  the 
nliole. 

The  names  ofthe  separate  states  oCthe  federal 
republic  are  classsed  as  follows  : 

V^(>riiu)nt 
Xew  Mampshiro 
District  of  Maine,  belong- 
ing to  Massaclaisetls 
Massachusetts 
Hliode  Island 
^Connect  iciit 


New  England, 

or 

Northern  States, 


Middle  States. 


VOL.  V. 


f  New  York 
I  New  Jerse> 
i  Peiinsylvaiiia 
I  Delaware 
I  Oliio 


Sl(d!sliail  P<uii(i(l,ijs  of  each  Stair  iti  Ihr  Aim- 
ridiii  Uiiiuii, 

Nlw   Evc.r.AM),  oit   NoiiriiKiiv  Stati;-.. 

I'l  iiiinnl. 
Length  and  breadth:  I5S  by  70  miles. 
I'ace  of  tiie  eoinitiy  :  liillv  and  iiioniitainoii--. 
Divisions:    I'i  counties.  If)  towns. 
Principal    rivers;    White,   Ulack,    La   Moelle. 
f)iiion. 

Mountains;    Killingtoii,     Mansfield,    Camels 
Kiiinp. 

Mineral  productions;  iron-ore,  lead,  pipe-clav, 
marble. 

Vegetable  productions;  wheat,  rye,  corn,  flax, 
apples. 

Manufactures;  iron,  hollow  ware,   pot-ashes 
paper. 

Exports;  pot-ashes,  provisions,  horses,  jriaiii 
lumber.  ' 

Chief  towns:    Bennington,  Burlington,  Wind- 
sor. 

Population  ofthe  State  in  ISIO:  217,913. 
Heligioii;    Congregatioiialists,    Baptists,    Me- 
thodists. 

JVew  Jlampsliire. 
Length  and  breadtli :  l(jS  by  90  miles. 
Face  ofthe  coiinlrv  ;  momrtainoiis. 
Div^isions:  five  counties,  'J U  towns  and  loca- 
tions.] 


.<l^ 


ID 


II  N  IT  E  I)     STATES. 


4  '' 


IJ 


■  H  ^ 


[Prinripal  rivorHiCoiiiirrticiit,  INfrniiniuk,  I'is- 
riitiii|ii:(. 

.Moiiiitiiiiw.  Wliilc,  MiiiiailiKirk,  Moosrliillotk. 

MiiiiTiil  pi'otliD'tioiis ;  topper,  iioii,  Itliick  li'ixl, 
iiliiin. 

\  <i;(>)hI)I('  productions:  whi'iit,  corn,  licinp, 
apnIcH,  |)t'iir«, 

NliiiuirsicliircH ;     iron,    liat.'',    HnnlV,   rliocolale, 

(llU'li. 

I'iXportH  ;  lnnilu>r,  oil,  flax-sopd,  live  stock,  pot- 
aslics. 

Cliicr  towns :  Portsmouth,  Contonl,  Kxi'tcr, 
AniiitTst. 

Population  of  the  state  in  ISJO;  'ilt,til. 


ropulalio 
|{<'iin;ion  • 


('oni<;rc^ationalists,    l*resl)vt('rians, 
Daptisls. 

i\ltiinr. 

licnirtli  and  Inoadth  ;  'iOO  l»y  I'iO  niilos. 

l'ii(-(>  ot'tlic  country  :   lii^ldarils  aiul  plains. 

Divisions;  six  counties,  ")()  towns. 

Principal  rivers:   Penobscot,  KiMUiebcck,  An- 
droscoiiijiii. 

IMountaiu" :  liii^li  lands. 

Mineral  |>r()ductions ;   mountain  and  bo:;  ore, 
copperas,  sulphur. 

A C^fiitable   productions:     hojjs,     wheal,    oats, 
spruci',  <ir,  rockweed. 

Manutacturcs  :  clothiu:'',  and  olhtM"  necessaries 
of  life. 


K\ports;  lumber,  salt  provisions,  pot-ash. 
Chief  towns:  Portland,  York,  VViscassett. 

)fthe  Slate  in  IS  10;  'ii^S,70r>. 

'ongrej>;ali«)nalists,    liaptists,    INIe- 


Ponulatiou  of  theSlate  in  ISiO;  'ii^S,70r>. 
|{eii"ion:    ( 


Ihodists. 

!\fnss(i(/iiistils. 

liCnjjtli  and  breadth  :  170  by  94  miles. 

I'ace  of  the  country  :  mountains  aiul  plains. 

I)ivisi(nis:  12  counties,  'i79  towns. 

Principal  rivers  ;  Coiuu'cticut,  'rainiton,  Mer- 
rimack. 

Mountains;   Wachuset,   Mount  Tom,  Saddle- 
back. 

Mineral  |)roduclions:  copper,  iron,  black  lead, 
pyrites,  asbestos. 

Vegetable  productions;  wheat,  rye,  hemp,  flax, 
apples,  peaches,  ('<:c. 

Manufactures ;    duck,    pajjcr,    cards,   coidagc, 
sliips,  spirits,  glass. 

Kxports;    lumber,    fish,    oil,    provisions,    live 
stoik,  cordage,  I'lc. 

Chief  towns;    lioston,  SpringKeld,  Worcester, 

PI>U)0<lt1l. 

Population  of  the  state  in  ISIO;  472,040. 
Ueligiou  :    Congrcgationalists,    Presbyterians, 
Haptists,  Quakers, 


Rlioilf  Tslitnd. 

liCUgtli  and  breadth:  47  by  .'J7  mil«>s. 

I'ace  of  the  c<nuitry  ;  hills  an<l  plains. 

Divisions  ;  (i\e  counties, ."()  towns. 

Principal  rivers;  Provitlence  Taunton,  Paw- 
tiu-ket. 

Mountains;  Mount  Hope,  Misery,  Whestnne. 

Mineral  productions;  iron,  copper,  lime, 
marble. 

Vegetable  ]>roductions;  grass,  corn,  rye,  frnitn 
in  nienty. 

Alanultictiu-ps  ;  cotton,  linen,  and  tow  cloth, 
spirits. 

Kxports;  cattle,  hnnber,  fish,  provisions,  flax 
seed. 

Chief  towns;  Newport,  Providence,  Kingston. 

Poimlation  of  the  state  iu  IHIO;  7(i,nyi. 

Religion ;  Daptists,  Americans,  Moravians, 
Jews. 

(oiiiterHcul. 

fjength  and  breadth  ;  11)0  by  7'i  miles. 

Kace  of  the  country  ;  mountains,  hills,  and 
valleys. 

Divisions:  eight  counties,  100  towns. 

Principal  rivers;  Comiecticnt,  llousutoiiic, 
Tluunes. 

Mountains:  Long,  Great  Craig,  Hemlock. 

Mineral  productions;  iron,  lead,  copper,  talcs, 
spetter. 

Vegetable  productions;  India  corn,  oats,  rye, 
buckwheat,  ('•uits,  hemp. 

IManufac'  - ;  cotton,  glass,  gunpowder,  hol- 
low ware. 

Exports  ...',  Iimiber,  provisions,  hay. 

Chief  towns  ;  Hartford,  iSewhaven,  New  L<ni- 
doii. 

Ponulation  of  the  state  in  1810;  261,942. 

lieligion;  Cougregatioualists,  Episcopalians, 
Baptists. 

Middle  States. 

\no  York. 

Length  and  breadth  ;  ,'J,JO  by  .WO  mik's. 

Face  of  the  country;  low  and  flat  towards  the 
sea,  hilly  in  the  interior. 

Divisions ;  3Q  counties,  292  tow  ns. 

Principal  rivers;  Hiulson,  Mohawk,  Seneca, 
Genessee. 

Mountains:  Kattskill,and  part  of  the  Allegany 
range. 

Mineral  productions;  lead,  iron,  and  coal- 
mines, spar,  magnez. 

N'egetable  productions ;  wheat,  hemp,  aspen, 
cedar,  fruits.] 


■■>,," 


toil,   Paw- 

Vlu'stoiic. 
MT,     liiiio, 

r^'c,  fniitH 

tow  cloth, 

inions,  flax 

,  KingNtoii. 

,n.'ji. 

Vloruviuiis, 


PS. 

Iiills,  and 

loiisutoiiic, 

inlock. 
[iprr,  talcH, 

,  oatH,  vyc, 

)wdor,  liol- 

,  hav. 
Now  Loii- 

1,942. 
iscopaliaiis, 


lilos. 
owaids  the 


k,   Scuccn. 

le  Allogany 

and   coal- 

inp,  asppii, 


I)  N  1  T  i:  I)     S  T  A  V  E  S. 


ft 


fM.\iiurarfiir('«;  loufHiiijar,  jjlass,  ciidcn,  iron, 
pancr,  lurnilnri'. 

l']\poi'ts;  every  article  ot'dorneslic  and  foreign 
produce. 

(Iiiff  towns ;    New   Vork,    Alhanv,    llii(lM)n, 
I'l-liliili. 

l'o|)uliili(Mi  ot'lho  stale  in  ISIO:  «),)<),'J'i(). 

l{(Mi:;ion;   lOpiHcopulians,  I'resltyterians,  Qiiu- 
Kers,  .lews. 

S'lJi)  Jcmnj. 

Kenylli  and  lireadtli ;  !()()  I)v  h^2  n\'\\o^, 

Kac"  ol'thi-  connd'v  :   ilal,  lo«,  and  niarshy. 

Divi'^ions  ;    U  comities,  *U  Iomiis. 

Principal    rivers;    llackensack,    Haiilan,  and 
I'assaick. 

Moiiiitains;   Neversink  and  Centre  Hills. 

Mineral  prodnctions ;  iron  und  coal  mines, 
<oppcr,  lead. 

V  e;[;clalile  product  ions  ;  apples,  pears,  peaches, 
corn,  Itarlev,  pines,  (Irs. 

Maiiiil'aclnres :   iron.  Hour,  nails,  leather. 

lv\|)orts;  iron  castiiis>s,  hollow  ware,  nails, 
Hour. 

Chief  towns:  'I'lenton,  Hnrlinnton,  [Jrniis- 
wick. 

l»oi)ulati(ni  of':ie  state  in  ISIO;  aij,.j()2. 

Ueligion  :  Preshy  terians,  Armenians,  Haplists. 

P(  iDim/lvmiiii. 

ficnptth  and  hnadtli :  2SS  by  I'ltj  mile*. 

Face  of  the  c  intrv  ;  low  liiid  Ilal  towards  the 
sea,  hilly  in  the  interior. 

Divisions  :  .X)  comities,  b'2'3  towns. 

Principal  rivers;  Delaware,  Siisquehannah,  Al- 
lejjanj. 

Mountains:  Kittatinny,  Tuscarora,{ireat  War- 
rior. 

Mineral  productions;  iron,  copper,  coal  mines. 
Vegetahle  productions;  wheat,  oats,  tlax,  rve, 
fruits. 

Manufactures ;  iron,  cabinet  work,  (Jiaidier 
salts,  muskets. 

Exports;  flour,  and  other  domestic  and  foreiijn 
produce. 

Chief  towns;  Philadelphia,  Carlisle,  Pillsbur^. 
Population  of  the  state  in  ISIO:  SIO.Ki.'J. 
Religion  ;   Presbyterians,  Quakers,  Jew  s,  Mo- 
ravians. 

Dildicarc. 
Length  and  breadth  ;  92  by  '2\  miles. 
Face  of  the  country  ;  low,  swampy,  and  level. 
Divisions;  three  counties,  24f  towns. 
Mountains;  no  mountains  of  any  note. 
Mineral    productions  j     boa-    iron-ore,    white 
clay,  &c. 


V<'i>etable  prodnctions  :  yvheat,  rye,  oats,  ct)rn, 
flax,  hemp,  buckwheat. 

Maimfaclures  :   Hour,  paper,  sniilV,  cotton. 
I'iXporls:   wheat,  flour,  lumlier,  snufl'. 
Cliieflouns:  Wilmiiif'ton,  Dover,  Lewis. 
Population  of  the  stnle  in  ISM);  72,(i7l 


lianH 


I'ooulation  ol  the  stnle  in  ISM);  72,(i7i. 
Hi'li^ion;   Presbyterians,  (Quakers,   Fpisco 


ipa- 


Oliit). 


Lenj-th  and  breadth  :  220  by  200  miles. 

I 'ace  of  ihe  country  ;  hills  and  plains. 

Diyisions;  counties  and  towns. 

Principal  rivers;  Muskingum,  Scioto,  (ireal 
Miami. 

Mountains;  hilly,  but  not  mounlainoiis. 

Mineral  productions  ;  iron  ore,  lead,  coal,  free- 
stone, white  clay. 

Vegetable  productions;  wheal,  hemp,  flax, 
corn,  grapes,  I'tc. 

Maiiuliictures  ;  floiu-,  clothing,  and  other  ne- 
cessarii's. 

Fxjiorts:   flour,  corn,  wheat,  provisions. 

('hief  towns;  Chillicothe,  Cincinnatns,  Ma- 
rietta. 

Popniaticm  of  the  state  in  ISIO;  2,'j0,7()0. 

Keligimi:   Presbyterians,  IJaplists,  .\riiieniaii.«. 


Soi  rinwiN   St.\ti;s. 

Mnn/ftim/. 

Length  and  breadth  :'  170  by  id.")  miles. 

Face  of  tlif  conntry  :  hills  and  plains. 

Divisions;    If)  coiiiitiis  and  towns. 

Princi|)al  rivers;  Chesapeake,  Potowniack, 
Palapsco. 

Mountains;  blue  ridge  in  the  k.  part  of  tlic 
state. 

Mineral  productions:  iron  ore  and  coal  mines. 

Vegetable  productions;  wheat,  tobacco,  heini), 
flax,  fniil.  '         '' 

Manufactures ;  iron,  holloyv  ware,  flour,  to- 
bacco. 

Exports :  pork,  flour,  tobacco,  hemp,  fruit, 
iron. 

Chief  towns;  Haltimore,  .Vnnapolis,  George- 
town. 

Population  of  the  state  in  ISIO;  J80,,')Ifi. 

Ueligioii :  lloman  Catholics,  liUtheraiis,  Qua- 
kers, (Sjc. 

I'triiiiiid. 

Lcngtii  and  breadth  ;'  US  by  221  miles. 

Face  of  the  country  ;  flat  and  low  towards  the 
coast,  mountainous  behind. 

Divisions  ;   122  towns  and  comities.] 


!  I' 

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^        111 


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12 


I J  N  1  r  E  J)     S  T  A  T  1-.  S. 


[Principal  rivers;  Po'oMniiuk,  llappulinniiock, 
Jaiiu-s. 

Moii;  tains:   Bliio  Kidi^c,  Laurol,  Alli-jjanv. 

Minora!  productions;  lead,  copper,  iron,  coal, 
blacli  lead,  marble. 

V'ei>etahlc  productions;  tobacco,  cotton,  wl'oat, 
luMnp,  corn. 

Manmactures ;  lead  and  iron  uorks,  copper, 
some  cloth. 

ICvports;  tobacco  is  the  chief  article  ofexport. 

Cliief  towns;  Hichniond,  NorHdk,  Peters- 
l)iii;;h. 

I'or.iilation  of  the  state  ill  ISIO;  n(iJ,0T9. 

lielii;'ioii ;  Preslnterian"-;,  IO|)iscopaliaiis,  Me- 
thodists. 

KilltKthl/. 

licnijtli  and  breadth;  ,'JJ()  by  IjO  miles. 

I'aci-  of  tiie  c()iintr\  :   hills  and  plains. 

I)i>  isions  :    I'J  counties  and  towns. 

I'rinci|)al  rivers;  Ohio.  Lickini^,  Kentiickv, 
(Ireen. 

Mountains  ;   none  of  any  particular  note. 

Mineral  preductions;  sallpi'tre.  iron,  lead, 
limestone. 

\'ei;-etai)le  productions;  corn,  hemp,  wheat, 
coll'ee.  p;(«pa\v  trees,  Nrc. 

Miinufactures ;  lUtur,  i;unpoH der,  corda;;*', 
iron,  ships,  whiskey. 

I'iXports  ;  proN  isions,  Cv.c.  con\ eyed  down  the 
Oiiio  to  Ne«  Orh'ans. 

Chief  towns;  i'rankfort,  Lexini>ton,  liouis- 
viile. 

Population  of  the  state  ill  ISIO:    l()(>,:)ll. 

Ueliijion  :  Presbyterians,  Con2>-rep;atioiialists, 
Haptists. 

\oiih  Carolina. 

liens'th  and  br»'adlh  :  .'J7t1  by  l()'2  miles. 

I  "ace  of  the  country  ;  (lat  towards  tlie  coast, 
mountainous  in  the  back  country. 

Divisions:   three  districts,  (jO  coiinti(>s. 

Priujipal  rivers;  Uoaiioke,  Pamlico,  Neuse. 

Mountains:   Apalachian,  Allei>'aiiv,  Tryon. 

Miiien.l  productions:  iron,  coal;  I'ohi  has  re- 
cently i)eeii  found. 

vegetable  productions ;  wheat,  cotton,  hemp, 
corn,  rice,  toiiacco. 

Manufactiu-es  ;   paper,  pitch,  tar.  oil,  iron. 

I'i\|)()rts:  lumi)er,  na\al  stores,  tobacco,  wheat, 
corn. 

Chief  towns;   Hali'iyh,  Newbern.  Ivlenton. 

INtpulalion  of  (he  stale  in  iSiO;   .")().'>..Vi(), 

lielii>ioii:  Coni>'rei>;atioiialists,  Itaptists,  Men- 
nonists. 

Smith  Can)/ ilia. 

Leii<>th  and  breadth;  t^ti7  by  190  miles. 


I'ace  of  the  coiintrv;  jjenoraliy  flat,  low,  and 
sandv. 

l)i\i>ions;  nine  districts,  '■JO  parishes,  'iJ  coun- 
ties. 

Princijial  rivers  :    I'.dislo,  ."^antee,  Pi-dee. 

Mountains:  Apalaciiia,  Tyron,  lloi>'back,  at 
the  i'xtremity  ol'tlw  state. 

Mineral  productions;  j^old,  lead,  silver,  cop- 
per, carnelion. 

Vei'etable  productions;  pines,  oak,  hickory, 
cotton,  rice,  ii»lii>o,  corn. 

Manufactures:  pitch,  tar,  i."^c.  iron,  cotton, 
and  woollen  clothiii>>'. 

Kxports;  cotton  and  rice  are  the  staple  coin- 
nuxlities. 

Chief  towns  ;  Charleston,  Cohnnbia,  Camden. 

Population  of  the  state  in  iSit);    lll,*)J;). 

lieli!>ion;  i'resbyterians,  Kpiscupalians,  Hap- 
tists. 

Clior^;ia. 

I,eni;th  and  breadth  ;  jtlO  by  '-V)0  miles. 

I  ace  of  the  country  ;  level  and  Hat  upwards  of 
I'JO  mib's  from  the  coast. 

Divisions;  'Jl  counties,  I'iO  towns  and  districts. 

Priiu-ipal  rivers:  Sa\annali,  A|)alacliicola,  Al- 
tainaha. 

Mountains:  a  part  of  the  Apalachian  and  AN 
IfiiiiiM  ridi;*'. 

Mineral  productions;   silver,  lead,  co|)per,  ^.c. 

\  ei;etable  productions;  pine,  cedar,  palmetto, 
oak,  cotton,  rice,  iiuli><'(i. 

Manufactures  ;  pitch,  tar,  i^c.  leather,  cotton, 
aiul  woollen  clothiiii;'. 

Exports;  rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  indiy;o,  naval 
stores. 

Chief  towns;  Savannah,  Auj^usta,  Louisville, 
St.  Mary's. 

Pomi'latioii  of  the  state  in  ISIO;  'J')'2,i3'J. 

Kelinioii;  Presb>teiians,  Methodists,  .lews, 
liaptists. 

Tciirsscc  (  Jf'tsi  and  I'lisi ), 

l,enj-th  and  breadth;    I'JO  l>\  MO  miles, 

I'ac"  of  tlie  couiiti'v  :   luoimlains  and  plains. 

I)i\  isions:    three  ilistricts,  IS  counties. 

Principal  rivers ;  'rennessee,  Cuinberlaiul, 
Moisten. 

Mountains:  Cumberland,  Clinch,  and  liald 
Mountains, 

.Min«'ral  |)rodiictions ;  saltpetre,  irtui,  ochre, 
copperas,  \c. 

\  ej;(>tal)le  pniductions  ;  cotton,  ttibacco,  cotlee, 
hemp,  corn,  inili>>'o. 

Mantilactures ;  lloiir,  cotton,  auil  woollen 
cloths,  iron,  i.'<:c.  | 


I  I-   I 


,  low,  anti 

s,  "23  coiiii- 

■tlo.-. 
Dgbiuk,  a< 

ilver,  cop- 

k,  hickory, 

til,    cotton, 

itaple  coin- 

,  Canulon. 

iaiis,  IJap- 

ilcs. 
upwards  of 

111  districts. 
Iiicola,  Al- 
lan and  -Al- 

•o|)p»'r,  i<:c. 
',  piilnictto, 

icr,  cotton, 

lif!;o,  naval 

Loiiisvillo, 

>2,VJ3. 
ists,    .foMS, 


(I  plains. 

ios. 

luiiberlaitd, 

and    liald 

roll,  ocluc, 
acco,  colil'c, 
111     woulU'ii 


UNITED    S  TATE  S. 


13 


I 


I  Imports;  doniostic  produce,  Curs,  ginseng, 
(•;it(l(«. 

I'h'wi'  towns;  Knoxvillo,  Naslnillo,  .lonos- 
l)oroii;;I). 

IV>j>iii;i(i(.n  «;tlic  state  in  ISIO;  i?(i!,7y7. 

Kcliuion ;  Pri'shytt-rians,  Baptists,  TimkiMs, 
Methodists. 


TEnUlTOIlIAI,    GOVEIINMKNTS. 

O  if  ((ins. 

r,on!;lli  and  hreadtli ;   niicertain. 

I'fut'  ol'tlic  country  -.  open  and  tortile. 

l)i>isioiis:   counties  ;»iid  towns. 

I'ririci|)iil  rivers:   Mixsi'^sippi  and  Ohio. 

Monntains ;   none  ot'consmpience. 

[Mineral  productions;  saltpetre,  salt  sprinos, 
lead,  iron,  copj)er. 

Vei-etable  productions;  indijj;o,  cotton,  rice, 
heans. 

Mannlactures  :  cotton  mills,  siijrar  hakin"-. 

Kxports;  siij>ar,  cotton,  indii^o,  lead,  luniher, 
tobacco. 

("Iiieftowii : 

l*opulation  ofthe  state  in  ISIO:  70,566. 

lieli!;ioii :   in  an  unsettled  state. 

Mississippi. 

I.en!>th  and  breadth  :  .'JM)  by  '2')Q  miles. 

I'ace  of  the  countrv  :   mountains  and  plains. 

Divisions;  three  counties  and  towns. 

I'rincipal  rivers;  Mississippi,  Yazoo,  Tom- 
bi»by. 

IMoiintains:   Alh-jrany  ranj^e. 

Mineral  productions';  jvolil,  silver,  lead,  cop- 
per, precious  stones. 

Vei^elable  |)nMluctions;  most  of  the  tropical 
fruits,  rice,  cotton,  indigo. 

Mannlactures;  Hour,  provisions,  and  domestic 
necessaries. 

Kxports;  flour,  provisions,  furs,  rice,  cotton, 
indi'To. 

Chief  town:   Natchez. 

Population  of  the  state  in  ISIO;  i0,3[)'2. 

Kelij,noii;  in  a  Hud iiatini-- state. 

hididiin. 
T-enuth  and  breadth  :  :;|,)  by  .*J00  miles. 
I'ace  ofthe  countrv  :   hills  and  plains. 
ni\i-i(ius;  counties  and  tnwns. 
Principal  riAers:  Waba-     ^askaskia,  Illinois. 
Moiinlains:  Illinois  ami  W  .ib  .sh  Hills. 
Mineral  productions;  silver,  lead,  iron,  coal, 
maible,  salt. 


Venctable  productions ;  wheat, corn, rye, hemp, 
flax,  niustaid,  apple  trees. 

Manufactures;  flour,  clothiii>r,  and  domestic 
necessaries. 

K\j)orts  :  wheal,  flour,  corn,  salt  provisions. 

riiief towns:  Vinceniies,  Kaskaskia,  Clarkes- 
ville. 

Population  ofthe  state  in  ISIO;  ','l,.'^»'>0 
HeliVion  :  Armenians,  Meiinonists,  Methodists 

Cofiiititiid. 

liCUifth  and  breadth;  uncertain. 

I'ace  of  the  countrv;  nearly  the  .same  as  Vir- 
ginia. 

Divisions;  towns  and  counties. 

Principal  ri>er;    Patowmack. 

Mountains;   Ulue  liidjre. 

Mineral  productions;   iron-ore  and  copper. 

Veirelable  productions  ;  tobacco,  cotton, wheat, 
hemp. 

Manufactures;  iron  wares. 

Kxports :  tobacco. 

Chief  town  ;  (leorj^^etown. 

Population  ofthe  state  in  ISIO;  2\,0'23. 

Iteligion ;   various  persuasions. 

I^oiiisiamt. 
TiOnnrfh  and  breadth  ;    1,400  by  I, MO  miles. 
I'ace  ofthe  country;   level  aild  flat,  with  vast 
prairic::,  or  meadows'. 


Mo- 


Diyisions:  towns,  villajjes,  and  parishes. 
Principal   rivers;    Mississippi,    Missouri, 
bile. 

Mountains  ;  none  of  any  consequence. 
Mineral   productions;  .saltpetre,  .salt  sprin>vs, 
lead,  iron,  copper.  " 

yen;etabl(>    productions;     oak,    pine,   cedars, 
fruits,  sujrjii-,  cotton,  furs. 

Manufactures ;     cotton     mills,    suffar-bakinir. 
Nejrro  clothiii!'-. 

l':xports :  sujrar,  cotton,  indigo,  lead,  lumber, 
tobacco. 

Chii<f  town  :   New  Orleans, 
Ponulalion  of  thestate  in  ISIO;  yO,S.l.'i. 
Heli-rion;     Woman     Catholic,     Presbyterians, 
Methodists,  .lews.  "^  ' 

Tlliinns. 
Length  and  breadth;   uncertain, 
l-'aceofthe  countrv ;  woody,  hilly,  and  marshy. 
Divisions:   ton  lis  and  counties.  ' 
Priiici|)al  rivers  ;   Meaiiie  and  St.  .losei)li. 
Mountains ; 
Mineral  productions:  coals. 

Vegetable  productions;  wheat,  fruit,  tobacco, 
mediciiuil  plants. )  ' 


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14 


UNITED    STATES. 


[Manufactures  ; 
Exports ; 

Chief  town;  Cahokia. 
Population  of  the  state  in  1810;  12,282. 
Religion ;  formerly  Catholics,  now  mostly  sa- 
vages. 

Length  and  breadth  ;  240  by  I  JO  miles. 

Face  of  the  country  ;  hills  and  plains. 

Divisions ;  counties  and  towns. 

Principal  rivers;  Mariamne,  Grand,  Huron. 

Mountains ;  hilly  land,  which  runs  ii.  and  s. 

Mineral  productions  :  loud,  coal  mines,  salt- 
springs. 

Vegetable  productions ;  corn,  wheat,  hemp, 
grasses,  hickory. 

Manufactures;  flour,  clothing,  and  articles  of 
domestic  use. 

Exports  ;  corn,  flour,  salt  provisions. 

Chief  town ;  Detroit. 

Pooulation  of  the  state  in  1810:  1,7(52. 

Religion  :  Cungregationalif^ts,  Moravians,  Ar- 
menians. 


L.al;es  and  Rivers. — There  is  nothing  in 
other  paris  of  the  .<^l<)be,  which  resembles  the 
prodigious  cliaiii  of  lakes  in  this  part  of  the 
world.  They  may  properly  be  termed  inland 
seas  of  fresh  water  :  and  even  those  of  the  se- 
cond or  third  class  in  magnitude  are  of  larger 
circuit  than  the  greatest  lake  in  the  eastern  con- 
tinent. Some  of  the  most  ».  lakes  belong- 
ing to  the  United  States,  have  never  been 
surveyed,  or  even  visited  by  the  white  people ; 
of  course  we  have  no  description  of  them  which 
can  be  relied  on  as  accurate.  Others  have  been 
partially  surveyed,  and  their  relative  situation 
determined.  The  best  account  of  them  which 
we  have  been  able  to  procure,  will  be  seen  under 
their  respective  articles.  The  largest  rivers  that 
border  upon  or  pass  through  the  United  States, 
are  Mississippi,  Ohio,  and  Tennesse,  on  the  w. 
side  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ;  and  the  Ala- 
tamaha.  Savannah,  Santee,  Cape  Fear,  Roanoke, 
•Fames,  Patowmac,  Susquehannah,  Delaware,!!  ud- 
son,  Connecticut,  Merrimack,  Piscataqua,  An- 
droscoggin, Kennebeck,  and  Penobscot,  whose 
general  courses  are  from  /'.  zc.  and  «.  to  s.  e.  and 
s.  and  which  empty  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The 
names  of  the  most  remarkable  lakes  are,  Supe- 
rior, Michigan,  Huron,  Erie,  Ontario,  Cham- 
plaine,  George,  Memphremagog,  Winipiscogee, 
and  I'mbagog.  The  most  remarkable  swamps 
are  Otianuaphenogaw,  or  Eknanfanoka,  nearly 
.'J(X)  miles  mcircumlerence,  in  the  State  of  Georgia ; 


the  two  Dismals  in  North  Carolina,  of  immense 
extent,  each  containing  a  large  lake  in  its  centre  ; 
and  UuRaloe  Swamp,  in  the  w.  id.  parts  of  Penn- 
sylvania. For  a  description  of  which  we  luubt 
also  refer  to  their  respective  articles. 

Face  of  the  counlri/.—'i\\e  tract  of  country 
belonging  to  the  United  States  is  happily  \u- 
riegated  with  plains  and  mountains,  hills  and 
vallies.  Some  parts  are  rocky,  particularly  New 
England,  the  «.  part  of  New  York  and  Ne\/ 
Jersey,  and  a  broad  space,  including  the  several 
ridges  of  the  long  range  of  mountains  which  run 
*.  v.\  through  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  and  part  of  Georgia,  dividing  the 
waters  which  flow  into  the  Atlantic  from  those 
which  fall  into  the  Mississppi.  In  the  parts  e. 
of  the  Allegany  mountains,  in  the  Southern 
States,  the  country  for  several  100  miles  in  length, 
and  60  or  70,  and  sometimes  more,  in  breadth,  is 
level  and  entirely  free  from  stone.  It  has  been 
a  ([uestion  agitated  i)y  the  curious,  whether  the 
extensive  tract  of  low  Hat  country,  which  fronts 
the  several  states  s.  of  New  York,  and  extends 
back  to  the  hills,  has  remained  in  its  present 
form  and  situation  ever  since  the  flood  :  or  whe- 
tlier  it  has  been  made  by  the  particles  of  earth 
w hicli  have  i)cen  washed  down  from  the  adjacent 
mountains,  and  by  the  accumulation  of  soil  from 
the  decay  of  vegetable  substances  ;  or  by  earth 
washed  out  of  the  bay  of  Mexico  by  the  Gulf 
Stream,  and  lodged  on  the  coast :  or  by  the  re- 
cess of  the  ocean,  occasioned  by  a  change  in 
some  other  parts  of  the  earth.  Several  pheno- 
mena deserve  consideration  in  forming  an  v\n- 
nion  on  this  question. 

1.  It  is  a  fact,  well  known  to  every  person  of 
observation  wliohasli\edin,or  (ravelled  tlutiugh, 
the  Southern  States,  that  marine  shells  and  other 
substances  which  are  peculiar  to  the  sea  shore,  are 
almost  invarial)ly  found  by  digging  18  or  20  feet 
below  the  surface  of  the  earth.  In  sinking  a  well 
many  miles  from  the  sea,  w  as  found,  at  the  depl  h  of 
20  feet,  every  appearance  of  a  salt  marsh,  that 
is,  marsh  grass,  marsh  mud,  and  brackish  water. 
In  all  this  flat  country,  until  you  come  to  the 
hilly  land,  wherever  you  dig  a  well,  you  And 
the  water,  at  a  certain  depth,  fresh  and  tolerable 
good :  but  if  you  exceed  that  depth  two  or 
three  feet,  you  come  to  a  saltish  or  brackish 
water  that  is  scarcely  drinkable,  and  the  earth 
dug  up  resembles,  in  appearance  and  smell,  that 
which  is  dug  up  «n  the  edges  of  the  salt 
marshes. 

2.  On  and  near  the  margin  of  the  rivers  are 
frequently  found  sand  hills,  wiiieh  appear  to  have] 


.i 


4 


UNITED    STATES. 


15 


immptisc 
ts  cciitic  ; 

i   ol' 1*01111- 

[  we  luubt 

(  country 
appily  va- 

hills  and 
ilarly  New 
and  Ne\. 
he  several 
uhicli  run 
ia,  N  orth 
riding  the 
Voin  those 
le  parts  e. 

Southern 
<  ill  length, 
breadth,  is 

has  been 
hether  the 
hich  fronts 
nd  extends 
its  present 
\ :  or  whe- 
es  of  earth 
he  adjacent 
)f  soil  from 
ir  by  earth 

tile  Culf 
by  tlic  re- 

chaiiire  in 
ral  pheno- 
iig  iin  opi- 

porson  of 
i<d  throiii;li, 
s  and  otiier 
a  sliore,  arc 
i.  or  20  feet 
kiiij>'  a  well 
diedepthof 
iiarsh,  tliat 
kish  water. 
OHIO  to  tlie 
1,  you  find 
id  toleraldc 
)th  two  or 
)r  l)rackish 

the  earth 
smell,  that 
f  the    salt 

rivers  are 
■ar  to  have] 


fbeen  drifted  into  ridjyes  by  the  force  of  water. 
At  the  bottom  of  some  of  the  banks  in  the  rivers, 
io  or  W  feet  'low  the  surface  of  the  earth,  are 
washed  oiit  1.  the  solid  ground,  logs,  branches, 
and  leaves  of  ..^os;  and  the  whole  bank,  from 
liottom  to  top,  appears  streaked  with  layers  of 
logs,  leaves,  and  sand.  These  appearances  are 
seen  far  up  the  rivers,  from  80  to  an  100  miles 
from  the  scb,  where,  when  the  rivers  are  low, the 
hanks  are  from  15  to  20  feet  high.  As  you  pro- 
ceed down  the  rivers  towards  the  sea,  the  banks 
decrease  in  height,  but  still  are  formed  of  layers 
of  sand,  leaves,  and  logs,  some  of  which  are  en- 
tirely sound,  and  appear  to  have  been  suddenly 
covered  to  a  considerable  depth. 

3.  It  has  been  observed,  that  the  rivers  in 
the  Southern  States  frequently  vary  their  chan- 
nels ;  that  the  swamps  and  low  grounds  are  con- 
stantly filling  up,  and  that  the  land,  in  many 
places,  annually  infringes  upon  the  ocean.  It  isan 
authenticated  tact,  that  no  longer  ago  than  1771, 
at  Cape  Lookout,  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina, 
in  about  lat.  34"^  bO',  there  was  an  excellent  har- 
bour, rapacious  enough  to  receive  100  sail  of 
shipping  at  a  time,  in  a  good  depth  of  water  :  it 
is  now  entirely  filled  up,  and  is  solid  ground. 
Instances  of  this  kind  are  frequent  along  the 
coast. 

It  is  observable,  likewise,  that  there  is  a  gra- 
dual descent  of  al)out  800  feet,  by  nieasurcment, 
from  tlie  foot  of  the  mountains  to  the  sea  board. 
This  descent  continues,  as  is  demonstrated  by 
soundings,  far  into  the  sea. 

4.  It  is  worthy  of  observation,  that  the  soil 
on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  is  proportionably 
coarse  or  fine  according  to  its  distance  from  the 
mountains.  When  you  first  leave  the  mountains, 
and  for  a  considerable  distance,  it  is  observable, 
that  the  soil  is  coarse,  with  a  large  mixture  of 
sand  and  shining  heavy  particles.  As  you  pro- 
ceed toward  the  sea,  the  soil  is  less  coarse,  and 
so  on  :  in  proportion  as  you  advance,  the  soil  is 
finer  and  finer,  until  finally  is  deposited  a  soil  so 
fine,  that  it  consolidates  iiito  perfect  clay  ;  but  a 
clay  of  a  peculiar  quality,  for  a  great  part  of  it 
has  intermixed  with  it  reddish  streaks  and  veins, 
like  a  species  of  ochre,  brought  probably  from 
the  lied  Lands  which  lie  up  towards  the  moun- 
tains. This  clay,  when  dug  up  and  exposed  to 
the  weather,  will  dissolve  into  a  fine  mould, 
without  the  least  mixture  of  sand  or  any  gritty 
sui)stance  whatever.  Now  we  know  that  run- 
ning waters,  when  turbid,  will  deposit,  first,  the 
coarsest  and  heaviest  particles,  mediately,  those 
of  the  several  intermediate  degrees  of  iiiieness, 


and  ultimately,  those  which  are  the  most  light 
and  subtle  ;  and  such  in  fact  is  the  general  qua- 
lity of  the  soil  on  the  banks  of  the  southern 
rivers. 

5.  It  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  on  the  banks 
of  Savannah  river,  about  90  miles  from  the  sea 


and  150  or  200,  as  the  river 
very  remarkable  collection  of 


in  a  direct  line, 
runs,  there  is  a 

oyster  shells  of  an  uncommon  size.  They  run  in 
a  H.  e,  and  s.  u\  direction,  nearly  parallel  to  the 
sea  coast,  in  three  distinct  ridges,  which  together 
occupy  a  space  of  seven  miles  in  breadth.  The 
ridges  commence  at  Savannah  river,  and  have 
been  traced  as  far  s.  as  the  n.  branches  of  the 
Alatamaha  river.  They  are  found  in  such  quan- 
tities, as  that  the  indigo  planters  carry  them 
away  in  large  boat  loads,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  lime  water,  to  be  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture oi  indigo.  There  arc  thousands  and  thou- 
sands of  tons  still  remaining.  The  question  is, 
how  came  they  here  ?  It  cannot  be  supposed  that 
they  were  carried  by  land.  Neither  is  it  pro- 
bable that  they  were  conveyed  in  canoes,  or 
boats,  to  such  a  distance  from  the  place  where 
oysters  are  now  found.  The  uncivilized  natives, 
agreeably  to  their  roving  manner  of  living, 
would  rather  have  removed  to  the  sea  shore, 
than  have  been  at  such  immense  labour  in  pro- 
curing oysters.  Besides,  the  difficulties  of  con- 
veying them  would  have  been  insurmountable. 
They  would  not  only  have  had  a  strong  current 
in  the  river  against  them,  an  obstacle  which 
would  not  have  been  easily  overcome  by  the  In- 
dians, who  have  ever  had  a  great  aversion  to 
labour ;  but  could  they  have  surmounted  this 
difficulty,  oysters  conveyed  such  a  distance,  either 
l)y  land  or  water,  in  so  warm  a  climate,  would 
have  spoiled  on  the  passage,  and  have  become 
useless.  The  circumstance  of  these  shells  being 
found  in  such  quantities,  at  so  great  a  distance 
from  the  sea,  can  be  rationally  accounted  for  in 
no  other  way,  than  by  supposing  that  the  sea 
shore  was  formerly  near  this  bed  of  shells,  and 
that  the  ocean  has  since,  by  the  operation  of  cer- 
tain causes  not  yet  fully  investigated,  receded. 
These  phenomena,  it  is  presumed,  will  authorize 
this  conclusion,  that  a  great  part  of  the  flat  coun- 
try which  spreads  e.  of  the  Allegany  mountains, 
had,  in  some  past  period,  a  superincumbent  sea; 
or  rather,  that  the  constant  accretion  of  soil  from 
the  various  causes  before  h;!'ted  at,  has  forced  it 
to  retire. 

Mountains. — The  tract  of  the  country  r.  of 
Hudson's  river,  comprehending  part  of  the  .State 
of  New  York,  the  four  New   Lnglaud  States,] 


iM'V 


n 


Ih 


M' 


.    r 


4 


1 


I 


I  <  t  I  if 

^'1 1 


10 


UNIT  i:  u    S  T  A  1'  li  8. 


I  tiiiii  Vormont,  is  rougli,  liillyi  and  in  some  parts 
mountainous.  TIicsi'  mountains  air  niori-  parti- 
cularly  il'-snihrd  inulcr  Now  Kn^land.  In  all 
parts  of  tlif  w«nld,and  partifularly  on  tliis  ,v.  lon- 
linrnt,  it  is  obsorvahlf,  that  hh  you  depart  fn.m 
tiio  ocean,  or  from  a  river,  the  land  gradually 
rises :  and  tlie  lieif^lit  of  land,  in  common,  is 
about  enuallv  distant  from  tlie  Mater  on  either 
side.  'I  he  Andes,  in  South  America,  form  the 
heijfht  of  land  lu'tween  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
«)ceans.  The  liij{h  lands  between  the  district  of 
IVIaine  and  the  province  of  l,ower  Canada,  «li- 
\  ide  the  rivers  which  fall  into  thi^St.  I/awrence, 
//.  and  into  the  Atlantic,  s.  The  Creen  M<)nn- 
tains,  in  A'ermont,  divide  the  waters  which  1I<im 
( .  into  Connecticut  river  from  those  which  full 
li'.  into  Tiuke  Champlain,  liake  Ceorj^e,  and 
Hudson's  river. 

Ilelween  tlu-  Atlantic,  the  Mississippi,  ami  the 
lakes,  rinis  a  louf>  ranjie  of  mountains,  ma(l«>  up 
of  a  <;reat  nnnd)er  of  ri(li>es.  These  mountains 
extend  h.  r.  and  v.  ;,•.  nearly  parallel  to  the  sea 
coast,  about  !)(I0  miles  in  bM)i>th,  and  from  (iO  to 
l."JO  and 'JCO  miles  in  bnadih.  I\lr.  I'xaus  ob- 
serves, uilli  respect  to  thai  part  of  these  mountains 
which  he  tnueilcd  o\er.  \i/.  in  the  back  part  of 
IVnnsvlvauia.  that  scarcely  one  acre  in  ten  is 
ca|)alile  of  culture.  This,  liowever,  is  not  the 
case  in  all  parts  of  this  rauj^e.  Numerous  tracts 
of  fine  arable  and  jira/inj;  land  iuteruMie  be- 
tween the  ridj-es.  The  dilVerent  ridges  «hich 
compose  this  immeuso  ranjic  of  mountains,  liaxe 
diflerent  nanus  in  dilVerent  Stales. 

As  voti  adxance  from  the  .\llautic,  the  lirsl 
ridge  in  IVnnsvlvauia,  Virjjinia.  and  North  Ca- 
rtdina.  is  the  lllue  Kidsre.  or  South  iVIountain, 
which  is  from  I. 'JO  to  'J(K)  miles  from  the  sea. 
Uetween  this  and  the  North  Mountain  spreads 
a  large  fertile  vale:  next  lies  the  Allegauv 
ridge:  next  bevoud  this  is  the  Long  Hidge, 
called  the  Laurel  Mi)uiitains,  in  a  spur  of  which, 
about  hit.  j(v .  is  a  spring  of  water  h^)  feet 
deep,  very  cold,  and,  it  is  said,  as  blue  as  in- 
digo. \'\om  these  seyeral  ridges  proceed  iii- 
mimcrable  iiam«'Iess  I)ranches  or  spurs.  The 
Killatiuuv  mouiilaiii  runs  through  the  ii.  parts 
of  New  .Ier->'v  and  IVniisvlvaiiia.  All  these 
ridges,  except  the  Allegany,  are  separated  by 
ri\ers,  which  api)ear  to  liaye  forced  their  pas- 
sages tliroiigh  '•olid  rocks. 

The  priiuipal  ridge  is  the  Allegany,  which  has 
been  (lesiri|iti\ oly  called  the  Back-bone  of  the 
I  niled  Stale;.  Ti\e  giueral  name  ft)r  these 
mountains,  taken  collecliv(>lv.  seems  not  yet  to 
!«ne  btCM  dtt(  rminrd.  Mr.  Evans  calls  them  the 


Endless  Mountains:  others  have  called  tliem  k\\c 
.Appalachian  Mountains,  from  a  tribe  <if  IndiauM 
wlio  live  on  a  river  which  proc<;edH  from  this 
muuntain,  called  the  Appalachicola.  lint  the 
most,  common  namt!  is  the  .Allegany  Mountains, 
NO  called,  either  fr«Hn  the  principal  ridge  of  the 
range,  or  from  their  running  nearly  parallel  to 
the  Allegany  or  Ohio  ri\(.>r:  which,  iVoiu  its 
head  waters,  till  it  empties  into  the  IVIississi|>pi, 
is  known  and  called  by  the  naiu<<  of  Alleganv 
river,  by  the  Seneca  and  other  tribes  of  the  six 
nations,  who  onct;  inhabited  it.  These  luoiin- 
taiiis  are  not  confusedly  scattered  and  broken, 
rising  here  and  there  into  high  peaks,  overtop- 
ping each  other,  but  stretch  along  in  '..nitiirnt 
ridges,  scarc<'ly  half  a  mih'  high.  They  spread 
as  you  proceed  ,v.  and  some  of  t';;'!i»  terminate 
in  liigh  perpendicular  blull's.  Olhi-rs  gradually 
subside  into  a  level  ctunitry,  yiviug  ris(<  to  the 
rivers  which  run  v.  into  the  (<ulf  of  iNlexico. 

They  alVord   many   curious   phenomena,   from 
yyhicli  naturalists  haye  derluc(>d    many   theories 
of  the  earth.     Some  of  them  have  been  whimsi- 
cal enough.     Afr.  Kvans  supposes  that  the  most 
obvious  of  theories  which  liay(>    been   formed  of 
the  earth  is,  that  it  was  originally    made  of  the 
ruins    of  another.       "  Hones  and    shells    which 
escaped  the  iate  of  softer  animal  substances,  yve 
find  mixed  yvith  tli(<  (dd  materials,  and  elegantly 
preserycd  in  the  loose  stones  and  rocky  bases  of 
the   highest   of  these    hills."       AVilli   deli-rence, 
however,  to  Mr.  I'i\ans's  opinion,  these  appear- 
ances hay  ('been  much  more  rationally  accounted 
for    by   supposing  the    reality    of   the    flood,  of 
which    Moses   has   given    us   an    account.     Mr. 
liVaiis  thinks  lliis  too  yical  a   miracl(>  to  oiitaiii 
belief.      \\<\\  >vliellier  i>  it   a  greater  miracle  for 
the  Creator  to  alter  a  globe  of  earth   by   a  de- 
luge, when  made,  or  to  ciHale  one  new  iVoni  the 
ruins  of  anolhei' .-  The  fornu'r  cer'-.july  isnol  less 
credil)l<>  than  the  latter,    'i'lu-se  moiMitaius,"  says 
our  author.  "  existed  in  their  present   elevati'il 
height  before  the  deluge,  but  not  so  bare  t>f  soil 
as  now."      Mow  Mr.  I'jvans  came   to   bi.'  so  cir- 
cumstantially   acipiainled   yyitli  tiu'M"    pretended 
liicis,  is  diflicuit    to   determiiu'.   unless  we  sup- 
nose  him  to  havelieenan   Antediliiyian,  aiirl   to 
nave  surveyed  them   accurately   belon;  the   con- 
vulsions    of  the   deluge:  and   until    y\e   can    hv 
fully  assiircil  of  this,  we  must  be  excused   if  not 
assenting  to  liis  o|)inion,  and  in  adhering  to  the 
old  philosophy  of  Moses  and  his  advocates.   We 
have  every  reas(Ui  to  believe   thai  the  primitive 
•  state  of  the  earth  yvas  totally  metamorphosed  by 
the  first  couvidsioii  of  nature  at  the  time  of  tlie'l 


#V 


■  I  ■ 


.3 


UNITED    STATES. 


17 


tlifin  (lir 

r  iii(iianx 

iVoin   this 

J{ii(  the 

OlIlllilillN, 
ji-j-  ol'  till* 
anilh-l  ((> 
IVoin  its 
lississippi, 
AlU'Hiniv 
oi'lliv  six 

•wo   lllOUIl- 

(I  broken, 
,  ovcilop- 
II  '.'•nil'onn 
u'V  sprciu! 
tci'iniiiati* 
L'riitliially 
'\<v  t(»  the 
',\i«'<). 

leiia,  IVom 
V   theories 
>ii  wliiinsi- 
i(  the  most 
Iui'iikhI  ol' 
m\v  of  the 
ells   which 
■ilaiu'os,  wc 
(I  oh'sjaiitiv 
l\V  bases  ol" 
(Irti'ii'iUT, 
sc  a|)|)oar- 
[u-coiiiitcil 
llooil,  of 
>iiiil.     Mr. 
to  obtain 
uinu-lo  lor 
by   a  (le- 
u'  Iroin  the 
V  is  not  less 
tains,"  says 
it   ('i('vat(>(I 
bare  ol'soil 
bi"  so  cir- 
pn'lc'iulcd 
^s  ur  siip- 

[tll.    illlll     to 

1'  the  con- 
«o  fan  be 
iisi'd  it'  not 
rini;  to  the 
oiates.  We 
primitive 
>rphost'd  by 
inic  of  the  1 


[dclufyo  ;  t'int   the  fountaiiiB  of  the  treat  deep 
wore  indeed  broken  up,  and  that  the   variouH 
strata  of  the  earth  were  dissevered,  and  thrown 
into  every  possible  dep^ree  of  confnsion  and  dis- 
order,     lience   those    vast   piles   of  nioinitains 
which  lift  their  crap^J  <=''fl«  *"  *''»^  clouds,  were 
probably  thrown  together  from  the  floating  ruins 
of  the  earth  :  and  this  conjecture  is  remarkably 
conlirmed   bj   the   vast  nundior  of   fossils  and 
other  marine  exuviie  which  are  found   imbeded 
on  the  tops  of  mountains,   in  the  interior  parts 
of  continents  remote  from  the  sea,  in  all   parts 
of  the  world  hitherto  explored.      The  various 
circumstances  attending  these  marine  bodies  leave 
us  to  conclude,  that  they    wore  actually  fjene- 
rated,  lived,  and  died  in  the  very   beds  wherein 
they  wore  found,  and  therefore  these  beds  must 
have  oriirinally  been  at  the  bottom  of  the  ocean, 
though  now  in  many  instances  elevated  several 
miles  »bove  its  surface.     Hence  it  appears  that 
mountains  and  continents  were  not  primary  pro- 
ductions of  nature,  but  of  a  very  distant  period  of 
time  from    the  creation  of  the  world  ;  a   time 
lonff   enough  for   the  strata  to   have    acnuired 
their  greatest  degree  of  cohesion  and  hardness; 
and  ^r  the  testaceous  matter  of  marine  shells 
to  become  changed  to  a  stony  substance ;  for  in 
the  fissures  of  the  limestone  and  other  strata, 
fragments  of  the  same  shell  have  been  frequently 
found  adhering  to  each  side  of  the  cleft,  in  the  very 
state  in  which  they  were  originally  broken  ;  so 
that  if  the  several  parts  were  brought  together, 
they  would   apparently   tally  with  each    other 
exactly.      A    very  considerable    time   therefore 
must  have  elapsed  between  the  chaotic  state  of 
the  earth  and  the  deluge,  which  agrees  with  the 
account  of  Moses,  who  makes  it  a  little  upwards 
of  1,600  years.       These    observations    are    in- 
tended to  shew,  in  one    instance  out  of  many 
others,  the  agreement  between  revelation  and  rea- 
son, between  the  account  which   Moses  gives  us 
of  the  creation  and  deluge,  and  the  present  ap- 
pearances of  nature.     Those  who  wish  to  have 
this  agreement    more    fully   and    satisfactorily 
stated,  are  referred  to  a  very  learned  and  inge- 
nious "  Inquiry  into  the  original  state  and  Ktr- 
niation  of  the  earth,"     b^  John    Whitehurst, 
F.R.S.  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  some  of 
the  foregoing  observations. 

Soil  and  Vegetable  Productions. 

In  the  United  States  are  to  be   found  every 

species  of  soil  that  the  earth   aifords.     In   (me 

part  of  them  or  another,  they  produce  all  the 

various  kinds  of  fruits,  grain,  pulse,  and  hortu- 


line  plants  and  roots,  which  are  found  in  Europe, 
and  nave  been  thence  transplanted  to  America. 
Resides  these,  a  great  variety  of  native  vege- 
able  product  imiH. 

The  natural  history  of  the  American  States, 
particularly  of  New  England,  in  yet  in  its  in- 
fancy. Several  ingenious  foreigners,  skilled  in 
botaiiv,  have  visited  the  Southern  and  some  of 
the  \liddle  States,  and  Canada,  and  these  States 
have  also  had  ingenious  botanists  of  their  own, 
who  have  made  considerable  progress  in  describing 
the  productions  of  those  parts  of  America  whicli 
they  have  visited ;  but  New  EnG;land  seems  not 
to  nave  engaged  the  attention  either  of  foreign 
or  American  botanists.  There  was  never  an 
attem|)t  to  describe  botanical ly,  the  vegetable 

B reductions  of  the  Eastern  States,  till  the  Rev. 
Ir.  Cutler,  of  Ipswich,  turned  his  attention  to 
the  subject.  The  result  of  his  first  inquiries 
was  published  in  the  first  volume  of  the  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences."  To  his  liberal  and  generous  commu- 
nications, we  are  principally  indebted  for  our 
account  of  the  vegotalile  productions  of  the 
Eastern  and  Middle  Slates. 

N.  B.  The  following  catalogues  are  all  incom- 
plete, and  designed  only  to  give  general  ideas. 
They  contain,  however,  more  correct  information 
concerning  the  Natural  History  of  New  England, 
than  has  yet  been  published.  A  specific  descrip- 
tion of  the  principal  grains,  fruits,  trees,  insects, 
birds,  animals,  &c.  will  be  found  under  their 
proper  heads  in  the  Appendix  to  this  work. 


NATUnAIi  HISTORY. 

Grain  cultivated  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle 
States. 
Indian  corn  (Zeamays)  a  native  grain  of  North 
America.  The  varieties  of  this  grain,  occasioned 
by  a  difference  in  soil,  cultivation,  and  climate, 
are  almost  endless.  Winter  and  summer  rye, 
(srrafr  cereale,  hi/hcriium  et  vrrum,)  the  only 
species  cultivate<)  by  the  farmers.  The  winter 
rye  succeeds  best  in  ground  newly  cleared,  but 
summer  rye  is  frequently  sown  in  old  towns, 
where  the  land  has  oeen  long  under  cultivation. 
The  winter  and  siimmor  rye  are  the  same  spe- 
cies, forming  two  varieties  ;  but  the  winter  and 
summer  wheat  are  two  distinct  species.  Several 
species  of  barley  are  cultivated,  the  most  com- 
mon is  the  six  ranked  ( llordcum  hcxastkhon,) 
and  the  two  ranked  cy/orrfrMOT  tUstichon.)  The 
wheat  principally  cultivated  are  the  winter  and] 
1) 


•  *li 


■■■i'f*(:^\:.f-" 


n'i 


f'i 


i 


■  !  i 


1 
hi 

'•I 


4 ;  .1 »'  . 


•if. 


Ill  i 

11' 


10 


UNITED    STATES. 


[fiummer  (  Trklium  hi/hcrmtm  eta-slitum.) — OatH 
(Arena  sativa.) — Buck-wheat  ( Poli/gonum  fa- 
gonirum.) 

In  the  Southern  States,  as  far  n.  as  Virginia, 
where  the  lands  are  suitable,  besides  the  grain 
already  mentioned,  they  cultivate  rice.  This 
grain  was  brought  into  Carolina  first  hy  Sir  Na- 
thaniel Johnson,  in  1688 ;  and  afterwards  more 
and  of  a  different  kind,  probably  a  variety,  was 
imported  by  a  ship  from  Ma<lagascar,  in  1696  : 
till  which  time  it  was  not  much  cultivated.  It 
succeeds  well  also  on  the  Ohio  river,  where  it  is 
planted  both  on  the  high  and  low  grounds,  and  in 
the  same  fields  with  Indian  corn  and  other  grain. 
A  i^entleman  who  had  planted  it  several  years 
in  liis  garden,  informed  Dr.  Cutler  that  it  yielded 
at  the  rate  of  80  bushels  an  acre.  At  Marietta, 
it  has  answered  the  most  sanguine  expectations 
of  the  ini'abitants,  producing  equal  to  any  other 
grain,  without  being  at  any  time  overflowed  with 
water.  The  Doctor  himself  saw  it  growing  in  a 
very  flourishing  state,  on  high  land,  but  it  had 
not,  at  the  season  he  saw  it,  began  to  bloom.  It 
was  said  not  to  be  of  the  same  species  of  Caro- 
lina rice.  It  is  probably  the  wild  rice,  which 
we  are  informed  grows  in  plenty,  in  some  of  the 
interior  parts  of  N.  America,  and  is  the  most 
valuable  of  all  the  spontaneous  productions  of 
the  country.  In  Pennsylvania  grows  a  sort 
of  grain  called,  by  the  Germans,  Spelts,  which 
resembles  wheat ;  and  is  a  very  valuable  grain. 


Cultivated  Grasses  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle 
States. 

All  the  grasses,  cultivated  in  the  Middle  and 
New  England  States,  are  found  growing  indi- 
genous. It  is  not  improbable,  however,  that 
some  of  them  may  be  imturalized  exotics.  The 
following  are  the  principal  grasses  sown  in  our 
cultivated  ground,  or  in  any  way  propagated 
for  seed  and  hay. 

Herd's  Grass  or  Fox  Tail,  (Alopecunis  pra- 
tcmis,)  this  is  reckoned  the  best  grass  we  have, 
is  a  native,  and  supposed  to  be  peculiar  to  this 
country.  Blue  Grass  C Alopecurus  geniculalus.) 
— Many  species  of  Bent  (Agrostis,)  particularly 
the  Rhode  Island  Bent  (Agroslus  intcrrupta.) — 
The  small  and  great  English  Grass  ( Hon  tri- 
lialis  et  pratcnsis.) — Wire  Grass  ( Poacowprcssa. ) 
— Fowl  Meadow  Grass  (Pon  aviarin,  spicii/is  sitb- 
hiflorh.)—  Red  and  white  clover  (TriJ'oliiim  pru- 
tfnse  ct  repens.) 

The  grasses  of  Virginia,  according  to  Mr.  Jef- 
ferson, are  Lucerne,  St.  Foin,  Burnet,  Timothy, 


Ray,  and  Orchard  grass,  red,  white,  aud  yellow 
clover;  Greenswerd,  Blue  grass  and  Crabgrass. 
South  of  Virginia  very  little  attention  is  paid  to 
the  cultivation  of  grasses.  The  winters  are  so 
mild,  that  the  cattle  find  a  tolerable  supply  of 
food  in  the  woods. 

Native  Grasses  in  New  England. 

Besides  the  cultivated  grasses,  the  States  of 
New  England  abound  with  a  great  variety  which 
are  found  growing  in  their  native  soils  and 
situations,  many  of  which  have  not  been  de- 
scribed by  any  botanical  writers.  The  small  ex- 
l)eriment8  which  have  been  made,  sufficiently 
evince  that  several  of  them  make  excellent  hay. 
They  might  be  greatly  improved  by  cultivation, 
and  are  highly  worthy  the  attention  of  our 
farmers.  Those  which  are  found  most  common 
are  the  following  ;  viz. 

The  vernal  grass  ( Authoxunthum  odoratum.) — 
Timothy,  or  bulbus  Cat's-tail  grass  (Phleum 
prateme.J — Several  species  of  Panic  grass  ("Pa- 
(nicum — Several  species  of  Bent  (AgrosthJ — 
Hair  grass  (Aira  uquatkaj — Numerous  species 
of  Port.— Quaking  Grass,  (Briza)  several  spe- 
cies— Cock's-foot  Grass  (Dacti/Hs  glomerataj — 
Millet  f Milium  effitsum) — Fescue  Grass  (Fes- 
tttco)  many  species — Oat  Grass  ('Arena  spicataj 
• — Reed  Grass  (ArundoJ  several  species. — Brome 
Grass  (Bromtis  squarrosus) — Lime  Grass  (Ely- 
mushy strix) — Barley  Grass  { Hordeum  pratensej 
— Dog's  or  couch  Grass  (Triticum  repens.) — 
Many  species  of  Rush  Grass  (Juncus.) — Nu- 
merous species  of  Carex,  in  fresh  and  salt 
marshy  ground.  Several  species  of  Beard  Grass 
(AndropogonJ — Sofl  Grass  (Holcus  lanatus  et 
odoratus.J  Besides  these,  there  are  many  va- 
luable grasses,  which,  at  present,  are  non-de- 
scripts. 

Wild  Fruits  in  New  England. 
Black  Currant  (Ribes  nigrum) — Gooseberry 
f  Kibes  gfossularia) — Prickly  Gooseberry  (Ribes 
cunosbati) — Two  species  of  Grapes — the  Black 
Grape  ( Vitis  hibrusca,)  and  Fox  Grape  f  Vitis 
vulpina.j  Of  these  two  species  we  have  many 
varieties,  dilfering  only  m  size,  colour,  and 
tnnte.  An  excellent  wine,  and  in  large  quan- 
tities, has  lately  been  made  by  the  French  peo- 
ple, at  their  new  settlement  on  the  Ohio  river, 
from  the  native  grapes,  without  any  kind  of  cul- 
tivation. They  collected  the  grapes  promis- 
cuously from  all  the  varieties  growing  in  that 
country.  By  separating  them,  wines  of  different, 
and  no  doubt  some  of  them,  of  a  much  better] 


•Wi 


i>c 


UNITED    STATES. 


10 


x^ 


[quality,  mij?bt  have  been  made.  The  native 
grape  is  propagated  with  great  ease ;  its  growth 
18  luxuriant,  overspreading  the  highest  trees  in 
the  forests,  and  by  proper  attention  would  afford 
an  ample  supply  of  wines,  in  the  northern  as  well 
as  southern  States.  The  principal  difficulty 
seems  to  be  the  want  of  a  proper  knowledge  of 
the  process  in  making  wine,  and  preparing  it  for 
use.  Barberry  Bush  (Berheris  vulgaris)  — Whor- 
tleberrj  (Vaccinitim  ligustrinum) — Blueberry 
fVaccinium  corj/mbosumj — White  Whortleberry 
(Vaccinium  album) — Indian  Gooseberry  f  Facet- 
nium  frondosum)  —  Long-leaved  Whortleberry 
f  Vaccinium  stnmineum) — Craneberry  (  Vaccinium 
oxi/couos) — Yellow  Plum  (Prunus  americana) — 
Beach  Plum  (Prunus  maratima) — Large  Black 
Cherry  (Prunus  nigra) — Purple  Cherry  (Prunus 
virginiana) — Wild  Red  Cherry  (Prunus  rubra) 
— Dwarf  or  Choak  Cherry  (Prunus  canadensis) — 
Mountain  Cherry  (Prunus  montana)— Service- 
Tree  (Mespilus  canadensis) — Brambleberry  (Rh- 
bus  occidentfdis) — Sawteat  Blackljerry,  or  Bum- 
blekites  (Rubus  frulicosus) — Briar  Blackberry 
(Rubus  moluccanits) — Dewberry  (Rubus  hispi-) 
dus) — Common  Raspberry  (Rubus  idteus) — 
Smooth-stalked  Raspberry  (Rubus  canadensis  J — 
Superb  Raspberry  (Rubus  odoratus)  —  Straw- 
berry (Fragaria  vesca.)  The  native  strawberry 
is  much  improved  by  cultivation,  and  produces 
a  larger  and  better-flavoured  fruit  than  the 
exotic. — Mulberry  (Morus  nigra.) 

For  information  on  this  article,  respecting  the 
Southern  States,  the  reader  may  consult  what 
Catesby,  Clayton,  Jefferson,  and  Bartram  have 
written  upon  it. 

Nut  Fruit. 

White  Oak  (Quercus  alba)—ReA  Oak  (Quer- 
cus  rubra)  and  several  other  species  with  smaller 
fruit. — Black  Walnut  (Juglans  nigra) — White 
Walnut,  Butternut,  or  Oilnut  (Juglans  cathar- 
//fflyl— White  or  Round  Nut  Hiccory  (Juglans 
alba) — Shag-bark  Hiccory  (Juglans  cineria) — 
Chesnut  (Fagus  castanea) — Chinquipin,  or  Dwarf 
Chesnut  (Fagus  pt/mila) — Beecn  Nut  (Fagus 
siylvatica) — Hazle  Nut  (Corj/lus  avallana)— Fil- 
bert (Corylus  cornuta.) 

We  may  here  mention  the  Paccan,  or  Illinois 
Nut  (Juglans  alba,  foliolis  lanceolatis,  acuminatis, 
scrralis,  tomentosis,fruclu  minore,  ovato,  compresso, 
r/.r  insrulpto,  dulci,  putamine,  tenerrimo.  Jeffer- 
son.) This  nut  is  about  the  size  of  a  large,  long 
acorn,  and  of  an  oval  form,  the  shell  is  easily 
cracked,  and  the  kernel  shaped  like  that  of  a  wal- 
nut.    The  trees  which  bear  this  fruit  grow,  na- 


turally, on  the  Mississippi  and  its  branches,  lat. 
s.  40°  M.  They  grow  well  when  planted  in  the 
Southern  Atlantic  States. 

Medicinal  Plants  in  New  England. 
Among  the  native  and  uncultivated  plants  of 
New  England,  the  following  have  lieen  employed 
for  medicinal  purposes.  Water  Horehound 
(Lucopus  virginica) — Blue  Flag  (Tris  virginica) 
— Skunk  Cabbage  (Arum  Americanum.  Catesb. 
and  Dracontiuni  fcetidum.  Linn.)  —  Partridge- 
berry  (MilcheUa  repens)  —  Great  and  Marsh 
Plaintain  (Planlago  major  et  maratima) — Witch 
Hazel  ( Ilamamelis  virginica) — Hound's  Tongue 
(Cunoglossum  officinale) — Comfrey  ( Si/mplnytum 
officin.) — Bear's-ear  Sanicle  (Cortusa  gmelini) 
— Appleperu  (Datura  strammonium)  —  Bitter- 
sweet (  Solanum  dulca-mare) — Tivertwig,  or  Ame- 
rican Mazerion  (Ctlastrus  scandens) — ^Elni  (Ul- 
mus  americana) — Great  Laserwort  and  Wild  An- 
gelica ( Lmerpitium  tribolum,  et  latifolium) — An- 
gelica, or  American  Masterwort  (Angelica  liicida) 
— Water  Elder  (  Viburnum  opulus) — Elder  (  Sam- 
bucus  nigra) — Chickweed  (Alsina  media) — Petti- 
morrcl,  or  Life  of  Man  (Aralia  racemosa) — Sar- 
saparilla  ( Aralia  nudicaulis?) — Marsh  Rosemary 
(Statice  limonium) — Sundew  (Drosera  rotundifo- 
lia)  —  Solomon's  Seal  ( Corrcallaria  stellata?) — 
Adder's  Tongue  (Convallarin  bijoliu)  —Vnicorn 
(Alttris  farinosa) — Sweet  Flag  (Acorus  calamus) 
— Several  species  of  Dock  ( Rumex)  —  I'istort 
(Polygonum  bistorta )~Sp\co  Wood,  or  Fever- 
bush  ( Laurus  benzoin ) — Sassafras  ( Lnurus  sassa- 
fras)— Consumption  Root  ( Pi/rola  rotundifolia) 
— Rheumatism  Weed  (Pyrofa  minor)  —Mouse 
Ear  (Cerastium  viscosum) — Gargit,  or  Skoke 
(Phytolacca  decandria) — Wild  Hyssop  (Ly thrum 
hysopis )  —  A  gri  mony  (Agrimonia  rupatoria )  — 
Common  Avens,  or  Herb  Bennet  ( Geum  Virg.) 
— Water  Avens,  or  Throat  Root  ( Geum  rivale ') — 
Blood  Root,  or  Puccoon  ( Sanguinario  canadensis ) 
— Celandine  (  Chelidonium  majus ) — Yellow  Water 
Lily  ( Numphcea  lutea) — Pond  Lily  (Nymphcea 
alba) — Golden  Thread,  or  Mouth  Root V.V/£;r/- 
la'() — Liverwort  (Anemone  hepatica) — Crowsfoot 
(Ranunculus  Pennsylv.)-r-(liCYn\a.nAer  (Teucrum 
Virg.) — Catmint,  or  Catnip  ( Nepeta  cataria) — 
Head  Betony  ( Betonica  officinalis) — Horscmint, 
Spearmint,  Watermint,  and  Penniroyal  (MnUha 
spicata,  viridis,  aquatica,  et  pulegium) — Cirround 
Ivy,  or  Gill  go  over  the  ground  ( Gliromn  brde- 
racea) — Hedge  Nettle  (  Stacliys  sulvatica  i — Hore- 
hound (Marrubium  rM/i>-rt>r)— INtotherwort  (  Tuco- 
norus  cardiaca) — Wild  Sfarjorum  (Origanum  vul- 
gare) — Wild  Lavendar  ( Trichostemaf) — Wood] 
d2 


i   1 


/-■ 


20 


UNITED     STAT  E  S. 


tBctonv  (  Phlicuhrh  canademh )  —  Shepherd's 
'urse,  «)r  Pouch  (  T/ilopspi  f>itrsa  fuisloris } — Water 
Cresses  ( Sisi/iiihriitiii  nasturliiim)  —  (raiieshill 
((uroniiim  Hiacrorhizmii )—Mi\rHh  Mallow  (/If- 
thn'a  officin.)  —  Mallow  (Malva  roliindifoliu) — 
Siiccorv  (Crrnh  barhata) — Hiirdock  (Actiuni 
lappa) — F3evil  s  Hit  ( Scrralii/a  aniara) — The  root 
resembles  <lie  European  Devil's  Bit  ( Srahivsa 
succisa)  from  which  circumstance  the  Englisli 
name  has  probably  been  applied  to  this  plant. — 
Tansev  (  Tamnrtinii  viilgare) — Wormwood  (Ar- 
teinisia  ahsitit/iiani ) — Lite  Kverlnstinir  (Giiapha- 
liiiiu  oilorathshiium  / ) — Coltsfoot  (  Tussilasro  J'ur- 
I'aia) — (loldeu  Hod  (Sofidairo  ranad.) — l5lecau>- 
pane  { Inula  hrUitiiiin) — IVTayweed  {Anthciiiis 
cotitia ) — Yarrow  ( Achillea  iiiilicj'olia ) — American 
Pride  ( I^ihclia  cardinalis)  Three  other  species  of 
Lob<>lia  ( lA)l)(lia  dorhnamia,  kahtiii,  ct  spliilifira ) 
— Dratron  Hoot  (Arum  Virs;.) — Stin^iu|;  Nettle 
(Vrtica  /mw)— White  Walnut,  Butter  Nut,  «»r 
Oil  Nut  (Juglaus  frt//w///r«)  -  Swamp  Willow 
( Sali.r  cinvrca/) — Sweet  (Jale  (  Mi/rica  gale) — 
White  Hellebore,  or  Pokeroot  (  Vtratrum  album) 
— Moouwort  (  Osmuuda  lunaria) — l''emale  Fern 
(Pit fix  caudala) — Hearts  Tonsyue  ( Asphnium 
scolopcndrium  ) — Spleenwort  (Asplniium  salicifo- 
lium) — Black  Maidenhair  (Asplenuim  adiaulum.) 
To  the  above  we  may  add,  Arsniart  ( Polj/gouum 
Soffilatum.     Linn.) 

Amon;;;  a  great  variety  of  other  medicinal  plants 
in  the  sent  hern  and  middle  States  are  Pink  Hoot,  an 
excellent  vermifuge — Seinm  (Cassia  ligustrina) 
Clivers,  or  Cioose-grass  (Galium  spurium)  — 
Palma  Christi  ( liicimis)  from  which  the  castor 
oil  is  expressed — Several  species  of  Mallow — 
Indian  Physic  (Spiraa  trifoliata)  —  Enphorbial 
IpecacuanliH' — Pleurisy  Hoot  (Aschpias  derum- 
Ixns) — Virginia  Snake  Root  ( Arisloloclita  serpin- 
taria) — Black  Snake  Hoot  < Arla-a  raccmosa) — 
Seneca  Hattlosiiake  Root  f  Poti/gala  Senega) — 
Valerian  (  Valeriana  hniista  radiata)  —  Clinseng 
(Panax  ijuinquefolium ) — Angelica  (Angelica  si/l- 
vestris) — Cassi.va  (Jatropha  urens.) 

Flowering  Trees  and  Shrubs  in  the  I'nited 

States. 
Globe  Flower  (Crphalanthus  oeeidenlalis ) — 
Pigeonberry  (Cissus  sici/oides)  —  Virginian  Dog- 
wood (CiUtius  florida) — Conel  (Cornus  canaden- 
sis)—lioA-ftowerod  Honeysuckle  {Azalea  nudi- 
/7<»rff^ —White  American  Honeysuckle  (Azalea 
viscosn  ' — American  Tea  (Ceanolhus  amerieanas ) 
—  (^herry  Honeysuckle  (Lonieera  dieiiilla )  — 
Vii-giuia  Scarlet  floneysiickle  ( f-onicera  virgi- 
iiiana  ) — Dwarf  Clierrv  Honevstickle    f  Lonieera 


canadensis) — Evergreen  Spindle  Tree  (Eunny' 
mus  scniperxirens ) — Virginian  Itea  (Ilea  virgi- 
nica) — Stag's-horn  Sumach  (Ithus  fjyphinumj— 
Black  Haw  (Viburnum  prunifoliuin)  —  Black- 
berried  F'jlder  (Sambueus  nigra) — Red-berried 
I'ilder  (Sambucus  canadensis  I — Scarlet-flowered 
Horse  Chesiuit  ( /Eseulus  pavia )  —  ,hiAi\*  Tree 
(Cercis  canadensis) — (Jreat  Ijairrel  ( Kalmia  lati- 
folia) — Dwarf  liaurel  (Kalmia  augustifolia) — 
Tiiyme-leaved  Marsh  Cistus  (Ledum  lln/mifo- 
lium ) — American  Senna  ( Ithodora  canadensis  J — 
Rose  Bay  Tree  ( Itliododendrum  maximum)  — 
White  Pepper  Bush  (Andromeda  arborea ) —^WvA- 
bud  Andromeda  (Andromeda  racrmosa)  —  Bog- 
Evergreen  (Andromeda  rali/culalaj  —  Carolina 
Hed-nud  (Andromeda  nilida  > — Carolina  Iron- 
wood  Tree  (Andromeda  plamata)  —  (^aroliniaii 
Syrianga  ( Pliiladelphus  inodorusj  —  Sorbus  Tree 
(Sorbus  aucuparia)  —  Mountain  Ash  ( Sorbus  anic- 
rieanaJ—Sovy'wi'  Tree  ( JStespilus  canadensis) — 
Medlar  Tre«'  ,  Mespilus  nivea) — Sweet-scented 
Crab-apple  Tree  (  Pt/rus  coronaria)  —  Meadow 
Sweet  (Snira-a  salieifolia) — Queen  of  the  Mea- 
dows (Spira-a  lomrntosa  I  —  Canadian  Splra'a 
(Spira'a  lij/pericifolia ) — Wild  I{ose  (Rosa  Caro- 
lina)— Peiinsylviinian  Swamp  Hose  ( Ifosa  palus- 
tris)  —  Sunern  Haspberi"y  (/tubus  odoratus)-— 
Carolian  Fotliergilla  ( I'olhergilla  gardeni ) — Tu- 
lip Tree  (lAriodcndrum  lulipifern) — Evergreen 
Tulip  'I'ree  (Magnolia  granelifloraj — Climbing 
Trumpet  Flower  (  Bignonia  radicans) — Virginian 
Stewartia  (Stcicartia  malacodendrou ) — Franklin 
'I'ree  (  Franklinia  alalamaha ) — Locust  Tree  (  Ro- 
binia  pseud  acacia  ' — Rose-flowered  liocust  Tree 
(liobinia  rosea) — Swamp  Willow  ( Salix  cineria?  i 
— Hcd-flowered  Maple  (Acer  rubrum.J 

Forest  Trees. 
Were  we  possessed  of  accurate  materials  tor 
the  purpose,  it  would  far  exceed  the  limits  of  a 
work  embracing  such  a  variety  of  subjects,  to  give 
a  complete  catalogue  of  the  trees  of  this  country. 
From  the  foregoing  catalogues  the  reader  must 
necessarily  conclude  that  they  are  very  numerous. 
And  it  ought  to  be  observed,  that  almost  all  of 
them,  for  some  purpose  or  other,  have  been  used 
as  timl)er.  Some  of  the  most  useful  species  of 
trees,  however,  must  not  be  omitted,  and  are  the 
fitllowing:  Ei.m  (Ulmus  americana)  of  this  tree 
there  is  but  one  species,  of  which  there  are  two 
varieties,  tlie  white  and  the  red. — Wii.dCheruy; 
many  species,  highly  valued  for  cabinet  work. — 
liOCiTST  (  RoOinia  psiudo-acacia)  of  quick  growth, 
g-ood  for  fuel,  and  excellent  for  posts  to  set  in  the 
ground,  and  trunncls  for  ships.  — Biiicii ;  sevoi-ul] 


U  ^M  T  E  1)    STATES. 


21 


•  (Euoni/- 
llra  riif^i' 
pfiinioiij- 
)  —  Blark- 
lc(l-hcrric(l 
•t-flowt'ro«l 
luliis  Ti-fp 
(afiiiia  Itili- 
Hsiifotia ) — 
71  thiyniifo- 
naditisisj — 
i.rhnunij  — 
'•raj  — Wed' 
>sn )  —  B(»{»- 

—  Caruliim 
iliiiii   li'oii- 

Caroliiiimi 
(jibuH  Tree 
Sorbus  (ime- 
tiadciislsj — 
■eet-sct'iitod 

—  Meadow 
f  the  Meu- 
ian  Spira*a 
(  Rosa  raro- 
liosa  palus' 
odoratifsj  — 
deniJ—Tu- 
pEvergreen 
— Climbing 

Virginian 

-Franklin 

t  Tree  r  Ro- 

locust  Tree 

lixchieria?  > 

■J 


laterials  tor 

limits  of  a 

ects,  to  give 

his  coiintry. 

reader  must 

V  numerous. 

most  all  ot' 

e  been  used 

\\  species  of 

and  are  the 

of  this  tree 

lere  are  t«o 

.dCherhv; 

net  work. — 

nick  growth, 

to  set  in  the 

CH  ;  sevei'ul] 


I 


^ 


[species,  I.  While  ( Brtula  aiha )  '2.  Black  fnetiita 
tiifrraj  'J.  He«l  or  Yellow  flklii/a  teiitaJ—OAh  ; 
sfvi'ral  species,  I.  Black  ( Qmrnis  iiit^rrj  i.  Bed 
(QiiircHs  rubra)  three  varieties.  J  .VVliite  fQiur- 
CHS  alba)  4.  Hhrub,  or  CJround  Oak  ( Qmrrtis 
pamila)  5.  Chesnut  Oak  (Qiterrus  primisj  (i. 
Live  Oak  (Qurrcus  svttipvrvhrns — Qutrriis  Vir- 
flliiiiam,  Millar.)  7,  Black  Jack  Oak  (Qiurcus 
aiptalita,  Clai/ton.J  The  two  last  are  peculiar  to 
the  soul  hern  Stales. — C'li  eh  n  i)  t  (  Fu/^as  castama) 
cliied^  used  for  fencing. — Bba(:ii  (Taf!;iis  si/lvn- 
tica)  three  varieties.  — Pink  (Pimisj  seven  spe- 
cies, I.  White  ■' Pinus  slrobm)  the  prince  of  the 
American  loresls,  in  size,  age,  and  nwijestv  of 
appearaiue.  It  is  ibund  in  the  greatest  ubiui- 
dance  in  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  V^ermont 
—  excellent  for  nias's,  bowsprits,  and  yards  for 
ships.- a.  YeiiwV.  ;  Pinus  pintaj  its  plank  and 
boards  are  used  for  the  floors  of  houses  and  the 
decks  of  ships. — 3.  Black,  or  Pitch  Pine  (  Pinus 
Ittda)  when  burnt  in  kilns  it  makes  Ihe  best  of 
charcoal ;  its  knots  and  roots  being  full  of  the 
terebinthine  oil,  when  kindled,  atford  a  brighter 
liglilthaucandles;  its  soot  is  collected  and  used  for 
lampblack.  It  grows  sparingly  in  New  England 
and  the  middle  Slates,  but  in  the  greatest  plenty 
in  Ihe  southern  States,  between  the  sea-coast  and 
the  mountains.  FVom  it  they  make  tar  in  large 
quaiitilies. — 4.  The  Larch  (  Pinus  larix)  Its  tur- 
pentine is  said  to  be  the  same  with  Ihe  Burgiuidy 
pilch.  Besides  these,  naturalists  reckon  the  Fir 
(Pinus  balsam  fa) — Spruce  (Pinus  cantulensis) — • 
YlcmXock  (  Pinus  abits) — An  no  a  VitjE  (  Thuya 
occidtrilalis)  the  same  as  what  is  called  WiiiTi: 
Cebar.— Juniper,  orllEDCEnAR  (.luniptrus 
virginica)  It  produces  the  Jnniper-I)erry. — 
WiiiTF.  Cedah,  of  the  southern  Stateti  {Cupnssus 
tbijoides)  diiferent  from  the  white  cedar  of  the 
northern  States. — Cypress  (Cuprtssus  disticha) 
Found  only  in  the  southern  States ;  used  for 
shingles  and  other  purposes ;  grows  in  swamps 
very  large. — White  Willow  (  Salix  albaj  the 
bark  of  its  root  is  an  excellent  substitute  for  the 
Peruvian  bark. — Asii  ( Fraxinus  ainerivumi)  two 
species,  Black,  or  Swamp  Ash,  and  White  Ash. — 
Mai'Le,  three  species;  1.  White  (AarnegundoJ 
much  used  in  cabinet  work — 2.  Bed  fAvcr  ru- 
brinn>—3.  Black  Rock,  or  Sugar  Maple  (Aicr 
succharinum)  Its  sap  has  a  saccharine  (luality  ; 
and,  when  refined  and  hardened  by  boiluig  and 
bilking,  makes  a  well-tasted  and  wholesome 
sugar,  the  manufacture  of  which  has  greatly  in- 
creased in  the  eastern  and  middle  Stsites,  within 
a  few  years  past. 

J  here  is  lu  the  United  States  an  infinitude  of 


trees  of  less  note,  and  many,  probably,  equally 
noticeable  with  those  enumerated,  for  a  catalogue 
and  descriptions  of  which  we  must  refer  Ihe  rea- 
der loCatesby's  Natural  History — Dr.  ('laylon'u 
I'lora  Virginica— Mr.  Jefferson's  Notes  on  Vir- 
ginia—Mr. Burlram's  Travels  through  N.  anil 
S.  Carolina,  \'c. —  Dr.  Cutler's  Paper  in  the  Me- 
nii»irs  of  Ihe  American  Academy — and  Dr.  Belk- 
nap's  History  of  New  Hampshire,  Vol.  III. 

Exotic  Fruits. 

Of  these,  apples  are  the  most  common  in  Ihe 
United  States.  They  grow  in  the  greatest  plenty 
and  variety  in  the  eastern  and  niiddle  Slates :  and 
the  cyder,  which  is  expressed  from  them,  nIVonU 
the  most  common  and  wholesome  lioiior  that  is 
drank  by  the  inhabitants.  The  (  rab  Apple 
( Pj/rus  coronaria)  though  not  an  exotic,  on  ac- 
count of  its  lieiiig  a  genuine  but  distinct  specieii 
of  the  apple,  ought  to  be  mentioned  in  this  con- 
nection. It  grows  in  all  parts  of  N.  America, 
which  have  been  explored,  from  the  Atlantic  as 
far  w  as  the  Mississippi.  Its  blossoms  are  re- 
markably fragniiit ;  its  fruit  small,  possessing, 
perhaps,  of  all  vegetables,  the  keenest  acid.  The 
cyder  made  of  this  fruit  is  admired  by  connois- 
seurs :  it  makes  excellent  vinegar.  The  Euro- 
pean Crab  y\  pple  is  very  diflerent  from  ours. 
The  other  exotic  fruits  are  pears,  peaches, 
quinces,  mulberries,  plums,  cherries,  currants, 
barberries,  of  all  which,  e\c(>pt  (piiuces  and  bar- 
berries, w»«  have  many  species  and  varieties. 
These,  wilii  a  few  apricots  and  nectarines,  flou- 
rish in  the  eastern  Slates,  and  are  in  perfection 
in  the  middle  States. 

The  exotic  fruits  of  the  southern  States,  besides 
those  already  mentioned,  are  figs,  oranges,  and 
lemons. 

Pulse  and  Hoiluline  Plants  and  Boots. 
Besides  those  transplanted  from  Europe  to 
America,  of  which  we  have  nil  the  various  kinds 
that  Europe  produces,  the  following  are  natives 
of  this  country,  Potatoes  (  Solanuni  tuberosum)  — 
Ground  Nuts,  a  sort  of  potatoe,  probably  a  spe- 
cies, highly  relished  by  some  people — Tobacco 
I  \iiolianaJ  —  P»n\\Ains  (C'ucurbitapepo) — Cyin- 
lings  (Cucurbita  vprrMrosay  — Scjuashes  (Cucur' 
bita  nidopcpoj — Cantelope  melons,  beans,  peas, 
hops.     Probably  others.  » 

Animals. 
The  territory  of  the    Cnited  States  contains 
about  one-fourth  of  the  quadrupeds  of  the  known 
world.     Some  of  them  are  common  to  N.  Ame-1 


!• 


.ill 


'  •  *  li- 

: '  tl:.; 


IJ  N  I  T  li  I)     S  T  A  T  E  S. 


frica,  and  to  th(>Eiiropi>uii  uiiil  Asiudcnartri  of  the 
Eastern  Coiitinniit ;  utiiors  are  poculiar  to  the 
rountrv  of  which  \\v  treat.  All  thone  tlwt  are 
coiiinion  to  both  contiiieiitN,  are  ('ouikI  in  the  n. 
(Hirts  of  them.  Compurini^  individiiaJK  of  the 
same  npecies,  inhabiting  the  difl'erent  continents, 
some  are  perfectly  Himilar  ;  between  others,  there 
in  some  dilVerence  in  size,  colonr,  or  other  cir- 
cumstances ;  in  some  few  instances  the  European 
animal  is  larger  than  the  American;  in  others, 
the  reverse  is  true.  A  similar  variety,  arisini; 
from  t!ie  tem|>orature  of  tk'  climate,  quantity  of 
food  furnished  in  the  parts  they  inhabit,  degree 
of  sati'ty,  &c.  takes  place  between  individuals  of 
the  same  species,  in  dift'erent  parts  of  thin  conti- 
nent. Animals  in  America  which  have  been 
hunted  for  their  flesh  or  fur,  such  an  the  moose, 
deer,  beaver,  &c.  have  become  less  in  size  since 
the  arrival  of  the  Europeans. 

But  our  information  on  this  subject  is  not  suf- 
ficient to  authorize  many  observations.  It  is 
very  prolm!>le  that  some  of  the  quadrup<'ds  arc 
utterly  unknown ;  others  are  known  only  by 
common  report,  from  hunters  and  others,  and 
tl»erefort>  could  not  be  scientifically  described ; 
and,  with  respect  to  many  others,  the  multiplying 
and  misapplying  names  has  produced  great  un- 
certainty and  confusion. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Cutler  has  given  us  the  following 
catahiguc  of  animals,  with  theii  Linnaean  names 
annexed : 

Seal Plioca  vitiilina. 

Wolf     -     -     -     .     Canis  lupus. 

■  -     Canis  alopex? 

■  -     Canis. 
-    -     Felis  lynx. 

■  -     N'iverra  putnrius. 

■  -     IVIustella  lutni.' 

■  -     Mustela. 


Red  Fox     -  - 

Crey  I 'ox  -  - 

Wildcat    -  - 

Skunk    -     -  - 

Otter     -     -  - 

Martin  -     -  - 

^Veasel  -     -  - 

Ermine  -    -  - 

Bear      -     -  - 

Racoon       -  - 
Wolverine 

Wood  Chuck  - 

Mole      -     -  - 

Shrew  Mouse  - 

Ground  ditto  - 

Field  ditto  -  - 

Porcupine  -  - 

Hare      -     -  . 

Ralihit  -     -  - 

Beaver  -    -  - 

Musquash  -  - 

Mink     -    -  - 


Mustela  martes? 

Mustela  erminea. 

Ursus  arctos. 

Ursus  lotor. 

Ursus  luscus. 

( IJ rsi  vel  mustelae  species.) 

Tolpa  europea. 

Sorex  cristatus. 

Sorex  murinus. 

Sorex  araneus. 

Hystrix  dorsata. 

Lepus  timidus? 

Lepus  cuniculus. 

Castor  fiber. 

Castor  zibethecus. 


Black  Hat  -  - 
Black  Squirrel 

flrey  ditto  -  - 

IUhI' ditto   -  - 

StriiM'd  ditto  - 

Flymg  ditto  - 

Moose    -    -  - 

Deer      -    -  - 


Mh« — 

Sciurun 

Sciurus 

Scinrun 

Sciurud 

Sciurus 

Cervus 

CervuH 


niger. 

cinereus. 

fiavuH. 

striatUB. 

volans. 

tarandufl. 

danm. 


Mamillary  biped 
Bat Vespertilio  murinus. 

The  following  is  a  catalogue  of  the  quadruped 
animals  within  the  United  States.  A  description 
of  them  will  l)e  found,  under  their  proper  heads, 
in  the  Appendix  to  this  Dictionary.  Those  to 
which  an  asterism  *  is  prefixed,  are  fur  animals  ; 
whose  skins  are  sometimes  dressed  in  allum,  with 
the  hair  on,  and  worn  in  dress,  or  whose  fur  or 
soft  hair  is  used  for  various  manuiactural  pur- 


poses. 

Mam  mouth 
Hippotamus 

Bison 

Moose 

Margay 

Kincajou 

Weasel 

Ermine 

Martin 

Mink 

Offer 

Fisher 

Skrunk 

Caribou 

Red  Deer 

Fallow  Deer 

Roe 

*  Opossum 

*  Woodchuck 
Urchin 
Hare 
Racoon 
Fox  Sauirrel 
Grey  Squirrel 
Red  Squirrel 


* 

m 

« 

» 
» 
« 

« 
* 


Striped  Scpiirrel 

Bear 

Wolverene 

Wolf 

Fox 

Flying  Squirrel 

Bat 

Field  Mouse 

Wood  Rat 

Shrew  Mouse 

Purple  Mole 

Black  Mole 

Water  Kat 

Beaver 

Catamount 

C'ougar 

Mountain  Cat 

Lynx 

Musquash 

Morse 

Seal 

Maniti 

Sapajou 

Spgoin 


Birds. 
Several  catalogues  of  the  birds  in  the  Southern 
and  Middle  States  have  been  published  by  dif- 
ferent authors;  and  one  of  those  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, by  Dr.  Belknap  ;  but  no  general  catalogue 
off  the  birds  in  the  American  States  has  yet  ap- 
peared. The  following  Catalogue,  which  claims 
to  be  the  most  full  and  complete  of  any  yet  pub-] 


'  4 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  i:  S. 


93 


inu8. 

qunilruped 
ileBcription 
)nor  heads, 
Those  to 
ir  animals ; 
lUuin,  with 
host?  fur  or 
Ltural  pur- 

^(liiirrel 

me 


Iquirrel 

oiiae 
Lat 

nousc 
^ole 
olc 
tat 

lilt 

in  Cat 


le  Southern 
hed  by  dif- 
•Jew  llamp- 
nl  catalo^e 
has  yet  ap- 
irhich  claims 
ly  yet  pub-] 


riiHh«d,thouffh  far  from  perfection,  lian  brcii  ca 
fully  selected  fi-oni  Bartram's  Trtnr/s,  .hffirsn 
No'trs  OH    Viri:;inia,  Utfhiai>'s  J/islo 
HuKipshive,  and  a   Miinuseripl  fiinii 
Cutler.     Ihirlnms  Ciitti/oiriu;  nn  fn 


riiHlu>d,thouffh  far  Irom  perlection,  nan  Deeiieare- 
fully  selected  fi-oni  Bartram's  Trtnr/s,  .IrU'risoH's 
IS'ohs  on    yirs;ini(i,  Ui/hiai>'s  J/isloru  of  iWew 

niiHlied  by  Dr. 
far  as  it  ex- 
tends, npiieiirx  (o  be  (lie  uiost  accurate  and  com- 
plete, and  bin  mode  ofarrani^ement  the  most  na- 
tural aiul  intelliffible :  We  have  therefore  adopted 
it,  and  inserted  liis  notes  and  references. 

The  birds  to  whose  names  in  this  Catalogue, 
these  marks  (*  +  :J  ||  f )  are  prefixed,  are  land 
birds,  which,  accordiiisj^  to  tiartrani,  arc  seen  in 
Pennsylvania,  Marvland,  Virsinia,  N.  and  S. 
Carolina,  (Jeor^ia  and  Kloriiia,  from  the  Hea- 
coast  to.  to  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  viz. 

(*)  Thene  arrive  in  Fennsylvania  in  the  sprinir, 
from  I  lie  v.,  and  after  buildinir  their  nests  and 
rcariu/if  their  young,  return  s.  in  autumn. 

(+)  These  arrive  in  Pennsylvania  in  autumn, 
from  the  ii.  where  some  of  them  continue  during 


the  winter,  others  continue  their  jotirnev  as  far 
v.  as  Florida.  They  return  ti.  in  the  spring,  pr«>- 
biibly  lo  breed  and  rear  (heir  young. 

(|)  These  arrive  in  (he  spring,  in  Carolina  and 
I'lorida,  from  (he  .«. :  breed  and  rear  (heir  young, 
and  return  ai^uin  to  the  ,«.  at  (he  approach  of 
win(er.  These  never  migrate  so  far  «.  as  Penn- 
sylvania. 

( II )  'I'hese  are  natives  of  Carolina,  (Jeorgia, 
and  Florida  ;  wlieie  they  breed  and  continue  (he 
year  roinid. 

(f)  These  breed  and  continue  the  year  round 
in  Pennsylvania. 

(§)  These  are  found  in  New  England. 

**  Kite  hawks  are  characterised  by  havinj; 
long  sharp-|>oin(ed  wings;  being  of  swill  High.': 
siiiling  without  flapping  their  wings  :  having  long 
light  bodies,  and  feeding  out  of  their  claws  on 
the  wing. 


Popular  Names.  Bartntni's  Designation. 

The  Owl.  .Strix. 

+  Orcat  White  Owl     -      -....--     Strix  arcliciis,  corpore  toto  niveo. 

f  Great  Horned  Owl      -      -      -     -     -     -     .      Strix  pytliaules,  corpore  riiso. 

t  Great  Horned  White  Owl       .....  Strix  niaxiniiiH,  corpore  niveo. 

§  Horned  Owl Strix  bubo .'     Peck. 

II  Whooting  Owl Strix  acclamator,  corpore  griseo. 

+  Sharp  Winged  or  Speckled  Owl    -     -     -     .{  •^•••ix  perigrinator,  corpore  vcrsicolore. 

'  "  '  «■  Strix  ahico.     Cutler.     Uclknap. 

f  Little  Screech  Owl Sirix  asio,  corpore  ferruginio. 

^  Barn  Owl Strix  passeii.     Cuder.     Belknap. 

The  Vulture.  Vultur. 

II  Turkey  Buzzard Vultur  aura. 

II  White  Tailed  Vulture Vultur  sacra. 

II  Black  Vulture,  or  Carrion  Crow    -     .    -    -  Vultur  atratus. 

Eagle  and  Hawk.  Fnlco. 

f  Great  Grey  Eagle Faico  regalis. 

1  Bald  Eatle FaIco  leucoceplialus. 

*  Fishing  Eagle FaIco  piscatorius. 

f  Great  Eagle  Hawk ["alco  Anuilinus,  cauda  leiTuginio. 

f  Hen  Hawk F„|eo  gallinarius. 

1  Chicken  Hawk FaIco  pularius. 

*  P'S«oi>  Hawk Falco  columbariiis. 

1  Black  Hawk K„|co  niger. 

*  Marsh  Hawk l,'a|co  ranivoriis. 

*  Sparrow  Hawk,  or  least  Hawk      ....  Falco  sparveniuH. 

%  Brown  Eagle     - Falco  fulviis.     Belknap. 

%  Large  Brown  Hawk Kaico  hudsonius  ?     Uelknap. 

^  n-»u  »  "?"■* I''»'^"  subbuteo.     Peck. 

^   n-A  i!'*'*^^ *""'"»  •'"•iiPti"*.     I't'ik- 

^UirdHawk Lanius  Canadensis.     Belknap.     Cutlcr.l 


I' 


t  ?■ 


i 


I-  rl 

>  IV 

1 


•21  U  N  r  T  K  1)  STATES. 

Popular  Yrtwifj.  •■  liartmm'*  Dni^tiolion. 

KiU' Hawk.**  MilvuH. 

[II   Forked  Tail  Hnwk,  or  Kile Fnico  fiircatim. 

II  Sh«rn..,l  Winar.;.!  Hawk,  of  a  nale  sky-blno  }  ,.-„,,      ,.^„eu„. 

colour,  tiu>  tip  ol  the  wiiigH  Mack    -     -     -J  " 

II  Sharp  Winged  Hawk,  of  a  dark  or  dusky  [  ,,,^,      ,„,,eeruIeuH. 

blue  colour ) 

II  Parrot  of  (Carolina,  or  Parrakoet      -      •      -  PHitticuH  CarolinienNix. 

The  Crow  kind.  Corvus. 

*  The  Raven Corvus  carnivorus. 

II  (Jreat  Sea-wide  Crow,  or  Rook      ....  CorvuH  maritimuH. 

f  Common  Crow     ....-...-  Corvus  frupfivoruR. 

%  Royston  Crow Corvus  cornix.     Cutler. 

f  Blue  .lay - Corvus  cristatus,  pica  glandaria. 

I  Little  .lav  of  Florida Corvus  Floridanus,  pica  glandaria  minor. 

Purple  .Fackdaw,  or  Crow  Blackbird       -     -  Gracula  quiscula. 

*  Lesser  Purple  Jackdaw Gracula  purpurea. 

*  Cuckow  of  Carolina -     -  Cuculus  Caroliniensis. 

Whet  Saw -""  Cuculus — Carver. 

Woodpeckers.  Picus. 

II  Greatest    Crested    Woodpecker,    havinir   a )  „.  .     . ,. 

"       white  back      .      .     -^      .'.     .     .     .;  P'cus  principalis. 

*  Great  Red  Crested,  Black  Woodpecker      -  Picus  pileatus. 

*  Read  fleaded  Woodpecker Picus  erythrocephalus. 

*  (jold  Winged  Woodpecker      .....  Picus  auratus. 

f   Red  Bellied  Woodpecker Picus  Carolinus. 

f  Least  Spotted  Woodpecker      ....    -  Picus  pubesccns. 

V   Hairy,  Speckled  and  Crested  Woodpecker  Picus  villoius. 

1  Yellow  Uellied  Woodpecker    .....  Picus  varius. 

§  Swallow  Woodpecker Picus  hirundinaceus.    Cutler. 

^  Speckled  Woodpecker    - Picus  maculosiis.     Cutler. 

I  Nuthatch Sitta  capite  nigro.     Catesby. 

t  Small  Nuthatch Sitta  capite  fusco.     Catesby. 

+  Little  Brown  variegated  Creeper       ...  Certhia  riifa. 

*  Pine  Oeeper    ..----.---  Certhia  pinus. 

*  Blue  and  White,  pied  Creeper     ...     -  Certhia  picta. 

*  Great  Crested  King  Fisher      -     -      .     -    .  Alcedo  alcyon. 

*  Humming  Bird      .      ..--.-..  Trochylus  colubris. 

*  Little  Grey  Butcher  Bird  of  Pennsylvania    -  Lanius  griseus. 

*  liittle  Black  Capped  Butcher    -----  Lanius  garrulus. 

*  King  Bird ..---.  Lanius  tyrannus. 

*  Pewit,  or  Black  Cap  Flv  Catcher      -      -    -  Muscicapa  nunciola. 

*  Great  Crestod  Yellow  Bellied  Fly  Catcher  Muscicapa  cristata. 

*  Lesser  Pewit,  or  Brown  and  Greenish  Fly>  ,,      .  „      

Catcher    - .j  Muscicapa  rapax. 

*  Little  Olive-coloured  Fly  Catcher      .     -    -  Muscicapa  subviridis. 

*  Little  Domestic  Fly  Catcher,  or  Green  Wren  Muscicapa  cantacrix. 

*  Red-eyed  Fly  Catcher     ..----.  Muscicapa  sylvicola. 

*  Turtle  Dove  of  Carolina      -     -----  Columba  Caroliniensis. 

II  Ground  Dove     -     -     -._----  Columba  passerina. 
+  Wild  Pigeon    ---_.---..  Columba  inigratoria. 

*  Great  Meadow  Lark     .     -      .....  Alauda  magna. 

t  Sky  Lark     -     -- Alauda  campestris,  gutture  flavo.j 


i  M 


iinor. 


ii 


UNI  T  i:  I)  s  r  \  T  i:  s.  2.', 

Popii/iir  Xiinics.  Ill, III, mi's  f),sis:nfi/i,»i. 

*  fiittli' HroMii  liiiik     -     .     - ■Maiidii  iiii;;ia(i)i'i.i,  t'(ir|)()ic  liitii  i(>i'ni;;inio. 

|{<(l-«inj{('(ISiarliiij{  — Marsh  Hliuk  Hinl.  or  )  ...  ,. 

U«-<l-uiiiK.'(l  Hlii.k  Hir.l J  ^tiinuH  innr,.,' alls  siiiuTiio  nilx'iidl.iis.     CuU'hI.v. 

f  llohiii  Ucil  Hrras(.    I'iclil  I'aro     ....  TiinliM  mii,niiloriiis. 

'  lMi\-rt)lniir«'(l  'riiniHli 'riinliis  iiilus. 

*  Mockina:  Hiid -  Tiirdiis  poly^loUos. 

*  Wood  'riirusli      ...     - Tdi-diis  iiiclodoH. 

*  Least  (ioldoii  Crown  TIhiihIi    -    -     -     .     .  'I'lirdiis  miuimus.  vorlico  aiirio. 

^  ('loss  Hill    ------ Jioxiu  riiivi  rostra  ?     Ii(>lkiui|).  I 

^  Clicrrv  Hird Aiiipclis  ((urriilns.     ('iitU'r. 

*  Ualtiiiiorc  Uird,  or  Hani;  Nest     .     -     .     -  Orioliis  Ilaltiiiiorc. 

*  (i(d(lliiu-li,  or  lottMMis  Minor Orioliis  s|iiiriiis. 

-  Sand  Hill  Wed  liird  orCaroliini    -     -     -     .      lMi>rii!a  llaiiiiniila. 

*  SiiinnuT  ili'd  Bird     ---.....     iVIoriila  Marilaiidiin 
'  WlloM-hroasted  Chat     .     -     .  ...     (Jarrnliis  aiistiulis. 

•^  Cat  Uird,  or  Chicken  Uird    .    .     -     -     .       /  |iiuar  lividiis,  iipico  nis-ra. 

I  IMiisniapa  vcrtuv  iiijrro.     Catcsltv. 
*I  trowii  Hud,  orCvdur  Bird Ain|M'lis  fjaniiliis. 

(jiiA.viNoiionH  'rniiiF.s. 

H  Wild  Turkey     -----.-.       /  Meloa^ris  Anioriauins. 

•  I  (rallopavo  sylvestns.     Catcshy. 

f  PhoaHnnt  of  I'ennsvlvaniii,  or  Partrid^-c  of)  »-  .        .       " 

NtMv  Knirlaiid     ------..- 3    I  «'trao  tympanus. 

f  Mountain  Cork,  or  GrouH  PtariiiiL'aii.    (Mit-l  „,  ^        , 

c/iiff.) .-'-..     .  I  T  Hrao  lasopus. 

f  Quail,  or  Partridoo    ----.-..  Tetrao  minor,  s.  coturiiix. 

f  Bed  Kiid— Vii.>inia  Ni!>htin<ralo.     -      -     -  lioximardinalis. 

+  Cross  Beak .     -     .     .  Loxia  rostro  lorsicuto. 

*  Blue  Cross  Beak |,„xia  oaMulea. 

*  Uice  Bird— Boblincoln KinlM<ri/a  oryzivoiii. 

t  Blue  or  Slate-coloured  Rico  Bird  -     -    .    -  lOiiiheri/a  livida. 

*  •*'*'d  R'ce  Bird Kinlieri/a  varia. 

X  Painted  Finch,  or  Nonpareil Liiiaria  ciris 

%  Red  Linnet Taiiajvra  rubra. 

^  ?.'",*'..('"'.'"'*,/., J-iiuiria  cvanea. 

U  (loldhnch.     Yellow  Bird  (O/Z/rr.)    or  Let-/ Cardiiolus  Americanus 

tuceBird «■  Frinjrilla  tristis.     Linn. 

+  Lesser  Goldfinch Carduelus  pinns. 

t  Least  finch Ciirdiiehis  piisiliH. 

*  Towhe  Bird,  Pewee,  Cheeweeh    .     -     .     .  |  |;''"K'i'''  erythronhthalma. 
,„,,,.,  i  Passer  iiij^ris  ociilis  riibris.     Cadsbv. 
;  ^"':p'*"  i.'"!^''    ----- Krini-illa  purpurea. 

i  ;F'"g^.'>'^ Frin»illa.     Cutler. 

J  Hemp  Bird Frinjrilla  canabiiia. 

I  W.ntei- Sparrow     -    -     .     - Fringilla  «rim"a.     Cutler. 

t  Red,  Pox-coloured,  Ground  or  HcdjieSiKu-?  , 

row      ----.._...'..(■  ''I'lugiiia  nihi. 

+  Large,  Brown,  White-throated  Sparrow       -  Friiifrjlla  fusca. 

t  I^'ttle  House  Sparrow,  or  Chippiiifr  Bird     -  Passer  domesticiis. 

!   '^^^['  5?»r';"J'^ -  Passer  palustris. 

^  l^'ttle  jH led  Sparrow     - Passer  iiffrestis. 

+  .Snow  Bird -..--...  p.,sH..,-  nivalis. 

May  Bird    -     -     - Calandra  pratensis.  I 

vol,.  V.  '  ■' 


it    -u 


.:.  I 


u  I 


2fi  U  N  1  T  E  1>  S  T  A  T  E  S. 

PopuUir  Names.  Barirani's  Dtui ^nation. 

^  Uc(l-«  inf^r«l  Starling,  or  Corn  Tluof     -     -  Sturiius  predulorins. 

<  /I  n-  J  f  Sturnus  HtcrcomriuH. 

^  \  rasser  iiiscus.     tatosbv. 

niii «  111- 1  .  T  M«»taciUa  sialis. 

*|  Riibiciila  Americana  ctrrulca.     Cattwby 

^  Water  \Vap;taiI     ---------  Motacilla  fluviatilis. 

'   ITonse  Wroii     -     .--.--.--  Motacilla  domeRlica  (rojiuliis  riifun). 

1!  *  Marsh  Wren      -      --------  Motacilla  palustris  (ri'gulus  minor.) 

*  ( I  real  Wren  of  Carolina  ;  bodv  dark  brown, )  \m  t    •^\    n      \-  •        ,        i  ™.,..    \ 
throat  and  breast  palo  clay  colour     -     -  \  Motacilla  Carol.n.ana  (regulus  n.agnus.) 

%  (ilrane  Bird     --     --------  Motacilla  ictoroccphala.     Cutler. 

'  Little  Bluish  (irt-v  Wren     -     -----  Reg^ulus  griscus. 

*  (lolden  Crown  Wren      -     -     -----  Rcgulus  cristatus. 

t  Wuhy  Crown  Wren  (Edtcards)      -     -    -     -  Regulus  cristatus,  Alter  verticc  rnbini  colori?; 

*  Olive-coloured,  Yellow-throated  Wren  -    -  Regulus  peregrinus,  gutture  tlavo. 

*  Red  Start     -.-----•--.  Ruticilla  Americana. 

*  Yellow-hooded  Titmouse     ------  Luscinia,  8.  philoinela  Americana. 

*  Bluish  (irev-crcsted  Titmouse      -     -    -     -  Parun  cristatus. 
*I  Black  Cap  Titir.ouse      -      -..-..  Parus  Europous. 

*  Summer  Yellow  Bird     -     -     -----  Parun  luteus. 

*  Yellow  Rump  ----     .---._  Parus  cedrus,  uropygio  flavo. 
<;  Tom  Teet     ----._-_.--  Parus  atricapillus.     Cutler. 

'    Various  coloured  Little  Finch  Creeper  -     -  Parus  varius. 

'  Little  Chocolate-breast  Titmouse     -      .     -  Parus  peregrinus. 

*  Yellp'v  Red  Poll   -------.-  Parus  aureus,  vert  ice  nibro. 

*  Green  Black-throated  Fly  Catcher     -    -     -  Parus  viridis,  gutture  nigro. 

*  (aolden-winged  Fly  Catcher     -----  Parus  alis  aureis. 

*  Blue-wingeu  Yellow  Bird    ------  Parus  aureus  alis  cwrulcis. 

■  Yello'  -throated  (Veeper     ------  Pnrus  griccus  gutture  luteo. 

*  House  Swallow,  or  Chinniey  Swallow     -     •  Hirundo  pelasgia,  Cauda  uculeata. 
'   Great  Purple  Martin      -------  11  irundo  purpurea. 

■  Bank  Martin,  or  Swallow     ------  Hirundo  riparia,  vertice  purpurea. 

is  White-bellied  Martin      -     ------  Hirundo. — 

i  Barn  Swallow    ----------  Hirundo  subis.     Cutler. 

■  ^'sucker*'  -"'  ['•'';• '^';'";Y''*°«':  "I;  ^•°«*}  Caprimulgus  luciiugus. 

AVhip-poo,-will -       f  ;>rim"|ffU8  minor  Amerininus.     Catesby. 

'  ■  \  I  aprnnulgus  buropeus.     Lutler. 

*  Night  Hawk -.--  Caprimulgus  Americanus.     Cutler. 

AMPiiinioi's  or  Aor  atic  Birds,  or  siic/i  m  oblain  their  food  from  andrcsidc  in  the  u'aler. 

The  Crane.  Grus. 

!I  Great  Whooping  Crane \  ^'"'^  ^}^m^^^r,  vertice  papilloso  nirporc  nlveo, 

'  r    t>  ^      reniigibus  nigris. 

i  Great  Savanna  Crane     ----...  (iruspratensis,corpon*cinereo,  vertice  papilloso. 

The  Heron.  Ardeu. 

1  Great  Bluish  Grey-crested  Heron      .     .     -  Ardea  Herodias. 

*  (ireat  White  River  Heron Ardea  immaculatn. 

^  Crane     - ---  Arden  Canadensis.     Cutler. 

*  Little  White  Heron    - Ardea  alba  minor. 

S  Stork ..---.--  Ardea  ciconia.     Cutler. 

f  Little-crested  Purple,  or  Blue  Heron      -     -  Ardea  purpurea  cristuta.  | 


I 

I 

.1 


s.) 


colons. 


'i 


tesby. 


xealer. 


•poTO  nivco, 
ce  papilloso. 


UNITED    STATES. 

t  ^pprlvlod-crestpd  Heron,  or  (^rali  CatcluM-     -     Anion  n.aciilatn  nistata. 
"  iVTarsh  nittorn,  or  Imliuii  lf(>ii      -      .     .     .  |  Aniea  iiimtaiis. 

*  i\         n-   I        t^       .^     .  ^  Ardeu  stellaris  .Ainoricuiia.     <'aitwliv 

j&Ks^.lJt,;  :  :  :  :  ^ttlSzTar""" '- 

*  Lessor  Green  Rittprn     ...  *    i        ■  . 

;  ..0...  Br».  „  „„.!X„,  Bi.„„  -.-.•:     {*'  ;:^™"  -"- 

*  ^|)oon  liill;  seen  as  far  n.  as  tlip  river  Ala-/  „      . 

(aniaha -.-..-t  •  «tuJP«  "j'U"- 

The  Wood  Pelican.  fi>„. ,  , 

Wood  Pelican   -     - m  ,.,  ,      ,       .        Inntalns. 

X  White  r„rle« J"  '  «  "^  Kn^ulator. 

i  Dusky  and  White  Curle,v     -    -     .  ."    .'    .'     J! "'t.';  IIh  1!       ' 

«  Great  red-breasted  (Jodwit"    -"         "     "  '  S""'*^"!""' «»>«  varia. 

H    The  greater  God«  t  -  -  Nuinen.us  pectore  rnso. 

11  rUMlSharkVorlCiStrim.  :          "  N..n,en,us  imericana. 

t  (Jreat  Sea-coast  Cnrle\v'     -     ;     "     '     '  '  ^'■•"en|u«  fluvialis. 

M.esser  Field  Curleu "  g '.nen.us  magnus  nifns. 

U  Sea-side  lesser  Curlew    -     -                '     "  '  ^ """">!»«  n.""*"- campestri>. 

*  Great  Red  Woodcock     -     -      -'.""'  S."l!I"""V'"*r«««-       , 
Wood  Snipe-    ...  ^'««px  Americana  nifa. 

*  Meadow  .<nipe      -     - "  J''"  »l>ax  ledoa.     Cntlor. 

*  Red  co.»s -tooted  Trine    -    -    .'  '  '  "  5«?'«l>«x  mmor  arvonsis. 
^  White-throated,  C'ootrfootcd  Trin^  "  *  "  t"^"  ''"'"• 
MJIackCa,,,CooUiTriur       '^  ■  "  "  ,],'!"»«  ^"'•T*'".  S""'"*^  albo. 
fS^,ottedlHn«.     Hockbrd^       -  -  -  -  I  n"S:a  vert.ce  nV". 

f  r-^ttle  Po„,I  sSiipe     .  -     .     -     -     .      1  rinjra  n.aculata. 

f  Little  Rrown  Pool  Snipe     "-    '.    "- j""^'"  ?'"''"''• 

H  Little  Trinus  of  the  sea-shore      S..n.l"  i  'a  '     T  ^  ^'    ""'• 
OxKve-  ""»»« snore      Sand  birds,      I  rln^:a  (larva. 

§  Hnmilitv     --"-"""""""-  J'!"ff«  f "licaria .'     Cutler 
*  Turnstone,  or  IXitrill"   -"    \'    '    '         '      ' '"'.S* '"t^proH  ?     Cutler. 

+  Wild  Swhn     -     -  "    "    "    ■  j''"'"'"^*""  Americana. 

y  Canadian  (Joose     --.;""""■  V*^""^*'''■"^ 

+  IHtio-winiyed  (J«os«     -  A»«er  Canadensis. 

+  Laushiuft  (loose    -    -  Anser  aleis  ca-rulcis. 

+  White  Hiant  (Joose    -  Anscr  fiisciis  inaciilatU8 

M;reatpart,-coiouredHrant,;rGi;yG„:.,;  A^ SS;  ^^E,:!!^;^ '«"'"  "'^"'• 

+  (Jreat  Wild  Duck.    Duck  and  Mallard   -       ^  '^TXT.^*'"."*"  ""•'""■'  "'»':'*  •"*  '"""'""  »'"^'" 

mallard        -         Nplendentis,  dorsum  gnsoo  liisciiin,  pe.  tore  ni- 
f   (neat  Black  Duck      -  ^  .  i«8ceiite,  speculum  violacrum.  ' 

Mlull  Neck,  or  UulFalo  Ilead'ouind../     *     '     ^ ""%"'?"»  "»"''"»«• 
+  Blue  Bill  ^iuindar      -    .     Acas  bucepaln. 

f  Black  White-laced' Duck"    :"""'"     \^n"«  ««''>ceruleH. 
OVoodDiick     -  -    -    -    .     Anas  leucocephala. 

+  Spris-tail  Duck     --.""'•■      ) '""*  wWea. 

•     -     Auas  caudacutu.'l 

r    '.' 


27 


(f1 


'';*|t 


'i| 


t    ' 

it 


[1*1 

'  i  i 
;  I 


I 


in 

'i 


2n  UNI  T  E  D    S  TATE  S. 

Popular  Names.  Bartranis  Designatioti. 

I  +  Little  Brown  and  White  Duck     -      .     -     -     Anas  rustira. 

'    N'aiioiis  coloured  Duck,  his  breast  and  neck 7    *  •     •     v  i  i 

.1        •  .    I     -.1    I    ■        ft      I    f  Anas  principalis,  niaculata. 

as  tliou<rn  ornamented  nith chains  o(  beads)  ■  ■        ' 

I    Little  IJ'ackand  White  Duck,  called  Butter  \   « 

«    1     _  ....  J  Anas  minor  picta. 

Sea  Duck Anas  mollissima.     Cutler. 

Sea  Pigeon  -      -.----.--.      Anas  histrionica  ?     Cutler. 

.Old  Wife     - C  Anas  Hvemalis      Peck. 

i  Anas  strepera  ?     tutler. 
f  Bhie-winsyed  Shoveller    -------     Anas  Aniericanus  lato  rostro.     Catesbv- 

V  Dipper Anas  albeola.     Cutler. 

Teal.  Querquidula-. 

"  Stunmcr  Diifk      -      -      ---..-.  Anas  sponsa. 

niue-Hini>ed  Teal      -     -     --..-.  Anasdiscors. 

Least  {jie<'n-\vinn;ed  Teal  ...     -  Anas  niii^atoria. 

Whislliuij;  Duck     ----.---.  Aims  listulosa. 

(ireat  I'ishing  Duck      -      -      -----  Merg^us  major  pectore  rulo. 

Uound-crested  Duck      -      -     ----..  Mergus  cucultatus. 

Eel  Crow     ----..-.-.-  Colvinbus  niin;ratorius. 

Great  Black  Cormonint  of  Florida,  having:  a  (  r<  i      i       i^i     ■  i  .... 
,,      ,  "     i  (  (>lvml)us  Moridanus. 

rod  beak        -      -      --.-----(_ 

Snake  Bird  of  Florida     -------  Colvmbus  colubrinus.  Cauda  elongata. 

fiieat  Black  and  White  Pied  Diver,  or  Loon  Colvmbus  miisicus. 

Larije    Spotted   Loon,    or   Great   Speckled  7  Colvmbus  (ilacialis.     Peck. 

Diver      -      -.--.-----5  Colvmbus  arcticus. 

Little-eared  Brown  Dobchick   -----  Colvmbus  auritu<  et  cormitus. 

Little-crested  Brown  DolM'liick     -     -     -     -  Colvmbus  minor  liisciis. 


i  Dt>bcliick,  or  Notail 

S  Cream-coloured  Sheldrake    - 

=!  Hed-bellied  Sheldrake     -     - 

^  Pved  Sheldrak« 


Colvmbus  podiceps.     Peck. 


M 


erijus  mergan 


icr?     Cutler. 


Mergiis  serrator .'     Cutler. 
iMerauH  castor  ?     Cutler. 


uin    -     - 


Peng 
AVater  lien 


All 
A I 


ea  imixMinis. 


'I 
ea  arclica ; 


Ciitl 
Cutlt 


er. 


irr 


Ml 

P(>lt 


:  T 

1 


eril 
ionic 


Aleatonla.     Peck. 
Procellaria  pelagica.     Peck 


Bird -      Pha'toii  a'lheriu^' 


(Jreat  White  fJull 
(Jreat  Gre\  iiuU  - 


iarus  aiDer 
jarus  "-riseus. 


liittle  White  Uiver  (Itdl liarus  alba  minor. 

Mackarel  (Jull      -      -      .--...-     J^arus  ridibundus.     Cull 


er. 


Fishing  (iull     ------.-- 

Sea  Swallow,  or  Noddv      -      -     -     -     - 

Sea  Sucker      --------- 

Pintado  Bird      .      -      _      , Petrella  pintado. 

Thoriiback      -      -     - .     K 


Sterna  miniita.     Ciitle 
Sterna  stolida. 
Petromyzoii  inarinus. 


Peck. 


\y- 


tiill 


onica : 


Peck. 


f  Shear  Water,  or  Bazor  Mill Bvnchops  niger. 


Frigate,  or  Man  ol'Wi'.r  Bird 


Pelicanus  aquilii^^ 


Booby     -     ----..-.-..     Pelicanus  siila. 

Shag     -      -      ---.-.._..     Pelicanus  graculus.     Cutler. 

Pelican  of  the  Mississippi,  whose  pouch  holds -t  n  i 

two  ov  three  quarts     -     -      .     -     . 
American  Sea  Pelican      - 


} 


licanus. — 


Onocratalus  Americanus. 


Lii; 


i 


i. 

■  r 


UNITE  l>    S  T  A  T  E  S  i'» 

Popii/or  \ni)us.  '         Bartroin's  Dcsi^mtliun 

The  IMovor  Kind.  Cliaradiius 

I  *  Kildoe,  or  rimttoring  Plover riuiriuhiuH  vociteriis. 

*  Great  Spotted  Plover     --------  ("liaradruis  maiulatns. 

*  Little  Sea-side  llinjy-neck  Plover      -      -      -  ("liaradriiis  minor. 

'    Will  Willet,^ir  Oyster  CatclKi-     -     -     -     -  llemato|nis  (.slrealc'ins. 

II  (Jroat  IJIiie,  or  Slate-coloiire.l  Coot     ■     -     -  rnlini  I'ioridana.  gh 

^  White-hoad  Coot       -      -------  Anas  .s|)(r(al»ilis.     Cutler 

»  Broun  Coot     -      ---------  Anas  fiiM-a.     Cntl.-r. 

*  Soree.     Brown  Kail.     Wid-^eon    .     -     -     -  {{alius  \  irifiniiniii-;. 

i  Little  dark  Bliu-  Water  liail     -----  Uallus  a(|uatiiiis  jiiiiu.r. 

*  (Jreater  Brown  Kail -  Kalltis  riilii.^. 

II  Blue  or  Slate-coloured  Water  Hail  ol'Florida  Ka'.iiH  ;ii:ij;>r  s'.ihieruleii-. 

^    IVei) -..----.  Kallu-  Ciiroiiui'.s.     Culler. 

*  r!..niin:vo:  ^vvn  ahout  (Ije  point  of  Florida:  )  pi,„,„icoMl,-n- ruber. 

rareK  as  lar  «.  a- SI.  Au;^usliiie      -     -     "i 

Besides  these,  the  following;  have  not  been  de-  Aniphibions  Heptiles. 

scribed  or  classed,  unless,  under  dilFerent  names,         Amoiii>;  these  are  the  Mud  Tortoise,  or  Turtle 

they  aie  contained  in  the  above  cataloiyue.  (Tcstudo  dcnliculaluj — Speckled  Land  Tortoise 

Sheldrach,  or  Canvas  Back         .^fow  Bird  f  Tcstudo  C'aro/ina. J— Great  Soft-shelled  Tortoise 

Ball  Coot  Jilue  Peter  of  ]<'lorida    (Testudo   tiaso  ci/lindmcea  elonsc(do. 

Water  Witch  Water  Wnjytail  hinirido.    Hartram.J    When  full  grown  it  weighs 

Water  Pheasant  Wakon  Bird.  from  JO  to  40  pounds,  e.xtremely  fat  and  delicious 

Tlie  birds  of  America,  says  Catesby,  generally  food. — (ireat  Land  Tortoise,  called  Gopher,  its 

exceed  those  of  Europe  in'  the  beauty  of  their  upper  shell  is  about  18  inches  long,  and  from  10 

plumage,  i)ut  are  much  inferior  to  them  in  the  to  12  broad :  found  .v.  of  Savanna  River. 
nielo(U  of  tlieir  notes.  Two  species  of  fresh  water  tortoises  inhabit 

Tiic  iiiiddli-  States,  including  Virginia,  appear  the  tide  water  rivers  in  the  Southern  States,  one 
to  be  the  climates,  in  N..\merica,  wliere  tiie  is  large,  weighing  from  10  to  J ^  pounds;  the  back 
griatc-t  iiuiiilc.  r  and  variety  of  birds  of  passage  shell  nearly  of  an  oval  form:  the  other  species 
celebrate  (heir  nuptials  and  rear  their  olVspring,  small:  but  both  arc  esteemed  delicious  food, 
witli  whicli  they  annually  return  to  umre  .v.  re-  Of  the  frog  kind  ( liatura >  avi'  many  species, 
gions.  Most  of  the  liirds  here  are  birds  of  pas-  The  Toad  (  Rami  husn/ )  several  species,  the  red, 
sage  from  the  \.  The  eagle,  the  pheasant,  grous.  brown,  and  black.  The  former  are  the  largest : 
and  partridge  of  Pennsylvania,  several  i^pecies  of  the  latter  the  smallest. — Pond  I'rog  (  Jfa/ut  ocfl- 
woodpeckers,  the  crow,  blue  jay,  robin.  U)ar.sh  laid ) — Green  Kouutain  Frog  ( liuiia  rsiulimlu) — 
wren,  several  spoi'ies  of  sparrows  or  snow  birds,  'Iree  Frog  ( liann  imiiuhUa) — Bull  I'rog  (liana 
and  the  swallow,  are  perhajjs  uearlv  all  the  land  lioans.)  Besides  these  are  the  «lusky  brown- 
birds  that  (;j^)htiuue  the  year  round  to  the  ii.  of  spotted  frog  of  Carolina,  eight  or  nine  inches 
Virginia.  long  from  the  iu)se  to  the  extremity  of  the  toes: 

\  ery   ivw  tribes  ol'  i)irds  build  or  rear  tlieir  their  voice  resend)les  the  grunting  of  a  swine. 

yoniig  in  lite  >.  or  maritime  parts  of  N'irginia.  in  The  bell  frog,  so  called  because   their  voice  is 

Carolina.  (Jeoiaia.   and  Florida:    vet  all   those  fancied  to  be  exactly  like  that  of  a  loud  cow  bell, 

numerous  trilx--.   particularly  of  the  sotl-billed  \  beautiful  green  frog,  whose  noise  is  like  the 

kin(J,  which  breeil  in  Pennsylvania,   pass,  in  the  barking  of  little  dogs,  or  the  yelping  of  ))upi'ies. 

spring  season,   through  these  regions  in  a   i^^w  A  less  green  frog,  vv Iiose  notes  resemble  those  of 

weeks  tinu',  making  i)ul  very  short  stages  by  tiic  young     chickens.       Little     grey-speckled     frog, 

way-  and  again,  but  few  of  them  winter  there  on  which   u.akes  a  uoi-^e  like  the  striking  of  two 

their  return  ,v.  pebbles  together  tnider  the  surface  of  the  v»ater. 

It  is  not  known  how  far  te  tiie  .v.  they  continue      There  is  yet  an  extremely  diminutive  sptcies  of 

tlieir  rout,  during  their  absence  from  the  northern  frogs,  called  by  some  Savaniuih  Crickets,  whose 

and  middle  States.  notes  are  not  unlike  the  chattering  of  >ouiigl)ir(U  j 


I.  I 


;]0 


UNITED    STATES. 


[or  crickets.  Thev  are  found  in  great  multitudes 
after  plentiful  raii.j.  Of  lizards  also  there  are 
many  species.  See  article  Lacert£,  in  the 
General  Appendix  to  this  Dictionary. 

Amphibious  Serpents. 
The  characters  by  which  amphibious  serpents 


arc  distinguished  are  tliesr,  the  belly  is  furnished 
with  scuta,  and  the  t&il  has  both  scuta  and  scales. 
Of  these  reptiles,  the  following  arc  found  in  the 
United  States  :  they  are  specifically  described  in 
the  Appendix  to  this  Dictionary.      See  article 

CoLUBEIl. 


\i  t 


11! 


i  it 


mi 


Rattle  Snake    -----------     Crotalus  horridus. 

Yellow  Rattle  Snake      ----..--% 

Small  Rattle  Snake    - """r  ^''°*"^'  species. 

Bastard  Rattle  Snake } 

Moccasin  Snake    -""•"-■---lr'iu-__ 
Grey-spotted  Moccasin  Snake  of  Carolina  -    -y     **  "    '' 
Water  Viper,  with  a  sharp  thorn  tail     -    -    -     Coluber  punctatus. 
Black  Viper     -----------     Coluber  prester. 

Brown  Viper    ------ Coluber  luridus. 

White-bodied,  Brown-eyed  Snake     -    -    -    -     Cdluber  atropos. 

Black  Snake,  with  linear  rings Coluber  leberis. 

A  Snake  with  152  scutae  and  135  scutellae  -    •     Coluber  dispas. 
Bluish-green  Snake,  with  a  stretched-out  tri- )   Coluber  raycterizans. 

angular  snout,  or  Hognose  Snake  -    -    -  C  ^ 

Copper-bellied  Snake    --.-----     Coluber  erythrogaster. 

Black  Snake    -----------     Coluber  constrictor. 

White-neck  Black  Snake    --.-.--     Coluber. — 
Small  Brown  Adder       -.-.-.--     Coluber  striatulus. 
House  Adder       ----------     Coluber  punctatis. 

Water  Adder  -----------     Coluber. — 

Brown  Snake  .-.-..--.-.     Coluber  sipedon. 
Little  Brown-bead  Snake   --....-     Coluber  annulatus. 

Coach-whip  Snake     ---------     Coluber  flagellum. 

Corn  3nake     -----------     Coluber  fulvius. 

Green  Snake  -----------     Coluber  aestivus. 

Wampum  Snake  ----------     Coluber  fasciatus. 

Ribbon  Snake       --------- 

Pine,  Horn,  or  Bull  Snake,  with  a  horny  spear? 

in  his  tail      ----------^ 

Joint  Snake    ----------- 

Garter  Snake  ---------.- 

Striped  Snake      -     ---------     Anguis  eryx  ? 

Chicken  Snake     .---->---.     Anguis  maculata  ? 

Glass  Snake    -..--.--...     Anguis  ventralis. 
Brownish-spotted  Snake     -------     Anguis  reticulata. 

Yellowish-white  Snake  --------     Anguis  lumbricalis. 

Hissing  Snake      ---------- 

Ring  Snake     ----------- 

Two-headed  Snake 

Fishes. 
Fishes  form  the  fourth  class  of  animals  in  the     into  Cetaceous,  Cartilaginous,  and  Bony.     The 
Linnsan  system.     Mr.  Pennant,  in  his  British     arrangement  of  the  following  catalogue  of  fishes 
Zoology,  distributes  fish  into  three  divisions,     is  nearly  agreeable  with  Mr.  Pennant's  judicioun 
vnniprenending  six  orders.     His  divisions  are,     divisions  :J 


f  s 


A 


IS  furnished 
and  scales. 
)und  in  the 
[escribed  in 
See  article 


UNITED    STATES. 


31 


[Cetaceous  Fish. 
The  Whale  (Bal£na.    See  Appendix.) 
Dolphin  Por|)esse  Grampus 

Beluga.    (See  Appendix.) 


Lamprey 

Skate 

Shark 

Dog-fish 

Sturgeon 

Brown-spotted    Gar 

Fish 
Lump  Fish 


Cartilaginous  Fish. 

Pipe  Fish 

Golden  Bream,  or  Sun 

Fish  . 

Red-bellied  Bream 
Silver,  orWhite  Bream 
Yellow  Bream 
Black,  or  Blue  Bream. 


Eel 

Snake  Fish 

Haddock 

Cod 

Frost  Fish 

Pollock 

Small  Pollock 

Hake 

Sculpion 

Plaice 

Flounder 


Bony  Fish. 

Hollybut 
Dab 

Red  Perch 
White  Perch 
Yellow  Perch 
Sea  Perch 
Whiting 
Sen  Bass 
Striped  Bass 
Shiner 
Chub 


Stickleback 

Conger  Eel 

Skipjack 

Pout 

Horse  Mackarel 

Blue  Mackarel 

Speckled  Mackarel 

Salmon 

Salmon  Trout 

Trout 

Smelt 

Pike,  or  Pickerel 

Atherine 

Mullet 

Herring 

Carp 

Pond  Fish 

Toad  Fish 

Roach 

Shad 

Hardhead 

Alewife 


Sucker 

Cat  Fish 

Minow 

Week  Fish 

Kin-'  Fish 

Sole 

Munimychog 

White  Fish 

Tide  Black  Fish 

Rock  Black  Fish 

Blue  Fish  (Begallo) 

Sheep's  Head 

Red  Drum 

Black  Drum 

Branded  Drum 

Sheep's-head  Drum 

Mossbonker 

Shadine 

Porsie 

Dace 

Anchovy 

Flying  Fish. 


Bret 

The  amphibious  1  >bster  is  found  in  the  small 
brooks  and  swamps  in  the  back  parts  of  N.  Ca- 
rolina.    In  its  head  is  found  thj  eye-stone. 


Bony.  The 
igue  of  fishes 
nt's  judicioun 


Tk    r  II      •  Insects. 

1  he  following  catalogues  of  insects  and  vermes,     descriptions,  are  taken  from  Dr.  Belknan's  His- 
except  some  small  additions  and  the  annexed     tory  o?  New  Hampshire,  vo™.  in!p?R 83 

Horned  Beetle Scarabseus  simson. 

Khmn^i/f ScarabffiusCarolinus. 

JnXniSu        Scarabffiusstercorarius. 

cSfdenBeede' Scaraba^us  horticola  ? 

--..  Scarabffius  lanigerus.— Several  new  species,  and 

Stair  Rpptlo  ,  others  that  have  not  been  arranged. 

H-hrIoii Lucanus  cervus.  ^ 

Fluted  BeeUe Lucanus  interruptus. 

Dermestes  lardarius. 

Water  Flea     -  Dermestes  typographus. 

FeldBee'le    -    -         . Gvnnus  natator. 

Ladv  Fl  ------  Silplia  vespiUo. 

^     ^ Coccinella  3— pustulata.— Several  species. 

Wheat  Flv      -    -    ,    .  Chrysomela.— Many  species. 
Weevil       ----.._               """iju-- 

Snouted  Weevil   -    -    .    .         '    '  B'-»<^»'»«  P'«'- 

Goat  Chaffer-    ...  -    -    -    -    .  Curculio  quercus.-Many  species. 

Fire  Fly     -    .  Cerambyx  conarius.— Many  species. 

Skipper  Lampyris  lucida.— Several  species. 

GloTworm"    '.'.'.':'' EJater  oculatus.-ManY  species. 

Canthaiides    -    -  -----  Cicindela  Carolina.— One  or  two  other  species. 

Water  BeeUe  -    - ""Prestrismariana.— Two  or  three  other  species. 

Uytiscus  piceus.J 


I..' 


•»> '! 


3 


m 
• 


*  y 


:\'l  UNITED    STATES. 

D^tisciis  niari^inaliH. 

DytiscuH  striutus. — Several  other  species. 

Black  Beetle   ------ Curahiis  Aiiiericuiius. — Numerous  species. 

Blossom  Eater      .----.,-.-     Mcloe  nigra. 

'  Staphyliiius  maxillosiis. 

I'orsii  Ilia. — Two  species. 
C'ockroacli       ------.._.-     Ulattu  Americana,  (non  iiuligenus.) 

Grasshopper -     .     .  ^  .. 

Cricket       - --...    .  >  Grillus. — Numerous  species. 

Locust  -- _-.)  ' 

Mole  Cricket Grillus  gryllotalpa. 

BaftEet-    '-     I    -"-■-:.':     ■    ;}  Cicada—Many  species. 
Large  and  Small  ----------. 

Water  Fly  ------------(  Notanecta. — Several  species. 

Boat  Fly" S 

Bug       .--.-----.-_.     Cinex. — Numerous  species. 

Louse,  on  cabbages  -.--.---.      Aphis  brassica;. 

Louse,  on  leaves  of  trees  and  plants      -     -    -      Aphis. — Numerous  species. 

Bug,  on  plants  and  trees     -.-..-_      Cnermes. — Many  species. 

Butterfly Papilio.    J  Nmnerous^  species,  and  several  non 

Night  Flutterer    -----..---      Sphinx. 

Owl  Moth  ------------      Many  new  species. 

Moth,  or  Miller  --------..      I'alxna. — Numerous  species. 

Apple  Moth,  or  Canker-worm       -----      Phalainu  wauai-ia  ? 

Dragon  Fly     ------..--.),.,„,        „  , 

Adder  Fly i  Libellula.— Several  species. 

Hemcrobius  pectinicornis. — Several  speciesi. 
Oak-apple  Fly      -     -'--     -     _    -    -     -    -     Cynips. — Several  species. 
.Saw  I'Jy     ------------      'fenniredo  betulie. 

Hornet- '..'....    ^  J  Vespa.— Many  species. 

WmLT.    '.    '.    '.    '.    :    :    :    :    :    :    :}Aspis.-Several  species. 
Ant  --------------     Formica. — Several  species. 

n*^,    .<]f'*"""""""'""l  Musca.— Numerous  species 

Horse  Fly -....-     'I'abanus. — Several  species. 

Mosquito,  or  Musketoe       ------.     Culex  pipiens. 

Stiiigimi;  Fly Conops  calcitrans. 

Snow  Flea       .-----.....     Podura  nivalis. 

Father  Long  Legs     --.--.-..     Phalangium. — Several  species.         '  " 

Spider    -- ---     Aranea. — Many  species. 

Crab      -------------- 

Lobster       ---------.-.J 

Shrimp       ----.--.     ..-.l  Cancer. — Many  species.  '    • 

Hermit  Crab C  .      . 

Slender  Crab  -----.-..--J  v' 

King  Crab,  or  Horse  Shoe -      Monoculus  polyphemus. 

Monoculus  piscinus. 

Cray  Fish  ------- ■»■'•: 

Amphibious  Lobster      ---..---  ," 

Monoculus  pulex. 

Monoculus  quadricornis.] 


UNITED    STATES 


33 


CK'X. 

ecies. 


several  non 


1  species. 


,»>- 


Vermes. 

[Sea  Clam Holothuria  phantaphus. 

Squid Sepia  media. 

Sepia  loliffo. 

Sea  Lungs Medusa  pilearis. 

Star  Fish,  or  Finger  Fish Asterias.— Three  or  four  species. 

Sea  Egg     ..--.-------  Echinus. — Several  species. 

Barnacle    .----••-----  Lepas  anatifera. 

Hog  Clam Mya  arenaria. 

Razor-shell  Clam Solen  ensis. 

Long-shell  Clam -...  Solen  radiatis. 

Oyster -.--     Ostrea -. 

\Iuscle  -------------  Mytilus  edulis. 

Cockle  ->---------.-  Nerita  littoralis  ? 

Limpets --  Patella  fusca. 

Si>nd-shell  Clam  -- Sabella  granulata. 

Seu  Anemone  --.-----•--  Anemone  marina  (locomotiva.) 

The  Wlieat  Fly,  commonly,  but  improperly  contained  but  a  few  thousand    civilized  inha- 

callcd  titc  Ilesnian  Fly,  which  has,  of  late  years,  bitants  ;  and  that  now,  the  same  country  contains 

proved  so  destructive  to  the  wheat  in  various  upwards  of  seven  millions, 

parts  of  the   United  States,  has  generally  been  But  the  causes  of  this  vast  increase  of  nuni- 

supposed  to  have  been  imported  from  Europe,  bers  seem  not  to  be  equally  well  understood.    It 

This  opinion,  however,  seems   not  to  be  well  is  believed  that  many  persons  still  suppose  the 

founded.     Count  Ginnanni,  of  Ravenna,  in  a  late  population  of  America  to  be  chiefly  indebted  for 

lenrne(l  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Wheat  in  its  its  growth  to  emigrations  from  other  countries ; 

{rrowiiig  State  between  Seed  Time  and  Harvest,  and  that  it  must  become  stationary  when  they 

las  given  an  account  of  more  than  50  diflerent  cease  to  take  place.    Some  facts  and  calculations 

insects  that  infest  the  Italian  wheat,  and  yet  the  will  be  here  set  down,  to  ascertain  the  ratio  of 

wheat  fly  found  here  is  not  delineated  nor  de-  the  natural  increase  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ame- 

scribed.     There  is  reason,  therefore,  to  doubt  its  rica,  and  to  shew  that  the  great  progress  of 

existence  in  the  5.  of  Europe.     Sir  Joseph  Banks  wealth  and  population  in  that  country  is  chiefly 

said  it  did  not  exist  in  England  ;    nor  could  he  derived  from  internal  causes,  and  of  course  less 

collect  any  account  of  it  in  Germany.     This  de-  liable  to  interruption  from  without, 

structive  insect  is  probably  a  non-dfescript,  and  The  highest  estimate  that  is  recollected  of  the 

peculiar  to  the  United  States.     It  is  said  to  have  number  of  inhabitants  removing  to  America  in 

no  deleterious  effect  on  the  yellow-bearded  wheat  any  one  year,  supposes  the  number  to  be  10,000 

of  that  country.  (Cooper's  Inform.)     If  the  same  number  had  re- 

The  Ink  or  Cuttle  Fish  is  a  curiosity.  It  is  moved  every  year  since  the  first  settlement  of 
furnished  with  a  cyst  of  black  liquor,  which  is  a  the  country,  it  would  make  the  whole  up  to  1790 
tolerable  substitute  for  ink.  This  it  emits,  when  about  1,600,000.  But  it  is  to  be  remarked  that 
pursued  by  its  enemies.  The  moment  this  liquor  this  estimate  was  made  for  a  period  when  emi- 
ts emitted,  the  water  becomes  like  a  thick  black  grations  were  unusually  numerous ;  that  during 
cloud  in  the  eyes  of  its  pursuer,  and  it  improves  the  many  years  of  war  which  have  taken  place, 
this  opportunity  to  make  its  escape.  This  cyst  they  have  been  very  few ;  and  that  in  former 
of  liquor  appears  designed  by  Providence  solely  years,  when  the  number  of  emigrants  was  coin- 
for  the  purpose  of  personal  defence,  and  is  cer-  plained  of  as  an  evil,  it  was  not  reckoned  so 
tainly  a  most  apt  and  curious  contrivance.  The  nigh.  (Douglas's  Summary,  vol.  ii.  p.  a2C.)  We 
whafcmcn  call  those  fish  Squids,  and  say  that  may  therefore  suppose,  that  5,000  persons  per 
they  are  eaten  in  abundance  by  some  species  of  annum  is  a  liberal  allowance  for  the  average 
whales.  number  of  persons  removing  to  America  since 

Population  and  Territori/. — It  is  well  known  its   first  settlement.      This,  in   the  vear  1790, 

that,  about  a  century  ago,  the    country  which  would  amount  to  800,000  persons, 

now  composes  the   United  States  of  America,  At  the  end  of  1790,  and  beginning  of  1791,] 

VOL.  v.  F 


M 


d4 


UNIT  E  I)    S  TATE  S. 


'  i, 


b: '  ■ 


f^    ;lfi 


f:  I 


!    tl 


[there  were  eniiniernted  in  the  General  (\in«us, 
the  number  of  ,'J,f)f).'J,4l'2  iiihuhitantH.  Ah  some 
placen  were  not  eninnerated  at  all,  and  from 
otherH  no  return  \\nn  made,  there  can  he  little 
doubt  but  the  artual  number  then  waH  somethini; 
more  than  4,(M)0,()00.  Supposinn;  them  to  have 
inrreased,  so  as  to  double  their  numliers  onee 
in  W  years  ;  then,  in  the  several  preceding  pe- 
riods of  20  years,  since  the  year  1630,  the  num- 
bers would  stand  thus : 

At  the  end  of  1790  -  -  1,000,000 
1770  -  -  2,000.000 
I7,iO  -  -  1,000,000 
I7.'J0  -  -  r)(M),(MK) 
1710  -  -  2.50,000 
1090  -  -  123,000 
1()70  -  -  (»2,500 
1650     -     -  31,850 

1630     -     -  15,625 

— but  ns  this  last  date  reaches  back  to  the  infancy 
of  the  (irst  settlements  in  N.  America,  it  can 
hardly  be  supposed  that  th"y  contained  so  many 
as  I  j,000  iiiliabitants.  It  follows,  therefore,  that 
they  mtisl  have  doubled  their  numbers  oftener 
than  unce  in  20  years ;  that  is,  that  they  must 
have  increased  faster  than  5  per  cent,  com- 
pounding the  increase  with  the  principal  at  the 
end  of  every  20  years. 

To  determine  now  far  this  ratio  of  increase  is 
justified  by  other  facts,  a  comparison  of  the  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  has  been  tmiwn  from  authen- 
tic resources  for  the  follow  ing  periods,  according 
to  which  the  total  number  appeared  to  have  been 
in  the  year 

1750  -  -  1,179,259 

I77i  -  -  2,141,307 

1782  -  -  2,389,300 

1790  -  -  4,000,000 

From  this  it  will  be  seen,  that 

taking  the  difference  between 

the    number    of    1790   -     - 

and  the  number  of  1782    -     - 


-  4,000,000 

-  2,389,300 


Which  is    -    -    -    -    1,610,700 

And  deducting  from  this,for 
emigrants,  viz.  10,(X)0, 
emigrants,  per  annum, 
for  nine  years  -    -     -     -     90,000 

Increase  of  ditto,  at  5  per 
cent,  for  four  years  and  a 
half 20,050 


There  has  been  a  natural  increase  in 
nine}  ears,  of 


110  250 


1 ,500,450 


Which,  calculated  upon  the  number  of  inhabi- 
tants returned  in  1782,  gives  the  astonishing  na- 
tural iiu-rease  of  nearly  seven  per  centT  per 
aim. 

l''rom  these  statements  compared  with  each 
other,  it  also  appears  thai  in  the  year  1790.  the 
actual  increase  ot  inhabitantsinthelJnitedStates, 
beyond  the  numberever  imported,  must  have  been 
.3,200,000,  <»r  after  the  nu>sl  lilM?ral  allowances, 
at  least  three  millions.  'I'hat  the  whole  rate  of 
increase  u|)on  the  numbers  at  any  given  period 
has  been  nuvre  than  live  per  cent. :  and  deduct- 
ing for  emigrations,  that  it  has  been  equal  to 
about  five  per  cent,  tor  any  20  years  successively, 
or  three  and  a  half  per  cent,  compound  increase 
for  any  period  that  liad  then  yet  (>lapsed. 

Hut  it  may  l)e  expected,  that  no  inference  as 
to  the  future  po|)ulation  of  .America  can  be  de- 
rived from  these  facts,  liecause  as  the  country 
l»ecomes  more  thickly  settled,  the  increase  will 
be  slower.  We  have  an  opportunity  of  exa- 
mining what  weight  the  objectutu  possesses. 

The  I'^asteru  States  are  the  uu)st  thickly  inha- 
bited. The  greater  part  of  the  emigrations  from 
them,  have  been  either  to  other  folates  in  Nen 
li^ugland,  or  to  the  State  of  New  York. 

fn  1750,   New  England  and  New  York   to- 
gether contained       -     -      444,000 

1790,  Ditto 1,348,942 

Having  more  than  trebled  their  numbers  in 
40  years,  ami  increa.^ed,  during  all  that  period, 
at  the  rate  of  more  than  five  per  cent,  upon  their 
original  number :  and  in  the  compound  ratio  of 
nearly  three  per  cent.  And  as  n>any  more  per'- 
sous  have  emigrated  from  these  States  than  have 
come  into  them  from  abroad,  all  this,  and  some- 
tliiiig  more,  was  their  natural  increase. 

In  1750,  Massachusetts  contained  32  persons, 
and  in 

1790,  about  60  persons  to  each  square  mile. 

1750,  Connecticut   contained    20   persons, 
and  in 

1790,  about  .50  persons  to  the  square  mile. 

1750,  Rhode    Island   contained  about  23, 
and  in 

1790,  about  52  inhabitants  per  square  mile  ; 
so  that  besides  the  numerous  emigrants  these 
States  have  sent  forth,  they  have  more  than 
doubled  their  numbers  in  40  years,  and  nearly 
trebled  them  since  they  contained  20  persons  to 
each  square  mile. 

Mr.  Jefferson  has  taken  some  pains  to  prove 
that  the  inhabitants  of  Virginia  double  their 
numbers  once  in  27  years  and  a  quarter.  He 
also  proves,  by  an  ingeniouij  calculation,  that] 


UNITED    STATES. 


9$ 


r  of  iiihnl)!- 
tiUHliiiiir  nii- 
r  centr  per 

I  with  each 
nr  1790, Ihe 
nitedStiiU's, 
isthavpbepii 

allowances, 
hole  rate  of 
wivpn  period 
and  (leduct- 
en  equal  to 
succeHsively, 
nnd  increuHe 
psed. 

inference  as 
t  can  be  do- 

the  country 
increase  will 
nity  of  exa- 
ossesses. 
thickly  inha- 
irrations  from 
States  in  New 
ork. 
ew  York   to- 

-      441,000 

-  1,348,942 

■  numbers   in 

II  that  period, 
nt.  upon  their 
onnd  ratio  of 
iiny  more  pef'- 
ates  than  have 
his,  and  some- 
Luse. 

•d  3'i  persons, 

^h  square  mile. 
I    20   persons, 

e  square  mile, 
net!  about  '23, 

er  square  mile ; 
miij^rants  these 
ive  more  than 
irs,  and  nearly 
I  '20  persons  to 

pains  to  prove 
a  double  their 
ii  quarter.  He 
ulation,  that] 


[In  J782,  (he  numbers  in  Virginia  were  567,(il4 
17UG,  the  same  country  (uurt    of 
which    made   the    State  of 
Kentucky)  contained     -     -  881,!^87 
GiviufT  an  increase  of4-r"'V,  or  very  nearly  ti\c 
per  cent,  and  doubling  their  iiumberR,  not  in  27 
years  and  a  quarter,  as  Mr.  Jefl'erson  endea- 
vonretl  to  prove,  but  in  less  than  21  years. 

Virginia  (exclusive  of  Kentucky)  adde<l  about 
180,000  to  its  numbers,  betweenl782  ami  1790, 
th(>  |>eriod  when  the  numerous  emigrations  tu 
Kentucky  caused  so  great  a  drain  upon  its  po- 
pulation. 
In  1780,  the  number  of  militia,   r^, 
Rid»-e,    in    Virginia,    was 
I    ,       which,  multiplied  by  four, 
^ives   for  the  nundier  of 
iiiliabitants     -     .     .    .    - 
In  1790,  the  same  county  contained 
Those  counties  having  more  than  trebled  their 
numbers  in  (en  years. 

it  is  to  be  observed  that  these  facts  (and  many 
more  of  a  similar  tendency  might  be  adduced) 


of  nine 
11,410, 


45,760 
151,235 


arc  drawn  from  (he  former  and  least  prosprrouH 
state  of  America,  and  from  periods  which  went 
either  absolutely  those  of  public  calamity,  or,  at 
best,  were  not  (liose  «>f  national  prosperity  ;  yet, 
it  is  apprehended,  they  sufliciently  prove  that 
the  inhabitants  of  the  t'nitcd  States  had,  up  to 
the  year  1796,  increased  at  least  as  fast  as  ut  the 
compound  ratio  of  three  und  a  half  per  cent. ; 
and  (his  independently  of  any  effect  from  the  re- 
moval thither  of  foreigners!  'I'hey  must  have 
contained,  at  this  pcrioil,  8,000,000  of  people  to 
have  equalled  the  avenige  of  New  Englanu,  and 
55,000,(KX)  to  have  e.']ualled  the  rate  of  popula- 
tion in  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut. 

There  are  as  yet  no  symptoms  of  this  ratio 
of  increase  being  \ory  materially  diminished. 
The  population,  by  the*  Census  of  1810,  amounted 
to  7,238,421,  iK'ing  not  quite  double  of  the  Cen- 
sus of  1790.  The  quota  returned  at  each  |)eriod 
by  the  individual  States,  will  afford  matter  of 
curious  irivestigation  to  the  more  speculative 
enquirer,  we  therefore  subjoin] 


99 


The  CENSUS 


I  Li 


!'('• 


3tf 


UNITED    STATES. 


)  » 


^.  i^ 


A 


{The  CENSUS  of  the  UNITED  STATES  of  N.  AMERICA  for  the  Yean  1790  md  1810; 
dhtinguishiug  tne  Population  of  each  State,  and  the  Increase  experienced  by  each,  within  the 
Period  of  W  Years. 


atalei. 


Virginia  -  -  - 
New  York  -  - 
Pennaylvania 
Massachusetts  7. 
Maine-  -  -  j 
N.  Carolina  ••  - 
S.  Carolina  -  - 
Kentucky  -  - 
Maryland  -  - 
Connecticut  -  - 
Tenesse,  West  - 
,  East  - 


Goorpia    -     -  - 

New  Jersey  -  - 

Ohio   -     -    -  . 

Vermont  -     -  - 
New  Hampshire 

Rhode  Island  - 

Delaware      -  - 


Southern,  Midlind, 
Northern  Slatea,  «c 
Territorial  Uovcm- 
ment*. 


s. 

M. 
M. 


N. 


17t>0. 


s. 
s. 

S. 
8. 

N. 


S. 


Territorial  Governments, 

Orleans    -----.-. 

Mississippi    ....... 

Indiana    ----..-. 

Columbia      --..... 

Louisiana     ....... 

Illinois     •.-.... 

Michigan 


-  -    S. 

-  -  M. 

.  -  M. 

-  -  N. 
.  -  N. 

-  -  N. 

-  -  M. 


T. 
T. 
T. 
T. 
T. 


T. 


Total 


.     -    241 


747,010 
J40,1S0 
434,373 
37«,7H7 

9(),540 
393,751 
S49,073 

73,677 
319,728 
237,946 

77,200  { 

82,548 
184,139 
29,165 
85,539 
141,885 
68,825 
59,094 


IBIU. 


4,000,000* 


965,079 
959,220 
810,163 
472,040 
228,705 
563,526 
414,935 
406,511 
380,546 
261,942 
160,360  \ 
101,367/ 
252,433 
245,562 
230,760 
217,913 
214,414 
76,931 
72,674 


76,556 
40,352 
24,520 
24,083 
20,845 
12,282 
4,769 


IncrcaM  in  itO 
Years. 


217,469 

619,100 

375,790 

93,253 

132,165 

169,775 

165,862 

332,834 

60,818 

23,996 

184^27 

169,885 

61,423 

201,595 

132,374 

72,529 

8,106 

13,580 


7,238,421 


203,340 


3,238,421 


*  Of  wboin  about  70U,0U0  were  slaves. 


It  should  be  ubservnl,  that  the  Importation  of  Africans  teased  by  law  on  the  1st  of 
Janu.iry,  IttOtt. 


In  the  year  1796  some  very  ingenious  calcula- 
tions  were  made,  purporting  to  show  that  the 
whole  territory  of  the  tiniteu  States,  taken  at  an 
average  of  1000  miles  square,  would  be  peopled 
about  the  year  1834,  and  that  the  population 
would  then  amount  to  18,406,150  souls.  It  was 
also  argued  that  the  population  of  1796  would, 
upon  the  data  of  its  doubling  once  in  20  years,  if 
applied  to  the  settlement  of  new  lands  then  re- 
maining unoccupied  to  the  amount  of  431,662,336 
acres,  at  the  rate  of  20  persons  to  each  square 
mile,  or  32  acres  each  person,  occupy  the  lands 
of  the  United  States  in  the  above-mentioned  year 
1834,  and  that  the  value  of  every  acre  would 


gradually  increase  from  one  dollar  to  14  dollars, 
or  three  guineas  sterling,  up  to  the  period  when 
the  full  settlement  would  take  place. 

The  only  objection  to  these  calculations  is  that 
the  increase  of  population,  during  the  last  20 
years,  up  to  1810,  has  not  kept  pace  with  that  of 
earlier  periods,  and  that  the  data  on  which  they 
were  founded  were  consequently  incorrect.  The 
period  therefore,  in  which  the  whole  of  these 
States  will  be  settled,  must  be  considerably  later 
than  what  has  been  proposed.  Illustrative  of 
those  calculations  were  drawn  up  the  following 
tables,  which  are  forthwitli  presented  to  the  rea- 
der's inspection.] 


UNITED    STATES. 


and  1810; 
wil/im  the 


«in  no 
in. 


469 
100 
790 
253 
165 
775 
862 
834 
818 
996 

527 

885 
423 
595 
374 
529 
106 
580 


340 
,421 


•f 


[Shewing 


TABLE  I. 

the  Number  of  1'ihMtanU  m  1796,  the  Acres  of  Land  then  remaining  unoccupied,  the 
average  Increase  of  Inhabitants,  and  the  gradual  anh final  Occupation  of  Lands. 


Yeort. 

Niinber  ofin- 
habiiauti. 

Acrn  of  land 

occuplfd  by  (he 

locrraK. 

Acrei  nf  land 

reniainiu(  un- 

•crapied. 

1796 
1  Year's  increafie 

1797 
10  do. 

1807 
10  do. 

1817 
10  do. 

1827 
7  do. 

about  1834. 

4,916,802 

5,088,890 

7,178,381 

10,125,814 

14,283,461 

18,406,150 

431,662,336 
426,156,520 
359,291,808 
264,973,952 
131,929,248 
000,000,000 

5,506,816 

66,863,712 

94,317,856 

133,0*4,704 

131,929,248 

The  rullowing  calculation  is  founded  upon 
these  principles,  viz. 

Ist.  It  is  Niipposed  that  the  inhabitants  oi  the 
United  States  increase  in  the  compound  ratio  of 
3i  percent. 

2d.  It  appears  that  at  the  end  of  the  year  1796, 
the  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  United  States, 
was  about  4,916,802. 

3d.  It  appears  that  the  quantity  of  vacant 
lands  in  the  United  States  was  in  that  year  about 
431,662,336  acres. 


it'*\''j^//**"'"'9".*"'*»  *'•*'■«  w*"*  ♦»«••"  in  the 
United  States,  f,139  persona  to  each  100,000 
acres  ot  new  lands. 

5th.  It  is  supposed  that  new  lands,  on  an 
average,  were  worth  one  dollar  per  acre;  and 
that  lands  inhabited  at  the  rate  0^20  persons  to 
the  square  mile,  were  worth  14  dollars,  or  three 
guineas  per  acre.     The  following  therefore,  isj 


V  on  the  1st  of 


14  dollars, 
eriod  when 

ions  is  that 
the  last  20 
vith  that  of 
which  they 
rect.  The 
le  of  these 
!rably  later 
istrative  of 
e  following 
to  the  rea- 


TABLE  11 


,*  •■   ! 


UNITED    STATES. 

'VAHUi  11. 

[S/ii  uinii;  thr  iiinntsitis;  Vdlur  of  mil/  100,000 //crrv '/<//,<//  tqiiul  lit  tin  Avvras;v)  upon  tfir  Priiicipfi 
thill  I  III'  //«•>  /  Y/.«' «;/' I ,  I  .W  Prisons  iiiifffit  III- iipp/iif/ ti)  thr  .Srtl/niirnt  nf  lfi<  III,  unit  ffuit  ««  iiiuc/i  /oinf 
iis  tlinj  SI  nil  il  III  ifir  rati  of-ii)  Pinotis  to  tliv  s/iiiiirr   ^fi/r,  u^iis  worth  14  Dollnri  per  .Inr. 


Liiiiil'.  Anil,  mrii- 

y«w. 

Niiinltrr  iif 

|iiimI  b»  (hr  iii- 

Viiliii'  iif  KNMKNI 

Viil 

ir  |lfr 

'\'\w  >niii<'  ill 

Sli'llill)! 

liilmliiliuit.. 

crriiki'  lit  iiihubl. 

Arris  mill  wnr. 

A 

rri'. 

' 



Iaiil.«. 

Acre*. 

I)i>llfin. 

UuU 

in. 

1. 

01 

d. 

t:ii(iori7f)G 

liicreuHO 

1139 
40 

1280 

I(K),0(K) 
16,640 

1 

(N) 

0 

4 

(i 

1797 
IncrcuHO 

1798 
Increase 

1799 
IiicrraHc 

1179 
41 

1220 
42 

I2(i2 
44 

1312 
I3.J4 
1408 

1 16,640 
17,056 

1 
1 
1 

16 

31 

0 
0 
0 

3 
3 
6 

2! 
9{ 

1.33,696 
17,472 

151,168 
I8,3(W 

1800 
Increase 

1801 
Increase 

1802 
Increase 

I30(j 
4(i 

13.52 

1472 
1.504 

169,472 
19,136 

I 
1 

69 

88 

0 
0 

7 

8 

41 

188,608 

47 

1399 
49 

15G8 

19,5.52 

2 

08 

0 

9 

208,160 
20,384 

1803 
Increase 

1448 
.51 

1631 

828.544 
21,216 

2 

28 

0 

10 

li 

1804 
Increase 

1499 
32 

1664 

2Jf),760 
2l,6.'i2 

<■) 

49 

0 

11 

180j 
Increase 

180G 
Increase 

1.5.51 
.5t 

IfiO.) 
3(i 

1728 
1792 

27I,.'J92 
22,464 

2 

2 
3 

71 

93 
17 

0 

0 
0 

12 

13 
14 

2.! 
3 

2<)3,85() 

317,132 

1807 

1661 

1808 

1719 

1856 

.341,280 

3 

41 

0 

13 

4 

1809 

1779 

1920 

366,240 

3 

66 

0 

16 

31 

1810 

1841 

1984 

392,030 

3 

92 

0 

17 

71 

181:1 

2186 

11,040 

535,550 

.5 

33 

0 

4 

0 

I8'i0 

2.596 

13,120 

70(i,IIO 

7 

06 

1 

11 

9 

I82J 

3083 

15,584 

908,702 

9 

08 

2 

0 

8i 

1830 

3661 

18,784 

1,152,894 

11 

32 

2 

12 

10 

1834 

4255 

19,008 

1,400,000 

14 

0 

3 

3 

oj 

UNIT  i:  I)    S  T  A  T  i:  S. 


:\u 


21 

41 

4i 


2| 


4 

5i 
7i 
0 
9 

81 


fit  wa«  not  irilrnilnl  hy  Uiis  Mtntonu'iit  Jo  <-<iii- 
\rv  till-  iil<-i>  thill  thi-  i-JM-  in  llic  uiliit>  oC  hiiv 
|)iiifi<-'iliir  Iriut  <it*  land  woiilil  Im>  in  (ho  fxiirt 
|)rii|)<irli<Hi  hrro  nicnlionrd.  In  nian\  important 
MHtaiiKw  in  .\nii>rira  it  haxlHMMigrcaIrr,  in  others* 
jtcrliiiiis  Ir-*"!. 

lint  it  «H-  iiitcndnl  to  hIiimv,  IIuiI  llin  inrroHHC 
in  till'  \mImi'  ol'Aiiioriran  huuN  ua-',  in  i(M  iiatnir, 
likf  llial  ol'  «-iHn|Hiiind  inlt'i-fst  :  and  that  an- 
Mimiiiif  llir  ralid  oC'JJ  per  ct'iil.  tor  th«'  inrn'aM- 
III'  iiilial'ilaiitM,  llif  (ri'iicral  rise  n\  tli«>  viiln<>  ol' 
propt'ilv  rosnltinK  tlMTolroni,  was  wry  I'ar  alMni- 
tlic  protit  ol'  capital  in  an^  ot'llu>  ordinnrv  tvavn 
ofon-   !o\iii;;  it. 

Till-  loMc^l  priro  at  whicli  ("onRioss  at  tliul  p«'- 
riod  olViTt'd  IhikU  for  miIc  was  at  two  dollar'*  nn- 
niTc.  'I'lii' ^ri'»t  incrcaxi' ot'rapital  in  AniiMica, 
to^ctlKT  witli  tlio  invf'MtniontH  wliirli  Kiiropoans 
have  made  in  lands,  liavi*  siiirtM-onsidfraMy  raised 
thoir  \alni'.     Indeed,  tlii>  disposal  ol'territorv  an 


iiiiallv  foii-'titiilcs  a  most  iiimortant  liraiuli  oi'thi' 
Ameriran  revrnno;  iis  may  l»o  s«'i'n  nndor  articli' 
I'' IN  wtr. 


(iovrrtmnit.—VntW  Ilip4tli  ol'.fnly,  1770,  (lie 
present  I'nitcil  States  were  Hritish  rolonies.  On 
that  nienioralde  day,  the  representatives  of  the 
I'niled  Slates  of  America,  in  ('on|;i'esHHsseiiil>led, 
made  a  solemn  declanition,  in  which  thev  as- 
sijriu.(|  their  reasons  f»»r  withdrnwini;  (heir  al- 
leiriance  t'roin  the  Kin^i^  of  (ireat  Hritnin.  Ap- 
pealinn;  to  the  Supreme  .Indjre  oC  the  world  Cor 
the  rectitude  of  their  intentions,  they  did,  in  the 
name  nnd  hy  the  unthority  of  the  f^ood  people  ol* 
the  colonies,  solmi'ily  pnhliHh  and  declare,  that 
these  I'nited  Colonies  were,  nnd  of  rijjht  onsjlit 
(o  he,  I'Vee  and  lndenenden(  S(a(ps;  that  they 
wore  absolved  from  all  ulle^ianco  to  the  Hrilislii 
crown,  and  that  nil  political  connection  between 
them  and  Great  Britain  was,  and  ought  to  be, 
totally  dissolved  ;  nnd  that  as  Free  and  [nde- 
peiident  States,  they  had  full  power  to  levy  war, 
conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  catabliuli  com- 
merce, and  do  all  other  acts  and  thinjjs  which 
Independant  States  may  of  rijjht  do.  For  the 
Hupport  of  this  lieclaration,  with  n  firm  reliance 
on  the  protection  of  <livine  I'nividence,  tliedele- 
jrates  then  in  Con^jress,  5'i  in  number,  mutually 
pledjred  to  each  other  their  lives,  their  fortunes, 
aiul  their  sacred  honour. 

At  the  same  time  they  published  articles  of 
Confederation  and  Perpetual  Union  between  the 
Slates,  in  which  they  took  the  style  of  "  The 
I'nited  States  of  America,"  and  "aijrced,  that 
each  State  should  retain  its  sovereiifntv,  free- 


dom, and  indepemlrnce,  and  every  pimer,  juri*. 
diction,   and  ritfht,  not    expresnU    delegated  to 
Compress  liv  the  Confederation.     \\y    these  arli 
licli's,  (he  'rhir(een  riii(ed  Stale-<  several! \    en- 
tered into  n  linn  leaufue  of  friendship  with  eai'li 
oilier  tor  their  common  defence,  (lie  heciirily  ol' 
their  liberties,  and  their  mntiial  and  f;ineral  uel- 
(ar«>,  and  bound  theiiiMelves  to  insist  each  oilier 
ai^ainst  all  lorce  olVered  to,  or  attacks  that  miKhl 
be  made  upon  all,  or  any  of  them,  on  arcouiil  of 
reliifion,  sovereignly,  commerce,  or   any    other 
pretence  whatever,    lint  for  the  more  convenient 
managemenl    of   the   general    interests    of   I  he 
I'nited  Stales,  it  was  determined,  (hat  Delegates 
should  be  annually  appointed,  in  such  manner  as 
the  Legislatiir*'  of  each  State  siioiild  direct,  to 
meet  in  Congress  the  lirst  Monday  in  November 
of  ev«'ry  vear,  with  a   power  reserved  to  earli 
State  to  recal  its  Delegates,  or  any   of  them,  al 
any  time  within  the  year,  and  to  send  others  in 
their  stead  for  the  remainder  of  (he  y«<ar.     No 
Slate  was  to  be  represented  in  Congress  by  les'^ 
(hail  (wo,  or  more  (haii  Heven  mumlM'is  :  and  no 
person  could  be  a  delegate  for  more  than  tlirer 
years,  in   any  term  of  six   yrnrH,  nnr  wus  aiiv 
person,  iioing  a  delegate,  capable  of  holding  any 
ofiici;  under  the  United  Slates,  for  which  he,  or 
any   other   f«>r  his  benefit,   should   receive  uny 
salary,  fees,  or  emolument  of  any   kind.     In  de- 
termining questions  in  Congress,  each  State  was 
to  have  one   vote.     Kvery  Slate  was   bound  to 
abide  by  the  determinations  of  Congress   in  all 
iiuestions  which  were  submitted  to  tliem  by  the 
Confederal  ion.     The  articles   of  Confederution 
were  to  be  invariably  observed  by  every  State, 
and  the  Union  to  be  perpetual :  nor  was  any  al- 
teration at  any  time  liereailer  to  be  made  in  any 
of  the  articles,  unless  such  alterations  be  agreed 
to  ill  Congress,  and  be  afterwards  contirnied   by 
the  legislatures  of  every  State.     The  articles  t)f 
C«)iile(leration  were  ratified  by  Congress,  .July 
9th,  1778. 

These  articles  of  Coiifedemtion  being  found 
inadequate  to  the  purposes  of  a  federal  govern- 
ment, for  reasons  hereafter  mentioned,  delegates 
were  chosen  in  each  of  the  United  States,  to 
meet  and  fix  upon  the  necessary  amendments. 
They  accordingly  met  in  convention  at  Pliila- 
(lelphia,  in  the  summer  of  1787,  and  agreed  to 
propose  the  constitution  for  the  considenition  of 
their  constituents,  which  will  presently  be  re- 
corded. 

The  expense  of  all  the  several  departments  ol 
the  General  Representative  (iovernment  of  the 
United  States  of  America  was,  upon   itii   first ) 


MflV' 


I 


]l 


"I 


i..' 


•40  UNITED 

I  furmation,  294,558  doUurs,  wliicli,  nt  4.«.  6</.  per 
dollar,  is  £60,275.  ll.v.  sterling,  and  was  thus 
apportioned. 

Fjpeme  of  the  E.reciilne  Departmenl. 
'riic  office  of  the  Presidency,  at  which 

the  President  received  nothing  jg.  .«. 

for  himself 5,(ji?5  0 

Vice  President 1,1^5  0 

Chief  Justice 900  0 

Five  Associate  Justices     ...  J,9y7  10 
Nineteen  Judges  of  Districts  and  At. 

torney  General 6,873  15 

Legis/alive  Depurlment. 
Men.bers  of  Congress,  at  six  dollars 
( jg  1 .  7s.  per  day)  their  Secretaries, 
Clerks,     Chaplains,      Messengers, 
Doorkeepers,  »tc.       .....    yj,5j5     0 

Trcmun/  Drpnrfiiiait. 
Secretary,  Assistant.  ('om|)troller. 
Auditor,  Treasurer,  UegisUu-  and 
Loan  Office  Keeper,  in  each  State, 
tof^pthpp  with  kill  ilif  necessary 
Clerks,  Office  Keepers,  &c.       -    "-    12,825     0 

Dcparlimnt  of  State,  including   Fo- 

rtign  yJff'airs. 
Secretary,  Clerks, &C.&C.  .     -    -    -      1,406    5 

Department  of  War. 
Secretary,  Clerks,  Paymasters.  Coni- 

missioiiors.  Sec. 1,462  10 

Commissioners  for  settling  old  Ac- 
counts. 
The  whole  Board,  Clerks,  &c.     .     -     2,598  15 

lnci(knt;d  and  contingent  F.xpenses. 
For    l''irc«-wood,    Stationarv,     Print- 
in?.  &c.  1    .     -    .     4,006  16 

Total     .     .     £66,275  II 

Besides  the  above,  the  Congress  were  (shortly 
after)  oldiged  to  keep  6,000  militia  in  pay,  in 
addiiit  It  to  a  regiment  of  foot  and  a  battalion  of 
artillery,  which  it  always  kept,  and  that  in. 
crenseil  the  expenses  of  the  War  Department  to 
S90,000  dollars,  or  £87,795  sterling.  This  ex- 
pense V.  <is  chiefly  on  account  of  the  wars  with 
the  liidians. 

The  salaries  of  the  principal  officers,  as  well 
as  the  nature  of  appointments,  have  experienced 


STATES. 

a  considerable  increase  since  the  first  establish- 
ment, as  will  appear  by  the  following  list. 

Dnllar* 

The  President  receives  per  annum      -  25.000 

Vice  President 10,000 

Secretary  of  State 5,000 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury     -    -     -     -  5,0(K) 

Secretary  of  the  War  Department   -     -  4,5(X) 

Secretary  of  the  Navy       ....     -  4,500 

Comptroller  of  the  Tix'asury     -     -     -  3,500 

Treasurer J,()00 

Attorney  (leneral 3,000 

Auditor  of  the  Treasury        ....  3,(XX) 

Postmaster  (teiieral 3,(KK) 

Itegister  of  the  Treasury      -     -     .     -  2,400 

Accountant  of  the  War  Department   -  2,000 

Ditto  of  the  Navy  Department      -      .  2,000 

Assistant  Postmaster  General     ...  1,700 

Total    -    .  77,600 

The  present  expenses  of  government  arc  pro- 
bably much  less,  in  proportion  to  wealth  and 
numliers,  than  those  of  any  nation  in  Europe, 
They  amount  nevertheless  to  six  millions  of  dol- 
lars., though  the  two  or  three  last  years  of  war 
have  swelted  that,  which  is  considered  the  cur- 
rent amount,  in  a  ratio  far  exceeding  even  the 
in)mense  increase  between  the  years  1776  and 
1812. — See  Statement  of  the  Revenue  and  Ex. 
penditure  of  the  United  States.     Finance. 

Constitution. — We,  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  ill  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  uni«)n, 
establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity, 
provide  for  common  tlefence,  promote  the  general 
welfare, and  secuie  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  our- 
selves and  our  po>  Verity,  do  ordain  and  establish 
this  constitution  for  the  CiiitedStates  of  America. 

Article  I. — Sect.  1.  All  legislative  powers 
herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  Congress  of 
the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives. 

Sect.  2.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall 
be  composed  of  members  chosen  every  second 
year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and 
the  electors  in  eacl.  State  shall  have  the  ualifi- 
catiens  requisite  for  electors  of  the  m«)st  nu- 
merous branch  of  the  State  legislature. 

No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall 
not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  25  years ;  and 
been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabit, 
ant  of  that  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  ap- 
portioned among  the  several  States  which  'Uayj 


V   ! 


■.* 


UNITED    STATES. 


41 


'8t  establish- 
e  Vwt. 

I)nllar< 

I     -  a5.()oo 

-  -    I0,00() 

-  -     5,000 

.   -   r>,{M)o 
-  -  4,r>oo 

.    -    4,jOO 

-  -     3,500 

-  -     3,000 
.     -    3,000 

-  -     3,(X)0 

3,(KK) 
.     .    a.4()0 

a,ooo 

2,000 
1,700 


I 


ent   - 


-    .  77,()00 

ncnt  arc  pro- 
[1  wealth  and 
m  ill  Europe, 
lillions  of  dol- 
years  of  war 
I'ered  the  cur- 
ding even  the 
>ani  1776  and 
!iiuc  and  Ex- 
'inance. 

9f  the  United 

Krfoct  union, 

tranquillity, 

•te  the  jjoneral 

liberty  to  our- 

and  establish 

■8  of  America. 

lative   powers 

Congress  of 

ist  of  a  Senate 

[ntatives  shall 
every  second 
il  States,  and 

the  ualifi- 
Ihe  inost  nu- 
lure. 

li>e  who  shall 
l>  years :  and 
Jnited  States, 

an  inhabit- 
|be  chosen. 

shall  be  ap- 
is which  .nay  1 


The  inchuletl  within  this  I'nion, according  to  their 
respcitive  unmbers,  which  shall  lie  determined 
bv  adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free  pei-soiH, 
imiiidiiig  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of 
>ears,  aiul  excluding  Indian-  not  taxed,  three- 
fiflhs  of  all  other  persons.  The  actual  eniime- 
ration  shall  be  made  witliin  three  years  after  the 
first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  and  witliin  every  subserjuent  term  of 
ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law 
direct.  The  nnmlier  of  representatives  shall  not 
exceed  «>ne  for  every  30,(M)0 ;  but  each  State 
shall  have  at  least  one  representative ;  and,  until 
such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of 
New  Hampshire  shall  Im«  entitled  to  choose 
three;  iMassacliusetts,  ei^ht :  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  Plantations,  one;  Connecticut,  five; 
New  York,  six  ;  New  Jersey,  four;  l*enn''v!.a- 
nia,  eight;  Delaware,  one ;  Maryland,  si.i  ;  Vir- 
irjiiia,  ten  :  North  Carolina,  five;  .'<outh  Caro- 
lina, five  :  and  (Jeorgia,  three. 

When  ».icaiicies  happen  in  the  representation 
from  any  Stale,  the  executive  authority  thereof 
shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  till  such  va- 
cancies. 

The  House  of  Renrpsentnlivcs  shall  choose 
their  Speaker,  and  oilier  ollicers  ;  and  shall  have 
the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

.Sect.  3.  The  Senate  of  the  I'nited  States  shall 
be  composed  of  two  senators  from  each  State, 
cluisen  by  llie  legislature  thereof,  for  six  years; 
and  each  senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

Immediately  atler  they  shall  be  assembled,  in 
consc(|iu>iice  «»f  the  first  election,  they  shall  be 
divideil  as  e((ually  as  may  be  into  three  classes. 
The  ser.ls  of  Hie  senators  of  the  first  class  shall 
be  vacaleil  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year; 
of  the  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the* 
lourlli  year ;  and  of  the  third  class  at  the  (expi- 
ration of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may 
he  chosen  every  second  year;  and  if  vacancies 
happen  by  resignation,  <»r  otherwise,  during  the 
recess  of  tlie  legislature  of  any  State,  the  exe- 
cutive thereof  may  make  temporary  appoint - 
ineiits  iinlil  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature, 
which  shall  tluMi  fill  such  vacancies. 

No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not 
lia\e  attained  to  the  age  of  30  years,  and  been 
nine  yeaisa  citizen  of  the  I 'nitetl  States,  and  who 
shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that 
Slate  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

The  Vice  President  tif  the  I'liited  States  shall 
he  President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no 
vole,  unless  they  lie  ecpially  divided. 

The  SiMiale  -hull  <li<Kise  their  other  ollicers, 
vol..  V 


and  also  a  President  pro  trmpore  in  the  absence 
of  the  Vice  President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise 
the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States. 

The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  jjower  to  trv 
all  impeachments.  When  sitting  for  that  our 
pose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation.  When 
the  President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  tin 
chief  justice  shall  preside :  and  no  person  shall 
be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  l«o 
thirds  of  the  members  present. 

Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not 
extend  further  than  to  removal  from  office,  anil 
dis(pialiKcation  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  offi<t>  ol" 
honour,  trust,  or  profit,  under  the  United  Slates : 
but  the  party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be 
liable  and  suhject  to  indictincnt,  trial,  jiidgmeul. 
and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

Sect.  4.  The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  hold 
ing  elections  for  senators  and   representatives, 
shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  legisla 
ture  there«»f ;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time 
by  law  make  or  alter  such  regulation«,  except  a- 
to  the  place >  of  choosing  senators. 

The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  <ince  in 
every  year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  llie 
lii-.st'\1onday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  li\ 
law  appoint  a  dilferent  day. 

Sect.  ;».  Each  house  shall  be  the  Judge  of  tin- 
elections,  returns,  and  (pialilications  of  ils  own 
members,  and  a  majority  of  each  sliall  coiislitiite 
a  quoriiiii  lodo  biisines;  but  a  smaller  nnmliei 
may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  aii- 
thorixed  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent 
members,  in  such  a  manner,  and  under  such  pe- 
nalties, as  each  house  may  provide. 

Each  house  may  (Jet"riniiie  the  rules  t»f  it- 
proceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderU 
behaviour  ;  tuiil,  with  the  coiicunence  of  two- 
thirds,  expel  a  nieniber. 

Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  pro- 
ceedings, and  from  time  to  time  piiblisli  the 
same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judg- 
ment require  secrecy  ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of 
(he  members  of  either  house  on  any  (piestion 
shall,  at  (he  desire  of  one-tinii  of  those  present, 
be  entered  on  the  Journal. 

Neither  house,  during    the    session    of  ('on 
gress,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  oilier, 
adjourn  for  more  than  thr(*e  days,  nor  to  aiiv 
other  place  than  that  in  which   the  t\\»>   houses 
shall  be  sitting. 

Sect.  (i.  The  Senators  and  UepresiMitalives 
shall  receive  a  (oiiipeiisiilioii  for  their  services, 
to  be  a^'cerlaiiied  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the 
Iteastiiv  of  the  I  iiilcd   Slates.      Tlu'v  -hall,  in! 


I 

I 


I 


:pl 

'i  .  ij 


■i-i  f 


?l ' 


12 


UNITED    STATES. 


I  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony,  and  broach  of 
(lie  peace,  be  privileged  troni  arreRt  during  their 
attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective 
houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  tlie 
Mime;  and  for  any  speech  or  del>atc  in  either 
house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other 
place. 

No  senator  or  representative  shall,  diu-ing  the 
lime  for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  t<» 
any  civil  oiBce  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
States,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the 
emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  increased 
during  such  time ;  and  no  person  holding  any 
office  under  the  United  States  shall  be  a  mem- 
l)er  of  cither  house  during  his  continuance  in 
office. 

Sect.  7.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  ori- 
ginate in  the  House  of  Representatives  ;  but  the 
Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments, 
as  on  other  bills. 

I''very  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House 
of  Ueproscntatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before 
it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President 
of  the    United  States:  if  he  approve,  he  shall 
sign  it :  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his 
objedions,  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have 
originated,   who   shall    enter   the    objections  at 
large  on  I  heir  journal,  and  proceed  to  le-consider 
it.     If,  atler  such  re-consideratio  i,  two-thirds  of 
Ihal  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,   it   shall 
be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other 
house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  !ie  re-consider- 
ed, and  if  approved  by  two-tlirds  of  that  house, 
it   sliall  l>ecome  a    law.     Hut  in  all   such  cases 
the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  iletermincd  by 
veils  and    nays,   and   the  names  of  the  persons 
voting  lor  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered 
«)n  the  journal  of  each  house  respectively.     If 
any  liill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President 
within  10  days,  (Sundays  excepted)  ai\er  it  shall 
ha\  e  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a 
law.   ill    like   manner  as   if  he   had  signed  it, 
unless  tlie  Congress,  by  their  adjournment,  pre- 
\int  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a 
law. 

Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the 
concurrence  of  tlu'  Senate  and  House  of  Hepre- 
s.>ntatives  may  be  necessary  (except  an  a  (|ues- 
tidii  of  iuljouriiment)  shall  be  presented  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States:  and  before  the 
same  sliail  take  etVect,  shall  be  approved  by  him; 
or,  being  disapprov»'(l  by  him,  shall  be  re-passed 
by  tw(i-t!iirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Ue- 
pres!  iilalives,  according  to  the  rules  and  liini- 
tatidits  piescrilied  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 


Sect.  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  power 

To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  ami 
excises ;  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the 
common  dcteuce  and  general  welfare  of  the 
United  States;  but  all  duties,  imposts,  and  ex- 
cises, shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  lUiited 
States : 

To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States  : 

To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations, 
and  among  the  several  States,  and  with  the 
Indian  tribes  : 

To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization, 
and  uniform  la  s  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies 
throughout  the  United  States  : 

To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof, 
and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of 
weights  and  measures  : 

To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counter- 
feiting the  securities  and  current  coin  of  the 
United  States : 

To  establish  post  offices  and  post  roads  : 

To  promote  tlie  progress  of  science  and  useful 
arts,  by  securing  for  limited  times,  to  authors 
and  inventors,  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respec- 
tive writings  and  discoveries  : 

T«)  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme 
court : 

To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies 
committed  on  the  high  seas,  and  oifences  against 
the  law  of  nations  : 

To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and 
reprisal,  and  make  rules  concerning  captures  on 
land  and  water  : 

To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appro- 

Iiriation  of  money   to  that  use  shall  be   for  a 
onger  term  than  two  years : 

To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy  : 

To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regu- 
lation of  the  land  and  naval  forces  : 

To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  exe- 
cute the  laws  of  the  union,  suppress  insurrec- 
tions, and  repel  invasions  : 

To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disci- 
plining the  militia,  and  for  governing  such  part 
of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of 
the  United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  re- 
spectively the  ai>|)ointinent  of  the  officers,  and 
the  authority  o(  training  the  militia  according 
to  th«  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress  : 

To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases 
whatsoever,  over  such  district  (not  exceeding  10 
miles  square)  as  may  by  cession  of  particilar 
States,  and  the  acceptanc  of  ('ongress,  become 
the  seat  of  government  of  the  United  Slates  ;j 


;  it 


i 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  E  S. 


4.; 


postH,  nnii 
UP  for  the 
re  of  tlie 
;s,  and  ox- 
hc  I'nitcd 

the  United 

jn  nations. 
1  with  tlie 

irnlization. 
inkruptcies 

ue  thereof, 
itandard   of 

of  countcr- 
:oin  of  the 

•oads  : 
?  and  uspfid 
to  authors 
iheir  respec- 

the  supreme 

nd  felonies 
nccs  against 

narque  and 
captures  on 

no  appro- 
ill  l>c   for  a 


lit  and  regu- 


klitia  to  exe- 
Iss  insurrec- 

,  and  disci- 
^  such  part 
ic  service  of 
States  re- 
>flicers,  and 
iceording 
ess : 

all  cases 

xceediufi  10 

part  ic 'liar 

SH,    l)»'conu> 

vd  Slates ;  I 


i 


in 


land  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places 
purchased  l)^  the  consent  of  the  lecislature  of 
the  Slate  in  wliich  the  same  shall  be,  for  the 
erection  of  forts,  magazines,  nrsP""'^,  dock  ^-ards, 
ami  other  needful  l)uildiii;;s  :— And 

To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary 
and  proper  for  carrying  into  execution  the  fore- 
sjoinS  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  l)y 
This  constitution  in  the  government  of  the 
I'nited  States,  or  in  any  department  or  officer 
thereof. 

Sect.  9.  The  mi<;ration  or  importation  of  such 
persons  as  any  of  the  States  now  existing  shall 
think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by 
the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  ISOht,  but  a  tax  or 
duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not 
exceeding  10  dollars  tor  each  person. 

The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  fiabras  corpus 
sliall  not  be  suspe.  Jed,  unless  when  in  cases  of 
rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  re- 
quire it. 

No  bill  ofattainder,  or  ex  post  facto  law,  shall 
be  passe<l. 

No  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax,  shall  bo 
laid,  unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enu- 
meration liereiid)elbre  directed  to  be  taken. 

No  tax  or  duly  shall  l)e  laid  on  articles  ex- 
ported from  any  State.  No  preiereiu-e  shall  be 
given  by  any  regulation  ofcomnu-rce  or  revenue 
to  tlie  pOrls  of  one  State  over  those  of  another: 
nor  shall  vessels  bound  to  or  from  one  State,  be 
obliged  toenier,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

>f(>  money  shall  l»e  drawn  from  the  treasury, 
but  in  consecjuence  of  appropriations  made  l)y 
lav.  :  iind  a  n-gular  statement  and  account  of 
tl>e  nil  ipis  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money 
shall  be  published  from  time  to  lime. 

No  lille  of  iu>l)ilily  shall  be  granted  by  the 
Tiiited  States.  And  no  person  holding  any 
office  of  prcn".}  <)r  trust  under  them,  shall,  with- 
out (he  consent  of  Congress,  accept  of  any 
present,  emoUnnent,  office,  or  title  of  any  kind 
whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign 
state. 

Sect.  10.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty, 
alliance,  or  confederation ;  grant  letters  ol" 
marque  and  reprisal :  coin  money  ;  emit  hills  of 
credit;  make  any  thing  but  gold  and  siivr  coin 
a  tender  in  payment  of  debts ;  pass  any  bill  of 
attainder,  rx  post  f'tuto  law,  or  law  im])airi!:g  the 
obligation  ol  contracts,  or  grunt  any  title  of 
nobility. 

No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  on  imports 
or  exports,  except  what  may  Ih'  absolutely  ne- 


cessary for  executing  its  inspection  laws ;  and 
the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts,  laid 
by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  snail  be  for 
the  use  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  ; 
and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision 
and  controul  of  the  Congress.  No  State  ahall, 
without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty 
of  tonnage,  keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war,  in  time 
of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact 
witn  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  nower,  or 
engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaaed,  or  in 
such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of 
delay. 

Art.  II. — Sect.  I.  The  executive  power  shall 
be  vested  in  a  President  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  lie  shall  hold  his  office  during  the 
term  of  four  years,  and,  together  with  the  Vice 
President,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be  elected 
as  follows : 

Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as 
the  legislature  thereot^  may  direct,  a  number  of 
electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators 
and  representatives  to  which  the  State  may  lie 
intitlen  in  the  Ccmgress  :  but  no  senator  or  re- 
presentative, or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust 
or  |)rolit  under  tne  United  States,  shall  be  ap- 
pointed an  elector. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective 
States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  two  persons,  of 
whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inliabitant  of 
the  same  State  with  themselves.  And  they  shall 
make  a  list  of  all  the  persons  voted  for,  and  of 
the  number  of  votes  for  each ;  which  list  they 
shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit,  sealed,  to 
the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The 
President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of 
the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open 
all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be 
counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest  niini- 
l)er  of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  num- 
ber be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of 
electors  appointed  ;  and  if  there  be  more  than 
one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal 
number  of  votes,  then  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives shall  immediately  choose  by  ballot  one 
of  them  for  President;  and  if  no  person  have  a 
majority,  then  from  the  live  highest  on  the  list, 
the  said  House  shall  in  like  manner  choose  the 
President.  Hut  in  choosing  the  President,  the 
votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representa- 
tions from  each  State  having  one  vote ;  a  quorum 
for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or 
members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a 
majority  of  all  the  States  sliuU  be  necessary  to  j 


N  I  T  E  1)    S  T  A  T  E  S. 


jtf! 


ta  rlioicc.  In  every  case,  after  the  clu)ict'  uftlie 
'resident,  the  person  linvinsf  the  greatest  nnm- 
her  of  \utes  of  the  electors  shall  he  the  Vice 
President.  Uut  if  there  should  remain  two  or 
more  who  have  cqnal  votes,  the  Senate  shall 
choose  from  them  by  ballot  the  Vice  President. 

The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of 
choosing  the  electors,  and  the  day  on  which  h-y 
shall  give  their  votes :  which  day  shull  be  the 
same  throughout  the  (Jnited  Sta>  s. 

No  person,  except  a  natural-born  citizen,  or  a 
citi/en  of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the 
ado|:iion  of  this  constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to 
the  office  of  Piesident :  neither  shall  any  person 
be  eligib'.e  to  tnat  office  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  .'jj  years,  and  been  14  years 
a  resident  within  the  United  States. 

in  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from 
office,  or  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  inability 
to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said 
o(ru'< ,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice  Presi- 
dent, and  the  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for 
(lie  rase  of  removal,  death,  resignation,  or  in- 
ability, both  of  the  President  and  Vice  Presi- 
dent, d(*claring  what  o^iicer  shall  then  act  as 
President,  and  such  officer  shall  act  accordingly, 
until  (lie  (lisabili'y  be  removed,  or  a  President 
shall  be  elected. 

The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive 
for  his  services  a  compensation,  which  shall 
neither  be  increased  or  diminished  during  the 
neriod  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and 
lie  shall  not  recei\e  within  that  pt-riod  any  oilier 
eni(ilniiu>nt  from  the  United  States,  or  aiiv  of 
(hem. 

Ilelore  lie  enters  on  the  execution  of  his 
office,  he  shall  take  the  following  oath  or  affir- 
mation : 

'  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  1  will 
faithfully  execute  the  office  of  President  ol 
the  Inited  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of 
my  ability,  preserve,  protect,  and  defend  (he 
constitution  of  the  I  oiled  States.' 

Sect.  '■J.  The  President  shall  be  commander  in 
chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  L'nited  States, 
and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States,  when 
culled  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United 
States  ;  he  may  reouiie  the  opinion,  in  writing, 
of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive 
departments,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the 
duties  of  their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall 
have  poner  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for 
offVuccs  against  the  Inited  States,  except  in 
cases  of  impeachment. 

He  shull  liave  power,  by  and  with  the  advice 


and  consent  of  the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  pro- 
vided two-thirds  of  the  senators  present  ctuiciir; 
and  he  shall  nominate,  and  b\  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  oi  the  Senate,  shall  appoint 
ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and  con- 
suls, judges  of  the  supreme  court,  an'  all  othiT 
officers  of  the  U^nited  Slates,  \viios(>  ipixiiiit- 
ments  are  not  htMeiii  otluMtvisi*  |)ro\idi>d  for, 
Kud  which  shall  be  e>(ablislie(l  by  law.  Hut  tin* 
Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of 
such  inferior  officers,  as  tliev  tiiink  proper,  in  the 
President  alom  ,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  t!:t> 
heads  of  departments. 

'J'hc  President  shall  liave  power  to  till  up  all 
vacancies  that  may  happen  during  tiie  recess  of 
thcSenate,by  granting  commissions,  which  shall 
expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

feect.  3,  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to 
the  Congress  information  of  the  state  of  the 
union,  and  recommend  to  their  causideration 
such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and 
expedient ;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions, 
convene  both  houses,  or  either  of  them  ;  and  in 
case  of  disagreement  between  them,  with  respect 
to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn 
them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper  ;  he 
shall  receive  ambassadors,  and  other  public  mi- 
nisters ;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be 
faithfully  executed,  and  shall  commission  all 
the  oiric'ers  of  the  United  States. 

Sect.  4.  The  President,  Vice  President,  and 
all  civil  officers  of  the  United  States,  shall  be 
removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and 
couvictio.i  of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high 
criiiK's  and  misdemeanors. 

Art.  ill. — Sect.  I.  The  judicial  power  of  the 
United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme 
court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Con- 
gress niav  from  time  to  time  ordain  and  '.-sta- 
blish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and 
inferior  courts,  shall  hoUl  >heir  offices  during 
good  behaviour,  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  re- 
ceive for  their  services  a  co'upensation,  w  hicli 
shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance 
in  office. 

Sect.  y.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all 
cases,  in  law  and  e<piity,  arising  under  this  con- 
stitution, the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and 
treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under 
their  authority  ;  to  all  cases  affecting  ambassa- 
dors, other  pidilic  ministers,  and  consuls  ;  to  all 
cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction  ;  to 
controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall 
be  a  |)arly  ;  to  controversies  between  two  or 
more  States,  between  a  State  and  citizens  of  J 


UNTIED    S  TATE  S 


4r, 


leiities,  pro- 
stMil  ccHicnr; 
1(1   with   tli«' 
hall  anpoiul 
•s,  antl  c»»i:- 
\n.'  all  oHu'i- 
)S('    ippoiiit- 
)i(>vi(li'il  t'tir, 
iw.     Hilt  thi" 
poiiitmriit  ol" 
iropiT,  ill  th«' 
i\v,  or  ill  tl:t' 

•  to  till  up  all 

the  lecesH  ol" 

s,  which  shall 

ijon. 

tiiuo  '^ivo  to 

!,lat«'  of  the 
cansideratioii 
iiowssary  and 
ai-y  occa!<ioiis, 
tlieiii ;  and  in 
II,  with  rcHpcct 

iniiy  adjourn 
ik  proper ;  he 
her  piildic  ini- 
t  the  laws  be 
oinniission    all 

President,  and 

tates,  shall  be 

inient  for,  and 

or  other   hif^h 

1  power  of  the 
n  one  supreme 
ts  as  the  Con- 
dain  and  '-sta- 
c  supreme  Vind 
•  offices  durinsf 
ated  times,  re- 
>nsation,  which 
eir  coiitinnance 

all  extend  to  all 
under  this  con- 
tcd  States,  and 
le  made,  under 
•ctins  ambassa- 

consuls ;  to  all 
jurisdiction  ;  to 
ed  States  shall 
letween   two  or 

nd  citizens  of  J 


fiMiother  State,  between  citizens  of  difl'erent 
Stales,  between  citizens  of  the  same  State  claim- 
ini{  iaiuls  under  {grants  of  ditlerent  States,  and 
betwe(?n  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and 
foreign  States,  citizeiiti,  or  subjects. 

Ill  all  cases  atVectiuj;' ambas8adors,oiher  public 
iniiusters,  and  consuls,  and  tlios:>  in  which  a 
Slate  shall  b«'  party,  the  supreme  roiirt  shall 
have  orii^iiial  jiirisdu-lion.  In  all  the  other  cases 
before  mentioned,  the  Huprcme  ccurt  shall  have 
appellate  jurisdiction,  both  an  to  law  and  fact, 
\iith  siicliexceptioiis,  and  under  such  reirulations, 
as  the  ("on^resc  shall  make. 

'I'lie  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  im- 
peachment, shall  be  by  jury ;  and  such  tri  I 
shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crime 
shall  have  been  committed  ;  but  w  hen  not  coiii- 
niitted  within  any  State,  the  trial  shall  he  at 
such  |)lac<'  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by 
law  have  directed. 

Sect.  .'J.  '1" reason  iigaiiist  tlie  (  nited  States 
shall  consist  only  in  lexyiiuj;  war  against  them, 
or  ill  iidlieriiig  to  tlieir  eiieiMies,  giving  them  aid 
and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  con\icted  of 
treiison  unless  on  the  testimouv  of  two  witnesses 
to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open 
court. 

Tlu'  Congress  shall  lia\e  power  to  declare  the 
puiiislim'iit  of  treason,  hut  no  attainder  of  trea- 
son shall  W(jrk  cori'ii|)lioii  of  lilood,  or  for- 
feiture, except  during  t!ie  lile  of  the  person  at- 
tainleil. 

Art.  IV.  Sect.  I.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall 
be  gi\eii  in  each  State  to  the  public  acts,  re- 
«'ortis,  and  jiulii'ial  |iroceediiigs  of  every  other 
State.  And  the  Congress  iiui\,  by  general  laws, 
prescribe  the  uianiier  in  t\  liicii  such  acts,  re- 
cords, and  |)roceediiigs.  shall  be  proved,  and  the 
effect  tiiereof. 

Sect.  'J.  Tlie  citizi'iis  of  each  State  shall  be 
(•ntitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of  ci- 
tizens in  the  several  States. 

A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason, 
iMoMv,  or  other  crime,  \\]ut  ^liali  flee  from  jus- 
tice, and  be  found  in  iuiolher  State,  shalli  on 
demand  of  the  executive  antluuity  of  the  .Stale 
from  w  liicli  he  lled,be.leli\ere(l  up,  t<»  be  removed 
to  the  Stale  having  JMrisdiction  of  the  crime. 

No  person  hel;!  to  ser\i(e  or  labour  in  one 
State,  under  iIk-  laws  thereof,  escaping  into 
aiiotiier,  shuil,  in  coiisecpience  of  any  law  <u- 
regulation  therein,  be  discharged  fr«)in  such  ser- 
vice or  labtuir,  but  sliall  be  delivered  up  on 
claim  t)f  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or 
labour  may  be  due. 


Sect.  3.  Sow  States  may  be  ndmittod  by  the 
Congress  into  this  union,  but  no  now  State  shall 
be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
any  other  State :  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the 
junction  of  two  or  more  States,  ov  parts  of 
Slates,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislatures 
of  the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  I'on- 
gress. 

'J'he  (Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of 
and  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  re- 
specting the  territory  or  other  property  belong- 
ing to  ithe  United  States:  and  nothing  in  this 
constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejmlice 
any  claims  of  the  United  Slates,  or  of  any  par- 
ticular State. 

Sect.  1.  The  United  Stales  shall  guamntee  to 
every  Slate  in  this  union  a  republican  form  of 
government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them 
against  invasion:  and  on  application  of  the  legis- 
lature, or  of  the  executive  (when  the  legislature 
cannot  be  convened)  iigainst  domestic  violence. 

Art.  V. — The  C'ongross,  whenever  two-thirds 
of  both  houses  shall  deem  it  necessary,  shall 
propose  amendments  to  this  coiistilnlioii,  or,  (ui 
the  applicali(Ui  of  the  legislatures  of  two-thirds 
of  the  several  Stateu,  shall  call  u  conventitui  for 
proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case, 
shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part 
of  this  constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legis- 
latures of  three-fourths  of  ihe  several  Slates, 
ov  by  coiiventioiis  in  three-fourths  thereof,  as 
the  one  or  Ihe  other  niotlo  of  ratiliealion  may  be 
propt>sed  by  tiie  Congress:  provided,  that  no 
amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the 
year  IStW,  shall  in  any  manner  allect  Ihe  first 
and  iitiirlh  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the 
first  article  :  and  that  no  Stale,  without  its  con- 
sent, shall  be  deprived  of  its  erpial  suffrage  in 
Ihe  Sfiiati'. 

Art.  \'l. — All  (l"!)ts  eonlracted,  and  enga";c- 
nieiits  entered  into  before  the  ndojition  of  lliis 
constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United 
Stales  under  this  constitution,  as  under  the  coii- 
lederalion. 

This  conslitiilion,  and  Ihe  laws  of  the  United 
States,  which  shall  be  made  in  |)nrsuance  there- 
of: and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be 
made,  under  the  authority  of  the  United  Stales, 
sliidl  be  the  snprenu'  law  of  the  land  :  and  the 
judges  in  every  Slate  shall  be  bound  thereby, 
any  tiling  in  the  constitution  (u-  laws  of  any  State 
to  the  contrary  nolwithstanding. 

The  Senators  ami  l{ppreseiitiiti\es  before  meii- 
tione<l,  and  the  Members  of  the  se.<ii'  Siate 
Legislature:;,  and  all   l^xccntive  and  Judicial] 


I 


4(( 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  i:  S. 


i 


I 


fi 


i  I , 


\l\ 


n 


(« 


[Officers,  both  of  the  United  States  and  of  the 
several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  aflir- 
niation  to  support  this  constitution  ;  but  no  reli- 
gious test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qiuilifi- 
cation  to  any  office  or  public  trust  under  the 
United  States. 

Art.  VII. — The  ratification  of  the  conventions 
of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  for  the  estu- 
l>lishnient  of  this  constitution  Iwtvveeii  the  States 
MO  ratifying  the  same. 

Done  in  Convention,  b^  the  unanimous  consent 
ofthe  States  present,  the  17th  da^  of  Septem- 
ber, in  the  year  of  our  I^ord  1787,  and  of 
the  Indopen'dence  ofthe  United  States  of 
America  the  12th.  In  witness  whereof,  wc 
have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names. 

Geouoe  Washington,  President. 
Signed  also  b^'  all  the  Delesates  which 
«  ere  present  from  Tw  elve  States. 
Attest.     Wii.i.iAM  .Iac'Kson,  Secretary. 

In  Convention,  Monday, September  17, 1787. 
Present, 
Tlie  States  of  New   Hampshire,  Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut,    Mr.  Hamilton    from 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Ca- 
rolina, South  Carolina,  and  (leorgia. 
Resolved,  That  the  preceding  constitution  be 
laid  before   the  United  States  in  Congr(>ss  as- 
.sembled,  and  that  it  is  the  opinion  of  tliis  Con- 
vention, that  it  should  afterwards  b<'  submitted 
to  a  Convention  of  Delegates,  chosen  in  each 
Stale  In   the  people  thereof,  under  the  recom- 
mendation of  Its  legislature,  for  their  assent  and 
ratification  ;  and  that  each  Convention  assenting 
to,  and  r;:tifying  the  same,  should  give  notice 
thereof  to  t)ie    United   States  in   Congress  as- 
sembled. 

Resolved,  'J'hat  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Con- 
vention, that  as  soon  as  the  C'onventiunsof  Nine 
States  shall  have  ratified  this  constitution,  the 
United  Slates  in  Congress  assembled  should  fix 
a  day  on  which  electors  should  be  appointed  by 
the  Slates  which  shall  have  ratified  the  same,  and 
a  day  on  which  the  electors  should  assemble  to 
vole  for  the  President,  and  the  time  and  place 
for  commencing  proceedings  under  this  consti- 
tution. That  alter  such  publication,  the  electors 
should  be  appointed,  and  the  senators  and  repre- 
sentatives elected  ;  that  the  electors  should  meet 
on  llie  day  fixed  for  the  election  of  the  Presi- 
dent, and  should  transmit  their  votes  certified, 
signed,  scaled,  and  directed,  as  the  conslilulion 
requires,  to  the  Secretary  of  the  United  States, 


in  Congress  assembled;  that  the  Senators  and 
Representatives  should  convene  at  the  time 
and  place  assigned ;  that  the  Senators  should 
appoint  a  Presulent  of  the  Senate,  for  the  sole 
purpose  of  receiving,  opening,  and  counting  the 
votes  for  President ;  und,  that  after  he  shall  be 
chosen,  the  Congress,  together  with  the  Presi- 
dent, should,  witnout  delay,  proceed  to  execute 
this  consilution. 

By  the  unanimous  order  ofthe  Convention, 

(JKonGR  Wasiiinoton,  Prettident. 

William  Jackson,  Secretary. 

In  Convention,  September  17,  1787. 

SIR, 

We  have  now  the  honour  to  submit  to  the  con- 
sideration of  the  United  States  in  Congress  as- 
send>led,  that  constitution  which  has  appeared  to 
us  the  most  ndviscable. 

The  friends  of  our  country  have  htiigseen  and 
desired,  that  the  power  of  making  war,  peace, 
and  treaties,  that  of  levying  money  and  regulating 
commerce,  and  the  correspondent  executive  and 
judicial  authorities,  should  be  fully  and  elfec- 
tually  vested  in  the  general  government  of  the 
union  -.  but  the  impropriety  of  delegating  such 
extensive  trust  to  one  body  of  men  is  evident. 
Hence  results  the  necessity  of  a  diftereni  organi- 
zation. 

It  is  obviously  impracticable,  in  the  federal 
government  of  these  Slates,  to  secure  all  rights 
of  independent  sovereignty  to  each,  and  yet  pro- 
vide for  the  interest  and  safety  of  all.  Indivi- 
duals entering  into  society  must  give  up  a  share 
ol  I'berly  to  preserve  the  rest.  The  magnitude 
ofthe  sacrifice  must  depend  as  well  on  situation 
and  circumstance,  as  on  the  object  to  be  allained. 
It  is  at  all  times  dinicnlt  to  draw  with  precision 
the  line  between  th<»se  riglits  wliich  must  be  sur- 
rendered, and  those  which  may  l)e  reserved;  and 
on  the  present  occasion  this  difiicully  was  in- 
creased by  a  ililVerence  among  the  several  States 
as  to  their  situation,  extent,  habits,  and  particu- 
lar interests. 

In  all  our  deliberations  on  this  subject  we  kept 
steadily  in  our  view,  that  which  appears  to  us  the 
greatest  interest  of  every  true  American,  the  con- 
solidation of  our  union,  in  which  is  involved  our 
prosperity,  felicity,  safely,  perhaps  our  national 
existence.  This  important  consideralion,  se- 
riousl>  and  deeply  impressed  on  our  minds,  Icsl 
each  state  in  the  convent  ion  to  be  loss  rigid  on 
points  of  inferior  iiiagiiilude  than  might  have 
oeen  otherwise  expected :  and  thus  the  constitu- 
tion, which  we  now  present,  is  the  result  of  a] 


■If 


K  f 


I 

:5 


UNITED    STATES. 


47 


•ntitors  and 
t  the  time 
tort)  should 
lor  the  Hole 
ountine  the 
he  Hhail  he 
I  the  Presi- 
to  execute 

>nvention, 
4,  PrcHideiit. 
ecretary. 

1787. 

it  to  the  con- 
I'oiigress  as- 
appeared  to 

[}nir  seen  and 
war,  peace, 
id  re^;ulatine 
xecutive  una 
y  and  elVec- 
iinieiit  of  the 
Icfifatin^  such 
n  is  evident, 
brent  orfjani- 

the  federal 
ire  all  rifj^hts 
and  yet  pro- 
all.  Indivi- 
e  up  a  share 
niai^niliide 

on  situation 

ho  uttainod. 

th  precision 
must  lie  sur- 

served :  and 
ulty  was  in- 
everal  States 

ind  particu- 

ject  wp  kept 
?ars  to  us  the 
can.  the  con- 
involved  our 
our  national 
eration,  se- 
r  niiiids,  lo<l 
OSS  rijvid  on 
might  have 
the  constitu- 
rosult  of  a  ] 


[spirit  of  amity,and  of  that  mutual  deference  and 
coiicoHsion  winch  the  peculiarity  of  our  political 
situation  rendered  indisponsalde. 

That  it  will  meet  the  full  and  entire  approha- 
tioii  of  every  State  itt  not  perhaps  to  he  cxpf>cted : 
hut  each  will  doulitlesH  consider,  that  had  her  in- 
terests l>eeii  alone  ciHisnlted,  the  consequenres 
niif(ht  have  b<<eii  particularly  disuf^rcvahle  or  in- 
jurious to  others ;  that  it  is  liahle  to  as  few  ex- 
ceptions as  could  reasonahiy  have  heeii  expected, 
we  hope  and  helieve :  that  it  may  promote  the 
lusting  welfare  of  that  country  so  dear  to  uh  all, 
and  secure  her  freedom  and  happiness,  io  our  most 
ardent  wish. 

With  preat  respect  we  have  the  honour  to  he, 
Sir,  your  Bxcollency's  most  olM'dient  and  hunihlc 
servants,       (ieouciK  Wasiiinoto.v,  President. 

By  unaniuions  order  of  the  Convention. 
His  Excellency  tiie  President  of  the  Congress. 

The  convontions  of  a  iiinnl)or  of  the  States 
having,  at  tli(>  time  of  their  adopting  the 
conslitiition,  expressed  a  desire,  in  order 
to  prevent  misconstruction  or  ahuse  of  its 
powers,  that  further  declaratory  and   re- 
strictive clauses  should  '>c  added;  and,  as 
extending  the  ground  oi  ,  iihlic  coiiKdence 
ill  llie  government,  will  host  ensure  the 
honelicent  ends  of  its  institution. 
Resolved  l>y  the  Senate  and  Mouse  <»f  llepre- 
sontatives  of  the  United  States  of  America  in 
Congress  assemhted,  two-thirds  of  luttli  houses 
coiunrriiig,  That  the  following  articles  he  pro- 
posed to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  States,  as 
amendments  to  the  constitution  of  the   United 
States,  all  or  any  of  which  articles,  when  ratified 
hy  three-fourths  of  the  said  legislatures,  to  he 
valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  the 
said  constitution :  viz. 

Articles  in  addition  to,  and  amendment  of, 
the  constitution  of  the  I'nited  States  of 
America,  proposed  hy  ('ongress,  and  rati- 
fied hy  the   legislatures  of  the  several 
States,*  pursuant  to  the  fifth  article  of  the 
original  constitution. 
Art.  I. — After  the  first  enumeration  required 
hy  the  fii'^^i  article  of  the  constitution,  there  shall 
lie  o:u^  representative  for  every  yO,0(K),  until  the 
niimher  shall  amount  to  100,  after  which  the  pro- 
portion shall  he  so  regulated  hy  Congress,  that 
there  shall  be  not  less  than  lOO"  representatives, 
nor  less  than  one  representative  for  every  40,000 
poisons,  until  the  number  of  representatives  shall 
amount  to  aOO,  after  which  the  proportion  shall 


bi>  so  regulated  by  Congress,  that  there  shall  not 
he  less  than  iJOO  representatives,  nor  more  than 
one  representative  lor  every  50,000  |)ersoiis. 

Art.  li. — No  law  varying  the  coinp4>nsation  fitr 
the  services  of  the  senators  and  representatives 
shall  take  eflTect,  until  an  election  of  representa- 
tives shall  hove  intervened. 

Art.  III. — Congress  shall  make  no  law  reppect- 
ing  an  establishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting 
the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  free- 
dom of  speech,  or  of  the  press ;  or  the  right  of 
people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition  the 
government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

Art.  IV. — A  well-regulated  militia  being  ne- 
cessary to  the  security  of  a  free  state,  the  right 
of  the  people  to  keep  and  licar  arms  shall  not  be 
infringed. 

Art.  v.— No  soldier  shall  in  time  of  peace  he 
nuarlered  in  any  house  without  the  consent  of 
tne  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war  hut  in  a  manner  to 
be  prescrilH'd  by  law. 

Art.  VI. — The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure 
in  their  persons,  nouses,  papers,  and  efl'ects, 
against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall 
not  be  violated,  and  no  warrants  shall  issue,  hut 
upon  probable  cause,  supported  hy  oatli  or  afiir- 
nintion,  and  particularly  descrihiiig  the  plaie  to 
be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  t<t  ho 
seized. 

Art.  VII. — No  iicrson  shall  be  hold  to  answer 
fiir  a  capital,  or  otlierwise  infamous  crime,  unless 
on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  Jury, 
except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces, 
or  in  the  militia  when  in  actual  service,  in  time 
of  war  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any  person 
be  subject  for  the  same  ofTencc  to  be  twice  put  in 
jeopiirdy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  coin|>ellcd 
in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  him- 
self, nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  i)ropeity, 
without  due  process  of  law ;  nor  shall  private 
property  be  taken  for  public  use  without  just 
compensaSion. 

Art.  VIII. — In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the 
accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and 
piihlic  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  Stale  and 
district  wherein  the  crime  sjiallhave  been  com- 
mitted, which  district  shall  have  been  previously 
ascertained  hy  law,  anil  to  be  informed  of  the 
nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation  ;  to  ho  con- 
fronted with  the  witnesses  against  him;  to  have 
compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in 
his  favo;;r,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel 
for  his  (iolonce. 

Art.  iX. — In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the 
value  in  controversy  shall  exceed  i?0  dollars, the] 


n 


.iiJ 


t  '  ! 
?(' 


V 


^1 


<  i 


48 


IJ  N  I  T  E  I)    S  T  A  T  i:  S 


fiifflit  of  frini  l»y.jtiiT  «linll  ho  prosorvcd.nnd  ni> 
I'art,  trinl  l»v  a  jiirv,  slinll  lu*  (tthcrwiMC  n«-«<x!i- 
iniiu'd  ill  Hiiv  vo\iv\  of  tlio  I'liitcd  (Stales,  than 
arcnnlinif  \o  lite  iiilos  ofHio  romninn  law. 

Arc.  X.-  I'jXiTssivo  bail  kIuiII  not  ho  iTqiiiirel, 
iH»r  oxcossivo  linos  iinnoNOil,  nor  criiol  and  uii- 
usual  piinisliiiioiits  iiiliictoil. 

Art.  XI. — Tlioonninoration  in  thoronstitiitioii 
of  rortaiii  rights  shall  not  h(>  conNtruod  to  deny 
or  disparn^o  othors  rotainod  hv  tho  pooplo. 

Art.  XII. — Tho  powors  not  jloli'^nUod  to  tho 
I'nitodStatos  hy  tho  ron.stitntion,  nor  prohihilod 
In  it  to  tho  Statos,  aio  rosorvod  to  tlio  States  ro- 
s|)octivoly,  or  lo  tho  pooplo. 

Tho  I'ollowiiiir  Stntos  have  ratitiod  ail  tho  t'oro- 
^oiiii;  artirlos  of  uinondmont  to  ino  oonstilntion 
oftho  (iiiloil  Stntos,  viz.  Marvhind,  N.Carolina, 
S.  Carolina,  Noh  Vork,  Virginia,  and  Vormonl. 
Now  llainpshii'o.  Now  .lorHov,  and  I'oiinsvlvania 
rojocl  llio  soroiid  artiolo:  and  Dolaware  rojorts 
tho  tir>l  arliclo.  NooirK-ial  roliirns  toonr  know- 
lodjjo  hii\o  hooii  itiado  iVom  tho  othor  Statos. 

Soriili/  ()/■  //ir  ('inri)innli. — This  socioty  «as 
inslitiitod  inunodiatoly  on  tliooloso  ol'tho  war  in 
I78.'j.  .At  thoir  first  jyoiioral  inootincj;  at  I'hilii- 
dolphin,  in  IVIay  I7SI,  thoy  altorod  and  ainoiiiiod 
Iho  original  inslitntion,  and  roducod  it  to  its 
prosoiit  lorm.  'I'lioy  doiioiiiinatod  thoinHolv«'s 
*'  Tho  .So('iot\  ol'  tho  Ciiuiiinati,"  froiii  tho  hi<;h 
vonoration  tlioy  possossod  for  tho  charaotor  of 
that  illustrious  Uonmn,  JiUcius  Quintius  Cinrin- 
iintuR. 

The  persons  who  oonstitnto  this  socioty,  aro 
all  tho  ooinmissionod  and  hrevot  ollicors  of  tho 
army  and  navy  «>f  tho  IJiiitod  Statos  wh(»  sorvod 
tliroo  yoars,  and  who  loil  the  service  with  repu- 
tation:  all  ortu'ors  who  wore  in  actual  service  at 
the  conclusion  oftho  v>ar:  all  tho  principal  stalV 
officers  of  the  continontal  army  :  and  tho  officers 
who  have  boon  deranged  l>y  tho  several  resolu- 
tions of  Congress  upon  the  difleront  reforms  of 
tho  army. 

There  wore  also  admitted  into  this  socioty  all 
the  ministers  of  his  most  Christian  Majesty  to  tho 
I  nited  Statos  :  all  the  generals  and  colonels  of 
regiments  and  legions  of  the  land  forces:  all 
tho  admirals  and  captains  ol'tho  navy,  ranking  as 
colonels,  who  had  co-oj)oralod  with  tho  armies  ol' 
tho  Tnited  States  in  their  exertions  lor  liltortv : 
and  such  other  persons  as  had  been  admitted  \iy 
the  respective  State  meetings. 

Tho  motives  which  originally  induced  tho 
oHicors  oftho  .\merican  army  to  Ibrm  thomsolvos 
into  a  society  of  friends,  are  summed  up  in  their 
circular  lottor.     "  Having,"  say  they,  "  lived  in 


tho  strictest  habits  of  nniity  through  th(>  various 
stagoi  of  a  war,  unparalleh>(l  in  many  of  its  cir- 
ciimstiincos;  liiiving  soon  the  objects  for  which 
wo  have  contended  happily  attained,  in  tho  nio- 
niont  of  triumph  and  separation,  when  we  were 
about  to  act  tho  last  pleasing,  melancholy  scone 
in  our  military  drama — |)loasing,  berau)>o  wo  were 
to  leave  «»ur  country  possessed  of  independence 
and  peace — melancholy,  because  we  wore  to  part, 
perhaps  never  to  moot  again  ;  while  ovorv  breast 
was  penetrated  with  feelings  which  can  be  more 
easily  conceived  than  «loscribed :  while  every 
little  act  of  tondernoss  recurred  fresh  to  tho  re- 
collection, it  was  impossible  not  to  wish  our 
friendships  should  he  rontinuod  :  it  was  ex- 
tremely natural  to  desire  thoy  might  bo  porpotu- 
nied  by  our  posterity  to  tho  n'motest  ages.  With 
those  impressions,  and  with  such  sentiments,  wo 
candidly  c<mfess  wo  signed  tho  institution. — We 
know  our  motives  were  irreproachable." 

The  society  have  an  order,  viz.  a  Dald  Ki\gh> 
of  gold.  iH'ariiig  on  its  breast  tho  emblems  do 
scribed  as  follows  : — 

Tho  principal  ligure  is  Cincinnatiis :  three 
senators  presenting  him  with  a  sword  and  othor 
military  ensigns:  on  a  field  in  the  back  ground, 
his  will*  standing  at  tho  door  of  thoir  cotta>ro : 
near  it  a  plough  and  othor  instruments  of  hus- 
bandly. Wound  tho  \\\\a\v.oniiiia  rr/ii/itit  sitxnn 
irmpiihlirani.  On  the  reverse,  the  sun  rising,  w 
city  with  open  gates,  and  vessels  entering  tho 
port :  I'ame  crowning (^inciiuiatiis  with  a  wreath, 
inscribed,  xirliilis  prwnihini.  Helow,  hands  join 
ing,  supporting  a  heart :  with  tin?  motto,  vsin 
prrpttiiii.  Round  tho  whole,  socirtas  Chirhimtli)- 
mill,  iiistitittd.  A.  0.  I7HJ. 

/IfSiriritftinr  and  Miiiiiif'nctiirra. — Tho  throe  im- 
portant objects  of  attention  in  the  C  nited  Staler 
are  agriculture,  comnu'rce,  and  mnnufacturos. 
The  richness  of  tho  soil,  which  amply  reward- 
tho  industrious  husl):indman ;  the  temperalun' 
of  tho  climate,  which  admits  of  steady  labour ; 
the  cheapness  of  land,  which  tempts  tho  fbroigmr 
from  his  native  homo,  has  always  led  tho  inhabi- 
tants to  fix  on  agricultiin>  as  the  groat  leading 
interest  of  this  country.  This  furnishes  oiitManl 
cargoes  not  only  for  all  thoir  own  sliij)s,  but  foi 
those  also  which  foreign  nations  send  to  their 
ports,  or,  in  othor  words,  it  pays  for  all  their 
importations:  it  supplies  a  groat  part  of  the 
clothing  of  the  inhabitants,  and  food  for  thoin 
and  their  cattle. 

'I'ho  number  of  people  oniployed  in  agrirulturc. 
is  at  least  three  parts  in  four  of  the  inhabitanl- 
of  the  United  States  ;  some  say  more.  It  follows } 


II' 


IJ  N  I  T  K  I)    s  r  A  r  K  s 


It) 


ifjli  Ihp  varioiH 
nnnv  »•'  i*'<  <"•!■• 
ijerts  iVir  which 
iioH,  in  <Iir  nio- 
wlicn  wi*  wore 
pliinrlioly  sceno 
icriuifo  wo  wore 
if  iiulopoiitlonco 
wo  wore  to  part, 
lilo  ovprv  hrPHst 
rli  cnn  Iw  in«»rc 
I :    whilr  cvovy 
IVcsIi  to  tlip  ro- 
ot   to  wish   our 
(I :     it    was  ox- 
iwjit  he  porpotii- 
itoHt  atjos.    With 
1  soiitiments,  wo 
iUHlitiilion.— We 
chalilo." 

i/.  a  MuiiJ  Eiiiflo 
ho  oinbioitis  do 

riiinatiH:  throo 
sword  and  othor 
I  ho  baok  irronnd. 
)!'  tlioir  oottiist*' : 
tniinonts  of  linx- 
<m  rrtii/Kit  strviin 
tho  snn  risinsj,  n 
sols  ontorinj;  tho 
\w  with  a  wroath. 
clow,  hands  Join 
tho  motto,  rsfo 
uiitn^  Ciiwiminti}' 

-'I'ho  throo  im- 
tho  IJnitod  Stalo-^ 
lid   ninnufacturo-;. 
h  ani|dy  rowaid- 
tho  tPinporatun- 
)f  stoady  lal)oiir ; 
n|)ts  tho  Ibroisnoi' 
ys  lod  tho  inhiil)i- 
iho  lyroat  Icadiiij; 
I'lniiishos  ontwiuil 
)\vn  shipH,  l)nt  Ten- 
ons sond  to  their 
pays  Ibr  all  tlwir 
>roat    part    of  tlu' 
lul   ibod  tor  thorn 

yodinaprirnltinc 

"of  tho  inhabitanl» 

moro.  It  follows] 


ir.f  t'onr^-o  (hat  thoy  form  tho  body  of  tho  militia, 
nlio  aro  llio  bnlmirk  of  tho  nation.  Tho  valno 
of  their  proporly.  oronpiod  by  aiyrindtnro,  is 
niaiiv  tiinos  j>roator  than  tho  pr<»porly  omplo\od 
ill  ovor\  oilier  way.  'I'lio  sottloinont  of  wasle 
laiicU,  ilio  sub-division  of  (iiruis,  and  tho  nniiio- 
roiis  iiii|)ro\eineii(s  in  hushniidry,  annually  iii- 
rroaxo  ilie  pro-ominonro  of  the  a^ritiiltiM'al  iiilo- 
rost.  'J'lio  resoiin-os  d<>rivod  from  it,  aro  at  all 
times  ceitiiin  and  indisponsably  necessary  :  Ih>- 
sides,  iIk-  rural  life  promotes  heallh  by  its  arlive 
nature;  and  nioralily,  by  keeping  people  from 
tile  liivuries  and  \  ic(>s  of  the  populous  towns. 
In  short,  aiiriciiltiiie  may  bo  considered  as  the 
spring:;;  of  coninierce,  and  the  parent  of  the  maiui- 
liicliiic'i  of  Ihc-e  States. 

Mniinfddinrs. — 'I'iie  subject  of  manufactures 
is  one,  ill  a  lii;;h  dojjree,  intereslih<>;  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  I  iiited  .States,  but  is  (oo  copious  to 
be  treat«'d  at  larp>  in  a  uork  of  this  kind.  >\  o 
shall  conlino  what  we  ha\<.'  to  say,  in  this  place, 
to  a  li  w  ^r(.||)'ral  observations  on  the  nianntac- 
lur(s  of  these  States,  and  to  an  onumeialion  of 
siK  h  articU's  as  have  been  alreadv  nniniilactnred. 
Mr.  Ilainillon,  Secretary  of  the  Troasiii  \  in  the 
I'liited  Stalls,  in  his  '•  lloport  on  the  Subject  of 
Maiiiiliiilurex,"  and  the  writer  (supposed  to  be 
Mr.  ("«>\e,  .Assistant  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Trea- 
sury) (d"''  .\  bri(>f  Kxaminationof  LordSJieirn  Id's 
OiiMrvations  on  the  Conimerco  of  the  I  iiitod 
Slates,  ■  in  ivut  supplementary  notes  on  Am*  rican 
uiaiuiliiitiires,  have  j;i\on  the  fulh-st  and  iiio>l  ac- 
curate inforniation  on  this  subject.  To  them  the 
reader  is  relerred.  if  ho  wishes  Ibr  a  more  parti- 
cular account  of  the  mauuliictnres  than  is  hero 
f-iven.— They  j  re  the  principal  authorities  for 
^vlial  follows. 

The  value  of  laboiir-sav insy  machines  has,  in 
voMie  <ie»ree,  been  kiiovui  and  experienced  here; 
ami  by  their  i>(>neral  adoption  in  their  most  im- 
proved state,  to  tho  cotton,  llaxen,  hompon,  me- 
tal, and  part  of  the  vuxillen  and  silken  branches: 
bnl  by  no  means  yd  to  such  a  def>reo  as  lo  be 
indepeiideiit  of  Uritish  and  other  foreif>n  nianu- 
tacliires.  As  to  advantaffooiis  silualionn  for  the 
erecticMi  of  mills,  and  Ibr  the  establishmont  of 
manufactures  in  <ieiieial,  no  rctuntrv  has  more, 
and  ivw  so  many  as  the  I  iiited  States  :  it  is  also 
far  from  beiiij>,  (leljcient  in  iiisreuious  mechanics, 
who  aro  ci>i,abl»"  not  onU  of  erectiiifr  machiiie.- 
alroady  invented,  and  niakiiij>  improAeiiients  upon 
them,  but  also  of  inxeiiliuj.  lu-w  machines  of  the 
most  complicated  and  useful  kind. 

The  establishmont  of  inaniiliK  liin--  \v,\^  natn- 
\  oi,.  \ . 


rall>  increaxod  the  indncemoni-  which  this  conn- 
try,  in  its  present  slate,  hohlM  out  lo  lbreit;iierri 
to  come  to  it  and  bocoiiie  citi/oiis.  The  oppres- 
.-lion  that  is  o.\perionc4>d  by  the  people  in  some 
purls  of  l''nropo,  and  tho  distress«>s  that  innlli- 
Indo'i  are  brou;;'ht  into  by  lh«>  disltiibi<d  state  of 
so  many  kingdoms,  have  excited  a  disposition  in 
niany  ofthoir  valuable  citi/ens,  toemi<;rate  lo  a 
connlry  nlnn'o  they  may  enjoy  freedinii  and  peace. 
Tho  elfecl  of  innllipl>iii^  ilie  opportunities  ol 
oinplo>ment  to  thosi-  who  omi^ralo,  by  manuliic- 
tnrul  establishments,  to  a  still  greater  det<;reo, 
would  probably  be  an  increase  <d'the  number  and 
extent  of  valuable  ac<|uisilions  to  the  population, 
arts,  and  industry  of  tho  country  ;  ImiI  a  very 
iiiaterial  objection  has  been  maile  to  the  pursuit 
of  inannliictnres  in  the  I'nited  Stal<'s,  which  is 
the  impraclicabililv  ol  success,  arisiii<>  tiom  scar- 
city of  hands,  doainess  of  labour,  and  want  of 
capital.  The  last  «>f  thos«-  circnm^tances,  want 
«d'  capital,  has  perhaps  little  founilalion.  With 
i'0}>ai-d  to  the  scarcity  of  hands,  the  'iicl  is  appli- 
cable to,  at  loa>t,  certain  parts  of  the  I  nited 
.Stales.  'I'hei'o  are,  on  tlu-  ollitr  hand,  lari;) 
<lislricls,  vtliich  may  be  considered  a>  pretty  fully 
peopled.  :  <id  which,  nolwilhstandinir  a  continual 
ilrain  <<<r  distant  s<'tllements,  are  lliicklv  inlei- 
snersed  with  lionrishiii"  and  increasing  tnwnn- 
(  onnectient  and  IMassichiisells  contained  as  far 
ba«k  as  the  census  of  I7})t),  on  tin  average,  as 
many  as  .V*  inhabitants  to  every  s(piaro  mile; 
and  the  coniiiv  id'l'isse.x,  in  MassachuM-tts,  avo- 
rajied  IJ.">  inhabitants  to  every  stpiare  mih>. 
This  latter  district  has  alreadt  reached  the  point 
at  which  the  complaint  of  searcity  (d"  hands 
cea^es;  and  the  above-mentioned  slates  at  lar^o 
are  not  liir  remote  from,  and  aro  approacliiiii> 
fast  towards  it;  and  having,  perhaps,  fewer  at- 
tractions to  ajrricnlturo  than  some  othor  more  v. 
and  tompeiato  parts  of  the  union,  thoy  exhibit 
a  proportioiuibly  stronger  propensity  to  tin-  pur- 
suit of  inannfactiires,  whicfi  is  exempliliod  in  the 
maturity  which  some  branches  have  already  at- 
tained in  those  districts. 

Hot  there  are  circumstances  that  materially 
diminisli  «"very  where  the  olloct  of  a  scarcity  of 
hands.  These  circumstances  are  the  fjreal  us«' 
which  may  be  made  of  women  and  children— the 
vast  extension  f;iven,  by  late  iinprov<  iiieiil-.,  to 
the  employ  nieiit  of  machines,  which,  Mibslitutin.'i 
the  apcncy  of  lire  and  water,  has  prodif^ioiisU 
li's-ened  "the  necessity  for  inaniial  labour;  and 
la>ll>,  llu'  attraction  «>fforei<>ii  <  iiii;;rants.  in  all 
the  populous  towns  th<ic  i>  alreadv  a  larne  [tro- 
ll 


3 


*    iu 


\'in 


t.  : 


UNITED    STATES. 


I  portion  ol'iii^oiiiniH  and  vnltiiiltlt'  uorkmrn  in 
(lilli'iTnt  arK  and  trader,  wlio,  liv  romini;  liilhrr 
iVoni  l''Mro|K>,  liav<>  iin|>i'o\«<d  (heir  own  rondi- 
lioii.  and  added  to  the  indnslrv  and  wcultli  oi' 
lli(>  I  nilcd  S(:i(cs.  Il  is  a  natnral  infcroncf, 
li-oin  the  i>v|u>rifn('t>  ain-adv  luid,  that  as  soon 
iis  (Ih>  I  iii(fd  Slates  sliall  |>r(<s<>iit  the  connle- 
nance  of  a  serious  pros<><Mition  id'  inanuractin'es  ; 
as  soon  as  lorei^n  artists  shall  In>  made  sensible, 
that  the  slate  oi'thiiiirs  hen*  att'ords  a  incn'al  cer- 
taintv  of  eiu|)lo\  inenl  and  eiK-oiirau^enient,  com- 
petent niiinhers  of  I-'iiropean  workmen  will  trans- 
plant llieins<'l\es.  so  as  elVei*tuallv  to  ensure  the 
Hiucvss  of  t!ie  (Icsiijii.  'riie.so  rinMimslances  snl- 
ficieiili\  (<l>\iate  tlie  ohjeetioii  which  arises  tVoin 
n  sr  :rrMV  (iIImiuIs. 

Hilt,  Id  a!i  the  nririintents  which  are  l)ron!;ht 
to  evince  ilie  iiiipraclicahilitv  of  success,  in  manii- 
riicliii  iii<l  I'slaldishments  in  the  I'niled  Slates,  il 
\u)iil'l  !)•'  a  f'lHicient  answer,  to  refer  to  the  e\- 
p  rieri  ••  of  \»liHt  has  Ihumi  alre;idy  done.  1 1  can- 
iioi  lie  detii'd  tlial  several  important  hranches 
lia\e  ^roxMi  lip  and  lloiirished,  with  a  rapidity 
w'licli  surprises ;  atlordin^  an  encouraKin»;  as- 
siiraiic."  of  success  in  fiilure  attempts.  Of  these 
tla- fo'-iwiii";  are  the  most  consi<(eral)le,  viz. — 
Of  Sjkiiis:  lanned  and  tawod  leathers,  dressed 
skins,  shoes,  hoots,  and  slippers,  harness,  and 
saddlerv  of  all  kinds,  portmanteaus,  and  trunks, 
leather  breeches,  jrlovi's,  niuH's,  and  tippets, 
parchment  and  ^lue.  Of  Irtm;  bar  and  sheet- 
iron,  ste<>l,  nail  rods  and  nails,  implements  of 
hus!)aii(!rv,  stoves,  pots  andoth(>r  luuisehold  uten- 
sils, ilie  steel  and  iroii  w<H'k  of  carriu!>;rs  and  for 
s|iii)-l>uil(lin<>;,  anchors,  scale  beams  and  weijrhts, 
anil  various  tools  of  artificers,  arms  of  dilFereiit 
kinds.  Of  \V(.od;  ships,  cabinet  wares,  and  tiir- 
nerv,  wool  and  cotton  cards,  and  other  machinery 
for  luannfactures  and  husbandrv,  mathematical 
instruments,  coopers  wares  of  i-very  kind.  Of 
I'lax  and  llemp:  cables,  sail-cloth,  cordajje, 
twiiu'  and  packthread.  ()f  ("lay  ;  bricks  aiui 
roar-e  tiles,  and  jiotters  wares.  .Ardent  spirits 
and  mall  liipiors.  Wriliiiir  and  printing  paper, 
sheathiiii;  and  wrappinir  paper,  pastelioards,  ful- 
lers or  press  papers,  and  paper  hanirin^s.  Mats 
of  fur  and  wixd,  and  mixtures  of  both.  W«)mens 
stud'  and  silk  shoes.  Refined  siia;«rs.  Chm-o- 
late.  Oil  of  animals  and  seeds,  soap,  spermaceti 
and  tallow  candles.  Copper  and  brass  wares, 
particularly  utensils  for  distillers,  sii^ar-reliners 
and  brew<>rs,  hand  irons  and  other  articles  for 
household  use.  Clocks,  phil.)sophical  apparatii 
Tin  wares  of  almost  all  kinds  for  ordinary  usi 


tus. 

use. 


Curria^:cH  of  all  kindx.  Hniit)',  rhewiiii{  and  Huiok- 
n^:  t«d)arco.  Starch  niid  hair  powder.  Ijainp- 
black  and  other  painters  cidours.     (riiiipowder. 

Desides  the  maniiracdire  of  these  urIicloH, 
which  are  carried  on  as  ret>;iilur  trades,  and  have 
attained  to  a  cmisiderable  dei;re*>  of  maturity, 
there  is  a  vast  scene  of  household  maniifartiir- 
in<r,  which  c<mtribiites  very  hir^ely  to  the  supply 
of  the  c(Hnmiinily.  These  domestic  manufactures 
are  prosecuted  as  well  in  (he  Southern,  as  in  the 
.Middle  and  Northern  States;  threat  qiiaiilitieH  of 
coarsi>  cloths,  coatings,  serges  and  llaniiels,  jinsev 
woolseys,  hosiery  of  wool,  cotton  and  threuil, 
coarse  fustians,  jeans  and  muslins,  checked  and 
striped  cotton  and  linen  |;o(mIs,  iM'dtirks,  cover- 
lets, and  ronnterpanes,  tow  linens,  coarse  sliirt- 
in^;s,  sheeting's,  towellini(  and  table  linen,  and 
various  mixtures  of  wool  and  cotton,  and  of  cot- 
ton and  Hax,  are  made  in  the  lioiiseludd  way, 
and  in  many  instances,  to  an  extent  not  only  sut'- 
ticient  for  the  supply  of  the  families  in  which  they 
are  made,  but  for  sale,  and  even  in  some  cases 
for  exportation.  Il  is  computed  in  a  number  of 
districts,  that  two-thirds,  three-fourths,  foiir- 
lillhs,  and  in  sinne  places  even  a  ifreater  propor- 
tion of  all  the  clothiii<^  of  the  inhabitants  is  iiiiide 
by  themselves. 

The  above  enumeration  does  not  comprehend 
all  the  article!)  that  are  manufactured  as  refruhir 
Irades.  The  followiiii;  articles,  tlnuiirh  inanu- 
liictiired  in  a  less  extensive  degree,  and  some  of 
them  in  less  perfection,  (uiirjit  to  Im>  added. — 
(•old,  silver,  pewter,  lead,  glass  and  stone  wares 
of  many  kinds,  books  in  various  languages,  print- 
ing types  and  presses,  bells,  combs,  buttons,  corn 
fans,  ploughs  and  all  other  implements  of  hus- 
bandry. Some  of  these  are  still  in  their  infancy, 
as  are  others  not  enumerated,  but  which  are  at- 
tended with  iavourable  appearances.  There  are 
other  articles  also  of  very  great  importance, 
which,  though  strictly  speaking,  iiianuiactiires, 
are  omitted,  as  being  immediately  connected  with 
husbandry  :  such  are  Hour  and  meal  of  all  kinds, 
pot  and  |>eurl  ashes,  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  maple 
sugar,  wine,  and  the  like. 

The  manufacture  of  nii'.ple  sugar,  though  it  has 
for  many  years  been  carried  on,  in  the  small  way, 
in  the  Kastern  Slates,  has  but  very  lately  l>ecome 
an  object  of  public  attentioh.  The  Eastern  and 
Middle  States  t'urnish  a  siiflicient  number  of  ma- 
ple trees  to  supply  the  I'nited  States  with  the 
article  of  siigr.r :  anti,  it  is  asserted,  of  a  ipiality 
"  equal,  in  the  opinion  of  competent  Judges,  to 
the  best  sugars  imported  from  tlio  West  India  ' 


II     ' 


u  N  I T  i:  D  s  r  A  r  e  s 


•)i 


ilia;  iiiul  Hiiiok- 
v((or.     lininp- 
( tiiiip<»w(l«'r. 
ilicso   niiioles, 
(U'H,  und  liave 
»  of  inuturity, 
il  inniuifartiir- 
{ to  \\w  Hiippl.y 
I'  lmuu^^Ht•tllro^. 
hern,  as  in  the 
lit  quant itit'H  of 
tlanneN,  linHev 
III  and  threud, 
8,  clicckod  and 
M'dticks,  covcr- 
iH,  coarse  Hliirt- 
tble  linen,  and 
on,  and  of  n)t- 
lioiiseliold  way, 
lit  not  only  hiiI- 
t'H  in  which  they 
I  in  Home  cases 
in  a  nuinlier  of 
-t'ourths,    four- 
jrreater  prop»»r- 
abitants  is  made 

not  comprehend 
ured  as  repvilar 

though  maiui- 
•c,  anil  some  of 
to  Ik*  added. — 
and  stone  wares 
lanjjnujres,  print- 
|)s,  Itnttons,  corn 
ItMuents  of  lins- 

in  their  infancy, 
it  wliich  are  at- 
ices.  There  ar«' 
•oat  importance, 
;,  maiiufactiires, 
y  connected  w  itii 
neal  of  all  kinds, 
Ill-pent  ine,  maple 

riir,  th(nisj;h  it  has 
w  the  small  way, 
[>i-y  lately  Ih-coiiu- 
The  Kastern  ami 
t  number  of  ma- 
1  States  witli  the 
ted,  of  a  ijuality 


I  i!.lan(ls."  It  has  Immmi  also  said,  "  that  four  w 
tiw  and  indiistiitnis  men,  well  provided  »»ith 
materials  and  coii\eiiieiices  proper  lor  carrying 
on  the  imsiiifss,  mi^;hl  make,  in  a  common  sea- 
son, which  lasts  from  four  to  six  we«'k!<,  KMJOIbs. 
of  siijcar,  that  is  l(K)Olbs,  to  each  man."  No(- 
willistandiii|u:  this  the  esiiort  of  snjjar  front  th*- 
Wi'-t  Indies  has  been  always  incl-eaHill^^  No 
less  than  IS,()(N),(NM)lbs.  of  West  India  siiuram 
tvere  annually  imported  into  and  consumed  in  the 
I'niled  Stales  as  lar  back  as  the  year  I7'M>,  and 
the  (|uanlity  has   been  increuNin^  with  the  eii- 

^      iai-tfed  demand  of  a  frrowin^  po|)ulati«m. 

^  r'itiiiiin. — The  revenue  of  the  I'nited  States  is 

raised  from  duties  on  the  tonnage  of  \t>ssels  en- 
ler«-d  in  the  I  nited  States,  and  on  imported 
^oods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  and  fiimi  an  ex- 
cise on  various  articles  of  ctmsiimption.  The 
anioimt  of  the  diili<-s  arising  «in  flu*  tonnage  of 
vesN(>|s,  for  the  year  commeiiciui!;  Octoln-r  I, 
I7f)(),  and  ending  September  JO,  I7f)l,  amounted 
to  I  t.'>,JI7  dollars.  The  duties  arising  on  i;ot)ds, 
wares,  and  nuM-chandise,  for  the  same  year, 
amounted  to  J,()()G,7'J'2  didlars.  The  whole 
amount  of  the  revenue  from  the  e.\cise  at  that 
period  was  I. );iX),()(H)  dollars. 

The  revenue  is  appropriated  lo  the  purposes 
of  supporting;  the  civil    and   military   establish- 
ments, to  the  payment  of  the  inteivst,  and  (he 
diminution  of  tiie  principal  of  the  public  debt. 
In  the  year  follow intr,  Oetober  I,  ITSf),  the  e\- 

[ lenses  and  revenue  of  government  were  as  fol- 
ows  : — 

Kxpeiises. 
IMs:  (Is: 

-  -     -     afln,y7f)     jj 

-  -     -       .'»().7,"»()       7 

-  -     -     .'J<)n,lfJ9     54 


Civil  Fiist  -  -  - 
Addiliimal  expense 
War  Deparlnient  - 


Duties  on  Imports 
Duties  on  'J"()nnaj>e 


Total     74U,2;i'J     14 

Revenue. 
l)o/s.   (ts. 

■  -     l,9(W,7f)0     48 

■  -        IGJ,4().J     m 


Total     'i,0()<),l75    47 


letent 
tl 


ent  ludi 

10  VVest 


iidfje> 


to 
India ! 


I'lom  a  report  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasiirv, 
or.laniiaiy  yj,  I79:i,  it  ap|)rar.s  that  the  whole 
iiiiioi.ut  of  the  domestic  debt  of  the  United  States, 
principal  and  interest,  which  had  been  subscribed 
to  tin-  loan  nroposcd  conceriiiiifr  that  debt,  by  the 
act   intituled,  '■'■  An  act  niakiujj  provision  tin- the 


debt  of  the  I  nited  Slates,"  was  31,707,181   did- 
lars. '2V  cents. 

which,  piirsuanl  to  the  terms  of  l)o/s.     ('Is. 

that  act,   had  lieeii  converted 
into  stock,  bearing  an  inime- 
«!iate  interesi  of  (i  per  cent.  -     H.I77,lJO     l.'J 
Stock  bearin:;  the  like  interest 

mm.  .Ian.  I,  iSOl,     -      -      -        7,(WS,7'>7     7'l 
Slock  beariiii;  an  immediate  in- 
terest of  3  per  cent.    -    -    -    ii),.j;ji,JOJ      II 

Making  together     y|,7*)7,lHl     'A> 

Of  which  there  stood  to  the  credit  of  the  trus- 
tees of  the  sinking  fund,  in  consetpieiice  of  piir- 
(hases  ol'  the  public  debt  made  under  their  di- 
rection, the  sum  of  l,l,'il,.'i(>4  ihdlars,  7()  cents. 

The  nnsiibscribed  residue  of  the  said  debl 
amounted  to  ll).fili),()04  dollars,  (i.j  cents. 

The  debts  of  the  respective  states  collectively 
were  estimated  to  amoiiiit  to  t?.>,4()J,*J()'i  dollars, 
of  which,  i^l,.'>(H),(K)l)  had  been  nssumed,  anil 
I7,()7y,j.'j|  iV,  subscribed,  agreeably  to  act  of 
Congress  of  .August  4,  I7f)0. 

The  amount  of  a  debt  due  to  certain  foreign 
olVicers,  who  served  the  I'nited  States  during  the 
late  war,  with  arrears  of  interest,  was  '■^'iO^iiXii 
dollars,  SI  cents. 

The  whole  amoiint  of  the  foreign  debt  of  the 
Ciiited  .Slates  at  the  above  period  was  iiiiout 
h>,(K)(),(MK)  dollars;  of  which  about  (i,<H)0,INH) 
were  due  lo  I'rance,  and  the  rest  to  Holland. 
'I'lie  executive  hail  l)(*eii  empowered  to  make  an 
additional  loan  in  Holland,  siillicient  to  pay  the 
debt  lo  I'rance;  and  measures  for  that  ])iirposo 
were  afterwards  carried  into  elVect  witli  regard 
to  Holland. 

The  act,  making  provision  for  the  deiit  of  the 
United  States,  appropriated  the  proceeds  of  the 
;.'.  lands  as  a  fund  for  the  discharge  of  the  ptiblic 
debt.  And  the  act,  making  provision  for  the  re-^ 
diiction  of  the  public  debt,  appropriated  nl!  the 
surplus  of  the  duties  on  imports  and  tonuiige,  to 
the  end  of  the  year  I7f)0,  to  the  piirjjosp  t>f  pur- 
chasing the  debt  at  the  market  price ;  and  au- 
thorised tile  l*rosi(l(Mit  to  borrow  the  further  sum 
of  y,000,()()0  of  dollars  for  the  same  object.— 
These  measures  were  meant  by  the  legislature, 
as  early  and  aH  fast  as  possible,  to  iirovide  for 
the  extlngiiisiiment  of  the  existing  debt. 

In  the  year  I7«l(),   the  average  proportion   of 

his  earnings  which  each  citizen  of  the    I'nited 

States  paid  for  the  support  of  the  civil,  military. 

and  naval  establishments,  and  for  the  dischargel 

II  'i 


Mf 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


m    Hi 


1.8 


U    ill  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


\ 


iV 


^ 


% 


^  V'»  ^ 

^^.1^ 


'%^ 


se-kSSi&tM&n^'jfJ''- 


UNIT  i:  1)    8  T  A  T  E  S. 


n^ : 


'.'* 


I  ol'tliu  interpst  oftlio  public  debts  of  his  country, 
was  iibotit  Ij  (iolluiA;  (•qiial  to  two  dayn  l!il>oiir 
nearly  ;  that  is,  ii,()0(),()0()  of  dollars  to  4,000,000 
of  people.  In  Great  Hritain,  France,  Flolland, 
Spain,  Portugal,  (lerinany,  &c.  tlie  taxes  for 
these  objects,  on  an  ?in'ra<re,  amounted  to  about 
Gi  dollars  to  eacli  per-son. 

l'"rom  the  best  data  that  could  be  collected,  the 
taxes  in  the  United  States,  for  county,  town  and 
parish  purposes ;  for  the  support  of  schools,  the 

[>oor,  roads,  &c.  appeared  to  be  considerably 
ess  than  in  the  counti'ies  of  Europe ;  and  per- 
haps the  objects  of  th(  m,  except  in  roads,  was 
attained  in  a  more  pertect  degree.  Great  preci- 
sion is  not  to  be  expected  in  these  calculations  ; 
but  we  have  sufficient  documents  to  prove  that 
these  assertions  are  not  far  from  the  trutli.  The 
proportion  in  the  United  States  is  well  ascer- 
tained ;  and  with  equal  accuracy  in  France,  by 
Mr.  .Veckar ;  and  in  England,  Holland,  Spain, 
and  other  kingdoms  in  Europe,  by  him,  Zimmer- 
man, and  other  writers  on  the  subject. 

For  the  objects  of  the  late  war  and  civil  go- 
vernment, in  the  United  States,  nearly  12,000,000 
of  dollars  were  annually  raised,  for  nine  years 
successively,  apportioned  on  the  number  of  in- 
habitants at  that  period,  which  amounted  to  a 
little  short  of  four  dollars  to  ea^h  person.  This 
was  raised  principally  by  direct  taxes.  Perhaps 
a  contribution  of  six  dollars  a  person  would  not 
have  been  so  severely  felt,  had  a  part  of  it  been 
raised  by  impost  and  excise. 

The  public  debt  in  1793,  was  perhaps  smaller 
to  the  existing  wealth  and  population  of  the 
United  States  than  the  public  debt  of  any  other 
civilised  nation.  They  had  ii*<  fact,  (including 
the  o])erations  of  the  individual  States)  sunk  a 
much  greater  proportion  of  their  public  debt  ni 
the  previous  10  years,  than  any  nation  in  the 
world.  The  government  had  never  since  its  or- 
ganization obtained  considerable  loans  at  the 
rate  of  6  per  cent,  a  year,  except  from  the  bank 
of  tlie  United  States ;  and  these,  on  a  capital  of 
10,000,000,  never  amounted  to  7,000,000  in  the 
whole.  In  proportion  to  the  amount  wanted  for 
the  service  of  the  year,  and  to  the  increase  of 
stock  of  the  public  debt  at  market,  the  terms 
have  naturally  become  less  favourable;  notwith- 
standing the  commissioners  of  the  sinking  fuitd 
are  bound  by  existing  laws  to  apply  the  residue 
of  the  annual  appropriation  of  8,000,000  a  year 
to  the  purchase  of  stock.  Before  we  proceed  fur- 
ther it  will  be  convenient  to  introduce  a  brief  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  the  bank. 


This  bank  was  incorporated  by  act  of  Con- 
gress, February  2j,  1791,  by  the  name  and  style 
of  "  The  President,  Directors,  and  Compai'y  of 
yhe  Bank  of  the  United  States."  The  amount  of 
the  capital  stock  was  10,000,000  dollars,  one- 
fourth  of  which  was  in  gold  and  silver  ;  the  other 
three-fourths,  in  that  part  of  the  public  debt  of 
the  United  States,  which,  at  the  time  of  pay- 
ment, bore  an  accruing  interest  of  6  per  cent, 
per  annum.  Two  millions  of  this  capital  stock 
of  10,000,000  was  subscribed  by  the  President, 
in  behalf  of  the  United  States.  The  stockholders 
were  to  continue  a  corporate  body  by  the  act, 
until  March  4,  1811  ;  and  were  capable,  in  law, 
of  holding  jjroperty  to  an  amount  not  exceeding, 
in  the  whole,  13,000,000  dollars,  including  the 
aforesaid  10,000,000  dollars,  capital  stock.  The 
corporation  were  not  allowed  at  any  time  to 
owe,  whether  by  bond,  bill  or  note,  or  other 
contract,  more  than  10,000,000  dollars,  over  and 
above  the  monies  then  actually  deposited  in  the 
bank  for  safe  keeping,  unless  the  contracting  of 
any  greater  de'.t  should  have  been  previously 
authorised  by  a  law  of  the  United  States.  The 
corporation  "was  not  at  liberty  to  receive  more 
than  (i  per  cent,  per  annum  tor  or  upon  its  loans 
or  discounts ;  nor  to  purchase  any  public  debt 
whatever,  or  to  deal  or  trade,  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, in  any  thing  except  bills  of  exchange, 
gold  or  silver  bullion,  or  in  the  sale  of  goods 
really  and  truly  pledged  tor  money  lent,  and  not 
redeemed  in  dii-  time,  or  of  goods  which  should 
be  the  produce  of  its  bonds  ;  but  they  might  sell 
anypartofthepublicdebtofu'hich  its  stock  should 
be  composed.  Loans,  not  exceeding  100,000 
dollars,  might  be  made  to  the  Ihiited  States,  sind 
to  particular  States,  of  a  sum  not  exceeding 
60,000  dollars. 

Officers  for  the  purposes  of  discount  and  de- 
posit only,  might  be  established  within  the 
United  States,  upon  the  same  terms,  and  in 
the  same  manner,  as  should  be  practised  at 
the  Bank.  Four  of  these  offices,  called  Branch 
Banks,  were  almost  immediately  established,  viz. 
at  Philadelphia,  Boston,  New  York,  Baltimore, 
and  Charleston,  A lexaiulria,  &c.  when  they  di- 
vided a  profit  of  7|  to  Sj  per  cent,  in  quarterly 
payments.  The  faith  of  the  United  States  was 
pledged  that  no  other  bank  should  he  establislied 
by  any  future  law  of  the  UniteH  States,  during 
the  continuance  of  the  above  corporation.  The 
great  benefits  of  this  bank,  as  it  respects  public 
credit  and  commerce,  have  been  invariably  ex- 
perienced.] 


UNITED    STATES. 


ly  act  of  Coil- 
name  and  style 
nd  Company  ot" 
Tlic  amount  of 
)  dollars,  one- 
ilver :  the  other 
public  debt  of 
3  time  of  pay- 

of  6  per  cent. 
s  capital  stock 

the  President, 
he  stockholders 
ody  by  the  act, 
apable,  in  law, 

not  exceedina;, 
,  including  the 
tal  stock.  The 
it   any  time  to 

note,  or  other 
oUars,  over  and 
eposited  in  the 
I  contracting  of 
3cen  previously 
hI  States.  The 
o  receive  more 
r  upon  its  loans 
any  public  debt 

irectly  or  indi- 
s  of  exchange, 
le  sale  of  goods 
ey  lent,  and  not 
Is  which  should 

they  might  sell 

its  stock  should 
ceding   100,000 

ited  States,  and 

not  cxceedinsj 


scount  and  do- 
?d    within    the 

terms,  and  in 
le    practised   at 

,  called  Branch 
established,  viz. 
ork,  Baltimore, 

when  they  di- 
it.  in  quarterly 
lited  States  was 
d  be  established 
fi  States,  during 
•poration.     The 

respects  pul)lic 
1  invariably  ex- 


f  Tlie  several  funded  capitals,  together  with  the 
prices  of  stocks  in  January  of  the  present  year 
JSI4,  were  as  follows  : — 

3  per  cent.      -     -     -     .56  \ 

<)U\(i  percent.    -     -  lO'i/ 

New  ()  per  cent.     -     iO,5    the  whole  nominal. 

Louisiana  ()  per  cent.  J0.5  \ 

Bank  shares       -       -  lOS  ) 

Reverting  to  the  subject  of  the  national  debt, 
as  it  affects  the  more  immediate  time,  we  lind 
that  the  payments  on  account  of  the  principal  of 
(he  public  debt,  from  October  1,  1810,  to  De- 
cember '3\,  ISII,  exceeded  6,400,000  dollars. 
VV^ilh  the  exception  of  the  annual  reimbursement 
of  the  6  per  cent,  and  de'^erred  stocks,  there  re- 
mained at  the  end  of  the  year  181 1  no  other  por- 
tion of  the  public  debt  reimbursable  at  the  will 
of  the  United  Slates  than  the  residue  of  con- 
verted stock,  amounting  to  .j6,5,000  dollars,  ami 
which  was  to  be  paid  in  the  year  I8!2.  There 
being  nothing  afterwards  left,  on  which  the  laws, 
passed  subsequently  to  the  year  J80I,  for  the  re- 
demption of  the  debt  could  operate,  a  general 
view  of  tlie  result  and  effect  of  those  laws  mav  be 
here  usefully  presented. 


Leaving  for  (he  amount  of  annual  in- 
terest on  the  old  debt  unredeemed 
on  January  ;,  1812,      -      -      -     -     1,547,481 

The  annual  interest  o'v  the  Louisiana 

stock  was 67."j,00() 

Making  the  annual  interest  on  the 

whole  debt  due  ou  January  1, 1812,    2,222,481 

Which  subtrac(ed  from  the  annual 
interest  on  the  debt  due  on  April  I, 
1801, 4,180,463 


Left  for  the  diffi'rence  between  the 
amount  of  interest  respectively  psiy- 
able  at  those  two  dates    -     -     -     - 


1,957,982 


The  disposable  national  revenue,  or  that  por- 
tion which  alone  was  applicable  to  defray  the 
annual  national  expenses,  consisted  only  of  the 
surplus  of  the  gross  amount  of  revenue  collected 
beyond  the  amount  necessary  for  paying  the  in- 
terest on  the  public  debt.  A  diminution  of  that 
interest  was  with  respect  to  the  ability  of  defray- 
ing the  other  annual  expenses,  a  positive  increase 
of  revenue  to  the  same  amount.     With  an  e((ual 


Kxclusive  of  near  3,000,000  of  un- 
funded  debt  since  reimburseil,  as 
detailed  in  the  report  of  April  J8, 
1808,  the  public  debt  of  the  I'nited 
States  amounted  on  April  I.  1801, 
to - 

The  whole  amount  of  principal  ex- 
tinguished during  the  period  of  10 
years  and  nine  months,  commenc- 
ing on  April  J,  1801,  and  ending 
December  31,  18 II,  was      .     .     - 


Leaving  the  amount  of  the  old  debt 

unredeemed  on  January  1,  1812,  -  33,904,180 

And  to  which  adding  the  Louisiana 
6  per  cent,  stock,  being  a  new  debt 
contracted  subsenuent  to  April  1, 
1801.      -     -     .    ' 11,250.000 


Made  the  whole  amount  of  public 
debt  on  January  1,  1812,     -     -     -45,154,180 

The  annual  interest  on  the  public 
debt  due  on  April  J,  1801,  amount- 
ed to     

The  annual  interest  of  the  public 
debt  extinguished  between  April  1, 
1801,  and  January  1, 1812,  amount- 
ed to      -     --' 


Dollars.  amount  of  gross  revenue,  the  revenue  applicable 
to  defray  the  national  expenses  was  thus,  by  the 
effect  of  the  reduction  of  the  debt,  2,600,000 
dollars  greater  than  on  April  1,  1801.  Or,  view- 
ing the  subject  in  another  liglit,  the  laws  for 
(he  reduction  of  the  debt  had,  in  10  years  and 
-  79,926,999  nine  months,  enabled  the  United  States  to  pay 
in  full  the  purchase-money  of  Louisiana,  and  in- 
creased their  revenue  near  2,000,000  of  dollars. 

If  the  amount  of  annual  payments  on  account 
of  both  (he  principal  and  interest  of  the  public 

46,022,819  debt,  during  the  eight  years  ending  181 1,  be  con- 
trasted with  the  payments  thereafter  necessary 
for  the  same  purpose,  the  difference  will  be  still 
more  striking.  Eight  millions  of  dollars  had 
been  annually  paid  on  that  account  during  these 
eight  years.  The  whole  am.  '.int  payable  after 
the  year  1812,  including  the  annual  reimburse- 
ment on  (he  6  per  cent,  and  deferred  stocks,  Avas 
3,792,382  dollars,  making  an  annual  difference 
of  more  than  4,200,000  dollars,  which  were  then 
to  be  liberated   from  that  appropriation.     And 

this  annual  payment  of  about  3,800,000  dollars, 

would  lu've  been  sufficient,  with  some  small  va- 
riations, to  have  discharged  in  10  years  the  whole 
4,180,463  of  (he  residue  of  the  existing  debt,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  3  per  cent,  stock,  the  annual  inte- 
rest on  which  amounted  only  to  485,000  dollars, 
The    redemption   of  principle  had  been  thus 

2.032,982     far  effected  widu.ut    (he    aid   of  any   internal] 


r,i 


UNITED    STATES. 


i: 


t^ 


I  taxos,  oitlior  diioct  or  iiidircct,  without  any  ad- 
dition during  the  hist  sovon  years  to  tlie  rslte  of 
duties  on  importations,  which,  on  the  contrary, 
lja(i  been  impaired  by  tlie  repeal  of  that  on  salt, 
and  notwithstandiiifrthc'  "reat  diminution  of  com- 
nitce  duriii"-  the  hist  four  years.  It  thus  ap- 
peared that  the  ordinary  revenue  was  capable  of 
discharginn;  in  JO  years  of  peace,  a  debt  of 
42,000,000  of  doUars,  whicli  should  seem  coii- 
siderabiy  to  lessen  the  weight  of  the  objections  to 
which  that  revenue,  depending  almost  solely  on 
toniiuerce,  is  liable. 

Dollars. 
The  net  revenue  arising  from  duties 

on     merchandise      and     tonnage, 

which    accrued    during    the   year 

1809,  amounted  to    -     -     -    '-    - 
I'he  net    revenue  arising   fron)   the 

same  sources,  which  accrued  dur- 

ing  the  year  18J0,  amounted  to     - 
The  same  revenue  for  the  year  181J, 

amounted  to 

The  same  revenue  for  the  year  1812, 

(including    about  3,500,000   from 

duties  u    importations  from  Great 

Britain),  amounted  to     -     -     -     - 
The  same  revenue  for  the  year  18 IJ, 

amounted  to  about      -    '  -      - 
Tht,  sales  of  public  lands  n.  of  the 

river  Ohio,  on  ithe  average  of  the 

two  years  ending  1811  amounted, 

after  deducting  the  e:ipenses  and 

charges  on  that  fund,  to  the  annual 

siini  of 000,000 

The  sales  in  the  Mississippi  territory,  being,  in 
the  first  instance,  appropriated  to  the  payment  of 
1,250,000  dollars  to  the  state  of  Georgia,  left  in 
the  end  of  the  year  1811,  a  deficiency  to  be  pro- 
vided for  of  2,600,000,  but  this  was  proposed  to  be 
provided  for  by  an  addition  of  50  per  cent,  to  the 
existing  amount  of  duties  (together  with  a  con- 
tinuance of  the  temporary  duties  theretofore  de- 
signated by  the  name  of"'  Mediterranean  Fund.' 
— This  mode  was  thought  preferable  for  the  time 
to  any  interml  tax.  With  respect  to  the  sales  of 
public  lands,  besides  affording  a  supplementary 
fund  for  the  ultimate  redemption  of  the  public 
debt,  they  were  anticipated  as  being  calculated 
to  supply,  without  any  diminution  of  revenue,  a 
bounty  to  soldiers  enlisting  in  the  regular  ser- 
vice, and  to  facilitate  the  terms  of  loans. 


6,527, 1()8 

12,513,490 
7,902,560 

13,142,009 
16,868,000 


The  same  amount  of  revenue  was  judged  tobr 
necessary,  and,  with  the  aid  of  loans,  would,  it 
was  believed,  be  sufficient  in  case  of  war,  as  in 
time  of  peace.  The  same  increase  of  duties 
would  therefore  be  equally  necessary  in  that 
event.  Should  any  deficiency  arise,  it  was  to  be 
supplied  by  a  farther  increase  of  duties,  by  a  re- 
storation of  that  on  salt,  and  by  a  proper  selec- 
tion of  moderate  external  taxes.  To  raise  a 
fixed  revenue  of  only  9,000,000  of  dollars,  was 
thought  so  much  within  the  compass  of  the  na- 
tional resources,  it  would  only  require  the  legis- 
lature to  effect  the  object. 

With  regard  to  the  loaning  system,  the  United 
States  have  thought  it  much  more  eligible  to  pay 
at  once  the  difference,  either  by  a  premium  in 
lands,  or  by  allowing  a  higher  rate  of  interest, 
than  to  increase  the  amount  of  stock  created,  or 
to  attempt  any  operation  which  might  injuriously 
affect  the  circulating  medium  of  the  country. 
Thus,  supposing  40,000,000  of  dollars  borrowed 
at  8  instead  of  6  per  cent,  it  was  urged  that  the 
only  difference  would  consist  in  the  additional 
payment  of  800,000  dollars  a  year,  until  the 
principal  was  reimbursed. 

In  short,  with  a  view  to  the  ensuing  years, 
and  considering  the  aspect  of  public  affairs  pre- 
sented by  the  executive  in  this  year,  1811,  and 
the  measures  of  expense  which  he  recommended, 
it  was  attempted  ii,  shew, — 

"  1.  That  a  fixed  revenue  of  about  9,000,000 
dollars  was  necessary  and  sufficient,  both  under 
the  existing  situation  of  the  United  States,  and 
in  the  event  of  their  assuming  a  different  atti- 
tude. 

"  2.  That  an  addition  to  the  rate  or  duties  on 
importation  is  at  present  sufficient  for  that  pur- 
pose, although  in  the  course  of  events  it  may  re- 
quire some  aid  from  other  sources  of  revenue. 

"  3.  That  a  just  reliance  may  be  put  on  ob- 
taining loans  to  a  considerable  amount,  for  de- 
fraying the  expenses  which  may  be  incurred  be- 
yond the  amount  of  revenue  above  stated. 

"  4.  That  the  peace  revenue  of  the  United 
States  will  be  sufficient,  without  any  extraordi- 
nary exertions,  to  discharge  in  a  few  years  the 
debt  w'.iich  may  be  thus  necessarily  incurred." 

The  best  corollary  to  these  propositions  'vill 
be  a  statement  of  the  acti; .  -^ceipts  and  dis- 
bursenients  of  these  state-<  t'  '811  and  the  two 
following  years.] 


II 


i   ! 


lue  wasjudgofl  to  )>«• 
of  loan's,  would,  it 

I  case  of  war,  as  in 
increase  of  duties 

f  necessary  in  that 
•y  arise,  it  was  to  be 
e  of  duties,  by  a  rc- 
by  a  proper  selec- 
taxes.  To  raise  a 
000  of  dollars,  was 
compass  of  the  na- 
ly  require  the  legis- 

f  system,  the  United 
more  eligible  to  pay 
?r  by  a  |)remium  in 
er  rate  of  interest, 
)f  stock  created,  or 
th  niifrht  injuriously 
im  of  the  country, 
of  dollars  borrowed 
ivas  urged  that  the 
t  in  the  additional 
a  year,   until  the 

the  ensuing  years, 

public  affairs  pre- 

lis  year,  1811,  and 

\i  he  recommended, 

of  about  9,000,000 
ficient,  both  under 
United  States,  and 
ig  a  different  atti- 

e  rate  or  duties  on 
;ient  for  that  pur- 
if  events  it  may  re- 
rces  of  revenue, 
lay  be  put  on  ob- 
e  amount,  for  de- 
ly  be  incurred  be- 
jove  stated, 
lue  of  the  United 
out  any  extraordi- 

II  a  few  years  the 
iarily  incurred." 

propositions  ••ill 
•^ceipts  and  dis- 
:81I  and  the  two 


UNITED    STATES. 

[f.VCOMEofthe  UNITED  STATES  for  three  j/cars,  ending  September  30,  1813. 


1811. 


Dollars.     C(» 
Customs,  sales  of  lands,  ar- 
rears, re|>iiymciits,  and  all 
other  brandies  of  revenue, 
amoimtiiig  together  to     -  13,541,446'  3? 

Temporary  loan  of  Decem- 
ber 31,  1810   .     -     -     -     2,750,000     0 


181,;. 


i;-ii. 


DoUjuh.    Ci». 


10,934,946  90 

Loan  of  11,000,000 
by  act  of  March 
14,  1812      -     -     5,847,212  50 


Dullars.     C. 


Total  receipts  16V291,446"  37 
Balance  in  the  treasury,  on 

October  1,  1810  -     -     -     3,4J9,029  T'2 


Aggregate  revenue  19,750,476'    9 


-  -  -  -  I3,5f8,012  4.N 
Loan  of  1  i.ooo.ooo 

by  act  of  March 

14,  Isi;;  -  -  4,637,187  •( 
Do.  16,000,000  by 

actolFeb.8,1813  14,4.S8  12j 
Treasure  notes  un- 
der liie  acts  of 

June  3ii,    1812, 

:iii<l  February  25, 

18'  5      -     -      -  5,151   300 

Otlier  I  oans,  Aug. 

2,  .813, &C.&C.  19,320,811     7(, 


16,782,159  4( 

OnOcloberl,18II     3,947,8:  '  3. 


20,7'^9,977  70 


37,545,95J-     9.', 
On  October  1,1 81 2  2,36l,6'52     69 
a9.9'>7,60?     62 


EXPENmTUJlEoft„e  UNITED  STATES  for  three , years,  .nding  September  30,  1813. 


1811, 


1812. 


Dollars.     Cts, 


1,823,069  35 


1813. 


^..  .,     ,  .  Dollars.     Cts 

Civjl  department,  including- 

miscellaneous  expenses,  and 
lliose  incident  to  the  inter- 
course with  foreign  nations  1,360,858  98 
Army  fortifications, 
arms,  and  arscii- 

Navy  department"  2,' 136;00O      --.".'     "     Vinr'^m    r? I"    IM84,750  49 

Indian  ditto      -         ^2,725      - '       '!Zi^l  ''n   \;    ;  r .  '  J.  '     M20.707  20 


Dollars.     Cis. 


1,705,916'  3o 


p  .    ,      .        4,407,725     0 

rayments  for  uiterest  ou  the 
public  debt       ....    2,225,800  93 


Total  current  expenses  7,994,384  91 

Keimbursement  of  the  tempo- 
rary loan,  in  March  and 
September  1811,     .    .    -2,750,000    0 

I'ayments  on  account  of  the 
prmcipal  of  the  public  debt  5,058,272  82 


7,770,300    0 
1,107,501    54 

230,975     0  -  (Included  with  "  army  ")' 
11,108,776  51       l-L 

2,498,013   19 


Total  expenditure  15,802,657  73 
Balance  m  the  treasury,  Seo- 
tember30,  1811     -     -  '.  3,947,818  36 


19,750,476    9 


24,905,457  69 
3,120,37!)     8 


15,429,859     8 


2,938,405  99 


■  18,308,325     7 

2,361,652  69 

^0.7'-:9,977  701 


■  29,731,753  12 

•    3,197,102     7 

32,928,855   19 

6,978,752  43 


39,907,607  62] 


•)(i 


U  N  I  T  E  I)    STATE  S. 


)(•■! 


r,i 


;.-f 


i     I 


^ 


Ij  /h'3 


TB^an  act  of  Aiijyust  2,  ISia,  a  loan  ()f7,.jO(),000 
doilai-s  was  aiitliori/od,  and  tlic  manner  in  vvhicli 
that  loan  was  obtained  was  as  follows.  The 
terms  were  88  dollars  2.9  cents  in  money,  for 
]00  dollars  stock,  bearing  an  interest  of  6  per 
cent,  which  was  equivalent  to  a  premium  of  13 
dollars  'jl^  cents,  on  each  100,  in  money,  loaned 
to  the  I'nited  States.  Of  this  sum  of  7,.'jOO,000 
dollars,  about  3,850,000  dollars  were  paid  into 
the  treasury  duriniy  the  year  1813,  and  the  re- 
mainder was  payable  in  the  months  of  January 
and  February,  1814. 

For  the  year  1814,  the  expenditures,  as  autho- 
rized by  law,  were  estimated  as  follow  : 

Dollars. 
J.   Civil,    diplonutic    and 

miscellaneous  expenses  -  -  -  1.780,000 
2.  Public  debt,  viz.  —  In- 
terest on  the  debt  exist- 
in<j  previous  to  the  war  2,100,000 
Ditto  on  the  debt  con- 
tracted since  the  war, 
includin>>'  treasury  notes 
and  loan  for  the  year 
1814      ...-'..  2,950,000 


The  ways  and  means  already  provided  by  law 
were  as  follow  : — 


3,050,000 
Ueimbursenient  of  princi- 
pal, including- the  old  six 
and  deferred  stocks,  tem- 
porary loans,  and  trea- 
«iny  notes 7,150,000 


12,200,000 
13,980,000 


3.  Military  establishment,  estimated 
by  the  secretary  at  war  for  a  full 
complement,  (includin£>'  rangers, 
sca-fencibles,  and  troops  of  all  de- 
scriptions) of  63,422  oflicers  and 
men,  and  including  ordinance,  for- 
tifications, and  (In  Indian  depart- 
ment, and  the  permanent  appro- 
priations for  Indian  treaties,  and 
equipping  the  militia     -    -    -     -    24,550,000 

4.  Navy,  estimated  for  13,787  officers, 
seamen,  and  boys,  and  for  1,869 
marines,  and  including  the  service  of 
two  74  gun  ships  for  four  months, 
and  three  additional  frigates  for  six 
months  of  the  year  1814,  and  the 
expenses  of   the   llotillas    on    the 

coast  and  on  the  lakes    -     -     -     -     6,900,000 

Amounting  altogether  to  -    -    -     -    45,650,000 


I 


,  Customs  and  sales  of  public  lands. 
The  net  revenue  accruing  from  tiie 
customs  during  the  year  IS  1 1, 
amounted,  as  above  stated,  to 
13,142,000  dollars.  Of  this  sum 
about  4,300,000  was  produced  by 
the  additional  duties  imposed  by 
the  act  of  July  i,  1811.  The  du- 
tics  which  accrued  during  the  year 
1813,  were  estimated  at  7,000,000 
dollars.  The  custom-house  bonds 
outstandina:  on  January    I,    1814, 


Liarv    I, 
allowa 


after  making  all  the  allowance  for 
insolvencies  and  bad  debts,  were 
estimated  at 5,500,000  dollars;  and 
it  was  believed,  that  6,000,000 
might  be  estimated  for  the  receipt 
of  the  customs  during  the  year 
1814.  The  sales  of  public  lands, 
during  the  year  ending  September 
30,  1813,  had  amounted  to  256,345 
acres,  and  the  payments  by  pur- 
chasers to  706,000  dollars.  It  was, 
therefore,  estimated  that  600,000 
dollars  would  be  received  into  the 
treasury  from  this  source,  during 
the  year  1814.  The  sum,  there- 
fore, estimated  as  receivable  from 
customs  anil  lands,  was         ... 

2.  Internal  revenues  and  direct  tax. 
"rom  the  credits  allow  ed  by  law  on 
some  of  the  internal  duties  (the  na- 
ture of  these  is  explained  below)  and 
from  the  delays  incident  to  assess- 
ment and  collection  of  the  direct 
tax,  it  was  not  believed  that  more 
ought  to  be  expected  to  come  into 
the  treasury  during  the  year  1814, 
than  the  sum  of 

3.  Balance  of  the  loan  of  7,500,00, 
already  contracted  for    -     -     -     - 

4.  Balance  of  treasury  notes  already 
authorized 

5.  Of  the  balance  of  cash 
in  the  treasury  on  De- 
cember 3 1  ,1813,  amount- 
ing to  about    -    .    -    .  4,680,000 

There  would  be  required 
to  satisfy  appropriations 
made  prior  to  that  day, 
and  then  undrawn,  at 
least 3,500,000] 


6,600,0(1" 


3,500.000 
3,650,000 
1,070,000 


UNITED    STATES. 


57 


cady  provided  by  liin 

blic  liuuls. 
i>-  from  tlie 
ciir  ISII, 
slated,  to 
this  sum 
oducod  by 
iiiposed  by 
Tiio  dii- 
I'r  the  yoiir 

1 7,ooo,noo 

ouso  bonds 
y  I,  l«i4, 
knvaiice  for 
k'bts,  were 
oUars ;  and 
(i,()()(),000 
the  receipt 
sj  the  year 
iiblic  lands, 
•  Septenil)er 
i  to  2o6,343 
its  by  pur- 
ars.  It  was, 
lat  GOO.OOO 
red  into  the 
irce,  during 
sum,  t';ere- 
livable  from 


direct  tax. 

by  law  on 
ties  (thena- 

)elow)and 
lit  to  assess- 

the   direct 

that  more 
;o  come  into 

year  1814, 

of  7,500,00, 
)tes  already 


G,600,0U'.' 


3,500,000 
3,650,000 
1,070,000 


e- 


4,680,000 


f  And  leaving  applicable  to  the  service 
of  the  vear  1814 


Dollars. 
1,180,000 


■It 


3,500,000] 


16,000,000 
So  that  there  remained  to  be  provided 

by  loans,  the  sum  of 29,350,000 

45,350,000 

Althouffh  the  interest  paid  upon  treasury  notes 
was  considerably  iess  than  that  paid  for  the 
monies  obtained  by  the  United  States  on  funded 
fltock,  yet  the  certainty  of  their  reimbursement  at 
the  end  of  one  year,  and  the  facilities  they  afforded 
for  remittances  and  other  commercial  operations, 
had  obtained  for  them  a  currency  which  left  little 
reason  to  doubt  that  they  might  be  extended 
considerably  beyond  the  sum  of  5,000,000  of  dol- 
lars, hitherto  authorized  to  be  annually  issued. 
It  would,  perhaps,  be  eligible  to  leave  to  the  exe- 
cutive, as  was  done  last  year,  a  discretion  as  to  the 
amount  to  be  borrowed  upon  stock  or  upon 
treasury  notes,  that  one  or  the  other  might  be 
resorted  to,  within  prescribed  limits,  as  should  be 
found  most  advantageous  to  the  United  States. 

The  amount,  as  intimated  to  have  been  reim- 
bursed of  the  principal  of  the  public  debt  during 
the  year  ending  on  the  30th  of  September  last, 
including  treasury  notes  and  temporary  loans, 
appeared  to  have  been  8,301,358  dollars.  As  the 
payments  on  account  of  the  loan  of  16,000,000 
bad  not  then  been  completed,  and  the  stock  had, 
consequently,  not  then  been  issued,  therefore,  it 
was  not  practicable  to  state  with  precision  the 
amount  added  to  the  public  debt  during  that 
year :  but,  after  deducting  the  above-mentioned 
reimbursement  of  8,200,000,  this  addition  cannot 
iall  short  of  22,500,000  dollars. 

The  plan  of  finance  proposed  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war,  was  to  make  the  revenue, 
during  each  year  of  its  continuance,  equal  to  the 
expenses  of  the  peace  establishment,  and  of  the 
interest  of  the  old  debt  then  existing,  and  on  the 
loans  which  the  war  might  render  necessary,  and 
to  defray  the  extraordinary  expenses  of  the  war 
out  of  the  proceeds  of  loans  to  be  obtained  for 
that  purpose. 

The  expenses  of  the  peace  establishment,  as 
it  existed  previous  to  the  armaments  of  1812, 
made  in  contemplation  of  war,  but  including  the 
eight  regiments  added  to  the  military  establish- 
ment in  the  year  1808,  and  the  augmentation  of 
the  navy  in  actual  service,  authorized  in  1809, 
amounted,  after  deducting  some  casual  expences 

VOL.  V. 


Dollars, 
7,000,000 


ofmilitia,  and  other  inci- 
dental items,  to  about     -      -     - 

The  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  payable  during  the 
year  1814,  would  be,  on 
the  old  debt,or  that  exist- 
ing prior  to  the  present 
war       ..-.-.  2,100,000 

On  the  debt  contracted 
since  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  including 
treasury  notes,  and  al- 
lowing 560,000  dollars 
for  interest  on  the  loan, 
which  must  be  made  dur- 
ing the  year  1814,  a  sum 
as  small  as  can  be  esti- 
;nated  for  that  object  -  -  2,950,000 

5,050,000 

Making 12,050,000 

The  actual  receipts  into  the  treasury 
from  the  revenues,  as  established 
in  1813,  including  the  internal  re- 
venues and  direct  tax,  were  not 
estimated   for  the  year    1814,  at 

more  than 10,100,000 

Viz. : 
From  customs  and  public 

lands 6,600,000 

Internal    revenues     and 
direct  tax     -    -     -     -    3,500,000 


10,100,000 
If  to  this  sum  be  added  that  part  of 
the  balance  in  the  treasury  on  the 
Slst  of  December  1813,  which  has 
been  estimated  above,  to  be  appli- 
cable to  the  expenses  of  the  year 
1814 ;  and  which,  upon  the  princi- 
ples above  stated,  may  be  consi- 
dered as  a  surplus  of  revenue  be- 
yond the  expenses  of  the  peace 
establisment,  and  of  the  interest 
on  the  public  debt  for  the  year 

1813,  and  therefore  applicable  to 
the  same  expenses    for  the  year 

1814,  which  sum  is  estimated  at  -  1,180,000 

And  making  together .     -     -     -    -  11,280,000 
There  still  remain  to  be  provided 
new  revenues  capable  of  producing     770,000 

I  12,050,000] 


na 


■r    1 


I  I' 

i  I 


\\\ 


P 


I        s 


r 


m 


t V^'i  111 


^»!.i  i:"» 


r 

I. 

!    ■ 


t  :' 


58 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  E  S. 


[Bnt  as  the  iiUonial  rovpiuips  anci  tiirect  tax, 
when  in  Cull  opiMation  wmiltl  produce,  in  tlu'  year 
1815,  probably  1  ,'iO(),()()()  '.loliiirn  more  than  was 
08*imate(l  to  l)e  received  from  lliein  in  the  year 
1811,  it  would  rest  with  ('oni>TesH  to  decide, 
whether  it  was  necessary  that  new  and  addi- 
ti(Mial  revenues  should  now  be  established.  To 
what  extent  the  existina;  embargo  niiiyht  reduce 
the  receipts  into  tl>e  treasury  iVoni  the  cu'<toms, 
during  the  year  1814,  it  whs  difficult  to  estimate, 
as  the  operations  of  the  w>ar  had  reduced  the 
receipts  from  the  customs  nearly  one-half  from 
that  which  was  received  during  the  year  pre- 
ceding the  war.  The  former  embargo  reduced 
the  revenue  from  the  customs  nearly  one  half 
the  amount  of  that  which  was  received  dur- 
ing the  year  preceding  its  full  operation.  In 
tins  case,  how->ver,  the  transition  was  from  the 
full  receipt  of  a  peace  revenue,  to  the  entire 
suspension  of  exportation  and  of  foreign  coui- 
merce  in  American  bottoms.  It  was  not,  there- 
fore, to  be  presumed,  that  the  existing  embargo 
would  caust  a  reduction  of  the  war  revenue  in 
the  proportion  of  the  peace  revenue.  More- 
over it  was  argued,  that  the  eftect  of  an  act  pro- 
hibitiu"'  the  importation  of  certain  articles  ne- 
cessarily increased  the  demand,  and  enhanced 
the  value  of  those  which  might  be  lawfully  im- 
ported, and  that  the  high  price  they  woultt  bear 
would  produce  extraordinary  importations,  and 
in  part  compensate  for  the  prohibition  to  export 
any  thing  in  return. 

To  the  amount  of  the  dctalcation  of  the  re- 
venue caused  by  the  embargo,  whatever  it  might 
be,  was  to  be  added  the  dilVerence  between  the 
amount  of  the  interest,  payable  in  the  year  1814, 
on  the  loan  of  that  year,  and  the  whole  amount 
of  the  interests  on  the  said  loan,  payable  in  the 
year  1815,  as  well  as  that  part  o^  the  interest 
which  might  be  payable  in  the  year  1815,  on  the 
loan  of  that  year.  The  sum  of  these  items 
would  be  required  for  the  year  1815,  in  addition 
to  the  revenues  previously  established,  except 
130,000  dollars,  being  the  difference  between 
the  estimated  increase  in  tiie  receipt  of  the  in- 
ternal revenues  and  direct  taxes,  and  this 
770,000  remaining  to  be  provided  for  in  the  fore- 
going estimate. 

With  these  considerations  it  was  submitted, 
whether  it  might  not  be  expedient  and  prudent 
to  provide  new  revenues  capable  of  producing 
either  the  whole  or  such  part  of  the  770,000  dol- 
Ibts  unprovided  for,  as  ntight  appear  necessary 
to  fulfil  the  public  engagements,  and  secure  to 


the  financial  operations  of  the  government,  the 
confidence,  stability,  and  success,  which  it  anti- 
cipated from  the  coiuitry. 

Inteunal  ok  direct  taxes,— Something  yet 
remains  to  be  saiil  of  the  nature  of  the  internal 
or  direct  taxes.  A  clearer  view  of  them  cannot 
be  given  than  by  the  following  extract  from  a 
letter  from  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to  the 
chairman  of  ways  and  means,  Januarj^  10,  1812. 
'  Before  I  proceed  (says  this  perspicuous  do 
cument)  to  answer  the  inquiry  of  the  committee 
respecting  a  selection  of  the  internal  taxes  now 
necessary,  permit  me  to  observe,  that  it  was 
stated  in  the  annual  report  of  December  10, 
1808,  that  "  no  internal  taxes,  cither  direct  or 
indirect,  were  contemplated,  even  in  the  case  of 
hostilities  carried  against  the  two  great  bel- 
ligerent powers."  An  assertion  which  renders 
it  necessary  to  show  that  the  prospects  then  held 
out  was  not  deceptive,  and  why  it  has  not  been 
realized. 

'  The  balance  in  the  treasury  amounted  at  that 
time  to  near  14  millions  of  dollars.  But  aware  that 
that  surplus  would,  in  a  short  time,  be  expended, 
and  having  stated  that  the  revenue  was  daily 
decreasinof,  it  was  in  the  same  report  proposed, 
"  that  all  the  existing  duties  should  be  doubled 
on  importationr,  subsequent  to  the  1st  day  of 
Jani:ary,  1809."  As  the  net  revenue  accrued 
from  customs  during  the  three  years,  1809,  1810, 
and  1811,  has,  without  any  increase  of  duties, 
exceeded  dollars  26,000,000,  it  follows  that  if  the 
measure  then  submitted  had  been  adopted,  we 
should,  after  making  a  large  deduction  for  any 
supposed  diminution  of  consumption,  arising 
from  the  proposed  increase,  have  had  at  this 
time  about  20  millions  of  dollars  on  hand,  a 
sum  greater  than  the  net  amount  of  the  proposed 
internal  taxes  for  four  years. 

'  In  proportion  as  the  ability  to  bon-ow  is  di- 
minished, the  necessity  of  resorting  to  taxation 
is  increased.  It  is,  therefore,  also  proper  to 
observe,  at  that  time  the  subject  of  the  renewal 
of  the  charter  of  the  bank  of  the  United  States 
had  been  referred  by  the  Senate  to  tlie  secretary 
of  the  treasury,  nor  had  any  symptom  appeared 
from  which  its  absolute  dissolution  without  any 
substitute  could  have  then  been  anticipated.  The 
renewal  in  some  shape,  and  on  a  more  extensive 
scale,  was  confidently  relied  on :  and,  accord- 
ingly, in  the  report  made  during  the  same  session 
to  the  Senate,  the  propriety  of  increasing  the 
capital  of  the  bank  to  dollars  30,000,000  was 
submitted,  with  the  condition  thatthat  institution] 


imk 


i 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  K  S. 


h9 


;ovcrnment,  (he 
,  which  it  unti- 

— Somctliinoyel 
of  the  intornal 
of  them  cannot 
r  extract  front  a 
treasury  to  tlio 
mmry  10,  I8ia. 
pcrHpicuons  do 
f  the  committee 
tcrnal  taxes  now 
ve,   that  it  was 
if  December   10, 
cither  direct  or 
en  in  the  case  of 
two    great    bel- 
n  which  renders 
oHpects  then  held 
'  it  has  not  been 

amounted  at  that 
s.  But  aware  that 
me,  be  expended, 
!venue  was  daily 
report  proposed, 
hould  be  doubled 
0  the   1st  day  of 
revenue  accrued 
years,  1809,  1810, 
icrease  of  duties, 
follows  that  if  the 
)een  adopted,  we 
leduction  for  any 
umption,    arising 
lave  had  at  this 
lars  on  hand,  a 
nt  of  the  proposed 

to  borrow  is  di- 
ortiiig  to  taxation 
also  proper  to 
ct  of  the  renewal 
the  United  States 
e  to  the  secretary 
ymptom  appeared 
ution  without  any 
n  anticipated.  The 

a  more  extensive 
on :  and,  accord- 
g  the  F!ame  session 

of  increasing  the 
s  30,000,000  was 
latthat  institution] 


fshould,  if  required,  be  ohliiyed  (o  lend  one-haU' 
of  its  capital  to  the  United  State-*.  The  amount 
thu«  loaned  might,  without  anv  inconvenience, 
have  been  increased  to  'iO  millions.  And  with 
dollars  §0.000.000  in  hand,  and  loans  being  se- 
cured for  yO.OOO,OnO  more,  without  any  increase 
of  the  stock  of  the  public  debt  at  market,  in- 
ternal taxation  would  have  been  unnecessary 
for  at  least  four  years  of  war,  nor  any  other  re- 
sources l)cen  wanted  than  an  additional  annual 
ioan  of  five  millions ;  a  sum  sufficiently  moderate 
to  be  obtained  from  individuals,  and  on  favour- 
able terms. 

'  These  observations  are  made  only  in  re- 
ference to  the  finances  and  resources  of  the 
«-eneral  government.  Considerations  of  a  dif- 
ferent nature  have  on  both  these  subjects  pro- 
duced a  different  result,  which  makes  a  resort 
to  internal  taxe.*  now  necessary,  and  will  render 
loans  more  difficult  to  obtain,  and  their  terms 
less  favourable.  But  the  resources  of  tl'  coun- 
try remain  the  same;  and  if  promptly  and  ear- 
nestly  brought  into  action,  will  be  found  arnply 
sufficient  to  meet  the  present  e.nergency.  With 
respect  to  internal  taxes,  the  whole  amount 
to  be  raised  is  so  moderate,  when  compared 
either  with  the  population  and  wealth  of  the 
United  States,  or  with  the  burthens  laid  on 
European  nations  by  their  governments,  that  no 
doubt  exists  of  the  ability  or  will  of  the  people 
to  pay  without  any  real  inconvenience,  and  with 
cheerfulness,  the  proposed  war  taxes.  For  it  is 
still  hoped,  that  the  ordinary  peace  revenue  of 
the  United  States  will  be  sufficient  to  reimburse; 
within  a  reasonable  period,  the  loans  obtained 
during  the  war,  and  that  neither  a  perpetual 
and  increasing  public  debt,  nor  a  permanent 
system  of  ever  progressing  taxation,  shall  be 
entailed  on  the  nation.  These  evils  cannot, 
however,  be  otherwise  avoided  than  by  the 
speedy  organization  of  a  certain  revenue.  De- 
lays in  that  respect,  and  a  reliance  on  indefinite 
loans  to  defray  the  war  expenditure,  the  ordi- 
nary expenses  of  government,  the  interest  on  the 
loans  themselves,  would  be  equally  unsafe  and 
ruinous ;  would,  in  a  short  time,  injure  public 
credit,  impair  the  national  resources,  and  ulti- 
mately render  much  heavier  and  perpetual  taxes 
absolutely  necessary. 

'  Of  the  gross  amount  of  dollars,  5,000,000, 
to  be  now  provided  according  to  the  preceding 
estimates,  by  internal  taxation,  it  is  respectfully 
proposed,  that  3,000,000  should  be  raised  by 
direct  tax,  and  2,000,000  by  indirect  taxes. 

<  The  sum  of  3,000,000  will  not,  considering 


tlic  increase  of  population,  be  a  much  greater 
direct  tax,  than  that  of  y,000,000  voted  in  the 
vear  l7f)H.  To  this  permit  me  to  add  another 
view  of  the  subject. 

'  The  direct  taxes  laid  by  the  several  States, 
during  the  last  years  of  the  revolutionary  war, 
were  generally  more  heavy  than  could  l)e  paid 
with  convenience.  But  during  the  years  \~Hj 
to  17H<)  an  annual  direct  tax  of  more  than  dol- 
lars a00,000  [dollars  205, 189 J  was  raised  in 
Pennsylvania,  which  was  not  oppressive,  and 
was  paid  with  great  punctunlity.  The  increase 
of  population  of  that  State,  between  the  years 
1787  and  1812,  is  in  the  ratio  of  about  4  to  9. 
A  tax  of  dollars  450,000,  payable  in  the  year 
J8I3,  is  not  higher  in  proportion  to  the  popu- 
lation alone,  and  without  regard  even  to  the 
still  greater  increase  of  wealth  and  of  circulating 
mediu.n,  than  a  tax  of  dollars  200,000  was  in 
the  year  1787.  But  the  quota  of  Pennsylvania, 
on  a  tax  of  dollars  3,000,000,  will,  counting 
Orleans  a  state,  hardly  exceed  dollars  365,000. 
The  proposed  tax  will,  therefore,  so  far  as  re- 
lates to  Pennsylvania,  be  near  20  per  cent, 
lighter,  in  proportion  to  the  respective  popula- 
tion, than  that  paid  during  theyears  1785  to  1789. 

'  The  rule  of  apportionment,  prescribed  by 
the  constitution,  operates  with  perhaps  as  much 
equality  as  is  practicable,  in  relation  to  States 
not  materially  differing  in  weaUh  and  situation, 
It  may,  therefore,  be  inferred,  that  a  direct  tax, 
which  is  not  greater  than  Pennsylvania  can  pay 
with  facility,  will  not  press  heavily  upon  any 
other  of  the  Atlantic  States.  It  is  only  in  re- 
ference to  the  Western  States,  that  the  constitu- 
tional rule  of  apportionment,  according  to  the  re- 
spective number  of  inhabitants  in  each  State, 
may  be  supposed  to  be  unequal.  Being  at  a 
greater  distance  from  a  market,  and  having,  on 
account  of  the  recent  date  of  their  settlements 
less  accumulated  capital,  it  is  certainly  true,  that 
they  cannot,  in  proportion  to  their  population, 
pay  as  much,  or  with  the  same  facility,  as  the 
Atlantic  States.  Two  considerations  will,  how- 
ever, much  diminish  the  weight,  if  they  do  not 
altogether  obviate  that  objection. 

'  1 .  Of  the  articles  actually  consumed  in  the 
Western  States,  there  are  two  of  general  con- 
sumption, on  which  duties  are  laid,  or  proposed 
to  be  laid,  and  on  which,  being  articles  produced 
in  those  States,  they  will  pay  nothing  or  less 
than  the  Atlantic  States.  On  salt,  they  will  pay 
nothing,  as  the  whole  quantity  consumed  there  is 
of  domestic  origin ;  and  this  observation  affords 
an  argument  in  favour  of  the  restoration  of  thel 
1  2 


UN  1 


'i( 


■uMh 


; »:  t !.  . 


[duty  on  that  article,  since  it'will  tend  to  equalize 
the  operation  of  the  direct  tax.  A  consitferable 
part  of  the  siipnr  those  States  consume,  nearly 
7,000,000  of  pounds,  is  also  the  produce  of  the 
inaple,  and  pays  no  duty.  And  in  time  of  war, 
it  is  probable  that  the  residue  of  their  consinnp- 
tion  will,  in  «  great  decree,  consist  of  New 
Orleans  sugar,  also  duty-free. 

*  2.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  direct  taxes 
in  those  States,  is  laid  on  lands  owned  by  per- 
sons residing  in  other  States,  and  will  not  fall 
on  the  inhabitants.  It  nnpears  by  a  late  ofliciai 
statement,  that  more  tnan  two-thirds  of  the 
land-tax  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  are  raised  on 
lands  owned  by  non-residents.  The  portion  of 
the  quota  of  that  State,  on  the  United  States' 
direct  tax,  which  will  be  payable  by  its  inhu 
bitants,  will,  for  that  reason  alone,  be  reduced 
to  one-tliird  part  of  the  nominal  amount  of  such 
quota.  And  although  the  proportion  may  not  be 
the  same  in  the  other  Western  States,  it  is  well 
known,  that  a  similar  result,  though  not  perhaps 
to  the  same  extent,  will  take  place  in  all. 

'  From  every  view  which  lias  been  taken  of 
the  subject,  it  satisfactorily  appears,  tliat  the 
proposed  amount  of  3,000  is  moderate,  and  can- 
not be  produc*ive  of  any  real  inconvenience, 
provided  that  the  objects  on  which  the  tax  shall 
be  assessed,  be  properly  selected. 

'  A  direct  tax  may  be  assessed  cither  on  the 
whole  amount  of  the  property  or  income  of  the 
people,  or  on  certain  specific  objects  selected  for 
that  purpose.  The  Arst  mode  may,  on  abstract 
princijdcs,  be  considered  as  most  correct ;  and  a 
tax  laid,  in  case  of  selection,  on  the  same  arti- 
cles in  all  the  States,  as  was  done  in  the  direct 
tax  of  1790,  is  recommended  by  its  uniformity, 
and  supported  by  respectable  authority.  It  is 
nevertheless  believed,  that  the  systems  of  taxa- 
tion respectively  adopted  by  the  several  States, 
matured,  modified,  and  improved,  as  they  have 
been  by  long  experience,  will  generally  be  found 
to  be  best  adapted  to  the  local  situation  and 
circumstances  of  each  State  ;  and  they  are  cer- 
tainly most  congenial  with  the  feelings  and  ha- 
bits of  the  people.  It  is,  therefore,  proposed, 
that  the  direct  tax  should  be  laid  and  assessed  in 
each  State,  upon  the  same  objects  of  taxation 
on  which  the  direct  taxes  levied  under  the  autho- 
rity of  the  State  are  laid  and  assessed. 

'  The  attempt  made  under  the  former  direct 
tax  of  the  United  States  to  equalize  the  tax  by 
authorizing  a  board  of  commissioners,  in  each 
State,  to  correct  the  valuations  made  by  the 
local  assessors,  was  attended  with  considerable 


expense,  and  productive  of  great  delay.  In 
order  to  obviate  this  inconvenience,  it  is  pro- 
posed that  the  quota  assigned  to  each  State, 
according  to  the  rule  prescribed  by  the  consti- 
tution, should  be  apportioned  by  law  amongst 
the  several  counties,  towns,  or  other  subdivisions 
of  each  State,  adopting  in  each  State,  where  a 
State  tax  is  now  levied,  the  apportionment  of 
the  State  tax,  whether  that  be  an  absolute  quota 
fixed  by  a  previous  State  law  on  the  county  or 
town,  or  whether  it  be  only  the  amount  which 
shall  appear  to  have  been  last  laid  on  such  county 
by  the  operation  of  the  general  State  laws  im- 
posing a  direct  tax  ;  making  the  apportionment 
in  the  State  where  no  State  tax  is  now  levied, 
according  to  the  best  information  and  materials 
which  can  be  obtained ;  and  authorizing  the 
States  respectively  to  alter  the  apportionment 
thus  made  by  law,  at  any  time  previous  to  the 
day  fixed  by  law  for  assessing  the  United  States 
tax  on  individuals.  The  whole  process  of  assess- 
ment will  thereby  be  reduced  to  that  of  assess- 
ing the  quota  of  each  county,  town,  or  other 
subdivision  on  the  lands  and  inhabitants  of  such 
subdivision.  It  will  be  as  simple,  and  may  be 
effected  as  promptly,  and  with  as  little  expense, 
as  the  assessment  of  a  county  tax  :  and,  tlie  ob- 
jects of  taxation  being  the  same,  it  may  be  still 
more  facilitated  by  authorizing  an  adoption  of 
the  State  assessment  on  individuals,  whenever  it 
can  be  obtained  from  the  proper  authority. 

'  With  respect  to  indirect  taxes  it  does  not 
appear  necessary  to  resort  to  any  other  than 
those  which  had  l)een  formerly  levied  by  the 
United  States.  As  they  were  in  operation  dur- 
ing several  vears,  their  defects,  and  the  modifi- 
cations an(t  improvements  of  which  they  are 
susceptible,  are  better  understood  than  new  taxes 
could  be.  With  some  alterations,  they  may  pro- 
duce the  amount  now  wanted ;  and  it  does  not 
appear  that  any  other  etjually  productive  could 
be  substituted  with  any  real  advantage.  The 
gross  amount  of  those  taxes  in  the  year  1801, 
was  nearly  one  million  of  dollars.  They  would, 
according  to  the  increase  of  population,  and 
without  any  augmentation  in  their  rate,  yield 
now  near  1,400,000  dollars.  An  average  in- 
crease of  about  50  per  cent,  in  the  rate  would 
produce  the  intended  gross  amount  of  two  mil- 
lions. But  it  is  believed,  that  that  increase 
ought  not  to  be  the  same  in  all  those  taxes,  and 
that  some  are  susceptible  of  greater  augmenta- 
tion or  extension  than  others. 

'  I.  Duties  on  domestic  spirits  distilled. — There 
is  not  any  more  eligible  object  of  taxation  than] 


ijfc 


UNITED    STATES. 


6] 


Eit   delay.      In 
[)ce,  it  is  pro- 
o  eacli   State, 
by  the  consti- 
'  law  amonp;iit 
er  HulidiviKiuna 
State,  where  a 
)ortionineiit  of 
iihsohitc  (|Uota 
the  county  or 
amount  which 
on  such  county 
Uate  lawH  im- 
apportionmont 
is  now  levied, 
and  materials 
jthorizing    the 
apportionment 
revious  to  the 
!  United  States 
ocess  of  assess- 
that  of  assess- 
own,  or  other 
t>itants  of  such 
>,  and  may  be 
little  expense, 
:  and,  tne  ob- 
it may  be  still 
an  adoption  of 
Is,  whenever  it 
luthority. 
es  it  does  not 
ny  other  than 
levied  by  the 
operation  dur- 
nd  the  modifi- 
lich  they   are 
than  new  taxes 
they  may  pro- 
id  it  does  not 
oductive  could 
vantage.     The 
the  year  1801, 
They  would, 
>pulation,   and 
eir  rate,  yield 
n   average    iu- 
le  rate  would 
ut  of  two  niil- 
thut   increase 
ose  taxes,  and 
iter  augmenta- 

stilied. — There 
taxation  than] 


[ardent  spirit*  ;  but  the  inr-^e  of  taxation  is  liable 
to  strong  objections,  parucidariy  with  respect 
to  persons  win,  arc  not  professional  manufac- 
turers, and  who  only  occasionally  distil  the  pro- 
duce of  their  farms.  It  is,  therefore,  proposed, 
that  the  duties  on  the  quantity  of  spirits  distilled, 
should  be  levied  only  on  spirits  distilled  from 
foreign  materials,  at  the  rate  of  ten  cents  per 
gallon  distilled  ;  and  on  other  distillers  employ- 
ing stills,  the  aggregate  of  which  shall  contain 
more  than  400  gallons,  at  the  rate  of  three  cents 
per  gallon  distilled  ;  and  that,  instead  of  a  duty 
on  the  spirits,  or  of  licenses  in  proportion  to  the 
time  employed,  other  distillers  should  only  pay 
an  animal  tax  of  live  dollars  for  each  still  solely 
employed  in  the  distillation  ol"  fruit,  and  of  15 
dollars  lor  each  still  otherwise  employed.  This 
tax  may  silso,  without  reference  to  time,  be  made 
to  vary  according  to  the  size  of  the  stills.  At 
those  rates,  this  clas4  of  duties  is  estimated  to  pro- 
duce at  most  400,000  dollars  ;  and  it  is  intended 
in  that  case,  that  another  duty  should  l)e  levied 
on  the  same  article,  in  the  shape  of  licenses  to 
retailers.  Uy  the  adoption  of  that  mode  the  ex- 
penses of  collection  will  be  considerably  dimi- 
nished, penalties  for  not  entering  stills  will  be 
unnecessary,  and  they  will  be  confined,  with  re- 
spect to  country  stills,  to  the  case  of  clandestine 
distilling  without  paying  the  tax. 

'  2.  ))iUii's  on  rr/iiicd  sitgur. — A  duty  double 
of  that  heretofore  laid,  viz.  at  the  rate  of  four 
cents  per  pound,  is  estimated  to  produce  iJOO,000 
dollars,  f  he  drawback  both  of  that  duty,  and 
of  that  on  the  importation  of  the  raw  material, 
to  be  allowed. 

•  3.  Licenses  lo  retailers. — These  are  believed 
to  l)e  susceptible  of  considerable  and  very  proper 
augmentation  and  extension.  The  following  rates 
.ire  estimated  to  produce  700,000  dollars  : 

Dollars. 
For  a  licei.  .e  to  retail  wines    -     -     -     -    20 
Ditto  -    -  ditto  -  spirits  generally  -    -    20 
Ditto  -      -  ditto  -  domestic  spirits  only  13 
Ditto  -     -  ditto  -  any  other  species  of 

foreign  merchandise  10 
'  Tavern  keepers,  licensed  under  the  autho- 
thority  of  any  State,  and  not  living  in  any  city, 
town,  village,  or  withia  five  miles  thereof,  to  be 
excepted.  Every  othei  person  who  sells  wines, 
foreign  spirits,  or  foreign  merchandize,  other- 
wise than  in  the  vessel  or  package  of  importation ; 
or  in  the  case  of  dry  goods,  otherwise  than  by 
the  piece ;  and  every  person  who  sells  domestic 
spirits  in  less  quantity  than  30  gallons,  to  be  con- 
sidered as  a  retailer. 


*  IV.  Duties  on  sales  at  auction. — These,  con- 
fined to  the  sales  of  articles  of  foreign  produce 
or  manufacture,  and  at  the  same  rate  as  hereto- 
fore, may  produce  about  50,000  dollars. 

'  V.  Duliet  on  enrriagfs  for  the  conveiynnre  of 
persons. — Those  duties,  adding  at  the  rate  of  50 
per  cent,  on  the  duties  formerly  raised,  are  esti- 
mated to  produce  150,000  dollars. 

'  VI.  Stamp  duties, — An  association  of  ideas, 
which  connects  those  duties  with  the  attempt  of 
(irreat  Britain  to  tax  America,  and  which  might, 
with  equal  propriety,  attach  odium  to  the  duty 
on  the  importation  of  tea,  has  rendered  their 
name  in  some  degree  unpopular.  The  extension 
of  post  roads,  and  the  facility  of  distribution, 
have,  liowever,  removed  the  most  substantial 
objection  to  which  they  were  liable.  They  do 
not  appear  to  be  more  inconvenient  than  any 
other  internal  tax,  and  the  expenses  of  collec- 
tion are  less  than  on  any  other,  being  only  a 
commission  on  the  sale  and  the  cost  of  paper 
and  stamping.  At  the  same  rate  a^  iicretofore, 
with  the  exception  of  bank  notes,  on  which  an 
increase  appears  proper  (with  an  option  to  the 
banks  to  pay  l-20th  part  of  their  dividends  in 
lien  thereof)  they  arc  estimated  to  produce 
500,000  dollars. 

nECAPlTUI.ATION. 

Dollars. 

Direct  tax,  gross  amount 

Duties  on  spirits,  and  li- 
censes to  (list i Hers,  gross 
amount 

Refined  sugar,gros8  amount 

Retail  licenses,  ditto    - 

Sales  at  auction,  ditto    -     - 

Duties  on  carriages,  ditto  - 

Stamp  Duties,  dilto  -    -    - 


-  -  3,000,000 


400,000 
200,000 
700,000 
50,000 
150,000 
500,000 


2,000,000 


Total  gross  amount    -    -     -  5,000,000 
Deduct  expenses    of  assessment,  and 
collection  and  losses,  estimated  at  15 
percent 750,000 

iVet  amount  estimated  for  1814     -    -  4,230,000 
But  are  not  estimated  toyield  in  1813, 

more  than 3,600,000 

'  Most  of  the  internal  taxes  have  been  estimated 
at  their  maximum  ;  but  it  is  hoped  that  any  de- 
falcation from  the  estimated  amount,  will  be  com- 
pensated by  a  diminution  in  the  expenses  of  col- 
lection, which  have  also  been  computed  at  the 
highest  rate.] 


UNITED    ST  A  T  lu  S. 


1.      ' 


1    IJ 


«t 


[*  For  the  Hiipftrintniidfitirn  of  thoBO  (Hxos,l)otli 
(lirort  nnd  indirect,  it  nppniir>*  indispoiiHiililc  that 
the  oflfirc  of  coniminsionor  ol  the  rovemie  Hhoiild 
he  rc-cHtiiblished.  For  thoir  collection,  tlio  Cor- 
incr  offlcon  of  supervisor  and  inspector,  nro  ho- 
lipvod  to  Iiavc  been  unneccsniir)'  and  injurious 
links  in  the  Kystem,  and  that  the  expense  will  be 
diminished,  and  the  collection  and  accountability 
better  secured,  hy  the  division  of  the  states  into 
convenient  collection  districts,  and  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  collector  to  each  district,  who  will 
pay  into  the  treasury,  and  be  inime(liately  ac- 
countable to  that  department  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  collectors  of  customs.  This  arrangement, 
the  greater  amount  to  be  collected,  and  the  sim- 
plification in  the  objects  and  mode  of  taxation, 
will,  it  is  hoped,  reduce  in  a  Hhort  time  the  ex- 
penses of  collection  of  the  indirect  taxes  to  7| 
instead  of  13  per  cent,  which  they  formerly  cost, 
when  brought  to  their  highest  degree  of  improve- 
ment. In  estimating  the  charges  on  the  direct 
tax  of  1,5  per  cent.,  t)  per  cent,  have  been  allowed 
for  the  assessment,  5  per  cent,  for  the  collection, 
and  5  per  cent,  for  losses.     This  last  item  is 

FH'inci pally  on  account  of  losses  on  unseated 
ands,  and  on  some  remote  districts  of  country, 
and  is  not  susceptible  of  much  reduction.  That 
for  assessment  may  be  lessened  in  those  States 
where  the  objects  of  taxation  do  not  require  an 
annual  valuation,  or  where  the  state  or  county 
assessment  may  be  used.  The  expense  of  cot- 
lection  proper  may  be  also,  in  some  degree,  les- 
sened in  cities  aiid  populous  districts,  and  by 
uniting  it  with  that  of  the  internal  taxes.  It  is, 
however,  necessary  that  the  compensation  of  the 
collectors  be  sufficient  to  command  the  services 
of  men  properly  qualified,  and  in  every  respect 
worthy  of  the  trust. 

'In  performing  the  ungracious  task  of  pointing 
out  new  objects  of  taxation,  those  have  been  sub- 
mitted which  appeared  sufficiently  productive 
and  least  oppressive.  The  objections  to  which 
each,  including  the  increase  of  duties  on  impor- 
tations, is  liable,  have  not  been  stated ;  not  be- 
cause I  was  insensible  of  them,  but  because  no 
substitute  of  any  importance  was  perceived,  which 
was  not  still  more  objectionable.  Every  tax 
being,  in  some  degree,  an  evil,  is  therefore  liable 
to  some  objection ;  and  every  one  taken  singly 
may,  for  th&t  reason,  be  easily  combated.  But, 
if  the  necessity  of  an  additional  revenue  be  ad- 
mitted, the  objections  afford  no  argument  why 
the  tax  proposed  should  be  rejected,  unless  an- 
other less  inconvenient  be  substituted.  The  ne- 
cessity of  such  an  addition  to  the  revenue  has,  in 
the  course  of  this  letter,  been  strongly  urged, 


because  it  was  strongly  felt.  But  with  respect 
to  the  taxes  proposed,  the  selection  is  sulimiltcd 
with  diffidence :  and  it  will  be  iiighly  gratifying 
that  some  more  eligible  may  be  devised. 

'The  lastinquiry  of  the  committee  relates  chiefly 
to  the  terms  on  which  loans,  amounting  to  at  loaNt 
IO,0(M),000  of  dollars  peraiin.  may  be  obtained, and 
to  the  pliin  proper  to  be  adonted  for  their  reimburse- 
ment-  (tftliis  subject  we  liave  already  treated.' 

Trmlr. — The  vast  extent  of  sea-coast,  which 
spreads  liefore  these  States,  the  number  of  excel- 
lent harbourn  and  sea-port  towns,  the  numerous 
creeks  and  immense  bayn  which  indent  the  coast, 
nnd  the  rivers,  lakes,  and  canals  which  neninsu- 
Inte  the  whole  country,  added  to  its  agricultural 
advantages  and  improvements,  give  this  part  of 
the  world  superior  advantages  for  trade.  This, 
together  witli  the  imports,  exports,  shipping, 
muniifactures,  and  fisheries,  may  properly  be 
considered  as  forming  one  general  interest ;  but 
they  have  been  considered  as  constituting  the 
more  peculiar  and  important  objects  of  the  New 
Eiidaiid  States. 

The  consumption  of  fish,  oil,  whalebone,  nnd 
other  articles  obtained  through  the  fisheries,  in 
the  towns  nnd  counties  that  are  convenient  for 
navigation,  has  become  much  greater  than  is  ge- 
nerally supposed.  It  was  computed  that  no  less 
than  ^OOO  liarrcls  of  inackarel,  salmon, and  pickled 
cod-fish  were  vended,  annually,  in  the  city  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, as  far  back  as  1792  :  add  to  them  the 
dried  fish,  oil,  spermaceti,  candles,  whalebone, 
&:c.  and  it  will  be  found  that  a  little  fleet  of  sloops 
and  schooners  must  have  been  employed  in  the 
business. 

The  demand  for  the  fore-mentioned  articles  is 
proportionably  great  in  the  other  parts  of  the 
union,  (especially  in  Boston  and  the  large  coni- 
nierciul  towns  tliat  lie  along  the  coast  «.  e., 
which  enter  largely  into  the  fishing  trade),  and 
the  vessels  employed  in  transporting  them  are 
proportionably  numerous. 

The  quantity  of  fur  exported  from  the  n.  parts 
of  America  to  Great  Britain,  amounted  yearly 
to  about  £.41,000  sterling,  estimated  from  the 
freight  during  the  years  1768,  1769,  and  1770. 
The  exports  of  bucK-skins  amounted  to  upwards 
of  £.33,000.  The  sales  of  fur,  (which  take  place 
in  London  every  spring),  produced,  in  1782, 
£.4,700.  It  was  a  little  increased  in  1783,  nnd 
in  1784  it  exceeded  £.245,000.  All  this  fur  was 
paid  for  by  English  manufacturers ;  and  a  fourth 
part  of  it  was  worked  in  England,  where  its 
worth  was  doubled.  Great  Britain  has  however 
of  late  years  been  chiefly  indebted  to  Canada  for 
supply  of  these  articles ;    for  the  total  value  of] 


I J  \  r  T  i:  I)  s  r  a  r  k  s. 


It  will)  rcHpcrt 
on  i>4  HiiUinitlcd 
t;hlv  Krutitying 
cvisoci. 

•erpliit«*scliiofljf 
Mt'inff  to  ut  loattt 
l)col>tHiiio(l,und 
thrirrciinburHe- 
eady  treated.' 
ica-coiiHt,  which 
iiml>t>r  of  excel - 
*,  the  numerous 
ndent  the  coast, 
which  pcninsu- 
its  agricultural 
ive  this  part  of 
or  trade.     This, 
ports,  shippinfi^, 
ny   properly   be 
pal  interest ;  but 
constitutins:  the 
jects  of  the  New 

whalebone,  and 
the  fisheries,  in 
B  convenient  for 
peater  than  is  ge- 
uted  that  no  less 
Imon, and  pickled 
in  the  city  of  Phi- 
add  to  them  the 
idles,  whalebone, 
ttle  fleet  of  sloops 
employed  in  the 

itioned  articles  is 
llier  parts  of  the 
id  the  large  coni- 
the  coast  «.  e., 
slung  trade),  and 
)orting  them  are 

from  the  w.  parts 
amounted  yearly 
ti  mated  from  the 

1769,  and  1770. 
unted  to  upwards 

which  take  place 
)duced,  in  1782, 
sed  in  1783,  and 
All  this  fur  was 
ers ;  and  a  fourth 
gland,  where  its 
itain  has  however 
ted  to  Canada  for 
he  total  value  of] 


("the  fiirs  and  pcllry  exported  from  llitil  ct)loiiy, 
niDoiintrd,  on  an  H\<'nt:;e  of  ihn'i-  \i',\f.*,  ending 
180.),  to  i'.v;6J,()88.  l.lv.N/.  Kxcfii^^iveof  this, 
a  hiri;e  i|iiantity  of  furs  of  all  docriptionH  are 
unnii.<<lly  wiit  from  Canada,  l»y  mji)  "fSi.  John's, 
into  the  I'niled  States ;  not  nieri  l>  lor  supply- 
ing the  demands  of  that  cuiinlry,  hut  lor  export- 
ing to  China,  for  which  market  the  tiuesi  furs  and 
prime  peltries  are  in  re<|ue!it.  'I'he  amount  of 
those  articles,  sold  to  the  Americans  in  the  year 
J8a(»,  Mr.  liruy  states  at  £A>'2,0m.  iii.v.'  V?(/. 
Tiie  rensoii  of  the  furs  b«-iijg  vent  by  this  ciiaii- 
nol,  rather  than  through  the  London  market,  is 
the  difliculty  of  getting  home  (he  produce  ob- 
tained for  ilie  fins  in  China  by  tlie  ICast  India 
company's  ships,  together  «ith  the  various  re- 
strictions laid  by  the  Directors,  and  the  liea\y 
duty  payable  on' the  exportation. 

Xbcutiyaiitages  for  trade  \yhich  nature  has  so 


lilMM'ally  given  these  States,  have  never,  till  since 
the  eslablishment  of  the  nreM'ut  government, 
been  pn  perly  improved.  l><-lore  the  revolution, 
(ireat  Uriluih  claimed  an  exclusive  rilcht  to  tlie 
trade  of  her  American  (olonieb.  This  right, 
which  she  inliexibly  maintained,  enabled  her  lo 
fix  her  own  price,  as  well  on  the  articles  whicii 
^'he  purchased  from  (hem,  as  upon  those  of  her 
own  manufactures  exported  for  their  consump- 
tion. The  carrying  trade,  too,  was  preservwl 
almost  exclusively  in  her  ov.'U  hands,  whicJi  af- 
forded a  temptation  to  the  curriers,  that  was  often 
too  powerful  to  Ite  withstood,  to  exact  exorbitant 
commissions  and  freights.  That  Great  liritatn 
enriched  herself  prodigiously  by  this  exclusive 
trade  with  her  colonies,  is  reasonable  to  sii;)pose, 
and  will  appear  most  clearly  by  the  following 
document,  made  up  from  unqueatinnable  autho- 
rities. 


Totft/  imount  of  Imports  info,  and  Exports  from.  Great  Britain  (cxclasivc  of  Scotland)  and  the  Rritish 
CoioHifs,  noifi'  Ihv  I'niftd  Stales,  from  I(i97  to  ITTfi  im/iisive,  up  to  the  'Declaration  nf  their  Inde- 
pendence, being  a  Period  of  bO  Years,  distins;uishini!:  each  Stale. 


iNew  England  -  -  - 
New  York  -  -  -  - 
Pennsylvania  -  -  - 
Virginia  and  Maryland 
Georgia  ----- 
Carolina      .... 


Tiiiports. 


1,918,847  1 
y,J83,0.i9  17 
I,403,'>i9  14 

J0,3oa,4ll  2 
806,6.52    4 

12,741,079    8 


H 

5 

61 


.52,606,279     9    6  J 


Exports. 


19,268,7.56  8  11' 

12,317,032  10  I0| 

10,44.5,873  9  4 

21,2.58,127  1.5  10 

917,389  17  0 

9,0j6,332  4  5* 


Imports  Exci'iis. 


9,095,283     6  lU 
3,684,747     4     I 


73,263,512    6    5  i|  12,780,930  11     0^ 


(Exports  I'jicvi.'. 


I4,.i49,909  7  21 

9,933,979  13  Sj 

9,042,613  14  m 

110,737  12  T 


33,437,263     7   11} 
12,780,030  11     Gi 


Exports  exceed  the  Imports     -     jg.20,637,232  16  lOi 


Which  was  the  amount  (official  value)  of  the 
profit  derived  by  Great  Britain  during  the  time 
that  those  colonies  yvere  und^r  her  controul.  It 
will  presently  appear  that  this,  however  consi- 
derable, bore  no  nroportion  to  the  benefit  she 
has  derived  from  them,  in  a  commercial  point  of 
view,  since  the  declaration  of  their  independence. 
The  war  which  brought  about  the  separation 
of  these  States  from  Great  Britain,  threw  com- 
mercial affairs  into  great  confusion.  The  powers 
of  the  old  confederation  were  unequal  to  the 
complete  execution  of  any  measures,  calculated 
effectually  to  recover  them  from  their  deranged 


situation.  Through  want  of  power  in  the  old 
Congress  to  collect  a  revenue  for  the  discharge  of 
the  foreign  and  domestic  debt,  the  credit  was  de- 
stroyed, and  trade  of  consequence  greatly  em- 
barrassed. Each  State,  in  her  desultory  regula- 
tions of  trade,  regarded  her  oyvn  interest,  yvhile 
that  of  the  union  yvas  neglected.  And  so  differ- 
ent were  the  interests  of  the  several  States,  that 
their  laws  respecting  trade  often  clashed  yvith 
each  other,  and  yvere  productive  of  unhappy  con- 
sequences. The  large  commercial  States  had  it 
in  their  poyver  to  oppress  their  neighbours;  and 
in  some  instances,  this  poyver  yva8  directly  or  in-] 


I 


III 


^  H 

1 


(') 


64 


UNITED    STATES. 


[directly  exercised.  These  impolitic  and  unjusti- 
iiable  regulations,  formed  on  the  impression  of 
the  moment,  and  proceeding  from  no  uniform  or 

Eermanent  principles,  excited  unhappy  jealousies 
etween  the  clasning  States,  and  occasioned  fre- 
quent stagnations  in  their  trade,  and,  in  sonic 
instances,  a  secresy  in  their  commercial  policy. 
But  the  measures  which  have  since  been  adopted 
by  Congress,  under  in  efficient  government,  soon 
put  a  new  and  more  promising  face  upon  public 
affairs.  Invested  with  the  adequate  powers. 
Congress  formed  a  system  of  coniniercial  regula- 
tions, with  '\  view  of  enabling  the  country  to 
meet  the  opposers  of  its  trade  upon  their  own 
ground ;  a  system  which  has  certainly  placed  its 


commerce  on  a  respectable,  uniform,  and  intelli. 
gible  footing,  adapted  to  promote  the  general  in- 
terests of  the  union,  with  the  smallest  injury  to 
the  individual  States. 

The  balance  of  trade,  in  favour  of  Great  Bri- 
tain during  80  years,  up  to  the  period  of  the  in- 
dependence of  these  States,  was,  we  hav^  already 
seen,  somewhat  more,  on  an  average,  than  a 
quarter  of  a  million  annually.  The  balance  she 
obtained  in  her  favour,  during  the  six  years  im- 
mediately succeeding,  was  upwards  of  £.360,000 
annually,  being  an  increase  of  £.110,000,  com- 
pared with  the  annu<il  r.verage  ot  the  period  up 
to  1776,  as  will  appear  by  the  following  Tables, 
showing 


JJie  official  Value  of  Imports  and  Exports  from  Great  Britain  and  the  British  Colonies  in  N.  America, 
now  the  United  States,  between  the  Years  1777  and  1782  fsijc  Years  J  during  the  Disturbances  ;  dis- 
tinguishing each  Colony  or  State. 


Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports  Excess. 

Exports  Excess. 

New  England    -     -     - 
New  York     -     -     -     - 
Pennsylvania      .     -     - 
Yirgiiiia  and  Maryland 
Georgia    -     -    -     -     - 
Carolina 

5,159    5    0 

65,611     6    8 

679  17    2 

58    7  11 

10,169    0    3 

116,299    2  10 

1,619,278    0  10 

7,5,37    6     7 

106,372    2  10 

637,530  14    8 

5,159    5    0 
58      7  11 

1.553,666  14    2 
6,857    9    5 

96,203    2    7 
521,231   11  10 

197,976  19  10 

2,370,718    4  11 

5,217  12  11 

2,177,958  18    0 
5,217  12  11 

Exports  exceed  imports 

2,172,740    5    1 

Annual  average  Excess  of  Exports 

£  362,123    6    8 

But,  although  the  balance  of  trade  for  any  six 
years  preceding  the  Revolution,  on  the  average 
of  the  whf>le  period  of  80,  amounted  to  a  quarter 
of  a  million,  it  is  evident  that  the  trade  of  the 


six  years  immediately  preceding,  was  infinitely 
greater  even  than  tha  of  the  six  years  during  the 
disturbances,  or  more  than  double,  as  will  thiri« 
appear.] 


y  Table 


UNIT  E  D    S  TATE  S. 


06 


n,  and  intelli- 
he  general  in- 
llest  injury  to 

of  Great  Bri- 
riod  of  the  in- 
e  hav^  already 
erage,  than  a 
lie  balance  she 

six  years  im- 
8  of  £-360,000 
.110,000,  com- 

the  period  up 
lowing  Tables, 


iM  N.  America, 
sturbances;  dis- 


ixports  Eicess. 


.53,666  14    2 
6,857    9    5 

96,203    2    7 
(21,231   11  10 


77,958 
5,217 

18 
12 

0 
11 

72,740 

5 

1 

562,123 

6 

8 

',  was  infinitely 
[years  during  the 
Ible,  as  will  thits 


[Table  ofjniporls  tind  Exports  briween  Great  Rrilain  and  the  Cofonics  of  \\  .hucrica  (now  the  Initeri 
Stales  J  for  Sir  Yiars,  ending  i776,  disti'guishing  the  Imports  and  Exports  of  each  Cofont/,  and  the 
Balances  in  favour  of  Great  Britain. 


Places. 


Imports, 


New  England  - 


New  York  - 


Pennsylvania  - 


-  -     1*71 

1772 

1773 

1774  to  1776 

-  -     1771 

1772 

1773 

1774  to  1776 

-  -     1771 

1772 

1773 

1774  to  1776 


Virginia  and  Maryland  1 77 1 

1772 

1773 

1774  to  1776 


Georgia  • 


Carolina 


■     -     1771 

1772 

1773 

1774  to  1776 

-    -     1771 

1772 

1773 

1774  to  1776 


150,381   17  2 

126,265     7  6 

124,624  19  6 

229,599    2  6 

95,875    8  11 

82,707    8  6 

76,246  12  0 

269,345    5  7 

31,615  19  9 

29,133  12  3 

36,652    8  9 

246,995    9  7 

577,848  16  6 

528,404  10  6 

58y,803  14  5 

1,443,613  12  8 

63,810  10  9 

66,083  18  9 

85,391     1  8 

103,694    3  0 

420,311  14  8 

425,923    1  1 

456,513    8  4 

1,025,520  11  0 


7,286,362  15    4 


I'.iports. 


1,420,119     1  1 

821,830    8  9 

527,055  15  10 

689,151  15  11 

653,621     7  6 

343,970  19  9 

289,214  19  7 

439,165  14  7 

728,744  19  10 

507.909  14  0 
426,448  17  3 
627,383  11  3 

920,326  3  8 

793.910  13  2 
328,904  15  8 
530,659  16  9 

70,493  19  3 

92,406  4  4 

62,932  19  8 

171,296  6  0 

409,169  9  4 

449,610  2  2 

344,859  9  1 

384,362  7  5 


12,036,549  11  10 


Impnrls  Excni. 


260,898  18    9 
912,953  15  11 


Exports  Exrrsi. 


l,26y,737  3  11 

698,565  1  3 

402,430  16  4 

459,552  13  5 

557,745  18  7 

261,263  11  3 

212,968  7  7 

169,820  9  0 

697,129  0  1 

478,776  1  9 

389,796  8  6 

380,388  1  8 

342,477  7  2 

265,506  2  8 


22,458    2    0 


11,142    5    4 

111,653  19    3 
641,158    3    7 


1,960,265    4  10 


£ 


6,683    8    6 
26,322    5    7 

67,602    3    0 


23,687     1     1 


6,710,452    1     4 
1,960,265    4  10 


4,750,186  16    6 


Annual  average  Excess  of  Exports      791,697  16     1 
Annual  average  Excess  during  the  six  years  of  Disturbances      362,123    6    8 


Annual  average  loss  by  the  six  years  of  Disturbances    £  429,574    9    5 


Tabk 


If  then  such  were  the  advantages  of  a  few 
years  of  insecurity  and  restricted  trade,  it  is  not 
to  be  wondered  at  that  immediately  upon  the 
signing  the  treaty  of  1783,  the  amount  of  benefit 
from  the  intercourse  that  Great  Britain  carried 


VOL.  v. 


on  with  her  former  colonies,  began  rapidly  to  in- 
crease in  a  manner  to  exceed  the  expectation  of 
the  most  sanguine.  The  loalance  in  iavour  of 
England  for  the  six  years,  from  1783  to  1788, 
was  upwards  of  7,000,000,  being  an  increase"! 


ou 


UNITED     S  T  A  T  E  S. 


I.I 


!i 


V 


■?  < 


.( 


h  i  i 


[of  1,000,000  on  the  former  period  of  six  years, 
ending  177C. 

In  tlic  next  six  years  ending  1794,  it  reached 
to  upwards  of  15,000,000. 

In  the  next  six  years  ending  1800,  it  reached 
to  nearly  24,000,000. 

In  the  next  six  years  ending  1806,  it  reached 
to  upwards  of  28,000,000,  whicli  is  the  higliest 
pitch  it  ever  attained.  It  will  be  here  satisfac- 
tory to  add, 

T/ir  annual  Amount  of  Imports  into,  and  Exports 

from,  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  from 

I7Sj,  the  Year  of  the  aeknozcleds;ement  of  their 

Independenee,  to  the  Year  18  ly,  distinguishing 

the  Excess  of  Exports  of  each  Year. 


M';     .     ' 


\  ciir-. 

llll|IOI'tS. 

.'J  14.0.58 

K.vports. 

Exports  Excess. 

I7SJ 

1,436.228 

1,122,170 

I78t 

701,189 

3,359,864 

2,6,58.675 

I78;j 

775,89f» 

2,078,743 

1,302,853 

17S() 

743,64y 

1,431,2.54 

687,611 

1787 

780,44.5 

1,794,214 

1,013,769 

1788 

883,618 

1.709.928 

826,310 

17811) 

893,303 

2,336.407 

1,443,102 

1790 

1,043,388 

3,25'<,237 

2.2 1 4.849 

1791 

1,011, .366 

4,0U,4I6 

3.oo:;',050 

1792 

954,141 

4,075,002 

3.120,861 

179,'j 

827,923 

3.334,852 

2,506,929 

1794 

590,847 

3,746,830 

3,155,983 

179) 

1,295,237 

5,011,810 

3,746,573 

i7f»G 

1.997,374 

5,7.35,218 

3,737,814 

1797 

1,074,635 

4,691,620 

3,616,985 

1798 

1,627,710 

5,206,603 

3,578,893 

1     1799 

1.635,380 

6,593,713 

4,958.333 

1800 

2.089,652 

6,384,202 

4,294,550 

J80I 

2.706,518 

7.517,531 

4,811,013  i 

1802 

1.923,504 

5.319.491 

3.-395.987  i 

1     I8f)3 

1,914,098 

5,272.812 

3..358.7I4 

1804 

1,651,467 

6.3f)S,426 

4,746.95!) 

i8o:, 

1 ,766.556 

7,146.765 

5.380.20!) 

1806 

1, 999^884 

8,613  124 

6.61 3.2  K) 

181- 

2,847.522 

7,921,120 

5,073,598 

1808 

836,342 

3,992,060 

3.I.')5,7I8 

1809 

2,205.331 

5.187,615 

2,f)82,284 

1810 

2,614,405 

7.813,317 

5.198,912 

1811 

2..'309,4I5 

1.431,829 

181^ 

1,294,!  52 

4,135,592 

2,841,440 

|8I.'J* 

»   I'he  (lot 

1 

iimenls  of  tli'iB  > i.-.r  no;e  d;'strcyed  :;(   tlic  l:i(i' 

liiv  al  llii-  (■ 

1  Inin  lloiibc. 

.liiiii  'H 

>,  13U.                                                   W.   IllvlNt. 

We  now  proceed  to  oiler  a  more  specitic  ac- 
count of  the  trade  of  these  States,  in  order  to 
give  tur  readers  an  idea  not  merely  of  their 
general  importance,  as  applying  to  the  amount 
of  their  i:i(lividual  imports  and  exports,  but  to 
shew  of  wha>  tlie  same  may  consist,  and  tlie  coun- 
ti'ics  with  which  the  intercourse  is  carried  on. 

])olliir9.         Ontfi. 

The  duties  arising  on  goods, 
wares,  and  merchandize  im- 
ported into  the  United  .Slutes, 
commencing  Oct.  1,  1790,  and 
ending  Sept.  30, 1791,  amount- 
ed to    3,006,722  85A 

The  duties  on  the  tonnage  of 
vessels  that  entered  these 
States,  durii;g  the  same  period, 
amounted  to  ^ 

illl,.  T.iii-  ijith'.      Hols.  fViil".  C 

..S  :\m  riciiii  :.()(  Oiil  7()  i    .'iO.C.'t  7"'.    C 
'■'  (  FiilULMi  -  '.-.i  1,1)13  IK  U1J,5VJ  -'>'    J 


T..1H  ysiln. 
737,073  6.i 


145,347  75 


Total  Dollars 


3,152,070  60  rV 


The  Value  of  the  Exports  for  the  Year,  ending 
Sept.  30,  1791,  with  their  destination,  teas  as 
foliates. 


tf, 


Dols. 

3,570 
21,866     2 
277,273  53 


-    -  1,634,825     6 


362,010  21 


To  the  dominions  of  Russia  - 
To  the  dominions  of  Sweden  - 
To  the  <h)ininions  of  Denmarii 
To  the  dominions  of  the  United 

Netherlaiiils     -     -     - 
To  the  dominions  of  Great  Britain  7,95.3,418  21 
To  tlie  Imperial  ports  of  (ho  Au-;- 

trian  Netlierlandsand  (lorniany 
To  Hambiu'gh,  Bremen,  and  other 

Manse  Towns        .     -     .     -     - 
To  the  (h)iniiiions  of  I'rance   -     - 
To  the  dominions  of  Spain     -     - 
To  the  dominions  of  Portugal 
To  the  Italian  Ports      -     -     -     - 
'I'o  Morocco    ----.-■■ 
To  the  Cast  Indies,  generally 
To  .A  frica,  generally      .     .     -     - 
To  tlie  West  Indies,  generally 
To  the  N.  W.  Coast  of  America  - 
To  Europe  and  the  West  Indies 

for  a  market     .----. 

Total  Dollars     - 


64,259 

25 

4,2!)8,762 

26 

1,301,286  95 

1,039,696 

47 

31,726 

90 

3,660 

fiO 

318,628 

46 

168,477  92 

59,434  36 

3,380 

29,274 

5 

17,571, .551 

45] 

'•  '*' 


UNITED    8  T  A  T  E  S. 


07 


re  specific  ac- 
9,  in  order  to 
lerely  of  tlieir 
to  the  amount 
xports,  but  to 
,  and  tlie  coun- 
carricd  on. 


Dollars.         Cents. 


3,006,722  S5A 


145,347  73 


3,152,070  00/, 


\e.   War,  ending 
imilion,  teas  as 

Dols.    Cf. 
3,570 
2i,8(iG  2 
277,273  53 

1,634,825  fi 
7,953,418  21 

362,010  21 

64,259  25 

4,2f)8,762  26 

1,301,286  95 

1,039,696  47 

31,726  90 

3,660  50 

318,628  46 

168,477  92 

59,434  36 

3,380 

29,274  5 

17,571,551  45] 


t 


lAmount  of  Exports  for  the 
Year,  ending  Sept.  30, 
1792. 

Dnh. 

181,407 

2,889,922 

698,084 

1,237,473 

2,528,085 

23,524 

3,820,646 

133,978 
2,550,258 
3,549,499 

503,294 
2,430,425 

458,973 


Now  Hanipsli. 
MassachusL'ts  ■ 
Rhode  Island 
Connecticut    • 
New  York  -  ■ 
New  iemcy 
Pennsylvania  - 
Delaware  -     ■ 
Maryland  -    ■ 
Virginia     -    ■ 
N.  Carolina    ■ 
S.  Carolina 
Georgia     -    ■ 


21,005,568 


Amount  of  Exports 
for  the  \ear,fnding 
Sept.  30,  1793. 

Do/s. 

198,197 

3,676,412 

616,416 

770,239 

2,934,369 

54,176 

6,958,736 

71,242 

3,687,119 

2,984,317 

363,307 

3,195,874 

501,383 


26,011,787 


Value  and  Destination  of  Exports  for  the  Year, 
ending  Sept.  30,  1793. 

Russia --  5,769 

Sweden 310,427 

Denmark 870,508 

Holland 3,169,536 

Great  Britain 8,431,239 

Imperial  Ports 1,013,347 

Hanse  Towns 792,537 

France      -    - 7,050,498 

Spain 2,237,950 

Portugal 997,390 

Italian  Ports       - 220,688 

Morocco 2,094 

East  Indies   ------.-  253,131 

Africa -  251,343 

West  Indies  ----....  399,559 

N.  VV.  Coast  of  America       -    -     -  1,586 

Uncertain 3,986 

26,011,788 

Thus  the  exports  of  the  United  States  had  in- 
creased, in  the  three  years,  ending  Sept.  1793, 
from  17,300,000  to  26,000,000  of  dollars. 

The  above  exports  consisted,  in  a  great  degree, 
of  the  most  necessary  food  of  man  and  of  working 
animals,  and  of  raw  materials  applicable  to  ma- 
nufactures of  the  most  general  utility  and  con- 
sumption. 

The  exports  were,  at  this  period,  five  or  nearly 
nix  times  the  amount  of  the  national  taxes  and 
duties,  The  amount  of  the  outward  freight  of 
the  ships  and  vessels  of  the  United  States,  wai 


about  equal  to  all  their  national  taxes  and  duties. 
The  inward  fn-ight  was  considerable.  The 
earnings  of  the  fishing  vessels,  in  lieu  of  freight, 
were  also  considerable.  The  coasting  freights 
were  greater  in  value  than  both  the  last.  All 
ships  and  vessels  departed  from  the  United  States, 
fully  laden,  excepting  a  p4»"t  of  the  East  Indi;i 
traders.  The  quantity  of^  tonnage,  employed  in 
the  coasting  trade  was  very  considerable,  as  was 
also  that  employed  in  the  cod  and  whale  fisheries. 
The  imports  of  the  United  States  were  less  in 
value  than  the  exports,  deducting  the  outward 
freights  of  their  <iwn  ships,  (which  were  returned 
in  goods,)  the  net  snles  of  their  ships  to  foreigners, 
and  the  property  imported  by  migrators  from 
foreign,  countries. 

rhe  ver^  great  proportion  of  the  imports, 
which  consisted  of  manufactures,  (and  from  raw 
materials  which  America  could  produce,)  afforded 
constant  and  inviting  opportunities  to  lessen  the 
balance  against  the  United  States,  in  their  trade 
with  foreign  countries^  held  out  a  certain  home 
market  to  skilful  and  industrious  manufacturers 
in  America,  and  gave  promises  to  the  landholder 
and  farmer  of  a  very  increasing  demand  for  his 
produce,  in  which  he  could  not  be  deceived,  and 
to  which  the  steady  price  of  their  produce,  during 
the  existence  of  embargoes,  has  borne  testimony. 

The  imports  had  not,  however,  been  hitherto 
swelled  in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  popula. 
tion  and  wealth.  The  reason  was,  the  constant 
introduction  of  new  branches  of  manufacture,  and 
the  great  extension  of  the  old  branches. 

The  imports  had  almost  ceased  to  exhibit  cer- 
tain articles  of  naval  and  military  supply,  and 
others  of  the  greatest  utility  and*  consumption. 
They  consisted  in  a  small  degree  of  necessaries, 
in  a  great  degree  of  articles  of  comfortable  ac- 
commodations, and  in  some  degree  of  luxuries ; 
but  the  exports  consisted  chiefly  of  prime  neces- 
saries, with  some  articles  of  mere  comfort  and 
utility,  and  some  of  luxury.  The  following  will 
be  found  to  be  the  quantities  of  some  of  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  exportation  from  the  United 
States,  during  the  year,  ending  September,  1792. 

3,145,253  Bushels  of  grain  and  pulse  (princi- 
pally  wheat,    Indian    corn,    rye, 
beans,  and  peas.) 
44,752  Horses,  horued  cattle,  mules,  hogs, 
and  sheep. 

1,469,723  Barrels  of  flour,  meal,  biscuit,  and 
rice,  reducing  casks  of  various 
sizes,  to  the  proportion  of  flour 
bariels.J 


m 


UNITED    STATES. 


1 


\     ^^^  i 


0 


'Wi 


[146,909  Barrels  of  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  ond 
rosin. 
1 16,803  Barrels  of  beef,  pork,  mutton,  sau- 
sages, oysters,  tripe,  &c.  reducing^ 
casks  ot  various  sizes,  to  the  pro- 
portion of  beef  and  pork  barrels. 
S31,776  Barrels  of  dried  and  pickled  fish,  re- 
ducing them  to  barrels  of  the  same 
size. 
048,115  Gallons  of  spirits,  distilled  in  the 
United  States. 
7,823  Tons,  12  cwt.  and  141b.  of  pot-ashes 
and  pearl-ashes. 
112,428  Hogsheads  of  tobacco. 
60,646,861  Feet  of  boards,  plank,  and  scantling. 
19,391i  Tons  of  timber. 
18,374  Pieces  of  timber. 
1,080  Cedar  and  oak  ship  knees. 
71,693,863  Shingles. 
31,760,702  Staves  and  hoops. 
191  Frames  of  houses. 
73,318  Oars,  rafters  for  oars,  and  handspikes. 
48,860  Shook  or  knock-down  casks. 
52,381  Hogsheads  of  flax  seed. 

The  exports  of  the  year  of  which  the  above  are 
u  part,  amounted  to  21,000,000  of  dollars— but 
the  exports  of  the  next  following  year,  (ending 
Sept.  30,  1793),  amounted  to  5,000,000  more, 
being,  as  we  have  seen  above,  26,000,000  of  dol- 
lars. Provisions  and  raw  materials  had  greatly 
increased.  Of  flour  alone  there  were  snipped 
1,103,000  of  casks. 

'Ihe  imports  began  now  generally  to  he 
brouglht  directly  (and  not  circuitously)  from  the 
countries  which  produced  or  manufactured  them. 
— China,  India  proper,  the  isles  of  Bourbon  and 
Mauritius,  Good  Hope,  the  S.  settlements  of 
America  and  the  W.  Indies,  the  Wine  Islands, 
the  countries  on  the  Mediterranean  and  Baltic 
Seas,  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  France,  the 
Netherlands  and  Germany,  Spain  and  Portugal. 
Less  than  half  the  ships  and  vessels  belong- 
ing to  the  United  States,  were  sufficient  to  trans- 
port all  the  commodities  they  consumed  or  im- 
ported. 

Tlieir  citizens  might  be  lawfully  concerned  in 
any  branch  of  foreign  trade,  except  the  slave 
trade,  whether  carried  on  from  the  United  States, 
or  from  any  other  country. 

Their  commerce  was  diversified  and  prosper- 
ous, and  consisted  in  importing  for  their  own 
consumption,  and  with  regard  to  their  export,  in 
the  coasting  and  inland  trades,  and  the  Indian 
trade.     There  was  no  branch  of  commerce,  fo- 


reign or  donestic,  in  which  every  district,  city, 

Eort,  and  individual  was  not  equally  entitled  to 
e  interested. 

The  lawful  interest  of  money  was  6  per  cent, 
per  annum  in  most  of  the  States :  in  a  few  it  wau 
7  per  cent ;  in  one  it  was  5  per  cent. 

The  commanders  and  other  officers  of  American 
ships  were  deemed  skilful  and  judicious;  from 
which  cause,  combined  with  the  goodness  of  their 
ships  and  of  their  equipment,  insurances  upon 
their  vessels  were  generally  made  in  Europe, 
upon  the  most  favourable  terms,  compared  with 
the  corresponding  risk ^  on  board  of  the  vessels 
of  other  nations ;  and  this  opinion  has  not  ceased, 
with  other  causes,  to  operate  in  their  favour  to 
the  present  day. 

The  separate  American  States  had  (with  one 
small  exception)  abolished  the  slave  trade,  and 
they  had  also,  in  some  instances,  abolished  negro 
slavery  ;  in  others  they  had  adopted  efficacious 
measures  for  its  certain,  but  gradual  abolition. 
The  importation  of  slaves  was  discontinued,  and 
could  never  be  renewed,  so  as  to  interrupt  the 
repose  of  Africa,  or  endanger  the  tranquilliU  of 
the  United  States.  The  steady  use  of  effica- 
cious alternatives  was  preferred  to  the  imme- 
diate application  of  mr.ic  strong  remedies,  in  a 
case  of  so  much  ir^mentary  and  intrinsic  impor- 
tance. 

The  clothes,  books,  household  furniture,  and 
the  tools  or  inj})lements  of  their  trade  or  profes- 
sion, brought  by  emigrators  to  America,  were 
exempted  from  the  import  duty,  and  they  might 
begin  their  commerce,  manufactures,  trades,  or 
agriculture  on  the  day  of  their  arrival,  upon  the 
same  footing  as  a  native  citizen.  There  was  no 
greater  nor  other  tax  upon  foreigners,  or  their 
property  in  the  United  States,  than  upon  native 
citizens.  All  foreign  jurisdiction,  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal matters,  was  inconsistent  with  the  existing 
laws  and  constitutions. 

The  poor  taxes  were  very  small,  owing  to  the 
facility  with  which  every  man  and  woman,  and 
every  child  who  was  old  enough  to  do  the  light- 
est work,  could  procure  a  comfortable  subsistance. 
The  industrious  poor,  if  frugal  and  sober,  often 
placed  themselves,  in  a  few  years,  above  want. 

Horses  and  cattle  and  other  useful  beasts,  im- 
ported  for  breeding,  were  exempted  by  law  from 
the  import  duty. 

All  the  lands  in  the  United  States  were  free 
from  tythes.  The  medium  annual  land  rents  of 
Europe  were  greater  per  acre  than  the  medium 
purchase  was  in  the  United  States ;  including,  in 
the  estimate,  the  value  of  the  old  improved  farms] 


y;  i 


UNITED    STATES. 


«0 


'  district,  city, 
Uy  entitled  to 

van  6  per  cent, 
in  a  few  it  waa 
at. 

TB  of  American 
idicious;  from 
lodness  of  their 
surances  upon 
de  in  Europe, 
:ompared  with 
of  the  vessels 
has  not  ceased, 
their  favour  to 

had  (with  one 

Eive  trade,  and 

bolished  negro 

pted  efficacious 

dual  abolition. 

continued,  and 

»  interrupt  the 

tranquillity  of 

use  of  emca- 

to  the  imme- 

remedies,  in  a 

ntrinsic  impor- 

furniture,  and 
rade  or  profes- 
America,  w«re 
ind  they  might 
res,  trades,  or 
rival,  upon  the 
There  was  no 
fliers,  or  their 
m  upon  native 
,  in  ecclesiasti- 
:h  the  existing 

I,  owing  to  the 
id  woman,  and 
:o  do  the  light- 
)le  subsistance. 
id  sober,  often 
above  want, 
eful  beasts,  im- 
sd  by  law  from 

ates  were  free 
al  land  rents  of 
in  the  medium 
including,  in 
nproved  farms] 


[in  America,  and  the  great  mass  of  unimproved 
lands. 

The  productions  and  manufactures  of  military 
supplies  and  articles,  enabled  these  States  to 
derive  from  their  own  resources  ships  of  war, 
gunpowder,  cannon  and  musket  balls,  shells  and 
bombs,  cannon  and  carriages,  rifles  and  cutlasses, 
grapnals,  iron,  lead,  cartouch  boxes^  sword  belts, 
cartridge  paper,  saddles,  bridles,  and  holsters, 
soldiers'  anu  sailors'  hats,  buckles,  shoes  and 
boots,  leathern  breeches,  naval  stores,  sheathing 
paper,  malt  and  spirituous  liquors,  manufactured 
tobacco,  soap,  candles,  lard,  butter,  beef,  pork, 


bacon,  hams,  peas,  biscuit,  and  flour,  and  other 
articles  for  the  land  or  marine  service. 

Such,  in  a  commercial  view,  were  the  United 
States  in  1793,  and  such  were  the  grounds  upon 
which  their  rapidly  increasing  prosperity  nad 
stood. 

The  following  Tables  will  show  that,  in  the 
course  of  13  years,  their  Exports  to  Great  Bri- 
tain alone  became  more  than  equal  to  those  they 
had  made  to  all  parts  in  1793,  since  the  Total 
Exports  were  then  f?6,01 1,787  dollars,  and  in 
1807,  to  Great  Britain,  36,739,181  dollars,  or 
£.6,331,410  sterling. 


IMPORTS  and  EXPORTS  between  GREAT  BRITAIN  mid  the  UNITED  STATES  of 
AMERICA,  f  including  Ijouisiana)  for  Three  Years,  ending  Januart/  3,  1808,  distinguishing  each 
Year,  and  the  principal  Articles  of  such  Imports  and  Exports  ;  and  also  foreign  Merchandize  from 
British  Produce  and  Manufactures. 


Real  Value  of  Imports  from  the  United  States  t>(  America. 


Annotto - 

Ashes,  Pearl,  and  Pot      -     - 
Cochineal     ------ 

Coffee 

Corn,  Grain,  and  Meal     -     - 

Hides - 

Indigo     ------- 

Pitch  and  Tar 

Seeds ;  viz.  Flax  and  Linseed 
Skins  and  Furs  ----- 


Sugar       

Tobacco  --------- 

Turpentine   ----..-. 

Wood ;  viz.  Deals  and  Fir  Timber 

Mahogany    -    -    -    . 

Masts 

Staves     -    _    -    -    - 

Wool;  viz.  Cotton 

Other  articles    -----__ 


1805. 


1806. 


Total  Imports 


£' 


£■ 

6,290 

102,932 

7?0 

18,259 

131,322 

13,985 

12,736 

48,511 

1,652 

68,691 

13,866 

313,487 

118,308 

36,164 

30,378 

3,519 

106,681 

2,927,818 

97,444 


71,333 

138,498 

77,817 

23,904 

422,429 

12,406 

47,297 

34,378 

11,590 

65,062 

51,173 

417,946 

100,822 

64,758 

S9,<132 

10,121 

100,203 

2,566,729 

73,825 


1807, 


M,' 


4,076,803      4,360,743 


t,402 

144,326 

9,104 

66,636 

922,308 

18,590 

69,909 

40,266 

7,050 

26,116 

13,030 

447,883 

77,638 

131,741 

81,482 

3,355 

146,734 

4,115,136 

143,704 


6,531,410] 


\ 


r 


TO 


UNITED    STATES. 


tV; 


!     ..1     I 


■  I 


'4    i 


¥ 


i 


m 


[Real  Value  of  Exports  fior.i  ICiiglaiiil  to  tiic  UiiitiMl  Sditot  of  America. 


Brass  and  Copper  Manufactures     -    - 
Cotton  Goods    -------- 

Glass  and  Earthenware    ----- 

Haberdashery    - 

Hats 

Iron  and  Steel  -.--.... 

Lead        -_._     

Linens     - 

Salt 

Silk  Manufactures  ...----. 

Tin  and  Pewter       ------- 

Woollens      --.--.--. 
Other  articles 

British  Produce  and  Manufactures 
Foreign  Merchandize    -     -     -     - 

Total  Exports    -    - 


I  mi). 


£■ 

3,'267,H13 

98,904 
7^9,019 

72,0()J 
SI9,9r)0 

60,830 
4f)5,44a 

4,6a  1, 8^7 
815,73a 


11,019,468 
427,471 


11,446,939 


lillXi. 


£■ 

sa,i42 

4,645,73f> 
I75,.526 
313,764 

99,260 
684,678 

44,619 
289,044 

84,689 
425,165 

79,189 

4,866,178 

599,495 


12,389,488 
476,063 


12,865,551 


181)7. 


£. 

168,004 

4,609,211 

162,.542 

310,862 

64,620 
773,188 

31,166 
,306,821 

81,574 
417,418 

75,875 

4,239,118 

606,114 


11,846,513 
251,429 


12,097,942 


■  36,410,432 


(Balance  in  Ikvcur  of  England,  by  the  two  foregoing  Tables,  £.21,441,476.) 


Real  Value  of  Exports  from  England  to  all  Parts  of  America  and  the  W.  Indies  (exclusive  of  tlic 

United  States.) 


Years,  ended  10th  October,  1806 

1807 

1808 


ISritisli 
Manufactures. 


£- 

7,275,911 

8,635,860 

12,041,320 


27,953,091 


Foieign 
Mercliandise. 


£• 

696,495 
650,761 

817,775 


2,165,031 


Total. 


£ 

7,972,406 

9,286,621 

12,859,095 


30,118,122 


Excess  of  Exports  to  the  United  States    - 


6,292,310 


Thus,  upon  an  average  of  three  years,  ending 
1807,  the  real  value  of  British  manutactures  and 
foreign  merchandise,  exported  to  America  and 
the  W.  Indies,  exceeded  that  to  all  other  parts 
by  upwards  of  6,000,000. 

But  if  these  States  had  thus  benefited  Great 


Britain,  up  to  this  period,  by  their  intercourse, 
their  own  improvement  was  not  less  striking. 
In  the  course  of  five  years,  from  the  time  of  their 
independence,  their  political  economy  might  be 
said  to  be  firmly  established  upon  its  own  basis  ; 
we  shall  therefore  present  our  readers  with  a] 


*  » 


j'( 


'"^TV 


-36,410,432 


UNIT  E  I)     S  T  A  T  E  S. 

[General  Statistical  View  of  the  United  Stales,  for  a  Period  of  •-20  Years,  from  1788  <o  1808. 
Collected  chiefly  from  Official  Documents. 


71 


l^niiineration. 


30,118,122 


6,292,3i0 


their  intercourse, 
not  less  striking. 
I  the  time  of  their 
conomy  might  be 
on  its  own  basis  ; 
eaders  with  a] 


Number  of  States  in  the  Union 
Square  acres       ...... 

Acres  of  land  in  cultivation  -     - 
Average  price  of  laud,  per  acre 
Population.— Whites  and  free 
■coloiu'      -     - 
Slaves     ... 
Total  population     -     .     .     . 
Elfectivo  uiilitia       -     -     .     . 
Regular  army    -.-.-. 


people  of 


Niinilirr  and 
Value  ill  ith8. 


13 

283,800,000 
1,210,500 
2  dollars 

2,300,000 
700,000 

3,200,000 
450,000 


Naval  force 


Dwelling  houses      ---.... 

Horses    ---  ...... 

Horned  cattle      ----.... 

Post  oflices 

llevenues  of  general  ditto      -     .    .     . 

Expenses  of  ditto . 

Newspapers 

The  post  extends  in  miles      .... 

Tonnage  of  merchant  vessels     ... 

Value  of  imports  in  sterling        .     .     - 

Exports  C  Domestic  produce 

in  Sterling  Monev.  ')  f'^''^^.^"  goods     . 

•     (^lotal    .     .     .     - 

Annual  revenue      ....... 

Specie  in  circulation 

National  debt 


Number  and 
Value  in  llius. 


The  commerce  of  these  States,  previous  to  the 
late  embargo,  was  most  flourishing,  notwithstand- 
ing t he  <  ipredations  said  to  have  been  com- 
mitted upon  it  by  the  belligerent  powers  of 
^urope,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  official 
documents,  laid  before  (he  house  of  representa 
tivesou  I-ebruary29,  1808,  by  Albert  (Gallatin, 
secretary  of  the  treasury. 

Exports  of  the    United  Slates,  from  October  1, 
1806,  to  October  1, 1807. 

Ti  1  Dollars, 

1  lie  goods,  wares,  and  merchandize 
ot  domestic  growth,   or  manufac- 

""  '    '    ■ 48,699,592 


640,000 
600,000 
1,200,000 
400 
12,000/. 
11,000/. 
80 
5,000 
250,000 
2,475,000/. 
2,025,000/, 
225,000/. 
2,250,000/. 
1,800,000/. 
2,250,000/. 

16,500,000/. 


21 

600,000,000 

2,390,400 

6  dollars 

5,430,000 
1,070,000 
6,500,000 
930,000 
2,000 
CIO  frigates,^ 
<81  slooj)si)tC 
(gunboats.  ) 
1,225,000 
1,200,000 
2,950,000 
1,848 
()8,850/. 
58,500/. 
350 
33,000 
1,207.000 
92,000,000/. 
10,957,408/. 
13,449,800/. 
24,377,208/. 
4,000,000/. 
3,800,0(K)/. 

15,238,700/. 


Incrraic  in  s!0 
Vrars. 


316,200,000 
1,179,000 
4  dollars 

2,930,000 
370,000 

3,300,000 

480,000 

2,000 

91  vessels 

585,000 

600,000 

1,750,000 

1,448 

5(),850/. 

47,500/. 

270 
28,000 
957,000 
19,525,000/. 
8,932,408/. 
13,194,800/. 
22,127,208/ 
2,200,000/ 
1,550,000/. 
Decrease  1 
1,261,300/1 


rpi  „        1  .  Dollars. 

1  lie  goods,  wares,  and  merchandize 
of  foreign  growth  or  manufacture  59,643,558 

Total  108,343,150 

Recapitulation  of  the  above. 
1  he  foreign  goods  are  classed  as  follows  • 

1st.  Articles  free  of  duty  bv  law  .  -     2,080,114 

2nd.  Do.  liable  to  duty,  and  on  re-ex- 

portation  entitled  to  drawback     -  48,205,943 

3rd.  Do.  liable  to  duty,  but  no  draw- 
back on  re-exportation  -    ...    9  357  591 

59,643,558] 


UNITED    STATES. 


Y  ■,'  \- 


■: 


fN.B.  The  clutieH  collected  on  the  third  clasH 
are"  derived  dircctlv  from  the  carrying  trade,  and 
amount  to  I  ,*i93,877  dollars. 

The  articles  of  domestic  growth  or  manufacture 
are  arranged  as  follons  : 

Dof/(irs. 
Ist.    Produce  of  the  sea     -    -    -    .    2,804,000 

2nd.  Do.  of  the  forest 5,476,000 

3rd.  Do.  of  agriculture  ...  -  37,832,000 
4th.  Do.  of  manufactures  ...  2,409,000 
5th.  Do.  uncertain 1,79,000 


48,700,000 


The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  duties  paid 

upon  imports  into  the  principal  soa-port  towns  of 

the  United  States,  calculated  upon  an  average  of 

four  years,  ending  March,  1805. 

Towns.  Slates. 

New  York,  New  York 

Philadelphia,       Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts 

Maryland 

South  Carolina 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Georgia 

Rhode  Island 

Maine 

Connecticut 

North  Carolina 


Boston, 

Baltimore, 

Charleston, 

Norfolk, 

Salem, 

Savannah, 

Providence, 

Portland, 

Newhaven, 

Wilmington, 


Dollars. 

12,862,020 

7,777,965 

6,408,400 

3,861,963 

3,031,639 

1,761,673 

1,034,498 

914,039 

781,556 

545,265 

510,687 

319,110 


Annual  average 


39,808,765 
9,952,191 


Mr.  Key,  in  his  very  able  and  masterly  speech 
against  the  continuance  of  the  embargo,  stated, 
that  of  the  exports  of  domestic  produce  of  the 
United  States,  in  1807,  amounting  to  48,699,592 
dollars,  only  9,762,204  were  exported  to  Euro- 

Eean  ports  under  the  control  of  France,  which 
ad  been  since  interdicted  by  the  British  orders 
fn  council ;  and  that  there  consequently  remained 
a  surplus  of  31,937,288  dollars  of  American  pro- 
duce, which  might  yet  have  been  exported,  if  the 
embargo  had  not  taken  place.  But  if  any  thing 
further  were  wanting  to  prove,  that  war  and  em- 
bargo  are  not  conducive  to  the  commercial  inte- 
rest of  these  States,  the  great  decrease  of  the 
exports  in  181 1  would  amply  testify  the  assertion. 
By  the  following  official  statement  of  goods, 
wares  and  merchandise,  exported  from  the  United 
States^  during  one  year,  prior  to  October  1, 181 1, 


it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  exports  did  not  ex- 
ceed 61,316,833  dollars,  being  a  deficit  of  the  ex- 
ports  of  1807,  to  the  amount  of  47,026,307  dollars. 

Dollars. 
The  goods,  warr  s  and  merchandise,  of 
doniPHtic  growth  or  maiinfacturp, 
included  in  this  statement,  arc  esti- 
mated at 45,294,043 

And  those  of  foreign  growth  or  manu- 
facture, at 16,022,790 

61,316,833 

The  articles  of  domestic  growfti  or  manufacture 
may  be  arranged  under  the  following  heads,  viz. 

Produce  of  the  sea 1,413,000 

Produce  of  the  forest 5,286,000 

Produce  of  agriculture    -    -    -    .  35,556,000 

Manufactures 2,376,000 

Uncertain 663,000 

45,294,000 

And  they  were  exported  to  the  following  coun- 
tries, viz. 

To  the  dominions  of  Russia,  Prus- 

sia,  Sweden  and  Denmark      -    .    3,055,833 

Great  Britain  20,308,21 1 

• Spain  and  Por- 
tugal     18,266,466 

France  and  Italy     1,194,275 

To  all  other  countries,  or  not  dis- 
tinguished     .--..--    2,469,258 

45,294,043 

The  goods,  wares  and  merchandise  of  foreign 
•^vuwtli  or  manufactures,  were  exported  to  the 
following  countries,  viz. 

To  the  dominions  of  Russia,  Prus- 
sia, Sweden  and  Denmark    -    -    5,340,117 

Great  Britain     1,573,344 

Spain  and  Por- 

tug-al 5,772,572 

France  and  Italy     1,712,537 

To  all  other  countries,  or  not  dis- 
tinguished      1,624,220 

16,022,790 

We  now  proceed  more  specifically  to  notice 
the  relations  between  these  States  and  Greal 
Britain  and  her  colonies. 

About  £.800,000  or  £.1,000,000  of  Birmini.- 
ham  manu&ctures  are  sent,  upon  the  average,  to 
America,  in  years  of  open  intercourse;  but  the] 


orts  did  not  ex- 
leficit  of  the  ex- 
026,307  dollars. 
Dollars. 
e,  of 
lire, 
esti- 

-  -  45,294,043 
aitu- 

-  -  10,022,790 

61,316,833 

li  or  manufacture 
ivina;  heads,  viz. 

-  -     1,413,000 

-  -    5,286,000 

-  .  35,550,000 

-  -    2,376,000 
.    -       663,000 


45,294,000 
e  following  coun- 

Prus- 

-  -  3,055,833 
ritain  20,308,211 
IPor- 

-  -  18,266,400 
I  Italy  1,194,275 
>t  dis- 

.    -    2,409,258 


45,294,043 

landise  of  foreicn 
exported  to  the 

Prus- 

-    5,340,117 
Jritain     1,573,344 
Por- 

.  -  5,772,572 
ditaly  1,712,537 
ot  dis- 

.    -     1,024,220 

16,022,790 

(cifically  to  notice 
States  and  Great 

0,000  of  Birmin!>- 
on  the  average,  to 
Tcourse ;  but  the] 


UNITED    STATES 


7.1 


[erection  of  steel  furnaces,  by  the  Americans,  and 
the  circumstance  of  their  procuriii!?  their  iron  from 
Sweden,  has  lately  tended  to  diminish  tiiis  export 
on  the  piirt  of  "(ireat  Britain.  The  export  of 
Birininghain  to  America,  previous  to  l'"el)rnarv, 
IS  1 1,  was  to  the  value  of  £.H')0,0()0:  hut,  for 
some  time  before,  was  very  casual  :  the  exports 
of  tlie  saiae  articles  to  other  parts,  ahout  the 
same  period,  did  not  exceed  jg.300,000annuajlv. 
The  projj;ress  ofN.  American  nmnufactures  witli- 


in  the  last  tliree  or  four  years  hns  been  flj»'e;i(, 
but  not  soalarmiuij  as  ^ronpidlly  ini:ixiiK fl.  Tlio 
circums(!uice  of  niuii'-rons  ndvcrfi-fniettts  hiivin;^ 
been  r'cently  seen  in  the  .New  V'ork  papers,  for 
hands  to  eiiiynjje  in  hiisiiicss  pcfuliar  •(>  \Iani  hos- 
ier and  Birniintrhani,  is  hest  iinswcrcd  hy  the 
jrreat  increase,  upon  the  whole,  of  Ibilixli  exroils 
lo  Aniericn,  and  tlie  V'.  Indies  in  o;«neriil.  Tliis 
will  appear  most  plainly  by  the  folios  iii<r  docu- 
ment. 


Jictitrn  to  an  Order  of  thr  House  of  Commons,  Fehruari/  7,  18 12, /or  nn  ArcounI  of  the  Total  Value  nf 
EXPORTS  from  Gnat  Bri'lahi  to  all  Parts  of  America  and  the  IVtst  Indies;  difliixrnishimx 
liritish   Prodiice  and   .Vannfartnrrs  from   Forris^n  and  Colonial   Produce,  and  distini>;'iisliin.^  the 


United  States  from  other  Parts  of  Amirica,for  J'uiir  Years,  ending  IS  10 


fficial  Value  of  Exports,  to 


The  Uiiiteil  Stati.-!i. 


Yi'uis 


1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 


ISiiliili  I'r- 

iliii'r  »ii(l  Ma- 

iiiit'actiin's. 


7,743,229 
3,933,533 
5,025,245 
7,601,648 


,iiul  Col.. 

iii.ii  J'i'o 

(liirp. 


177,891 

58,527 

I02,:370 

211,069 


Total. 


7,921,120 
3.992,000 
5,187,015 
7,813,317 


Olhci  I'aiti  of  Ami  rioii  aiiJ  the  Wrsi 
Iri.lJt'S. 


Bi'itisli  Pro 

luce  and  INI  i 

iiiit'.ictiiri'^. 


'iniL'n  and 
('oloniiil 
I'rodiicp. 


Total 


0,220,740    739,52, 
10,725.20811,158,200 
12,047,08911.457,225 
IO,991,343il,G13,420 


0,900,20* 
11,883,40'- 
I4,101.9H 
12,004,70< 


All  Parts  of  Ainrrion  and  llie  West 
Iiidi  », 


Mritiih  Pro- 
lix p  and  INI  i 
iiiii'artiin  s. 


13.909  97.') 
!  1,0)8,80! 
17,072,931 
!  8,592,99 1 


•iiciiin  an. 
Colon!')! 
Prodnre 


917,41! 
1,210,727 
1,019,595 
1,825,095 


Total. 


14,887.389 
15,875.528 
!9,292.5'J9 
20,418,080 


Real  Value  of  Exports,  lo 


The  United  .States. 


Years 


British  Pro- 
duce and  M-t 
nnfactiircs. 


1807,11,840,513 
18081  5,241,739 
I809i  7,258,500 
181010,920,752 


Foreign 

and  Colo 

nial  Pro 

dure. 


251,429 

01,127 

202,208 

290,933 


Total. 


12,097,942 
5.202,800 
7,400.708 

11,217,085 


Other  Parts  of  America  and  the  West 

Indies. 


British  Pro- 

dure  and  Ma 

nufactiires. 


I0,439,42.'J 
10,591,87 
18,014,219 
15,040,100 


Koreign  and 

Colonial 

Produce. 


Total. 


914,373  11,3.")3,79G|22 
1,581,18518,173,050  21 
1,819,47719,833,090  2. 
2,043,541  !17,083,707|20 


All  Parts  of  Amerii^a  and  the  West 
Indies. 


British  Pro- 
Ince  and  Ma 
nufactiires. 


Foreign  and 
Colonial 
Prodncc. 


Total. 


22,285,930  1 , 1 05,802  23,45 1 ,738 

21 ,8.33,0 10  1 ,042,3 12123,475.922 

25,272,7 19,2,021 ,745127,294,404 

,500,9 1 8  2,340,474 ,28,90 1 ,392 


Custom  House,  London, 
Februart/  18, 1812. 

From  which  it  appears,  that  although  there  was 
a  considerable  falling  off  in  the  exports  to  the 
United  States  in  1808  and  1809,  the  delicicncy  was 

VOL.  V. 


William  Irving, 
Inspector  of  Imports  and  Exports. 

more  than  accounted  for  by  an  increased  trade  to 
other  parts  of  America,  and,  what  in  many  regards 
could  not  be  le-ss-  beneficial  to  the  British  colonies.] 
1 


It 


i'  ' 


u 


mA 


im 


71                                        UNITED  STATE  S. 

j  ll  «as  a^jHprUul  by  (lie  iiiorcliiinfs  oxnmincd  by  iruAo.     Tho  hIioIp  Ballii.*  (rndc  of  Grout  Rritnin, 

tli(>   i-fMiiniiltco   on   the   ordern   in  cniinoil,  timt  with  all  the  roiiiitrieH  of  the  vai-ioiis  powers  that 

ivlien  trade  was  open  to  the  United  States  it  waH  lie  within  the  Hound,  important  an  it  was  to  her, 

Hteady,  and  conid  be  rc{i(niarly  calculated  upon  ;  did   not  even,  at  that  early  ])eriod,  fill  more, 

it  was  recularly  increasing  up  to  IHOH.     Twenty  Their  trade  with  Holland,  France,  Spain,  and 

years  ano  Americans  were  behind  hand  in  pay-  Portugal,   did   not  altogether  employ  as  many 

nients,   but  had  been  proi^ressively  improving,  vessels.    Their  whole  (tslieries,  American  co'ionial 

In  1807,  there  watii  no  diflicnlty  in  getting  pay-  trade,  and  W.  India  trade,  did  not  emoloy  and 

ment  for  shipments.    In   1809  and  1810,  pay-  load  more.     The  tonnage  of  the  whole  of  the 

ments  were  l)etter  than  ever,  and  money  was  fre-  American  vessels  was,  of  course,  proportionably 

qucntly  advanced  to  save  the  discount.     In  1811,  small;  the  whole  number  of  these  vessels  that 

nothing  was  done  but  a  few  shipments,  considerecl  arrived  in   American   ports   in   the   same  year, 

a  high  speculation.   During  the  embargo  in  1808,  from  all  the  countries  and  places  subject  to  the 

there  were  considerable  shipments  to  Canada,  for  Dritisii  crown,  amounted  to  no  more  tlian  •IJjSSO 

smuggling  into  the  United  States  ;  the  same  was  tons, 

attempted  in  1812,  but  with  unfortunate  results.  The  ship-building  of  these  States  was  greater 

Before  the  interruption  of  trade,  about  one  fifth  in  1792  than  in  any  former  year.     In  1788,  tho 

of  exports   to  America  was  re-exported  to   S.  tonnage  of  merchant  vessels  amounted  to  250,000 

America  and  the  E.  Indies;  but  tnc  decline  of  tons,   and   to   1,207,000,  giving  an   increase  of 

these  re-exports   had   naturally  kept  pace  with  957,000  tons,  in  1808,  exclusive  of  the  tonnajye  of 

that  of  the  original  exports  from  England.  91  vessels,  constituting  the  naval  force  established 

On  the  other  hand,  however,  the  rising  pros-  subsecjuentiy  to  the  former  period, 

perity  of  the  British  colonies  in  N.  America  in  The  tonnage,  according  to  the  report  of  the 

1808,  was  justly  attributable,  in  a  great  measure,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  December   12,  1811, 

to  the  restrictions  on  trade  in  other  parts  of  the  amounted   to  984,269   tons,   being  an  average 

world,  in  Europe  in  particular.    The  non-inter-  annual  decrease  of  the  tonnage  of  1808,  of  up- 

course  had  also  the  effect  of  throwing  a  vast  num-  wards  of  74,000  tons,  or  of  222,731  tons  for  the 

l)er  of  people  of  the  United  States  into  those  three  years  intervening. 

colonies,  particularly  into  Canada.     By  its  influ-  The  net  amount  of  revenue  arising  from  duties, 

ence  the  outports  of'^Great  Britain  were,  perhaps,  tonnage,  light  money,  &c.  was, 

more  particularly  benefited  than  those  of  Lon-  Dollars. 

don.     Thus  Liverpool,  as  well  as  Glasgow,  sup-  In  1806 16,015,317 

plied  Canada  with  the  necessaries  they  formerly  1807 16,492,889 

procured  from  the  United  States.     Such  was  the  1808 7,176,985 

substance  of  the  evidence  delivered  on  the  ques-  1809-    .    -     -     -      7,138,676 

tion  ofthe  repeal  of  the  Orders  in  Council.  1*310 12,756,831 

The  W.  Indies,  during  the  embargo,  were  sup-  The  an' junt  of  tonnage  of  vessels  entered  in- 
plied  from  Canada    by  means   of  an   entrepot  wards  Ibr  three  quarters,  ending  October  1806, 
established  at  Bermuda  ;  and  for  the  security  of  was  ------------     70,264 

such    intercourse,    six  or  seven  convoys   were  Do.  three  quarters,  ending  October  1813       1,985 

established,  proceeding  as  far  as  Halifax.  • 

We  shall  presently  see,  that  the  British  ton-  Loss  of  tonnage  68,279 

nage  employed  between  the  American  colonies  The  number  of  sloops,  schooners,  and  other 

and  the  \V.  Indies,  has  increased  at  least  in  equal  vessels  laid  up  and  dismantled  in  the  American 

rates,  to  the  falling  off  of  the  shipping  of  the  harbours,  on  September  17,  1813,  amounted  to 

United  States,  during  the  period  of  an  embargo  ;  640,  including  about  16  brigs, 

but  a  short  review  of  the  naval  power  of  the  The  vessels  of  war  are  calci'ated,  by  the  oflTi- 

latter  might  here  be  desirable.  cial  report  of  May  1814,  at  33  vessels  for  the 

The  United  States  have,  doubtless, contributed  ocean  (including  tfiree  seventy-fours,  likely  soon 

much  to  the  support  of  the  navy  of  Great  Britain,  to  be  launched),  carrying  947  guns,  and  32  ves- 

b^-  the  employment  they  have  given  to  her  ships,  sels  for  the  lakes,  carrying  265  guns,  besides  263 

From  August  1789,  to  August  1790,  no  less  than  gun-boats  ;  amongst   "vhich  it  is  not  improbable 

230,000  tons  of  British  vessels  cleared  from  these  that  some  of  the  above  mercantile  vessels  have 

States ;  which  much  exceeds  the  quantity  of  ves-  been  adopted. 

sels  they  employed  the  same  year  m  the  Russian  The  fall  of  revenue  from  16,000,000  to  7,000,000] 


of  Grout  Rritnin, 
•ions  powers  that 

IIS  it  wns  tn  lier, 
criod,  till  more, 
iiu'c,  Spnin,  niid 
LMiiploy  us  iiiiiny 
Lmericuncoioninl 
not  cninloy  nnd 
he  whole  of"  the 
p,  proportionnbly 
liosc  vcMsels  thut 

the  saiiin  year, 
es  siihjpct  to  the 
more  than  4J,580 

tates  was  greater 
iir.  In  1788,  the 
Duntcd  to  250,000 
r  an  iiirrcase  of 
of  the  tonnajyo  of 
1  force  established 
•d. 

he  report  of  the 
ember  12,  1811, 
einj?  an  average 
;  of  1808,  of  up. 
1,731  tons  for  the 

•ising  from  duties, 

Dolfnrs. 
1(),013,317 
16.492,889 

7,176,985 

7,138,676 
12,756,831 
cssels  entered  iii- 
1806, 
70,264 
.berl813       1,985 


ig  October 


>f tonnage  68,279 
loners,  and  other 
1  in  the  American 
813,  amounted  to 

"ated,  by  the  offi- 
13  vessels  for  the 
•fours,  likely  soon 
funs,  and  32  ves- 
guiis,  besides  263 
is  not  improbable 
intile  vessels  have 

1,000  to  7,000,000] 


UNITED 

[in  the  years  1808  and  1809,  as  in  the  prercding 
statement,  are  attribiital)le  to  the  derangements 
of  commerce,  caused  by  tlie  embargo  :  particu- 
larly as  we  find  that  in  1810,  it  rose  again  to 
nearly  1 3,00<),0(K),  nutwilhstaiuling  the  continu- 
ance of  some  restrictions  and  einbarrassinents  in 
the  way  of  importations. 

The  tbllowing  was  the  increase  of  vessels  in  the 
trade  of  Quebec,  which  cleared  from  that  port 
and  from  Montreal,  in  the  under-mentioned 
years. 

S/iips.     Tons. 

1808  ...    -    334      70,000 

1809  ...    -    434      87,(X)0 

1810  -    .    -    -    C61     140,000 

1811  ..     -    -    352     116,000 

It  is  evident  from  the  above  statements,  that 
the  British  N.  Americans  were  undoubtedly  be- 
nefitted by  the  Orders  in  Council ;  this  will 
appear  more  clearly,  when,  i(  is  shewn,  as  by  the 
subsequent  tarif,  how  the  tonnage  between  Eng- 
land and  Quebec  supported  a  sieady  rise  in 
prices,  whilst  the  mercantile  shipping  of  the 
Americans  lay  useless  and  unemployed. 


S  T  A   r  E  S.  7.5 

Toniniffc  hi  I  wan  Enjiilamhmd  Qiirtur. 

X'.  s.  d.       i;.  v.  d. 

1806 from  4    15     0  to  T   5  0 

1807 from  5    0    0  to  5   15  0 

1808 from  7     0     0  to  7   10  0 

1809  -     -     .     -    .  from  8     0    0  to  8  10  0 

1810 from  7     0    0  to  9    0  0 

1811 from  8    0    0  to  9    0  0 

It   should  thus  appear,   that  whatever   con- 
tributed to  decrease  the  carrying  trade  of  tli0 
United  States,  operated  as  a  premium  to  liritish 
navigation  :    the  latter   has  however  Iw^en  con- 
stantly   and  regularly    encroached   upon,   in    a 
ratio  more  tliun  equal  to  the  increasing  tonnage 
of  American  shipping,  in  their  intercourse  with 
Great   Britain ;  or,  in   other  words,   the   ship- 
ments  between    the  two   countries    have   been 
progressively  on  the  decline  since  .Fanuary  1801, 
though  England  has,  at  the   same  time,  amply 
compensated   for  the  loss,  by   her  nnval   com- 
munication with  all  other  uarts.     This  will  be 
manifest  by  the  following  table,  being] 


An  Acccfunt 


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UNIT  i:  I) 

Mitilnri/  Slrnic:th. — Stniidiniu: nniiien '"«'  «l«'<'<"- 
p(l  iiK-oiiHi«lciit  with  a  n'|iiil)li«'iiii  Ktivtriiiiiciil  ; 
llii>  iiiilitiirv  KdM'ii^'lli  ol'lhr  I'liiJcd  Sliil('M«(>iir,ihlM 
llicrcroic  i'li  ilH  mi  III  ill.  Ah  liir  Imck  iis  llu'  ^ciir 
I7«)(),  tlic  iiiiiiiImm- was  vciv  ron^idcralili'.  I  lie 
|)n's«'.it  iirnioiil  loir*'  is  almiil  l<M),IHK»,  iiicliidiiiK 
n'f^ilars.  Siu-li  an  aiinv,  hh  (o  niiiiilH'rx,  is  cx- 
liTMU'lv  I'orinidahli',  osptViallv  upon  any  allnn|)l 
of  a  ixmtT  loo»i'iiuii  tL'scSlaU-s  ;  hut  it  is  h\  no 
means  ra|>ahh<  of  coping;  on  any  thiii^  'ikt>  iMpial 
tcrniH,  with  the  wtdl  disciplined  troops  oi  IOnrop«>. 
At  the  hi'^inninir  ol'  tlit>  pr«>s(>nt  year,  IHI  t,  it 
Hoonifd  to  Ih>  the  intontion  of  tlif  Anu'iicaii  {(o- 
vt'i-nini'iit  to  nu'iy  the  war  into  Canada,  with  tin* 
ffi'outost  poKsililc  \  i^oiir,and  the  hoiinly  had  risen, 
on  tliis  orcasion,  as  hi<;li  as  i^.'JO  a  man.  As 
30,000  of  Wcllinftton's  victorious  troops  arc  now 
(Juno  IHl  t)  oil  llieir  passa<rt'  to  America,  the 
bounty  is  prol)al)iy  iiuuii  lii^;h(>r. 

iMiirion. — The  mnstitutioii  of  the  United 
States  nrovides  a;riiinst  the  niakiiii^  of  any  hiw 
respecliiiff  an  estahlishmeiit  of  reiii^ion,  or  pro- 
hil>itin|r  the  IVoe  exercise  of  it ;  and  in  the  coii- 
Btitutions  ol'tho  respective  Stales,  leliiriouH  liberty 
is  a  fnndamental  principle.  On  this  important 
point,  this  irovernmenl  is  distinguished  from 
almost  every  other.  The  people,  as  beinjj  at 
liberty  to  choose  their  own  reli<>;ion,  arc  naturally 
iiiuch  di\id(>d  in  their  election.  'J'he  bulk  of 
them  would  denominate  themselves  Christians  ; 
a  small  nroportiuu  of  them  are  Jews  :  Home  plead 
the  sufliciency  of  natiual  religion,  and  reject 
revelation  as  unnecessary  and  fabiilouH ;  and 
many  have  yet  their  reliijion  to  chootie. 

Tlie  followitii^  denominations  of  ChristianH  arc 
more  or  loss  numerous  in  the  United  States,  viz. 
Congregationalists,  I'rcsbyterianH,  Dutch  Re- 
formed ('hurch,  Episcopalians,  Baptists,  Quakers 
or  Friends,  Methodists,  Roman  Catholics,  Cler- 
man  Lutherans,  German  Calvinists  or  Presby- 
terians, Moravians,  Tunkers,  Mennonists,  Uni- 
versalists,  and  Shakers. 

Of  these  the  Conjjregationalists  are  the  most 
numerous.  In  New  England  alone,  besidcH  those 
which  are  scattered  through  the  Middle  and 
Southern  States,  there  were  not  less,  in  the  year 
1790,  than  1000  congregations  of  this  denomina- 
tion, viz. 

In  New  Hampshire 200 

Massachusetts 440 

Rhode  Island  ---...  13 
Connecticut  --.._.  197 
Vermont  (say) 150 

Total     1000 


S   r  A  T  1:  S.  77 

Which,  acconlinj.'  to  the  relntive  inrronso  of  po- 
pulation, would  now  amount  to  jiist  double  tiiat 
number. 

It  is  dilliciilt  to  say  what  is  the  prcHcnt  ecclc- 
siaHiical  constitution  of  the  Congregation';! 
churches,  rormerly  their  ecclesiastical  proceed- 
ings were  regulateil,  in  MassachiisettH,  by  Iho 
Cambridge  I'latform  of  church  discipline,  eslu- 
blished  by  the  synod,  in  KitH  ;  and  in  Connecti- 
cut, by  the  Saybrook  IMatform  of  discipline; 
but  Nince  the  revoliilioii,  less  regard  has  been 
paid  to  these  constitutions,  and  in  many  instances 
they  are  wholly  disuHed.  Congregatifmalits  are 
pretty  generally  agreed  in  this  opiiiion,  that 
"  Kvery  church  or  particular  cimgregalioii  of 
visible  saints,  in  gospel  order,  being  furnished 
with  a  pastor  or  bishop,  and  walking  together  in 
truth  and  peace,  has  received  fr(nn  the  liord 
JesuH  full  power  and  authority,  ecclesiastical 
within  itself,  regularly  to  administer  all  the  ordi- 
nances of  ('hrist,  und  is  not  under  any  other 
ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  whatsoever."  Their 
churches,  with  some  exceptions,  disclaim  the 
word  Independent,  as  np|)lical)le  to  them,  and 
claim  a  sisterly  relation  to  each  other. 

From  the  answer  of  the  elders,  and  other  mes- 
sengers of  the  churches,  assembled  at  Iloston,  in 
the  year  1C62,  to  tlu;  (|ueHtions  proposed  to  them 
by  order  of  the  general  court,  it  appears  that  the 
cliurches,  at  that  period,  professed  to  hold  com- 
munion with  each  other  ni  the  following  acts, 
viz. 

1.  "In  hearty  care  and  prayer  for  one  another. 
— 2.  In   atlbrding   relief,   by   communicaling  of 
their  gifts  in  temporal  or  spiritual  necessities. — 
3.  In    maintaining   unity   and  peace,  by  giving 
account  one  to  another  of  their  public  actions, 
when  it  is  properly  desired ;  to  strengthen  one 
another  in  their  regular  administrations  ;  in  par- 
ticular by  a  concurrent  testimony  against  persons 
justly  censured. — 4.    To  seek  and  accept  help 
from,  and  atibrd  help  to  each  other,  in  case  of 
divisions  and  contentions,  whereby  the  peace  of 
any  church  is  disturbed;  in  matters  of  more  than 
ordinary  importance,  as  the  ordination,  installa- 
tion,   removal,    and    deposition    of    pastors    or 
bishops  ;  in  doubtful  and  diflicult  questions  and 
controversies,  doctrinal  or  practical,   that   may 
arise  ;  and  for  the  rectifying  «)f  mal-administra- 
tion,  and  healing  of  errors  and  scandals  that  are 
not  healed  among  themselves. — !i.  In  taking  no- 
tice, with  a  spirit  of  love  and  faithfulness,  of  the 
troubles  and  difficulties,  errors  and  scandals  of 
another  church,  and  in  administering  help  (when 
the  case  manifestly  calls  for   it)  though  they] 


70 


UNITED    STATES. 


•  il 


!;;. 


'  :f 


'•I 


[should  so  neglect  their  own  tfood  and  duty,  as 
not  to  seek  it. — 6.  In  admonishiug  one  another, 
when  there  is  cause  for  it ;  and  after  a  due  course 
of  means,  patiently  to  withdraw  from  a  church,  or 
peccant  party  therein,  obstinately  persisting  in 
error  or  scandal." 

A  consociation  of  churches  was,  at  the  period 
mentioned,  considered  as  necessary  to  a  commu- 
nion of  churches,  (the  former  being  but  an  agree- 
ment to  maintain  the  latter)  and  therefore  a  duty. 
The  consociation  of  churches  they  defined  to  be, 
"  Their  mutual,  and  solemn  agreement  to  exer- 
cise communion  in  such  acts  as  aforesaid  (meaning 
the  acts  of  communion  above  recited)  amongst 
themselves,  with  special  reference  to  those 
churches  which,  by  Providence,  are  planted  in  a 
convenient  vicinity,  though  with  liberty  reserved 
without  offence,  to  make  use  of  others,  as  the 
nature  of  the  case,  or  the  advantage  of  the  oppor- 
tunity may  !ead  thereunto." 

The  ministers  of  the  Congregational  order 
are  pretty  generally  associated  for  the  purposes 
of  licensuig  candidates  for  the  ministry,  and 
friendly  intercourse  and  improvement ;  but  there 
are  few  Congregational  churches  that  are  con- 
sociated  on  the  above  principles ;  and  the  practice 
has  very  generally  gone  into  disuse,  and  with  it 
the  communion  of  churches  in  most  of  the  acts 
before  recited.  In  Connecticut  and  the  w.  parts 
of  Massachusetts,  the  churches  have  deviated  less 
from  their  original  constitution.  The  degeneracy 
of  the  Congregational  churches  from  that  order, 
fellowship,  and  harmony,  in  discipline,  doctrines, 
and  friendly  advice  and  assistance  in  ecclesiastical 
matters,  which  formerly  subsisted  between  them, 
is  considered  matter  of  deep  regret  to  many,  not 
to  say  to  most  people  of  that  denomination. 

Congregationalists  are  divided  in  opinion  re- 
specting the  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  and  the 
proper  subjects  of  its  ordinances.  The  body  of 
them  are  Calvinists ;  a  respectable  proportion 
are  what  may  be  denominated  Hopkensian  Cal- 
vii'ists  ;  besides  these,  some  are  Arminians,  soi 
Arians,  a  few  SocinJ^ns,  and  a  number  ha.e 
adopted  Dr.  Chauncy's  scheme  of  the  final  salva- 
tion of  all  men  ;  but  for  a  digested  summary  of 
the  peculiar  sentiments  of  each  of  these  sects, 
ihe  reader  is  referred  to  H.  Adams's  View  of 
Religions. 

Next  to  the  Congregationalists,  Presbyterians 
are  the  most  numerous  denomination  of  Chris- 
tians in  the  United  States.  They  have  a  consti- 
tution by  which  they  regulate  all  their  ecclesias- 
cal  proceedings,  and  a  confession  of  faith,  which 
all  church  officers  and  church  members  are  re- 


quired to  subscribe.  Hence  they  have  preserved 
a  singular  uniformity  in  their  religious  sentiments, 
and  have  conducted  their  ecclesiastical  affairs 
with  a  great  degree  of  order  and  harmony. 

The  body  of  the  presbyterians  inhabit  the 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  and  are  united  under 
the  same  constitution.  By  this  constitution,  the 
Presbyterians  who  were  governed  by  it,  in  1790, 
were  divided  into  five  Synods  and  17  Presbyte- 
ries ;  viz.  Synod  of  New  York,  five  presbyteries, 
94  congregations,  61  settled  ministers. — 2.  Synod 
of  Philadelphia,  five  presbyteries,  92  congrega- 
tions, 60  settled  ministers,  besides  the  ministers 
and  congregations  belonging  to  Baltimore  pres- 
bytery.— 3.  Synod  of  Virginia,  four  presbyteries, 
70  congregations,  40  settled  ministers,  exclusive 
of  the  congregations  and  ministers  of  Transyl- 
vania presbytery. — 4.  Synod  of  the  Carolinas, 
three  presbyteries,  82  congregations,  42  settled 
ministers,  the  ministers  and  congreo^ations  in 
Abington  presbytery  not  included.  If  we  sup- 
pose the  number  of  congregations  in  the  presby- 
teries which  made  no  returns  to  their  synods,  to 
be  100,  and  the  number  of  settled  ministers  in  the 
same  to  be  40,  the  whole  number  of  Presbyterian 
congregations  in  this  connection  would  be  438, 
which  were  supplied  by  223  settled  ministers, 
and  between  70  and  ^0  candidates,  besides  a 
number  of  ordained  ministers  who  had  no  par- 
ticular charges.  With  relation  to  the  census  of 
1810,  the  above  numbers  will  be  about  double. 
Each  of  the  synods  meet  annually ;  besides 
which  they  have  a  joint  meeting,  by  their  com- 
missioners, once  a  year,  in  General  Assembly  at 
Philadelphia. 

The  Presbyterian  churches  are  governed  by 
congregational,  presbyterial,  and  synodical  as- 
semblies :  these  assemblies  possess  no  civil  juris- 
diction. Their  power  is  wholly  moral  or  spiritual, 
and  that  only  ministerial  or  declarative.     They 

fiossess  the  right  of  requiring  obedience  to  the 
aws  of  Christ,  and  of  excludmg  the  disobedient 
from  the  privileges  of  the  church ;  and  the  powers 
requisite  for  obtaining  evidence  and  inflicting 
censure ;  but  the  highest  punishment,  to  which 
their  authority  extends,  is  to  exclude  the  contu- 
macious and  impenitent  from  the  congregation  of 
believers. 

The  church  session,  which  is  the  congrega- 
tional assembly  of  judicatory,  consists  of  the 
minister  or  ministers  and  elders  of  a  particular 
congregation.  This  body  is  invested  with  the 
spiritual  government  of  the  congregation;  and 
have  power  to  inquire  into  the  knowledge  and 
cluistian  conduct  of  all  its  members ;  to  call] 


\i' 


ill, 


f 


UNITED    STATES. 


7f) 


'served 

iments, 

aifairs 

bit   the 
d  under 
ion,  the 
in  1790, 
resbyte- 
>Vteries, 
i.  Synod 
»ngrega- 
ninisters 
re  pres- 
byteries, 
'xclusive 
Transyl- 
arolinas, 
2  settled 
ttions   in 
we  sup- 
8  presby- 
^rnods,  to 
ers  in  the 
abyterian 
1  be  438, 
ministers, 
besides  a 
I  no  par- 
census  of 
double, 
besides 
leir  com- 
sembly  at 

erned  by 
)dical  as- 
ivil  juris- 
spiritual. 
They 
ce  to  the 
sobedient 
le  powers 
inflictins 
to  which 
he  contu- 
gation  of 

congrega- 
ts  of  the 
()articular 
with  the 
lion ;  and 
ledge  and 
to  call] 


[before  them  offenders  and  witnesses,  of  their  own 
denomination  ;  to  admonish,  suspend,  or  exclude 
from  the  sacraments,  such  as  deserve  ti;?8e  cen- 
sures ;  to  concert  measures  for  promoting  the 
spiritual  interests  of  the  congregation,  and  to 
appoint  delegates  to  the  higher  judir  stories  of  the 
church. 

A  presbytery  consists  of  ali  the  ministers,  and 
one  ruling  elder  from  each  congregation,  within 
a  certain  district.  Three  ministers  and  three 
elders,  constitutionally  convened,  are  competent 
to  do  business.  This  body  have  cognizance  of 
all  things  that  regard  the  welfare  of  the  particular 
churches  within  their  bounds,  which  are  not  cog- 
nizable by  the  session.  Also,  they  have  a  power 
of  receivmg  and  issuing  appeals  from  the  sessions 
— of  examining  and  licensing  candidates  for  the 
ministry  ;  of  ordaining,  settling,  removing,  or 
judging  ministers  ;  of  resolving  questions  of  doc- 
trine or  discipline ;  of  condemning  erroneous 
opinions,  that  injure  the  purity  or  peace  of  the 
church;  of  visiting  particular  churches,  to  inquire 
into  their  state,  and  redress  the  evils  that  may 
have  arisen  in  them  ;  of  uniting  or  dividing  con- 
gregations, at  the  request  of  the  people,  and 
whate'.vr  else  appertains  to  the  spiritual  concerns 
of  the  churches  under  their  care. 

A  synod  is  a  convention  of  several  presbyteries. 
The  synod  have  power  to  admit  and  judge  of 
appeals,  regularly  brought  up  from  the  presby- 
teries ;  to  give  their  judgment  on  all  references 
made  to  them  of  an  ecclesiastical  kind  ;  to  cor- 
rect and  regulate  the  proceedings  of  presbyteries  ; 
to  take  effectual  care  that  presbyteries  observe 
the  constitution  of  the  church,  &c. 

The  highest  judicatory  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  is  styled,  the  General  Asaenibly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  of 
America.  This  «^rand  assembly  is  to  consist  of 
an  equal  delegation  of  bishops  and  elders  from 
each  presbytery  within  their  jurisdiction,  by  the 
title  of  commissioners  to  the  general  assembly. 
Fourteen  commissioners  make  a  quorum.  The 
general  assembly  constitute  the  bond  of  union, 
peace,  correspondence,  and  mutual  confidence 
among  all  their  churches ;  and  have  power  to  re- 
ceive and  issue  all  appeals  ar.d  references  which 
may  regularly  be  brought  betbi-e  thorn  from  in- 
ferior judicatories;  to  rer,ulate  and  correct  the 
proceedings  of  the  syngas,  &c.  To  the  general 
assembly  also  belongs  the  power  of  consulting, 
reasoning,  and  judging  in  controversies  respect- 
ing doctrine  and  discipline ;  of  reproving,  warn- 
ing, or  bearing  testimony  against  error  in  doc- 
trine, or  immorality  in  practice  in  any  church. 


presbytery,  or  synod ;  of  coi-responding  with 
foreign  churches  ;  of  putting  a  stop  to  schismati- 
cal  contentions  and  disputations  ;  and  in  ge-'  — »l 
of  recommending  and  attempting  reformatif  n  '.. 
manners,  and  of  promoting  charity,  truth,  and 
holiness  in  all  the  churches ;  and  also  of  erecting 
new  synods  when  they  judge  it  necessary. 

The  confession  of  faith  adopted  by  the  Pres- 
hyterian  church,  embraces  what  are  called  the 
Calvinistic  doctrines  ;  and  none  who  disbelieve 
these  doctrines  are  admitted  into  fellowship  with 
their  churches.  The  general  assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  hold  a  friendly  correspon- 
dence with  the  general  association  in  Connecticut, 
by  letter,  and  by  admitting  delegates  from  their 
respective  bodies  to  sit  in  each  other's  general 
meetings. 

Dif  contented  with  the  churches  of  which  we 
hiive  been  speaking,  there  are  four  small  presby- 
teries in  New  England,  who  have  a  similar  form 
of  ecclesiastical  government  and  discipline,  and 
profess  the  same  doctrines. 

Besides  these,  there  is  the  "  Associate  Presby- 
tery of  Pennsylvania,"  having  a  separate  eccle- 
siastical jurisdiction  in  America,  and  belonging 
to  the  Associate  Synod  of  Edinburgh,  whicli  they 
declare  is  the  only  ecclesiastical  body,  either  in 
Britain  or  America,  with  which  they  are  agreed 
concerning  the  doctrine  and  order  of  the  church 
of  Christ,  and  concerning  the  duty  of  confessing 
the  truth,  and  bearing  witness  to  it  by  a  public 
testimony  against  the  errors  of  the  times.  This 
connection  is  not  to  be  understood  as  indicating 
subjection  to  a  foreign  jurisdiction ;  but  is  pre- 
served for  the  sake  of  maintaining  unity  with  their 
brethren  in  the  profrssion  of  the  Christian  faith, 
and  such  an  interourse  as  might  be  of  service  to 
the  interests  of  sectarians.  Ihis  sect  of  Presby- 
terians are  commonly  known  by  the  name  of 
Seceders,  on  account  of  their  seceding  from  the 
national  church  in  Scotland,  1736.  See  H, 
Adams's  Viezc  nf  lie'igion,  article,  Seceders. 

The  Dutch  Reformed  churches  in  the  United 
States,  who  maintain  the  doctrine  of  the  synod  of 
Dort,  held  in  1618,  were,  in  the  year  1790,  be- 
tween 70  and  80  in  number,  constitutino;  six 
classes,  which  form  one  synod,  styled  "  The  Dutch 
Reformed  Synod  of  New  York  and  Now  Jersey."' 
They  may  now  be  estimated  at  double  that  num- 
ber. The  classes  consist  of  ministers  and  ruling 
elders  ;  each  class  delegates  two  ministers  and  an 
elder  to  represent  them  in  synod.  From  the  first 
planting  of  the  Dutch  churcnes  in  New  York  and 
New  Jersey,  they  have,  under  the  direction  of 
the  classes  of  Amsterdam,  been  formed  exactly] 


I'f: 


t'i 


'upon  the  plan  of  tlie  established  church  of  Hol- 
fand  as  far  as  that  is  ecclesiastical.  A  strict  cor- 
respondence is  maintained  between  the  Dutch 
Reformed  Synod  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey, 
and  the  Synod  of  North  Holland  and  the  classes 
of  Amsterdam.  The  acts  of  their  synods  are 
mutually  exchanged  every  year,  and  mutual  ad- 
vice is  given  and  received  in  disputes  respecting 
doctrinal  points  and  church  discipline. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States  (the  churches  of  that  denomination  in  New 
England  excepted)  met  in  convention  at  Philadel- 
pliia,  October  1785,  and  revised  the  book  of 
Common  Pi^yer,  and  administration  of  the  sacra- 
ments, and  other  rites  and  ceremonies,  with  a 
view  to  render  the  liturgy  consistent  with  the 
American  Revolution,  fiut  this  revised  form 
was  adopted  by  none  of  the  churches,  except  one 
or  two  in  Pliiladelphia. 

In  October  1789,  at  aiother  meetinc,  of  their 
convention,  a  plan  of  unioi;  among  all  (he  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  churches  in  the  United  States  of 
America  was  agreed  upon  and  settled  ;  and  an 
adequate  representation  from  the  several  States 
being  present,  they  again  revised  the  book  of 
Conunon  Prayer,  which  is  now  published  and 
generally  adopted  by  their  churches.  They  also 
agreed  upon  and  published  17  canons  for  the 
government  of  their  church,  the  first  of  which 
declares,  that  "  there  shall,  in  this  church,  be 
three  orders  in  the  ministry,  viz.  bishops,  priests, 
and  deacons." 

At  the  same  time  they  agreed  upon  a  constitu- 
tion, which  provides  that  there  shall  be  a  general 
convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
the  United  States,  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  Sep- 
tember, of  every  third  year  from  1789  ;  that  each 
State  is  entitled  to  a  representation  of  both  the 
clergy  and  laity,  or  either  of  them,  and  may  send 
deputies,  not  exceeding  four  of  each  order,  chosen 
by  the  convention  of  the  State  ;  that  the  bishops 
of  the  cliurch,  when  three  or  more  are  present, 
shall,  in  their  ueneral  conventions,  form  a  sepa- 
rate house,  with  a  right  to  originate  and  propose 
acts  for  the  concurrence  of  the  house  of  deputies, 
composed  of  clergy  and  laity  ;  and  with  a  power 
to  negative  acts  passed  by  the  house  of  deputies, 
unless  adhered  to  by  tour-fifths  of  the  other 
house  ;  that  every  bishop  shall  confine  the  exer- 
cise of  his  episcopal  office  to  his  proper  diocese  or 


district ;  that  no  person  shall  be  admitted  to  holy 
orders,  until  examined  by  the  bishop  and  two 
presbyters,  having  produced  the  requisite  testi- 
monials ;  and  that  no  person  shall  be  ordained 
until  he  shall  have  subscribed  the  following  de- 
claration— "  I  do  believe  the  Holy  Scriptures  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament  to  be  the  Word  of 
God,  and  to  contain  all  things  necessary  to  sal- 
vation ;  and  I  do  solemnly  engage  to  conform  to 
the  doctrines  and  worship  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States." 

They  have  not  yet  adopted  any  articles  of 
religion  other  than  those  contained  in  the  Apos- 
tles and  N  icene  Creeds.  The  number  of  Epis- 
copal churches  in  the  United  States  is  not  ascer- 
tained ;  in  New  England  there  were,  in  1790, 
between  40  and  50 ;  but  in  the  Southern  States, 
they  were  much  more  numerous.  Four  bishops, 
viz'.  Connecticut,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Virginia,  had  been  elected  by  the  conventions 
of  their  respective  States,  and  had  been  duly 
consecrated.  The  former  by  the  bishops  of  the 
Scotch  church  ;  the  three  latter,  by  the  bishops 
ot  die  English  church.  And  these  four,  in  Sep- 
tember 1792,  united  in  the  consecration  of  a 
fifth,  elected  by  the  convention  of  the  State  of 
Maryland. 

The  Baptists,  with  some  exceptions,  are  upon 
the  Calvinistic  plan,  as  to  doctrines,  and  inde- 
pendents as  to  church  government  and  discipline. 
Except  those  who  are  styled  "  open  communion 
baptists,"  of  whom  there  is  but  one  association, 
they  refuse  to  communicate  in  the  ordinance  of 
the  Lord's  Supper  with  other  denominations ; 
because  they  hold  that  immersion  only  is  the  true 
baptism,  and  that  baptism  is  necessary  to  com- 
munion ;  it  is,  therefore,  improper  and  incon- 
sistent, in  their  opinion,  to  admit  unbaptized 
persons,  fas  all  others  are,  in  their  view,  but 
themselves)  to  join  with  them  in  this  ordinance  ; 
though  they  allow  ministers  of  other  denomina- 
tions to  preach  to  their  congregations,  and  some- 
times to  assist  in  ordaining  their  ministers. 

From  an  account  taken,  in  the  year  1790,  by 
a  preacher,  Mr.  John  Asplund,  of  the  Baptist 
denomination,  who  had  travelled  through  the 
United  States-,  to  ascertain  their  number  and 
state,  the  following  statement  of  their  associa- 
tions, churches,  ministers,  church  members,  and 
principles,  has  been  given.] 


■  i' 


*i.ii 


d  to  holy 
and  two 
site  testi- 
ordained 
wing  de- 
iptures  of 
Word  of 
ry  to  sal- 
on form  to 
*rotcstant 

irticles  of 
the  Apos- 
of  Epis- 
not  ascer- 
,  in  1790, 
rn  States, 
r  bishops, 
ania,  and 
inventions 
)een  duly 
ops  of  the 
\\e  bishops 
ir,  in  Sep- 
ation  of  a 
3  State  of 

,  are  upon 
and  inde- 
discipline. 
omn:union 
^ociation, 

inance  of 

ininations ; 

is  the  true 

to  com- 

lul  incon- 

nibaptized 

view,  but 

dinancc  ; 

enoinina- 
and  some- 
tors. 

1790,  by 
le  Baptist 
irough  the 
miber  and 

ir  associa- 
nbers,  and 


'i 


UNITED    STATES. 


STATES. 

[New  Hampshire      ------- 

Ma.«sachusettR       -----...-       107 

Rhode  island       -------- 

Cninecticut     --------- 

^  ;>rmont      ---------- 

]  lew  York       --------- 

N  'w  Jersey     ---.--.-. 
Pennsylvania    -.-.----- 

Delaware    .---•----- 

Maryland    ----.--... 

Virginia     -.-----..._      207 

Kentucky    -------.-- 

Wetitern  Territory    ------- 

North  Carolina     -------- 

Deceded  Territory     ------- 

South  Carolina     -------- 

Georgia     ---.-..--- 

Total    -     - 


Of  these  there  were 

Assoc. 
Six  principle  Baptists     .    ---«-..! 
Open  Communion  Ditto      -------1 

General  Provision  Ditto      -------3 

Seventh  Day  Ditto    ---------  — 

Regular  or  Particular  Ditto     ------  30 

Total    -     -  35 


81 


MINI9TF.RS 

Cliarrhes. 

ordaliird. 

licensed. 

Memben. 

32 

S3 

17 

1,732 

107 

95 

31 

7,116 

38 

Ol 

39 

3,508 

5.5 

44 

21 

3,214 

34 

21 

16 

1,610 

57 

53 

30 

3,987 

526 

20 

9 

2,279 

28 

26 

7 

1,231 

7 

o 

1 

409 

12 

S 

3 

776 

207 

157 

109 

20,157 

42 

40 

21 

3,105 

1 

__ 

_— 

SO 

94 

81 

76 

7,742 

18 

15 

6 

889 

68 

48 

28 

4^12 

42 

33 

9 

3,184 

868 

710 

422 

64,976 

MINISTERS 

Churches. 

ordained. 

licenied. 

Membert 

18 

26 

4 

1,599 

15 

13 

4 

1,714 

30 

.   26 

19 

1,948 

10 

13 

3 

887 

795 

632 

392 

58,827 

868 

710 

422 

64,675 

To  this  account,  the  compiler  conjectured  that 
1,500  members,  and  30  churches,  ought  to  be 
a<Ulpd— making  the  whole  number  of  churches 
about  900,  and  the  members  about  66,000.  He 
supposes,  moreover,  that  at  least  three  times  as 
many  attend  their  meetings  as  have  joined  their 
churche.%  which,  if  we  suppose  all  who  attend 
their  meetings  are  in  principle  Baptists,  will 
make  the  whole  number  of  that  denomination  in 
these  States  198,000,  or  a  twenty-sixth  part  of 
the  inhaoitants,  at  that  period.  Their  increase, 
if  only  in  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  popida- 
tion,  would,  on  an  average,  amount  to  396,000. 

Some  of  the  leading  principles  of  the  regular 
or  particular  Baptists,  are— The  imputation  of 
Adam's  sin  to  his  posterity- tlie  inability  of  man 
to  recover  himself— effectual  calling  by  severe  gn 
grac— justification  by  the  imputed  righteous;  ess 
of  Christ— immersion  for  Baptism,  and  that  on 
profession  of  faith  and  repentance — congrega- 
tional churches,  and  thei  ..idependency,  and 
reception  into  them  upon  evidence  of  sound 
conversion. 

VOL.    V. 


We  have  next  to  speak  of  the  people  called 
Quakers.  This  denomination  of  Christians  arose 
about  the  year  1648,  and  were  first  collected 
into  religious  societies  by  their  highly  respected 
elder,  George  Fox,  who  was  brought  before  two 
justices  in  Derbyshire,  and  oi;^  of  whom,  scoflT- 
ing  at  him,  for  having  bidden  him  and  those 
about  him  to  tremble  at  the  word  of  the  Lord, 

fave  to  him  and  bis  followers  the  name  of  Qua- 
ere ;  a  name  by  which  they  have  since  been 
usually  denominated:  but  they  themselves 
adopted  the  appellation  of  Friends.  They  came 
to  America  as  early  as  1656.  The  first  settlers 
of  Pennsylvania  were  all  of  this  denomination  ; 
and  the  numl)er  of  Friends'  meetings  in  the 
United  States,  in  1793,  was  about  320,  at  present 
double. 

Their  doctrinal  tenets  may  be  summarily  ex- 
pressed, as  follows :  In  common  with  other  Chris- 
tians, they  believe  in  OneEternal  God,  and  in  J  esus 
Christ  the  Messiah  and  Mediator  of  the*  new  co- 
venant. To  Christ  alone,  in  whose  divinity  they 
believe,  they  give  the  title  of  the  Word  of  God,  j 

M 


n 


;,  !,i;Si 


11 


0 


■T^miJk»,a. 


Ill'  .1 


f\ 


81' 
'"If 


>} 


I 


r^'t 


'» /t 


Hill 


[| 


I  ! 


i:  If. 


JJ 


I''  ■  111 


r  I 


U,  1 


hi:  '  ly 


n2 


UNITED    STATES. 


[and  not  to  the  scriptures ;  ^et  they  profess  a  liiijli 
esteem  for  the  sacred  writings,  in  subordination 
to  the  Spirit  who  indited  them,  and  believe  that 
ihey  are  able,  t{irou|;h  faith,  to  make  wise  to  salva- 
tion. They  reverence  the  excellent  precepts  of 
scripture,  and  believe  them  practicable  and  bind- 
intr  on  every  Christian  :  and  that  in  the  life  to 
co'ue,  ev'^ry  man  will  be  rewarded  accordinij;  to 
his  works.  In  order  to  enable  mankind  to  put 
in  practice  these  precepts,  they  believe  that  every 
man  comiui;-  into  the  world  is  en.Iucd  with  a  mea- 
sure of  the  Ijijjht,  Grace,  or  Good  Spirit  of 
Christ ;  by  which  he  is  enabled  to  distini^uish 
ffood  from  evil,  and  correct  the  disorderly  pas- 
sions and  corrupt  propensities  of  his  nature, 
which  mere  reason  is  altogether  insufficient  to 
overcome — that  this  divine  grace  is,  to  those 
who  sincerely  seek  it,  an  all-sufficient  and  pre- 
sent help  in  time  of  need — and  that  by  it  tb'> 
snares  of  the  enemy  are  detected,  his  allurements 
avoided,  and  deliverance  experienced,  through 
faith  in  its  effectual  operation,  and  the  soul 
translated  out  of  the  kingdom  of  darkness  into 
the  marvellous  light  and  kingdom  of  the  Son  of 
God.  Thus  persuaded,  they  think  this  divine 
influence  ''specially  necessary  to  the  perform- 
ance of  tlie  highest  act  of  which  the  human 
mind  is  cnpable,  the  worship  of  God  in  spirit 
and  in  truth  ;  and  therefore  consider,  as  obstruc- 
tions to  pure  worship,  all  forms  which  divert  the 
mind  from  the  secret  influence  of  this  unction 
of  the  HDly  One.  Though  true  worship  is  not 
confined  to  time  or  place,  they  believe  it  is  in- 
cumbent on  churches  to  meet  often  together, 
but  dare  not  depend  for  acceptance  on  a  formal 
repetition  of  ilie  words  and  experiences  of  others. 
They  think  it  is  their  duty  to  wait  in  silence  to 
have  a  true  sight  of  their  condition  bestowed  on 
them  ;  and  believe  even  a  single  sigh,  arising 
from  a  sense  of  their  infirmities  and  need  of 
divine  help,  to  be  more  acceptable  to  God,  than 
any  performances  which  originate  in  the  will  of 
man. 

They  believe  the  renewed  assistance  of  the 
light  and  power  of  Christ,  which  is  not  at  our 
command,  nor  attainable  by  study,  but  the  free 
gift  of  God,  to  be  indispensably  necessary  to 
all  true  ministry.  Hence  arises  their  testimony 
against  preaching  for  hire,  and  conscientious 
refusal  to  support  such  ministry  by  tythes  or 
other  means.  As  they  dare  not  encourage  any 
ministry,  but  such  as  they  believe  to  spring  from 
the  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  so  neither  dare 
they  attempt  to  restrain  this  influence  to  per- 
sons of  any  condition  in  life,  or  to  the  male 


sex  ;  but  allow  such  of  the  female  ex  as  appear 
to  be  qualified,  to  exercise  their  giflts  for  iho 
general  edification  of  the  church. 

They  hold  that  as  tliere  is  one  Lord  and  one 
faith,  so  his  Baptism  is  one  in  nature  and  ope- 
ration, and  that  nothing  short  of  it  can  make 
us  living  members  of  His  mystical  body  ;  and 
that  Baptism  with  water  belonged  to  an  inferior 
and  decreasing  dispensation.  With  respect  to 
the  Lord's  Supper,  they  believe  that  communi- 
cation between  Christ  and  his  church  is  not 
maintained  by  that  nor  any  other  external  ordi- 
nance, but  only  by  a  real  participation  of  his 
divine  nature,  through  faith,  that  this  is  the  sup- 
per alluded  to,  Rev.  iii.  20 — and  that  where  the 
substance  is  attained,  it  is  unnecessary  to  attend 
to  the  shadow. 

Believing  that  the  grace  of  God  is  alone  suffi- 
cient for  salvation,  tboy  can  neither  admit  that 
it  is  conferred  on  a  few  only,  while  others  are 
left  without  it ;  nor,  thus  asserting  its  univer- 
sality, can  they  limit  its  operation  to  a  partial 
cleansing  of  the  soul  from  sin,  even  in  this  life. 
On  the  contrary,  they  believe  that  God  doth 
vouchsafe  to  assist  the  obedient  to  submit  to  the 
guidance  of  his  pu^•e  spirit, through  whose  assis- 
tance they  are  enabled  to  bring  forth  fruits  unto 
holiness,  an  I  to  stand  perfect  in  their  present 
rank. 

As  to  oaths,  they  abide  literally  by  Christ's 

Eositive  injunction,  "  Swear  not  at  all."  They 
elieve  that  "  wars  and  fightings"  are,  in  their 
origin  and  effects,  utterly  repugnant  to  the  gos- 
pel, which  still  breathes  peace  and  good-wilt 
to  men.  Though  during  the  late  war,  some  of 
their  number,  contrary  to  this  article  of  their 
tiiitli,  thought  it  their  duty  to  take  up  arms  in 
defence  of  their  countiy.  This  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  a  secession  from  their  brethren,  and  thev 
now  form  a  separate  congr^ation  in  Philadel- 
phia, by  the  name  of  the  "  Resisting  or  fighting 
Quakers."  They  also  are  firmly  persuaded,  that 
if  the  benevolence  of  the  gospel  were  generally 
prevalent  in  the  minds  of  men,  it  would  eftec- 
tually  prevent  them  from  oppressing,  much  more 
from  enslaving  their  brethren,  of  wliatever  com- 
plexion ;  and  would  even  influence  their  treat- 
ment of  the  brute  creation,  which  they  would 
have  no  longer  to  groan  the  victims  of  avarice, 
or  of  the  false  ideas  of  pleasure.  They  profess 
that  their  principles,  which  inculcate  submission 
to  the  laws  in  all  cases  wherein  conscience  is  not 
violated,  arc  a  security  to  the  salutary  purposes 
of  government.  But  the^  hold  that  the  civil 
magistrate  has  no  right  to  interfere  in  matters  of  J 


UNITED    STATES. 


03 


X  as  appear 
;ift3  for  iho 

ord  and  one 
ire  and  ope- 
it  Clin  make 
body  ;  and 
)  an  inferior 
li  respect  to 
it  cominuni- 
lurch  is   not 
xternal  ordi- 
lation  of  his 
is  is  the  snp- 
lat  wliere  the 
iry  to  attend 

is  alone  suffi- 
>r  admit  that 
le  others  are 
•r  its  univer- 

to  a  partial 
jn  in  this  life. 
Iiat  God  doth 

submit  to  the 
h  whose  assis- 
rth  fruits  unto 

their  present 

Iv  by  Christ's 
It  all."    They 
"  are,  in  their 
int  to  the  gos- 
and  good-will 
war,  some  of 
irticle  of  their 
ie  up  arms  in 
lid  the  founda- 
thren,  and  thev 
n  in  Philadcl- 
ing  or  fighting 
lersuaded,  that 
were  generally 
t  would  eftec- 
ing,  much  more 
wliatever  corn- 
ice their  treat- 
ch  they  would 
ims  of  avarice, 
They  profess 
cate  submission 
)nscience  is  not 
utary  purposes 
that  the   civil 
in  matters  of] 


[religion,  and  tliink  pcrscciilion,  in  any  degree, 
unwarrantable.  They  reject  the  use  of  those 
names  of  the  montlis  and  days,  which,  having 
been  given  in  honour  of  the  heroes,  or  gods  of 
the  heathen,  originated  in  their  Hatteiy  or  su- 
perstition; and  the  custom  of  speaking  to  a  single 
person  in  tlie  plural  number,  as  having  arisen 
also  from  motives  of  adulation.  Compliiiients, 
superiiuity  of  apparel  or  furniture,  outward 
shews  of  rejoicing  or  mourning,  and  observa- 
tions of  da^s  and  times,  they  deem  incompatible 
with  the  simplicity  and  sincerity  of  a  Christian 
life;  and  they  coiulcnin  public  diversions,  gam- 
ing, and  other  vain  amusements  of  the  world. 
They  require  no  formal  subscription  to  any  ar- 
ticles, either  as  the  condition  of  membership,  or 
to  qualify  for  the  service  of  the  church. 

To  eflect  the  salutary  purposes  of  discipline, 
monthly,  quarterly,  and  yearly  meetings,  are 
established.  A  monthly  meeting  is  composed  of 
several  neighbouring  congregations.  Its  busi- 
ness is  to  provide  forth(  subsistence  of  the  poor, 
and  for  the  education  of  their  offspring — to 
judge  of  the  sincerity  and  fitness  of  persons  ap- 
pearing to  be  convinced  of  the  religious  princi- 
ples of  the  society,  and  desiring  to  be  admitted 
to  membership— to  excite  due  attention  to  the 
discharge  of  religious  and  moral  duties — to  deal 
with  disorderly  members — to  appoint  overseers 
to  see  that  the  rules  of  their  discipline  are  put 
in  practice — to  allow  of  marriages,  &c.  Their 
mode  of  marrying  is  as  follows  :  Those  who  in- 
tend to  marry,  appear  together,  and  propose 
their  intention  to  tne  monthly  meeting ;  and  if 
not  attended  by  their  parents  or  guardians,  pro- 
duce a  written  certificate  of  their  consent,  signed 
in  the  presence  of  witnesses.  The  meeting  then 
appoints  a  committee  to  inquire  whether  they 
are  clear  of  other  engagements  respecting  mar- 
riage ;  and  if  at  a  subsequent  meeting,  to  which 
the  parties  also  come  and  declare  tne  continu- 
ance of  their  intention,  no  objections  are  re- 
ported, they  have  the  meeting's  consent  to 
solemnize  their  intended  marriage.  This  is  done 
in  a  public  meeting  for  worship,  towards  the 
close  of  which  the  parties  stand  up  and  solemnly 
take  each  other  for  husband  and  wife.  A  certifi- 
cate of  the  proceedings  is  then  publicly  read,  and 
«igiied  by  the  parties,  and  afterwards  by  the  re- 
lations  and  others  as  witnesses,  which  closes  the 
solemnity. 

A  quarterly  meeting  is  composed  of  several 
monthly  meetings.  At  this  meeting  are  pro- 
duced written  answers  from  monthly  meetings, 


to  certain  questions  respecting  the  conduct  of 
their  ir.einbeis,  and  the  meeting's  care  over 
them.  The  accounts  thus  received,  are  digested 
and  sent  by  representatives  to  the  yearly  meet- 
ing. Appeals  from  the  judgment  of  montlily 
meetings  iire  brought  to  the  quarterly  meetings. 

The  yearly  meeting  has  t^e  general  siiper- 
intendanre  oithe  society  in  the  country  in  which 
it  is  es-tablished.  But  the  yearly  meeting  is  a 
misnomu ;  for  the  quakers  have,  in  all,  seven 
yearly  meetings.  One  in  London,  to  which  come 
representatives  from  Ireland.  The  other  six  are 
in, the  United  States.  1.  New  England.  2.  New 
York.  3.  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  4. 
Maryland.  5.  Virginia.  6.  The  Carolinas  and 
Georgia.  The  business  of  these  meetings  is  to 
give  tbrth  its  advice — make  such  regulations  as 
appear  to  be  requisite,  or  excite  to  the  observ- 
anceof  those  already  niade,&c.  Appei'ls  from  the 
judgment  of  quarterly  meetings  are  here  finally 
determined  ;  and  a  brotherly  correspondence,  by 
epistles,  is  maintained  witn  other  yearly  meet- 
ings. 

As  they  believe  women  may  be  rightly  called 
to  the  work  of  the  ministry,  they  also  think 
they  may  share  in  their  Christian  discipline. 
Accordingly  they  have  monthly,  quarterly,  and 
yearly  meetings  of  their  own  sex :  held  at  tlie 
same  time,  and  in  the  same  place  with  those  of 
the  men  ;  but  separately,  and  without  the  power 
of  making  rules. 

Their  elders  and  ministers  Iiave  meetings  pe- 
culiar, to  themselves.  These  meetings,  called 
Meewiigs  of  Ministers  and  Elders,  are  generally 
held  in  the  compass  of  each  montlily,  quarterly, 
and  yearly  meeting — for  the  purposes  of  excit- 
ing each  other  to  the  discharge  of  their  several 
duties — of  extending  advice  to  those  who  may 
appear  .veak,  &c.  They  also,  in  the  intervals 
of  the  yearly  meetings,  give  certificates  to  those 
ministers  who  travel  abroad  in  the  work  of  the 
ministry. 

The  yearly  meeting,  held  in  London,  167d, 
appointed  a  meeting  to  be  held  in  that  city,  for 
the  purpose  of  advising  or  assisting  in  cases  of 
suffering  for  conscience  sake,  called  a  meeting 
for  sufferings,  which  is  yet  continued.  It  is  com- 
posed of  Friends  under  the  name  of  Corres- 
pondents, chosen  by  the  several  quarterly  meet- 
ings, who  reside  in  and  near  the  city.  This 
meeting  is  entrusted  with  the  care  of  printing 
and  distributing  books,  and  with  the  manage- 
ment of  its  stock,  and  considered  as  a  standing- 
committee  of  the  yearly  meeting.  In  none  ofj 
w"2 


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84 


UNITED    STATES. 


ftlieir  meetin^H  have  they  u  president,  as  thejr  be- 
ievc  Divine  WiHtlom  alone  ought  to  preside ; 
nor  has  any  member  a  right  to  claim  pre- 
eminence over  the  rest. 

The  Methodist  denomination  of  Christians 
arose  in  England  in  1739 ;  and  made  their  first 
appearance  in  America  about  the  year  1770. 
Their  general  style  is,  "  The  United  Societies  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church."  They  pro- 
fess themselves  to  be  "  a  company  of  men,  hav- 
ing the  form  and  seeking  the  power  of  godliness, 
united  in  order  to  pray  together,  to  receive  the 
word  of  exhortation,  and  to  watch  over  one  an- 
other in  love,  that  they  may  help  each  other  to 
work  out  their  salvation."  Each  society  is  di- 
vided into  classes  of  12  persons ;  one  of  whom 
is  syled  the  Leader,  whose  business  it  is  to  see 
eacn  person  in  his  class  once  a  week,  in  order  to 
inquire  how  their  souls  prosper,  to  advise,  re- 
prove, comfort,  or  exhort,  as  occasion  may  re- 
qtiire ;  and  to  receive  contributions  for  the  relief 
of  the  Church  and  Poor.  In  order  to  admission 
into  their  societies  they  require  only  one  condi- 
tion, viz.  "  A  desire  to  flee  from  the  wrath  to 
come,  i.  e.  a  desire  to  be  saved  from  their  sins." 
It  is  expected  of  all  who  continue  in  their  so- 
cieties, that  they  should  evince  their  desire  of 
salvation,  by  doing  no  harm,  by  avoiding  all 
manner  of  evil,  by  doing  all  manner  of  good,  as 
they  have  ability  and  opportunity,  especially  to 
the  household  of  faith  ;  employing  then,  prefer- 
ably to  others,  buying  of  one  another  (unless 
they  can  be  served  better  elsewhere)  and  helping 
eacn  other  in  business.  And  also  by  atti^Ading 
upon  all  the  ordinances  of  God ;  sucn  as  public 
worship,  the  supper  of  the  Lord,  family  and  pri- 
vate prayer,  searching  the  scriptures,  and  fasting 
or  abstinence.  The  late  celebrated  Mr.  John 
Wesley  is  considered  as  the  father  of  this  class 
of  Methodists,  who,  as  they  deny  some  of  the 
leading  Calvinistic  doctrines,  and  hold  some  of 
the  peculiar  tenets  of  Arminius,  may  be  called 
Arminian  Methodists.  The  famous  "Mr.  White- 
field  was  the  leader  of  the  Calvinistic  Methodists, 
who  were  numerous  in  England,  and  a  few  are 
in  the  dift'erent  parts  of  the  United  States,  who 
are  patronized  and  supplied  with  ministers,  by 
the  late  Lady  Huntingdon. 

In  1788,  the  number  of  Wesleian  Methodists 
in  the  United  States  stood  in  the  following 
manner : 

Georgia g,011 

South  Carolina    -    .    -    .      3,366 
North  Carolina  -    -    -    .      6,779 


Virginia  -  - 
Maryland-  - 
Delaware  -1 
Pennsylvania/ 
New  Jersey  - 
New  York     - 


Total  - 


-  14,350 

-  11,017 

-  1,998 

-  1,751 

-  8,004 

-  43,282 


Since  this  estimate  of  their  numbers  was  taken, 
some  few  scattering  societies  have  been  collected 
in  different  parts  of  the  New  England  States, 
and  their  numbers  increased  in  other  parts ;  so 
that  in  1790,  the  whole  connection  amounted  to 
57,621.  To  superintend  the  Methodist  connec- 
tion in  America,  they  had,  in  1788,  two  bishops, 
30  elders,  and  50  deacons. 

In  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  whole  num- 
ber of  persons  in  full  connection  with  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  church,  amounted,  in  1790,  to 
71, .168. 

The  whole  number  of  Roman  Catholics  in  the 
United  States,  in  1790,  was  estimated  at  about 
50,000  ;  one-half  of  which  were  in  the  State  of 
Maryland.  If,  as  is  probable,  their  increase  has 
kept  pace  with  the  increase  of  the  population, 
the  number  may  be  now  estimated  at  100,000. 
Their  peculiar  and  leading  doctrines  and  tenets 
are  too  generally  known  to  need  a  recital  here. 
In  1790,  the  residence  of  their  bishop  was  in 
Baltimore.  Their  congregations  are  large  and 
respectable. 

The  Cierman  inhabitants  in  these  .States,  who 
principally  belong  to  Pennsylvania  andNew  York, 
are  divided  into  a  variety  of  sects ;  the  principal  of 
which  are,  Lutherans,  Calvinists  or  Presbyteri- 
ans, Moravians,  Tunkers,  and  Mennonists.  Of 
these  the  German  Lutherans  are  the  most  nu- 
merous. Of  this  denomination,  ard  the  German 
Presbyterians  or  Calvinists,  who  are  next  to 
them  in  numbers,  there  were,  in  1790,  upwards 
of  60  ministers  in  Pennsylvania— and  the  former 
had  12,  and  the  latter  six,  churches  in  the  State 
of  New  York.  Many  of  their  churches  are 
large  and  splendid,  and  in  some  instances  fur- 
nished with  organs.  These  two  denominations 
live  together  in  the  greatest  harmony,  often 
preaching  in  each  other's  churches,  and  some- 
times uniting  in  the  erection  of  a  church,  in 
which  they  alternately  worship.  The  number  of 
these  sects  has  probably  also  doubled. 

The  Moravians  are  a  respectable  body  of 
Christians  in  these  States.  Of  this  denomina- 
tion there  were,  in  1788,  about  1,300  souls  in] 


I 


UNITED    STATES 


R5 


14,350 
11,017 

1,998 

1,751 
9,004 

43,282 

era  was  taken, 
been  collected 
ngland  States, 
her  parts;  so 
1  amounted  to 
hodist  connec- 
i,  two  bishops, 

he  whole  num- 
fith  the  Mctho- 
1,  in   1790,   to 

Hatholics  in  the 
mated  at  about 
in  the  State  of 
eir  increase  has 
the  population, 
ted  at  100,000. 
rines  and  tenets 
I  a  recital  here. 
I  bishop  was  in 
are  large  and 

ese  .States,  who 
land  New  York, 
the  principal  of 
or  Presbyteri- 
Icnnonists.     Of 
•e  the  most  nu- 
ard  the  German 
lo  are  next   to 
1  1790,  upwards 
—and  the  former 
ics  in  the  State 
r    churches  are 
e  instances  fur- 
.  denominations 
harmony,  often 
ches,  and  some- 
of  a  church,  in 
The  number  of 
-.bled, 
ectable  body    ol 
'  this  dcnomina- 
1  300  souls  in] 


rPennsylvania ;  viz.  at  Bethlehem,  lietween  5  and 
600  ;  which  number  since  increased,  in  1790,  nt 
Nazareth,  to  450— nt  Litiz,  to  upwards  of  300. 
Their  other  settlements,  in  the  United  States, 
were  nt  Hope,  in  New  Jersey,  containing  about 
100  souls ;  and  at  Wachovia,  on  Yadkin  rivor, 
North  Carolina,  containing  six  churches.  Their 
numln^rs  are  now  nearly  doubled.  Besides  these 
regular  settlements,  formed  by  such  only  as  arc 
members  of  the  brethrens'  church,  and  live  toge- 
ther in  good  order  and  harmony,  there  are  in 
different  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and 
New  Jersey,  and  in  the  cities  of  Newport, 
(Rhode  Island)  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Lan- 
caster, York  Town,  &c.  congregations  of  the 
Brethren,  who  have  their  own  church  and  minis- 
ter, and  hold  the  same  principles,  and  doctrinal 
tenets,  and  church  rites  and  ceremonies,  as  the 
former,  though  their  local  situation  does  not  ad- 
mit of  such  particular  regulations  as  are  pecu- 
liar to  the  regular  settlements. 

They  call  themselves,  "  The  United  Brethren 
of  the'Pi-otestant  Episcopal  Cliurch."  They  are 
called  Moravians,  bi'rause  the  first  settlers  in  the 
English  dominions  were  chiefly  emigrants  from 
Moravia.  These  were  the  remnant  and  genuine 
descendants  of  the  church  of  the  ancient  United 
Brethren,  established  in  Bohemia  and  Moravia, 
as  early  as  the  year  145G.  They  left  their  na- 
tive country  to  avoid  persecution,  and  to  enjoy 
liberty  of  conscience,  and  what  they  conceived 
to  be  true  ^  xercise  of  the  religion  of  their  fore- 
fathers. They  were  received  in  Saxony,  and 
other  Protestant  dominions,  and  were  encouraged 
to  settle  among  them,  and  were  joined  by  many 
serious  people  of  other  dominions.  They  adhere 
to  the  Angustin  Confession  of  Faith,  which  was 
drawn  up  by  Protestant  divines  at  the  tin>e  of 
the  Reformation  in  Germany,  in  the  year  1530, 
and  presented  at  the  diet  of  the  empire  at  Aus- 
burg ;  and  which,  at  that  time,  contained  the 
doctrinal  system  of  all  the  established  Protestant 
churches.  They  retain  the  discipline  of  their 
ancient  church,  and  make  use  of  Episcopal  or- 
dination, which  has  been  handed  down  to  them 
in  a  direct  line  of  succession  for  more  than  300 
years,  as  appears  by  David  Cranlz'  History  of 
"  The  ancient  and  modern  United  Brethren's 
Church,  translated  from  the  German,  by  the  Rev. 
Benjamin  La  Trobe."  London,  1780. 

They  profess  to  live  in  strict  obedience  to  the 
ordinances  of  Christ,  such  as  the  observation  of 
the  Stihbath,  Infant  Baptism,  and  the  Lord's  Sup- 
per ;  and  in  addition  to  these,  they  practise  the 


foot  washing,  the  kiss  of  lovo,  and  the  use  of 
the  lot. 

They  were  introduced  into  America  by  ("ount 
Zinzendorf,  and  settled  at  Bethlehem,  which  in 
their  principal  settlement  in  America,  as  early  as 
1741.  Regularity,  industry,  ingenuity,  and  (eco- 
nomy, are  characteristics  of  these  people. 

The  Tunkcrs  arc  so  called  in  derision,  from 
the  word  hmkcn.  tn  put  a  morsel  in  sauce.  The 
English  word  thai  conveys  the  proper  meaning 
of  Tunkers  is  sops  or  dippers.  They  are  also 
ciilled  Tumblers,  from  the  manner  in  which  they 
perform  Baptism,  which  is  by  putting  the  person, 
while  kneeling,  head  lirst  under  water,  so  as  to 
resemble  the  motion  of  the  body  in  the  action  of 
tumbling.  The  Germans  sound  the  letters  /  and 
b  like  d  and  p  ;  hence  the  words  Tunkcrs  and 
Tumblers,  have  been  corruptly  written  Dunkers 
and  Dumplers. 

The  first  appearing  of  these  people  in  America 
was  in  the  fall  of  the  year  1719,  when  about  20 
families  landed  in  Philadelphia,  and  dispersed 
themselves  in  various  parts  of  Pennsylvania. 
They  are  what  are  called  General  Baptists,  and 
hold  to  general  redemption  and  general  salva- 
tion. 1  hey  use  great  plainu'^ss  of  drr;^;*  and 
language,  and  will  neither  swear,  nor  fight,  nor 
go  to  law,  nor  take  interest  for  the  money  they 
lend.  They  commonly  wear  their  beards — keep 
the  first  day  Sabbath,  except  one  congregation- 
have  the  Lord's  Supper  with  its  ancient  at- 
tendants of  Love  Feasts,  with  washing  of  feet, 
kiss  of  charity,  and  right  hand  of  fellowship.  They 
anoint  the  sick  with  oil  for  their  recovery,  and 
use  the  trine  immersion,  with  laying  on  of  hands 
and  prayer,  even  while  the  person  baptised  is  in 
the  water.  Their  church  government  and  dis- 
cipline are  the  same  with  those  of  the  English 
Baptists,  except  that  every  brother  is  allowed  to 
speak  in  the  congregation ;  and  their  best  speaker 
is  usually  ordained  to  be  their  minister.  The^ 
have  deacons,  deaconesses  (from  among  their 
ancient  widows)  and  exhorters,  who  are  all  li- 
censed to  use  their  gifts  statedly.  On  the  whole, 
notwithstanding  their  peculiarities,  they  appear 
to  be  humble,  well-meaning  Christians,  and  have 
acqiiired  the  character  of  the  harmless  Tunkcrs. 

Their  principal  settlement  is  ntEphrata, some- 
times called  Tunker8Town,inLancasterCounty, 
60  miles  westward  of  Philadelphia.  It  consisted, 
in  1790,  of  about  40  buildings,  of  which  three 
were  places  of  wot  ship:  one  is  called  Sharon, 
and  adjoins  the  sister's  apartment  as  a  chapel  ; 
another,  belonging  to  the  brother'  apartment,  is] 


86 


UNITED    STATES. 


I  *>'.    i^ 


f^  m 


i\ 


ii 


frallcd  Betliany.  To  those  tlic  b'-otliron  and 
sisters  ro«ort,  soparntoly,  to  worship  morning 
and  evening,  and  somolinics  in  tli«'  niijlit.  Tlio 
third  in  n  common  church,  called  Zionj  whoro  all 
in  thfi  Hottl(>mont  mcot  once  a  week  for  public 
worship.  The  Brethren  have  adopted  the  White 
Friars' dress,  with  some  alterations;  the  sisters 
that  of  the  nuns  ;  and  both  like  them  have  taken 
the  vow  of  celilmcy.  All,  liowever,  do  not  keep 
the  vow.  When  they  marry,  they  leave  their 
cells,  and  po  amon^  t)ie  married  people.  They 
snhsist  hy  cnltivatin^  their  lands,  by  attending  a 
print injr  office,  a  grist  mill,  a  paper  mill,  an  oil 
nn'il,  &c.  and  the  sisters  by  spinning,  weaving, 
sewing,  &c.  They  at  first  slept  on  board  couches, 
but  now  on  beds,  and  have  otherAvise  abated 
much  of  their  former  severity.  This  congrega- 
tion keen  the  seventh  day  Sabbath.  Their  sing- 
ing is  charming,  owing  to  the  pleasantness  of 
their  voices,  the  variety  of  parts,  and  the  devout 
manner  of  performance,  uesides  this  congre- 
ption  at  Ephrata,  there  were,  in  1770, 14  others 
in  various  other  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  and  some 
in  Maryland.  The  whole,  exclusive  of  those  in 
Maryland,  amounted  to  upwards  of  2,000  souls. 

The  Mennonists  derive  their  name  from  Mcnno 
Simon,  a  native  of  Witmars,  in  (iermany,  a  man 
of  learning,  born  in  flie  year  1503,  in  the  time  of 
the  Reformation  by  Luther  and  Calvin.  He  was 
a  famous  Roman  Catholic  preacher,  till  about 
the  year  1531,  when  he  became  a  Baptist.  Some 
of  his  followers  came  into  Pennsylvania  from 
New  York,  and  settled  at  German  Town,  as 
early  as  1G92.  This  is  at  present  their  principal 
congregation,  and  the  mother  of  the  rest.  Their 
whole  number,  in  1770,  in  Pennsylvania,  was 
upwards  of  4,000,  divided  into  13  cfiurches,  and 
42  congregations,  under  the  care  of  13  ordained 
ministers,  and  33  licensed  preachers. 

The  Mennonists  do  not,  like  the  Tunkers,hold 
the  doctrine  of  general  salvation  ;  yet  like  them, 
they  will  neither  swear  nor  fight,  nor  bear  any 
civil  office,  nor  go  to  law,  nor  take  interest  for 
the  money  they  lend,  though  many  break  this 
last  rule.  Some  of  them  wear  their  beards; 
wash  each  others  feet,  &c.  and  ail  use  plainness 
of  speech  and  dress.  Some  have  been  expelled 
their  society  for  wearing  buckles  in  their  shoes, 
and  having  pocket  holes  in  their  coats.  Their 
church  government  is  democratical.  They  call 
tliemseivcs  the  Harmless  Christians,  Revengeless 
Christians,  and  Weaponless  Christians.  They  are 
Baptists  rather  in  name  than  in  fact ;  for  they  do 
not  use  immersion.  Their  common  mode  of  bap- 


tisn  is  this :  the  person  to  be  baptized  kneels;  ttlC 
minister  holds  his  hands  over  hini,  into  which  the 
deacon  pours  water,  M'hicli  runs  ihron'rli  upon 
the  head  of  the  person  kneeling.  After  this,  tbl- 
low  imposition  of  hands  and  prayer. 

The  denominalinn,s(ile(l  I  'niversalists, though 
their  schemes  are  very  varioi.s,  may  properly 
enough  be  divided  into  two  classes:  viz.  Tlioso 
who  eiidirace  the  scheme  of  Dr.  Chauncey,  ex- 
hibited in  bis  book,  entitled  "The  Salvation  of 
all  Men  ;"  and  the  disciples  of  Mr.  Wiiichester 
and  Mr.  John  Murray. 

A  judicious  summary  of  Dr.  Channcey's  sen- 
timents has  been  given  in  li.  Adams's  "  View  of 
Religions,"  article  Universalistss,  as  follows  : 

"  That  the  scheme  of  revelation  has  the  hap- 
piness of  all  mankind  lying  ai  bottom,  as  its 
great  and  ultimate  end  ;  that  it  gradually  tends 
to  this  end  ;  and  will  not  fail  of  its  accomplish- 
ment, when  fully  completed.  Some,  in  conse- 
quence of  its  operation,  as  conducted  by  the  Son 
of  God,  will  be  disposed  and  enabled,  in  this 
present  state,  to  make  such  improvements  in  vir- 
tue, the  only  rational  preparative  for  hapjiines.s, 
as  that  they  shall  enter  upon  the  enjoyment  of  it 
in  the  next  state.  Others,  who  have  proved  in- 
curable under  tae  means  which  have  been  used 
with  them  in  this  state,  instead  of  being  happy 
in  the  next,  will  be  awfully  miserable;  not  to 
continue  so  finally,  but  that  they  may  be  con- 
vinced of  their  folly,  and  recovered  to  a  virtuous 
frame  of  mind  :  and  this  will  be  the  effect  of  the 
future  torments  upon  many  ;  the  consequence 
whereof  will  be  their  salvation,  they  being  thus 
fitted  for  it.  And  there  may  be  yet  other  states, 
before  the  scheme  of  God  may  be  perfected,  and 
mankind  universally  cured  of  their  moral  dis- 
orders, and  in  this  way  qualified  for,  and  finally 
instated  in,  eternal  happiness.  But  however 
many  states  some  of  the  individuals  of  the  human 
species  may  pass  through,  and  of  however  long 
continuance  they  may  be,  the  whole  is  intended 
to  subserve  the  grand  design  of  universal  hap|  i- 
ness,  and  will  finally  terminate  in  it;  insomuch, 
that  the  Son  of  God  and  Saviour  of  men  will  not 
deliver  up  his  trust  into  the  hands  of  the  Father, 
who  committed  it  to  him,  till  he  has  discharged 
his  obligations  in  virtue  of  it ;  having  finally 
fixed  ail  men  in  heaven,  when  God  will  be  All 
in  All." 

Thenumber  of  this  denomination  is  not  known, 
but  it  is  undoubtedly  large,  since  the  doctrine  is 
so  worldly  and  convenient.  The  open  advocates 
indeed  of  this  scheme  are  few;  though  the  num-j 


I  >i 


Ul 


UNITED   STATES. 


87 


tizrti  knocN;  t!ie 
n,  into  wliicli  tlio 
s  llin>iin;li  upon 
A  (tor  lliiH,  Ibl- 
or. 

r('rNulisitH,tlioiigh 
^,  may  properly 
ssos:  viz.  Those 
•.  Clmuiupy,  ex- 
'he  Salvation  of 
Mr.  VViachester 

riianncov's  fion- 
:lanis'H  "'Vit'W  of 
i,  as  foUowH  : 
ion  lia'*  the  hap- 
i  bottom,  as  it8 
•rradually  tends 
'  its  accomplish- 
Some,  in  fonse- 
ucted  by  the  Son 
enabled,  in  this 
•ovements  in  vir- 
ve  for  happiness, 
?  enjoyment  of  it 
have  proved  in- 
i  have  been  used 
of  being  happy 
liserable;  not  to 
ley  may  be  con- 
red  to  a  virtuous 
I  the  effect  of  the 
;lie  consequence 
they  being  thus 
yet  other  states, 
perfected,  and 
Heir  moral  dis- 
for,  and  finally 
But   however 
Is  of  the  human 
of  however  long 
lole  is  intended 
universal  hap|  i- 
n  it;  insomuch, 
of  men  will  not 
s  of  the  Father, 
has  discharged 
having  finally 
od  vvill  be  All 

on  is  not  known, 

the  doctrine  is 

open  advocates 

ough  the  nuni-j 


[her  is  larger  of  surh  as  embrace  the  doctrine  of 
the  salvation  of  all  men, upon  principles  similar, 
but  variously  differing  from  those  on  which  the 
above  mentioned  scheme  is  grounded. 

The  latter  class  of  Universalists  have  a  new 
schema  differing  essentially  from  that  of  the 
former,  which  they  reject  as  inconsistent  and  ab- 
surd :  and  they  cannot  conceive  how  they  who 
embrace  it,  can,  "  with  any  degree  of  propriety, 
be  called  Universalists,  on  Apostolic  principles, 
as  it  does  not  appear  that  they  have  any  idea  of 
being  saved  by,  or  in,  the  Lord,  with  an  ever- 
lasting, or  with  any  salvation."  Hence,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Murray,  in  his  "  Letter  to  a  Friend," 
page  40,  41,  printed  in  Boston,  1791,  they  call 
them  ''  Pharisaical  Universalists,  who  are  willing 
to  Justify  themselves." 

it  is  difficult  to  sny  what  is  the  present  scheme 
of  the  denomination  of  which  we  are  now  speak- 
ing; for  they  differ  not  only  from  all  other  Uni- 
versalists, and  from  each  other,  but  even  from 
themselves  at  different  periods.  The  reader, 
however,  may  form  an  idea  of  some  of  their 
tenets  from  what  follows,  collected  from  the  let- 
ter just  referred  to.  This  letter,  written  by  the 
head  of  the  denomination,  and  professing  to  rec- 
tify mistakes  respecting  doctrines  propagated 
under  the  Christian  name — to  give  the  character 
of  a  Consistent  Universalist — and  to  acquaint 
the  world  with  their  real  sentiments,  we  have 
reason  to  conclude,  gives  as  true  an  account  of 
their  scheme  as  can  be  obtained. 

From  this  letter  it  appears,  "  that  they  be- 
lieve, that  religion,  of  some  sort  or  other,  is  a 
public  benefit ;  '  and  that  every  person  is  at  li- 
berty, and  is  bound,  to  support  what  he  con- 
ceives to  be  the  true  religion.  That  public  wor- 
ship on  every  first  day  of  the  week,  is  an  incum- 
bent duty  on  all  real  lovers  of  divine  truth — that 
prayer,  as  it  indicates  trust  in,  and  dependence 
on,  God,  is  part  of  his  worship.  They  believe 
that  the  deceiver,  who  beguiled  Eve,  anil  not  oup 
first  parents  themselves,  did  the  deed  which 
brought  ruin  and  death  on  all  the  human  race. 
That  there  are  two  classes  of  fallen  sinners — 
the  angels  who  kept  not  their  first  estate,  and 
the  human  nature,  deceived  by  the  former,  and 
apparently  destroyed  consequent  thereon — that  a 
just  God,  in  the  law  given  by  Moses,  has  de- 
nounced death  and  the  curse  on  every  one  who 
contmueth  not  in  all  things,  written  in  the  book 
of  the  law  to  do  them— but  that  the  same  God 
was  manifested  in  the  flesh  as  the  head  of  every 
man,  made  under  the  law,  to  redeem  them  that 
are  under  the  law,  being  made  a  curse  for  them 


— that  he  tasted  death  for  every  man,  being  a 
Saviour,  not  of  a  few  only,  but  of  all  men — and 
that  the  declaration  of  this  is  the  Gospel.  They 
lielieve  that  when  God  denounces  on  the  human 
race,  woes,  wrath,  tribulation,  death,  damnation, 
i^c.  in  the  scriptures,  he  speaks  in  his  legislative 
c'ipacity,  as  the  just  God  who  will  by  no  means 
clear  the  guilty — that  when  he  speaks  «if  merty, 
grace,  peace,  of  life  as  the  gifl  of  (iod,  and  sal- 
vation in  whole  or  in  part,  lie  speaks  in  the  cha- 
racter of  the  just  God  and  Saviour — that  the 
former  is  the  language  of  the  law  ;  the  latter  is 
the  language  of  the  gospel. 

Confession  of  sins — repentance,  and  supplica- 
tions for  mercy  and  forgiveness,  make  no  part  of 
their  creed  or  worship. 

They  believe  that  the  Prince  of  Peace  came  to 
save  the  himian  nature  from  the  power  and  do- 
minion of  the  devil,  and  his  works — that  he  came 
to  destroy  the  latter,  that  he  might  save  the  for- 
mer. That  "•  Sin  is  the  work  of  the  devil—  that 
he  is  the  worker  and  doer  of  whatever  gives  of- 
fence.— That  Jesus,  as  the  Saviour  of  the  world, 
shall  separate  from  his  kingdom,  both  the  evil 
worker  and  his  evil  works ;  the  evil  worker,  in 
the  character  of  goats— the  evil  works  in  the 
character  of  tares."  They  suppose  that  what  is 
wicked  in  mankind,  is  represented  by  the  evil 
seed  sown  by  the  evil  one  in  human  nature,  and 
that  "  when  the  s^  wer  of  the  evil  seed,  and  all 
the  evil  seed  sown,  shall  be  separated  from  the 
seed  which  God  sowed,  then  the  seed  which  is 
properly  God's  seed,  will  be  like  him  who  sowed 
it,  pure  and  holy." 

They  consider  all  ordinances  as  merely  sha- 
dows ;  yet  they  celebrate  the  Lord's  Supper,  by 
eating  and  drinking  wine — and  some  of  them 
suppose  that  every  time  they  eat  bread  and  drink 
wine,  they  comply  with  our  Lord's  injunction, 
"  Do  this  in  remembrance  of  me."  Various 
other  opinions  prevail  among  them  respecting 
this  ordinance,  and  that  of  baptism.  They  "  ad- 
mit of  but  one  baptism,  tnc  baptizer  Jesus 
Christ ;  the  elements  made  use  of,  the  Holy 
Ghost  and  fire" — ^yet  they  are  willing,  in  order 
to  avoid  contention,  "  to  become  all  things  to  all 
men,"  and  to  baptize  infants  by  sprinkling,  or 
adults  by  immersion — or  to  omit  these  signs 
altogether,  according  as  the  opinions  of  parents 
may  vary  upon  this  subject.  Somd  think  it  pro- 
per to  diedicate  their  children  to  the  Lord,  by 
putting  them  into  the  arms  of  the  minister,  to 
be  by  nim  presented  to  Christ,  to  be  baptized 
with  his  baptism,  in  the  name  of  the  Trinity ; 
the  minister  at  the  same  time  to  bless  theiu  in] 


:^ 


M' 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  E  N. 


if 


f '  n^ 


^, 


lllic  wnrilN  in  wliicli  (ind  coinniniulcil  Aarnii  niid 
nin  NiMiH  (n  bl«>M  Ihp  cliiltlivii  of  Ihi-hpI  -  "  Tim 
liiini  hli'HH  (lie<>,  &r."  !l  RfippurH,  in  nHoH,  thut 
tliiMr  notinnn  reH|N>r(inff  Ihertu  ordinanct>«  aro 
varionN,  vatfii«\nnil  iin!«>(<ipii. 

Tlioy  hpliovp  in  a  jndKniont  naHt,  and  a  Jiidg- 
nipnt  to  romp— 'Ihiit  tm*  paH(  juaKmrnt  in  eitlipr 
that  in  which  Ihp  worl<i  waM,|udgt>d  in  thn  Hpcond 
Adani,  aconnlin|(  to  (hp  word  of  the  Siviour, 
**  Now  is  thp  ,|ndf(nient  of  thiH  world — now  in 
the  prinop  of  t\\w  world  cant  out,  and  judgment 
executed  on  ihem  and  on  the  whole  hinnan  na> 
tnre,  nrcording  to  the  righteouH  judgment  of 
(to«l — or  that  whirh  pverv  man  in  to  pxercine 
upon  him8plr,  according  to  the  wordn  "judg<* 
yonrsplvps  iind  ye  hIuiII  not  be  iudgwi."  "The 
Judgment  to  come  in  that  in  which  all  who  have 
not  Judged  themnelveN — all  unbelieverH  of  the 
human  race,  and  all  the  tallen  angeln,  Hliall  he 
Judged  l»v  the  Saviour  ;  but  these  two  charac- 
ters vi?;.  unbelieverH  of  the  human  race,  and 
thp  fallen  angeU,  shall  bp  i)lacpd,  the  former  on 
the  right,  the  latter  on  the  letl  hand  of  thoir 
•fudge ;  the  one  under  the  denomination  of 
sheep,  tor  whose  salvation  the  Saviour  laid  down 
his  hie — the  other  inidpr  the  denomination  of 
gonts,  who  are  the  accursed,  wHokp  nature  he 
passed  by" — "  The  human  nature"  (i.e.  the  sheen 
or  unbefievers  of  the  human  race)  "  as  the  off- 
spring of  the  everlasting  Father,  and  the  ran- 
somed of  the  iiord— shall  be  brought,  by  divine 
power,  into  the  kingdom  prepared  lor  them,  be- 
tbre  the  Inundation  of  the  world." — The  other  na- 
ture, (i.  e.  the  goats,  or  fnllpn  angels)  '^  will  be 
sent  into  the  hre  nre{wred  tor  them  *."  From 
which  it  appeal's,  tliat  it  is  their  opinion,  that 
unbelievers  of  the  human  race,  or  slippp,  and 
the  fallen  angels,  or  goats,  will  l)e  the  only 
classes  of  creatures  concerned  in  the  awards  of 
the  last  Judgment ;  and  that  the  righteous,  or 
believers  in  Christ,  will  not  then  be  Judged,  hav- 
ing previously  Judged  themselves.  "  But  the 
resi  of  mankind,"  say  they,  "  will  be  the  sub- 
ierts  of  this  judgment,  when  our  Saviour  shall 
oe  revealed  A-om  heaven  in  flaming  fire,  taking 
vpnn;oance  on  them  that  know  not  God,  and 
obey  not  the  gospel :  and  they  shall  then  be  pu- 
nislied  with  everlasting  destruction  from  the  pre- 
sence of  the  Lord,  and  the  glory  of  his  power." 
Their  inference  from  and  exposition  of  this  pas- 
sage, are  peculiar,  and  will  serve  to  give  the 


reader  an  idea  of  their  niaiiner  of  explaining 
other  iMirallel  iNisHuges  of  Ncriptitre.  I'runi  this 
awful  n>vela(ioii  of  the  Savi«nir,  t4i  lake  >en- 
geancp  on  them  that  know  not  (lod,  and  obey 
not  the  goij)i>l,  they  inter  I  his  cunH<'«pieiice,  th«-y 
shall  then  lie  made  to  know  (lod,  and  olH<y  the 
gospel."  The  everlasling  destruction,  froiii  the 
presence  of  the  L«inl  and  the  glurv  of  his  power, 
with  which  tlicy  shall  be  punished,  they  siip|MMu 
is  sufllereil  by  unbelievers,  in  consequence  «>l  the 
revelation  of  the  everlasting  dettlructiuii,  pre- 
vioun  to  this  awful  period ;  and  that  lliey  will 
suffer  no  punishment  utler  it— for  "  il  is  not 
said,"  they  say,  "  tlait  they  shall  be  everlast- 
ingly punished  with  deNlruction."  They  explain 
thoir  idea  of  everlasting  punishnieni  and  suffer- 
ing the  pain  of  eternal  fire,  thus,  "  Were  it 
tioNsible  to  find  a  culilla^y  fire  that  never  would 
le  extinguished,  but  in  tne  strictest  sense  of  the 
word,  wan  everlasting  or  eternal — should  any 
memlier  of  the  Imdy  pass  through  thut  burning 
Hame,  though  but  a  moment  of  time  had  been 
thus  spent  in  passing  through  ;  yet  even  in  that 
moment,  it  would  suffer  the  pain  of  eternal 
fire."  Uut  whether  they  beliove  it  possible  that 
there  should  Ih>  such  a  lire,  or  that  unbelievers 
shall  bo  doomed  to  suffer  the  puni.shineiit  of 
eternal  fire  by  thus  pssiiig  through  il,  they  do 
not  declare^ 

They  do  not  suppose  that  '*  all  mankind  will 
be  on  a  level  in  the  article  of  death,  but  that 
they  who  die  in  unbelief,  will  lie  down  in  sor- 
row, and  rise  to  the  resurrection  of  danination, 
or  condemnation  ;  and  when  the  biNiks  shall  bu 
opened,  and  the  dead,  both  small  and  great,  shall 
bejuv-lged  out  of  the  things  written  in  the  biMiks 
— ewTv  mouth  shall  be  slopjied,  and  all  the 
world  become  guilty  before  (Jod ;  and  while  con- 
scious of  guilt,  but  ignorant  of  a  Saviour,  they 
shall  call  on  the  rocks  and  mountains  to  itill  on 
them  to  hide  them  from  the  wrath  of  the  Lamb. 
But  that  in  this  Judf|;ment  the  judge  is  the  Sa- 
viour— they  will"  be  judged  by  their  own  Iwad  ;" 
and  as  the  head  of  every  man  is  Christ,  all  of 
course  must  be  acquitteu  and  saved. 

Although  they  Iwlieve  that  the  devil  is  the 
doer  or  worker  of  every  thing  that  gives  offence; 
yet  they  assert,  that  "  all  men  at  all  times  arc 
sinners,  and  come  short  of  the  ^\ory  of  God:"— 
but  they  believe  that  what  Christ  suffered,  "  was 
considered  by  the  Great  Lawgiver,  as  done  and 


'^y^ 


•  The  reader  will  doubtless  notice  thut  the  plural  pronoun  tltr-',  is  tevenil  limes  used  toexprets  the  singu'ar  noiiii  human  nnlure, 
ond  Prince  of  tliis  world, as  the  human  natnre,  &c.  sliall  be  brontnt  into  the  kingdom  prepared  for  thtni  i  the  other  niiture  will  he 
sent  into  the  fire  prepared  for  them— the  Prince  of  this  world  shall  he  cast  out,  and  judgment  he  eieeuted  on  them.  This  is  a 
phraseology  pecniiar  t«  this  denomination,  for  the  grammatical  propriety  of  which  the  compiler  docn  not  hold  himself  responsiblcl 


Mr'Mi 


If 


A. 


I J  N  IT  i:  {)    SI  A  TEN 


;»!» 


'  (wplaiiiiiig 
i''i-uiii  I  Mm 
(  tttko  \«'«- 
1,  uiitl  olwy 
|iieiit-i',  t\wy 
nil  oIk7  tlio 
•n,  IVoHi  Uio 
>!'  liiH  |)owur, 

uunce  oithe 
lucliuii,  !»•«• 
lilt  Wivy  will 
r  "  ii  itt  nut 
1)1'  ev«rlii»t» 
riit'.v  ox|>laiii 
It  iiixl  Mullcr* 
H,  "  Wcro  il 

iievBV  won  Id 
I  HC'iiHf  of  the 
-Hhoulii  uiiy 

(liui  biirniiiK 
iiiG  liiul  Im3«» 

oven  in  tliut 
n  of  oleiiml 
I  poHHilile  (hat 
it  uiibolicverH 
)iiiii»ihiiieiii  of 
^\\  it,  tliey  Uo 

mnnkiiid  will 
..atli,  but  that 
down  ill  sor- 
ot'  tlaiiiiintioii, 
MM»k8  Hhall  bo 
nd  groat,  hIwU 
II  in  the  books 
,  mid   all  tho 
and  while  con- 
8avio(ir,  tlicy 
i„8  to  liill  on 

of  the  Lamb. 
Ice  is  the  Sa- 
ir  own  Iwad ;" 

Christ,  all  of 

le  devil  ih  the 
t  gives  ollence ; 
t  all  times  are 
)ry  of  God;"— 
suffered,  "  was 
>r,  as  done  and 

noun  human  nnturr, 
Uhprnnnirp  wi"  I"" 
,n  U<pm.  This  is  a 
ioiself  rf*po'i»'''l«-.l 


(  BiilViTod  by  rviTV  inan  in  hi"  own  prrnon  ;  mid      s|Mikrii  of  in  tho  l^th  chaplfi-  of  (ho  llrvfliition 
■HUM   niiK-h   iiil«>n>N(iMl  in  wh:i(      mid  (lint  shr  ipoko  Hi>v<'ii(y-two  (onirnrH  :  iind  iil 


(liiit 


cvny  niiiii 


'£ 


ClniNt,  (fw  Hi'oond  Adiim,  did,  bh  (Im'v  wciv  in      (IioiikIi  tl""**' (oiigiii-s  w«'n>  iniiii(«*lligil)li<  (o  (he 
wliiil  (In-  rirH(  ,\dmii  did"— (hiiH  bclicvinit,  (licy      living,  mIh' roiiviTHi'd  with  (hi-  dead   wlio  iiiidrr- 
l»T(»od  »H   iii«(  in  heintf  (heir  Saviour,  iim      Moot)  licr  liiiii(iiiig<'.    'I'ln-y  iilh'nod  «Iho,  (hat  mIip 


rniisK 


II'  uoll 


Id  hi 


iiivr  Imm-ii  III 


(lii'ir  rd'rnai  damna(ioii.        was  (|ii>  iiiiitln'r  of  all  (h«*  v\vv\  :  that  hIii'  (ravailcd 


'riii<  (\inHiH(«Mi(    (Jnivi>i-HaliN(,  "  doi>M  iio(  con-  for  (lii>  nliolo  world     (liat  no  IdcHHinu;  t-oiild  dr 

Hidi'r  liiiii^i'lf  nndi'r    (In*  law    any    more  (liaii  a  Mcciid  (o  any  person  but  only  by  and  through  her, 

woman  eoiiHiders  hernelf  under  (lie  direi-(ioii  or  and  (liii(  in  (he   way  of  her  being  poHMeHseil   of 

dominion  of  a  linshand  that  is  deail  and  buried—  their  sins,  by  (heir  eoiifessing  and  repenting  of 

nor  is  he  afraid  of  death,  being  assured  that  .le-ius  them,   one  by  one,  acrording   to    her  dirertion. 

bath  abolished  death,  and  h>tl  nothing  of  i(  bill  tloseph    Meiichiiin,  who  a((aliied  the  reiiiitntion 

(he  shadow."  of  a   prophet  iiiiKiiij^  (hem,  sucreeded  Whitaker 

The    l'iiiverHalis(s  of   (his   deiioniina(ion,  in  as  (heir  leader, 
eoiimion    with   other   ('liris(iaiis,  profess    (hem-  Their   lending  d<><'(rinal  (eiie(s,  uh  given    by 

selves  (o  be  (he  advora(es  of  pie(y,  religion,  and  one  of  their  own  deiioinitia(ioii,  are,   "  'I'hat  (he 

morality.     They  assert  the  duty   of  doing  right  lirs(  resurrection  is  already  eonie,  and  now  is  (Iir 


iis  men  as  members  of  civil  society  -and  as 
Christimis.  ''  Ah  mere  men,"  they  hold,  (hat 
"  (hey  iiius(  follow  nature,  or  they  will  sink  be- 
neath (he  level  of  the  beiists  of  (he  lield."  And 
ve(  (hey  iisser(,  that  '^  all  the  righteousness  found 
III  the  best  of  mere  human  nature  is  but  a  filthy 
rag."  That  as  members  of  civil  society,  they 
must  submit  to  the  laws ;  or,  if  thought  t«io 
severe,  they  iiiiiy  avoi<l  them  by  a  removal  from 
the  state.''  Tliat  as  ('hristiaiis  (hey  must  be 
under  the  direction  of  ('hrist,  and  do  whatso- 
ever he  commands  them  ;  and  these  are  his  com- 
niandments,  "  that  wi*  believe  in  him.  and  love 
one  another." 

There  urn  but  few  of  this  denomination  of 
Universalists  in  the  United  Stales.  Of  these 
ihw,  some  are  in  I'eiuniylvania  ;  some  in  dillereiit 
parts  of  New  York,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island, 
and  New  Hampshire;  but  the  body  of  them  are 
in  Itoston,  and  (iloticester,  in  tVlasHachuHetts. 
Tliey  have  several  coiistidited  churches,  which 
are  governed  by  an  occlesi;»stical  constitution, 
formed  in  I7H9,  l>y  a  small  convention  of  their 
ministers  at  Philadelphia. 

There  is  a  small  and  singular  sect  of  Chris- 
tians, called  S/iribrs,  which  sprung  up  in  1774  ; 
when  a  few  of  this  sect  came  from  rjiigland  to 
New  York,  and  there  being  Joined  by  a  few 
others,  they  settled  at  Nisruieunia,  above  Albany, 
which  is  their  principal  settleiiient  :  a  few  others 
are  scattered  in  diHerent  parts  of  (he  country. 

The  head  of  this  party,  while  she  lived,  (lor 
notwithstanding  her  predictions  and  assertions  to 
the  contrary,  she  died  in  I7S4  ;  and  was  suc- 
reeded by  one  James  Whitaker,  who  also  died  in 
1787,)  was  Anna  Ijeese,  styled  the  lilect  I^adv. 
Her  followers  asserted,  that  she  was  the  woman 

VOL.  V. 


time  to  judge  themselves.  That  they  have  power 
to  heal  the  sick,  to  raise  the  dead,  and  cast  out 
devils.  That  they  have  a  correspondence  with 
angels,  (lie  spiri(s  of  the  saints  mid  theirdeparted 
friends.  That  they  speak  with  divers  kind  of 
loii!>iii<s  in  their  public  assemblieH.  That  it  is 
lawful  to  practise  vocal  music  with  ilancing  in 
the  ('hristian  churches,  if  i(  be  practised  in  prai«- 
iiig  the  lifird.  That  their  church  is  come  out  of 
till'  order  of  natural  generation,  to  be  as  Clirist 
was;  and  that  those  who  have  wives  are  as 
tlioui;li  they  had  none.  That  by  these  means 
heaven  begins  upon  earth,  anri  they  thereby  lose 
their  imrthly  and  sensual  relaticni  to  Adam  the 
first,  and  come  to  be  transpurent  in  their  ideas, 
in  the  bright  and  heavenly  visions  of  (icmI.  That 
some  of  (heir  people  are  «)f  the  number  of  the 
l41,fK)(),  who  were  rrvleemed  from  the  earth,  und 
were  not  defiled  with  women.  That  the  word 
everlasting,  when  applied  to  the  punishment  of 
the  wicked,  means  only  a  limited  period,  excejit 
in  (he  case  of  those;  who  fall  from  their  church, 
und  that  for  such  there  is  no  forgiveness,  neither 
in  this  world  nor  that  which  is  to  come.  That  it  is 
unlawful  to  swear,  game,  or  ns(>  compliments  — 
and  that  water  baptism  and  (he  Lord's  Supper 
are  abolished.  That  Adam's  fiiii  is  not  iiiiiiited 
to  his  posterity — and  (hat  (he  doctrines  of^ elec- 
tion and  reprobation  are  It)  be  rejected." 

The  discipline  of  this  denomination  is  founded 
on  the  supposed  perfection  of  their  leaders.  The 
Mother,  or  the  Elect  Lady,  it  is  said,  obeys  (lod 
throM.<T|i  Christ.  European  elder*  obey  her. 
American  labourers,  and  common  people,  oliey 
tlieiii;  while  confession  is  made  of  «-very  .•lecret 
thing,  from  the  oldest  to  (he  youngest,  llie  peo- 
ple are  made  tobclievethat  they  are  seen  through  j 


PI' 


4 


fi 


M 


00 


U  N  I  T  E  J) 


ST 


A  T  !•:  S. 


.^'f 


[and  (liroiigh  in  Ihi?  pospel  jjlass  of  pfrft'cti(m,l)v 
tlioir  teachers,  who  behold  the  slate  of  I  lie  doail, 
and  iniiuinerablp  worlds  of  Hoirils  fl;ood  and  had. 

These  people  ure  o;enerallv  instriuted  to  he 
very  induHtriouH,  and  to  hrint;  in  arcordini;  to 
their  ability,  to  keep  up  the  meolinij.  They  vary 
in  their  exercises.  Their  heavy  dancing;,  as  it  \^ 
called,  is  performed  by  a  perpetual  sprin«;ini{' 
from  the  house  floor,  almtit  i'unr  inches  up  and 
down,  both  in  the  men's  and  women's  apartment, 
movinirabont  with  extraordinary  transport,  sinp- 
in^  sometimes  one  at  a  time,  sometimes  more, 
making  a  perfect  charm. 

'I'his  elevation  art'ecls  the  nerves,  so  that  they 
have  intervals  of  sh udder ini>;,  as  if  they  were  in 
a  Htront»'  fit  of  the  a^ue.  They  sometimes  clap 
hands  and  leap  so  as  to  strike  the  joists  above 
their  heads.  They  throw  oft"  their  outside  gar- 
ments in  these  exercises,  and  spend  their  strenffth 
very  cheerfully  this  way.  Tlieir  chief  speaker 
otteii  calls  fur  attention  ;  when  they  all  stop  and 
hear  some  harangue,  and  then  fall  to  dancing' 
tifraiii.  They  assert  that  their  danciiiir  is  the 
token  of  the  great  joy  and  happiness  of  the  new 
Jerusalem  state,  and  denotes  the  victory  over 
gin.  One  of  the  postures,  which  increases  among 
them,  is  turning  round  very  swift  for  an  hour  or 
two.  This,  they  say,  is  to  show  the  great  power 
of  God. 

They  sometimes  fall  on  their  knees  and  make 
a  sound  like  the  roaring  of  many  waters,  in 
groans  and  cries  to  God,  as  they  say,  for  the 
wicked  world  who  persecute  them.  A  larger 
account  may  be  seen  in  II.  Adams's  Vieit)  of . /fe- 
ll giotis  ;  article  S/iaf;irs. 

The  Jews  are  not  numerous  in  the  United 
States.  They  have  syiiagoijiies  at  Savannah, 
Charleston  (S.  Carolina),  Philadelphia,  New 
York,  and  Newport.  Besides  those  who  reside 
at  these  places,  there  are  others  scattered  in  dif- 
ferent towns  in  the  United  States. 

The  Jews  in  Charleston,  among  other  peculia- 
rities in  burying  their  dead,  have  these  : — after 
the  funeral  dirge  is  sung,  and  just  before  the 
corpse  is  deposited  in  the  grave,  the  colRii  is 
opened,  and  a  small  bag  of  earth,  taken  from  the 
grave,  is  carefully  put  under  the  head  of  the  de- 
ceased; then  some  powder,  said  to  be  earth 
brought  from  Jerusalem,  and  carefully  kept  for 
this  purpose,  is  taken  and  put  upon  the  eyes  of 
the  corpse,  in  token  of  their  remembrance  of  the 
HolyLand,  and  of  their  expectations  of  returning 
thitiier  in  God's  appointed  time.  Whether  this 
custom  is  universal  among  the  Jews,  is  uncer- 


tain •,  bill  for  the  articles  of  their  faith,  itc.  s«»e 
H.Adams's  t^icw  of  Ittli^om;  aiticle  ./ra'f, 
p.  'i!)() :  also  Mellamy's  J/hton/  of  all  Itvlifrions  ; 
London. 

They  generally  expect  a  glorious  return  to  the 
Holy  hand,  when  they  shall  be  exalted  above  all 
the  nations  of  the  earth.  And  they  flatter  them- 
selves that  the  period  of  their  return  will  speedily 
arrive,  though  they  do  not  venture  to  Kx  tne  pre- 
cise time. 

The  whole  number  tif  persons  who  profess  the 
ilewish  religion,  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  they 
suppose  to  lie  about  y,()(j(),00(),  who,  as  their 
phrase  is,  are  witnesses  of  the  unity  of  (jod  in  all 
the  nations  in  the  world. 

Besides  the  religious  sects  enumerated,  there 
arc  a  few  of  the  German  inhabitants  in  Penn- 
sylvania, who  are  styled  Swinseildians,  and,  in 
Maryland,  a  small  number  called  Nicolaites,  or 
New  Quakers;  but  with  the  distinguishing  sen- 
timents of  these  sects  we  are  not  ac(|uainted. 

Jfislori/. — III  addition  to  what  has  been  else- 
where said  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of 
N.  America,  we  shall  here  give  a  brief  history  of 
the  late  war  with  Great  Britain,  with  a  sketch  of 
the  events  which  preceded  and  prepared  the  way 
for  the  revolution.  This  general  view  of  the 
history  of  the  United  States  will  serve  as  a  suit- 
able introduction  to  the  particular  histories  of 
the  several  states,  which  are  given  in  their  proper 
places. 

America  was  originally  peopled  by  uncivilized 
nations,  who  lived  mostly  by  hunting  and  fishing. 
The  Europeans,  who  tirst  visited  these  shores, 
treating  the  natives  as  wild  beasts  of  the  forest, 
uliich  have  no  property  in  the  woods  where  they 
roam,  planted  the  standard  of  their  respective 
masters,  where  they  (irst  landed,  and  in  their 
names  claimed  the  country  by  right  of  discovery. 
Prior  to  any  settlement  in  N.America,  numerous 
titles  of  this  kind  were  acquired  by  the  English, 
French,  Spanish,  and  Dutch  navigators,  who 
came  hither  for  the  purposes  of  fishing  and  trad- 
ing with  the  natives.  Slight  as  such  titles  were, 
they  were  afterwards  the  causes  of  contention  be- 
tween the  European  nations.  The  subjects  of 
different  princes  ot^en  laid  claim  to  the  same 
tract  of  country,  because  both  had  discovered 
the  same  river  or  promontory ;  or  because  the 
extent  of  their  respective  claims  was  undeter- 
mined. 

While  the  settlements  in  this  vast  uncultivated 
country  were  inconsiderable  and  scattered,  and 
the  trade  of  it  confined  to  the  bartering  of  a  I 


UNIT  J*:  I)    S  T  A  T  E  S. 


01 


,  vtC.    H^O 

le   ./ra'.f, 
Mi^iom  ; 

irn  to  the 
lihovp  nil 
lor  tiu'in- 
HDcodily 


HII 
til 


( the  pre- 

roft'Hs  the 

»rld,  tlioy 

lis   tlioir 

[jod  in  all 

ted,  there 
in  Ponn- 
i,  and,  ill 
)lnitefl,  or 
diing  sen- 
intcd. 
Iwen  elsp- 
lement  of 
history  of 
I  sketcii  of 
(I  the  way 
ew  of  the 
as  a  siiit- 
istorios  of 
eir  proper 

mrivilized 
id  fishing, 
se  shores, 
he  forest, 
here  they 
pec  live 
ill   their 
iscovery. 
iiiiinerouK 
b'nglish, 
tors,    who 
and  frad- 
tles  were, 
LMition  bc- 
ubjects  of 
the  same 
iscovered 
cause  the 
undeter- 

ultivated 
crcd,  and 
iiig  of  al 


r( 


ft'pw  trinketH  for  furs,  a  trade  carried  on  l»y  a  few 
adventurers,  the  inlerferini^ot  claims  produced  no 
important  controversy  amoiiu;  tiie  settlers  or  the 
nati(ms  of  liluroiie.  Hut  iii  proportion  to  the 
progress  of  population,  and  th**  growth  t>f  the 
i\nierican  trade,  the  Jealousies  of  the  nations, 
which  had  made  early  discoveries  and  settlements 
on  this  roust,  wore  alnrined  ;  ancient  claims  were 
revived;  and  each  power  took  measures  to  ex- 
tend and  secure  its  own  possessions  at  the  ex- 
jH'nse  of  a  rival. 

By  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in  17 1.?,  the  English 
claimed  a  right  of  cutting  logwood  in  the  Hay, of 
(.'ampeachy,  in  S.  America.  In  the  exercise  of 
this  right,  the  {'English  merchants  had  frequent 
opportunities  of  carrying  on  a  contraband  trade 
with  the  Spanish  settlements  on  the  continent. 
To  remedy  this  evil,  the  Spaniards  resolved  to 
annihilate  a  claim,  which,  though  often  acknow- 
ledged, had  never  been  clearly  ascertained.  To 
effect  this  design  they  captured  the  English  ves- 
sels, which  they  found  along  the  Spanish  main, 
and  many  of  the  British  subjects  were  doomed  to 
work  in  the  mines  of  Potosi. 

Repeated  severities  of  this  kind  at  length, 
1739,  produced  a  war  between  England  and 
Spain.  Porto  Bello  was  taken  from  the  Spa- 
niards by  Admiral  Vernon.  Commodore  Anson, 
with  a  squadron  of  ships,  sailed  to  the  S.  Seas, 
distressed  the  Spanish  settlements  on  the  zi.\  shore 
of  America,  and  took  a  galleon  iaden  with  im- 
mense riches.  But  in  1741,  a  formidable  arma- 
ment, destined  to  attack  Carthageim,  under  the 
command  of  Lord  Cathcart,  returned  unsuccess- 
ful, with  the  loss  of  upwards  of  12,000  British 
soldiers  and  seamen ;  and  the  defeat  of  the  ex- 
))edition  raised  a  clamour  against  the  minister. 
Sir  Robert  Walpole,  which  produced  a  change  in 
the  administration.  This  change  removed  the 
scene  of  war  to  Europe,  so  that  America  was  not 
immediately  affected  by  the  subsequent  trans- 
actions, except  that  Louisburgh,  the  principal 
fortress  of  Cape  Brefon,  was  taken  from  the 
French  by  General  Pepperell,  assisted  by  Com- 
modore Warren  and  a  body  of  New  England 
troops. 

This  war  was  ended  in  1748,  by  the  treaty  of 
peace  signed  at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  by  which  resti- 
tution was  made,  on  both  sides,  of  all  places  dur- 
ing the  war. 

Peace  however  was  of  short  duration.  The 
French  possessed  Canada,  and  had  made  con- 
siderable settlements  in  Florida,  claiming  the 
country  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi,  by  right 
of  discovery.   To  secure  and  extend  their  claims, 


they  eslalilished  a  lino  of  forts  from  Canada  to 
I'lorida.  They  had  secured  the  important  pasn 
at  Niagara,  and  erected  a  fort  at  the  junction  of 
the  Allegany  and  Monongahela  rivers,  culled 
l'"ort  Du  (jiiesne.  They  took  pains  to  secure 
(he  frieiidsliip  and  assistance  of  the  natives  ;  en- 
croachments were  made  upon  the  English  posses- 
sions, and  mutual  injuries  succeeded.  The  dis- 
putes among  the  settlers  in  America,  and  the 
measures  taken  by  the  French  to  command  all 
the  trade  of  the  St.  F^awrence  River  on  the  n, 
and  of  the  Mississippi  on  the  .v.  excited  a  jea- 
lousy in  the  English  nation,  which  soon  broke 
forth  in  open  war. 

The  next  year  three  other  expeditions  were 
undertaken  in  America  against  the  French.  On.' 
was  conducted  by  (Jeneral  Monckton,  who  h.:) 
orders  to  drive  the  I'rench  from  their  encroach- 
ments on  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia.  This 
expedition  was  attended  with  success.  (Jeneral 
ilolinson  was  ordered,  with  a  body  of  troops,  to 
take  possession  of  Crown  Point,  but  he  did  not 
succeed.  (Jeneral  Shirley  commanded  an  expe- 
dition against  the  fort  ut  Niagara,  but  lost  the 
season  by  delay. 

In  17."),"),  (Jeneral  Braddock  marched  against 
Fort  l)n  (^uesne,  but  in  penetrating  through  the 
wilderness,  he  incautiously  fell  into  an  ambus- 
cade, and  suffered  a  total  ileleat.  (General  Brad- 
dock  was  killed,  but  the  enemy  not  pursuing  the 
vaiupiished  across  the  river,  being  eager  in  plun- 
dering the  baggage  of  the  dead,  a  part  of  his 
troops  were  saved  by  (light  under  the  cc:::!vct  of 
(ieneral  Washington,  at  that  time  a  colonel,  who 
then  began  to  exhibit  proofs  of  those  military 
talents,  by  whicli  ho  atierwards  conducted  the 
armies  of  America  to  victory,  and  his  country  to 
independence. 

The  ill  success  of  these  expeditions  left  the 
English  settlements  in  America  exposed  to  the 
depredati  nis  of  both  the  French  and  Indians. 
But  the  ivar  now  raged  in  Europe  and  the  E.  In- 
dies, and  engaged  the  attention  of  both  nations 
in  those  quarters. 

It  was  not  until  the  campaign  in  1758,  that 
aff'airs  assumed  a  more  favourable  aspect  in  Ame- 
rica. But  upon  a  change  of  administration,  Mr. 
Pitt  was  appointed  prime  minister,  and  the  ope- 
rations of  war  became  more  vigorous  and  success- 
ful. General  Amherst  was  sent  to  take  posses- 
sion of  Cape  Breton :  and  after  a  warm  siege, 
the  garrison  of  Louisburgh  surrendered  by  capi- 
tulation. General  Forbes  was  successful  in  tak- 
ing possession  of  Fort  Du  Quesne,  which  the 
French  thought  fit  to  abandon.     But  Gonarall 


r 


.'»2 


I J  N  I  T  1^  I)    S  T  A  r  E  S. 


'ii 


:•! 


•  •!•' 


(A  biTcrombic,  who  coinmandrd  tho  troops  tJes- 
tined  (o  act  against  tlie  Frenc'i  at  Crown  I'oiiit 
anil  Ticonderoga,  attacked  the  'ines  at  Ticondr- 
roga,  and  was  dcieatrd  with  a  terrible  slaughter 
of  his  troops.  After  his  defeat,  he  returned  to 
his  onmp  .it  Lake  (Jeorge. 

The  next  year,  more  eflecliial  measures  were 
taken  to  siibifue  the  French  in  America.  General 
Prideaux  and  Sir  William  Johnson  began  the 
operations  of  tlie  cainpaign  by  taking  the  French 
fort  near  Niagara.  General  Amlierst  took  pos- 
session of  the  forts  at  Crown  Point  and  Ticonde- 
roga,  which  the  French  had  abandoned. 

But  the  decisive  blow  which  proved  fatal  to 
the  Frencli  interest  in  America,  was  the  defeat  of 
the  Frenc!.  army,  and  tlie  taking  of  Quebec,  by 
the  brave  General  Wolfe.  This  hero  was  slain 
in  tlie  beginning  of  the  action  on  the  plains  of 
.\bram,  and  Monsieur  Montcalm,  the  F^rench 
commander,  likewise  lost  his  life.  The  loss  of 
Quebec  was  soon  followed  by  the  capture  of 
Montreal,  by  General  Amherst,  and  Canada  has 
remained  ever  since  in  possession  of  the  English. 

Colonel  Grant,  in  17()l,  defeated  the  Cliero- 
kees  in  Carolina,  and  obliged  them  to  sue  for 
peace.  The  next  year  Martinico  was  taken  by 
Admiral  Rodney  and  General  Monckton  ;  and 
also  the  island  of  (»renada,  St.  Vincents,  and 
others.  The  capture  of  these  was  soon  folic. wed 
by  the  surrender  of  the  Havannah,  the  capital  of 
the  island  of  Cuba. 

In  17()3,  a  delinitive  treaty  of  peace  was  con- 
cluded at  Paris,  between  Great  Britain,  Fiance, 
and  Spain  ;  by  which  the  Englisli  ceded  to  the 
French  several  islands  which  they  had  taken  from 
them  in  the  W.  Indies,  but  were  confirmed  in  the 
possession  of  all  N.  America  on  this  side  the 
Mississippi,  except  the  island  of  Orleans. 

But  this  war,  however  brilliant  the  successes 
and  glorious  the  event,  proved  the  cause  of  great 
and  unexpected  misfortunes  to  Great  Britain. 
Engaged  with  the  combined  powers  of  France 
and  Spain,  during  several  years,  her  exertions 
were  surprising  and  her  expense  immense.  To 
discharge  the  oebts  of  the  nation,  the  parliament 
was  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  iiew  expedients 
for  raising  money.  Prijvious  to  the  last  treaty  in 
1763,  the  parliament  had  been  satisfied  to  raise  a 
revenue  from  the  American  colonies  by  a  mono- 
poly of  their  trade. 

It  will  be  proper  liere  to  observe,  that  there 
were  four  kinds  of  government  established  in  the 
British  American  colonics.  The  first  was  a 
charter  government,  by  which  the  powers  of  le- 
gislation were  vested  in  a  governor,  council,  and 


assembly,  chosen  by  the  people.  Of  this  kind 
were  the  covernments  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island.  I'he  second  was  a  proprietary  govern- 
ment, in  which  the  proprietor  of  the  province 
was  governor :  although  he  generally  resided 
abroad,  and  administered  the  government  by  a 
deputy  of  his  own  appointment;  the  assembly 
only  being  chosen  by  the  people.  Such  were  the 
governments  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  ;  and 
originally  of  New  Jersey  and  Carolina.  The 
third  kind  was  that  of  royal  government,  where 
the  governor  and  council  were  appointed  by  the 
crown,  and  the  assembly  by  the  people.  Of  this 
kind  were  the  governments  of  New  Hampshire, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  (after  the  year  1702) 
Virginia,  the  Carolinas,  after  the  resignation  of 
the  proprietors,  in  1728,  and  Georgia.  The 
fourth  kind  was  that  of  Massachusetts,  which  dif- 
fered from  all  the  rest.  The  governor  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  king ;  so  far  it  was  a  royal  go- 
vernment ;  but  the  members  of  the  council  were 
elected  by  the  representatives  of  the  people.  The 
governor,  however,  had  a  right  to  negative  a  cer- 
tain number,  but  not  to  fill  up  vacancies  thus  oc- 
casioned. This  variety  of  govornments  created 
different  degrees  of  dependence  on  the  crown. 
In  the  royal  government,  to  render  a  law  valid, 
it  was  constitutionally  required  that  it  should  be 
ratified  by  the  king ;  but  the  charter  govern- 
ment'; were  empowered  to  enact  laws  and  no  ra- 
tification by  the  king  was  necessary.  It  was  only 
required  that  such  laws  should  not  be  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  England.  The  charter  of  Connec- 
ticut is  express  to  this  purpose. 

Of  the  proceedings  of  all  these  governments 
those  of  Massachusetts  were  perhaps  the  most 
interesting;  as  giving  the  best  leading  fea- 
tures of  the  state  of  political  influence  prevalent 
throughout  the  colonies  previously  to,  and  about 
the  period  of,  their  separation.  A  diffuse  account 
of  the  transactions  that  took  place  is  therefore 
given  under  ;he  article  Massachusktts. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  with  France,  com- 
missioners from  many  of  the  colonies  had  assem- 
bled at  Albany,  and  proposed  that  a  great  coun- 
cil should  be  formed  by  deputies  from  the  se- 
veral colonies,  which,  with  a  general  governor 
to  be  appointed  by  the  crown,  should  be  eni- 
powereu  to  take  measures  for  the  common  safety, 
and  to  raise  money  for  the  execution  of  their  de- 
signs. This  proposal  was  not  relished  by  the 
British  ministry :  but  in  place  of  this  plan,  it 
was  proposed,  that  the  governors  of  the  colonies, 
with  the  assistance  of  one  or  two  of  their  council, 
should  assemble  and  concert  measures  for  thej 


i  I ' 


UNITED    STATES. 


9.-J 


f  thin  kind 
and  Rhode 
iry  govern- 
e  province 
lly  resided 
iment  by  a 
e  assenibiy 
:h  were  the 
yland ;  and 
ilina.     The 
lent,  where 
ited  by  the 
,le.    Of  this 
Hampshire, 
year  1702) 
iignation  of 
rgia.     The 
i,  which  dif- 
lor  was  ap- 
a  royal  go- 
ouncil  were 
leople.    The 
jative  a  cer- 
cies  thus  oc- 
ents  created 
the  crown, 
ii  law  valid, 
it  should  be 
rter  govern- 
s  and  no  ra- 
it was  only 
be  contrary 
r  of  Connec- 

u;overnmen(s 
OS  the  most 
leading  fea- 
ice  prevalent 
o,  and  about 
ffuse  account 
is  therefore 
rrs. 

"ranee,  com- 
s  luul  assem- 
great  coun- 
Voin  the  se- 
al governor 
oul(i   be  eni- 
inuion  safety, 
II  of  (heir  de- 
shed  by  tlie 
(his   plan,  i( 
(he  colonies, 
(heir  council, 
ires  for  the  J 


fgener.'.l  defence  ;  erect  forts,  levy  troops,  and 
draw  on  the  treasury  of  England  for  monies  (hat 
sliouhl  be  wan(ed;'but  the  treasury  to  be  reim- 
bursed by  a  tax  on  the  colonies,  to  be  laid  by  the 
English  "parliament.  To  this  plan,  which  would 
I  imply  an  avowal  of  the  right  of  parliament  to 

.1  tax  the  colonies,  the  provincial  assemblies  ob- 

*  jected  >vi(h  unshnken  firmness.     It  seems  there- 

fore that  the  British  parliament,  before  the  war, 
had  it  ill  contemplation  to  exercise  (he  right  they 
claimed  of  (axing  the  colonies  at  pleasure,  with- 
out permitting  them  to  be  represeiUed.  Indeed 
it  is  obvious  that  they  laid  hold  of  the  alarming 
situation  of  the  colonies,  about  the  year  I7.')4  and 
1755,  (o  force  them  into  an  acknowledgment  of 
the  right,  or  to  the  adoption  of  measures  that 
might  afterwards  be  drawn  into  precedent.  The 
colonies,  however,  with  an  uncommon  foresight 
and  firmness,  defeated  all  their  attempts.  'I  he 
war  was  carried  on  by  requisitions  on  the  colo- 
nies for  supplies  of  men  and  money,  or  by  volun- 
tary con(ribu(ions. 

Jiut  no  sooner  was  peace  concluded,  than  the 
English  parliament  resumed  the  plan  of  taxing 
the  colonies  ;  and  to  justify  their  attempts,  said, 
that  the  m(»ney  to  be  raised,  was  to  be  appro- 
{)ria(ed  to  defray  the  expense  of  defending  tliem 
in  ihe  late  war. 

The  first  attempt  to  raise  a  revenue  in  Ame- 
rica appeared  in  the  fiicmorable  Stamp  Act, 
passed  Niaich  22,  i76'>  ;  by  which  it  was  en- 
acted, that  cerdiiii  ins(niinen(s  of  writing,  as 
bills,  bonds.  Sec.  should  not  bo  valid  in  law,  un- 
less drawn  on  stamped  paper,  on  which  a  duty 
was  laid.  When  this  bill  was  brought  in,  Mr. 
Charles  Townsend  conchuled  a  speech  in  its  fa- 
vour, with  words  (o  the  following  effect :  "  And 
now,  will  these  Americans,  children  planted  by 
our  care,  nourished  up  by  our  indulgence,  till 
they  are  grown  (o  a  degree  of  s(reng(li  and  opu- 
lence, and  pro(ected  by  our  arms,  will  tliey 
grudge  to  contribute  their  mite  to  relieve  us 
from  the  heavy  weight  of  that  burden  which  we 
lie  under  ?"  To  which  Colonel  Barre  replied, 
"  They  planted  by  your  care  !  No,  your  oppres- 
sions planted  them  in  America.  They  fled  from 
tyranny  to  a  then  uncultivated  and  unhuspitable 
counfry,  where  (hey  exposed  (hemselves  to  al- 
most all  the  liurdsiii[)s  (o  which  human  nature  is 
liable  ;  and  among  others  to  the  cruelty  of  a  sa- 
vage foe,  the  most  subtle,  and  I  will  take  upon 
me  to  say,  the  most  formidable  of  any  people 
upon  (he  face  of  God's  earth  ;  and  yet,  actuated 
by  principles  of  (rue  English  liber(y,  (hey  me(  all 
Jiaidships  wi(h  pleasure,   compared   wi(h  (hose 


who  suffered  in  their  own  country,  from  (he 
hands  of  those  who  should  have  been  their 
friends.  They  nourished  up  by  your  indulgence  ! 
They  grew  by  your  neglect  ot^them.  As  soon  as 
j  ou  bega'>  to  care  about  them,  that  care  was  c\- 
en  i««><l  in  sending  persons  to  rule  them  in  one 
dcparlment  and  aiio(her,  who  were  perhaps  (he 
depu(ics  of  depu(ies  (o  some  members  of  (his 
house,  sent  (o  spy  ou(  (heir  liberdes,  to  mis- 
represent their  actions,  and  to  prey  upon  them. 
Men  whose  behaviour,  on  many  occasions,  has 
causiil  the  blood  of  those  sonsof  liber(y  to  recoil 
within  tliem.  Men  promoted  to  the  highest  scats 
of  justice,  some,  who  to  my  knowledge  were 
glad,  by  going  to  a  foreign  country,  to  escape 
being  brought  to  the  bar  of  a  court  of  justice  in 
their  own.  They  protected  by  your  arms  !  They 
have  nobly  taken  up  arms  in  your  defence,  have 
exer(cd  a  valour  amids(  (heir  cons(nnt  and  labo- 
rious industry,  for  the  defence  of  a  country  whose 
frontier  was  drenched  in  blood,  while  its  interior 
parts  yielded  all  its  little  savings  to  your  emolu- 
ment ;  and  believe  me,  remember  I  this  day  told 
you  so,  that  (he  same  spirit  of  freedom  which  ac- 
tuated that  people  at  first,  will  accompany  them 
still  :  but  prudence  forbids  me  to  explain  myself 
farther.  God  knows,  I  do  not  at  this  time  speak 
from  any  motives  of  party  heat;  what  I  deliver 
are  the  genuine  sentiments  of  my  heart.  How- 
ever superior  to  me  in  general  knowledge  and 
experience,  the  respectable  body  of  (his  house 
may  be,  yet  I  claim  to  know  more  of  America 
than  most  of  you,  having  seen  and  been  conver- 
sant in  that  country.  The  people,  I  believe,  are 
as  truly  loyal  as  any  subjec(s  the  king  has,  but  a 
peonle  jealous  of  their  liberties,  and  who  will 
vinuicato  them  if  ever  they  should  be  violated : 
but  the  subject  is  too  delicate.  I  will  say  no 
more." 

No  sooner  was  this  act  published  in  America, 
tlian  it  raised  a  general  alarm.  The  people  were 
filled  with  apprehension  at  an  act  which  they 
supposed  to  be  an  attack  on  their  constitutional 
rights.     The  colonies  petitioned  the   king  and 

fiarliament  for  a  redress  of  the  grievance,  and 
brmed  associ.\tions  for  the  pui-pose  of  prevent- 
ing the  importation  and  use  of  British  manufac- 
tures, until  the  act  should  be  repealed.  This 
spirited  and  unanimous  opposition  of  the  Ameri- 
cans produced  the  desired  effect;  and  on 
March  18,  1766,  the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed. 
The  news  of  the  repeal  was  received  in  the  colo- 
nies with  universal  joy,  and  the  trade  between 
tlieni  and  Great  Britain  was  renewed  on  the 
most  liberal  footing.  | 


i 


il/ii 


(:'• 


J)4 


UNITED    STATES. 


'•;n»i 


ll 


ill  I 


[The  parliament,  by  lepoalinjj  this  act  so  ob- 
noxious to  their  American  brethren,  did  not  in- 
tend to  lay  aside  the  scheme  of  raising  a  revenue 
in  the  colonies,  but  merely  to  chantye  the  mode. 
Accordingly,  the  next  year,  they  passed  an  act, 
laying  a  certain  duty  on  glass,  tea,  paper,  and 
painters  colours ;  articles  which  were  much 
wanted,  and  not  manufactured  in  America.  [We 
must  be  here  excused,  if  entering  into  some  re- 
capitulation of  the  text  of  Al9eda.]  This  act 
kindled  the  resentment  of  the  Americans,  and 
excited  a  general  opposition  to  the  measure  ;  so 
that  parliament  thought  proper,  in  1770,  to  take 
off  these  duties,  leaving  only  three-pence  a 
pound  on  tea.  Yet  this  duty,' however  trifling, 
Kept  alive  the  jealousy  of  the  colonists,  and  their 
opposition  to  parliamentary  taxation  continued 
and  increased. 

But  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  inconve- 
nience of  paying  the  duty  was  not  the  sole,  nor 
principal  cause  of  the  opposition ;  it  was  the 
principle,  which,  once  admitted,  would  have  sub- 
jected the  colonies  to  unlimited  parliamentary 
taxation,  without  the  privilege  of  being  repre- 
sented. The  right,  abstractly  considered,  was 
denied  ;  'and  the  smallest  attempt  to  establish  the 
claim  by  precedent,  was  uniformly  resisted.  Tlie 
Americans  could  not  be  deceived  as  to  the  views 
of  parliament ;  for  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act 
was  accompanied  with  an  unequivocal  declara- 
tion, "  that  the  parliament  had  a  right  to  make 
laws  of  sufficient  validity,  to  bind  the  colonics  in 
all  cases  whatsoever." 

The  colonies  therefore  entered  into  measures 
to  encourage  their  own  manufactures,  and  home 
productions,  and  to  retrench  the  use  of  foreign 
superfluities;  while  the  importation  of  tea  was 
prohibited.  In  the  royal  and  proprietary  go- 
vernments, and  in  Massachusetts,  the  governors 
and  people  were  in  a  state  of  continual  warfare. 
Assemblies  were  repeatedly  called,  and  suddenly 
dissolved.  While  sitting,  the  assemblies  em- 
ployed the  time  in  stating  grievances  and  fram- 
ing remonstrances.  To  inflame  these  discon- 
tents, an  act  of  parliament  was  passed,  ordaining 
that  the  governors  and  judges  should  receive 
their  salaries  of  the  crown ;  thus  making  them 
independent  of  the  provincial  assemblies,  and  re- 
movable only  at  the  pleasure  of  the  king. 

1  hese  arbitrary  proceedings,  with  many  others 
not  here  mentioned,  but  which  may  be  seen  in 
an  enume^tion  of  grievances  in  the  Act  of  In- 
dependence, and  in  a  variety  of  petitions  to  the 
king  and  parliament,  could  not  fail  of  producing 
a  rupture. 


On  the  second  of  March,  a  fray  took  place  in 
Boston,  near  Mr.  Gray's  rope- walk,  between  a 
private  soldier  of  the  '29th  regiment,  and  an  in- 
iial)itant.     The  former  was  supported    by  his 
comrades,  the  latter  by  the  rope-makers,  till  se- 
veral on  both  sides  were  involved  in  the  conse- 
qiionces.     On  the   fifth  a  more  dreadful  scene 
was  presented.     The  soldiers,  when  under  arms, 
were  pressed   upon,  in-iulted,   and  pelted  by  a 
mob,  armed  with  clubs,  sticks,  and  snow-balls 
covering  stones.     They  were  also  dared  to  lire. 
In  this  situation,  one  of  the  soldiers  who  had  re- 
ceived a  blow,  in  resentment  fired  at  the  sup- 
posed aggressor.     This  was  followed  by  a  single 
discharge  from  six  others.     Three  of  the  inha- 
bitants were  killed,  and  five  were  dangerously 
wounded.     The  town  was  immediately  in  com- 
motion.    Such  was  the  temper,  force,  and  num- 
ber of  the  inhabitants,  that  nothing  but  an  en- 
gagement to  remove  the  troops  out  of  the  town, 
together  w  ith  the  advice  of  moderate  men,  pre- 
vented the  townsmen  from   falling  on  ihe  sol- 
diers.    The  killed  were  buried  in  one  vault,  and 
in  a  most  respectful  manner,  in  order  to  express 
the  indignation  of  the  inhabitants  at  the  slaug'i- 
ter    of   their    brethren,    l)y   soldiers   quartered 
among  them,  in  violation  of  their  civil  liberties, 
("aplain   Preston,    who    commanded    tlie   party 
whicli  fired  on  the  inhabitants,  was  committed 
to  jail,  and  afterwards  tried.     The  captain,  and 
six    of  the    men,    were   acquitted.     Two  were 
brought  in  guilty  of  manslaughter.     It  appeared 
on  the  trial,  that  the  soldiers  were  abused,  in- 
sulted, threatened,  and  pelted,  before  they  fired. 
It  was  also  proved,  that  only  seven  guns  were 
fired  by  the   eight  prisoners.      These  circum- 
stances induced  the  jury  to  make  a  favourable 
verdict.     The  result  of  the  trial  reflected  great 
honour  on   John  Adams,   and  Josiah  Quincy, 
Esqrs.  the  council  for  the  prisoners  ;  and  also  on 
the  integrity  of  the  jury,  who  ventured  to  give 
an  upright  verdict,  in  defiance  of  popular  opi- 
nions. 

The  consequences  of  this  tragical  event  sunk 
deep  in  the  minds  of  the  people,  and  were  made 
subservient  to  important  purposes.  The  anni- 
versary of  it  was  observed  with  great  solemnity 
lor  13  years.  Eloquent  orators  were  succes- 
sively employed  to  deliver  an  annual  oration  to 
preserve  the  remembrance  of  it  fresh  in  their 
minds.  On  these  occasions  the  blessings  of  li- 
berty, the  horrors  of  slavery,  the  dangers  of  a 
standing  army,  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  a 
variety  of  such  topics,  were  represented  to  the 
public  view  under  their  most  pleasing  and  alarni-j 


4 


i' 


/I 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  E  vS. 


le  aDiu- 
olemiiily 
succes- 
ation  to 
in  their 
igs  of  li- 
ers  of  a 
and  a 
d  to  the 
alarm-] 


fine  forms.  These  annual  orations  administered 
fuel  to  the  fire  of  liberty,  and  kept  it  burning, 
with  an  incessant  flame. 

In  1773,  the  spirit  of  the  Americans  broke  out 
into  open  violence.  The  Gaspee,  an  armed 
schooner  bclonginff  to  his  Britannic  Majesty,  had 
been  stationed  at  Providence,  in  Rhode  Island, 
to  prevent  smuggling.  The  vigilance  of  the 
commander  irritated  the  inhabitants  to  that  de- 
gree, that  about  200  armed  men  entered  the  ves- 
sel at  night,  compelled  the  officers  and  men  to 
go  ashore,  and  set  fire  to  the  schooner.  A  re- 
ward of  jg500,  offered  by  government  for  appre- 
hending vny  of  the  persons  concerned  in  this 
daring  act,  produced  no  effectual  discovery. 

About  tins  time  the  discovery  and  publication 
of  some  private  confidential  letters,  written  by 
the  royal  officers  in  Boston,  to  persons  in  office 
in  England,  served  to  confirm  the  apprehensions 
of  the  Americans  with  respect  to  the  designs  of 
the  British  government.  It  was  now  made  ob- 
vious that  more  effectual  measures  would  be 
taken  to  establish  the  supremacy  of  the  British 
parliament  over  the  colonies.  The  letters  re- 
conuuended  decisive  measures,  and  the  writers 
were  charged,  by  the  exasperated  Americans, 
with  betraying  their  trust  and  the  people  they 
governed. 

As  the  resolutions  of  the  colonies  not  to  im- 
port or  consume  tea,  had,  in  a  great  measure, 
deprived  the  English  government  of  a  revenue 
from  this  quarter,  the  parliament  formed  a 
scheme  of  introducing  tea  into  America,  under 
cover  of  the  East  India  Company.  For  tliis  pur- 
pose an  act  was  passed,  enabling  the  Company  to 
export  all  sorts  of  teas,  rtuty  free,  to  any  place 
whatever.  The  Company  departed  from  their 
usual  mode  of  doing  business,  and  became  their 
own  expt>rters.  Several  sliips  were  freighted 
» ith  teas,  and  sent  to  the  American  colonies,  and 
tactors  were  appointed  to  receive  and  dispose  of 
their  cargoes. 

The  Americans,  determined  to  oppose  the  re- 
venue system  of  the  EngHsIi  parliament  in  every 
possible  shape,  considered  the  attempt  of  the 
E.  India  Company  to  evade  the  resc.utions  of 
the  colonies,  and  dispose  of  teas  ia  America,  as 
an  indirect  mode  of  taxation,  sanctioned  by  the 
authority  of  parliament.  The  people  assembled 
in  various  places,  and  in  the  large  commercial 
towns,  took  measures  to  prevent  the  landing  of 
the  teas.  Committees  were  ap])ointed,  and  armed 
with  extensive  powers  to  inspect  merchants 
books,  to  propose  tests,  and  to  make  use  of  other 
expedients  to  frustrate  the  designs  of  the  E.India 


Company.  The  same  spirit  pervaded  the  people 
from  New  Hampshire  to  Georgia.  In  some 
places,  the  consignees  of  the  teas  were  intimi- 
dated so  far  as  to  relinquish  their  appointments, 
or  to  enter  into  engagements  not  to  act  in  that 
capacity.  The  cargo  sent  to  S.  Carolina  was 
stored,  the  consignees  being  restrained  from  offer- 
ing the  tea  tor  sale.  In  other  provinces,  the  ships 
returned  back  without  discharging  their  cargoes. 

It  was  otherwise  in  Massachusetts.  The  tea 
ships  destined  for  the  supply  of  Boston  were  con- 
signed to  the  son,  cousins,  and  particular  friends 
of  Governor  Hutchiiison.  When  they  were  called 
upon  to  resign,  they  answered,  "  That  it  was 
out  of  their  power."  The  collector  refused  to 
give  a  clearance,  unless  the  vessels  were  dis- 
charged of  dutiable  articles.  The  governor  re- 
fused to  give  a  pass  for  the  vessels,  unless  pro- 
perly qualified  from  the  custom-house.  The 
governor  likewise  requested  Admiral  Montague 
to  guard  the  passages  out  of  the  harbour,  and 
gave  orders  to  suffer  no  vessels,  coasters  excepted, 
to  pass  the  fortress,  from  the  town,  without  a 
pass  signed  by  himself.  From  a  combination  of 
these  circumstances,  the  return  of  the  tea  vessels 
from  Boston  was  rendered  impossible.  The  in- 
habitants then  had  no  alternative,  but  to  prevent 
the  landing  of  the  tea,  or  to  suffer  it  to  be  landed, 
and  depend  on  the  unanimity  of  the  people  not 
to  purchase  it,  or  to  destroy  the  tea,  or  to  suffer 
a  deep  laid  scheme  against  their  sacred  liberties 
to  take  effect.  The  first  would  have  required  in- 
cessant watching  by  night,  as  well  as  by  day,  for 
a  period  of  time,  the  duration  of  which  no  one 
could  compute.  The  second  would  have  been 
visionary  to  childishness,  by  suspending  the  liber- 
ties of  a  growing  country,  on  the  self-denial  and 
discretion  of  every  tea-drinker  in  the  province. 
They  viewed  the  tea  as  a  vehicle  of  an  unconsti- 
tutional (ax,  and  as  inseparably  associated  with 
it.  To  avoid  the  one  they  resolved  to  destroy 
the  other.  About  17  persons,  dressed  as  Indians, 
repaired  to  the  tea  ships,  broke  open  342  chests 
of  tea,  and  without  doing  anv  other  damage,  dis- 
ciiarged  their  contents  into  the  water. 

No  sooner  did  tiie  news  of  this  destruction  of 
the  tea  reach  Great  Britain,  than  the  parliament 
determined  to  punish  that  devoted  town.  On 
the  King's  laying  the  American  papers  before 
them,  a  bill  was  brought  in  and  passed,  to  "  dis- 
continue the  landing  and  discharging,  lading  and 
shipping  of  goods,  wares,  and  merchandises,  at 
the  town  of  Boston,  or  within  the  harbour." 

This  act  passed  March  2.5,  1774,  and  called 
the  Boston  Port  Bill,  threw  the  inhabitants  into] 


H'f 


M 


!    M' 


;i' 


96 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  E  !S. 


! 


!       .-   II 


■m 


mm 

mm 


[the  prnatost  consternation.  The  town  of  Boston 
passed  a  resolution,  expression;  their  sense  of  this 
oppressive  measure,  and  a  desire  that  all  the 
colonies  would  concur  to  stop  all  importations 
from  Great  Britain.  Most  of  the  colonies  en- 
tered into  spirited  resolutions  on  this  occasion, 
to  unite  with  Massachusetts  in  a  finn  opposition 
to  the  severe  measures  of  the  parliament.  The 
first  of  June,  the  day  on  which  the  Port  Bill  was 
to  take  place,  was  appointed  to  be  kept  as  a  day 
of  humiliation,  fastint^,  and  prayer  throu«^hout  the 
colonies,  to  seek  the  Divine  direction  and  aid,  in 
that  critical  and  gloomy  jinicture  ofattairs. 

It  ought  here  to  be  observed,  that  this  rational 
and  pious  custom  of  observin»-  fasts  in  times  of 
distress  and  impending  dnna^er,  and  of  celebrating 
days  of  public  thanksgiving,  after  having  receive(l 
special  tokens  of  Divine  fiivour,  has  ever  pre- 
vailed in  New  England,  since  its  first  settlement, 
and  in  some  parts  of  other  States. 

During  the  height  of  the  consternation  and 
confusion  which  the  Boston  Port  Bill  occasioned, 
and  at  the  very  time  when  a  town  meeting  was 
sitting  to  consider  of  it.  General  Gage,  who  had 
been  appointed  to  the  government  of  IVTassachu- 
setts,  arrived  in  the  harbour.  His  arrival,  how- 
ever, did  not  allay  the  popular  ferment,  or  check 
the  progress  of  the  measures  then  taking,  to  unite 
the  colonies  in  opposition  to  the  oppressive  acts 
of  parliament.  He  was  received  with  all  the 
honours  usual  on  such  occasions. 

Bnt  the  Port  Bill  was  not  the  only  act  that 
alarmed  the  apprehensions  of  the  .Americans. 
Determined  to  compel  the  province  of  Massachu- 
setts to  submit  to  their  laws,  parliament  passed  an 
act  for  "  The  better  regulating  government  in 
the  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay."  The  object 
of  this  act  was  to  alter  the  ii;overnment,  as  it 
stood  on  the  charter  of  King  William :  and  to 
make  the  judges  and  sheriffs  oependent  on  the 
king,  and  removable  at  his  will  and  pleasure. 

This  act  was  soon  followed  by  another,  which 
ordained  that  any  person,  indicted  for  murder,  or 
other  capital  offence,  committed  in  aiding  the 
magistrates  in  executing  the  laws,  might  be  sent 
by  the  governor,  either  to  any  other  colony,  or  to 
Great  Britain,  for  his  trial. 

This  was  soon  followed  by  the  Quebec  Bill, 
which  extended  the  bounds  of  that  province,  and 
granted  many  privilews  to  the  Roman  Catholics, 
f  he  object  of  this  bill  was,  to  secure  the  attach- 
ment of  that  province  to  the  crown  of  England, 
and  prevent  its  joiningthe  colonies  in  their  resist- 
ance of  the  laws  of  parliament. 

But  these  measures  did  not  intimidate  the 


Americans.  On  the  other  hand,  they  served  to 
couHrm  their  former  apprehensions  of  the  evil 
designs  of  government,  and  to  unite  the  colonies 
in  their  opposition.  A  correspondence  of  opinion 
with  respect  to  the  unconstitutional  acts  of  par- 
liament, i)roduced  an  imiformity  of  proceedings 
in  the  colonies.  The  people  generally  concurred 
in  a  proposition  for  holding  a  congress,  by  depu- 
tation from  the  several  colonies,  in  order  to  con- 
cert measures  for  the  preservation  of  their  rights. 
Deputies  were  accordingly  appointed,  and  met  at 
Philadelphia,  October  26,  1774. 

In  this  first  congress,  the  proceedings  were 
cool,  deliberate,  and  loyal ;  but  marked  witli 
unanimity  and  firmness.  Their  first  act  was  a 
declaration  or  statement  of  their  claims  as  to  the 
enjoyment  of  all  the  rights  of  British  subjects, 
and  particularly  that  of  taxing  themselves  exclu- 
sively, and  of  regulating  the  internal  police  of 
the  colonies.  They  also  drew  up  a  petition  to 
the  king,  complaining  of  their  grievances,  anil 
|)raying  for  a  repeal  of  the  unconstitutional  and 
oppressive  acts  of  parliament.  They  signed  an 
association  to  su  .pend  the  importation  of  British 
goods,  and  the  e»vportation  of  American  produce, 
until  their  grievances  should  be  redressed.  They 
sent  an  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  (Jreat  Bri- 
tain, and  another  to  the  people  of  America  ;  in 
the  former  of  which  they  enumerated  the  oppres- 
sive steps  of  parliament,  and  called  on  their 
British  brethren  not  to  aid  the  ministry  in  en- 
slaving their  American  subjects ;  and  in  the  latter 
they  endeavoured  to  confirm  the  people  in  a 
spirited  and  unanimous  determination  to  defend 
their  constitutional  rights. 

In  the  mean  time  every  thing  in  Massachusetts 
wore  the  appearance  of  opposition  by  force.  A 
new  council  for  the  governor  had  been  appointed 
by  the  crown.  New  judges  were  appointed,  and 
attempted  to  proceed  in  the  execution  of  their 
office  ;  bnt  the  juries  refused  to  be  sworn  under 
them.  In  some  counties,  the  people  assembled 
to  prevent  the  courts  from  proceeding  to  business ; 
and  in  Berkshire  they  succeeded,  setting  an  ex- 
ample of  resistance  that  was  afterwards  followed, 
in  violation  of  the  laws  of  the  State. 

In  this  situation  of  aftairs,  the  day  for  the 
annual  muster  of  the  militia  approached.  Gene- 
ral Gage,  apprehensive  of  some  violence,  had  the 
precaution  to  seize  the  magazines  of  ammunition 
and  stores  at  Cambridge  and  Charlestown,  and 
lodged  them  in  Boston.  This  measure,  with  the 
fortifying  of  the  neck  of  land  which  joins  Boston 
to  the  main  land  at  lloxbury,  caused  an  univertai 
alarm  and  ferment.] 


/I 


UNITED    STATES. 


97 


y  served  tn 
of  the  evil 
the  colonies 
:c  of  opinion 
acts  of  piir- 
proceeflings 
ly  concnrred 
<ss,  by  depu- 
>rder  to  con- 
r their  rights, 
fl,  and  met  at 

eedini|!;B  were 
marked   with 
rst  act  was  a 
lims  as  to  the 
tisli  subjects, 
iselves  cxcln- 
rnal  police  of 
a  petition  to 
ievances,  anti 
ititutional  ami 
hev  sitjiK'd  an 
tion  of  Britisli 
rican  produce, 
ressed.     They 
of  (ireat  Bri- 
if  America  •.  in 
ed  the  oppres- 
lUed  on   their 
ninistry  in  en- 
nd  in  the  latter 
people   in   a 
ition  to  defend 

Massachnsetts 
by  force.  A 
been  appointed 
appointed,  and 
cution  of  their 
jc  sworn  under 
ople  assembled 
ng  to  business-, 
,  setting  an  ex- 
ivards  followed, 

te. 

lie  day  for  the 
jacheil.  Gene- 
iolence,  had  tlie 
of  ammunition 
arlestown,  am! 
■asure,  with  the 
ic!>  joins  Boston 
sed  an  univertat 


[On  this  occision,  an  assembly  of  delegates 
from  all  the  towns  in  Suffolk  County  was  called  ; 
the  several  spirited  resolutions  were  agreed  to. 
These  resolutions  were  prefaced  with  a  declara- 
tion of  allegiance  ;  but  they  breathed  a  spirit  of 
boldness  pccidiar  to  the  known  character  of  the^ 
delegates,  ''''ley  declared  that  the  late  acts  of 
parliament,  and  the  proceedings  of  General  (iage, 
were  glaring  infractions  of  their  rights  and  liber- 
ties, which  their  duty  called  them  to  defend  by  all 
lawful  means. 

This  assend)ly  remonstrated  against  the  fortifi- 
cation of  Boston  Neck,  and  against  the  Quebec 
Bill ;  and  resolved  upon  a  suspension  of  com- 
merce, an  encouragement  of  arts  and  manufac- 
tures, the  holding  of  a  Provincial  Congress,  and  a 
submission  to  the  measiu'cs  which  should  be  re- 
commended by  the  Continental  Congress.  They 
recommended  that  the  collectors  of  taxes  should 
not  pay  any  money  into  the  treasury  without  fur- 
ther orders ;  they  also  recommended  peace  and 
good  order,  giving  it  to  be  understood  that  they 
meant  to  act  merely  npon  the  defensive. 

In  answer  to  their  remonstrance,  (iJeneral  Gage 
assured  them  that  he  had  no  intention  to  prevent 
the  free  egress  and  regress  of  the  inhabitants  to 
and  from  the  town  of  Boston,  an  J  that  he  would 
not  sulfor  any  person  under  his  command  to  in- 
jure the  person  or  property  of  any  of  his  majesty's 
subjects. 

I'revious  to  lliis,  a  general  assembly  had  been 
summoned  by  the  governor  to  meet  at  Salem  ; 
and  notwif!ist;sntling  the  writs  had  been  counter- 
manded by  the  governor's  proclamation,  on  ac- 
count of  the  violence  of  the  times,  and  the  resig- 
nation of  several  of  the  new  counsellors,  yet  in 
defiance  of  the  proclamation,  90  of  the  newly- 
elected  mem1)ers  met  at  the  time  and  place  ap- 
pointed ;  and  soon  after  resolved  themselves  into 
a  Provincial  Congress  and  adjourned  to  Concord, 
19  miles  from  Boston,  and  after  choosing  Mr. 
Hancock  president,  proceeded  to  business. 

The  Congress  addressed  the  governor  with  a 
rehearsal  of  their  distresses,  and  took  the  neces- 
sary steps  for  defending  the  principles  they  had 
adopted.  They  regulated  the  militia,  made  pro- 
vision for  supplying  the  treasury  aiul  furnishing 
the  people  with  arms;  who,  eager  for  change, 
listened  with  enthusiasm  to  the  recommeiulations 
of  the  Provincial  Congress. 

General  (iiagc  was  incensed  at  these  measures. 
He  declared  in  his  answer  to  the  address,  that 
Britain  could  never  harbour  the  black  design  of 
enslaving  her  subjects,  and  published  a  proclama- 
tion, in  which  he  insinuated  that  such  proceedings 

VOL,  v. 


aniOuiited  to  rebellion.  Tic  also  ordered  barracks 
to  be  erected  for  the  soldiers ;  but  he  found  diffi- 
culty in  procuring  labourers,  either  in  Boston  or 
New  York. 

In  the  beginning  of  177.^),  the  fishery  bills  were 
passed  in  parliament,  by  which  the  colonies  were 
prohibited  to  trade  with  Great  Britain,  Ireland, 
or  the  W.  Indies,  or  take  fish  on  the  banks  of 
Newfoundland. 

The  effects  intended  to  be  produced  by  these 
acts  of  parliament,  especially  with  regard  to  the 
town  of  Boston,  were  in  a  great  measure  coimter- 
acted  by  the  large  supplies  of  provision  furnished 
by  the  inhabitants  of  different  towns  from  New 
llampshire  to  Georgia,  and  shipped  to  the  relief 
of  the  sufferers. 

Preparations  began  to  be  made,  to  oppose  by 
force  thf  execution  of  these  acts  of  parliament. 
The  militia  of  the  country  were  trained  to  the 
use  of  arms  ;  great  encouragement  was  given  for 
the  manufacture  of  gunpower,  and  measures  were 
taken  to  obtain  all  kinds  of  military  stores. 

In  February,  Colonel  Leslie  was  sent  with  a 
detachment  of  troops  from  Boston,  to  take  pos- 
session of  some  cannon  at  Salem.  But  the  people 
who  had  by  some  means  procured  intelligence  of 
the  design,  took  up  the  draw-bridge  in  that  town, 
aiul  prevented  the  troops  from  passing,  until  the 
cannon  were  secured. 

Provisions  and  military  stores  were  also  col- 
lected and  stored  in  different  places,  particiilarly 
at  Concord.  General  Gago,  though  zealous  for 
his  royal  master's  interest,  discovered  a  prevail- 
ing desire  after  a  peaceable  accommodation.  He 
wished  to  prevent  hostilities  by  depriving  the  in- 
habitants of  the  means  necessary  for  carrying 
them  on.  With  this  view,  he  is  supposed  to  nave 
had  for  his  object  the  seiziu'e  of  the  persons  of 
Messrs.  Hancock  and  S.  Adams,  who  by  their 
spirited  exertions  had  rendered  themselves  ob- 
noxious to  him,  and  to  have  determined  to  de- 
stroy the  stores  which  he  knew  were  collected 
for  the  support  of  a  provincial  army  ;  and  wish- 
ing to  accomplish  this  without  bloodshed,  ho 
took  every  precaution  to  effect  it  by  stirpriso, 
and  without  alarming  the  country.  At  1 1  o'clock 
at  night  SOO  grenacliers  and  light  infantry,  the 
flower  of  the  royal  army,  embarked  at  the  com- 
mon, landed  at  Leechmore's  Point  and  marched 
for  Concord,  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Smith.  Neither  the  secrecy  with  which 
this  expedition  was  planned,  the  privacy  with 
which  the  troops  marched  out,  nor  an  order  that 
no  inhabitant  should  leave  Boston,  were  sufficient 
to  prevent  intelligence  from  being  sent  to  the] 
o 


1  »'Jr 


fi   S  1  it 


\.m 


mm 


[country  militia  of  what  was  ji;oiii^-  on.  About 
two  in  the  niorninn-,  1,'iO  of  the  |jexin^;ton  militia 
had  UHsenil>h'<i  to  oppose  them,  but  the  air  bein^ 
chilly,  and  intelligence  respecting  the  regulars 
uncertain,  they  were  dismissed,  with  orders  to 
appear  a<;ain  at  the  beat  ol'druni.  They  collected 
a  second  time,  to  the  Muini)er  of  70,  between  four 
and  five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  the  British 
regulars  soon  after  made  their  appearance.  Ma- 
jor  Pitcairn,  who  led  the  advanced  corps,  rode  up 
to  them  and  called  out,  *'  Disperse,  you  reliels; 
throw  down  your  arms  and  disperse."  They 
still  continued  in  a  body,  on  whicli  he  advanced 
nearer,  dischar|>;ed  his  pistol,  and  ordered  his 
soldiers  to  fire.  A  dispersion  of  the  militia  was 
the  consetpience,  but  not  till  after  three  or  four 
of  them  had  been  killed.  The  royal  detachment 
proceeded  on  to  Concord,  and  executed  their 
commission.  They  disabled  two  2i  pounders, 
threw  'lOOIb.  of  ball  into  rivers  and  wells,  and 
broke  in  pieces  about  GO  barrels  of  floiu'.  Mr. 
Jolin  Kiiterick,  major  of  a  minute  re<>;iineiit,  not 
knowiii"'  what  liad  passed  at  l^exington,  ordered 
liis  men  nut  to  give  tlie  first  fire,  under  the  idea 
t!iat  tliey  might  thus  prove  themselves  not  to  be 
the  aggressors.  Upon  his  approaching  near  tlie 
regulars,  they  fired,  aiul  killed  Captain  Isaac 
Davis,  and  one  private  of  the  provincial  minute 
men.  The  fire  was  returned,  and  a  skirmish 
ensued.  The  king's  troops  having  done  their 
business,  began  their  retreat  towards  Hoston. 
This  was  conducted  with  expedition,  for  the 
adjacent  inhal)itants  had  assembled  in  arms  and 
began  to  attack  them  in  every  direction.  In 
their  return  to  Lexington  tlu\v  were  exceedingly 
annoyed,  both  by  those  who  pressed  on  their 
rear,  and  others  who  poured  in  from  all  sides, 
firing  from  t)ehind  stone  walls,  and  such  like 
coverts,  which  supplied  the  place  of  lines  and 
rcdoiil)ts.  At  Lexington  the  regulars  were  joined 
by  a  detachment  of  900  men  under  Lord  I'iercy, 
which  had  boe.i  sent  out  by  General  Gage  to 
support  Lieutenant  colonel  Smith.  This  rein- 
forcein"ul,  lnwing  two  pieces  of  cannon,  awed  the 
proN  ir.cials,  and  kept  them  at  a  greater  distance; 
bi>f  (icy  continued  a  constant,  tliough  irregular 
and  sc.it lering  fire,  which  did  great  execution. 
The  iloso  firing  from  behind  the  walls  by  good 
marksmen,  put  the  regular  troops  in  no  small 
confu'^ion,  but  they  nevertiif  less  kept  up  a  brisk 
retreating  fire  on  the  militia  and  minute  men. 
A  little  nfter  sunset  the  regulars  reached  Bun- 
ker's Hill,  worn  down  with  excessive  fatigue, 
hav  ing  marched  that  day  between  30  and  40  miles. 
On  the  next  day  they  crossed  Charlestown  ferry 
to  Boston. 


There  never  were  more  than  400  provincials 
engaged  at  one  time,  and  often  not  so  many.  As 
some  tired  and  gave  out,  others  came  up  and 
took  their  places.  There  was  scarcely  any  disci- 
pline observed  among  them,  Oflicers  and  pri- 
vates fired  when  they  were  ready  and  saw  a  royal 
uniform,  without  waiting  for  the  word  of  com- 
mand. Their  knowledge  of  the  country  enabled 
them  to  gain  opportunities,  by  crossing  fields  ami 
fences,  and  to  act  as  flanking  parties  against  the 
king's  troops,  who  kept  to  the  main  road. 

The  American  accounts  state  that  the  regulars 
had  6j  killed,  174  wounded,  and  24  made  pri- 
soners ;  and  that  of  the  provincials  49  were 
killed,  and  39  wounded  and  missing. 

Here  was  spilt  the  first  blood  in  the  late  war : 
a  war  which  severed  America  from  the  British 
empire.  Lexington  opened  the  first  scene  to  this 
great  drama,  which,  in  its  progress,  exhibited 
such  striking  ctiaracters  and  events,  and  closed 
with  a  revolution  so  important  in  its  consequences 
to  mankind. 

This  battle  roused  all  America,  The  Provin- 
cial Congress  of  Massachusetts  being  at  this  time 
in  session,  voted  that  "An  army  of  30,000  men 
be  immediately  raised ;  that  I3,G00  be  of  their 
own  province,  and  that  a  letter  and  delegate  be 
sent  to  the  several  colonies  of  New  Hampshire, 
Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island."  The  militia 
collected  from  all  quarters,  and  Boston,  in  a  few 
days,  was  besieged  by  20,000  men.  A  stoj)  was 
put  to  all  intercourse  between  the  town  and 
country,  and  the  inhabitants  were  reduced  to 
great  want  of  provisions. 

At  this  time  General  Gage  made  a  proposal 
with  some  want  of  foresight,  and  which  it  was 
partly  out  of  his  power  to  fulfil.  Knowing  that 
there  were  a  great  quantity  of  arms  concealed  in 
the  town,  he  gave  out  that  such  as  should  sur- 
render them  up,  should  be  entitled  to  leave  the 
town  with  their  effects ;  accordingly,  in  the  course 
of  five  days  after  the  agreement,  the  inhabitants 
had  lodged  1,778  fire  arms,  634  pistols,  273  bayo- 
nets, and  38  blunderbusses,  and  several  were  per- 
mitted to  depart;  but  the  fatal  tendency  of  this 
leniency  was  perceived  too  late,  when  the  go- 
vernor discovered  that  whilst  some  arms  were 
given  up,  others  of  more  consequence  were  re- 
tained ;  and  that  even  the  royal  party  were  ob- 
liged to  retreat  in  their  own  defence,  alledging 
that  the  provincialists  would  return  and  set  fire 
to  the  town.  Hence  circumstances  arose,  which, 
however  irremidiable,  were  certainly  of  a  some- 
what aggravated  nature,  and  which  formed 
grounds  for  some  bitter  complaints  of  the  Con- 
gress.] 


UNITED    STATES. 


.00 


rovinciiili! 
nan}.  Ah 
e  u|)  uihI 
any  (Unci- 
i  ami  pri- 
ll w  a  royal 
il  of  com- 
ry  enabled 
r'fields  and 
igainst  the  , 
lad. 
le  i-egulars 
made  pri- 
i  49   were 

;  late  war : 
the  British 
ccne  to  this 
,  exhibited 
and  closed 
jiisfquences 

Ihe  Provin- 
at  this  time 
30,000  men 
be  of  their 
delegate  be 
'  HampKhire, 
The  militia 
on,  in  a  few 
A  stop  was 
lie  town  and 
reduced  to 

a  proposal 
jvhich  it  was 
knowing  that 
concealed  in 
Khonld  siir- 
to  leave  the 
in  the  course 
[e  inhabitants 
)l8,  273  bayo- 
■ral  were  per- 
.idency  of  this 
^vhenthe  go- 
le  arms  were 
Jence  were  re- 
arty  were  ob- 
Ince,  alledging 
|n  and  set  fire 
arose,  which, 
[ly  of  a  sonic- 
Uhich    formed 
Its  oftheGon- 


fAboHt  the  latter  end  of  May  a  groat  part  of  the 
reinft)rcrnu'nt8  ordered  fromdreat  Britain  arrived 
at  Boston.  Tliree  British  generals,  Howe,  llur- 
goyne,  and  Clinton,  whoso  behaviour  in  the  pre- 
ceding war  had  gained  them  groat  reputation, 
also  arrived  about  the  same  time.  General 
Gage,  thus  reinforced,  jirepared  for  acting  with 
more  decision ;  but  betoro  he  proceeded  lo  ex- 
tremities, he  conceived  it  due  to  ancient  forms  to 
issue  a  proclamation,  holding  forth  to  the  inhabi- 
tants the  alternative  of  peace  or  war.  ffo  there- 
fore offered  pardon  in  the  king's  imme,  to  nil  who 
should  forthwith  lay  down  their  arms,  and  return 
to  their  respective  occupations  and  j)eacnable 
duties,  excepting  only  from  the  benefit  of  that 
pardon  "  Samuel  Adams  and  .Fohn  Hancock," 
whose  offences  Hvfire  said  to  be  "of  too  flagitious 
u  nature  to  admit  of  any  other  consideration  than 
that  of  condign  punishment."  He  also  pro- 
claimed, that  not  only  the  persons  above  named 
and  excepted,  but  also  all  their  adherents,  asso- 
ciates, and  correspondents  should  be  deemed 
guilty  of  treason  and  rebellion,  and  treated  ac- 
cordingly. By  this  proclamation  it  was  also  de- 
clared, "  that  as  the  courts  of  Judicature  were 
shut,  martial  law  should  take  place,  till  a  due 
course  of  justice  should  bo  re-established."  It 
was  supposed  that  this  proclamation  was  a  pre- 
lude to  hostilities,  and  preparations  were  accord- 
ingly made  by  the  Americans.  The  heights  of 
Cliarlestown  wore  so  situated  as  to  make  the 
possession  of  them  a  matter  of  great  consequence 
to  either  of  the  contending  parties.  Orders  were 
therefore  issued,  June  16th,  by  the  provincial 
commanders,  that  a  detachment  of  1,000  men 
should  intrench  upon  Breed's  Hill,  for  it  should 
be  observed,  that  historians,  through  mistake,havc 
called  the  hill  where  the  battle  was  fought.  Bun- 
ker's Hill,  which  is  a  quarter  of  a  mile  n.  of 
Breed's  Hill,  where  the  battle  was  really  fought. 
Here  the  Americans,  between  midnight  and  morn- 
ing, with  uncommon  expedition  and  silence, 
threw  up  a  small  redoubt,  which  the  British  hav- 
ing discovered  on  the  morning  of  the  17th,  began 
an  incessant  firing,  and  continued  it  till  the 
afternoon ;  though  they  could  not  eventually 
prevent  the  Americans  from  finishing  their  re- 
doubt, and  throwing  up  a  breastwork,  extending 
e.  of  it  to  the  bottom  of  the  hill.  About  noon 
General  Gage  detached  Major-general  Howe  aiul 
Brigadier-general  Pigot,  with  the  flower  of  his 
army,  in  two  dctacliments,  amounting  in  the 
whole  to  nearly  3,000  men.  They  landed  at  a 
point  about  1.50  or  200  rods  s.  e.  ot  tlie  redoubt, 
and  deliberately  prepared  for  the  attack.     While 


the  troops,  who  first  landed,  weve  waiting  for  a 
reinforcement,  the  Americans  on  the  led  wing, 
towards  Mystic  Hiver,  for  thoir  security,  pulled 
up  some  adjoining  post  and  rail  fence,  and  set  it 
down  in  parallel  Tines,  near  each  other,  ami  filled 
the  space  between  with  hay,  which  the  My  before 
was  mowed,  and  renmineci  in  the  adjacent  field. 
The  British  troops,  in  the  mean  time,   formed  in 
two    lines,    and  about   three   o'clock   advanced 
slowly  towards  the  Americans.     The  hills  and 
steeples  in  Boston,  and  the  circumjacent  country, 
were  crowded  with  anxious  spectators  of  the  du- 
bious conflict.     The  attack  commenced  on   the 
part  of  the  British  troops.     The  Americans   had 
th(»  precaution  to  reserve  their  fire,  till  the  Bri- 
tish nad  approached  within  10  or  12  rods  of  their 
works.     They  then  began  a  well-directed  and 
furious  discharge  of  small  arms,  which  did  great 
execution,  aiul  seemed  likely,  at  three  different 
periods,  to  turn  the  fiite  of  the  day.     But  this 
conduct,  on  the  part  of  the  Americans,  was  pre- 
sently overruled  by  that  of  his  Majesty's  forces, 
who  had  now,  under  the  unyielding  gallantry  of 
General   Howe,  attacked   the  redount  on   two 
sides.     Under  these  circumstances,  a  retreat  was 
ordered  ;  the  left  wing  of  the  Americans,  n.  r.  of 
the  redoubt,  still  continuing  their  fire,  ignorant 
of  what  had  taken  place  on  the  right,   till   the 
British  had  nearly  surrounded  them.     The  re- 
treat was  effected  with  an  inconsiderable  loss, 
considering  the  greater  part  of  the  distance  they 
had  to  pass  was  completely  exposed  to  the  inces- 
sant fire  of  the  Glasgow  man  of  war  and  two 
floating  batteries. 

During  the  heat  of  this  bloody  action,  by  order 
of  General  Gage,  Charlestown  was  set  on  fire  by 
a  battery  on  Cops  Hill,  in  Boston,  and  a  party 
from  the  Somerset  man  of  war  lying  in  Charles 
River,  and  nearly  400  houses,  including  six  pub- 
lic buildings,  were  consumed,  with  their  furni- 
ture, ttc.  the  whole  being  valued  at  about 
£.156,900  specie. 

The  number  of  Americans  engaged  in  this 
memorable  action  amounted,  accordinii^  to  their 
own  statements,  to  1,500  only;  but  it  is  certain 
that  the  disparity  between  them  and  the  British 
was  by  no  means  so  great.  There  have  been 
few  inittles  in  modern  wars  in  which,  all  circum- 
stances considered,  there  was  a  greater  slaughter 
of  men  than  in  this  short  engagement.  The  loss 
of  the  British,  as  acknowledged  by  (ieneral  ( Jage, 
amounted  to  1,0.54  men.  Nineteen  commissioned 
officers  were  killed,  and  70  wounded.  The  loss 
of  the  Americans,  as  allowed  by  tiiemsc^lvcs,  was 
77  killed,  278  wounded  and  missing.] 


4 


100 


UNITED    STATES. 


n 


\r^ 


[The  death  of  Major-doncral  Warren,  who 
four  (la^s  before  had  received  his  cotnmisHion, 
and  who,  having  liad  no  command  assigned  him, 
fou<r]it  this  da^  as  a  volunteer,  was  a  severe  blow 
to  the  Americans:  hut  the  loss  in  officers  to  the 
British  seemed  to  be  almost  irreparable;  19  of 
whom  were  killed,  and  70  more  were  wounded, 
a  circumstance  which  is  to  be  accounted  for  by 
their  havin<;  been  picked  out  by  the  provincials, 
who,  from  liinitin"^  and  amusements  of  the  chase, 
had  become  distinj^uished  marksmen. 

About  tin's  time  a  scheme  was  laid  by  a  number 
of  gentlemen  in  Connecticut,  to  take"  possession 
ofTiconderoga,  where  a  great  quantity  of  military 
stores  were  lodged,  and  which  is  the  key  to  Ca- 
nada. Having  made  the  necessary  preparhtions, 
and  collected  270  men,  chiefly  Cfreen  Mountain 
boys,  they  rendezvoused  atCastleton,  where  they 
were  joined  by  Col.  Allen,  and  shortly  after  by 
Col.  Arnold  from  Cambridge,  under  commission 
from  the  Provincial  Congress.  Col.  Allen  com- 
manded this  volunteer  party.  Jlaving  arrived  at 
Lake  Ciiamplain,  opposite  'i  iconderoga,  in  the 
night.  Cols.  Allen  and  Arnold,  with  83  men, 
crossed  over,  and  at  the  dawn  of  day  entered  the 
fort  without  resistance,  and  called  upon  the  com- 
mander, who  was  in  bed,  to  surrender  the  fort. 
Jle  asked  by  what  authority  ?  Col,  Allen  replied 
— "  I  demand  it  in  the  name  of  the  Great  Jeho- 
vah, and  of  the  Continental  Congress."  Thus 
the  fort  was  captured,  with  its  valuable  stores 
and  48  prisoners.  Crown  Point  was  taken  at  the 
same  time  by  Col.  Warren,  and  the  possession 
of  all  Lake  Ciiamplain  was  shortly  after  the  con- 
sequence. 

Op.  the  loth  of  June,  two  days  before  the 
memoral)le  battle  on  Breed's  Hill,  the  Conti- 
nental Coi.gress  unanimously  appointed  George 
Washington,  Esq.  a  native  of  Virginia,  to  the 
chief  connnand  of  the  American  army.  It  is  but 
justice  to  say,  that  this  gentleman  had  been  a 
distinguishe(l  and  successful  officer  in  the  preced- 
ing war:  that  he  accepted  the  appointment  with 
a  diffidence  which  was  a  j)roof  of  his  modesty,  his 
prudence,  and  his  greatness,  and  that  by  his  emi- 
nent skill,  fortitude,  and  perseverence,  he  con- 
ducted America  through  (iifficulties  as  great  as 
they  were  extraordinary. 

It  cannot,  indeed,  be  thought  an  improper  di- 
gression from  tlie  subject,  to  give  in  (Ins  place  a 
short  sketch  of  the  lite  of  this  distinguished  man. 
Notwithstanding  it  has  often  been  asserted, 
with  confidence,  that  President  Washington  was 
a  native  of  England,  certain  it  is  his  ancestors 
went  over  from  thence  to  America,  bo  long  ago  as 


the  jear  1657.  He,  in  the  third  descent  of  their 
migration,  was  born,  February  II,  1732,  (old 
style),  at  the  parish  of  Washington,  in  West- 
moreland County,  in  Virginia.  His  father's  family 
was  numerous,  and  he  was  the  first  fruit  of  a 
second  marriage.  His  education  having  been 
principally  conducted  by  a  private  tutor,  nt  15 
years  old  he  was  entered  a  midshipman  on  board 
of  a  British  vessel  of  war,  stationed  on  the  coast 
of  Virginia,  and  his  baggage  prepared  for  embark- 
ation ;  but  the  plan  was  abanaoned  on  account 
of  the  reluctance  his  mother  expressed  to  his  en- 
gaging in  that  profession. 

Previous  to  this  transaction,  when  he  was  but 
10  years  of  age,  his  father  died,  and  the  charge  of 
the  family  devolved  on  his  eldest  brother.  His 
eldest  brother,  a  young  man  of  the  most  promis- 
ing talents,  had  a  command  in  the  colonial  troops 
employed  against  Carthagena,  and  on  his  return 
from  the  expedition,  named  his  new  patrimonial 
mansion  Mount  Vernon,  in  honour  of  the  admi- 
ral of  that  name,  from  whom  he  had  received 
many  civilities.  He  was  afterwards  made  adju- 
tant-general of  the  militia  of  Virginia,  but  did  not 
long  survive.  At  his  decease,  the  eldest  son  by 
the  second  marriage  inherited  this  seat,  and  a 
considerable  landed  property.  In  consequence 
of  the  e.xtensive  limits  of  the  colony,  the  vacant 
office  of  adjutant-general  was  divided  into  three 
districts,  and  the  future  hero  of  ylmerica,  before 
he  attained  his  20th  year,  began  his  military  ser- 
vice by  a  principal  appointment  in  that  depart- 
ment, with  the  rank  of  major. 

When  he  was  little  more  than  21  years  of 
age,  an  event  occurred  which  called  his  abilities 
into  public  notice.  In  1753,  while  the  govern- 
ment of  the  colony  was  administered  by  Lieute- 
nant-:,overnor  Dinwiddle,  encroachments  were 
reported  to  have  been  made  by  the  French  from 
Canada,  on  the  territories  of^the  British  colonies, 
at  the  w,  Mr.  Washington,  who  was  sent  with 
plenary  powers  to  ascertain  the  facts,  treat  with 
the  savages,  and  warn  the  French  to  desist  from 
their  aggressions,  performed  the  duties  of  his 
mission  with  singular  industry,  intelligence,  and 
address.  His  journal  and  report  to  Governor 
Dinwiddle,  which  were  published,  announced  to 
the  world  that  correctness  of  mind,  manliness  in 
style,  and  accuracy  in  mode  of  doing  business, 
w)uch  have  since  characterised  him  in  the  conduct 
of  more  arduous  affiiirs.  But  it  was  deemed,  by 
some,  an  extraordinary  circumstance  that  so 
juvenile  and  inexperienced  a  person  should  have 
been  employed  on  a  negociation,  with  which  sub- 
jects of  the  greatest  importance  were  involved ;] 


h^'M 


.  1 


UNITED    STATES. 


101 


t  of  their 

732,  (old                   ,; 

in  VVest- 

r's  fuinily 

Viiit  of  II                     ; 

ing  been                    ' 

or,  at  15 

on  hoard                    ^ 

the  coast                     > 

r  embark-                    ' 

n  account                   ^ 

to  his  en- 

}  was  but                   j 

charge  of                  i 

her.     His                  I 

it  promis-                   ^ 
iaI  troops                    j 

liis  return                 .  ? 

Urimonial                   i^ 

;hc  admi-                   ? 

received 

lade  adju- 

ut  did  tint 

st  son  by 

at,  and  a 

nsequence 

the  vacant 

into  three 

ca,  before 

litary  scr- 

at  dcpart- 

years   of 

s  abilities 

e  povern- 

)y  Lieute- 

cnts  were 

ench  from 

1  colonies, 

sent  with 

treat  with 

lesist  from 

ies   of  his 

;ence,  and 

(lovernor 

ounced  to 

inliness  in 

business, 

le  conduct 

eemed,  by 

;    that    so 

lould  have 

ivhich  sub- 

nvolved ;] 

I  subjects,  which  shortly  after  became  the  origin 
of  a  war  between  England  and  France,  that 
rajrcd  for  many  years  throughout  every  part  of 
the  globe. 

It  would  not  comport  with  the  intended  bre- 
vitv  of  this  sketch,  to  mention  in  detail  the  fa- 
tigues he  endured,  the  plans  he  suggested,  or  the 
system  he  pursued  for  the  defence  of  the  fron- 
tiers, during  this  war,  until  tlic  year  1738. 

Tranquillity  on  the  frontiers  of  the  middle 
colonies  having  been  restored,  and  the  health  of 
Colonel  Washington  having  become  extremely 
debilitated  by  an  inveterate  pulmonary  compliiini, 
in  I7i39,  he  resigned  his  military  appointment. 

His  health  was  gradually  reestablished.  He 
married  Mrs.  Custis,  a  handsome  and  amiable 
young  widow,  possessed  of  an  ample  jointure ; 
and  settled  us  a  planter  and  farmer  on  his  estate 
at  Mount  Vernon,  in  Fairfax  County. 

After  he  left  the  army,  until  the  year  1775,  he 
cultivated  the  arts  of  peace.  He  was  constantly 
a  member  of  assembly,  a  magistrate  of  his  county, 
and  a  judge  ot  the  court.  He  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  the  first  Congress  in  1774,  as  well  as 
to  that  which  assembled  in  the  year  following. 
Soon  after  the  war  broke  out  he  was  appointed, 
as  we  have  mentioned,  by  Congress,  commander 
in  chief  of  the  forces  of  the  United  Colonies. 

It  would  be  less  desirable  to  particularise,  in 
this  place,  his  transactions  in  the  course  of  the 
late  war,  becaui-e  they  would  form  an  invidious 
distinction  to  the  outline  we  are  now  furnishing; 
but  from  them  posterity  might  be  taught,  in  what 
manner  he  transformed  an  undisciplined  body  of 
peasantry  into  a  regular  army  of  soldiers.  Com- 
mentaries on  his  campaigns  would  undoubtedly 
he  highly  interesting  and  instructive  to  future 
generations.  The  conduct  of  the  first  campaign 
in  compelling  the  British  troops  to  abandon  Bos- 
ton, by  a  bloodless  victory,  will  meri^a  minute 
narration.  But  a  volume  would  scarcely  contain 
the  mortifications  he  experienced,  and  the  hazards 
to  which  he  was  exposed,  in  177G  and  1777,  in 
contending  against  the  prowess  of  Britain,  with 
an  inadequate  force.  His  good  destiny  and  con- 
summate prudeiice,  prevented  want  of  success 
from  producing  want  of  confidence  on  the  part 
of  the  public  ;  for  want  of  success  is  apt  to  lead 
to  the  adoption  of  pernicious  counsels,  through 
the  levity  of  the  people,  or  the  ambition  of  their 
deiiuigogues.  Shortly  after  tliis  ijciod,  sprang 
up  the  only  cabal  that  ever  existed  during  his 
public  life,  to  rob  him  of  his  reputation  and 
command.  It  proved  as  impotent  in  eftect,  as 
it  was  audacious  in  design.     In  the  three  suc- 


ceeding years  the  germ  of  discipline  unfolded ; 
and  the  sources  ot' America  having  been  called 
into  co-operation  with  the  land  and  naval  armies 
of  France,  produced  the  results  of  the  catnpuign 
of  1781.  I'rom  this  time  the  gloom  began  to 
disappear  from  the  political  horizon,  and  the 
affairs  of  the  Union  proceeded  in  a  meliorating 
train,  till  a  peace  was  negociated  by  the  ambas- 
sadors in  Europe  in  1783. 

"  Nt»  person,"  says  his  biographer,  "  whr  had 
not  the  advantage  of  being  present  when  (General 
Washington  received  the  intelligence  of  peace, 
and  who  did  not  accompany  him  to  his  domestic 
retirement,  can  describe  the  relief  which  that 
joyful  event  brought  to  his  labouring  mind,  or 
"the  supreme  satisfaction  with  which  he  withdrew 
to  private  life.  From  his  triumphal  entry  into 
New  York,  upon  the  evacuation  of  that  city  by 
the  British  army,  to  his  arrival  at  Mount  Vernon, 
after  the  resignation  of  his  commission  to  Con- 
gress, festive  crowds  impeded  his  passage  through 
all  the  populous  towns;  the  devotion  of  a  whole 
people  pursued  him  with  prayers  to  heaven  for 
blessings  on  his  head,  while  their  gratitude 
sought  the  most  expressive  language  of  manifest- 
ing itself  to  him,  as  their  common  father  and 
benefactor.  When  he  became  a  private  citizen, 
he  had  the  unusual  felicity  to  find  that  his  native 
State  was  among  the  most  zealous  in  doing  jus- 
tice to  his  merits;  and  that  stronger  demonstra- 
tions of  affectionate  estee  n  (if  possible)   were 


ffiven  by  the  citizens  of  hf.^  neighbourhood,  than 
)y  any  other  description  rf  men  on  the  continent. 
But  he  constantly  decli  led  accepting  any  com- 


pensation for  his  services,  or  provision  tor  the 
augmented  expenses  which  were  incurred  by  him 
in  consequence  of  hispublic  employment, although 
proposals  were  made  in  the  most  delicate  manner, 
especially  by  the  States  of  Virginia  and  Penn- 
sylvania." 

The  happiness  of  private  life  he  did  not  long 
enjoy.  In  1789,  by  the  unanimous  voice  of  his 
countrymen,  he  was  called  to  the  high  office  of 
chief  magistrate  of  the  United  States  of  America  ; 
which  oilice  he  sustained  with  considerable  dig- 
nity, prudence,  and  ability,  till  1796,  when  he 
refused  to  stand  the  election,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Adams. 

But,  to  return  to  the  history  of  the  campaign. 
General  Washington,  with  other  officers  appointed 
by  Congress,  arrived  at  Cambridge,  and  took 
command  of  the  American  army  in  July,  1775. 
From  this  time,  the  affairs  of  America  began  to 
assume  the  appearance  of  a  regular  and  general 
opposition  to  the  forces  of  Great  Britain.) 


i 


..s?!'- 


mi 


I*' 


'(I 


\'>:l 


'H 


'     i; 


^^l 


l\ 


I  OS 


U  N  I  T  E  J)    ST  A  T  E  S. 


[In  autumn,  a  body  uf  troops,  under  tho  coni- 
munrl  otTSoneral  Afonta^omrrv,  l)osiei<;t<d  and  took 
the  garrison  nt  St.  Jolin'n,  which  connnnndH  the 
entranrc  into  Canada.  Tho  prisoners  amounted 
to  about  700.  General  Montgomery  pursued  his 
success,  and  took  Montreal ;  and  designed  to  push 
his  victories  to  Quebec. 

A  body  of  troops,  commanded  by  General 
Arnold,  nns  ordered  to  march  to  Canada  by  the 
river  Konncbeck,  and  through  the  wilderness. 
At\er  suffering  every  hardship,  and  the  most  dis- 
tressing hunger,  tfiey  arrived  in  Canada,  and 
were  joined  by  (lencral  Montgomery,  before 
Quebec.  This  city,  which  was  commanded  by 
Governor  Carleton,  was  immediately  besieged; 
but  there  being  little  hope  of  taking  the  town  by 


a  siege. 


it  was  determined  to  storm  it. 


The  garrison  of  Quebec,  at  this  time,  consisted 
of  about  \,o20  men,  of  which  800  were  militia. 
The  American  army  consisted  of  800  men.  Ge- 
neral Montgomery  having  divided  his  forces 
into  four  detachments,  ordered  two  feints  to  be 
made  against  the  upper  town,  one  by  Colonel 
Livingston,  at  the  head  of  the  Canadians,  against 
St.  John's  Gate;  the  other  by  Major  Brown 
aa;ainst  Cape  Diamond;  reserving  to  himself  and 
Colonel  Arnold,  the  two  principal  attacks  against 
the  lower  town.  At  .'ve  o'clock  in  the  morning 
General  Montgomery  i.  'vanced  against  the  lower 
town;  he  passed  the  first  barrier,  and  was  just 
opening  to  attack  the  second,  when  he  was  killed, 
together  with  his  aid-de-camp.  Captain  M'Pher- 
son.  The  dispersion  of  the  Americans  innnedi- 
ately  ensued,  and  Colonel  Campbell,  on  wiioin 
the  command  devolved,  was  obliged  to  make 
the  best  retreat  he  was  able.  In  the  mean  time 
Colonel  Arnold,  with  3.50  men,  made  a  successful 
attack  on  another  part  of  the  town.  In  the  at- 
tack of  the  first  battery.  Colonel  Arnold  was 
wounded,  and  was  obliged  to  bo  carried  oft' 
the  field  of  battle.  His  party,  however,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Morgan  of  V^irginia,  pro- 
ceeded and  entered  tho  town;  but  not  being 
joined  by  the  other  parties,  was  obliged  to  sur- 
render to  superior  force. 

The  loss  of  the  Americans  in  killed  and 
wounded   was  about  100,   and  .500  were  taken 

Crisoncrs.     Historians    must    do  justice   to   the 
ravery  as  well  of  the  provincial  as  of  the  British 
troops  on  this  occasion. 

Ancr  the  defeat,  Colonel  Arnold,  who  now 
commanded  the  troops,  continued  some  months 
before  Quebec,  although  his  troops  were  reduced 
in  numbers,  and  sufl'erod  incredibly  from  cold  and 
sickness. 


The  death  of  General  Montgomery  was  greatly 
and  sincerely  regretted  on  both  sides.  "  Hin 
many  amiable  qualitii^s  had  procured  him  an 
uncommon  share  of  private  aff'ection,  and  his 
great  abilities,  an  equal  proportion  of  public 
esteem."  His  name  was  mentioned  in  parlia- 
ment with  singular  respect :  the  minister  himself 
acknowledged  his  wortli,  while  he  reprobated  the 
cause  in  which  he  foil.  He  concluded  an  invo- 
luntary panegyric,  by  saying,  "  Curse  on  his  vir- 
tues, tliey  have  undone  his  country." 

He  was  descended  from  a  respectable  family  in 
the  w.  of  Ireland,  and  was  born  in  the  year  lt.^7. 
His  attachment  to  liberty  was  innate,  and  matured 
by  a  fine  education  and  an  excellent  understand- 
ing. Having  married  a  wife,  and  purchased  an 
estate  in  New  York,  he  was,  from  these  circum- 
stances, as  well  as  from  his  natural  love  of  free- 
dom, and  from  a  conviction  of  the  justness  of  such 
a  cause,  induced  to  consider  himself  as  an  Ameri- 
can. From  principle,  ho  early  embarked  in  her 
cause,  and  quitted  the  sweets  of  easy  fortune,  the 
enjoyment  of  a  loved  and  philosophical  rural 
life,  with  the  highest  domestic  felicity,  to  take  an 
active  share  in  all  the  hardships  and  dangers  that 
attend  the  soldier's  life.  Before  he  came  over  to 
America,  he  had  been  an  officer  in  the  service  of 
England,  and  had  successfully  fought  her  battles 
witn  the  immortal  Wolfe  at  Quebec,  in  the  war 
1736  ;  and  it  is  something  extraordinary  that  he 
should  have  met  with  defeat  and  death  on  the 
very  spot  where  he  had  once  been  victorious,  and 
from  the  very  standards  under  which  he  had 
conquered. 

About  this  time,  the  large  and  flourishing  town 
of  Norfolk  in  Virginia,  having  refused  to  supply 
his  Majesty's  ships  with  provisions,  on  the  requi- 
sition of  tho  governor,  Lord  Dunmore,  was,  by  his 
order,  reduced  to  ashes ;  and  the  same  fate  shortly 
after  awaited  Falmouth,  a  considerable  town  in 
the  province  of  Main  in  Massachusetts. 

General  Gage  went  to  England  in  September, 
and  was  succeeded  in  the  command  by  General 
Howe. 

The  British  government  entered  into  treaties 
with  some  of  the  Gern.an  princes  for  about  14 
thousand  n»en,  who  were  to  be  sent  to  America 
the  next  year,  to  assist  in  subduing  the  colonies. 
The  parliament  also  passed  an  act,  forbidding  all 
intercourse  with  America ;  and  while  they  re- 
pealed the  Boston  port  and  fishery  bills,  they  de- 
clared all  American  property  on  the  high  seas, 
forfeited  to  the  captors. 

Measures  were  taken  to  annoy  the  British 
party  in  Boston ;  for  this  purpose,  batteries  were] 


1 


I 


i 


IS  grcntly 

».       "   II IH 

I  him  an 
and   luH 

ol'  public 

II  pnrlia- 
>r  niiiiself 
ibated  the 
1  an  invo- 
m  his  vir- 

!  family  in 
ear  lli7. 
1  matured 
idcrstand- 
chascd  an 
e  circum- 
B  of  free- 
I9S  of  such 

III  Aineri- 
ed  in  her 
rtune,  the 
lical  rural 
to  take  an 
ngcrs  that 
lie  over  to 
service  of 
ler  battles 
n  the  war 
irv  that  he 
til  on  the 
rious,  and 

he  had 

iin<;  town 
to  supply 
the  requi- 
vas,  by  his 
ite  shortly 
town  in 

eptember, 
y  General 

to  treaties 

about  14 

America 

•■  colonies. 

lidding  all 

!  they  re- 
i.  they  de- 
high  seas, 

le  British 
sries  were] 


1 


UNITED    STATES. 


10.'J 


[opened  on  several  hills,  from  whence  nhot  and 
bombs  were  thrown  into  the  town.  The  batte- 
ries which  were  opened  on  Dorchester  I'oiiit  had 
!;reat  effect,  and  eventually  obliged  General 
{owe  to  abandon  the  town.  In  March  I77G  the 
British  troops  embarked  for  Halifux,  and  General 
Washington  entered  Boston  in  triumph. 

In  the  ensuing  summer,  a  small  squadron  of 
ships,  commanded  by  Sir  Peter  Parker,  and  a 
body  of  troops  under  the  Generals  Clinton  and 
Cornwallis,  attempted  to  take  Charleston,  the 
capital  of  S.Carolina.  The  ships  made  a  gallant 
attack  upon  the  fort  on  Sullivan's  Island,  but 
meeting  with  a  strong  repul.se,  the  expedition 
was  obliged  to  be  abandoned. 

In  July,  Congress  published  their  declaration 
of  independence,  which  separated  America  from 
Great  Britain.  This  great  event  took  place  284 
years  after  the  discovery  of  yVmerica  by  Columbus 
— 166  from  the  first  effi'ctiial  settlement  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  I3G  from  tlie  lirst  settlement  of  Ply- 
mouth in  Massachu  etts,  which  were  the  earliest 
English  settlements  in  America. 

Just  after  this  declaration.  General  Howe, 
with  a  powerful  force,  arrived  near  New  York, 
and  laiuied  his  troops  on  Staten  Island.  General 
V/ashir.gton  was  in  New  York  with  about  13,000 
men,  who  were  encamped  either  in  the  city  or 
the  neighbouring  fortihcations. 

The  operations  of  the  British  began  by  the 
action  on  Long  Island  in  the  month  of  August. 
The  American  Generals  Sullivan  end  Lord  Ster- 
ling, with  a  large  body  of  men,  were  made  pri- 
soners. The  night  alter  the  engagement,  a  re- 
treat was  ordered,  and  executed  with  such  silence 
that  the  Americans  left  the  island  without  alarm- 
ing their  enemies,  and  without  loss. 

In  September,  the  city  of  New  York  was  taken 
by  the  British. 

In  November,  Fort  Washington  on  York 
Island  was  taken, and  more  than  2,000  Americans 
made  prisoners.  Fort  Lee,  opposite  to  Fort 
Washington,  on  the  Jersey  shore,  was  soon  after 
taken,  but  the  garrison  escaped. 

About  the  same  time,  General  Clinton  was 
sent  with  a  body  of  troops  to  take  possession  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  succeeded.  In  addition  to  all 
these  losses  and  defeats,  the  American  army  suf- 
fered by  desertion,  and  more  by  sickness,  which 
was  epidemic  and  very  mortal. 

The  northern  army  at  Ticoiideroga  was  in  a 
disagreeable  situation,  particularly  after  the  bat- 
tle on  Lake  Champlain,  in  which  the  American 
force,  consisting  of  a  few  light  veisels,  under 
the  command  of  Generals  Arnold  and    Water- 


ton,  not  thinking  it  prudent  to  follow  up  his  vic- 
tory, landed  at  Crown  Point,  reconnoitered  the 
posts  at  Ticonderoga  and  Mount  Independence, 
and  returned  to  winter  quarters  in  Canada. 

The  American  army  might  now  be  said  to  be 
no  more.  All  that  now  remained  of  an  army, 
which,  at  the  opening  of  the  campaign,  amounted 
to  at  least  23,000  men,  did  not  now  exceed  3,000. 
The  term  of  their  engagements  being  expired, 
they  returned  in  large  bodies  to  their  families  and 
friends;  the  few,  who,  from  personal  attach- 
ment, local  circumstances,  or  superior  perseve- 
rance and  bravery,  continued  with  the  Generals 
Washington  and  Lee,  were  too  inconsiderable  to 
appear  formidable  in  the  view  of  a  powerful  and 
victorious  enemy. 

Ill  this  alarming  and  critical  situation  of 
affairs,  General  Lee,  throighan  imprudent  care- 
lessness, which  ill  liecame  a  man  in  iiis  important 
station,  was  captured  by  a  party  of  Britisli  liirht 
horse,  commanded  by  Colonel  Ilarcourt.  TJiis 
circumstance  gave  a  severe  shock  to  the  remain- 
ing hopes  of  the  Americans,  and  rendered  their 
situation  truly  distressing. 

While  these  things  were  transacting  in  New 
Jersey,  General  Washington,  not  discouraged 
by  the  loss  of  General  Lee,  and  anxious  to  take 
every  advantage  to  raise  the  drooping  spirits  of 
his  handful  of  men,  had  made  a  stand  on  the 
Pennsylvania  side  of  the  Delaware.  He  collected 
his  scattered  forces,  called  in  the  assistance  of 
the  Pennsylvania  militia,  and  on  the  night  of 
December  25,  1776,  when  the  enemy  were  lulled 
into  security  by  the  idea  of  his  weakness,  and  by 
the  inclemency  of  the  night,  which  was  remark- 
ably boisterous,  as  well  as  by  the  fumes  of  a 
Christmas  eve,  he  crossed  the  river,  and,  at  the 
breaking  of  day,  inarched  down  to  Trenton,  and 
so  completely  surprised  them,  that  the  greater 
part  of  the  detachment,  which  were  stationed  at 
this  place,  surrendered  after  a  short  resistance. 
The  horsemen  and  a  few  others  made  their  escape 
at  the  opposite  end  of  the  town.  Upwards  of 
900  Hessians  were  taken  prisoners  at  this  time. 

The  success  of  this  bold  enterprise  revived  the 
desponding  hopes  of  America.  The  loss  of  the 
Americans  was,  however,  considerable;  and, 
amongst  the  rest,  they  had  to  deplore  that  of  Ge- 
neral Mercer. 

The  following  year,  1777,  was  distinguished 
by  very  memorable  events  in  favour  of  America. 
On  the  opening  of  the  campaign.  Governor 
Tyroii  was  sent  with  a  body  of  troops  to  destroy 
the  stores  at  Danbury  in  Connecticut.  This  plan 
was  exec'.ited,  and  the  town  mostly  burnt.     The 


bury,  was  totally  dispersed.     But  Gcus-ral  Carle-     CiitishsuQered  in  their  retreat,  but  the  Ameri-1 


1¥ 


n 


101 


U  N  1  T  E  1)    S  T  A  r  E  S. 


t  ■ .. 


'<  li 


Mill 


(onns  lost  fJrnnul   Wofistrr,  n    brnvo  iind   ox- 
pcrionrod  (iffiriT. 

(ipiii'inl  PrcHcot  wa«  t.Tkrn  from  Iiis  qnni'torN 
on  Itluxlo  IsIhihI,  hy  n  forre  iindor  tlio  roininniid 
of  Colonel  Hnrton,  and  convryod  prisoner  lo  the 
continonl. 

(lonerni  Uiirffovno,  wlio  ronimandrd  tlio  north- 
ern DriliHJi  nrtnvi  took  possossion  ot'Ticondoroga, 
nrtcr  liavinjjdri'von  llio  Anirricans  from  that  post. 
Mo  pushed  his  siiccpssoh,  rroHsed  Lake  (loorijo, 
and  pnramped  npon  the  banks  of  the  Hudson, 
near  Saratoj^u.  His  pro)i[reis.  however,  was 
elierked  hy  the  defeat  of  Colonel  liaum,  near  Ben- 
nington, in  which  the  undisciplined  militia,  under 
(■eneral  Stark,  displayed  great  hraverv,and  cap- 
tured almost  the  wluife  detarliinent.  'I'he militia 
asisembled  from  all  parts  of  New  lCnf>;land  to  slop 
the  progress  of  (loneral  Burgoyne. 

These,  with  the  regular  troops,  formed  a  ro- 
oppctablc  armv,  conunanded  hv  (ienernl  (iates. 
After  two  severe  actions,  in  which  the  (ienerals 
Lincoln  and  Arnold  were  woinided,  (Jeneral 
Burgo^ne  found  himself  surroiuided  by  superior 
nundiers,  and  alter  a  most  desperate  and  valiant 
conflict,  was  forced  to  surrender  his  whole  army, 
amounting  to  fj.T.Vi  men,  into  the  hands  of  the 
Americans.  When  Cieneral  Burgovno  left  Ca- 
nada, his  army  consisted  of  10,000  men,  toge- 
ther with  a  line  train  of  artillery.  The  above 
event,  which  happened  on  October  17,  1 777,  was 
made  the  most  of  by  the  provincials.  It  was 
blazoned  forth  in  the  most  li\ely  colours,  and  is 
by  them  considered  to  have  been  instrumental 
to  laying  the  foundation  for  their  treaty  with 
France. 

But  before  those  transactions,  the  main  body  of 
the  British  forces  had  embarked  at  New  York, 
sailed  up  the  Cliesapeak,  ami  lauded  at  the  head 
of  Klk  Uiver.  The  army  soon  be'^au  their  march 
for  Philadelphia.  (Jeneral  Washington  had  de- 
termined to  oppose  then),  and  for  this  purpose 
nuide  a  stand,  first  at  Ked  Clay  Creek,  ami  then 
upon  the  heights  near  Braudywine  Creek.  Here 
the  armie-i  engaged,  and  the  Americans  were 
overpowered,  and  sulVered  great  loss.  The  British 
soon  pursued  their  march,  and  took  possession 
of  Phdadelphia  towards  the  close  of  September. 

Not  long  after,  the  two  armies  were  again 
engaged  at  (ilermantown,  and  in  the  beginning  of 
the  action,  the  Ainciicans  had  the  advantagt^ ; 
but  the  fortune  of  the  day  was  eventually  turned 
in  favour  of  the  Bi  itish.  Both  sides  sufl'ered 
considerable  losses  ;  on  the  side  of  the  Americans 
was  Gcr.cral  Nash. 

In  an  attack  upon  the  forts  at  Mud  Island  and 
Bed  Bank,  the  Hessians  were  unsuccessfid,  and 


their  conunander,  Ctdonel  Dnnnn,  killed.  The 
British  als(»  lost  the  Augusta,  a  ship  of  the  line. 
But  the  forts  were  afterwards  taken,  and  the 
navigation  of  the  Delaware  opened.  (Jeneral 
Washington  was  reinforced  with  a  part  of  tin- 
troops  whicli  had  composed  the  northern  army, 
under  (Jeneral  dates;  and  both  armies  retired 
to  winter  rjuarter-. 

In  October,  the  >iame  month  in  which  (Jeneriil 
Bnrgoy  ne  was  taken  at  Saratoga, (General  Vaiighan, 
with  a  small  fleet,  sailed  up  Hudson's  Biver,  and 
burnt  Kingston,  a  beautiful  Dutch  settlement  on 
the  u>.  side  of  the  river. 

The  beginning  of  the  next  year,  1778,  was  dis- 
tinguishe(Fby  a  treaty  ofalliance  between  France 
and  America;  by  which  the  latter  obtained  ii 
powerful  ally.  When  the  I'jiglisli  ministry  were 
informed  that  this  treaty  was  on  foot,  they  dis- 
patched commissioners  to  America,  to  attempt  h 
reconciliation.  But  America  would  not  now 
acci  |)t  their  ofTers.  ICarly  in  the  spring.  Count 
d'Kstaing,  with  a  fleet  of  I.j  sail  of  the  line, 
was  sent  by  the  court  of  France  to  assist  America. 

(Jeneral  Howe  left  the  army,  and  returned  to 
Rngland  ;  the  command  then  devolved  upon  Sir 
Henry  Clinton. 

In  .lune  the  British  army  let!  Philadelphia,  and 
marched  for  New  York  ;  on  their  inarch  they 
met,  as  was  natural,  with  much  'uuioyance  from 
the  Americans  ;  but  at  IMonmo  n  very  regular 
action  took   place  l)et'.vepn   pi  the  armies; 

when  the  latter  were  lepulsec,  ...i  great  loss. 
(Jeneral  lice,  for  his  misconduct  that  day,  was 
suspended,  and  was  never  aHerwards  permitted 
to  Join  the  army. 

(leneral  Lee's  conduct,  nt  several  times  before 
this,  had  been  very  suspicious.  In  December, 
I77t),  he  lay  nt  Chatham,  about  II  miles  from 
Elizabeth  Town,  with  a  brigade  of  troops,  when 
a  great  quantity  of  baggage  was  stored  at  Eliza- 
beth Town,  under  a  guard  of  only  500  Hessians. 
CJeneral  Lee  was  apprised  of  this,  and  might 
have  sur|)risod  the  guard  and  taken  the  bag- 
gage ;  but  he  neglected  the  opportunity,  and 
after  several  marches  and  counter-marches  be- 
tween Troy,  Chatham,  and  INIorris  Town,  he 
took  up  his  (jiiarters  at  or  near  White's  tavern, 
where  he  was  surprised  and  taken  by  a  party  of 
the  British  horse.  He  was  heard  to  say,  repeat- 
edly, that  (Jeneral  Washington  would  ruin  a  fine 
army.  It  was  suspected  that  he  had  designs  to 
sup|)lant  the  general,  and  his  friends  attempted 
to  place  him  at  the  head  of  the  army,  (jeneral 
Washington's  prudent  delays  and  cautious  move- 
ments afforded  CJeneral  Lee's  friends  many  oppor- 
tunities to  spread  reports  unfavourable  to  his] 


4 


:4 


i 


M 


UNIT  i:  I)    s  r  A  T  E  s 


l(».- 


ofl.  Thr 
Iho  lino. 
,  1111(1  tlio 
(ipncriil 
irt  of  llu' 
•rn  army, 
I's  rotirt'd 

fi  (ipnornl 
Vniighnn, 
{iv(M-,  nnd 
Icmcnt  on 

>♦,  was  (lis- 
cn  Finnce 
>l)tainpd  ii 
istry  wore 
tlii'V  dis- 
attcnipt  H 

not  now 
np,  Count 
r  tlio  line, 
t  AiiiPi'ica. 
'turned  to 

upon  Sir 

tpliia,  and 
larch  they 
ance  from 
\vy  rcg\\\i\r 

nrniics ; 

oat  loss. 

ay,  was 
)orniitted 

nes  before 

)ecen)ber, 
les  from 

ops,  wlien 
)t  Eliza- 
^cssians. 

nd  niis;ht 
the  batj- 
lity,    and 
clies  be- 
own,  he 
s  tavern, 
party  of 
,  repeat- 
uin  a  fine 
esinfns  to 
ttempted 
General 
us  movp- 
ny  oppor- 
Ic  to  his"! 


(chnmrter.  It  was  insinuated  with  some  hiicccsx, 
(hat  (ieneral  WashiiiKton  wanted  rouriif<e  and 
ubilities.  Krnorts  of  this  kind,  at  one  time,  ren- 
dered (Jenerai  Lee  very  popular,  and,  it  is  sup- 
p(»Hed,  he  wished  to  friistrate  (ieneral  VVashint;- 
ton's  plans,  in  order  to  increase  the  suspicions 
already  entertained  of  his  f^enoralship,  nnd  turn 
the  public  clamour  in  his  own  favour.  Mis  con- 
duct at  Monmouth  was,  by  some,  supposed  to 
have  proceeded  fniin  stich  a  desi<]r|) ;  for  he  com- 
manded the  Hower  of  the  American  army,  and  was 
not  destitute  of  courage. 

In  August,  General  Sullivan,  with  a  large 
body  of  troops,  attempted  to  take  possession  of 
Rhode  Islanu,  but  did  not  succeed.  Soon  atlter, 
the  stores  and  shipping  at  Hedford,  in  Massachu- 
setts, were  burnt  ny  a  party  of  the  liritish  troops. 
The  same  year.  Savannah,  the  capital  of  Georgia, 
was  taken  by  the  British,  under  the  command  of 
Colonel  Campbell. 

In  the  following  year,  1779,  General  Lincoln 
was  appointed  to  the  conunnnd  of  the  southern 
arnw. 

Uovernor  Tryon  and  Sir  George  Collier  made 
an  incursion  into  Connecticut,  and  burnt  the 
towns  of  Fairfield  and  Norwalk.  But  the  Ameri- 
can arms  were  crowned  with  success  in  a  bold 
attack  upon  Stoney  Point,  which  w;is  surprised 
nnd  taken  by  General  Wayne  in  the  light  of.luly 
15, 1779.  Five  hundred  men  were  nuide  prisoners, 
with  little  loss  on  either  side. 

A  party  of  British  forces  attempted  this  sum- 
mer to  build  a  Ibrt  on  Penobscot  river,  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  timber  in  the  neighbouring 
forest.  A  plan  was  laid  in  Massachusetts  to  dis- 
lodge them,  and  a  considerable  fleet  coUectefl  for 
the  purpose ;  but  the  plan  failed  of  success,  and 
the  whole  nmrine  force  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
British,  except  some  vessels  which  were  burnt  by 
the  Americans  themsolves. 

In  October,  General  Lincoln  iind  Count  d'Es- 
taing  made  an  assault  upon  Savannah  :  but  they 
were  repulsed  with  considorahlo  loss.  In  tin's 
action,  the  celebrated  Polisli  Count  t'ulaski,  wlio 
had  acquired  the  reputation  of  a  bra\x>  .soldier, 
was  mortally  wounded. 

In  this  summer  Gonrral  Sullivan  marched  with 
a  body  of  troops  into  the  Indian  country,  in  the 
w.  part  of  the  New  York  State,  and  burnt  and 
destroyed  all  their  provisions  and  sottlcineiUs 
that  fell  in  their  way. 

On  the  opening  of  the  campaign  the  next  year, 
1780,  the  British  troops  left  Rhode  Island.'  An 
expetlition,  under  General  Clinton  and  Lord 
Comwallis,  was  undertaken  against  Charleston, 

VOL.  V. 


S.  Carolina,  where  (ieneral  Linrolu  commanded, 
'riiis  town,  after  a  clo^e  siege  of  about  six  weeks, 
was  surreiulered  to  the  British  commander;  ami 
General  Lincoln,  and  the  whole  American  garri- 
son, wen"  n\ade  prisoners. 

(ieneral  (intes  was  appointed  to  the  command 
in  the  ,».  department,  and  another  army  collected. 
In  August,  Lord  ('ornwallis  attacked  the  Ameri- 
can troops  at  (Jamden,  in  S.  ('aroKna,  and  routed 
them  with  considerable  loss.  He  afterwards 
marched  through  the  Southern  States,  and  sup- 
posed them  entirely  subdued. 

The  same  summer  the  British  troops  made  fre- 
quent incursions  from  New  York  into  the  Jer- 
seys, ravaging  and  plundering  the  country. 

In  July  a  French  fleet,  under  Monsieur  de 
Ternay,  with  a  body  of  land  Ibrces,  commanded 
by  ("ount  dc  Rocnambeau,  arrived  at  Rhode 
Island,  to  the  great  Joy  of  the  Americans. 

This  year  was  also  distinguished  by  the  trea- 
chery oi' General  Arnold.  General  Washington 
having  some  business  to  transact  at  Weathers- 
field,  in  Connecticut,  left  Arnold  to  command  the 
important  post  of  W.  Point,  which  guards  a  pass 
in  Hudson's  river,  about  60  miles  from  New 
York.  Arnold's  conduct  in  the  city  of  Philadel 
phia,  the  preceding  winter,  had  been  censured  ; 
and  the  treatment  he  received,  in  consequence, 
had  given  him  offence. 

He  determined  to  toke  revenge,  and,  for  this 
purpose,  he  entered  into  a  negociation  with  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  to  deliver  W.  Point  and  the  army 
into  the  hands  of  the  British.  While  General 
Washington  was  absent,  he  dismoimted  the  can- 
non in  some  of  the  forts,  and  took  other  steps  to 
render  the  taking  of  the  post  easy  for  the  enemy. 

The  plan  was,  however,  wholly  defeated. 
Major  Andr6,  adjutant-general  in  the  British 
arnjy,  aid-dc-camp  to  General  Clinton,  a  brave 
oflic'er,  who  had  been  sent  up  the  river  as  a  spy, 
to  concert  the  plan  of  operations  with  Arnold, 
was  taken,  condemned  by  a  court-martial,  and 
eX'M-uted.  Arnold  made  his  escape,  by  getting 
on  boiird  the  Vulture,  a  British  vessel  which  lay 

the  river.     General  Washington  arrived  in 


in 


camp  just  after  Arnold  made  his  escape,  and  re- 
stored order  in  the  garrison. 

After  the  defeat  of  General  Gates,  in  Carolina, 
General  Greene  was  appointed  to  command  in 
the  southern  department.  From  this  period, 
things  in  that  (|uarter  wore  a  more  tavourablw 
aspect.  Colonel  Tarletoii,  the  active  commander 
of  the  Britisli  legion,  was  (k'feated  by  (jreneral 
Morgan,  the  commander  of  the  riflemen. 

After  a  variety  of  movements  the  two  armiesj 
p 


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(nut  at  (itiildCord,  in  Cm-olina.  Hero  «va  .  one  of 
till'  Im's(  foiijrht  lU'Jions  «hirinp  tlio  war.  (Jcncral 
(iicoiie  and  Jjord  ("ornwiillis  oxiM'ted  tlienisolvos 
111  the  lu*ad  cf  tiioir  respective  arniios -.  and  al- 
tliuu^h  the  Americans  were  ohliged  to  retire  tVoni 
the  field,  yet  tlie  British  army  sniVered  an  ini- 
niense  loss,  and  coulil  not  pursue  tlie  victory. 
The  at'.ion  happened  March  i"),  1781. 

In  the  sprinpr,  (uMieral  Arnold,  who  was  made 
a  bripadier-jieneral  in  the  Britisli  service,  with  a 
^inall  nundter  of  troops  sailed  tor  Virginia,  and 
pluiidered  '  e  country.  This  called  the  attention 
ol'  the  Trench  fleet  to  that  qnarter,  and  a  naval 
enjiai>enient  took  place  between  the  English  and 
I'rench,  in  which  sonic  of  the  Eng;lish  ships  were 
niucii  damaged,  and  one  entirely  disabled. 

After  the  battle  of  Guildford  General  Greene 
moved  towards  S.  Carolina  to  drive  the  British 
iVoni  their  posts  in  that  State.  Here  Lord  Raw- 
don  obtained  an  inconsiderable  advantage  over 
tl;e  Americans,  near  Caaidon.  But  General 
Greene  more  than  recover  d  this  disadvantage, 
l)V  a  successful  action  at  the  Eutaw  Springs; 
wl-»re  General  Marian  distinguished  himseii,  and 
Colonel  Washington  was  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner. 

Lord  Cornwallis,  finding  General  Greene  suc- 
cessful in  Carolina,  nuircjied  to  Virginia,  col- 
lected his  forces,  and  fortified  himself  in  York 
Town.  In  the  meantime  Arnold  made  an  in- 
cursion into  Connecticut,  burnt  a  part  of  New 
London,  took  Fort  (Jriswold  by  storm,  and  put 
tlic  garrison  to  the  sword.  The  garrison  con- 
sisted chiefly  of  nien  collected  from  the  little 
town  of  Groton.  The  attack  was  most  violent : 
nnd  in  one  hour  almost  all  its  heads  of  families 
were  corpse  <.  Colonel  Ledyard,  who  commanded 
tlie  fort,  was  slain  with  iiis  own  sword  after  he 
had  surrendere«l. 

The  Martpiis  de  la  Fayette,  a  brave  and  gene- 
rous nobleuuiu,  iiad  been  dispatched  with  about 
'iOOO  light  infantry  from  the  main  arniy,  to  watch 
the  motions  of  Lord  Cornwallis  in  Virginia.  He 
prosecuted  this  expedition  with  the  greatest  mili- 
tary ability.  Although  his  force  was  much  in- 
ferior to  that  of  the  enemy,  he  obliged  them 
to  leave  Richmond  and  Williamsburgli,  and  to 
seek  protection  under  their  shipping. 

About  the  last  of  August  Count  de  Grasse  ar- 
rived in  the  Chesapeak(<,  and  blocked  up  the  Bri- 
tish troops  at  York-town.  Admiral  Greaves, 
with  a  British  fleet,  appeared  oft'  the  Capes,  and 
an  action  succeeded;  but  it  was  not  decisive. 

General   Washington    liad    before   this    tinie 


the  French  troops,  to  the  ,v. ;  and  as  soon  as  he 
heard  of  the  arrival  of  tlie  French  fleet  in  the 
Chesapeake,  he  made  rapid  marches  to  the  head 
of  Elk,  where  embarking,  the  troops  soon  arrived 
at  York-town. 

A  closfc  siege  immediately  commenced,  and 
was  carried  on  with  such  vigour,  by  the  combined 
forces  of  America  and  France,  tliat  Lord  Corn- 
wallis was  obliged  to  surrender.  This  event, 
which  took  place  October  19,  1781,  decided  the 
contest  in  favour  of  America,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  general  peace. 

A  few  months  after  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis, 
the  British  evacuated  all  their  posts  in  8.  Caro- 
lina and  Georgia,  and  retired  to  the  main  army 
in  New  York. 

The  next  spring,  1782,  Sir  Guy  Carleton  ar- 
rived in  New  Yoi-k,  and  took  the  command  of 
the  British  army  in  America :  immediately  on 
his  arri'il,  he  acquainted  (leneral  Washington 
and  Con.Tress  that  negociations  tor  peace  had 
commenced  at  Paris. 

On  November  30,  1782,  the  provisional  arti- 
cles of  peace  and  reconciliation,  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  American  States,  were  signed  at 
Paris :  by  which  Great  Britain  acknowledged 
the  independence  and  sovereignty  of  the  Unite<l 
States  of  America.  These  articles  were  ratified 
by  a  definitive  treaty,  September  3,  1783.  This 
peace  was  negociated  on  the  part  of  (Jreat  Bri- 
tain by  Mr.  Oswald,  and  the  definitive  treaty  was 
signed  i)y  Mr.  Hartley  ;  and  on  the  part  of  the 
I'nited  States  by  John  Adams,  John  Jay,  and 
Benjamin  Franklin,  Esqrs.  The  characters  of 
these  men  having  been  such  as  to  excite  much 
interest,  a  short  sketch  of  them  will  be  here  given. 

Mr.  Adams  was  a  descemlent  of  one  of  the  flrst 
families  that  founded  the  colony  of  Massachiisett's 
Bay,  in  1630.  He  was  born  at  Braintrt>e,  in 
Massachusetts,  October  19,  173;). 

Mr.  John  Jay  was  a  descendent  of  one  of  the 
French  Protestant  emigrants,  who  came  to  Ame- 
rica, in  consecjuence  of  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  NantK,  in  UiHb.  It  is  remarkable  that 
among  the  descendants  of  tiiese  emigrants,  some 
of  whom  settled  in  New  York  and  some  in  Bos- 
ton, there  have  been  the  following  eminent  cha- 
racters :  James  Bowdoin,  Esq.  who  had  been 
Governor  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachu- 
setts, nnd,  at  his  death,  was  President  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences;  Henry 
Laurens,  Esq.  who  has  been  President  of  Con- 
gress and  Ambassador  to  a  foreign  court ;  Elias 
Boiidinot,  E*"!-  who  has  been  President  of  Con- 
moved  the  main  body  of  his  army,  together  with     gress ;  and  John  Jay,  Esq.  who  has  been  Presi-] 


r 


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in  the 
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arrived 

ed,  and 
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S.  Caio- 
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lately  on 
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inal  arti- 
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signed  at 
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le  United 
re  ratified 
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Javj  and 
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I  dent  of  Conjjress,  Ambassador  toa  foreij^n  court, 
and  Chief  Jnstice  of  the  American  States. 

i)r.  Frankliu  was  born  in  Boston,  January  6, 
ITfH),  O.  S.  He  was  educated  to  the  bnsiness  of 
printint;.  In  the  (irst  ^4  years  of  his  life  he 
passed  thronsjh  an  uncommon  variety  of  scenes, 
which  he  improved  to  valnalilc  purposes.  Ho 
oarly  discovered  a  strona^and  distins^uishing;  mind, 
and  a  fertile  and  inventive  genius.  About  the 
as;o  of  24  he  married  Miss  Read  of  Philadelphia, 
where  he  had  established  himself  as  a  printer. 
In  1736  he  was  chosen  Clerk  of  the  General  .As- 
sembly of  Pennsylvania  ;  and  the  year  following 
was  anpointed  Postmaster  in  Philadelphia.  In 
1744,  lie  broached  the  idea  of  the  American  Phi- 
losophical Society,  and  had  the  pleasure  to  find 
it  meet  with  all  the  success  he  could  desire.  He 
wus  the  principal  instrument  also  in  nlanning  and 
establishing  the  Academy  of  Philanelphia,  from 
which  have  sprung  the  College  and  University  of 
that  city. 

In  liiJ,  and  for  20  years  after,  successively, 
he  was  chosen  a  representative  to  the  Assembly 
for  the  city  of  Philadelphia ;  in  which  situation 
he  was  highl  respected  and  singularly  useful. 
He  was  appo.  ted  joint  Postmaster-general  with 
Mr.  William  Hunter  in  1753.  He  was  greatly 
instrumental  in  carrying  into  effect  Dr.  Bond's 
plan  t()r  an  hospital  in  Philadelphia,  the  advan- 
tages of  which  have  been  extensively  experienced. 
By  this  time  his  chanicter  as  a  philosopher  was 
known  in  Europe  as  well  as  America;  and  he 
receive  I  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts 
from  Yale  and  Harvard  Colleges. 

In  1754  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners, from  Pennsylvania,  to  attend  the  cele- 
brated AII^  iiy  Congress,  in  order  to  devise  a  plan 
for  defending  the  country  against  the  French. 
Here  he  drew  up  his  "  Albany  Plan  of  Union," 
which  was  unanimously  agreed  to  by  (longrest  : 
but,  though  wisely  adapted  to  preserve  the  har- 
n^oiiy  between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies, 
'vas  ultimately  rejected. 

In  1757  the  Assembly  of  Pennsylv:inia,  indig- 
nant at  the  obstinacy  of  the  governors  who  were 
shackled  with  instructions  not  tu  assent  to  any 
tax  bill,  that  did  not  exemjit  the  estates  of  the 
proprietors  from  contributing  to  the  public  ser- 
vice, determined  to  send  an  agent  to  London,  to 
petition  the  King  for  redress.  Mr.  I'Vankiin  was 
appointed  for  this  purpose,  and  ably  negociated 
the  business;  for  which,  on  his  relurn  to  Piiiia- 
delphia,  he  received  the  thanks  of  the  General 
.Assembly. 

His  distinguished  literary  reputation  i)rocnred 


him,  while  in  Enghiiid,  the  honorary  title  of  Doc 
tor  of  Laws  from  Kdinburgh  and  Oxford  Univer- 
sities. 

Some  time  after  this  he  was  again  sent  to  Eng- 
land, by  the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  with  a 
petition  to  have  a  new  form  of  government  es- 
tablished, and  to  be  taken  under  the  royal  pro- 
tection. Before  his  return  to  America  he  tra- 
velled, in  1766,  into  Germany,  and,  in  1767,  into 
France ;  and  wherever  he  appeared  he  was  re- 
ceived with  the  highest  respect  and  veneration. 
His  endeavours  to  prevent  the  enaction  of  the 
stamp  act,  the  ability  with  which  he  sustained  his 
examination  at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
his  obtaining  and  forwarding  to  Boston  the  in- 
sidious letters  of  Governor  Hutchinson,  pro- 
cured for  him,  on  his  return  to  America,  the  most 
unbounded  applause  of  his  countrymen.  He 
was  soon  elected  a  memlier  of  Congress  ;  and,  in 
1776,  was  chosen  with  John  Adams  and  Edward 
Rutledge,  Escirs.  a  Committee  of  Congress  to 
wait  on  Lor(^Howe,  and  to  inquire  into  the  ex- 
tent of  his  powers  to  treat  of  the  restoration  of 
peace.  Lord  Howe  having  expressed  his  con- 
cern at  being  obliged  to  distress  those  whom  he 
so  much  regarded,  Dr.  Franklin  assured  him  that 
the  Americans,  out  of  reciprocal  regard,  would 
endeavour  to  lessen,  as  much  as  possible,  the 
pain  he  might  feel  on  their  account,  by  taking 
the  utmost  care  of  themselves. 

In  1776  a  convention  was  called,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  establish  a  new  form  of  government. 
Dr.  Franklin  was  appointed  President.  The 
latter  end  of  the  same  year  he  was  sent  to  Franco, 
where,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Silas  Dean,  he 
negociated  a  treaty  with  5'iance,  Feb.  1778. 

We  have  already  mentioned  his  being  one  of 
the  three  commissioners  who  negociated  the  peace 
of  1783.  He  returned  to  America  in  1785,  aiuj 
was  chosen  President  of  the  Suprenu>  Executive 
Council  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  I7S7  was  ap- 
jointed  a  delegate  from  that  State  to  (lie  august 
tody  which  formed  the  present  frame  of  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States. 

On  April  17,  1790,  afler  a  long  and  pttinful 
illness,  he  resigned  a  life  which  had  i)een  singu- 
larly devoted  to  the  welfare  of  his  country  and 
the  good  of  mankind. 

Among  the  many  testimonies  of  respe<'t  paid 
to  his  memory,  the  Congress  of  the  United  States, 
and  th(>  National  Assembly  of  I'Vauce,  went  into 
mourning  on  his  death. 

Dr.  I'rnnklin  possessed  an  origiuid  genius 
The  faculties  of  his  mind  qiiaiitied  him  (o  pene- 
trate into  every  science ;    and  hi-;  singular  and  | 


I  OH 


UNITED    S  T  A  T  E  S. 


•  t ,' 


h 


(  H. 


I  iiiinMtiilling'  diligence  left  no  tiehi  of  knowledge 
unox|>lort>d.  Ko  wns  oniincnilv  dititinuuiHlied  u» 
ii  poliliriun  and  a  Kriiolar,  and  if  poissihle  more 
so  as  a  man  and  a  ritizon.  Ht>  wuh  ffrent  in  com- 
mon tlijngK,  and  his  life  was  UHcfuloej'ond  most 
men  that  have  lived.  Tliu  whole  tenor  of  his  life 
waH  a  perpetual  lecture  aj>;ainst  Hie  idle,  the  ex- 
iravajs^ant,  and  the  proud.  It  was  his  principal 
aim  to  inspire  mankind  with  a  love  of  indiistrv, 
itMnperance,  and  frugality.  Hy  a  judicious  divi- 
sion of  time,  he  acquired  the  art  of  doing  every 
thing  to  advantage.  In  whatever  situation  he 
was  placed,  by  chance  or  design,  he  extracted 
something  useful  for  himself  or  others.  liis 
manners  were  easy  and  accommodating,  and  his 
address  winning  and  respectful.  All  who  knew 
him  speak  of  him  as  an  agreeable  man  ;  and  all 
who  have  lieard  of  him  applaud  him  as  a  very 
useful  one.  A  man  so  wise  and  so  amiable,  could 
not  Init  have  many  admirers  and  many  friends. 
(American  Museum,  vol.  viii.) 

Hut,  to  return  to  our  history,  we  find  that, 
arcordiiig  (o  the  report  <if  the  committee  an- 
pointed  for  that  purpose,  the  foreign  debt  of  tlie 
(Wiited  .States,  incurred  by  the  war,  aaiouuted  to 
7,885,083  dollars,  and  the  domestic  debt  to 
:i4,llu,!^90,  total  at  4.v.  6d.  each,  equal  to 
£.9,430,084  sterling,  tlie  interest  of  which,  at  6 

Ser  cent,  is  £.3()7,0()3.  Hut  the  cost  to  Great 
Iritain  is  moderately  computed  at  _jg.l  15,034,914 
since  January,  1775.  As  to  the  loss  of  men  dur- 
ing the  unhappy  war,  the  States  of  America,  ac- 
cortiingto  authentic  estimates,  lost,  by  the  sword 
and  ill  prison,  neiir  80,000  men ;  and,  by  the 
British  returns  at  New  York,  the  number  of  sol- 
diers killed  in  the  service  amounted  to  4J,()JJ. 

Sucii  was  the  end  of  the  contest  between  (Ireat 
Hritain  and  America.  A  contest  by  which  the 
latter  attained  to  an  independent  rank  amongst 
the  nations  that  may  be  productive  of  more  im- 
portant consequences  than  may  yet  Ih»  foreseen  ; 
and  in  which  the  former,  happily  for  herself,  was 
forced  to  relinquish  a  sovereignty  that  served 
only  to  depress  her  own  internal  industry,  and 
retard  her  prosperity.  She  has,  in  the  event,  only 
suffered  a  diminution  of  an  unwieldy  empire, 
which  has  been  more  than  compensated  by  un  in- 
crease of  population,  commerce,  revenues,  and 
wealth. 

Holland  acknowledged  the  independence  of 
the  United  States,  April  19,  178'i:  Sweden,  Fo- 
bruary  5 ;  Denmark.  February  "ib ;  Spain,  in 
March:  and  Russia,  in  July,  t78J. 

Mo  sooner  was  peace  restored  by  the  definitive 
treaty,  and  the  British  troops  withdrawn  from  the 


country,  than  the  United  States  began  to  expe- 
rience the  defects  of  their  general  governmont. 
While  an  enemy  was  in  the  country,  fear,  which 
had  first  impellod  the  colonies  to  associatn  in 
mutual  defence,  continued  to  operate  as  a  band 
of  political  union.  It  gave  to  the  resolutions  and 
recommendations  of  Congress  the  force  of  lawa, 
and  generally  commanded  a  ready  acquiescence 
on  the  part  of  the  State  legislatures.  Articles  of 
confederation  and  perpetual  union  had  been 
framed  in  Congress,  and  submitted  to  the  consi- 
deration  of  the  States,  in  the  year  1778.  Some 
of  the  States  immediately  acceded  to  them ;  but 
others,  which  had  not  unappropriated  lands,  he- 
sitated to  subscribe  a  compact,  which  would  give 
an  advantage  to  the  States  which  possessed  large 
tracts  i)f  unlocated  lands,  and  were  thus  capable 
of  a  great  superiority  in  wealth  and  population. 
All  objections,  however,  had  been  overrcnrit,  and, 
by  the  accession  of  Maryland  in  March,  1781, 
the  articles  of  confederation  were  ratified,  as  the 
frame  of  government  for  the  United  States. 

Thcf  J  articles,  however,  were  framed  during 
the  rage  of  war,  when  a  principle  of  common 
safety  supplied  the  place  ot  a  coercive  power  in 
government,  by  men  who  could  have  had  no  ex- 
perience in  the  art  of  governing  an  extensive 
country,  and  under  circumstances  the  most  criti- 
cal and  embarrassing.  To  have  offered  to  the 
people,  at  that  time,  a  system  of  government 
armed  with  the  powers  necessary  to  regulate  and 
controul  the  contending  interests  of  13  States, 
and  the  possession  of  millions  6f  people,  might 
have  raised  a  jealousy  between  the  States  or  in 
the  minds  of  the  people  at  large,  that  would  have 
weakened  the  operations  of  war,  and  perhaps 
have  rendered  an  union  impracticable.  Hence 
the  numerous  detects  of  the  confederation. 

On  the  conclusion  of  peace  these  defects  began 
to  be  felt.  Each  State  assumed  the  right  of  dis- 
puting the  propriety  of  the  resolutions  of  Con- 
gress, and  the  interest  of  an  individual  State  was 
placed  in  opposition  to  the  common  interest  of 
the  union.  In  addition  to  this  source  of  division, 
a  jealousy  of  the  powers  of  Congress  began  to  be 
excited  in  the  minds  of  people. 

This  jealousy  of  the  privileges  of  freemen  had 
been  roused  by  the  oppressive  act  of  the  British 
parliament ;  and  no  sooner  liad  the  danger  from 
this  quarter  ceased,  than  the  fears  of  people 
changed  tiieir  object,  and  were  turned  against 
their  own  rulers. 

In  this  situation  there  were  not  wanting  men 
of  industry  and  talents,  who  had  been  enemies  to 
the  revolution,  and  who  embraced  the  opportu-] 


I 


UNITED    STATES. 


100 


I  to  oxpe- 
vernmont. 
L>nr,  which 
iRocintfl  in 
nn  a  band 
utionn  and 
e  of  laws, 

JuieHcnnce 
irticles  of 
had  been 
the  consi- 
IS.  Some 
them ;  but 
lands,  he- 
I'uuld  i^ive 
tRHed  lartfe 
us  capable 
lopulation. 
(•crsc,  and, 
irch,  1781, 
lied,  aH  the 
tatoR. 

led  during 
f  common 
R  power  in 
had  no  ex- 
extentiive 
moHt  criti- 
tred  to  the 
overiiment 
•riiliitc  and 
i3  States, 
pie,  might 
tatea  or  in 
vould  have 
id  perhaps 
e.  Hence 
ion. 

fects  began 
ght  of  dia- 
1)8  of  Con- 
State  was 
interest  of 
>rdivi8Aon, 
egan  to  be 

eemen  had 
th(>  British 
m^rpr  from 
f  people 
ed  ngainpt 


tnting  men 
enemies  to 
'  opportu-] 


fnity  to  multiply  the  apprehension"  of  people  and 
increaise  the  popular  niscontentn  A  remarkable 
instance  of  thi"  hr.pp"iied  in.  (  .i.  ;cticut.  As 
soon  iiK  the  tumults  of  war  han  ttubsided,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  convince  the  people  that 
the  act  of  Congress,  passed  in  1778,  granting  to 
the  oflicers  of  the  army  hnlf-pay  for  life,  was 
highly  unjudtand  tyrannical ;  ana  that  it  was  but 
the  first  step  towards  the  establishment  of  pen- 
sions and  an  uncontrolable  despotism.  The  net 
of  Congress  passed  in  1783,  conunuting  half-pay 
for  life  for  five  years  full  pay,  was  desigiic([  to 
appease  the  apprehensions  of  people,  and  to  con- 
vince them  that  this  gratuity  was  intended  merely 
to  indemniiy  the  oiiicers  tor  their  losses  by  the 
depreciating  of  the  paper  currer.-y,  and  not  to 
establish  a  precedent  for  the  granting  of  pensions. 
This  act,  however,  did  not  satisfy  the  people, 
who  supposed  that  the  oflicers  had  been  generally 
indemnified  for  the  loss  of  their  pay,  by  the  grants 
made  them,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  legislatures 
of  the  several  States.  Besides,  the  act,  while  it 
{rave  five  years  full  pay  to  the  officers,  allowed 
l)ut  one  year's  pay  to  the  privates;  a  distinction 
which  had  great  influence  in  exciting  and  con- 
tinuing the  popular  iennent,  and  one  that  turned 
a  large  share  of  the  public  rage  against  the  offi- 
cers themselves. 

The  moment  an  alarm  was  made  respecting 
tliis  act  of  Congress,  the  enemies  of  independence 
became  active  in  blowing  up  the  flame,  by  spread- 
ing reports  unfavourable  to  the  general  gov^-ni- 
ment,  and  tending  to  create  public  dissensions. 
Newspapers,  in  some  parts  of  the  countrv,  were 
filled  with  inflammatory  publications ;  while  false 
reports  and  groundless  insinuations  were  indus- 
triously circulated  to  tlie  prejudice  of  Congress 
and  the  oflicers  of  the  late  army.  Among  u  peo- 
ple feelingly  alive  to  every  thing  that  could  afl'ect 
the  rights  for  which  tliey  had  been  contending, 
these  reports  could  not  fail  of  having  a  powerful 
effect ;  the  clamour  soon  became  general ;  the 
oflicers  of  the  army,  it  was  believed,  had  at- 
tempted to  raise  their  fortunes  on  the  distresses 
of  their  fellow-citizens,  and  Congress  become  the 
tyrants  of  their  country. 

Connecticut  was  tlie  seat  of  this  uneasiness ; 
although  other  States  wore  mudli  agitated  on  the 
occasion.  But  the  inhabitants  of  that  Slate,  ac 
customed  to  order  and  a  due  subordination  to  the 
laws,  did  not  proceed  to  outrages;  they  took 
their  usual  mode  of  collecting  the  senseof  the 
State--assembled  in  town  meetings — appointed 
committees  to  meet  in  convention,  and  consult 
what  measures  should  be  adopted  to  procure  a 


redress  of  their  grievances.  In  this  convention, 
which  was  hold  at  Middletown,  some  nugatory 
resolves  were  passed,  expressing  the  disapproba- 
tion  of  the  half-pay  act,  and  the  subsequent  com- 
mutation of  the  grant  tor  five  vears  whole  pay. 
The  same  spirit  also  discovereif  itself  in  the  as- 
sembly, at  their  October  session,  1783.  A  re- 
monstrance against  the  acts  in  favour  of  the 
oflTicers  was  framed  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, and,  notwithstanding  the  Upper  House 
refused  to  concur  in  the  measure,  it  was  sent  to 
Congress. 

During  this  situation  of  aflkirs,  the  public 
odium  against  the  officers  was  augmented  by 
another  circumstance.  The  oflicers,  just  before 
the  dislKinding  of  the  army,  had  formed  a  society, 
called  by  the  name  of  the  Cincinnati,  after  the 
Ilomaii  Dictator,  Cincinnatus. 

Whatever  were  the  real  views  uf  the  framers 
of  this  institution,  its  design  was  generally  under- 
stood to  bo  harmless  anu  honourable.  The  os- 
tensible views  of  the  society  could  not  however 
screen  it  from  populitr  jealousy.  A  spirited 
pamphlet  appeared  in  S.  Carolina,  the  avowed 
production  of  Mr.  Burke,  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  in  that  State,  in  which  the 
author  attempted  to  prove  that  the  principles,  on 
which  the  society  was  formed,  would,  in  process 
of  time,  originate  and  estaldish  an  order  of  nobi- 
lity in  the  country,  which  would  be  repugnant  to 
the  genius  of  republican  governments,  and  dan- 
gerous to  liberty.  This  pamphlet  appeared  in 
ConiiecAcut,  during  the  commotions  raised  by  the 
half-pa^  and  commutation  acts,  and  contributed 
not  a  little  to  spread  the  flame  of  opposition. 

Notwithstanding  the  discontents  of  the  people 
were  general,  and  ready  to  burst  forth  in  sedi- 
tion, yet  men  of  information,  viz.  the  oflicers  of 
government,  the  clergy,  and  persons  of  liberal 
education,  were  mostly  opposed  to  the  uncon- 
stitutional steps  taken  by  the  committees  and 
convention  at  Middletown.    They  supported  the 
propriety  of  the  measures  of  Congress,  both  by 
conversation  and  writing,  proved  that  such  grants 
to  the  army  were  necessary  to  keep  the  troops 
together,  and  that  the  expense  would   not  be 
enormous  nor  oppressive.     During  the  close  of 
the  year  1783,  every  possible  exertion  was  made 
to  enlighten  tliu  people,  and  such  was  the  effect 
of  the  arguments  used  by  the  minority  ;  that  i.i 
the  beginning  of  the  following  year,  the  oppo< 
sitio'n  subsided,  the  committees  were  dismissed, 
and  tran(|uillity  restored  to  the  State.     In  May, 
the  legislature  were  able  to  carry  several  mea- 
sures which  lud  betbre  been  extremely  unpo-] 


■I 

niil 


110 


UNITED    STATES. 


I '''I     \  • 


» *.  I  i  m 


"I 


fptilar.  An  act  was  passed  (^ranting  tlie  impost 
of  6ve  per  cent,  to  Congress ;  another  givinjy 
great  encouragement  to  commerce  ;  and  several 
towns  were  incorporated  with  extensive  privi- 
leges, for  the  purpose  of  regulating  the  exports 
of  the  State,  and  facilitating  the  collection  of 
debts. 

The  opposition  to  the  congressional  acts  in 
favour  of  their  officers,  and  to  the  order  of  the 
Cincinnati,  did  not  rise  to  the  same  pitch  in  the 
other  States  as  in  Connecticut ;  yet  it  produced 
much  disturbanck^.  in  Massachusetts,  and  some 
others.  Jealousy  of  power  had  been  universally 
spread  among  the  people  of  the  United  States. 
The  destruction  of  the  old  forms  of  govern- 
ments, and  the  licentiousness  of  war,  had,  in  a 
great  measure,  broken  their  habits  of  obedience  ; 
their  passions  had  been  inflamed  by  the  cry  of 
despotism  ;  and  like  centinels,  who  have  been 
suddenly  surprized  by  the  approach  of  an  enemy, 
the  rustling  of  a  leaf  was  sufficient  to  give  them 
an  alarm.  This  spirit  of  jealousy  operated  with 
other  causes  to  relax  the  energy  of  federal  ope- 
rations. 

During  the  war,  vast  sums  of  paper  currency 
had  been  emitted  by  Congress,  and  large  quan- 
tities of  specie  had  been  introduced,  towards  the 
close  of  the  war,  by  the  French  army,  and  the 
Spanish  trade.     This  plenty  of  money  enabled 
the  States  to  comply  with  the  first  reciuisitions  of 
Congress ;  so  that  during  two  or  tnree  years, 
the  federal  treasury  was,  in  some  measure,  sup- 
plied.    But  when  the  danger  of  war  had  ceased, 
and  the  vast  importations  of  foreign  goods  had 
lessened  the  quantity  of  circulating  specie,  the 
States  began   to  be  very   remiss  m  furnishing 
their  proportion  of  monies.      The  annihilation 
of  the  credit  of  the  paper  bills    had  totally 
stopped  their  circulation,   and  the  specie  was 
leaving  the  country  in  cargoes  for  remittances  to 
Great  Britain ;  still  the  luxurious  habits  of  the 
people,  contracted  during  the  war,  called  for 
new  supplies  of  goods,  and  private  gratification 
seconded  the  narrow  policy  of  state  interest  in 
defeating  the  operations  of  the  general  govern- 
ment. 

Thus  the  revenues  of  Congress  were  annually 
diminishing ;  some  of  the  States  wholly  neglect- 
ing to  make  provision  for  paying  the  interest  of 
the  national  debt ;  others  making  but  a  partial 
provision,  until  the  scanty  supplies  received  from 
a  few  of  the  richest  States,  would  hardly  satisfy 
the  demands  of  the  civil  list. 

This  weakness  of  the  federal  government,  in 
conjunction  with  the  flood  of  certificates  or  public 


securities,   which  Congress  could  neither   fund 
nor  pay,  occasioned  thoin  to  depreciate  to  a  very 
)nsiderahle  value.     The  otticers  and  soldiers 


incoii 


of  the  late  ar.ny,  and  those  who  furnished  sup- 
plies for  public  exigencies,  were  obliged  to  re- 
ceive for  wages  these  certificates,  or  promissory 
notes,  which  passed  at  a  fifth,  an  eighth,  or  a 
tenth  of  their  nominal  value;  being  thus  de- 
prived at  once  of  the  greatest  part  of  the  reward 
due  for  their  services.  Some  indeed  profited  by 
speculations  in  these  evidences  of  the  public 
debt;  but  such  as  were  under  a  necessity  of 
parting  with  them,  were  robbed  of  that  support 
which'they  had  a  right  to  expect  and  demand 
from  their  countrymen. 

Pennsylvania  indeed  made  a  provision  for 
paying  the  interest  of  her  debt,  both  state  and 
federal ;  assuming  her  supposed  proportion  of 
the  continental  debt,  and  giving  the  creditors  of 
her  own  State  notes  in  exchange  for  those  of  the 
United  States.  The  resources  of  that  State  are 
immense,  but  she  was  not  able  to  make  punctual 
payments,  even  in  a  depreciated  paper  cur- 
rency. 

M'assachusetts,  in   her   zeal  to  comply   fiilly 
with  the  requisitions  of  Congress,    and  satisfy 
the  demands  of  her  own  creditors,  laid  a  heavy 
tax  upon  the  people.     This  was  the  immediate 
cause  of  the  rebellion   in   that  State,  in   1786. 
But  a  heavy  debt  lying  on  the  State  added  to 
burdens  of  the  same  nature,  upon  almost  every 
corporation  within  it ;  a  decline,  or  rather  an 
extinction   of  public  credit ;    a  relaxation  and 
corruption  of  manners,  and  a  free  use  of  foreign 
luxuries  ;  a  decay   of  trade  and  manufiictures, 
with  a  prevailing  scarcity  of  money  ;  and,  above 
all,  individuals  involved  in  debt  to  each  other. 
These  were  the  real,  though  more  remote  causes 
of  the  insurrection.     It  was  the  tax  which  the 
people  were  required  to  pay,  that  caused  them  to 
feel  the  evils  which  we  have  enumerated — this 
called  forth  all  their  other  grievances ;  and  the 
first  act  of  violence  committed  was  the  burning 
or  destroy  iiiff?  of  the  tax  bill.  This  sedition  threw 
the  State  into  a  convulsion  which  lasted  about  a 
year;  courts  of  justice  were  violently  obstructed; 
the  collection  of  debts  was  suspended;  and  a 
body  of  armed  troops,   under  the  command  of 
General  Lincoln,  was  employed  during  the  win- 
ter of  1786,  to  disperse  the  insurgents.     Yet  so 
numerous  were    the  latter  in   the   counties    of 
Worcester,  llampsliire,  and  Berkshire,  and  so 
obstinately  combined  to  the  execution  of  law  by 
force,  that  the  governor  and  oouiicii  of  the  State 
thought  proper  not  to  intrust  General  Lincoln] 


I 


*U 


t'\ 


UNITED     STATES. 


Itl 


)viflion  for 
I  state  and 
)portion  of 
[•reditors  of 
liose  of  the 
t  State  are 
ke  punctual 
paper   cur- 

mply  fully 
and  satisfy 
id  a  heavy 

immediate 
e,  in  1786. 
e  added  to 
most  every 
•  rather  an 
xation  and 
e  of  foreign 
inufactures, 
and,  above 
jach  other, 
note  causes 

which  the 
sed  them  to 
rated — this 
and  the 
le  burning 
ition  threw 
:od  about  a 
obstructed ; 
[led;  and  a 
omniand  of 
iig  the  win- 
s.  Yet  so 
counties  of 
ire,  and  so 
I  of  law  by 
tt'  the  State 
al  Lincoln] 


[with  military  powers,  except  to  act  on  the  de- 
fensive, and  to  repel  force  with  force,  in  case 
the  insurgents  should  attack  him.  The  leaders 
of  the  rebels,  however,  were  not  men  of  talents  ; 
they  were  desperate,  but  without  fortitude :  and 
even  while  they  were  supported  with  a  superior 
force,  they  appeared  to  be  impressed  with  that 
consiioHsncss  of  guilt,  which  awes  the  most 
daring  wretch,  end  makes  him  shrink  from  bis 

f)iirpose.  'Ibis  appears  by  the  conduct  of  a 
arge  party  of  tie  rebels  before  the  magazine  at 
Springfield,  when'  General Shepard,  with  a  small 
guard,  was  statioied  to  protect  the  continental 
stores.  The  insurgents  appeared  upon  the 
plain,  with  a  vast  superiority  of  numbers,  but  a 
tew  shot  from  the  artillery  made  the  multitude 
retreat  in  disorder  with  the  loss  of  four  men. 
This  spirited  conduct  of  General  Shepard,  with 
the  industry,  perseverance,  and  prudent  firmness 
of  General  Lincoln,  dispersed  the  rebels — drove 
the  leaders  from  the  State,  and  restored  tran- 
quillity. An  act  of  indemnity  was  passed  in  the 
legislature  for  all  the  insurgents,  except  a  few 
of  the  leaders,  on  condition  they  should  become 
peaceable  subjects,  and  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance. The  leaders  afterwards  petitioned  for 
pardon,  which,  from  motives  of  policy,  was 
granted  by  the  legislature.  See  an  elegant  and 
impartial  History  of  this  Rebellion,  by  George 
Richards  Minot,  Esq. 

But  the  loss  of  public  credit,  popular  dis- 
turbances, and  insurrections,  were  not  the  only 
evils  which  were  generated  by  the  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances of  the  times.  The  emissions  of  bills 
of  credit  and  tender  laws  were  added  to  the 
black  catalogue  of  political  disorders. 

The  expedient  of  supplying  the  deficiencies  of 
specie,  by  emissions  of  paper  bills,  was  adopted 
very  early  in  the  colonies.  The  expedient  was 
obvious,  and  produced  good  effects.  In  a  new 
country,  where  population  is  rapid,  and  the 
value  of  lands  increasing,  the  farmer  finds  an 
advantage  in  paying  legal  interest  for  money ; 
for  if  he  can  pay  the  interest  by  his  profits,  the 
increasing  value  of  his  lands  will  in  a  few  years 
discharge  the  principal. 

In  no  colony  was  this  advantage  more  sensibly 
experienced  than  in  Pennsylvania.  The  emi- 
grations to  that  province  were  numerous — the 
natural  population  rapid — and  these  circinn- 
stances  combined,  advanced  the  value  of  real 
property  to  an  astonishing  degree.  As  the  first 
settlers  there,  as  well  as  in  other  provinces, 
were  poor,  the  purchase  of  a  few  foreign  arti- 
cles drained  them  of  specie.     Indeed,  for  many 


years,  the  balance  of  trade  must  have  necessarily 
been  greatly  against  the  colonies. 

But  bills  of  credit,  emitted  by  the  State  and 
loaned  to  the  industrious  inhabitants,  supplied 
the  want  of  specie,  and  enabled  the  farmer  to 

[)urchase  stock.  These  bills  were  generally  a 
egal  tender  in  all  colonial  or  private  contracts, 
and  the  sums  issued  did  not  generally  exceed 
the  quantity  requisite  for  a  medium  of  trade  ; 
they  retained  their  full  nominal  value  in  the  pur- 
chase of  commodities  :  but  as  they  were  not  re- 
ceived by  the  British  merchants,  in  payment  of 
their  goods,  there  was  a  great  demand  for  specie 
and  bills,  which  occasioned  the  latter  at  various 
times  to  appreciate.  Thus  was  introduced  a  dif- 
ference between  the  En«;lish  sterling  money  and 
the  currencies  of  the  colonies,  which  remains  to 
this  day. 

The  advantages  the  colonies  had  derived  from 
bills  of  credit,  under  the  British  government, 
suggested  to  Congress,  in  1773,  the  idea  of  issu- 
ing bills  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the  war ; 
and  this  was  perhaps  their  only  expedient. 
Money  could  not  be  raised  by  taxation — it  could 
not  be  borrowed.  The  first  emissions  had  no 
other  effect  upon  the  medium  of  commerce,  than 
to  drive  the  specie  from  circulation.  But  when 
the  paper  substitute!  for  specie  had,  by  repeated 
emissions,  augmented  the  sum  in  circulation, 
much  beyond  Hie  usual  sum  of  specie,  the  bills 
iiegan  to  lose  their  value.  The  depreciation 
continued  in  proportion  to  the  sums  emitted, 
until  70  and  even  150  nominal  paper  dollars, 
were  hardly  an  equivalent  for  one  Spanish  milled 
dollar.  Still,  from  the  year  1775  to  1781,  this 
depreciating  paper  currency  was  almost  the  only 
medium  of  trade.  It  supplied  the  place  of  specie, 
and  enabled  Congress  to  support  a  numerousarmy ; 
until  the  sum  in  circulation  amounted  to  300  mil- 
lions of  dollars.  But  about  the  year  1780,  specie 
began  to  be  plentiful,  being  introduced  by  the 
French  army,  a  private  trade  with  the  Spanish 
islands,  and  an  illicit  intercourse  with  the  Bri- 
tish garrison  at  New  York.  This  circumstance 
accelerated  the  depreciation  of  paper  bills,  until 
their  value  had  sunk  almost  to  nothing.  Ir  1781, 
the  merchants  and  brokers  in  the  Southern  States, 
apprehensive  of  the  approaching  fete  of  the  cur? 
rency,  pushed  immense  quantities  of  it  suddenly 
into  New  England — made  vast  purchases  of 
goods  in  Boston — and  instantly  the  bills  vanished 
from  circulation. 

The  whole  history  of  this  continental  paper  is 
a  history  of  public  and  private  frauds.  Old 
specie  debts  were  often  paid  in  a  depreciated! 


'fWi^'" 


% 


T12 


UNITED    STATES. 


lit 


I  •■; 


[currency — and  even  new  contracts  for  a  few 
weeks  or  days  were  often  dischan;ed  with  a  small 
part  of  the  value  received.  From  this  plenty 
and  fluctuating  state  of  the  medium  sprung  hosts 
of  speculators  and  itinerant  trad«»rs,  who  left 
their  honest  occupations  for  the  prospect  of  im- 
mense gains,  in  a  fraudulent  business,  that  de- 
pended on  no  fixed  principles,  and  the  profits  of 
which  could  be  reduced  to  no  certain  calcu- 
lations. 

To  increase  these  evils,  a  project  was  formed 
to  fix  the  prices  of  articles,  and  restrain  persons 
from  giving  or  receiving  more  for  any  commodity 
than  the  price  stated  by  authority.  These  regu- 
lating acts  were  reprobated  by  every  man  ac- 
quainted with  commerce  and  finance;  as  they 
were  intended  to  prevent  an  effect  without  re- 
moving the  cause.  To  attempt  to  fix  the  value 
of  money,  while  streams  of  bills  were  incessantly 
flowing  from  the  treasury  of  the  United  States, 
was  as  ridiculous  as  an  attempt  to  restrain  the 
rising  of  water  in  rivers  amidst  showers  of 
rain. 

Notwithstanding  all  opposition,  some  States 
fVamed  and  attempted  to  enforce  these  regulating 
acts.  The  effect  was,  a  momentary  apparent 
stand  in  the  price  of  articles ;  innumerable  acts 
of  collusion  and  evasion  among  the  dishonest ; 
numberless  injuries  done  to  the  honest;  and 
finally,  a  total  disregard  of  all  such  regulations, 
and  the  consequent  contenpt  of  laws,  and  the 
authority  of  the  magistrate. 

During  these  fluctuations  of  business,  occa- 
sioned by  the  variable  value  of  money,  people 
lost  sight,  in  some  measure,  of  the  steady  prin- 
ciples which  had  before  governed  their  inter- 
course with  each  other.  Speculation  followed 
and  relaxed  the  rigour  of  commcricial  obli- 
gations. 

Industry  likewise  had  suffered  by  the  flood  of 
money  which  had  deluded  the  States.  The  prices 
of  produce  had  risen  in  proportion  to  the  quan- 
tity of  money  in  circulation,  and  the  demand  for 
the  commodities  of  the  country.  This  made  the 
acquisition  of  money  easy,  and  indolence  and 
luxury,  with  their  train  of  desolating  conse- 
quences, spread  themselves  among  all  descrip- 
tions of  people. 

But  as  soon  as  hostilities  between  Great  Bri- 
tain and  America  were  suspended,  the  scene  was 
changed.  The  bills  emitted  by  Congress  had 
for  some  time  ceased  to  circulate;  and  the 
specie  of  the  country  was  soon  drained  off 
to  pay  for  foreign  goods,  the  importations  of 
which  exceeded  all  calculations.     Within  two 


years  from  the  close  of  the  wiir,  a  scarcity  of 
money  was  the  general  cry.  The  merchants 
found  it  impossible  to  collect  their  debts,  and 
make  punctual  remittances  to  their  creditors  in 
Great  Britain  ;  and  the  consumers  were  driven 
to  the  necessity  of  retrenching  their  superfluities 
in  living,  and  of  returning  to  their  ancient  habits 
of  industry  and  ceconomy. 

This  change  was,  however,  progressive  and 
slow.  In  many  of  the  States  wliich  suffered  by 
the  numerous  debts  they  had  contracted,  anil 
by  the  distresses  of  war,  the  people  called  aloud 
for  emissions  of  paper  bills  to  supply  the  defi- 
ciency of  a  medium.  The  depreciation  of  the 
continental  bills  was  a  recent  example  of  the  ill 
effects  of  such  an  expedient,  and  the  impossi- 
bility of  supporting  the  credit  of  paper  was 
urged  by  the  opposers  of  the  measure  as  a  sub- 
stantial argument  against  adopting  it.  But  no- 
thing would  silence  the  popular  clamour ;  and 
many  men  of  the  first  talents  and  eminence 
united  their  voices  with  that  of  the  populace. 
Paper  money  had  formerly  maintained  its  credit, 
and  been  of  singular  utility  :  and  past  expe- 
rience, notwithstanding  a  change  of  circum- 
stances, was  an  argument  in  its  favour  that  bore 
down  all  opposition. 

Pennsylvania,  although  one  of  the  richest 
States  in  the  union,  was  the  first  to  emit  bills  of 
credit,  as  a  substitute  for  specie.  But  the  revo- 
lution had  removed  the  necessity  of  it,  at  the 
same  time  that  it  had  destroyed  the  means  hj 
which  its  former  credit  had  been  supported. 
Lands,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  were  not  rising 
in  value — bills  on  London  could  not  so  readily 
be  purchased,  as  while  the  province  was  de- 
pendent on  Great  Britain — the  State  was  split 
into  parties,  one  of  which  attempted  to  defeat 
the  measures  most  popular  witn  the  other — 
and  the  depreciation  of  continental  bills,  with 
the  injuries  which  it  had  done  to  individuals, 
inspired  a  general  distrust  of  all  public  pro- 
mises. 

Notwithstanding  a  part  of  the  money  was 
loaned  on  good  landed  security,  and  the  faith  of 
that  wealthy  State  pledged  for  the  redemption  of 
the  whole  at  its  nominal  value,  yet  the  advan- 
tages of  specie  as  a  medium  of  commerce,  espe- 
cially as  an  article  of  remittance  to  London, 
soon  made  a  difference  of  ten  per  cent,  between 
the  bills  of  credit  and  specie.  This  difference 
may  be  considered  rather  as  an  appreciation  of 
gold  and  silver,  than  a  depreciation  of  paper ; 
but  its  effects,  in  a  commercial  state,  must  bo 
highly  prejudicial.     It  opens  the  door  to  firauds ! 


.J 
I 


\ 


;^ ,'( 


UNITED    STATES. 


113 


of  it,  at  the 


imerce. 


fofall  ltindH,an(l  frauds  nve  usiially  practised  on 
the  honest  and  unsuspecting,  especially  upon  all 
classes  of  labourers. 

N.  Carolina,  S,  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  had 
recourse  to  the  same  wretched  expedient  to  sup- 
ply themselves  with  money  ;  not  reflecting  that 
industry,  frugality,  and  good  commercial  laws, 
are  the  only  means  of  turning  the  balance  of 
tnide  in  favour  of  a  country,  and  that  this 
balance  is  the  only  permanent  source  of  solid 
wealth  and  ready  money.  But  the  WUs  they 
emitted  shared  a  worse  fate  than  those  of  Penn- 
sylvania ;  they  expelled  almost  all  the  circulat- 
ing cash  from  the  States  ;  they  lost  a  great  part 
of  their  nominal  value,  they  impoverished  the 
merchants,  and  embarrassed  the  planters. 

The  State  of  Virginia  tolerated  a  base  prac- 
tice among  the  inhabitants  of  cutting  dollars  and 
smaller  pieces  of  silver,  in  order  to  prevent  it 
from  leaving  the  State.  This  pernicious  prac- 
tice prevailed  also  in  Georgia.  A  dollar  was 
usually  cut  in  five  pieces,  and  each  passed  for  a 
quarter ;  so  that  tfie  man  who  cut  it  gained  a 
quarter,  or  rather  a  fifth. 

Maryland  escaped  the  calamity  of  a  paper 
currency.  The  house  of  delegates  brought  for- 
ward a  bill  for  the  emission  of  bills  of  credit  to 
a  large  amount ;  but  the  Senate  firmly  and  suc- 
cessfully re><isted  the  pernicious  scheme.  The 
opposition  between  the  two  houses  was  violent 
and  tumultuous ;  it  threatened  the  State  with 
anarchy ;  but  the  question  was  carried  to  the 
people,  and  the  good  sense  of  the  Senate  finally 
prevailed. 

New  Jersey  is  situated  between  two  of  the 
largest  commercial  towns  in  America,  and  con- 
sequently drained  of  specie.  This  State  also 
emitted  a  large  sum  in  bills  of  credit,  which 
served  to  pay  the  interest  of  the  public  debt ; 
but  the  currency  depreciated,  as  in  other  States. 

Rhode  Island  exhibited  a  melancholy   proof 


of  that  licentiousness  and  anarchy  which  always 

ral  principles.    In 
a  rage  for  supplying  the  State  with  money,  and 


follows  a  relaxation  of  the  moral  principles. 


filling  every  man's  pocket  without  obliging  him 
to  earn  it  by  his  diligence,  the  legislature  passed 
an  act  for  making  100,000  pounds  in  bills;  a  sum 
much  more  than  sufficient  for  a  medium  of  trade 
ill  that  State,  even  without  any  specie.  The 
merchants  in  Newport  and  Providence  opposed 
the  act  with  firmness ;  and  their  opposition 
added  fresh  vigour  to  the  resolution  of  the  as- 
'punbly,  and  induced  them  to  enforce  the  scheme 
by  a  legal  tender  of  a  most  extraordinary  na- 
voi..  v. 


ture.  They  passed  an  act,  ordaining  that  if  any 
creditor  should  refuse  to  take  their  bills,  for  any 
debt  whatever,  the  debtor  might  lodge  the  sum 
due  with  a  justice  of  the  peace,  who  should  give 
notice  of  it  in  the  public  papers ;  and  if  the  cre- 
ditor did  not  appear  and  receive  the  money 
within  six  months  from  the  first  notice,  his  debt 
should  be  forfeited.  This  act  astonished  allhonest 
men  ;  and  even  the  promoters  of  paper  money- 
making  in  other  States,  and  other  principles, 
reprobated  this  act  of  Rhode  Island,  as  wicked 
and  oppressive.  But  the  State  was  governed  by 
faction.  During  the  cry  for  paper  money,  a  num- 
ber of  boisterous,  ignorant  men,  were  elected 
into  the  legislature,  from  the  smaller  towns  in 
the  State.  Finding  themselves  united  wilh  a 
majority  in  opinion,  they  formed  and  executed 
any  plan  their  inclination  suggested ;  they  op- 
posed every  measure  that  was  agreeable  to  the 
mercantile  interest ;  they  not  only  made  bad  laws 
to  suit  their  own  wicked  purposes,  but  appointed 
their  own  corrupt  creatures  to  fill  the  judicial 
and  executive  departments.  Their  money  de- 
preciated sufficiently  to  answer  all  their  vile 
purposes  in  the  discharge  of  debts — business 
almost  totally  ceased,  all  confidence  was  lost,  the 
State  was  thrown  into  confusion  at  home,  and 
was  execrated  abroad. 

Massachusetts  Bay  had  the  good  fortune,  amidst 
her  political  calamities,  to  prevent  an  emission 
of  bills  of  credit.      New    Hampshire  made   no 

f)aper  ;  but  in  the  distresses  which  followed  her 
OSS  of  business  after  the  war,  the  legislature 
made  horses,  lumber,  and  most  articles  of  pro- 
duce, a  legal  tender  in  the  fulfilment  of  con- 
tracts  It  IS  doubtless  unjust  to  oblige  a  creditor 
to  receive  any  thing  for  his  debt,  which  he  had 
not  in  contemplation  at  the  time  of  the  contract. 
But  as  the  commodities  which  were  to  be  a  tender 
by  law,  in  New  Hampshire,  were  of  intrinsic 
value,  bearing  some  proportion  to  the  amount 
of  the  debt,  the  injustice  of  the  law  was  less 
flagrant  than  that  which  enforced  the  tender  of 
paper  in  Rhode  Island.  Indeed  a  similar  law 
prevailed  for  some  time  in  Massachusetts :  and 
in  Connecticut  it  is  optional  with  the  creditor, 
either  to  imprison  the  debtor  or  take  land  on 
execution  at  a  price  to  be  fixed  by  three  indif- 
ferent freeholders  ;  provided  no  other  means  of 
payment  shall  appear  to  satisfy  the  demand.  It 
must  not,  however,  be  omitted,  thnt  while  the 
most  flourishing  commercial  States  introduced  a 
paper  medium,  to  the  great  injury  of  honest 
men,  a  bill  for  an  emission  of  paper  in  Connec-] 

Q 


It 


^■Vi 


114 


UNITED    STATES. 


!  i 


•  I 


\i 


,-» 


fticut,  where  there  was  very  little  specie,  could 
never  command  more  than  one-eighth  of  the 
votes  of  the  leeislature.  The  movers  of  the  bill 
hard!)'  escaped  ridicule ;  so  generally  was  the 
measure  reprobated  as  a  source  of  frauds  and 
public  mischief. 

The  legislature  of  New  York,  a  State  that 
had  the  least  necessity  and  apology  for  making 
paper  money,  as  her  commercial  advantages 
always  furnish  her  with  specie  sufficient  for  a 
medium,  issued  a  large  sum  in  bills  of  credit, 
which  supported  their  value  better  than  the  cur- 
rency of  any  other  State.  Still  the  paper  raised 
the  value  of  specie,  which  is  always  in  demand 
for  exportation,  and  this  difference  of  exchange 
between  paper  and  specie  ever  exposes  com- 
merce to  most  of  the  inconveniencies  resulting 
from  a  depreciated  medium. 

Such  is  the  history  of  paper  money  thus  far ; 
a  miserable  sub>titute  for  real  coin,  in  a  coun- 
try where  the  reins  of  government  are  too  weak 
to  compel  the  fuliilment  of  public  engagements, 
and  where  all  confidence  in  public  faith  is 
wantin<r. 

While  the  States  were  thus  endeavouring  to 
repair  the  loss  of  specie  by  empty  promises,  and 
to  support  their  business  by  shadows,  rather  than 
by  reality,  the  British  ministry  formed  some  com- 
mercial regulations  that  deprived  them  of  the  pro- 
fits of  their  trade  to  the  West  Indies  and  Great  Bri- 
tain. Heavy  duties  were  laid  upon  such  articles 
as  were  remitted  to  the  London  merchants  for 
their  goods,  and  such  weretl  .  auties  upon  Ame- 
rican bottoms,  that  the  States  were  almost 
wholly  deprived  of  the  carrying  trade.  A  pro- 
hibition was  laid  upon  the  produce  of  the  United 
States,  shipped  to  the  English  West  India 
Islands  in  American-built  vessels,  and  in  those 
manned  by  American  seamen.  These  restric- 
tions fell  heavy  upon  the  Eastern  States,  which 
depended  much  upon  ship-building  for  the  support 
of  their  trade  ;  and  they  materially  injured  the 
business  of  the  other  States. 

Without  a  union  that  was  able  to  form  and 
execute  a  general  system  of  commercial  regula- 
tions, some  of  the  States  attempted  to  impose 
restraints  upon  the  British  trade  that  should  in- 
demnify the  merchant  for  the  losses  he  had  suf- 
fered, or  induce  the  British  ministry  to  enter  into 
a  commercial  treaty,  and  relax  the  rigour  of 
their  navigation  laws.  These  measures,  how- 
ever, produced  nothing  but  mischief.  The  States 
did  not  act  in  concert,  and  the  restraints  laid  on 
the  trade  of  one  State  operated  to  throw  the 


business  into  the  hands  of  its  neighbour.  Mas  • 
sachusctts,  in  her  zeal  to  counteract  the  effect  of 
the  English  navigation  laws,  laid  enormous  du- 
ties upon  British  goods  imported  into  that  State; 
but  the  other  States  did  not  adopt  a  similar  mea- 
sure ;  and  the  loss  of  business  soon  obliged  that 
State  to  repeal  or  suspend  the  law.  Thus  when 
Pennsylvania  laid  heavy  duties  on  British  goods, 
Delaware  and  New  Jersey  made  a  number  of 
free  ports  to  encourage  the  landing  of  goods 
within  the  limits  of  those  States ;  and  the  duties 
in  Pennsylvania  served  no  purpose  but  to  create 
smuggling. 

Thus  divided,  the  States  began  to  feel  their 
weakness  :  most  of  the  legislatures  had  neglected 
to  comply  with  the  requisitions  of  Congress  for 
furnishing  the  federal  treasury  ;  the  resolves  of 
Congress  were  disregarded ;  the  proposition  for 
n  general  impost  to  be  laid  and  collected  by 
Congress  was  negatived,  first  by  Rhode  Island, 
and  afterwards  by  New  York,  The  British 
troops  continued,  under  pretence  of  a  breach  of 
treaty  on  the  part  of  America,  to  hold  possession 
of  the  forts  on  the  frontiers  of  the  States.  Many 
of  the  States  individually  were  infested  with 
popular  commotions  or  iniquitous  tender  laws, 
while  they  were  oppressed  with  public  debts  ; 
the  certificates  or  public  notes  had  lost  most  of 
their  value,  and  circulated  merely  as  the  objects 
of  speculation  ;  Congress  lost  their  respecta- 
bility, and  the  United  States  their  credit  and 
importance. 

In  the  midst  of  these  Ciilamities,  a  proposition 
was  made  in  1785,  in  the  House  of  Delegates  in 
Virginia,  to  appoint  Commissioners  to  meet  such 
as  might  be  appointed  in  the  other  States,  who 
should  form  a  system  of  commercial  regulations 
for  the  United  States,  and  recommend  it  to  the 
several  legislatures  for  adoption.  Commissioners 
were  accordingly  appointed,  and  a  recpiest  was 
made  to  the  legislatures  of  the  other  States  to 
accede  to  the  proposition.  Accordingly,  several 
of  the  States  appointed  Commissioners,  who  met 
at  Annapolis  in  the  summer  of  1786,  to  consult 
what  measures  should  be  taken  to  unite  the 
States  in  some  general  and  efficient  commercial 
system.  But  as  the  States  were  not  all  repre- 
sented, and  the  powers  of  the  Commissioners 
were,  in  their  opinion,  too  limited  to  propose  a 
system  of  regulations  adequate  to  the  purposes 
of  government,  they  agreed  to  recommend  a 
general  convention  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia 
the  next  year,  with  powers  to  frame  a  general 
plan  of  government  for  the  United  States.  This] 


J 


J 


I 

f 

'I 


UNITED    STATES. 


No 


rmcnsHrc  appeared  to  the  Commissioners  ab- 
solutely necessary.  The  old  confederation  was 
essentially  defective  :  it  was  destitute  of  almost 
every  principle  necessary  to  give  eftect  to  k'gia- 
lation. 

It  was  defective  in  the  article  of  le«islatin^ 
over  States,  instead  of  individuals.  All  history 
testifies  that  recommendations  will  not  operate 
us  laws,  and  compulsion  cannot  be  exercised 
over  States  without  violence,  war,  and  anarchy. 
The  confederation  was  also  destitute  of  a  sanc- 
tion to  its  laws.  When  resolutions  were  passed 
in  Congress,  there  was  no  power  to  compel  obe- 
dience by  fine,  by  suspension  of  privileges,  or 
other  means:  it  was  also  destitute  of  a  ^..arantce 
for  the  State  governments.  Had:""  itate  been 
invaded  by  its  neighbour,  the  Union  was  not  con- 
stitutionally bound  to  assist  in  repelling  the  inva- 
sion, and  supporting  the  constitution  of  the 
invaded  State.  The  confederation  was  further 
deficient  in  the  principle  of  apportioning  tl.e 
quotas  of  money  to  be  furnished  by  each  State ; 
in  a  want  of  power  to  form  commercial  laws, 
and  to  raise  troops  for  the  defence  and  security 
of  the  Union ;  in  the  equal  sulTragc  of  the 
States,  which  placed  Rhode  Island  on  a  footing 
in  Congress  with  Virginia ;  and  to  crown  all  the 
defects,  we  may  add  the  want  of  a  judiciary 
power,  to  define  the  laws  of  the  Union,  and  to 
reconcile  the  contradictory  decisions  of  a  number 
of  independent  judicatories. 

These  and  many  inferior  defects  were  obvious 
to  the  Commissioners,  and  therefore  they  urged 
a  general  convention,  with  powers  to  form,  and 
ofier  to  the  consideration  oi  the  States,  a  system 
of  general  government  that  should  be  less  ex- 
ceptionable: accordingly,  in  May,  1787,  dele- 
gates from  all  the  States,  except  Rhode  Island, 
assembled  at  Philadelphia,  and  chose  General 
Washington  for  their  President.  After  four 
months  deliberation,  in  which  the  clashing  in- 
terests of  the  several  States  appeared  in  all  their 
force,  the  convention  agreed  to  recommend  the 
plan  of  federal  government,  which  we  have 
already  recited. 

As  soon  as  the  plan  of  the  federal  constitution 
was  submitted  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several 
States,  they  proceeded  to  take  measures  for  col- 
lecting tlie  sense  of  the  people  upon  the  pro- 
oriety  of  adopting  it..  In  the  small  State  of  De- 
laware, a  convention  was  called  in  November, 
which,  after  a  few  days  deliberation,  ratified  the 
constitution  without  a  dissenting  voice. 

In  the  convention  of  Pennsylvania,  held  the 
f^ame  month,  there  was  a  spirited  opposition  to 


the  new  form  of  government.  The  debates  :verc 
long  and  interesting.  Great  abilities  and  firm- 
ness were  displayed  on  both  sides ;  but,  on  the 
IStli  of  December,  the  constitution  was  received 
by  two-thirds  of  the  members.  The  minority 
were  dissati'^ficd  ;  and,  with  an  obstinacy  that 
ill  became  the  representatives  of  a  free  people, 
publisned  their  reasons  of  dissent,  which  were 
calculated  to  inflame  a  party  already  violent,  and 
which,  in  fact,  produced  some  disturbances  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State. 

In  New  Jersey,  the  convention  which  met  in 
December,  were  unanimous  in  adopting  the  con- 
stitution ;  us  was  likewise  that  of  Georgia. 

In  Connecticut,  there  was  some  opposition ; 
but  the  constitution  was,  on  the  9tli  of  January, 
1788,  ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  votes  in 
convention,  and  the  minority  peaceably  ac- 
quiesced in  the  decision. 

In  Massachusetts,  the  opposition  was  large  and 
respectable.  The  convention,  consisting  of  more 
than  300  delegates,  were  assembled  in  January, 
and  continued  their  debates,  with  great  candour 
and  liberality,  about  five  weeks.  At  length  the 
question  was  carried  for  the  constitution  by  a 
small  majority :  and  the  minority,  with  that 
manly  condescension  which  becomes  great  minds, 
submitted  to  the  measure,  and  united  to  support 
the  government. 

In  New  Hampshire,  the  federal  cause  was  for 
some  time  doubtful.  The  greatest  number  of 
the  delegates  in  convention  were,  at  first,  on  the 
side  of  the  opposition ;  and  some,  who  might 
have  had  their  objections  removed  by  the  discus- 
sion of  the  subject,  were  instructed  to  reject  the 
constitution.  Although  the  instructions  of  con- 
stituents cannot,  on  the  true  principles  of  repre- 
sentation, be  binding  upon  a  deputy,  in  any  le- 
gislative assembly,  because  his  constituents  arc 
but  a  part  of  the  State,  and  have  not  heard  the 
arguments  and  objections  of  the  whole  ;  whereas 
his  act  is  to  affect  the  whole  State,  and  therefore 
is  to  be  directed  by  the  sense  or  wisdom  of  the 
whdle,  collected  in  the  legislative  assembly ;  yet 
the  delegates  in  the  New  Hampshire  convention 
conceived  very  erroneously,  that  the  sense  of 
the  freemen  in  the  towns,  those  little  districts, 
where  no  act  of  legislation  can  be  performed, 
imposed  a  restraint  upon  their  own  wills.  An 
adjournment  was  therefore  moved  and  carried. 
TJiis  gave  the  people  opportunity  to  gain  a  far- 
ther knowledge  of  the  merits  of  the  constitution  ; 
and  at  the  second  meeting  of  the  convention  it 
was  ratified  by  a  respectable  majority. 

In  Maryland,  several  men  of  abilities  appeared") 
q2 


110 


UNITED    STATES. 


■  f 

rl, 


[in  (lie  oppoBitioii,  and  were  tinroniiUod  in  their 
endenvours  to  pcrKuude  tlic  people,  that  the  pro- 
posed plin  o^^overllnIent  w;is  nrlfullv  ciilcnlated 
to  deprive  them  of  (heir  de.ireHt  rijjhtn ;  yet  in 
convention  it  ir>peared,  (hat  Hve-Hixth8  of  the 
voices  were  in  fivour  of  it. 

In  S.  Carol inu,  the  opposition  was  respecta- 
ble :  but  two-»!iir(!s  of  the  convention  appeared  to 
advocate  and  vote  for  the  constitution. 

In  Viri;inia,  many  of  the  principal  characters 
opposed  the  ratification  of  the  constitution  with 
great  abilities  and  industry  ;  but,  aller  a  full  dis- 
cussion of  the  subject,  a  small  majority,  of  a  nu- 
merous contention,  appeared  for  its  adoption. 

In  New  York,  two-thirds  of  the  delegates  in 
convention  wore,  at  their  first  mee(in<r,  deter- 
mined to  reject  (he  constitution.  Here,  there- 
fore, the  debates  were  the  most  interetinjy,  and 
the  event  extremely  doubtful.  The  arj3;unient 
was  manatred  with  uncommon  address  and  abili- 
ties on  both  sides  of  the  nuestion.  Rut  dnrinn; 
the  session,  the  9th  and  lOtli  Slates  had  acceded 
to  the  proposed  plan,  so  that  by  the  constitution. 
Congress  were  empowered  to  issue  an  ordinance 
for  organizing  the  new  government.  This  event 
placed  the  opposition  on  new  ground  ;  and  the 
expediency  of  uniting  with  the  other  States — the 
generous  motives  of  conciliating  all  diftcrences, 
and  the  danger  of  a  rejection,  influenced  a  re- 
spectable number,  who  were  originally  opposed 
to  the  constitution,  to  join  the  tedera)  interest. 
The  constitution  was  accordingly  ratified  by  a 
small  majority ;  but  the  ratification  was  accom- 
panied here,  as  in  Virginia,  with  a  bill  of  rights, 


declaratory  of  (he  sense  of  the  convention  as  to 
ci  rtain  great  principles,  and  with  a  catalogue  of 
amendments,  wSich  were  to  lie  recommended  to 
the  consideration  of  the  new  Congress,  and  the 
several  state  legislatures. 

N.  Carolina  met  in  convention  in  July,  to  de- 
liberate on  the  new  constitution.  Afler  a  short 
session,  they  rejected  it  by  a  majority  of  176 
against  76.  In  N«ivember,  1789,  liowever,  this 
State  again  met  in  convention,  and  ratified  the 
constitution  by  a  large  majority. 

Rhode  Island  was  doomed  to  be  the  sport  of 
a  blind  and  singular  policy.  The  legislature,  in 
consistency  with  the  measures  which  had  been 
b<>lbre  pursued,  did  not  call  a  convention  to  col- 
lect the  sense  of  the  State  upon  the  proposed 
constitution  ;  but  in  an  uncon*tittitionai  and  ab« 
surd  manner,  submitted  the  plan  of  government 
to  the  consideration  of  the  people.  Accordingly, 
it  was  brought  before  town-mce>ting8,  and  in  most 
of  them  rejected.  In  some  of  the  large  towns, 
particularly  in  Newport  and  Providence,  the 
people  cofiected  and  resolved  with  great  pro- 
priety, that  they  could  not  take  up  the  subject ; 
and  that  the  proposition  tor  embracing  or  reject- 
ing the  federal  constitution  could  come  before 
no  tribunal  but  that  of  the  State  in  convention  or 
legislature.  On  May  24,  1790,  a  convention  of 
thus  State  met  at  Nfewport,  and  on  the  29th, 
adopted  the  constitution  by  a  majority  of  two 
only. 

Vermont,  in  convention  at  Bennington,  Ja- 
nuary 10,  1791,  ratified  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States  by  a  great  majority. 


■1^ 


■J 


tijj  |M^;| 


The  following  exhibits  at  one  view  the  order,  time,  &c.  in  which  the  several  States  ratified  the 
Federal  Constitution : 

Delaware,     -     -  December    3,  1787,     -     -       unanimously,  ^hpnti/. 

Pennsylvania,    -  December  13, 46  to  23  -     23 

New  Jersey,     -  December  19,     -     -     -     -       unanimously. 

Georgia,      -     -  January       2,  1788,     -     -       unanimously. 

Connecticut,      -  January       9, 128  to    40  -    88 

Massachusetts,   -  February     6,     -     -     -    -     -     187  to  168  -     19 

Maryland,    -    -  Ajpril          28, 63  to     12  -    51 

S.  Carolina,      -  May           23, 149  to    73  -    76 

New  Hampshire,  June           21, 57  to    46  -     II 

Virginia,      -     -  June          25, 89  to    79  -     10 

New  York,      -  July           26, .>0  to    25  -      5 

N.Carolina,    -  November 27,  1789,    -    -     -     193  to    75  -118 

Rhodclsland,  -  May  29,1790, 2 

Vermont,     -     -  January      10,  1791,    -     -     -    by  a  great  majority. 
Kentucky.] 


UNITED    STAT  j:  S. 


117 


Ja- 


rFrom  tliP  momont  the  procpe<lin<(;«»  of  the  ro- 
nernl  convention  111  Philadclpliiii  tranHpirerl,  the 
public  mind  was  cxcoedinply  ajiitntod,  and  hhs- 
ppndpd  between  hone  and  tear,  until  nine  States 
had  ratified  their  plan  of  a  federal  Kovernmont. 
Indeed  the  anxiety  continued  until  Virginia  and 
New  York  had  acceded  to  the  system.  Hut  this 
did  not  prevent  the  demonstrations  of  their  joy 
on  the  accession  of  each  State. 

On  the  ratification  in  Massachusetts,  the  citi- 
zens of  Boston,  in  the  elevation  of  their  joy, 
formed  a  procession  in  honojir  of  the  happy 
event,  whicli  was  novel,  splendid,  and  ma<;nili- 
cent.  This  example  was  afterwards  followed, 
and  in  some  instances  improved  upon,  in  Kni- 
timore,  Charleston,  Philadelphia,  Newhaven, 
Portsmouth,  and  New  York,  successively.  No- 
thing could  equal  the  beauty  and  s^randeur  of 
these  exhibitions.  A  ship  was  mounted  upon 
wheels,  and  drawn  through  the  streets:  mecha- 
nics erected  stages,  and  exhibited  specimens  of 
labour  in  their  several  occupations  as  they 
moved  along  the  load;  flags  with  emblems,  dc- 
scriptive  of  all  the  arts  and  of  the  federal  union, 
were  invented  and  displayed  in  honour  of  the 
government :  multitudes  of  all  ranks  in  life  as- 
sembled to  view  the  splendid  scenes  ;  while  so- 
briety, joy,  and  harmony,  marked  the  brilliant 
exhibitions,  by  which  the  Americans  celebrated 
the  establishment  of  their  empire. 

On  March  J,  1789,  the  delegates  from  the 
11  States,  whicli  at  that  time  had  ratified  the 
constitution,  assembled  at  New  York,  where  a 
convenient  and  elegant  building  had  been  pre- 
pared for  their  accommodation.  On  opening  and 
counting  the  votes  for  President,  it  was  found 
that  George  Washington  was  unanimously  elected 
to  that  dignified  office,  and  that  John  Adams  was 
chosen  Vice-President.  The  annunciation  of  the 
choice  of  the  first  and  second  magistrates  of  the 
United  States  occasioned  a  general  diffusion  of 
joy  among  the  friends  to  the  union,  and  fully 
evinced  that  these  eminent  characters  were  the 
choice  of  the  people. 

On  April  30,  1789,  George  Washington  was 
inaugurated  President  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  in  the  city  of  New  York.  The  cere- 
mony was  performed  in  the  open  gallery  of  Fe- 
deral Hall,  in  the  view  of  many  thousand  specta- 
tors. The  oath  was  administered  by  Chancellor 
Livingston.  Several  circumstances  concurred  to 
render  flie  scene  unusually  solemn. 

Tl'i«  great  man  has  been  succeeded  in  the  pre- 
sidency by  Mr.  Adams,  Mr.  Jefferson,  and  Mr. 


Maddison,  the  latter  of  whom  at  preiient  holds 
that  office,  and  of  the  policy  of  whose  measures 
we  shall  be  enabled  to  judge  with  some  precision 
by  the  following  retrospect  of  the  relations  in 
which  the  Americans  seem  of  late  years  to  have 
stood  with  the  European  powers. 

It  would  however  not  ne  doing  justice  to  the 
subject  of  which  we  are  treating  were  it  not  ge- 
nerally to  bo  observed,  that  hitherto  the  delibe- 
rations of  the  legislature  of  the  union,  have  been 
for  the  most  part  marked  with  wisdom,  and  the 
measures  they  have  adopted  have  been  produc- 
tive of  great  national  prosperity.  The  wise  ap- 
pointments to  office,  which,  in  general,  have  been 
made — the  establishment  of  a  revenue  and  judi- 
ciary system,  and  of  a  national  bank — the  as- 
sumption of  the  debts  of  the  individual  States, 
and  the  encouragement  that  has  been  given  to 
manufactures,  commerce,  literature,  and  to  use- 
ful inventions,  have,  it  must  be  confessed,  opened 
a  fair  prospect,  if  not  of  general  peace  or  union, 
at  least  of  increasing  respectability  and  import- 
ance, and  given  a  great  additional  preponder- 
ancy  to  that  which  they  had  at  first  enjoyed  in 
the  scale  of  nations. 

A)i<ili/sh  of  the  Berlin  and  Milan  Decrees,  of  the 
srxrral  Onlrrs  in  Council,  and  of  the  American 
Seamen,  Non-importation  and  Embargo  Acts. 

From  the  importance  and  universal  interest 
which  have  attached  to  the  Orders  of  Council,  it 
is  desirable  that  a  full  and  correct  account  of 
them  should  be  recorded.  The  subject  is  un- 
questionably difficult  to  be  understood,  but  it 
has  been  much  simplified  by  an  able  publication, 
from  which  the  following  illustrations  are,  for  the 
most  part,  selected ;  intending  to  present  the 
whole  series  of  French,  British,  and  American 
proceedings  in  one  view,  and  to  give  an  impar- 
tial, compendious,  and  chronological  statement 
of  the  several  official  documents  which  have  been 
produced,  interspersing  and  subjoining  such  ob- 
servations as  may  tend  to  exhibit  the  whole  case 
in  the  clearest  and  truest  point  of  view. 

I.  The  first  of  these  documents  is  the  Berlin 
Decree,  so  called  because  it  was  issued  from  the 
camp  near  that  city,  on  November  31,  1806.  It 
consists  of  two  parts  : — 

1st.  A  statement  of  the  wrongs  done  by  Eng- 
land. 

2d.  Of  the  measures  which  these  wrongs  have 
obliged  the  Emperor  Napoleon  to  adopt. 

The   first  part  states:  "  That  England  hasj 


s 


'r. 


in 


UNITED    STAT  E  S. 


'  in 


( 8'h. 


,„f'i 


fcruMcd  to  «»l»Horvo  llio  lawn  ofoiviliHrd  iiiitioiis — 
tliiit  hIio  considers  the  iiidivitliiuls  of  ii  lidstiln 
nation  a^  oncinicN — llial  hIiu  Hfixcs  un  pri/.o  tlio 
proprrly  of  hiicIi  iudividuHU — lliat  hIio  blockades 
commercial  portH,  bayH,  and  moiitlm  of  rivers, 
and  othrr  places  not  lin'tified — that  nlie  declares 
plnres  to  lie  in  a  state  of  lilockade,  wliere  she  has 
no  actual  force  to  enlorce  the  blockade  -that  this 
abuse  is  intended  to  a<;<;raiidise  the  commerce  and 
industry  of  I'lnffhind,  by  means  of  the  commerce 
and  industry  of  the  Continent — that  those  who 
traflic  in  Knglisli  conunodilies  on  the  Continent 
secoed  her  views  and  render  themselves  her  ac- 
complices— that  this  conduct  of  l^n^land  is  wor- 
thy the  a^;e  of  barbarism,  and  is  advanta^;eouH  to 
her  at  the  expense  of  every  other  nation— that  it 
is  just  to  attack  her  with  the  same  weapons  which 
she  employs," 

And  in  pursuance  of  this  assertion  the  second 
part  proceeds  to  decree  ; — 

"  —  that  the  British  islands  arc  in  a  state  of 
blockade. 

"  —  that  all  commerce  and  correspondence 
with  the  Dritish  isles  are  prohiltited. 

"  —  that  letters  and  packets  addressed  to  Eni;- 
land  or  to  Eni^lishmen,  or  written  in  En^lisli, 
shall  be  intercepted. 

^'  —  that  every  Uritish  individual  whom  the 
troops  of  France  or  those  of  her  allies  can  lay 
hold  of,  shall  be  a  prisoner  of  war. 

"  —  that  every  warehouse,  any  contmodity, 
every  article  of  commerce  which  may  belony;  to  a 
British  subject,  is  ^ood  prize. 

"  —  that  the  trade  in  English  cfoods  is  pro- 
hibited, and  every  article  that  belongs  to  Eng- 
land, or  is  the  produce  of  her  manufactories  or 
colonies,  is  good  prize. 

"  —  that  no  shin  from  England  or  her  colo- 
nies, or  which  shall  have  touched  there,  shall  be 
admitted  into  any  harlmur. 

"  —  that  this  Decree  shall  be  communicated 
to  all  our  allies  whose  subjects  as  well  as  those 
of  France  have  been  victims  of  the  injustice  and 
barbarity  of  the  English  maritime  code. 

"  —  and  this  Decree  is  further  stated  to  be  in 
force,  and  considered  as  a  fixed  and  fundamental 
law  of  the  French  empire,  as  long  as  England 
shall  adhere  to  the  principles  herein  complained 
of." 

The  sum  of  this  Decree  is,  that  England  shall 
be  erased  from  the  list  of  commercial  and  even 
civilised  nations,  until  she  abandons  her  mari- 
time code  which  has  raised  her  to  her  present 
pitch  of  superiority  over  other  nations,  and  that 


France  and  her  allies  and  dependants  are  pledged 
and  reipiired  invariably  to  maintain  this  which 
has  been  since  called  the  coiitiiu>ntal  syKlem,  till 
Englanil  shall  have  been  reduced  to  make  these 
concessions. 

II.  On  Novenjbcr  24,  IS(M»,  the  above  decn'o 
was  recapitulated  in  a  proclamation  from  th(; 
French  minister  to  the  senate  of  Hamburgh, 
which  states  :  — 

"  That  us  several  of  the  citizens  of  Ham!)urgli 
were  imtoriously  engaged  in  trade  with  England, 
the  Emperor  of  the  French  was  obliged  to  take 
possession  of  the  city  in  order  to  execute  his 
decree." 

This  threat  was  the  same  day  executed  by  Mar- 
shal Mortier,  at  the  head  oi'  a  division  of  tho 
French  army. 

This  proclamation  and  occupation  of  Ham- 
burgh was  particularly  important,  as  being  the 
first  act  of  that  principle  on  which  France  has 
ever  since,  as  we  shall  see,  proceeded,  of  not  only 
extending  her  continental  system  to  all  places 
w  ilhin  her  reach,  but  actually  seizing  upon  neu- 
tral countries,  that  she  might  extend  the  conti- 
nental system  to  them;  so  that  the  original  vio- 
lence and  injustice  against  England  became  the 
source  and  pretence  of  more  violence  and  injus- 
tice against  all  rights  and  laws  of  nations,  and  an 
excuse  for  the  most  outrageous  usurpation  and 
hostile  seizure  of  neutral  territory  that  has  ever 
been  attempted. 

HI.  These  proceedings  of  the  government  of 
France  produced,  on  the  port  of  England,  the 
measure  which  is  called  Lord  Grey's  Order  in 
Council,  lM>causc  his  Lordshin  was  Secretary  of 
State  at  the  tinie  it  was  issuea— January  7,  1807. 
This  order  states  : — 

"  That  the  decrees  issued  by  the  Frencli  go- 
vernment to  prohibit  the  commerce  of  neutral 
nations  with  the  British  dominions,  or  in  their 
produce  or  manufactures,  are  in  violation  of  the 
usages  of  war. 

"  —  that  such  attempts  on  the  part  of  the 
enemy  would  give  his  Majesty  an  unquestionable 
right  of  retaliation,  and  would  warrant  his  Ma- 
jesty in  enforcing  against  all  commerce  with 
France,  the  same  prohibition  which  she  vainly 
hopes  to  effect  against  us, 

"  —  that  his  Majesty,  though  unwilling  to 
proceed  to  these  extremities,  yet  feels  himself 
bound  not  to  suffer  such  measures  to  be  taken  by 
the  enemy,  without  some  step  on  his  part  to  re- 
strain this  violence,  and  to  retort  upon  them  the 
evils  of  their  own  injustice.] 


1 


I 


U    'II*' 


< 


A  I 


i 


l)  N  I  T  E  I)    .S  'I'  A  T  li  S. 


119 


J"«  —  nnil  llinl  tlicrofiiro  il  is  ordoroil,  lluit  no 
veHMcl  Hhttll  ho  porrnittrd  »o  triiilo  from  «in<»  port 
to  niintlier  lM>loiii];iii^  to  Friinrr  or  Iilt  allies,  or 
to  liir  uiuUt  hor  roiilrol  that  Itritisli  vos»cls  may 
not  fnTly  trach*  thereat." 

TliiM  was,  aH  it  ex|ire<*spH  itself  to  be,  a  miti- 
gated measure  of  retaliation,  one  intended  rather 
to  cnll  France  to  a  "jeiise  of  her  injustite,  and  the 
neiilraU  to  a  sense  of  their  own  duly,  than  to  in- 
iiirt  a  veno^eanre  on  the  enemy  adequate  to  his 
ugirresMion  -,  hut  it  very  properly  states  the  right 
in  (treat  liritain  to  go  the  whole  length  of  rom- 
plete  '-etaliation;  and  it  strongly  intimates  that 
if  this  moderate  proreeding  should  Ihil  of  its  el- 
feet,  more  eflective,  but  equally  justiliabic  modes 
of  retaliation  would  be  adopted. 

Shortly  after  the  publiration  of  this  order, 
liord  Grenville's  and  Lord  (trey's  ministry  went 
out  of  power,  and  that  of  the  Duke  of  Portland, 
which  included  Mr.  IVrcoval  and  Mr  Canning, 
came  in.  Their  lirst  proreeding  in  this  mutter 
was  on  November  i  I,  1807:  wTien  finding  the 
measures  of  further  retaliation,  threatened  in 
Lord  Grey's  order  of  January  preceding,  were 
become  alisoluloly  necessary  from  the  increasing 
violence  of  the  French,  and  the  continued  supine- 
ness  of  the  neutrals,  they  publisiud  -ui  Order  in 
Council,  which  is  the  next  document  that  fol- 
lows : — 

IV.  On  Novriuber  M.  1S07,  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land's administration  issued  two  Orders  in  Coun- 
cil ;  the  first  of  which  states: — 

"  —  that  the  Order  of  the  7th  January  has  nnt 
effected  the  desired  purpose  either  of  compelling 
the  enemy  to  recall  his  Orders,  or  of  in<lucing 
neutral  nations  to  interpose  against  them;  but, 
on  the  contrary,  that  they  have  been  recently  en- 
forced with  increased  vigour 

"  —  thot  his  Majesty  is  therefore  obliged  to 
take  further  measures  for  vindicating  the  just 
rights  and  maritime  powers  of  his  people,  which 
are  not  more  essential  to  our  own  safety,  than  to 
the  independence  and  general  happiness  of  man- 
kind ;  and  in  pursuance  of  these  principles  of  re- 
taliation (already  inserted  in  the  first  Order)  all 
the  ports  of  France  and  her  allies,  and  all  other 
ports  or  places  in  Europe  from  which  the  British 
flag  is  e.xcluded,  shall  lie  considered  in  a  state  of 
blockade ;  and  all  their  goods  and  manufactures 
shall  be  considered  as  lawful  prize,  thus  reta- 
liating upon  France  and  her  allies,  their  own  vio- 
lence. 

.  "  —  that  his  Majesty  would  of  course  be  jus- 
tified in  making  tHis  retaliation,  as  unqualified 
and  without  limit,  as  the  original  oil'cnce ;  but 


that  iMiwilling  t<i  subject  neutrals  to  more  incon- 
venience than  is  necessary,  he  will  permit  to  neu- 
trals such  trade  with  the' enemy's  ports,  as  may 
be  carried  on  directly  with  the  ports  of  his  Ma- 
jeHty's  dominions,  under  several  specificationi) 
unci  conditions  which  are  set  forth  as  favourabln 
exccpti«fUH  lo  the  general  rules  of  blockade." 

'i'he  second  Order  in  Council  of  this  date  sets 
forth : 

"  —  that  articles  of  the  growth  or  manufucturo 
of  foreign  countries  cannot  be  by  law  (nameljr, 
the  Navigation  Act),  imported  into  (treat  Bri- 
tain, exce|)t  in  British  shins,  or  the  native  ship- 
ping of  tlie  country  itself  which  produces  the 
goods. 

"  —  that  in  consequence  of  the  former  order 
of  this  date,  which  says,  that  all  neutral  tratio 
with  France  must  toiich  at  a  British  port,  it  is 
expedient  to  relax,  in  some  degree,  this  law,  and 
to  permit  the  shipping  of  any  friendly  or  neutral 
country  to  import  into  (treat  Britain  the  produce 
or  manufactures  of  countries  at  war  with  her. 

"  —  that  all  goods  so  imported  hImU  bn  liable 
to  the  same  duties,  and  under  the  same  ware- 
housing regulation  us  if  imported  according  to  the 
Navigation  Act." 

The  sum  of  tliese  Orders  in  Council  is,  that 
France  having  declared  that  there  shall  be  no 
trac'^  in  communication  with  England,  his  Ma- 
jesty resolves  that  the  ports  of  France,  and  every 
riort  from  which,  by  the  control  of  France,  the 
Iritisli  flag  is  excluded,  shall  have  no  trade  ex- 
cept to  or  from  a  British  port ;  but  that  his  Ma- 
jesty is  still  desirous  to  encourage  and  protect 
neutral  commerce,  as  tiir  as  is  consistent  with 
such  an  opposition  to  the  enemy's  measures,  as  is 
essential  to  the  safety  and  prosperity  of  the  Bri- 
tish dominions. 

Next  comes  the  Decree,  dated  Milan,  Decem- 
ber 17,  and  published  in  Paris,  December  26, 
1807,  reciting: 

"  —  that  the  ships  of  neutral  and  friendly 
powers  are,  by  the  English  Orders  in  Council  of 
the  1 1th  of  November,  made  liable  not  only  to 
be  searched,  but  to  be  detained  in  England,  and 
to  pay  a  tax  rateable  per  centum  on  the  cargo. 

"  —  that,  by  these  acts,  the  British  govern- 
ment denationalizes  ships  of  every  nation  ;  and 
that  it  is  not  competent  to  any  sovereign  or  coun- 
try to  submit  to  tliis  degradation  of  the  neutral 
flag,  as  England  would  construe  such  submission 
into  an  acquiescence  in  her  right  to  do  so,  as  she 
has  alrca<ly  availed  herself  of  the  tolerance  of 
other  governments,  to  establish  the  infamous 
principle  that  free  ships  do  not  make  free  goods,] 


1 


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120 


UNITED    STATES. 


[and  ia  givpthc  ria^lit  of  blockade  an  arliiJrarv  ox- 
tcnsioii,  which  inrrin»'CH  on  the  soveroi^niv  of 
every  state,  and  it  is  therefore  decreed, 

"  —  that  every  ship,  to  whatever  nation  it 
may  belong,  whicii  shall  have  submitted  to  be 
searched  by  an  English  ship,  or  to  a  voyage  to 
lilngland,  or  shall  have  paid  any  English  tax,  is, 
for  that  alone,  declared  to  bo  denationalized,  to 
have  foifeited  ;'ie  protection  of  its  own  sove- 
reign, and  to  have  become  English  property. 

"■  —  that  all  such  ships,  whether  entering  the 
ports  of  France,  or  her  allies,  or  met  at  sea,  are 
good  prizes. 

•'  —  that  the  British  islands  are  in  a  stPtc  of 
blockade,  both  l)y  sea  and  land,  and  that  all  ves- 
sels sailing  from  England,  or  any  of  her  colonies, 
or  the  port  of  any  of  her  allies,  to  England  or 
her  colonies,  or  tlie  port  of  an  ally,  are  declared 
good  and  lawful  prize. 

"  —  that  these  measures  (which  are  resorted 
to  only  in  just  retaliation  of  the  barbarous  system 
adopted  by  England,  which  assimilates  its  legis- 
lation  to  ttiat  of  Algiers),  shall  cease  to  have  ef- 
fect with  respect  to  all  nations  who  shall  have 
the  firmness  to  compel  the  English  government 
to  respect  their  flag.  They  sli'dl  continue  to  be 
rigorously  enforced  as  long  as  that  government 
does  not  return  to  the  principle  of  the  law  of  na- 
tions, which  regulates  the  relation  of  civilised 
states  in  a  state  of  war.  The  provisions  of  the 
present  Decree  shall  be  abrogated  and  null,  in 
fact,^  as  soon  as  the  English  abide  again  by  the 
principle  j  c*' the  law  of  nations,  which  are  also 
the  principles  of  justice  and  hoiumr." 

A  good  deal  of  discussion  arose  with  America 
about  the  operation  of  these  Decrees  and  OhIsms 
upon  the  American  trade  :  an«l  in  order  to  sim- 
plify the  construction  of  the  latter,  and  to  apply 
the  principle  of  retaliation  more  directly  against 
France  herself,  and  with  less  injury  to  neutrals, 
the  Orders  of  November  1807,  were  supersttied 
by  that  of  April  26,  1809;  which  declare,  "the 
whole  coast  of  France  and  her  dominions,  as  far 
northward  as  the  river  Ems,  and  southward  to 
Pesaro  and  Orbitello  in  Italy,  to  be  under 
blockade,  and  all  vessels  coming  from  any  port 
whak'ver  to  any  French  port,  liable  to  ca|)ture 
and  condemnation  ;"  the  eflfect  of  this  order  was 
to  open  all  ports,  not  actually  ports  of  France, 
even  though  the  British  flag  should  be  excluded 
therefrom,  to  neutral  conunerce,  and  to  place 
France,  and  France  only,  in  the  precise  situation 
in  which,  by  her  decrees,  she  endeavours  to  place 
Great  Britain. 

V.  By  a  decree  of  the  French  government. 


isscied  at  Fontainbleau  on  October  19,  1810,  ii 
was  expressly  declared,  "  that  in  pursuance  of 
th»  4lh  and  !ii\\  articles  of  the  Berlin  decrees,  all 
kinds  oi  British  merchandise  and  manufactures 
which  may  i>e  discovered  in  the  custom-houses, 
or  other  places  of  France,  Holland,  the  Gr..iid 
Duchy  of  Berg,  the  Hans  towns,  (from  the 
Mayne  to  the  sea),  the  kingdomof  Italy,  the  Illy- 
rian  provinces,  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  in 
such  towns  of  Spain  and  their  vicinities  as  may 
be  occupied  by  I'Vcnch  troops,  shall  lie  confis- 
cated and  burned." 

Tims  then  the  matter  stood;  on  the  side  of 
France  the  decrees  of  Berlin  and  Milan  were  in 
force,  and  t<»  them  were  opposed  the  British 
order  of  April  i?(),  1809;  and  as  long  as  the 
blockade  of  England  by  France  remained  unre- 
pealed, so  long  did  England  possess  an  undoubted 
right  to  persist  in  her  system  of  retaliation. 

It  now  lM»comes  necessary  to  explain  shortly 
the  conduct  of  America  towards  England  and 
France  respectively:  from  which  we  shall  judge 
whether  Anu'rica  has  always  acted  with  a  strict 
impartiality  towards  the  two  belligerents,  and 
whether  slie  really  had  any  fair  ground  of  com- 
plaint against  (Jireat  Britain. 

\'I.  A  very  short  time  before  France  began 
to  act  upon  these  new  principles,  a  treaty  of  com- 
men-e  had  been,  in  180(),  negotiated  at  London 
(between  Lords  Holland  and  Auckland  on  the 
part  of  England,  and  Messrs.  Mnnroe  and  Pinck- 
ncy  on  that  of  America),  and  sent  over  to  America 
to  be  ratified  :  but  the  Berlin  decree  having 
appe;ir('d  almost  at  the  moment  of  the  signature 
of  this  treaty,  it  was  accompanied  by  a  declara- 
tion by  Lords  Holland  and  Auckland  on  the  part 
of  England : 

"  'i'hat  in  consequence  of  the  new  and  extra- 
ordinary measures  of  hostility  on  the  part  of 
France,  as  stated  in  the  Berlin  Decree,  (Jreat 
Britain  reserved  to  herself  (if  the  threats  should 
be  executed,  and  that  neutrals  shoultl  acquiesce 
in  such  usurpations)  the  right  of  retaliating  on 
the  enemy  in  such  manner  as  circumstances  might 
require." 

VII.  This  treaty,  the  President  of  the  United 
States  refused  to  ratily  ;  principally  "  because  the 
question  of  impressing  seamen  was  not  definitively 
settled."  The  British  government  replied,  "  that 
this  v,i.s  a  subject  of  much  detail,  and  of  consid^•^r- 
able  difh^-ulty,  arising  out  of  the  almost  impossi- 
bility of  distinguishing  British  subjects  from 
Americans :  ami,  it  added,  that  it  would  be 
highly  inexpedient  that  the  general  treaty  should 
be  lost,  of  even  delayed  on  this  account :  that  | 


I 


» 


UNITED    STATES. 


121 


),  1810,  it 
'simiicc  of 
ecrccs,  all 
iiutUcUires 
mi-hoiises, 
the  Grai.ti 
(from  the 
y,thein.v- 
[>8,  and  in 
iea  as  may 
be  confis- 

he  side  of 
an  were  in 
he  British 
)ng  as  the 
uned  unre- 
iindoubted 
lit  ion. 
i»in  shortly 
island  and 
snail  judjjc 
tith  a  strict 
erents,  and 
ind  ot'com- 

incc  began 
■aty  of  com - 
at  London 
and  on  the 
and  Pinck- 
to  America 
ree  liavinj; 
e  signature 
a  declara- 
on  the  part 

and  extra- 
[he  part  of 
■ree,  (Jreat 
leats  should 
d  acquiesce 
|aliating  on 

mccs  might 

the  United 
jccause  tlie 
Idefinitivelv 
]lied,  "  that 
|)f  consid^r- 
Ut  impossi- 
bjects  from 
would  be 
?aty  should 
lunt :  tiiat  I 


[Great  Britain  was  ready  immediately  to  prweed 
in  a  separate  negociation  in  this  point ;  and  that 
in  the  mean  time,  her  officers  should  be  ordered 
to  exercise  the  right  of  search  and  impressment, 
with  the  greatest  possible  forbearance.  ' 

These  arguments  and  this  proposition  did  not, 
however,  induce  the  American  President  to  ratify 
the  treaty. 

It  unfortunately  happened,  that  in  June,  1807, 
the  commanding  officer  of  his  Majesty's  ship 
Leopard  having  understood  that  some  deserters 
from  his  ship  nad  been  received  on  board  the 
American  frigate  Chesapeake,  and  having  in  vain 
required  their  release  from  the  .\merican  captain, 
attacked  the  Chesapeake  at  sea,  and  obliged  her 
to  strike ;  but  lie  tlien  contented  himself  with 
taking  out  of  her  his  own  men,  and  restored  the 
ship  to  the  American  commander.  /  n  event  of 
this  nature  called  for,  and  received  th'  immediate 
disavowal  of  his  IVfjnesty's  government ;  the  cap- 
tain was  tried,  and  his  admiral  superseded  ;  and 
Mr.  Rose  was  sent  without  loss  of  time  to  America 
to  offer  reparation,  and  to  state  to  the  American 
government,  "  that  Great  Britain  did  not  pretend 
to  u  right  to  demand  by  force  any  sailors  what- 
ever from  the  national  ship  of  a  power  with 
which  she  was  on  terms  of  peace  and  amity."  In 
the  mean  time  the  President  had  issued  a  procla- 
mation, excluding  all  English  ships  of  war  from 
the  American  harbours. 

X.  E.\rlu8ivc  of  this  affair  of  the  Chesapeake, 
America  appeared,  in  the  spring  of  1808,  to 
have  considered  herself  equally  aggrieved  by  the 
acts  of  both  countries. 

In  this  view  they  laid  a  general  embargo  upon 
all  the  shipping  in  their  ports,  and  denied  them- 
selves all  commercial  intercourse  whatever  with 
any  European  State. 

XI.  This  act  of  the  American  government  was 
very  unpopular  throughout  the  Union,  and  on 
March  I,  1809,  the  non-intercourse  law  was  sub- 
r'ituted  in  its  place,  "  by  which  the  commerce  of 
.  .merica  ivas  opened  to  all  the  world  except  to 
England  and  Fiance,  and  British  and  I'rench 
ships  of  war  were  equally  excluded  prospectively 
from  the  American  ports." 

XII.  In  the  interval,  Mr.  Canning  had  in- 
Rtriicted  Mr.  Erskine,  his  Majesty's  minister,  to 
offer  to  America  "  n  reciprocal  repeal  of  the  pro- 
hibitive laws  on  both  sides  upon  certain  ternis  ; 
namely,  Ist.  The  enforcement  of  the  non-inter- 
course and  non-importation  acts  against  France. 
2dly,  The  renunciation  on  the  part  of  America 
of  all  trade  with  the  enemies'  colonies,  from  which 
she  was  excluded  during  peace.     3dly,  Great 

VOL.   V. 


Britain  to  enforce  the  American  embargo  against 
trade  with  France,  or  powers  acting  under  her 
decrees. 

XIII.  In  the  mean  time  the  French  govern- 
ment, in  a  decree  dated  from  Rambouillet,  March 
23,  1810,  declared,  "  that  from  May  90,  1809,  all 
American  vessels  which  should  enter  the  French 

Korts,  or  ports  occupied  by  French  troops,  should 
e  sold  and  sequestered."     This  act  however  was 
not  made  known  till  May  14,  1810. 

XIV.  Notwithstanding  these  acts  of  violence 
on  the  part  of  France,  America  could  not  be  per- 
suaded that  her  honour  and  interests  demanded 
some  immediate  act  of  retaliation,  and  nothing 
was  done  till  the  non-intercourse  act  expired, 
when  an  act  of  the  Congress  was  passed,  ev.'utu- 
ally  renewiugrertain  parts  of  the  non-intcicourse 
act  in  certain  events.  By  this  act  it  was  decreed. 
"  that  in  case  either  of  the  belligerents  sliould 
cease  to  violate  the  neutral  rights  of  Ameri<"a  be- 
fore February  2,  1811,  the  non-importation  arti- 
cles of  the  non-intercourse  act  should  be  revived 
against  the  other."  By  this  act,  America  still 
contenqdated  France  and  England  enually  injur- 
ing her  commerce  ;  and  contented  fierself  with 
merely  conq)laining,  through  her  minister,  of  the 
operation  of  the  K ambonillct  decree,  though  it 
was,  at  the  same  time,  characterised  by  America 
"  as  a  signal  aggression  on  the  principles  of  jus- 
tice and  good  faith." 

XV.  The  condition  thus  offered  by  America, 
France  determined  speciously  to  accept  ;  but  in 
accepting  it  to  act  in  such  a  manner  as  still  to 
reap  the  advantages  accruing  from  her  decrees, 
witliout  relieving  England  from  her  part  of  the 
j)ressure  occasioned  by  them. 

XVI.  As  England  could  not,  upon  this  insidi- 
ous offer,  accept  the  first  part  of  the  alternative 
offered  by  France,  America  in  her  turn  accepted 
the  second,  and  declared  that  she  would  cause 
her  flag  to  be  respected  :  but  as  there  would  bo 

ome  inconvenience  in  demanding  from  England 
the  abandonment  of  her  most  sacred  maritime 
rights,  such  as  the  right  of  visiting  and  searching 
a  neutral  ship  for  enemy's  property — the  right  of 
blockading,  by  actual  force,  the  ports  and  har- 
bours and  rivers  of  the  enemy's  coast— the  riglit 
of  precluding  a  neutral  from  carrying  on,  in 
time  of  war,  the  trade  of  a  l»elligerent,  to  which 
she  is  not  admitted  in  time  of  peace,  (all  of  which 
and  more  indeed  was  demanded  by  France,  and 
apparently  acceded  to  by  America)  the  Govern- 
ment and  Congress  of  the  I'nited  States  deemed 
it  to  be  sufficiently  conformable  to  the  demands 
of  France,  '■^  that'  they   should  exclude  British  | 


i 


122 


UNITED    STATES. 


i   * 


ci 


I  !■  * 


.,  i 


[ships  of  war  from  their  ports,  and  prohibit  all 
importation  oP  British  produce ;"  and  France 
seemed  to  consent  to  consider  "  tliese  restrictions 
as  tantamount  to  causing;  the  American  flag  to  he 
respected,  and  as  rescuing  the  American  ships 
from  the  imputation  of  iKMng  denationalized." 
Upon  this  principle  the  President  proclaimed  the 
renewal  of  the  non  importation  articles  of  the 
non-intercourse  act  agi-.inst  Great  Britain  on 
November  2,  1810,  and  the  Congress  enacted  the 
same  by  law  on  February  28,  1811.  When  this 
act  passed,  the  relations  of  peace  and  commercial 
intercourse  were  restored  between  France  and 
America,  and  French  ships  were  allowed  to  enter 
into  American  ports,  at  a  lime  when  "  FVauce 
still  retained  many  millions  of  American  property 
seized  under  the  Kamboiiillet  decree,"  which  had 
had  a  retrospective  eftcct  for  the  space  of  12 
months,  and  when  the  operation  of  the  burning 
decree  was  carried  into  effect,  without  any  regsird 
whether  or  not  the  produce  of  British  industry, 
so  destroyed,  had  legally  become,  by  purchase  or 
barter,  the  "  bona  fide  property  of  neutral  mer- 
chants." 

With  respect  to  England,  who  by  the  act  of 
February  28,  1811,  was  put  upon  the  footing  of 
an  enemy,  the  only  source  of  complaint  which 
America  possessed,  was  that  the  blockade  of  the 
French  coast  was  still  persisted  in  and  enforced, 
as  the  only  effectual  means  of  retaliating  upon 
the  violent  and  unjust  decrees  of  the  enemy. 

XVir.  On  November  I,  1811,  Mr.  Foster,  his 
Majesty's  minister  in  America,  was  at  length 
enabled  to  bring  to  a  conclusion  the  differences 
which  had  arisen  on  the  Chesapeake  affair,  with- 
out sacriticing  the  rights  of  Great  Britain,  or 
derogating  from  the  honour  of  his  Majesty's 
crown;  but  it  cannot  be  said,  that  the  American 
government  accepted  the  concession  and  atone- 
ment with  either  dignity  or  grace. 

XV'III.  While  America  was  thus  asserting  that 
the  French  decrees  were  repealed,  tlio  minister  of 
foreign  relations  at  Paris  put  an  end  to  all  doubt 
on  the  subject,  by  an  otHcial  report  to  the  b^tnpe- 
ror,  dated  March  10,  1S12,  which  sets  forth,  (irst, 
an  explanation  of  the  maritime  laws  of  the 
nations,  viz. 

"  The  flag  covers  merchandise  ;  the  gools  of 
an  enemy  under  a  neutr.il  lliig  are  neutral,  and 
the  goods  of  a  neutral  under  an  enemy's  flag  are 
rneiny's  goods —the  only  goods  not  covered  by 
tlie  flig,  iscontr.ibind  of  war;  and  the  oiilv  con- 
trabiind  o'  war  are  arms  antl  aininunition. — In 
visiting  neiitraU,  a  belligerent  must  send  only  a 
few  man  in  a  boit,  but  the  belligerent  ship  must 


keep  out  of  cannon  shot. — Neutrals  may  trade 
between  one  enemy's  port  to  another,  and  be- 
tween enemy's  and  neutral  ports — the  only  ports 
excepted,  are  those  really  blockaded  ;  and  ports 
really  blockaded,  are  those  only  which  are  actu- 
ally invested,  besieged,  and  in  danger  of  being 
taken — such  are  the  duties  of  belligerents  anu 
the  rights  of  neutrals."  The  report  then  pro- 
ceeds to  state,  "  that  the  Berlin  and  Milan  de- 
crees have  rendered  the  manufacturing  towns  of 
Great  Britain  deserts — distress  has  succeeded 
prosperity  ;  and  the  disappearance  of  money  and 
the  want  of  eniployment  endangers  the  public 
tranquillity  ;"  and  then  it  denounces  that,  "  until 
Great  Britain  recalls  her  orders  in  council,  and 
submits  to  the  principles  of  maritime  law  above- 
mentioned,  the  French  decrees  must  subsist 
against  Great  Britain,  and  such  neutrals  as  should 
allow  their  flags  to  be  denationalized ;"  and 
finally,  the  report  avows,  "  that  nothing  will 
divert  the  French  Emperor  from  the  objects  of 
these  decrees, — that  he  has  already,  tor  tliis  pur- 
pose, annexed  to  France,  Holland,  the  Hans 
Towns  and  the  coasts  from  the  Zuyder  Zee  to 
the  Baltic,  that  no  ports  of  the  Continent  must 
remain  open,  either  to  English  trade  or  denation- 
alized neutrals  ;  and  that  all  the  disposable  force 
of  the  French  empire  shall  be  directed  to  every 
l)art  of  the  continent,  where  British  and  dena- 
tionalized flags  still  find  admittance  ;  and,  finally, 
this  system  shall  be  persevered  in,  till  England, 
banished  from  the  continent  and  separated  from 
all  other  countries,  shall  return  to  the  laws  of 
nations  recognized  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht." 

The  sum  of  this  report  is,  that  the  Berlin  and 
Milan  decrees  arc  in  full  force,  and  must  continue 
to  be  so,  until  England  shall  not  only  recall  her 
orders  in  council,  but  shall  also  abandon  all  her 
great  maritime  rights :  and  that  these  decrees 
subsist  against  not  England  alone,  but  America, 
and  all  other  countries  which  shall  not  unite  in 
an  endeavour  to  overthrow  the  ancient  system  of 
maritime  law ;  and  further,  that  France  considers 
herself  authorized  to  invade  and  seize  any  neutral 
territory  whatsoever,  for  the  sole  object  of  ex- 
cluding all  British  trade  from  the  Continent,  and 
that  all  his  violent  and  outrageous  usurpations  in 
Ifollaud,  Germany,  and  the  shores  of  the  Baltic, 
have  been  prompted,  and  are  attempted  to  be 
justified  by  this  motive. 

XIX.  In  order  to  bring  to  a  distinct  issue  the 
ver!>al  discussion  between  England  and  America, 
and  to  place  the  relative  measures  of  England 
and  France  clearly  before  the  neutrals ;  the 
British  government  on  April  21,  1812,  put  torth] 


4 

%  I 

*   '. 

/   '  >■ 

I,.      ■'! 


I 


!^..h! 


UNITED    STATES. 


J  23 


jr  trade 
nnd  be- 
ly  porta 
id  ports 
ire  actu- 
jf  bein 


id 


>nt9  an 
len  pro- 
[ilan  de- 
towns  of 
iccceded 
)ney  and 
e  public 
t,  "  until 
ncil,  and 
w  above- 
t  subsist 
as  should 
d;"    and 
liin<;  will 
)bjpcts  of 
tliis  nur- 
lie   Hans 
er  Zee  to 
[lent  must 
denation- 
able  force 
i  to  every 
ind  dena- 
d,  finally, 
England, 
ited  from 
laws  of 
echt." 
ierlin  and 
t  continue 
•ecall  her 
)n  all  her 
decrees 
America, 
unite  in 
system  of 
considers 
ly  neutral 
■ct  of  ex- 
nent,  and 
intions  in 
he  Baltic, 
ted  to  be 

issue  the 
America, 

England 
rals ;  the 
jut  forthl 


[to  the  public  a  declaration  and  order  in  council, 
detailing  "  the  present  state  of  the  contest  be- 
tween the  two  belligerents"— and  stating  "  that 
as  soon  as  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  are 
revoked,  the  orders  in  council  are  abrogated— 
and  engaging  beforehand  that  a  proof  of  the  ab- 
solute repealof  the  P'rcnch  decrees  produced  in 
an  Admiralty  court  shall  be  held,  in  fact,  to  be  a 
satisfactory  proof  of  the  absolute  revocation  of 
the  British  orders  in  council. 

XX  iSince  this  declaration,  but  before  it 
reached  America,  an  embargo  was  laid  on  by  an 
act  of  Congress  for  90  days,  from  April  4,  ISiy.  , 

XXI.  Also,  by  a  bill  brought  into  Congress 
in  the  spring  of  this  year,  entitled  "  a  bill  for  the 
more  effectual  protection  of  American  seamen,"  it 
is  enacted,  "  that  any  British  or  other  subject>i, 
proved  to  have  been  guilty  of  impressing  Ameri- 
can seamen,  shall  bo  deemed  pirates  and  felons, 
and  punished  with  death ;  -such  persons  to  be 
tried  on  the  spot,  wherever  they  may  be  found. 

"  That  the  President  be  authorized  toorder  the 
shipsof  warof  the  United  States,  to  bring  in  any 
foreign  armed  vessels  that  njay  be  found  on  the 
coast,  molesting  American  ships,  or  hovering  on 
their  shores. 

"  That  American  seamen  who  shall  have  been 
impressed,  shall  he  authoi'ized  to  levy  on  British 
debts,  or  British  property  in  America,  as  an  in- 
demnification for  '.he  time  of  detention,  at  the 
rate  of  30  dollars  a  month  each." 

By  the  farther  clauses  of  this  bill,  the  American 
tlag  is  made  to  cover  all  persons  on  board,  ex- 
cepting such  as  may  be  in  the  actual  service  of 
Great  Britain  ;  and  it  is  ordered  that  the  govern- 
ment do  seize  so  many  British  subjects  in  the 
United  States,  or  in  the  territories  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, as  may  be  equivalent  to  the  number  of 
Americans  detained  on  board  the  British  navy ; 
these  hostages  to  be  detained  luitil  a  regular  ex- 
change by  the  usual  way  of  cartel. 

XXII.  On  the  18th  of  June  war  was  actually 
declared  by  the  United  States  against  (Jreat  Bri- 
tain ;  but  the  revocation  of  the  Orders  in  Conn- 
cii,  which  took  place  June  "23,  had  not  then 
reached  them,  whereupon  the  government  "  for- 
bore, at  that  time,  to  direet  Ja  tiers  of  JMarque  and 
Riprisal  to  he  issned  against  the  ships,  goods,  and 
citizens  of  the  said  United  States  of  America,  under 
the  e.rpecttdion  that  the  said  government  uonid, 
tipon  the  notification  of  the  Order  in  Council  of  the 
^M  of  June  last,  forthwith  recall  and  annul  the 
said  declaration  of  war  against  Jlis  Majest/y." 

Tliis  leniency,  (communicated  by  an  Order  in 
Council,  October  18,  1812),  had  no  effect,  and 


we  accordingly  find  that,  on  December  18  of  the 
year  following  (1813)  an  embargo  law  passed 
both  Houses  of  Congress  to  continue  for  one  year, 
wherein  it  was  enacted,  that  "  all  neutral  vessels 
would  discharge  and  clear  out,  on  pain  of  confisca- 
tion, icithin  II  dat/s." 

XXIII.  On  the 7th  ofApiilofthis year  (1814) 
the  eniliargo  and  non-importation  acts  were  re- 
pealed, by  a  majority  of  I  If)  to  37.  By  a  clause 
in  this  act  all  Britisli  produce  and  manufactures 
are  allowed  to  be  imported  into  the  United  States, 
even  in  neutral  bottoms :  it  is  also  enacted, 

"  Sec.  3.  That  no  tbreign  ship  or  vessel  shall 
receive  a  clearance,  or  be  permitted  to  depart 
from  the  United  States,  whose  officers  and  crew 
shall  not  consist  wholly  of  the  citizens  or  subjects 
of  the  country  to  which  such  ship  or  vessel  shall 
l)elong,  or  ot'a  connhy  in  amity  with  the  United 
States."  And  no  citizen  of  those  States  is  per- 
mitted to  depart  in  such  ship  or  vessel  without 
a  passport  from  the  President. 

XXIV.  On  the  25th  of  April  the  blockade  was 
extended  to  all  the  American  ports  by  Sir  Borli»*S 
Warren. 

Conclusion. — It  may  be  observed  by  way  of  a 
summary  view  of  the  above  decrees,  that  it  was 
impossible  that  Great  Britain  could  relinciiiish 
the  principle  of  retaliation.  Great.  Britain,  who 
is  herself  the  main  spring  of  the  commerce  of  tin; 
world,  must  more  than  any  other  country  regret 
and  suffer  from  the  interruptions  of  trade  but 
would  trade  have  revived  if  she  had  receded .' 
Will  commerce  thrive,  if  she  abandons  her  ancient 
maritime  rights  ?  For  it  is  nothing  less  than  this, 
that  France  demanded,  and  America  endeavoured 
collaterally  to  enforce. 

If  America  admits  tlmt  France,  under  the  pre- 
tence of  municipal  regulations,  had  a  right  to 
prohibit  all  commerce  witii  (ireat  Britain;  and 
that  British  produce  and  manufactures  (to  whom- 
soever belonging  «»r  wherever  found,  not  only  in 
France  itself,  but  in  countries  under  hercontroul, 
or  in  territories  adjoining  to  I'Vance,  and  subject 
to  invasion  from  her  on  this  very  pretence),  were 
to  be  seized,  confiscated,  and  burned  ;  if,  we  say, 
America  suffered  all  these  inrractions  of  neutral 
rights,  without  remonstrance  or  complaint,  it  is 
plain,  that,  as  far  as  she  was  concerin'tl,  she 
played  into  the  hands  of  Fiance,  and  lent  her 
assistance  to  the  ruin  of  iMigland. 

But  what  effects  would  the  re[H'al  of  the  Orders 
in  Council  actually  have  had,  had  not  the  decrees 
of  lierlin  and  Milan  been  virtually  nullified  by 
the  impracticability  of  their  entbreement  f  We 
will  enumerate  them.] 
u2 


.f.  ■  ' 


124 


UNITED    STATES. 


'H 


''1  i  "'''Jl 


ri.  It  would  have  restored  the  Amtrican  trade, 
and  that  portion  of  manufactures  which  are  usually 
consumed  in  America  itself  would  immediately 
have  revived. 

2.  It  would  have  opened  to  En<r]and  no  other 
market  for  any  branch  of  manufacturing  what- 
soever than  the  Iiome  market  of  America — for 
France  having  a  right,  by  municipal  regulations, 
to  exclude  British  articles  from  her  territory,  and 
to  extend  for  this  purpose  her  territory  over  the 
whole  face  of  Europe ;  any  article  of  British  pro- 
duce and  manufacture,  imported  by  an  American, 
would  have  been  as  liable  to  be  confiscated  or 
burned  as  before  such  repeal. 

3.  France  would  have  been  relieved  from  all 
the  pressure  she  then  fplt.  America  would  have 
supplied  her  with  all  kinds  of  raw  materials,  as 
well  as  of  colonial  produce,  and  would  have  con- 
veyed to  her,  from  the  distant  parts  of  Europe, 
all  kinds  of  stores  and  timber,  and  the  various 
materials  of  naval  strength.  France  would  have 
had  just  what  trade  she  pleased;  she  would  have 
continued  the  prohibition,  all  over  Europe,  of 
British  manufactures,  with  a  double  view,  hrst  to 
encourage  her  own,  and  next  to  ruin  that  of  her 
enemy.  And  all  inconvenience  and  pressure 
being  thus  removed  from  her,  there  would  no 
longer  have  existed  any  means  or  hopes  of  forcing 
her  to  a  system  more  equitable  towards  Great 
Britain. 

4.  America  would  have  become  the  carrier  of 
the  world. — She  and  France  would  have  divided 
the  trade  of  the  globe  ;  and  Great  Britain,  with 
all  her  command  of  the  sea,  would  have  the  mor- 
tification to  have  seen  the  ocean  covered  with  the 
commerce  of  France,  protected  under  the  Ameri- 
can flag. 

5.  'Ihe  British  shipping  interest  would  have 
been  annihilated,  and  tfiiit  of  America  would  have 
risen  up  in  its  stead. — The  E.  and  W.  Indies  and 
the  home-coasting  trade  would  alone  have  re- 
mained to  Britain ;  and  the  two  former  she  should 
not  long  have  possessed,  in  competition  with  a 
rival  wliose  means  of  ship  building  are  inex- 
haustible ;  whose  flag  would  have  been  the  only 
neutral  flag  in  the  world ;  whose  ships  alone 
could  have  traded  at  the  ports  of  the  continent 
of  Europe ;  whose  rates  of  freight  and  insurance 
would  have  been  proportionably  small ;  in  short, 
who  would  have  had  all  possible  advantages, 
while  Great  Britain  would  have  had  to  labour 
with  every  possible  disadvantage. 

6.  All  British  produce  and  manufacture  would 
have  declined  and  expired,  except  only  those  for 
American  or  home  consumption ;  because  Ame- 


rica, which  would  then  have  brought  the  produce 
of  all  other  countries  to  France,  would  nave  re- 
turned with  the  manufacture  of  France  to  all 
other  countries.  It  may  be  said,  that  England 
would  have  undersold  France :  and  so  she  cer- 
tainly would  in  a  fair  state  of  trade ;  but,  excluded 
from  Europe  and  rivalled  by  America,  there 
would  have  remained  to  her  neither  the  means  nor 
motives  of  commercial  enterprise. 

7.  Nor  would  the  American  market  itself  have 
been  of  the  advantage  to  Great  Britain  that  at 
first  appears  ;  much  of  the  ironwork,  and  all  the 
linens  of  Germany  would  soon  have  undersold 
the  similar  articles  of  English  or  Irish  manufac- 
ture ;  and  the  increased  intercourse  between 
America  and  France,  would  inevitably  have 
obliged  the  merchants  of  the  former  to  have  taken 
returns  in  the  produce  of  France,  or  the  continent 
of  Europe ;  and,  by  degrees,  it  would  have  been 
found  that  the  natural  result  of  such  an  inter- 
course  would    have    lieen   the    advancement 

OF  MANUFACTUBES  AND  THE  INFLUENCE  OP 
FRANCE,      AND      TUG      DECLINE     OP    THOSE      OP 

GREAT  BRITAIN. — To  the  Steady  prevention  of 
which  the  British  councils  have  so  mutually  and 
so  successfully  been  exerted. 

Notices  of  the  Campaign  of  1812  and  1813. 
Russian  Mediation. 

We  have  already  said  that  war  had  been  offi- 
cially declared,  June  18,  1812.  On  the  12th  of 
the  following  month  the  invasion  of  Upper 
Canada  took  place,  under  the  command  of  Briga- 
dier-general Hull,  who  secured  a  post  at  Sand- 
wich, and  succeeded  in  forcing  Major-general 
Brock,  who  commanded  the  troops  o^  his  Britan- 
nic Majesty,  to  surrender  Fort  Detroit,  August 
16 ;  but,  before  the  end  of  the  year,  the  whole  of 
General  Hull's  army  surrendered  to  the  English. 
It  is  true,  however,  that  the  attacks  of  the  Bri- 
tish on  Craney  Island,  on  Fort  Snugs,  on  Sarketts 
Harbour,  ana  on  Sandusky,  were  vigorously  and 
successfully  repulsed  ;  and  the  movements  of  the 
American  army  had  been  followed  by  the  reduc- 
tion of  York,  and  of  Forts  Georj^e,  Erie,  and 
Maiden  ;  by  the  recovery  of  Detroit,  and  the  ex- 
termination of  tiie  Indian  war  in  the  w. 

The  campaign  of  1813  consisted  of  a  series  of 
defeats  over  the  Americans,  commanded  by  the 
Generals  Harrison,  Wilkinson,  and  Hampton, 
who  had,  with  a  simultaneous  operation,  at- 
tempted the  invasion  of  the  lower  province. 
Harrison  crossed  over  with  his  force,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Erie,  to  Detroit,  causing  General  Proctor] 


■■4t 


Ik 


•»• 


#  *    '  r»    *-  V 


•produce 
have  re- 
ce  to  all 
England 
she  cer- 
excluded 
ca,  there 
neans  nor 

tself  have 
n  that  at 
nd  all  the 
underRold 
manufac- 
between 
bly  have 
lave  taken 
continent 
have  been 
an  inter- 

NCEMENT 
PENCE  OP 
HOSE      OF 

vention  of 
tually  and 


i  1813. 


been  offi- 
ce 12th  of 
of   Upper 
1  of  Briga- 
t  at  Sand- 
or-eeneral 
liigBritan- 
it,  August 
e  whole  of 
le  English. 
)f  the  Bri- 
)n  Sarketts 
rously  and 
ents  of  the 
the  reduc- 
Erie,  and 
ind  the  ex- 

a  series  of 
ded  by  the 

Hampton, 
ration,  at- 

province. 
at  the  head 
■al  Proctor] 


UNITED    STATES. 


"•-* 


125 


[to  withdraw  beyond  York.  Wilkinson  cro««ed 
over,  with  a  powerful  division  of  the  army,  at  the 
bottom  of  Lake  Ontario  to  Kingston,  and  was 
completely  and  disgracefully  beaten  by  Colonel 
Morrison,  by  a  handful  of  Canadians.  Hampton 
crossed  over  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Montreal,  and 
was  also  severely  chastised  for  his  boldness  at 
Chateauguay,  bv  Colonel  De  Salubury,  and 
forced  back  to  Pfattsburg.  Thus,  upon  the  close 
of  the  campaign  in  1813,  the  theatre  of  the  war 
became  transferred  into  the  American  territory ; 
where  Niagara,  their  strongest  fortress,  and  the 
important  poHts  of  Black  Rock  and  Buflalo,  were 
wrested  from  them  l)y  British  valour  and  enter- 

f>rise,  under  the  able  administration  of  Sir  George 
*rcvo8t. 


The  British  forces,  in  the  above  conflicts,  at 
no  time  exceeded  15,000  men.  Of  the  American 
army  we  have  no  means  of  procuring  a  very  ac- 
curate statement ;  but  one  account,  inserted  in 
f-e  Quebec  paper,  November  19,  1813,  gives  it 
at  upwards  of  41,000  men.     -' 

In  January,  1814,  Messrs.  Bayard  and  Adams 
were  appointed  to  conduct  the  negotiations  for 

Seace,  proposed  between  England  and  the  United 
tates  by  the  Russian  Mediation.  Mr.  Henry 
Clay,  Speaker  of  the  Ifouse  of  Representatives, 
and  Mr.  .Tonathan  Russell,  were  subsequently 
added  to  the  commission,  Mr.  Russell  being  also 
appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  at  the  Court 
of  Sweden. 


Table  of  Post-Offices,  shewing  the  Distance  from  the  Post-Office  at  Philadelphia  to  every  other  Post- 

Office  here  mentioned! 


Miles. 
Abbevim^e  Court-house,  S.C.    -    -    -     -    782 


Abbotstown,  P 

Abingdon,  Va.  -  -  -  - 
Accomac  Court-house,  Va. 
Albany,  N.Y.  -  -  -  - 
Alexandria,  Va. 


-  -    -    -  103 

-  -     -     -  511 
...     -  199 

-  -    -    -  265 
.    -    -    -  156 

Allen's  Fresh,  Md. 203 

Amboy,  N.J. -     -  74 

Amherst,  N.H 384 

Andover,  Ms. 372 

-                                 -     -     -     -  132 

-     -     -     -  583 

-  -    -    -  482 

-  -    -     -  763 


Annapolis,  Md. 
Anson  Court-house,  N.C. 
Averysborougli,  N.C.    - 
Augusta,  G.    -     -    -    - 


Baltimore,  Md -  102 

Bairdstown,  K. 875 

Barnstable,  Ms. 423 

Bath,  Me. 512 

Bath,  N.Y. 248 

Bath,  c.  h.  Va. 337 

Beaufort,  S.C. -     -  836 

Bedford,  P. 204 


Belfast,  Me. 590 

Bel  Air,  Md gfi 

Benedict,  Md, 191 

Bennington,  Vt. 302 

Bermuda  Hundred,  Va. 302 

Berwick,  Me. 432 

Bethania,  N.C 538 

Bethlehem,  P. .  58 

Beverly,  Ms 367 

Biddcford,  Me. 451 


Mlln. 

Blackhorse,  Md. -  101 

Bladensburgh,  Md 140 

Bluehiil,  Me. 623 

Boonetou,  N.  J. 116 

Boston,  Ms.      -      -      .-..---  347 

Bourbontown,  K.      -...--_.  749 

Bowlingreen,  Va. -.-  230 

Brattleborough,  Vt 311 

Brewers,  Me.     - .-.  745 

Bridgehampton,  N.Y 196 

Bridgetown  east,  N.J.      -     -----  74 

Bridgetown  west,  N.J.     -     -----  57 

Bristol,  R,  L 306 

Bristol,  P. 20 

Brookfield,  Ms 278 

Brookhaven,  N.Y 161 

Brownsville,  P.    ---------  341 

Brunswick,  Me 500 

Brunswick,  New,  N.J. 60 

Burlington,  Vt. .-  429 

Butternutts,  N.Y. 375 

Cabbin  Point,  Va. 329 

Cabellsburg,  Va ---  352 

Cambridge,  S.  C.     - --  762 

Camden,  Me. -----571 

Camden,  S.  C. -    -    .    -  643 

Canaan,  Me. 577 

Canaan,  C. 257 

Cantwell's  Bridge,  D 52 

Carlisle,  P 125 

Cartersville,  Va.      -     -     ------  323 

Centreville,  Md. 98] 


♦  *  ' 


'If 


V 


t^ 


f  )■ 


■y-y 


UNITED    STATES. 


Y.  - 


rCentre  Harbour,  N.H. 
Cnlskill,  N.Y.  -  -  - 
CaHtino,  Me.  .  -  -  ■ 
ChaiiibcrHbiiri^,  P.  -  - 
Cliaiidlor's  River,  Mo, 
Chnpol  Hill,  N.C.  - 
Chaptico,  iVtd.  -  -  - 
Cliarlp«»"«"y  N.  II. 

Charleistowii,  Md.  -  - 
Chaiu.kston,  S.  C. 
Clmrlotfo,  c.  h.  Va.  -  - 
Charlotte,  c.  h.  N.C.  - 
Cliarlottosvillo,  Va. 
Chatliam,  c.  Ii.  N.C.  - 
Clioiiaiijjo,  N.  Y.  -  - 
Choraw,  c.li.  S.C. 
Cherry  Valley,  N. 
Chester,  N.H.  -  - 
Chester,  P.  -  .  . 
Chester,  c.  h.  S.  C.  - 
Chester  'I'ou  n,  Md.  - 
Christiana,  D.  -  - 
Ciiicinnati,  N.T.  - 
Claveiack,  N.Y.  - 
Clermont,  N.Y.  -  - 
Clowes,  D.  -  -  - 
Colchester,  Va.  -  - 
Columbia,  Me.  -  - 
Columbia,  Va.  •  - 
Columbia,  S.C-.  -  - 
Ci)najohar\,  N.Y.  - 
Concord,  N.H.  -  - 
Concord,  Ms.  -  - 
Cooperstown,  N.Y. 
Coosawatchy,  S.C.  - 
Culpepper,  Va.  -  - 
Cumberland,  Mid.  - 
Cumberland,  c.  h.  Va. 


Mil«. 

(HO 
1.^)7 
697 

472 

a  IT) 

341 

5«) 
763 
379 
617 
303 
/)H4 
37.5 
.Wl 
'3'M 
396 

1.5 
736 

HI 

37 
779 
231 
21'i 
108 
172 
688 
328 
678 
318 
420 
368 
348 
833 
'2'^3 
227 


Milci. 
306 
70 
118 
440 
446 
7.'JH 


Dagsboroi.^h,  D. 
Danbury,  C.  -     - 
Danville,  K.    -    - 
Dedham,  Ms. 
Dighton,  Ms.      - 
Dover,  N.  H.      - 
Dover,  D. 
Downington,  P.   - 
Duck  Creek,  D.  - 
Duck  Trap,  Me.  - 
Dumfries,  Va. 
Duplin,  c.h.  N.C 
Durham,  N.H.    - 
Dresden,  Me. 


East- Greenwich,  11. 1 
Kaslon,  P.  -  -  - 
Easton,  Md.  -  -  - 
Edenlon,  N.C.  -  - 
Ed^^artown,  Ms.  -  - 
Edgefield,  c.  h.  S.C. 

Elberton,  (J. j<;)9 

Elizabeth  Town,  N.J. yo 

Elizabeth 'I'own,  N.C. .547 

Elktou,  Md. 4!) 

E|ihrata,  P. 74 

Exeter,  N.H. 402 

Fairlicid,  Mc.      -     -----...    5(jj 

Fairfield,  C. --I6I 

Falmouth,  Ms,     .-----...     429 
Falniuulh,  Va.      -------..    007 

Fayettcville,  N.C. 
Fincastle,  Va. 
Fishkill,  N.Y.     - 
Flcmin<rton,  N.  ,T. 


Frankioht,  K. -.    790 

Franklin,  c.  h.  G. 

Frederica,  D,     -------     - 

Fredericksbur^j^,  Va. 20s 

Fredericktown,  Md.      •      -     -     -     -     - 
Frceport,  Me.     -.-_--.. 


Gallipolis,  N.T,      -     ..-.--.  '  r^^^f) 

Geneva,  N,Y.     - 4^,7 

Georgetown,  ('.  R.  Md. (j;) 

Georgetown,  Ptk.  Md, J4,s 

Georgetown,  S.C.    -     -     -     .     .    .    .    .  {y^\ 

Georgetown,  (». S73 

Germanton,  N.C 50^ 

Gettisburg,  P, ||() 

384 
321 
335 
308 
657 
146 
489 
514 
2J)1 
410 


Gloucester,  Ms. 
Gloucester,  c.  h.  Va. 
(foldsonV,  Va.  -  - 
(ioochland,  c.  h.  Va, 
Goldsborouglt,  Me. 
(ioshen,  N.Y.  -  - 
(iray,  Me.  -  -  . 
Greene,  Me,  -  - 
(Jreenlield,  Ms.  -  - 
Greenbrier,  c.  h.  V^a, 


Douty's  Falls,  Me,  -     -    -    - 


127 

171 
830 
321 
314 
426 

76 

33 

64 
578 
182 
566 
426 
510 
439     Hacketstown,  N.J. 


Greensborough,  G.      -     -     -     ...     -841 
Greensburg,  P.   ---.-....     272 

Greensville,  T 577 

(Jreenville,  N.C 445 

Greenville,  c.h,  S.C.     .......    7g| 

Guillbrd,  C.    -----_...     .    2OI 


130] 


«  15 


^>l 


i 


507 

% 

358 

1()5 

■  «K 

.53 

II 

790 

w 

831 

''i 

88 

■•"\ 

208 

V 

148 

% 

493 

?.' 

w 


t\ 


►  ♦ 


4    > 


306 

70 

118 

440 

44(j 

7,'JS 

8;")9 

80 

547 

49 

74 

402 

Dd'J 
101 
4'2<) 
207 
507 
o')H 
Km 

790 
8:34 
88 
208 
J  48 
493 

'  .0.59 
457 

J  48 
081 
87y 
528 
119 
384 
321 
355 
308 
657 
146 
489 
514 
2«)i 
410 
841 
272 
577 
445 
781 
201 

1301 


UNITED    STATES. 


Hamburg,  N.  J. 
Hampton,  Vn.     - 
Hancock,  Md.      -    • 
Hanover,  N.  H.  - 
Hanover,  Ms. 
Hanover,  P.    -     - 
Ffanovcr,  c.  h.  Va.    ■ 
Hanovcr-Town,  Va. 
Harford,  Md.      -    - 
Harpersfield,  N.  Y. 
Harrinbiir^,  P.    -     - 
Harris's,  Va.  -    -     - 
Harrodsburg,  K. 
Hartford,  C. 


Milei. 

149 
384 
414 
539 


fHagerstown,  Md.  -..---- 
[alilax,  N.C.     -     - 

Halifax,  c.  h.  Va. 

Hallowell,  c.  li.  Me. 

Hallowell  Hook,  Me. 542 

121 
371 
179 
377 
375 
JOG 
255 
300 
77 
289 
J07 
336 
820 
222 


Haverhill,  N.  H. 412 

382 

65 

-----  458 

356 

456 

369 

419 

438 

174 

227 

171 


Haverhill,  Ms. 

Havre-de-Grace,  Md.  - 

Hertford,  N.  C.    -    -  - 

Hicks's  F'ord,  Va.     -  - 

Hillsborouffh,  N.  C.  - 

Hingham,  Ms.     -     -  - 

Hoetown,  N.C.       -  - 

Holmes's  Hole,  Ms.  - 

Horntown,  Va.  -     -  - 

Hudson,  N.  Y.    -    -  - 
Huntington,  Md. 


Hunts ville,  N.C. 553 

Fndian-Town,  N.C. 492 

Ipswich,  Ms 377 

Iredell,  c.  h.  N.C 592 


Johnsonsburg,  N.J. 
Johnston,  N.  Y. 
Jonesborough,  T.     - 


98 
307 
551 


Kanandaigua,  N.Y.   --.-._.  473 

Keene,  N.  H. 344 

Killingworth,  C -  gio 

Kindorhook,  N.Y 244 

Kingston,  (Ksopus)  N.Y 192 

KinSale,  Va. 305 

Kingston,  N.C 522 

K.NoxviLLE,  T. _-_  652 


Lansingburg,  N.  Y. 
Laurens,  c.  h.  S.  C. 
Lavtons,  Va. 


Lancaster,  Ms.     - 
Lancaster,  1*. 
liuncaster,  c.  h.  Va. 


385 

66 

33!) 


Mild. 

274 

755 

245 

Lebanon,  p.    .-.-.--..-  88 

Leesburg,  Va.     ..-------  173 

Lcesburg,  N.  C.  . 610 

Leominster,  Ms.       .-....-.  390 

Leonard-Town,  Md. 227 

Lewisburg,  P.      .--.-----  132 

Lexington,  Va.    .-.------  322 

Lexington,  K 769 

Liberty,  Va. -    -  393 

Lincolnton,  N.  C.     -- 652 

Litchfield,  C. 207 

Little  German  Flats,  N.  Y 348 

Londonderry,  N.  H -     -  403 

Louisburg,  N.C.      -....-.-  415 

Louisville,  K 913 

Loi/isviLi.E,  G.      -..--..-  825 

Lumberton,  N.C. 539 

Lower  Marlboro',  Md.       ---..-  162 

Lynchbnrgh,  Va.     .--..-.-  38! 

Lynn,  Ms.       ...     - 361 

Machias,  Me 705 

Manchester,  Vt 324 

Marblehead,  Ms. 372 

Mahiktta,  N.T. 456 

Martinsburg,  Va.     .--_---.  168 

Marlborough,  N.  II 350 

Martinsville,  Va. 478 

Martinville,  N.C 504 

Mecklenburg,  Va.    -.---.--  395 

Mendon,  Ms. -.__  295 

Middlebury,  Vt. 392 

Middletown,  C.  - 208 

Middletown,  D 49 

Middletown  Point 93 

Milford,  C. 173 

Milford,  D 95 

Millerstown,  P 34 

Monmouth,  Me.  .----..---  524. 

Monmouth,  c.  h.  N.  J.  -    -     -     -     -    -     -  64 

Montgomery,  c.  h.  Md.      .--._.  J58 

Montgomery,  c.  h.  Va.       ......  408 

Montgomery,  c.  h.  N.  C. 607 

Moore,  c.h.  N.C 547 

Mooreficlds,  Va.      .-- 267 

Morgantown,  Va.     ._-..-..  203 

Morganton,  N.  C. 661 

Morristown,  N.  J 108 

Morrisville,  P. 29 

Mount  Tizrah,  N.C.    -     - 480 

MurfreeBborougb,  N.  C.    -    .     -    -    -    ■  422] 


128 


UNITED    STATES. 


•t  I, 


;  c: 


i       V 


Miles. 

tl^antiicket,  Ms ggg 

farra^uaguH,  Me.   ------..  673 

Nash,  c.  h.  N.C. 443 

Nashvillo,  T. 1015 

Newark,  N.J. 8(j 

New-Bedford,  Ms. 392 

Newbiirri,  N.C, 501 

Newburfy,  N.  Y. -  170 

Newbnrv,  Vt. 417 

New-Brunswick,  N.J. CO 

Newbury,  c.  h.  S.  C. 723 

Newbur>'-Port,  Ms. 389 

Newcastle,  Me.    .----.---  535 

Newcastle,  D. 33 

New-Germantown,  N.  J.  -----    -  73 

New-Gloucester,  Me.    -------  499 

New-Hartford.  C. 242 

New-Haven,  C. 183 

New  Kent,  c.  h.  Va 308 

New-Lebanon,  N.Y. 293 

New- London,  C 237 

New-London,  Va. 393 

New-market,  Va. 242 

New-Milford,  C. 187 

New-Miiford,  Mc. 538 

Newport,  R  I. 292 

Newport,  D. 31 

Newport-Bridfje,  G. 959 

Newtown,  N.Y. 250 

New -York  city,  N.Y. 95 

Nixonton,  N.C. 468 

Norfolk,  Va. 389 

Northampton,  Ms. 270 

Northampton,  c.  h.  Va. 239 

Norridpcworth,  M*?.      --.-...  587 

Northumberland,  P.      ----...  124 

Northumberland,  c.  h.  Va.      -     -     .     -     -  317 

483 

149 

251 

437 

265 


North-Yarmouth,  Me. 
Norwalk,  C.  -    -    • 
Norwich,  C.   -     - 
Nottingham,  N.  H. 
Nottingham,  Md. 


Passamaquoddy,  Me.  - 

Peekskill,  N.  V.       -  -  - 

Pendleton,  c.  h.  S.  C.  -  - 
Penobncot,  or  Castine,  Me. 

Peterborough,  N.  H.  -  - 

Petersburg,  P.     -     -  -  - 

Petersburg,  Va.  -    -  -  - 

Peter nburg,  G.     -     -  -  - 

Philadelphia,  P.  -  - 

Pinkney  ville,  S.  C.    -  -  ■ 

Piscataway,  Md.  -    .  . 

Pittsburg,'  P.        -     -  .  . 

Pittsfield,  Ms.      -     -  -  • 

Pittsylvania,  c.  h.  Va.  -  ■ 

Pittston,  Me 

Pittston,  N.  J.     -    -  -  - 

Plunistoad,  P.      -     -  -  . 

Plymouth,  N.  H.      -  -  - 

Plymouth,  Ms.     .     -  -  . 

Plymouth,  N.  C.       -  -  . 

Poinfret,  C.     -    -     -  -  ■ 

PonxLAND,  Me.       -  -  ■ 

Port-Royal,  Va.       -  - 

PoKTSMOUTH,  N.  H.  -  ■ 


Old-Fort  Schuyler,  N.  Y. 364 

Old-Town,  Md -    -  213 

Onondaigua,  NY. 422 

Orangeburg,  S.  C.    - 721 

Orange,  c.  h.  Va 273 

Orford,  N.  IJ. 395 

Ouliout,  N.Y. 325 

Owega,  N.Y. 284 

Oxford  Ac.  N.  Y. 395 


Portsmouth,  Va. 


Port-Tobacco,  Md. 

Pottsgrove,  P.      -.----..- 

Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.     -     -    -     -     -     - 

Powhatan,  c.  Ii.  Va.      ------ 

Prince-Edward,  c.  h.  Va.  -     -     -     -     - 

Princess-Ann,  Md.  ------- 

Princeton,  N.  J.      ------- 

Princeton,  N.C. 419 

Prospect,  Me.       .---.-_.-     602 
Providence,  R.  L 291 


Wile.-. 

728 
115 
801 
606 
366 
113 
303 
836 


71G 

178 
303 
299 
448 
547 

58 

36 
445 
393 
463 
264 
469 
230 
411 
390 
194 

37 
180 
310 
358 
178 

42 


Queen-Ann's,  Md. 
Quincy,  Ms.    -     - 

Raleigh,  N.  C. 


141 

360 

448 


Randolph,  c.h.  N.C. 585 

Reading,  P,     ----------  54 

Redhook,  N.Y. 206 

198 

651 

278 


Rhinebeck,  N.Y. 

Richland,  N.  C 

Richmond,  Va, 

Richmond,  c.  h.  Va.      -------    273 

Richmond,  c.  h.  N.  C. 563 

161 
123 
573 
262 
536 


Rid^efield,  C.      - 
Rockaway,  N.J. 
Rockford,  N.  C. 
Rockingham,  c.  h.  Va. 
Rockingham,  c.  h.  N.C. 


Oi  .  t 


Painted  Post,  N.  Y 230     Rocky-Mount,  Va 433] 


i 

I 

4 


I 


.a 


fj 


I 


UNITED  STATES. 


tt9 


Wilr.-. 

728 
115 
801 
606 
3GG 
113 
303 
836 

716 
178 
303 

■  299 

■  418 
•  347 

■  38 

-  36 

-  443 

-  393 

-  4C3 

-  264 

-  469 

-  230 

-  411 

-  390 

-  194 

-  37 

-  180 

-  310 

-  338 

-  178 

-  42 

-  419 

-  602 

-  291 

-  141 

-  360 

.  448 

-  685 

-  54 

-  206 

-  198 

-  551 

-  278 

-  273 

-  563 

-  161 
.  123 

-  573 

-  262 

-  536 

-  4331 


■I 


I 

'■•■•I 


[Rome,  N.  Y. 
Rutland,  Vt. 
Romnejr,  Va.  - 


Sagff-Hurbour,  N.  Y. 

St.  ficonaid's,  Md.   -  - 

St.  Mary's,  G.      -     -  - 

St.  Tammany'8,  Va.  - 

Salem,  Ms-      -     -    -  - 

Salem,  N.J.  -    -    -  • 

Salem,  N.C.  -     -     -  - 

Salisbury,  Md.     -    -  - 

Salisbury,  N.C.       -  - 

Sampson,  c.  h.  N.  C  - 

Sandwich,  Ms.     -     -  - 

Sanford,  Me.  -    -     -  - 

Savannah, G.      -    -  - 

Sawyer's  Ferry,  N.C.  - 

Saybrook,  C.       -     -  - 

Scotland  Neck,  N.  C.  - 
Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

Scipio,N.Y.       -    -  - 

Sharpsbure^h,  Md.     -  - 

Sheffield,  Ms.       -     •  . 
Shppherdstown,  Va. 

ShippensburfT,  P.      -  ■ 
Shrewsbury,  N.J.     - 

Smithfield,' Va.     -     ■  - 

Smithfield,  N.C.      -  - 

Smithtown,  N.  Y.    -  - 

Snowhill,  Md.      -    -  ■ 

Somerset,  Ms.       -     -  • 
Southampton,  c.  h.  Va. 
Sparta,  N.  J.  -     -    - 

Spartan,  c.  h.  S.  C.  -  - 

Springfield,  Ms.        -  - 

Sprina;(ieltl,  K.     -     -  ■ 

Staintbrd,  C.    -     -     -  ■ 

Statesburg,  S.  C.      -  - 

Staunton,  Va.      -     -  ■ 

Stevensburg,  Va.       -  ■ 

Stockbridsfe,  Ms.      -  • 

Stonin^ton,  C.     -     -  - 

Strasburg,  Va.     -    -  - 

Stratford,  C.   -    -    -  - 

Suffield,  C.      -    -    .  . 

Suffolk,  Va.    -    -     -  ■ 

Sullivan,  Me.       -    -  • 
Sumner,  S.  C. 

Sussex,  c.  h.  N.  J.   -  - 


Milei. 
376 
339 
242 


202 
186 
1034 
389 
363 
37 
531 
163 
567 
543 
411 
447 
925 
482 
219 
396 
281 
461 
181 
257 
178 
146 
79 
364 
473 
147 
1.58 
311 
.'i99 
117 
746 
250 
729 
139 
663 
287 
200 
249 
251 
210 
169 
932 
386 
643 

108 
122 
974 


Sunbury,  P.    --------- 

Sunbury,  G. --. 

Sweedsborough,  N.J. 20 

Sweet  Springs,  Va.        380 

VOL.  V. 


Miln. 

Taneyton,  Md. 181 

Tappahaunock,  V.--------  263 

Tarborough,  N.  C. 420 

Taunton,  Ms. 312 

Thomnston,  Me. -  364 

Todds,  Va.     -     -     -     - 283 

Tower  Hill,  R.  I. 282 

Trenton,  Me.       -  633 

Trenton,  N.J.      -    - 30 

Trenton,  N.C 521 

Troy,  N.  Y 271 

Union  Town,  P 327 

Union,  N.  Y 340 

lipper  Marlborough,  Md.       .    -     .    .    -  162 

Urbaiina,  Va.      - 291 

Vassalborough,  Me.       ...-_--  551 

VergeuiH'H,  Vt.    --.----.-  407 

Vienna,  Md 130 

Waldoboroiigh,  Me.      ----..-  545 

Wallingford,  C. 195 

Wdpole,  N.H. 330 

Wardsbridge,  N.  Y 156 

Warminster,  Va. 332 

Warren,  Me.  ----------  5.57 

Warren,  R.  I. 302 

Warren,  Va. 326 

Wnrrenton,  N.  C 390 

Warwick,  Md. 57 

WASHINGTON  city 144 

Washington,  P. 325 

Washington,  K. 709 

Washington,  N.C-     • 460 

Washington,  G. 813 

Waterbury,  Me.  ---.---.-  456 

Waynesborough,  N.  C 498 

WaVnesborough,  G 800 

Wells,  Me. 441 

Weslerley,  R.  I.  --- S'iG 

Wcstfield,  Ms 260 

West  Liberty,  Va. 348 

Westminster,  Vt .329 

Westmoreland,  c.  h.  Va.     ------  289 

Weatherstleld,  C 218 

Wheeling,  Va 3(i3 

Whitestown,  N.  Y. .%8 

Wilkes,  N.C.      -    -    -     - 611 

Wilkesbarre,  P 118 

Williamsborongh,  N.  C.     ------  407 

Williamsburgh;N.Y. -  288 

Williamsburg,  Va. 338 

Wiiliamsport,  Md.   -- -  135 1 


'<M>I 


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M.-       ....    >1...n.-  »v  .„,.,.m,.... 
N.ll.          >o«    Mnmpshno. 

♦ '•              \.Miii.>n..  Cnn-ir.l  not  ov.T  .''>(). t.il.'H,  pi'r  hIi.'o(    -     -      | 

Ms.             Mi.>isa.l.iis<..s.  Ov.'i  .'iO.  and  n.».  ov.M- 1(H)  -  .li(.o     -     -     1; 

H.I.           Kl...<l.>  Island.  Any  jjira...- dis.an.f tf 

V.  ('.)n.i<>.(.riit. 

>.     ^   .                 >.'«     >  «)rk.  y,r,                         .                                  ,                   1    .             1   •      1 

\     I           Now  .I.Mscv  WImm.  pos.ng.'H  anM-haifr.'d  .«»».  Iiipli,  Hucli  ni. 

i'                 iVniis\l\aiii'»  u  sinj^lo  L.tcr  «liaix«'d  as  »lonhl.<.  tin  nlta.finrnt 

N.T.      >.,.<h  w..sin..  r.'ni...rv.  "*'•'";  i.'""*"^^''  "*'.' '»;;  """'*''  *''  •'";  \''**^^  '"• 

n                n,i ,  pHokct    is  o|)*<ni<d  in  .l.i>  i.i.'s.mhc   «)I  (h«>    iMwt- 

Md              Mai\land  ni«s..M-,  or  h.s  l.'f.cr  .arnr.-,  I..1.  not  odu'rwiHr. 

Va              ViV'Mni.  l.«'.t.Ms   nt.is.    I).>   .l(<li\.<i-<<d   a.    tlio   otTiCN  of 

w                K...r...L'.  Hoston,  N.  Yo.k.   I'liiladoliiliia,  and    Haltitnor.', 

X    r           V,..«li  i  ..r-.i;.,..  ""•'  """'"  '»•■''»'•'  "»«'  •""•'  •'^'•<'  '«»«•  t"«'  drnartnre 

'P                 'p        ,^^,>  ol  tlio  ina.l,  and  a.  o.Ii.t  oll.i'«<s  hall  an  hour,  or 

^>',,            ^-     ,,   -.     'i  thov  will  lii>  until  .).(<  n.<\l  post. 

J-.                Ccor^i'.  li«Mti'r  carriers  a..'  .'...plov.'d   at   Inrjfi'    post- 

i>Vl              v\i  ... ..... .L  towns,  who  d«>liv.T  l.'.t.Ts  a.  the  rcsidonro  of  in 

C   K           Ci-oss  W  v.  is  dividnals ;    they   aio   o.iti.lcd   to   two  !•«'..<«  lor 

c   h             (\iii7.  Il'o.iso  ouch  lottor  or  pack.'.  whi.-h   they  d.'livcr,  in  ntl- 

di.i.tn   to  th«'  pos.a^;.'.     Any  p.'rson   innv,  how. 

Post  Office  li<s;u/tUio>is.  v\or,  n'roiv.'   his    lol.cr.'.   at    the   post  oilirr,  on 

RATF<5  OK  rosTAc;!-.  KHH  sixM.K  t.F.TTrH*.  Civinjj    llio    postinas.ora   written    direction  to 

Miir«.  (IS.      that  pnrimso. 

Anv  dintanre  no.  <»\(V.^iinu     -     -     -       .'iO  (i            Tostaij.'s  of  loiters  or  packets  may  be  paid  in 

Over  .S(1.  and  not  e\ooediiij;     -     -     -       (iO  8       advance  at  the  oflicc  where  the  letter  is  entered] 


I)  M  T  15 1)    STAT  !■:  S. 


1.11 


I, 


I 


[((>  lio  rnnvi'Vi'il  liy  (Kwt,  or  Hti'v  imiv  l>r  Mi>n(  im- 

Iiiiiil  lit  llio  wnl«>r°H  <  Imirr.    I'oMlitvoN  iiiiihI  iihviiyi 
H'  niiiii  hcliiif  <lcli\i'riiiK  **'   ''*''  I*"*'''''- 

l'<iHliMii»-)i'i'<  HIT  i'<')|niiril  t)i  Ih'  vny  i  iiiiliniM 
ill  <l<'tiv(*i°inu  Irllcru,  llini'  Im-Iiik  in  huiim' tiM\  iim 
sovrriil  iti'i'MoiiN  III'  IIm'  hiiiim'  iiiiiim>:  IIm*  iIiitiIiuiis 
hIiiimIiI  Ih'  imrliciiliir  in  him'Ii  ('iih(<m. 

Till'  iliriM  liiiii  hIiiiiiIiI  iiImii>h  inriilioii  llif  Slnlr, 
mill  Kriirnillv  lh*<  roinilv  in  tvhirli  llii>  |iliiri'  i^ 
NiliiHl4Ml :  liir  Ukti!  urr  |)liir«'N  of  (lir  hiiiim'  iitiMir 
ill  Mt'vrnil  oC  tli*'  Mliitrx,  iiiiil  in  hoiim'  SIiiIi'm 
filiiri'M  of  lh«'  Ntiiiii'  niiiiii'  in  Hilli'i)  nl  louiitii'H. 
/\h  ill  IViiiiHylviiirtii  lliiTK  Mil'  llii'ff  iiliii«'K  nilli'il 
lliiiiiivcr  ;  oiif  ill  York  Coiiiity,  Mlirn*  ii  |if)Ml- 
oHici'  i«  kr|)l  :  iinr  in  l)iiii|iliin,  iiiiil  (lii<  ollirr  in 
l.ll/i'llir  Coniilv. 
VVIirii  a  l«>l()>i'  id  il)<K(iiii>(i  lo  11  plnrp  wIkti'  iki 

fitiKt  oIluT  in  kciit,  lli(>  ni>iir«'st  |i(iMl-oiii«c  hIhhiIiI 
ii>  iiirnliiMH'il.  iniif  |iliirr  is  not  on  ii  iioMt  loiiil, 
iinii  il  in  niHlii'il  llml  }iii<  |iosliiumii<r  slioiilil  liit- 
Miinl  Uio  IfUiT  l»v  |>riviili'  riMivi-viinii',  tliiil 
niMli  mIioiiIiI  III' i-x|)ti'Mm<il  on  JIh'  li'llcr,  iiikI  llir 
|iiiMtH|ri-  nIiouIiI  Ih'  piiitl  III  llip  ofiire  wlirrc  lhi> 
Ji'llf'r  ivi  I'lili'i'i'il. 

U'Ih'ii  li'llrm  nil' ilrvtiiiiMJ  lorCtiiiiiilii,  or  Nova 
Srolia,  Im-Imi-i'ii  \i  liirli  iiiiil  llii-  l'nili>(l  Stall'* 
lliori'  \H  a  ri'iriiliir  roniiiiMiiiralion  Itv  |himI,  I|ii< 
|>ostni{;<*  must  In-  |iaiil  in  nilvanco  ui  the  o(Kri« 
wliiTi'  llio  Ictli-r  it  inlt'iftl,  no  liir  hh  IIim  liii<rtoii  ; 
Vrnnoiil  in  our  iiiHtaiiii',  anil  liiiuirH  Maine  in 
(li«Mitlii>r  iiislaiKT. 

When  li'tterx  ur«'  wiil  liy  poxt  lo  ho  roiivi'vil 
hryoiiil  Ki-a,  Ilii-  |ii>«ta<ri'  iiiiist  Ik>  pniil  as  (iir  as 
till-  iiDNl-iiHiir  mIii'it  (III-  Icllrrs  art'  intniilril  lo 
Im'  Nlii|»|ii>il.  'rin«  postniaslrr  llirrc  will  lorMaiil 
mkIi  li'ltiTM  liy  till-  first  ronvcyanri'. 

Till'  posi-olliri'  (Iocs  not  iiisnn-  muiify  orotlirr 
lliinj;M  Ki'iit  hy  poM  :  it  is  always  loiivi-ynl  al 
till'  risk  of  iIh'  pi-rsoii  who  nriidH,  or  rcijiiircH  il 
to  hf  sent. 

No  sla»o  ownrr,  or  drivi-r,  «ir  (omiiiun  rarrirr, 
may  rarry  Irlti-rs  on  a  post  road,  i'x<'rptin:r  only 
Hiicli  li'lti-rs  as  may  la-  for  thr  owni'rol  snrli  roii- 
vcyaiuf,  anil  rchiiiii^  to  llip  Manic,  or  lo  tlip  pi-r- 
«oii  lo  whom  any  package  or  iMinille  in  Biith  ion- 
veyanci'  is  aililrcssiil. 

When  letters  an-  delivered  l»y  a  post-rider,  lie 
is  entitled  to  two  ceiitH  for  eaeh' letter,  in  addilion 
lo  lh<'  poslnpc. 


Fnrr  t.KTTriis, 

The  follow iiiff  persons  have  a  riffht  to  iVank 
their  own  letters,  and  receive  (hose  directed  to 
them  free  of  postaKe  :  the  I'lesident  and  V  ice 
Prohideiit  of  the    United   States,    Secretary    of 


Stale,  Secretary  of  I  he  TreaMiiry,  Serrrtary  at 
War,  I'oHlimiKter  ( teneral,  (  omplrollrr,  lleffiHler 
mid  ,\iiditi)r  of  Ihe'l'reaviiry  of  the  I 'niled  Hlnln*, 
t'ommisuiiiiier  of  the  Krveniie,  I'lirveyor  Ar- 
loniptant  of  the  War  (Mlice,  and  /\«iKiNlant  I'ohI 
iiiiiNter  (iineial  .  Ihe  \1rmlieis  of  the  Senate  and 
iloMse  III'  KepreNeiilalives  of  Ihe  |l|iiled  Slates, 
and  the  Seiritary  of  the  Senate  and  i'lrrk  of  the 
lloiiNe  iif  Wrpri'si'iilaliveN,  during  their  artiial 
atli'iidanre  on  f'oii|;reMH,  and  '-i^O  ihtyn  afler  tin 
close  of  the  session,  tvheii  their  lellerH  do  iiol 
exceed  two  ounces  in  weight,  and  Ihe  deputy 
postiniiHters  wlieu  their  letterH  do  not  exceed  hall' 
an  ounce  in  weii^hl.  No  person  may  frank  othei 
letters  than  his  own.  If  letters  are  incloMed  to 
either  of  the  der^cription  of  oflicers  above  iinmed 
for  a  person  who  has  not  the  piivile((r  of  I'rank- 
iii|r,  he  must  reliirn  the  letter  lo  the  post  oHice, 
mmkiiiK  iipoti  the  letter  the  place  frrmi  whence  il 
<'ame,  ifiat  Ihe  postmaster  may  chari^e  postage 
thereon. 

'I'lie  distances  in  the  talde  are  taken  chiefly 
from  the  iiironiiaiion  of  Congress,  and  of  post- 
masters li\iii|(  on  the  routes,  ami  it  is  presumed 
that  they  are  pretty  generally  itccnrate. 

AnU/\ri\!V1     liKADI.KY,    .hinior, 

Clerk  in   the   (leiieral    Post  Oliice, 

IMiiladelphia. 

Nn»    V,  I7'IC, 

Xiili-  --'{'he  distances  are  calculated  liy  the 
post  route  on  which  the  mails  are  usually  car- 
rieil.  Some  alterations  have  proliahly  taken 
place  as  tvi-lj  in  the  niimlier  ol  Ihe  post  oHices, 
as  in  the  rei^iilations,  since  the  y<'ai  ITfWi ;  liiil 
not  such  as  materially  to  depri.'ciate  the  value  of 
this  information. 

Tiihlc:  of  Citing,  r..n/wnf^r,  SfC. 
The  currencies  of  the  ({ritish  coloiiioM  in  N. 
America  have  flm  tiiated  and  varied  so  much  that 
they  have  dilfeieil  (greatly  both  as  to  time  and 
place,  Heldoiii  Itiing  the  same  in  two  diflTereiit 
provinces  at  a  time,  and  oOen  chaiitririir  value  in 
the   same   place.      In  Home  of  the    provi  lers   so 

f;real  has  iM'en  the  depreciation,  that  'li.i.  sterlinjf 
latli  become  equal  lo  ^1  nominal  ciirrencv,  or 
ijl  Hterliiiff,  o(pial  tojJJiO.  At  Hoslim,  in  N. 
Hjiiglaiid,  the  exchange  rvn  on  in  n  roiitinuai 
course  of  deprei  iatioii  in  tin?  space  of  47  ywirs, 
in  an  irreffiilar,  progressive  advance,  from  .£1".'? 
ciiireiicy  liir  ^  100  sterliiifr,  to  ^  1,100  <  iirrenry 
for  jCIOt)  slerlinjr.  A  state  of  all  ilie  (lei,'re»s 
of  depreciation  in  the  rcHpective  years,  lllc  va- 
riations or  clianifes  happened,  from  the  year 
170'^  to  the  year  174f),  fojrether  with  the  value] 


II 
fii'' 

il 

i 


l.l'i 


li  [\  I  T  V.  I> 


i  : 


i- 


I  III'  xilvor,  holli  Itv  lln"  miiiro  iinil  tlolliir,  cor- 
nN|ioiiiliii(r  willi  llit>  Miiiil  ili<|tn*<-inti«>ii|  arc  m>I 
ilitwii  ill  till'  lulliiwiiiK  liilili>. 


ix.  iirsiUiM 

n«ll»r 

1  iirii'ni'«. 

Mrrliiu. 

f.     < 

1.      rf. 

<i  lu; 

4       (i 

1     0 

4    (ii 

S     0 

i    7; 

M   :i 

1     7 

IM    0 

»    7; 

li     0 

4    (i; 

IS     0 

I     7 

*)     0 

4    7; 

VNi     (» 

4     (i 

•iH     0 

4   :. 

(iO     0 

4     8{ 

Pennsylvania  and  W.  ilorsev 


133  { 
17:)  or 

hiT)  or 


171 
160  ^ 


s  r  A  T  !•:  s. 

\  nirniiii      ...••••     1^5 

MiiivliHul Il'» 

N.  ("^nruliiiii I  l.'i 

S,  Ciiroliiin  ..-.-.  7(Kl 
(mmm'kiii  .....--.  UKI 
•lii'oiiini        ...-..-     140 

H.vilm.lo.'H 13ft 

N«'vi«  Miul  Moiilnornil  •     -     I7.'> 

Aiiliiiiiii  mill  HI  CliriHtnplM'r  -  l<».'> 
In  (^m-liiT,  Monti-ful,  lliiliriix,  Novii  Srntin, 
Aniiii|»olii.  mill  ll.  liny  of  FiinHv,  On'  nirrcnrio* 
iniirhl  In<  IuimI  iiI  I()S,  1(H),  or  III),  whon  (he 
(loiliir  wiiM  iiiiul)'  to  pnim  lor  .'t.i.  IIm*  piNloIr  for 
IR».  (Iio  Kiinlisli  giiiiioa  lor  './V*.  Iw/.,  Ilio  johunnp* 
or  !i(it.  \iu'i'v  lor  3H«.  ()i/.,iiiitl  Iheiiioiilon*  for  SW,t. 
in  (iM'ir  r«'H|)iH'li\«'  pliiri'. 

Tlio  niiirm'  ol"  fxcliiiiiKO  lit  N.  York  linn  vnrird 
witliiii  llio  proHont  _v«'i«r,  IHll,  iVoin  4  lo  ?!  prr 
n>nl.  iliMi-oiinl. 


Tlioir  nionov  liaviiii;  lliiis  run  on  lo  j(^  1,100 
iMinrncv  lor  ^  100  Morling,  or  II  lor  I,  a  Hlop 
was  pill  lo  llio  I'lirllu'r  tloproi  iaiion  ol'  llir  inonov 
ol'  (lio  pro\iiirt<  of  IMasHiiciiiisftlM  Hay,  in  llio 
yoar  I7:)0,  l>v  a  roinitlaiKc  in  iiionry  mmiI  ovi>r 
from  Kngland,  lo  llio  anioiinl  of  j^  !S3,000  stor- 
liiii;,  lo  irimhnrsr  llio  oxpnwo  llial  pro\in<*i> 
hai)  l)oon  at  in  (ho  roiliu-lion  of  Capo  liroloii,  in 
the  Kronch  war.  Tlio  iiionoy  was  inoNlly  foni- 
posoii  of  Spnnisli  dollars.  Tlio  iloprooiatod 
papor  inonov,  or  pro\iiu'o  bills.  w«>ro  i"allo«l  in 
and  paid  orf,  at  tlio  rate  of  4.'»,».  ciirrorcv  for  oarli 
dollar,  and  llio  hills  hnrnt,  dostroyod,  and  a  law 
mado  In  whirh  tho  par  of  rxclianjjo  was  li\od  nt 
^  133;  nirnMiry  for  J^  HX)  slorling,  and  llio  ilol- 
lar  a(  (>.«.  the  saino  t'lirronry  ,  hiil,  lioloro  tho 
lapso  of  ihroo  yoars,  Iho  oxclianfjos  had  hoconu' 
us  iinfavoiirahlr  as  ovor. 

The  ciirroncv  of  Rhode  Island  had  run  on  in 
a  deprociation  from  the  year  174  I  lothe  year  I7.')f>, 
from  4J430  to  £^,300  curionry  for  i*  100  ster- 
liii^r- 

The  currencies  of  several  of  the  Provinces 
have  at  times  p;one  backwards  and  forwards  in 
varying  their  exchanges  with  Knglund.  The  pars 
of  exchange,  with  the  several  provinces,  l>egan 
to  be  more  settled  about  the  year  1761,  and  wert 
as  follows  : 

Boston,  in  N.  Kngland  -     • 
N.  York  and  E.  Jers«'v  -     - 


KEUKHAI.    MONF.V. 

Ill  New  Kngland  and  V'irginia,  a  dollar  iit 

New  Jersey      -  ■\ 

Pennsylvania  -   (^ 

Delaware    •     "    i 

Maryland   -     -    » 

S.  Carolina  and  (ieorgia  ------ 

Neyv  York  and  N.  Carolina       -     -     -     - 


rf. 
0 


7    6 


4 


0 


TAIII.F.  OK  rilK.  VAI.liK  OK  OOI.I.An*  IN  STEH- 
I.INli,  ItKCKONINU  TIIK  OOI.I.AH  AT  4l.  6(/. 
r.Nlil.lRII   MONKV. 


/)../. 

X* 

s. 

/)*./. 

100,000  - 

8S,/)(K) 

0 

irtM) 

:)0,(KX) 

11,^.^)0 

0 

KM) 

S0,000 

4v'HH) 

0 

&0 

10,(X10 

«,«50 

0 

40 

b.OiXi 

1,1*') 

0 

.30 

4,000 

JM)0 

0 

yo 

3,000 

67A 

0 

10 

a,ooo 

4M) 

0 

9 

1,000 

i^fy 

0 

8 

!)00 

mi 

10 

7 

800 

ISO 

0 

6 

700 

i:)7 

10 

5 

600 

135 

0 

4 

500 

Hi? 

10 

3 

400 

SO 

0 

S 

300 

67 

10 

I 

f.; 

5. 

0 

d. 
0 

w 

0 

10 

11 

6 

0 

«) 

0 

0 

(i 

1.5 

0 

4 

10 

0 

« 

5 

0 

2 

0 

6 

I 

16 

0 

1 

M 

6 

1 

7 

0 

1 

2 

6 

0 

18 

0 

0 

13 

6 

0 

9 

0 

0 

A 

«] 

i 


I 


V 


r  N  IT  i:  l)    STATKS. 


1.1.1 


I  rAiii.r  UK  I  UK  v»mi;  ov  « 


;NTH  in  NTIillMWO   MONRY. 


I    <VlU.  Is   |>(|I|)|I    li 


. 

- 

4    8 

- 

- 

8    0 

n  1 

N  htkh- 

AT    4 

J.  (id. 

> 

5. 

d. 

;> 

0 

0 

•« 

0 

10 

1 

5 

0 

J) 

0 

0 

(> 

m 

0 

t 

10 

0 

« 

5 

0 

2 

0 

0 

I 

16 

0 

I 

11 

6 

1 

7 

0 

1 

» 

6 

0 

IS 

0 

0 

13 

6 

0 

9 

0 

0 

4 

til 

10    . 

II   . 
ly  . 

13  . 

14  . 

1.5  . 

Hi  . 

n  . 

18    . 

If)  . 

ai  . 

99  . 

93  . 

94  . 

95  . 

86  . 

87  . 

88  . 

89  . 

30  . 

31  - 
3a    . 

33  . 

34  . 

35  - 

36  . 

37  . 

38  - 

39  . 

40  . 

41  . 
48  . 

43  -  . 

44  .  . 

45  . 

46  -  . 

47  -  , 

48  .  . 

49  .  . 

50  -  . 


0  0  y,|fi 

0  I  0,.'W 

0  I  V,|M 

0  V  0,J»i 

0  '/  V,M 

n  .'j  (),<»(» 

0  4  l,"H 

0  4  .'MJ 

0 

0 


I  ,(iO 


»»    (»  l,f>« 

0     7  (),(>H 

0    7  'i,y| 

O     H  0,40 

0     H  i»„'i(i 

0     it  OJtf 

0     f)  y,MH 

0   10  |,(H 

0  10  :j,yo 

0   M  l,.'J6 

0  M  .V»a 

1  0  |,(iH 

I    0  :iM 

I      I  9, 

I    a  0,16 


I 


(),4H 


I     3    ?,fi4 
i     4     0,8 
I     4     «,fMi 


3,i?8 


-  -     I  6     1,44 

-  -  I  6  3,6 

-  -  I  7     1,76 

-  -  I  7  3,«« 

-  -  I  8  a,08 

-  -  I  9  0,a4 

-  -  I  9  2,40 

-  -  I  10  O/iS 

-  -  I  10  2,78 

-  -  I  M  0,88 

-  -  I  II  3,04 

-  -  8  0  1,20 

-  -  8  0  3,36 

-  -  8  I  1,52 

-  -  8  I  3,68 
--82  1,84 

-  -  8  3  0, 


.52 


54    . 
.5,5     . 

rui  - 

.57  - 

.58  - 

,59  - 

60  - 

61  - 
♦•2  - 

63  - 

64  - 
6.5     - 

m   ' 

HI  • 

68  - 

6?>  - 

70  - 

71  - 

72  - 

73  - 

74  - 
7.5    - 

76  - 

77  - 

78  - 

79  - 

80  - 

81  . 
88  . 

83  - 

84  - 
8.5     - 

86  - 

87  - 

88  - 

89  - 

90  - 

91  - 
98  - 

93  - 

94  - 

95  - 

96  .    . 

97  -    . 

98  -    - 

99  -    . 
100  •    . 


••  <•.  hr. 
--23  2,16 
--84  0,.W 
--24  2,48 
•-25  0,()4 
•-25     a,80 

-  2    (»    0,f)fl 

-  2    6     ,'*,I8 

-  2    7     |,v«8 

-  2     7     .3,44 

-  2    8     t,m 

-  2    8    3,70 

-  2    9     |,«)2 

-  2  10    0,08 

-  2  10    2,24 

-  2  M     0,40 

-  2  11     y,,5a 
■     3    0    0,78 

-  3    0     «,88 

-  3     I      1,04 

-  3     I     .1,S!0 

-  3    2     |,.36 

-  3    2    3,.52 

-  3    3     1,68 

-  3    3    3,84 

-  3    4    a, 

-  3    5    0,16 

-  3    5     »,.^ 

-  3     6    0,48 

-  3    6    a,64 

-  3     7     0,HO 

-  3    7     y,fW5 

-  3    8     J, (2 

-  3    8    3,28 

-  3    9     llu 

-  3     9    3,fi() 

-  3  10     1,76 

-  3  10    3,92 

-  3  11     2,08 

-  4    0    0,24 

-  -t    0    g,40 

-  *     I     0,56 

-  4     I     2,72 

-  4  2  0,88 

-  *  2  3,04 

-  4  3  |,'>o 

-  4  3  3,36 

-  4  4  1,52 

-  4  4  3,68 


4    6] 


1,84 


^i 


134 


UNITED    STATES. 


[table  of  the  value  of  cents  in  pence*, 
as  computi.d  at  the  banks  of  the  united 
states  and  north  america. 


'I  i 


r 

7 

•»          3 

Cents. 
Pence. 

3 

t 

D 

1 

-     I 

24  -  27 

47  -  32 

70  - 

78 

a 

o 

23  -  2S 

48  -  .53 

71  - 

79 

3 

-   *i 

26  -  29 

\9  .  34 

72  - 

SO 

4 

-    4 

27  -  bO 

30  -  33 

73  - 

81 

5 

-  :> 

28  -  ^'1 

31  -  37 

74  - 

82 

6 

-     7 

29  -  12 

32  -  3S 

75  - 

83 

7 

-     8 

30  -  :i3 

33  -  39 

76  - 

84 

8 

-    9 

31  -  34 

54  -  60 

77  - 

S3 

9 

-  in 

32  -  35 

33  -  61 

78  - 

S7 

10 

.  11 

33  -  31 

36  -  (i'i 

79  - 

88 

11 

-  12 

34  -  3S 

37  -  63 

80  - 

89 

12 

-  13 

33  -  39 

58  -  64 

81  . 

90 

18 

-  U 

36  -  40 

39  -  63 

82  - 

91 

14 

-  ir> 

37  -  41 

60  -  67 

83  - 

92 

15 

-  17 

38  -  42 

61  -  68 

84  - 

93 

16 

-  18 

3^  -  43 

(S'-2  -  69 

83  - 

94 

17 

-  IM 

40  -  44 

W3  -  70 

8()  ■ 

93 

18 

-  20 

41  -  43 

64  -  71 

87  - 

97 

19 

-  21 

42  -  47 

63  -  72 

88  . 

9S 

20 

•  22 

43  -  48 

66  -  73 

89  - 

99 

21 

-  23 

44  -  49 

67  -  74 

90  - 

100 

22 

-  24 

43  -  30 

()8  -  73 

'23 

-  23 

46  •  31 

69  -  77 

1  16 

of  11  dollar,  6^  cents. 

1-8 

do.   121     «<"• 

1-4 

do.  23      do. 

1-2 

do.  50      do. 

1-2 

I  pisfarocn,  10       '\o. 

1  pi 

slarocn,        20      do. 

« 

Tlmt  i> 

IM'iice  in  currency,  wliorein  one 

<emiy 

iiirrrnc>  U 

nqiial  to  ^  of  u  penny  sli'ilinji;. 

TABLE  OF  TriF.  VALITE  OF  THE  GOLD  COINH  ot 
THE  FOLLOWING  COITNTRIKS,  AS  ESTABI.IS1I''1» 
BY  ACT  OF  CONUHESfl,  PAHSED  FKBKIIAIIV  9, 
1793,  VIZ. 


I'Vancc,  Spiiin,  ami 

till-  Uunii- 

(ireat  Britain  an 

ll'ort 

iiin<1. 

■liiuiK  III'  S|> 

lin. 

Or.  Ct«. 

nwt. 

Dol. 

Cts 

Or.   Ct«. 

l)»t. 

Dol.  ft". 

I     3 

1 

0 

89 

1         3 

1 

0    87 

2    7 

2 

1 

78 

2      7 

y 

1     73 

3  11 

3 

y 

67 

3     II 

3 

2    63 

4  14 

4 

3 

33 

4     14 

4 

3    30 

3  18 

3 

4 

44 

5     18 

3 

4    38 

6  22 

<j 

3 

33 

6    22 

f» 

3     23 

7  23 

7 

6 

00 

7    23 

7 

6     13 

8  29 

8 

7 

11 

8    29 

8 

7       1 

9  33 

9 

8 

00 

9     33 

9 

7    88 

10  37 

10 

S 

89 

10    3ii 

10 

8    76 

11  40 

11 

9 

78 

II     40 

11 

9    63 

12  44 

12 

10 

67 

12    44 

12 

10    51 

\3  48 

13 

11 

33 

13    47 

13 

11     .39 

14  31 

14 

12 

44 

14     31 

14 

12    26 

13  33 

13 

13 

33 

13     .53 

13 

13     14 

16  .59 

16 

14 

'20 

16    ,5S 

16 

14       1 

17  63 

17 

13 

ll 

17     62 

17 

14     8<) 

18  67 

18 

16 

00 

IS     6(i 

IS 

13    76 

19  70 

19 

16 

8f> 

19     69 

19 

16    64 

20  74 

20 

17 

78 

20     73 

20 

17     .52 

21  78 

21 

IS 

()7 

21     76 

21 

IS    39 

22  81 

02 

19 

33 

22     S!) 

22 

19    27 

'i>3  83 

03 

20 

44 

03     S4 

03 

20     14 

24  89 

24 

21 

33 

24     87 

24 

21       21 

.1      <! 


I   A 


UNI 


UNI 


13.5 


[tADI.E  of  the  weight  and  VAT.UK  of  SUNDHY  (;0IN«,  A«  THEV   PA89  IN  OHEAT  BRITAIN   ANO 

THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA  *. 


till-  Uuiiii- 

nil. 

Dol. 

vu. 

1) 

87 

1 

7:1 

2 

()3 

:i 

50 

4 

3S 

T) 

25 

6 

13 

7 

1 

7 

88 

H 

7() 

f) 

fi3 

10 

51 

II 

39 

12 

2G 

13 

It 

II 

1 

11 

8<) 

It 

7(j 

l(> 

64 

17 

5ii 

IS 

39 

10 

^ 

i^) 

11 

ai 

21 

Namrs  of  Coins. 


Gii^lish  Guineas 

F'lciich  ditto  -    -  •- 

Hii(!;Iisli  Ciowiis  -  - 

Kroiich  ditto  -     -  - 

b^iii^lish  Sixpence  - 

SpaniHli  Dollars  -  - 

.loliannes  -     -     .  - 

llalf-Johannos     -  - 

Trench  Pistoles  -  - 

Spanish  ditto  -     •  - 

Doubloons      -     -  . 

Moidoros  -     -     .  . 


Standard 
Wpigtit. 


Stcrlinc;  Mo- 
ney ofOreal 
Britain. 


dw.  gr. 

5  6 

3  4 

19  0 

if)  0 

I  21 

17  6 

18  0 
9  0 


l(i  21 
ti  18 


Pennsylvania, 

Sow  .Irrspy, 

Dflawarc, 

Maryland. 


I  I 
I  i 
0    5 


0 
0 
0 

0    3    0 
0    0    6 

0  4    C 
3   12    0 

1  16    0 
0  16    0» 

0  16    6 
3     6    0 

1  7     0 


New  Hanipsliiff, 
Mawnrhnsptts, 
Kliflde  Inland, 
Con.  Virginia. 


£.    s.  d. 

1   15  0 

1   14  6 

0    8  4 

8  4 


0 


d. 
0 
6 

8 
8 


0   0  ir 


7     6 
0    0 


3    0    0 


7 

8 


5   12 
2     5 


£.  t. 

I  8 

1  7 
0  6 
^  6 
0  0    8 

0  6    0 
4  16     0 

2  8 

1  2 
1  2  0 
4  8  0 
1  16    0 


New  York  & 
N.  Carolina. 


0 
0 


«.  *.  d. 

1  17  4 

1  16  0 

0  9  0 

0  9  0, 

0  0  lU' 

0  8  0 
6  8  0 
3  4  0 

1  8  0 

1  9  0 
5  16  0 

2  8  0 


S.  Carolira  «c 

Georgia. 

£.    ».     d. 

1      1     9 

1      I     3 

0    5     0 

0    5    0 

0    0    6 

0    4     8 

4    0    0 

2    0    0 

0  17    6 

0  18     0 

3  10    0 

1     8    0 

*  It  will  lip  n^cfiil  ti>  rpiiipnibcr,  1st.  that  Penuiylvaniu  purrcnry  is  rcdiicpd  to  stprlinj;,  by  ninltiplying  by  3  and  dividing  by  .S. 
£.ino  slerlin!;,  makin);  at  p.ir  £.it>(>^  Ppiinsylvania  currcnry.  That  is,  a  incrcliant,  wlipu  pxcliangp  is  at  par,  will  give  a  draft  on 
Pennsylvania  lor  i;.l(>ri^  on  receiving  £.100  sterling. 

1.  That  New  York  currency  i»  rednced  to  iterling,  by  multiplying  by  9  and  dividing  by  16.  A  shilling,  New  York  currenry,  ii> 
Oj  sterling. 

5.  That  New  Englanil  and  Virginia  currency  is  reduced  to  sterling,  by  innlliplying  by  3  »nd  dividing  by  4. 

4.  That  S.  Carolina  and  Oeoigia  currency  is  reduced  to  sterling,  by  deducting  ^] 


U?TDERHILL,  a  township  of  Vermont,  Chit- 
tendon  County,  12  miles  e,  of  Colchesler,  and 
contains  65  iiiliuhitants. 

f  UNION,  a  county  of  S.  Carolina,  Pinckncy 
district,  containing;,  ip  1790,  7,693  inhabitants, 
of  whom  6,430  were  whites,  and  1,215  slaves. 
It  sends  two  representatives  and  one  senator 
to  thb  State  legislature.  Chief  town  I'inckiiey- 
viUe.] 

[Union,  a  rocky  township  in  Tolland  County, 
Connecticut,  w.  of  Woodstock,  and  about  10 
miles  n.  c.  c**  Tolland.] 

[Union,  a  township  of  the  district  of  IViainc, 
fiincoln  County,  containing,  in  1790,  200  inha- 
bitants.    In  was  incorporated  in  1786.1 

[Union,  a  post  town  of  the  State  ot  N.York, 
Tioga  County,  on  the  n.  side  of  Suspuehannah 
river,  and  w.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Chenango,  90 
miles  s.  e.  by  e.  of  Williamsburg,  on  Genessc 
river,  22  c.  w.  e.  of  Athens,  or  Tioga  Point, 
56  s.  w.  of  Cooperstown.     In   1796,  there  were 


in  the  township  284  of  the  inhabitants  qualified 
electors.] 

[Union  River,  or  Plantation,  No.  6,  in  the 
district  of  Maine,  is  situated  in  Hancock  County, 
25  miles  «.  e.  of  Penobscot,] 

[Union  River,  in  the  county  of  Hancock,  di.s- 
trict.  of  Maine,  empties  into  Blue  Hill  Ray,  on 
the  e.  side  of  Penobscot  Bay.  Long  Island,  in 
this  Bay,  is  in  lat.  44^  25'  aiid  long.  68^^  16'.] 

[Union  Town,  a  post  town  of  Pennsylvania, 
Fayette  County,  on  liedstonc  Creek.  It  contains 
a  church,  a  stone  gaol,  and  a  brick  court-house, 
and  about  80  dwelling  houses.  Near  it  are  two 
valuable  merchant  mills.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
county  courts,  and  is  14  miles  s.  by  c.  of  Browns- 
ville, where  Redstone  Creek  enters  the  Monon- 
gahcla,  37  miles  s.  of  Pittsbur  j;,  18  n.  e.  of  Mor- 
gantown  mi  Virginia,  and  2i2  w.  of  Philadel- 
phia.] 

[UNITAS,  avillaffcof  N.  Carolina,  sitiiated 
at  the  head  of  Gurgal's  Creek.] 


m 


hi 


!1  U 


4 


■iH.   -i.<iii    . 


-^ 


>fi«in 


1.30 


VVA 


UPU 


f 


•1   I 


.  I 


.>  ^ 


*!■;;(  .1 


I  I,  ■ 


rNITlMONI,  n  river  of  the  province  nnd 

^ovcrniiKMit  of  (iiinvniia  or  Niicvn  Aiidnliicia, 
wliiih  rises  n(  tlio  noginiiini(  of  tlio  surraii  n( 
Piiriino :  iind,  iorniiiig  a  curve  to  the  w.  eiilrrs 
the  MiiKiiiriliiriH. 

f  l'NrrY,a  setdi'inent  in  Linrolii  ronnly,  tlix- 
triot  of  Maine.  Iiefwi'en  the  West  I'miils,  seven 
or  ei<;h(  miles  tT.  of  Sithn\y,  opposite  lo  Viisk.iI 
boron^li.  iiiul  l.>  miles  u.  uk  of  lliillowell.  It 
lies  on  Sandy  Hiver,  nlwul  Iti  niileH  from  its 
month.) 

(I'NiTV,  n  township  of  New  Hampshire,  si- 
tnated  in  Cheshire  County,  a  tew  miles  n.  «\  of 
(^hnrleston.  it  was  incorporated  in  I7()4,  and 
contained,  in  I7f)(), /)^S  inhabitants  | 

(I'mty  Town,  in  M«>nt!jomery  Conntv,  INlary- 
tnnd,  lies  two  or  three  miles  from  I'atnxeiit 
Kiver,  II  tVom  IMont^onu'ry  court  house,  and 'i4 
w.  of  the  citv  of  Ua-diiiiijlon.  J 

I'Ml'l  iMl'HI,  a  small  river  in  the  pro- 
vince and  count  v  of'  I. as  .Ania/oiias,  ami  in  the 
Portuijnese  terrilorv,  which  runs  r.  hetweeii  the 
ri\ers  Nef>ro  and  TSlarunon,  and  enters  the  lake 
I  'nannuinema. 

I'PA,  a  river  of  the  prov  inc(<  ami  ijovernment 
of  Antiotpiia.  in  the  new  kingdom  ot'  (iramida. 
which  runs;/.,  and  turnintj;  iminediatelv  lo  the  ;.". 
enl«'rs  tlw  jiriiiid  river  Maijdal<'n,i. 

IPAIMKN'  A,  a  seltleiiieiit  of  the  jurisdiction 
of  Santiago  tie  las  Alalavas,  and  tt<>vernment  of 
San  Juan  de  ^)^  l.lanos,  in  the  ncu  kiiii;don)  of 
(iiranada.  It  is  very  reducetl  and  poor,  of  a  hot 
teni|HM-attire,  prodiu  ini;  niai/.e.  ////r«,«,  plantains, 
and  some  ((um':  it  i-  close  to  llie  capital 

A  river  of  tlie  piovince  and  cniUaiiiship  of 
Scara  in  Hra/il.  wliuh  runs  n.  and  tnrnint;  to  u. 
n.  i.  enters  the  sea  hetween  Cap<'  Corso  and 
the  river  llanaiiiina. 

I  I'ANt).  a  I  nil  of  tlie  province  and  ijovern- 
ment  of  t^niso^  aixl  Macas.  in  the  ki'iy;di)m  of 
Quito,  formed  l>v  the  rivers  /una,  V'idcano.  and 
Ahanico.  Il  lavi-s  to  the  city  of  Macas  :  and 
beiiiji  allervvards  united  vvitli  others.  I'liruis  tlie 
Morroa. 

I  I'AU.or  I  1' VHi.  a  loiiij  and  iMMUtiful  vallev 
of  the  province  a\u\  i;()\  eminent  of  Simla  Marta, 
in  the  new  kin^doni  ofCiranada.  It  was  dis- 
cov«»red  l>y  (ion/alo  \imines  ile  I'ni'sada  in 
1.").);')  :  it  is  tiaversed  iVoni  «.  to  s.  and  fertili/ed 
by  tb"  river  Ccsnr  •.  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  and 
produces  miK'li  ^w^v.v  cane,  and  all  kinds  of  pro- 
ductions, as  well  I'.iiri'pe.in  as  Viiu-riian:  it  is 
{(dcraldv  wet!  pcdplcd.  aii<l  In  the  iiiouiitains  of 
it^  viiinilv  are  ■•oiiu'  ii'ines  of  sliver,  copper, 
iron,  and   h  ad  ■     !  is   more  than  40  miles   iow" 


from  n.  to  .f.,  nnd  more  than  'JO  wide  from  e. 
to  w. 

ITA'I'A,  a  town  of  the  province  and  (["overn- 
ment  of  (ill  lyami  or  Nueva  Andalucia;  situate 
on  tlie  skirt  «il'a  inoiintaiii. 

I'i'ATA,  a  vaMey  of  the  Hame  province,  on  the 
Hide  of  the  river  l*.irafi;iia^  near  the  mouth  hy 
which  it  «-iiler>;  I'le  Orinoco. 

rriMTt  IIAUANAN,  or  Timis<  amain,  a 
Canadian  mUthnieiil   in   N.  America,  in  hit.  47' 

I7'.'J()''H.| 

I '1*1  A,  a  rivir  of  the  province  and  <j;overnment 
of  San  .Inaii  de  los  Idanos,  in  the  new  kiiiirdom 
of  (iiranada,  which  rises  in  the  moiintaiiis  he 
tvveen  the  city  of 'rniija  and  that  of  Sanlia|ro  dc 
las  Alalayas,  jind  enters  the  IMeta. 

I  PllsNI,  a  river  of  the  provimc  and  vapliiin- 
ship  <il' Scara  in  lira/.il,  which  rises  from  a  lake, 
and  enters  the  sea  helween  the  river  Aciiinn  and 
the  Point  of  Arecifes. 

(CPPKH  AM.OWAYS  Cui;rK,  in  Salem 
County,  New,lersey.| 

[I '(»PKIl  HA  I.I)  KA(;LK,a  township  of  Penn 
svlvania,  in  IMilllin  County.  { 
■  (I'PPKU'  DlSTUIC'I'.a  division  oftMHnjria. 
which  c<nitaiiis  the  counties  of  Moiit^imierv. 
Wasliiu<>;lon,  Hancock,  (Jreeii,  I'rankl'r,  Oijle- 
•horp,  I'jihert,  Wilkes,  Warren,  Coliimliia,  and 
liichmond.] 

fl  PPKU  DIHI.IN,  a  township  ol'  Pennsvl- 
v'linia,  in  Moiil^:oiiierv  Conulv.| 

(  I  PPKU  IKKKllOI.I),  il  township  of  N.w 
,lers(>y,  Mtmmonth  Conntv.  a(ljoinin<;'  to  Iturliiii;^ 
ton  anil  Middlesex  Counties  oii  the  //.  and  v.;.' 
and  I'leehold  on  the  r.  It  contained  in  IT!'(t, 
nW'i  inhahitants.  ' 

|l  PPKU  (;Uf;AT  MONADNDCK,  in  the 
township  ol'  l.emiiii>'ton.  in  the  it.i.  corner  ol' 
\'<M-mont,  on  Connecticut  Hiver.  | 

j  CPPi:i{  HANOVKU,  a   township  of  Penn- 
sylvania, Montijoinerv  Conntv.  I 
'  IIPPKU  MAin.UOIJOl  (;ll,  a  post-town  <.r 
iVIarUand.  II  miles  v.  (.  ol"  Hladenshniij;,  and    1  "> 
//.  r.  of  Piscalavvav.  | 

[IPPKU    Mll.rOlU),  a  lownsiiip  of  Penn- 
svl vania,  Noi'thanipton  Conntv .  { 
'  !  UPPKU    PKNNS   NKCk,    a    township  «t 
New  .Fei-sev,  Salem  Conntv.] 

[IPPI'.U  SAI  UA,  a  place  in  N. Carolina, 
on  Dan  Hiver.  aliotit  1,'iO  miles  ».  from  Ha- 
lifax.) 

fl'PPKU  SA\  A(U<:  IsiANOs.  in  Hudson's 
ll.iy.     l.at.  {V>  :V2'  IW  n.     I.on-.  70'  IS'  u'.J 

OPKKJirr,  a  cape  on  the  s.  coast  ol  tlir 
Strait  of  Majjeilan,  nt  the  s.  eidtance  of  the  thin*. 


ti 


i 


do  from  e. 

1(1  j»;ov»'rn- 
iit;  siluntc 

nrr.  on  t!ir 
nuiutli  \>y 

I' A  MAIN,    n 

ill  la(.  47' 

^ovi'inmriit 
w  liiiiirdiitii 
iindiiiis    be 

NillltillgO    (l<* 

ml  captniu- 
'OMI  )l  liiKo, 
Aciiiiiii  iiiid 

ill     Sjilcin 

liipori't'iin 

of  (icdrsjiii. 
loiiljfiiiiH'rv. 

ik::;-,  okU'- 

iiuiliiii,  and 
of  Poiiiis\l- 
hip  of  Nt'u 


tt  liiirliii!; 
iiiul    v.  .\". 
1  in    ITMO, 

"K,  ill  till" 

j'drncr   tif 

)  of  Ponii- 

)OSt-(0«l'l  ol 

;>;.  and  !.'» 
)  of  Ponii- 
o«iisliij)   of 


si.  Carolinii, 
from  Ha- 
ll   Hudson's 

IS'  ic] 
oa«t  ol    (lir 

of  the  thiiii 


.1 


t 


(J  R  A 

Marrow  cliniin<d.  ralli-d  Del  PaHajrc.  ^of  the  I'a^ 

•anc.) 

(  I'l'TON,  a  t«>\vnslii|>of  MasHacliiisotts,  Wor- 
(Tstcr  Count V  :  (•oiitainins',  in  I7f)().  ?M)()  inlialii- 
laiits,  dis|»crM(l  on  l.'J,()(K(  acirs  of  land.  fa\oiir- 
■ildc  for  oiTliardiiii>-,  pa-^linairo,  and  -jras«.  It  is 
,v.  of  Shcrlniriic,  in  Midiili'xox  County,  !•»  iiiilc- 
«.  c.  of  \V  orct'stcr.  and  .'iS  v.  w.  of  llosluii.  | 

I  (^>l  AKil.VUA.a  rivor  <if  the  <;\»\v  |»ro\inic 
and  Uiimd(»in  as  tlio  loriin-r,  wliicli  outers  tlio  sea 
liiMtVfcii  the  l'|iani>Mia  and  tlio  Point  of  Val. 

I  (^rK'r.A,  a  lako  of  the  iirovincc  and  frovorn- 
inciit  ofCiiminiii.  formed  l)\  llio  Hasic  ualors  ol 
llic  Oriiiorn.  in  tin-  part  «lirir  llio  amis  (d"  tlii- 
ri\('r  arc  <iivid«'d  into  \arions  cliannols  lo  ciilrr 
llio  sea. 

1(^1  I U  I'll,  S\N  .Ir  AN  Di:  I,  A  I,  \i,.  N  A  ni;,  a 
s(>l(|<>iii<>iit  id'  llio  province  and  ^iMcrnincnl  of 
Vonc/iicla,  in  tlir  iiou  kingdom  of  (jiranada. 

I  (^1  I'l'OA.  San  Antonio  ni.,  a  sitlloinont 
of  till-  pro\iii('o  and  •>'ovcriinioiil  of  Soiiora  in 
\iir\a  I'.-ipafia:  •-ilnatc  near  a  liM'r,  iii'tMoon  tin- 
sotllcnu'nis  of  Addi  and  San  l.nis  dc  Hanipa. 

rU  All  A,  a  pro\in(-(>oftlu-  w\\  kiiii;(loni  of(ira- 
nada,  to  llif  ;."  of  llial  of  Carlai>'('na,  and  lioiindcd 
liv  that  (d'Daricn.  It  (•xlondsalona;  llictdasl  of  I  he 
S.  Sea,  and  was  discovoriMl  l>y  Prdro  do  llcrcdia, 
in  l.).'JI.  Its  rapital  was  San  Schaslian  do  llcl- 
lavista,  a  «i(\  uliirli  is  at  the  prc-onl  day  dc- 
stnucti.  Il  <'<niiprohonds  Ihi'  provinco  of  Cali- 
dcniia  «  lioro  the  Scolcli  oslahlishcd  (lirnisclM's  :  is 
of  a  hot  loinpcratiiro,  and  of  a  inoisi  soil,  and 
roNcrcd  with  woods,  liciiii>-  irrii>alrii  In  I  he  riM'i- 
.\trato  or  San  .loan.  Tho  ICn^lisli  of  .laniaica 
<'oiii(>  liidior  to  trade  with  the  Indians,  and  to 
carry  hack  trold,  of  which  there  is  an  ahnndance. 
Its  native-^  are  very  warlike,  and  ii^e  ^uords  and 
lire  anus,  and  have  made  the  S|MiMiarils  ali"iid  of 
them  whenever  these  have  altenipled  lo  in\ade 
(heir  proxiiico.  This  they  ha\e  endeavonri'd  lo 
i!o  fre(Miently,  Imt  without  eHecl.  These  Indians 
are  allies  of  tiii>  l)arie;>>  and  id'iiie  l'iiii>'lish. 

la  Ml  \,  a  ;;'real  jiiilph  of  the  same  province, 
called  also  of  Darieii,  formed  liy  the  cape  San 
Sehastian  to  tiie  i .  and  that  ol  'rihniini  lo  the  ;.'. 
dis(«)\ered  by  llodriifo  liastidas  in  l,'*()'J.  lis  ex- 
tent is  ^(i  loii<.>iies  iVoiii  s.  to  ;/.  and  its  width  nine 
from  r.  to  w.  lis  coast  is  full  of  sharp  and  inac- 
cessible shoals,  and  only  towards  the  ,,;'.  and  v. 
are  there  any  places  lit  for  disembarkin<>'.  Seve- 
ral river-i  oiiijilv  themselves  into  this  i;nlph,  bnl 
(lie  lai'ive^l  is  the  Atrato  or  San  Juan.  Close  to 
the  rt .  coast  are  many  islands,  one  bejiind  an- 
other, lorinin":  so  many  <liaiih.ls.  1 1  was  Ibr- 
nierlv    iiiiuli    tioqiK  iitoil  l>y   Uir    T  lein  !i,  bill   in 

vol..    V. 


II  l{   A 


I. "1 7 


l/(il  II  was  abandmiod   b>    lliem.   leaving  to  the 
I'lnijlish  a  free  commerce  uilli  the   natives.      Tho 
cil\  (d'Saii  Sebaslian  de  llelli.  vi^la,  of  which  no 
iliiti:^'  bill   the  name  reinaiiis,  was  silnale  on  its 
shore,      its  best  port  is  that  called  Nilcos. 

I  iiAiiA,  an  inland  td'the  S.  Sea,  in  Hie  bay  or 
^iilpli  of  Panama,  of  the  kin!>'dom  of  'I'ierra 
l''irnie.  Il  is  sni.ill.  and  close  lo  that  of  Taboira, 
lowardH  the  c. 

I 'U  AM  V  l''.S,  a  liarbaroiis  mil  ion  <d'  Indians, 
descended  from  those  o|'  Darieii,  who  dwell  in  the 
woods  and  foresis  of  the  province  of  I'riiba. 
They  are  \ery  warlike  and  dexlroiis  in  the  use 
of  swords  and  fire  arms,  which  were  i^i  yen  them 
bv  Ihe  l''.ii^lis|i  and  I'leiich  in  exchani;!'  lor  (.^<dd. 
'I  hey  are  allies  of  llie  Dariens  and  implacable 
enemies  to  the  Spaniards. 

I  i{/\CAPI  ,  a  liver  of  I  lie  province  and  i^p- 
veiTimenl  <d'(iiiayaiia  or  Niieva  jVndalncia,  one 
of  IJKise  that  enter  the  (hinoi-o  by  Ihe  c.  side. 

I    U,\CAYl  ,    a    selllemeni    oi"  the  same   pro 
vince  as  the  former  river,  in  the  coiiiilry  of  the 
(jiiiriripas  Indian^. 

(  I  |{/\CII(),  a  river  on  Ihe  r.  coasi  of.S.  Anu*- 
rica,  is  IS  leagues  ;.-.«.,•.•.  ofCaiirora  Uiyer.  | 

I  I    l{  \(;i    AY.      See  I   arci  AV.| 

CUAMAIICA.    a   selliement   of  the  province 
and  (ont  u;iinii  iilo  of  Andahiiailas  in    Peru;  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy   ol'  liii-  seltleinenl   of  Cliin 
clieros. 

I  liA.MI'.C,  a  si'ttlemeiil  of  (he  prov  iiii  e  :iiid 
Hoveinmenl  (d"(  inavana,  in  lln!  part  po-ses-ed  bv 
llie  Porlii»iiese. 

I  l<  A.N  ,\,  a  selllemeni  of  I  he  province  and  ijo- 
vernmont  (d'(inavana,  tnie  of  the  missions  ihal 
were  held  by  (he  ,le«iiils  in  (he  province  ol 
Santa  he:   sidmtc  on  ih"  sh(n"e  of  (be  Orinoco. 

I  I  |{  A  .\< ).  a  ri\  er  on  llie  >/.  coa-t  ofS.  ,\nie- 
rica,  which  enters  Ih"  ocean  abreasi  of  llie  wi-sl- 
ernmosl  of  the  Perilas  Islands,  about  three 
leii<;'iies  ,-,<.  of  Coinuna  Hiiy.  It  only  admits  small 
boats  and  canoes,  Olciiier  Hay  is  to  ilw.  w. 
of  it.] 

I  UAPICIM,  Santa  Mauia  ok,  a  settU- 
nienl  ol'  the  head  x'tlicmeill  of  the  di-lrict  of 
Araiil/.aii,  and  a/cn/din  itiai/ur  of  Vall^idolid,  in 
the  proyince  and  bishopric  i/f  Mechoaci'tn.  It 
contains  ,'j()  liimilies  of  Indians,  eiii|)lov('d  in  the 
cidlivalion  cd'  seeds,  <ulliii<r  wood,  and  fabiical- 
inn'  <'arlheiivvare  ami  saddle-trees. 

I  liAKCIIAI'.S,  a  barbarous  nalion  of  In- 
dians, but  little  known,  dwidlinir  in  the  woods 
near  the  river  Cayari,  lo  tin' .v.  of  the  Marnnon. 

lill.Vlll.VKS,  San  I'ii  vncisco  Xavii-.k  di-.; 
LOS,  a  selilenieiit  of  the  missions  Ihal  woru  li'ld 

T 


n 


I  ■ 


I 


i:n< 


V  u  i: 


';  p 


(•■ 


by  the  JesiiitH,  in  the  proviiuc  and  govcrnrnont 
ol'N'.  i;ias,  in  the  kin^dnin  of  Quito;  situate  on 
the  Hlioie  of  the  Nupo. 

(IllAV^Itl,  u  river  of  the  province  and  fjfovern- 
incnt  ol'  Honduras,  which  ri<ies  near  tlie  coast, 
runs  II.  aiul  enters  the  sea  between  Cape  Cauia- 
ron  and  the  Bay  ol'(^irtago. 

[L'llRA\i\A,  a  small  post-town  of  Virginia, 
Middlesex  County,  on  the  s.  w.  side  of  Rappa- 
hannock River,  17  miles  from  Stingray  Point,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  ()0  s.  e.  of  F'"redericks- 
burg,  1)3  e.  by  w.  of  Richmond,  and  9.J  from  Tap- 
pahannock.  VVIieat  is  shipped  from  (hi.^  to  Eu- 
rope, and  Indian  corn,  &c.  to  New  England, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  the  VV.  Indies. ) 

URBANO,  a  city  of  Middlesex  County,  in  tlie 
province  of  Jersey,  one  of  (he  I'nited  States  of 
N.America,  lying  s.  Zi.\  of  the  river  Rappaha- 
iiock. 

URCO,  Sa.m  Juan  ot:,  a  mountain  of  the 
kingdom  of  Quito,  in  the  conr^imie  ;f<'  of  the 
district  of  1/as  Cinco  I.eguas  de  la  Capital. 

I'RCtlS,  a  settlement  of  the  province  a?id 
iones;iiiiiiiiti)  of  (juis|)icanchi  in  Peru,  near 
which  is  found  the  lake  into  which  the  Indians 
are  said  to  have  thrown  the  great  chain  of  gold 
made  on  tlie  birth  of  liuascnr,  in  the  search  of 
which  much  pains  have  been  lost.  It  is  thought 
that  this  lake  is  formed  artificially,  having  con- 
ducts wherel)v  to  fill  and  empty  under  the  earth, 
as  it  has  always  remained  since  the  time  of  the 
conquest  at  one  height.  It  is  F)(X)  yards  long, 
and  J(H)  wide.  Its  depth  in  the  centre  is  3(j 
yards:  it  is  siuiale  in  a  plain  or  valley  of  the 
same  name,  wherein  are  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of 
the  great  palace,  in  which  the  Inca,  Yahiiar 
Huacac,  retired  when  despoiled  by  his  son  of  the 
throne. 

URCUS.A,  a  setclement  of  the  province  and 
corregiiiiicnto  of  Liicanas  in  Peru :  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Otoca. 

I'RCLU^I^I,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corrrgi  '  ito  of  Otavalo,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito.  In  its  district  is  a  largo  estate,  called 
Conaqui. 

URECHO,  San  .\ntomo  df,,  a  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  and  nlcaldUi  iiini/or  of  Valla- 
dolid,  in  the  province  and  bishopric  of  .\Icclu>- 
acAn.  it  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  and  one  of 
those  that  suffered  most  sev(!rely  in  the  epide- 
mic which  rayed  at  Matla/ahna.  whereby  its  po- 
piilatinu  became  reduced  to  th(>  following  estates: 
Parola,  in  which  they  make  sugar,  and  which  is 
one  league  in  length,  contains  four  families  of 
Spanianls  and  17  of  Mulattocs  ;  Sunja  contains 


• 
ff 


IJ  RO 

nine  ;  Xongo,  which  is  so  near  its  capital  as  to 
be  divided  op.ly  by  a  river  which  irrigates  it,  17; 
San  iluan,  at  a  league's  distance,  30 ;  and  that  of 
San  Pedro  Tiripi'.io,  with  a  small  mill  or  engine 
close  by  it,  14 ;  besides  a  few  others,  some 
leiigiies  from  the  capital,  Pasqiiaro. 

Ores,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Sonora  in  Niieva  Espana;  situate 
on  the  «hore  of  the  river  Sonora,  between  the 
settlements  of  San  Xavier  and  Rabiar.ira. 

("CRFE,  a  river  of  Upper  Canada,  afterwards 
called  Grand  River,  now  The  Ouse,  which  runs 
into  Lake  Erie.] 

URIDIALES,  a  small  settlement  or  ward  of 
the  district  and  jurisdiction  of  Valladolid,  in  the 
province  and  bishopric  of  Mechoacan. 

URIPA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  ror- 
re^imicnto  of  .Andahuailas  in  Peru;  14  leagues 
from  its  capital. 

CRIQl'E,  a  settlement  and  real  of  silver 
■nines,  in  the  province  and  government  of  Ci- 
iiuloa. 

L'RIREO,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
and  alcaldUi  mayor  of  De  Zelaya  in  the  province 
and  bishopric  of  Mechoacan.  It  contains  a  con- 
vent oi"  religious  of  S.  Augustin,  JM)7  families  of 
Indians,  and  some  of  Spaniards  and  Mus(ccs. 

URITCQIJASI,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Popayan  in  the  Niievo  Reyiio 
de  (Jrranada,  in  the  road  which  leads  down  from 
Santa  Fe. 

IJRrri'SlNCiA,  a  mountain  of  the  province 
and  ronrt.iiiiieiito  of  Loxa  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito,  and  in  the  territory  of  the  Malacatos  to 
the  s.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  mountains  abouiMl- 
iiisj;  in  bark,  the  best  that  is  known,  a  preference 
being  given  to  that  gathered  in  the  e.  part  of  the 
same  mountain.  These  woods  grow  upon  the 
top  ofdillicult  rocks,  so  as  to  render  the  opera- 
tion of  gathering  the  bark  extremely  ha/.ardous. 
'I'lie  mountain  is  also  known  by  the  name  of  Cor- 
dillera ofCaxanuma. 

I'RMIAl,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
torngiinitiito  of  Paria  in  Peru,  and  of  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Charcas;  annexed  to  the  curacy  oi 
(he  settlement  of  Poopo. 

L'RMIRI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Potosi  in  Peru ;  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Salinas. 

l.'UON,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Darieii  and  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firmr 
l(  runs  .V.  and  (hen  (urns  c.  (o  en(or  the  Pacific 
Sea.  On  its  shores  (he  Indians  have  many  dwel- 
lings, as  the  territory  is  very  fertile  and  de- 
lightful. 


tal  as  to 

es  it,  17; 

id  that  of 

;,), 

or  cns'ni' 

^^ 

rs,   some 

f? 

e  and  go- 

'1 

i;  Kituate 

;J 

ween  the 

."   '  j 

ra. 

ifTterwards 

hich  runs 

•    / 

»r  ward  of 

'■      :> 
•f. 

lid,  in  the 

'? 

B  and  cor- 

V'.'^ 

[i  league!* 

of  silver 

ent  of  Ci- 

\e  district 

•*^ 

H  province 

tins  a  con- 

^.    ' 

families  ot 

^ustecs. 

.-■ 

e  province 

, 

evo  Reyno 

lown  from 
^  province 

ingdoni  o( 

ulacatos  to 

ns  abouiMl- 

■ .. 

preference 

part  of  the 

'  upon  the 

the  opera- 

hazardous. 

■'► 

me  of  Cor- 

nvince  and 

)f  the  arch- 

c  curacy  ol 

ovince  and 

xed  to  the 

lid  govern - 

nra  Firnir. 

the  Pacific 

nany  dwel- 

le  and  de- 

u  n  u 

URSOLA,  S.  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  Qucchula,  and  alcalilia 
nuiyor  of  Tepeaca  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contains 
two  families  of  ;l///.v/w,«,  and  50  of  Indians,  and 
is  very  close  to  its  head  settlement. 

IJrtlJ,  a  river  of  the  province  and  government 
of  Guayana  or  Nueva  Andalucia,  wliich  enters 
the  A  pure. 

I'Rl'ANA,  a  settlement  of  the  same  province 
and  government  as  the  former,  on  the  shore  of 
the  river  Orinoco,  on  the  e.  side.  It  is  one  of 
the  missions  which  were  held  by  this  river  by  the 
Jesuits,  and  is  now  under  the  charge  of  the  Ca- 
puchin fathers. 

URUANI,  a  small  river  of  the  province  anJ 
government  of  Cumnna,  which  runs  s,  and  enters 
the  Ciiyiini  by  the  n.  side. 

L'Rt'APAN,  .San  Fiiancisco  de, a  Fiead  set- 
tlement of  tlie  district  of  the  alcaliHa  mayor  of 
Valladolid,  in  the  province  and  bishopric  of  Me- 
choaci'in.  It  is  of  a  mild  temperatur(> ;  situate  at 
the  entrance  of  the  sierra  of  Mechoacaii.  In  its 
district  are  nine  wards  surrounding  it.  in  which 
dwell  JSf)  Indian  families,  besides  bO  in  (he  set- 
tlement itself:  there  are  also  of  Spaniards,  jMks- 
Urs,  and  MnlaUoes,  aiiout  !^00  others.  The  na- 
tives trade  in  seeds,  the  produce  of  tlie  countrv, 
cattle,  and  cotton  of  which  they  make  most  beau- 
tiful woven  stuffs  ;  in  wax,  honey,  wrought  cop- 
per, (roughs,  chests,  and  other  articles  of  cai- 
pcndy.  It  has  a  convent  of  religious  of  St. 
Francis,  and  is  12  leagues  s.ic.  of  its  capital. 

IJRl'UAMBA,  a  province  and  roruiiiitiiaifo 
of  the  kingdom  of  Peru.  It  is  only  :i\  leagues 
long,  and  two  wide  ;  seven  leagues  dis(aiit  I'rom 
(aizco.  It  was  called  of  Yucay  in  (h<'  time  of 
M!e  Indians,  and  is  now  the  man|uisa(e  ofC'io- 
ptsa.  It  has  in  its  district  various  t's(atrs,  m  hich 
yield  wheat,  mai/e,  and  other  vegetable  pro  ;iic- 
tions:  and  in  which  there  are  some  grea(  salines, 
by  which  Ciizco  is  provided.  The  country  is 
cheerful,  pleasant,  fertile,  and  abouuiiiug  in  many 
the  most  I'xquisite  fruits.  Through  it  runs  the 
river  PilconiavOi  which  is  crossed  by  two  bridges 
of  rushes,  and  in  it  are  found  many  trout  of  deli- 
cate flav(Mir.  It  contains  different  families  of  In- 
dians of  noble  origin  but  verv  poor :  and  (he 
uuinlier  of  the  whole  of  the  inhabitants  should 
amount  to  .')()0().  The  capital  is  the  t«wn  of  tlie 
•^uine  name,  [on  the  shore  of  the  river  Quilhi- 
bamba,  or  (Jvubaniba,  or  Vilcabamba,  to  the  w.  of 
t'uzco,  in  la(.  13^  16'  s.  and  long.  7  I  •  ^1'  a.  | 

I  Rl'BAQUARA,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince iuid  country  of  Las  AmazoiiM'^  iii  the  par( 


U  U  IJ 


i:)!> 


possessed  by  the  Portuguese,  on  the  shore  of  the 
river  of  that  name. 

Un'JBAouAnA,  a  river  of  this  province,  which 
rises  in  the  territory  of  the  Carpinas  Indians, 
rui.s  s.  and  enters  the  Amazonas,  between  those 
of  Ciirupatiiba  and  Piiru. 

URL'BIJ,  S.  Antonio  de,  a  village  and  set- 
tlen.ont  of  (he  Portuguest  in  (he  province  and 
captainship  ofTodos  Santos  ,ind  kingdom  of  Bra- 
zil ;  on  the  shore  of  the  grand  river  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Urubi',  another  settlement,  in  the  province 
and  captainship  of  Seigipe  del  Rey  in  the  same 
kingdom,  also  on  the  shore  of  (he  river  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  near  its  mouth. 

Uhubc,  a  river  of  the  province  and  country 
of  Las  Amazonas,  in  the  part  possessed  by  the 
Portuguese.  It  runs  to  s.  s  e.  and  loses  itself  in 
the  great  pool  of  w  aters  w  hich  is  formed  by  dif- 
ferent arms  of  (he  Marauon  in  the  territory  of  the 
IJrabaquis  Indians. 

I'RLCANGl'A.a  small  river  of  the  province 
and  captainship  of  Roy  in  Brazil,  which  rises  near 
(he  coas(,  runs  e.  and  en(eis  the  sea  by  the  side 
of  the  io<  ks  of  Santa  Marta. 

I'Rl'Cl'AY,  a  province  or  extent  of  country 
of  S.  America:  bounded  n.  by  the  province  of 
Guaiiii  in  the  government  «»f  Paraguay,  s.  by  the 
mouth  of  the  river  La  Plata,  e.  by  the  province 
and  cantai  iship  of  Rey  in  Brazil,  and  n:.  by  (he 
ri\er  Parana.  I(s  leiigdi  from  n.e.  to  s.o).  is 
somewhat  more  (ban  iiOO  leagues,  and  its  width 
from  c.  to  u\  abcnit  130,  although  in  some  parts 
it  be  narrower.  It  is  divided  by  the  river  of  its 
iiiime  into  ( .  and  ti".  This  rises  in  the  mountains 
of  (he  kingdom  of  Brazil,  and  runs  for  more  than 
GtiO  miles  in  a  direct  line  with  an  extraordinary 
violence,  making  a  terrible  noise  among^^l  (Ik^ 
n.cks,  and  in  the  winter  hcason  it  swells  to  Midi 
a  deijiee  as  to  appear  like  a  sea. 

This  country  was  inhabi(ed  by  (he  Cassapimi- 
nian  Indians,  und  is,  for  the  i  reaier  part,  plain, 
but  aboiiiuling  in  thick  woods,  in  which  are  in 
finite  numbers  o(  wild  animals  and  birds,  espe- 
cially parrots:  also,  tiie  f/atiinos  were  lormeily 
thickly  inhiihited  by  ostriches,  lions,  (fainos,  and 
•Toats;  and  vi\  both  slioros  of  the  river  tiiere  are 
large  pastic  sn,  w  here  breed  iiiiiumerable  licrcis  ol' 
liorses  and  wild  cows. 

I'niGLAV,  a  large,  abundant,  and  n-ivigablr 
river  of  the  province  and  government  of  Para 
guav^     It  rise?   in  lat.  26°  30'  *.  ami   collecting; 
various  othtr  streams,  traverses  a  vast  extent  of 
country  to  .v.t.    [^Its  length,  in  a  direct  line  from 


r 


W 
m 


j'f 


Uil 


U   H  I 


I'  S  I' 


•i' 


1^ 


its  source  Id  its  inonlli,  iH-iiin  ninro  than  (i'iO 
iiiili's  and  ri'('<>i\iii<r  tli«>  wains  ut'tlic  Papiii,  ll>i- 
niiti.  Timhov.  'rilii(|iiari,  ll)icii|iiiili,  N«>^i-o,  aiitl 
ollu-rs.  as  till-  as  lat..'jl  v.  Il  c'iiI<tm  tlu'  rivor 
La  I'lata,  lu'ar  Hiu'ru)s  Avifs,  to  lli<>  n'.u.jc.  of 
tl)<>  colonv  orSarraiiK'iilo,  wliicli  l)(>lon<r<'(l  to  llu* 
Portn^iicsc,  l>t>iiii;  jointMl  a  litlli<  liclow  lliis  plarc 
bv  till'  iininenso  tiibiitarv  stream  of  the  I'araiia, 
wliirli  series  also  to  swell  the  rivt-r  lia  I'iatu. ! 

Cni'ddAV,  another,  a  small  river  in  the  same 
province'  and  government,  wiiich  rnns  r.  and  also 
enters  the  Parana,  near  the  trrand  river  of  C'n 
rilitba. 

I'Rl'Gl'AIFOSTA,  a  river  of  the  province 
and  ciiptdiiisliip  «)!'  San  I'alilo  in  Draxil,  which 
runs  M.  ti.  ic.  and  enters  the  I'm^nav. 

I'UI  (a!AI-MI<:inN,a  river  ol'lhe  same  pro- 
vince and  governniont  as  the  former,  which  riuis 
to  the  same  rhiimh  not  far  from  the  former,  and 
enters  also  the  I'mffnav. 

riU  (a  .\I-PIT\.  a  riser  of  the  province 
and  i;overninent  of  Piirai>iiav,  w liich  rnns  c.  and 
enters,  verv  abundant,  into  the  I  rn!;i;May,  oppo- 
site the  month  ol'tlie  Pepiri  tfiia/ii. 

I'KriC'AK  \S|.  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corn siitnii iilo  of  Chavanta  or  I'harcas  in 
Pern. 

I  UrLONii  A.     See  I'm  v(  xcaA. 

UIMMPK,  a  river  of  the  province  and  coun- 
try of  lias  AnniiTonas,  whicli  rises  between  those 
of  Madera  and  Anilore,  and  enters  llu'  former. 

I  HINDKI  YI'lllI,  a  IbrI  of  the  province 
and  irovernment  of  Paraiiiiav.  with  a  j{arrist)n  of 
Spaniards  to  restnHntho  incnrsious  of  the  Inlidel 
Indians. 

I'lU'PAUATR,  a  river  of  tlio  province  and 
country  of  Las  Ama/onas,  one  of  those  of  whicli 
the  waters  are  tribniarv  to  the  Marafion :  be- 
tween the  Yume  and  the  Cnrnlate. 

I  RL  PI,  a  small  river  oi'  the  same  province 
and  country  as  the  tbriner,  and  in'  the  territory  of 
the  Portuiyue?c,  wliich  runs  c.  and  joins  the  \fa- 
rauun  just  at  its  entrance  into  the  sea. 

LRl'PIKA.  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  (iiiayana  or  Nneva  .Andalucia.  It 
rises  near  the  seltlement  of  the  missicms  of  San 
Joseph  de  Otoniayos,  ruiisri).  and  enters  the  Ori- 
noco close  to  the  settlement  of  Niistra  Seilora 
de  los  Aii'^eles, 

L'RLlSSA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
country  of  Las  Amazona-.  which  rises  in  llu-  ter- 
ritory of  the  Mayorunas  Lidiaus,  runs  ii.  close  to 
the  Maoobiis,  and  enters  the  iVlaranon  opposite 
the  settlement  of  S.  Carlos  de  Carachis. 


I'Rl'TA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  (luayana  or  Nneva  Andalncia. 
It  is  formed  by  variinis  streams  in  the  country  of 
the  Pandacotos  Indians,  runs  ;/.  and  turning  af- 
terwards its  c«nirse  to  r.  enters  the  Paragna. 

LRI'TPA,  a  small  river  of  the  same  province 
and  government  as  the  former.  It  rises  in  the 
coiuitry  of  the  Achirigolos  Indians,  runs  n.  zv. 
and  enters  tlu;  Caroiii. 

I'SIACCSI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  ami 
goM'rnment  of  Cartagena  in  thtr  Nuevo  Reyno 
(le  (iranada,  on  the  shore  of  Ihe  channel  wliicli 
runs  from  the  swamp  of  Turbaco  into  the  sea. 

ISIC.AYOS,  a  seltlement  of  the  province  and 
(or>rs;ii)ii(nU)  of  Carabaya  in  Peru,  nnn<'\ed  lo 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Cao/.a. 

I  SrHAICOCII  A.  a  seltlement  of  the  province 
and  roriTH'tiiiii  )iti>  of  ('aula,  in  the  sanu>  Kingdom 
as  the  Huiner  :  annexed  lo  llie  curacy  ol'the  set- 
llement  of  Pari. 

I  SMC,  a  seltlenu'iit  tifthe  ionrs;iniitnti>  of  In- 
dians of  libatpie,  in  the  Nuevo  lieyno  de  (ira- 
nada. It  is  of  a  cold  lemperalure.  fertile  in 
wheat,  papas,  barley  and  other  productions  of 
this  climate:  hiis  veiy  few  bousekee|)ers  and  less 
Indians,  although  llie  iahaliilants  of  the  settle- 
ment of 'riui/.nelo,  which  has  been  extinguished, 
has  been  added  lo  il :  three  leagues  s.  e.  of  Santa 
I'e. 

rsP.A-LLAC'I'A,  or  I'spam-ata,  which,  in 
Ihe  Chilian  laugMat>e,  means  laiul  of  ashes.  It  is 
a  spot  ol'the  kiug'lom  of  Chile,  in  the  territory  of 
the  cily  ofMemlo/a,  .—lebrated  for  its  rich  gold 
mines,  u  hich  are  v(>ry  abundant,  and  as  espivially 
are  tiiose  of  San  Rominildo  and  of  San  Nicholas 
de  Mai'. 

[I  si'A-i,i,A(TA,  or  iNi'Ai.i.ATA.  the  luime  ol 
one  of  the  largest  ami  richest  silver  mines  in  the 
kingdom  of  ('hile,  from  whence  liie  three  stnls  ol 
cu'es  are  extracted  ;  one  of  these,  Ihe  black  ore,  is 
held  in  particular  estimation  by  Ihe  miners,  and 
is  so  called  ironi  its  matrix  being  of  a  dark  colour. 
Those  of  them  who  are  experieiu-etl,  are  scarcely 
ever  deceived  in  Ihis  ore,  and,  whenever  they 
strike  upon  a  new  vein,  can  nearly  deleruiine  by 
Ihe  e\e  the  (piantity  of  silver  which  il  will  vield. 
This  Ore  presents  three  very  disliiul  varieties, 
though  diH'eriug  but  little  in  appeaiance.  The 
(irst,  called  wg;///(>,  resembles  tlw  storia  of  iron, 
and  all'ords  no  apparent  indicalion  ofsiher.  Thi' 
second,  the  rossir/oro,  which  is  disliiui  from  tin- 
red  silver  ore,  and  yielils  a  red  powiler  v.lieii 
liled  :  it  is  very  rich,  altliough  its  external 
api)earaiKe   is   not  promising.      The   third,   tin. 


IJ  S  IJ 


UTQ 


HI 


vinco  iiiul 
\n(lnliu-iu. 
i-oiiiilry  of 

llirilil. 

p  proviiuT 
sps  in  tlic 
runs  M.  u\ 

ivinco  unii 
'vo  lt««vno 
ind  tviiicli 
till'  sea. 
oviiirc  and 
iiuu'Xfd  l<) 

ic  i)rovinrt' 

)(>  kingdom 

ol'tlu'  s«'l- 

lirttli)  oCln- 
no  (ic  (ini- 
,  li'i-tilc  in 
dnctions  ul° 
>rs  and  loss 
the  settlo- 
;tina;uishod, 
.  e.  of  Santa 

,  whirli,  in 
islics.  It  is 
territory  «tl' 
ts  rirli  ^old 
IS  esiMvially 
an  ^Jicliolas 

till'  name  of 
nines  in  the 
iree  sorts  dI' 
)lack  ore,  is 
ininers,  and 
larlv  I'olonr. 
are  sraiT«'ly 
eiH'ver  lliey 
eterniine  by 
it  nill  \ield. 
ft  vanetie-^. 
raiu'f.  'lilt' 
oria  of  iron. 
sil\er.  Tlif 
lit  iVoMi  tin- 
(vvdcr  vvlicn 
Its  external 
i;   tliird.    tliv 


piDDilio-roiirn,  the  rirlipst  of  nil,  as  it  is  iniiierai- 
i/fd  with  a  verv  small  (|iiantil\  ol'sulphiir  ;  il  is 
Diiieli  more  ea'^ily  se|>iirat<>d  than  the  ulhers, 
whit'li  reqnire  a  more  lahorions  and  «'(Mii|)liraled 
o|HTati(ni.  'I'iiis  mine  is  sitnate  ii|ioii  the  eastern 
moniitains  of  that  portion  of  the  Andes,  li>rminir 
a  |<art  of  tlieprovinre  of  Aconea^iia.  On  the  loit 
of  these  mountains  is  a  lar(;e  plain,  raihui  (  spol- 
lata,  of  more  than  17  leai^iies  in  lenij;lh  and  three 
in  l)r<>adtli:  il  is  uatered  by  a  pleasant  river  and 
(•(•vered  with  deliirhtlul  <jrov<'s  :  the  air  is  healthy 
and  temperate,  uiid  the  soil  fertile  This  plain 
>erves  as  a  base  to  arn>tlier  more  elevated.  I'alled 
I'uramillo,  upon  uhiththe  Andes  of  the  first  rai>k 
rise  to  such  a  hei<;hl  as  lo  be  seen  distinctly  at  San 
Luis  de  la  l*unta,  a  distance  of  1^0  leajfiies.  'I'l.e 
mine  of  I  spallata  exteinis  alonu;  tlie  baM>  of  the 
eastern  monntaiiu  of  (he  plain  of  the  same  name, 
fruni  latitude  .'i.'j,  in  u  direct  //.  ctun-se,  but  the 
termination  of  it  is  unkno«vn:  for  wo  have  been 
assiued,  by  pers«ms  who  have  followed  il  for  .'JD 
leH<rues,  that  it  continues  to  bo  etpialiy  abnndaiil 
al  (hat  distance:  and  tiiere  are  those  who  assert 
that  il  is  a  ramiliralion  of  the  celebrated  mine 
<d'  l'oto«i.  'I'he  principal  vein  is  nine  feet  in 
breadth,  but  it  branches  oat  unoii  both  sides  into 
several  that  are  ■.mailer,  wiiicli  extend  to  the 
ueiiriilxnn'ini;;  iiiuunlains,  and  are  said  lo  exceed 
:>0  miles  in  leu<;lli.  'I'liis  mine  is  found  to  iii- 
cn»ase  in  richness  in  propiulion  lo  its  depth.  Il 
was  discovered  in  the  year  l().>8,  but  althouirli  al 
lirst  it  furnished  the  'slrim<;esl  iiulicalion  of  its 
wealth,  from  want  of  !  ibomers.  or  some  ollier 
caiise,  il  was  ne:;lecled  until  I7(),'j,  but  since  that 
period  has  been  constantly  wroui;ht  with  immense 
protil.  I 

I'SPVS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians  <if  the 
province  and  "overnment  of  Maiiias,  in  the  kiiiir- 
dom  of  Quito,  who  inhabit  the  woods  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  'rii^re.  It  was  >eiy  numerous,  bul 
through  the  ccuilinual  wars  it  has  maintained, 
their  numbers  have  been  much  diminished. 

I'SQl'lL,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
conr!>iiiiivntn  ordnanuichiiro  in  I'erii. 

I'SlJVIASIN'l'I.A,  a  river  of  the  jurisdiction 
ami  al(fi/(fia  mm/nr  of  Tabasco  in  Nueva  Ivspana. 
It  rises  in  the  cotuitry  of  the  l^acandimes  Indians 
and  enters  the  sea. 

I  Sl;l»AMA.  a  river  of  the  province  and  jijo- 
\ernment  of  (tuayaua,  or  Nueva  And.ilucia, 
which  rises  .v.  of  the  river  Caroni,  runs  r.  and 
unites  itself  with  the  ("uyuui  and  Vtiruari. 

I  sii'AMA,  a  sicna  or  <(inli//i  ni  of  mountains  of 
the  same  province  ami  <jovernment,  which  riiu« 


v.  e.  nonrly  parallel  with  the  Uinscolo,  enters  the 
river  Caroni  and  the  Cnyuni. 

I  'I've   San    1'i.iMio    ni;,  a   settlement  of  the 

1>rovince   and   it)rir)iitiii<tito  of  Chachapoyas    in 
'ern,  auiU'xed  to  the  curat y   of  the  settlement  of 
Clnuinibamba. 

I  TA'i'liAN.  a  settlemenl  of  the  province  and 
i//(//A//«///^///(>r  ofChiapn,  in  the  kinu;doni  of  (iiia- 
teinaia,  and  of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  thai  of  Comitlan. 

I  TAW  AS,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of  this  na- 
tion in  ( 'anaila.  iwar  lh<>  bay  (d'Sairuana,  to  the  r. 
between  that  bay  and  the  lake  Huron. 

I  r  A  w  As.  another  seltleuu-nt  in  the  same  pro- 
vince, between  the  Lakes  I'aie  and  St.  Clare,  on 
the  shore  of  the  strait  or  arm  by  which  these 
lakes  are  communicated. 

I  rAWAs,  a  lartio  and  abundant  river  of  tlu> 
same  province,  'vliiih  rises  mar  the  Lake  \ipis 
siu!;,  runs  r.  ami  enters  l>y  two  arms  into  th(>  St. 
L'lwreiK'o,  formiiijr  t!ie  islami  <d' Montreal.  [This 
river  divides  (  p|)er  and  Lovvei-  Canada,  and, 
more  properly  speakiiifr,   falls   into  .lesiis  Lake, 

I  IS  miles  ,v.  hu  oj' (Quebec.  Il  receives  the  waters 
of  Timmiskamain.  .'Jlilt  miles  i'mm  its  ukmiIIi  -.  S.j 
miles  above  whic'i  is  called  Monlreal  Kiver  { 

I'TCAS,  a  sclllemeiil  of  the  proxince  and  i  or- 
iii^iiiiit  iilo  of  Caxalaiiibo  in  I'eru  :  annexed  In 
the  curacy  of  the  selllemeni  <d' ils  capital. 

(  rClllV  AO,  a  river  of  tlie  province  ami 
government  of  La  (luayana  or  N<  .i\a  Audalucia. 

II  rises  froMi  tlie  Lake  Icupa.  rnii'.  /;.  and  enler-- 
the  I'arajrua  very  near  the  I'nirauci-  ol"  this  into 
tlu>  Caroni. 

IJTI'U",  a  selliemerd  of  the  pi-ovince  and  r«/;v- 
i!;iiiiiriit<)  of  Lucanas  in  I'erti ;  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  its  capital. 

L'l  IvN',  a  river  of  the  kiiii>;d(iMi  of  Chile,  on 
the  shore  of  wliich  starnls  the  city  Imperial.  It 
rises  in  the  lofilillini  of  the  Andes,  and  runs  ji.\ 
until  it  enters  the  S.Sea.  Some  call  il  theCaulen. 
I  II  '.brius  at  its  mouth  a  small  bay,  which  is  (iti 
miles  //.  (d'ihe  citv  ol'  \  aldivia,  and  1^0  .v.  of  the 
city  of  Conception,  in  lat..'JS'  IC  v.| 

I'TILA,  a  small  island  of  the  \.  Sea,  near  the 
coast  of  the  province  and  i;i)veriiiueul  of  Hondu- 
ras, opposit(>  the  iiionlh  ol'lhe  CoineciiiTo. 

(  Til. A,  a  small  river  of  this  proviuie,  \\iii(h 
enters  the  sea. 

ri'tjlJVI  ,  a  small  river  afihe  provinc<-aiul 
colony  of  Surinam,  in  llie  pari  of  (iuayana  pos- 
pessed    by   the    Dnicli.      Il    rise^   jn   tlie  >/(//,/  of 


ml 


Itinocole,  fo\\\\^ 
luaria. 


a  senmurlc,  and  enters  I  he  t'a- 


m-^'i 


112 


V  A  I 


VAC 


<<!9 

i 

1 

YjlllW 

) 

1mm 

4 

'4 

ir 

1 

M- 


M 


UTRECHT,  a  Hinall  sctJlenuMit  of  the  pro- 
vince of  New  York  in  the  United  Staten  ol  IV. 
Ainericu,  ».  w.  of  Lon<T  Island,  tlirrc  miles  r.  of 
Hondric,  and  eight  h.  w.  of  New  York.  (It  has 
a  Dutch  chnrch,  and  contained,  in  i7<)0,  f)&J  in- 
lialiitants ;  of  whom  7(i  were  electorti,  and  'JOG 
W'"'e  si-    .-«.] 

UTl]N-SULL.\,anantientand  small  province 
of  the  kingdom  of  Pern,  conquered  and  united  by 
the  monarch  Yahuar-huacac,  an  heredilarv  prince 
and  son  of  inca  Roca,  sixth  emperor. 

UTZIIi.V,  San  Fei.ihk  dk,  u  settlement  of 
the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Chinanlla, 
and  (tlvnUliii  mai/or  of  C'oxamaloapun  in  Nueva 
EspaAa ;  founded  on  a  plain  surrounded  by 
craggy  mountains,  and  watered  by  a  river,  which 
is  an  arm  of  the  Alvarado.  It  contains  190  fami- 
lies of  Indians,  who  live  by  the  conunerco  of 
mai/c  and  cotton,  which  it  produces  in  abun- 
dance, and  which  is  sold  in  the  jurisdiction  of 
Teutihi,  by  which  it  is  liounded  by  the  s.  s.  c. 
and  many  leagues  <■•  of  Mi'xico. 

lJVI^JA,  a  large,  beautiful,  aiul  fertile  llnnum 
of  the  province  awA  corrcs;imH'nlo  of  lea  in  Peru. 
It  is  full  of  vines,  olives,  and  ill  kinds  of  fruits, 
and  is  sufficiently  peopled. 


I  UXHRlDCiB,  a  township  of  MasgachuRetls, 
Worcester  county,  38  miles  s.  w.  of  Boston.  It 
was  taken  from  Mendon,  and  incorporated  in 
17^7,  and  Northbridgc  was  afterwards  taken 
from  it.  It  contained  in  1790,  IKO  dwelling- 
houses,  and  1^8  'nhabitants.  I(  is  bounded  .v. 
by  the  state  of  Rhode  Island.  Not  far  from 
S'lioe-Iog  Pond,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town, 
there  is  an  iron  mine  which  is  improved  to  con- 
siderable advantage.] 

[UxiiKiDGE,  in  the  e.  riding  of  the  county  of 
York,  Upper  Canada,  is  to  the  ti.  and  in  the  rear 
of  Pickering.  ] 

UVf  AXAQUE,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  and  alaildin  mai/or  of  Zayula 
in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  4j  families  of 
Indians,  1.5  of  Muslecs  and  M ulatoes,  and  is  two 
leagues  s.  w.  of  its  capital. 

UZAMACIN,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  Cinantla  and  alcaldia  mauor 
of  Cozamaloapan  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  is  of  an 
hot  and  moist  temperature,  situate  between  two 
mountains,  and  inhabited  by  30  families  of  In- 
dians who  exercise  themselves  in  tlfe  cultivation 
of  cotton ;  seven  leagues  s.  of  its  head  settlement 
and  jO  from  the  capital. 


■  ( 


VA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  government  of 
San  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 
Granada.  It  rises  from  a  lake  belonging  "to  it  of 
its  name,  and  running  e.  af'cr  making  many 
windings,  enters  the  Guabiare. 

VACA,  a  small  island  of  the  N.  Sea,  one  of 
the  smaller  Antilles  :  t''-  -e  leagues  distant  from 
the  island  of  St.  Domingo;  it  is  of  a  very  fertile 
territory,  has  two  or  three  very  good  ports,  and 
admirably  adapted  for  commerce  with  the  Spa- 
nish coasts  and  with  Guayana.  It  n))ounds 
greatly  in  cattle.  [It  is  one  of  the  Tortugas,  or 
Florida  Keys,  to  the  r.  of  Bahia  Honda ;  the 
distance  between  them  is  four  leagues,  and  tlie 
coast  in  its  direction  turns  to  the  n.  On  the  s. 
side  of  Cayo  Vaca,  about  eight  miles  from  the  u;. 
end,  there  are  wells  of  fresh  water.  A  tliick 
range  of  isles  go  by  this  name.  Bahia  Honda  is 
in  lal.  a4    3,5' w.] 

[Vaca,   called   also  the  (.'ow's,   or   Neat's, 


Tongue,  a  low  point  on  the  w.  coast  of  Chile, 
in  S.  America,  which  bounds  the  Bay  ofTonguey 

to  the  a.] 

V^  AC  ARIA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
captains/lip  of  Rey  in  Brazil,  at  the  source  and  on 
the  shore  of  the  river  yViita. 

VACA R IMA,  a  cordillem  of  the  most  lofty 
mountains  in  the  province  and  government  of 
Guayana,  or  Nueva  Andalucia ;  whicli  divides 
thi:^  province  into  s.  or  de  Caribana,  and  into  n. 
or  de  Pariii .  From  these  mountains  rise  many 
rivers,  whicli  run  n.  and  repair  to  tlie  Orinoco  : 
and  otluns  which  rni)  r.  s.  e.  and  enter  the  sea. 
These  inmiitiiiiis  run  1^0  leagues  from  w.  c.  to 
V.  r;).,  and  in  them  dwell  many  Caribees  Indians, 
be-iides  a  multitude  of  wild  beasts  and  animals. 

VACAS,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Buenos  Ayres,  wliicii  runs  s.  near  the 
Uruguay  and  parallel  to  it,  and  enters  the  Plata, 
opposite  a  single  island  at  its  entrance. 


•'4 


DsachuHcKs. 
DoHtoii.  It 
■porated  in 
ards  taken 
)  dwelling- 
bounded  .V. 
it  far  from 
r  the  town, 
tved  to  coll- 
ie county  ol' 
I  in  the  rear 

head  scttle- 

r  of  Zayula 

families  of 

i,  and  18  two 

head  settle- 
caldia  mayor 
It  is  ot*  an 
between  two 
niliea  of  In- 
b  cultivation 
id  settlement 


ast  of  Chile, 
ofTonguoy 

irovince  and 
ource  and  on 

e   most  lofty 
)vernment  «)t 

hich  divid('^ 
and  into  » 
ins  rise  manv 
llie  Orinoco  : 
nter  the  sea. 

from  M.  c.  to 
bees  Indiiiii'^, 
lul  animals. 

and  goverii- 
i-.   near  tlie 
ers  tliG  Plata, 
ice. 


VAC 

Vacah,  another  river  in  the  province  and  king- 
dom of  (riiateinala. 
[VACCA,  the  same  as  Vaca,  which  see.] 
I  VACIIK,  or  Cow's  Isi.ano,  lies  on  the  s. 
const  of  the  s.  peninsula  of  the  island  of  St. 
Domingo,  and  is  about  9  or  10  miles  long,  and  in 
the  broadest  part  three  and  a  half,  from  n.  to  s. 
The  u\  point  is  six  miles  e.  of  Point  Abacou  ;  and 
in  lat.  \W  4'  m.  and  long.  7J°  37'  a;.  It  has  a  very 

f;ood  soil,  with  Hvo  or  three  tolerable  ports,  and 
ies  very  conveniently  for  trade  with  the  Spanish 
colonies  on  the  continent,  and  with  Cayenne. 
The  seamen  call  this  Ash  Island,  a  corruption 
from  Vash,  as  it  is  pronounced.] 

[Vaciie  et  le  'loRHEAU,  or  Cow  an»  Bum, 
Rocks,  on  the  s.  coast  of  Newfoundland  Island, 
are  about  a  mile  s,  e.  of  Cape  St.  Marv,  which  is 
the  point  between  the  deep  bay  of  Plncentia  on 
the  a),  and  St.  Mary's  Bay  on  the  e.  They  are 
fair  above  water,  but  there  are  others  near  them 
which  lurk  under  water.] 

Vaciie,  Cui.  de  Sac,  a  settlement  and  parish 
of  the  French  in  the  island  of  Martinique  ;  a  cu- 
racy of  the  Capuchin  fathers  ;  situate  on  the 
sliore  of  the  great  bay  of  the  Cul  de  Sac  Royal. 

VADELORGE,  ftay  of,  in  the  island  of  Ciua- 
dalupe,  between  the  bay  of  Rocroi  and  the  river 
Plesis. 

VADIRAGUATO,  a  small  Jurisdiction  and 
alcaht'in  moijor  of  Niieva  Espana,  and  part  of  the 
province  of  Culiacun  in  the  kingdom  of  Niicva 
Vizcaya,  ic.  of  the  Sierra  A/adre,  of  ahot  tempera- 
ture, mountainous  and  rough  country,  and  con- 
taining  some  settlements  of  Indians,  which  were 
held  by  the  Jesuits  of  the  province  of  Cinaloa  ; 
also  different  ranches  of  Spaniards,  who  cultivate 
much  sugar-cane.  It  is  bounded  «•.  by  the  pro- 
vince of  Cinaloa,  in  the  part  which  they  call  the 
.Jurisdictions,  on  the  high  road. 

The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  its  name,  a  re- 
duction of  Indians  made  by  tlic  missionaries  of 
the  Jesuits  ;  the  same  is  situate  in  the  middle  of 
the  sierra,  a  id  on  the  shore  of  the  river  Piastl?. 

VAES,  a  settlement  of  the  province  avl  go- 
vernment of  Tucumah  in  Peru,  near  the  river 
San  Miguel. 

[Vae's  Island,  Anthony,  a  small  island  on 
the  e.  coast  of  Brazil,  in  S.America.  It  lies  to  the 
s.  of  the  sandy  Receif,  and  opposite  to  it,  which 
is  joined  to  the  continent  by  a  oridge.] 

VAGUA,  a  large  tlanura  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Juan  de  Bracamoros  in  the  king- 
dom of  Quito.  It  is  very  fertile,  and  of  an  hot 
climate,   but  healthy,   and    abounding   in   wild 


V  A  L 


14^ 


honey.  It  was  formerly  well  peopled  with  In- 
dians, but  it  at  present  contains  only  few. 

VAGUA  RE,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Neiva  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Gra- 
nada ;  it  runs  nearly  c.  and  enters  the  grand 
river  Magdalena. 

VAISEAIIX,  a  large  island  of  the  N.  Sen, 
near  the  coast  of  Louisiana,  between  the  months 
of  the  rivers  Morilla  and  Mississippi ;  it  has  a 
small  port. 

VAL  l)E  BENITO,  a  large  fertile,  and  boair- 
tiful  valley  of  the  island  of  La  Laxa  in  the  king- 
dom of  Chile,  between  the  rivers  Huaque  and 
Culavi. 

VALDI  VIA,  a  city  and  capital  of  the  province 
and  government  of  this  name,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Chile  ;  founded  by  Pedro  de  Valdivia,  the  cele- 
brate i  conqueror,  in  1552.  It  is  situate  on  the 
shore  of  the  river  of  the  same  denomination,  on 
the  top  of  a  fertile  and  lofty  plain,  advan>an;i>ously 
situate  and  well  fortifiecf.  It  serves  as  a  fiarri- 
son  fi)r  tlu'  conhneraent  of  criminals  and  delin- 
quents of  tiie  kingdom  of  Peru,  and  is  not  large. 
The  Araiicanos  Indians  burnt  and  destroyed  it  en- 
tirely in  IC03  ;  and  the  Dutch,  commaiuir-d  by  Ad- 
miral Henry  Brun,  attempted  to  settle  themselves 
in  it  in  164^,  but  did  not  succeed.  In  1645,  it  was 
rebuilt  and  repeopled  by  the  Colonel  Don  Alonso 
de  Villanuevn,  by  order  of  the  Viceroy  of  Peru, 
the  Marquis  of  Mancera,  who  fortiti'ed  it  at  a 
great  expence ;  so  that  it  became  one  of  the 
linest  places  in  all  America.  It  has  a  good  tort 
in  the  same  river,  well  defended  with  four  castles, 
of  the  names  of  .Mancera,  Niebla,  Amargos,  and 
Corral.  In  its  territory  are  some  very  rich  gold 
mines,  which  were  formerly  worked  to  greai  pro- 
lit,  but  now  i '  andoned.  The  government  of  tliis 
city  was  independent  of  the  Presidency  of  Chile, 
and  subject  only  to  the  Viceroy  of  Lima;  but  it 
was  afterwards  united  to  the  former,  on  account 
of  its  great  distance  from  the  capital  of  Peru,  and 
the  ditficulty  of  receiving  necessary  and  quick 
advices.  In  1737,  the  city  suffered  much  by  an 
earthquake,  [and  more  lately  by  fire  twice,  by 
which  the  greater  part  of  it  has  been  destroyeil,  ft 
is,  however,  still  inhabited  by  some  most  illustrious 
families;  is  183  miles  s.  from  La  Conception  ;  in 
lat.  39"  48'  A.  and  long.  73°  27'  .W  ,t.  This  city 
declared  its  independence  as  early  as  August, 
1()I3.  See  Vai.pakaiso,  also  for  a  furtlier  in- 
teresting account  of  its  earlier  history,  see  Chile, 
index  to  additional  history  respecting  that  coun- 
try, tap.  iv.  j 

The  aforesaid  river  is  one  of  the  most  cele- 


1*1  ' 


il 


1 )  I 


V  A  r 


V  A  f. 


■.'y 


I         ( 


i' 


bi'iitoil  in  lliiit  kiiiiriloin.     Il  hiiih  Iroin  tin*  lontio      vrniiiXMit  nt'  Voiio/iielti.  in  tlit'  \iifvii  lifviio  ili- 
lit,  (Uvi(iiii<>:  it  iiitii  twit  |)arl-<,  to  «Mil<>r  tlio  \.      (■niiiiula:  roiinili'il  Itv   Alnii/o  Din/  .Mornio,  hv 

(I      order  (if  llic  (lovcnior  \  illinriidii,  in  IJ,)J,  Mini 


Sen  Itv  I  ho  ;/.  side 


pa 


nd   i-i  so  litii|)i(l,  lU'iw,  iMK 


I,  iW 


deep,  tliiit  ships  of  till"  !>rral««Ht  lnndcniiiiiM' close      not  in    I  JT.'J,  iis  is  >\ron<;lv  itsM-i'lod  l)V  tho  l'V\ 


up   to  tho  <'il»,  which   is  three  h  iiijiies  from  its 


h'snit  Cololi)  in  n  lu'iiutirnl  llatiutii,  hud'a  lea: 


noiilh,  and  iire  Hidad(  ii   l)y  means  uierelv  of  a  Iroin  the  hike  Tarariifua.     Il  is  small,  ol'  a  hut 

|il;ink.     Its  month  is  narrowed  hv  hvo  m<>niili>ins:  tenip.-ratnre,  hnt  lertile,  and  alxitindinu;  in  (Y/rof/ 

the  one.  which  is  the  larger,  oi«  i he  ;/.  part,  cMJIed  and  cattle,  in  wliich  its  cftmmercu  consists,  and 

Honiliicio,  and  the  other  saiaMer  in  the  «..  called  which  wouhi  ha\e  nnide  it  opulent   hut  lor  tlic 

(ion/alo.     \    little  hi<;lu'r  np  the  riser  lieconies  jri-eat  sloth  ol' its  natives,  and  trom  the  circnm 

still   narrow (>r,  and   this    part    is  con-idered  llie  stance  of  its  having;  l)een  sacked  l>v  pirates    in 

key  of  llie  port  at'orosaid,  and  ol' various  others.  Mill.     It    " 


\\i 


II    huill,   and  has  a   very   ftood 
The  >ame  narroM  pass  is  irirt   in  hy  Iwii  monn-      narisli-church,  and  a  cornent  ol' religious  ol' St. 


tain< 


o  ('|ii>.e  as 


to  h 


le  within  two  musket  shot  of     I'ranc 


It 


Wil' 


the    theatre    of  the    crnelti 


«'arli  oilier,  that  on   the  v.  |inrt  is  caNed  l)e  lo-      whidi  were  perpetrated  hy  the  tyrant  Lopo  de 


.Man/aiuis,  nrul  tlie  opposite.  I)e  \ievn.    In  leav-      .Affuirri 


inji   tl 


lis  strait,  there  i«.  on  (lie  v.  side,  the  port 


I'he  present  population  of  this  city,  according 


!)<d  Corial,  which  has  this  name  from  the  shelter  to  a  <'ensiis  taken  in  IM)!,  is  (>,.')|H  souls;   hut  hy 

alVorded  il  from  the  uioiintaiiis  of  the  main  sliore  :  oth«>r  more   correct  calculations,   it  ninoiiiiiH  to 

a  lai'nc  liay  heini;   thn-  formed.  capai>le  of  cmi-  more  than  N,0()().     The  iiihahitants  are  Creoles. 

•  iiiiiini;  an  inliniie  nuiiilieiof  ships.  and  descendants  from  v<'ry  ancient  families,  hn) 

I 'I'he   hariionr  of  \  aldivia    is    the  safest,  the  there  are  a  few  Wiscavans,  and  some  sotth-rs  from 

str(Ui^esl  from  its  natural  |)osition.  ami  thi>  most  the  Canaries. 

capacious  of  any  of  the  poiL-i  in  the  S.  Sea.     The  The  streets  are  hroad,  and  are  <j;ciierally  paved, 

i«hiii(!  of  Man/.era.  situate   jiist  m  the  month  of  th(>    houses    are    without    stories.      The    parish 

tiie  river,  forms  t\Mi  passai>t's.  h(ii'(!er(>d  hv  steep  church,     and   a    handsome   s(piare    in    which    il 


monnlaiiis,  and  slron<>;ly  lorlilied.  As  t]iis  ■•;  a 
port  ol  the  most  importance  of  any  in  the  I'acilic, 
a  ifiiveriior  is  always  sent  from  .Spain,  wlio  pos- 
sesses reputation  as  a  niilitarv  oHicer,  and  is 
under  (he  inunediate  diriniion  of  tli(>  prcsithMii  of 
lh(*  kill^dom.  Me  has  uiuh'i'  ids  command  a  con- 
siderahle  nniul)er  ot' troops,  who  are  otiicerrd  hv 
l.'ie  live  (y/>y(//(///,v,  or  commanders  ol"  tlie  castles, 
a  serjeaiil  major,  a  prox editor,  an  inspector,  ami 
MM'erai  captains,  l-'or  the  pa\  of  the  soldiers 
,'>(i,(MM)  crowns  are  annually  sent  hilher  from  the 
royal  trea-iiry  of  I'ern.  and  the  provisions  rtvpii- 
siie  for  liii'ir  ^ul)sislence  from  the  other  porls  of 
Chile.  The  .Jesuits  had  formerly  a  coUene  here  : 
lliere  are  he-^ides  some  convents  of  l•■rancis(■all^, 
and  of  the  Mrotficrs  ofClunily,  \;itl:  a  royal  ims- 
pitiil.  and  the  pari~<h  ( liiirch.  | 

The  (iejds  and  territories  on  the  sliores  of  this 
river  are  most  fertile,  and  yi<ld  much  wheat, 
pulse,  and  trnii.  lhoii|^h  \\w.  (gripes  here  come  lo 
no  perfection.  Tlie  icrritorv  ahriuiuls  in  all 
kinds  of  calile  and  liirds.  and  in  timher  excellent 
for  l)uildiii<>  ships  :  and  not  less  '-o  in  mines  of 
u:ol(l,  of  as  rich  (jiiality  as  that  of  the  mines  ofCa 
ruliaya  in  I'eru,  which  is  the  hest  known,  'i'liis 
nver  was  discovered  hy  I'edro  de  \  aldivia,  con- 
ipieriM'  of  Cliile,  nho  yiuc  it  his  name. 

VALi'^NCIA,  a  city  of  tin-  province  and  <;n 


slanils,  form  the  prim  iiial  ornaments  of  the  city. 
In  ISOt,  a  church  was  fiiiiit  in  the  r.  e\tri</uily  of 
tlie  town,  the  expence  heiiifif  defrayed  hy  the 
liherality  ol'  the  .settlers  from  the  Canaries,  and 
the  alms  of  the  faithful.  Il  was  dedicated  to 
Our  Lady  of  I. a  Caiuielaria.  The  I'ranciscaiis 
had  a  convent  of  ein;|it  monks  here,  uhoiit  ;')ll 
years  ayo. 

\V  hat  .\i<;edo  relates  of  the  apathy  of  the  in- 
hahitanls  seems  hut  too  true  :  they  are  rej.utod 
to  be  file  most  indolent  people  of  the  whole  pro- 
V  iiice  ;  nay,  to  such  a  dejjroe  did  tlieir  slotli 
arrive,  that,  in  order  lo  prev<>nt  a  famine,  the 
ijovernor  was  :ilili<re(l  lo  coiii|)el  every  person 
iipiMi  oath,  a. id  under  a  severe  penaltv,  to  colled 
for  their  individual  us<>  a  certain  specified  (piaii- 
lily  of  provisions.  Since  this  lime  the  Vnleii- 
ciaiis  lia\(>  become  nK)re  industrious,  and  it  is  to 
be  liopiMl  that  in  time  (hey  will  (Mtdit  by  (lie 
advanlanes  which  their  city  posse-ses. 

The  distaiux'  liriice  (o  Puerto  Cavello  i<i  10 
leajiiic-,  t!te  i.>ad  is  «;()od,  hut  another  is  now 
eliding,  which  «'l!  reduce  the  distance  of  the  twd 
pliices  to  only  six  leaijues. 

All  the  proline  •  of  the  interior,  which  is  ship- 
ped at  Puerto  Cava  I  lo,  necessarily  passes  throiiifli 
\  aleiicia,  so  that  (he  city  is  cxceediiiffly  well 
supjiiied  \\itli  provisions  id' every  descriiitiou. 


■),M 


J 


**!•* 


Moiviio,  by 

Ij,)."),  Mini 

l)V  llif   •'""' 
uillii  U-ami'- 
ill,  III'  a  liot 
ilinu;  in  aicnc 
i-oiihUn,  «ii»i 

hut  tor  «!i<- 

thi«  circ.imi 
)V  piriiti'K  ill 
il  vi'i'v  K«><"1 
■liuiuiis  1)1'  S). 
llif  ciiullit^- 
rant  \j<>\w  il< 

itv,  acronlinu 
souls :  hut  hv 
i(  ainownis  to 
rt  me  Crcolis. 
t  liiniilit^^,  l)Ut 
('splllcr-i  iVoiK 

■iii'iallv  |)avi'(l. 
Till'    |)aiisl> 
J   in   wliuli    '• 
ntH  of  thi'  i-it.v. 
,.  »>xtn'fiiit>  «''" 
•iVaveil   liy  till' 
(  Ciinafifs,  anil 
s  (led  i  cat  I'd    to 
lu"   I'lam-iscans 
line,  about  ;')U 

itliv  of  the  in- 

iivo   lT).lltO<l 
bi<  \vboh<  pn>- 
iliil  thoii-   slot'* 
11   laniino,  thi' 
c'vi'iv    pi'i-j^on 
ialt\."toi('lUTl 
i|)i>tiliiHl  (Hiaii- 
ime  tiio   Valcii- 
u«,  ainl  it  is  to 
IMiilit  by  »I>'' 

'^ravi-llo  is   10 

aiiotliiM-  is  iiinv 

iiiu'ooftlio  two 

I-,  which  is  ship- 
passes  throiiuli 

Kceeilinsl.V  "*"'' 
(Icsciiptiou. 


^^ 


VAL 


•4 


[Th«  vallies  of  Arnf^on,  the  jurisdictions  of  San 
Philippe,  San  Carlos,  San  Jnnn  Uaptiflte  del 
Pho,  Tociiyo,  and  Bamqui8im?to,  cannot  send 
their  produce  or  their  heaHts  to  Puerto  Cavello, 
but  throui^h  this  citv.  The  inhabitants  might 
confieqiiently  make  their  town  t'lc  emporium  of 
the  whole  province,  which  would  I)e  of  uh  much 
benefit  to  the  people  of  the  interior  an  to  them- 
Relven.  The  Valencians  are  thought  to  poHsess 
capacity,  but  their  diNponilionR  arc  more  adapted 
to  the  sciences  than  to  agriculture. 

Valencia  remained  linn  to  the  cause  of  Ferdi- 
nand up  to  the  year  IHIO,  when  it  was  i^ompelled 
to  submit  to  Miranda,  and  shortly  after,  in  the 
same  year,  became  the  scat  of  the  New  Ciuigress 
of  United  States  of  Venezuela;  who,  by  having 
fortunately  for  themselves,  removed  to  this  place. 
Mere  thus  delivered  from  the  calamity  of  the 
dreadful  earthquake,  which  happened  at  Caracas 
on  April  19,  1810.  It  soon  ai\er  became  occu- 
pied by  the  Royalist  party,  and  was  afterwards 
delivered  by  capitulation,  made  by  the  Spanish 
General  Rlake,  to  Count  Siichet,  commander  in 
chief  of  the  imperial  army  of  Aragon,  January 
9,  1812.  Its  possession,  being  lost,  was  again 
disputed  by  IViiranda,  who,  in  this  year,  entered 
into  a  convention  with  Monteveide,  the  governor, 
and  uflerwards  by  Bolivar,  the  latter  of  wlioin 
entered  the  city  on  August  I,  18 IJ,  without  the 
least  opposition,  it  having  been  abandoned  by 
tlie  enemy.  He  found  there  an  immense  park  of 
artillery,  with  a  great  quantity  of  aminunilion 
and  muskets. 

This  city  is  115  miles  s.e.  from  the  city  of 
Coro,  77  *.  a?,  from  that  of  Caracas,  and  11  from 
Burburata,  in  lat.  10°  9'  h.  long.  ()8°  13'  w.  Keau- 
nier's  thermometer  is  generally  from  lli"  toSJ''.] 

Vai.f.nc'IA,  another,  a  small  city  in  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Maracnibo,  in  the  same 
kingdom  ;  .litiiate  in  one  of  the  craggy  sierras. 

Valencia,  a  settlement,  called  also  Cicnno 
DF.  Tome,  of  the  missions  which  were  held  liy  the 
religious  of  St.  Francis,  in  the  kingdom  of  Nucvo 
Mexico,  in  N.  America. 

Valencia,  a  lake  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Venezuela  in  the  Nuevo  Ueyno  do  Gra- 
nada, called  by  the  Indians  Tacarigua.  The 
surrounding  climate  is  temperate  and  wholesome, 
and  the  banlis  arc  fertile  and  picturesque.  Oviedo, 
nearly  a  century  ago,  asserted  the  size  of  this 
lake  to  be  14  leagues  long  and  6  broad ;  Cisneros, 
in  1764,  aifirmed  it  to  be  18  or  20  leagues  long 
and  nearly  0  broad,  and  in  the  map  of  Venezuela, 
published  in  1787,  its  dimensions  were  10  Castel- 
lia.i  leagues  in  length,  and  three  and  a  half  in 

▼  OL.  V. 


VAL 


t4« 


breadth.  Autliois  have  varied  equally  as  to  its 
situation  and  utility,  but  the  true  dimensions  are, 
from  ti.  e.  to  w.  s.  w.  24  miles,  and  in  its  broadest 
part  it  is  nine.  Its  form  is  an  oblong,  it  lies  five 
miles  from  Valencia,  and  six  from  the  sea,  in  a 
valley  surrounded  by  moiinluin«,  excepting  on 
the  w.  side.  The  mountains  between  it  and  the 
sea  are  inaccessible  ;  twenty  rivers  empty  them- 
selves into  this  lake,  from  which  circumstance, 
together  with  the  attraction  by  which  all  bodieii 
are  evidently  drawn  from  its  extremities  to  its 
centre,  it  is  supposed  to  have  a  subterraneous 
communication  with  the  sea. 

On  the  eastern  shore  are  five  plantations  of 
tobacco,  belonging  to  the  crown,  and  employing 
I5,0(X)  persons.  The  other  banks  are  variously 
cultivated  by  individuals. 

By  this  lake  is  transported  the  produce  which 
grows  on  its  shores  and  on  the  banks  of  the  neigh* 
bouring  rivers.  The  navigation  is  far  from  easy, 
on  account  of  the  centrifugal  attraction  Just 
mentioned,  and  the  number  of  little  islands, 
which  arc  so  scattered  as  to  render  it  almost 
impossible  to  use  a  sail.  One  of  the  islands,  Cara- 
tapona,  has  a  small  population,  and  a  spring  of 
water  of  much  better  quality  than  that  of  the  lake. 

The  silicus  baarr  and  the  hitnnius  pholis  lins, 
and  wliat  the  Soaniards  call  gitavinn,  ore  the 
only  Hsh  found  licre,  but  all  these  are  in  great 
plenty.  There  is  also  abundance  of  water-game, 
and  various  birds  of  exquisite  plumage  arc 
to  be  found  on  the  banks,  as  well  as  numerous 
lizards  and  other  reptiles  ;  one  sort  of  lizard,  the 
ig»ati(i,ihe  Spaniards  and  Indians  arc  very  fond  of. 

VALENTIN,  S.  Bay  of,  on  the  w.  coast  of  the 
Strait  of  Maire,  between  the  Cape  of  Buen  Su- 
ceso  (Good  Success)  and  the  Port  Mauricio.  It 
lies  open,  and  has  a  bad  bottom. 

Valentin,  a  river  which  runs  c.  and  enters 
the  sea  in  the  former  bay. 

Valentin,  a  cape  or  point  of  land,  of  the  e. 
coast  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  between  the  Bay 
of  Papagayos  and  the  Point  of  Boqueron. 

VALERO,  San  Francisco  Xavieu  de,  a 
town,  capital  and  garrison  of  the  Nuevo  Reyno 
de  Toledo  in  N.  America,  this  name  having  been 
given  it  in  honour  to  the  Marquis  of  Vulcro, 
Viceroy  of  Nueva  Espafia,  by  whose  order  it  waa 
founded. 

[VALLADOLID,  an  intendancy  of  the  king- 
dom of  Nueva  Espana.  It  was,  according  to 
the  description  of  Humboldt,  at  the  period  of 
the  Spanisn  conquest,  made  a  part  of  the  king- 
dom of  Michuacan  or  Mechoacan,  which  ex- 
tended from  the  Rio  de  Zacatula  to  the  port  de] 
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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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VALLADOLID. 


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Mim^ 


[la  Navidad,  and  from  t?ie  mountains  of  Xala 
and  Colima  to  tlie  river  of  Lonna,  and  tlio  lalie 
of  Chapala.  The  capital  of  this  kins^doin  of 
Mechoacan,  ^vhich,  like  the  republics  of  Tiaxiala, 
Huexocinf<yo,  and  Cholula,  was  always  inde- 
pendent of  t'le  Mexican  empire,  was  Izintzont- 
zan,  a  town  sitnate  on  the  hanks  of  a  lake,  in- 
finitely picturesque,  called  the  Lake  of  Patz- 
quaro,  1  zinti;ontzan,  which  the  Aztec  inhabitants 
of  Tcnochtitian  called  Hiiitzitzila,  is  now  only  a 
poor  Indian  village,  though  it  still  preserves  the 
pompous  title  of  city. 

The  inteudancy  of  Valladolid,  vulgarly  called 
in  the  country  Mechoacan,  is  bounded  on  the  n. 
by  the  Rio  de  JiSrma,  which  farther  e.  takes  the 
name  of  Rio  Grande  de  Santiago.  On  the  e. 
and  w.  e.  it  joins  the  intendancy  of  Mexico;  on 
the  n.  the  inteiulancy  of  Guanaxuato;  and  on 
the  w.  that  of  Giiadalaxara.  The  greatest  length 
of  the  province  of  Valladolid,  from  the  port  of 
Zacatula  to  the  basaltic  mountains  of  Palangeo, 
in  a  direction  from  ,«.  s.  e.  to  n.  n.  e.  is  78  leagues. 
It  is  washed  by  the  S.  Sea  for  an  extent  of  coast 
of  more  than  38  leagues. 

Situate  on  the  w.  neclivity  of  the  Cordillera 
of  Anahuac,  intersected  with  hills  and  charming 
vallies,  which  exhibit  to  the  eye  of  the  traveller 
a  very  uncommon  appearance  under  the  torrid 
zone,  that  of  extensive  and  well  watered  mea- 
dows, the  province  of  Valladolid  in  general  en- 
joys a  mild  and  temperate  climate,  exceedingly 
conducive  to  the  health  of  the  inhabitants.  It 
is  only  when  we  descend  the  table-land  of  Ario, 
and  approach  the  coast  that  we  find  a  climate  in 
which  the  new  colonists,  and  frequently  even  the 
indigenous,  are  subject  to  the  scourj,^?  of  inter- 
mittent and  putrid  fevers. 

The  most  elevated  summit  of  the  intendancy 
of  Valladolid  is  the  Pic  deTancitaro,  to  thee,  of 
Tuspan.  Humboldt  complains  that  he  could 
never  see  it  near  enough  to  take  an  exact  mea- 
surement of  it ;  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  is 
higher  than  the  Volcan  de  Colina,  and  that  it  is 
more  frequently  covered  with  snow.  To  the  e. 
of  the  Pic  de  Tancitaro,  the  Volcan  de  Jorullo 
(Xorillo,  or  Juruyo)  was  formed  in  the  night  of 
the  29th  September,  1759.  Bonpland,  the  fel- 
low traveller  of  the  Baron,  reached  its  crater  on 
the  19th  September,  1803.  The  great  catastrophe 
in  which  this  mountain  rose  from  the  earth,  and 
by  which  a  considerable  extent  of  ground  totally 
changed  its  appearance,  is,  nerhaps,  one  of  the 
most  extraordinary  physical  revolutions  in  the 
annals  of  the  history  of  our  planet.    Geology 


points  out  the  parts  of  the  ocean,  where,  at  re- 
cent epoquas  within  the  last  2,000  years,  near  the 
Azores,  in  the  Egean  sea,  and  to  the  s.  of  i  e- 
land,  small  volcanic  islands  li.ive  risen  above  the 
surface  of  the  water;  but  it  gives  us  no  example 
of  the  formation,  from  the  centre  of  a  thousand 
small  burning  cones,  of  a  mountain  of  scoria  and 
ashes  517  metres,  or  1,695  feet  in  height,  com- 
paring it  only  with  the  level  of  the  old  adjoining 
plains  in  the  interior  of  a  continent  3(i  leagues 
distant  from  the  coast,  and  more  than  42  leagues 
from  every  other  active  volcano.  This  remark- 
able phenomenon  was  sung  in  hexameter  verses 
by  the  Jesuit  Father  Raphael  Landivar,  a  native 
of  Guatemala.  It  is  mentioned  by  the  Abbe 
Clavigero  in  the  ancient  history  of  his  country, 
Sloria  aiiliru  di  Messico,  vol.  i.  p.  42  ;  and  yet  it 
has  renuiined  unknown  to  the  mineralogists  and 
naturalists  of  Europe,  though  it  took  place  not 
more  than  60  years  ago,  and  within  six  days 
journey  of  the  capital  of  Mexico,  descending 
from  the  central  table  land  towards  the  shores  of 
the  S.  Sea. 

A  vast  plain  extends  from  the  hills  of  Agua- 
sarco  to  near  the  villages  of  Teipa  and  Petatlan, 
both  equally  celebrated  for  their  line  plantations 
of  cotton.  This  plain,  between  the  Picachos 
del  Mortero,  the  Cerros  de  las  Cuevas,  y  de 
Cuiche,  is  only  from  750  to  800  metres,  or  from 
2,460  to  2,624  feet,  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
In  the  middle  of  a  tract  of  ground  in  which 
porphyry  with  a  base  of  grimstein  predominates, 
basaltic  cones  appear,  the  summits  of  which  are 
crowned  with  evergreen  oaks  of  a  laurel  and 
olive  foliage,  intermingled  with  small  palm-trees 
with  flabelliform  leaves.  This  beautiful  vegeta- 
tion forms  a  singular  contrast  with  t'le  aridity  of 
the  plain,  which  was  laid  waste  by  volcanic 
fire. 

Till  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  fields 
cultivated  with  sugar-cane  and  indigo,  occupied 
the  extent  of  ground  between  the  two  brooks, 
called  Cuitamba  and  San  Pedro.  'Ihey  were 
bounded  by  basaltic  mountains,  oi"  which  the 
structure  seems  to  indicate  that  ail  this  country, 
at  a  very  remote  period,  liad  been  already  several 
times  convulsed  by  volcanoes.  These  fields, 
watered  by  artificial  means,  belonged  to  the 
plantation  ( hacienda)  of  San  Pedro  de  Xoullo, 
one  of  the  greatest  and  richest  of  the  country. 
In  the  month  of  June,  17.59,  a  subterraneous 
noise  was  heard.  Hollow  noises  of  a  most  alarm- 
ing nature  [bramillos),  were  accompanied  by 
frequent  earthquakes,  which  succeeded  one  ano-.i 


% 


# 


VALLADOLID. 


147 


e,  at  re- 
near  the 
.  of  I  e- 
iliove  the 
example 
thousand 
coria  and 
r|it,  com- 
ae! joining 
j  leagues 

2  leagues 
i  reinark- 
[er  verses 
•,  a  native 
the  Abbe 
s  country, 
and  yet  it 
[)gists  and 

place  not 
1  six  days 
iescending 
e  shores  of 

1  of  Agua- 
i  Petatlan, 
plantations 

3  Picachos 
cvas,  y  de 
js,  or  from 
of  tlie  sea. 
I  in  which 
sdominates, 

whicii  are 
laurel  and 
palm-trees 
ful  ve_eta- 
aridity  of 
volcanic 


fields 


tury, 

tj,  occupied 

wo  brooks, 

1  hoy  were 

whicli  the 

lis  country, 

ady  several 

lese   tields, 

red    to   the 

de  Xoullo, 

»e  country. 

3terraneous 

most  alarm- 

npanicd   by 

id  one  ano-j 


[ther  for  from  50  to  60  days,  to  the  great  con- 
sternation of  the  inhabitants  of  the  hncienda. 
From  tiie  beginning  of  September  every  thing 
seemed  to  announce  the  complete  re-establish- 
ment of  tranniiillity,  when  in  the  night  between 
the  28th  and  29th,  the  horrilile  subterraneous 
noise  recommenced.  The  afiVighted  Indians  fled 
to  the  mountains  of  yVguasarco.  A  tract  of 
ground  from  nine  to  12  s(|uare  English  miles  in 
extent,  which  goes  by  the  name  of  Malpais,  rose 
up  in  the  shape  of  a  bladder.  The  bounds  of 
this  convulsion  ar'^  still  distinguishable  in  the 
fractured  strata.  'I'hc  Malpais  near  its  edges  is 
only  12  metres,  or  3d  feet,  above  the  old  level 
of  the  plain,  called  the  Playas  de  Xorillo  ;  but 
the  convexity  of  the  ground  thus  thrown  up  in- 
creases progressively  towards  the  centre  to  an 
elevation  of  160  metres,  or  521  feet. 

'Ihose  who  witnessed  this  great  catastrophe 
from  the  top  of  Aguasarco  assert  that  flames  were 
seen  to  issue  forth  for  an  extent  of  more  than  half 
a  square  league,  that  fragments  of  burning  rocks 
were  thrown  up  to  prodigious  heights,  and  that 
through  a  thick  cloud  of  ashes,  illumined  by  the 
volcanic  fire,  the  softened  surface  of  the  earth 
was  seen  to  swell  up  like  an  agitated  sea.  The 
rivers  of  Cuitamba  and  San  Pedro  precipitated 
themselves  into  the  burning  chas  ns.  The  de- 
composition of  the  water  contri.  uted  to  in- 
vigorate the  flames,  which  were  distinguishable 
at  the  city  of  Pascuaro,  though  .-ituated  on  a 
very  extensive  table  land  1 ,400  uietres,  or  4,592 
feet,  elevated  above  the  plains  of  las  Playas  de 
Xorillo.  Eruptions  of  mud,  and  especially  of 
strata  of  clay  enveloping  balls  of  decomposed 
basaltes  in  concentrical  layers,  appear  to  indicate 
that  subterraneous  water  had  no  small  share  in 
producing  this  extraordinary  revolution.  Thou- 
sands of  small  cones,  from  two  to  three  metres,  or 
from  6.5  feet  to  9.S  feet  in  height,  called  by  llie 
indigenes  ovens  ( hornitos)  issued  forth  from  the 
Malpais.  Although  within  the  last  15 years,  ac- 
cording to  the  testimony  of  the  Indians,  the  heat 
of  these  volcanic  ovens'  has  suffered  a  great  di- 
minution. Iliimbolt  perceived  the  thermometer 
rise  to  202  f.  Fahrenheit,  on  being  plunged  into 
fissures  which  exhale  an  aqueous  vapour.  Each 
small  cone  is  a  fumorola,  from  which  a  thick  va- 

four  ascends  to  the  heiglit  of  10  or  15  metres. 
n  niany  of  them  a  subterraneous  noise  is  heard, 
whicli  appears  to  announce  the  proximity  of  a 
fluid  in  ebullition. 

In  the  midst  of  the  ovens  six  largo  masses, 
elevated  from  4  to  600  metres,  from  J12  to 
1,610  feel,  each  above  the  old  level  of  the  plains, 


spi"ng  up  from  a  chasm,  of  which  the  direction 
is  from  the  n.  n,  e.  to  the  s.  s,  e.  This  is  the  phe- 
nomenon  of  the   Montenovo  of  Naples,  several 
times  rc|)eated  in  a  range  of  volcanic  hills.   The 
most  elevated  of  these  enormous  masses,  wliich 
bears  some  resemblance  to  the  puys  de  I'Au- 
vergne,  is  the  great  V  olcan  de  Xorillo.     It  is 
continually  burning,  and  has  thrown   up  from 
the  H.  side  an  immense  quantity  of  scorified  and 
basaltic  lavas,  containing  fragments  of  primitive 
rocks.      Tiiese  great   eruptions   of   the  central 
volcano  continued  till  the  month  of  February, 
1760.     In  the  following  years  they  became  gra- 
dually less   frequen..     The   Indians,  frightened 
at  the  horrible  noises  of  the  new  volcano,  aban- 
doned at  first  all  the   vilhigcs  situated  within 
seven  or  eight  leagues  distance  of  the  playas  de 
Jorullo.     They  became  gradually,  however,  ac- 
cusfonvd  to  this  terrific  spectacle;  and  having 
returned  to  their  cottages,  they  advanced  towards 
the  mountains  of  Aguasarco  and  Santa  Ines,  to 
admire  the  streams  of  fire  discharged  from  an 
infinity  of  great  and   small  volcanic  apertures. 
The  roofs  of  the  houses  of  Queretaro  were  then 
covered  with  ashes  at  a  distance  of  more  than 
48  leagues  in  a  straight  line  from  the  scene  of 
the  explosion.     Although  the  subterraneous  fire 
now  appears  far  from  violent,  and  the  Malpays 
and  the  groat  volcano  begin  to  be  covered  with 
vegetables,  the  ambient  air  is  heated  to  such  a 
degree  by  tiie  action  of  the  small  ovens  (hornitos ,', 
that  the  thermometer  at  a  great  distance  from 
the  surface  and  in  the  shade  rises  as  high  as  109° 
of  Fahrenheit.     This  fact  appears  to  prove  that 
there  is  no  exaggeration   in  the  accounts  of  se- 
veral old  Indians,  who  affirm  that  for  many  years 
after   the   iirsi   eruption,  the  plains  of  Jorullo, 
even  at  a  great  distance  from  the  scene  of  l!ie 
explosion, were  uiiinhabitablc,  from  the  excessive 
heat  which  prevai'jd  in  them. 

The  traveller  is  still  shown,  near  the  Cerro 
de  Santa  liies,  the  rivers  of  Cuitamba  and  San 
Pedro,  of  which  the  limpid  waters  formerly  wa- 
tered the  siigar-cane  plantation  of  Don  Andre 
Pimentel.  These  streams  disappeared  in  the 
night  of  the  29th  September,  1759  ;  but  at  a  dis- 
tance of  2,000  metres,  or  6,561  feet,  farther  iv'. 
in  the  tract  which  was  the  theatre  of  the  con- 
vulsion, two  rivers  are  now  seen  bursting  through 
the  argilaceous  vault  of  the  hornitos,  of  the  ap- 
pearance of  mineral  waters,  in  which  the  ther- 
mometer rises  to  120^.8  of  Fahrenheit.  The 
Indians  continue  to  give  them  the  names  of  San 
Pedro  and  Cuitambia,  because  in  several  parts 
of  the  Malpays  great  masses  of  water  are  heard] 


TP'r 


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m 


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■m 


Ms 


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m 


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a 


148 


VALLADOLID. 


M 


'     » 


I  *; 


i^  I  Hill 


ll  I 


A 


vt 


[to  run  in  a  direction  from  c.  to  w.  from  tlie 
mountainH  of  Santa  Ifies  towards  the  Ilacieniia 
(Estat?)  de  la  Presontacion.  Near  this  habita- 
tion there  is  a  brook,  which  disengages  itself 
from  the  sidphnreons  hydrojf^en.  It  is  more  than 
seven  metres  in  breadth,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
abundant  hydro  sulphureous  springs  ever  seen. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  Indians,  these  extraordi- 
nary transformations  which  we  have  been  do- 
scribing,  the  surface  of  tlie  earth  raised  up  and 
burst  by  the  volcanic  fire,  and  the  mountains  of 
scoria  and  ashes  heaped  together,  are  the  work 
of  the  Monks.  An  attribute  of  power,  singu- 
larly great  and  extraordinary  ;  but  the  tradition 
is,  that  some  Capuchin  missionaries  liaving come, 
in  1759,  to  preach  at  the  plantation  of  San 
Pedro,  and  not  liaving  met  with  a  favourable  re- 
ception, they  poured  out  an  imprecation  against 
the  said  plain,  and  prophesied  that  in  the  first 
place  tlie  plantation  would  be  swallowed  up  by 
'^imes  rising  out  of  the  earth,  and  that  aller- 
tvards  the  ambient  air  would  cool  to  such  a 
degree  that  the  neighbouring  mountains  would 
for  ever  remain  covered  with  snow  and  ice.  The 
former  of  these  maledictions  having  already  pro- 
duced such  fatal  effects,  the -lower  Indians  con- 
template in  the  increasing  coolness  of  the  vol- 
cano the  sinister  presage  of  a  perpetual  winter. 

The  position  of  the  new  Volcan  de  JoruHo 
gives  rise  to  a  very  c mi  lis  geological  observa- 
tion. In  New  Spam  there  is  a  parallel  of  great 
elevations,  or  a  narrow  zone  contained  between 
the  18^  59'  and  the  19°  12'  oflat.  in  which  all  the 
summits  of  .\nahuac  which  rise  above  the  region 
of  perpetual  snow  are  situated.  These  summits 
are  either  volcanoes  which  still  continue  to  burn, 
or  mountains,  which  from  their  form  as  well  as 
the  nature  of  their  rocks  have  in  all  probability 
formerly  contained  subterraneous  fire.  As  we 
recede  from  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic,  we  find  in 
a  direction  from  r.  to  w.  the  Pic  d'Orizaba,  the 
two  volcanoes  of  la  Piiebia,  the  Nevado  de 
Toluca,  the  Pic  de  T-incitaro,  and  the  Volcan  de 
Coliina.  Tliese  great  elevations,  in  place  oi' 
forming  the  crest  of  the  cordilfera  ofAnahuac, 
and  following  its  direction,  which  is  from  the 
s.  e.  to  the  n.  w  are,  on  the  contrary,  placed  on 
a  line  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  great 
chain  of  mountains.  It  is  undoubtedly  worthy 
of  observation,  that  in  1759  the  new  volcano  of 
Xorillo  was  formed  in  the  prolongation  of  that 
line,  on  the  same  parallel  with  the  ancient  Mexi- 
can volcanoes ! 

A  single  glance  bestowed  on  Humboldt's  plan 
of  the  environs  of  Xorillo  will  prove  that  the 


six  large  masses  rose  out  of  the  earth,  in  a  line 
which  runs  through  the  plain  from  the  Cerro  de 
las  Cuevas  to  the  Picacho  del  Mortero ;  and  it  is 
thus  also  that  the  bocvhe  nove  of  Vesuvius  are 
ranged  along  the  prolongation  of  a  chasm.  Do 
not  these  analogies  entitle  us  to  suppose  that 
there  exists  in  this  part  of  Mexico,  at  a  great 
depth  in  the  interior  of  the  earth,  a  chasm  in  a 
direction  from  e.  to  w.  for  a  length  of  137  leagues, 
along  which  the  volcanic  fire  bursting  through 
the  interior  crust  of  the  porphyritical  rocks,  has 
made  its  appearance  at  different  eporiuas  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  S.  Sea  ?  Does  this 
chasm  extend  to  the  small  group  of  islands,  called 
by  M.  Collnet  the  Archipelago  of  Revilla|i;igedo, 
around  which,  in  the  same  parallel  with  the 
Mexican  volcanoes,  pumice-stone  has  been  seen 
floating?  Those  naturalists  who  make  a  distinc- 
tion between  the  facts  which  arc  offered  us  by 
descriptive  geology  and  theoretical  reveries  on 
the  primitive  state  of  our  planet,  must  forgive 
these  general  observations  on  the  general  map  of 
New  Spain.  Moreover,  from  the  lake  of  Cuiseo, 
which  IS  impregnated  with  muriate  of  soda,  and 
wliich  exhales  sulfuretted  hydrogen  as  far  as  the 
city  of  Valladolid,  for  an  extent  of  40  square 
leagues,  there  are  a  great  quantity  of  hot  wells, 
which  generally  contain  only  muriatic  acid, 
without  any  vestiges  of  terreous  sulfates  or  me- 
tallic salts.  Such  are  mineral  waters  of  Chu- 
candiro,  Cuinche,  San  Sebastian,  and  San  Juan 
Tararamco. 

The  extent  of  the  intendancy  of  Valladolid  is 
one  fifth  less  than  that  of  Ireland,  but  its  relative 

ropulation  is  twice  greater  than  that  of  Finland, 
n  this  province  there  are  three  cities  (Valladolid, 
Tzintzontzan,  and  Pascuaro) ;  three  towns  (Cita- 
quaro,  Zamora,  and  Charo) ;  263  villages  ;  205 
parishes ;  and  326  farms.  The  imperfect  enu- 
meration of  1793  gave  a  total  population  of 
289,314souls,  of  whom  40,399  were  male  whites, 
and  39,081  female  whites ;  61,3,52  male  Indians, 
and  58,016  female  Indians  ;  and  154  monks,  138 
nuns,  and  293  individuals  of  the  secular  clergy. 

The  Indians  who  Mihabit  the  province  o*"  Val- 
ladolid form  thre  -  .  os  ot  different  origin);  the 
Tarascos,  celebi  i'  ,n  the  I6tli  century  for  the 
gentleness  of  their  manners,  for  their  industry 
in  the  mechanical  arts,  and  for  the  harmony  of 
their  language,  abounding  in  vowels  ;  the  Oto- 
mitos,  a  tribe  yet  very  far  behind  in  civilization, 
who  speak  a  language  full  of  nasal  and  guttural 
aspirations  ;  and  the  Chichimecos.  who,  like  the 
Tlascaltecos,  the  Ni.huatlacos,  and  the  Aztecox, 
have  preserved  the  Mexican  langrage.     All  the] 


V  A  L  L  A  D  O  L  f  D. 


14D 


•th,  in  a  line 

the  Cerro  de 
ero ;  and  it  in 

V^esuvius  are 
I  chaHm.     Do 

suppose  that 
:o,  at  a  great 
a  chasm  in  a 
)f  137  leapiies, 
'stinf^  tlirough 
cnl  rocks,  has 
ppofiuas  from 
ea  ?  Does  (liis 
islands,  called 
ReviUaffijjedo, 
lUel  witii  the 
lias  been  seen 
ake  a  distinc- 
oflered  us  by 
il  reveries  on 

must  forgive 
reneral  map  of 
ake  of  Cuiseo, 
e  of  soda,  and 
n  as  far  as  the 

of  40  square 
y  of  hot  wells, 
muriatic  acid, 
ul  fates  or  nie- 
'aters  of  Chu- 
uid  San  Juan 

Valladolid  is 

jut  its  relative 

at  of  Finland. 

?s  (Valladolid, 

towns  (Cita- 

villages;  205 

nperfect   enu- 

jopulation   of 

male  whites, 

male  Indians, 

)4  monks,  138 

'cular  clergy. 

vince  o**  v  al- 

arigin";  the 

nturv  for  the 

their  industry 

e  harmony  of 

'els ;  the  Oto- 

n  civilization, 

and  guttural 

who,  like  the 

[1  the  Aztecos, 

go.     All  the] 


f,«.  part  of  the  intendancy  of  Valladolid  is  inha- 
bited by  Indian  .  In  the  villages  the  only  white 
figure  to  l)e  met  with  is  the  curate,  and  he  also  is 
frequently  an  Indian  or  Mulatto,  The  benefices 
are  so  poor  there  that  the  bishop  of  Mechoacan 
has  the  greatest  difficulty  in  procuring  eccle- 
siastics to  settle  in  a  country  where  Spanish  is 
almost  never  spoken,  and  where  along  the  coast 
of  the  Great  Ocean  the  priests,  infected  by  the 
contagions  miasmata  of  malignant  fevers,  fre- 
quently die  before  the  expiration  of  seven  or 
eight  months. 

The  population  of  the  intendancy  of  V^allado- 
lid  decreased  in  f^e  years  of  scarcity  of  I78(i  and 
1790;  and  it  would  have  sulforecl  still  more  if 
the  benevolence  of  the  bishop  had  not  mani- 
fested itself  in  extraordinary  sijcrilices  for  the  re- 
lief of  the  Indians.  He  voluntarily  lost  in  a  few 
monthb  the  sum  of  230,000  francs,  ecpuil  to 
9,581/.  sterling,  by  purchasing  50,000  fanegas  of 
maize,  which  he  sold  at  a  reduced  price  to  keep 
the  sordid  avarice  of  several  rich  proprietors 
within  bounds,  who,  during  that  epoqna  of  public 
calamities,  endeavoured  to  take  advantage  of  the 
misery  of  the  people. 

The  population  of  this  intendancy  amounted, 
by  the  census  of  1803,  to  376,400  souls  ;  and  its 
extent  of  surface,  in  square  leagues,  was  3,440, 
thus  giving  109  inhabitants  to  the  square  league. 

The  most  remarkable  places  of  the  province 
of  Valladolid,  are  the  following  :  Valladolid  dc 
Mechoacan,  the  capital ;  Pasquaro  and  Tzintz- 
ontzan  ;  and  it  contains  the  mines  of  Zitaquaro, 
Angangueo,  Tlapuxahua,  the  Real  del  Oro,  and 
Ynguaran.] 

Valladolid,  a  city  and  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Mechoacan,  and  of  the  above  inten- 
dancy, in  Nueva  Espafia ;  a  head  of  a  bishop- 
ric, erected  in  153G,  and  founded  by  Captain 
Christoval  de  Olid,  on  the  middle  of  a  valley ; 
from  which  word,  being  the  apjiellation  of  its 
founder,  it  took  the  name  of  Valle  de  Olid, 
which  has  been  corrupted  into  Valladolid,  in 
imitation  of  that  in  Castilla :  that  spot  was 
called  the  Guayangareo,  in  the  idiom  of  tlie 
Tarascos  Indians.  It  is  in  an  extensive  table- 
land, of  a  lofty  plain,  near  two  rivers,  which  rise 
in  its  vicinity  ;  the  one,  which  is  small,  to  the 
?.  f.  of  the  city,  iu  the  part  called  the  Rincon  ; 
and  the  other  issuing  from  a  lake  to  the  a',  and 
uniting  itself  with^the  former  after  it  passts 
tlirough  the  settlement,  and  then  running  in  an 
abimclant  stream  to  fertilize  the  valley  ;  its  waters 
yielding  a  good  supply  of  trout  and  peueret/es, 
i"xnc{.\  by  the  Indians  charare. 


The  city  has  little  claims  to  beauty,  and  less 
to  commerce,  although  it  is  large,  as  being  very 
scattered.  Its  population  is  composed  of  500 
families  of  Spaniards  and  Mustccs ,-  and  although 
it  contains  some  Indians,  yet  do  these  chiefly 
have  their  abode  in  the  ward:!.  [Humboldt  rates 
its  present  population  at  18,060.] 

The  cathedral,  which  was  completed  in  1738, 
is  after  the  Tuscan  order,  and  very  handsome  : 
belonging  to  it  is  the  parish  of  Sagrario ;  and, 
besides  this,  it  has  another  parish,  called  of  San 
Joseph;  also  the  convents  of  religious,  of  St. 
Francis,  which  is  a  house  of  Noviciates  ;  of  St. 
Augustin,  Merced,  the  bare-footed  Carmelites, 
an  hospital  of  San  Juan  de  Dios,  and  a  college 
which  belonged  to  the  Jesuits ;  the  monasteries 
of  the  Nuns  of  Santa  Catalina,  and  of  Capuchin 
Indian  w  omen ;  a  college  for  poor  female  children, 
with  the  title  of  Santa  Rosa,  which  was  founded 
by  the  Bishop  Don  Francisco  Pablo  Matos  Coro- 
iiad  ;  and  a  college  of  studies  destined  for  the 
chiloi-en  of  the  province,  founded  by  the  Bishop 
Don  Vasco  de  Quiroga. 

[The  elevation  of  Valladolid,  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  is  1,9.50  metres,  or  6,396  feet;  and 
yet  at  this  moderate  height,  and  under  the 
19°  4'2'  of  lat.  snow  has  been  seen  to  fall  in  the 
streets  of  Valladolid.  This  sudden  change  of 
atmosphere,  caused  no  doubt  by  a  «.  wind,  is 
much  more  remarkable  than  the  snow  which  fell 
in  the  streets  of  Mexico  the  night  before  the 
Jesuit  fathers  were  carried  off !  The  new  aque- 
duct by  which  the  town  receives  potable  water 
was  constructed  at  the  expense  of  the  last  bishop, 
Fray  Antonio  de  Sau  Miguel,  and  cost  him  nearly 
hair  a  million  of  francs,  or  £20,835  :— 105  miles 
w.\n.ic.  of  Mexico,  in  long.  100°  51'  w.  lat. 
19°  42' 30"  M.  For  an  account  of  the  present 
revolution,  see  Mrxico  ;  also  Vera  Cruz.] 

Valladolid,  another  city,  in  the  province 
and  government  of  Yucatan,  founded  by  Fran- 
cisco de  Montejo,  the  younger,  in  15 13,  in  a  place 
called  Choaca  :  and  by  the  Indians,  Chavachaa  ; 
from  whence  it  was  translated  in  the  following 
year,  from  the  uiiheallhiness  of  the  spot,  to  where 
It  now  stands.  It  is  small,  and  oP  a  hot  tempera- 
ture ;  has  a  very  good  parish  church,  an  hospital 
witli  the  name  of  .lesus  Maiia,  and  a  convent  of 
religious  of  St.  Francis,  which  is  a  small  distance 
without  the  city ;  the  rout  to  tlieiii  being  by  a 
stone  causeway,  of  about  eight  yards  wide,  and 
adorned  on  both  sides  by  a  beautiful  poplar 
grove: — 50  miles  w.  of  the  Gulf  of  Honduras, 
170  J.  tt).  ofTruxi!lo,aud  65  s.  c.  of  Merida. 

Valladolid,  auolher,   of  the  province  and 


r 


t- 


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.    I 


n 


O 


ill 


\m'\ 


'H 


W 


mm 

m 


w 


iinl 


150 


V  A  L 


V  A  L 


#  I 


IkIhiIm 


-lV:'\ 


•-> 


povrmnicnt  of  Jaen  do  Bracamoros,  in  tTiekinpHoni 
of  Quito;  foiiniled  by  ,fuan  dc  Salinas,  in  I;>t9, 
and  not  in  41,  as  asserts  the  ex-Jesuit  Coleti. 
It  is  very  small  and  poor,  and  .ather  a  reduced 
settlement  than  a  city  -.—'JH  miles  s.  of  Loxa,  in 


w. 


rO'  14'.  lal.4'X)'30"s. 


Vali.adomo.  another  city,  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Honduras.     See  Comayagua. 

VALLE,  San  Juan  def.,  a  settlement  of  the 
province  and  concgii>iirtifo  of  Loxa  in  the  king- 
dom of  Quito. 

Vaj.IjK,  another  settlement,  with  the  dedica- 
tory title  of  San  Pedro,  in  the  same  province  and 
kingdom  as  the  former. 

Valle,  another  with  the  dedicatory  title  of 
San  Francifico,  the  head  settlement  of  tlie  district 
of  the  fl/cfl/(//rt  w/rryor  of  Zultepec  in  Nueva  Es 
pana.  It  contains  89  families  of  Indians,  who 
maintain  themselves  by  the  cultivation  of  wheat 
and  maize,  and  is  six  leagues  «.  u\  of  its  capital. 

V^ai-le,  another,  with  the  dedicatory  title  of 
Santa  Maria,  in  the  province  and  comgiDiicntu 
of  Iluaiuico  in  Peru. 

Valle,  another,  with  the  dedicatory  title  of 
Santa  Ana,  in  the  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  Quiatoni,  and  aHttdia  mcajor  of  Teutitlan  in 
Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  G2  families  of  In- 
dians, and  is  two  leagues  e.  of  its  head  settle- 
ment. 

Valle,  another,  of  the  province  and  corregi- 
mknlo  of  Tnnja  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Gra- 
nada, in  the  serrania. 

Valle,  another,  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Venezuela,  and  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Gra- 
nada, of  the  district  of  the  city  of  Caracas,  in  the 
s.  part. 

Valle,  another,  with  the  dedicatory  title  of 
Santa  Cruz,  in  the  province  and  corregimienlo  of 
Canote  in  Peru. 

Valle,  another,  with  the  dedicatory  title  of 
Nuestra  Senora,  of  the  missions  which  were  held 
by  the  Jesuits  in  the  province  and  government  of 
San  .fuan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno 
de  Granada,  on  the  shore  of  the  river  Apure. 

Valle,  a  river  in  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Tucuman,  which  runs  s.e.  in  the  juris- 
diction of  the  city  of  S,ilta,  and  enters  tlie  Ber- 
mejo.    { 

Valle,  a  fort  of  the  same  province  and  go- 
vernment as  the  former  river,  built  on  its  shore 
to  restrain  the  Infidel  Indians. 

Vai,le,  a  point  of  laud,  with  the  dedicatory 
title  of  Nuestra  Senora  del  Valle,  on  the  ti.  coast 
of  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  between  the  Bay  of 
Papagayos  and  th.e  Point  of  Boqneron. 


Valle,  Piinta  del,  a  point  in  the  Island  of 
Tortuga  noar  St.  Domingo. 

Valle  Amino,  Santa  Cauz  pe,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  missions  which  are  held  l)y  the  reli- 
giouH  of  San  I'rancisco,  in  the  province  of  Apo' 
iaband)a  and  kingdom  of  Peru. 

VAIiliEE,  a  bay  of  the  coast  of  the  river  St, 
Lawrence  in  Nova  Scotia,  between  the  river 
Magdalen  and  another  l)ay  of  the  same  name, 
but  with  the  addition  of  Little,  to  distinguish  it. 

VALIiEJIJELO,  a  small  river  of  the  island  of 
St.  Domingo,  wliicli  rises  in  the  valley  of  San 
Juan,  runs  n.  and  unites  itself  with  that  of  Canas 
to  enter  tlie  Arlibonito. 

Vallejuelo,  another  river  in  the  same 
island,  w  liicli  rtnis  r.  and  enters  the  Neiva. 

VALLIM'EUTIL,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  (vrrcgimirulo  of  Cuyo  in  the  kingdom 
of  Chile.  It  has  tliis  name  from  the  great  fer- 
tility of  the  valley  in  which  it  is  founded,  is 
bounded  by  the  jurisdiction  of  Rioxa  in  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Tncuman,  and  in  its 
district  are  abundance  of  small  parrots,  and 
others  still  less,  called  car'Uas. 

VALLES,  a  jurisdiction  ami  alcaldia  viaj/or  oi 
Nueva  Espana,  bounded  by  those  of  Tampico, 
Guadalcazar,  and  Guejutla,  the  line  of  demarca- 
tion terminating  e.  by  the  province  of  Tampico, 
at  the  river  of  Tamice,  which  runs  from  n.  to  s. 
aid  by  the  n.  by  the  tables  of  Castrejon,  the 
same  being  the  boundary  between  the  Nuevo 
Reyno  de  Leon,  and  La  Gran  Tamaolipa.  In 
these  parts  there  were  formerly  some  estates  of 
Spaniard's  and  missionaries,  which  are  now  de- 
sert through  the  hostilities  of  the  barbarian  Chi- 
chimecos  ;  although,  through  the  natural  ferti- 
lity of  the  country  large  herds  of  cattle  are  drove 
annually  to  its  pastures,  and  attended  by  some 
militia  companies.  This  jurisdiction  is  very  ex- 
tensive, one  of  the  best  of  the  kingdom,  and  en- 
joying dilferent  temperatures,  and  abounding  in 
niai/e  and  other  seeds,  and  sugar  canes,  of  which 
they  make  loaf-sugar  ;  alst  in  many  of  the  settle- 
ments they  fabricate  loaf-sugar,  bags  oi'pita,  and 
mats  and  baskets,  with  which  a  trade  is  carried 
on  with  t!ie  other  provinces. 

Vaf.les,  the  capi.al,  is  the  town  of  the  same 
name,  founded  on  a  beautiful  plain,  on  the  shore 
of  a  river  flowing  down  from  a  lofty  sierra.  It 
is  of  a  hot  and  moist  temperature,  contains  2ti? 
£imilies,  the  greater  part  of  Spaniards,  and  the 
rest  o(  Miistecs  and  Mulattoes,  who  live,  a  great 
portion  of  the  year,  in  the  estates,  and  7j  of  In- 
dians. It  was'  tbrmerly  a  curacy  and  doctrinal 
cstablisliment  of  the  religious  of  San  Franci.sco 


»  i.f 


J"  "^ 


<«.   • 


land  of 

settle- 
ho  roli- 
jl'  A  pO' 

ivor  St, 
le  river 
2  name, 
uish  it. 
island  of 
of  San 
of  Caaas 

le    same 
va. 

the  pro- 
kingdom 
freat  fer- 
iinded,  is 
the  pro- 
nd  in  its 
rois,  and 

mayor  of 
Tampico, 
demarca- 
Tampico, 
im  n.  to  s. 
rejon,  the 
le  Nuevo 
jiipa.  In 
estates  of 

now  tle- 
irian  Chi- 
ural  ferti- 
are  drove 

by  some 
s  very  ex- 
n,  and  en- 
nnidins;  in 
?,  of  which 

the  settle- 
>{'plta,  and 

iij  carried 

f  the  same 

the  shore 

sicrni.     It 

ntains  ai'i 

and  the 

ic,  a  great 

,i  73  of  In- 

I  doctrinal 

Francisco 


4 


V  A  L 

de  la  C'listndia  de  Tampico,  [and  is  150  miles  n. 
of  Mexico,  in  lat.  ai°  4;'/  w.  and  long.  99"  zv.'j 

Tlie  other  settlements  of  this  district  are  the 
following: 


V  A  L 


151 


Tamoin, 

Tan(inayalab, 

Tanqnian, 

Tampamolon, 

Taniapuche, 

Tampasquin, 

Talacun, 

La  Laxa, 

Talanxas, 

Coxcatlan, 

S.  Martin  de 

cliicuatia, 
Tampacan, 
Chapnluacan, 
Tamazunchale, 
Tanzozob, 
Santa  Maria, 
G  ua)  abos, 


Soledad  de  las  Ca- 

noas, 
Aquismon, 
Santa    Catalina    de 

Aztia, 
Tancanhuichi, 
Xalcoliin, 
Mecatlan, 
San  FrJiiicisco, 
Matlapa, 
Tlal-        Xilitla, 
Tamitas, 
San  Miguel, 
Palma, 
Tanclianaco, 
Huehuetlan, 
San     Agustin      dc 

Chalco, 
San  Antonio. 
VALI,E-UMBROSO,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Cinaloa,  one  of  the  mis- 
sions which  were  held  by  the  Jesuits. 

[VALLEY-FORGE,  a  place  on  Schuylkill 
River,  15  miles  from  Philadelphia.  Here  (jene- 
ral  Washington  remained  with  his  army,  in  huts, 
during  the  winter  of  1777,  after  the  British  had 
taken  possession  of  that  city.] 

VALPARAISO,  or  Valparaisa,  a  city  and 
capital  of  the  province  and  government  of  this 
name  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile;  situate  one  part 
on  the  skirt  of  a  mountain  which  lies  to  the  w.c, 
and  the  other  part  on  the  top;  so  that  it  is  di- 
vided into  High  and  Low  Town.  It  began  to 
be  peopled  at  the  end  of  the  last  (ICth)  century, 
with  the  intention  of  carrying  out  from  it  wlieat 
to  Lima,  as  it  produces  much  of  this  article,  and 
of  an  excellent  quality,  and,  in  fact,  the  trade  in 
it  is  now  very  great. 

It  has  a  good  parish-church,  and  two  convents; 
the  one  of  San  Francisco,  and  the  other  of  San 
Augustin ;  also  a  college  which  belong  u  to  the 
Jesuits,  and  now  occupied  by  the  religious  of  St. 
Domingo,  and  a  house  for  exercises.  Besides  the 
town,  which  is  situate  to  the  s.  of  the  bay,  there 
is  on  the  e.  a  llanura  named  Del  Almendral, 
where  there  is  a  convent  of  La  Merced  and  some 
population,  and  where  it  would  have  been  better 
if  the  city  had  been  built,  were  it  not  that  this 
part  is  much  exposed  to  inundations  from  the 
sea,  and  that  the  anchorage  is  towards  the  s. 


— Towards  the  r.  there  arc  some  excavations 
made  in  the  mountain  to  give  greater  extent  of 
shore. 

The  city  is  defended  by  three  castles,  the  first 
called  Castillo  Viejo,  at  the  entrance  of  the  port, 
with  a  battery  on  a  level  with  the  water;  the 
second  Castillo  Grande,  which  is  where  the  go- 
vernor resides ;  and  the  third,  which  is  on  the 
top  of  a  hill,  can  hinder  an  enemy  from  embark- 
ing in   the  Almendral.     In  this  city  there  are 
many  storehouses  in  whicli  to  deposit  effects  of 
the  kingdom  destined  fot    Peru,  as  well  as  to 
house  those  coming  from  that  kingdom.     In  fact 
all  the  commerce,  wliich  used  to  be  carried  on  at 
the  Port  of  Concepcion,  has  been  transferred  to 
this  as  being  nearer.    The  time  of  the  navigation 
is  between  the  months  of  June  and  September, 
and  in  this  period  vessels  make  three  voyages 
from  Callao  to  Valparaiso,  and  this  traffic  keeps 
in  continual  employ  the  mule-droves  of  all  the 
neighbouring  settlements.     In  the  winter-time, 
however,  the  nmsters  of  the  store-houses  alone  re- 
main at  Valparaiso,  the  rest  of  the  people  retir- 
ing to  the  estates  in  the  country.     The  territory 
here  abounds  in  all  kinds  of  excellent  fruit,  espe- 
cially apples,  which  they  call  de  quillota.    The 
inhabitants  are  reputed  to  amount  to  2000.    Val- 
paraiso is  chiefly  to  be  noted  for  its  capacious  and 
excellent  harboin-,  and  tor  its  commercial  situa- 
tion, whereby  it  commands  all  the  trade  of  Spain 
and  Peru. 

[The  revolution  that  has  proceeded  with  such 
violence  throughout  the  rest  of  the  SpanisB  colo- 
nies, has  been  confined  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile, 
for  the  most  part,  to  differences  between  the  par- 
ties of  the  natives  of  that  presidency.  The  tact 
is,  that  the  Spaniards  have  here  little  concern 
with  the  government,  and  have  not  been  molested 
as  not  having  interfered  with  the  transactions 
that  were  taking  place.  It  could  hardly  be  other- 
wise than  that  Chile  should  thus  becoiiie  friendly 
to  the  insurgent  cause;  and  we  accordingly  find 
that  as  early  as  August  1813,  the  Chilians  at  Val- 
divia,  Concepcion,  Valparaiso,  and  Coquimbo, 
had  declared  themselves  independent,  and  had 
opened  their  ports  to  all  nations.  American  fri- 
gates receive  supplies  from  them,  and  an  A  meri- 
can  agent  has  been  appointed  to  reside  at  the  in- 
land town  of  Santiago.  The  British  government 
is  aware  of  this,  and  it  is  owing  to  their  wise  dis- 
positions, and  the  naval  force  now  cruizing  on 
that  coast,  that  the  American  fric-ate  the  Essex 
has  been  just  captured  in  leaving  the  port  of  Val- 
paraiso.    This  city  is  about  230  miles  «.  n.  e.  of 


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Concepcion,  in  iat.  33°  2'  36"*.  and  long.  71° 
44'  L'O"  a).] 

Vam'ahairo,  a  setdpment  of  the  head  settlc- 
iiient  oftlie  district,  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Xerez 
in  Nin'va  Espaila.  Eight  leagues  n.n.w.  of  its 
ca|)ilal. 

VALTERIE,  a  settlement  of  the  French  in 
Canada,  on  tlie  i-liorc  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
near  the  settlement  of  St.  Sulpice. 

VALVEKDE,  a  small  city  of  the  province  and 
cortrgiiiiiciilo  of  lea  in  Peru,  in  a  valley  which  is 
always  green,  fertile,  pleasant,  and  abounding  in 
vines ;  with  a  good  port,  in  Iat.  11°  s.  long.  304° 
55'  12. 

VAMBA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  cor- 
reginiiento  of  Quito  in  the  district  of  Las  Cinco 
Lcguas,  and  w.  of  the  capital. 

VAN  AM  A,  a  lake  of  the  province  and  country 
of  Las  Amazonas,  or  part  of  Giiayana,  possessed 
I  V  the  Portuguese.  It  is  formed  by  a  waste- 
V  ater  of  the  river  Maracapuru,  and  enters  the 
abundant  stream  of  the  Puri'i  or  Cuchivara. 

VANAMAQUEMA,  another  lake  of  the  same 
province  and  territory  as  the  above.  It  is  formed 
by  an  arm  of  the  river  Maranon,  or  the  channel 
In-  which  this  communicates  with  the  great  river 
Puri'i,  or  {^ichivara. 

[VANCOUVER,  also  Quadha,  one  oftlie 
largest  islands  of  the  «.  w.  coast  of  Ame- 
rica, close  to  Nootka.  For  further  account,  see 
Vol.  iii.  p.  220.  of  this  workH 

[Vancouver's  Fort,  in  Kentucky,  stands  at 
the  junction  of  the  two  branches  of  Big  Sandy 
River,  20  miles  w.  of  Harmar's  Station.] 

[VAN  DYKES,  Josx  and  Little,  two  of  the 
smaller  Virgin  Islands ;  situate  to  the  «.  w.  of 
Tortola.     tat.  18°  28'  n.     Long.  64°  46'  w.l 

rVANNSTOWN,  in  the  country  of  the  Che- 
rokees,  lies  on  a  branch  of  Alabama  River.] 

VANGHAM,  a  settlement  of  the  island  of 
Barbadoes,  in  the  district  of  the  parish  of  St. 
George, 

VAPISBE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Sonora  in  N.  America. 

VARACA,  an  arm  of  the  river  Parime,  or  Pa- 
ravinanas,  one  of  the  four  arms  belonging  to  this 
river ;  the  third,  and  that  by  which  it  communi- 
cates with  the  Negro. 

VARAIS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians  who 
dwell  in  the  vicinities  of  the  lake  of  Los  Xa- 
rayes,  in  the  province  and  government  of  Para- 
guay ;  bounded  by  the  Xarayes  Indians  on  the 
n.  and  the  Gorgotoques  on  the  5.  w. 

VARANACO,  a  small  river  of  the  province 


V  A  S 

and  government  of  San  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in 
the  Niievo  Royno  de  Granada.  It  rises  near  the 
source  of  the'Paucana,  runs  e.  and  enters  tha 
Orinoco,  opposite  the  rapid  stream  of  the  Cari- 
chana. 

VAR.ARI,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
country  of  Las  Amazonas,  in  the  part  possessed 
by  the  Portuguese.  It  runs  and  enters  the  river 
Negro,  close  to  the  settlement  of  the  missions 
called  San  Cayetano. 

VAllCA,  a  largo  and  abundant  river  oftlie 
province  and  government  of  Cayenne.  It  runs  e. 
and  enters  the  Atlantic  Sea.  On  its  shores  are 
some  beautiful  plantations  of  sugar  canes,  of 
which  is  made  excellent  sugar. 

VAUINAS,  a  settlement  oftlie  missions  whic'i 
were  held  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Qui'.o  ;  situate  betwi^n  two  lakes, 
and  on  the  shore  of  a  river  which  enters  the  Ma- 
ranon, at  a  small  distance  from  its  mouth. 

VARIQL'IRA,  or  V.riquiri,  an  island  of 
the  river  Maranon,  formed  by  two  channels  or 
arms  of  this  river  which  run  to  enter  the  lake 
Arraba. 

Variqdira,  a  settlement  in  the  same  island. 

VARIRIN,  a  river,  called  also  De  Palmera, 
in  the  province  and  captainship  of  Seara,  and 
kingdom  of  Brazil.  It  rises  from  the  mountains 
of  the  a',  and  enters  the  river  Parava.  In  the 
woods  on  its  borders  inhabit  many  barbarous  In- 
dians, who  impede  its  navigation. 

VARUTA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Venezuela  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno 
de  Granada ;  near  the  coast,  nearly  to  the  s.  of 
the  city  of  Caracas,  to  the  district  of  which  it 
belongs,  between  the  settlements  of  Parure  and 
Palle. 

VAS,  a  hamlet  of  the  province  and  cantainship 
of  Rio  dc  Janeiro  in  Brazil,  a  very  short  dis- 
tance to  the  n.  of  Villa  de  Principe.  It  was  vi- 
sited by  Mawe,  the  mineralogist,  in  passing  to 
Teiuco,  in  1809. 

VAS  Martin,  an  island  of  the  Atlantic  Sea, 
between  the  coast  of  Brazil  and  the  island  of 
Cafreria.  It  was  given  this  nanie  by  its  dis- 
coverer ;  is  desert  and  full  of  thick  woods,  and 
180  leagues  from  the  Brazil  coast,  to  the  s.w.  of 
the  island  of  Picos,  in  Iat.  20°  s. 

Vas  Anton,  another  island  in  the  province 
and  captainship  of  Pernambuco,in  the  same  king- 
dom, between  the  city  of  Olinda  and  the  settle- 
ment of  La  Candelana. 

Vas  Anton,  a  port  of  the  same  province  and 
kingdom. 


Llanos,  in 

's  near  the 

enters  th# 

the  Cari- 

jvince  and 
t  possessed 
rs  the  river 
ic  missions 

iver  of  the 

,    It  runs  e. 

shores  are 

r  canes,  of 

(sions  whidi 
lice  and  go- 
II  two  lakes, 
ters  the  Ma- 
[>uth. 

\\\  island  of 
I  channels  or 
liter  the  lake 

;anie  island. 
De  Palmera, 
f  Seara,  and 
he  mountains 
■ava.  In  the 
barbarous  In- 

province  and 
luevo  lieyno 
ly  to  the  s.  of 
t  of  which  it 
)f  Parure  and 

nd  captainship 
ery  snort  dis- 
;,  It  was  vi- 
in  passing  to 

Atlantic  Sea, 
the  island  of 
,e  by  its  dis- 
ick  woods,  and 
to  the  5.  w.  ot 

the  province 
the  same  king- 
md  the  settle- 

e  province  and 


I 


V  A  Y 

[VASE,  or  Nase,  Kiver,  Ac,  cmnlies  into 
the  Mississippi  from  the  n.e.  three  miles  below 
\\w  Great  Rock,  about  3G  n.  tc.  by  w.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio,  and  about  the  same  distance 
n.  K\  of  Fort  Massac.  It  is  navigable  into  the 
N'.W.  Territory  about  60  miles  including  wind- 
ings,  through  a  rich  country  abounding  in  exten- 
sive natural  meadows  and  numberless  herds  of 
butliil«)e,  deer,  &c.  It  is  about  eight  miles  above 
Cape  St.  Antonio.] 

V  ASICA,  a  river  of  .he  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Florida,  which  runs  w.  and  enters  the 
sea  between  the  settlement  of  .San  Marcos  and 
the  river  Vilches. 

[VASSALBOROUGH,  a  post-town  of  the 
district  of  Maine,  in  Lincoln  County,  on  Kenne- 
beck  River,  half  way  between  HaHowell  and 
Winslow,  144  miles  n.  by  e.  of  Boston.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1771,  and  contr,' .ed,  in  1790, 
I'i40  inhabitants.] 

VATAPIJ,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
cnplains/iip  of  Parii  in  li.azil,  on  the  coast,  oppo- 
site the  islands  of  Qunriana. 

VATEI,  San  Miguki,  del,  a  city  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Cumana;  founded  by 
the  governor  Don  Juan  de  Urpin,  on  the  shore 
of  the  river  I'nare,  but  in  so  unhealthy  a  spot 
that  all  the  animals  used  to  die  as  soon  as  they 
were  born.  This,  and  the  intolerable  plague  of 
ants  with  which  it  was  infested,  caused  all  the 
inhabitants  to  desert  it,  and  betake  themselves  to 
other  settlements. 

VATIBAF,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 

fovernment  of  Mainas,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito, 
t  runs  e.  and  then  turning  to  /i.e.  enters  the 
Napo,  close  to  the  settlement  of  La  Soledad. 

VAUCLIN,  a  settlement  and  parish  of  the 
French  in  the  island  of  Martinique,  on  the  s.  e. 
coast,  behind  the  point  of  its  name. 

Vaucmn  This  point  is  a  cape  or  extremity 
of  the  s.e.  coast,  between  the  Cut  de  Sac  Simon 
and  the  point  of  its  name. 

[VALGHAN  Township,  in  the  east-riding 
of  the  county  of  York,  Upper  Canada,  lies  on  tUo 
w.  side  of  Vonge-street,  in  the  rear  of  and  to  the 
w.  of  the  township  of  York.] 

fVAVAOO,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands  in  'he 
S.  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  about  two  days  sail  from 
Hapaee.] 

VAYA,  an  island  of  the  river  Orinoco,  one  of 
those  which  form  the  entrance  of  the  Bav  of 
Cliaraguanas  with  the  point  of  Galera  of  the 
island  of  Trinidad. 

V  AYAL-ASONES,  a  barbarous  and  ferocious 

VOL.  v. 


V  E  G 


ir)3 


nation  of  Indians  of  Brazil,  who  dwell  near  the 
source  of  the  river  Paral  to  the  w.  of  the  province 
of  Puerto  Seguro.  They  are  allies  of  the  nations 
of  the  Lobos,  Aimures,  Paries,  and  Motayas, 
and  have  frequently  invaded  the  Portuguese  ter- 
ritories. 

VAYES,  a  small  island  of  the  Lake  of 
Unamarca,  in  the  province  and  rorregimiento  of 
Peru. 

VAYMORES,  a  barbarous,  cruel,  and  canni- 
bal nation  of  Indians  of  the  kingdom  of  Brazil, 
who  dwell  in  the  woods  and  mountains  of  the  w. 

Iiart,  between  the  provinces  and  captainships  of 
Iheos  and  Puerto  Seguro.  These  Indians,  united 
with  some  of  other  nations,  have  frequently  de- 
stroyed the  settlements  and  estates  of  the  l*ortu- 
guese,  with  whom  they  are  at  continual  war. 

VAZAB.\RIS,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
captainship  of  Sergipe  in  Brazil.  It  rises  near 
the  coast,  runs  s.s.e.  and  enters  the  sea  in  the 
Bay  of  Sergipe. 

V  AZEUSE,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Louisiana,  which  runs  s.  between 
the  rivers  Grande  and  the  Tortoise,  and  enters 
the  Missouri. 

[VEALTOWN,  a  village  of  New  Jersey,  near 
Baskenridge,  about  seven  miles  s.  w.  of  Morris- 
townj 

VEAU,  Ance  du,  a  settlement  and  parish  oi 
the  French  in  the  part  which  they  possess  in  the 
island  St.  Domingo ;  situate  on  the  w.  coast,  at 
one  of  the  w.  heads,  between  the  great  river  Nipe 
and  the  Petit  Trou. 

VEAUX,  Pasture  des,  a  river  of  the  pro- 
vince and  colony  of  Virginia  in  the  county  of 
Albermarle. 

Veaux.  Some  islands  of  the  N.  Sea,  near  the 
coast  of  Nova  Scotia.  They  are  four,  small,  and 
lying  between  those  of  Canards  and  Seal  Bank. 

VEGA,  a  settlement  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
Honda,  and  government  of  Mariquita  in  the 
Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada.  It  i »  of  a  hot  tem- 
perature, but  very  fertile  and  abounding  in  sugar 
canes,  cotton,  maize,  i/ucas,  and  other  produc- 
tions of  this  climate.  It  has  400  housekeepers 
who  live  very  uncomfortably,  as  being  much  in- 
fested with  mosquitoes,  snakes,  and  other  rep- 
tiles. Twelve  leagues  w.  of  Santa  Fe,  and  the 
same  from  Honda. 

Vega, another  settlement,  with  the  dedicatory 
title  of  San  Juan,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district, 
in  the  nkahlia  mai/(,r  of  Zelaya,  of  the  province 
and  bishopric  of  Mechoacan,  and  kingdom  of 
Nueva  Espana.     It  contains  415  families  of  In- 

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dians,  20  ut'  SpaniunlK,  Miistees,  and  MiiluttoeK, 
and  a  convent  of  religioiH  of  San  Fi-uncinco. 
Two  loiigueH  II,  of  itH  cupitul. 

Vega,  another,  of  the  provinre  and  govern- 
ment ot'Antioquia  in  the  INnevu  He)'no  de  Gra- 
nada. 

Vkga,  iinother,  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Merida  in  the  sunie  kingdom  :  situate  in 
the  road  which  leadH  down  to  Maracailio. 

Vega,  another  uettleiHont,  called  Real  de  In 
Vega,  or  lieal  de  Ioh  Pozoh,  in  the  jurisdiction 
and  alcaldia  mayor  of  San  Luis  <lc  Potosi,  of  the 
province  and  bishopric  of  Meclioacan.  It  con- 
tains 15  families  of  Spaniards,  'US  of  Mushes  and 
Mulattoes,  and  '3'-2  of  Indians,  who  used  :  >  trade 
in  the  metals  of  the  mines  which  are  in  its  dis- 
trict. Out  these  mines  having  tilled  with  water 
and  become  useless,  the  natives  have  addicted 
themselves  to  the  cultivation  of  seeds ;  two 
leagues  s.  of  its  capital. 

[Vega,  orCoNcEi'cioN  re  la  Vega  Real, a 
town  in  the  w.  c.  part  of  the  Island  of  St.  Domin- 

fo,  on  the  road  trom  St.  Domingo  city  to  Daxa- 
on.  It  is  situate  near  the  head  of  Yuna  River, 
which  empties  into  the  Bay  of  Samana ;  ISleagues 
n.  w.  by  w.  of  Cotuv,  and  about  38  e.  of  Daxavon, 
or  Daxabou.  It  stands  on  a  beautiful  plain 
among  the  mountains,  on  the  very  spot  where 
Guarionex,  cacique  of  the  kingdom  of  Magna, 
had  resided.  In  1494,  or  1495,  the  settlement  of 
this  town  was  begun  by  Columbus.  Eight  years 
after,  it  had  become  a  city  of  in)portance,  and 
sometimes  during. the  year,  there  were  'ilO,000 
crowns  in  gold  minted  at  this  |)lace.  It  was 
almost  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  15f)4.J 

[Vega,  St.  Jago  de  la.  See  Si'anisu 
Town.] 

VEGUETA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregrmietilo  of  Chancay  in  Peru  ;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Huahura. 

[VEJAS,  or  MoRRo  de  Vejas,  a  mount  on 
(he  coast  of  Peru,  about  half  a  league  from  the 
Island  of  Lobos.] 

VELA,  Cape  of,  a  point  or  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  the  province  and  government  of  Santa 
Marta  and  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada;  on  the 
coniines  of  the  province  of  the  Rio  del  Hacha,  to 
the  e.  It  is  lofty,  and  fidl  of  woods,  in  which 
dwell  some  barbarian  Indians.  It  was  discovered 
by  Alonso  de  Ojeda,  who  gave  it  this  name,  in 
1499.  [It  is  nearly  opposite  to  Cape  Horn,  in 
lat.  12°  13'  «.  long.  72'^  12'  is. 

The  harbour  here  and  its  environs  are  supposed 
to  contain  not  less  than  2000  inhabitants.] 


VET. 

Vela,  a  shoal  of  rock  ot  the  N.  Sea,  near 
that  of  (  omboi  to  the  ;c. 

VELAS,  Port  of  the,  on  the  coast  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Costarica  and  kingdom 
of  Guatemala,  between  the  Cape  of  Santa  Cata- 
lina  and  the  Morro  llermoso. 

VELEZ,  a  city  of  the  province  and  corrcgimi- 
cnlo  of  Tunja  in  the  Nnovo  Reyno  tie  Granada  ; 
founded  by  Captain  Martin  (laliano,  by  order  of 
Gonzalo  Ximenez  deQuosiiJii,  in  the  territory  of 
the  district  of  Ubaza,  in  1539,  near  tiie  river  Sa- 
rabita,  or  Suarez,  in  a  lUmura  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountains  of  Opon.  It  was  the  second  town 
founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  this  kingdom,  and 
was  in  a  short  time  after  transferred  to  the  spot 
where  it  now  stands,  in  the  country  of  the  Chipa- 
taes  Indians.  Its  situation  is  inconvenient  and 
disagreeable,  being  at  the  skirt  of  a  mountain, 
where  the  soil  is  soft  and  muddy  ;  and  the  streets 
are  so  swampy  as  to  be  at  times  impassable,  which 
inconvenience  is  greatly  increased  by  their  not 
being  paved.  The  temperature,  though  hot,  is 
rendered  moderate  by  the  frequency  of  the  tem- 

f)ests,  w hich  are  atteiuled  with  nuicl)  thunder  and 
ightning.  Tlie  waters  are  bad  and  iniwholesome, 
so  that  the  inhabitants  drink  in  connnon,  chicha. 
The  surroimding  district  is  extremely  fertile  in 
maize,  of  which  it  gathers  two  crops  yearly  ; 
and  not  less  abundant  in  grapes,  plantains,  pome- 
granates, pntil/as,  uyamas,  pines,  curas,  melons, 
tigs,  little  pines,  and  many  other  fruits  and  woods 
of  excellent  (|uality ;  also  in  the  woods  are  a 
nndlitude  of  birds,  It  has  very  line  and  large 
breeds  of  mules  and  horses,  with  which  it  sii])- 
plies  the  other  provinces;  and  the  quantity  of 
sugar  it  makes  is  excessive,  and  not  without 
many  conserves  and  candies ;  these,  with  its 
honey  and  brandy,  forming  the  principal  branch 
of  its  commerce,  and  with  which  it  supplies  Santa 
I'e,  and  nearly  the  whole  kingdom.  It  produces 
also  very  much  cotton  of  the  best  quality,  of 
which  they  make  good  woven  stuHs,  highly 
esteenied  in  all  parts. 

This  city  contains  2,500  inhabitants,  a  very 
handsome  church,  in  which  is  venerated  an  image 
of  Nuestra  Senora  de  las  Nieves,  the  patroness, 
the  same  being  of  exquisite  sculpture ;  another 
effigy  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  and  a  Christ  cruci- 
fied, which  was  found  engraven  upon  stone  with 
great  beauty  ;  two  cgnvents,  one  of  the  religious 
of  San  Francisco,  and  the  other  of  San  Juan  de 
Dios,  so  poor,  that  neither  of  them  can  maintain 
two  individuals.  It  is  close  to  a  volcano,  and  has 
excellent  mines  of  very  rich  gold,  but  which  aiv 


^'m 


W 


I 


near 


VEN 

not  worked  for  want  of  ppoplo  ;  [()8  miles  m.  of 
Sniila  Ke,  and  25  n.  w.  of  Tunja,  in  lat.  5°  40'  w, 
f.nd  lonjf.  74°  «'  w.'] 

[VEliHAS  Hio  DAs,n  district  of  the  province 
and  (Y/;j/rtJ/M7///>  of  ICwpiritu  Santo  in  Brazil.  It 
has  tor  its  capital  the  city  of  St.  George,  de- 
fended, as  well  ns  its  pod,  hy  two  forts.  The 
cities  belonjfinjr  to  this  district  are  Cairu  and 
Cnmana.  The  bar  before  it  is  defended  by  a  fort 
with  four  bastions  ;  it  contains  more  than  20,000 
sonis,  and  is  extremely  rich  and  fertile  ;  its  prin- 
cipal trade  consists  in  jjrain,  with  which  it  sup- 
plies Rahia,  and  other  parts  of  Rra/il.] 

Velhas  Rio  Das,  or  Dk  FiAs  Vie.ia8,  a  river 
of  the  same  province  and  canlniiiship.  It  rises  on 
the  skirt  of  the  sierra  of  Vermeja,  runs  n.  and 
enters  the  «yrand  river  of  I''rancisco. 

Vemias,  another  river  of  the  same  kingdom, 
in  the  territory  of  the  Guayazas  Indians.  It  is 
small,  runs  w.  and  enters  the  Paranaiba. 

[VELICALA,  a  town  on  and  near  the  head  of 
the  peninsula  of  California,  near  the  coast  of  the 
N.  racific  Ocean,  and  w.  from  Anclote  Point. 
Lat.  about  20°  35'  n.     Long.  1 15°  50'  a;.] 

VENADO,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settlement 
of  the  district  and  alca/dia  maj/or  of  Charcas,  in 
Nueva  Espana.  It  has  a  convent  of  the  religious 
of  St.  Francis  ;  and,  although  its  territory  is  full 
of  silver  mines,  yet  as  this  metal  is  not  of  a 
superior  quality  the  same  are  not  worked ;  but 
the  natives  rather  occupy  themselves  in  agricul- 
ture, in  breeding  cattle,  and  particularly  goats  for 
slaughter  ;  five  leagues  s.  w.  of  its  capital. 

Vrnado,  an  island  of  the  S.  Sea,  nearly  close 
to  the  coast,  in  the  province  and  government  of 
Vcragua  and  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme,  at  the 
back  of  the  mountain  of  Puercos. 

VENADOS,  Punta  de,  a  point  on  the  coast 
o.'  'le  province  and  government  of  Cartagena 
and  Nuevo  lleyno  de  (jrranada,  on  a  long  strip  of 
land  formed  by  the  mouths  of  the  river  Zinu,  be- 
tween the  points  Piedras  and  Mestizos. 

VENADILLO,  a  settlement  of  tl>e  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  city  of  Tocaima  and  goveri:ment  of 
Mariquita  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada  ; 
annexed  to  <he  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Am- 
bolaima.  It  is  of  a  very  hot  temperature,  and 
much  infested  with  mosquitoes,  garapatns,  and 
snakes.  It  produces  sugar-canes,  maize,  yitcas, 
and  plantains.  Its  name  is  derived  from  a  tame 
stag,  which  the  Indians  had  when  it  was  con- 
quered by  the  Spaniards.  In  its  district  is  a  gold 
mine,  which  preserves  the  same  title,  and  which 
produced  great  riches  when  it  was  worked  ;  four- 
teen leagues  to  s.  xc,  of  Santa  Fu. 


VEN 


13.5 


\ 


VENANGO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  of 
Pensylvania  in  the   Tnited  States.     [See  I'ort 

FnANKI.IN.  J 

VENRAQUI,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Darien  and  kingdom  of  Tierra 
Firnie.  It  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  ».  part, 
and  runs  into  the  sea  in  the  great  beach  opposite 
the  IVIulata  Isles. 

VENETA,  SiEnnAs  or,  a  cordillcrn  of  very 
lolty  mountains  in  the  province  and  government 
of  Cartagena  and  Nuevo  Jleyno  de  Granada, 
which  serve  as  limits  between  this  jurisdiction 
and  that  of  Darien,  belonging  to  the  kingdom  of 
Tierra  P'irme. 

VENEIZUELA,  a  province  and  government 
of  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada,  in  S.  America ; 
bounded  r.  by  the  province  of  Cumaiui,  a),  by  that 
of  Santa  Marta,  s.  e.  by  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 
Granada,  the  river  Orinoco  serving  as  limits  to 
the  s.,  and  the  whole  of  its  limits  on  the  «.  being 
washed  by  the  ocean.  It  is  200  leagues  long, 
from  the  Mountain  of  Unarc  to  the  Cape  of 
laye1a,fromc.  to2ii>.,andin  width  120  leagues.  It 
enjoys  different  temperatures,  and  has  in  its  dis- 
trict inaccessible  mountains  and  extremely  craggy 
sierras,  lofty  lands,  and  fertile  vallies  and  plains. 
It  abounds  in  pastures,  in  which  are  rcry  large 
breeds  of  cattle  of  every  species,  particularly  neat 
cattle  and  goats  ;  whicn  have  multiplied  to  such 
a  degree  in  the  jurisdictions  of  Maracaibo,  Coro, 
Caro.a,  and  Tucuyo,  that  the  inhabitar.ts  of  the 
province  have  enriched  themselves  exceedingly  in 
the  commerce'  of  hides  and  dressed  leather.  The 
horses  are  so  good  as  to  vie  w  ith  the  best  of  Anda- 
lucia  or  Chile,  and  the  mules  are  in  numbers  suf- 
ficient to  supply  immense  droves  for  the  use  of 
the  whole  province. 

This  province  is  watered  by  many  rivers  which 
fertilize  it,  and  as  it  enjoys,  in  its  vast  extent, 
several  degrees  of  temperature,  the  productions 
are  also  various,  and  it  accordingly  abounds  in 
wheat,  maize,  rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  sugar,  of 
which  it  makes  exquisite  conserves,  cacao  in  great 
quantities,  this  being  the  principal  source  of  its 
wealth,  and  of  which  the  crop  exceeds  annually 
130,000 bushels, growing  in  61  vallies  and  estates; 
this  article  having  been  exported  entirely  on 
account  of  the  Royal  Company  of  Caracas,  they 
having  had  the  exclusive  right  of  trade  in  the 
same,  from  their  establishment  in  1728,  and  until 
the  right  was  redeemed  by  Charles  III.  in  1778  ; 
it  also  abounds  in  all  kinds  of  fruits  and  pulse,  as 
well  European  as  those  indigenous  to  America. 
The  mountains  yield  precious  and  much  esteemed 
«orts  of  wood,  such  as  pomegranates,  galeados  of 
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diflprent  colours,  cmlis,  dividibeSf  guauarams, 
Brazil  wood,  chacatnmluy,  iiiost  houiilirulfor  the 
variety  of  its  coloiirM,  wliicli  are  Kitnilar  to  tlioHc 
of  the  caruij^  and  the  cedar,  which  ih  ho  common 
aH  to  be  tised  for  the  most  ordinary  works.  More- 
over there  is  scarcely  one  of  these  trees,  hut 
what  has  in  its  trunk  a  swarm  of  bees,  yieldin<( 
honey.  It  produces  also  r»//»/7/».v,  more  fragrant 
than  those  of  Soconuhco  ;  and  in  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  city  of  (^'arora  wild  cochineal,  as  line  as 
that  of  ^fisteca  in  Nnova  Espaila,  and  which,  if 
cultivated  as  it  is  there,  would  yield  immense 
profit.  The  /arzaparilla  and  indit|[o  are  here  so 
common  as  to  be  thought  rather  incumbrances 
than  things  of  value.  In  the  woods  are  different 
kinds  of  animals,  lions,  bears,  dantas,  deer,  ha- 
guirtis,  rabbits,  and  tiiyers,  the  fiercest  of  any  in 
America ;  and  it  is  observed,  that  these  animals 
are  more  savage  in  proportion  to  the  smaWness 
of  the  spots  on  their  skin.  In  the  rivers  are  an 
infinite  variety  offish,  some  common  and  others 
exquisite  ;  and  on  the  coast  is  founil  abundance 
of  salt,  of  which  all  profit,  not  only  from  the 
facility  of  collecting  it,  but  from  its  being  of  a 
very  superior  flavour.  The  fielrls  are  enlivened 
with  birds,  e<|ually  enchanting  by  their  song  as 
their  beautiful  plumage,  and  the  fowl  which  are 
eaten  are  of  exquisitely  delicate  flavour  ;  and 
amongst  these  the  most  notable  are  the  guacha- 
raca,  pnugi,  uquirn  or  mountain  hen,  turtle  dove, 
and  partridge.  It  produces  also  simples  of  great 
estimation  in  medicine,  such  as  connjhiofd,  tama- 
rinds, china  root,  laaiiuajaca,  an  extraordinary 
remedy  for  the  head  ache,  the  balsam  of  L  urora, 
and  the  oil  which  they  call  of  Maria  or  of  Cu- 
mana,  both  this  and  the  former  being  great  anti- 
dotes for  wounds. 

It  has  tin  mines  in  different  parts,  which  were 
discovered  by  Don  Alonzo  de  Oviedo,  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Barquisimeto;  and  these  were  worked 
for  a  long  time  on  account  of  the  royal  estates, 
and  much  metal  were  extracted  from  tliem  and 
carried  to  Spain  for  the  foundry  of  artillery. 
These  mines  were  afterwards  nmde  over  for 
40,000  dollars  to  Don  Francisco  Marin,  native 
of  Cnraciis,  b'lt  wlio  abandoned  them,  applying 
the  utensils  employed  in  them  to  other  purposes. 
This  province  hail  likewise  some  very  .ich  gold 
mines,  w'lich  are  not  now  worked;  eiliier  be- 
cause, (lie  principal  veins  being  consumed,  the 
profit  doc  not  rennitc  the  expense ;  or  because 
the  natives  ;\re  inclitiod  rather  to  the  cultivation 
vf  cacao,  whereby  they  l)ecome  enriched  with  less 
hazard.  Here  are  found  crystals  transparent, 
solid,  and  smooth,  and  a  strata  of  so  fine  a  blue 


as  to  vie  with  the  ultramarine  ;  woods  of  difl'erent 
colours  for  dyes ;  and  lastly,  it  is  to  be  observed, 
that  there  is  in  this  province  whatsoever  can  ad- 
duce to  the  comfort  of  life,  without  the  necensity 
of  application  to  any  of  the  neighbouring  pro- 
vinces; and  it  is  equally  certain  that,  were  the 
inhabitants  capable  of  turning  to  the  best  :idvan 
tage  its  great  natural  resources,  it  would  be  the 
best  supplied  and  richest  province  iii  all  America. 
This  country  was  discovered  by  Captain  Olonzo 
de  Ojeda,  native  of  Cuenca,  in  1 100,  and  its  con- 
quest was  agreed  upon  with  the  Knq)eror  ('harlcs 
V.  by  the  VVeltzers,  German  merchants,  in 
]5'2(i,  and  first  undertaken  by  Ambrose  Alfinger; 
he  being  followed  by  George  Spira  and  Nicholas 
I'ederman,  who  gave  the  name  of  Venezuela 
to  the  settlements  of  the  Indians  which  they 
found  on  the  lake  of  Maracaibo,  from  their  re- 
semblance to  the  city  of  V^iice ;  and  this  name 
was  afterwards  extended  to  the  whole  province. 
It  was  then  inhabited  by  innumerable  tribes  of 
different  nations,  who,  without  acknowledging 
allegiance  to  any  monarch,  were  in  a  state  of 
vassalage  to  different  caciqites.  But  the  changes 
of  time  and  the  continual  withdrawing  of  the  In- 
dians, in  the  early  periods,  for  the  space  of  more 
than  ^20  years,  to  the  Leeward  Islands  and  to 
other  parts,  have  so  diminished  their  numbers, 
that  in  the  82  remaining  settlements  scarcely  any 
thing  more  than  the  memory  of  their  former 
greatness  reniains :  add  to  this  the  nioitality 
which  happened  in  1580.  through  the  introduction 
of  the  small-pox  by  a  Portuguese  vessel,  which 
came  with  negroes  from  the  coast  of  Guinea. 
The  capital  is  the  city  of  Santiago  de  Leon  de 
Caracas. 


Catalogue  of  the  cities, 
nations  of  Indians  of 
zuela. 

Cities. 
Santiago  de  Leon  de 

Caracas, 
Santa  A  na  de  Coro, 
Nueva  Zamora  de 

Maracaibo, 
Truxillo, 
Tiicuyo, 
Nueva   Segovia   de 

Barqiiisimeto, 
Nueva  Valencia  del 

Key, 
Portillo  de  Carora, 
San  Sebastian  de  los 
Reyes, 


settlements,  rivers,  and 
the  province  of  Vene- 

Guanaguanare. 

Towns. 
S.  Carlos  de  Austria, 
Pilar  de  Araiire, 
Puerto  de  laGuaira, 
Culabozo, 
San  Carlos, 
Cura, 

San  Fernando, 
Ilospino, 
San  Jay  me, 
Pao, 
Perija. 


VENEZUELA. 


; 


'I 
I 

'f 


Srltfementi. 
Ariii'ia;iiH, 
Ariirifl;iia, 
Ariihoii, 
AchiiiTiiiiH, 
Aifiin  Hluncn, 
A^iia  Ciilebras, 
Aynmiiiips, 
Alpnrjfnrton, 
Altuffrncin  i\ci  Piier- 

tON, 

Altni(rncin  de  Orl- 

tiico, 
AltuI,  or  Cerro  Ne- 

Altnmirn, 

Antiinano, 

Paraj»iiann, 

Ancoii, 

San  Antonio, 

Los  AiifTclos, 

Area;up, 

Aparirion, 

Ai'a&;uita, 

AsHPrradero, 

Atamaica, 

Baruta, 

Barbacoas   de    Tu- 

cuyo, 
BarHacoan   de    San 

Sebastian, 
Bui'burata, 
Borojo, 

Bocono  de  Guanare, 
Bocare, 

Boca  de  Tinaco, 
Bombay, 
Burrero, 
Buria, 
Carajaca, 
Carvalleda, 
Cata, 
Cabria, 
Canizos, 
Capadare, 
Carorita, 
Carrizal, 
Carriaoriia, 
Capatarida, 
Casiqua, 
Carache, 
Caramacate, 
Capaniaparo, 
'"        uan. 


Canasi 
Cabrita, 


Canoabo, 

Caffna, 

Calvario, 

raniata^ua, 

Cara, 

Cauragiia, 

Capaya, 

Cariian, 

('t>rrito  dc  Santa 
RoHa, 

Cojo, 

Cociiede, 

CociiizaH, 

Cocorote, 

Ciiyaa;ua, 

Ciimarebo, 

Cubiro, 

Cunavichc, 

Ciia,  or  Marin, 

C'lipira, 

riiriopc, 

Cbacao, 

Chan^iiaramal, 

Cba<(iiarainai, 

Charayave, 

('liiviicoa, 

Choron, 

Chiiao, 

San  Diego  de  Carac- 
cas, 

San  Diego  de  Va- 
lencia, 

Duaca, 

Escuque, 

San  Francisco  de 
Cara, 

Giiai£:uaza, 

Giiaibacoa, 

Guarico, 

Giianarito, 

Gunare  Viejo, 

Giiarda  Tinajas, 

Guacara, 

Giiavos, 

Gu.tma, 

Guapo, 

Guatire, 

Guarenas, 

Guigiie, 

Hueque, 

Humucaro  alto, 

Humucaro  baxo, 

Hortiz, 

Santa  Ines, 

Iguana, 


Yaritagua, 

I  pi  re, 

Yare, 

Jacuira, 

Jajo, 

San  tFacinto, 

Joi>al, 

San  JoHeph, 

J  u  jure, 

Parana, 

San  Lazaro, 

Lagunillas, 

Lezama, 

Santa  liiicia, 

Macarao, 

Maiquetia, 

Macuito, 

MapiibarcR, 

Macuruca, 

Mapiare, 

Maraca, 

Maria, 

Mapon, 

San  Mateo, 

Maracan, 

Macaira, 

Mamporal, 

Marasma, 

Mesa, 

Misoa, 

Mi  tare, 

S.  Miguel  de  Trux- 

illo. 
Moron, 
Mopui, 
Moporo, 
Montalvao, 
Naiguata, 
San  Nicolas, 
Niquitao, 
Ociimare     of    the 

coast, 
Ocumare  del  'Tay, 
Onoto, 
Orachiche, 
S.  Rafael   de   Ori- 

tuco, 
Potanemo, 
Paraguana, 
Payara, 
Para  para, 
Panaquire, 
Petare, 
Pecaya, 
Pedregal, 


157 

San  Pedro  and  Sant* 

Maria, 
Piche, 

Puerto  Cabcllo, 
Puertos  dc  Allagra- 

cia, 
Punta  de  Piedros, 
Quara, 
Qiicbruda, 
Quibor, 

Rio  del  Tucuyo, 
Rio  de  Carora, 
Rio  Spco, 
San    Rafael   de   las 

Guasguas, 
Sanura, 
Sararc, 

Sabana  de  Ocumare, 
SiquiHiquc, 
Siqiiisai, 
Sombrero, 
Tarmas, 
Taria, 
Tacata, 
Tacarigua, 
Santa  Teresa, 
Tintini, 
Tinacoa, 
Ti  motes, 
Tinaco, 
Tinajillo, 
Tiznados, 
Tinajas, 
Toinocoro, 
Tozt6z, 
Tucupido, 
Tucupio, 
Turmero, 
I'uren, 
Trinidad, 
Valle  de  la  Pasqua, 
Vega, 
Victoria, 
Urama, 
Zacarida, 
Ziruma. 

Nations  of  Indians. 
Alcoholadcs^ 
Chingotos, 
Coromonos, 
Cuibas, 
Cuicas, 
Giraharas, 
Guaxiros, 


I  r 


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a 


M 


I  ; 


i\i 


(■»■■ 


^1 'I  f   ^ 


•■..fill!  ^'1 


pi' 


158 


VENEZUELA. 


Peritowi, 

Pocahuyes, 

QiiiriquireR, 

Za{>aras. 

Rivers. 
Albnri'es^as, 
Astillero, 
Blondo, 
Borante^ 
Cama, 
Catacumbo, 
Culata, 
Cruz, 
Piedras, 
Hacarigua, 
Harinas, 
Mitare, 
Mototan, 
Neqiiitao, 
Oinare, 
Pauraute, 
Rubio, 
San  Pedro, 
Sciba, 
Socui, 
Unarc. 

Promontories. 
Blauquizales, 
Carvalieda, 


Conuibacoa, 

Galera, 

MacoUa, 

Pico, 

Revplada, 

Salinas, 

Sail  Joseph, 

Vela. 

Ports. 
Guaira, 
Puerto  Seeo, 
Puerto  Cabello, 
Burburata. 

Lakes. 
Cayania, 
Maracaibo, 
Montes, 
San  Pedro. 

Islands. 
Oruba, 
Aves, 
Bonaire, 
Curazao, 
Palonias, 
Isleos, 
Mousses, 
Orchilia, 
Tucuaque, 
Vigia. 


[The  dreadful  earthquake  which  happened  in 
this  province  on  Holy  Thursday,  April  19,  1810, 
whereby  the  greatest  part  of  the  citv  of  Caracas 
was  destroyed,  with  the  annihilation  of  Vittoria, 
and  with  a  greai  destruction  at  Puerto  Caballo 
and  at  Leon,  is  in  every  body's  recollection  ;  it  is 
our  lamentabln  province  to  record  the  event. 
The  loss  of  souls  in  that  city  has  not  been  accu- 
rately ascertained,  perhaps  for  political  reasons ; 
but  it  was,  doubtlessly,  considerable. 

Mr.  Depons  tells  us  that  the  progress  of  Cara- 
cas has  been  materially  retarded  by  the  hostilities 
betfveen  Spain  ami  England,  which  have  subsisted 
wit',  little  intermission  since  1796;  but  that, 
pre  ious  to  such  interruption,  it  was  advancing 
rapidly  in  wealth  and  population.  Mr.  Depons 
reckons  the  nunilier  of  inhabitants  in  Venezuela, 
i/i  1804,  at  500,000 ;  but,  in  17H7,  they  amounted, 
according  to  the  Vigero  Universal,  t.  SJ,  p.  109, 
to  no  more  than  S3liftW). 

The  representation  of  the  United  States  of 
Venezuela  was  established  in  July,  1811,  in  the 
proportion  of  one  for  every  20,000  souls.  Taking, 


therefore,  the  representatives  at  50,  (it  was,  in- 
deed, assmned  at  100,  See  Section  111,  Election 
of  Senators,  infra),  it  gives  the  population  of 
those  .'States,  including  the  provinces  of  Marga- 
rita, Merida,  Cumana,  Varinas,  Barcelona,  Trux- 
illo,  and  Caracas,  at  l,000,0(X)  of  souls. 

At  an  average  of  four  years,  from  1799  to  1803, 
the  quantity  of  eaeao  exported,  from  hence  and 
from  MaiTicaybo,  amounted  t«<  WbfiOO fanegas. 

The  legislature  of  Caracas,  under  the  new  re- 
gime in  1812,  had  passed  two  acts,  the  one  enacting, 
that  all  foreigners  without  distinction  who  should 
intioduce,  into  any  ports  of  that  State,  specie, 
either  in  silver  or  gold,  should  be  exempt  from 
import  duty  ;  and  should  only  pay  6  per  cent 
export  duty,  on  the  amount  of  the  produce  pur- 
chased with  the  silver  so  imported,  and  8  per 
cent  on  those  purchases  made  with  the  gold ; 
and  that  all  individuals  of  the  confederation 
should,  in  the  lirst  case,  pay  4  per  cent,  and  in 
the  second  6  per  cent ;  and  the  other  enacting, 
that  all  persons,  and  particularly  foreign  mer- 
chants, should  be  allowed  to  import,  into  any  of 
the  ports  of  the  state  of  the  Caracas,  12,000 
muskets,  for  which  the  importer  of  the  first  4000 
should  receive,  at  the  rate  of  yO  dollars  lor  each 
musket :  for  the  second  4000,  at  the  rate  of  25 
dollars  each ;  and  for  the  last  4000,  at  the  rate 
of  20  dollars  each,  the  whole  free  from  import 
duties,  provided  the  said  importation  should  take 
place  within  eight  months  from  the  date  of  publi- 
cation ;  (May  13). 

For  accounts  of  the  trade  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, see  Caracas. 


Further  Additional  Matter  respecting  the  Kingdom 
of  Venezuela. 

I.  Revolution. 

I.  Introduetion  and  Outline. — 2.  Grievances  com- 
plained of  bij  the  Venezuelans,  in  their  Manifesto. 
— 3.  Act  of  Independence,  Julij  8,  181 1,  in  eon- 
sequence  of  Gceurrtnces  at  liai/onne,  April  19, 
1810. — 4.  Articles  comprehended  in  the  Decla- 
ration of  the  Legislative  Session,  July  1, 1811. — 
5.  Invitation  to  Settlers. 

II.  Federal  Constitutiov  for  the  States 

OF  Venezuela. 

Preliminary/. 

Cap.  I.  Of  Religion— in  one  section. 

2.  Of  the  Legislative  Power — in  sev(  n 
sections.\ 


VEiNEZUELA. 


159 


[3.  Of  the  Executive  Power — in  Jive  see- 
tiom. 

4.  Of  the  Judieittl  Power— in  two  sec- 
tions. 

b.  Of  the  Provinces — in  four  sections. 

C.  Jievisnl  and  Reform  of  the  Const :*u- 
tion—in  one  section. 

7.  Sanction  or  Ratification  of  the  Con- 

st it  nt  ion — in  one  section. 

8.  Rights  of  Man,  which  are  to  he  ac- 

Icnouoledged  and  respected,  through- 
ant  the  whole  e.vtent  of  the  State — 
in  four  sections. 

9.  Regulations  and  Dispositions  of  more 

general  tenor — in  one  section. 
10    Conclusion 
(N  B.    The  whole  of  the  said  constitution  is 
comprised  under  'i28  articles.) 

I.    Rt5VOMIT10\. 

1.  Introduction  and  Outline. — Tlie  revolution 
of  Venezuela  has  proceeded  with  fur  more  hasty 
steps,  in  all  the  horrors  of  anarchy  and  bloodsheci, 
than  that  of  any  other  part  of  the  Spanish  colo- 
nies. The  denouement  of  the  distressfid  scenes 
are  still  hidden  from  our  eyes,  and  the  windinij- 
up  of  events  will  claim  the  pen  of  some  future 
historian.  To  record  whai  iias  already  happened, 
as  far  as  our  information  will  allow,  is  our  pre- 
"ieiit  intention.  Whatever  may  have  been  fhe 
partial  ligiii  thrown  upon  the  subject,  by  the 
scanty  dissertations  of  the  latest  writers,  it  is  still 
no  easy  task  to  discriminate,  with  accuracy  and 
proper  feelings,  the  whole  picture  that  has  been 
represented  to  our  imug^ination.  A  world  in 
arms  aafaiust  its  antient  and  constituted  autho- 
rities, is  an  event  novel  in  the  revolution  of  ai$es. 
An  eftect  so  uniform  is  only  to  be  looked  for  by  a 
cause  as  universal.  Some  discussion  on  this 
point  has  been  already  offered  under  the  article 
iMRXiro,  and  a  suHiciently  accurate  consideration 
of  it  will  be  found  under  other  articles  of  this 
Work;  we  shall  therefore  confine  ourselves,  for 
the  present,  to  the  local  circumstances  relating 
to  the  revolution  of  Venezuela. 

There  is,  however,  one  most  material  question 
that  occurs  in  treatiu";  this  subject,  which  is,  whe- 
ther or  not  the  Spanish  settlements,  at  the  time  of 
the  entry  of  the  Trench  into  Spain,  and  of  the  dis- 
solution of  the  monarchy,  required  redress  and  a 
retbrm  of  government;  and  next,  whether  they 
asked  it,  and  were  denied.  The  people  were 
oppressed  by  the  crown,  and  by  monopolies;  the 
commonalty  and  peasantry  groaned  under  bur- 
densome and  iinreusonable  restrictions,  destruc- 


tive of  all  enterprise ;  the  laws  did  not  inflict 
punishment  on  the  puilty,  nor  afford  protection 
to  the  innocent ;  arbitrary  acts  were  common  ; 
the  natives  were  debarred  from  a  fair  participa- 
tion in  offices  of  trust  and  emolument ;  a  system 
of  government  prevailed,  disgraceful  to  the  sta- 
tute books  of  Spain  and  the  Indies,  opposed  to 
the  common  rights  of  mankind,  and  hostile  to  the 
dictates  of  truth  and  reason  :  the  Spanish  Ameri- 
cans, in  short,  could  be  considereo  in  no  other 
state  than  in  that  of  feuda'  vassalage  to  Spain. 
The  Viceroys  held  in  their  own  hands  the  execu- 
tive, legislative,  and  military  powers ;  and,  as  a 
proof  how  little  the  Spanish  Americans  shared  in 
the  offices  of  distinction  in  their  own  country,  we 
tiiul  by  the  Censor  Extraordinario,  4Jadiz,  Janu- 
ary '26,  181!?,  the  fi)llowing  is  a  statement  of 
persons  who  have  been  in  command  there  since 
its  settlement : 

I^iinippnns.  Amrriran*. 

Archbishops  and  Bishops   -  -  -  -  70y  -  -  278 

Viceroys    ---  — 166  —      4 

Captains-general  and  Presidents    588  —     14 


1456        296 

Tliat  repeated  cffiarts  were  made  for  a  reform 
of  government,  and  to  obtain  the  right  of  legis- 
lating locally  for  themselves  in  their  own  con- 
cerns, aj)pears  to  be  proved,  not  only  by  the 
applications  of  the  respective  .Vmerican  niiinici- 
paiities  and  juntas,  but  also  by  the  journals  of 
the  Cortes  and  their  debates.  The  claims  ol'the 
Americans  were  defined  and  laid  before  the 
Spanish  government,  in  1 1  propositions,  on  the 
16th  November,  1810:  they  were  repeated  on 
the  .'J  1st  December,  and  again  on  the  1st  of  Au- 
gust, 1811,  in  the  well  known  Rcprescntacion  de 
la  Deputacion  Americana  a  tas  Cortes  de  Espaiiay 
but  were  never  attended  to.  A  torpor  seemed 
to  have  succeeded  to  distress,  and  to  the  violent 
convulsions  of  a  calamitous  revolution,  which 
iippeared  to  render  the  government  deaf  to  the 
jnst  cries  and  appeals  of  a  well  deserving  moiety 
t»t  the  nation  :  there  was  wanting  a  healing  and 
cementing  principle  of  benevolence ;  nor  is  there, 
up  to  the  present  day,  a  proper  measure  of  re- 
dress or  conciliation  upon  record. 

To  the  impartial  mind,  and  to  him  who  has 
carefully  examined  both  sides  of  the  question,  it 
will  be  easily  suggested,  tliat  the  ideas  wliicli 
circulated  in  the  settlements  of  the  iiopeless  slate 
of  Spain,  at  the  time  the  French  entered  Anda- 
liicia  ;  to  which  was  added,  the  dread  of  filling  in- 
to the  hands  of  the  same  usurpers,  were  the  chief] 


160 


VENEZUELA. 


m 

:  ■  1' 


i\'^ ' 


1  i 


«.( 


[causes  of  the  Americans  resolvins^  no  lonfjer  to 
trust  to  the  administration  «>r  their  European 
governors,  conceiving  their  own  affairs  niorest- 
cure  when  confided  to  tlieir  own  assemblies  or 
juntas,  whom  they  created  after  the  manner  of 
the  provinces  of  Spain.  That  they  had  cause  to 
suspect  the  whole  of  the  viceroys  and  goverrjors, 
has  been  provfed  by  posterior  events ;  they  all 
proclaimed  the  doctrine,  tiiat  America  ought  to 
share  the  same  fate  as  the  Peninsula,  and  that 
when  the  one  was  conquered,  the  other  was  to 
submit ;  in  short,  the  commanders  abroad  were 
prepared  for  this  alternative,  they  had  been  pre- 
viously chosen  by  the  Prince  of  Peace,  and  were 
ready  to  be  moulded  to  the  views  on  which  he 
had  acted.  It  was,  therefore,  unnatural  and  un- 
reasonable, after  their  own  dear-l)ought  ex- 
Serience,  for  these  distant  colonies  to  have  confi- 
ence  in  such  chiefs  ;  nor  was  it  prudent  to  leave 
themselves  to  the  mercy  of  nien,  who  had  no 
other  interest  in  the  country  than  to  prolong  the 
continuation  of  their  command,  v/hicli  had  i)een 
secured  to  them  by  the  French,  and  their  Spanish 
partizans. 

The  people  of  Venezuela  were,  in  fact,  resolved 
to  administer  their  own  concerns,  and  they  con- 
sidered themselves  justified  in  declaiming  agaii'st 
any  dependence  «v  governors,  who,  they  argued, 
were  ready  to  deliver  them  uj.  to  the  1'  rerich,  in 
pursuance  of  the  orders  of  Joseph  Napoleon. 
They  made  use  of  that  right  which  the  most  en- 
lightened Spaniards  have  acknowledged  to  exist, 
and  Don  Caspar  Jovellanos,  in  the  famous  opi- 
nion which  he  laid  before  the  Central  .lunta,  Oc- 
tober 7,    1808,  expressly  says, ,  "  that  when  a 
people  discovers  the  inuninent  danger  of  the 
society  of  which  it  is  member,  and  knows  that 
the  administrators  of  the  authority,  who  ought  to 
govern  and  defend  it,  are  siil>orned  aiul  enslaved, 
it  naturally  enters  into  the  necessity  of  defending 
itself^  and  of  consequence  acquires  an  extraor- 
dinary and  legitimate  right  of  insurrection."     It 
would  be  unfair  to  argue  that  these  were  maxims 
only  formed   for  t'le  Spaniards  of  Europe,  and 
that  they  did  not  extend  to  the  AnuM-iciuis;  and 
thus  far  the  revolutionists  would  appear  to  enjoy 
the  goo(i  wishes  of  every  linni,  nlio  can  duly  ap- 
preciate the  blessings  \)f  i.ilionai  and  natural 
emancipation. 

But  the  road  to  innovation  is  always  danger- 
ous, and  those  w  ho  tollow  it  si  ic'om  arrive  at  the 
direct  object  of  their  pursuit  T!ie  insurgents  of 
Caracas  (for  it  was  in  this  city  that  the  revolu- 
tionists made  their  first  and  firmest  stand),  soon 
became   divided   into  two  parties;    those  who 


wished  to  acknowledge  Ferdinand  VII.  for  their 
king,  and  to  govern  themselves  by  the  Spanish 
laws,  under  the  auspices  of  a  national  congress, 
and  those  who,  actuated  by  a  decided  hatred  of 
the   Spaniards,    and   the    exaggerated   ideas   of 
liberty  which  they  had  acquired  from  the  French 
re)  u'>!'cans,  were  determined  to  make  Venezuela 
an  independent  state,  a  truly  democratic  repub- 
lic.    The  moderate  party  was  supported  at  first 
by  public  opinion,  which,  as  we  have  already  ob- 
served, was  favourable  to  the  mother-country ; 
but  the  ill-juflged  attempts  of  the  Spanish  com- 
missioner, at  Puerto  Rico,  to  overthrow  the  re- 
volutionary goven.  ient,  and  to  support  the  r»- 
fractory  towns  of  Coro  and  Maracaybo  against 
the  rest  of  the  province,  had  the  worst  possible 
coiis?quences.     The  insurgents,  who  were  with- 
out military  leaders,  had  been  defeated  by  those 
of  Coro,  when  (leneral  Miranda,  who  had  hastened 
to  Caracas  on  hearing  of  the  revolution,  arrived 
at  La  Guaira.     His  talents  and  ambition  were  so 
much  dreaded  by  the  majority  of  the  junta,  that 
orders  had  been  issued  to  prevent  his  landing  in 
his  native  coinitry  ;  but  circmnstances  were  now 
changed,  and  his  partizans  insinuated  that  he  was 
the  only  person  under  whose  guidance  they  could 
look  for  victory.     Miranda  behaved  at  first  with 
great  moderation,  and  waited  until  the  meeting  of 
the  general  congress,  to  which  he  contrived  to  get 
himself  elected  by  a  rather  insignificant  village 
of  the  province.     The  majority  prov3d  to  be  com- 
posed of  republicans;  and  few  sittings  had  taken 
place  when  they  declared  themselves  absolutely 
independent,  and  constituted  a  government  which 
they  called  T/ic  United  Provinces  of  Venezuela. 
All  their  proceedings  from  that  period  are  tinged 
with  what  might  be  called  a  Jacobinical  hue.     A 
declaration  ot  the  Rights  of  Man  was  issued  as 
the  basis  of  the  new  political  fabric,  and  the  peo- 
ple were  called  on  to  be  judges  of  the  conduct 
of  their  government,  while  the  gaols  were  crowded 
with    persons    merely   suspected  of  being  disaf- 
fected :  nor    was    this  all,  for  as   a    system  of 
coercion  naturally,  though  insensibly,  leads  to 
tlie  most  unrefrained  exhibition  of  power,  it  was 
not  long  before  the  heads  of  many  of  the  citi- 
zens were  to  be  seen  sticking  upon  poles  at  the 
gates  of  tl'.e   city,  as  examples  of  the   piinisii- 
inent  that  would  await  all  such  as  dared  to  shew 
themselves    inimical    to    tiie     insurgent    party. 
Scarcely  had  those  horrors  began  to  subside,  and 
the  government  to  be  more  settled  after  the  sui)- 
jugation  of  the   refractory    town  of   Valencia, 
l)y  the  troops  of  Miranda,  when,  on  April  If), 
18 JO,  a  most  dreadful  earthquake  reduced  the] 


'^i\'Ji\ 


for  their 
Spanish 
onwress, 
latred  oi' 
ideas   of 
B  French 
enczucla 
c  repub- 
d  at  first 
•eacl^  ob- 
country ; 
lish  coni- 
w  the  re- 
nt the  ra- 
D  against 
t  possible 
ere  witli- 
I  bj  those 
1  hastened 
1,  arrived 
HI  were  so 
inita,  that 
landing  in 
were  now 
liat  he  was 
[\\ey  could 
;  first  with 
meeting  of 
ived  to  get 
tnt  village 
to  be  com. 
had  taken 
absolutely 
lent  which 
Venezuela. 
are  tinged 

hue.  A 
s  issued  as 
id  the  peo- 
le  conduct 
re  crowded 
eiiig  disaf- 
systom  of 

leads  to 
wer,  it  was 
f  the  citi- 
oles  at  the 
le  punish- 
ed to  shew 
eiit  party, 
ubside,  and 
er  tlie  suli- 

V^alenciii, 

April  19, 
duced  the  J 


VENEZUELA. 


101 


|"thc  capital  to  ruin«.  La  Guaira  met  with  the 
same  fate.  But  the  Congress,  after  the  publica- 
tion of  a  constitution  in  which  they  very  nearly 
copied  that  of  the  United  States,  had,  fortu- 
nately for  themselves,  issued  a  decree  for  chang- 
ing their  residence  to  Valencia,  which  they  had 
appointed  to  be  the  federal  town  ;  and  tlius  it 
was  that  they  escaped  the  calamity  which  de- 
stroyed so  many  thousands  of  their  fellow  citi- 
zens. But  the  Congress,  though  they  might  con- 
gratulate themselves  on  their  personal  safety, 
had  much  to  apprehend  on  account  of  their 
cause.  The  extraordinary  catastrophe  did  not 
_  fail  to  have  a  marked  cfl'ect  upon  the  neople  of 

I  S.  America ;  they  immediately  believed  it  to  be 

I  a  visible  sign  of"  the  wrath  of  heaven,  inflicted 

upon  them  for  the  dereliction  of  their  allegiance; 
;>  but  it  served  to  give  only  a  momentary  check  to 

the  progress  of  the  system  of  indep«'iidence. 
\  Montverde,  the  Spanish  general,  did  not  fail 

to  take  every  advantage  of  the  distresses  and 
fears  of  the  l^atriots  on  this  melancholy  occasion, 
and  many  of  the  latter  began  to  enter  into  cor- 
respondence with  the  government  of  Puerto 
Rico,  and  also  with  the  royal  troops  at  Coro, 
commanded  by  Montverde  in  person.  "  At  this 
crisis  (says  the  N.  York  Gazette)  the  wreck  of 
the  patriot  army  assembled,  and  the  command 
was  given  to  the  Marquis  Del  Toro,  who  re- 
signed his  commission.  The  command  was  then 
delegated  to  General  Miranda,  and  the  army  re- 
inforced with  men  and  arms.  About  this  time 
Congress  evacuated,  and  the  royal  army  took 
possession  of  V^alcncia. 

"  On  the  Gth  July,  Puerto  Cavallo  was  taken 
by  surprise.  The  loss  of  this  important  sea-port 
anorded  a  pretext  to  Miranda  for  surrendering, 
who  entered  into  an  armistice,  which  led  to  a 
private  ca[}itulation  on  the  part  of  Miranda. 
The  terms  of  Miranda's  surrender  were  only 
known  to  one  or  two  of  his  particular  friends. 

"  The  patriots  of  Caracas,  it  is  said,  were  dis- 
satisfied with  his  conduct.  Every  patriot  re- 
mained persuaded  to  the  last  moment  that  Mi- 
randa had  taken  care  of  their  safety  ;  but,  on 
finding  the  result,  they  fled  to  La  Guaira,  to  em- 
bark on  board  the  vessels  detained  by  Miranda's 
embargo,  which  was  expected  to  be  repealed  ; 
hut  on  the  capitulation  being  concluded,  it  was 
continued  in  the  name  of  General  Montverde. 

*'  General  Miranda  arrived  at  La  Guaira  the 

30th  July,  and  ordered  the  embargo  to  be  raised, 

intending  immediately  to   embark  on  board  an 

English    schooner,  for   Cura<;oa ;  but  the   com- 

VOL.   v. 


mandant  refused  to  do  so,  made  him  a  prisoner, 
and  confined  him  in  a  dungeon,  upbraining  him 
as  a  betrayer ;  and  in  this  exigence  declaring 
himself  for  Montverde." 

Whether  this  declaration  were  actually  made, 
we  arc  not  enabled  to  say,  but  we  find  Miranda 
shortly  afterwards  carried  to  Cadiz,  as  it  was 
asserted  by  some,  to  undergo  his  trial ;  and  by 
others,  to  give  information  of  the  best  means  of 
subjecting  the  colonies  to  the  mother  country, 
lie  was  allerwiirds  taken  back  to  America, 
where  he  was  kept  in  conflnemcnt,  but  treated 
with  leniency  in  proportion  as  the  success  of  the 
patriots  liad  become  more  or  less  evident. 

The  affairs  of  the  latter  began,  shortly  after 
the  above  misfortunes,  to  brighten  under  another 
leader,  by  name  Bolivar.  Early  in  the  year 
I8iy,  the  town  of  La  Guiara,  together  with  the 
public  properly,  to  the  value  of  ^00,000  dollars, 
was  retaken  by  the  insurgents  ;  and  on  the  2d 
September,  Bolivar  took  possession  of  Valencia, 
obliging  Montverde  to  fly  to  Puerto  Cab<dlo. 
The  practice  of  putting  to  death  all  the  Eu- 
ropeans arriving  at  Venezuela  now  became  ge- 
neral, and  the  public  documents  began  to  be 
signed  "  The  Third  of  Lidependence,  and  first 
of  War  without  Quarter!"  L:deed,  during  the 
whole  of  the  year  IH\3  and  later,  the  result  of 
the  engagements  between  Bolivar  and  Mont- 
verde, were  in  favour  of  the  former.  It  would 
be  tedious,  and  our  documents  are  not  sufiici- 
eutly  copious,  to  allow  us  to  enter  into  a  regular 
detail  of  the  minute  transactions  that  have  taken 
}!ace  during  that  period  ;  but,  according  to 
ate  accounts,  we  find  that  Montverde,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  wound  he  had  received,  had  re-> 
signed  the  command  of  the  troops  in  Venezuela, 
pro  tempore,  to  Colonel  Solomon,  and  that  the 
king's  cause  had  become  daily  more  and  more 
unpopular.  This  success  was  not  lasting;  for 
shortly  afterwards  the  insurgent  army,  of  1,500 
men,  were  defeated  near  Vitloria,  by  the  royal- 
ists, and  500  of  the  independents  deserted  their 
stanrlard,  and  ll-ed  to  the  royalists,  when  they 
were  killed. 

At  this  time  an  embargo  had  existed  at  La 
Guaira.  So  rigidly  was  it  enforced  by  the  in- 
dependents, that  the  sails  and  rudders  of  all  the 
vessels  had  been  taken  ashore,  to  prevent  tho 
possibility  of  any  of  them  getting  to  sea.  The 
cruelties  with  which  the  war  is  carried  on  is 
nearly  unparalleled  in  history  ;  and  we  almost  fear 
to  state  them  on  our  naked  assertion.  The  fol- 
lowing extract  of  a  letter  fromCura<;oa,  Novem-] 

Y 


m 


i 


ii 


*■■-••' 

ft-: 


102 


»'  K  N  E  /  iJ  i:  r.  A. 


'■^ 


tvl 


i! 


[brr  4,  1811,  nffonls,  wc  foar,  too  (rue  a  picdiro 
of  pn'Ht'iit  pvoiils. 

"  I  hnvo  jii8t  como  over  Croni  ilir  Miiin,  unit 
nm  sorry  <<»  say,  thai  llu>  finr  nroyiiu-o  «»f  Vnio- 
/urlii  NPtMiiH  tust  viTffinir  to  n  state  like  that  of 
St.  Domingo,  in  tlieynlley  of  Santa  liiieia  and 
Snntii  Tlieresn,'^)  wliites  have  been  pnt  toth'uth, 
mostly  women  nnd  children,  in  the  name  of  l<'er- 
dinnnd  VII.  whilst  to  windward  similar  ntrori- 
tio8  have  been  p«'rpetmted  tV»r  '  l<a  I'atria.'  In 
Ln  (^naira  14  Spaniards  were  siiot  on  the  most 
frivolous  antl  improbable  pretences,  without  a 
ninrnuir ;  l)ut  when  some  black  soldiers  were  to 
be  llo}j;»ed,  their  comrades  inlerlered  and  rescued 
(hem ;  and  this  dan!<;erous  Ineacli  of  discipliiu- 
passed  impunished.  Will  it  be  believed  that 
women  have  taken  an  active  part  in  liie  horrible 
rticeedinjjs  carried  on,  and  have  scoiu'ijed  She 
adies  of  the  royalist  party  in  (he  most  cruel  and 


I 


indecent   manner .' 


jnuly 
Kveri 


ry  thinjj,  in  short,  an- 


nounces »u  approaching'  strufjijle,  wherein  every 
species  of  cruelty  will  be  ex»>rcised,  and  the  dil- 
I'ereut  sliades  of  colour  in  the  skin  will  supersede 
the  uecessily  ol"  all  other  external  distinctions. 
The  nejiro  oflicers  have  already  the  finest  horses, 
mnles,  nnd  arms,  and  speak  with  a  freedom  which 
even  a  white  creole  dare  not  use  without  ruimin!^ 
(he  risk  of  bocomiuii  the  inhabitant  oi'  a  jail. 
Hefore  nnittins:  La  Giiaira  f  was  witness  to  u 
scene  which  made  a  deep  impression  on  my  minil, 
and  indeed  which  never  whilst  I  live  can  be 
erased  from  it.  The  Spaniards  had  so  lonj;  and 
so  confidently  talked  ot  reinforcements  arriviujif 
from  Cadiz,  that  they  were  no  lonjjer  credileil, 
and  the  matter  bejjan  to  be  treated  as  a  jest  by 
(he  ]>atriots.  At  leusjth,  on  the  l'2(h  Sep(end)er, 
a  squadron,  cousistins;  of  a  frijjate  and  six 
transports,  full  of  troops,  made  its  ap|)earauce 
in  the  olfinsj.  Innnediately  all  was  in  motion, 
and  every  thinjj  was  prepared  to  deceiv<>  them, 
should  they  be  ii'iiorant  of  the  real  state  of  af 
fairs,  or  to  give  them  a  warm  reception,  should 
they  attempt  (o  force  a  laudinjj.  It  was  not, 
however,  tdl  noon  the  next  day  that  the  ships 
drew  near,  and  the  headmost  were  already  within 
the  reach  of  ll\e  batteries,  when  they  suddenly 
stood  off  the  land  and  lay  to.  It  was  tlien  evi- 
dent that  they  were  suspicious  that  all  was  not 
rijjht.  althoui>h  the  royal  standard  was  displayed 
on  the  tort  above  the  town.  After  a  sh.iri  iiuif 
a  boat  was  seen  approachinij  the  shore,  and  mea- 
sures were  immediately  taken  to  deceive  those 
who  were  in  her ;  the  tri-coloured  was  replaced 
by  the  red  cockade ;  the  picture  of  rcrclinand 


was  again  fiung  up  at  ( M>yern'mont  Ilonso ;  lli^ 
populace  were  instructed  to  hail  (heir  approach 
ny  loud  acclamations;  and  to  crown  all,  thr 
former  comnuindant  of  the  town,  Colonel  Mar* 
mal,  was  taken  out  of  his  diuiireon,  and  threat- 
ened with  instant  death  unless  he  turned  traitor, 
anil  consented  slill  to  act  the  part  orcommandant 
for  the  King.  Tiie  phin  was  well  laid,  and  suc- 
ceeded at  fnst  beyoiul  all  expecta(ii»n.  Alter 
various  parleys,  the  second  in  conuuaud,  with  a 
guard  ol  10  or  \'2  uu<n,  landed  with  all  the  dis- 
patches and  letters,  ami  directly  arterwards  the 
frigate  and  all  the  lrans])orts  ciime  to  anchor  di- 
rectly under  the  batteries.  No  one  now  dreanu'd 
that  it  was  possible  to  escape,  and  oin*  only  con- 
cern was  wiiat  could  be  done  with  so  many  pri- 
soners. 'I'his,  however,  gave  the  patriots  little 
concern,  as  (hey  told  me  they  supposed  it  would 
t)e  easy  to  get  (hem  landed  in  small  parties,  and 
then  disposed  of  by  massacreing  the  whole.  My 
teeliiigs  were  now  wound  up  to  the  highest  pitch 
of  anxiety.  The  consummate  ignorance  of  the 
artillery  men  saved  the  lives  of  perhaps  of  2,()()() 
men.  Uibas,  mis(rus(ing  (he  answerthat  was  sent 
(o  one  of  his  iv.ssengers  tothefriga(e,orileredthe 
firing  (o  .onunence,  as  it  did  iuuuediately  ;  (jO 
pieces  of  heavy  artillery  playing  on  the  frigate 
alone.  She  instantly  cut  her  cables,  and  stood 
off  followed  by  all  her  convoy,  yd  (he  breeze 
was  so  light,  tliat  it  can  be  oidy  attributed  to  the 
ignorance  of  the  gunners  that  every  vessel  was 
not  sunk.  Upwards  of  an  hour  and  a  ((uarter 
elapsed,  during  all  which  time  a  furious  can- 
nonade was  kept  up  without  the  frigate  deigning 
to  return  a  single  shot.  What  is  singular,  not  a 
spar  was  seen  from  the  shore  to  be  carried  away, 
nor  was  a  single  I'inglish  schooner  touched  by 
their  ill-directed  shot.  Yet  some  damage  must 
have  been  done,  as  (he  frigate,  when  out  of  gun- 
shot, was  seen  to  heel,  and  have  carpenters  husy 
in  plugging  holes  in  her  side.  The  whole  loss, 
I  have  since  been  informed,  was  about  10  men." 

Such  being  the  present,  unsettled,  and  pre- 
carious state  of  affairs  in  these  regions,  we  shall 
not  indulge  ourselves  in  speculation  on  their  final 
results,  but  hasten  to  record,  for  future  ages, 
such  documents  as  were  issued  by  the  insur- 
{>;ents,  either  in  exculpation  of  tiieir  proceed- 
ings, or  in  testimony  of  the  incentives  to  insur- 
rection, alleged  by  themselves  to  have  been  ex- 
perienced from  the  year  IS07,  up  to  their  abso- 
lute declaration  of  independence. 

Of  these  important  documents,  the  first  we  have 
to  record  is  tlie  famous  manifesto  of  July  30,1 


10-,  llie 

Sironcli 
1,  Il>r 
I  Mnr- 
(Iiiout- 
( rait  or, 
iiuulant 

Al'tof 
,  willi  ii 
lli«<  <lis- 
inls  ihc 
clior  (li- 
liraniril 
lily  oon- 
laii.v  l>ri- 
)ts"  lidlo 
it  woiiltl 
tioH,  ami 
olo.    My 
ifst  \)iU'n 
•o  of  tli« 
of  ^2,(MW) 
was  sont 
(UtoiI  ( ho 
itely  ;  (iO 
«  tVigatc 
1111(1  stood 
ic  bn'ozc 
tf<l  to  the 
t'ssol  was 
a  (jiiartor 
ions  can- 

fisnins 

not  a 

(1  away, 

lulioil  by 

nj>c  must 

i  ot'sjiin- 

ors  l)iisy 

lole  loss, 

0  IIUMI. 

and  |iiT- 
wo  shall 
lioir  final 
ire  ages, 
)c  insur- 
procrcd- 
to  insnr- 
becn  ox- 
icir  abso- 

st  wchave 
July  30.1 


ar. 


V  E  Mi  /  U  E  L  A. 


103 


l'  ISI  I,  of  wliirh  wp  shall  g;ivP  a  literal  and  coni- 
|)h-tr  traMNhitioii ;  since,  aithonirh  tlifrr  bo  iin- 
(|iiostioiiably  «»bjo(lioiis  to  tho  Hovoro  party  spirit 
with  which  it  was  iiiditod,  any  mutilation  of  it 
would,  in  point  of  authoiiticity,  thron^:h  which 
it  boars  its  peculiar  claim  to  our  proformoiit, 
roiidor  it  iisoloss  and  nnsatislactory. 

N.  IJ.  'I'lio  other  docninoutH  will  bo  fjiven,  as 
l>y  llio  Index,  at  the  head  of  the  now  mutter 
comprehended  in  this  article. 


2.  Gritranccs  coniplniiird  of  hi/  lliv   Ftni-:iii/ti'is, 
in  llirir  Dlniiijcslo. 

'  MANIFF.STd  miuli  In  lUr  irmlil  hi/  Ihi'  <i>nlhliTiiliiiii  of 
yiniznclii,  in  Snulli  .tnnriiii,  nf  Ihr  riiiHoiin  iin  vliich  the  linn 
foumltii  hir  nlmiiliilf  lndi\>inilincr  nf  ■V/iiiin,  imil  uj'ivrvii  nlhir 
I'lminH  I'liwcr.  linni'  mill  iiritiriil  In  lir  iiiihlithiil  liii  Ihr 
iiimral  ( 'im;; ri«j  n/'  the  I'n'UnI  .SVu/cn.-  Nimr  (|iiiil  Ml  w^vix- 
diini  r<iii>i<li'i;ilf,' 

'  Spanish  America,  condoiiiiied  for  more  than 
three  centuries,  to  have  no  other  oxistencethan  to 
•iorvo  to  increase  the  political  preponderance  of 
Spain,  without  th(<  least  iiifluonc*'  or  participa- 
tion ill  her  j>reatness;  would  «'voiitiuilly  have  ar- 
rived by  tlu'  order  of  tho  events,  in  wiiich  s!ie 
has  no  other  part  tliaii  KiilVeraiico,  to  be  tlie  sure 
sacrifice  and  \icliin  of  that  same  disorder,  ecu - 
riiption,  and  coii(|ii<"^t,  wliicli  have  disor^aiiixed 
tiio  nation  that  first  coiupierod  her;  if  tlio  in- 
stinct of  self-security  had  not  dictated  to  the 
Ainericans,  tiiat  the  niomeni  of  acting  had  ar- 
rived, and  liiat  it  was  time  to  reap  the  friiitK  of 
JOO  years  of  inaction  and  patience. 

'If  llu>  discovery  of  the  new  worhl  was  one  of 
the  most  interestini>'  occiirieiic(>s  to  IIk!  hiiiiiati 
race,  no  less  so  will  Ik;  the  resoiieration  of  this 
same  world,  de<;raded  from  liiat  period  by  op- 
pression and  s»Tvitude.  Americi?,  raisinu^  Ih-i- 
sclf  from  till'  d'.ist,  and  freed  of  her  chains,  yet 
without  pass'ii^-  through  the  p<dilical  fj^radatioiis 
of  otiior  nations,  will,  in  her  turn,  triumph  over 
tlie  whole  world,  without  iiiiiiidatiii^  it  in  blood, 
without  enslaviuf^  or  bnitilyiuf;  it.  A  revoliilion 
the  most  useful  to  tho  human  race,  will  be  that 
of  America,  when  constituted  and  jjoverned  by 
her  ow  n  self,  she  shall  open  her  arms  to  receive 
tiie  |)eoi)lo  of  Europe;  those  who  are  trampled 
upon  by  policy,  floeiuir  from  the  ills  of  war,  and 
persecuted  by  tho  fury  of  the  passions.  In 
search  of  peace  and  tranquillity,  the  inhabitants 
of  the  other  homisplioro  will  then  cross  the 
oc(>an,  not  with  the  perfidy  of  the  heroes  of  the 
Kith  century  ;  but,  as  friends,  and  not  as  tyrants; 


ns  men  in  need,  not  nn  lordn;  not  to  deMroy,  but 
to  build  ;  nut  as  li^u^ors,  i)ut  us  men,  who  horror- 
struck  with  our  former  iniHli)rtunes,  and  hoII- 
taiiKlit  by  tlioirown,  will  not  conv**rt  their  reaM«)n 
into  a  iiialiirnant  spirit,  nor  wish  that  our  annals 
be  ii^raiu  llmseof  l>lood  and  wretchedness.  Then 
shall  navi^a I  ion,  i>eo^rapliy,  astronomy,  iiiduHtry, 
and  trade,  perfected  by  the  discovery  of  America, 
tlion^li  rniiioiiH  to  her,  be  converted  into  so  many 
means  to  acceleralo,  consididate,  und  porfi^ct  the 
felicity  of  bolli  worlds. 

^  This  is  not  a  flalleriiif^  dream  but  an  hoinn^e, 
made  by  reason  to  providence.  It  was  written 
in  tier  ineirablo  designs,  that  on«>-half  of  tho 
human  race  should  not  f;roan  under  the  tyranny 
of  tho  other,  nor  could  it  be  supposed  that  th(; 
i>roat  fiat  of  the  world's  disKoliition  could  arrive 
Itefin'o  one  part  of  its  creatures  had  enjoyed  all 
their  inherenl  ri^hls.  Kvery  i\ni\^  has  l»een  lonn 
prepariii!;'  Ii>r  this  epoch  (d'  felicity  and  consoln- 
tion.  In  iMirope,  the  shock  and  fermentation  of 
opini(His,  the  inversion  and  contempt  of  the  laws, 
the  profanation  of  the  bonds  that  liold  together 
slates,  the  luxury  of  coiirtH,  the  sterility  «)f  the 
fields,  the  cessation  of  industry,  tho  triumph  of 
vice,  and  the  oppression  of  virtue;  whilst  in 
Ameriiii,  tlie  increase  of  population,  cd'  foreign 
wants  dependiiiil  on  her,  the  development  of 
ai'iiiiilliire  in  a  new  and  vi^oi<»us  soil,  the  pterin 
of  indiistrv  iiiiiler  a  beneficent  clime,  tlu;  ele- 
ments of  science  under  a  privilofifod  orf^aniza- 
tioit,  the  means  of  a  rich  and  |)rosper<ms  trade, 
and  the  robustness  of  a  political  adolescence, 
all,  all  accelerated  the  proi^iess  of  evil  in  one 
world,  and  that  of  f^ood  in  the  other. 

'Such  WHS  the  advaiila<;eous  alterniitivr',  that 
enslaved  America  |)resen((Ml  on  the  other  side  tho 
ocean,  to  her  mistress  Spain,  when  cast  down  by 
the  weii>ht  of  (!very  evil,  and  underminod  by 
every  deslnictivo  principle  of  socie'y,  she  called 
upon  her  to  ease  her  of  iier  chains,  that  she 
minhl  lly  (o  her  succour.  I  nl()rtunately  preju- 
dice triiimphed  ;  the  u;eiiius  of  evil  and  of  dis- 
order  seized  on  (lie  •■•overiiments  ;  yoaded  jirido 
usurped  the  scat  of  co(d  priuleiice,  aii)I)i(i(iii 
triumphed  over  lilierality,  and  siiii-titiiliiii;  de- 
ceit  and  pi-rfidy  lor  ^nnerosily  and  tfood  failli, 
they  tnriK'd  auninst  us  those  very  arms  hIiIcIi  we 
oiir-elves  used  at  the  time,  wlien  impelled  by  our 
fidelity  and  \i\i\\\\  (iealinj;,  wc  taught  Spain  her- 
self the  way  of  resistin;;  her  enemies,  under  liie 
l)aimeis  of  a  presumptive  kin:;-,  unlit  to  iei»n, 
and  witlioiil  other  tides  than  the  jri  neron*  com- 
passion of  the  people,  and  his  own  misfortunes.] 
V   1.' 


lilt 


^f 


^^ 


•  ?i 


■^t 


t   r 


1(11 


V  i:  N  i:  /  II  i;  i,  v 


i'  V<'ni>;nolii  «hm  Ow  (ifil  Jn  pli'dc.'"  <»•  S|<imi, 

(ItC  tllMIITKns   lllll    \«  IlK'll   ■'III*    I'lMCIllcri'll    ll'l     It     lit- 

«'i'M'.iM\  liniiiiiiic  :  \  riir/nclii  « ;!•<  (Iir  lirl  ill  liri 
iWllit  liiin,  (i)  |tiiiir  (lie  i'i>iiNii|iiit',  Itiilin  nl  liinul 
slii|i  iind  li  iil<M'iii(>  iiidi  lirr  ukmiiiIm  \  I'lir/ni'lii 
Mils  llii<  tirM(  (ii  KiiiMt  llio  ili'4iiiili'i''<  tliiit  tliiriil 
•Mii'tl  (III'  ili»i|riii'<ii<ii  i>l  S|<iiiii  :  mIu>  >iii'<  (III'  lir'.( 
(o  |<riM  nil' loi'  lirr  intu  '-iili  (\ ,  «nlliiiii(  lni'iiliiiii', 
(lir  lutiiijs  (liiit  lii'M  liiT  (it  (III'  iiindii-r  iiiimin  . 
(Ill'  (il'-(  (i>  jH'iri'Mi'  (III'  i'lli'r(M  ii|'  liiT  iiiiiliidi'im 
iii({r.i(i(iiili'  "111'  «ii'>  (111-  lii.(  nil  mIumii  Mill  HUH 
miiilo  liv  liiT  l»ri'(ln-i'ii  mnl  '.lio  is  (In-  {\\^^^  (o 
i-i'i'iMi'i'  Iter  inili'pi'iiili'iiri' mill  i  n  il  ilif.iiil^  in  (lii< 
»ii'«  «i>ilil  III  iMiliT  (<<  pi'^dl't  (III--  iiii'ii'.iiii'  nl 
iii<ii<svi(>  iiml  pislii  r.  ••Ill'  I  iiimiiii-i 'J  i(  ii  iliil\  in 
i'iliiil<i'n(  on  liiT.  (i>|Mr'.rn(  (n  (lio  imnri'.r.  (Iii' 
I'l'ilsiMi''  >«lMrli  I'.iMi'  iiifM'il  lii'i  (i>  (III'  Miinr,  (li!i( 
III')'  liDiiiini mill  |nin>ii>lr'-  mm  iii<(  Ih'  ilniilid'il 
or  i'niliiiit;vri'il.  M  lirn  «1ii'  riiiiii--  d<  (ill  (III'  In^li 
rmik  «liiili  |>t,M  iJi'iiii'  n'.diii".  (n  lii'f 

•    VUllii'sr    \\\\i>   iin-   muii'i' !>(' Din    i  r'-oliidmi. 
liKr\>  i'-i>  KiiiM\   «liiil  111'.    I'lrn    onr    ("iid'   |nr«iiin'< 
(o  (111-  lad'  iini'i'-ii'ii  i>r  iliin^',-..  \>  liuli    iiliiin-   ilis- 
soIm'iI  nm  i'n!;iii;i'ini'n('.  \>  iili  S|iiuii.  o\  rn  ^rand'tl 
(li;»(    (lii'sc    vi'ii'    li'oul   mill   i'i|iiidilil<'.      I(   Mi'ii' 
suiu'vllniMi'*   d»    (Mi'si'iit  iilii".|i   (i»   iinpaidiil   I'n 
r»>|)i',  (111'  I'lisiiM'dini"!  iiiiil   >  i-Nadoiw   slu"    lu'isi'h' 
lias  si»  i>(l<'n    lanii'Mii-il,   a(    a    diiii'   (liii(    hi'   niir- 
M'l>  I's  M  I'n' ni>(  alloHi'il   d>  iln   m>  :    iii'idicr    i"*   i( 
Uivi's'^ai*  d>  im'r  (lii'  in|ns(iri'  o("i>iii-  (li'|<i'nil,  -iii' 
iMul  ilt'.>:rai)!i(uMi,  «lu'ii  r\i'r»   iiiidtni  liiii  <ii'\>i'il 
a-i  lan  <n'>ul(   di  piOiliral   ri)in(»,   (lia(   S|iain,   iin 
jiiN>|i|i'il.    «-i>nn|Mi'il,    aiiil    •■imlv   in  a   s(ad"  I'l'  in 
u>  Hon    aiul     >li'(li    h\     a     lU'spodi-    t;i>>  rnnnriM, 
"houlil  \\i\\c  ('M'lnsM  i'l>   n'<in'|)i'il  I'rnin  (lii-  iiiiln-. 
i\\  ani\  a(-(Mi(>  »>l"  (lif  n"-(  i>("  (lio  i'on(iiu'n(,  (In- 
jiiis-iiMi-i  anil  inrali'iilaMi'   ii'somvr-.   ol' a    Morlil, 
I'lMi-ddid'il   111    llii'  (ii'("  iuul    mi>iut|>l>    i>l'  a   vniall 
^lovdon  ol'  (hi'  titliiT. 

riu'  intrri's(  o(  I'niopi'  iat\ni>(  ol.i'-h  Hitli  (lir 
lihiMl^  Ota  qnard-r  o('  (ho  ijlolii'.  (luU  noH  '•Iu-hs 
\t-i'll'  (o  (111'  (i'liiin  o("  (ho  oduT  (hroo  .  vot  a 
nuTO  I'oiun'-nla  is  lomui  (.»  opjioso  (ho  in(«'it's(s  i»(" 
i(v  [jinorninont  (o  (hoso  ol"  i(s  iialion,  in  oiilov  (o 
raiso  (ho  'hi  hoiiiis|i|u'ro  a<;ains(  (ho  iioh  oiio, 
5iiu'i'  du'  iin|n>ssihih(>  i\t  o|>i>rossini;  t(  iinv 
loiij^r  i-:  \u»»  liiM'in  oii'.l  In  opposidon  d>  (host* 
oiulo.n  om-s,  nuMV  (al.il  to  our  lr.ini|inlli(v  (han 
(o  one  pi\i>pori(\.  i(  is.  dial  \u'  aro  ahoii(  (i»  ilis- 
Y\.\\  (ho  oiiii-ios  nhii-h  opoiMtoil  imi  our  iMn(liu-(, 
(Votu  (ho  lj(h  .'lilv.  ISOS.  aihl  tho  arts  iha(  Inn o 
>MVstoti  (Voiu  lis  dio  ro-oluiions  ot"  tho  l!'(h 
Ajiril.  cMi\  and  ot"  (ho  ."mIi  ,hiU.  ISII  :  «hii!i 
thrtv  epochs  »ill   (oriu    d'.o   tli-st   porunl   of  tho 


itloiii'i  111'  ri'r.i'iii'I'ild'il  "I'lli'/lli'lit,  wlifH  (lit*  ini- 
paidiil  jH'ii  ol'  liiMliMt  H  Mill  ii'i'iiiil  III!'  liiil  Iiiii<» 
ol'  (ho  |iiililiriil  OMid'iiro  i>r  S.   Aiiiri  irii. 

'  Ti'idlioil  ll'l  >M'n>  III  niM  iiiiiiili"i|M  mnl  pnlitii 
|iii|ioi'i,  iiIiiiiimI  all  (III'  ri'iixiiiiw  (liii(  inlliiriirnl 
one  •'OMiilnliiMi  im  t^oll  im  oiir  ili".i^.,:i'i ,  mnl  nil 
(ho  |iisl  mill  ili'i'iM'inm  iiiomi>i  nliirli  ««o  liiivo  oiii 
jiloti'il  (i>  ri'i'iir/o  (lioiii  il  niif^lil  lio  mii|i|iii>ii'iI, 
(liiil  llio  I'Mirl  mill  iiniimliiil  riiiii|iiM  isnn  ol'  mil 
t'liiiiliul  Hilll  (lull  III'  llio  f^ovri  iiiiirlidi  nl'  S|iiiiii, 
ill  llii'so  lallor  linii"',  hoiiIiI  nl'  itioll'  >iiilliro  In 
jiC'lilS  nut  Diilv  mn  iiihiIoi'iiIidii,  iinl  oiilv  imii 
nii'tisnrcM  orsoi'iinlt ,  iinl  mil)  mir  itiili'|ii<iiifi<iirr, 
lull  I'U'ii  also  llir  ili'rliiriilioii  (il'mi  nii'i'miriliililo 
oiiini(\  ii,(;aiii'<l  (liiiso  h  liii  iliiorlU  or  iiiiliiorllv 
tiau' roiili  ilmloil  (n  llio  iiiiiiiiliinil  Mvd'in  iihh 
tiilo|i|i'il  ii,(;iiiiimI  ii<i.       iVolhiiii;  in  'mill ''limilil  «vi- 

llllM'  III  llo  ll'  ^Ollll   lllllll   llinl     llOOII     III)'    >i|l|IM^    III 

iii'liiiii,  iisoil  l<>  llio  |iiirU  III'  i>|>|ii'<"iiimi  ii^iniiisl 
liliorlv  .  Iinl  ll'l  llio  lii'it  iiiitih  Hhi  III' mil'  iiii>i|iir 
liiiii"',  HO  I'liniiol  ovliuiilo  miT'ioUo'i  lioin  (lio 
roiiilidmi  ol'  'dmo'i,  Hillimil  lioiii;)  Iniinili'il  hiIIi 
(ho  ralninnv  ol'  lioiii^  ini;iii(i".,  lolioU,  mnl  nn- 
IhanKl'nl.  I.ol  Ihoso  Ihoi'i'l'mc  lislon  anil  jiiilt(o 
IIS,  H  ho  liiMO  III)  |im'l  ill  I  III  r  iiiisl'oi  liiiion,  anil  h  Im 
mo  noH  ilosiroiis  ol'  IniMiif;  tioiio  in  mii'  ili'i|nili'>., 
Ill  orili'i'  nol  III  iiii'^ini'iil  (ho  iiii'iiiilii'os  ol'  mn 
ononiios  ;  anil  lol  llioiii  nol  (oso  si|iihl  nl'  llio 
solonin  iirl  ol' mir  |ii'<l,  iiorossiM'* ,  mnl  ninilo'il 
oinmiri|iiilio!i. 

'  Ciiniriis  lomnl  tlio  si-iiniliilnns  srono'i  llia( 
|iassoil  III  l''l  l''.si'iii'iiil  mill  .\i'an|iio/,  nl  ii  liino 
(ha(  sho  alri'jiil\  |ii'iri'i\  oil  uliiU  Horo  lior  ri^lils, 
mill  (ho  s(a(o  III  uliirli  (hoso  hoio  tiliiroil  liy 
(liO'oj;roa(  ort'iinonros  ;  Imi(  llio  lialnl  ol' nlio- 
ilionro  on  (ho  oiio  hiiinl,  (ho  a|iiillu  |iroiliiri'il 
Im  ili's|in(isni  on  (ho  odioi':  mnl,  in  sliml,  (iilolilv 
mill  i;ooil  tiiilh  Horo  III  llio  nioini'iil  snporinr  In 
o\or\  i'oiiiiiina(ion  :  mnl  iit'd'r  (ho  ilisiiad'hi's  nf 
iMiiial,  (ho  kili<;lv  siil)s(idt'."  (o  ,Iohi'|i|i  Nil|)oli'mi, 
hail  roaihoil  iho  (-iipilal,  tho  millinriiiis  .lii!  nnt 
I'^on  «avor  rospoiiinj;  llioir  i'Ofi'|i(imi,  il  Has  no( 
jiossihio  lor  tho  in'o|il«'  to  IhiiiK  ol"  mi>  tliiiin'  olso 
(han  ol"  hoiiij;  rmlhrni,  roiisislonl,  mul  <«i'iiorons. 
^«ilhoii(  l'oros('i'in!>  (ho  ills  In  vliirli  this  iinlilo 
mill  !<'iillmit  t'oniliii-t  umilil  cxposo  llioin.  W'ilh- 
oiit  am  o(hoi->ioH  thiiii  thai  nl"  hnnniir,  N'oiio- 
/iii'la  lol'iisoil  In  tiillow  Iho  oiiiiiinii  ol'  Iho  load- 
ins{'  inon  ol"  Spain,  snmo  ol"  wliniii  in  sii|)|iorl  nl" 
(ho  oniiTs  nl  iho  l'"roiu'h  Ko^oiil  ol"  tho  kin<;- 
iloin,  oxacd'il  ("roiii  us  aliofjianro  to  Iho  noH' 
kiiii;-:  o( hois  iloi'lm'iii'i' anil  |nil)lishiii<;,  (hii(  Spnin 
liail  rocoiM'd  a  ucw  <'\is(oni'i'  siiico  tho  aliannmi- 
luoiit  of  luT  uiithnrilios,  since   (lir  lossioiis   ofl 


).| 


V  i:  N  i:  /  (I  li  I,  A 


Id 


•n  <lu«  1111- 
IIi'mI  lini<» 

11*1  |i(ililir 
iiilliii'iit'i'il 
•<  ,   iiiiil  III! 

llllVI'    till 

inn   i>r  out 

dl'  S|Miiii. 

•inniir    li> 

(    i>nl\  oiii 

i-|irniirnrr. 

I'CIIIX'lllllll)' 

I  niiliii'i'llv 
>m(('iii  now 
I  hIiouIiI  \\r 
<  >i|ii  inj;  ol 
lion  ii,iriiiiix( 
oiir  ini'ilor 
•1  lioin  llir 
iniili'il  «<  till 

|v|,  llllll  iiii- 
IMIll  iiMlt(<> 
ii'ii.  llllll  tvlio 
nr  ili'i|ni(i"i, 
lict'M  ol'  oin 
.\fl\\i  of  (lie 
llllll    iiiitilo'iJ 

m  l>IU"i     (liu< 
lit    II   linn- 
licr  right's 
nlin'Cll    l>V 
|l)l(    ol'  olii<- 
|)ro<ln('cil 
loil,  I'ltlrlity 
siiin'iior  (o 
iHiiiitrli)"'  of 
li  Nii|i«»UiMi. 
ii  s  ilii!  not 
it  U!is  not 
»  tliiiiH  rlsi- 
•;riicroii'-, 

lIllH    liolllc 

Hill.  Witli- 
noiir,  N'ciw- 
))!'  lli(<  Icinl- 
sn|i|iort  ol 
r  tin-  Kiii-A- 
tt)  tlic  lirw 
;,  llnil  Spain 
lio  aliiiiKloti- 
cossioiis    o(\ 


I 


ftlio  Moiiilionx,  llllll  till'  inlroitin-lioM  ol'  tlir  ihmv 
Hvnii'<lv  .  lltxl  lln'f  l«"l  !•'•  ovcioil  llicir  iilHoliitc 
iiiili|iciiilrni<'  mill  IiIhtIv,  hihI  tliiil  tliiv  oH'i'inl 
tlllM  I'Miiiiiitr  to  IliK  AiliriiriillM,  lliiit  llicy  liii|{lil 
ii'iovrr  till'  Nltliic  lit(litM  lliiTr  |MorliiMiiril  ,  lillt 
iiM  Moon  im  llir  HimI  q|i<|i  «vi<  liinl  tiiltrii  I'or  mil 
Ni'i-niitv,  llllll  roiMiiunl  tlic  rniliiil  .liinlii  lliiil 
lliri'o  1VIIH  III  iiH  Hoiiirtliiii^t  iiioii<  lliiiii  liiiliil'^  mill 
Mr|inliri»i,  tlii'V  lM')(iin  lo  vmy  llic  lmi^,iiii"i'  ol 
ilirriility  mill  Minrriitv  ;  llnv  jmi  liilioiiMly  iiilii|ilril 
till' liiliMiiiiiii  ol'  l''riililiiinil,  III  fii'Hl  tiiyrnli'il  liy 
}(ooil  liiitll  ;  tliry  miiii|ii'i>mi«>iI,  IhiI  iviIIi  •  iiliniii^ 
mill  mvi'rtnrHM,  tlir  |)lmii  iinil  li'((iil  |iio|ri'l  ol' (  ii 
iiiniM  in  INIIH  to  roriii  ii  pint.i,  mill  to  iiiiiliiti-  tin- 
i'i'|M'i<Mi'iitiiti\  (<  roiiiliii't  ol'  till'  ^ovi'i  nini'iit'i  ol' 
S|iiiiii,  mill  tlicy  Im'/^iiii  to  Hi>t  on  I'oot  ii  iirn  •i|ii' 
t'ifM  ol' iliwiiotiwiii,  niiilrr  tlir  lint  tioim  niiiiir  ol'  ii 
km;;,  iirltniMvli'ilgiMl  only  I'toin  ii  |ii'inri|ilc  ol' 
l^i'iiri'imity,  mill  ilrMlinnl  to  cHitI  our  ill  iinil 
lii'ilislrr,  My  ||iomi<  tvlio  Imil  ii>iii|'|m<iI  llir  Movrii'mn 

|IO\«  IT. 

'  I' rcxli  i^ovr  'loi'M  mill  jnil^rH,  initiiitril  in  tin* 
iii-u  Hyhtrin  |il'o|<'rlnl  ii^iiiiimI  Ainrilrii,  ili-riilrti 
III  siiMliiin  it  lit  our  i>«i|h<iihi>,  miil  inuviilril  tvitli 
iiiwli  nrtioiiM  I'or  ryrii  tli<>  lii''t  |iolitinil  rlimiK'' 
llllll  iniKlit  orriir  in  tlii<  otlirr  licniiHiilii-ii-,  tvcrr 
llir  ron><ri|iiriirrH  n'Niiltiii}^  I'loiii  tlii'  mim'|ii'Imc, 
tiliii'li  our  iiiilii'iii'il-oriiiKl  nflrx|iiTlril  ({i-tici'OHilv 
raiiNi'il  lo  till'  ( 'i-nti'iil  •liinlii.  /\iiil>i|(nity,  iirti 
liri>,  mill  iliMorilrr,  \ycii<  nil  tlic  ><iiiin({M  mi-I  in 
iiiiition  liy  liiiw  tottciint;  mnl  hIioiI  livnl  iiiliiiini 
Klnition:  iih  tliry  ^iiu  lliril  riii|iii'r  cvpoMi'tl,  it 
uii'«  ryiilnil  tliry  ivi'-linl  to  ^iiiii  in  oih'  iliiy,  wliiit 
llllll  I'lirirhi'il  tln-ir  iiiMi-HtorM  in  iiinny  ^i'Iii'n;  mill 
lis  tlicir  mitlioi'ity  \\»h  liiirlii'ii  liy  tliiit  ol'  tlirir 
piiriisitrM,  all  llirir  rnilrayoiiiH  yycrr  ilirrcli-il  to 
iipliolil  I'lirli  oIIht,  iiiiiirr  tlir  mIiikIimv  of  our  illii- 
''ion  llllll  frooil  raith.  No  Htatiilc  coiilrary  lo 
lln"ic  plaiiH  wii'i  valid  and  rlVrrliyr,  and  fvrry 
iiiriisiii'c  tliiit  liivoiirrd  tlic  iiriy  order  of  political 
I'ri'riniisoiiry,  Mils  to  liavi-  tlic  rorcc  ol"  law,  liow 
( vcr  opposed  lo  tlic  pi'ini'iplc-i  of  justice  and 
rtpiily.  Ai'tcr  (lie  declaration  ol'  tlic  ('aptain 
f;eiicnil  I'liiiparan,  iiiadc  to  tlie  .IiiiUdu  in,  tu>\i  in 
(iiracas  tliere  wim  no  other  law  nor  will  lint  lii>4 
own  ;  and  this  liiily  iniinircstcd  in  Mcveral  arlii- 
ti'iiry  aclH  and  cxccshch,  hiicIi  iih  placiii;^  on  the 
seal  ol'  (he  iiiilor,  (he  iiscai  in  civil  and  criminal 
rases;  intercepting;  and  opeiiin<;  the  dispnlclicH 
Neiit  to  (he  (cnlral  .liintii,  liy  Don  l'e(lro(ioii- 
salcs  ()rtcj>a  ;  sending  out  oI'IIiohc  provinci-H  thi^ 
Kain<>  riiiutiiiiiary,  as  well  aH  Captain  Don  I'ran 
cisco  ltodrii{;iic/,  and  (he  aHHCHsor  ol' tlie  hoard  of 
(rude,  Don  Miguel  .lo/Y-  San/,,  all  cinliaikcd  I'or 
Cadiz  and  I'lirrtu  Rico;  uh  well  as  cundeinnini' 


to  the  liilioili   of  III!'  pilldii    woilii,  Willioiil  eilliei 
Iniiii  III  iippeiiiiinie  ol'  llllll,  .1  I  iiii'iilenildi'    iiiiil 
llllidi'  ol    ^ooil  men,    MM  ill  hell    tioiii    then   liiiniev 
niidcl    llie    pielencc   of   vii(riiiiilM  .    ii'Vol«Mij{   mid 
HiiMpi'iiiJiii^i;  llie  lemdiitioii'i  ol'  the    hiilii  m  ni,  when 
not  I  onliM  iiiiiliie  to  Iih  ciipi  ICC  mill  ali>Mlnle  will: 
iillir  iimt)ili|r    ii    lecoider  without    the    coiiMenl  of 
the    iiiiinii  iiiiii    Itoily,    iiiiiliii|(    and    iiiiiMini/,    the 
il'mc'i  nil   to  lie  let  I'iM'il  willioiil  (:tlc  or  illllhiinly, 
iil'lei  Hiippoi  liii){  lim  ii^noiaiiie    and    pride  to    the 
iiliiii)>il  leiifJIiM:   iil'li'i  Miiiiiy   Mcmidiiloim  diMpiiic, 
lielweeii  the  /hiilii  III  III  and  th«<  ninniiipiil   Itody, 
and  iil'ler  nil   the  law  i  haiacter'i  lieini^  lei  oni  ilnl 
to    these    ill   ipol'i,    III    otdi'l     llllll    they     liili>lil     In- 
more  Mi'i  nil- llllll  itienpii^niilili'  iikiiiiisI  im,  iI  wii'i 
ii^ieeil  lo   oi^iini/e   mill   iiiiiy  into  cU'ri  t,   iindei 
the  mIiiiiIow  of  liilliicy,   the   piiiji'i  Ih  ol'  cipionii^e 
mid  miiliiiriiii  y. 

'  (M  all  llii'i  there  leiiiiiinM  iinlheiilir  teMlniiony 
in  oiii  anhivi'x.  iioltvilh':lmidiiii';  the  yi^ihiiicc 
Willi  which  these  wen-  eviiiiniicd  liy  llir  riirnds 
ol'llie  lute  aiilliorilies,  there  c\mtH  in  ('iiiiimiii  mi 
order  of  the  SpaniMli  i^ovcriiiiienl  lo  chciIc  dis 
cord  miioiiu;sl  the  nolileu  mid  reliilions  ol'  the 
Aniciicmi  liiiiiiiicM  'I'liere  are  liesules,  iniinv 
written  and  well  luiown  doriiiiii'iitsuj'coi  riiplion, 
^aiiililiii)^  mid  lilierhiiisni,  proinnliil  liy  ( iiirviirii, 
to  dcniorali/.c  llie  coiinliy  .  anil  no  ittie  can  ever 
liiiKel  Ihe  i  ollii'<ioiei  and  siiliiu  iiiiii^rs  piijiliclv 
used  liy  the  imloiis,  and  ployed  in  the  pliii  e  ol 
their  residence. 

'  liiidrr  Ihese  iiiiMpiccM  the  delisils  anil  iiiisliir. 
times  ol'  the  Spanish  iirmies  were  <  oiici  iiiid  ; 
iioiiipoiis  and  iina|{iniiry  Iriiiiiiphs  over  the  i'lench, 
III  the  I'eiiinsiila  and  on  the  Dannlie,  were  i'nrffi'd 
mid  amioiiiK  I'd  ;  they  caused  llie  Hlreeti  In  \u: 
illniiiiiialed  ;  gunpowder  wan  wasted  ;  the  lielK 
chimed  ;  and  relitrion  was  piOHlihiled  liy  'I'e 
Deiiiiis,  iind  acts  ol  thanks  lieint(  siium^^  as  il'  lo 
iiisiill  i'liividi'iii  e  in  the  perpeliiily  oi'  our  I'vil-. 
In  oi'drr  lo  leave  lis  iii>  lime  lo  miali/e  onr  own 
(iile,  or  di-cover  the  snares  laid  liii  Us,  conspira 
lies  were  iiiveiili'd,  jiailies  and  iiictioiii  wer* 
iiiiairieed,  every  one  was  caliiiiiiiialed  who  did 
not  conseiil  lo  ill-  initialed  in  Ihe  tiiysleries  rd 
perlidy  ;  liei'ls  and  einisHarii'M  I'roin  the  T  riiii  h 
were  lii>iired,  as  liein;^  in  our  seas  and  aiii'iiii,'-! 
us  .  our  relations  wilii  the  neii(|il>ouriii<r  col'iines 
were  circiiin''Cl  iiied  and  restricled  ;  our  trade 
vyas  newly  rdlered  ;  and  the  whole,  to  the  end 
ol'  keepiiif^  us  in  a  stale  ol'  coiiliiiini  a:Mlahf>ii, 
that  we  iiii<rhl  not  lix  onr  allenlion  on  our  real 
inlerestH. 

'  Onr  rorlicarancc  once  aiarriietl,  and  our  yi^i- 
luntc  uwukcncd,  we  hc^an  lo  Iohc  coiilideiice  in  j 


m-^ 


iitn 


>  I  N  i:  /  ii  1,1,  \ 


i  1 

%    1 

»     1 

\.4 

i\ 

Hi 

h      > 


I  (III-   iMM i<nii\iiMH'<    I'l'   S|iniii    mill    (hill    ii)ii'nr.  . 
(liliMD^Il  (lir  'I'll  o(    tlicn   iiid  ■•!iii"i   intil  iiim  liiim 
liKil'..    wr    ill  .iiM  I'll  il     (III'    liiiiii<l    Cnliiiitt      tli<< 
llili'iili'lK'il  ii-.      (Ill'  I'l  iiiit'.  I't   (rildi.  liiiiril  iiliiMi' 
lllr  ilriwr  Mlini<'-|ilii'ir  n(  h|'|m  i"i«ti>n  iniil  i  nlinniM  . 
)<i«iiti'il  i>ii<  III  n'4  «« i<li  (III-  liii'M'i   III    iii<|iii|  li'ililK 
llli'  (lllr  llili'    ii|    S|»iiiil,    lllr    iliiiMiIrl  >^  nl     liri    )>ii 
xrimnriU,  llir  iiii'ii-^  ,<{'  Ih'i   iiiliiiliilniilu,  (lif  (hi 
iiMiliilili'  |'«i«i'i  <>('  lii'i    <-n«'inti"',  iiiiil  (III- fiiiiiiiiil 
ll''-'.  IliHK"-  l>l   ln'l    '.  •\\  ;i(uin         Slll|(    up  III  Hill    "Ml  11 
llHll'.i"-.    '.Ill  iHiiiiilcil    li\     'nu";.   (Iiri<:i(i<iii'i|    In    ill 
(illtu     mill    l<mii'Jiiiirii( ,  >ii  iM'i'i'N    \\i'\\'    «« i<  iilili'  (ll 
l<i-u:iil    KID  iM«n    '■idiiitiKM,    or    (ll    ili<   iiinii'    (linn 
hi-(i<'(U    (i>    I'ltiiipliiin    iioDiii'^l    itiic    M);ilmi(    iiifl 
t'iMinniu  I'liiMiiii".      rill'  i'iii\>ionmii'i>  ol'oiic  lilcnilfil 
s-mlw.  fvliiili'il    III  (III'  iiiKiiioiiiu  111'  hidi'iin'U'i   mill 
i>|>|>rt>'-'-lon.    ;\(     Irnnlli    ijini'     liilili<riiiil'     (n    oiir 
'•<ti(iiiirii('.,   mill    iiiiid'il   inn    i>|<inii>ii^.      Slml   ii|> 
i«  iduii  lllr  «  ;(1U  i>(  iMM  1M1  n  lmii«i'n,  miil  ili'l>;n  ii'il 
iViim  ;lll  riinimiuiii'iidon  <'iili  kih   li'llm*   rid/i'ii'j. 
vi'mi'oK  «  ;!'•  (lii'ic  oiii'  iiiiIm  uliiiil  nC  V  'miii'!!';,  \«  lii> 
iliil  iiol  (liiuK    (li;i(  (III'  iiionioni  ol'  Itoiiia  •""'  <'><'i 
I'li'i'    Iviil    ill  I M  I'll.    <M    I'Ki'    (liid,    oC  n  r<'\iir!»l>l\ 
>.:Ulrdoiunu  s\  \\>'\\   mul  lioniil  kIim  crv 

'  ••"'I'l^  oiii-  liiH^iin  d<  ilf-io'i-r  (III'  iiiilli(\  (>r 
ll\<>  atl'i  ol'  n:nonni\  ilir  iimkIiiIiI^  «'('  (In-  iioIH'j 
olTcrilmiinil,  ini<(  <>!' sill  llio  noiiiKoii'-  >«  Im  nin- 

)>!d(ll"-     lO     ll\0     '-;iul     '-dpillildilll'.  ;       llli>     IlIlllinillM 

«  nil  «  lilill  llir>  liiiil  ili'ln  rn-il  up  !i«  "-liM  i"..  llii".!-. 
«lio  liilil  pl;iroil  lliriii  on  llir  (liroiii-,  in  I'l'iio-iiliini 
111  llir  I'li'ti'ii'.ions  ,>(  ilii'  hini-.!'  i>r  Vii'-diii:  llii> 
«  onnn  mu-o  o('  (lie  mdii'-ni'  nimiilndirir-^  n('S|i;iin. 
lo  (111-  pliin>.  oC  (ho  iu'«  i!Miii'.(<  :  (lii<  ri<(<<  (li,i( 
ihovo  -iiiur  |>li(n>i  prrpiirrd  \'oy  im.-rnn.  suiil  flio 
IliHO'-^iU  Kl'liikiii!;  MiiniM  o-oh  (',  (li;i(  inioli(  slnclil 
<li('  !!<'«  «<m1i1  ('rom  (lio  «;iliiiiiidi's  ilml  ^.on' 
nl>onl  \o  vo'.iill  \\o{\\  \{<  (•('liiioii'-  \\\{U  ilw  oM 
ouo  \U  <:\«  llioii  dtM>.nri"^  lunioil  in  llio  nn 
l";ilbiini;iMo  aln*.-^  (>r  (lu^  ili>-onliM'<  o('  llu'  IV-nm 
••nl;i.  \\\c\  \\c\H  ("or  iho  Mo<*il  ol'  \in«>ri('an>;  >ipill 
\\\  \hc  snnio  sinigii'i"  «illi  llml  ot'  (hi-  ritoiuii'vi  ol" 
AmiMii-n  :  in  oritrr  (o  sMsimn  llir  >-1;»mm'\  ol'lln'ir 
own  i-ound>,  nin\>  itli^'.,niilini;  ilu-  <  isjil.-iiuo  o'" 
lIuMV  Uranl-.  (In-x  -iUN  inio  (li<<  ind-rior  ol'  Spji.n 
li(M--i'U'.  ><  lii'K'  lh<'\  Uohi-lil  notliini;  Inil  di-orJor. 
oonn|>(ion.  (',u(ioii'«.  lU'li-al"-.  inislocluno'^.  (r<\i- 
chorio'-.  ifispoi-voil  i>inno'».  « liolo  pv<ninri'>.  ni  llio 
p«n<iM'  ol"  \]\o  rnonn,  iho  hm.N  phalaiiN.''.  ol"  llic 
i;Ulor.  ;»nif  al  \\\o  hoail  oTall.  a  urak  an. I  di;niil 
inarx  co>rrnuionl.  l'<>!'iiu\l  oiil  <>!'  Mwh  laro  ol(> 
monts. 

•  Siii-li  M.i'iiho  C'^nnal  atul  niul'onn  iinprc'->.ion 
notiiOii  iMi  ihc  laoos  ot"  all  llio  piN^plo  of  \  t'iu<- 
S'liola  1>\  (ho  acmt^  ot"  onpr<^vvis)n,  mmiI  oiil  lo 
snpporl.  at  o»or_>    lia/ai-il.   iho  iiitainoii^  caiiso  t>j" 


(lii'ii  riiiwddiiMil'i  :  i'M<r^  «viiiil  pioililicil  n  jmh 
>iiiip(ii<n,  r\r(\  (li'.rinii  ■•I' i'H'i(  liiiiiiuliiiii'iil  toil, 
milliiii,  .11x1  rvrrt  ell  'il  in  iillrnipl  In  iln  (In 
"mm*  11'.  \ini<i  irii,  iiM  Innl  Itrcii  ilmii'  in  Spain,  il  il 
ilnl  nrl  rmi'ii-  Iln-  lilnnil  mC  Viiii'i  11  imm  III  Hii««,  ll 
tuc^  III  Ii'iimI  viHlii  ii'iiI  lot  llii>  I'liin,  iiiIIimm  .  anil 
ilr>4iiladi>ii  III  niiiiu  IiiiiiiIiom,  hu  mat  l>i'  Mirn  Im 
llif  III  I  nl'  piiwriipdmi  III'  Mi'ti  ral  oiliri'i'j  nl  iliu 
linrliiin.  miil  nd/nilM  nl'  raitit  ami  ptnliilv.  iln  ii'imI 
IMini'li  Vlt,  IHIO,  liv  iMiipaiiiM  Sinli  ii  mnnu 
I'lilriiliidnn  iinilit  nnl  I'ml  In  innlliplv  <li)<  iimm  nl 
uinnx.  Ill  aii.iinii-nl ,  Im  niiMiii"  i<|  llmin,  llin  pitpnlni 
ri<  ai'liini.  In  pii'pair  Iln'  <  iiinlniulilil)',  mid  iliMpnuo 
ll  in  uiii'li  a  inmini'i ,  lliiil  nillt  llin  Ira-tl  Mpailt  it 
'(inilil  rrrain  a  lilavo,  llial  w  niilil  rnn«iiiiii<  iiml 
(M  iMi  rH'at'n  im  i-n  » I'xliiio  nC  in  limil  anil  inniitn 
t'lioh  a  I'lniililinii.  Spam,  nci'ilv  nnil  )li<unlaln, 
lii'i  I'alo  tli'prnili'iil  on  llin  iii'iiniiMil v  n(  \ini'iira, 
anil  aininul  in  Iln-  ml  ol'  lii<in((  Mnllril  mil  riinii 
llio  IihI  ol'  nadotni,  iipprmnij  ii"  ll'  ll  aiwpmioil 
l<ai  K  lo  llii>  llilli  anil  I  I'lli  atii<M,  >^lii' M{iain  liriiaii 
lo  I'lniipiiT  \nii<Mia,  nilli  iinnx  innir  Inn  ililn 
llian  lion  or  Irinl  .  ('\rr^  ila»  nino  I  it  In  a  iiiMf 
proolor  llir  liilo  ihal  aniiili'il  iw  ;  'null  a  oni'  a<< 
tioiilil  plai  ■■  n-.  Ill  lln<  '-ail  allniialHi'  ol  Iii<imii_ 
"•old  lo  a  |i>i  ri.iin  pimi'i .  in  nl>lif;«'d  lor  r\i>rlo 
.■'.I  nan  nnilnr  a  Iriwh  nnd  iiri'\nraldi>  HniMlndn. 
\<liiKl  «i'  alono  nvvi-  i-xpni'lmil  on  lln>  liaiipt 
nionii'iil,  llial  inii'.lil  K'^*'  ■■iip>il'-<'  <<■  niir  npiiiinii, 
and  nnilo  onr  ^Ircnolli  In  i<\prouM  aiui  lo  nim 
lain  il. 

'  ViniiNl  (lio ''v.i'liM  and  nnprrralionu  orKonnial 
r\a''prradnn,  llio  irinpdon  nl  llio  I'lniii'l)  itiln 
\nilaliK-iii,  llio  dis>;olndon  ol'  (ln<  t'nnlral  .liintii, 
Inon.ivlil  alioni  Im  iIio  oII'itI'*  ol' piildii' i'\«'riiilinii, 
and  llio  alioiliM'  invdlnlioii  ol  anollii'r  I'rolnan 
j^iM  oriiniiMil.  niidnr  llio  naiiii'  ol'  Uo,o'nin'v,  rrai'lird 
oni  OHi'*  rills  «as  annoimrod  nndnr  idnas  more 
lil»oral,  and  on  pi'iiTM  iiu>  llin  cn'orl'- ul' llir  .Aiiir- 
ricanx  lo  a«  ail  llii>in><rUi<w  nl' llin  « ii'<<>4  mid  iiiilli- 
Ikw  ol' so  raro  a  fjiMoi  niniail.  Iliny  nnlnavoiirod 
^•  "ii'iMi.itlhrn  (li<<  illn<-ion  Im  liiilliaiil  pronii'4i«<, 
Im  lliroi'ii's  liii'i'i'i)  ol  I'ci'onii,  and  In  aiininini'iii(( 
(o  ns  thai  onr  I'air  wn'i  no  Iniuior  in  llin  liaiidM  of 
>ni'ro»'k,  inini'-lcrs.  or  j^m  I'lnors  ;  al  (lio  hhiiic 
(lino,  ilial  all  ihoso  asjciii'.  ii'i'oi\4'd  llioniiisl  hIi-joI 
ordoi''*  lo  »»a(oh  ou'r  onr  inndnrl,  o\or  oiii'  opi- 
nioii>-.  and  not  lo  -.iillor  llii".!-  to  ovoood  llio  liinll';, 
traood  Im  llio  oloipionco  dial  ijildod  iMor  iln* 
oliaiH'-,  pi'0)<arod  in  llio  oaptioiis  and  cniiiiin!;  I<>l 
li'r  ol  oinaiioipalioii. 

*  Al  aiM  olli(<r  porind  \tliato\i<r  this  uoiiid 
Jiaxo  MiHiii'd  lo  doo»'i\o  till'  .Vinorii'iiiis ;  lint  tlio 
, Inula  ol' Sox  illo,  as  Midi  iis  llio  Contral  oiio,  liad 
alroaiU  iloiio  too  iniicli  in  nrdin'  to  tiiki*  ilio  l>iiii-| 


V  i:  N  I.  /  nils. 


m 


•(I     It       |>l   H 
ll'lll      <•>     ll    ' 
III       till      till' 

|iiMn,  ll  I* 
II  {\i>\\  .  it 
liiitiv.  iinil 

t'    UI'I'll   lit 

•)•«  nJ'  (liN 

V,  lll'l  IITll 

II  «liillK 
Ih<  riiiM  III 
ii>  ii<i|iiiliii 
ml  tliM|iiiui' 

|4(    u|llllK    ll 

ii«iliiir  iinil 
Hill    iiirliill 

I  ilrutiliitr, 

II  ViiiiM  ii'ii. 
mI  mil  limn 

llllllM|liMl<'ll 
lyillM   lll'»MIII 

II  i<  (iTiililr 
■ii'  (ll  II  now 
11  ll  i«  tiiir  itH 
M>  III'  lirinu 

I'lIC     ('»!'»■   Ii» 

I  H«M>  lliiilr  . 
I  llii>  liil|ilM 
,1111  ii|iiiiliili. 

iinil  111  "'tt 

iH  orni'Mcriil 

I'n-iioli   iiilo 

iilnil  .liiiilii, 

oM'i'iiiliiin, 

I'tiid'iui 

ii'V.  rrai'lii'il 

iiloiis  iinnr 

ollltr  Atin'- 

»4  mill  niilli- 

lllllMIVOIinMl 

ll  iimmixi"*, 
iiiiiioinirini^ 
I  111'  liiuiiU  iif 
It  (III"  siiinr 
11-  iin»'-l  Nirit'l 
iM  r  Diir  i»|)i- 

•ll  (In-  lllllll'^, 
.(1    OMM-    ill'" 

I  nmiiii!;  !•'( 

Illis    MOIlliI 

mis :  liut  IIk' 
ilral  onr.  Iiail 
uUo  ilu<  Imii-I 


.} 

1 
•» 

*. 


iliiirr   Iriiiii   <>'M    rV''«  :   iniil  wlinl  win  (lini   iiiiii        mil    In  lin  i|c|ii'iiili<nl   im    \  iriMov-i,  miniilcri,  lunl 

|iii«  I'l  mil 'I,  mill  (^ri'iiln  ii'iiumi  «m'  <  niilil  liol  lio 
Miiliji'i  t  I'lllin  III  II  liiii|i>,  u  rii|iliM<  mill  «villi'>iil 
till'  I  IK  III 'J  III'  iiiilliiii  ilv,  iiiir  III  II  i;<it  i<i  tiiiM'iil  Mil  It 
null  illi'iiMliiiiiili',  linr  In  li  niilliili  llini|iiilili>  iil' 
liiililiiifr  uiviiv  iivi'i'  iiiiiillicr,  11)11'  III  11  |M<iiiiiuiiliir 
•  iiiniM  III'  l''.iirii|ii',  iii'iiilv  M'linllv  «i»rii|iii'il  liy  n 
I'lirritrM  Hilii>.  N  rvri  (lirli'ii,  drsiioim  nl'  I'll'ci  I 
iii|>  ml)  )iu  II  I'lPi'iliiiii,  liy  |Im<  niriuiu  ol  {ri'iii<r<iiil  y, 
iiiiiili'liilimi,  mill  )  iviMiii,  tvi<  III  l<iifitvli'il((i<fl  till' 
liilil|;ritim  y  iitMil'inI'  llii'  uiiii  nC  Mmiii  liiiiimii,  Mi> 
|i<u|ii<rli<il  llll-  llil'iriilliiliru  (illlir  iiiiliiili,  mill  fliviini 
iillii  ml  IMiliri'  III  llii<  >:iiiiii'  l(i<(/i<iiry  «vi<  iliuiMViifil, 
ivi'  oU'ri'i'it  lint  III  'ii'|iiiiiili'  I'miIii  S|iiiiM  iiq  liiiiu  ii  i 
ulin  iiiiiiiiliiiiii'il  II  li'i^iil  (Mivi'l  liiiii'iil,  I'xiiililiulii'fl 
liv  till'  tvill  III'  tlii<  iiiitiiiii,  iiikI  III  wliii  ll  AiiM'ri'il 
hull  tlinl  |iiiil  (iivrii  In  lii'i,  iri|iiiri<il  liy  jii^liir, 
iii'i  i"i>iil  t ,  mill  till'  |inlitiiiil  Miipni  Imii'o  nl' iicr  l«'i' 
I  llni  y 

'  II'IIh'  ."I((0  yciii'i  nrnin  rnrnii'i' MiTvilii/lo  Ihiv*" 
lint  milliii'il  In  iiiithnri/)'  niir  i'iiiiiii('i|iiil jnii,  llicri' 
ivniilil  III'  uiillii  ll'lll  riiiic.i<  in  llir  (niiilili  t  nl'  tlic 
(Mivi'i  iiiiM'iit",  wliii  ll  III!  n/^iili'il  In  tlii'iii'ii'lvf'-i  III'' 
'in\rri'i(>lity  nl'  ll  rnl|i|i|i'i  iil  liiltinn,  wllji'll  ll»"V»'r 
iniilil  liiivi'  liny  |iin|ii'rly  in  A  iimm  icii,  rli'i  liir'<fl  iii) 
inli'.iriiil  |iiiri  nl  till'  uiiiiii',  «vliil>il  llicy  iittrinfitfil 
iifiiiin  In  invnivi'  it  in  inni|nitt.  H'llic  (rnviTrinr-i 
nl'  S|iiiin    IiidI    Iii'I'M    |iiiiiI    liy    lifi    I'liiniii'i,    lliry 

I  niilil  lint  liiivi-  ilniH'  iiinl'i-  ii(ir|ii||i!|  (lie  Irlli  ity  nl' 
till'  iiiilinii,  liniiiiil  ill  it'i  i'lni<«<  nninii  iin'l  (/nnd 
rni  ri':i|innili'riri'  Willi  A  iiK'riiii.  Willi  lln'  {(iciil. 
I'll  rnnli'iii|il  III'  niir  iniiini  tiiiii'f,  iiiiil  nl'  llic  jiiutiin 
III'  mil  I  liiiiiiM,  wlii'ii  iIm'v  rntilil  lint  di'liy  iik  IIic 
ii|i|i('iii'iini'i'  nl'  II    I  i'|iii";i'iiliitinii,    Ilicy    iiilijci  (cfj 

II  In  till'  ili'^iintir  inlliiriiM-  nl  tlnii  ii^rfiil.!  nvcr 
III!'  iiiiiniri|iii1ilii'>i  In  wliniii  tin-  il'-'  linn  wsm  rnm- 
niilli'il  ;  mill  wliiUl  in  H[iiiin,  nt  lln-  ^miii'  liin« 
tliiil  lliry  iillnvvi'il  I'Vi'ii  (nr  III''  |irnvin'('-i  in  pn^- 
';i"i';inn  nl'  llii'  T'li'lii  li,  lin  wrll  ii-t  the  ( 'iiri;iri<'-i 
mill  Itiili'iinr  i'iliiml'i,  ;i  ri'iirr-^i'ntiili  v  fnr  i-^ir  li 
.'i(),0(Ml  «nlll>i,  I'ri'i'ly  I'li'clri)  liy  IIip  [ir'n|il<'  ;  in 
/\  iiii'iicii,  nciirii'ly  II  l,(K)t),000  ■iiiHi'crl  In  h;ivo 
llir  ii;r|it  nl'  nnc  ri'j»r'''irntntivi',  n;iiii('(|  liy  tli« 
Vii'iTiiy  nr  ('>i|ilsiin  j^i'ni'iiil,  iiiidcr  liii'  ■fi.'^njitiir*! 
nl'  till'  niiini'  i|iiility 

'  At  III!'  Hiiiiii'  lime  tlillt  we,  Htrntirr  in  tlic  ('■•tli- 
ninny  nl'  niir  nwn  |n>ilir«',  imd  tin-  iiin'WT'itirin  rif 
mil'  |irnrr('dili(^i,  linjiid,  lliiil  il'  llic  ri'ii-mrn  tvf; 
iillr;(i'd  In  IIm-  Ki'ircnry  In  rnnvinrc  th''in  ril'  lli»; 
iii'd'H-iity  nl'  niir  ri'-^olntinii  did  nnt  Iriiinifili  ■  ;il 
l^il'^l,  tliiit  till'  irrni'rmm  iliiipn-iitinrH  witlivvliifli 
wi'  nU'rrrd  nnt  tn  li<''niiU!  tlic  iiifriiy  nl'  riiir  0[i- 
|iri'-(  I'd  iiiid  iint'nrtiiniifi'  hrt'tlii'ii  "vordd  Iw  •'iir- 
( I' 1- lid,  diMli'HitintH  wliii'li  til'!  fif'w  ■^nvcrnmrnt. 
()!'< 'ar!i';i'i  uiis  di'-iirniin  Mliniild  nnt.  Ix-  liriiilcd  loj 


iilii'il,  iiii'dillilrd.  iind  |iiill«ll<'d.  In  «llli|i'i  I  IM 
iiiiiini  "llll  |ilirii'i"i  mill  Im  jut  Imli'i.  milv  ■••Mid 
Idii'ilniildr  mil  \  ir.dniK  •'.  •••  •  nllii  t  mil  n|iinimi«, 

*  mill  III   Immii    linn   "nd    iiiHliiddii  M'lidiilinii    In 
I  |iiri'di.  iiilliiT  llimi  In  iiniiiiii  miy  Innmi'i  lln-  vir 
i             (mil  III   iidiiil  mid  IhmIIiIv.       TIii' i-vi' nl  tlint  diM  . 

nil    uliiill    nlif',imi    rili')il  iitri    llii<    liiii'.t    iimjimmI 
;  iiivmIi'iv    III    llll'   ii'ili'iii|ilimi  III'  (III!   Iiiinimi    iiiii<, 

•  mix  lliii(  di'tijiniiti'd  liy  I'l  nvidiini'  In  lii>  (In- 
riiliniH'Mrrlili'llt  nl  llii<  |>idllliiil  I  i'di'in|itlnn  id 
Aiiiiiii'ii  nil  Hilly  riinr>4iliiv.  A|iiil  l<>,  IHIO. 
ll  Miw,  (lull  llll'  ( 'niii>4MnM  id'  di«)|MitiMin  wim  nml 
iliiwii  in  \'i<nr/iii'lii,  llii<  riii|iiir  nl'  llii<  Iiih'J  |iiii 
I'liiiiiiod,  mid  till'  (tiiint'i  i'ii|ii'l|i'd.  Willi  nil  tlii< 
li'liiilt.  iniiili'i  iiliiiii,  mid  ll  mii|iiillilv,  tlinl  tliry 
(lirlil'<idvi"i    lliivr   rnnli"iii'il.    'in  mnrli  un,  i|it  i'\  rn 

I  ill  liiivi'  lilli'd  tvilli  iidiiiiiiitinn      ml  I'l  ii<ndMlii|i  Im 

II':,  llll'  ir'd  id' llll'  iin|imliiil  unild 

>  Willi   lull  "mild   liiivi' tlimit{lil   lliiil  ii   iiiitinn 
irriiM'l  llIK  il'i   rip,lil»,    mid    I'li'i'llii^  iImi'II'  linin  IIm 
ii|itiii"4'iiii  u,  in  il'-i  liliiid  I'liiy,   wmild  liii\i'  liinlii'ii 
iliiiMi  rvi'iv    liiiniri    tliiil  iiiif(lit    |diiii'   it  diii'illt 
.         nr  iiiiliri'''*l\   willi'ii  till'  ri'inli  id'  llir  inllni'iii  r  id' 
1         lliii'.i'  ^I'ly   (•iivi'i'Miiii'iil'i,  lliiil   liDil  liillii'iln   «nu 
liiiiinl    ill    nii'irniinnri   mid    n|i|ii'i''mimi.       Vini' 
/iiclii,   liiitlil'id   In   lnT    |niiiiiiin"J,    ilni'M    nn    niiirii 
I         (liiiil  iiwilli'  III!   iMMI   'icriillly  in   mdi'l'  In  rniii|ily 
3         "llll  tlirin  :   mid  it  "  itii  nni<  Lilriiii}i  mid  ^I'lnrniH 
li:iilil,  ''III'  di'|iii''i'd    till'  ii>)<'nt'4  id'  lirr  ini'iriy  nnil 

IliiT  uliivriy.  ««lt'i  till'  nllii'i,  .dm  |iliii  I'd  tlii"  liiinii' 
III'  I'l'i'dinmid  \  \\  nl  llii'  Ih'iiiI  nl'  lirr  nnv  ((iivi'iti 
iiii'til,  Mwnri'  In  nimntiiiii  lii>:  i  iiL',lit'<,  pi  niiii'inl  In 
iirKniMi  Iril^i'  till'  iinit^  mid  iiilr)',iily  id'  llin  Spn  ■ 
mill  iinlinii,  iipi'iii'd  lirr  miim  In  lin  {'.iiinpi'iin 
lii'i'tliri'ii,  ulliTi'd  IIm'iii  mi  ii'iylnin  in  llirir  iiiis' 
(.iitiinri  mill  riilmnitici,  i-ipiiilly  liiilid  llic  I'lii'- 
iiiiri  III  till'  Spmiiiili  nmiii',  '^mijrlit  tin'  irrni'inim 
idlinnri' III' l'<n,»,lnnil,  iiiid  pirpmnl  In  Inlic  pml  in 
(III'  li'lirilv  nr  niHrmtiiiK'  nl'dii'  nnlinn  riiiiii  wlimn 
^lic  rniild  mid  niu',lit  In  liiivr  I'lrrniiHv  ':i'piii'iilril. 
'  llill  il  wn'i  tint  tlii^^  lliiil  till'  Itr.'M'nry  rxiirlrd 
rmni  111.  Wlicti  till'  litlli'i'  di'i'liuril  Il'i  I'l  I'l'  in  llir 
llirnrv  nl'  llirir  pImtM,  (liry  unli|i'rti'il  iim  in  piiir- 
lii'r  III  11  'itniill  mid  iitHiiiiiilii  nnt  irpir'n'iitiilinii, 
lM'lir\iiit{  that  lliiiHV  to  wlimn  nnllnnir  wim  diii', 
"iiiild  III'  iniili'iit  In  ii'ci'ivi'  wlinti'\  rr  "ii'i  f^rmiti'd 
ill  llii'in  liy  lltrir  tiiitsliTH.  I  Itidi'i' ii  rnlridiilimi 
Ml  lilii'fiil,  llll'  Uri>i'iiry  wiih  ilrMirmtn  nl'  Ki'rpin<r 
lip  out'  illusion,  lo  pity  iii  willi  WoriU,  pi'mnim'H, 
:niil  iitMi't'iplioiiN  I'oi'  out'  liiittr  sinvrry,  mid  I'm-  llir 
lilooil  ittid  Iti'ioitttr  Wi-  liiid  rxpi'iidi'd  ill  Spnin. 
I'"tilly  wcri'  wr  iiwni'c  how  liltli-  wr  liiid  In  rxjiccl 
rt'iitii  till'  polii'v  and  llic  iiilriiHivi>  ji^^i'iitH  id'  rVi- 
'liiiaiid }    wo  wt'ic  mil   ii^iioiitiil  IliitI   il'  we  wnr 


i:  .1 


^ 


l[ 


hs:; 


109 


V  j:  n  e  z  u  i:  i.  \, 


.•     .if  1 


fhnrroii  phrnflPK :  nnil  ilio  iniin'cjiidiccil  iind  iin- 
partiiil  world  will  know,  thiil  Vciic/iiclii  litis 
passed  all  (hat  time,  which  iiitcrviMicd  iiclwccii 
April  IM,  ISIO,  (o.liily/>,  ISM,  in  a  hitler  iind 
painful  alternative  of  ads  of  iii'-raliltide,  insults, 
and  hostilities  on  the  part  of  Spain,  and  of  i^ene- 
rosity,  moderation,  and  torhearanee  on  ours. 
This  period  is  the  most  interesting  oC  the  history 
of  our  rev(»lulion,  so  much  so,  that  its  e\cnJs 
present  a  eontnist  so  favourahle  to  our  raiise, 
that  it  eannot  have  failed  to  i^aiii  over  for  us  the 
impartial  judy;nienl  of  those  mitions,  that  have  no 
interest  to  dispara;;;e  our  ell'orts. 

'  I'revious  to  the  i-esult  of  our  political  trans- 
formntion,  every  day  «e  received  fresh  motives, 
nuHiciently  stron;;,  for  each  to  hav(>  caused  ns  to 
do  what  Me  have  done,  after  three  aijes  of  misery 
and  den;radation.  In  every  vessel  that  arrived 
from  .Spain,  new  nijents  came  out  to  strensrthen 
with  fresh  instructions,  those  who  sustained  the 
cause  of  amhition  and  perlidy.  I'or  the  very 
same  piirpose,  refusal  was  sent  out  for  the  titli- 
cers  and  other  Europeans  to  return  to  Spain, 
Hot withstaiidinfr they  asked  it  to  fii>ht  ajrainst  the 
French;  fresh  orders  were  issued,  y\pril  30,  ISM), 
for  the  schools  to  he  closed,  to  tlie  end  that, 
under  the  pretence  of  attending'  (miy  to  the  war, 
both  .Spain  and  America  mii<;ht  be  sunk  deepiM* 
into  a  state  of  i<rnorance,  it  was  ordained  that 
rij^hts  and  premiums  should  not  be  heard  of,  and 
that  nothing  was  to  be  done,  but  sending  to 
Spain  money,  American  men,  provisions,  colonial 
productions,  submission,  and  obedience. 

'  The  public  prints  were  tilled  with  nothing; 
but  triumphs,  victories,  donations,  ami  acknow- 
ledgments, wrested  by  despotism  from  the  peo- 
ple, who  were  not  yet  informed  of  our  res()lutu)n  ; 
and,  unde  the  most  severe  threats  of  punish- 
ment, a  political  inquisition,  with  all  its  horrors, 
was  established  a&;ainst  those  who  should  read, 

Eossess,  or  receive  other  papers,  not  only  foreijjn 
ut  even  Spanish,  that  were  not  out  ot*  the  Re- 
gency's manufacture.  Contrary  to  the  very 
orders,  previously  issued  to  deceive  the  country, 
every  bound  was  overleaped  in  the  selection  of 
ultramarine  fimctionaries,  whose  merit  alone 
consisted  in  having  sworn  to  maintain  the  system 
contrived  by  the  Regency  ;  in  the  most  scanda- 
lous and  barefaced  manner  the  order  which  fa- 
voured our  trade,  and  encouraged  our  agricul- 
ture, was  declared  null,  condemned  to  be  burnt, 
and  its  authors  and  promoters  proscribed;  aid  of 
every  kind  was  exacted  from  us,  without  any 
account  of  its  destination  or  expenditure  being 
Rent  to  us ;  in  contempt  of  every  shadow  of  pub- 


lic  faith,  and  without  afiy  exception  whatever,  all 
correspondence  I'nun  these  countries  was  ordered 
to  be  opened ;  an  excess  unknown  even  innler 
the  despotism  of  (iiidoy,  and  only  adopted  (o 
cause  the  espionage  oM>r  America  to  Ih>  more  ty- 
rannical. In  short,  the  plans  plotted  to  p<>rpe- 
tuate  our  servitude,  now  began  practically  to  he 
realised. 

'  In  the  mean  time  Venezuela,  free,  and  mis- 
tress of  herself,  of  nothing  thought  less  than  to 
imitate  the  detestable  conduct  of  the  Regency  and 
its  agents;  content  with  having  secured  her  fate 
against  the  ambition  of  an  intrusive  and  illegiti- 
mate government,  and  shielded  it  against  plain 
too  dark  and  ci>mplicated,  was  satisfied  in  shew- 
ing, by  positive  acts,  her  desire  of  peace,  friend- 
ship, correspoiwlence,  and  co-operation  with  her 
European  brothers.  All  those  who  were  amongst 
us,  wvvo  considered  as  such,  and  two-thirds  of 
tlu!  political,  civil,  and  military  employnu'Uts, 
both  of  the  high  and  middle  classes,  remaineil,or 
wcre  placed  in  the  hands  of  Europeans,  without 
any  further  precaution,  but  with  a  sini-erity  and 
good  faith,  that  nearly  proved  latal  to  our  in- 
terests. 

'  Our  chests  were  generously  opened,  to  aid 
with  every  luxury,  to  tiie  end,  that  oin*  tyrants 
in  their  passage  from  us,  might  enjoy  every 
convenience  and  profusion  ;  the  captains  of  the 
packets,  Carmen,  Fortnna,  and  Araucana,  were 
rec(Mved  into  our  ports,  and  assisted  with  money, 
to  enable  them  to  proceed  on  their  voyage,  and 
fulfil  their  respective  commissions  ;  and  even  the 
disrespect  and  crimes  of  the  commander  of  the 
Fortnna,  were  referred  to  the  judgment  of  the 
Spanish  government.  Notwithstanding  the  go- 
Aernmental  Junta  of  Caracas,  manifested  the 
reasons  of  precaution,  which  obliged  them  not  to 
expose  to  the  voracity  of  the  government  the 
public  funds,  which  were  destined  to  succour  the 
nation,  they  exhorted  and  lelli  room  for  the  ge- 
nerosity of  the  j)eople,  to  use  their  fortunes  con- 
formably to  the  impulse  of  their  own  sensibility, 
by  publishing  in  the  newspapers  the  mournlul 
manifest,  in  which  the  Regency  pourtraycd  the 
agonizing  state  of  the  nation,  in  order  to  imploru 
aid ;  at  the  same  tin?  ,  that  they  represented  it 
vigorous,  organised,  and  triumpfiant  in  the  pub- 
lic prints,  destined  to  deceive  us.  The  commis- 
sioners of  the  Regency  bound  to  Quito,  Santa 
Fe,  and  Peru,  were  hospitably  received,  treated 
as  friends,  a  1  their  pecuniary  wants  supplied  to 
their  own  satisfaction. — But  we  lose  time,  in  thus 
analysing  the  dark  and  cunning  conduct  of  oui 
enemies,  as  all  their  endeavours  have  not  sufficed  | 


Ml  '■ 


iii 


I  ) 


V  E  N  E  Z  U  E  L  A. 


lOO 


(over,  nil 
■<  (»riliTi'(f 
fii  iiintor 

llt|)(C(l     III 

imiic  (y- 
(()  iicrpc- 
nWy  to  l)c 

,  iinil  niis- 
ss  than  to 
<rvi\iy  and 
(I  lirr  tiitt* 
1(1  ill(><;iti- 
iiist  plans 
1  in  hIu'W- 
cc,  friond- 
willi  luM' 
0  ainonjjst 
(-tliirds  of 
)loyim'nls, 
n)uin(Ml,nr 
s,  willioiit 
••erity  and 
to  our  in- 

lod,  to  aid 
»iir  tyrants 
iijoy  ovcry 
ains  of  tin- 


ith  money, 

oyagc,  and 
1  even  the 
er  of  tlie 

lent  of  the 
in;  the  fjo- 

it'ested  the 
lern  not  to 

rnnient  the 

iccour  the 

for  the  f<e- 

rtunos  con- 
sensiUility, 
mournful 
rtrayed  t  In- 
to implore 
iresentcd  it 
in  tlie  pnh- 
he  comniis- 
Juito,  Santit 
ed,  treated 
supplied  to 
ime,  in  thus 
duet  of  oui 
not  sufficed  | 


fto  warp  the  imperious  and  triumphin<;  impres- 
HJon  of  ours. 

'  'I'he  arroirant  mandatarieR  of  our  coiuitry, 
fvcre  not,  however,  the  only  «)nes,  authorised  to 
support  the  horrid  plot  of  their  rcuistituenis -.  the 
sanH<  unilorin  and  uuivi<rsHl  mission,  was  hrouffht 
out  l)y  all  those  who  inundated  Anu^rica,  from 
the  sad  and  ominous  reii^ns  of  the  Junta  of  Se- 
ville, the  eeiitral  one,  and  the  Ueireney ;  and 
uiuler  the  system  of  polilieal  freemasonry, tbunded 
on  the  IVIaehiavelie  pad,  they  all  aeeoriled  in  mu- 
tually sidistilutin^;,  replaein/u;,  and  assisting  eaeh 
other,  in  the  plans  combined  ajrainst  the  felieity 
and  poliliral  existence  of  the  New  W  ,-ld.  The 
island  of  Puerto  Hico,  was  immedialt  iy  made  the 
haunt  ol'all  the  agents  of  the  !!<-irency,  the  place 
(ifeiiuipment  for  all  the  expeditions',  the  head- 
c|iun(ers  of  all  the  anti-AnuM'ican  forces,  the 
workshop  of  all  the  impostures,  calumnies,  tri- 
umphs, and  threats  of  the  Ke^ents ;  the  refuse 
of  all  the  wicked,  the  render.vous  port  of  n  new 
set  of  I'ilibusticrs,  in  order  that  there  nii^ht  not 
he  wantinn;  any  of  the  calamities  of  the  Kith 
century,  to  the  new  c<uuinest  of  America,  in  the 
19th.  The  Americans  ot  Puerto  llico,  oppressed 
hy  the  bayonets,  cannons,  fetters,  and  gibbets 
which  surrounded  the  bashaw  Melendez,  and  his 
satellites,  lind  to  add  to  their  own  evils  and  mis- 
fortunes, the  painful  necessity  of  contributing  to 
ours.  Such  IS  the  fate  of  the  Americans,  con- 
demned not  only  to  be  galley  slaves,  but  to  be 
the  drivers  of  each  other. 

'  The  conduct  observed  by  Spain  to  America,  is 
harder  and  more  insulting,  when  compared  with 
that  she  appcu's  to  exercise  with  regard  to 
France.  It  is  well  known,  that  the  new  (Tynasty, 
still  resisted  by  part  of  the  nation,  has  had  de- 
cided partizuns  in  nuiny  of  those,  who  considered 
themselves  the  first  national  dignitaries,  for  their 
rank,  offices,  talents,  and  knowledge,  amongst 
whom  might  be  recounted  Morla,  Azanza,  Ofa- 
rill,  L'npiijo,  Mazarredo,  and  many  others  of 
every  class  and  prolession ;  but  still  there  has 
not  appeared  one  of  those  who  so  much  desire 
the  lil)erty,  indepeudeiu:e,  and  regeneration  of 
the  Peninsula,  who  has  raised  his  voice  in  iavour 
of  the  American  ])rovinces.  These,  therefore, 
adopting  the  same  principles  of  fidelity  and  na- 
tional integrity,  have  of  their  own  accord,  been 
ambitious  of  preserving  themselves  independent 
of  such  intrusive,  illegitimate,  weak,  and  tumul- 
tuary governments,  as  have  been  all  those,  which 
have  hitherto  called  thomselveM  the  asjents  of  the 
king,  or  representatives  o''  he  nat  on.  It  is 
vexing  to  see  so  much  liberality,  so  uunhcivism, 

vol,.  V. 


and  so  much  disinterest  in  the  Cortes,  with  re- 
gard t<i  Spain,  disorganis«-d,  exhausted,  and 
nearly  cfrnqiiered;  and  at  the  same  time,  so 
much  meanness,  so  much  suspicion,  prejudire, 
and  pride,  towards  America  ;  tranquil,  faithful, 
generous,  decided  to  aid  her  brethren ;  when  it  is 
she  alone  who  can  give  reality,  (in  th(»  most  es- 
sential point  at  least)  to  the  theoretical  and  bril- 
liant plans,  which  make  the  Spanish  c«mgress  so 
exalted.  How  many  treasons,  surrenders,  assas- 
sinations, perfidies,  and  convulsions,  have  not 
appeared  in  the  revoluli(»n  of  Spain  ;  these  have 
passed  by  as  the  inseparable  misfortunes  of  cir- 
cumstances, yet  not  oiu'  of  the  provirucs  '^ur- 
renden'd,  or  satisfied  with  the  dominion  of  the 
French  has  been  treated  like  Venezuela:  their 
conduct  must  however  have  been  analysed  and 
characterised  according  to  reasons,  motives,  and 
circumstances  that  dictated  it  ;  this  must  have 
been  judged  in  conformity  to  the  rights  of  war, 
and  the  sentiments  of  the  nation  must  have  been 
pronounced  according  to  the  statements  laid  be- 
fore it ;  but  n«»t  one  of  them  has  yet  been  de- 
clared traitorou:,,  in  rebellion,  and  iinnaturalised. 
as  was  Veneziif'la  ;  for  none  of  them  has  been 
created  a  public  commission  of  diplomatic  muti- 
neers, to  arm  Spaniard  against  Spaniard,  to  fan 
the  flame  of  civil  war,  and  to  burn  and  dilapidate 
all  that  cannot  be  held  in  the  name  of  Ferdinand 
the  Seventh.  America  alone  is  condemned  to 
endure  the  unheard  of  condition  of  being  warred 
upon,  destroyed,  and  enslaved,  with  the  very 
aids  she  destined  for  the  liberty  and  common  fe- 
licity of  the  nation  of  which  she  was  led  to  lie- 
lieve,  for  a  few  moments,  that  she  constituted 
part. 

'  It  appears  that  the  independence  of  Ame- 
rica, creates  more  irritation  to  Spain,  than  the 
foreign  oppression  that  threatens  her ;  for  against 
her  are,  preferably  employed,  measures  that  have 
not  even  been  used  against  the  very  provinces 
that  have  proclaimed  the  new  king.  Tlie  incen- 
diary and  turbulent  talent  of  a  minister  of  the 
council  of  the  Indies,  could  not  have  a  more  dig- 
nified employment,  than  that  of  again  conquering 
Venezuela,  with  the  same  arms  as  those  of  the 
Alfingers  and  the  Weslers,  (the  first  tyrants  of 
Venezuela,  authorised  by  Charles  V.  and  the 
roinoters  of  civil  war  amongst  its  primi<i(e  in- 
abitants),  in  the  name  of  a  king  placed  ;u\  the 
throne,  against  the  pretensions  of  the  family  of 
him  who  lot  out  these  provinces  to  the  (Jerman 
factors.  Under  this  name,  all  the  sluices  of  ini- 
quity are  opened  upon  us,  and  the  horrors  of  the 
conquest  are  renewed,  the  Keiuembrance  of  which] 
z 


i 


K. 


(1 


iiil!  j  (' : 


I  , 


'■:t 


170 


VENEZUELA. 


[wc  hadf^cncroualyendoavourod  to  blot  out  from 
our  puHterity  ;  under  tluH  name  we  arc  trciitcd 
with  inon*  Hovi'rity  than  thoHe  who  abandoned  it 
before  we  did ;  and  under  this  name  it  in  at- 
tempted to  continue  the  Hystem  of  SpuniHh  domi- 
nion in  America,  which  haH  b<«cn  held  hh  a  poli- 
tical phenomenon,  even  in  the  times  of  the  rea- 
lity, eneray,  and  vigour  of  theSpaninh  nionarchy. 
And  can  there  be  found  aiiy  law  that  obliyeH  iiH 
to  preHervc  it,  and  to  huIut  in  its  name  tlie  tor- 
rent of  distreHseH  heaped  upon  UB  by  thoHC  who 
call  theniHelveH  itH  agents  in  the  peninsula  ?  By 
their  means,  this  very  name  obtained  the  trea- 
sure, the  obedience  and  acknowledgement  of  Ame- 
rica; and  by  means  of  their  flagitiouK  conduct 
afterwards,  in  the  exercise  of  their  powers,  tlie 
name  of  Ferdinand  has  lost  every  consideration 
amongst  us,  and  consec(uently  ought  to  be  aban- 
doneu  for  ever.  —  Tv.r  (jiin  persona  i/tiis  lucrum 
titpU,  ejus  factum  prwstior  leuelur. 

'  The  tyrant  of  Borriquen,  (the  primitive  name 
of  the  island  of  Puerto  Rico),  not  content  with 
creating  himself  into  n  sovereign,  to  declare  war 
against  us,  and  with  insulting  and  calumniating 
us  in  his  ilimsy,  mean,  and  flattering  prints  ;  not 
satislied  with  constituting  himself  into  the  gra- 
tuitous jail-keeper  of  the  emissaries  of  peace  and 
confederation,  sent  to  him  by  his  comrade  Mi- 
yares,  from  the  castle  of  Zapi^iras  de  Maracailra ; 
Decause  tliey  overturned  the  plans  he  had  re- 
ceived and  accejited  from  the  Regency  and  the 
new  king  of  Spain,  in  exchange  for  tHe  captain- 
generalsnip  of  V^enezuela,  purchased  at  a  cheap 
rate  from  Che  Regents  ;  not  considering  such  su- 
perior merit  sutlicientv  rewarded  with  the  honour 
of  faithfully  serving  iiis  king,  in  the  most  bare- 
faced manner  plundered  more  than  100,000  dol- 
lars of  (he  public  funds,  belonging  to  Caracas, 
that  had  been  embarked  on  board  the  ship  Fer- 
dinand the  Seventh,  in  order  to  purchase  stores 
and  military  clothing  in  London,  where  the  in- 
surance was  eflfectod,  and  in  order  that  his  insult 
might  be  the  more  coiiplete,  he  alledged  that 
the  Spanish  govcriunent  might  waste  and  mis- 
apply   them,   that    England   might  appropriate 
them  to  herself,  disowning  our  resolution ;  so  that 
in  no  place  tliey  could,  or  ought  to  be  more  se- 
cure than  in  his  hands,  negociated  by  means  of 
his  partners  in  trade,  as  in  tact  they  were  in  Phi- 
ladelphia, adding,  that  account  of  the   capital 
thereof  was  to  he  given  in  when  Puerto  Rico 
had  conquered  Venezuela,  when  the  latter  should 
deliver  herself  up  to  the  Regency,  or  when  Fer- 
dinand VII.    should  return  to  reign  in  Spain. 
— Such  were  the  periods,  it  appears,  that  the 


governor  of  Puerto  Rico  imposed  upon  himscli; 
to  render  in  account  of  ho  atrocious  and  scanda- 
lous a  depredation  ;  but  (his  is  not  all  that  lhi>. 
worthy  agent  of  the  Regency  has  done  in  favoui 
of  the' designs  of  his  constituents. 

'  Notwithstanding   so  much    insult,  robbery, 
and  ingratitude,  Venezuela  nuiintained  her  reso- 
lution not  to  vary  the  princiiiles  she  had  traced 
out  for  her  conduct,  the  sublimt?  act  of  her  na- 
tional representation  was  proclaimed  in  the  name 
«*f  Ferdinand  VII.  under  his  fantastical  authority, 
all  the  acts  of  our  government  and  administra- 
tion were  sustained,  though   they  re(|uired  no 
other  origin  than  the  people  who  had  constituted 
them  ;  by  the  laws  and  regulations  of  Spain  was 
judged  a  horrible  and  sanguinary  conspiracy  of 
the  Kuropeans,  which  were  even   infringed  to 
t-ave  their  lives,  in  order  that  the  philanthropic 
memory  of  our  revolution  might  not  be  stained 
with  tlie  blood  of  our  perfidious  brethren  ;  under 
the  name  of  Ferdinand,  and  by  the  interposition 
of  the  bonds  of  fraternity  and  patriotism,  endea< 
vours  were  made  to  inform  and  reduce  the  im- 
perious mandataries  ofCoroand  Maracaibo,  who 
t)ertidiously  kept  separated  from  our  interests  our 
>r«'threu  of  the  west;  under  the  auspices  of  re- 
ciprocal intere:<t,  we  triumphed  over  the  oppres- 
sive acts  of  Barcelona,  and  under  the  same  we 
will  reconquer  Guayana,  twice  snatched  from  our 
confederation,  as  was  Maracaibo,  against  the  ge- 
neral wishes  of  its  inhabitants. 

'  It  would  have  seemed  that  nothin|(  was  now 
left  to  lie  done  for  the  reconciliation  of  Spain,  or 
for  the  entire  and  absolute  separation  of  America 
from  such  a  system  of  generosity,  equally  as  ruin- 
ous and  calamitous,  as  contemptible  and  ungrate- 
ful ;    but    Venezuela  was  desirous  of  draining 
every  means  lefl  within  her  reach,  in  order  that 
justice  and  necessity  should  leave  her  no  other 
safe  alternative  than  that  of  independence,  which 
ought  to  have  been  declared  from  July  15,  1808, 
or  from  April  19,  1810.     After  appealing  to  sen- 
sibility, and  not   to   vengeance,  in  the   horrid 
scenes  that  occurred  at  Quito,  Pore,  and  La  Paz ; 
after  beholding  our  own  cause  supported  by  the 
uniformity  cf  opinions  in  Buenos  Ayres,  Santa 
Fe,  the  Floridas,  Mexico,  Guatemala,  and  Chili ; 
after  obtaining  an  indirect  guarantee  on  the  part 
of  England ;  after  hearing  our  conduct  applauded 
by  impartial  men  in  Europe;  after  seeing  the 
same  principles  triumph  from  the  Orinoco,  as  far 
as  El  Magdalena ;  and  from  Cape  Codera,  as  far 
as  the  Andes;  we  have  still  to  endure  fresh  in- 
sults, before  we  fly  to  the  painful  extreme  of 
breaking  with  our  brethren  for  ever.] 


';'\ 


iinwch'. 


riindu- 
at  Ihifi 
I'uviMir 

ibhcrv. 
r  i«'Hi>- 
tructul 

t>  iiiiiiie 
lliority, 

ircd  lilt 
St  i  tilled 
uiii  wui« 
irocv  ol' 
im'd  to 
ithropic 
I  stuiiu>d 
I ;  iindoi 
poHition 
I,  endea- 
the  im- 
ibo,  who 
rcstf)  our 
es  of  re- 
!  oppres- 
saiiie  we 
t'roin  our 
it  tlic  ge- 

was  now 

Spain,  or 

America 

as  ruin- 
iingrate- 
drainiiig 
irder  that 
no  other 
ice,  which 
15,  1808, 
Mg  to  sen- 
le   liorrid 
d  La  Paz ; 
cd  bv  the 
res,  Santa 
and  Chili ; 
tn  the  part 
applauded 
seeing  the 
oco,  as  far 
era,  as  far 

fresh  in- 
extreme  of 


I 


VENEZUELA. 


171 


C  I'urncas,  without  having  done  more  than  inii- 
Into  niiiny  of  the  provinccH  of  Spain  ;  and  iiHed 
lh(>  wnne  riglils  which  the  Council  of  Regency 
declared  in  her  favour,  as  well  as  that  of  all 
America;   without  having  had  in  this  conduct 
other  dPMignu  than  those  inspired  by  the  supremo 
law  of  necessity  not  to  bo  involved  in  an  un- 
known fate,  and  to  relieve  the  Regents  of  the 
troiilile  of  attending  to  the  government  of  coun- 
tries, as  well  extensive  as  r..ote,  at  tho  same 
tiiiii*  that  they  protested  that  tiiey  would  attend 
to  nothing  but  the  war;  without   having  torn 
asunder  her   unity  and  political  integrity  with 
Spain  ;  without  having  disowned,  as  was  possible 
and  proper,  the  lame  rights  of  Ferdinand  :  far 
from  applauding  for   convenience,   if  not  from 
sentiments  of  generosity,  so  Just,  necessary,  and 
iiKjdest  i.<  resolution,  and  without  answering  even, 
or  siilimitting  to  the  judgment  of  the  nation  our 
complHints  and  claims,  is  declared  in  a  state  of 
war,  her  inhabitants  are  proclaimed  rebels,  and 
uiiiiaturalised ;  every  communication  is  cut  oiT 
with  her  brethren ;  iBngland  is  deprived  of  her 
trade,  the  excesses  of  Melendez  are  approved, 
and  he  is  authorised  to  commit  whatever  liis  ma- 
lignity of  heart  may  suggest  to  him,  however  on- 
poseci  to  reason  and  justice,  as  is  proved  liy  tne 
order  of  September  4,  1810,  unheard  of  fcir  its 
enormity,  even  amongst  the  despots  of  Constan- 
tinople or  I  ndostan  ;  and  not  to  deviate  in  the 
least  from  the  plots  of  the  conquest,  a  new  enco- 
mcndero  is  sent  out  under  the  name  of  a  puci- 
iicator,  who,  with  more  prerogatives  than  the 
conquerors  and  settlers  themselves  was  to  take 
his  post  in  Puerto  Rico,  and  thence  to  threaten, 
rob,  pirate,  deceive,  excite  civil  disturbances,  and 
all  in  the  name  of  Ferdinand  VII. 

'  Till  then  the  progress  of  the  system  of  sub- 
version, anarchy,  and  depredation,  which  the  Re- 
gency proposed  to  itself  on  hearing  of  the  move- 
niPF'ts  of  Caracas,  had  been  but  slow,  but  the 
principal  (oc.\\»  of  the  civil  war  being  transferred 
nearer  to  us.  thn  subaltern  agents  ac(|uired  more 
strength  ;  the  flames  of  the  passions  were  multi- 
pliod,  as  well  as  the  efforts  of  the  parties  directed 
by  the  chiefs  hired  by  Cortavarria  and  Melendez. 
Hence  originated  the  incendiary  energy  acquired 
by  the  cphen.ci'al  sedition  of  the  west ;  hence  the 
discord  newly  fanned  by  Miyares,  rendered  vain 
iuid  aivogant  by  the  imaginary  and  promised 
captain  -generalsnip  of  Venezuela ;  hence  the 
American  blooil,  in  spite  of  ourselves,  spilt  on 
the  sands  of  Coro;  hence  the  robberies  and  ns- 
sassinatioiis  committed  on  our  coasts  by  the 
pirates  of  the  Rei^pncy ;   hence  that  miserable 


blockable,  intended  to  deduce  and  disaflect  our 
shore  settlements  ;  hence  the  insults  committed 
on  the  Flnglish  (lag  ;  hence  the  falling  oif  of  our 
trade ;  hence  the  conspiracies  of  the  vallies  of 
Aragiia  and  Ciimaii^  ;  hence  the  horrid  ncrtidv  in 
Oiiyana,  and  the  insulting  deportation  of  its 
leaning  characters  to  the  Moorish  dungeons  of 
Puerto  Rico,  dungeons  constructed  like  those  of 
Tunis  and  Algiers;  hence  the  generous  and  im- 
partial offices  of  reconciliation,  sincerely  inter- 
posed by  a  representative  of  the  British  gov«'rn- 
ment  in  tho  Antilles,  and  rejected  by  the  pseudo- 

[lacificator,  (the  official  dispatch  of  Admiral 
!!ochrniie  in  the  Secretary  of  State's  office);  hence, 
in  short,  all  the  evils,  all  the  atrocities,  and  all 
the  crimes,  which  are,  and  ever  will  be,  insepa- 
rable to  the  names  of  Cortavarria  and  Melendez 
in  Venezuela,  and  which  have  impelled  her  go- 
vernment to  go  Iicvond  wliat  was  proposed,  when 
it  took  upon  itself  the  fate  of  those  who  honoured 
it  with  their  conKdeiice. 

'•  The  mission  of  Cortavarria,  in  the  19th  cen- 
tury, and  the  state  of  Spain  who  decreed  it,  com> 
pared  with  America,  against  whom  it  is  directed, 
evinces,  to  what  an  extreme  the  illusion  of  am- 
bition blinds  those  who,  on  the  depravation  of 
the  people,  found  all  the  origin  of  their  autho- 
rity. This  act  alone  sufficed  to  authorise  our 
conduct.  The  spirit  of  Charles  V.  the  memory 
of  Cortes  and  Pizarro,  and  the  manes  of  Monte- 
zuma and  Atahuulpa,  are  involuntarily  repro- 
duced to  our  imagination,  when  we  see  the  ade- 
lantadns,  pesquisidores,  and  enconiendoros,  offices 
peculiar  to  the  first  settlement  of  America,  re- 
newed in  a  country,  which  having  endured  300 
years  of  submission  and  sacrifices,  had  promised 
to  continue  in  allegiance  on  the  only  condition 
of  being  free,  in  order  that  the  circumstances  of 
slavery  might  not  blemish  the  merit  of  fidelity. 
The  scandalous  plenitude  of  power  confided  to  a 
man,  authorised  by  an  intrusive  and  illegitimate 
government,  that  under  the  insulting  name  of 
pacificator,  he  might  depotise,  excite,  rob,  and, 
to  crown  the  insult,  that  he  might  offer  pardon 
to  a  peo|)le,  noble,  innocent,  tranquil,  generous, 
and  masters  of  their  own  rights  ;  could  only  be 
credited  in  the  impotent  delirium  of  a  govern- 
ment that  tyrannises  over  a  nation  disorganised 
and  stunned  by  the  horrid  tempest  that  overtakes 
her;  but  as  the  ills  of  this  disorder,  and  the  abuses 
of  such  an  usurpation  might  be  considered  as  not 
imputable  to  Ferdinand,  already  acknowledged 
in  Venezuela,  at  the  same  time  that  he  was  un- 
able to  remedy  so  much  insult,  such  excesses, 
and  so  much  violence  committed  in  his  name,  we] 


.1 .  '« ■ 


-^A 


X    'i- 


174 


V  r  \  K  /  I    K  I    V 


m 


■''^ 


n  Su'N  >«<'>  >\>nthiu>ni«IK  i««k«»>«lisls;xsi  h\\\\     Ui»( 
to  tlu-  ««iU\'i,i.»ivM(»  ol  l"l  I'si'mul  :«n>l    Vit(U|n<-» 

'    l<    tv  «H  <M  l.llMU     (Mit,     t')i<(      VllKMUa     iUh^s    UOI 

IvKmij;   «i>  (Iu-  t.-(u(on  ot"  >jviin,  i\\u\  \\  >s  i»>m>i> 
.n<(  i«Uo  tm<\  tJial   »lu'  HjiJu*  wlu«J<   tt»o   IUmm- 
ls>u<.,  iiisiN  ,<r  iuMii'><l*.  f«i>>'  (o  <l.   u>>lM  \(l<sia»>>i 
nijt  lhi'>   »i-i-<- luM^Niu.u  > ,  ooulil   no«   Is-  >li>>|>»^N«Nt 
«>('   tilhoiii   iho  oon«<'ni  ol  lilt"  |»<-«>|'l<v  .(Hil  |v;«i<i 
t'liLuU  ot  itiOM'  »<r  Vi><<Mi»\«.  «li>>,  on  \hf  (•Kvdou 
l»o(«i\M\    \\u'     I"'.  riU'li     i«>u<     Vuvl(i;«<i    «l\niis(ios. 
»«»i;l>«  U;\\c    ilono  u«  iho  ITlli  «vnut«<    «)«<<<    <J<o\ 
hrt>o  no«  ,)ono  n>  U<o   l>'«h       I'ho  \\\\\\  «<t    VUv 
;n>li'»'  >  I    an. I  (l(o  ni-.(  (hI.-s  »»!u,-U  »!|€>  ho\is<-  o(' 
Ans(n;«    ;<llislj;'<\l    in    (lio    \ni<Mi\;<n  ro>io.  li:«<)  no 
o(h<M  .Mij;ni  (l>:ui  tlw  <i>;tu  ot' ..'n.jno'.l.   |vuti:«lh 
.^sli-vi  <o  (til'  >.M<.)ii<MO(  ■.  ;>n>l  s<"ul<M'.,  ('o\    (l<o   .n.l 
<h<'\    l>;>il   inMV«\«Mt\l   «o  iho  i)\<«n   in  onlfi  to  .-\ 
i(-»\\  Its  >lonnniou   »n    Vnic-iuM       N\  iiliont   (i«kiii)t 
wHi^  «-«Mivnin;<(ion  (In-  iio|>»<puliUion  »'!"  itio  «'«>iin- 
t\\,   «li<-    (-\(i-»nun;»(i><n    o('  iJir   i>.»<no>.   rtii><   llio 
cnujjiiUion   >»t\i>h   dio   •.n(<|'0'«,\t   niodioi  «vMinln 
minIjuiun),  II  iipjH-.u--.  thai  «li<-ii  ilu-  C\i\\    ol'  »-\«ii 
.jiiovl    liiiit  «-is-»><sl  .   «  h<-n  tlio  iliir>(  lov  >;'"l>'  «>>■* 
>,Ui>(uhI  :   «Ji«>:i  «ho  coiumoiitul  «sjiiilil>mini  >«;«■. 
(l<vl(U^>>1  III  l;»>om  ot"S|Mui,  In  i\u'  !»,h  iin(i«.<;xH'Hi 
••uNjuisilion   ol'    Viiioii>;i.   tlio   t«-iul;il   >;\M  <M  nnioiu 
»li"><i><>  <nI    and    i><o(i\l    up    lixMii    liio   (iino   ot   llio 
MMjMi  ot"  tlio   Ho;iil»oiiN  in  Spain,  an>l  <"Xi'i\   »>ijl<( 
f\tiiu'(  (Jial  «hil  not  orijjinaio  in  llio  ii«'«  «'oiuv>- 
Mon*   or  inai<ila(<'<i  <'("  llir  piin><>,  \\\r  oonijiu'iAMs 
rtiul  M'J(l<M-s  (lirn  tMvanit'  ;>U>o\\<'<l  ol"  lln-U-.        \-. 
»(>«'n  as  (tio  laiiKMii'".-  an.l  in\alii)i(\  \'l  il><"  iijjUis 
i!ll\V)>al«~»l    to   ilioiuscK  0-.    Im    tlu'  IvMll  l».v|\s  i>  lio 
»n«>nstiali-.l  .   lh<"   ntli^s   b»   >»linl'    llio    Vnioiuans, 
ili-vc.nilanl--  ot    tin-   ron«jnc>iA>i>,   posvi^-.soil    tlu'^o 
«onnti  lo-.,  u>ni-     not  in  tloiiitnoiit  to  tho  uatMi-'- 
rtiuj  punuti\f' piopi  ii-loi  >.,   tint   lo  (NjimIiso   llioiii 
Ui  llu' i'Mioi  r.viit  o(  lilvi  t> ,   pn>j>i"in,  aiiit   iii.U> 
|H'ii.lin>o,    wliuli    tl>i\    :»l«a\H   til-       ".>\    a    iinlii 
>tt\>n^'<M    til."!    iliat   \»i'  tho    l»>>uilv    IS,  or  ol   aii» 
i»tho'~s    t,<    M  hi  . -.   inix    nun   liaxo  >"tsK'ii    Vnit-iua, 
Mithonl  itu"  >onM-ni  v't'tlio   Vniri  uaiis,  it*  naiinal 
o»»  noi  >i 

•    That    Vni.'iua  J.u's   noi   1>>Iomi;    to   tin-   ti-in 
toi>  ot"S|ViUii,  Is  a  iniiuipU-  ol  natnial,  an.l  a  l:i« 
ot'posimo  iiijlit      No  titl<\  pist  ov  nniiisi,  «  In.h 
I'Xisis  ,>(' !it-r  <lrt\<n,  can  aooU   to  llio   >p-iiniai>|s 
»<»'  iMiii-p<- .    an.l    ;»U    tho    liI>iM-aht>    ol     VUxan 
tU-i   \  I    lOiiUl  not  v!>>  in.>ix>  ttian  lUvlatv  tlio    Viis 


tiiaii  kin»;N  oinmiioIiM's  ot' tho  I'aiili.  in  oiaIit  lo 
liiul  >Mit  t'oi  tiUMii  a  pi'oloin.Uinal  li.'.ln,  « InMvln 
to  nirtKo  thi'ni  l»M\ls  ot'  Viium'um  Nritlioi  ili,> 
piMMMIIUUMUO  Ot't ho  (Vlivm  \|(Ul\  IIOI  till-  pi-on* 
);an>o  ol"  tlio  inotliri  >-tMinlr«,  tH>n'>i  at  am  tinio 
i;i\MHi(l  ttu'  oni;ii«  t>l"  loixisliip  on  ilio  jviit  ol" 
S|Min  Y\u-  tiist  «as  losi,  loini  tlio  liiiio  iti,ii 
ihi>  iii>>iian'!i,  a.  kno«  lo.l);\'>l  l>x  tlio  \  niv-i-iortnii, 
1<'I\  tl»<>  ooinittA  t\»i\  i>«>nonn.<sl  Ju«  vi;li(s,  an<< 
ttio  s<von>'  al«rt\s  <tin«Mini.\l  to  iioi!iiii>i  iii.m'^^ 
ilian  a  s,-aiulalvni»  aliiiM*  ol'woiiU  .  .is  <>.>,  itiai  ot' 
>-allinj;  oiii  sla\«-r\,  t">-li>'H>  t'l.il  >ir  s;mn>;  tlio 
*"\\\>iv  «\M\'  tho  pi>>listoi-s  «<r  tlio  Indians  aii<l 
that  ttios,\ns,>l  Vnionoans  «iM>' On  (-s(«',l  ot"o\oi\ 
ii>;h«  and  >m\»I  diitiiiO  \\\  ttir  nw'ix"  act  ol'nuMi 
jv»ss(n<  ti\»ni  «»no  lOiintrx  to  cuii^Nor  to  »onl<>  it, 
tlivvso  «ho  iU»  not  Icvm-  thon-  hoi«os,  a<'>)iiu-i>  no 
pi-\<iMM t\ ,  n«»i  d\»  tlio\  oxposo  thom«oUi-s  lo  tho 
liaiMsliips  insi-paratilo  (>>  oiiiivjralion  l"lios,>  «  ho 
>'(>nipioi  and  ol'tain  possession  ot'  a  <a<imi(i>  1<h 
moans  ol  ilioir  lal»«>iii .  in.hisn*,  >nlii>a<ion,  and 
i>Mino«(ion  \\\\\\  till-  natuos  tluM\\'l",  ait'  ltu->  »» do 
Ji.ixo  a  pi-i'lvcaMt^  ii>jl»l  to  pi>i>stM«o  »t,  aiul  tvaiis 
nni  II  to  tlii'ir  po»torit\  Ivm  n  thoivin  ,  tt>«'  if  tho 
i'oiintr\  « tioiv  Olio  is  l«oin,  >»oi'«^  »>»iisidoi'>\t  as 
an  ou»;ni  ol"  s,>>('i\'i>>nt>  im  a  iitio  ol'  a> Apiisitioii, 
till-  >;\-ii<Mal  \*\\\  o(  n.iUvMis,  aiivl  t!u~  l,<(.-  ol"  tiio 
linnian  ia.i\  would  thon  l<o  iuit<\<  t\»  t!ii-  s,>il,  in 
liWo  niaimor  as.  an' ttio  tix<«'s,  luonntaiiis,  mits. 
and   lako<, 

•    NoithtM-  could  It  «'<or  Iv  «■ollsultM■«^i  as  a  tulo 
ol' pi\'i><-rt\  to  tho   ivsi  ,>!'  a   naiion.  Ixn  ono  jvn  t 
tlioiAS<rto  lia\o  jViist  o>ot    to   anotli.-i    Ovuniti*    to 
siMtU-    i(  .   t">M    l<\    a   ii^lit   ol"  tlu>-   iiatiiiN\   SjMin 
luMx'll' would  U'loiij;  to  tlio  IMni-nu-iaiis,  tlion  do 
si^Mulants,    or    t\i    lli<>    tariliajjTiiians,    \»  (iii^>>  im- 
iUt-\   max   K>  t'oiind     oxon   tlio  w  t^^^l<■   ol'  i\r  iia 
dons    ol    I'niA'po    «v<iiid    lia\o    ti<    .  !lan^;^•    tV,<-ii 
at»«>dos  (o  inaki'  «»oiu  and   ix-  ostaMisti   so  snujn 
lai  a  toniioii.il   imixt      lionio  would  tlion  l>(s  onio 
as  pu-.ai  ions  as  ai>'   tlio    wants   and  >iipt'i>-t>s   ol' 
nioii        rtio    moral    at<ns,-    ol    tlio    luaiiMniu     ot 
Sp.un.  w  itli  i-t'jjai  d  t>»    Vmorua,  is   sull   in.-ix'   in 
<.i);nit(«  ant,  lor  li  is  woU  known,  that  in  flioinuii- 
laloi.iiM  ol  tliiiii^s,  )(  isjiu'dut*   iv|  tlio  I'atliiM' to 
(•iiiaiii  ipato  Ins  son,  as  soon  as  \jx>ttinj;  oin  ol'  liis 
11111101111.  Iio  Is  alilo  to  tiso  liw  ^lif  until  and   i\ni 
sou  to  p»-«>\  ido  Iv*!  liU  owu  snl>sisi,'n<'«'  ;  an.l  iilso, 
ttiat  It   i»  tlio  lint*  ottlii-  son  (o  omaiu'i|«<ito  liiiu 
soil",  wliouo\oi'  ilio  iiuolt\  or  f-\tia%  ai^^nuo  ol'llio 
I'atlior  Ol  tutor  f'ndani;xM    his   w«>ll  K-'iin,  ov   ov 
pt>s(<  Ills  patniiiiMit  to  Ih-  tlio  pix-\  ot'  a   iiiisxm-   oi 
an  iiMU|Vi"r       I  iiiloi-  tlioso  )>i  imiplo't,  lot   a  ismh 
IMIImU)  l»t>  iUi»do  ot'tho  >JtH'  >«s!u»  ol'  oui-  (iliatiou 
to  S|vuu  .  nud  oioit  when  it  shvuild  l>o  piN'\od 


*    i 


V  K  ^  I-  /:  r  v.  \,  \ 


\:^ 


(hiU  >lu~  «:»*  oui  n\o»U<'»',  U  nonUl  suU  >-«m««h« 
».»    Iv  )M\no«U    «•»«<    w«-   HI'S'   <rl    lir\    innuM^   «»i' 

Muh  »-l;un<«.,  «UMilnn'i  in^iu  «h<M«  \i-r\  i»nj;>n    Imi( 

oUur    (otvmu    jHtu.M,    pivMousU    rt.kn»w  l<si>;v»i 
;M»\«»'»l->    'li(««    <U>    hrtU.Hi'    >luMlUl    •■<>    ItMl    hw     \\u' 

nuu'o.  i\\\\\  «\M  «lvo  n»rtli»v  ot"  w\»u>>l«s<  iuviImuoh. 
«h.-»vl\»  <o«<iMnsU«,  «;«hn\>n>ju<\   ««.<  «i\«k<'n   :\ 

Hon  ■.iiujiMo  ««>  Xv  iuai;()»ui,i,<  un,)  m>|>«M  (;U).^-. 

•  \\  IV  u.U  kno«n,  \\\M  «U.- pivmi-.»,»«>  .v«»l\ 
>n  ,ni«>-<<>>n.  )s  no  iu.mv  (hi«n  i«n  iw.vs««<n  I'od.I. 
«l\i.h  i»l«;u<.  j.(V  j-upp.vsvs  \\\v  \.\\\d\{\  t\\u\  lojji 

\\  h.M\  \n  »lu-  .vuniUl  <hiMv  »v  n,>  »  wo  x»  hu  l<  n.;» 
ivn>l<T  i«  indl  iu\.<  illoj^mntiMc.  h  »s.  fhm  «,<  tv 
l«  ««•  iliiU  t«\<«\.  »n\ok.-,l  l>>  iu\  »mih.  Mill  no«  ilu-n 

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i!\.-  .M-,0  ».>\iUI  iU  tU)  mno-  Iv  iii-.,<|vu!iMi'  i>>  tli>- 
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.>n>l  U\  rtjtjik^xuo  \\u-  punislmuMU       ri«,\(  n.»uu,>l 


Ittw  «hi.  U  oMijjx^*  \t«  <o  Mh\  out  ^M^^^«u»^"<'.  :uul 
tttiU  tin  <n<' >>nr  «l»U'h  <\'il<\iU  u'^  1\>  «n».<K<'  tlio 
n««u'  ttl'Vtfil  in  «iU\<,  >l>>  no?  in  ;>i\>  injuuuM  ;«Uoi' 
llh'  n;«<niv  ot'  iho  ol»Ui;(><hxn>  >on(«\>>'<«s<  nndov 
\\u-  Niiun)(i)nis<nv  :\\u\  \W'i'\K\\i\h\y'  «'(V<v»t  «»l  K^lh 
Irtx*"  .  s«>  xhM  lUo  uitii»>»«><n  o(  «(<<•  «^no,  sO|>p\wo'. 
«lw>  inlVi«\(ion  »>(' ilu'  oiln-t  t'«M  >  ■  -.njixMsl 
«o  i;»U  on  1»\h1  U»  ^MinovH  oni  pi-^'aiw^*.  «ntl 
<»  t\on  «o  K'Uoxo  itiiU  ho  »;«n  j;niu:»n(<>«'' ihoni  ;«nil 
i«»on»jx^  «luM«  MoliUion,  >l  i*  ^(Umu  Ixvunn'  lUo 
»\>nJ\>rt«-j  hrt«  noilunii  <.n  i(M-ir«i«ivj>Mo  ol' «v«vlo> »nsi 
il  m<i»lnl.  (Iluit.  mmovtlw  ol,  «>«  «An»lnuA  li». 
iho  «M>-»ni«l  in»u»x'  ol"  »l>i"  Sn(>«^'«>o  ViImIim.  Io 
« tioin   «i-   snl'ni\(  u       I  n»U'i    iKom' |m  in«ipU^s  >( 

><.  lluM  «<•  rtli'  (o  aililUsx'  i\w  «\>Hill(l>Mli>l  o;uU  l>\ 
«lnvh  (lio  l^'nl;l■^^x<^  ol'  \  onotJin-la  lin-.  pi\'ii\iM'\l 
(>»  pu^MM*.'  ihf  U>jl«.'»  li'jJrtlU  held  l>\  r<M\li 
»»i«n>l  \  U  «»il>on(  :«((nl<n»inj{  «i<  \\  un*  odivi, 
«ti\>'t»,  Kmhj;  >\<n((;u  »  (»<  (ho  lilvi'i  l\  ol  jhi- |M"v'(<Io, 
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iinnnl  iho  «siih 

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t'txnilut'l  ol  «ho  tixMoiixnonl-*  ol  Sivun,  tho  jM-oplo 
o(  \  on.'tnoh*  l»<v:«(no  •ion<>il<lo»>ru(Ov-Mvnni<.(iiiu  o< 
Im  «hi.h  >ho  ioloiiUo«l  viiilx-.  ol'  I'oiaIuuuuI  \  It 
>»on'  ix-niloixsl  \  >Mtl  in  >'on»o\)nou>'\'  ol  (ho   ((iin* 
.UtUNn-.  ,»(  I'l   I'voUUill  ;in.l    Viannu'ti.    a*    «oU    ;«> 
iliOM-  til'oU  his  luMiso,  Im    (ho  i-t^ssion>.   i>n<l   :»)hIi 
OiUions  nm.lo  M  l«,i\iM\no  .  an«l   I«\m\(   iho  iloinon 
>(ii((ton  ot'lhis  ii(i(h,  loll<<«s,  iis  i>  «iM\»lli>(\.  (ho 
inx;)h«ii(«  ol'itn  «\«(h,  «!n.h.  hosi.los  ls-tn»;   >  on 
liidonal,  o»>nUI  no(  siiKsisi  l<o>oni{  «ho  .on(i,>\'(  lo 
«hi>hi(  «iis,uhlo>l.   Us   !in   .i<\\-sson    Ih'HiI        l\i 
|>i.s,'i\o  (ho    ii);h(s   ol'  I  oixUnund,   uiis   a'.l    (ha( 
("<Uii\\»s  pi\tiius«Hi  on    VjMil  1'',  rtl  i»  linio  sho  <»;»s 
();noi<U((  ho  hait   losi    ihoni,      .'^.-),^^•   >o'vi    :a'v)- 
'  ;,  v)*,*V)    tflO\)Vl',\'-<        0>>       (oin     vV     P     S*J,    ;,r(,  ,">', 

-"»s  u»\' .»()'  v"S»'^^>*  ,^^v^v^,\'.^    s*.  <« .    >vv)   ,<'»  »i  ift»»  .^  ■ 

«%v\i  ,w  .« ■t^5 •<,/»• '.■^,  i^nosi.  «'il  (Ui  .* .  l\>on  il' 
ioixtintuul  »>'(!«in«sl  ihiMn,  «i(h  ix^ijidxl  lo  SiMin, 
i(  M-ncons  (o  U'  piAMotl,  «ho(ho<,  l<\  xi.Ino  ol' 
(ho  s^iiiio,  ho  Wi»s  iiMo  (»M\'>io  Vn»o»io;»  lt>i(noihoi 
il»n,»so,  voihon*  hoi  >o>n  oonsoni  Tho  ^\.l\i.(-s. 
>»  hu  h  in  •■(■•<(o  «>l  (ho  i>pp»x^ssion  ;>n>l  >'!uinin»;  ol 
(ho  iii(iiisi>o  j;\M oininoniH  ol' Sivxn,  \  ono'jm-lA 
u;>son(«Mo«l  «><  ohitun  ol  lhooon>l»u(  or(ho  Woni 
Kmo*.  ««nil  iho  IJXiil  ort'«vts  (ho  sjuno  «:>»  i\K\\>~  u< 
oi\(;«il  on    Vinodoii,  hiuo  »^»n»u(nio>l  .»  !<>>.!»    ol  u 

lxlo;«);;«Mo     pi>io|s,    «<\inOinn.     (ll:l(     its     loixlintuui 

no  loni^i'i  iM-(;un<sl  ;«iu  n»;h(-,  (ho  pix's»M  Xi>(i>>n 
lhoix'<>r,  uhtoh  \  ono?iiol(«  (m.m\hs,-,1.  us  »oU  rts 
iho   »m(h  l»\   »»huh  sho  oontiiino<i  llns  pi  v>nuM\  j 


- 1." 


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174 


VENEZUELA. 


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[consequently  are,  and  ought  to  be  done  away, 
Jurabis  in  lerilate,  et  in  judicio,  et  in  justicia. — 
Jereni.  cap.  4.  Of  the  first  part  of  the  position, 
the  nullity  of  the  second  becomes  a  legitimate 
consequence. 

'  But  neither  the  Escurial,  Aranjeuz,  or  Bayona, 
were  the  first  theatres  of  the  transactions  which 
deprived  the  Bourbons  of  their  rights  to  Ame- 
rica. Already  in  Basil,  (by  the  treaty  made  on 
July  13,  1795,  and  by  which  Godoy  obtained 
the  title  of  Prince  of  Peace),  and  in  the  court  of 
Spain,  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  Spanish 
dominion  in  these  countries,  had  been  broken 
through.  Charles  IV.  contrary  to  one  of  them, 
ceded  the  island  of  St.  Domingo  to  France, — (See 
Recopil  de  Indias,  law  i.  tit.  1.)  a.id  disposed  of 
Louisiana  to  the  same  foreign  power,  which  un- 
heard of,  and  scandalous  infrrctions,  authorised 
the  Americans,  against  whor^  they  were  com- 
mitted, as  veil  as  the  who'^  of  the  Columbian 
people,  to  stiarate  from  the  obedience  and  lay 
aside  the  oatli.  by  which  they  had  bound  them- 
selves to  the  c'own  of  Castile,  in  like  manner  as 
they  were  entitled  to  protest  against  ihft  eminent 
danger  which  threatened  the  integrity  ot  ihe  mo- 
narchy in  both  worlds,  by  the  introduction  of 
French  troops  into  Spain,  previous  to  the  trans- 
actions of  Bayona ;  invited  there,  no  doubt,  by 
one  of  the  Bourbon  factions,  in  order  to  usurp 
the  national  sovereignty  in  favour  of  an  intruder, 
a  foreigner,  or  a  traitor ;  but  as  these  events  are 
prior  to  the  period  we  have  fixed  for  our  discus- 
sion, we  will  return  to  treat  of  those  which  have 
authorised  our  conduct,  since  the  year  1808. 

'  Every  one  is  aware  of  the  occurrences  which 
happened  at  the  Escurial,  in  1807,  but  perhaps 
every  one  is  not  acquainted  with  the  natural 
effects  of  these  events.  It  is  not  our  intention 
here  to  enter  into  the  discovery  of  the  origin  of 
the  discord thatexistt'd in  thefamilyofCharlesIV. 
let  England  and  France  attribute  it  to  them- 
selves, both  governments  have  their  accusers  and 
defenders  ;  neither  is  it  to  our  purpose  to  notice 
the  marriage  agreed  on  lietween  Ferdinand  and 
the  daughter-ill-law  of  Buonaparte,  the  peace  of 
Tilsit,  the  conferences  at  Erfuhrt,  the  secret 
treaty  of  St.  Cloud,  and  the  emigration  of  the 
house  of  Braganza  to  the  Brazils.  What  most 
materially  concerns  us  is,  that  by  the  transac- 
tions of  El  Escurial,  Ferdinand  VIi.  was  declared 
a  traitor  against  his  father,  Charles  IV.  A 
hundred  pens,  and  a  hundred  presses,  published 
at  the  same  time  in  both  worlds  his  perfidy,  and 
the  pardon  which  at  his  prayer,  was  granted  to 


him  by  his  lather ;  but  this  pardon  as  an  attri- 
bute of  the  sovereignty  and  of  paternal  autho- 
rity, only  absolved  the  "son  from  corporal  punish- 
ment ;  the  king  his  father,  had  no  power  to  free 
him  from  the  infamy  and  inability  which  the 
constitutional  laws  of  Spain  impose  op  the  traitor, 
not  only  to  hinder  him  from  obtaining  the  royal 
dignity,  but  even  the  lowest  office  or  civil  em- 

Eloyment.    Ferdinand,  therefore,  never  could  be 
in'g  of  Spain,  or  of  the  Indies. 
'  To  this  condition  the  heir  of  the  crown  re- 
mained reduced,  till  the  month  of  March,  1808, 
when,  whilst  the  court  was  at  Aranjuez,  the  pro- 
ject frustrated  at  the  Escurial  was  converted 
into  insurrection  and  open  mutiny,  by  the  friends 
of  Ferdinand.     The  public  exasperation  against 
the  ministry  of  Godoy,  served  as  a  pretext  to 
the  faction  of  Ferdinand,  and  as  a  plea  indirectly 
to  convert  into  the  good   of  the   nation,  what 
was  perhaps  calculated    under  other    designs. 
The  fact  ot  using  force  against  his  father ;  his 
not  rather  recurring  to  supplication  and  con- 
vincing arguments  ;  his  having  excited  mutiny 
on  the  part  of  the  people ;  his  having  asi.emblcd 
them  in  front  of  the  palace  in  order  to  surprise 
it,  to  insult  the  minister,  and  force  the  king  to 
abdicate  his  crown  ;  far  from  giving  him  ar.y 
title  t'j  it ;  only  tended  to  increase  his  crime,  to 
aggravate  his  treachery,  and  complete  his  inabi- 
lity to  ascend  the  throne,  vacated  by  means  of 
violence,  perfidy,  and  factions.   Charles  IV.  out- 
raged, disobeyed,  and  threatened  with  force,  had 
no  other  alternative  left  him,  suitable  to  his  de- 
corum, and  favourable  to  his  vengeance,  than  to 
emigrate  to  France,  to  implore  the  protection  of 
Buonaparte,  in  favour  of  his  offended  royal  dig- 
nity.    Under  the  nullity  of  the  abdications  of 
Aranjuez,  all  the  Bourbons  assemble  in  Bavona, 
carried  there  against  the  will  of  the  people,  to 
whose  safety  they  preferred  their  own  particular 
resentments ;  the  Emperor  of  the   French  took 
advantage  of  them,  and  when  he  held  under  his 
controul,  and   within   his  influence,    the  whole 
family  of  Ferdinand,  as   well  as   several  of  the 
first  Spanish  dignitaries  and  substitutes  for  de- 
puties in  the  Cortes:  he  caused  the  son  to  restore 
the  crown  to  his  father,  and  the  latter  then  to 
make  it  over  to  him  the  Emperor,  in  order  that 
he  might  afterwards  confer  it  on   his  brother 
Joseph  Napoleon. 

'  Venezuela  was  ignorant  of  all  this,  or  at  least 
only  knew  it  partially,  when  the  emissaries  of 
the  new  king  reached  Caracas.  The  innocence 
of  Ferdinand,  compared  with  the  insolence  and] 


VENEZUELA. 


175 


[despotism  of  the  favourite  Godoj,  impelled  and 
directed  her  conduct,  when  the  local  authorities 
wavered  on  the  15th  of  July,  1808;  and  beinjj 
left  to  choose  between  the  alternative  of  deli- 
vering herself  up  to  a  foreign  power,  or  of  re- 
maining faithful  to  a  kins,  who  appeared  unfor- 
tunate and  persecuted,  tne  ignorance  of  events 
t.  umphed  over  the  true  interests  of  the  country, 
I  nJ  Ferdinand  was  acknowledged,  under  a  belief 
t;-at,  by  this  means,  the  unity  of  the  nation  being 
maintained,  she  would  be  saved  from  the  threat- 
ened oppression,  and  a  king  be  ransomed,  of 
whose  virtues,  wisdom,  and  rights,  we  were 
falsely  prepossessed.  But  less  was  requisite  to 
oppress  us,  on  the  part  of  those  who  relied  on 
our  good  faith.  Fsidinand,  disqualified  '>nd  un- 
able to  obtain  the  crown ;  previously  announced 
by  the  leaders  of  Spain  as  dis^ossed  of  his  rights 
to  the  succession ;  incapable;  of  governing  in 
America,  held  in  bondage,  and  under  the  in- 
fluence of  a  foreign  power ;  from  that  time,  be- 
came by  illusion,  a  legitimate  but  unfortunate 
Crince;  it  was  feigned  a  duty  to  acknowledge 
im ;  as  many  as  had  the  audacity  to  call  them- 
selves such,  became  his  self-created  heirs  and  re- 
presentatives, and  taking  advantage  of  the  innate 
fidelity  of  the  Spaniards  of  both  worlds,  and 
forming  themselves  into  intrusive  governments, 
they  appropriated  to  themselves  the  sovereignty 
of  the  people,  in  the  name  of  a  chimerical  king, 
begsn  to  exercise  new  tyrannies,  and,  in  a  word, 
the  commercial  Junto  of  Cadiz  sought  to  extend 
her  control  over  the  whole  of  Spanish  America. 

'  Such  have  been  the  antecedents  and  conse- 
quences of  an  oath,  which,  dictated  by  candour 
and  generosity,  and  conditionally  maintained  by 
good  faith,  is  now  brought  against  us,  in  order 
to  perpetuate  those  evils  which  the  dear-bought 
experience  of  three  years  has  proved  to  be  inse- 
parable to  so  fatal  and  ruinous  an  engagement. 
Taught,  as  we  are,  by  a  scries  of  evils,  insults, 
hardships,  and  ingratitude,  during  an  interval 
from  the  15th  of  July,  1808,  until  the  5th  of  July, 
7811,  and  such  as  we  have  already  fully  mani- 
fested ;  it  becomes  full  time  that  we  should 
abandon  a  talisman  invented  by  ignorance,  and 
adopted  by  a  misguided  fidelity,  tor  ever  since  it 
has  existed,  it  has  not  failed  to  heap  upon 
us  all  the  evils  attendant  on  an  ambiguous  state, 
and  on  suspicion  and  discord.  The  rights  of 
Ferdinand,  and  the  legitimate  representation  of 
them  on  the  part  of  the  intrusive  governments 
of  Spain,  fidelity  and  the  obligations  of  compas- 
sion and  gratitud'^  on  ours,  are  the  two  favourite 
springs  alternately  played  to  sustain  our  illu- 


sion, to  devour  our  substance,  prolong  our  de- 
gradation, multiply  our  evils,  and  to  prepire  iis 
ignominiously  to  receive  tliat  passive  fate,  pre- 

Eared  for  us  by  those  who  have  dealt  with  us  so 
indly  for  three  centuries.  Ferdinand  the  Seventh 
is  the  {"^iversal  watch  word  for  tyranny  in  Spain, 
as  veM  as  America. 

'  No  sooner  was  that  visiiant  and  suspicious 
feai-,  produced  amongst  us  by  the  contradictory 
acts,  the  arts  and  falsehoods  of  the  strange  and 
short-lived  governments,  which  have  succeeded 
one  another  in  Spain,  since  the  Junta  of  Seville, 
there  h  ij  known,  than  they  recurred  to  a  system 
of  apparent  liberality  towards  us,  in  order  to 
cover  with  flowers  the  very  snare  we  had  not 
perc;  ived  whilst  shrowded  by  the  veil  of  candour, 
at  length  rent  asunder  by  mistr;  st.  For  this 
purpose,  were  accelerated  and  tumultuously  as- 
sembled the  Cortes,  so  desired  by  the  nation,  yet 
opposed  by  the  commercial  government  oi' Cadiz, 
but  which  were  ut  length  considered  necessary, 
in  order  to  restrain  the  torrent  of  liberty  and 
justice,  which  in  every  quarter  burst  the  mounds 
of  oppression  and  iniquity  in  the  new  world : 
still  it  was  supposed  that  the  habit  of  obedience, 
submission,  and  dependence,  would,  in  us,  be  su- 
])erior  to  the  conviction,  which,  at  so  great  an 
expense,  we  had  just  obtained.  It  appears  in- 
credible by  what  kind  of  deception,  fatal  to  Spain, 
it  is  believed,  that  the  part  of  the  nation  which 
passes  the  ocean,  or  is  born  under  the  tropics, 
acquires  a  constitution  suitable  to  servitude,  and 
incapable  of  ceding  to  the  efforts  of  liberty.  As 
notorious  to  the  world,  as  they  are  fatal,  are  the 
effects  of  this  strong  rooted  prejudice,  at  length 
converted  into  the  good  of  America.  Perhaps 
without  it,  Spain  would  not  have  lost  the  rank 
of  a  nation,  and  America,  in  obtaining  this  bles- 
ing,  would  not  have  had  to  have  passed  through 
the  bitter  ordeal  of  -^  civil  war,  more  ominous 
still  for  its  promoters,  than  for  ourselves. 

'  Our  public  prints  have  already  sufficiently  well 
manifested  the  defects,  under  which  the  Cortes 
laboured  respecting  America,  and  the  illegal  and 
insulting  measures  by  them  adopted,  to  give  us 
therein  a  representation  which  we  could  not  but 
oppose,  even  though  we  were,  us  the  Regency 
had  Itudly  boasted  us  to  be,  integral  parts  of 
the  nation,  and  had  no  other  complaints  to 
allege  against  their  government,  than  the  scan- 
dalous usurpation  of  our  rights,  at  a  moment 
they  most  required  our  aid.  They  will  have 
been  informed,  no  doubt,  of  the  reasonings  we 
used  with  their  perfidious  envoy,  Montenegro,  at 
a  time  that  the  former  niissious  being  frustrated,] 


J)a  i«  ■ 


v.t. 


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i,-yi 


17fl 


V  E  N  E  Z  U  jfc:  L  A. 


'  (! 


iJL''ii  '^i; 


\m 


III!,!    ^ 


•  'i' 


[<he  f;;rpat  sMpnients  of  newspapers,  filled  with 
triumphs,  relbnns,  heroic  nets,  andiamentations, 
beiiijf  rendered  uselens,  and  the  inefficacy  of 
blockadeH,  pacificators,  squadrons,  and  expedi- 
tions, made  known;  it  was  thous:ht  necessary  to 
da/zle  the  self  love  of  the  Americans,  by  seating 
near  the  throne  of  tlie  Cortes,  members  whom 
the  latter  had  never  named,  nor  who  conld  be 
chosen  bv  those  who  created  them  into  their  sub- 
stitutes, as  in  like  manner  they  did  others  for  the 
provinces  in  possession  of  the  French,  submittin:; 
to  and  alleiring  themselves  content  with  their 
dominion.  In  case  this  puerile  measure,  of 
which  Spain  has  bivn  prolific,  shoidd  not  have 
had  its  due  eifect,  the  envoy  was  directed,  (and 
an  American  and  a  native  of  Caracas,  in  order 
to  add  to  the  illusion,  was  for  this  purpose  se- 
lected), that  in  case  the  enerny  of  the  country, 
now  defined  rebellion,  should  prevail  against 
perfidy  to  which  the  name  of  fraternity  was 
given,  he  was  to  add  fuel  to  the  flanif  of  the  pas- 
sions, already  kindled  in  Coro  and  Maracaibo, 
and  that  discord,  again  raising  her  serpent  head, 
migiit  lead  the  herald  of  the  Cortes  by  the  hand 
under  the  standard  of  rebellion,  through  those 
deceived  districts  of  Venezuela,  that  had  not 
been  able  to  triumph  over  their  tyrants. 

'  New/ artifices  were  still  forged,  in  order  that 
duplicity   and   cunning  might  prepare  the  road 
to  the  sanguinary  armies  of  the  chiefs  of  Coro, 
Maracaibo,   and   Puerto  Rico ;    and   when     the 
Cortes  were  convinced  that  the  conduct  of  Ferdi- 
nand, his  bonds  of  affinity  with  the  Emperor  of 
the  French,  and  the  infiucnce  of  the  latter  over 
all  the  Bourbons  already  placed  under  his  tute- 
lage, began  to  weaken  the  insidious  impressions, 
which  fidelity,  sustained   by    illusion,  had  pro- 
duced  in   the   Americans ;    preventatives    were 
placed,  in  order  to  stop  the  flame  thuR  >^nkindled, 
and  limit  it  to  what  was  yet  nece?,sary  for  their 
vast,  complicated,  and  remote  designs.     For  this 
purpose  was  written  the  eloquent  nianifi^st  which 
the  Cortes  aimed,  on  the  9th  of  .lanuary,  18!  1, 
against  America,  worded  in  a  style  worthv  of  a 
better  object,  but  under  the  brilliancy  of  dirtion, 
the  back  ground  of  the  perspective,  designed  to 
deceive  us,  was  discovered.      Fearing  that  we 
should  be  beforehand  to  protest  against  the  whole 
of  these  nullities,  they  began  to  calctdate  on  what 
was  already  known,  not  to  rir.que  what  was  yet 
hidden.     The  misfortunes  of  Ferdinand  were  the 
pretexts  that  had  obtained  for  his  pseudo-repre- 
sentatives, the  treasures,  submission,  and  slavery 
of  America,   after  the  events  of  Bayonne ;  and 
Ferdinand  seduced,  deceived,  and  prostituted  to 


the  designs  of  the  Emperor  of  the  French,  i.i 
now  the  last  resource  to  which  they  fly,  to  extin- 
guish the  flames  of  liberty,  which  Venezuela 
had  kindled  in  the  SouthContinent.  In  one  of  our 
periodical  works  (Vide  Mercurio  Venezolano,  for 
Feb.  181 1)  we  have  discovered  the  true  spirit  of 
the  manifest  in  question,  reduced  to  the  follow- 
ing reasoning,  which  may  be  considered  as  an 
exact  commentary  : — "  America  is  threatene«l  to 
become  the  victim  of  a  foreign  power,  or  to  con- 
tinue to  be  our  slave ;  but  in  order  to  recover 
her  rights,  and  throw  ofl"  all  dependency  what- 
ever, she  has  considered  it  necessary  not  vio- 
lently to  break  the  ties  which  held  her  hound  to 
this  country.  Ferdinand  has  been  the  signal  of 
re-union  which  the  new  world  has  adopted,  and 
we  have  followed  ;  he  is  suspected  of  connivance 
with  the  Emperor  of  the  F'renrh,  and  if  we  give 
ourselves  up  blindly  to  acknowledge  him,  we 
afl^ord  the  Americans  a  pretext  for  believing  iis 
still  his  representatives,  and  openly  denying  us 
this  character,  and  as  these  designs  already 
begin  to  be  understood  in  some  parts  of  America, 
let  us  previously  manifest  our  intention,  not  to 
acknowledge  Ferdinand  but  under  certain  condi- 
tions ;  these  will  never  be  carried  into  effect,  and 
whilst  Ferdinand  neither  in  fact,  or  right,  is  our 
king,  we  shall  be  enabled  to  reign  over  America, 
which  country  so  much  coveted  by  us,  and  so 
difficult  to  maintain  in  slavery,  will  not  then  so 
f  Jsily  slip  through  our  fingers."  These  expres- 
sions are  supposed  to  be  uttered  by  a  Spaniard, 
and  are  illustrative  of  the  opinions  agitated  in 
the  Cortes  respecting  the  allegiance  to  Fer- 
dinand. 

'  The  above  resplendent  appearance  of  libe- 
rality, is  now  the  real  and  visible  spring  of  the 
complicated  machine  destined  to  stir  up  and 
excite  commotions  in  America  ;  at  the  same  time, 
that  within  the  wall?  of  the  Cortes,  justice  to  us 
is  overlooked,  our  eflbrts  are  eluded,  our  reso- 
lutions contemned,  our  enemies  upheld,  the 
voices  of  our  imaginary  representatives  i  ip- 
pressed,  the  inquisition  is  renewed  against  them, 
at  the  same  time  that  the  liberty  of  the  press  is 
proclaimed,  and  it  is  controversially  discussed, 
whether  the  Regency  could  or  not  declare  us 
free,  and  an  integral  part  of  the  nation.  (Vide 
El  Concisci,  The  Diarios  of  Cadiz,  and  all  the 
papers  that  came  from  Spain).  When  aii  Ameri- 
can, worthy  of  that  name,  raises  his  voice  against 
the  abuses  of  the  Regency,  in  Puerto  Rico  :  en- 
deavours are  made  to  silence  his  just,  energetic, 
and  imperious  claims,  which  distinguish  him 
from  the  satellites  of  despotism,  and  by  means  of  J 


VENEZUELA. 


177 


French,  iiJ 
ly,  to  cxtin- 
'  Venezuela 
n  one  of  our 
ezolnno,  for 
•111?  spirit  of 
I  the  follow- 
idered  as  an 
ireatened  to 
r,  or  to  con- 
to  recover 
:lency  what- 
iry  not  vi fl- 
ier bound  to 
the  riip^nal  of 
dopted,  and 
r connivance 
d  if  wc  give 
Ifje  him,  we 
believinjy  lis 
denyinp;  us 
igns   already 
!  of  America, 
ition,  not  to 
nrtain  condi- 
to  effect,  and 
r\i!;ht,  is  our 
ver  America, 
I  us,  and  so 
not  then  so 
^hese  expres- 
a  Spaniard, 
IS  agitated  in 
nee  to   Fcr- 

ance  of  libe- 
pring   of  the 
stir   up   and 
le  same  time, 
justice  to  us 
d,  our  reso- 
uphold,    the 
iitatives   s  ip- 
[igainst  them, 
f  the  press  is 
lly  discussed, 
ot  declare  us 
lation.    (Vide 
^  and  all  the 
len  an  Ameri- 
voice  against 
ito  llico :  en- 
ist,  energetic, 
itinguisli    him 
i  by  means  of] 


I 


fa  decree,  short,  cunning,  and  insignificant,  they 
strive  to  get  out  of  the  conflict  of  justice  against 
iniquity.  Melendez,  named  king  of  Puerto  Rico 
by  the  Regency,  by  a  decree  of  the  Cortes  is  left 
with  thy  equivalent  investiture  of  governor,  sy- 
nonyirious  names  in  America  ;  because  it  now 
appeared  too  monstrous  to  have  two  kings,  in  a 
smal'i  island  of  the  Spanish  Antilles.  Corta-^ 
varria  alone  was  sufficient  to  elude  the  effects  of 
a  decree,  only  dictated  by  an  involuntary  senti- 
ment of  decency.  Thus  it  happened,  that  when 
the  investiture,  granted  by  the  Regency  to  Me- 
lendez was  declared  iniquitous,  arbitrary,  and  ty- 
rannical, and  a  revocation  was  extended  to  all  the 
countries  of  America,  then  situated  as  was  Puerto 
Rico,  nothing  was  said  of  the  plenipotentiary 
Cortavarria,  authorized  by  the  same  Regency 
against  Venezuela,  with  powers,  the  most  un- 
common and  scandalous,  ever  remembered  in  the 
annals  of  organical  despotism. 

'  It  was  alter  this  decree  of  the_^Cortes,  that  the 
effects  of  that  discord,  promoted,  sustained,  and 
aimed  from  tlv  fatal  observatory  of  Puerto  Rico, 
were  more  severely  felt ;  it  was  after  this  de- 
cree, that  the  fishermen  and  coasters  were  in- 
humanly assassinated  in  Ocumire,  by  the  pirates 
of  ('orta  varria ;  after  the  publication  of  the  same, 
Cumanu  and  Barcelona  were  blockaded,  threat- 
ened, and  summoned;  a  new  and  sanguinary 
conspiracy,  against  Venezuela,  was  plotted  and 
organized,  by  a  vile  eiiiissary,  who  perfidiously 
entered  the  pacific  bosom  of  hU  country,  in  order 
to  devour  it ;  deceptions  were  successively  prac- 
tised on  the  most  innocent  and  laborious  classes 
of  the  imported  colonistsof  Venezuela,  principally 
emigrants  from  the  Canary  Islands,  employed  in 
tillage,  remarkable  for  their  sobriety  and  indus- 
try ;  and  in  spite  of  our  endeavours,  the  chief 
instigators  were  led  to  the  block,  as  a  sacrifice 
to  justice  and  tranquillity.  By  the  suggestions 
of  the  Pacificator  of  the  Cortes,  and  posterior 
to  their  said  decree,  the  political  unity  of  our 
constitution  was  interrupted  in  Valencia ;  at- 
tempts were  in  vain  made  to  seduce  other  cities 
of  the  interior ;  a  false  summons  was  sent  to 
Carora  by  the  factious  leaders  of  the  west,  in  or- 
der that  on  the  same  day  Venezuela  might  be 
deluged  in  blood,  and  sunk  in  affliction  and  deso- 
lation ;  and  be  hostilely  assaulted  from  every 
point  within  the  reach  of  the  conspirators,  who 
were  scattered  amongst  us  by  the  same  govern- 
ment, which  issued  the  decree  in  favour  of  Puerto 
Rico  and  of  all  America.  The  name  of  Fer- 
dinand VII.  is  the  pretext  under  which  the  new 
world  is  about  to  be  laid  waste,  if  the  example 

vol,,  v. 


of  Venezuela  does  not  henceforward  cause  the 
banners  of  an  unshaken  and  decided  liberty,  to 
be  distinguished  from  those  of  a  malicious  and 
dissembled  fidelity. 

'  The  bitter  duty  of  vindicating  ourselves 
would  still  carry  us  further,  if  we  did  not  dread 
splitting  on  the  same  rocks  as  the  governm?nt  of 
Spain,  by  substituting  resentment  for  justiti;  at 
the  same  time  that  we  can  charge  her  with  three 
centuries  of  injuries,  backed  by  three  years  of 
lawful,  generous,  and  philanthropic  efforts,  in 
vain  expended  to  obtain  what  it  was  never  in  our 
power  to  dispose  of.  Had  gall  and  poison  been 
the  chief  agents  of  this  our  solemn,  true,  and 
candid  manifest,  we  should  have  began  by  de- 
stroying the  rights  of  Ferdinand,  in  consequence 
of  the  illegitimacy  of  his  origin,  declared  i>y  his 
mother  in  Bayonne,  and  published  in  the  French 
and  Spanish  papers  ;  we  should  have  proved  the 
personal  defects  of  Ferdinand,  his  ineptitude  to 
reign,  his  weak  and  degraded  conduct  in  the 
Cortes  of  Bayonne,  his  inefficient  and  insignifi- 
cant education,  and  the  futile  securities  he  of- 
fered for  the  realization  of  the  gigantic  hopes  of 
the  governments  of  Spain,  hopes  that  had  no 
other  origin  than  the  illusion  of  America,  nor  any 
other  support  than  the  political  interest  of  Eng- 
land, much  opposed  to  the  rights  of  the  Bourbons. 
The  public  opinion  of  Spain,  and  the  experience  of 
the  revolution  of  the  kingdom,  furnish  us  with 
sufficient  proofs  of  the  conduct  of  the  mother,  and 
the  qualities  of  the  son,  without  recurring  to 
the  manifest  of  minister  Azanza,  pubiished  after 
the  transactions  of  Bayona,  and  the  secret  me- 
moirs of  Maria  Louisa ;  but  decency  is  the  guide 
of  our  conduct,  to  her  we  are  ready  to  sacrifice 
our  best  reasons.  Sufficient  has  already  been 
alleged  to  prove  the  justice,  necessity,  and  utility 
of  our  resolution,  to  the  support  of  which  no- 
thing is  wanting  but  the  examples  by  which  we 
will  strive  to  justify  our  independence. 

'  It  were  necessary  for  the  partizans  of  sla- 
very in  the  new  world,  either  to  destroy  or  to 
falrify  history,  that  unchangeable  monument  of 
the  rights  and  usurpations  of  the  human  race, 
before  they  could  maintain  that  A  merica  was  not 
liable  to  the  same  changes  that  all  other  nations 
have  experienced.  Even  when  the  rights  of  the 
Bourbons  had  been  incontestable,  and  indelible 
the  oath,  which  we  have  proved  not  to  exist ;  the 
injustice,  force,  and  deceit,  with  which  the  same 
was  snatched  from  us,  would  suffice  to  render  it 
void  and  of  no  effect,  as  soon  as  it  was  discovered 
to  be  opposed  to  our  liberty,  grievous  to  our 
rights,  prejudicial  to  our  interests,  and  fatal  to] 

A     A 


■AtH 


■m 


«  V 


w 


E*  >  i 


1^ 


fll 


i  ■  I 


\ 


I'i 


I: 


r 


178 


V  i:  i\  I-:  z  I'  fi  L  A. 


H 


,»' 


[our  tranquillity-  !^ii*'li  i^  tlic  naturf  nl'tlir  oat!i 
uiado  to  tlio  ('on(|u<>rors,  aud  ttt  lli«>ir  li*>irs,  at  the 
Haiuc  tiino  that  the  crown  holds  thiMii  iu  oppres- 
sion In  means  of  (hat  same  additional  slnMi^th 
it  ohtained  Uy  the  resources  ol' their  con(piest. 
In  this  manner  it  was,  that  Spain  hersolt'  reco- 
vered her  rijjhls  aller  she  had  sworn  alle»;iance 
to  (he  ('arlhai;;inians,  Koinans,  (ioths,  Aralis. 
and  almost  to  the  I'rench  :  nevertheless  she  yet 
disowns  the  rii^hts  of  America,  no  lon^rcr  to  de- 
pend on  any  nation  I'roni  (he  time  she  is  capable 
of  throwintr  o^\'  its  yoli(<,  and  followin<>;  the  ex- 
ample l)o(h  of  Spain,  and  of  other  nalions.  It 
would  he  siiperlhious  to  remind  our  <'nemies  of 
ivhat  th(>y  alreadv  know,  and  in  what  thev  huv(> 
themselves  founded  the  sacri'd  rii'ht  of  their  t>wn 
liberty  and  independence :  epochs  so  nuMuorable, 
that  they  were  worthy  of  not  bein»'  tariiislie<l 
with  the  slavery  of  the  ja^ieatest  part  of  (he  na- 
tion, situated  on  t!i:>  otIuM'  side  of  the  ocean. 
\hi{  unfortunately,  it  is  iiol  they  alone  whom  it 
is  reipiisile  to  convince  by  palpable  examples, 
of  tlu'  justice  and  common  resemblance  «)ur  in 
dependence  bears  willi  tliat  of  all  oth(<r  nalions 
which  had  lost,  and  ajjain  recovered  it.  'i'lu'  il- 
lusions of  slavery.  Kept  alive  by  the  candour  of 
the  Americans,  and  sustained  by  the  nu)st  crimi- 
nal abuse  that  can  be  made  by  snperstiti(ni  of 
the  established  belief  aud  relif>iou,  which  one 
woidd  su))pose  were  only  <licla(ed  for  the  liberty, 
felicity,  and  salvation  of  the  people,  namely,  by 
the  exconuiuinications  dtMiomu'ed  ai>'ainst  the 
people  of  Caracas  t'or  chanijint;-  their  •govern- 
ment, renders  it  necessary  to  Iranquilli/.e  the  <le- 
ceived  piety  of  sonu',  to  instruct  their  i.nwary 
i(;noranc(>,  and  stimulate  their  apathy,  that  had 
sliuubered  since  the  uuusiuil  tranipiilHly  o{'  the 
new  order  of  thiufjs ;  it  is,  in  short,  tiau'  t<)  in- 
culcate, that  iJ;overnm(>ut^:  never  had,  nor  can 
have,  any  other  duration  than  the  utility  and 
felicity  of  the  human  race,  that  kinj;s  are  not  of 
any  privileged  nature,  nor  of  an  order  superior 
to  oilier  men:  that  their  a\ithority  emanates  from 
the  will  of  the  people,  directed  and  supported 
by  the  Providence  of  (lod,  who  leaves  our  ac- 
tions to  our  own  Iree-will  :  that  his  oamipotence 
does  not  interfere  in  favour  of  this  or  that  form 
of  povernmeut,  and  that  neilhir  religion,  or  its 
minist<>rs,  can  anathemati/e  the  elVorts  ofa  nation 
struifi'linij  It)  be  tree  and  indepeiulent  in  the 
political  order  of  thiuijs,  and  n'solved  to  «lep»Mid 
oidy  on  (lod,  und  on  his  vicar,  in  a  moral  and 
religious  sense. 

'  The  \cry  people  of  (uxl  sjoverued  by  himself, 
and  directed  by  t^uch  miracles,  portentous  sij^ns 


and  I'avours,  as  perhji;,s  will  never  aafuin  be  re- 
peated, oiler  a  proof  of  the  rijjhls  of  insurrection 
on  the  part  ofthe  people,  suliicientlv  satisfactory 
to  the  orthodox  piety  of  the  friends  of  public 
order.  The  Israelites,  subject  to  i'haraoh,  and 
bound  to  his  olu'dience  by  i'onv,  cidlecl  rouiul 
\loses,  and  luider  his  direction  Iriinupli  over 
llu'ir  enemies,  and  recover  tlu'ir  independence, 
without  either  (iod,  or  his  chief  prophet  aiul 
lej^islator  Moses,  bhiniin"'  them  for  their  con- 
duel,  or  subjecting  them  to  the  least  maleiliction 
or  anatluMua.  This  samo  peopl(>  being  afterwards 
subjected  by  the  tbrces  of  Nebuchadnezzar  the 
I'irsl,  under  the  direction  of  liolofernes,  (lod 
himself  seiuls  Judith  to  obtain  their  ind«-pend- 
ence,  by  the  death  of  the  llabylouian  (ieru<ral. 
Under  Antiochus  Kpiphanes,  IVfathathias  ami  his 
sons  raised  the  slandani  of  independence,  and 
(itid  blessed  and  aiih'd  his  eH'ortstill  he  obtained 
the  entire  liberty  of  his  people,  against  the  op- 
pression of  that  sanu>  im|>ious  king  and  his  suc- 
cessors (Macliab.  lib.  I.  cap.  if.)  Not  only 
against  thi>  foreign  kings  who  oppressed  them, 
did  the  Israelites  uuike  use  of  the  right  of  in- 
surrection, by  breaking  through  the  obedience 
to  which  they  were  bound  by  force;  but  even 
against  those  whom  (iod  had  given  them  in  their 
own  country,  and  of  their  own  nation,  «lo  wo  be- 
hold them  claim  this  imprescriptible  right,  when- 
ever their  liberty  and  their  advantage  required 
it,  or  when  the  sacred  character  of  those  pacts, 
bv  which  (iod  himself  bound  them  to  those  he 
chose  as  their  governors,  had  been  proliuied. 
David  obtains  the  allegiance  of  the  Israelites  in 
favour  of  his  dynasty,  and  his  son  Solomon  ra- 
tified it  in  favour  of  his  posterity  ;  but  scarcely 
was  this  king  dea<l,  who  had  oppressed  his  sub- 
jects by  exaotions  and  contributions  l<»  support 
the  splendor  of  his  court,  aiul  the  luxury  and 
sumptuousness  of  his  pleasures,  than  the  tribes 
of  .ludali  and  lienjamin  alone  acknowledged  his 
son,  and  the  other  10,  availing  themselves  of 
their  rights,  recover  their  political  iiulepeudence, 
and  in  exercise  thereof  deposit  their  sovereignly 
in  Jeroboam,  son  of  Nabath.  The  nu>uu<utaneous 
and  passing  hardships  of  the  reign  of  Solomon, 
sulliced  for  the  Israelites  to  annul  their  obe- 
dieiu'e  sworn  to  his  line,  and  to  place  another  on 
the  throne,  without  waiting  for  (rod  to  tell  them, 
that  their  fate  no  longer  depended  on  the  kings 
of  Judali,  nor  on  the  ministers,  priests,  or  chiefs 
of  Solomon.  Aud  shall  the  christian  people  of 
Venezuela  be  still  in  a  worse  plight,  and  after 
being  declared  free  by  the  government  of  Spain, 
after  JOO  years  of  captivity,  exactions,   hard- 1 


I 


V  E  N  i:  Z  T)  K  I.  A. 


170 


.\g;vA  his 


fsliips,  iiiid  injiislico,  hIiiiII  ihoy  nut  ho  alhinod  to 
(lo  tvhiit  Ihr  ^lod  of  iNiacI,  whom  thoy  <<<|iiiillv 
ndor*',  loriiM'rlv  |)«'rini(tt'«l  to  hin  propio,  witlioiit 
h<>iii^  N|)iiriu>tl,  iiiid  without  vcn^raiico  ht>iii^  do- 
|)r(<<-ii(('d  upon  them  ?  It  is  his  divino  hinid  that 
f(nid(>H  uiir  rondiict,  and  to  his  ctrrnal  jud^niontH 
onr  roMointi«)ii  shall  ho  suhiiiiltod. 

'  If  tlio  indepondfiico  uf  tho  llrhrow  pooph' 
was  iii>(  a  sin  airainst  th<-  written  law,  tiial  oi'  a 
Christian  people  cannot  he  such  against  the  law 
of  "fiace.  At  no  time  has  the  Apostolical  see  ex- 
communicated any  nation  that  has  risen  ii|) 
against  the  tyranny  of  those  kinfys  or  jfovern- 
inents  which  had  violated  the  social  compact. 
The  Swiss,  Dutch,  French,  and  N<ntli  Americans, 
proclaimed  their  indiMiendence,  overturned  their 
constitution,  and  varied  their  forms  of  ^overn- 
mi'nt,  without  havinjj  incurred  any  otiier  spi- 
ritual censures  than  those  which  the  church 
mislit  have  fulminated  for  the  infringements  on 
the  helief,  discii)line,  or  piety,  hut  without  their 
hein";  connecttul  with  political  measures,  or  al- 
ludini;  to  the  civil  transactions  of  the  people. 
The  Swi-is  were  hound  by  oath  to  (Jermany  ;  as 
were  also  the  Dutch  to  Spain;  the  l''rench  to 
Louis  XVI.  an<l  the  Americans  to  (leorjje  IFI., 
yet  neither  they,  nor  the  other  princes  who  fa- 
voured tlu'ir  iiulependence,  were  exconnuuni- 
caled  l»y  the  Pope,  'i'he  trrandllither  of  I'erdi- 
nand  Vll.  one  of  the  most  pious  and  catholic 
kings  that  ever  tilled  the  throne  of  Spain,  toi;e- 
ther  with  his  nephew  l.ouisXVI.  protected  the 
independence  of  North  America,  without  dread- 
•Kfr  ecclesiastical  censures,  or  the  anj;;er  of  hea- 
ven ;  and  now  that  the  order  of  events  more 
justly  places  it  within  the  reach  of  S«)uth  Ame- 
rica, those  who  call  themselves  the  authorized 
ai>ents  of  his  grandson,  wish  to  abuse  that  same 
religion,  so  niuch  respected  even  by  Charles  III. 
in  order  to  prolong  the  most  atrocious  and  lui- 
heard  of  usurpations.  Just,  omnipotent,  and 
merciful  CJod  !  Till  when  will  fanaticism  dispute 
the  empire  of  that  sacred  religion,  which  thou 
sent  to  the  uncorrupted  regions  of  America,  for 
thy  glory  and  her  felicity  ? 

'  i'he  events  which  have  accumulated  in  Imi- 
rope,  to  terminate  the  servitude  of  America, 
have,  beyond  doubt,  entered  into  the  high  de- 
signs of  Providence.  Placed  at  a  transatlantic 
distance  of  a,flOO  leagues,  we  have  done  nothing, 
in  the  three  years  which  have  elapsed  since  we 
ought  to  be  Iree  and  independent,  till  the  period 
when  we  resolved  to  be  so,  than  pass  through 
the  bitter  trials  of  stratagems,  conspiracies,  in- 
sults, hostilities,  and  depredations,  on  the  part 


of  that  same  nation  wlunn  we  invite  to  partake 
of  the  goods  of  our  regeneration,  a.-.i  for  whose 
telicity  we  wished  to  open  the  gates  of  the  new 
worhl,  heretofore  closed  to  all  comminiicalion 
with  the  old  one  ;  now  wasted  and  inllanu'd  by 
war,  hunger,  and  desolation,  'i'hree  distinct 
oligarchies  have  declared  war  against  us,  have 
contenuied  our  claims,  have  excited  civil  dis- 
sensions amongst  us,  have  sown  the  seeds  of 
discurd  and  mistrust  in  our  great  family,  have 
plotted  three  horrible  conspiracies  against  our 
liberty,  have  interrupted  our  trade,  have  sup- 
pressed our  agriculture,  have  tradiu'cd  our  c<m- 
•liu't,  and  have  sought  to  raise  against  >is  an 
I'iUropian  power,  by  vainly  imploring  its  aid  to 
oppress  us.  The  same  Hag,  the  same  language, 
the  same  religion,  and  the  same  laws,  have,  till 
now,  confounded  the  party  of  liberty  with  that  of 
tyraiMiy  ;  l'"erdinand  VII.  as  liberaior,  has  been 
opposed  to  Ferdinand  Vll.  as  oppressor ;  and  if 
we  ha<l  not  resolved  to  abandon  a  name,  at  the 
same  time  synonymous  with  crime  and  virtue, 
America  would  at  h-ngth  be  enslaved  by  the 
same  force  that  is  wiehled  for  the  independence 
of  Spain. 

'  nuch  has  been  the  nature  of  the  imperious 
impulse  of  conviction,  tending  to  open  our  eyes, 
and  to  impel  Veiu'zuela  eterniilly  to  separate 
from  a  name  so  ominous  and  so  fatal,  \^y  it, 
j)laced  in  the  irrevocable  alteriuilive  <tf  being 
the  slave  or  the  enemy  of  her  brethren,  she  has 
|,referred  purchasing  her  own  freedom,  at  the 
expense  of  friendshi|>,  without  obstructing  the 
means  of  that  reconciliation  she  desired.  Rea- 
sons the  most  powerful,  interests  tlie  nu)st  sa- 
cred, meditations  the  most  serious,  considerations 
the  most  profound,  long  discussions,  contested 
debates,  cond)iuations  well  analized,  imoerious 
events,  most  urgent  dangers,  and  the  public  opi- 
nion, clearly  pronounced  and  lirndy  sustained, 
have  been  tlie  precursors  of  that  solemn  decla- 
ration, made  on  the  .'ith  of  July,  by  the  General 
Congress  of  Venezuehi,  of  the  absolute  inde- 
pendence of  this  part  of  South  America  ;  an  act, 
sighed  for  and  applauded  by  the  people  of  the 
capital,  sanctioned  by  the  powers  of  the  Confe- 
deration, acknowledged  by  the  representatives  of 
the  provinces,  sworn  to  and  propitiously  hailed 
by  the  chi«'f  of  the  church  of  Venezuela,  and  to 
be  maintained  with  the  lives,  fortunes,  and  ho- 
nours of  all  the  citizens.  ■>■' 

'  Free  men,  companions  of  our  fate  !   Ye  who 

have  known  how  to  divest  your  hearts  of  fear  or 

of  hoj)e ;    direct,   fr«>m   the  ••levation    on   which 

your  virtues  have  placed  vou,  an  impartial  and  | 

A  A  y 


180 


V  E  N  E  Z  U  E  L  A. 


h' 


()•■ 


',V' 


I     I'/l 


[diHintorostcd  look,  on  (ho  portrait  wliicli  Voiie- 
ziielu  has  jiiHt  truopil  out  for  joii.  She  connti- 
tutps  you  the  nrbitratorH  of  hor  tlifferoncoH  with 
Spniii,  and  judtros  of  lior  now  doHtinioH.  If  you 
have  boon  nllcctod  by  ourovilw,  and  are  intoroHtod 
in  our  felicity,  unite  with  us  your  ofTorts,  that  the 
artifices  of  amiiition  may  not  any  longer  triuinoh 
over  lilMM'ality  and  justice.  To  you  l)oloiig  tlic 
olficos  of  conviction  towards  Spain,  which  an 
unfortunate  rivality  places  beyond  the  roach  of 
America.  Contain  the  giddiness  wliicli  has  seized 
upon  her  governments ;  point  out  to  them  the 
reciprocal  benefits  of  our  regeneration  ;  inifold  to 
them  the  soothing  prospect  which  they  are  dobar- 
ed  from  beholding  in  America,  by  the  monopoly 
that  has  hardened  their  hearts;  tell  them  what 
threatens  them  in  Kurono,  and  what  they  may  ex- 
pect in  tho  New  World,  tranquil,  uncorru|)tod, 
and  already  crowned  with  all  the  benedictions  of 
liberty  ;  swear  to  them,  in  sliort,  in  our  name, 
that  V'enezuola  awaits  lier  l)rethreM  with  open 
arms  to  share  her  happiness  with  tluMu,  without 
asking  any  other  sacrifice  than  that  of  projiulico, 
pride  am)  ambition,  wliich  have,  for  three  ages, 
produced  the  united  misery  of  Imtli  countries. 

Juan  Antonio  Rodriguez  Domingucz,  Pros. 

Francisco  Isnardy,  Secretary. 
Federal  Pal.icc  ofCuracaii, 

Jill)  30,  1811. 

*  3.  Act  of  Independence. 
'  In  the  Name  of  the  All-powerful  Gof', 

'  We  the  Representatives  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces of  Caracas,  Cumana,  Varinas,  Margarita, 
Barcelona,  Mcrida,  and  Truxillo,  forming  the 
American  Confederation  of  Venezuela,  in  the  S. 
Continent,  in  Congress  assembled,  considering  the 
full  and  absolute  possession  of  our  rights,  which 
we  recovered  justly  and  legally  from  April  19, 
1810,  in  consequence  of  the  occurrences  in  Uay- 
onne,  and  the  occupation  of  the  Spanish  throne 
by  conquest,  and  the  succession  of  a  new  dynasty, 
constituted  without  our  consent ;  are  desirous, 
before  we  make  use  of  those  right?,  of  whicii  we 
have  been  deprived  by  force  for  more  than  three 
ages,  but  now  restored  to  us  by  the  political  order 
of  human  events,  to  make  known  to  the  world 
the  reasons  which  have  emanated  from  these 
same  occurrences,  and  which  authorize  us  in  the 
free  use  we  are  now  about  to  make  of  our  own 
sovereignty. 

'  We  do  not  wish,  nevertheless,  to  begin  by 
alleging  the  rights  inhorcnt  in  every  conouered 
country,  to  recover  its  state  of  property  ana  inde- 
pendence ;  we  generously  forget  the  long  series 


of  ills,  injurios,  and  privations,  which  the  sad 
right  of  compiost  has  indistinctly  caused  to  all 
the  dcscoiwlaiils  of  the  iliscovorors,  conquerors, 
and  settlors  of  those  countries,  plunged  into  a 
worse  state  liy  the  very  same  cause  that  ought  to 
hav«>  ravoni'od  them;  and,  drawing  a  veil  over 
tho  .'JOO  years  of  Spanish  dominion  in  America, 
wo  will  now  only  present  t.,  view  tho  ai.thontic 
and  well-known  tacts,  which  ought  to  have 
wrestofi  from  one  worhl  the  right  over  the  other, 
by  the  inversion,  disorder,  and  conquest,  that 
have  already  dissolved  tho  Spanish  nation. 

'  Thisdisorderhasincreasodthe  ills  of  America, 
by  rendering  void  its  claims  and  remonstrances, 
enabling  the  governors  of  S|)ain  to  insult  and 
oppress  this  part  of  the  nation,  and  thus  leaving 
it  without  the  succour  and  guarantee  of  the 
laws. 

'  It  is  contrary  to  order,  impossible  to  the  go- 
Aoriiinent  of  Spain,  and  fatal  to  the  welfare  of 
Ainorica,  that  the  latter,  possessed  of  a  range  of 
country  inlinitoly  more  extensive,  and  a  popula- 
tion incomparably  more  numerous,  shoula  de- 
pend and  bo  subject  to  a  peninsular  corner  of  the 
European  continent. 

'  The  cessions  and  abdications  at  Bayonne,  the 
revolutions  of  the  Escurial  and  Araiijiiez,  and 
the  ordorii  of  the  royal  substitute,  the  Duke  of 
Berg,  sent  to  America,  siiflTico  to  give  virtue  to 
the  rights,  which  till  then  the  Americans  had 
sacrificed  to  the  unity  and  integrity  of  the  Spanish 
nation. 

'  Venezuela  was  the  first  to  acknowledge,  and 
generously  to  preserve,  this  integrity ;  not  to 
abandon  the  cause  of  its  brothers,  as  long  as  the 
same  retained  the  least  hope  of  salvation. 

'  America  was  called  into  now  existence,  since 
she  could,  and  ought,  to  take  upon  herself  the 
charge  of  her  own  fate  and  preservation;  as 
Spain  might  acknowledge,  or  not,  the  rights  of  a 
king,  who  had  preferred  his  own  existence  to  the 
dignity  of  the  nation  over  which  ho  governed. 

'  All  the  Bourbons  concurred  with  the  invalid 
stipulations  of  Bayonne,  abandoning  the  country 
of  Spain,  against  the  will  of  the  people  ;— tlioy 
violated,  disdained,  and  trampled  on  the  sacred 
duty  they  had  contracted  with  the  Spaniards  of 
both  worlds,  when  with  their  blood  and  treasure 
they  had  placed  them  on  the  throne,  in  despite  of 
the  house  of  Austria.  By  such  a  conduct  tlioy 
were  left  disqualified  and  "incapable  of  governing 
a  free  people,  whom  they  delivered  up  like  a  flock 
of  slaves. 

'  The  intrusive  governments  that  arrogated  to 
themselves  the  national  representation,  took  ad- j 


w 


VENEZUELA. 


lai 


[  viuitiiK*'  ofllio  (liMpoRitionH  tvliicli  (lio  f^ood  faitli, 
<listaii('(>,  «»|)|)rcHHi(»ii,  und  igiioruncc  nt'ntecl  in  llie 
A  iiu'riraim   iipiiiiHt    Hie 


new  (l^iuiHty  tliut  Imd 
i>iiti'i«'(l  Spiiiii  by  incaiiH  o(  force;  luul,  contrary 
to  llioir  own  principlen,  thc^  HUHtaini-il  unioufrst 
tiH  tlio  illusion  in  t'avinir  ol'  luM-dinand,  in  order  to 
devour  and  harass  nH  with  iinpnnily  ;  at  most, 
tliey  promised  to  ns  liberty,  etpiality,  and  I'ra- 
teriiity,  conveyed  in  poniponH  discourses  and 
studied  phrases,  for  the  purpose  of  covering  tlic 
snure  laid  l)y  a  cunning,  useless,  and  degrading 
representation. 

'  As  80on  as  tliey  were  dissolved,  and  had  sidi- 
stituted  and  destroyed  amongst  themselves  the 
various  forms  of  the  government  of  S|>ain  ;  and 
as  soon  as  the  imperious  law  of  necessity  had 
dictated  to  Venezuela  the  urgency  of  preserving 
itself,  in  order  to  guard  and  maintain  the  rights 
of  her  king,  and  to  oH'cr  an  asylum  to  her  l<iUro- 
pean  bretnren  against  the  ills  that  threatened 
thcin  ;  their  former  conduct  was  divulged  :  they 
varied  their  principles,  and  gave  the  appellations 
of  insurrection,  perfidy,  and  ingratitude,  to  the 
same  acts  that  had  served  as  models  for  the 
governments  of  Spain  ;  because  then  was  closed 
to  them  the  gate  to  the  monoply  of  administra- 
tion which  they  meant  to  perpetuate  under  the 
name  of  an  inmginary  king. 

'  Notwithstandingour  protests,  our  moderation, 
generosity,  and  the  iiivioiahilily  of  our  principles, 
contrary  to  the  wishes  of  our  brethren  in  Europe, 
we  were  declared  in  a  state  of  rebellion ;  we 
were  blockaded  ;  war  was  declared  against  us  ; 
agents  were  sent  amongst  us,  to  excite  us  one 
against  the  other,  endeavouring  to  take  away  our 
credit  with  the  other  nations  of  Europe,  by 
imploring  their  assistance  to  o|)press  its. 

'  Without  taking  the  least  notice  df  our  reasons, 
without  presenting  them  to  the  impartial  judg- 
ment of  the  world,  and  without  any  other  judges 
than  onr  own  en«'mies,  we  are  condemned  to  a 
mournful  excommunication  from  our  brethren  ; 
and,  to  add  contempt  to  calumny,  empowered 
agents  are  named  for  us,  against  our  own  express 
will,  that  in  their  Cortes  they  may  arbitrarily  dis- 
pose of  our  interests,  under  the  influence  and 
force  of  our  enemi<;s. 

'  In  order  to  crush  and  suppress  the  eflects  of  our 
representation,  when  they  were  obliged  to  grant 
it  to  us,  we  were  submitted  to  a  paltry  and  dimi- 
nutive scale ;  and  the  form  of  election  was  sub- 
jected to  t!ie  passive  voice  of  the  municipal 
bodies,  degraded  by  the  despotism  of  the  gover- 
which  amounted  rather  to  an  insult  to  our 


ledgment  of   our  incontc  table  political  impor- 
tance. 

'  Always  deaf  to  the  cries  of  justice  on  our  part, 
the  governments  of  Spain  have  endeavoured  t«» 
discredit  all  our  elTorls,  by  declaring  as  riiminul 
and  stam|)ing  with  infamy,  and  rewarding  with 
the  scaflold  and  conliscation,  every  attempt,  which 
at  diiferent  periods  some  Americans  have  made, 
for  the  felicity  of  their  country  ;  as  was  that 
which  lately  our  own  security  dictated  to  us,  that 
we  might  iuit  be  driven  into  a  state  of  disorder 
which  we  foresaw,  and  hiirried  to  that  horrid 
fate  which  we  are  about  to  remove  for  ever  from 
us.  Ry  means  of  such  atrocious  policy  they  have 
succeded  in  making  our  brethren  insensd>lc  to 
onr  misfortunes  ;  in  arming  them  against  us  ;  in 
erasing  from  their  bosoms  the  sweet  impressions 
of  friendship,  of  consanguinity,  and  converting 
into  enemies  a  part  of  «>ur  own  great  family. 

'  At  a  time  that  we,  faithful  to  oiu-  promises, 
were  sacriHcing  our  security  and  civil  dignity, 
not  to  abandon  the  rights  which  we  generously 
preserved  to  I'Vrdinand  of  Bourbon,  we  have  seen 
that,  to  the  relations  of  force  which  bound  him  to 
the  Emperor  of  the  French,  he  has  added  the  ties 
of  blood  and  friendship,  (by  having,  as  it  was 
supposed,  nuirried  a  relation  of  Buonaparte,)  in 
conse(|uence  of  which,  even  the  goveriuneuts  of 
Spain  have  already  declared  their  resolutitin  only 
to  acknowledge  him  conditionally. 

'  In  this  mournful  alternative  we  have  remained 
three  years,  in  a  state  of  political  inilecision  and 
ambiguity,  so  fatal  and  dangerous,  that  this  alone 
woidd  suffice  to  authorize  the  resolution,  which 
the  faith  of  our  promises  and  the  bonds  of  fra- 
ternity had  caused  us  to  defer,  till  necessity  has 
obliged  us  to  go  beyond  what  we  at  first  proixtsed, 
impelled  by  tlie  hostile  and  unnatural  conduct  of 
the  governnients  of  Spain,  which  have  disbur- 
dened us  of  our  conditional  oath,  by  which  cir- 
cumstance we  are  called  to  the  august  represen- 
tation we  now  exercise. 

'  But  we,  who  glory  in  grounding  our  proceed- 
ings on  bet*er  principles,  and  not  wishing  to 
establish  our  felicity  on  the  misfortunes  of  onr 
fellow-beings,  do  consider  and  declare  as  friends, 
companions  of  our  fate,  and  participators  of  our 
felicity,  those  who,  united  to  us  by  the  ties  of 
blood,  language,  and  religion,  have  suffered  the 
same  evils  in  the  anterior  order  of  things,  pro- 
vided they  acknowledge  our  absolute  indepen- 
dence of  the  same,  and  of  any  other  foreign 
power  whatever ;  that  they  aid  us  to  sustain  it 
with  their  lives,  fortune,  and  sentiments  ;  declar- 

as  well  aa  to  < 


;.!'■'  ; 


\im 


m 


rr.f- 


nors 

plain  dealing  and  good  faith,  thau  as  an  acknow-     ing  and  acknowledging  them  (as  well  aa  to  every] 


-f' 


...jr^l 


iB-i 


V  E  N  E  Z  U  E  T.  A. 


.*«« 


I  H 


f     ../ 


fotlior   iiHtion,)   in   war  Piiomics,  and  in   [)ouvo 
friends,  InotliorH,  and  cu-patriots. 

'  In  roiiscqn«Mic«  orall  Uiosi*  Nolid,  puldif,  and 
incontrntaliU'  roa^onn  of  p(diov,  uliicli  ho  powor- 
fnlly  nraro  (l>r  in'cussilv  of  rccoverinjj  Qur  natin'al 
dif^nitv,  r«'stori'(l  to  us  l»y  llio  order  of  events ; 
and  in  coniplinnce  tvitii  tlie  iniprescriptil>le  rii^lits 
enjoy «'d  Ity  nations,  to  destroy  every  pact,  njjree- 
ment,  or  association,  nliicli  does  not  answer  tlic 
purposes  for  w  liicli  !;overnnients  were  estahlislied ; 
we  believe  that  we  cannot,  nor  onjjlit  not,  to  pre- 
serve tlie  bonds  which  hitherto  kept  us  united  to 
the  government  of  Spain  ;  and  that,  like  nil  the 
other  nations  of  the  world,  we  are  free,  and 
authorized  not  to  depend  on  any  other  authority 
than  onr  own,  and  to  take  anion^;st  the  powers  of 
the  earth  the  place  of  equality  which  the  Supreme 
Bein^  and  Nature  assitrn  to  uh,  and  to  which  we 
are  called  by  the  succession  of  human  events,  and 
ur^ed  by  our  own  ^ood  and  utility. 

'  Notwitstandiufyweareaware  of  thcdifliculties 
that  attend,  and  the  obligations  imposed  upon  us, 
by  the  rank  we  are  about  to  take  in  the  political 
order  of  the  world  ;  as  well  as  the  powerful  in- 
fluence of  forms  and  habitudes,  to  which  unfortu- 
nately we  have  been  accustomed  ;  we  at  the  ^ame 
time  Know,  that  the  shameful  submission  to  them, 
when  we  can  throw  them  oft",  would  be  still  more 
i|rnominious  for  us,  and  more  fatal  to  our  pos- 
terity, than  our  lon^  and  painful  slavery ;  and 
that  it  now  becomes  an  indispensable  duty  to 
provide  for  own  preservation,  security,  and  feli- 
city, by  essentially  varying  all  the  tbrms  of  our 
former  constitution. 

'  In  consequence  whereof,  considerinjr,  by  the 
reasons  thus  allejred,  that  we  have  satisfied  the 
respect  which  we  owe  to  the  opinions  of  the 
human  race,  and  tlie  dijrnity  of  ether  nations,  in 
the  number  of  whom  we  are  about  to  enter,  and 
on  wliose  communication  and  friendship  we  rely  ; 
We,  the  representatives  of  the  United  Provinces 
of  Venezuela,  calling  on  the  Supreme  Being  to 
witness  the  justice  of  our  proceedings  and  the 
rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do  implore  his  divine 
■and  celestial  help  ;  and  ratifying,  at  the  moment 
in  which  we  are  born  to  the  dignity  which  his 
Providence  restores  to  us,  the  desire  we  have  of 
living  and  dying  free,  and  of  believing  and  de- 
fending the  holy  Catholic  and  Apostolic  Religion 
of  Jesus  Christ. — We,  in  the  name  and  by  the 
will  and  authority  which  we  hold  from  the  vir- 
tuous people  of  Venezuela,  DO  therefore  declare 
solemnly  to  the  world,  that  its  United  Provinces 
are,  and  ought  to  be,  from  this  day,  by  act  and 
right,  Free,  Sovereign,  and  Independent  ".tates ; 


and  that  they  are  absolved  from  every  «uhmission 
and  dependeiue  on  the  throne  of  Spain,  or  on 
those  who  (h>,  or  may  call  thentselves  its  agents 
and  re|)reseiitalives:  and  that  a  free  and  in<te 
pendent  state,  thus  constituted,  has  full  potver  to 
take  that  lin-m  of  government  which  nuiv  be  cim- 
formable  to  the  general  will  of  the  people,  to  de- 
clare war,  make  peac«',  form  alliances,  regulate 
treaties  of  commerce,  limits,  and  navigation; 
and  to  do  and  transact  every  act,  in  like  manner 
as  other  free  and  independent  states.  And  that 
this,  our  solemn  declaration,  may  be  held  valid, 
firm,  and  durable,  we  hereby  mutually  bind  each 
province  to  the  other,  and  pledge  onr  lives,  for- 
tunes, and  the  sacred  tie  of  our  na(i(Mial  honour. 
Done  in  the  Federal  Palace  of  Caracas ;  signed 
by  our  own  hands,  sealed  with  the  great  Pro- 
visional Seal  of  the  Confederation,  and  counter- 
signed by  the  Secretary  of  Congress,  this  5th  day 
of  .hdy,"lHI  I,  the  first  of  oin-  independence. — For 
the  Province  of  Caracas,  Isidoro  Antonio  Lopez 
IMendez,  deputy  of  the  City  of  Caracas. — Juan 
German  Uoscio,  for  the  district  of  the  Town  of 
Calabozo.— Felipe  Fermin  Paul,  for  the  district 
of  San  Sebastian. — Francisco  Xavier  Uztari- 
for  the  district  of  San  Sebastian. — Nicolas  De 
Castro,  deputy  for  Caracas.— Juan  Antonio  Ro- 
driguez Domingnez,  president,  and  deputy  for 
Nutrias  in  Barinas. — Luis  Ignacio  Mendoza,  vice 
president,  deputy  of  Obispos  in  Barinas.-^Fer- 
nando  de  Penalver,  deputy  for  Valencia.— Ga- 
briel Perez  de  Pagola,  deputy  of  Ospino. — Salva- 
dor Delgado,  deputy  for  Ni'rgna. —  The  Marquis 
del  Toro,  deputy  for  the  City  of  Tociiyo.— Juan 
Antonio  Dias  Argote,  deputy  for  the  Town  of 
Cura.— Gabriel  de  Ponte,  deputy  for  Caracas.-— 
Juan  Joze  Maya,  deputy  of  San  Felipe. — Luis 
Joze  de  Cazoria,  deputy  of  Valencia. —  Dr.  Joze 
Vicente  Unda,  deputy  of  Guanare. — Francisco 
Xavier  Yanes,  deputy  of  Araurc.  —  Fernando 
Toro,  deputy  of  Caracas. — Martin  Tovar  Ponte, 
deputy  of  San  Sebastian. — Juan  Toro,  deputy  of 
Valencia. — Jose  Angel  de  Alamo,  deputy  for 
Baraquisimeto.  —  Francisco  Hernandez,  deputy 
for  San  Carlos.— Lino  De  ('lemente,  deputy  of 
Caracas. — For  the  Province  of  Cumana,  Fran- 
cisco Xavier  de  Mayz,  deputy  for  the  capital. — 
Joze  (iabriel  de  Alcala,  deputy  for  ditto. — .Fuan 
Bcrnuidez,  deputy  for  the  South. — Mariano  de  la 
Cova,  deputy  for  the  North. — For  Barcelona, 
Francisco  Miranda,  deputy  of  Pao. — Francisco 
Policarpo  Ortiz,  deputy  for  San  Diego. — For 
Barinas,  Juan  Nepomnceno  de  Quintana,  deputy 
for  Achaguas. — Ignacio  Fernandez,  deputy  for 
the  capital  of  Barinas. — Ignacio  Ramon  Briceno,] 


V  E  N  E  Z  U  K  \.  A. 


IHH 


miiMHioii 

I,  «)r  on 

i(i   iiido 

lOWlT  to 

l)c  con- 
p,  to  (le- 

IH'JillliUf 

igittioii ; 

iniiniior 
Un\  thiit 
1(1  valid, 
liiul  eucli 
ivoH,  for- 

liononr. 

;  8in;nc(l 
oat  Pro- 
rounter- 
s  5tli  da^ 
ICC. — Fol- 
io Lopez 

s. — JllHII 

Town  of 
ic  district 
Uztari" 
colas  Df 
onio  Ro- 
ppiity  for 
iloza,  vice 
las.— Kor- 
cia. — Ga- 
(. — Salva- 
•  Marquis 
to. — Juan 
Town  ol" 
Caracas. — 
)e. — Luis 
-Dr.  Jozo 
Francisco 
Fernando 
'ar  l*onte, 
dci)uty  of 
nputy    for 
z,  deputy 
deputy  of 
na,  Fran- 
capital. — 
to. — .Fuan 
•iano  de  la 
Jarcelona, 
Franci'^co 
ego. — For 
na,  deputy 
epnty   for 
Briceno,! 


rreprcoentntive  of  Pedraza.— .loze  de  Satay  Rns- 
■iy,  deputy  for  Sau  I'Vrnando  de  Apure.  -  Joze 
Liiix  (Vahrera,  demily  for  (Jiianarito  -Ramiuj 
l^nacio  M«iulez,  depiity  lor  (Juas.lualito.— Ma- 
nuel Palacio,  deputy  for  Mijugual.— For  Marga- 
rita, Manuel  Phuido  Maneyro.— For  Merida, 
Antonio  Nicolas  Uricei'io,  deputy  for  Merida.— 
Manuel  Vinceute  de  Maya,  deiiuty  for  La  (Irita. 
— ForTruxillo,  Juan  Pablo  Pacficco.— I'or  tlie 
T(»wu  of  Ara&fua,  in  the  Province  of  HarceUuui, 
Joze  Maria  Kaniirez.  (Seal.)  Legalised. — 
Francisco  Isnnnly,  Secretary. 

« I)Ecni;i:  ok  thi.  Stimikme  ExF.rnxivF.  Powf.h. 

I'nli  r.il  Palace  (il'Curarat,  July  (I,  lUll. 
♦  For  the  Confederation  of  Venezuela,  I  lie  Fxecu- 
live  Power  (udains,  that  the  antecedent  Act  he 
pultlished,  executed,  and  autluirized  by  the  Seal 
of  the  State  and  ('ont'edenition. 

Christoval  de  Meudoza,  president, 

,fuaii  de  I'i^'calona, 

Balta/.in-  Pa(h-on, 

I\Iia;uel  .lose  Saiiz,  srvretary  of  slate. 

Carlos  Macliado,  chancellor, 

Joze  Thomas  Santana,  secretary  of  decrees. 
(L.  S.) 

'  1.  Articles  contprvhctuhd  in  the  Dcr/dintion  of  the 
Lcgislutivc  Sissioti,  Juli/  I,  IS  II. 
Aitr-XXV. 

'  y\U  foreif'ners  of  whatever  nation,  will  be  re- 
ccived  in  the  province  of  Caracas. 
XXV!. 

'  The  persons  and  properties  of  f(ueinners,  shall 
enjoy  the  same  security  as  those  ol'  the  otlier 
citizens,  provided  they  acknowledge  the  sove- 
reignty and  independence,  and  r«'spect  the  catho- 
lic religion,  the  only  one  in  this  country. 
XXVIL  ■ 

'  The  foreigners  who  reside  in  the  province  of 
Caracas,  being  naturalized,  and  having  the  neces- 
sary property,  shall  enjoy  all  the  rights  of  citi- 
zens. 

3.  Livitation  In  Settfers. 

'  The  immense  (piantily  of  lands  in  the  province 
of  Caracas,  the  abundance  of  perpetual  streams 
wliicli  fertilize'  them,  the  diversity  of  productions 
and  their  richness,  otter  to  the  industrious  num 
the  greatest  advantages  in  agriculture.  The 
geographical  silmition  of  a  great  extent  of  coast 
o|)posite  the  Antilles  and  other  islands,  the  great 
consumption  of  the  States  of  Veiu'zuela,  con- 
federated with  tho«e  of  Cuiulinanuirca  or  Santa- 
I'e,  open  and  lacililate  a  connnerce   the   most 


advantageous   in   the  nniverfie.     The  peaceable 
character  of  the  inliabilauts  ;  the  mildness  of  their 
behaviour,  the  regard  they  shew  to  foreigners-, 
and  lastly,  the  mildness  of  the  clinutte,  it  being  a 
perpetual  spring,  invite  persems  to  settle  in  the 
province  ol  ('aracas,  as  cultivators,  artisans,  or 
merchants.     The  go\ eminent  interested  in  pro- 
tecting all,  will  give  lands  to  any  person  who 
may  wish  lociiUivate  (hem  :  and  will  secure,  in 
their  i-especti\e  professions,  all  those  who  dedi- 
cate themselves  to  comnierce,  industry,  and  the 
arts;  it  will   alone  prosecute  and  expel  the  tur- 
bulent and   the   idle,   who  apply   themselves  to 
disturbing  the  traiKinillity  and  peace  of  those  who 
live  occupied.      Tlie  industrious  and  peaceable 
nuui  will  enjoy   in  VtMiezuela  (he  protection  of 
government  and  the  es(ima(ioii  of  (he  people. 

'  And  i(  is  also  to  be  observed,  that  notwith- 
standing the  importation -of  negroes  is  prohibited 
in  Venezuela,  tiiis  does  not  inc!nd(>  (he  foreigners 
who  may  ccune  with  their  slaves,  (o  niiike  agri- 
cultural es(ablishiiients,  or  to  pursue  any  art  or 
profession  useful  and  advantageous  to  the  state. 
Michael  Joseph  Sanz, 

Secretary  of  State. 

'II.    FEDERAL  CONSTITUTION, 

I'"(in  Till:  Stati-.s  op  Vexezuei.a, 
'  Mdt/c  III/  the  l!( prist iilntixcs  for  Marf^iiritn,  Me- 
ridiu   (iiiiiitiii),    Carinas,    liitntfona,    TriixUlo, 
and  Ciirucas,  in  Genera/  Cons^ress  assembled. 
'  In  the  Name  of  the  .All-powerful  (Jod, 

'  We  the  people  of  the  States  of  Venezuela, 
acting  from  our  own  soverignty,  and  anxious  to 
establish  amongst  ourselves  the  best  possible 
administration  of  justice,  to  provide  for  the  gene- 
ral good,  to  secure  the  tranquillity  of  the  interior, 
to  make  provision  in  common  for  our  exterior 
defence,  to  sustain  our  political  liberty  and  inde- 
pendence, to  preserve  pure  and  untouched,  the 
sacred  religion  of  our  ancestors,  to  secure  and 
perpetuate  to  our  posterity  the  enjoyment  of 
these  goods,  and  to  mutually  bind  ourselves  toge- 
ther, by  the  most  niialteralile  union  and  sincere 
frietuisiiip,  have  resolved  solemnly  to  confederate 
togetlier,  in  order  to  form  and  establish  the  follow- 
ing constitution,  by  which  the  said  States  are  in 
future  to  be  governed  and  administered. 

'  Preliniimiri/  Basis  of  the  Federate  Compart, zehich 
is  to  eonsiitiite  the  general  aulhorilj/  of  the  Con- 
fedt  ration. 
'  Every  province,  whose  individual  sovereignty] 


I'll  n 


lai 


V  M  N  n  /  V  i:  I.  A. 


i«i 


('»:! 


,'» 


<  i 


n 


IhIiiiII  not  linvp  Ihmmi  cxpro^slv  iIcIi-j;iiIc(I  hy  (he 
''nlcral  ('oiiipati  to  llii>  ;;i>iirnil  inillinritv  ul'  (he 
Conrcilcralioii,  mIiiiII  iiI  tli4>  saiiit>  lini*<  lliiii  it  roin- 
pom'M  till'  Nain«<  «-iiiir<>ilcralioii,  |ir<>s(<i'vi>  its  <i\mi 
Nov<*rt'i^^n(v,  liliiM'lv,  ami  iiiilc|M>iiili>ii('c ;  ami  in 
tli«>  t'xt'iTisi*  lliori'ol'  shall  lia\i<  llir  cvcliisiti' 
ri^lil  (irri'iriiliiliiii;  i(N  oMii  Iciriloriai  t;i>\*'i'nmriil 
and  ailniiiijslralioii,  iimirr  hiicIi  lans  as  il  siiiijl 
ilfi'in  lit,  |)rii\i<lt>(l  tlii'v  arc  iitit  smli  as  arc  tnni- 
prclicmlcn  in  this  coiiHtitiition,  and  arc  not  op- 
pitHcd  or  |)rcjmlirial  to  the  l''«'ilcratc  ('oin|iai-t>>, 
thereby  cstaitlislavl.  The  »<ame  rii^hts  sliull  lie 
cnjoved  hy  all  those  distriets  which  liv  division  of 
the  present  nnion,  or  liv  posterior  a!;y;n'i;iilion 
thereto,  shall  hercal\cr  iJirm  part  ol'thi'-  ronU'de 
ration,  wIumicmm'  the  general  Congress  asscndilcd 
NJiall  declare  them  entitled  to  such  representa- 
tion, or  they  ohiain  liie  xanie  liv  lliiil  menus,  or 
form,  which  the  latter  may  estalilish  tor  similar 
cases,  when  not  assendiled. 

'  To  render  elVective  the  mntnal  fiiiarantee 
and  Hecnrily  entered  into  liy  the  States  amon^^st 
thoniselves,  to  preserve  th<*ir  civil  iiierty,  their 
political  indepen<h<nce,  and  their  reli)>ions  wor- 
ship, is  the  first  and  most  sacreil  of  the  powers  of 
the  cont'etleration,  in  whom  exclusively  resides 
the  national  representation,  liv  the  same  it  is 
rharpul  with  all  toiriifn  relations — with  the  com- 
mon and  general  <let'ence  of  the  Conl'ederate 
States— with  the  preservation  of  public  peace, 
Iron)  internal  commotions  or  exterior  attacks — 
(he  ret;nlatin<;  ol' exterior  trade,  and  ol'the  States 
amongst  themselves — the  raisinj^and  maintainin><' 
armies,  whenever  they  may  Im>  necessary  to  pre- 
serve the  liberty,  intejyrily,  and  in<lependence  ol' 
(he  nation  -to  Imild  and  r<piip  vessels  of  war  — 
to  make  and  conlirm  treaties  anil  alliances  with 
other  nations — to  «leclare  war  and  make  peace — 
(o  impose  the  necessary  taxes  for  thes«>  purposes, 
or  to  ndop(  other  measures  that  may  tend  to  the 
security,  tranquillity,  and  common  felicity,  toije- 
(her  with  (he  full  and  absolute  power  to  enact 
peneral  laws  for  the  nnion,  to  judjje  and  to  cause 
(o  be  fultillrd,  wha(ever  by  (he  same  may  be  re- 
solved and  decreed. 

'  The  exercise  of  tliisanthrrity  confided  (o  (he 
ronfederation,  can  a(  no  time  iio  united  in  its 
ilirt'erent  functions.  The  supreme  power  is  (o  be 
divided  into  legisla(iye,  executive,  and  judicial, 
and  confided  (o  distinct  bodies,  independent  of 
each  other,  as  well  as  in  their  respective  facid- 
(ies.  The  persons  who  may  be  named  (o  exer- 
cise (hem,  snail  inviolably  subjec(  themselves  (o 
the  manner  and  rules,  which  in  this  constitution 


may  be  |ircscrilM*d  to  them,  for  (he  udtniniHtratioii 
and  I'uililmenI  of  their  char^eH. 

'  CIM IM.-O/' /''/'>{ "'«• 
'    I.  The  Catholic,  ,\pohiolic,  and  llonian  reli- 

^i<Mi,  is  also  that  of  tlii>  Slate,  and  the  only  and 

<*xclusive  one  of  the    inhabitants  of  Veiie/.nela. 

lis  proli'clion,  conservation,  purity,  and  inviojir 

bilily,    shall    lie   one  of  the    first    tinlies   <if  Hie 

nalional   representation,  who  shall    not,  at   any 

tiinr,  allow  within  the  limits  of  the  cunrederii- 

tion,  any  public  or  jirivate  worship  or  doctrine, 

conlrar>  to  that  of  Jesus  Christ. 

'  'J.  The  relations,  which  in  consi'tpicnce  of  the 

new  p<iliti('al  order,  are  to   be  enh'red  upon  be> 

twt<en   Vemv.uela  and  the  a|io-<lolic:il  see,  shall 

also  be  vested  in   tlie  ctinfedi'ialion,  as  well  as 

lhos«<   which  may   Ih>  agitated   with  the  present 

diocesan   prelati<s,  in  the  mean  time  that  ilirecl 

intercourse   cannot   be   had  with    the   pontifical 

aulhorily. 

'  CM  A  I'.  II.— f>///«'  Lrfrhfativi-  Power. 
'  Si;(;,l. — Divisions,  Limits,  anu  Kunctions 
or  ruts  l*owi:ii. 

'  .'J.  The  (leneral  Con;{ress  ofVene/iiela  shall 
!>(■  div  ided  into  a  House  of  Uepresentatives  and  a 
Senate,  to  which  two  bodies  is  confided  all  the 
legislative  power,  established  by  the  present  con- 
stilntioii. 

'  I.  In  either  of  them  any  law  may  originate, 
and  «'acli  respectively  may  propose  to  the  other 
amendments,  alterations,  or  additions,  or  refuse 
its  consent  to  the  law  proposed,  by  an  absolute 
nejjative. 

'  h.  The  laws  relating  to  contributions,  taxes, 
and  imi>osts,  are  excepte<l  from  this  law.  These 
can  only  originate  in  (he  Mouse  of  l(eproseii(a- 
(ives,  the  <irdinary  right  of  adding  thereto,  alter- 
ing or  refusing  them,  being  lo(\  to  the  Senate. 

*■  ().  When  (he  proposal  of  a  law  or  a  bill  has 
been  admitted,  conformably  to  the  rules  of  debate 
prescribe«l  to  themselves  \^y  the  two  houses,  it 
shall  undergo  three  difVerent  discussions  in  dis- 
(inct  sessions,  wi(li  (he  iiderval  of  a  day  at  least 
between  each,  without  which  it  shall  not  be  law- 
ful to  pass  the  house. 

'  7.  Urgent  bills  are  excepted  from  these  forms, 
but  in  order  that  this  point  may  be  established, 
the  urgency  is  to  be  discussed  and  previously  de- 
clared in  each  of  the  two  houses. 

'  8.  No  bill  rejected  by  one  of  them  can  be  re- 
peated till  after  the  lapse  of  one  year,  but  otlien. 
may  be  made  con(aininjr  part  of  those  rejected.] 


(        'I 


iiiitti'utioii 


Diniiii  rcli- 
•  only  iHiil 

'iMII'/.llt'lu. 

1(1  iiivi()l:i 
iiw   ol'  (lie 
it,  at   liny 
ciiiili'ilt-ni- 
r  cloelriiio, 

I'licc  III' the 
I  iipiHi  lie 

HOt*,  hIiiiII 
siH  well  »^« 
In*  |trt"si'ii( 
thai  tliivcl 

|H>iitilU-iil 


'iiwcr. 
■'unctions 

>/.iu<lii  hIiiiII 
itivcs  and  a 
(UmI  all  llu< 
)rfMMit  C(»n- 

y  originate, 
<»  tho  othor 
«tr  rornHf 
an  aliKnIiitc 

ioHH,  taxes, 

IW.        'VlWHC 

{eprewnta- 
(Mvto,  alter- 
SiMiato. 
:)r  u  bill  has 
OS  ol'dflmto 
>  lionHCH,  it 
ions  in  dis- 
day  at  least 
not  be  law- 

these  forms. 

established, 
•cviousi)'  de- 
ll can  be  re- 
r,  but  otiierb 
c  rejected.  1 


V  r.  N  K  Z  II  K  I.  A 


186 


I*  f).  Nn  projert,  lau,  or  bill,  ronHlilMlionally 
tirccpli'il,  diHniHMeil,  and  nasHi'd  in  both  lloiiNes, 
hhall  lie  ('(MiHidrrt'd  as  a  liiu  of  llic  Sliile,  till  il 
ha^  been  pri>s<iit<-d  to  llu-  i'lxectitivc  bodt ,  and  by 
it  Ni>;ni-d.  Ildir  hitler  should  uithliold  ilsaKsciit, 
the  projeclcd  biil,  nilh  such  aniendinrntH  as  the 
l'',xi'nili*('  111. IV  siif;t{rs(,  sliiill  be  returned  to  (lie 
House  where  it  oriii^iniiled,  wherein  due  note  shiill 
be  talu-ii  ol'  siuh  anieiidiiieiils  on  the  journals, 
liie)  proreediii;;  aiVeth  toexaiiiiiie  the  case,  m  hich 
if  li^ain  approved  by  :i  plurality  ol'  two  thirds, 
the  Name  shall,  under  Himilar  t'oriiw,  pass  on  to 
the  other  House,  vv  herein  the  :ame  approbation 
bcin;;;  obtained,  the  bill  from  that  iii-ilaiit  shall 
have  tlie  full  force  of  a  lau.  In  all  these  cases, 
the  voles  of  the  Houses  Nliall  be  expressed  by  yea 
and  nay, and  a  register  keiit  of  the  names  of  those 
who  voted  for  or  a^aiiisl  llie  bill. 

'  10.  h'  the  I'ixecutive  should  not  return  the  bill 
to  the  House  u  hence  it  originated,  in  the  term  of 
ten  days  after  its  receipt,  exclusive  of  liididays, 
the  same  shall  have  the  full  force  of  law,  and 
shall  be  ronstitntionally  promulgated  as  such: 
but  if,  in  ronseipience  of  summons,  snsiieiision,  or 
recess  td'  ( 'on/^ress,  the  bill  cannot  iiave  been 
returned  before  the  period  lixed,  it  shall  remain 
without  etVect,  iinless  the  ICxeciilive  I'ower  shall 
residveon  ap|)roviii;r  the  same,  wilhonl  any  alter- 
ations or  nddilions  '  bill  ill  case  these  should  be 
added,  the  bill,  lordlier  with  llie  add  tiims 
thereto,  shall  be  laiil  before  the  Houses  i<i  the 
next  session  subse<|nent  to  the  period  expired. 

'  II.  All  oilier  resolutions,  d<>crees,  opiiiLins, 
and  acts  of  both  Hinises,  (exceptiiij;  those  of  su.n- 
iiions)  shall  likewise  be  referred  to  the  l<jxecntiv<! 
I'ower  in  tirder  to  re«'eive  its  assent,  before  they 
ran  be  carried  into  full  etVect.  In  ease  the  latter 
should  nd'iise  such  assent,  they  shall  a^ain  pass 
through  the  forms  prescrib<>d  for  the  enaction  of 
laws,  and  bein|;r  in  like  niaiiner  newly  conlirmed, 
they  are  to  be  carried  into  execution.  The  laws, 
decrees,  opinions,  acts,  and  resolutions,  which 
may  be  held  as  uriji'nt,  are  also  to  be  subject  t' 
this  rule,  but  the  Kxeciitive  I'ower  is  in  this  cas.», 
to  state  its  objections  respecting;  the  urpfeney,  as 
well  as  the  substance  of  any  law,  within  the  space 
of  two  days  after  its  receipt,  in  delimit  of  which, 
the  same  shall  be  considered  as  approved  by  it. 

'  12.  The  form  of  the  draft  or  sketch  under 
which  the  laws,  acts,  decrees,  and  resolutions  are 
to  pass  from  one  house  to  the  other,  as  well  as  to 
the  Kxeciitive,  shall  be  a  preamble  therein  con- 
tained, with  a  minute  of  the  day  of  the  sossion  on 
which  the  subject  was  discussed  in  each  house, 
the  date  of  the  respective  resolutions,  a  statc- 

voi..  V. 


iiient  of  lh<<  iir^ency  in  rase  then*  h  any,  as  well 
as  an  exposition  ol'  the  reasons  and  fouiidalioiis 
which  have  Kiteii  rise  to  the  resoliilion.  When- 
ever any  of  these  re<|iiisiles  an*  omitted,  llie  act 
shall  be  returned  wilimi  two  days  li>  the  House 
wherein  Ihe  omission  has  been  noted,  or  to  thai 
where  the  same  orit;iiiated,  if  il  has  occurred  in 
both. 

'  l.'i.  These  reipiisiles  shall  not  accompany  the 
law  in  its  promiiljiriiiion.  The  ai'l  shall  be  drawn 
out  in  a  clear,  simple,  precise,  and  iinifoiin  man- 
ner, wilhonl  any  lliiiii;  more  than  a  plain  head 
iii^,  explanalfMv  of  its  conleiits,  wil!i  the  name  of 
the  law,  act,  or  decree,  Ihe  dispositive  part  of  the 
same  l,iw  beini;  preceded  by  tlie  following  words, 
"  The  .Senate  and  House  of  Itepresentalives  of 
the  I'nited  Slates  of  Vene/iiela,  in  ('oiiKress 
assembled,  have  decreed,  tVc."  then  '.  to  f(dlow 
the  decretive  part  of  the  same.  Tli  s>- '  irms  can 
be  varied,  if  i  irciimslanceK  ar.d  the  assent  of  Ihe 
provinces  that  may  hereafter  be  annexed  to  this 
confederation,  should  make  it  retpiisile. 

'  Skct.  II.--Km;(.tion  ok  tiik  lloirHi;  op 

lir.l'ltKNKNTATI  VKS. 

'  II.  Those  who  cmnpose  the  House  of  He- 
presentatives  are  to  be  named  by  the  poi)ular 
electors  of  each  province,  to  serve  in  this  charjife 
during  the  space  of  four  years;  and  the  total 
iinmber  respectively  shall  be  renewed  every  two 
years,  in  the  proportiim  of  one  half,  without  any 
^K'in^  allowed  to  Im-  re-elected  immediately. 

'  l.'i.  N(»  one  can  be  elected  under  the  aj^e  of 
y.'i,  and  if  he  has  not  been  for  five?  years,  imme- 
diately previous  t(»  his  .-iTtion,  a  cili/.en  of  the 
Confederation  of  V«Mie/,uela,  nor  iiiiless  he  enjoys 
property  of  some  nature  therein. 

'  l().  The  requisite  of  previous  residence  above! 
r<'»|uired  for  the  representatives,  does  not  ex- 
clude those  who  may  have  been  abscrnt  in  the; 
service  of  the  State,  nor  those  who  may  have 
been  abroad  under  permission  of  the  govern- 
ment, on  their  own  affairs,  if  their  absenc«|  has 
not  exceeded  three  years,  nor  the  natives  of  Ve- 
nezuela, who,  having  been  out  of  the  country 
before,  had  returned,  and  were  present  at  the 
declaration  of  absolute  independence,  mid  have 
acknowledged  and  sworn  to  the  same. 

'  17.  The  population  of  the  provinces  shall  de- 
termine the  number  of  the  representatives  be- 
loiijrinsf  to  each,  at  the  rate  of  one  for  each  !iiO,()0() 
souls  of  all  classes,  sexes,  ami  aijes.  Tor  the 
present,  the  civil  census  lately  made  shall  serve 
for  the  calculation;  but,  in  future,  the  same  shall 
be  renewed  every  five  years,  and  if,  after  the  1 


i 


*m 


m 


m 


T 


ia(» 


V  E  N  E  Z  U  E  L  A. 


♦  tf 


|J'-^ 


1  ( 


m 


[ilivisions  (il'JO.OOO  have  l)0(M>  mailo,  tlirro  slioiihl 
nvitilt  any  nsidiic  cxi-cuMlini;  I0,()()(),  a  ri'prosi'ii- 
talix'  sliall  1)0  oli'»"t«'(l  (or  (lio  sanu'. 

•  l!>.  'I'liis  propnitioii  it'oiio  lor  cvfiv  ^0,000, 
sliiill  rcmaiii  as  «lu'  law  lor  <lu>  irprrsiMitalion, 
till  (lio  mmilMM-  ol"  the  loprosciilativos  icailu-s 
70,  wlioii,  iiotwitlistaiuliiiij  tlic  iiopulalidii  may 
have  iiuifasod,  the  nuinbiT  sliall  lU'vi'itiu'Ic^s 
not  be  enlariieil.  I)ut  tlu>  |iroportion  shall  l)e 
raised,  till  a  representative  shall  he  I'onnd  to  cor- 
respond to  each  yO,Ot)()  souls.  In  tliis  state  is 
the  projjortion  of  one  lor  every  jt),()0()  to  eon- 
tinne,  till  the  number  of  representatives  reaches 
100,  and  then,  as  in  the  former  case,  the  propor- 
tion shall  he  raised  to  10,000  for  one,  till  the 
number,  by  the  projjressive  increase  of  popnla- 
tion,  has  reached  'JOO,  in  which  case  it  shall  be 
rejjfula'od  in  such  manner,  that  the  ride  of  pro 
portion  does  not  give  more  than  one  for  each 
/)(KO(K)  souls. 

'  19.  Vv'hen,  in  consequence  of  death,  resigna- 
tion, or  any  other  cause,  the  seat  of  a  representa- 
tive shall  be  vacated,  it  sluiU  be  filh-d  by  the 
person  who,  in  the  last  election,  had  obtained 
the  second  majority  of  votes,  and  he  shall  be 
considered  as  elected  to  serve  duriui;  all  the 
time  that  remained  for  the  first;  and  if  he  should 
have  served  loss  than  a  year,  it  shall  not  be  held 
as  an  obstacle  to  his  obtaining;  a  seat  at  the  next 
election. 

'  '20.  The  elections  sliall  be  conducted  with  the 
same  uniformity  throug^hout  the  whole  territory 
of  the  Confederation,  and  in  the  follow  ing  maniK>r. 

'  yi.  The  first  day  of  November  of  every  two 
years,  the  voters  shall  collect  in  all  the  parishes 
of  the  State,  in  order  to  choose  freely  and  volun- 
tarily the  parochial  electors,  who  are  to  name 
the  representative  or  representatives,  which,  for 
the  next  two  succeeding  years,  correspond  to 
the  province. 

'  9^.  Each  1000  souls,  or  each  ])arish,  notwith- 
standing it  does  not  reach  that  amount  of  popu- 
lation, shall  have  one  elector,  and  the  nomination 
of  these  being  etTect^pd,  the  i.v'.ochial  meeting 
shall  be  dissolved, and  the  electors  shall,  without 
fail,  he  collected,  November  15,  in  tlie  city  or 
chief  town  of  the  district,  in  order  there  to  name 
the  representatives. 

'  23.  Theresiiltsof  the  electoral  meetings  shall 
be  immediately  referred,  for  the  present,  to  the 
provincial  government,  and  when  this  is  popu- 
iarlv  reformed,  to  the  President  of  the  Senate,  or 
of  the  first  House  of  the  Legislative  Body  of  the 
»^ame.  which  in  every  province  is  to  be  iii  session 
at  the  beginning  of  Uecember. 


'  i?t.  The  chief  of  the  present  government,  or 
llie  President  of  the  Seiiat.',  when  l!iis  is  esta- 
blished, shall  open,  in  the  pusoiicc  of  the  pro- 
vincial legislature  for  that  purpose  a'-embled, 
the  results  of  the  polls  which  nuiy  have  been  Ibr- 
warded  from  the  districts,  in  ordi>r  to  count  the 
votes.  Those  shall  be  consid'Med  as  elected  to 
ser\e  as  representatives,  who  may  have  united 
in  themselves  the  greatest  numiier  of  the  electors 
chosen,  and,  in  case  the  majorities  should  be 
ecjual  between  two  or  more  p(>r~t  lis,  the  legisla- 
ture shall  clioose  between  them  -,  but,  if  no  one 
should  be  found  to  have  received  half  of  the  votes, 
the  legislature  sliall  then  choose  amongst  those 
who  may  ha\e  the  greatest  miinber,  a  third  or 
double  quantity  of  representatives  more  than 
necessary  tt»  serve  for  the  province,  in  order 
again  to  make  amongst  them  the  definitive  choice. 
For  this  election  any  kind  of  majority  may  suflice, 
by  adding  to  the  votes  of  the  legislature  those 
vvliich  each  may  have  obtained  from  the  electoral 
meetings  of  the  chief  towns.  In  case  of  a  parity 
of  votes  in  the  delinilive  election  of  the  legisla- 
ture, the  vote  of  the  President  sliall  decide. 

'  25  In  the  meantime  ihat  the  legislatures  of 
the  provinces  are  not  organized  constitutionally 
and  with  uniformity,  their  present  governments 
are  to  prticeed  in  the  regulations  above  sjiecified, 
by  assembling  in  a  place  determined,  all  their 
ineinbers  in  union  with  those  «)f  the  municipali- 
ties of  the  capital,  and  12  persons  of  known 
property,  previously  elected  by  the  said  muni- 
cipalities. 

'  26.  Every  freeman  shall  have  the  right  of 
voting  in  the  parochial  PM«etings,  if  to  this  quality 
he  adds  that  of  being  a  citiz<>n  of  Venozuela,  and 
resident  in  the  parish  or  town  where  lie  votes : 
further,  if  ho  is  aged  21  years  and  unmarried, 
and  if  married  and  settled,  even  if  he  should  be 
under  that  age,  and  possessed  of  a  free  property 
to  the  value  of  tiOO  dollars  in  the  chief  towns  of 
the  ]»voviiice  when  unmarried,  and  of  1(X)  dollars 
mari'ied,  although  the  same  belongs  to  the  wife, 
or  of  100  in  the  other  towns  in  the  first  case,  and 
200  in  the  second.  Also,  if  he  holds  any  ollice 
or  public  testimony  of  the  exercise  of  ain  science, 
or  liU'ral  and  mechanic  art,  or  if  he  i«  i-e  owner 
of  or  renter  of  seed  lands,  or  cattle,  proMded  the 

Iiroduce  amounts  to  the  respective  sums  stipu- 
ated  for  married  and  single  persons. 

'  27.  Those  excluded  from  this  rig'  t  are  tlie 
lunatic,  deaf  and  dumb,  bankrupt-,  tiebtors  !o 
public  property  al\er  the  expiration  oftlie  periods 
fixed  lor  payment,  foreigners,  persons  witlx  at 
fixed  residence,  public  and  notorious  vagrants,] 


•  1. 


Mm 


V  EN  EZU  E  LA 


i»; 


a{>  rants,  J 


j  persons  wlio  mnv  lmv(»l)rpn  sn!)io«'tU>anvinrainv 
iiot  wiiH'il  awav  bv  law.  tlu>M'  iiiulor  rriininal 
prosofutiun,  and  uuirrifd  porsons  not  colialfitiii^ 
with  tlipir  wives  williont  U'-ral  moliys. 

'  'iH.  Ht'sidfsthoaliovo staled  (pialities  nvjuisitc 
for  the  parish  v(»tors,  those  who  arc  enlilleil  i;» 
vote  in  the  electoral  meetings,  are  to  he  residi'nih 
ol"  the  district  where  they  jrive  snlVra»c,  and  to 
iiossess  a  free  property  to  the  vahu'  of  ()()(K)  dt>l- 
lars  in  the  capital  of  {'aracas,  if  unmarried  :  and 
of400()  if  nnn-ried,  yvliich  amount  of  property  in 
the  other  capitals,  cities,  and  towns,  shall  he4()()0 
for  iinnmrried  persons,  and  JOIXI  for  those  mar- 
ried. 

'  '29.  The  same  rijjhts  are  also  granted  to  public 
functionaries  enjoyinsj  salaries  from  the  Slate, 
provided  these  are  equal  to  300  dollars  per  year; 
all  such  shall  vote  in  the  parochial  meetin<rs,  and 
in  the  electoral  ono"*  if  their  salaries  reach  1000. 
All  such  are  nevertheless  disqualitied  from  beina; 
members  of  the  Houses  of  Representatives  and 
Senate,  as  long  as  thev  retain  the  exercise  of 
their  functions,  and  enjoy  their  respective  sala- 
ries during  the  time  of  their  representation. 

'  30.  It  is  the  exclusive  and  sole  risjht  of  the 
respective  municipalities  to  convene,  in  confor- 
mity to  the  constitution,  prinuiry  and  electoral 
meetings,  and  all  others  which  nuly  be  rest»|yed 
on  bv  the  jjovernntent  of  each  province. 

'31.  Any  one  of  its  members,  a  judjje,  or  a  dis- 
tinguished personage  in  the  towns,  can  by  them 
be  authorized  to  preside  in,  and  to  close  the  pa- 
rochial  meetings,  but  electoral  meetings  shall  be 
presided  by  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  the  acts 
thereof  sliall  be  legalized  by  the  municipal 
notary. 

'  32.  If  there  should  be  any  omission  on  the 
part  of  the  municipalities  to  convene  these 
meetings  in  due  time,  the  citizens  can,  in  that 
case,  assemble  on  the  days  assigned  by  the  c«)n- 
stitution  for  that  purpose,  and  do  what  (he  muni- 
cipality has  not  done:  but  yvith  order, tranquillity, 
and  moderation  :  they  are  more«>ver  authorized 
to  communicate  the  results  of  the  meetings  after 
their  dissolution,  to  the  respective  provincial 
governments. 

'  33  The  use  of  this  faculty,  as  well  on  the 
part  of  the  municipalities  as  on  that  of  the  citi- 
zens, excepting  in  the  cases  an«l  times  fixed  l)y 
the  constitution,  shall  be  held  as  a  transgression 
against  the  public  security,  and  a  treason  against 
tlie  laws  of  the  State ;  nor  shall  the  finu'tions  of 
these  meetings  exceed  the  nomination  of  electors, 
that  of  representatives  to  the  (Jeneral  Congress, 
or  to  the  resjwctiye  provincial  legislature,  nor 


shall  they  be  allowed  to  transact  any  other  busi- 
ness that  is  not  assigned  ihem  In  ilu-  con>ti- 
tntion. 

'  31  The  qualitications  of  property  shall  be 
lelt  in  charge  of  the  n'speclive  nuiniciiiiiliiit's, 
'.vlu.  shall,  at  all  times,  keep  a  civil  regisii-i  <>t" 
the  citizens  authorized  to  vote  in  the  piirochiiil 
meetings,  as  \>ell  as  of  those  capabl)<  of  ln'iiig 
returned  as  electors  for  the  district,  under  ilie 
f<»rm  that  may  be  established  by  the  respective 
provincial  const  it  nti«>ns. 

'  35.  The  w  ant  at  present  exj)erienced  of  a  civil 
r;'gister,  ordained  by  the  above  article,  in  order 
to  establish  the  qualitications  of  the  citizens,  may 
be  supplied  by  an  authority  conferred  by  the 
municipal  bodies  on  those  they  may  name  to  pre- 
side ill  the  primary  or  parochial  meetings,  esta- 
blishing a  census  in  each  parish,  foiindeil  on  tlie 
late  one  draw  n  up  for  the  present  Congress,  or  it 
may  be  done  by  the  ecclesiastical  body  autho- 
rized by  tlie  cnrate  or  his  deputy,  together  with 
four  respectable  citizens,  housekeepers  and  land- 
holders in  the  same  tow  n,  who,  under  oath,  shall 
testify  that  those  compreliended  in  the  list,  pos- 
sess the  qualities  requisite  for  voters  or  for 
electors. 

'  36.  The  total  population  of  the  parish  lieing 
by  this  means  established,  the  number  of  electors 
that  may  correspond  to  the  same  will  Ik-  ascer- 
tained ;  a  list  is  also  to  be  made  out  of  the  citi- 
zens found  therein  w  itii  the  right  of  vote,  as  well 
as  another  of  those  who  may  be  ((iialilied  to  serve 
as  electors  at  the  meetings  held  for  tluct  pur- 
pose. 

'  37.  These  three  lists  are  to  be  carried  by  the 
cotiimissioner  to  (he  primary  or  parochial  meet- 
ings, that  the  voters,  in  conformity  thereto,  may 
proceed  to  name  out  of  (he  last  list  the  elector 
or  electors  corresponding  to  that  parish. 

••  3S.  This  being  done,  tlu>  whole  shall  b«>  laid 
belbre  the  municipal  body  by  the  commissioner, 
that  the  same  may  serve  to  form  a  provincial 
civil  register,  in  the  meantime,  and  till  Congress 
shall  establish  another  form. 

'  3fi  'I'he  parochial  and  electoral  elections  shall 
be  piib'ic,  as  bectimes  a  free  aiul  virtuous  p(>ople. 
and  conducted  in  the  (oll(»wing  manner. 

'  40.  The  primary  electors  or  parish  voters  sliall 
carry  their  written  or  yerbal  votes,  in  person,  to 
the  magistrate  of  the  district,  or  to  the  judge  who 
may  be  named  within  the  term  of  eight  days 
fn.ui  that  on  which  the  polling  is  openecl,  and  on 
November  1,  the  votes  shall  l)e  atldcd  np  in  pre- 
sence of  the  said  judge,  and  six  respj'ctable  per- 
.sons  of  (he  parish,  and  a  statement  of  the  votes] 
H  n  2 


>v:l 


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la 


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V  E  N  R  Z  U  i:  I,  A 


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ffl 

,  ff'  'II 


I  niul  rosiilts  1)0  (ixod  on  (lie  doom  of  the  piiriHli 
cliiirrit 

'II.  In  Hicolocloiiil  inccliiiff'irarli  elector sliiill 
f(ive  his  vole  on  ii  signed  (icKel,  or  verlmllv  <o 
Uie  l*i-<>si(li>n(  ol'tlie  nieelini;;,  who  shnil  einise  (he 
same  <o  he  enlen'il  down  on  I  he  list  hv  tlie  Se- 
oretiirv,  in  presenee  ot't»vo  witness(>s.  'The  volen 
l»ein^■  thns  |)ri\itt'>lv  eollerted,  the  itdililions 
(hereol'  shall  he  made  in  |iid)lie,  and  a  list  in 
iil|)hahi<ti('al  order  made  ont,  when  the  votes  shall 
be  read  alond,  nith  the  names  oreach  eleetor. 

'  4'J.  The  donhts  or  ditlirnltii's  that  may  arise 
in  the  primary  or  tdeetoral  meetin!j;s  respeclina; 
qnalilications  or  forms,  in  the  first  shall  he  d(* 
rid«>d  hy  th«>  President  and  his  associate  jnd;>-es, 
uiid  in  the  secon<l  hv  the  meeting  i<sell'.  Itnt  from 
holli  there  ran  he  a  definitive  appeal  to  thi*  pro- 
vincial l<>^'iKlatiire,  withont,  in  th(<  meantime, 
the  effect  of  the  respective'  «'lections  hein<{-  sns- 
p«<nd(<d. 

'  l.'J.  The  llonsoof  K(<presentatiyeson  o])eninif 
the  session  shall  eh'ct,  for  lhi>  time  of  its  dura- 
tion, a  l'resid(>nt  and  \'ice  I'residenl  onl  of  its 
o«n  mend»ers,  «ho  can  hi>  cha;i!><'d  in  case  of 
prorojvation  or  extra»>rdinarv  snmaions  :  it  shall 
also  name  ont  of'  tlii"  lloiisc«  a  S(<cretarv  and  the 
other  otlicers  it  may  jndiye  necessary  li>  perform 
the  \arions  duties:  it  l)(<iii:>,  in  like  manner, 
authorized  (o  fix  the  salarii>s  and  emidnuuMits 
«hich  the  said  t'nnctionaries  are  to  recei\e. 

'  1 1.   All  persons  employe<l  nnd(T  theCord'ede- 
ration  are  snhject  to  tln»  inspection  of  the  llons(< 
of    Kepresentatives    in   the     «lischari;x>   of   their 
duti<-:  anil  In  the  saau'  tlu>v  are  to  ht<  accused 
hefinv  the  Senate   in  all  cases  of'  treason,  coilu 
sion,  or  malversation  -.  and  the  latter  shall  aihuit, 
hear,  examine,  and  indife  such  accusations,  with 
out    their   heinjj  ahle  to   he  suhmitted   to   their 
judgment   throu<<'h  anv  other  orjjan  than  that  of 
the  said  House,  to   wluini  oxchisively  this  riniil 
belonjjs. 

*  SrrT.  III. —  Ei  r(Tio\  oi-  Si-v  Axons. 

'  l.V  TlieScuati'  t)l'tlu' Confederation  shall,  for 
tl\e  present,  he  composed  of  a  nundier  of  indi- 
\idnals,  whose  proportion  shall  not  exceed  a 
third,  and  shall  not  hv  less  titan  a  lil^li  part  of 
the  ninnher  of  repr«'sea(ativ«>s  :  that  is,  wlien  the 
latter  exce«>d  100,  their  proportion  shall  thtMi  he 
l>pt«een  the  fourtli  and  lil'lh  part,  and  when  \!00, 
between  that  of  a  tifih  and  sixth. 

'  U>.  This  calculation  at  pr<"senl  indicates,  that, 
f'or  each  province,  then'  is  (o  lit'  one  senator  I'or 
overv  'JO.OOO  souls  of  all  conditions,  cla-ses,  and 
a^os,  accordinji  to  tlio  census  t>f  the  couulry  now 


in  force;  hut  each  province  nIihII  neverfheloHN 
name  one,  althouu;h  its  population  docH  not  reach 
the  amount  specified :  as  well  an  the  others, 
which  after  deducting  the  i|nota  or  <pn>4aN  of 
70.t)IN),  may  have  left  a  residinim  of  .'JO,t)l)l)  noiiIh. 

"■  17.  The  tinu'  limited  for  the  tniMtioiiH  of  a 
senator  shall  he  Hix  years,  and  ev<<rv  two  ycarfi 
the  ho(l\  shall  he  renewed,  in  the  proportion  of 
two-thirds;  this  change  devolving  in  the  lirsl 
instance  on  those  provinces  which  ma^  have  s<>iit 
up  the  greatest  nnndter,  and  thus  HticcesNively, 
in  such  maniu'r  that  none  exceed  the  six  years  to 
which  they  are  limited. 

'  IS.  'I'he  first  <dection,  and  those  which  niny 
be  nwide  in  the  siu-cessive  years  in  rotafitni,  Hhall 
he  condnrled  by  the  provincial  legislature,  in  the 
manner  which  they  themselves  may  prescribe*, 
but  with  the  following  conditions. 

'  !•>.  The  Senator  elect  shall  be  aged  .'iti  years, 
lia\(<  been  10  ye;irs  a  citi/en  and  resident  lu  the 
territory  of  Vi'ue/nela  immediately  preceding 
his  election,  with  the  exception  stated  in  arlicio 
l().  and  hi'  shall  possess  therein  a  clear  properly 
worth  liOOO  dollars. 

'  .')().  Tlie  Senate  shall  elect  ont  of  tlu>  Mouse 
a  Secretary  and  the  other  finiclioparies  retpiireel, 
and  shall  he  alhtwed  to  assign  sr.iaries,  advanci^- 
ment,  and  emolnments  ''-.i  them,  as  w'«dl  as  n 
I'resident  and  Vice  President,  as  stated  in  arliclu 
l.'i,  t'or  the  House  of  {{epresenlalives. 

'  .M.  When  hy  death,  resignation,  or  nny 
other  cause,  the  placi'  of  a  Senator  should  bo 
vacated,  and  this  during  the  recess  of  the  pro- 
\iiicial  legishiliire,  to  whom  it  belongs  ti»  fill  up 
the  vacancy,  the  <>\ecuti\e  powt-r  ol'  the  same 
shall  be  authori/.ed  to  name  a  temporary  sub- 
stitnti"  to  serve  till  the  next  iiu'i  ting  of  the  h'gis- 
l.-itiire.  \tlien  a  fresli  member  sluill  lie  proxided. 

'  Si  <  r.  1\  .  — i-'nx  rioNs  A\n  I' \(:iii,rii;s  oi' 
riif,  Sl,N  ATI-.. 
'  .')'J.  The  Senate  has  ail  the  natural  and  inci- 
dental power  belonging  (o  a  <-onrt  of  justice,  to 
admit,  hear,  jutige,  and  senti-nce  iiny  ojllie  prin- 
cipal i'uuclionaries  in  the  service  of  the  Conli'de- 
ratiou.  <\  ho  uiav  ha\e  been  accu  im  I  v  the  House 
el"  |{epr<'sentalives,  ol'  I'eloiiy,  iiiislieha\  iour, 
usurpation,  or  corruption  in  the  use  of  tiu'ir 
riuutiims,  abiding  therein  hv  the  e'viilence  pro- 
<luceil,  and  r.ccording  to  justice  in  such  proceed- 
ings, |ia\ing  previemslv  talicii  a  special  oath  on 
till'  Holy  I'AangelisIs  before  the  case  is  opened. 

'  .^),'].  Thi'  Senati'  has  also  powi'r  to  judge  and 
>^enfence  nnv  other  of  tlu  inferior  fnnctioiniries, 
when,  having  taken  cognizance  of  their  delitidls  j 


V  j<:  fv  E  / 1;  i:  l  a 


um 


r<)r  ninn'H,  (lirro  Iuih  hccn  notcfl  nny  niniNsioii  on 
llu>  piivl  (>r  (iM'ir  «'lti(  I'm  Io  do  il,  liiit   (he  iicciinu- 

li inisl,  in  tli(>  (irsl  iiisliinrc,  prix-ciMl  IriMii  tlii! 

loucr  lloiiHf. 

'  .VI.  TIm'v  ^'IiiiII  iniiiicdiatcly  triiiiHiiiit  a  U'f^u] 
(•()|iy  ol'  llu'  iiidirtnKMit  to  tlio  ncciiM'd,  li,\iii>;  ii 
pi'iiod  Hiid  |)liir(>  lor  IiIm  a|)|ii-tiriinr*>  mid  Io  iiiiikc 
iiiiKWcr;  siirli  iniiii^tfr  or  coinmiHHioncr  hriita; 
iisi>«l  lor  111 Ih  purpose,  tm  (Ik*  II(»mh»' niiiy  jiidj,'n 
|iro|)<-r,  itnd  coiiHidrrHlioii  li<>iti^  hIho  lia«l  to  the 
disliiiico  nl  >vlii<'li  llii<  a(  (-nscd  may  n'Mid«',  and  llio 
iiiitnrt^  id'tlic  jnds;uirnl  he  is  alkont  Io  iindcrf^o. 

•■  ^th.  Ah  Hoon  as  lliiMMlalioii  and  HonininnH  of 
(he  Scnati*  to  tli<*  accnMcd  liavc  boon  made,  and 
rir  lias  l>y  virino  tiicr'or  app<>arrd,  llir  wilncsHcs 
lie  may  lirini;  I'orward  Hliail  lie  Ircrly  lii>ard,  and 
(lir  proolH  <-\amint<d,  as  well  »h  IIio  dcrcniM'  hr. 
may  mnkt*,  fitluM*  piTNonally  or  by  roiincil  -,  lint 
il'liy  dt'l'aiill  tiromisHion  lit' mImiiiI((  fail  to  appear, 
i\ur  Sciiair  hIdiII  IIkmi  protTcd  Io  «'xamiiio  iho 
I'iiargcH  and  prool's  tlicro  may  lir  ai(uiiiHt  liini, 
and  shall  prononncc  indirmcnl  as  valid  and  otlVr- 
tivo,  an  il'  llii>  arniHcd  had  ap|ii>an>d  and  anKwcred 
to  his  indirlmciil. 

'  .'ill.  In  these  t-asew,  if  Iherc  i«  no  roniiNellor 
in  the  b  I'ly  of  llic  .Senale,  llie  latter  is  in  Ihal 
rase  to  call  in  one  ol'  Ilie  members  oi'  Hie  liit;h 
("oiirl  ofJiislice  l«i  din'ct  Ihe  proreiMlin^'s,  or  any 
olher  roiiiiseilor  of  res|)eelabilily  who  may  jios- 
sess  Iheir  conlidonce :  but  to  any  hiii'Ii  in  IIk! 
iMitller,  a  consulli\e  voice  only  is  l<i  be  granted. 

'  hi.  lit  order  that  jndi('iiii>iilH  prononnced  by 
tli(<  Senate,  in  siicli  cases,  should  have  Iheir  dia; 
ellecl  and  validity,  there  shall  nec(>ssarily  be  a 
coiicnrrenre  of  two-third  parts  of  Ihe  votes  ollhe 
Senators,  ol"  whom  there  shall  be  prr-smt  a  siilli- 
cieiil  nninber  to  reiuh-r  the  session  constitu- 
tional. 

'  .')S.  These  jndi'inents  shall  have  no  other 
edi'it  than  l<i  (U'prive  Ihe  accused  of  his  place,  in 
coiiMcrpience  ol"  the  tacts  that  may  be  established 
hy  tlie  examiiialion,  declaring;  him  incapable  ol' 
ii!;ani  rereivinii^  anv  hoiionrabln  or  lucrative 
cliiirjfe  under  the  ront'ederalion ;  but  without 
tliis  exempting  him  Irom  beiii<^  ulteriorly  prose- 
cuted, jiidired,  and  Nentenced  by  the  competent 
courts  of  justice. 

*  Sk.<t.  v.- I"'.i;onoi»(I(:ai.  and  Pur.itor.ATiVF. 

Imi  NfH'IONS  (UlMMON   TO    lioril    lloi'SI'H. 

'  !)^).  The  (pialilications  I'or  elections,  the  n-- 
tpiisiles,  and  admiHsioii  of  Ihi-ir  respective  mem- 
bers, shall  devolve  as  a  particular  privileaje  on 
each  lloiiso,  as  well  as  the  solution  of  iiiiy  doubts 
that  may  uriuu  rcHpecting  Iho  same,     in  the  bumc 


manner  llioy  nre  nulhorisfied  Io  iix  what  nuniher 
of  members  preHenI  may  reiiiler  Ihe  session  r<in- 
Hlilnlional,  and  liirm  a  quorum  ;  and,  in  all  caseH, 
Ihe  number  met,  nnltvilliRtandinff  il  is  Ihe  small- 
esl,  may  compel  those  who  liave  not  joined,  iinilcr 
Ihe  penalties  they  may  think  fit  to  establish. 

'  (iO.  'I' he  I'residPiil  of  each  llous(>  shall 
always  be  Ihn  channel  through  which  nil  Iheso 
coaclive  ineaHurex  are  executed,  as  well  an  u\\ 
otiirr  extraordinary  n;<a:!<ionH  that  circnniHlnnc^a 
may  reipiire. 

'  bl.  The  mode  of  proceediuj^  in  both  Moiisoh 
in  their  senMioiiM,  debates,  and  resolutions  shall 
be  eslabli  !ied  by  themselv«'s,  and  under  such 
rules  Ihey  are  aulhori/.ed  Io  pnnisli  any  of  Iheir 
members  who  may  infriiij^e  them,  or  who  may 
in  nny  other  manner  incur  blame,  or  make  him- 
seir  liable  to  Ihe  penalties  a<;reed  on,  even  Io  Iho 
expelling  him  from  amongst  themselves,  when- 
ever (till!  iwo-lhird  parts  of  Ihe  whole  memberH 
Itcinir  present)  il  sh<iiild  be  ho  unanimously  de- 
cideil  by  two-lhirds  of  those  in  session. 

'  ()2.  Ilolh  Houses  shall  enjoy  the  rxcliiHivn 
right  of  police  within  Ihe  places  cd'  their  own 
seHsioiis,  and  lliey  shall  have  at  their  immediatn 
orders  a  national  guard,  capable  td'  maintaining 
Ihe  decorum  of  Iheir  representation,  f|uiel,  «»riler, 
and  the  freedom  of  Iheir  n  solulions. 

'  (Hi.  In  the  exercise  of  this  right  they  may 
also  iHuiisii  with  arrest,  not  to  exceed  .'if)  days, 
any  individual  whatever,  who,  in  a  dis«»relerly 
manner  or  out  of  contempt,  shoubl  Ixdiavc*  dis- 
respectfully in  Iheir  presence,  or  Ihrealen  in  any 
manner  to  do  any  act  against  the  Mouse,  or  the 
person  or  properly  of  any  of  the  members  during 
ihe  session,  or  in  going  l<»  or  coming  from  the 
same,  for  any  thing  they  may  have  said  or  doiut 
in  the  ilebates,  or  who  may  hinder  or  disturb 
llieir  (hdiberations,  or  obstruct  or  detain  the 
ollicfM's  or  functionaries  of  the  Mouses  in  the 
execMilioii  «d'  their  onlers  ;  who  may  assault  «)r 
(li'tain  any  witness  or  [)ersoii  cited  and  waited  lor 
by  either  of  llu?  Mouses,  or  who  may  set  at  liberty 
any  pers<ui  detained  by  them,  knowing  and  fully 
<(>nvinced  Ihey  were  such. 

'  ()4.  The  procv'edinjTs  of  each  Mouse  shall  b« 
formally  entered  on  daily  registers,  on  which 
shall  be  transcribed  the  debates  and  resolutions; 
those  shall  be  published,  which  are  not  intcndr'd 
to  be  kept  secret,  according  to  the  opinion  of 
each  Mouse;  and  whenever  it  is  cliimed  by  a 
firth  part  of  the  numbers  present,  the  names  of 
■.'ach  individual,  as  they  have  voted  on  any  motion 
or  resolution,  are  to  be  expressed  at  full  length. 

'  05.  Neither  uf  the  HouKcn,  whiUt  insemion.j 


m\ 


\m 


#1 


i>. 


190 


V  E  N  P:  Z  U  E  L  A. 


I:*l 


hi 


liiil 


mm 


V  V 


■V  i 


&  shall  be  allowed  to  adjourn  for  more  than  three 
ays,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  nor  be 
summoned  or  cited  to  meet  in  any  other  place 
than  that  destined  for  the  meeting;  of  both,  with- 
out the  same  consent  being  previously  obtained. 
'  6(j.  The  representative  members,  as  well  as 
the  Senators,  shall  receive  for  their  services  that 
remuneration  which  the  low  may  assign  them  out 
of  the  public  funds  of  the  Contederation,  allow- 
ances being  also  granted  by  Congress,  for  the 
time  and  distance  of  coming  from  their  homes  to 
the  place  of  session,  as  well  as  for  returning  when 
the  House  breaks  up. 

'  Sect.  VI. — Time,  Place,  and  Duration  of 
THE  Legislative  Sessions  of  both  Houses. 

'  67.  On  January  13,  in  every  year,  the  Con- 
gress shall  be  opened  in  the  Federal  city,  (origi- 
nally Caracas,  now  Valencia),  which  is  fixed  by 
a  particular  law,  and  which  can  never  be  the 
capital  of  any  province,  and  its  sessions  shall  not 
exceed  the  ordinary  term  of  one  month  ;  but  if  it 
should  be  thought  necessary  extraordinarily  to 
prorogue  the  House,  an  express  resolution  is  to 
precede  naming  a  definitive  period,  which  is  not 
to  exceed  a  month ;  when  another  prorogation 
mny  take  place  in  the  same  manner ;  and,  if  be- 
fore any  of  these  periods  the  business  brought 
before  the  House  is  finished,  the  session  may 
then  be  ended. 

'  68.  During  the  sessions,  the  House!;  -.nay  be 
dissolved  and  summoned  for  another  time  and 
place,  expressly  and  previously  fixed  upon  ;  and 
the  Executive  I'ower  shall  have  no  other  inter- 
vention in  these  resolutions,  excepting  that  of 
naming,  in  case  of  disagreement  between  the 
Houses,  respecting  the  time  and  place,  a  term 
that  does  not  exceed  the  greatest  period  agitated 
in  the  disputes  for  assembling  in  the  same  place. 

'  60.  1  he  personal  immunity  of  the  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  People  and  Senators,  in  every 
case,  excepting  such  as  are  specified  in  Article 
61,  and  those  of  treastin  and  disturbance  of  the 
pul)lic  peace,  is  confined  to  their  not  being  liable 
to  arrest,  during  the  time  they  hold  their  Fiegis- 
lative  functions,  and  that  which  they  may  expend 
in  going  to  or  coming  from  their  homes  to  attend 
the  sittings,  and  their  not  being  answerable  for 
their  sentjinents  and  opinions,  but  in  the  House 
where  the  «ame  have  been  expressed. 

'  70.  None  of  them,  during  the  time  for  which 
they  have  been  elected,  and,  notwitlistanding 
they  are  not  in  the  imme'iiate  exercise  of  their 
functions,  shall  be  allowed  to  accept  of  any  office 
or  civil  charge  that  may  have  been  created  or 


increased  in  salary,  or  attended  with  remune- 
ration, during  the  time  of  their  legislative  au- 
thority. 

'  Sect.  VH. — Special  Attributfs  of  the 
Lecislative  Power. 
'71.  The  Congress  shall  have  full  power  and 
authority  to  raise  and  maintain  armies  for  the 
common  defence,  and  to  diminish  them  as  may 
be  deemed  necessary  ;  to  build,  equip,  and  main- 
tain a  national  navy ;  to  form  regulations  and 
laws  for  the  government ;  administration  and 
discipline  of  the  said  land  and  sea  forces ;  to  call 
out  the  militia  of  all  the  provinces,  or  part  of 
them,  when  the  execution  of  the  lav/s  of  the 
union,  and  the  necessity  of  repressing  insurrec- 
tions and  repelling  invasions,  may  make  it  re- 
quisite ;  to  regulate  the  organization,  arming, 
and  discipline  of  the  said  militia,  as  well  as  the 
government  and  administration  of  that  part 
thereof,  employed  in  the  service  of  the  State; 
the  nomination  of  the  respective  officers  being 
left  to  the  provinces,  to  be  done  in  the  manner 
prescribed  ay  their  particular  constitutions,  as 
well  as  the  power  oi  directing,  assembling,  and 
teaching  the  discipline  ordained  b^  Congress — 
to  establish  and  collect  all  kinds  ot  taxes^  duties, 
and  contributions,  that  may  be  necessary  to  main- 
tain armies  and  squadrons,  whenever  the  defence, 
common  security,  and  general  good  of  the  State 
may  require  it ;  provided  that  the  said  contribu- 
tions are  uniformly  imposed  and  levied  through- 
out the  whole  Confederation — to  contract  dents 
by  means  of  loans  of  money  on  the  credit  of  the 
State — to  regulate  trade  with  foreign  nations, 
determining  the  proportions  of  contributions  to 
be  exacted  from  the  commercial  bodies,  as  well 
as  the  repayment  or  expenditure  of  the  proceeds 
of  the  same,  in  cases  of  need,  and  also  to  regulate 
the  trade  of  the  provinces  between  themselves — 
to  dispose,  in  an  absolute  manner,  of  the  mono- 
poly of  raw  and  prepared  tobacco,  (mo  i/chimo) 
import  and  export  duties,  and  to  regulate  and 
direct  the  expenditure  and  the  collection  of  the 
revenue  that  is  to  enter  into  the  national  trea- 
sury, as  a  privileged  income  belonging  to  the 
Confederation,  and  the  most  pro|)er  to  serve  for 
its  defence  and  common  security — to  coin  and 
stamp  money — determine  its  value,  as  well  as 
that  of  foreign  monies ;  introduce  paper  money, 
if  necessary,  and  to  fix  uniformly  the  weights  and 
measures  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the 
Confederation ;  to  regulate  and  establish  posts, 
and  general  mails  throughout  the  State,  and 
assign  the  expenses  of  postage,  as  well  as  to] 


VENEZUELA. 


101 


renmne- 
iutive  uu- 


OF    THE 

lOWcr  and 
8  for  the 
n  afl  may 
and  maiii- 
tioiis  and 
iition  and 
'8 ;  to  call 
or  part  of 
V8  of  the 
insurrec- 
ake  it  re- 
1,  arming, 
^ell  aH  the 
that    part 
the  State; 
:er9  being 
le  manner 
utionH,  as 
ihling,  and 
Congress — 
les,  duties, 
ry  to  main- 
(le  defence, 
f  the  State 
1  contribu- 
d  throuffh- 
tract  debts 
edit  of  the 
n  nations, 
hutions  to 
es,  as  well 
e  proceeds 
to  regulate 
Bimselves — 
the  niono- 
lot/chimo) 
■gulate  and 
tion  of  the 
ional  trea- 
ing  to  the 
o  serve  for 
coin  and 
us  well  as 
)er  money, 
eiglits  and 
ent  of  the 
>lish  posts, 
State,  and 
t'ell  as  to] 


1) 


ftracc  the  main  roads,  leaving  to  the  charge  and 
resolutions  of  the  provinces  the  cross  roads,  ne- 
cessary for  the  communication  of  the  inland  towns 
and  general  conveyances — to  declare  war  and 
make  peace,  to  grant  at  all  times  letters  of 
marque  and  reprisal,  to  establish  regulations  for 
captures  by  sea  and  land,  as  well  to  examine  and 
decide  on  their  legality,  as  to  determine  in  ivliat 
niannti'  they  are  to  be  divided  and  laid  out — to 
make  laws  respecting  the  manner  of  judging  and 
punishing  piracies,  and  all  crimes  committed  on 
the  high  seas,  against  the  rights  of  nations — to 
institute  inferior  tribunals,  to  take  cognizance  of 
all  matters  belonging  to  the  Confederation, 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  State,  under  tlie 
authority  and  iurisdiction  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  .fustice,  ana  to  name  the  subaltern  agents  of 
the  Executive  power,  in  those  parts  not  expressed 
in  this  Constitution — to  estaolish  a  permanent 
and  uniform  manner  of  naturalization,  in  all  the 
provinces  of  the  union,  as  well  as  bankrupt  laws 
— to  make  laws  for  the  punishment  of  forgers  of 
public  deeds,  and  of  the  current  money  of  the 
State — to  exercise  an  exclusive  right  of  legis- 
lating in  all  cases,  respecting  all  kinds  of  matters, 
relating  to  legislative,  federal,  or  provincial  con- 
cerns, in  that  place  where,  by  consent  of  the 
Representatives  of  the  pccple,  who  at  present 
compose,  or  may  be  heri^after  united  to  the  Con- 
federation, it  may  be  determined  ultimately  to 
fix  the  residence  of  tlie  Federal  government,  to 
examine  all  the  laws  which  may  be  made  by 
provincial  Legislatures,  and  to  state  whether 
tlioy  are,  or  are  not  opposed  to  the  authority  of 
the  ontederation,  ami  to  make  all  the  laws  and 
regulations  whicii  may  be  necessary  and  proper, 
to  carry  into  execution  the  precedmg  power,  as 
well  as  all  the  others  granted  by  this  Constitu- 
tion, to  the  government  of  the  United  States. 

'  CHAP.  \\\.—  Oflhe  Executive  Power. 

'  Sect.  I. — Or  its  Nature,  Qualities,  anb 

Duration. 

'  72.  The  Executive  constitutional  power  shall 
reside  in  the  Federal  city,  lodged  in  three  indi- 
viduals po|)ularly  elected,  and  those  who  are  thus 
ilio^i'ii  are  to  have  the  following  qualities. 

'  7J.  They  shall  have  been  born  on  the  Co- 
himhi'iu  (^ontinent,  or  in  the  islands  formerly 
drsigiiated  Spanish  Auierica,  and  they  shall  have 
rosidod  in  t'lo  territory  of  the  union  10  years, 
immediately  preceding  their  election,  with  the 
exceptions  stipulated  in  Art.  IG,  respecting  the 


residence  requisite  for  Representatives,  and  they 
shall  bo  possessed  of  sonu*  free  property. 

'  74.  Natives  of  Spain  and  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  are  not  excluded  from  this  election, 
provided  they  were  in  Venezuela  at  the  time  of 
declaring  her  political  independence ;  that  they 
ac':.iowledged,  swore  allegiance  thereto,  and 
helped  to  sustain  it,  and  who  are  besides,  pos- 
sessed of  the  property,  and  can  prove  the  num- 
ber of  years  of  residence  prescribed  in  the  above 
article. 

'  75.  The  duration  of  their  functions  shall  be 
for  four  years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  the 
three  individuals  composing  the  Executive  Power, 
shall  be  replaced  in  the  same  manner  they  were 
elected. 

'  Sect.  II. — Election  of  the  Executive 
Power. 

'  76.  As  soon  as  the  electoral  meetings  have 
assen^bled,  on  November  15,  every  four  years, 
as  stipulated  by  Art.  22,  for  the  nomination  of 
Representatives,  and  that  this  has  been  eifected, 
the  following  day,  the  same  electors  shall  pro- 
ceed to  give  their  votes  in  writing,  or  verbally, 
for  the  persons  who  are  to  compose  the  Federal 
Executive  Power. 

'  77.  Each  elector  shall  name  three  persons, 
of  whom  one  at  least  shall  be  a  resident  of  an- 
other province,  and  not  of  that  in  which  he 
votes. 

'  78.  The  voting  being  ended,  and  the  exami- 
nation and  results  thereof  being  calculated,  and 
publicly  read,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  elec- 
tion of  the  Representatives,  the  lists  shall  then 
be  made  out,  particularising  the  persons  who  may 
have  voted  tor  the  members  of  the  Executive 
Power,  with  a  statement  of  the  number  of  votes 
each  has  obtained. 

'  79.  These  lists  shall  be  signed,  and  certified 
by  the  President,  Electors,  and  Secretary  of  the 
respective  meetings,  and  shall  be  then  remitted, 
inclosed  and  sealed,  to  the  President  for  the  time 
being  of  the  Senate  of  the  Confederation. 

'  80.  When  he  has  received  the  same,  he  shall 
ojien  the  whole  of  them  in  the  pre'ence  of  the 
Senate,  and  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
who  shall  be  assembled  together  to  count  the 
votes. 

'81.  Those  persons  who  may  have  received 
the  greatest  number  of  votes  to  be  members  of 
the  Executive  Power,  shall  be  considered  as 
elected,  if  that  same  number  constitutes  the  three! 


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[majorities,  of  the  total  of  the  electorn  present  in 
the  whole  nieetinifs  of  the  State,  but  if  no  person 
shall  have  received  this  decided  majority,  tlie 
nine  persons  shull  then  he  taken,  who  may  have 
obtained  tiie  greatest  number  of  votes,  of  whom 
by  ballot,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall 
choose  three  to  compose  the  ICxecutive  I'ower, 
and  those  shall  be  held  as  duly  elected,  whoha\e 
in  their  favour  a  majority  of  one  half  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  i  louse  present  at  the  election. 

'  82.  If  no  <me  has  obtained  this  majority,  the 
Secretary  shall  choose  by  ballot  three  of  the  six 
persons  who  may  have  obtained  njost  votes  in 
the  House,  and  those  shall  be  considt-red  as 
elected  who  may  have  got  most  votes  in  the  Se- 
nate. All  these  operations  of  the  Houses  shall 
be  complied  with  in  all  cases  in  which  either  one, 
two,  or  the  whole  three  may  not  have  obtained 
an  absolute  majority,  but  in  the  first  and  second 
instance,  a  double  or  triple  number  is  to  be  chosen 
to  that  (iesignated  for  the  whole  three,  and  so  in 
proportion. 

'  83.  A  descendant  in  a  direct  line,  brothers, 
an  uncle,  nephew,  cousins,  and  those  allied  to 
each  other  by  affinity  in  the  above  mentioned 
degrees,  cannot  at  the  same  time  be  members  of 
the  Executive  Power;  and  in  case  of  the  election 
of  two  relations  in  the  degrees  above  stated,  he 
shall  be  excluded  who  has  obtained  the  lowest 
number  of  votes,  and  in  case  of  an  equality,  lots 
shall  decide  the  exclusion. 

'  84.  In  summing  up  the  votes  of  both  Houses, 
the  person  who  shall  have  obtained  the  majority 
next  to  the  three  requisite  to  form  the  Executive 
Power,  shall  be  considered  as  elected  as  a  sub- 
stitute in  case  of  absence,  sickness,  death,  resig- 
nation, or  removal  of  any  of  the  members,  and  if 
two  should  obtain  a  parity  of  votes,  tlie  House 
shall  cast  lots  which  is  to  serve  in  the  above 
cases. 

'  85.  When  for  the  causes  above  stated,  any 
of  the  members  of  the  Executive  Power  should 
be  wanting,  and  the  substitution  as  stipulated  in 
the  above  article  should  take  place,  it  shall  be 
understood  that  he  is  legally  elected  as  substi- 
tute, who  has  obtained  in  the  elections  the  next 
majority  of  votes,  which  shall  be  equally  valid 
for  those  who  may  follow,  in  case  of  successive 
vacancies. 

'  Sect.  III. — Attributes  of  the  Executive 
Power. 
'  86.  The  Executive  Power  throughout   the 
whole   Confederation,  shall   have   the  supreme 


command  of  the  land  and  sea  force,  ami  of 
the  national  militia  when  in  tlie  M'r\ice  of  tiir 
State. 

'  S7.  It  is  authorized  to  ask,  and  all  the  prin- 
cipal oHioers  of  the  State  in  every  branch  are  ob- 
liged to  give,  every  information  the  former  may 
require,  in  writing  or  verbally,  i  elating  gcnernlly 
to  the  good  administration  of  the  State,  and  to 
the  discliarge  of  the  respective  trusts  lodged  with 
the  public  tunctionaries  of  every  class. 

'  88.  In  favour  of,  and  in  belialf  ol'  humanity, 
it  shall  have  power  to  pardon  ami  mitigate  the 
punishment,  notwithstanding  it  be  capital,  of 
State  crimes,  but  not  in  others ;  but  previously 
consulting  the  judicial  power,  who  is  to  be  made 
acquainted  wit^i  the  motives  of  poliliciil  conveni- 
ence, which  induce  the  Executive  to  do  it;  and 
the  pardon  or  change  of  punishment  are  only  to 
tak'j  place,  when  the  same  are  in  conformity  to 
the  opinions  of  the  judges  who  have  sat  on  the 
tria". 

'  ^9.  Only  in  cases  of  evident  and  notorious 
injustice,  such  as  mjiy  be  attended  with  irrepara- 
ble injury,  is  the  Executive  allowed  to  reject 
and  over-rule  the  opinion  of  the  Judicial  power; 
but  when  the  former  is  persuaded  that  these  opi- 
nions art  contrary  to  law,  the  objections  are  to 
be  stated  by  way  of  consultation  to  the  Senate 
when  assem))led,  or  to  the  Commissioners,  which 
the  latter  may,  at  its  recess,  have  left  authorized 
to  act  in  similar  cases. 

'  90.  The  Senate  or  its  delegates  in  these  con- 
sultations shall  be  as  judges,  and  pronounce 
thereon  definitively,  declaring  whether  or  not 
the  negative  of  the  Executive  is  to  counteract 
the  fulfilment  of  the  sentence,  which  in  the  latter 
case  is  to  be  immediately  executed ;  and  in  the 
first  it  is  to  be  referred  back  to  Judiciary,  who 
with  the  addition  of  two  members  elected  by  the 
Senate,  or  by  their  commission,  is  to  reconsider 
the  case,  and  reform  the  said  sentence. 

'  91.  But  if  the  sentence  shall  have  followed 
an  accusation  made  by  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, the  Executive  Power  in  that  case  can  only 
suspend  it  till  the  next  meeting  of  Congress,  to 
whom  then  alone  belongs  the  pardon  or  the  re- 
laxation of  the  punishment. 

'  92.  When  any  urgent  advantage  or  the  pub- 
lic security  demands  it ;  the  Executive  may  de- 
cree and  publish  general  indults  during  the  re- 
cess of  Congress. 

'  93.  By  previous  notice  being  given,  and  by 
the  counsel  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  sanctioned 
by  the  vote  of  two-third  parts  of  the  senators,  as-1 


VENEZUELA. 


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iimanity, 
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ipital,  of 
reviously 
be  made 
conveni- 
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»  only  to 
jiniily  to 
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notorious 
irrepara- 
to  reject 
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these  opi- 
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ironounce 
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the  latter 
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ted  by  the 
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f  scmbled  in  sufficient  nunil>er  to  form  n  constitu- 
tional sitting,  the  Executive  may  enter  into  trea- 
ties and  negociations  with  other  powers  and 
states  not  belonging  to  this  Confederation. 

<  94.  Under  the  same  conditions  and  requi- 
sites, it  is  also  authorised  to  name  ambassadors, 
envoys,  consuls,  ministers,  judges  of  the  high 
court  of  justice,  and  all  the  other  officers  and 
functionaries  in  the  government  of  the  State, 
who  may  not  be  expressly  indicated  in  the  con- 
stitution, pr  by  some  established  hw,  or  by  one 
that  may  in  future  be  established  by  Congress. 

'  93.  By  particular  laws,  the  latter  may  relieve 
the  Executive  and  the  Senate  of  the  troublesome 
task  of  nominating  the  whole  of  the  subaltern 
officers  of  government,  by  confiding  this  charge 
only  to  the  Executive,  to  the  courts  of  justice,  or 
to  the  heads  of  the  different  branches  of  adminis- 
tration, as  may  appear  most  convenient. 

'  96.  The  Executive  Power  must  likewise 
first  obtain  the  advice,  counsel  and  consent  of 
the  Senate,  in  order  to  grant  military  grades, 
and  other  honourable  remunerations,  compati- 
ble with  the  nature  of  government,  notwithstand- 
ing they  are  to  reward  warlike  acts,  or  important 
services,  and  if  these  compensations  are  pecu- 
niary, the  consent  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives must  be  previously  given. 

'  97.  But  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  the 
Executive  Power  is  authorised  to  fill  the  offices 
that  may  become  vacant,  granting  them  as  it  were 
by  commission,  till  the  next  session,  if  the  Senate 
does  not  assemble  before  that  period. 

'  98.  J  he  Executive  Power  is  authorised  by 
itself,  to  elect  and  name  the  persons  who  are  to 
serve  in  the  State  offices,  which  the  Legislative 
Power  may  have  considered  necessary  for  the 
dispatch  of  all  the  branches  of  the  Federal  Go- 
vernment ;  as  well  as  to  nominate  the  clerks  and 
functionaries  for  the  same,  provided  they  are 
citizens  belonging  to  the  Confederation,  but  if 
not,  it  is  to  consult  and  follow  the  opinion  and 
resolution  of  the  Senate  in  such  appointments. 

'  99.  As  a  consequence  of  this  faculty,  it  can 
also  remove  them  from  their  situations  when  it 
may  think  proper,  but  if  such  removal  does  not 
take  place  in  consequence  of  faults  and  misde- 
meanours, but  from  a  want  of  talent  and  ability, 
or  from  any  other  defect,  not  incompatible  with 
their  innocence  and  integrity,  it  ought  then  to 
recommend  the  former  merit  of  these  functiona- 
ries to  Congress,  that  they  may  be  remunerated 
and  competently  indemnified  with  other  situa- 
tions in  tne  service  of  the  nation. 

VOL.  V. 


'  Sect.  IV.— Duties  of  the  Executivl 
Power. 

•  100.  The  Executive  Power,  in  conformity 
to  the  laws  and  resolutions  which  on  various  oc- 
casions may  be  communicated  to  it  by  Congress, 
will  provide  by  every  '.neans  within  the  reach  of 
its  authority,  for  the  interior  and  exterior  secu- 
rity of  the  State,  directing  for  this  purpose  pro- 
cla'mations  to  the  towns  ot  the  interior,  as  well 
as  notifications,  orders,  and  whatever  may  be 
thought  necessary. 

'  ]01.  Notwithstanding  by  a  consequence  of 
these  principles,  the  Executive  is  authorised  to 
undertake  a  defensive  war,  in  order  to  repel  any 
sudden  attack ;  it  cannot  continue  the  same  with- 
out the  consent  of  Congress,  which  shall  be  as- 
sembled, if  not  then  sitting,  and  without  this  pre- 
vious consent,  the  former  nas  not  power  to  wage 
war  out  of  the  territory  of  the  Confederation. 

'  102.  Every  year  it  shall  lay  before  both 
Houses  of  Congress,  a  particular  statement  of  the 
situation  of  the  country,  with  regard  to  revenue, 
expences  and  resources,  pointing  out  the  reforms 
that  ought  to  be  made  in  the  brunches  of  public 
administration,  as  well  as  every  thing  else  that 
ought  to  come  under  the  consideration  of  the  two 
Houses,  but  without  presenting  the  projected 
forms  of  a  law,  drawn  up  and  worded  as  such. 

'  103.  It  shall  also  be  held  at  all  times  bound 
to  lay  before  the  Houses,  the  accounts,  intorma- 
tion  and  explanations,  which  the  latter  may  re- 
quire, reserving  only  those  which  for  the  moment 
are  not  to  be  published ;  and  in  similar  cases  the 
Executive  may  withhold  from  the  knowledge  of 
the  House  of' Representatives,  those  secret  trea- 
ties or  negociations  it  may  have  entered  into  with 
the  advice,  counsel  and  consent  of  the  Senate. 

'  104.  In  all  extraordinary  occurrences  the 
Executive  is  to  convene  Congress,  or  at  least 
one  of  the  Houses,  and  in  case  of  any  difference 
between  them  respecting  the  period  of  their  sum- 
mons, it  can  then  fix  the  time  of  assembling,  as 
stipulated  in  Art.  68. 

'  105.  It  ^hall  be  one  of  its  principal  duties  to 
watch  over  tlie  exact,  faithful,  and  inviolable  exe- 
cution of  the  laws,  and  for  this  as  well  as  every 
other  measure  devolving  on  its  authority,  it  may 
delegate  the  same  to  the  officers  and  functionaries 
of  the  State,  the  mo:  t  suitable  to  fulfil  so  im- 
portant an  obligation. 

'  106.  J'or  tne  same  purposes,  and   in   con- 
formity to  the  manner  which  m.iy  be  prescribed 
by  Congress,  tlic  Executive  Power  nuiy  comuiis- 
sion  agents  or  delegates  near  the  tribunals  and] 
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f courts  of  justice,  to  remonstrate  wifli  tliom  re- 
nnectiiii;  the  olwervance  of  the  legal  foriiiH,  and 
tne  exact  application  of  tlie  laws,  nefore  the  snitn 
are  closed  ;  communicating  to  Congress  the  re- 
forms that  may  be  considered  necessary,  from  the 
reports  of  these  commissioners. 

'  107.  The  Executive  Power,  as  chief  of  the 
State,  shall  be  authorised  to  receive  in  its  name, 
the  ambassadors,  envoys,  and  public  ministers  of 
foreign  nations. 

'  Sect.  V.  —  General  Dispositions  iiela- 

TIVE  TO  THE  EXECUTIVE  PoWEIl. 

*  108.  The  provincial  Executive  Powers,  or 
the  chiefs  char«;cd  with  the  government  of  the 
provinces,  shall  in  each  be  the  natural  and  im- 
mediate agents  of  the  Federal  Executive  Power, 
respecting  every  thing  that  by  the  general  Con- 
gress has  not  been  particularly  given  in  charge 
to  the  officers  employed  in  the  navy,  army,  and 
the  branches  of  the  national  finance  in  the  ports 
or  principal  places  of  the  provinces. 

'  109.  As  soon  as  ever  the  Executive  Power, 
or  any  one  of  the  members  thereof,  shall  be  ac- 
cused before  the  Senate,  and  convicted  of  trea- 
son, venality  or  usurpation ;  they  shall  be  imme- 
diately divested  of  their  functions,  and  subjected 
to  the  consequences  of  the  judgment,  stipulated 
in  Art.  58. 

CHAP.  IV.  —  Of  the  Judicial  Poicer. 
'  Sect.  I. — Nature,  Election,  and  Dura- 
tion OF  THIS  Power. 

'  110.  The  Judicial  Power  of  the  Confedera- 
tion shall  be  lodged  in  a  Supreme  Court  of  Jus- 
tice, resident  in  the  federal  city,  and  in  the  otiier 
inferior  tribunals  and  judicatures,which  Congress 
may  establish,  for  the  present,  in  the  territory  of 
the  union. 

'  HI.  The  ministers  of  the  Supreme  Couri  of 
Justice,  and  those  of  the  inferior  ones,  shall  be 
named  by  the  Executive  Power,  in  the  manner 
prescribed  in  Ait.  94. 

'  1 12.  The  Congress  shall  point  out  and  deter- 
mine the  number  of  ministers,  who  are  to  com- 
f)ose  the  Courts  of  Justice,  provided  those  elected 
)e  of  the  age  of  30  years  for  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  25  for  the  others,  and  that  they  possess  the 
qualities  of  residence,  respectability,  probity,  and 
are  lawyers  received  in  the  State. 

'113.  The  whole  of  them  shall  preserve  their 
offices  till  their  bad  conduct  may  render  them  in- 
capable of  retaining  them. 

'  I  It.  At  fixed  periods,  determined  by  law,  they 


shall  receive  for  this  service,  the  salaries  that 
may  be  assigned  them  ;  and  which  cannot  in  any 
manner  be  diminished,  as  long  as  they  fulfil  their 
respective  functions. 

'  Sect.  II. — Attributes  of  the  Judicial 
Power. 

'  1 13.  The  Judicial  Power  of  the  Confedera- 
tion shall  be  circumscribed  to  the  matters  con- 
fided thereto  by  the  latter;  viz.  all  the  litigious 
civil  or  criminal  questions  which  may  arise  from 
the  contents  of  this  Constitution — the  treaties 
and  negociations  carried  into  effect  under  its  au- 
thority —  every  thing  concerning  ambassadors, 
ministers,  and  consuls— matters  belonging  to  the 
Admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction — the  differ- 
ences in  which  the  Federal  State  may  have,  or 
form  part — those  which  may  arise  between  two 
or  more  provinces — between  a  province  and  one^ 
or  more  citizens  of  another— between  citizens  of 
the  same  province,  who  may  dispute  lands  granted 
by  different  provinces— between  one  province,  or 
citizens  thereof,  and  other  States,  citizens,  or 
foreign  vassals. 

'  116.  In  these  cases,  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Justice  shall  exercise  its  authority  by  appeal, 
according  to  the  rules  and  exceptions  prescribed 
by  Congress,  but  in  those  in  which  a  province 
bears  an  interested  part,  the  same  shall  in  that 
case  exercise  its  own  original  and  exclusive  au- 
thority. 

'  117.  All  the  ordinary  criminal  cases,  which 
may  not  belong  to  the  right  of  accusation  granted 
to  the  House  of  Representatives  by  the  44th 
article,  shall  be  tried  bv  juries,  as  soon  as  this 
criminal  system  of  legislation  may  be  established 
in  Venezuela ;  the  proceedings  whereof  shall 
take  place  in  the  same  province  in  which  the 
crime  was  committed  ;  but  when  it  has  occurred 
out  of  the  limits  of  tho  Confederation,  and  is 
against  the  law  of  nations,  the  Congress,  by  a  par- 
ticular law,  shall  determine  the  place  in  which  the 
trial  is  to  take  place. 

'  118.  The  Supreme  Court  ofjustice  shall  have 
the  exclusive  rignt  cf  examining,  approving,  and 
granting  diplomas  io  all  the  attornies  of  the  Con- 
federation, who  mr^y  have  proved  under  the  testi- 
mony of  their  respective  governments,  that  they 
have  performed  the  necessary  courses  of  studies ; 
and  those  who  may  in  this  manner  obtain  them, 
shall  be  authorized  to  practise  throughout  the 
whole  of  the  same,  even  where  there  may  be 
colleges  of  lawyers,  whose  exclusive  privileges  to 
practise  are  hereby  annulled ;  and  they  shall  also] 


VENEZUELA. 


l!»o 


[liavc  tlic  rijyht  of  being  elected  to  any  of  the 
nllU'cs  and  coininiHHions  belonfi;ing  to  their  pro* 
fcsHJon,  the  above  titles  beinj?  previously  i)rc- 
sriited  to  the  executive  power  of  the  union,  be- 
fore tlie  said  right  is  exercised,  in  order  to  re- 
crivo  the  necessary  warrant ;  which  form  shall 
also  be  observed  by  those  lawyers  who  having 
been  received  out  of  Venezuela,  may  there  wisli 
to  practise  their  profession. 

CHAP.  Y.— Of  the  Provinces. 
Sec.  I. — Limits  of  the  Authority  of  f-acii. 

'  1 19.  No  particular  province  shall  be  allowed 
to  exercise  any  act  which  may  belong  to  tlie  attri- 
butes granted  to  Congress,  and  to  the  Executive 
Power  of  the  Confederation  ;  nor  to  make  any 
law  that  may  affect  the  general  contracts  of  tlio 
same. 

'  120.  Consequently,  neither  two  nor  more 
provinces  shall  be  allowed  to  form  alliances,  or 
confederations  amongst  themselves ;  nor  to  con- 
clude particular  agreements  without  the  consent 
of  Congress,  and  in  order  to  obtain  the  same,  they 
are  to  specify  thereto  the  object,  terms,  and  dura- 
tion of  all  such  agreements,  or  particular  con- 
ventions. 

'  121.  Neither  can  they  without  the  same 
requisites  and  consent  of  Congress,  raise  or  main- 
tain troops,  or  vessels  of  war  in  time  of  peace, 
nor  set  on  foot  or  conclnue  contracts,  stipulations, 
or  agreements  with  any  foreign  power. 

'  122.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  them,  without 
the  same  previous  requisites  and  consent,  to 
estal)lish  tonnage,  import  and  export  duties,  on 
foreign  trade  in  their  respective  ports,  or  on  the 
interior  and  coasting  trade ;  for  it  is  the  duty  of 
the  general  laws  of  the  union,  to  endeavour  to 
render  the  same  uniform  in  the  freedom  of  every 
kind  of  restraints,  that  may  aft'ect  tlie  jji-osperity 
of  each. 

'  123.  Without  the  same  requisites  and  con- 
sent, it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  them  to  undertake 
any  war  that  is  not  purely  defensive,  and  in  case 
of  a  sudden  attack,  imminent  danger,  or  the  cer- 
tain dread  of  some  assault ;  giving  immediate 
notice  to  the  Federal  Government  of  all  sinular 
occurrences,  jn  order  that  it  may  make  timely 
provision  against  the  same. 

'  124.  In  order  that  the  particular  laws  of  the 
provinces,  may  in  no  wise  counteract  those 
enacted  by  the  Confederation,  they  shall  at  all 
times  be  previously  submitted  to  the  judgment  of 
the  Congress,  before  thej-  have  their  full  force 
and  effect  in  their  respective  departments ;  it 
being  however  lawful  to  carry  them  into  execu- 


tion, in  the  mean  time  that  they  arc  revised  by 
Congress.  , 

Sec.  II. — llEOii'noc\L  CoanEspoNDENcu  we- 
tween  each. 

•  125.  All  public  acts  of  every  kind,  as  well  as 
judicial  sentences,  sanctioned  by  the  authorities, 
magistrates,  and  judges  of  one  province,  shall  re- 
ceive full  credit  and  belief  in  all  the  others,  in 
conformity  to  the  general  laws  which  Congress 
may  estal)lish  for  the  uniform  and  invariable 
effects  which  are  to  accompany  similar  docu- 
ments. 

*  12G.  Every  freeman  of  one  province,  who 
may  not  be  known  as  a  >  agrant,  or  marked  by 
some  public  criminality,  shall  in  all  the  others, 
enjoy  all  the  rights  of  a  free  citizen  thereof; 
and  the  inhabitants  of  one  shall  have  fvvo  ingress 
and  egress  from  the  rest,  and  shall  enjoy  therein 
all  the  advantages  and  benefits  of  their  industry, 
commerce,  and  tuition,  subjecting  themselves  to 
the  laws,  imposts,  and  restrictions  of  the  district 
in  which  they  may  be  ;  provided  that  these  same 
laws  arc  not  opposed  to  the  transfer  of  any 
property,  introduced  into  one  province,  for  any 
of  the  others,  the  owners  thereof  may  wish. 

'  127.  The  provinces,  at  the  requisition  of  the 
respective  Executive  Powers,  shall  reciprocally 
deliver  up  to  each  «>ther,  all  p<'rsons  accused  of 
state  crimes,  robbery,  murder,  or  other  capital 
offences,  who  may  have  taken  refuge  therein,  that 
they  may  i)e  trieil  by  the  provincial  authority  to 
whom  the  same  Ix  longs. 

Sec.  III. — Successive  increase  of  the  Con- 
federation. 

'  128.  As  s  ion  as  the  province  of  Coro,  Mara- 
caibo,  and  (limyana,  from  the  oppression  under 
which  they  now  Inbour,  are  able  and  desirous  of 
beinn;  united  to  the  confederation,  they  shall  be 
admitted  to  the  same,  without  the  forced  separa- 
tion, in  which  in  spite  of  themselves  and  us,  they 
have  been  kept,  making  any  difference  in  the 
principles  of  equality,  justice,  and  fraternity, 
which  they  shall  enjoy  from  that  time,  the  same 
as  the  other  provinces  of  the  union. 

'  129.  In  like  manner,  and  under  the  same 
principles,  shall  be  admitted  and  incorporated, 
any  other  of  the  provinces  of  the  Columbian  con- 
tinent, (before  Spanish  America)  wliicii  may  be 
desirous  of  uniting  therewith,  under  (lie  necessjviy 
conditions  and  guarantees,  in  order  to  strcr.gthen 
tlie  luiioii  by  the  addition  ami  connexion  of  their 
integral  parts. 

'  130.  Notwithstanding  the  cognizance,  exami-] 
c  c2 


V  f 


s  !;i 


pi 


ill 


^^i^ 


If 


(•»;} 


I? 


i>>it 


V  r.  N  i:  / 1 1  r,  i,  \ 


KiliiM"  (l\iH  mm  liiMi'  \\\\\  irliMton  llirrt<lt«,  »<< 
ilii-Mi'U  l<r)itiiii'.  Ill  )lir  milliiinlt  ol  (  uniiti'X'i, 
ilni  inu  (III-  (tun-  i>(  »(■<  tci  rx'i,  lid'  l'',M'nili»  i<  l*(i«i'i 
i«  iinl'ii'i  I  'I'll  In  piiiinoir  mill  iln  v\v\  \  ^\^\»t^  iImH 
t\\{\\  roitli  ilinir  4i<  |Im<  |ir<>t(ii'<<M  nl  llic  tinttin, 
iiiiili'i  till'  ii'fiiiliHiKitx  nluilniim  lii<  |tti<Hi'iilti'il  liv 

•  r<l  ll  'il<M  i'>rlii'.M('I\  lii'lolljc*  Ik  lllc  lillli'l 
li«  rot(iilini'  lilt'  I'lM  iiiititiMt  (II  •"'liililoliiiirnl  ii|  ni'i« 
|Mo^  lUi  I'",  in  ilir  I 'iii\(iMlni(liiin,  Mliclhri  il  ln>  In 
i\  \\\\\*\o\\  iil'llii*  t*M'Mliii'\  oroiit',  HI  )<>  ll«i>  union 
o1l«ii(ii  niini'.  iM  iilinni-  t>l  iin>  ol  llii<in  ;  Itnl 
llli"  i"ilHM»H|\nii'Hl  llii  lent  iliull  not  lie  )'on--iil*'l'i'il 
n-  ililiniiMrU  t.lllril,  lill  llio  mroiil  iiml  i  on-unl 
ol'lld  l"on);iT'^'-  !■■  oliiumoil.  iit  «i'll  U'.  ol  lllo  pro 
<  iiic«>«  u\loit'«lr<l  in  lln-  iinno\iilion  or  iln  i^ion 

'  l.'iV  ('onm-*'--';  «||iill  iiKo  lime  «ln<  |»ii«ri  lo 
iJi»po««"  ol  nil  l.iniK  \\\u\  y\<\\\i'\i\  lirloonin.n  In 
ifio  Sinir,  nnili'\  llio  ln\»'>,  o'^nlnlionM,  luiil  onli 
n:M\(  OS  \(  Im  I\  ll  iiinx  I'oi  in  Tin  llio  'iinir  .  |<io«iilril 
lliiil  no  |\ul  ol  llir  1  iin-.iiinlion  I't  nllotnl  oi 
intovjMiMoil    v.i    Us    lo    ii\|ni>'  iho  conoinl    iiiiliN 

o 


lii'MiHliHiMi"),  uliiill  |Mii|i)ini',   itiiil  iiii|ijiii«|lv  iinil 
III  i|iioriillt    ti|i|iiiMi<,  III  iiiM    irliinni  Ol    iiltoiii 
lioii'i  nliiili  Hum    hum   i  mi'iiiloi    mi'ii'imhiv  In  tlil'i 
loiMliliilinii,  III Mill'  iliiill  iIh'ii  lit-  liclil  iiM  niliil, 

tlllil  llli'liri'liil  lllllll  Dnill  jiilll   llll'li'iil' 

'  l.'lii  >\  lii'llit'i  llt)>  trrmiii  iiiiMlniili'M  iillli 
llio  roiiKrcMM  III  Willi  llii'  lii'iii'iliiliiri'N,  (lie  iiili 
rioi  'iiiliiiiilli'il  III  II  loliiMii  iliiill  ii'iiiiiiii  ill  llii'ii 
l\ill  I'oiri'  iinil  xiuoiii,  lill  mil'  III'  till'  liiiilii'<< 
iiiillioi i/Tit  lo  lliiit  I'lli'i  I,  ilitill  liiMi'  ii|i|iiiit  I'll  III 
mill  Miiiirlionnl  llir  iilli'i iiliiiii  |ii ii|iimi'il  li\  llif 
ollii'i,  ill  itii'  iniiiiiii'i'  |iM>mrilii'il  in  |Ih<  |iri  ri'ilinu 
iiiliili' 

n  I  \  r   \  1 1 .     S„n,il,m  or    Itolijknthn  of  Ihr  (  \mi  . 

'  ll?  Till' |ii'o|ilo  III' I'liili  |iiiiviiiri',  Im  iiii'iiii'i 
oT  )iiii  Innliii  ini'i'linii  I,  i'\|iii'M>Jt  roiMrliril  I'm 
lllo  |iiii |iii<ii',  m  lliioii!(li  lill-  m»nn  ol' llirir  ili-i 
Iriil  I'li'iloi-i,  i'oilrliisi«i'l>  iiiillimi^ril  In  lliiil 
I'lVi'il.  Ol  Im  IIio  Miiro  ol'  Itii'ii  )iiiiorliiiil  inli'ii, 
mIioiiiim  liiMo  liiiini'il  llio  |iiiiiiiii\  iii)>i'liii){<i  liir 
llio  I'li'i'lioii  ol'  ri'ini'Mi'iiliiiixi'M,  uliiill  Miili'iniilv 
iiioiiliinomm  \ 


|H|'  i\\f  I'liion,  Ol  lill-  pnilirnlni-  oiiox  ol"  llio  jno       i'\|iiomi  (lioii  Uio  iiinl 'Himiliini'onmvill,  In  iiri'i'|ii 
\in>-i's  lojorl,  or  lo  inoilil'x  \,\\f  n  liolo  m  |iiiil  ol'llii'i  ton 


'^liliilimi. 


\\        W 


I    VI    M    (ll    \H  \\  VIM' 


or   viir 


>  \  Ni   I  V    I  O    I    \(   II  O  VIII  11 


I'lio  '    IMS    Till'   ihi'mi'iiI    rmi'ililnlioii,    in    oiilrr  lo 

ri'i'i'ixo  llii'if  iip|i|ol>iilion,  liritifi  ii'iiil  lo  llio  roi 
'    l.'Vf    Tl  >    jjimoiiiiikmH  of  llio  union   >iOiiiii*'<       |>oiiilioiii  nn  li  |iiim  iininl  )io\i'iiiinoiil   iiiiiv   iirivo 

iiii'ii'il    lo  III'   I'm  moil,  in   I'linl'mmilv  lo  llio  |iio- 


mill 


Minvrtnt,    1 


lo  III 


10  piH>\ mil's 


llio  roiin  oC iliiil 


oi^piililii'.-in  !^^>^o\nm^'nl  «lui'li  oiuli  mii\  nilo|il  ii'iliii);  iiiliili"  ;  llio  •iiiino  lii'iii<i  olitiiiiiril,  lo^oiliri' 
toi  llio  iiitaMiiisitaiion  ol'  iw  iloniosii,-  loiuoin*  .  «illi  llio  moililiriiiioim  iiml  iilli'iiilimiu  uliirli  iiiiiy 
I>nl  <«  iilioui  muMiM  ins;  ol'iin^  jin^Mitiinl  lonshin  oriiii  Im  ii  plinnlih  or^olo'i.  llio  oliioi'viiiiro 
li.^i^  mIhiIi  mio  l>o  opi'osoil  lo  llio  lilioinl  iiiiil  llionol'  slmll  In- s.iloiiinl\  'mioiii;  iiiiil  m  illiin  llio 
I'oN' pniiiii'los  o^|-o|^^^'s,^^^|,■^^lon  lioii'iiiionlmiioil,  lliinl  iIim  .  llii">  '»!iiill  |iiiiroi'il  In  luiiiio  llioir  ro- 
j«n>l  >»ul\oni  al  ;iu>  limo  I'onscnlins;  llinl  mi>  s|n'iii\,>  rniirlioniii  ii'i  lo  lill  (lio  iiiinori  rrniloil 
■>lhi-\  ('>>vm  or>j\><o\nmon<  l>o  osinMisli(>,|  ilirontili        h\  llio  iiiilioiiiil  i'0|ii'oui'iiliilion,  «lii«'li  rlioiro  hIiiiII 

III    nil    r:is(w   li(<    miiilo   l>\     llio    I'lorloi'H   iilrniily 
linloil  onl. 

I'l".    riio  ii'siillx  ol'liolli  oiioiiilioiiM  hIiiiII,  liy 


It  tli<<  «lii>lo  oil! 


llOll 


iMiiiion 


r 


'      \^i        ll     ;l|sO    iMnliinis    lo    llio    s;ml    piHMIIIlOs, 

thoiv  itvipi^v  mI  iilvm  mill  imiopiMiiloiii  o.  \i\  lliiil 

\\K\t  ol'lhoiisoxon'ijjnM  «Iii«'IhI>o\  Ii;m  o  n»soi\  o«I      llio  ios|io«liM<   ninniiipiililioN,  1»o  coiniiinnii'iiloi 


to  thi 


om>iiMM^s      iUhl.  «?ion   ius|   iiiiil  nooo^-iiiv 


v\ .  il       to  llio 


t<o>(>|-iiiiioiil  orilioi'orro4|imiilinH'  i 


iiriM  ini'i'. 


III 


«»U  jMotiVi  an>l  iii.l  o;i.  ll  ono  ol'ihotn  .iijainsi  nil       in   onlor   lliiil    llio   «iimo  lioin^   liiiil  lioloro  ('« 
in>  :xsions  or  >lom<'slii-  \  loloni'o,  «  illi  tlio  plonitiiii 


of 


1^ 


>\or  .'in<l  foivo  « 


iliii'h 


im»>   Iv  ooni 


.a 


!<ro 


mIioii   iisxonililoil,  llio    litllor 


(i.loi?  to  It.      tlioii>on. 


niiiy 


(liM'iili 


for    tbo    ]>ivsor>ation   of  tho  i>vn(M-;il  p«Nt«v  nuil  '    Ml>.    I'lio  pro\  iiui»)  wliiili  iniiv  l>o  iiimvIv  in 

soonnt>.  Mhon«^\oi-  tho  siiino  «Kt>  l>o  t"oipni-i>ii  oC  oorporatoil   .o  llio  conloilonilioii,  hIiiiII,  ii(  ii  pro- 

li  b>  tho  ri-o>  inoiaH  onis|;itiii>>.  or  1>\  ih(>  I-aoiii-  poi  timo.  ioiiipl\  Milli  llioso  loriniiliiiox  ;   iiiiil  mil 

(i\(-   Pon-i^r.  in  onso  t!\^  I'ornii  i   is  not   ii-^siMnMoil  « itlisijnulinfi  lliov  inin  no!  lor  lli(>  ptosonl,  muoil 

nn.i  o.iimot  K<^  .-otn  oiioil  Im  poMoifiii  iiiul  "insiiponililoi'iiiisoH,  liiivo  I'lillilloil 

tlio  sanio.  il  sliiill  nol  novorllioloKs  lio  iin  olmliiclo 

I  H  \r    \  I       Rni.^ii!  f}>><i  .V. /i'''»  i^i'tht'  (Wis'tiiN-  ajjainsl  fnliin'iinnoMilion.  mIioiumoi' llioiri^ovoin 


tt>». 


inonl>i  ma\  liomaiu 


I  (h 


«'  stimo 


liv 


('OlnilllHSIIIIHM'K 


1S,V    I; 


»M-ir 


xiboivin  l«vi  thif.ls  ofoat'h      or  iloli'sato*  lo  Consiross.  ivlion  iissonibloil,  or  lo 


M  tho  Ho»s«^s  of  tVnuTos*.  or  ol  \\o  rr.niiuial      <!u'  K\oinili\o  l'o«or.  tUirinit  ils  rocosM. 


V  i:  IN  I'./  II  i:  I.  A 


H>7 


Mil  U'    \'lll       Uh[lih  i>l    Dfiin.iihiih  ,1)1    til  hi 

rill  lit  I'l  till    '''"'• 
Hi  I     I       Sii\  I  iii'iMMi  V  1)1-  Hii-  1*1  mil 

•  Ml.  An<i  •iD'ii  liini'  Im'I'Ii  iiMiMliltiti'il  tiidi 
micii'tVi  llu'V  Imivi'  (I'Iiimiiii)'iI  (IiiiI  iiiiliiiitlt'il  iiimI 
iJiciilloiiM  lilii'itv  )••  «fl))ili  (Iti'V  tviir  I'IImIIv  Ifil 
liV  tlli'il  |iii'i>iitilH,  il  lii'liin  iiitlv  iMlii|ilrtl  III  II 
HiniiKi' 'iliilf        rill- ("iliilili'iliiiHtil  III   Mill  illy  |mi< 

iiM|l|ttiMI"l    till-    ll-IIMIII  illddll    III     tlll'MI<    Ditlll     liullt'l, 
th (|lll><iti<lll      lit       IlllirlU      llllllf      'ItVII't     llll'l     |HI 

I  ilir,  III    «vi'll   IH  It    MlllijiMlliill    til  ll'llllili    lilHtllill 
•lllliru 

■    M^     'I'lif  Mill  illl    i'iilil|iMi  t  iti'i  mix  III  I'lirli   ill 
iliMiliiiil  till' t'liiiivMii'iit  mill  |Mi>i>iiMMiiiii  III  hiM  iiiii- 
iii'itt,  tvilliiiiil  ili'liiiiM-iil  til  III)*  iikIiI  (vliirliiillii'iii 
iimv  liitM'  III  tlii'ii'i. 

'    M.'l.    i\  Miiiii'ly  III' ini'ii  iiiiitiil  iiiiilri  till' Miiiiii' 
liMVM,    iiiwIiiiiiM,   mihI    Hiivi'iiiinfiil,   till  III    II    Miivo 
iriunlv 

'  ill  'I'lif  Hiivi'ii<ii(iilv  <>r  II  riiiiiilrVi  '"  llx' 
Mii|iii<iiir  |iiini'i  III'  ii-uiitiilinK  mill  i'i|iiiliililv  ill 
ii'ililiK  till'  iiili'ii"<lu  III  III''  roiiiMiiiiiilv,  llii'ii'l'iM' 
rMxi'iitiiillv,  mill  iiriniiiitllv,  H'miiIim  in  llii<  k''))|'MiI 
iMiHM  nlilM  iiiliiiliilmilH,  mill  iu  I'Hi'iriHiil  liy  imiiiiim 
III  llii'ii  i'iii|iii4Vi'ii'il  iiki'IiIh  III  ii'|iii'HMiliilivi'M, 
Miiiiii'il  mill  rMliililiMlii'il  ill  niiiliiiiiiily  In  ||m<  inn 
fililiilinii. 

'  I  i'l  Nil  iiiili\  iiliiiil,  nil  I'miiily,  iin  |iiiiliiiti  ni 
riMiliinii  ni'riti/i'iiM,  iin  |imliriilm  rni  |iiiiiilinii,  nn 
tntyii,  lily,  III  iliMliii'l,  mImiII  iilliilinlo  in  ilm'H' 
till-  Nnyi'li'iniily  nl'llii'  Mmjily,  tvlilrli  ini|iii"4i  ii||. 
lilili',  iiiitilii'iiMJili',  mill  iiiilivi'iilili'  III  iIm  fMHi>ii('f> 
mill  III iKtn  ;  mill  im  |iciMnii  uliiili'yri- ulmll  i'iu'I' 
till'  miy  |tnlilii  I'mnlinit  ni  |(nvi'iiiiiii<iil,  iiiiIimm  |i«> 
llllH  nitillilli'll  it  liy  III*'  rnllMlillllinll. 

'  I  III.  Till'  iiiHMi'iliiiliM  mill  nlllii'iM  nl'  i;nvi>rii 
iiii'hl,  iiMi'Mliil  uilli  miy  Mjiirii'M  nl  milliniily, 
I'illii'i'  ill  till'  lir(;iM|iilivi',  I'lm  riilivi',  ni  .liiiliinil 
ili'|imtliiiillu,  mi>  nlinllKi'iiMi'lHi',  iiii'ic  iii/i'iiIh  mill 
ii>|iii>Mi<illilli\i-Hnl'llli'  lirn|ilr  ill  llin  IiiimIiiiiih  liny 
i'\i'iriHi<,  mill  mi'  ill  nil  liiiii'M  ri'N|inii>iilili>  in  llu'in 
till  llii-ii  |iiilili(  rniiiliicl,  llirnii^li  Ilir  li<|(ii|  iiml 
riiiixlilnlinnnl  rlimiiicli. 

'  117  I'Ai'iy  rili/,i'ii,  uilliniit  iliMliinlinii,  liim  ii 
il|>lil  In  llir  (Mlliiir  «>iii|ilnyiiM>iilH,  in  ||ii<  inmiiifr 
iiiiil  iiiiili'r  llir  riniiiM  mill  rniiilitiniiM  ini'miiltiil  liy 
Iimv;  IIk-  hiiimi'  linl  liriiiv  tin- <<>irlimivc  |iin|ii'ily 
iii'miv  |iiii'liriilm'  iIiimh  nl  ini'ii  ;   iiiiil  nn  iniin,  rnr- 

|iiii'iilinii,  nr  Hiirii'ly  nl' iiirii,  hIiiiII  Iiiivi- miy  nllici'      In- nlili|(i'il   In   (In  iiiiy  Miiii<r,    lli.il    m   nnl   tfi'ri  liy 
lilli',  Mliiri'liy  In  nliliiin  iiilyiiiilii((rH  nr  |iiirli(nlm      iin-Hirilifil. 
I'oiisiilrriiliniiM  (liHlinrl  I'mni  nlliciH,  in  tin-  cliniM' 


'  I  |H  'I'li^Mi'  iiiiiiiK  lilli'M  lifiii^  linwi'vi-i  in  nn 
IviNi'  lii'ii'ililiii  y  liy  niitllii'.ni  li  iil|Miiii.Miili||.  In  llir 
•iiiliii,  ili'Mi  I'iiiIiiiiIm,  III  In  nllii'i  H'liillniiN  liy  lilnnil, 
Mil'  iili'ii  III' II  iiiiin  lii'iii(i  liiDii  II  iiimi(|m|iiiIi',  li'^iM 
liiI'M  ,  jiiilui',  Miililii'i,  III  I'liiii  liniiiii  y  III  liny  kiinl, 
in  liliMiiiil,  iinil  rniiliiiiy  In  nillilli' 

'  I  I'l  'I'lii'  liMv  i'l  llii'  I'li'i'  «'ii|iri'xMinii  (if  llii' 
iri'iiciiil  tvill,  (11  III'  Hie  inii|niily  nt  llic  (iti/i  iim, 
inilinili-il  IIiiiiiikIi  IIh-  hikiiii  nl  Hun  llinrcK  n 
liilivc'i  li'Kiilly  I  nii'^'liliili'il  II  |m  ulmi  Iniinili'  I 
nn  jihilii  I'  mill  iniiininn  iililily ,  iiiiil  i'l  In  |irnli'i  I 
|iillilii  mill  ililllvlililiil  lilii'ily  ii|(miml  n|i|iii  .i.;i<,ii 
mill  vinli-ncc 

'  I'll!  All  IK  Im  ciiCK  InciI  ii|riiiiii|  miy  |i('|.iiin, 
(lilt  III'  llic  dim  "I  mill  I  niiliiii  y  In  tlic  Iniiiii  wIik  li 
llic  I  iiv  (li'li  riiiini  M,  iiic  iiiii|iiil(iii>i .  mid  il  liy  ltif> 
Niiiiif  liny  ii>iiii|i  llii'  I  iiiimIiIiiIiiiiiiiI  iiiillinrily  nr 
llii'  lilii'ily  nl  llic  (i(ii|ili  ,  llicy  mIhiII  he  iliicmcil 
lyiminii  III. 

'   Hri  I    II       Itiniiii  nr  M  *  v  iv  Huitviv 

'    I'll      Till'   (ili|('(  I    III'  'III!  ii'ly.  IM    llic  I'dii  ily  lit 
nil;     mill    Kiivciniiii'iili    Inivc  luicn    iri'tliliilcil   In 
MCi'iiic  inmi  ill   llic  ■iiiiiic,    liy    |iiiil('i  liii((  llic  iiriic 
liniiilinii  nl' liiM   |iliy>iiiiil  mill   niiiniMiii  iilli<"i,   m 
(l('iiMili|{  llic  uiilicic  nl'lii-i  ('ii|nyMii'iih(,  iMKJ  nlilmn 
inii  I'm  liiiii,  IIk-  iiinxl  iic^l,  miil  luiiii-t  v<iiti\\f  nl 
lii'i  ii^lili. 

'  I  »''.  'I'liCMC  ii^lil'i  iiif,  lilicrly.cijiiiilily,  iii(lit 
nr|ii(i|icily  mid  Mciiirily. 

'  I'l.J  l/ilicily  hi  llic  I'liMilty  nl' (Iniiiii;  (vry 
lliillK  lliiil  ilncH  linl  iii|iitc  III''  iii'liii  III'  nllur 
inillviililiilM,  (II  llic  linily  nf  .inf  nly,  vvlinic  liifiil<i 
inn  nnly  lie  ilclcrniini'il  liy  IIk-  Iiiw,  f'nr  nlliir wi-'/' 
llicy  vvniild  liccninc  mliilniry,  iiiiil  riiifiniM  In 
lilicily  iImcII'. 

'  1^1.  I'i(|iiiilily  cniHi'ilM,  in  lliiil  IIk'  Inw  m  lli«' 
Hiinic  I'nr  till  I  ili/ciiH  il  i-i  wliiil  iimiiimIicm  nii'l  wli<il 
lirnlci  Im  ;  il  ni-illicr  l<iinw-i  llic  iIi-iIim'  linn  nl  InrMi, 
iinr  llic  inlici  iliiiKC  nl'iinwcr. 

'  \'i:r  l'rn(icrly,  H  llic  rn(lil  vvliii  li  (iicli  ('fijny.* 
nf  ilii|iiminK  nf  llic  (rnniU  wlmli  lii'  iiiiiy  inw/i- 
nlilitincd  liy  liin  liiliniir  mid  indiHlry 

till'  U i  ■  t  Ml  .  1 


Mcciirily,    ci(i.<l-i   Ml    llic   i/iii>rnihf 


iiid 
rri 


■  i.Mi  ni'ciiriiy,  cxhh  mi  inc  ti;ii;ir:ifiicc  .im 
nrnlcclinii  wliicli  ■<n(i"(y  i^ivim  tn  ciii  h  (,1  it<  i(i#rri 
liciM,  willi  r^toiid  In  llic  |irc-ici  viituKi  nf  lli'ir  \i>t 
MoiH,  ri|(lilM,  iiiiil  |irn|icrti('>i. 

'    I'll.    Il   Mliiill   nnl   lie   liivvfnl    l.'»    liiridir    iiny 
lliiiil^   lint    |iriiliil-ileil   liy    hiw,  mid  nn   nri''   ■dnill 

lii<  iililnri'll     Ifi     /III    iiiit/    Itiiiif/       lli.il     1.1     ii/.l     lk/.i*i>(k 


I  I 

II 


n 


'  l.'<H,  Ncillier  (nn  Hie  i  ili/#  in  tie  rc(  ririiinHled, 
nl'  iillirrM,  uliirli  iiiiiy  (iiimliliilc  a  |iiilili('  ciirecr,  ficcimcd,  held  in  iinlndy.  iinr  det;iiricd,  i-xfi-^,ti,.iir 
cxri'ptiii^;  IImihc  wliicli  i»iiy  miHC  i'rnin  ^crvi(<-H  in  llie  cimc^  mid  inmiiKT  dcl('riiiiii('d  liy  l;iw  n,(\ 
(o  \\w  Sliitc.  lie  wlin  may  iii'  ile.  »((di(  il,  iisue,  miW.rilx',  i-xc-  I 


I*!'- 


uu\ 


V  I'N  i:/IJ  R  I.  A. 


M 


It) 


( ciilr,  «r  riiiiw  lo  l>p  (>xoni(iMl,Hiliitr«i'v  onlor-^  <»r 
ik'Im,  sliiill  In<  |)iiniM|i«<tl :  Ixit  i<M>rv  nli/.ni  hIio 
iimv  Ix'  ciillnl  iiiioii,  or  ii|)|irolH<iiil«Ml  liv  virliic  iil' 
till'  Iimv,  oiiKitt  iiiNliintIv  (o  <iIn<v,  lor  li«>  Imt  much 
nilpiiltlv  hv  ivsiNtiiiu-o. 

'  l.')<>.  I''.\i<rv  |M<rNoii  hIihII  I»o  |iri'MiiiiH>il  iiino- 
riMit,  (ill  III*  \u\<*  Immmi  (Iri'liiri'd  Kuiltv  in  cniirorinil  v 
lo  4li(>  Iiiwh;  iinil  it' in  tlii>  incaii  (iinoil  nIioiiIiI  I)(< 
(lioiif];lil  iii'COMNiu'v  to  HiM-nri*  liini  prrMoiiallv.  nil 
sovorilv  llitil  "iii.v  iiol  Ih>  I'MmMitiully  lUH'OsHiiry  (o 
(liiM  i'ikI,  is  to  In>  sn|)|)rosM<>il. 

'  Kit).  No  |)erKoii  hIihII  Im>  jiuI^^imI,  or  <*oii 
ilfinix-d,  to  tli(<  NiilViM'iiiioo  of  liny  piiiiiHlitnoDt  in 
triiniiiiil  niiittorx,  till  hHim'  Iio  Iiiih  Immmi  IcmiiIIv 
lioiinl.  KviM'v  oni>  in  Niniilnr  ciimom,  sIiiiII  liiiyi* 
llio  right  ot'ilomiimiinK  tli«  motive  of  (lii<  iirrnNii- 
tioii  iittrniptod  Hi(ainH(  liiin,  and  to  luivo  know- 
lodgi'  of  its  i)atnr«< :  to  ho  rontVonti>d  a^;ninMt  his 
ariiistM's  and  o|)|)on«Mit  uitnosscH  ;  to  prorlnco 
olJMM'i*  in  liis  llnonr,  as  mdl  as  ovorv  oilier  prool' 
lliat  may  l>o  I'avonrahle  to  liis  cause,  witliin 
\)roper  periods,  either  Ity  means  of  himsell',  liy 
powers,  or  l»v  an  attorney  of  his  own  choice  ;  but 
no  person  shall  be  compelled  or  forced  in  any 
cause,  to  gi\e  testimony  au;aiiis|  himself,  nor 
aitainsl  direct  or  cidlateral  relations  to  the  fourth 
civil  grade  of  consanguinity,  and  the  second  of 
a  Din  ity. 

'  l(>l .  Congirss  shall,  with  all  possible  brevity, 
esla))lir-li  b\  law  and  at  full  length,  the  trial  by 
juries,  for  criminal  and  ci\il  cases  to  which  the 
Slime  is  commonly  applied  by  other  nations  •. 
together  with  all  the  forms  of  proc(>*<diiig  therein  : 
and  it  shall,  at  the  same  time,  maki*  the  declara- 
tions belonging  to  this  place,  in  favour  of  liberty 
and  personal  seciirilv,  that  thev  ina\  I'orm  part  of 
this  Tonstitiition,  and  lie  «>bservtHl  tliroiighoiit  the 
y»hole  State 

'  Ki'J.  I'iVery  nersoii  has  the  right  of  lH>ing 
secure  «>f  not  sntVering  an>  search,  impiesl,  <»xa- 
inination.  or  irregular  and  unlaw  t'nl  sei/.nre  of  his 
person,  house,  or  property  :  and  any  order  of  a 
nKigi>trat(<  to  examine  siispici«)iis  places,  (without 
tlie  probability  of  soiin<  grievous  act  requiring 
the  same)  anu  not  expressly  designating  the 
said  places  :  or  ti»r  the  seizure  of  mie  or  more 
piMsoii'^.  or  tlieir  property,  without  naming  the 
same,  anil  indicating  ttu>  nu>ti>es  of  sncli  proce- 
dure, together  «i(li  tlie  prexioiis  testimony  and 
sworn  deposition  of  credilable  persons,  sliall  be 
held  as  contrary  to  llu>  abuxt-  right,  dangerous  to 
liberlv.  and  unlaw  till  to  issue. 

'  l().'i.  The  house  of  e^eiy  citizen  is  an  inviola- 
ble sanctuary.  No  t>ne  has  any  right  to  enter 
tiieroin,  e.xcepting  in  causes  of  fire,  iuundalion,  or 


on  aid  being  demnnded  tliorefrnin  ;  or  wlieii  an^ 
criminiil  pr<H-eediiiKN  take  place  in  eonformitv  to 
the  laws,  and  under  respoiiMibility  of  the  ('oii- 
Nlitiitioiial  iiiilhoritieH  wliirh  may  ha\e  iMNiied 
the  decrei'M.  Domiciliary  MeurclieH  mid  civil  exe- 
rnlions  can  only  (ako  place  during  day,  by  viiine 
of  the  law,  anil  with  roHpecl  to  the  person  and 
objects  expressly  iiunieil  in  the  net  orduiiiin^ 
Hiich  Hearch  or  execution. 

'  Itil.  When,  by  pnblir  authority,  similur  nrts 
are  grunted,  the  Name  hIuiII  Im<  limited  to  the 
piTHon  and  objects,  exiireHsly  pointed  in  the  de- 
cree, ordaining  the  Naid  search  and  execution  ; 
which  Hhall  not,  however,  Ini  extended  to  the 
impiest  and  oxnmination  of  individual  paperM ; 
these  shall  bo  hold  inviolable,  in  like  niaiinor  an 
the  epistolary  correHiiondences  of  all  citi/eiis, 
which  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  authority  to 
intercept,  nor  shall  the  same  bo  valid  in  a  court 
of  justice,  unless  produced  by  the  person  to 
whom  they  have  been  forwarded  by  their  nnthoi, 
but  never  by  a  thiril  person, or  when  obtained  by 
the  reprobated  means  of  intercoptioii.  Criimvi 
of  high  treason  against  the  State  are,  however, 
excepted  :  as  well  as  forgery  and  others,  which 
may  be  committed  by  writing ;  in  which  cases, 
the  search,  examination,  and  Noixiire  of  any  Niich 
dociimeiitN,  shall  take  place  according  to  tlu^  dis- 
positions of  (ho  law. 

'  Ki.'i.  Kvory  individual  of  Nucioty  holding  the 
right  to  Im>  protected  by  the  Haiiio  in  the  eiijoy- 
ment  of  his  lile,  liber  and  proiierty,  accoriiing 
to  (he  laws,  is  of  r  iiience  bound  to  coidri- 

biite  on  his  part  (o  penses  of  (his  pi'o(ec- 

(ion,  and  (o  lend  his  personal  services,  or  un 
eipiivalent  for  the  same,  whonever  it  may  be  iiu- 
cessary  :  but  no  person  Hhall  Ih<  deprived  of  (ho 
smallest  portion  of  his  property,  nor  can  (he 
same  be  applied  (o  public  uhoh  without  his  own 
consent,  or  that  of  tlio  legislative  bodies  repre- 
senting the  people:  and  when  any  public  iiecos- 
sily,  legally  proved,  should  ro«iiiire  that  the  pro- 
n«Mty  of  ally  citizen  be  applied  to  siniilar  uses, 
lie  is  to  reci'ive  therefore  a  just  iiidoinnity. 

••  Kit).  No  subsidy,  charg«»,  impost,  tux,  or 
contributi«tn,  Min  Ih>  OKtablished  or  levied,  under 
anv  pretext  whatever,  without  the  consent  of 
the  people  expressed  through  the  organ  of  their 
representati\es.  All  contributions  have  lor  ob- 
ject the  general  utility,  and  the  citizens  have  the 
right  of  watching  over  their  expenditure,  and  to 
cause  account  thereof  to  be  laid  before  them, 
through  the  same  channel. 

'  I(i7.  No  kind  of  labour, culture,  industry,  or 
trade,  shall  1k>  prohibited  to   the  citizens,  ex- J 


V  K  N  i:  /  IJ  E  I.  A. 


\\m 


frrntinff  (linso  wliirli  ii(  proxont  t'orm  (lit*  mhIi- 
NiMfiic*'  of  (ho  Siii(<<,  hut  wliicli  nIihII  lirn>)in<>r 
Ih>  <)|H'nr(l  wIh'ii  ('iiiign>HH  iiiity  JihIi^i!  it  iimiiIiiI 
anil  rniidiH'ivo  (<>  (Ih>  |Hililic  mime. 

'  UiH.  'I'lii*  lilioHy  of  nicli  rid/.nii  rluiiiiinK  hin 
riKlitM  lM>r<in*  (lii<  <li>|ioHi(iii'ii>M  of  (h<*  piililio  iin- 
lliori(y,  widi  tine  nioil«>ni(iiiii  anil  r(<H|H'r(,  run  in 
no  (iiNi*  III*  liinilrri'il  or  widilirlil.  All,  on  (ho 
nindiii'v,  oiiKlit  to  linil  ii  ri'inly  iind  Miirr  mni'dy. 
in  riin(iiriiii(y  (o  (In*  InwN,  (or  (lin  injiiricH  iinii 
iliiiiiiiK<''<  diry  may  HiiHdiin  in  (lii'lr  pdrHonn,  pro- 
pi'itii'H,  lionoiir,  anil  f^ooil  opinion. 

'  l(»n.  All  lori'iKiicrN,  oC wliidnvrr  nntion  thry 
miiy  III*  III',  hIiiiII  lir  rocrivrii  in(o  (ho  H(a(o. 
'I'lii'ir  piTHiinN  anil  prop«<r(ii<H  hIiuII  onjoy  (ho 
snail*  Nirnrity  as  (Iiiiko  oI  (Ik*  o(h«>r  cili/onM,  pro- 
viilril  dii'y  ri<Hp«>rt  (ho  ratholir  roliviiin,  the  only 
imi*  (oli'rutnl ;  (ha(  (hoy  nrknowlrilKO  (ho  inilo- 
pniilonri*  of  (hin  roiin(ry,  itw  Rovoroi^iHy,  nnd 
(III*  aiithoridoH  conndtntod  liy  the  gonoral  will  of 
(hi*  inhaliitantn. 

'  170.  No  law,  rriininal  or  rivil,  Hhall  linvn  a 
i'(<(roai'(ivo  olVort,  and  any  (hat  may  ho  oiiartod, 
ill  ordrr  (o  jiiilgo  and  iMiniHh  ac(N  roniniittod  lio- 
tiii'o  tho  oxiHtoiiro  ot*  (no  Naiiio,  nIiiiII  ho  hold  im 
tiiijiiHt,  opproHHivo,  and  inroinpatiblo  wi(h  (ho 
riiii(laiiii*ii(iil  principloH  of  i  iVoo  covornmon(. 

'  171.  It  hIuiII  novor  Im*  Inwliil  to  dnnanil  oh- 
I'CHsivo  Nornri(ioN,  nor  mIuiII  pocnniiiry  liiioH  In* 
i>xiic(od,  (liHiiropoi'tionod  to  tho  niiiioH,  or  por- 
HoiH  lio  t'onncmnod  (o  cru<-l,  ridiriiloiiH,  or  nii- 
iiNiiiil  piiniHhmon(H.  San^miiury  lawH  oiiKht  (o 
III*  iliniiniHhod,  nn  (hoir  iVorpiont  application  in 
iiijiirioiiH  to  thn  Stn(o,  and  not  h*HH  nnjiiHt  than 
inipiilitir  ;  for  (ho  triio  nbjoct  of  pnniHfimontH  in 
to  rorrort,  radior  (han  doH(roy  tho  hiiniiin  raco. 

'  I7y.  All  (roadnont  that  may  ronilor  moro 
f^riovoiiN  tho  piiniHhinent  dotcrminod  hy  hiw,Hhall 
ill*  hold  as  a  crime. 

'  173.  The  WHO  of  the  torture  in  for  ever  nbo- 
lisliod. 

'  174.  FiVory  itoi-Ron  who  may  bo  lo^lly  de- 
tained, or  belli  in  cuntody,  hIuiII  bo  net  free  an 
soon  an  ho  haH  jrivon  Hufliriont  Horiiri(y  ;  except- 
ing; in  thecaHOH  in  which  there  are  eviilent  proofs, 
or  j^rent  proHiimption  of  capital  criinoH.  If  tho 
iiriowt  arisoH  from  debt,  anil  there  ih  no  evident 
proof,  or  preat  proHiiiiiption  of  fraud,  (ho  pri- 
soner shall  not  bo  dotainod  iiHAoon  nH  his  properly 
has  boon  delivered  up  to  hiH  creditors,  in  confor- 
mity to  the  laws. 

'  175.  No  Hentenre  pronounced  for  (reaKon 
airniiiHt  the  State,  or  for  any  other  crime,  shall 
entail  infamy  on  tho  children  or  descendants  of 
tlie  criminal. 


'  I7«.  Nociliiron  of  (he  pnivincoN  of  the  Htatr, 
excep(inK  liime  emphiyod  in  (he  army,  navy,  or 
milida,  (hen  in  ardial  nervico,  Nhnll  bi*  Hubjecled 
(o  military  law,  nor  HuH'er  puniNhmen(M  inllirleil 
by  tho  Hamo. 

'  177,  Soldiom  in  time  of  peace,  nhall  tio(  be 
allowed  (o  ipiiirtor  (heniNolvoH,  nor  (nko  up 
lodyini^N,  in  (he  hoimoH  of  private  citi/enM,  with- 
on(  (ho  couMont  of  (he  ownorH ;  nor  in  dine  of 
war,  but  by  order  of  (ho  civil  niaKiM(ra(eN,  con- 
formably to  (ho  laws. 

*  I7H.  A  well-ieiriilad'd  nnd'  (mined  milidu, 
rompimod  of  the  citi/eiiH,  is  (he  moH(  proper  and 
naliiral  defence,  as  well  a^  (he  moH(  Nociire,  (o  a 
free  H(a(e.  l''or(hiH  reaHon  il  Mhall  no(  Im*  lawl'iil 
in  (imo  of  peace,  (o  keep  up  an  eHtabli«limen(  of 
rof^iilarN,  Krea(er  (liaa  is  almoltitely  necoNiary  for 
(he  Mocurity  of  (ho  country,  by  (he  connont  of 
ConffroBH. 

'  17^).  Neither  xliall  i(  be  unlawful  for  (he  ci- 
(i/eUH  (o  have  and  carry  lepal  nrnm,  Hiich  an  are 
pormi((ed  for  (heir  own  di  fence;  and  the  iiiililiiry 
power  Hhall,  in  all  chhoh,  main(aiii  a  Htrirl  snli- 
ordination  (o  (he  civil  authority,  and  be  direcd'd 
by  the  same. 

'  ISO.  No  perHonal  privilej^oH  or  immunities 
nhall  be  allowed,  (ho  nature  of  (lie  mn((er  Hhall 
alone  ilo(eriiiine  (he  inaKiHlratoH  who  take  cojj- 
ni/anco  thereof:  and  (ho  fiinc(ion»rieM  of  every 
cliiHH,  ill  (he  caHOM  which  do  iio(  touch  (heir  |iro- 
feKHion  and  employment,  hIuiII  be  Hiibject  (o  the 
ordinary  nia(;iH(rateH  and  (ribiinals,  (he  Haiiie  an 
(ho  odier  citixeiiH. 

'  IHI.  The  ripht  of  inniiifeHtinff  all  idean  by 
means  of  (he  prosn,  shall  be  free  ;  Imt  any  per- 
Hon  who  may  exercise  the  same,  nhall  be  answer- 
able to  (he  liiWH,  if  he  attacks  and  disdirbH  by 
his  opinioiiH  (he  public  (ranc|iiilli(y,  (ho  belief, 
('hriHtiaii  morality,  or  the  property,  honour,  and 
goorl  o|)iiiion  of  any  citi/en. 

'  IMiJ.  Tho  provincial  IjojfislatiireH  shall  have 
tho  riflfht  of  petidoniiur  (*onpTf*'*<j  "'"'  '♦  ^f"'" 
not  bo  unlawful  for  (he  inhabitantn  to  assemble, 
orderly  and  ipiietly,  in  their  res|)ective  parishes, 
in  order  to  consult  and  treat  respectin^f  their 
own  concernH,  to  p^ve  instructions  to  their  We- 
prosontativoH  in  ('impress,  or  in  (he  province,  or 
to  rlirect  petitions  to  one  or  other  of  the  Legisla- 
tive bodies,  respecting  the  reform  of  prievanccfi 
or  ills,  they  may  HuflTer  in  their  affairs. 

'  183.  For  cases   of  this  nnture,   a  previous 

Iietition  ought  necessarily  to  be  made  out,  signed 
ly  the  heads  of  families,  and  other  respectable 
[lersons  of  the  parish,  to  at  least  the  number  of 
six,  prayinp  the  respective  municipality,  that  thel 


•M 


M. 


1.1  ii 


t 


I    » 


200 


V  E  N  E  Z  IJ  E  L  A 


i 

mm  I 


.-,/, 


I«>l>li 


(?<' 


U 


m 


[nioolins;  niny  (uko  p]uco,  ntul  the  Inttcr  shall  do- 
tiM'iiiiiH*  tile  (liiv,  iind  coiniiiissv>n  ii  iniifrisU'iilo, 
or  soino  o(li«'r  rcspedabh'  person  of  (he  purisli, 
to  preside  in  i'ue  nieotiiisj  ;  which  beinjj  closed, 
and  the  act  drann  up,  he  shall  remit  the  same 
to  the  niiinicipulity,  in  order  to  Ibrtvard  it  to  its 
destination. 

'  ISi.  Voting  citizens  or  electors,  are  alone 
allowed  to  concur  in  tliese  nieelin><;s,  and  the 
leifislatnres  are  not  absolutely  obliged  to  accede 
to  these  petitions,  but  to  take  them  into  consi- 
deration, in  order  to  proceed  in  their  fimctions, 
':>  the  manner  which  may  appear  most  confurni- 
al)le  to  the  general  ^ood. 

'  I8j.  The  powfrr  of  suspending  the  laws,  or 
of  stopping  their  execution,  shall  at  no  time  be 
exercisetl,  exceptiujj;  by  the  respective  Legisla- 
tures, or  by  some  authority  enuuiating  from  tliem 
for  those  particular  cases  only,  which  they  may 
have  expressly  f«»reseen,  to  be  exceptions  to  what 
is  enacted  by  the  Constitution  :  and  all  suspen- 
sions and  obstr'i'-n'on  to  tiie  execution  thereo', 
which  may  take  /)lace  without  the  consent  of  the 
Kcpresentatives  of  the  people,  shall  Imj  repelled 
as  an  infrinirement  on  their  ri^l   s. 

'  ISO.  The  Letjislative  Power  shall,  in  tli»> 
mean  time,  act  in  all  cases  respcctint;  which  the 
(\>nstitution  may  have  been  silent,  and  oppor- 
tunely provide  for  the  same;  incorporating 
therein  the  additions  or  reforms,  which  it  may 
have  thought  necessary  to  make  in  the  t'onsti- 
tution. 

•  IS7.  The  rijjht  of  the  people  to  participate 
ill  the  Ijesjislature,  is  the  best  security  and  the 
firmest  t'oundation  of  a  free  <jovernment  :  in  con- 
sequence whereof  it  is  necessary  for  the  elec- 
tions to  l>e  free  and  frequent,  and  that  the  citi- 
zen .  who  may  possess  the  ({ualitications  of  a 
moderate  property,  and  who  are  besides  desirous 
to  promote  the  good  of  the  community,  should 
have  the  right  of  voting  and  electing  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislature,  at  fixed  periods,  and 
not  too  long,  as  is  enacted  by  the  Constitution. 

'  ISS.  A  too  long  continuation  in  oHice  on 
the  part  of  the  principal  functionaries  of  the 
Executive  Power,  is  dangerous  to  liberty  ;  and 
this  circumstance  powerfully  calls  for  a  periodical 
rotation,  between  the  members  of  the  said  de- 
partment, in  order  to  secure  the  same. 

'  ISn.  The  three  essential  departments  of  go- 
vernments, viz.  the  legislative,  executive,  and 
Judicial,  must  iifcessarilv  be  kept  as  distinct  and 
independent  of  each  other  as  the  nature  of  -x 
free  government  requires,  and  as  much  as  is  con- 
sistent with  the  great  chain  of  connection,  which 


binds  together  the  whole  fabric  of  the  Constitii- 
tioii,  by  an  indissoluble  tic  of  friendship  and 
union. 

^  190.  The  emigration  from  one  province  to 
another  shall  be  perfectly  free. 

'  191.  (Jovernments  have  been  instituted  for 
the  common  felicity,  for  the.  protection  and  se- 
curity of  the  people  forming  the  same,  and  not 
for  the  iMMieht,  honour,  or  private  interest  of 
any  one  person,  family,  or  of  any  one  particular 
class  of  men,  who  only  constitute  part  of  the 
couimiinity.  The  lH*st  of  nil  governments  is 
that  which  is  the  most  proper  to  produce  the 
greatest  proporti(ui  t>f  good,  and  of  happiness, 
and  is  less  exposed  to  tliu  danger  of  bad  admi- 
nistration ;  therefore  as  many  times  as  a  govern- 
ment may  be  tbuiul  incapable  of  answering  these 
ends,  or  that  the  majority  of  the  nation  is  op- 
posed to  the  sanu>,  it  has  undouiitedly  an  un- 
alienable and  imprescriptible  right  of  abolishing, 
changing,  or  reforming  it  in  the  manner  which 
nuiy  be  conceived  most  conducive  to  the  public 
good.  In  order  to  obtain  this  indispensible  nia- 
j«»rity,  without  any  injury  to  Justice  uiul  to  ge- 
neral liberty,  tiie  Oonstitutlon  presents  and 
ordains  the  most  reasonable,  just,  and  regular 
means  in  the  chapter  of  the  revisal  thereof,  and 
the  provinces  will  adopt  other  similar  or  equiva- 
lent  ones  in  their  respective  Constitutions. 

'  vSect.  hi. — Di'TiEs  or  Man  in  Socikty. 

'  19'i.  The  declaration  of  rights  contains  the 
obligations  of  the  Legislators,  but  the  preserva- 
tion of  society  demands,  that  those  who  constitute 
the  same,  equally  know  and  fuWil  theirs. 

'  lyy.  The  rights  of  others,  Ix'come  the  moral 
limits  of  ours,  and  the  ground-work  of  our  duties 
relatively  to  the  rest  of  the  individuals  forming 
the    social    body.      They    are   founded   on   two 

firinciples,  which  nature  has  imprinted  on  the 
learts  of  all ;  viz.  1st,  Do  Ihoti  to  others  at  all 
timts,  all  the  sood  thou  icouldcst  wish  to  naive 
from  them.  ScUy,  Do  not  thou  to  another,  what 
thou  woiililest  not  wish  done  to  thee. 

'  191.  It  is  the  duty  of  every  individual  in  so- 
ciety to  live  in  obedience  to  the  laws,  to  obey  and 
respect  the  magistrates  and  constituted  aiitlio- 
rites,  who  are  his  own  organs  ;  to  maintain  the 
lilK-rty  and  the  eipiality  of  rights;  to  contribute 
to  the  public  expenses,'  and  to  serve  his  country 
when  reipiisite,  making  for  the  same  the  sacrifice, 
of  his  property,  and  of  his  life,  should  it  be  ne- 
cessary. 

'  I9j.  No  one  is  a  good  man,  or  a  good  citi- 
zen, who  does  not  faithfully  and  religiously  ob-] 


V  E  N  K  Z  U  K  L  A. 


201 


what 


jsLM'vo  tlio  Inws:  niul  if  he  is  not  also  a  good  hoii, 
a  <roo(l  l)rolli(>r,  a  good  tViiMul,  a  good  husband, 
and  a  g.(t)d  faihcr  of  his  (aniily. 

'■  1%.  Any  pt^rson  wlio  openly  breaks  through 
(lie  laws,  or  who,  without  o|)enly  violating, 
eludes  them  by  cunuirg  and  artful  and  culpable 
subterftiges,  is  an  enemy  to  society,  transgresses 
against  the  interests  of  all,  and  renders  himself 
unworthy  of  the  public  benevolence  and  esteem. 

'  Si:r.  IV. — Duties  of  tiik  Social  Body. 

'  197.  Society  secures  to  the  individuals  com- 
posing the  same,  the  enjoyment  of  their  lives, 
iilierties,  and  properties,  as  well  as  all  other 
natural  rights;  and  in  this  consists  the  social 
guarantee  resulting  from  the  united  concurrence 
of  the  nuMid)ers  of  the  body,  tleposited  in  the 
national  sovereignty. 

'  198.  Ciovernments  being  instituted  for  the 
good  and  common  felicity  of  all  pe.sons,  society 
is  boinid  to  give  aid  to  the  indigent  and  unfor- 
tiuuitc,  us  well  as  instruction  to  all  needful  ci- 
tizens. 

'  199.  Ill  order  to  s;uard  against  evert/  trans- 
gression that  imii/  arise  from  the  high  powers  eon- 
Jided  to  us,  we  are/ore,  that  eaeh  and  even/  one  of 
the  things  eonstituted  in  the  ahove  deelaration 
of  'ghts,  are  ejeinpl  and  bei/ond  the  reaeh  of 
the  general  poxcer  invested  in  government,  and 
being  contained  in,  and  founded  on,  the  indistriie- 
tilite  and  saered  prineiples  of  nature,  even/  fine 
eontrariJ  to  the  same  tehieh  niai/  he  eimeted  In/  the 
Federal  /.egisliilnre,  or  In/  the  Provimes,  shall  he 
u!  soluteli/  null,  mid  of  no  ejj'iet. 

CHAP.  IX. — Itegnlalions  and  Dispositions  of 
more  general  lienor. 

<  200.  As  that  class  of  citizens,  hitherto  deno- 
minated Indians,  has  not  till  now  reaped  the 
advantage  of  certain  laws  which  the  Spanish 
monarchy  dictated  in  their  favour,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  functionaries  of  the  government 
having  forgotten  their  execution,  and  as  the  basis 
of  the  system  of  government,  which  Venezuela 
has  adopted  in  this  Constitution,  is  no  other  than 
that  of  justice  and  equality,  the  provincial  govern- 
ments are  hereby  most  particularly  enjoined,  that 
in  like  manner  us  they  are  to  apply  their  cares  and 
endeavours,  in  order  to  obtain  the  instruction  of 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  State,  to  provide  for 
them  schools,  academies,  and  colleges,  where  all 
may  learn  the  principles  of  religitm,  of  sound 
morality,  of  policy,  of  science,  and  of  the  useful 
and  nectissary  arts,  such  as  are  condui  ive  to  (he 
maiiuainancc  and  prosperity  of  the  people ;  (hat 

VOL.    v. 


they  in  like  manner  endeavour  by  every  possible 
means  to  draw  to  the  same  houses  of  tuition  the 
said  citizen  natives,  tocausethiMU  to  comprehend 
the  in(iina(e  union  by  which  they  are  bound  to 
tlio  iTst  of  the  citizens,  to  (each  (hem  that  they 
merit  (he  same  considendions  from  government, 
to  inculcate  (o  (hem  the  rights  which  they  enjoy, 
by  the  simple  art  of  their  being  men  equal  to  till 
others  of  (he  same  kind ;  to  the  end,  that  by  thi; 
means,  they  may  be  raised  from  the  abject  and 
ignorant  state  in  which  they  have  licen  kept  by 
t)ie  ancient  order  of  things,  and  that  (hey  may 
no  longer  remain  isolateiF and  fearful  of  (lenling 
with  other  men ;  it  being  hereby  prohibited  for 
them  henceforward  to  be  employeil  against  their 
own  will,  in  the  service  of  the  curates  of  tlieir 
parishes,  or  of  any  other  person ;  they  being 
also  allowed  to  divide  and  lay  out  the  grounds 
granted  to  them,  and  of  which  they  ludd  posses- 
sion ;  that  the  same  may  be  pronortionably  par- 
celled out  amongst  the  fathers  of  families  of  each 
town,  for  tlieir  own  uses  and  purposes,  and  in 
conformity  to  the  regulations  which  may  be  esta- 
blished by  the  provincial  (irovernments. 

'  201.  i'onsequently,  hereby  are  revoked,  and 
rendered  null  and  void,  all  the  laws  which  under 
the  former  (Jiovernment  gi-anted  to  the  natives 
certain  tribunals,  protectors,  and  the  privilege 
of  their  always  being  considered  ns  minors, 
which  privileges,  though  apparently  directed  to 
protect,  have  neverthelei  s  been  extremely  inju- 
rious to  them,  as  experience  has  proved. 

'  202.  The  vile  traffic  of  slaves,  prohibited  by 
decree'  of  the  Supreme  Junta  of  Caracas,  on  the 
14th  of  July,  1810,  is  hereby  solemnly  and  con- 
stitutionally abolished  in  the  whole  territory  of 
the  Union,  without  it  being  lawful  in  any  manner 
to  import  slaves  of  any  kind,  tor  the  purposes  of 
mercantile  hpeculation. 

'  20.'J.  In  the  same  manner  are  revoked  and 
annulled,  in  every  sense,  the  ancient  laws  which 
imposed  a  civil  degradation  on  that  part  of  the 
free  population  of  Venezuela,  hitherto  known 
under  the  denomination  of  persons  of  eolonr; 
these  shall  all  remain  in  the  possession  of  their 
natural  and  civil  rank,  and  lie  restored  to  the 
imprescriptible  rights  belonging  to  theui,  in  like 
manner  as  the  rest  of  the  citizens. 

'  204.  All  tides  granted  by  the  former  govern- 
ments are  extinguished  ;  and  neither  Congress, 
nor  the  Provincial  Legislatures,  shall  grant  any 
others,  either  of  nobility,  honours,  or  hereditary 
distinctions ;  nor  create  oliices  or  places  of  any 
nature,  whose  salaries  or  emoluments  last  longer 
than  the  good  conduct  of  (iiuse  who  fill  them.  | 
i>  u 


w  >  1 


m 


202 


VENEZUELA. 


■  ['  205.  Any  person  who  may  hold  any  office  of 
confidence  or  honour,  under  the  authority  of  the 
State,  shall  not  be  allowed  to  accept  any  present, 
title,  or  emolument,  from  any  king,  prince,  or 
foreign  power,  without  the  consent  of  Congress. 

*  206.  The  President  and  members  of  the 
Executive,  Senators  and  Representatives,  the 
military,  and  all  civil  functionaries,  before  they 
enter  on  the  exercise  of  their  functions,  shall 
take  oaths  of  fidelity  to  the  State,  and  swear  to 
maintain  and  defend  the  Constitution,  to  fulfil 
well  and  faithfully  the  duties  of  their  offices,  and 
to  protect  and  preserve  pure  and  untouched  in 
this  country  the  Catholic,  Apostolic,  and  Roman 
religion,  which  they  themselves  profess. 

*  207.  The  Executive  Power  shall  have  the 
oath  administered  by  the  President  of  the  Senate, 
in  presence  of  the  two  Houses  ;  and  the  Senators 
ana  Representatives,by  the  President  for  the  time 
being  of  the  Executive,  and  in  the  presence  of  the 
other  two  individuals  composing  tlie  same. 

'  308.  Congress  shall  determine  the  form  of 
the  oath,  and  by  whom  it  is  to  be  administered, 
to  the  officers  and  functionaries  of  the  Confe- 
deration. 

'  209.  The  inhabitants  of  ep.ch  province  shall 
be  allowed  to  revoke  the  nomination  of  their 
Delegates  to  Congress,  or  any  one  of  tliem,  at 
any  time  of  the  year,  as  well  as  to  send  there 
others,  in  the  place  of  the  first,  for  the  time  left 
them  to  serve. 

'  210.  The  means  of  ascertaining  the  general 
will  of  the  people,  respecting  these  revocations, 
shall  be  through  the  exclusive  and  peculiar  chan- 
nel of  the  Provincial  Legislatures,  and  in  con- 
formity to  what  may  be  established  by  thoir 
respective  Constitutions 

'211.  It  is  prohibited  for  all  citizens  to  assist 
at  tho  parochial  and  electoral  meetings,  pre- 
scribed by  the  Constitution,  with  arms,  as  well  as 
at  the  peaceable  meetings  mentioned  in  article  182, 
and  the  following  one,  under  the  penalty  of  losing 
for  10  years,  the  right  of  voting,  or  assisting  at 
the  same. 

'  212.  Any  person  who  may  have  been  legally 
convicted  ot  having  purchased  or  sold  votes  in 
the  said  meetings,  or  of  having  obtained  the 
election  of  any  person,  by  means  of  threats,  in- 
trigue, artifices,  or  any  kind  of  seduction,  shall 
be  excluded  from  the  said  meetings,  and  from  the 
exercise  of  all  public  functions  for  the  space  of 
20  years ;  and  in  case  of  the  same  occurring  a 
second  time,  the  exclusion  shall  be  for  ever ; 
both  being  published  throughout  the  chief  dis- 
trict, by  means  of  a  proclamation  of  the  muni- 


cipality, which  shall  also  circulate  in  the  public 
papers. . 

'  213.  Neither  the  parish  voters,  or  the  dis- 
trict electors,  shall  be  allowed  to  receive  any 
recompence  from  the  State,  for  attending  these 
meetings,  in  order  to  exercise  therein  what  is 
prescribed  by  the  Constitution  ;  notwithstanding 
it  may  sometimes  be  necessary  to  expend  some 
days  to  finish  what  may  occur. 

'  214.  The  citizens  shall  alone  be  allowed  to 
exercise  their  political  rights  in  the  parish  and 
district  meetings,  and  in  the  cases  and  manner 
prescribed  by  the  Constitution. 

'  215.  No  individual,  or  any  particular  society, 
shall  be  allowed  to  lay  petitions  before  the  con- 
stituted authorities,  in  the  name  of  the  people ; 
and  much  less  to  iirrogate  to  themselves  the 
title  of  sovereign  people  ;  and  the  citizen  or  citi- 
zens, who  may  transgress  against  this  article, 
by  disregarding  the  respect  and  veneration  due 
to  the  representation  and  voice  of  the  people, 
which  can  only  be  expressed  by  the  general  will, 
or  through  the  organ  of  their  legitimate  Repre- 
sentatives in  the  Legislatures,  shall  be  prosecut- 
ed, taken  into  custody,  and  judged  according  to 
the  laws. 

'  216.  All  assemblage  of  armed  persons  under 
whatever  pretext  they  may  be  collected,  unless 
by  the  autnority  of  the  constituted  authorities,  is 
an  oft'cnce  against  the  public  security,  and  is  to 
be  immediately  dispersed  by  means  of  force ;  and 
all  assemblage  of  persons  unarmed,  which  hr.s 
not  the  same  legal  origin,  shall,  in  the  first  in- 
stance, be  dissolved  by  verbal  orders,  and  if 
necessary,  it  shall  be  dispersed  by  force  of  arms 
in  case  of  resistance,  or  great  obstinacy. 

'  217.  The  President  and  Members  of  the 
Executive  Power,  as  well  as  the  Senators,  Re- 
presentatives, and  all  other  Functionaries  of  the 
Confederation,  shall  receive  their  respective 
salaries  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  union. 

'  218.  No  quantity  of  money  in  silver,  gold, 
paper,  or  any  other  equivalent  form,  shall  be 
taken  out  of  the  same,  excepting  for  the  purposes 
and  payments  ordained  by  law :  and  the  Conn'ress 
shall,  annually,  publish  a  statement  and  rcs^iilnr 
account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditure  of  the 
public  monies,  for  the  information  of  all,  as  soon 
as  the  Executive  has  carried  into  effect  what  is 
stipulated  by  Art.  102. 

'  219.  No  capitation  tax,  or  any  direct  impost, 
shall  be  levied  on  the  persons  of  the  citizens,  but 
in  conformity  to  the  quantity  of  population  con- 
tained in  each  province,  and  according  to  the 
census  which  Congress  will  ordain  to  be  taken] 


VENEZUELA. 


203 


I  every  fi^e  years,  throughout  the  whole  ext  jnt  of 
the  State. 


'  220.  No  preference 

torts  of  one  province  ov( 
y  any  regulations  of  tr. 
privileges  or    exclusive 


shall  be  given  to  the 
hose  of  another,  cither 

..  tr  finance;  nor  shall 
..(^'hts  be    granted    to 


trading  companies,  or  societies  of  industry  ;  nor 
shall  any  restrictions  be  laid  on  the  freedom  of 
trade,  or  on  the  pursuits  of  agriculture  and  in- 
dustry, excepting  what  are  expressly  stipulated 
by  the  Constitution. 

'  221.  All  prohibitive  laws  respecting  similar 
matters,  whenever  circumstances  may  render  the 
same  necessary,  shall  be  held  as  purely  and 
essentially  provisional;  and,  in  order  that  the 
same  may  have  effect  more  than  one  year,  it  shall 
be  reauisite  to  renew  them  with  all  the  necessary 
formalities  at  the  end  of  that  period,  and  in  like 
manner  successively. 

'  222.  In  the  meantime  that  Congress  has  not 
established  a  permanent  form  of  naturalization 
for  foreigners,  the  same  shall  obtain  the  right  of 
citizens,  as  well  as  the  power  of  voting,  electing, 
and  taking  a  seat  in  the  House  of  the  national 
Representatives,  if,  having  declared  their  inten- 
tion to  establish  themselves  in  the  country  before 
a  municipality,  and  caused  their  names  to  be 
inscribed  on  the  civil  registers  thereof,  and  hav- 
ing also  renounced  their  right  of  citizenship  to 
their  own  country,  they  have  acauircd  the  domi- 
ciliary rights  and  residence  within  tlie  State, 
during  the  period  of  seven  years,  and  have  be- 
sides fulfilled  the  other  conditions  prescribed  Iv 
the  Constitution,  in  order  to  exercise  the  fuR-- 
tions  above  stated. 

'  223.  In  all  public  acts  the  Columbian  Era 
shall  be  used,  and,  in  order  to  avoid  all  mistakes 
into  calculations,  in  convparing  this  period  with 
the  common  Christian  Era,  generally  used  by 
civilized  countries,  the  former  shall  date  froiii 
January  1,  of  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1811,  which 
shall  be  the  first  of  our  Independence. 

'  224.  Congress  shall  be  authorized,  by  means 
of  timely  regulations,  to  provide  for  all  parts  of 
this  Constitution,  which  cannot  be  immediately 
carried  into  execution,  and,  in  a  general  manner, 
in  order  to  avoid  the  injuries  ana  inconveniences 
wliich  might  otherwise  result  to  the  State. 

'  225.  Any  person,  who  being  in  any  province 
should  violate  the  laws,  shall  be  judged,  in  con- 
formity thereto,  by  its  provincial  magistrates ; 
but  if  he  should  transgress  against  those  of  the 
union,  he  shall  be  judged,  in  conformity  to  the 
same,  by  the  functionaries  of  the  Confederation  ; 
and,  in  order  that  it  may  not  be  necessary  to 


have  tribunals  Ijclonging  to  the  Confederation 
in  every  place,  and  that  the  persons  compre- 
hended in  these  cases  may  not  be  taken  out  of 
their  places  of  residence,  Congress  shall  deter- 
mine by  law  the  said  tribunals,  and  the  forms 
under  which  they  shall  issue  commissions  to 
examine  and  judge  all  cases  in  the  respective 
provinces. 

'  22G.  No  person,  within  the  (Confederation  of 
Venezuela,  shall  enjoy  any  other  title  or  address 
than  that  of  citizen,  the  only  denomination  of  nil 
the  free  persons  composing  the  nation  ;  but  the 
Houses  of  Representatives,  the  Executive  Power, 
and  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice,  by  all  citizens 
shall  be  addressed  under  the  same  names,  with 
the  addition  of  Honourable  for  the  first,  Res- 
pectable for  the  second,  and  Upright  for  the 
third. 

'  227.  The  present  Constitution,  the  laws  that 
in  consequence  thereof  may  be  enacted  for  its 
execution,  as  well  as  all  the  treaties  which  may 
he  carried  inio  effect  under  the  government  of 
the  union,  shall  be  held  as  the  supreme  law  of 
the  State,  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the 
Confederation;  and  the  authorities  and  inhabi- 
tants of  the  provinces  shall  be  bound  to  obey, 
and  religiously  to  observe  the  same,  without  fail 
or  pretext ;  but  the  laws,  which  may  be  enacted 
in  opposition  thereto,  shall  be  considered  as  with- 
f/Ut  effect,  unless  they  have  passed  through  the 
ibrms  requisite  for  a  just  and  legal  revisal  and 
sanction. 

'  228.  In  the  meantime,  and  till  the  formation 
of  a  civil  and  criminal  code  is  carried  into  effect, 
as  decreed  by  the  Supreme  Congress,  March  8,  ult. 
adapted  to  the  form  of  government  established 
in  Venezuela,  it  is  hereby  declared,  that  the 
code,  liy  which  we  have  hitherto  l>een  governed, 
shall  retain  its  due  and  full  force  and  vigour,  in 
all  the  points  and  matters  which  directly  or  in- 
directly may  not  be  opposed  to  what  is  established 
by  this  Constitution. 

229.  Conclusion. — And  whereas  the  Supreme 
Legislator  of  the  universe,  has  been  pleased  to 
inspire  into  our  hearts  the  most  mutual  and  sin- 
cere friendship  and  union,  as  well  amongst  our- 
selves as  with  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Columbian  continent,  who  may  wish  to  associate 
with  us  in  order  to  defend  our  religion,  our 
natural  sovereignty,  and  our  independence ; 
therefore  We,  the  said  people  of  Venezuela,  hav- 
ing freely  ordained  the  preceding  Constitution, 
containing  the  regulations,  principles,  and  ob- 
jects of  our  Confederation  and  perpetual  alliance; 
and  calling  upon  the  same  divinity  to  witness  thej 

DD  2 


1 


204 


VENEZUELA. 


I 


!,  .  H 


ml 

mm 


[sincerity  of  our  intentions,  and  imploring  his 
powerful  aid  to  secure  to  us  forever  tne  blessings 
of  liberty,  and  the  imprescriptible  rights  we  have 
from  his  generous  beniiicence  obtained ;  do  mu- 
tually bind  ourselves  and  engage,  to  observe  and 
inviolably  to  fulfil,  all  and  each  of  the  things 
therein  contained,  from  the  time  the  same  is 
ratified,  in  the  manner  stipulated  therein ;  pro- 
testing nevertheless  to  alter,  and  at  any  time  to 
change  these  said  resolutions,  whenever,  and  in 
conformity  to  the  majority  of  the  people  of  Co- 
lumbia, united  in  a  national  body  for  the  defence 
and  preservation  of  their  liberty  and  political 
independence,  the  same  may  be  desired ;  modi- 
fying, correcting,  and  suiting  the  same  oppor- 
tunely according  to  a  pliu'ality,  and  our  own 
common  consent,  in  every  thing  which  may  have 
a  direct  tendency  to  the  general  interests  of  the 
said  people,  and  as  agreed  upon  through  the 
organ  of  their  legal  Representatives,  asseml)led 
in  the  General  Congress  of  Columbia,  or  of  any 
considerable  part  thereof,  and  sanctioned  by  its 
Constituents ;  constituting  ourselves,  in  the 
meantime,  in  this  union,  all  and  each  one  of  the 
provinces  concurring  to  form  the  same,  guaran- 
tees each  one  to  the  other,  of  the  integrity  of  our 
respective  territories  and  essential  rights,  with 
our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  honour;  and  we 
confide  and  recommend  the  inviolability  and 
conservation  of  this  Constitution  to  the  fidelity 
of  the  legislative  bodies,  of  the  executive 
powers,  judges,  and  functionaries  of  the  union, 
and  of  tile  provinces,  as  well  as  to  the  vigilance 
and  virtues  of  all  fathers  of  families,  mothers, 
wives,  and  citizens  of  the  State. 

'  Done  in  the  Federal  Palace  of  Caracas,  De- 
cember 21,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1811, 
and  the  first  of  our  Independence. 

Juan  Toro,  President. 
Isidoro  Antonio  Lopez  Mendez. 
Juan  Joze  de  Maya. 
Nicolas  de  Castro. 
Lino  de  Clemente. 
Jozt>  Maria  Ramirez. 
Domingo  de  Alvarado. 
Manuel  Placido  Maneyro. 
Mariano  de  la  Cova. 
Francisco  Xavier  de  Maiz. 
Antonio  Nicolas  Brizefio. 
Francisco  X.  Yanes. 
Manuel  Palacio. 
Joze  de  Sata  y  Bussy. 
Joz<>  Ignario  Brizeno. 
Joze  Gabriel  de  Alcala. 


Bartolom6  Blandin. 
Francisco  Policarpo  Ortiz. 
Martin  Tovar. 
Pelipe  Fcrmin  Paul. 
Joze  Luis  Cabrera. 
Francisco  Hernandez. 
Francisco  del  Toro. 
Joz6  Angel  de  Alamo. 
(Jabriel  Perez  de  Pagola. 
Francisco  X.  Ustariz. 
J  uan  German  Roscio, 
Fernando  Penalver. 

'  Under  the  objections  stated  at  the  end  of  thiK 
act,  No.  3,  I  sign  this  Constitution. 

Francisco  de  Miranda,  Vice-President. 
'  I  subscribe  to  the  whole,  with  the  exception 
of  Art.  180 ;  renewing  my  protest  made  on  the 
5th  instant. 

Juan  Nepomuceno  Quintana. 
'  I  subscribe  to  the  whole,  with  the  exception 
of  Art.  180,  which  relates  to  the  abolition  of  the 
personal  immunity  of  the  Clergy,  respecting 
which  I  have  solemnly  protested,  which  act  is  to 
be  inserted  at  the  end  of  this  Constitution. 

Manuel  Vicente  Maya. 
'  I  subscribe,  under  the  sgme  exceptions,  as 
Seilor  Maya,  and  under  the  accompanying  pro- 
test delivered  this  day. 

Luis  Joze  Cazorla. 
'  I  subscribe  to  the  whole  of  the  Constitution, 
M'ith  the  exception  of  the  article  respecting  im- 
munities. 

Luis  Joze  de  Rivas  y  Tovar. 
'  Under  my  protest  as  nuide  on  the  loth  instant. 

Salvador  Delgado. 
'  I  subscribe  to  the  whole,  with  the  exception 
of  the  article  which  annuls  immunities. 

Joze  Vicente  Unda. 
'  I  subscribe  to  the  present  Constitution,  with 
the  exception  of  Art.  180,  and  in  conformity  to 
my  protest  made  on  the  5th  instant,  annexed  to 
this  Constitution,  and  in  similar  terms  to  those 
of  Senor  Quintana. 

Luis  Ignacio  Mendoza. 
'  1  subscribe  to  the  whole  of  what  is  sanctioned 
in  this  Constitution,  excepting  the  article  which 
treats  of  the  ecclesiastical  immunity,  and  in  con- 
formity to  the  protest  made  on  the  5th  instant. 
Juan  Antonio  Diaz  Argote. 
Francisco  Isnardi,  Secretary. 

'  in.  Table  of  Latitude  and  Longitude  of  the 
most  important  places  in  this  province. — 
N.  B.  For  the  sake  of  uniformity  and  compa-1 


V  E  R 

Srison,  tliif),  with  many  others,  will  be  found  at 
le  enri  of  the  genera,  preface.] 

[VENTA,  a  Hinall  hamlet  or  inn  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Venezuela,  well  known 
upon  the  roud,  as  being;  about  half-way  between 
Caracas  and  the  Port.  It  is  situate  at  the  heitrht 
of  about  3(i00  English  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  at  which  elevation  the  heat  is  never  op- 
pressive J 

Venta,  dr  en  Medio,  a  settlement  of  the 
province  and  corregimirnto  of  Paria,  in  Peru,  of 
the  arclibisiiopric  of  Charcas,  annexed  to  the 
curacy  c<'the  settlement  of  Poopo. 

Venta,  Morro  de,  a  lofly  mountain  on  the 
coast  of  tie  province  and  government  of  Carta- 
gena and  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada,  between 
the  capital  and  the  point  of  Zamba. 

[Venta,  de  Cruz,  a  town  on  the  isthmus  of 
Darien  and  Tierra  Firme.  Here  the  Spanish 
merchandise,  irom  Panama  to  Porto  Bello,  is 
embarked  on  the  river  ('hagre.j 

VENTAMILLA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  f or/-<»^/w»>w/o  of  Sicasica,  in  Peru,  19  leagues 
from  its  capital. 

VENTILLA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  La  Paz,  in  Peru  ;  s,  s.  e.  of  the 
capital. 

[  VENTO,  Sierra,  on  the  w.  coast  of  S.  Ame- 
rica, are  mountains  so  named,  behind  the  land 
called  Punta  de  Del  Rio,  opposite  to  Tortugas 
Island.] 

VENT IJ A VI,  an  abundant  river  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Guayana,  or  Nueva 
Andalucia.  It  rises  in  the  sicrrn  of  Maygualida, 
runs  w.  and,  then  turning  to  the  s.,  enters  by  a 
very  wide  mouth  into  the  Orinoco,  opposite  the 
fort  of  St.  Barbara,  after  having  collected  the 
waters  of  various  other  rivers ;  [its  mouth  is  in 
n.  lat.  4°  20'.] 

VENTl'RA,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Buenos  Ayres,  which  runs  to.  and 
enters  the  Jazegua. 

[VENUS,  Point,  in  Otaheite  Island,  in  the 
S.  Pacific  Ocean,  is  the  e.  point  of  Matavai  or 
Port  Royal  Bay,  and  n.  point  of  the  island.  S. 
lat.  17"  29'.  to  long.  149"  36.  | 

VERy\,  a  province  of  the  government  of  Para- 
guay, towards  the  e.  part;  discovered  by  Alvar 
Nunez,  who  gave  it  this  name,  in  1541.  It  is 
bounded  *  by  the  river  Plata,  and  n.  by  that  of 
the  Parana  ;  is  of  a  very  good  climate,  and  ex- 
tremely fertile  territory,  and  was  inhabited  by 
Armiros  and  Guaranies,  Indians,  who  were  cruel, 
ferocious,  and  cannibals  ;  but  who  are  almost  all 
reduced  to  the  faith  and  to  a  civilized  life,  with 


V  E  R 


205 


immense  labours  and  fatigues  by  the  Jesuits, 
who  established  amongst  (hem  a  well  organized 
republic.    See  articles  Paraoi'av  and  Giiaira. 

[VERA  CRUZ,  a  province  of  Nueva  Espana, 
situated  under  the  burning  sun  of  the  tropics, 
extends  along  (he  Mexican  gulf,  from  the  Rio 
Baraderas  (or  De  los  Lngartos)  to  the  great  river 
ofPanuco,  which  rises  in  the  metalliferous  moun- 
tains of  San  l^nis  Potosi.  Hence  this  intendancy 
includes  a  very  considerable  part  of  the  e.  coast 
of  New  Spain.  Its  length,  as  computed  by  Hum- 
boldt, from  the  Hay  of  Terminos  near  (he  Island 
of  Carmen  to  the  small  port  of  Tampico,  is  210 
leagues,  while  its  breadth  is  only  in  general  from 
2j  to  28  leagues.  It  is  bounded  on  the  e.  by  the 
peninstda  of  Merida,  on  the  w.  by  the  intendan- 
cies  of  Oaxaca,  Puebia,  and  Mexico,  and  on  the 
n.  by  the  colony  of  New  Santander. 

There  are  few  regions  in  the  new  continent 
where  the  traveller  is  more  struck  with  the  as- 
semblage of  the  most  opposite  climates.  All  the 
w.  part  of  the  intendancy  of  Vera  Cruz  forms  the 
declivity  of  the  Cordilleras  of  Anahuac.  In  the 
space  of  a  day  the  inhabitants  descend  from  the 
regions  of  eternal  snow  to  the  plains  in  the  vici- 
nity of  the  sea,  where  the  most  suffocating  heat 
prevails.  The  admirable  order  with  which  dif- 
ferent tribes  of  vegetables  rise  above  one  another 
by  strata,  as  it  were,  is  no  where  more  percepti- 
ble than  in  ascending  from  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz 
to  the  tablp-land  of  Perote,  We  see  there  the 
physiognomy  of  the  country,  the  aspect  of  the 
sky,  the  form  of  plants,  the  figures  of  animals, 
the  manners  of  the  inhabitants,  and  the  kind  of 
cultivation  followed  by  them,  assuming  a  dif- 
ferent appearance  at  every  step  of  our  progress. 

As  we  ascend,  nature  appears  gradually  less 
animated,  the  beauty  of  the  vegetable  forms  di- 
minishes, the  shoots  become  less  succulent,  and 
(he  flowers  less  coloured.  The  aspect  of  the 
Mexican  oak  quiets  the  alarms  of  travellers 
newly  landed  at  Vera  Cruz.  Its  presence  demon- 
strates to  him  that  he  has  left  behind  the  zone  so 
Justly  dreaded  by  the  people  of  the  «.,  under 
which  the  yellow  fever  exercises  its  ravages  in 
New  Spain.  This  inferior  limit  of  oaks  warns 
the  colonist  who  inhabits  (he  central  table-land 
how  far  he  may  descend  towards  the  coast,  with- 
out dread  of  the  mortal  disease  of  the  vomito. — 
Forests  of  liquid-amber,  near  Xalapa,  announce 
by  the  freshness  of  their  verdure  that  this  is  the 
elevation  at  which  the  clouds  suspended  over  the 
ocoan  come  in  contact  with  the  basaltic  summits 
of  the  cordiflera.  A  little  higher,  near  La  Ban- 
derilla,  the  nutritive  fruit  of  the  banana-treej 


"a 


'*:] 


h   ;■   i] 


!    1 


It  > 


•Hiii 


VERA    CRUZ. 


[cumcH  no  loii^or  to  nuituiilv.  In  tliis  (o^ay  and 
cold  region,  ilioiTfoi-p,  want  NpnrH  ttn  (lie  linlian 
to  lal>oiir,  and  oxcitcH  liis  induHtry.  At  tlu>  luMglit 
of  Snn  Miffucl,  uinoH  begin  to  ntinglc  with  tlu> 
oakH,  whioJi  aro  tound  by  tlio  travollor  aH  high  as 
tho  elevated  phiins  of  I'orote,  where  he  bcliolds 
the  delightfnl  aspect  of  fields  sown  with  wheat. 
Kight  hundred  metres  higher  the  coldness  of  the 
climate  will  no  longer  admit  of  the  vegetation  of 
oaks;  and  nines  alone  there  cover  the  rocks, 
whose  sunimitH  enter  the  zone  ot'  eternal  snow. 
Thus  in  a  tew  hours  the  naturalist  in  this  mira- 
culous country  ascends  the  whole  scale  of  vege- 
tation from  the  hcliconia  and  the  banana  plant, 
whose  glossy  leaves  swell  out  into  extratirdiiiury 
dimensions,  to  the  stunted  parenchyma  of  the 
resiin)us  trees  ! 

The  province  of  Vera  Cruz  i.s  enriched  by  na- 
ture with  the  most  precious  productions.  At  the 
foot  of  the  cordiUcrtt,  in  the  evergreen  forests  of 
Papantla,  Nautln,  and  S.  Andre  Tiixtia,  grows 
the  epidendrum  vanilla,  of  which  the  odoriferous 
fruit  IS  employed  for  perfuming  chwolate.  The 
beautiful  convolvulus  julana*  grows  near  the  In- 
dian villages  of  Colina  and  Misantia,  of  which  the 
tuberose  root  fnrnisnes  the  jalap,  one  of  (he  most 
energetic  and  lM>ueficent  purgatives.  The  myrtle 
(tnt/rtiis  phiinUa),  of  which  the  grain  forms  an 
agret^able  spice,  well  known  in  trade  by  the  name 
of  pitnienta  dr  tabasco,  is  produced  in  the  forests 
which  extend  towards  the  river  of  Uaraderas,  in 
the  e.  part  of  the  inteudancy  of  Vera  Cruz.  The 
cocoa  of  Acayucjui  would  be  in  request  if  the  na- 
tives were  to  apply  themselves  more  assiduously 
to  the  cultivation  of  cocoa-trees.  On  the  e.  and 
.«.  declivites  of  the  I'ic  d'Orizaba,  in  the  vallies 
which  extend  towards  thesinall  townof  (^ordoba, 
tobacco  of  an  excellent  quality  is  cultivated, 
which  vields  an  annual  re\eiiue  t»t  the  crown  of 
more  tlian  IS,000,0(K)  of  francs,  7.")(),()()()/.  sterl- 
ing. The  similax,  of  which  the  root  is  the  true 
sasaparilla,  grows  in  the  humid  and  umbrageous 
ravins  of  the  cordilln-a.  The  cotton  of  tlu»  coast 
of  Vera  Cruz  is  celebrated  for  its  lineness  and 
whiteness.  The  sugar-cane  yields  nearly  as 
much  sugar  as  in  the  Island  of  Cuba,  and  more 
than  in  the  plantations  of  St.  Domingo. 

This  inteudancy  alone  would  keep  alive  the 
commerce  of  the  port  of  Vera  (^ruz,  if  the  num- 
ber of  colonists  was  greater,  and  if  their  laziness, 
the  effect  of  the  bounty  of  nature,  and  the  faci- 
lity of  providing  without  effort  for  the  most 
urgent  wants  of  life,  did  not  impede  the  progress 
of  industry.  The  old  population  of  Mexico  was 
concentrated  in  the  interior  of  the  country  on  the 


table-land.  The  Mexican  tribes  who,according  to 
Humboldt,  were  supposed  to  have  come  fnnn  the 
u.  countries,  gave  tlie  preference  in  their  inigra- 
ti«His  to  the  ridges  of  \\w  cordilleras,  because  tliey 
found  on  them  a  climate  analogous  to  that  of  their 
nativeconnlry.  Nodoubt,  on  the  first  arrival  of  the 
Spaniards  on  the  coast  of  ('halchiuhciiecan  (Vera 
Cruz),  all  the  country  from  the  river  of  Papaloa- 

Iniii  (Alvarado  to  lliiaxlecupan),  was  iN'tter  in- 
labited  and  better  cultivated  tlian  ii  now  is. — 
However,  the  conquerors  found  as  they  ascended 
the  table-land  the  villages  closer  together,  the 
fields  divided  into  smaller  portions,  and  the  im!o- 
ple  more  polished.     The  Spaniards,  who  inia- 

i;ined  they  founded  new  cities  when  they  gave 
■jiiropean  names  to  Aztec  cities,  followed  the 
traces  of  the  indigenous  civilization.  They  had 
very  powerful  motives  for  inhabiting  the  table- 
land of  Analiuac.  They  dreaded  l)ie  heat  and 
the  diseases  which  prevail  in  the  plains.  The 
search  aHer  the  precious  metals,  the  cultivation 
of  European  grain  and  fruit,  the  analogy  of  tlu> 
climate  with  tliat  of  the  Castilles,  and  many  other 
causes  of  a  similar  description,  all  concurred  to 
fix  them  on  the  ridge  of  the  cordillera.  So  long 
as  the  cncommdnos,  abusing  the  rights  which 
they  derived  from  the  laws,  treated  the  Indians 
as  slaves,  agreat  numlier  of  them  were  transported 
from  the  regions  of  the  coast  to  the  table-land  in 
the  interior,  either  to  work  in  the  mines,  or 
merely  that  they  might  be  near  (he  habi(a(ion  of 
(heir  masters.  For  two  centuries  the  trade  in 
indigo,  sugar,  and  cotton,  was  next  to  nothing. 
The  whites  could  by  no  means  be  induced  to 
settle  in  the  plains,  where  the  true  Indian 
climate  prevails;  and  one  would  say  that  the 
Europeans  came  under  the  tropics  merely  to  in- 
habit (he  temperate  zone. 

Since  the  great  increase  in  the  consumption  of 
sugar,  and  since  the  new  continent  has  come  to 
furnish  many  of  the  productions  tbrinerly  pro- 
cured only  in  Asia  aim  Africa,  the  plains  (tirrnis 
calinitcs )  afford,  no  doubt,  a  greater  inducement 
to  colonization.  Hence,  sugar  and  cotton  plan- 
tations have  been  multiplying  in  the  province  of 
V^era  Cruz,  especially  since  the  fatal  events  at 
St.  Domingo,  which  have  given  a  great  stimulus 
to  industry  in  the  Spanish  colonies.  However, 
the  progress  hitherto  has  not  Ihm<ii  very  remark- 
able on  the  Mexican  coast.  It  will  require  cen- 
turies to  re-people  these  deserts,  npaces  of 
many  square  leagues  are  now  only  occupied  by 
two  or  three  huts  (/lattos  de  ganatlo),  around 
which  stray  herds  of  half  wild  ciittle.  A  small 
number  of  powerful  families  who  live  on  the  cen-J 


V  r  R  A    C  R  TJ  /. 


'207 


I  (rnl  (nblc-lnnd  pofwfRH  tlio  f(rcn(of«t  purt  of  tho 
hIidicr  nf  the  iiitoiKliincicH  of  Vera  IVii/  luul  Snii 
LiiiH  Poltmi.  No  UKriiriiiii  low  Torres  (lieH<>  rich 
nropric'lors  •(»  hi'II  (lirir  mui/orazpios,  if  thr^  pi'r- 
hIhI  ill  n'fiiHiiifi;  to  liriii^  tho  iiiiiiu'imo  turritoricH 
which  belong  to  thoiii  under  ciiltivtition.  They 
hHra<'»<  their  iiirnierH,  and  turn  them  away  at 
|)leaKiire. 

To  thin  evil,  which  in  common  to  the  coast  of 
Iho  (iiiirot' Mexico,  with  Aiidaliicia  and  a  ^reat 

[iiirt  of  Spain,  other  raiiHCH  of  deponidation  iiuiHt 
le  Hd(U<d.  The  militiii  of  the  iiiteiiiliincy  ol'  Vera 
Cruz  '\H  much  too  nnmeroiiH  for  a  country  ho 
lliiiily  inhahiteil.  Thin  service  oppresst's  the  hi* 
boiirer.  He  flees  ironi  the  coast  to  avoid  bein^r 
compelled  to  enter  into  the  corps  of  the  lanrvros 
iiiul  the  iiiilkimios.  'V\\v  levies  for  sailors  to  the 
royal  navy  are  also  too  frequently  repeated,  and 
executed  in  too  nrbitrnry  a  nuuiner.  Hitherto 
Iho  government  has  ne|i;lected  every  means  for 
iiici-eaHini(  the  population  of  this  d<<sert  coast. — 
From  this  state  of  tliina^s  iesuhs  a  i^n.'at  want  of 
hands,  and  a  sctitity  of  provisions,  singular 
enough  in  a  country  of  such  f^reat  fertility.  The 
wa<res  of  an  ordiiiii  ry  workman  at  Vera  I'riiK  are 
from  five  to  six  francs  (4.v.  2d.  to  r>.v.)  iier  day. 
A  master  mason,  and  every  n.;\\\  who  iollows  a 
particular  trade,  ^aiiis  from  \h  to  "iO  francs  per 
day,  that  is  to  s)i\ ,  Itirec  times  as  niiich  as  on  the 
central  table  land. 

The  iiiteiidancv  of  Vera  Cruz  contains  within 
its  limits  two  Colossal  summits,  of  which  the  one, 
the  Volcaii  d'Ori/aba,  is,  aHer  the  I'opocatepell, 
the  most  elevated  mountain  of  N«<w  Spain.  I'Ih' 
summit  of  this  triincateil  cone  is  inclined  to  tli(> 
s.c.  by  which  means  the  crater  is  visiiile  at  a 
peat  distance,  even  from  the  city  of  Xalapu. — 
J'lie  other  siimniit,  the  ('oflVe  <le  I'erote,  accord- 
iiifj;  to  Humlxddt's  mensiirement,  is  nearly  100 
metres  hiirher  than  the  I'ic  of  TenerilVe,  which  is 
l,Jl!;^  feet.  It  serves  for  siirnal  to  tlii^  sailors 
who  put  in  at  Vera  Cruz.  Humboldt,  consider- 
iiit>  this  circumstance  to  render  the  (letermiua- 
lioii  of  its  astronomical  position  of  ^rcat  import- 
ance, observed  circum-meridian  altitudes  oi"  the 
sun  on  Iho  CoflVe  itself.  A  thick  bed  of  pumice- 
stone  environs  this  porphyriticul  mountain.  No- 
thini<;  at  the  summit  announces  a  crater  ;  but  I  lie 
currents  of  lava  observable  between  the  smull 
villa|rps  of  Las  Vigas  and  Hoya  appear  to  be  the 
elVects  of  a  very  old  lateral  explosion.  The  small 
Volcan  do  Tuxtia,  Joining  the  Sierra  de  Saii 
Martin,  is  situated  four  leagues  froni  the  coast, 
s.e.  from  the  port  «)f  Vera  Cruz,  near  the  In- 
dian village  of  Santiago  de  Tnxtla.     It  is  conse- 


oiit  of  the  line  forming  tlip  parallel  of 
tlie  burning  volcanoes  of  Mexico.  Its  lust  eru|>- 
li«ni,  tvliich  was  very  considerable,  took  place  on 
March  ii,  I7f).'j.  The  roofs  of  the  houses  at 
Oaxaca,  Vera  Cruz,  and  Perote,  were  then 
covered  with  volcanic  ashes.  At  Pen»ti',  which 
is  ,57  leagues  in  a  straight  line  distant  from  the 
volcano  of  Tiixlla,  th(^  siiblerrnneouH  noises  re- 
sembled iK'avy  discharges  of  artillery.  This  dis- 
tance is  great(>r  than  that  from  Naples  to  Home; 
and  yet  Vesuvius  is  not  even  lieard  beyond 
(iaeta. 

In  the  n.  part  of  the  intendancy  of  Vera  Cruz, 
XD,  from  the  mouth  of  tin;  IMo  Tecoluthi,  at  two 
leagues  distance  from  the  great  Indian  village  of 
Papanthi,  we  meet  with  a  pyramidal  edifice  of 
great  anticpiily.  The  pyramid  of  Papanta  re- 
iiiuined  iiiiKiiown  to  the  first  concpierors.  It  is 
situated  in  the  midst  of  a  thick  forest,  railed 
Tajin  in  the  Totonac  language.  The  Indians 
concealed  this  monument,  the  object  of  an  an- 
cient veneration,  for  centuries  from  the  Spa- 
niards ;  and  it  was  only  discovered  accidentally 
by  some  hunters  about  M  years  ago.  This  pyra- 
mid of  Pa|iantla  was  visited  by  M.  Dup£,  a  cap- 
tain in  the  service  of  the  king  of  Spain,  an  ob- 
server of  great  modesty  and  learning,  who  has 
long  employed  himself  III  curious  researches  re- 
garding the  idols  and  architecture  of  the  Mexi- 
cans, lie  examined  carefully  the  cut  of  the 
stones  of  which  it  is  constructed;  and  he  made  a 
drawing  of  the  hieroglyphics  with  which  these 
enormous  stones  are  covered.  It  is  to  lie  wished 
that  he  would  publish  the  description  of  this  in- 
teresting monument.  The  figure  published  in 
I7HH,  in  the  GuzcUv  of  Mexico,  is  extremely  im- 
perfc'ct . 

The  pyramid  of  Papantla  is  not  constructed  of 
bricks  or  clay  mixed  with  white  stones,  and  faced 
with  a  wall  of  amygdaloid,  like  the  pyramids  of 
('holiila  and  Teotihuacan:  the  only  materials 
employed  are  immense  stones  of  a  porphyriticai 
shape.  Mortar  is  distinguishable  in  the  seams. 
The  edifice,  however,  is  not  so  remarkable  for  its 
size  as  for  its  symmetry,  the  polish  of  the  stones, 
and  the  great  regularity  of  their  cut.  The  base 
of  the  pyramid  is  an  exact  square,  each  side 
being  2.5  metres,  or  82  feet,  in  length.  'I  he  per- 
(lendicular  height  appears  not  to  be  more  than 
irom  IG  to  20  metres,  or  from  .52  to  (ib  feet, — 
This  monument,  like  all  the  Mexican  teocallis,  is 
composed  of  several  stages.     Six  are  still  distin- 

f^uislmble,  and  a  seventh  appears  to  be  concealed 
ly  the  vegetation  with  which  the  sides  of  the 
(lyraniid  are  covered.     A  great  .stair  of  57  steps] 


li|;|  II 


m 


li 


f   I- 


•208 


VERA    CRUZ. 


|i 


■'if 


[conducts  to  the  truncated  top  of  the  teocalli, 
where  the  human  victims  wore  sacrificed.  On 
each  side  of  the  great  stair  is  a  small  stair.  The 
facing  of  the  stories  is  adorned  with  hierogly- 
phics, in  which  serpents  and  crocodiles  carved  in 
relievo  are  discernible.  Each  story  contains  a 
great  number  of  square  niches  sj'mmetrically  dis- 
tributed. In  the  first  story  we  reckon  24  on 
each  side,  in  the  second  20,  and  in  the  third  16. 
The  number  of  these  niches  in  the  body  of  the 
pyramid  is  366,  and  there  are  12  in  the  stair 
towards  the  e.  The  Ablie  Marquez  siinposes 
that  this  number  of  378  niches  has  some  allusion 
to  a  calendar  of  the  Mexicans;  and  he  even  be- 
lieves that  in  each  of  them  one  of  the  20  figures 
was  repeated,  which  in  the  hieroglyphical  lan- 
guage of  the  Toulecs  served  as  a  symbol  for 
marking  the  days  of  the  common  year,  and  the 
intercalated  days  at  the  end  of  the  cycles.     The 

J  ear  being  composed  of  18  months,  of  which  each 
ad  ^  days,  there  would  then  be  360  days,  to 
which,  agreeably  to  the  Egyptian  practice,  five 
complementary  days  were  added,  called  nemon- 
temi.  The  intercalation  took  place  every  52 
years,  by  adding  13  days  to  the  cycle,  which 
gives  360-1-3  +  13=378,  simple  signs,  or  com- 
posed of  the  days  of  the  civil  calendar,  which 
was  called  covipohualilhuitl,  or  tonalpohualli,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  comilhuitlapomalliztli,  or 
ritual  calendar  used  by  the  priests  for  indicating 
the  return  of  sacrifices.  It  would  be  too  great  a 
digression  to  attempt  here  to  examine  the  hypo- 
thesis of  the  Abbe  Marquez,  which  has  a  resem- 
blance to  the  astronomical  explantions  given  by 
a  celebrated  historian  of  the  number  of  apart- 
ments and  steps  found  in  the  great  Egyptian 
labyrinth. 

The  intendancy  of  Vera  Cruz  has  no  metallic 
mines  of  any  importance.  The  mines  of  Zomc- 
lahuacan,  near  Jalacingo,  arc  almost  abandoned. 
— Its  population  amounted  in  1803,  to  156,000 
souls.  The  extent  of  surface  in  square  leagues 
is  computed  at  4,141,  thus  giving  38  inhabitants 
to  the  square  league. 

The  most  remarkable  cities  of  this  province 
are, — 

Vera  Cruz,  the  capital,      Cordoba, 
Xalapa,  Orizaba, 

Perote,  Tlacotlalpjin.] 

Vera  Cruz,  a  cit^  and  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  this  name,  in  the  kingdom  of  Nueva 
Espaiia;  founded  by  Hernan  Cortes,  on  the 
coast  of  the  N.  Sea  ;  with  a  port  mucli  frequented 
by  vessels  from  Europe  and  diiferent  parts  of 
America;  and  by  which  the  whole  trade  of  that 


kingdom  is  carried  on.  The  city  is  small,  but 
handsome,  with  streets  inters(>cting  each  other  in 
straight  lines,  r.  and  w.  and  ».  and  s.  It  has  a 
magnificent  parish  church,  and  seven  convents, 
one  of  the  religious  of  St.  Domingo,  another  of 
La  Merced,  another  of  S.  Augustin,  and  a  college 
which  belonged  to  the  Jesuits ;  two  hospitals, 
the  one  of  San  Juan  de  Dios,  and  the  other  of  the 
order  of  La  Caridad,  with  the  title  of  S.  Hipolito. 
It  is  well  fortified,  with  a  good  wall,  which  has 
eight  bulwarks,  defending  the  port  and  the  mole, 
which  was  begun  to  be  built  by  the  Viceroy,  Don 
Antonio  de  Mendoza.  The  port  is,  however, 
nothing  but  a  kind  of  road,  formed  l)y  an  island, 
in  which  vessels  lie  muc!i  exposed.  Without  the 
walls  of  the  city  is  a  vice-parish,  with  the  title  of 
Santo  Christo  del  Buen  Viage,  and  another  tem- 
ple dedicated  to  its  patron  and  tutelar,  St.  Sebas- 
tian :  where  also  is  founded  the  hospital  of  con- 
valescence of  the  religious  Bethlemites. 

This  city  is  of  a  hot  and  unhealthy  tempera- 
ture ;  but  abounding  in  all  sorts  of  vegetable  pro- 
ductions, as  well  European  as  those  of  Nueva 
Espana  ;  the  same  being  the  main  branches  of  its 
commerce.  It  was  translated  to  the  part -in 
which  it  stands,  at  a  little  distance  from  its  former 
situation,  by  order  of  the  Viceroy,  the  Count  of 
Monterey,  for  the  sake  of  a  better  port.  Here 
are  four  companies  of  militia,  consisting  of  the 
inhabitants,  two  of  Mulattocs,  and  two  of  Free 
Negroes ;  each  company  consists  of  100  men, 
and  on  them  devolves  the  duty  of  defending  the 
principal  place  in  the  town.  Besides  Uiese, 
there  are  three  companies  of  dragoons,  of  regular 
troops,  and  in  the  neighbouring  ranc/tos,  or  small 
farms,  800  other  men  are  enlisted,  who  are  armed 
with  lances,  and  appear  whenever  the  firing  of  a 
cannon  gives  them  notice  that  they  are  wanted. 
T  he  city  IS  well  defended,  and  furnished  with  plenty 
of  good  artillery.  On  the  land  side  is  a  gate, 
called  Puerta  Nueva,  and  which  is  only  opened 
when  the  viceroys  make  their  entry  ;  there  is  also 
another  gate,  called  the  Mexican,  as  by  this  the 
traffic  and  commerce  is  carried  on  ;  ana  towards 
the  sea  is  the  gate  of  the  Quay  (Muella),  and 
three  others  with  the  names  of  La  Caleta,  I<ii 
Atarazana,  and  Del  Pescado. 

On  the  island  which  forms  the  port  is  the  castle 
of  S.  Juan  de  Ulua,  large  and  well  furnished 
with  120  cannons  and  3  mortars  ;  as  also  a  hand- 
some and  modern  built  battery,  by  the  which  are 
defended  the  two  channels,  the  one  to  the  ».  the 
other  to  the  s.  c.  The  pirate  Lorenzillo  took  and 
sacked  this  city  in  1682  :  176  miles  from'Mexico, 
to  the  e.  in  long.  96°  3'  35"  w.  lat.  19°  IT  33"  n. 


VERA    CRUZ. 


209 


The  Bettlemcnts  of  its  district  are, 

Medellin,  Tncotalpn, 

Alvarado,  Talixco^an, 

Cotaxtla. 

[INDEX    TO  THE  AnniTioKAL  information 

RESPECTING  THE  CiTY  OF  VeRA  CrUZ. 

1 .  Jlistorj/  and  General  Statistics, — 2.  Commerce. 
— 3.  Revolution, 

I,  IFistory  and  General  Statistics. — The  cit^  of 
Vera  Cruz,  the  residence  of  the  iiitendant,  is  pro- 

Iierly  designated  by  Humboldt  as  tlie  centre  of 
European  and  W.  Indian  coinmercc.  The  city  is 
beautifully  and  reguhirly  built,  and  inhabited  by 
well-informed  merchants,  active  and  zealous  for 
the  jjood  of  their  country.  The  interior  police 
has  been  much  improved  duri  ig  these  few  years. 
Tlie  district  in  which  Vera  ^ruK  is  situated  was 
formerly  callt'd  Chalchiuhcurcan.  The  island  on 
which  the  fortress  of  San  Juan  dc  Ulua  was  con> 
structcd  at  an  enormous  expense  (according;  to 
vulgar  tradition  at  an  expense  of  200,000,000 
francs,  or  jJJ.8,334,000  sterlinc;,)  was  visited  by 
Juan  de  Grixalva  in  1318.  He  gave  it  the  name 
of  Ulua,  because  having  found  the  remains  of  two 
unfortunate  victims  who  had  been  sacrificed  there 
(according  to  a  custom  prevalent  on  several  of 
the  small  islands  around  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz, 
and  especially  on  that,  the  dread  of  navigators, 
still  bearing  the  name  of  Isla  de  Sacrificios,)  and 
having  asked  the  natives  why  they  sacrificed  men, 
they  answered  that  it  was  by  orders  of  the  kings 
of  Acolhua  or  Mexico.  The  Spaniards,  who 
had  Indians  of  Yucatan  for  interpreters,  mis- 
took the  answer,  and  believed  Ulua  to  l>e  the 
name  of  the  island.  It  is  to  similar  mistakes  that 
P«ru,  t'.e  coast  of  Paria,  and  several  other  pro- 
vinces, owe  their  present  names.  The  city  of 
Vera  Cruz  is  frequently  called  Vera  Cruz  Nucva, 
to  distinguish  it  from  Vera  Cruz  Vieja,  situated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Antigua,  considered 
by  all  the  historians  as  the  first  colony  founded 
by  Cortez.     The  falsity  of  this  opinion  has  been 

I  (roved  by  tlie  Abbe  Clavigero.  The  city  was 
>egan  in  1.519,  and,  called  Villarica,  or  La  Villa 
Hica  de  la  Vera  Cruz,  was  situate  at  three  leagues 
distance  from  Cempoalla,  the  head  town  of  the 
Totonacs,  near  the  small  port  of  Chiahuitzla, 
which  we  can  with  difticulty  recognize  in  Ro- 
l)ertson's  work  under  the  name  of  Quiabislan. 
Three  years  afterwards  la  Villa  Rica  was  de- 
serted, and  the  Spaniards  founded  another  city 
to  the  south,  which  has  preserved  the  name  of 
la  Antigua.  It  is  believed  in  the  country  that 
vor..  V. 


this  second  colony  was  again  abandoned  on 
account  of  the  vomito,  which  at  that  period  cut  ofT 
more  than  two-thirds  of  the  Europeans,  who 
landed  in  the  hot  season.  The  viccioy.  Count  dc 
Monterey,  who  governed  Mexico  at  the  end  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  ordered  the  foundations  of  the 
Nueva  Vera  (/'ruz,  or  present  city,  to  be  laid 
opposite  the  island  of  San  Juan  d'Ulua  in  the 
district  of  Calchiuhcuecan,  in  the  very  place 
where  Cortez  first  landed,  on  April  21,  1519. 
This  third  city  of  Vera  Cruz  received  its  privi- 
leges of  city  only  under  Philip  III.  in  1615.  It 
is  situate  in  an  arid  plain,  destitute  of  running 
water,  on  which  the  north  winds,  which  blow  with 
impetuosity  from  October  till  April,  have  formed 
hills  of  moving  sand.  These  downs  (meganos  de 
arena)  change  their  form  and  situation  ever^  year. 
They  are  from  8  to  12  metres,  or  from  2()  to  38 
feet,  in  height,  and  contribute  very  much  by  the 
reverberation  of  the  sun's  rays,  and  the  high 
temperature  which  they  acquire  during  the  sum- 
mer months,  to  increase  the  suiTocatiiig  heat  of 
the  air  of  V^era  Cruz.  Between  the  city  and  the 
Aroyo  Gavilan,  in  the  midst  of  the  downs,  are 
marshy  grounds  covered  with  mangles  and  other 
brushwood.  The  stagnant  water  of  the  Baxio  or 
shoal  de  la  Tembladcra,  and  the  small  lakes  of 
rilormiga,  el  Rancho  de  la  Hortaliza,  and  Arjo- 
na,  occasion  intermittent  fevers  among  the  natives. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  it  is  also  not  one  of  the 
least  important  among  the  fatal  causes  of  the 
black  sickness  (vomito prii'o). 

All  the  edifices  of  Vera  Cruz  are  constructed 
of  materials  drawn  from  the  bottom  of  the  ocean, 
the  stony  habitations  of  the  madrepores  (piedras 
de  mucara) ;  for  no  rock  is  to  be  found  in  the  en- 
virons of  the  city.  The  secondary  formations, 
which  repose  on  the  porphyry  of  f'Encero,  and 
which  appear  only  near  Acazonica,  a  farm  of  the 
Jesuits,  celebrated  for  its  quarries  of  beautifully 
foliated  gypsum,  are  covered  with  sand.  Water 
is  found  on  digging  the  sandy  soil  of  Vera  Cruz 
at  the  depth  of  a  metre,  or  9.8  feet ;  but  this 
water  proceeds  from  the  filtration  of  the  marshes 
formed  in  the  downs.  It  is  rain  water,  which  has 
been  in  contact  with  the  roots  of  vegetables  ;  and 
is  of  a  very  bad  quality,  and  only  used  for  wash- 
ing. The  lower  people,  (and  the  fact  is  impor- 
tant for  the  medical  topography  of  Vera  Cruz) 
are  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  the  water  of  a 
ditch  (zanjaj  which  comes  from  the  meganos,  and 
is  somewhat  better  than  the  well  water,  or  that 
of  the  brook  of  Tenoya.  People  in  easy  circum- 
stances, however,  drink  rain  water  collected  in 
cisterns,  of  which  the  construction  is  extremely] 

E  E 


I  'i 


k.'!''    j.iL 


»  I 


nm 


^^ 


I'        'I 


210 


V  E  II  A     ('  U  IJ  Z. 


'f' 


f improper,  witli  the  exception  of  the  hetiiilit'iil 
cisteriiH  (ofsrihrs)  of  tlie  ruHtle  of  Sun  .Iniin 
d'UluH,  of  wliich  the  vnv  pure  iiiiil  wholesome 
wnter  is  only  distrilinted  tt»  lhos««  in  the  niilitiii'v. 
This  wRnI  of  i^ood  potnhlr  water  has  been  for 
centnrieH  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  nnmerons 
canses  of  the  diseases  of  the  iiihaliitants.  In  I7()( 
a  projeet  was  formed  for  condiictina;  part  «»f  (lie 
line  river  Naniapa  to  the  port  of  Vera  Criiz. 
Kinjy  Philip  V.  sent  a  Krench  en^;ineer  to  examine 
tlie  ground.  Tht>  cni;ineer,  discontented,  no 
donbt,  with  his  stay  in  a  conntry  so  hot  and  di^^- 
upreeal)!*'  to  live  in,  declared  the  execution  of 
the  project  impossible.  In  \1^H)  the  debates 
w<'re  renewed  among  the  enjjineers,  the  mnnici- 
pality,  the  povernor,  the  viceroy's  assessor  and 
the  nscal.  Hitherto  there  has  been  spent  in  visits 
of  persons  of  skill  and  jmiicial  expenses  (for  every 
tiling  becomes  a  law-suit  in  the  Spanish  colonies  I) 
the  s^un  of  y.2.)0,0(K)  francs,  or  i*  f)J,7:)7  sterlintj. 
Before  surveying  the  ground,  a  dike  or  end)ank> 
ment  has  been  formed  MOO  metres  (3()0H  feet) 
above  the  village  of  Xnmapa,  at  an  expense  of 
l,iJ00,()00  francs,  or  jC6'2,;)0.5  sterling,  wiiich  is 
now  nearly  half  destroyed.  The  government  has 
levie«l  for  these  ly  years  on  the  inhabitants  n 
duty  on  Hour,  which  brings  in  annually  more  than 
150,000  francs,  or  jg.tiiJ.'JO  sterling.  A  stone 
aqueduct  ('^//frr.rrfl)  capable  of  furnishing  a  sec- 
tion of  water  of  116  square  centimetre  ,  or  1798 
square  inches,  is  already  constructed  for  a  length 
of  more  than  flOO  metres  (y<).)'i  leet).  and  yet, 
notwithstanding  all  these  expenses,  and  the  farago 
of  memoirs  and  intoniu<s  heaped  up  in  the 
archives,  the  waters  of  the  Hio  Xamapa  are  still 
more  than  i?.S.000  metres  (75,4.')!)  leel)  distant 
from  the  town  of  Vera  ("rnz.  In  179.5  they  en«led 
with  what  they  onglif  to  have  began.  .\  sur- 
vey was  made  of  the  groiuid,  and  it  was  found 
that  the  mean  bodv  of  the  Xanuipa  was  Sni  JJ, 
(27  32  feet)  (10  i>iexican  vara.s,  and  iJ'il  inches) 
abovf>  the  level  of  the  streets  of  Vera  Cruz.  It 
was  found  that  tlie  great  «iike  ought  to  have  i)een 
placed  at  Medellin,  and  that  through  ignorance 
it  was  constructed  no!  only  in  a  point  of  too  great 
elevation,  litit  al;o  7,')()()  metres  (or  24,()05  feet) 
fartlier  fn)Ui  the  port  than  the  necessary  fall  tor 
conveying  tlie  water  deinauded.  In  the  present 
state  of  things,  the  conslniction  of  the  aqueduct 
from  the  Rio  X.imnpa  to  Vera  (^riiz  is  esti- 
mated at  5  or  (),0()(),0()0  francs,  (or  £"J()S.35()  to 
^  y.")0.(>i0  )  In  a  country  abounding  with  in>- 
mense  metallic  wealth  i(  is  not  the  greatness  of 
tin-  s"in  which  frightens  the  govenniKMit.  The 
project  is  |)ut  oft' because  it  has  been  lately  calcu- 


lated that  10  pul)lic  cisterns,  placed  without  the 
preciiu'ls  of  the  city,  windd  not  altogether  ens) 
UM)re  than  7(K),(X)0"  francs,  (  (;.*.'9.l()9  sterliiur.) 
and  uould  be  suHicietit  for  a  i  opidatitm  of  l(>,(N)0 
souls,  if  each  cistern  of  water  contained  a  \<dumi' 
of  Mater  of  070  cubic  mr>tres,  or  ^.'j.tit)!  cubic 
feet  "  Why  ?"  it  is  said  in  the  report  to  llic 
viceroy,  "  why  go  so  far  to  seek  what  nature 
alVords  at  hand  ?  Why  not  profit  by  th(<  regular 
and  abundant  rains,  Mhicli,  according  to  the 
accurate  experiments  ofColonel  Costan/o,  furnish 
three  times  inon*  water  than  what  falls  in  France 
and  (jermany?"  The  habitual  populatiim  of 
Vera  Criiz,  without  including  the  militia  andsea- 
liiring  people,  is  l().f)O0. 

y.  ^«w»H<rfe.-'r he  goods  that  were  exported 
principally  fnnn  Holland,  Kugland,  France,  with 
some  iineries  from  Italy,  have  usually  paid  enor- 
mous duties  in  Spain,  and  when  they  arrived  at  their 
destination  at  Vera  Cruz,  fresh  ones  were  exacted, 
so  tliat  the  articles  doubled  in  value  before  they 
came  to  the  retailer.  Again,  the  exports  from 
thence  being  small,  cash  was  the  principal  means 
of  procuring  them,  so  that  the  advantage  was 
double  against  Spain,  and  in  favour  of  the  foreign 
merchant.  The  folhnviiig  pro  forma  will  serve 
to  lihew  lit  what  price  the  consiiiner  laid  in  his 
nei'essaries,  and  will  at  the  same  time  form  u  con- 
trast of  trade  direct  from  b^ngland. 

I'ttO  FOHM  A. 

Calculated  in  Knglish  Money. 
For  f^.^00  value  of  llritish  manufactures,   pur- 
cliascd  in  (M-eat  lirilaiu,  and  sent  out  to  ('adiz 
in  llritish  sliips  :  and  again  exported  to  Spanish 
America  in  Spanish  ships. 

£' 

First  cost  in  Cn-eat  Hrilain      ...     -     -  100 
Shipping,  cliiuires,  ticight,  and  insurance  to 

Ca«liz  .-...-.-..  .5 
AVardiitv  on  t'le  exportation  -----  I 
|)iitv  piiid  on  iinporliiliou  i:iu>  Cadiz  -  -  1.5 
Importer's  profit  in  Cadiz  -----  yO 
l)iit\  paid  in  Cadiz  on  ri<-sliipiiH<nt  to  .Ame- 
rica .-.--..---.-  10 
I'reiglit  iiiid  insurance  I'roni  Cadiz  to  .Viiu'- 
rica yO 

First  cost  and  charges  out  to  America    -     -   171 
Spanish  exporter's  profit  on  arrival  out  in 

.A  nierica 
Frequontlv  yOO  per  cent.  :  but  sav  one  half 
thereof 1     ...  17! 

Paid  by  the  purchaser  in  Spanish  America    342] 


V  R  R  A     r  R  IJ  Z. 


211 


£ 

100 

5 

1 

15 

yo 

10 
90 
171 


l*llO  FOUMA. 

CalniliiliMl  ill  l''.ll^liHh  Moncv> 

l'(»r  £.100  vnliio  of  llritiHli  miiMiirnrtiiroK,  sont 
(III)  iinnu'dinlrly  IVoin  (iroiit  Hriliiiii  hy  Itrilisli 
iiK  rcliaiits,  ill  l)i  iti><li  HliipH,  <<>  SpiiniHh  Aiiu'rica. 

rimt  rost 1(H) 

War  iliily  paid  i)iHlit<  {'ximrtnlioii     .     -     •  4 

Shipping;;  <'liai'<<;(<>i  and  iVi'iKlit  oKt       .     •     -  10 

lii><iiraiu-«<  <iiil,  il'l)y  an  arnif'd  ship    ...  (i 

{■"list  roht  and  »'liarrr|.soiiMo  Anu'rira    -     -     190 
Hriti-^li   »'xp«ntci'H   profit  at    KM)  por  vent. 
thcn-on 190 

I'aid  l-.y  llu'  pinrliascr  in  Spaninli  Amorini       910 
('ii«-a|i('i'(()(lu>  piin-liasorinSpanisli  Aincrica     109 

JI9 

'rii(<o\oil)itanl  priro  ofijoodw,  wliirli  the  wcmror 
or  niiisiiniiT  could  no)  l)rook,  created  a  spirit  of 
(-oiitraliand,  wliicli  at>'ain  tiirned  out  in  favour  of 
tlio  foiciii'iior,  who  principally  sold  for  cash,  and 
till*  n(>ii;lil)oiiriii!;  Knirlisli  uiid  iientral  islands 
reaped  the  henelit. 

The  ditlicnity  with  which  royal  |;;nints  in  the 
early  times  necessary  to  form  a  shipment  to 
Spanish  AnH-rica  were  obtained,  and  these  speci- 
fyiii!;'  it  to  he  from  the  port  of  Seville,  to  which 
iilso  the  returns  were  to  he  made,  operated  long 
as  a  stumbling-block  to  all  exertions  and  enter- 
prises in  commercial  relations  from  the  mother 
country  to  her  colonies,  and  gave  the  neighboiir- 
iiij;  Diitcli  the  advantages  of  the  trade  ;  an  alien- 
ation which  the  great  vigilance  of  their  multiplied 
rnstom-honse  oflicers  could  not  counteract.  Hy 
(his  irregular  channel  the  advantages  were  en- 
tirely lost  to  government. 

In  179S,  a  company  of  Discayan  inerchantH 
proposed  to  the  king  a  plan  of  hindering,  at  their 
own  expense,  the  contraband  trade  that  was 
carried  on  with  the  Dntcli,  more  particularly  in 
the  provinc<>  of  Venezuela,  and  those  confining, 
ifiii  return  they  should  be  allowed  the  exclusive 
right  of  supplying  the  same  witli  goods  and  other 
necessaries,  and  of  thence  exporting  the  produc- 
tions. The  proposition  was  acceded  to,  and  the 
company  instituted.  Uy  their  charter,  they  are 
called  the  ('ompaiiy  of  (iuipuscoa,from  the  name 
of  that  [Ji-ovince  in  the  n.  of  Spain,  where  the 
plan  originated,  and  the  members  chieliv  resided. 

They  were  allowed  tlie  j)orts  of  Biscay  to  make 


shipments  out  :  were  provided  with  rruiHers  and 
regular  letters  of  maniue,  but  their  retiirni  were 
confined  to  Cadi/,  wliero  agents  were  pinred. 
liy  their  Nlipuhitions,  contraband  goods,  captiinul 
by  them,  could  be  sold  in  Caracas;  anil  cm'on 
taken  in  the  same  way,  they  were  privileged  to 
send  to  Vera  Cruz,  where  this  article  from  itsgreat 
consumption,  has  fretpieiidy,  during  war  time, 
been  in  as  great  demand  and  at  as  high  prices  ns 
in  Spain. 

'liieir  rights  and  prinlcges  were  extensive, 
anil  it  was  specified  to  be  lui  degradation  for  the 
nobility  to  have  shares  in  it.  The  «>bligation  to 
suppiv  the  country,  and  to  supiu-ess  illicit  trade, 
was  tlie  only  counterbalance.  I(  answered,  how- 
ever, but  one  purpose,  whiili  was,  to  hinder 
cocoa  (being  a  bulky  article)  from  going  to  a 
foreign  market,  i)iit  Spain  being  previously  sup- 
plied with  this  article  of  her  own  growtli,  the 
price  soon  becam(<  lowered  to  one  half.  Th«'coni- 
pany's  charter  was  afterwards  modified,  so  as  not 
to  put  the  colonist  ho  much  in  their  power,  and  in 
I77S,  was  entirely  taken  away  by  opening  the 
trade  to  all  nations,  and  by  increasing  the  num- 
ber of  ports  of  entry. 

Direct  comnu'rce,  however,  lingered  from  the 
many  shackles  under  which  it  was  kept,  and  from 
the  rivalship  of  neutrals;  for  the  mother  country 
sent  out  (what  she  could  barely  afford;  little 
more  than  dried  fr»jts,  coarse  earthenware,  and 
hardware,  iron,  Catalan  brandies  and  wines,  oil, 
coarse  silks  from  Harcelona,  pickled  tunny  fish  (a 
great  Spanish  luxury)  and  such  like  inconsider- 
able articles.  CJerman  and  English  goods  still 
continued  to  come  through  their  old  devious 
channels. 

This  confined  direct  trade  varied  much,  accord- 
ing to  the  vicissitudes  of  war  or  peace.  During 
the  late  wars,  it  was  principally  limited  to  small 
vessels  cal led /rt/Mff«.«,  that  went  out  with  Spanish 
paper,  used  in  enveloping  tobacco  f(»r  smoking, 
which  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the  greatest 
luxuries  of  the  Spanish  American,  who  often 
bought  it  at  40  dollars  per  ream  ;  and  it  would 
he  worth  while,  should  Spain  cease  to  stipply  this 
article,  principally  made  in  Barcelona,  to  adopt 
its  manutacture  in  England,  as  it  exclusively  suits 
the  smoker,  from  its  containing  no  pernicious 
empyreumatic  oil,  nor  any  sizing  or  indigo.  To 
this  article  they  added  uncoloiiied  brandies,  and 
quicksilver,  for  the  use  of  the  mines.  If  they  ^ot 
out  safe,  they  returned  with  cocoa  in  bulk,  which 
they  laid  in  at  1.5  dollars,  and  sold  on  arriving  at 
119.  These  were,  however,  small  adventuresj 
i;  I.  9 


It  .  I 


:     l-f 


;-.i  .;i^ 


•212 


V  i:  It  ,\   (Mi  II  /. 


r  ' 


>. 


■■(•  V 


4- 


hliiH  ItortMKil  lli<<  t'linnirtcr  til' Iriiili*.  hill  llinl  nCn 
loitorv,  lik«>  whirl)  nUo,  llwy  wen-  iiiiilcrliiki'ii  in 
NhiiH'M,  Miiil  iiiMiiiiiiii'i<  oxilnilt'd. 

The  |)urlM  o(  «<ii(rv,  on  (licir  iiiiKin«'ntiili«iii, 
w«>ri<  «li«i«li>tl  intii  hut  rliisNON,  \if.  nmi/orm  iinti 
DiiHons,  XliiiiH  iVoin  S|>iiin  roiilil  itnlv  iiiii\i>  in 
lilt*  litrnu'r,  wli«'ii>  llirv  \w*i\  lli«>  wliolo  rnvitl  iinti 
niunii'i|Hil  «liili«»<,  un  i>><liihliN|ii<il  U\  tlii>  liirit''*  ot' 
oiiMtoniH,  mill  in  lhi<«i>  |HniH  Hlii|ini«>ii(H  (o  llii>  nc- 
I'oiiil  «-|iiss  oriKiniitnl,  nlinv  (li«>v  onlv  puiil  (lu* 
u>iini«'i|Mil  ilnlioM. 

Tilt'  HV^Ii'iii  of  SpiuiiNli  ciiMloni  iM  coinulinilrtl, 
not  frcniMtilU  nn«li<rt)(ooil  liv  lli<<  KiikIinIi  nici- 
t-hiint,  iiikI  iiiiiv  (I«'m<i'\i<  mmiic  ilcliiil.  SliipiiifiilN 
tliirot  iVoni  S|tain,  oC  niUioniil  ^ootN.  pnv  «<«|iiul 
•  o  Mj  |M'i'  cont.  on  ••ntn,  unil  nlwii  oC  loiriKii 
nituui(u«-lin-t>H.  on  liimlin^  in  S|min,  l.'t  |M<r  rnit. 
and  on  InMiifj  i<>-Nlii|i|)a<tl  M):  on  iinixiiiK  oiH, 
Uiov  ngiiiii  j)i»v  Uio  rowtl  «ln<v  of  7  |H'f  n'lil.  Itf- 
HuU^H  innniniml  innl  otWr  tliiliiw,  n liidi  alloi<i'llit>r 
unionnl  lo  altonl  l.'t  im>i-  «-i<n(,  (lu>  total  tilwliicli 
innsi  l)««  i^taid  hol'orc  tlic  mciTltanl  ran  m'IkI  \m 
arlit<lo«,  tor  ho  is  not  alhnwil  to  hoiiil  thiMii  :  so 
tliat  tlio  prior  at  which  lh(>  nnisiinu'r  ix  to  pur- 
rhaso  mat  Ito  rasilv  calciilalod,  whon  I'lvijfht, 
rliarjfi's,  ami  profits  "aiv  aihliHl. 

ArtioloH  of  I'xport,  lor  tho  ronsnmplion  of 
their  own  ntaniitarliiri's  at  honi<<.  such  as  cochi- 
n«Nil,  iiuli^t,  colloii.  and  dvc  woods,  arc  suhjcrt 
to  inodcnitc duties;  liiil  whiVilcstincd  loa  for«>ii(ii 
marlkot.  iH'ar  lioa\  v  iiuposis.n  rci(iilalion  intended 
to  enronraii;e  their  own  iiianiiliicliires,  iVoin  which 
preul  Iteiietil  caimol  lia\e  l»e«'n  tierivetl,  since 
one  of  their  hesi  s(ali-ls  has  n-inarked,  that 
H,()()(),()t)Oe.f  the  iiihaliil.nilsaiv  clothed  in  foreign 
poods. 

The  lilanin,  ViciiAa.  and  sheep's  woids.  are 
duty-fnv  when  shipped  to  Spain,  l>ul  hear  lieaw 
oxport  dniies  when  sent  to  a  foreijjn  nalittn.  The 
first,  iM'injT  most  interior,  pays  S  per  cent,  ad  \a- 
lorom  :  the  stvond  double,  besides  an  addition  of 
two  dollars  per  l()t)|hs  :  and  the  latter ,").'};,  ac- 
cordinij  lo  the  royal  reijnlalions  of  IS(H). 

The  slu»ep"s  wool  of  Spanish  America,  that  has 
liren  neijlected  in  a  straiijje  way  l\)r  want  »)f  en- 
connufemenl.  mijjht  bec«»me  one  of  their  most 
valnable  exjwrts:  for  the  plains  ami  jjrazin«> 
pastnrfs  of  the  kinj^dom  of  Mexico  p.irliciilarly, 
may,  in  point  of  Hocks,  be  compared  with  those 
for  which  Spain  was  so  lately  famous.  This  wool 
has  scarcolv  Iven  consi«ler«-il  as  an  object  of  com- 
mercial utility,  and  the  slnt^p  fH'nerally  goes 
\inhocAc\\  and  unsliorn.  They  manut'.ictnre,  in- 
deed, a  few   coarse  blankets,  called  tiiaiitas  und 


firiiiilof,  bill  there  are  no  depAls  lo  collect,  pre 

Iiare,  and  pack  il  in  ilx  raw  state  lo  any  <|iianlity . 
■'veil  d«<«<r  Nkins,  thai  initfhl  he  collected,  are  in  a 
great  ineaNiire  niuioticeil,  lieNideN  ii  variety  of 
oilier  resonrceH  which  want  only  enroiiraKenieiil 
lo  make  them  Mlaple  articles  ;  iind  in  the  eye  of 
the  economiHl,  the  prodnclioiiN  of  IheNe  reKioim 
seem  for  the  most  pari  best  Hiiiletl  lo  the  waiitM  of 
a  inannfaclnriiiK  c«Mintry,  and  peculiarly  to  invite 
its  trade. 

The  ililhciilty  of  arcesH  lo  those  MlHleinentN  thai 
are  only  in  the  hands  of  government  and  their 
ollicei-M,  renders  il  inipossinle  lo  give  any  exact 
ami  general  scale  of  llie  annual  ainonni  of  trade 
from  Spain  to  HpaniHh  America,  and  even  were 
that  diiliculty  tivercoine,  the  inlerrnplionH,  and 
the  orevalenceof  miinggling  during  the  late  war, 
would  th'feat  any  atlenipl  to  form  a  correct  Niale- 
nienl.  Nor  are  we,  in  this  particular,  aNMisled 
by  iMiluinti's  I'iiw  of  Sfuiin,  as  liiM  liibleH  of 
revenue  relating  to  America,  do  not  extend  he- 
yimd  I7SS;  though  he  tells  ns,  that  in  l7Mv;,  the 
aggregate  export  trade  lothal  conntry,  amonnleii 
to  |^.^,Hl',.',.'ilH),  which  iniiHl  clash  materially  with 
the  siihseqnent  statement  relating  to  the  fair  of 
\ala|N«. 

\\  ith  regard  to  the  port  of  liHgnira  alone,  ami 
this  will  serve  lo  assist  in  estimating  the  trath'  of 
the  rest,  it  is  staled,  on  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Walton,  that  the  vabie  «if  goods  that  passed 
through  the  cnslom-honse  in  the  year  I7!)(i,  (the 
most  neutral  p«>riod  which  Spain  has  enjoyed  foi 
some  \»'ars,)  was  as  folhiws  : 

//„/,/  l),>//,„s. 
OfSpanish  or  free  articles    .     -     -  •»;W,SSI 

Of  foreign  goods  re-mannfactnied  and 

prepared  in  Spain,  siich  as  calicoes 

of  foreign  fabric,  prinleil  there  (Uily  7.V{,H'J 
( )f entirely  foreign  gotals     -     -     -    "-      l,W}»,4S7 

y,ll.i,hl(» 


eipial   lo   |j.7()I.O,'»7   sterling,  which  h>l\  to  the 
government,  in  dnties,  alMtnl  ,'Jt)l),(NM)  dollars. 

.As  we  iiave  before  observ«'d,  it  is  not  possible 
to  form  anv  calcuhitimi  of  the  annual  coiilrabami 
traile  carried  on,  on  IIk'so  same  coasts;  but  il 
may  safely  be  said  to  amount  to  triple  that  of  the 
regular  importations.  Hence,  it  is  evident,  that 
the  proportion  of  foreign  goods,  n*gnlar  and  con- 
trabaml,  introdnced  into  the  Spanish  c«>loiiies 
greatly  exceeds  that  of  the  national  articles  el 
tnide.  The  Spaniards  have  always  ^iven  a  pre 
ferencc  to   tiorinan  and  Silesiuii  piece  goods. J 


v^nj,. 


V  i:  u  A   r  iMi  z. 


213 


f  Iroiii  llii'ii'  iH'in^  oliiiicn,  tiiil  now,  thi'y  ^I't  liiiiti 
liiiil)'*!  to  «t<*iH  ttiKoii,  uhirli  hiiU  I'ltir  to  mii|i|)Iv 
llir  |)i-«'Mi'iil  niiviitioii  til'  llir  loriin'r  iirlirli*N,  liy 
ihr  HiiliMtitiiliiiii  ul'  I'iIikIihIi  kooHn.  'I'irltliMilinrKH 
mill  rlirrltx  lorin  llix  rliilliinfl;  ol'  mIiivi'n,  iiihI  roiii* 
iiiiiii  |MM»|tli' :  iiimI  HrHiiiiniiiiy  istoiiUfiii,  irni<i  i)  In 
Murlnix,  filiili/fiis,t»»\  hikIi  likt*,  ifiiit  ol'tlH-  IwUrr 
>.iii'(.  'I'Im'  iiniltilioiiN  uCllifHi' ((ootlx,  ill  (|niilitv, 
r.|iii|ic,  iiiiii'kH,  mill  imrltiiiK,  now  iiil<i|iti'il  in  lfif> 
Sfolrli  mill  (''.iiKliHli  iiiiiiiiillMiiiri'M,  iiiiMwrr  vi'iy 
ni'll :  IIh'V  <I<*  i>oI  iiI(iik«>I|ii<i-  ilr<-i>ivt-  4lii<  Sim 
iiiiiiil'4,  «v)mi  III')*  «>xri'lli>iit  jiiiIki>h  uI'  kooiIm,  (nil 
m'l'vr  till'  |nir|H>si'>t,  tvliiUt  llii<  rnil  oiicn  nrc  nnl 
iitliiiiiiil)!)',  mill  till  IIm'v  lit)*  rii|iiilili'  ol'  Ih-jiik 
lHoiii(li(  lo  II  iiiiiii*  |ii'ii«*rt  r«*xi'inliliiiH'i',  wliiili 
ttoiilil  K*^*'  ll)'*ni  I)  Kioiil  ii(lililioiiiil  viiliic 

'riH'n*  ckiHlH,  ill  iiilililiiin  lollu*  iiImivi*,  ii  Irillinu; 
liiiiji*,  |M'inri|iiillv  oC  ilrini  miil  ji'iki'il  iiii*iiIm, 
('(Miiilrv  i'Ih'i'm',  j{iiilir,  |iiill('iv,  tV<'.  liii'iiril  on 
iH'turi'ii  llif  iiitiin  mill  III!'  n(>iK;lilioiiiiiii(  S|imiiM|i 
ixliinilM. 

'I'Ih*  niiiiii  iiHoiiIn  tiniiiiiillv,  iiIhiiiI  IV,(I(HI  iiiiiIi'h 
III  llu*  (liOi'i'i'iil  iNlmiils,  lliiil  lire  viiliifil  iil  V/i 
iliilliirM  |Mr  lii'iiil.  I'l'W  liorni'il  riillli*  m'«<  now 
Nlii|i|HMl,  lull  liiili*>4  liirni  a  liirK*'  |iro|ioi'lion  oC 
iii'iii'ly  rvny  1111^0,  iinil  in  llii*  |iroviiii'<*  orCiirii- 
ftiM,  mill  llioHi*  ronlinitiK,  niiiy  In*  rrrkoni'il  iil 
i(M),IHM)  |ii*r  miiinni ;  liiil  liii  iMiilii  roiilil  I'lirniNli 
iiion*,  lH*l.li*r,  iinil  iil  11  <'li«'ii|H*t'  riili*. 

'I'Ih*  iilmiliiiK  of  coiil*!*  ix  now  lirroniiiiH;  iiioro 
ill  \oKiM',  |H*rliii|iH  ilH  HiniillroiiHiini|)lion  in  Spiiiii, 
liiiN  liitlii-i'lo  ki'|il  il  Imrk.  CoHoti  iiii{;lit  Im>  nir- 
I'ii'il  lo  mi  iiinu/inK  iMlvmi«'i*nu*nl,  il'  cnroiiniK)* 
iiii'iil  mill  iiiiM'liiiH'iy  for  <*li*miinu:  il  w)*n*  iiiiro- 
liiicnl,  mill  11  liH-iil  ins|ii>rlioii  I'NiiililiMlicil,  lo  |u;iv(* 
Kioiili*!'  riirc  iiimI  rclimm^  011  ilH  |in*pmiilion  and 
|iiirkin^. 

Tiu*  I'Hiiiiiali'N  of  proiiiirr,  Hliipiicd  in  thr  ynir 
IHOI,  in  v(*kh<>Ih  riirniHlii'il  with  KiiKliHli  paHMiH 
rrnni  I'ncrto  ('av<*llo,  wliirli  luid  Ki'iK'nilly  MM) 
Ntiiiill  onrH  I'lnployi'il  in  llial  way,  an*  iih  follows  ; 
lull  llie  anioniil  of  raNh  nciiI  lo  prociii-i*  (^ooiIh, 
1111(1  (In*  ariicloN  Hliippi*(l  claiulcHlinoly  on  IIk*  coiinI, 
an*  «*i|iial  lo  a  p;r<*al  dm!  inorr. 
Iiiili^o 


('Olton 
C'oroH 
i  lidos 
Com*.* 
Copper 

llorN(*H 

M  uIph 


l(K),(HK)  llm. 
yf»(),(KM)  do. 
4(),(»0()  fanrsitis. 
7(MH(0do. 
aO,(MK»  U.S. 
yM,()0{)  do. 
.0(l(»  do. 
.^»,()00  do. 


Willi  Home  ffiiniM,  diii^N,  dye-woods, ^r.     'I'lie 
exporlH  of  Niif^ar   in   asserled    by    lliiniboldt   lo 


ainoiinl  miniially  lo  more  Ihmi  M)0,n()0  nrrntmf ; 
wliiUl  nil  ||i<<  vni/nHlii  roiiNiiin<>d  in  i''iiiro|H*  coiiieN 
I'loni  lieiire  and  Ouxara.  lie  reekoiiN  the  vahin 
of  lilt*  laller  at  nitwardM  of  l^.7.'i,(MM(  per  annum. 
(See  Kni'anna  NirrvA,  indi'X  lo  the  addilional 
■nailer  respeiiintf. 

'I'lie  poiiry  ol  llie  Drilioli  nation,  in  iiirordiiiK 
itaMNeN  lo  SpaiiiMli  veMxels,  wliirli  gave  tliein  per- 
ii'cl  Meinrily  on  llioMe  Heax,  had,  in  addition  lotlii! 
good  eU'erl  of  turning  their  trade  lo  tlieir  own 
advmiliiKe,  the  doiilile  one,  of  inrreuMini^  iiii  in* 
lenonrNe  whirh  Iiiin  given  rine  lo  a  reriproeity  of 
roiiiiiienial  relalioiiH,  iind  of  ronvinriiiK  the  Mpa* 
niards,  that  llie  Kiiglish  were  Meimihie,  that  thn 
uiir  then  waging,  whm  more  the  ell'ect  of  politit-al 
iieeeHsily  than  of  imliniitioii. 

The  HiirpliiH  of  prodiM-e,  parliinlarly  the  Inilky 
purl,  even  itH-oa,  thai  in  under  the  iiiomI  expresH 
reMlrirlioiiH  and  piohiliilionH,  for  the  hml  yearn  of 
war,  liiiH  rirnilaled  Ihroiigh  Ihe  I  foiled  Hlalen, 
and  from  thenee  found  iU  way  to  Knrope ;  and 
Ihe  high  prieen  at  which  IhiN  iirlii-le  IniN  heeii 
kepi  in  Spain,  have  fully  paid  Ihe  inrreuMe  of 
rliiirgeH,  whirh  miiMt  naturally  originate  from 
Hiii'h  a  eirniitoiiM  route  ;  for,  iih  we  have  iM'fiirn 
remarked,  the  running  vi'mixIh  have  been  iiicoii* 
Hideriible. 

The  following  were  Ihe  means  by  whirh  the 
elandesline  inleiToiirse  with  llrilish  iMlandN,  under 
iiaHNeH  granted  by  the  governors,  was  earried  on. 
The  Spanish  vessels  cleared  oiil  for  (fiiaila loupe, 
Miirliniipie,  and  Si.  Domingo,  then  in  possession 
of  llieir  allies,  and  when  they  relnriied,  produced 
false  clearances  and  fabricated  papers  by  way  of 
form  :  and  the  ease  with  wliicli  these  were  oIh 
laiiied  in  Ihe  islands,  would  appear  astonishing  to 
one  who  is  not  acrpiainled  with  colonial  dealings. 
A  passport  to  liny  pari,  or  ships'  papers  «if  any 
nation,  may  be  oblaiiied  for  a  trilie,  in  ('iira- 
(;oii  piirliciilarly,  which  have  deceived,  and  would 
deceive,  the  most  Hrnilini/ing  cruiser  at  sea. 
Thus  Ihe  clearances  in  Ihe  Spanish  custom  hoiiseH 
are  made  nearly  all  for  islands,  to  Which  lliere 
never  existed  a  trade  of  Ihe  smallest  nature  ; 
and  so  interesting  was  this  species  of  coiiuiierce  to 
the  coiinlry,  in  giving  vent  lo  their  produce  and 
oblairiiiig  in  return  cloalhs,  llmt  nolwilhslanding 
Ihe  severe  decrees  against  it,  which  owed  their 
origin  lo  the  jea lousy  and  inlbienci:  of  the  I'Veiicli, 
it  «as  never  interfered  with;  nay,  the  oHicers 
charged  with  the  cxecnlion  of  them,  shared  often 
in  its  ])rofitH. 

'J'he  fast  sailing  schooners  tiiii'- employed,  were 
generally  pilot  boats  built  in  Viiji^iiiia.  and  sent  | 


i''' 


!'■ 


n  if/'] 


I' 


lim 


t*i 


f- 


214 


VERA    C  R  U  Z. 


ifli,i 


[out  for  sale :  but  voiv  supoiior  boats  arc  roii- 
Htructrd  iu  inniiy  ports  on  the  niuin,  particiilarly 
Mnrncnibo,  wliirli  )'n>ni  t!H>  cxoellcnrv  oC  thi'ir 
timl>or,  Inst  tlin'o  timrs  as  lonjj  as  anv  otlior. 

Tlio  indijro  of  the  proviiiics  of  Caracas,  N'eiic- 
/upla,  itr.  is  only  eisjlit  por  rent,  in  valno  l)rlo\v 
that  ofCJnatonmla  ;  hut  tin-  least  tMironraiiement 
would  soon  double  the  aiuotnit  produced  on  the 
whole  main.  'I'he  tobacco,  beint;  hitherto  in  the 
nionojioly  of  the  crown,  whose  prices  are  not  so 
enconr'-j^iug  as  if  there  was  a  competition  in 
trndp,  is  not  carried  for  that  r«'ason  to  any  jyreat 
rxtput  of  cultivation  :  j^ood  authorities,  however, 
quote  the  value  of  what  is  s^rown  on  tli(>  main, 
annuallv,  at  the  sjovernnient  p.  ices,  to  extend  to 
:i,(KN),()(')0  of  dollars  :  and  the  Dutch,  Mho  ha>e 
always  boeu  considered  as  the  best  judges  of  this 
article,  a;ivo  it  a  double  estimation  to  that  !;row'n 
in  Nortli  .America,  and  place  it  next  to  tliat  of 
Cuba. 

The  trade  to  Asia  bv  the  .*^outh  Sea  from 
Acapuico  was  estimated  "at  l(),()0().()fM)  of  dollars, 
which  were  sent  to  purchase  muslins,  printed 
goods,  silks,  spices,  and  pei  fumes  :  and  tlironifli 
this  channel  the  kin>>;dom  of  \le\ico  and  other 
provinces  v»ere  supplied.  Since  the  late  years  of 
war,  however,  necessity  has  dri\en  them  to  use 
European  jjoods  f(»r  ornamental  apparel :  these 
have  circulated  by  the  way  of  Vera  C'ruz,  w  hither 
they  have  been  sent  from  the  I'nited  States  and 
English  islands :  nor  wi>uld  it  Im>  iliflicult  to  re- 
tain this  consumption  in  the  same  channel,  or 
rather  give  it  a  direct  one  in  case  of  commercial 
regulations  being  established,  if  our  <nannfac- 
tur.'rs  would  attend  to  the  outre  taste  of  the 
Spaniards  in  that  country,  and  our  shippers  of 
goods  be  more  discriminate  in  their  assortments. 
The  supplying  of  this  <|narter  might  nlso  be  made 
an  interesting  branch  to  the  trade  of  the  Kasl  India 
Company. 

Among  the  great  undertakings  that  yet  remain 
to  be  accomplished  for  the  beneHt  of  liiankiud,  as 
the  giTat  medium  of  the  circulation  of  wealth,  is, 
the  opening  a  navigation  with  *he  Sorth  Sea  by 
means  of  a  canal  across  the  isthiuus  of  l'an;'.ina. 
When  we  consider  the  ol)stacles  that  have  been 
overcome  in  uniting  the  tradi>  ol  two  small  towns 
in  England,  and  how  unu-li  nature  has  been 
brought  to  a  level  by  tlie  industry  of  nuin,  the 
magnitude  of  this  ell'ort  appears  to  diminish,  and 
its  successful  execution  ntay  be  expected  to  form 
a  memorable  epoch  in  the  annals  of  future  tiiue*-. 
It  is  to  be  hoped,  that  the  locality  of  the  couniry 
will    be    now   e.xplored   for   the   puri)ose.      An 


isthmus  )f  only  30  miles  between  two  oceans 
cannot  Im^  an  insuperable  barrier  to  the  inventive 
genius  and  perscM-rance  of  man  in  the  present 
age  :  the  ground  is  generally  thought  by  late 
travellers  to  be  more  suitable  for  an  enterprise  of 
tliis  kind,  than  the  academicians  sent  «>ver  for  its 
survey  hav<'  reporltul.  Panama,  in  the  Indian 
language,  signilies  a  place  abounding  in  fish  :  and 
the  navigai)le  rivers,  inlets,  and  nays,  which 
were  formerly  examined  by  Albedo,  and  commu- 
nicated in  this  Dictionary^  would  nnich  facilitate 
this  great  and  laudable  work. 

("ommeriial  disputes  iu  S|)anisli  America  are 
not  siibjecl  to  the  common  process  of  the  law, 
but  are  carried  before  a  Imard  of  counnerce, 
call(>d  (t  cioisiifddo,  whose  summary  is  short,  deh- 
nili\e,  and  promptly  enforced.  In  vending  a 
cargo,  if  the  pnrcliaser  is  debited  to  sales  per  such 
a  vessel,  and  not  in  the  name  t»f  the  merchant 
who  vejuis,  the  debt  is  easier  collected,  as  a  delay 
beumd  the  time  agn-ed  upon,  makes  him  liable 
for  anv  detention  in  the  relurns  »)f  the  vessel, 
which  IS  a  considerable  check  where  the  regularity 
of  bonds  is  not  adopted.  The  rules  by  whicb 
conuuercial  transactions  are  guided  are  ins  on/i- 
nitnzfis  dr  llillino^  as  complete  a  digest  of  nuTcun- 
tile  law  ami  usage  as  any  nation  would  wish  to 
have,  as  it  comprehends  a  remedy  for  every  dis- 
tress which  misfortur.e  or  fraud  uuiy  bring  on  the 
trader.  It  was  drawn  up  by  the* most  learned 
and  experienced  body  ot  merchants  the  nation 
ever  had.  'I'hose  of  Biscay  had  the  greatest 
share  in  its  formation,  from  whom  it  takes  its 
name,  ami  have  always  been  the  most  famed  ;  in 
this  work  they  particularly  had  in  view  the  coun- 
teniction  of  abuses,  likely  to  originate  in  the  ex- 
tention  of  that  good  faith,  which  forms  the  basis 
of  all  trade  on  a  large  scale. 

.As  it  is  onlv  by  shewing  what  has  been  the 
trade  of  those  individual  ports  of  which  we  have 
authentic  inlbrmation,  that  it  becomes  possible 
for  us  to  judge  of  the  valn«'  and  extent  of  trade 
with  .Spiinish  America,  and  the  mode  in  which  it 
is  carried  on.  we  insert  the  following  statements; 
and  in  addition  to  them  a  sluirt  detail  of  the  fair 
ol'  Xalapa.  that  lias  for  many  years  been  the  stan- 
dard of  trade  in  that  country,  .ind  may  be  of  ge- 
neral use  to  the  trader  in  I'.ngland,  as  the  state  of 
war  alone  has  suspeiuled  it. 

The  following  are  particulars  of  the  amount 
and  value  of  goods  furnished  by  t>ach  l!lurop(<au 
nation  to  Spain  (in  \\\\w  of  peace)  for  re-exporta- 
tion to  her  seltlenuMits  aim  colonies  in  Mexico, 
She  greatest  part  of  which  are  shipped  at,  and  I 


VERA     C  R  U  Z. 


215 


[split  from,  till*  port  of  Cadiz  to  the  port  of  Vera 
U'liz,  distant  1:^01  inilos  from  the  city  of  Mexico. 


Millions  of  Spanish  /iitrd  nnllais.       I'imndi  English  Monri/. 

Ij  'r!n>  iiiaiiufuftiiros  and  products 

B        of  France -    - 

3,37.5,000 

^  S    -     -     do.     -     -     ofKnjrland 

1,WH),00() 

_^  4    -     -     do.     -     -    of  Spain 

f)0(),(K)0 

S  .'J    -    -      do.     -     -     of  Italy 

C7.'),000 

"^  3    -     -     do.     -     -    of  (lernjany 

C7r),00() 

a  .'>    -     -     do.     -     -     ofKlandern 

()7.'),000 

~  '2    -     -     do.     -     -     of  Holland 

■t.W.CMK) 

|.  5?    -     -    do.     -     -    of  Swisserland 

s;     

4.'j(),000 

40  \fillions  of  Spanish  hard  dollars 

at  4*.  (m/.  Enijlish  each,  make     9,000,000 

France  supplied  Spain  m  itii  the  followina;  kinds 
of  jjoods  for  Mexico,  as  likewise  for  her  other 
settlements  and  colonies  in  America. 

.lewellerv  of  all  descriptions,  .nade  in  Paris  of 
the  most  superb  and  sheHy  kinds.  (Jold  watches, 
and  ornaments  for  them,  as  chains,  seals,  keys, 
riiinrs,  &c.  which  they  sell  at  very  low  prices,  L>ut 
in  quality  they  are  very  inferior  t(>  those  of  Knjj- 
liiiid  ;  nevcrtlieless  they  were  preferred  both  in 
Old  Spain  and  in  Spanish  America,  because  Ihev 
nro  sliew^  as  well  as  very  cheap.  (Jold  and 
silver  plate  for  the  chiirclies,  and  for  private 
families.  (Jold  and  silver  laces,  for  which  the 
dciimnd  is  immense.  Freii.'h  while  and  black 
laces  for  the  ladies,  and  likewise  for  church  orna- 
inciits.  Silk  g;oods  of  all  descriptions,  silk  vel- 
\c(s,  itc.  manufactured  itt  l<yons,  itc.  are  in  « x- 
tiaonlinary  demand  for  the  ciiiirches  as  well  as 
lor  the  tiresses  both  of  ladies  and  <jeiillemen. 
INIillinery  frnodsmadein  I'aris.  Superline  Frencii 
woollen  cloths,  formerly  excelliiiir  in  blacks,  blues, 
as  well  an  in  liifjh  colours,  such  as  scarlcis,  roses, 
ciiinsoi's,  iSt'c.  Hats,  both  white  and  black,  inauii- 
liiiUired  in  I'aris :  thev  are particularlv  calculale<l 
lutlli  for  Old  Spain  and  Spanish  America,  in 
lliis  article  of  hats,  the  French  excel,  and  i  <ke 
llu'in  lijjht.  White  linens,  called  in  Spain,  L  e- 
(afias  le^itinias,  the  consumption  of  them  is  con- 
siderable, both  in  Old  Spain  and  in  Spanish 
America.  Cambricks  are  consumed  in  j-reat 
(iiianlilies,  by  the  church,  by  ladies,  and  l)\  -;cn- 
llvnien.  All  the  beforementioned  French  ijoods 
and  manufaclures  were  in  vast  denuind,  in  all  llie 
Spanish  American  setllemenis,  and  woiiderlul 
(Iiianlilies  of  them,  were  constantly  sent  out,  (in 
lime  of  peace)  which  si^ave  to  France  a  decided 
sujM'riority  over  P^n»'laiid,  in  the  value  of  i>oo(!s 
i^old  and  supplied  to  Spain,  oy  these  two  ^-real 


rival  nations.     This  estimate,  however,  is  more 
conformable  to  the  old  systein  of  things  than  the 

|)resent  one,  bnl  will  evince  the  precedents  the 
•'rench  have  tor  their  estimation  of  this  trade, 
which  the  eneriry  of  tlie  English  merchant  may 
yet  more  fully  rival. 

The  !;<»ods  intended  for  the  fair  of  Xalapa,  the 
fyreatest  in  Spanish  America,  are  sent  up  from 
Vera  Cru/  on  the  backs  of  mules,  asses,  ike. 

it  continues  open  for  the  sale  of  <;oods  exactly 
six  months  It  is  opened  and  proclaimed  wit)i 
grand  public  processions  and  other  solemnities,  at 
whicii  iminense  numbers  of  people  assist,  atteii(h>(l 
bv  all  the  clergy,  religions  «)rders,  i*tc.  with  bands 
of  music,  giianLs  of  soldiers,  &c.  On  this  occa- 
sion the  factors  and  others  who  have  goods  for 
sale,  are  very  liberal  in  their  donations  to  the 
rhiirches,  in  hopes  tiiercby  to  insure  good  luck, 
(piick  sales,  and  large  profits.  These  processions 
ai'e  repealed  on  the  day  al)er  the  fair  has  been 
closed,  and  the  factors  attend  the  churches  in 
order  to  reliirn  thanks  to  the  Almighty  for  their 
respective  successes,  when  they  present  such  fiir- 
tiier  gifts  to  the  churches  as  are  most  agreeable 
to  themselves. 

My  the  laws  of  the  Spanish   Indies,  not   any 
sales,  even  of  the  most  trilling  articles,  are  |H«r- 
milted  to  be  made  until  the  fair  has  been  pro- 
claimed, and  the  processions  are  completed  :   nor 
can  any  more  or  further  sales  be  made  afh'r  a 
))roclaination  of  the  close  of  the  fair  has  been 
made,  by  the  second  display  of  the  public  pro- 
cessions and  other  ceremonies  as  liefore  exhibited; 
which  being  completed,  all  goods  and  other  arti- 
cles wlial(>\er,  which  may  tii«>n  remain  in  the  fac- 
tor's lianils  uiis<dil  and  undisposed  of,  are  iiuine- 
dialely  locked  up  in  the  king's  warehouses,  under 
the  management  and  care  of  the  king's  olVicers, 
who  ar<<  appointed   for   that    express  purpose; 
where   they   must    r(>maiii    unlouclied    until    lh<< 
next  or  succeetling  fair  !i:is  been  proclaimed  and 
opened,  when  they  are  again  delivered  up  safe, 
and  in  good  condition  t<»  their respecli\c  owners, 
to  i>e  again  offered  for  sale.     If  llie  cominodilies 
pi(iM>  lo  be  such  as  please,  attract,  and  suit  the 
purchasers,    the  jirolils    made   thereby    ;ire  fie- 
(iiientiy  prodigious  ;  fre<piently  three  lo  six  hun- 
dred percent.     If  they  do  iiol  please  the  buyers, 
il  becomes  extremely  diflicult  lo  dispose  of  ilieiii 
al  any  price.     In  the  last  iiionlh  tlial  Iliis  fair  is 
kept  open,  the  factors  become  \(>rv  anvioiis  and 
pre>^sing  to  make  sah-s  on  llie  be^l  l< •nii';  lliey  «';in 
procure  :  of  wlii«h  di^posilion  lli(>  piiiiliasers  na- 
liirall*  lak»>  every  benelil  and  acUaiilage. 
The  .sales  at  this  fair  are  in  general   iiiade  for  | 


■'i*! 


Wff 


•k."v 


i 


.*, 


h.lfflk 


ii!l 


U  M 


■||" 


210 


VERA    CRUZ. 


[ininipdiate  payments,  wliicli  consist  ofcninod  dol- 
ni's,  gold  and  silver  in  ingots,  bars,  wedges,  &c. 
and  prodnctH  of  the  country,  such  as  indigo, 
cochineal,  Jesuits'  bark,  cS:c. 

It  very  rarely  happens  that  any  credits  arc 
given  with  tlie  goods  sold  at  this  fair,  on  account 
of  the  very  great  risks  which  the  sellers  would 
run  in  trusting  strangers  who  purchase,  manv  of 
them  residing  from  500  to  2000  miles  from  Xa- 


This  great  fair,  like  those  of  Frankfort,  Leipsic, 
Brunswick,  and  Nuremberg,  has  been  suspended 
in  consequence  of  the  war,  but  is  expected  to  be 
revived. 

The  indigo  brought  from  Guatemala  to  this 
fair  consists  of  four  diiferent  qualities,  all  of  them 
excellent,  but  the  finest  is  superior  to  any  other 
brought  to  Europe. 

Cochineal  of  Mexico,  without  which  neither 
purple  nor  scarlet  colours  can  be  produced,  is 
found  genuine  in  no  part  of  the  world  whatever 
but  in  that  viceroyality. 

Quinquina,  or  Jesuits'  bark,  also  brought  to 
this  fair,  is  a  drug  of  the  most  salutary  and  resto- 
rative virtue  that  Providence,  in  compassion  for 
human  infirmity,  has  made  known  to  man,  is 
found  only  in  l^eru,  to  which  it  atfords  a  most 
lucrative  branch  of  commerce,  and  is  of  the 
highest  value  in  a  climate  where  the  corporeal 
nystem  is  so  much  debilitated. 

As  all  these  goods,  from  a  want  of  inland  navi- 
gation, are  carried,  lor  the  supply  of  the  fairs  and 
the  greatest  consumption  ot^  the  country,  on 
mules  and  the  heads  of  Indians,  the  packages 
ought  to  be  assorted  and  made  up  in  the  lightest 
way  possible,  and  not  to  exceed  lOOlbs.  The 
Indian  carries  and  travels  quickly  with  that 
weight  on  his  head,  and  its  doubleil  proportion 
serves  to  load  a  mnle,  as  a  package  on  each  side 
is  put  in  a  kind  of  arganas,  or  pannier,  and  makes 
a  perfect  equipoise.  Small  bales  are  therefore 
preferable  to  cases,  but  cards  ought  to  accompany 
each.  The  wrapper  tor  fine  goods,  as  those  from 
the  East  Indies,  ought  to  have  oiled  or  waxed 
linings  to  keep  out  the  damp. 

There  is  an  excellent  highway  from  Vera  Cruz 
to  Mexico,  over  the  mountains',  and  the  road  is 
lined  with  taverns  and  lodging-houses  supported 
by  the  king,  and  for  the  convenience  of  travellers, 
whose  conveyance  is  rendered  easy  by  the  quan- 
tity of  Indians  who  gain  a  livelihood  in  carrying 
a  kind  of  sedan  chairs,  in  officiating  us  muleteers, 
and  in  bearing  loads  on  tfieir  sTioulders,  with 
which  thev  travel  with  safety  and  disptch.  There 
ure  guard-houses  at  appropriate  distances,  and 


travelling  is  generally  safe,  though  not  so  at  pre- 
sent, owing  to  the  disturbed  state  of  the  country. 
A  muleteer  often  receives  100  boxes  of  dolltiVs 
with  a  guia,  or  certificate,  which  he  carries  to 
Vera  Cruz  without  escort,  a  distance  of  better 
than  300  miles.  Of  late  years  also,  a  large 
causeway  has  been  opened,  to  convey  the  indigo 
from  Guatemala  to  Vera  Cruz. 

3.  liixolution. — The  source  and  origin  of  the 
evils  that  have  come  upon  this  country  havo 
been  similar  to  those  ot  all  the  other  Spanish 
colonies.  A  long  history  might,  without  doul)t, 
be  written  on  a  revolutionary  war  that  has 
existed  with  undiminished  and  mutual  ferocity 
and  vigilance  since  1808,  but  we  shall  confine 
ourselves  to  a  brief  outline  of  its  progress.  In 
that  year  we  find,  by  the  periodical  work  called 
the  Espanol,  vol.  iii.  p.  19,  that  the  Spaniards 
became  divided  into  two  parties,  upon  the  arrest 
and  deposal  of  the  viceroy  Ariguay.  The  party 
who  had  arrested  him  were  favoured  by  tlio 
central  Junta,  and  in  a  short  time  an  extensive 
conspiracy  was  formed,  which  exploded  upon  a 
certain  violent  exhibition  of  authority  at  Quere- 
taro  :  more  than  half  the  kingdom  were  imme- 
diately in  arms.  The  insurrection  began  at 
Dolores,  on  the  15th  of  September,  1810,  in  the 
province  of  Guanaxuato,  in  the  centre  of  the 
mining  country,  and  spread  with  incredible  velo- 
city in  every  direction.  The  ringleaders  were 
chiefly  priests ;  but  many  lawyers  and  military  otK- 
cers  joined  with  them ;  and,  what  was  most  alarm- 
ing of  all,  some  regiments  of  militia.  Their 
forces  rapidly  increased  to  armies  of  30  or 
40,000  men,  and  more;  and,  so  popular  was  their 
cause,  that,  after  the  severest  defeats,  they  re- 
assembled, in  a  short  time,  with  undiminished 
numbers.  At  this  critical  moment  the  viceroj 
Venegas  arrived  from  Spain;  and  to  the  activity, 
firmness,  and  energy,  wliich  he  displayed  on  this 
occasion,  his  country  is  indebted  for  the  preser- 
vation of  Mexico. 

The  insurgents  having  taken  by  assault  the 
populous  town  of  (luanaxuato,  on  the  39th  of 
September,  in  which  they  found  immense  booty, 
advanced  to  Valladolid,  where,  on  the  SOth  of 
October,  they  were  received  with  demonstrations 
of  joy  ;  and,'  gathering  strength  as  they  pro- 
ceeded, they  passed  through  Toluca,  and  entered 
the  plain  of'Mexico  on  the  1st  of  November,  « itii 
an  army  of  more  than  40,000  men.  Hidali>u, 
Allende,  and  their  other  chiefs,  had  great  expec- 
tations from  the  spirit  of  disaifection  in  the  capi- 
tal ;  but  the  prudence  of  Venegas  disconcer(ed 
all  their  schemes.     Their  friends  within  the  citv  | 


V  ERA    C  II  U  Z. 


aiT 


I  at  pro- 
country. 
r  doUnis 
irries  lo 
>f  better 
a  large 
16  indigo 

in  of  the 
try  have 
Spanish 
ut  donl)t, 
that  has 

I  ferocit)! 

II  contino 
fress.  Ill 
»rk  called 
Spaniards 
the  arrest 
The  party 
d    by  the 

extensive 
led  upon  a 
at  Qucre- 
'cre  iinnic- 

began  ut 
BIO,  in  the 
It  re  of  the 
dible  velo- 
aders  were 
ulitaryoffi- 
nost  alariii- 
ia.      Their 

of  30  or 
ir  was  their 
8,  they  re- 
ndiminishcd 
the  viceroy 
the  activity, 
lyed  on  this 
the  prescr- 

asiiault  the 
the  aOth  ol 
lense  booty, 
the  20th  of 
nonstrations 
.  they   pro- 
and  entered 
ember,  with 
Hidalgo, 
great  expec- 
in  the  capi- 
disconcerted 
thin  the  city] 


["were  deterred  from  showing  themselves  by  the 
disposition  which  he  made  of  his  forces  ;  and 
iDiiny  were  detached  from  their  cause,  by  the 
sentence  of  excommunication,  which  the  arch- 
bishop, at  his  instigation,  fulminated  against 
tliem.  After  waiting  some  hours,  without  dar- 
in!>-  to  attack  the  troops,  who  remained  in  their 
ontrenchmcnts,  they  retired  without  attempting 
any  thing;  showing  upon  this,  as  upon  other 
occasions,  a  miserable  want  of  enterprise,  and 
delicicncy  of  military  skill.  After  their  failure 
ill  this  attempt,  they  were  pursued  by  a  succes- 
,-!>(n  of  disasters.  The  Judicious  movements  and 
well  concerted  attacks  of  Venegas  haflled  all 
their  plans,  and  drove  them  from  one  end  of  the 
kingdom  to  the  other.  After  innumerable  de- 
feats, the  chiefs  of  the  insurrection  were  at 
length  surprised  at  Saltillo,  on  the  21  st  March, 

181 1,  in  endeavouring  to  make  their  escape 
into  the  internal  provinces.  Still,  however,  the 
country  was  not  pacified.  A  month  after  the 
affiiir  of  Saltillo,  a  body  of  12,000  insurgents 
were  in  arms  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Queretaro, 
but  were  defeated  on  the  20th  April,  181 1. 

Hidalgo's  party  was  doomed  to  feel  the  loss  of 
their  leader,  who  was  taken  by  treachery  in 
March,  in  the  interior  provinces  of  Acatia  de 
Bajan.  Rayon,  his  lieutenant,  an  officer  of  great 
resolution  and  intrepidity,  by  education  an  at- 
torney, punished  with  death  the  general  who 
conducted  the  rear  of  the  army,  for  not  having 
supported  Lis  general.  Ho  then  returned,  at- 
tacked, and  defeated  commandant  Ochoa,  eight 
leagues  from  Saltillo,  took  Zacatecas,  and  passed 
on  to  Zitacuaro,  where  the  division  of  Torre 
attacked  him,  but  was  beaten  so  completely  that 
only  six  men  escaped  to  carry  the  news.  Em- 
paran  met  nearly  the  same  treatment  on  the 
24th  June,  vide  "  El  Espanol,"  No.  93,  p.  361. 
He  then  established  the  National  Junta  in 
Zitacuaro,  consisting  of  himself,  Liseaga,  and 
the  curate  Verdusco.  In  London  was  to  be  seen 
the  proclamation  issued  by  Calleja,  by  orders  of 
the  Viceroy,  offering  10,000  dollars  for  the  head 
of  each  member.  "Calleja  went  and  attacked 
him  with  all  the  forces  he  could  muster,  and  we 
have  had  published  amongst  us  the  dispatches 
he  sent  to  \fexico,  announcing  the  obstinate  re- 
sistance he  had  met  with,  and  dated  2d  January, 

1812.  In  the  same  dispatches  he  adds,  that  he 
had  burnt  and  levelled  the  city  with  the  ground, 
and  proscribed  its  10,000  inhabitants  The 
latter  had  got  out  safe  with  V  -  on's  army, 
which,  having  12  regiments  of  cavalry,  esta- 
blished itself  in  Zultepec,  from  whence  12,000 

vol,.  V. 


men  were  detached  to  Ciiianaxuato,  and  another 
considerable  force  to  act  against  Valladolid. 

I'p  to  the  end  of  this  year  the  war  was  car- 
ried on  with  various  fortune ;  but  on  January, 
1812,  the  king's  troops  had  succeeded  in  driving 
the  insurgents,  under  the  command  of  Rayon, 
from  their  fortified  place  at  Zataguado,  and 
towards  the  middle  of  the  summer  their  forces 
were  so  reduced  by  repeated  defeats,  that  all 
probability  of  their  being  able  to  make  head 
again  to  any  extent,  became  exceedingly  doubt- 
ful. But  tlieir  spirit  was  not  yet  subdued  ;  and, 
on  the  1st  of  November,  Morelos,  a  curate,  turned 
an  insurgent  chief :  for  two  years  that  this  man 
had  been  fighting,  he  had  never  lost  an  action, 
and  he  had  beaten  Calloja  at  Quantlan,  in  Fe- 
bruary, 1812,  entered  Origava  with  7,000  men, 
when  200  of  the  garrison  were  killed,  and  as 
many  taken  prisoners.  It  is  to  bo  observed,  to 
the  credit  of  the  general,  that  he  gave  ({uartcr 
to  the  conquered,  and  treated  the  officers  with 
distinction.  Not  a  house  was  pillaged,  nor  one 
personal  insult  offered,  and  good  order  and  re- 
spect of  property  were  secured  by  uroclamation. 
lie  ordered  liowever  the  tobacco  in  the  public 
stores  to  be  burnt,  on  account  of  the  royal  mo- 
nopoly ;  it  was  valued  at  10  million  dollars,  be- 
ing the  crop  of  three  years. 

This  event  was  heightened  by  the  arrival  of  a 
great  accession  of  force  to  the  army  before 
Mexico,  under  colonel  Magie :  and  before  No- 
vember, Vera  Cruz  was  so  closely  invested  that 
all  communication  between  it  and  the  capital 
was  impracticable.  In  the  mean  time,  the 
province  of  Texas  had  had  recourse  to  the  coti- 
cilium  domi,  without  which  the  arnia  forts  are 
always  invalid,  and  lead  to  no  definite  results. 
After  the  fall  of  San  Antonio,  which  was  looked 
upon  to  have  decided  the  fate  of  that  country, 
they  assembled  a  Congress,  after  the  manner  of 
that  of  Venezuela,  and  published  a  manifesto  of 
their  independence,  of  which  the  following  are 
extracts. 

"  We  the  pe()plc  of  the  province  of  Texas, 
calling  upon  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  Universe 
to  witness  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions,  de- 
clare that  the  ties  which  placed  us  under  the 
domination  of  Spain  and  Europe,  are  for  ever 
demolished ;  that  wc'  possess  the  right  to  esta- 
blish a  government  for  ourselves,  and  that  in 
future  all  legitimate  authority  shall  emanate  from 
the  people,  to  whom  alone  it  rightfully  belongs, 
and  that  henceforth  all  allegiance  or  subjection 
to  any  foreign  power  whatever  is  entirely  re- 
nounced.] 

I'  I' 


(   .'•I 


'«■    V  : 


m 


•iJli 


V  K  U 


r.(  : 


\  \ 


I"  A   n>lutioii  of  IIk- cniiHt'K  wliirli  Iinvo  coii- 
(liict'd  tu  n'lidt'r  tliiH  Hl(<p  ii«*rt>Ksurv  ik  diit>  to  «>ui- 
(li^iiilv.  iiihI  to  tlio   opinion   of'tlii'  Morld.     A 
lonjt  M>ri(>K  of  oa-uiTcnoi's,  ori^;intitin|r   in   tin- 
woiiLni'Ms  and  «-«)irn|>tion  of  tlu'  Spiini>li  rnlri-s, 
liUH  conviMicd  tliiit  rounlrv  intu  tlir  tlitniliT  of  u 
KHncfuinui'v  war  l)otwfi<n  two  contrndint;;  |)iirli«>H, 
itstMt'  di'stinod  tti  l>o  tlio  )>i'i/.i<  of  tlio  victor,  and 
tlif  uii>s«'raltl«>  w  rtH'k  oC  ilK  <;ov«'rnnH>nt  in  |tossi>M- 
f^ion  of  otluTM,  it   u|>|H>arH  to  liav<>  hmt  tin*  n»U- 
stan«*(>,  and  almost  tlu>  tin  in  of  Httvorci^ntv.  I'n- 
al>li>  to  dot'ond  ilfclt'  in  tlio  PiMiinsnla,  nim-h  Icmn 
(«i  |)r«lt<rt  its  distant  colonioN,  tlionr  roloniox  arc 
ahandonod  tt»  th(<  caprice  uf  nickvd  nu<n,  uIkmv 
tlM«r«'   tvislH  no  poiviT  to    wliicli   (Im'v    niay   l»o 
nnid«>  D'tiitonsililo  tor  llii>  ahnni*  of  tliVir  aiitlio- 
ritv,  or   lor  tlu>  f^ains  of  tlioir  rapni'itv.     S«<||- 
pr(<s(>r\'ition,    tin'    hi^lioHt  law   of  nalnn>,  if  no 
other   motive   would   have     jnHtitied   tiiis    slip, 
would  have  vindicated  our  coiuliirt  :  hnl  inde- 
pendent   of   this    necoKsitv,    yon    candidly    nill 
Hcknouled^e  that  we  have  cause  sutlicienl  in  the 
sulVrrin^  and  oppression  which  we  Imve  so  lony 
endured." 

Al^er  sonic  further  details,  in  which  the  de- 
struction of  their  trade  is  exposed,  the  instru- 
ment concludes  in  the^e  terms  : 

'•  The  Spanish  ctdonies  of  iS.  America  hove 
U»n^  since  tieclared  their  indq)endence,  and  the 
('nited  Statos  prove  to  us,  by  the  e.\perienc«>  of 
.')(>  years,  that  such  a  separuii«Mi  nuiy  oe  altrndrd 
witli  natituuil  and  indixidual  prosperity. 

'*  We  conceive  il  a  duty  we  owe,  as  well  to 
oursehes  as  to  our  posterity,  to  use  the  moment 
which  now  oilers  itself  lo  shake  oH'  the  yoke  of 
Kuro|M>an  dontination,  and  to  labour  in  the 
cause  of  the  independeiu'e  of  Mexico,  lakinj(  the 
authority  into  our  ou  n  hands,  frHuiing  laws,  and 
placing  the  ^tnernnu'iit  of  our  countn  upon  u 
iiriii  and  sure  basis,  and  by  these  means  assum- 
int>'  the  rank  which  belongs  to  us  unnm^  the 
mitions  o^'  the  world." 

A  decisive  xictory  obtained  over  the  insur- 
•renls  in  the  nei/<:hboiirliood  of  Arassa  had 
cansetl  the  intei  course  between  Mexico  and 
\  era  Cruz  to  in*  reno«ed,  before  the  spring  of 
IS  I.'},  and  tliecons«»«pii>uce  was  that  a  ipiantity  <if 
treastne,  valued  at  10  nullions  ol' dollars,  imme- 
diately reached  the  latter  p«>rt  H)r  tlu-  tnother 
country.  Hitherto  the  IVniusula,  from  the  nn- 
selllcd  situation  of  its  own  atl'airs,  h)nd  not  been 
ai)le  to  provide  t»r  senil  troops,  t«>  any  amount, 
(o  her  transatlantic  followers  ;  but  in  i'ebruary 
if  this  year.  ISI'i,  .").l)(H)  men  «ere  exported  to 
liitVi-reiit  colonies,  of  whom   V,(HH)   «ere   landed 


V  i:  f{ 

at  Vera('rn/.  This  niutnul  assisliince  of  money 
fnim  the  one,  and  HU|>plies  and  reinrorcenu'nls 
fnnn  the  other,  was  attended  with  natural  ad 
vantage  to  both;  and  the  Viceroy's  party  be- 
came so  Htren^;tliened,  (hat,  accurdinf;  to  tlu; 
latest  accounts,  il  appeared  that  in  I'ebrnary  of 
the  present  year,  ISl-i,  the  hoyalists  continin-d 
lo  enjoy  tlie  nuisl  decisive  «dvanlau;e.  The 
Spanish  ireneral,  T<lant>,  Inid  flerealed  IV1orelo^' 
with  mucli  loss.  'I'he  latter  Imd  formed  a  junc- 
tion with  Matanioros,  a  Mexican  trcclesiastic,  re- 
markable for  his  military  talents,  and  a»  a  di.s- 
riidinarian.  They  wen*  c^tmpletely  beaten  by 
Jilano.  The  loss  of  the  insnrfcents  in  (his  action 
was  7(>0  men  killed;  amon^  whom  were  'Jd 
inonkN,  and  «>tlu'r  tHtrlesiaslics.  Tin*  number  «>( 
prisoners  exceeded  7(K),  umuii^  whom  was  Ma- 
lamoros  himself,  tlu*  lift*  and  soul  of  the  liiclion. 
lie  was  forthwith  to  be  tried  for  the  murder  of 
Don  Candano,  an  Austrian  otlicerof  rank,  whom 
he  had  rauiied,  not  Ioiik  lM*ft>re,  to  1m* shot. 

Such  have  hitherto  iM'en  the  most  remarkable 
events  of  the  revolution  of  Ike  Spanish  colo- 
nies as  laure  particularly  relatiiiff  to  VeraCrii/,. 
When  we  c(Hisider  the  population  of  Nueva 
I'ispaua,  which,  ncoordin^  to  Humboldt,  consi- 
derably exceeds  six  millions,  we  cannot  but 
think  that  the  cliief  reason  why  armies  have  not 
hilherto  iieen  ori;aniKed  to  a  greater  extent,  must 
ariM*  from  th**  dillicnlty  of  furniHliiuf;  tli<*m  with 
arms  niid  arcoutreiiieiits,  especially  firelocks. 
The  ^reate<tt  nundier  of  men  un(h*r  Morelos, 
at  any  one  period,  was  '|0,(MK)  men.  Sanchez 
had  (i(),C)()0;  not  ((»  mention  «>thers  und(*r  de- 
tached leailers.  No  accurate  enumeraliwn  of  the 
kiiifc's  tr(M)ps  has  hilherto  appeared  ;  but,  allow- 
ing; them  to  be  eipial  to  the  insurgents,  we  liiul 
a  total  of  'J(HM)()()  uu*ii  (*n^ai;ed  in  this  bloody 
anil  interminable  warfare.  Much  freiieral  inior- 
malion  respectiiifi;;  Ike  causes  of  disaU'ection,  and 
their  concomitant  events,  may  be  foiinil  under 
other  articles  in  this  work,  such  us  Mi.xmo, 
Vr.Nir/.i  i.i.A,  ]iA  Plata,  itc.  to  which,  there- 
lore,  the  rea«ler  in  n'lerit'd.  | 

VuMA  Ciu'/,,  a  small  island  of  the  N. Sea,  near 
the  coast  of  the  province  and  inploinship  of 
Tmlos  Santos  in  Hrasil,  at  the  entrance  of  {[w 
bay. 

\'j:ua  Ciii'/,  a  river  tif  the  saim*  province, 
which  runs  near  tin*  old  city,  and  enters  the 
sea. 

fN  ruA  Ckc/.,  ljA,an  excelUHit  liurbonr  in  the 
Hay  of  San  JVlipe  Santia<;o,  tui  the  ti.  side  of 
the  island  P'spiritu  Sant<».  Seo  TitiiiiA  A»  s- 
TKAi.  1)i:l  Esi'iuiiu  Santo. j 


r  iiioncv 

mil  ad 
aviy  !»•- 

to     (III! 

>ii(iiiiii'«l 
..  Tlu- 
Moirlo^' 
a  juiu- 
iistir,  r«'- 
\»  a  dix- 
isitni  l»_v 
iiH  action 

uuIkt  «>r 

waH  Mu- 
i>  tiu'lion. 
hhmUm-  of 
ili,  wliuiit 
tl. 

innrkaldu 
isli   ritlo- 

ITU  ClllZ. 

if  Nurva 
fU,  roiibi- 
iiiiot  but 
I  linvo  nut 
fill,  must 
liciii  with 
liivloiks. 
Moi'i'hts, 

Suiu'hi'Z 
iiiuh'i"  d«'- 
iuii  of  till* 
lit,  all«)M  - 
Hi>  liiid 
lis  hloody 
I'ral  iutor- 
ctioii,  and 
iiid   iiiider 

Mr.Mco, 
th,  tlii'ie- 

.Soa,  iioar 
(t'mship  ol' 
lice  «)i"  tlie 

|)r(»\iint', 
nitiM-s  till' 

KHir  in  tlu- 
«.  sidf  ol" 
ua.\   Ais- 


V  !•  U  A  (;  II  A 


210 


VKHACrUA,  n  provinrr  and  ^(ovcnimrnt  of 
tlif  kiiiffdnni  of  'I'iprra  Kirmc  ;  one  of  th«  tlirre 
ol'  whirli  thit*  kin^;doni  in  romiicMiMi :  lMtiiiid<>d 
V.  I>y  tho  nrovinri>  ot'OoNturica  oi  tiit^  kinf(doiii  <tf 
(iiiiifpiauia,  «'.  Iiy  llrat  ol'  Tiprrti  (''irnut  or  Pa- 
niiiiii'ii  and  n.  anil .«.  Iiy  lintliMfnH.  It  ihTO  IfMi^iirH 
li>n<;  i'roni  r.  Ii>  »i.,  and  ii\  vi'uW  Irniii  n.  to  «., 
thin  iM'iiiaf  whin-n  tlip  iHthiiiim  ih  widcHt:  iii  is  id' 
an  liot  tiMn|u>rntiir«,  and  wf  a  roiintry  lor  tlio 
most  part  monntainoiiH  and  roii^li ;  Homi^  of  tlii^ 
lii'i^lilH  Itoin^f  inacreHHiltlp,  alllion|(h  tliori*  ar«« 
not  want  ins; //»)///)Y/.f,  wlii'rrin  aro  i'oiind  varioiiH 
t'slalPH  anil  ^^rwrXn^  t'arniM,  wpII  Hlorkcd  with 
cattle,  rrom  tho  ahiinilani;(>  ofoxrollcnt  paHtiiri'M. 
In  III!'  mnnntninH  ari>  round  vi>ry  many  kindM  of 
oxri'lU'tit  wood,  and  pkiity  of  wild  hfantH,  birilH, 
and  aninialH ;  and  amnniri*t  th«*fto  wo  inuRt  nolo 
a  Hporii'H  of  miihiII  monkion,  of  the  colour  of  iin- 
tanneil  lontlior,  and  with  a  Mkin  Iiimt  and  Holtor 
than  Hilk,  with  a  crown  or  white  circle  on  their 
headn.  'riietui  aiiinmh  aro  partiriilarly  tamo ; 
hill  HO  didicato  that,  H'  taken  only  (he  NhortoMt 
distance  trom  their  native  place,  they  are  Hiire  to 
die;  and  thin  too  even  when  they  arrive  at  Car- 
ta^iin,  the  tompernliire  of  which  place  dift'erii 
HO  little  (Vom  their  own.  It  niiiin  alnio8t  conti- 
nually in  thiH  country ;  and  indeed  there  m 
Hcarcely  a  day  paHtieN  but  there  are  HhowerH,  at- 
tended with  violent  RiorniH  of  thunder  and  liKhl- 
iiiiifr :  in  the  n.  part  are  tho  inoiintaiiiH,  and  the 
rainNllowin>i^ down  from  thoHO  in  varioiiH  HtreaniH, 
form  riverH  and  pm)lH  which  render  thiH  pri>- 
vince  alinoHt  imnaHHahle,  and  chiefly  ho  in  the 
winter  HeaHon.  Mere  are  many  ^'old  mineH,  from 
which  frrent  wealth  haH  boon  extruded  ;  as  inimt 

fiarticiilarly  ?vom  the  mine  called  Do  (iiierrero, 
ioin  the  name  of  its  diHcoverer :  but  thoHe 
niinoH  are  worked  but  little  at  the  present  day, 
owing  to  (ho  excoHKive  expense  of  conveying 
materialH  and  proviHionn  over  those  very  cru^^y 
sierras,  the  carriaf^e  of  an  arroha  of  meal  l)oiii<{ 
eijiial  ill  itR  cost  to  the  meal  itself,  as  beiiifr 
eli'ected  on  the  Hhoiilders  of  liulians.  Here  are 
very  large  breedH  of  cattle,  eH|)ecially  of  Hwine, 
anil  plenty  of  very  line  sorts  of  wood. 

This  province  waH  discovered  by  ('liristovalC.'o- 
liimbiiH,  in  his  fourth  voyage,  in  1.503,  to  whom 
it  was  conceded  by  the  Catholic  King  Fernando 
and  his  wife  Isabella  of  ('astillu,  erecting  it  into 
a  Duchy  in  15^  :  the  title,  though  not  the  pro- 
perty, has  reinaineil  in  the  same  liirnily,  as  the 
province  was  aOerwards  incoriiorated  with  llio 
crown-rights,  though  an  equivalent  was  given  to 
the  former  possessors.  It  was  originally  well 
peopleil  with  Uoruccs,  (iiiaiiiiies,  and  Juries  In- 


diaiix,  and  with  other  iialioiis,  who  liveil  in  those 
mitiiiilains,  like  wild  IiimsIh  -,  going  naked  both 
men  and  women,  and  siiUsisliiig  on  wild  rools, 
of  which  there  is  an  abundance;  and  parlicii- 
larly  on  a  fruit  which  I  hey  call  pi.rlnwr,  resemb- 
ling dales  ;  and  which,  roaslcd,  are  wr'l  lasted. 
In  \^i^Ji,  Adrian  Wefelder,  a  I'lemish  Iriar,  and 
of  llie  order  of  preachers,  came  amongst  lliese 
Indians  to  inslriicl  Iheni  in  Ihe  iiiilh.  He  re- 
duced iiiany  ;  but  they  reliirned  to  iheir  heathen- 
ish ciisloias,  and  relired  to  the  iiioiiiilaiiis ;  nor 
could  Ihe  .lesuils,  in  spite  of  many  eH'orls,  suc- 
ceed in  bringing  lliein  back  to  lie  calechiseil 
iiiilil  1700,  al  the  instaiicu  of  the  (Mivciiior  Don 
i''elix  i'Vancisco  iiojarano.  /M'tii'  this  the  King 
commanded  that  some  religioiH  niiHsioiiaries  of 
the  order  of  S.  Francisco,  and  of  the  congre- 
gation liir  propagating  the  I'ailli,  sIkmiIiI  be  sent 
from  Spain,  and  mainlaiiied  (hiiin  at  a  lixed  salary, 
chargeable  uii  Ihe  royal  revenue  ;  and  these  re- 
ligious pei-s«>iis  have  already  louiided  various  set- 
tlenienls  of  the  aforesaid  iiiiidels,  having  con- 
verted them  to  Ihe  faith  at  th«  cKpeiise  of  grcali 
lalMiiirs  and  liitigues. 

The  capital  of  thiM  province  is  (ho  city  of  the 
same  name ;  with  the  dediciA'ory  title  of  San 
tiago.  It  is  small,  but  very  well  situii'te  :  of  a 
hot  and  moist  temperature,  a>M>uiiding  in  iiiai/e, 
y/zr/M,  plantains,  aiul  cattle,  and  paiii'iiilarly  in 
swiiH'.  The  natives  spin  cotton,  and  dy<-  it  of  >: 
durable  purple  by  the  Juice  of  a  snail,  ibiiiiii  on 
the  coast  of  the  .S.  Sea;  and  in  this  article,  as 
well  as  in  some  gold  which  they  extract  from 
the  mines,  does  this  city  carry  on  a  tniile  with 
the  city  of  I'anama,  the  capital  of  Ihe  kingdoni, 
and  wiiEi  the  provinces  of  (iuateinala,  where 
both  the  one  and  Ihe  other  article  are  highly 
esteemed.  This  cily  has  a  l>eantiful  hospital, 
for  which  it  is  indebted  to  the  xeal  and  labour  of 
the  (loveriuir  Don  i''elix  Uejarano ;  the  sHine 
person  who  held  the  reins  of  this  governmeiil 
ibr!^l  years,  at  the  instance  of  (he  iiihabitantx 
and  ol^  Ihe  liishop  of  Fanani^,  who  made,  on 
that  subject,  various  representalions  to  the  King, 
The  oilier  settlements  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
this  governiiienl  are. 


San    iVliguel    ile   la 

Atalaya, 
San  Fniucisco  du  la 

Montana, 
San  Marcelo  de  la 

Mesa, 
La  Ciudad    de   los 

Kemedios, 
Sun  Miguel, 


('iiidad    de  Santiago 

de  Alaiije, 
Sun  Felix, 
San  Lorenzo, 
San  Pablo, 
San   Joseph  de   Ou- 

gava. 
Sun    Miguel  de   Bo- 

ipieron. 


I   I 


&. 


'i?   '   '■; 


i 


I  ''ft 


SI' 


M 


220 


V  i:  R 


I. 


■i « 


..•f  f 


Ciiiilad  cic  Pueblo 
Nuevo. 


Jill  Ti-inidnd,  or  Riu 

(h»  .losuM, 
Montijo, 
And  of  111©  seUleinciits   lately  founded  Uy   (ho 
IVIisHionH  arc  those  of  San  Antonio,  Dolegti,  and 
Cfiialaca. 

VF.RACii'A,  lilsruDo  DE,  an  inland  of  the  N. 
Sea,  near  the  roast  of  the  former  province  and 
government,  in  (he  kingdom  of  Tierra  I'irme ; 
discovered  by  admiral  Christoval  (.'olumbns,in  his 
foiinii  voyage.  It  is  small,  but  has  (»vo  i^ood  and 
sheltered  ports :  the  one  on  the  s.  side,  looking 
to  (he  coast  of  the  Continent,  and  the  otiier  on 
(he  u>.  :  it  is  desert  and  abandoned. 

VKHA-PAZ,  a  province  nml  a/ca/ilia  inai/or  of 
the  Kin^dinn  of  Ciiiateniala;  bounded  ».  Iiy  the 
province  of  Yucatan,  s.  s.  zo.  and  ,v.  r.  by  that  of 
(iuatemala,  from  whence  it  is  divided  by  the 
river  /acalula,  w.  by  (he  province  of  Ciiiapa, 
and  «■.  by  the  (iulf  of'llonduras.  1(  is  48  li>u<rucH 
Ions;  fronj  ;/.  to  s.  and  27  wide  from  r.  to  w.  at 
its  widest  part.  The  rcli<>;ious  of  St.  Domingo 
gave  it  this  name  by  or<ier  of  the  einper<n- 
('harles  V.  who  comnuinded  it  to  be  thus  named, 
imismiicli  as  its  natives  were  reduced  merely  by 
preachinn  and  without  the  help  of  arms. 

'I'he  country  is  roujrh  and  broken,  full  of  deep 
ravines,  with  a  llanttm  wiiicli  ia  half  a  leajjue  in 
extent,  :mu1  covered  with  thick  and  impenetrai>le 
woods.  Hiilf  of  this  province  is  of  a  mild  and 
Ix-nign  temporal ure,  and  the  other  half  is  hot  and 
ab()undin>>:  in  mosquitoes  of  various  kinds.  The 
rains  here  continue  nine  months  in  the  year,  and 
the  (troxince  abounds  in  vegetable  productions 
aiul  cattle,  and  has  many  mountains  covered  with 
trees,  and  vast  caverns  in  which  nuuiy  rivers 
laving  the  province,  lose  themselves.  Uetween 
two  lofly  sinrtis  is  founil  a  cave  of  very  great  ex- 
tent, entirely  of  stone,  within  which  are  formed 
by  the  dripping  of  waters  several  pillars  resem- 
bling alabaitar.  In  (his  rave  (he  cold  is  extra- 
oidinary,  and  the  noise  of  the  waters  is  very 
great,  whirli,  bursting  forth  at  various  mouths, 
forms  a  lake,  which  from  its  (le|)th  is  seen  to  have 
wiivis  like  a  sea,  and  from  it  rises  a  river,  whirli 
in  tiio  sif.nll  (h'-itauce  tliat  it  rims  is  not  fordable. 
Ucsidos  (lie  several  ri\ers  which  water  this  iiro- 
\iiice  great  torrents  of  water  are  seen  rushing 
douii  from  the  most  lofly  rocks,  tbriiiiiig  a  de- 
liglitfiil  spectacle:  and  thus  the  soil  is  coiist»J)tly 
so  moist  that  the  maize  rots  in  the  irroimd. 

I  Ills  province  is  very  subject  to  great  tempests 
of  lliuiuforand  lightning,  strong  winds, and  eaiili- 
rjirakes  :  and  in  its  moiinlaiiis  and  forests  arc 
lar:;t<  trees  of  excellent  kinds  of  wdod,  imparting 


V  E  U 

a  balmy  fragrance  to  the  surrounding  air:  and 
aniongst  these  we  must  note  in  particular  the 
li(|uiu  amber  of  n  thick  and  rough  wood,  and  va- 
rious kinds  of  balsams,  copnlis,  xuc/iitvpafcs,  al- 
mavigos  and  dragon  plants,  from  which  is  ex- 
tracted the  gum  called  dragon's  blood.  Here 
are  canes  of  KK)  feet  long,  and  of  such  thickness 
and  siite  as  t«>  have  at  each  of  their  knots  a  cavity 
able  to  coii(aiii  an  urroha  of  water.  These  canes 
serve  as  timber  in  building.  Moreover  here  ure 
(luayu-canes  which  arc  incorruptible,  and  an- 
other sort  of  wood  which,  sawed  asunder,  repre- 
sents on  its  plane  pretty  vary  cidoiired  (igures. 

'I'his  province  is  cxtremefy  fertile  in  all  Euro- 
pean fruits  and  (lowers ;  these  yielding  their 
sweets  to  the  labours  of  an  infinite  varie(y  and 
innumerable  swurnis  of  bees  ;  some  witliou(  s(iiig 
and  no(ed  for  making  the  clearest  honey,  odiers 
like  (hose  of  Spain,  and  odiers  only  as  large  as 
(lies,  odiers,  again,  whose  honey  causes  giddiness; 
widi  this  peculiari(y,  however,  equally  a((ached 
(o  all,  dia(  (hey  make  no  honey-comb,  but  work 
under  ground,  forming  their  nes(s  in  (he  roots  of 
trees.  Their  honey  has  an  acid  flavour,  which 
is  got  rid  of  in  a  great  measure  by  boiling ; 
and  it  is  not  unfrequently  ki>pt  and  used  after 
the  same  manner  as  the  vinegar  from  oranges, 
for  several  domestic  purposes.  The  woods  of 
(his  province  are  (hrongeu  wi(h  nu'inals  and  wild 
beas(s  ■  the  larges(  of  (hese  is  the  (liuilti,  as  big  as 
a  calf,  though  somewhat  short  and  thicker  set  in 
all  its  Joints,  which  on  the  whole  resemble  (hose 
of  (he  elephaiU:  it  has  on  i(sclaws,  (hree  join(son 
(he  fore  fee(  and  four  on  (he  hind  feet;  (he  head  is 
large,  (he  forehead  is  sunk  in,  (he  eves  small  and 
(he  lower  jaw  hangs  down  five  or  six  inches,  and 
is  raised  when  (he  animal  is  angry,  (hereby  dis- 
covering its  teeth  and  tusks,  which  are  like  those 
of  a  pig:  its  ears  are  piciiied,  the  neck  is  sunk  in 
the  shoulders,  and  the  tail  short  with  little  bris- 
tles. The  hide  is  six  lingers  thick,  double  at 
(he  loin,  and,  when  dried,  resis(s  every  kind  of 
arms.  This  animal  is  ferocious  and  terrible  when 
irritated,  and  with  its  tusks  destroys  every  thing 
it  meets  in  its  course,  not  excepting  trees  of  con- 
siderable strength.  Here  are  likewise  lions, 
tigers,  bears  of  an  enormous  size,  cats  and 
mountain  goats,  monkeys  of  various  kinds,  wild 
boars,  porcupines,  stpiirrels,  and  a  variety  of 
other  animals.  Also  amongst  the  birds  are  eagles, 
small  eagles,  (uiaironts,  sea-crows,  (i/cfilnnrs, 
bitterns,  storks,  parrots,  and  others  esteenu'd  (or 
tlu>ir  plumage  and  I  heir  song.  This  province  is 
also  tilled  with  vipers  and  snakes  of  various 
kinds.     The  fountains  and  rivers  arc  so  iiume- 


hi«. 


m 


-y  tiling 


VCR 

voiiH  that  there  are  30  of  the  latter  to  be  mot 
with  ill  the  Hnace  of  three  leuirtieH ;  and  all  of 
(hem  run  to  diaeinbugiie  themsefvcti  into  the  flea, 
at  the  golf. 

VKUOK,  n  river  of  the  province  and  govcrn- 
iiieiit  of  S.  Juan  de  Ioh  IjlanoH  in  the  Nuevo 
Wovno  de  (Jranada.  It  riseH  in  the  cordilUra  of 
Peru,  and  in  il  breed  the  fish  called  remoros, 
which  stop  the  progress  of  veHHeU. 

Vkkui:,  another  ri  er,  in  the  province  and 
•roviM-nineiit  of  Atacaines  or  I'iHineraldaH,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Quito,  which  runs  into  the  S.  Sea,  in 

the  Hav  of 'l'«>l»- 

Vi:itDB,  another,  of  the  same  province  and 
kiiigduni  as  the  former,  rising  in  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  rorrrsriinitHio  of  Otavalo,  running  m.  uud 
entering  the  (luailiabaniba. 

Verdi;,  aiiotiier,  of  the  province  and  rorrri^i- 
mitnfo  of  Tucuiiga  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  rises 
s.  of  this  city,  runs  s.  niid  enters  the  I'astaxa  very 
near  its  source. 

VeROK,  another,  of  the  province  and  country 
of  liUs  Anrnzonas  in  the  territory  of  Matrog<iso. 
It  rises  in  the  province  of  the  Chiqiiitos,  to  the 
w.  of  the  settlement  of  San  Ignacio,  runs  n.  and 
enters  the  Itenes  or  (luapore 

VEKDii,  another,  of  the  province  of  the  Apa- 
ches in  the  kingdom  of  Nuevo  Mexico,  which 
runs  s.  and  enters  the  Salado  before  this  joins  the 
Cihi. 

V'lviiDE,  another,  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay  in  Peru,  which  rises  in  tiie 
country  of  the  Zamucos  Indians,  from  ditlerent 
streams,  runs  se.  and  enters  tiie  Paraguay  op- 
posite the  i\lb«)eri. 

V'i:u»E,  another,  of  the  province  and  copltiiH' 
ship  of  Puerto  Segiiro  in  tira/il,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  near  the  coast,  runs  w.  and  turn- 
ing atterwards  its  course  to  n.  enters  the  grand 
river  of  San  Francisco  close  to  (he  real  of  mines 
of  Cardoso. 

V'kuuk,  another,  of  St.  Domingo,  which  rises 
near  the  «.  coast,  lM»tween  the  cities  of  lAi  \  ega 
iiiid  Santiago,  runs  ti\  and  enters  the  grand  riv(*r 
of  Ya<|ue  or  Santiago. 

V'KaDF,,  another,  of  the  province  and  rapluin- 
ship  of  Sergipe  in  Hrazil,  which  rises  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  Cayapos  Indians,  runs  s.s.e.  and 
•'liters  by  the  w  side  into  the  Parana,  Just  lielow 
tht'  entrance  of  the  iMnpandi. 

Vehdf,,  another,  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment «>f  Buenos  Ayres  in  Peru,  which  runs  ic. 
iiiid  enters  the  Parana,  between  the  C'nvayu  and 
the  Feliciano. 


V  E  R 


221 


Verdf-,  anotlier,  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay,  whi'-lt  runs  «.  r,  then  turns  its 
coiirs(>  to  r.  iind  )'nt«>rs  the  Paraguay. 

ViounE,  anollier,a  small  river  of  the  same  pro- 
vince and  government  as  the  former,  which  runs 
s.s.f.  and  enters  the  Amambay. 

Vi;nni-,,  another,  of  the  province  and  corrcf^i- 
mifulo  of 'raciinga  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  with 
the  additional  title  <if  Segundo,  to  dislinguisii  it 
from  the  last-mentioneil.  It  has  the  same  course, 
rises  near  it,  and  runs  in  the  same  direction. 

Verue,  a  settlement,  called  Hio  Verde,  in  the 
province  and  bishopric  »)f  MechoacAn,  of  the  ju- 
risdiction and  (dralilin  minjor  of  Valles. 

Veroi'.,  a  small  island  of  the  S.  Sea  near  the 
coast  of  the  jurisdiction  and  nirnldia  miiijnr  of 
Penonome  in  the  kingdom  of  'I'ierra  Tirnie,  and 
o|)t)osite  the  settlement  of  ('apira. 

vERnE,  another  island  in  the  i\.  Sea,  near  the 
coast  of  the  province  and  government  of  Carta, 
gena  and  Nuevo  Ueyno  de  (iranada,  on  the 
side  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  (irande  de  lu  Mag- 
daiena. 

Vekde,  another,  a  small  island  of  the  N.  Sea, 
near  the  coast  of  the  province  and  government  of 
La  Vera  Cruz,  and  of  the  Rio  de  Alvarado  in 
Niieva  Gspana,  not  far  distant  from  the  island  of 
Sacrificios. 

Verue,  another,  a  small  island,  also  of  tho 
N.  Sea,  near  tiie  coast  of  the  island  of  C'uba,  and 
ol'  the  Lucayas ;  between  Long  Island  and  that 
ol  St.  y\ndrew. 

Verde,  another, also  small, and  in  the  N.Sea, 
near  the  coast  of  the  province  and  government 
of  ('umana,  between  the  islands  'Pestigos  and 
I'Vayles 

Verde,  a  point  of  land  or  cape  on  the  coast  of 
the  province  and  ronegimictilo  of  Truxillo  in 
Peru,  and  in  the  S.  Sea." 

Verde,  another  cape,  on  tho  e.  coast  of  the 
Strait  of  JVlagellan,  between  the  river  of  Agiia 
linena  and  the  port  of  Papagayos. 

Verde,  a  bay,  called  also  l)e  las  Cuerdas  and 
Oel  Conde,  according  to  the  chart  of  Poncho 
Chiieno.  It  is  on  the  same  coast  of  (he  Strait  of 
Magellan,  to  the  n. 

[Verde,  Porto,  or  Vedra,  is  on  the  N.  At- 
lantic Ocean,  about  4|  leagues  s.  e.  by  c.  of  Rio 
Roxo.  The  Island  of  Blydones  is  at  the  en- 
trance of  this  port,  round  which  ships  may  sail 
on  any  side,  there  being  sev«Mi  fathom  on  the  w. 
where  it  is  shoalest,  and  ^0  fathoms  on  the  *. 
side,  where  is  the  best  entrance  into  the  river. 
Tliis  is  a  port  of  good  trade,  and  'oinetimes  largo 


:'» 


t     '( 


II 


222 


V  E  R 


\ti 


flhip<<  put  in  here.  The  islandx  of  Bnynnne  arc 
five  leai^uen  to  the  s.  of  the  island  in  the  mouth 
oft  ho  |)«»rt.j 

[Vp.hdp.ronr,  or  La  RnuRr.ADKRiR,  aniRland 
on  the  e.  coast  of  Cupc  Breton  island.  It  in 
»cvrn  or  ei^ht  Ipu^iips  \ons( ;  and  at  each  end  is 
a  channel,  tiiroui^h  which  the  waters  of  the  La- 
brador lakes,  in  the  inner  part  of  Cape  Breton 
Island,  discharge  into  the  ocean  on  the  c] 

VERE,  a  settlement  and  pariah  of  the  Eng- 
lish in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  on  the  shore  of  the 
Bay  of  Maniiry,  the  which  from  its  convenience 
is  much  frequented  by  vessels,  which  here  lie 
completely  sheltered. 

VERENGUELA,  a  settlement  of  the  pnn 
vince  and  corrrginiienio  of  Pacajes  in  Peru,  cele- 
brated for  its  rich  silver-mine,  which  has  pro- 
duced exceeding  wealth.  Here  are  also  mines  of 
talc,  which  yield  ^reat  profit,  furnishing  enough 
of  the  said  article  to  malte  the  windows  of  houses 
and  temples  throughout  the  kingdom. 

VERETES,  a  settlement  and  parish  of  the 
French  in  the  island  of  St.  Domii^u,  dependent 
on  the  district  and  jurisdiction  of  Cape  Frances. 

VERGARA,  a  settlement  of  the  district  of 
Chanco  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  on  the  shore  of 
the  stream  Chimbarongo. 

Vergara,  a  river  of  the  district  of  the  island 
of  La  Laxa  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  runs  w. 
and  turning  to  n.  ».  w.  enters,  very  abundant,  into 
the  Biobio,  near  the  fort  of  Nacimiento. 

[Vergennes,  a  post-town,  and  one  of  the 
most  ^rowin^  and  commercical  towns  of  Ver- 
mont, in  Addi8on  County  on  Otter  Creek,  about 
six  miles  from  its  mouth  in  Lake  Champlain.  It 
is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contained  in  1790,  a 
Congregational  church  and  about  60  houses.  In 
its  neighbourhood  are  several  mills.  It  is  80 
miles  n.  of  Bennington,  and  18  s.  of  Burlington. 
The  township  contained  ^l  inhabitants  in  the 
above  year.] 

VERINA,  a  small  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Cumana,  in  the  district  and 

1'urisdiction  of  this  city,  from  whence  it  is  30 
eagues  to  e.  s.  e.     It  is  celebrated  for  the  excel- 
lent tobacco  which  it  produces. 

VERISIMO,  a  river  of  the  province  and  rap- 
taim/np  of  Espiritu  Santo  in  Brazil,  which  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  the  interior,  runs  very  abun- 
dantly to  the  s.  and  enters  the  Parana  just  after 
its  rising. 

VERMEUA,  Sierra,  a  cordilfern  of  very  lofty 
mountains,  of  the  province  and  captainship  of 
Puerto  Seguro  in  Brazil.     They  run  n.  between 


V  E  II 

the  source  of  the  river  Hondo  or  San  Francisco, 
and  that  of  Las  Veliias. 

Vrrmp.ja,  another  sierra,  in  the  same  king- 
dom as  is  the  above  rordi/frrn,  inid  a  continua- 
tion of  the  sierra  of  Los  Coriges,  lictwccn  the 
river  of  this  name  and  tiie  Araguaya. 

Verm  BJ  A ,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Quixos  and  IVfacas  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito.  It  enters  the  San  Miguel  and  has  a  good 
port,  from  which  vessels  drop  down  to  enter  the 
Putumayo. 

VERMEJAS,  a  rirer  of  the  province  and  cap- 
lainship  of  Rio  Grande,  in  the  same  kingdom  as 
the  former  sierras.  It  risQs  near  the  coast,  runs 
n.  n,  to.  and  enters  the  sea  close  to  the  point  of 
Tiburon. 

VKRMK.rAH.  Some  small  islands  near  the 
coast  of  the  province  and  captainship  of  Espiritu 
Santo  in  the  same  kingdom  ;  situate  on  the  side 
of  the  island  of  Los  Franceses. 

VERMEJO,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Tucumun,  called  also  Rio  Grande. 
It  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Taya,  runs  s.  e.  col- 
lecting the  waters  of  many  other  rivers  in  its 
course,  and  passing  between  those  of  Xujiii  and 
Salta,  enters  very  abundantly  into  the  Plata,  op- 
posite the  city  of  ('orrientes,  according  to  the 
Peruvian  geographer  Don  Cosme  Bueno;  the 
Ex-Jesuit  Coleti  asserting  that  it  enters  the  Pa- 
rana by  the  to.  part,  a  little  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Paraguay,  in  lat.  37"  ^'  s. ;  [but  according 
to  the  most  accurate  geographers  it  enters  the 
Paraguay  about  40  miles  before  this  river  joins 
the  Parana.     Its  mouth  is  in  lat.  8()°4d'  s."] 

VERMEJO,  Puerto  de,  a  point  of  land  on 
the  coast  of  the  S.  Sea,  and  in  the  province  and 
corregimienlo  of  Truxillo  in  Peru. 

Verme.io,  a  very  lofty  mountain,  called  Cerro 
Vermejo,  in  the  province  and  captainship  of  Seara 
and  kingdom  of  Brazil,  near  the  coast  and  the 
river  Upamena. 

VERMIGLION,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Louisiana,  which  rises  between 
the  Missouri  and  the  Osages,  runs  w.  e.  and  en- 
ters the  former. 

[VERMIFiLAS,  Barrevkras,  on  the  coast 
of  Brazil,  between  the  island  of  St.  John's  and 
Sypomba  Island,  which  are  seven  leagues  asun- 
der.    Here  is  a  large  bay  with  good  anchorage.] 

[VERMILLION,  PimprE,  or  Red  Sea,  a 
name  given  by  some  to  the  Gulf  of('alifornia  J 

[Vermilmon,  Point,  called  also  Long  Point, 
is  the  peninsula  between  Bay  Puan  and  Lake 
Michigan.] 


bra 


V  E  R 


V  E  R 


923 


runs 


[Vehmim.ion  River,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory, 
runs  n.  to.  into  lilinoiH  Hivcr,  nearly  oppoHite  the 
s.  w.  end  of  Little  Hocks,  and  "itil  milen  from  the 
MiMiRxippi,  by  the  nicanderings.  It  is  30  yards 
uiilt',  hut  HO  rocky  as  not  to  be  naviff^ble.] 

[VEaiMiLMON  Indianfl,  reside  S§0  miles  up 
the  Miami  of  the  Lake] 

[VERMONT,  one  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  lies  lietween  hit.  4S°  48^  and  4.*)°  n.  and 
between  lonjr  7 1°28'  and  73°  25'  w.  It  is  bounded 
«.  by  Lower  Canada,  f.'bv  New  Hampshire,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Connecticut  River,  s.  by 
Mnsuachusetts,  and  fii;.  by  the  State  of  New  York. 
No  part  of  the  State  is  nearer  than  70  or  80 
miles  of  any  part  of  the  ocean.  Computinir  by  the 
Intitudes,  the  len^h  of  the  State  from  the  s.  to 
the  ».  boundary  is   138  miles ;  the  mean  width 
from  e.  to  »).  is  about  55  miles.     It  is  divided 
into  1 1  counties,  viz.  those  on  Connecticut  Kiver 
from  .V.  (o  n,  are  Windham,  Windsor,  Orange, 
Caledonia,  and  Essex ;  in  a  similar  direction, 
hIoug;  the  New  York  line,  are  the  counties  of 
Keniiin^ton,  Rutland,  Addison,  Chittenden,  and 
Frunklin,  between  which  last  and  Essex,  lies  the 
county  of  Orleans,  on  the  n.  line  of  the  State. 
These  are  subdivided  into  upwards  of  S30  town- 
ships, which  are  generally  six  miles  square.     In 
each  township  is  a  reserve  of  two  rights  of  land 
of  350  acres  each,  the  one  for  the  support  of 
schools,  the  other  to  be  given  in  fee  to  the  first 
minister  who  settles  in  the  township.     A  part  of 
the  townships  were  granted  by  the  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  the  other  part  by  that  of 
Vermont.     In  those  townships  granted  by  the 
former,  a  right  of  land  is  reserved  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  Gos|)el  in  foreign  parts ;   in  those 
grtmted  by  the  latter,  u  college  right,  and  a  right 
tor  (he  support  of  country  grammar-schools,  arc 
reserved.     In  these  reservations,  liberal  provi- 
sion is  made  for  the  support  of  the  Gospel,  and 
for  the  promotion  of  common  and  collegiate  edn- 
ratinn.     Windsor,  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Green 
Moimtains;  and  Rutland,  on  the  xe.  side;  both 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  settled  parts  of  the 
Sliito  from  M.  to  ,v.  are,  according  to  an  act  of  the 
legislature,  to  be  alternately  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, till  about  the  year  1800.     Both  arc  flou- 
rishing towns.     In  1790,  according  to  the  census 
then  taken,  the    nunil)er  of  inhabitants  in  this 
Slate  was   85,589.     By  the  census  of  1810,  it 
was  317,91,'}.     The  people  are  an  industrious, 
brave,  liardy,  active,  frugal  race. 

The  soil  is  deep,  and  of  a  dark  colour,  rich, 
moist,  warm,  and  loamy.  It  bears  corn  and  otiier 
kinds  of  grain  in  large  quantities  as  soon  as  it  is 


oi  inoiiniains,  wuich  are  called  tiie  (jri-een  wioun. 
tains,  from  their  perpetual  verdure,  and  gives 
name  to  the  State.  I'hey  extend  from  Lower 
Canada  s.  through  the  States  of  \'^ermont,  Mas- 


cleared  of  (he  wood,  without  any  ploughing  or 
preparation  ;  and  aHer  the  first  crops,  naturally 
turns  to  ricii  pasture  or  mowing.  The  face  of 
the  country  exhibits  very  ditVerent  prospects, — 
Adjoining  to  the  rivers  there  are  the  wide  ex- 
tensive plains  of  a  fine  level  country.  At  a  small 
distance  from  them  the  land  rises  into  n  chain  of 
high  mountains,  intersected  with  deep  and  long 
vallies.  Descending  from  the  niounlains,  the 
streams  and  rivers  appear  in  every  part  of  the 
country,  and  afford  a  plentiful  iiup|>ly  of  water. 
Through  this  State  there  is  one  continual  range 
of  mountains,  which  are  called  the  Green  Moun. 
tains, 
name 
Canada 

sachiisetts,  and  Connecticut,  and  tr-rminate  within 
a  few  miles  of  the  sea-coast.  Their  general  di- 
rection is  from  n.n.  e,  to  s.s.w.  and  their  extent 
is  through  a  tract  of  country  not  less  than  400 
miles  in  length.  They  are  generally  from  10  to 
15  miles  in  breadth ;  are  much  intersected  with 
vallies ;  abound  with  springs  and  streams  of 
water,  and  are  covered  with  woods.  Kelliiig- 
ton  Peak,  one  of  the  highest  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tains, is  3,454  feet  alK>ve  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

All  the  streams  and  rivers  of  Vermont  rise 
among  the  Green  Mountains ;  about  35  of  them 
have  an  e.  direction,  and  fall  into  Connecticut 
River;  about  25  run  w.  and  pay  tribute  to  Lake 
Champlain.  Two  or  three  running  in  the  same 
direction  fall  into  Hudson's  River.  In  the  ti.e. 
parts  of  the  State,  four  or  five  streams  have  a  ». 
direction,  and  discharge  their  waters  into  Lake 
Memphremagog ;  from  thence  through  the  river 
St.  Francis,  they  C4)minunicate  with  tlie  river  St. 
Lawrence.  The  most  considerable  on  the  w.  side 
of  the  Green  Mountains,  are  Otter  Creek,  Onion 
River,  La  Moille,  and  Mischiscoui.  On  the  e. 
side  of  the  Green  Mountains,  the  rivers  are  not 
so  large  as  those  on  the  w.  but  they  are  more 
numerous.  The  largest  are  Wantastiquek,  or 
West  River,  White  River,  and  Poousoomsuck. 

The  earth  is  generally  covered  with  snow  from 
the  middle  of  December  to  the  middle  of  March, 
and  in  some  high  lands,  to  the  depth  of  four  or 
five  feet.  Since  the  country  has  been  cleared, 
the  winters  have  provi*d  milder.  Vegetation  ad- 
vances in  the  spring  with  great  rapidity. 

Iron  and  lead  ores  of  several  kinds,  pipe-clny, 
which  has  been  wrought  into  durable  crucibles, 
and  (juarries  of  white,  grey,  and  variegated  mar- 
l)le,  nave  been  found  in  ditterent  parts  of  this 
State.  The  trade  of  Vermont  is  princi|)ally  to 
Boston,  Hartford,  and  New    York ;    to  which 


i 


-i'  f 


X,  n, 


hi 


221 


V  K  11 


•H<i 


'",  ■« 


iiIhcoh  llio  inliiihidintM  «'X|i(irl  horson,  h«>f,  pork, 
niiUiT,  <'li«M>Ni>,  wlinil,  Hour,  iron,  iiailH,  pot  iiiwl 
peiirl-iiNht'H.  (in-iil  iiilviiiiliiircM  miiy  norriii'  to 
VfriiioiiJ,  I'roiii  llii>  iiuiiiiiliiclinvs  of  iron.  LiirR*' 
(|iiiinlitirH  ol'iron on*  ar«*  t'oiiiiil  in  Hi>v«<rnl  of  tin* 
towns  on  tlio  tc.  m\c  of  tli«<  (iroon  Monntiiins. 
Tinmonlh,  Untlnntl,  MiltNl'ord,  iiml  Shorclmni, 
rontiiin  frroiit  (imintitics.  Tlicore  in  tlir'^o  towiix 
is  oI'h  rt'iidiNli  Kind,  niixod  witli  riirtli,  tinrtnrod 
with  v«>lloti  on*.  It  ni«>l(H  nisily,  nnd  nrodnrcs 
from  ono-Conrlh  tooni'  NovcntlioCiron.  I'lio  iron 
is  mostly  of  tin-  ('oldsliir<<  kind :  w«)rkK  msilv,  nnd 
niiikos  oxrcllrnt  miils.  'I'lio  prinripiil  purl  of  tlio 
ore  liitliorlo  nsod,  hits  l««on  l>ront>;ht  from  a  inoiin- 
lain  on  the  »<.  side  of  l.ako  Clianipliiin,  ahont 
fonr  mill's  w.  «)f  Crown  I'oinl.  Somi*  f;rains  of 
pure  iron,  nearly  as  Iti^asa  pt-n,  liavo  Iwen  fonnd 
in  this  ore.  This  on*  is  so  pcrnliarly  rich,  that, 
wlipn  well  mana;r(.(|,  i(  will  yield  lonr-sevenths 
of  pure  iron,  bnt  is  very  hard  to  melt.  In  17!)'-', 
several  forjjes  and  fnrnnres  were  ererted.  In 
Renninfrton  ("oinity  they  had  one  fori;e,  in  Htit- 
land  Connty  14,  in  Addison  Connly  fonr,  and  in 
Chittenden  Connty  two.  In  addition  to  which 
there  were  three  fnrnares  in  Itntland  County. — 
I'rom  these  preat  qnantities  of  bar-iron  and  nails 
were  ma«le.  Natnre,  indeed,  seems  to  have  de- 
nii^ned  this  part  of  the  I'niled  States  to  he  the 
Heat  of  flourishing  mannfaeture!*  of  every  thins; 
that  ran  be  made  of  iron  or  steel.  The  oth«'r 
rliief  mnnufartnres  are  pot  nnd  pearl-ashes,  nuiple 
Mn|3:ar,  and  spirits  distilled  from  prain.  Most  fa- 
milies mannlarinre  a  considerable  part  of  their 
clothing.  In  no  country  is  common  education 
more  attended  to.  In  this  respect  the  conduct 
of  the  people  is  laiulable  anil  exeujplary.  A 
charier  for  a  richly  endowed  university  was 
pranked  by  the  loiri^liilnre  of  this  Slate,  in  1791, 
to  be  established  at  nurlini<:lon  ;  and 'W,0(H)  acres 
of  land  have  been  leserved,  in  the  several  grants 
made  by  this  Slate,  for  the  use  of  the  univer- 
sity. 

In  1799,  the  slate  of  the  militia  was  a  follows, 
"20  regiments  of  infantry,  divided  into  eit^ht  bri- 
gades, and  foiu"  divisi(ms:  If)  companies  of  ca- 
valry, anti  six  companies  of  artillery  ;  the  whole 
comnuted  at  iS,.')()0.  The  present  nund>er  has 
not  Kept  pace  with  the  increased  population. — 
N'ermont  sends  two  representatives  to  Coujjress, 
nnd  has  been  settling  only  since  about  the 
year  1764.  The  Indians  were  never  numerous 
nere,  and  at  present  it  is  entirely  destitute  of 
themj 

VEniNAL.  a  small  island  of  the  S.  Sea,  near 
the  coast  of  the  province  and  olcaldin  uiai/or  of 


V  E  11 

Tegnnntepeqne  in  Nuevu  Kspaua.  It  w  \ory 
close  lo  lhi>  continent. 

(  VKUNON,  n  place  in  Sussex  ('ounly,  New 
Jersey,  r-.  of  the  Hource  of  Wall  Kill,  and  alMtut 
'il  •lilies  M.  r.  of  Newtown.  | 

I  VriiNoN,  Mount.     See  Mount  Vkhnon  | 

N'l'.UOA,  a  small  lake  of  the  province  nnd 
country  of  Lns  Amn/onas,  in  the  territory  pos- 
sessed by  tiie  I'ortuguese.  It  is  a  pool,  lornu>d 
from  the  river  Maranon,  lictween  those  of  (^oari 
and  Cnchivara. 

VKWtjUI'i,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
vnrrr!xi»iii»ti>  ol'Chichas  and  Tarija  in  i'eru,  and 
of  the  district  and  divisicui  of  tii<>  former;  an- 
nexed to  Ihe  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Talinn. 

VKUIiAM.A,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
govennnent  of  (luayana  or  Nu<>va  Andalnciu, 
which  rises  in  Ihe  country  ami  territory  of  the 
Carinnacas  Inilians,  runs  ;/.  and  enters  Ihe  Ven- 
luavi. 

I  VKIll{I<yrTKS,  a  seltlenuMil   in  Ihe  I'rencli 

riart  of  the  islaiul  of  St.  Domingo,  on  Ihe  s.  w, 
tank  of  Artilxmitc  Kiver;  four  uiileH  .v.  by  n.  of 
the  settlement  i>f  Petit  Kiviere.j 

f  VKUSAIIJiKS,  Ihe  chief  town  of  Woodford 
County,  Kentin-kv;  sitiuite  on  u  Hinall  stream 
which  falls  into  Kentucky  Uiver.  It  contained, 
in  l7fH),  a  court-house,  stoiu*  gaol,  aiul  about 
.'JO  houses,  and  lies  \M  miles  u).  by  s.  of  Lex- 
ington.] 

('  V  I'iKSI  1 1 H  I'i,  H  township  of  Vermont,  Orange 
County,  ndjoining  Kairlev.  It  contuincd  4^9  in- 
habitants, HI  I7f)().j 

Vh'UT,  a  suuill  port  of  the  .«.  coast  of  Nova 
Scotia:  between  Ungged  niul  lluNway  Islands. 

Vkut,  a  large  sand-bank  of  the  coast  of  the 
island  of  Newlbundland,  which  serves  for  the 
cod-fisheries,  and  lies  between  the  I'liik  of  Whale 
and  Middle  Hank. 

Vi:nT,  a  bay  on  the  v.  const  of  the  island  of 
Newfoiuulland,  between  the  island  of  Uacaillon 
and  (\ipe  Flnudxtrough. 

Vkkt,  another,  on  the  e.  coast  of  Newfound- 
land, between  Cape  St  .lolin  and  the  island  of 
St.  Barbara. 

Vkht,  another,  on  the  n.  coast  of  Nova 
Scotia,  lietween  the  Hay  of  liorchaps  and  Saints 
Cape. 

f  V  KiiT  Bav,  or  CiiiKKN  Bav,  in  the  Straits  of 
Norlhumberlaiul,  in  N.  America,  onens  to  the 
n.  c.  opposite  St.  Jolurs  Island.  1  he  head  of 
the  bay  npproximates  within  \'2  miles  of  the 
north-easlernnuist  branch  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
It  is  about  10  leagues  to  the  ;/.  .v.  ofTalama- 
gauclie  Harbour,  and  serves  in  part  to  separate 


M 


V  I  < '  i;  N  T  K. 


StiuitH  ol" 

lis  tu  tlio 

head  of 

'S    of  till' 

»r  I'liiuly. 
Tataina- 
suparate 


(lie  Hi'iliNli  )i-ovincRfi  of  Nova  Scolia  and  Ni>\v 
Iti'iiiihuirk.j 

Viiiir,  a  Mtiiit  of  laiiil  or  ('a|)i>  oil  Iho  coattl  of 
N«'n  foiiiidlaiid,  vvitliHi  IMaiHuncr  liay. 

Vkki,  a  Hiiiall  iHlanil  of  tlu'  N.  .^ra,  noar  tlio 
«.  <'imt4t  of  Novu  Scotia,  oppoHJlc  St.  Mar^aret'ti 
Hav. 

Vriii,  a  Kinall  river,  rtf  th<'  proviiiro  and  ffo- 
viTiiinciil  of  liOuiMiaiia;  wliirli  runs  r.  and  unitvH 
ithcir  uilli  the  St.  I'ii-rro. 

Viai,  aiiotlicr  rivor,  of  tlui  province  and 
colony  of  IS.  Carolina,  uliicli  runs  .v.  s.  w.  and 
ciitorM  llif>  ConliawaV' 

(  VKSAV  CAl'hVin  tli«>  township  of  MaryV 
l)inxlii  on  Laku  Ontario,  iipnrr  Canada,  is  the 
)i,  point,  wliicli  niiikcs  i'rinci.'  KdwHrd'H  llav.  | 


.  slior(>  ol  liak«! 
ill  tin*  towiiHliip 


I  Vi:SSKL  HAV,  on  I  lit'  r 
Chiniiplain,  sols  up  to  the  //.  f. 
of  Charlotto,  in  V<*rinonl.  | 

\KCVI-j,  Da.nk  or  TiiK,  a  lar^;*'  shoal  of 
sand,  of  the  island  Micklon,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  (iiilf  of  f'ii.  Ijawrcucc. 

ViACIIA,a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
conriiimirtilo  of  Paca^es  in  Pern. 

VlAMON,  a  town  of  the  province  and  cap- 
liiins/iin  of  ll(!y  in  Urasil ;  on  the  shore  of  tlie 
river  (Jrande. 

VIAI'l,  a  small  arm  of  the  River  Orinoco, 
which  commnnicateH  with  the  liivor  Zacri,  close 
to  Ciiidad  Heal. 

VIA  VIA,  a  small  river,  of  the  province  and 
government  of  (<navana  or  Nueva  Andalucia,  in 
the  territory  possessed  by  the  Dutch. 

VI('ll.\f)A,  a  lar^e  and  rapid  river,  of  the 
Nuevo  Re^node  (iranada.  It  flows  down  from 
the  mountains  of  Boi>;ota,  runs  r.  through  the 
Umios  of  (\i/anare,  and  enters  the  Orinoco. 

VH'KNTE,  S.  a  province  and  captainship  of 
the  kini(doin  of  Rrasil :  bounded  n.  by  the  re- 
public of  San  Pablo,  and  by  the  captainship  of 
Rio  .lancyro  :  *-.  by  the  same  captainship  and  by 
the  sea,  w.  by  the  Rio  (trande,  and  s.  w.  Uy 
tlie  province  of  dSaira  of  the  government  of 
Paraguay,  I'xtending  50  leagues  aloiijyi;  the  coast; 
fits  length  from  ;/.  to  s.  beinj;;  about  y()0  miles, 
and  its  breadth  in  some  places  near  180,  though 
for  the  greatest  part  not  more  than  half  that 
numlMT.J 

It  was  ceded  by  King  Juan  III.  of  Portu<;al  to 
Martin  Alfonxo  de  Sousa,  in  reward  for  his 
splendid  services  in  the  Indies.  Me  established 
a  ^ovornment  hero  after  incredible  ditricnities, 
owins;  to  the  opposition  of  the  natives,  who  all 
preferred  death  to  subjection;  but  he  at  last 
vol,.  V. 


founded  in  an  island,  the  towns  of  San  Vicento 
and  of  lios  Santos.     This  province  was  the  lirst 
established  by  the  Portufrnese  in  America  ;  and, 
a!\er  a  few  years,  iMscumi-  one  of  the  most  oi>u- 
lent  for  its  siif^ar-mills  and  manulhctiires,  tlius 
providini(  with   necessaries  all  the  other  settle- 
ments  of  Itrasil ;  but  it   is  at  the  present  day 
(anno  1 7Kf))  fallen  into  such  a  state  ol' dilapida- 
tion as   to   be   merely   the  shadow  of  its  former 
(greatness.     The  towii  of  San  Vicente  lost   also 
the  quality  of  a  capital,  the  cIiiiitIi  itwlf  iM'coin- 
iiifi;  reduced  to  the  small  chapel  of  San  Antonio. 
Its  trade,  however,  in  hams  still  remained  to  it ; 
and   these  are  as  line  as  any   of  I'iUrop*',  the 
breeds  of  swine  beiii^  very  lar^e,  and  the  natives 
making    use  of  their  skins   for  leather   in    pre* 
lerenct*  to  tli<!  hides  of  other  animals.     Here  are 
plenty  of  cattle  of  all  sorts,  as  also  of  fish  and 
shell-iish,  and  of  oysters  so  large  as  that  their 
shells    usually    serve   for   plates ;    one   of  these 
shells  having  been  of  so  extravagant  a  size  as  to 
have  served  for  u  palanipiin  to  the  Risliop  Don 
Pedro  Leitavoti.     The  temp«'rature  of  this  pro- 
vince is    hot   and    little   healthy,  produces  some 
sugar  canes,  of  which  it  makes  sugar  and  con- 
serves of  various  fruits  ;  cotton  and  brasil  wood, 
although  all  but   in  nioderatiou.     It  is  watered 
by    several    rivers ;    the    most    C4insiderable    of 
which  are    the   Tapuca,   (Juarauba,    (iiiapura, 
Virigi,   and     Una.      !t    has   in    its  district  the 
islands  of  San  Aiiiaro,  Cananea,  San  Sebastian, 
and  liOs  Santos,  in  which  is  the  capital.     The 
interior  of  the  country   is  uncultivated  and  full 
of  woods,  in  which  (iwell   some   inlidel   Arapes 
and  Tiipiguies  Indians.     Uefore  the  entrance  of 
the  I'ortngnese  it   was   possessed  by   the  Cuay- 
nazes,  who  were  very  valorous,  but  who  are  now 
extinct.     It   now   belongs  to   the    house  of  the 
lVfar«|uis«'s  of  Cascaes,  and  contains  only  SOO  in- 
habitants.    Its  settlements  are, 


S.  Vicente, 

Santos, 

Parati, 

Ulmtuba, 

Igoape, 

Paranagna, 

Cananea, 

Rio  de  S.  I''rancisco, 

Alacjuna, 

.facarahi, 

The  countries  bounding  tlic  u.  of  S  Vicente 
arc  inhabited  by  savag*;  italions,  and  extend  to 
SW  and  to  '■JT  \:  lat.  |  'I'liis  province  was  much 
neglected  till    the  discovery  of  the  gold  mines 

G    G 


Penhamuiihangaba, 

Cioaratinguita, 

Coriitiiba, 

Sorocaba, 

Utu, 

Jundi.^lii, 

Parana iba, 

Taiibafe, 

Mongi. 


iA 


!«', 


220 


V  IC 


( 


mm 


in  1735,  Rinrc  which  it  hnn  lK*pn  lienofilrd  by 
the  udditi«iii  u(  a  kcv,  an<i  HovornI  lortreHNCM 
t>re(*tt>(l  lor  itH  dcft'ncc,  on  thr  w.  xide  of  Hio  do 
]n  Phitii.  This  purt  «tt'  thi*  proviiirr  in  ftir,  how- 
rvrr,  from  hciriK  v<'(  Hiillicipntly  pcoplod,  hh 
thorp  ure  only  ii  fow  scattered  villaffCH  on  tho 
Hpa-coaiit.  The  inhiihitantH  carry  on  a  contra- 
band trade  with  the  Spaniards,  whom  they  I'lir 
niflh  with  rum  and  tobacco  of  their  own  growth, 
and  with  clotht*,  Hilkx,  linens,  and  brandy,  from 
Europe.  The  commerce  of  S.  Vicente,  which  Ih 
carried  on  through  Rio  d«  <(aneiro,  conMistM  in 
black  cattle,  hogt*,  Hugar,  tobacco,  and  HpiritH.J 

VicKNTK,  S.  a  city  of  the  former  province, 
and  once  the  capital ;  oiluate  in  the  ixlund  of 
LoN  Santon.  It  was  formerly  very  rich,  an<l 
enjoyed  a  great  connuercp  :  it  hns  a  commodionH 
and  xecurc  port  with  a  good  bottom,  though 
not  fit  for  large  venHelM ;  it  iH  aUo  defended  with 
a  well  Airnixhod  caHtle,  hut  the  temperature  iH 
hot  and  Hickly.  The  cathedral  chnrcli  in  rathti 
handsome,  being  a  bishopric  HuflVngun  to  San 
Salvador  :  [on  tne  whole  thin  town  may  be  con- 
iiidered  well  fortified.  Its  present  population 
niav  be  reckoned  at  ^,000  souls]  in  s.  int.  'Jt". 

Vie  FNTE,  S.  island.     See  St.  Vinclnt. 

Vit'KNTE,  S.  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  Coatian  and  alcaldia 
mnynr  of  Miahuatlan,  in  Nueva  Espaiui. 

VicRNTE,  S.  another,  of  (he  nrovince  and  go- 
vernment of  Maracaibo,  in  the  Nnevo  Keyno  do 
(iranadn,  on  the  shore  of  the  river  St.  Domingo, 
nearly  to  the  .«.  of  DiirinasNneva.  It  is  one  of 
the  settlements  of  the  missions  of  this  city,  which 
are  held  under  the  charge  of  the  religious  of 
San  Francisco. 

VicEN  TE.  S.  another,  of  the  province  and  ror- 
repimienlo  of  Chichasand  Tariga,  in  Peru. 

Vicente,  S.  anotlier,  a  parish  of  the  pro- 
virce  iind  government  of  Uiienos  Avres,  in  lat. 
'J5   '2'  ^10"  and  long.  58'  '2(3'  30". 

Vicente,  S.  a  small  but  convenient  and 
secure  port  on  the  coast  of  the  province  and  cor- 
rrfrimiitilo  of  Quillota  and  kingdom  of  Chile ; 
Fitiiate  behind  the  Bay  of  Concepcion. 

Vicente,  S.  a  cape  or  point  of  land  on  the 
const  of  the  Tierra  del  Fuego,  in  the  Strait  of 
Miigellan  :  one  of  those  which  form  the  entrance 
of  the  strait  of  its  name. 

VitENTE,  S.  another  Cape,  called  also  of 
Snpstakes,  on  the  s.  coast  ot  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan :  one  of  those  which  form  the  second  nar- 
row; pass  of  the  strait,  which  is  exiled  Barranca 
(Ic  San  Simon. 


V  \c 

VICIII,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  A  tacames  or  Esnu'ialdaN,  in  the  king 
(him  of  Quito.     It  runs  n.  and  enters  the  Guail- 
hibaudia  just  l>efore  this  runs  iiilo  the  S.  Sea. 

\  ICIli'ijI'KN,  a  Hetllement  of  the  province 
and  ronrgiminilo  of  Maule,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Chile.  It  has  a  convent  of  the  religious  of  San 
Francisco,  with  the  dedicatory  title  of  San  Pedro 
<le  Alcantara  ;  and  also  two  cnanels  of  ease. 

VICiOSA,  liA,  a  shoal  or  isle  of  the  coast  of 
the  N.  Sea,  in  the  province  and  government i' 
Costa  Hica  and  kingdom  of  (Juatemala. 

VICU>SAS,  some  islamis  of  the  N.Sea,  near 
the  coast  of  the  province  and  government  of 
Vucatan,  opposite  the  Cape  of  C'atoche :  they 
are  many,  anil  all  snuill. 

VIC(i,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Tarma  in  Peru,  annexed  to  tho 
curacy  of  the  settlement  cf  Tasco,  lictween  the 
liakes  I.aiiricocha  and  Chinchnicocha. 

VICTOR,  Vam.e  DEI,,  a  settlement  of  the 
proviiu'c  and  rorirgimiento  of  Arequipa  in  Peru, 
on  the  sea  const. 

VICTOR,  Vam.e  oei,,  h  river  of  this  pro- 
vince, called  Quebrada  del  Victor.  It  rises  in 
the  valley  aforesaid,  and  enters  the  S.  Sea,  united 
with  the  river  Chile. 

VICTOR,  Vai.i.e  nEi,,  n  port  of  the  S.  Sea, 
on  the  coast  of  the  province  and  corregimiento  of 
Arica  in  Pern,  in  jr.  lat.  18"  47'. 

VICTORIA,  a  city  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Mariquita,  in  the  Niievo  Revno  de 
(■ranada ;  founded  by  Hernando  de  Salmus  in 
\hb'3,  in  a  wood  at  the  skirt  of  a  mountain, 
this  spot  having  been  selected  as  abounding  in 
gold  mines :  but,  when  the  working  of  these 
mines  fell  off,  the  city  was  removed  by  the  agree- 
ment of  the  inhabitants  to  some  neighbouring 
llanuras.  Afterwards,  through  some  private  liti- 
gations in  the  families  of  the  Mospinas  and  Sal- 
cedos,  it  became  entirely  lost,  its  population 
removing  to  join  themselves  with  that  of  Mari- 
quita, from  whence  it  was  situate,  at  a  distance 
of  Sf)  miles,  and  being  about  80  n.  w.  of  Santa 
F<5. 

Victoria,  a  town  of  tlie  province  and  al- 
caldln  muuor  of  Tabasco,  in  the  kingdom  of 
(luatenutla  ;  founded  in  1519  by  Hcrnan  Cortes, 
who  gave  it  this  name  in  memory  of  the  victory 
gained  by  the  Indians.  It  is  small  and  poor; 
situate  on  the  sea  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Cam- 
peclic :  it  has  a  small  castle  or  fort  for  its  de- 
fence, and  is  60  leagues  from  Camprche. 

Victoria,  a  settlement,  with  the  dedicatory 


VIC 


VIE 


427 


near 


I  it  li' of  San  l''ninciMfo,  in  the  pmvincn  undcnr- 
rreimivniu  of  ('ali-u  nnd  Lur<>H  in  Peru  ;  Hitualn 
ill  a  ri>iif(li  nnd  very  nioiintainoun  territory.  It 
wiiM,  nt  itH  fii'Nt  roiiii(luti(iti,  u  very  populuuH  nnd 
rich  rily,  nwiiiv  to  the  iiiuiiy  niiver  iiiineM  in  itH 
neiKlilioiirhiMMl,  I'roiii  wheiire  it  derived  infinite 
wenlth  ;  nnd  it  iH  nienioruhle  hh  well  hm  tor  hnv- 
iiiii;  iM'on  tlie  retn-nt  of  the  liixt  ima  oC  Peru, 
Vk*  tor  the  martyrdom  of  ihn  veiieniblc  father 
Dieyo  Orti/.,  of  the  order  of  S.  y\uKiiHtin,  at  the 
hiiiidH  of  the  IndiaiiM,  whiUt  he  wax  |)reiicliiii|];  to 
them  the  (^oHpel,  in  l.'>K().  It  is  now  fallen  into 
Huch  (U'cny  and  poverty  hh  to  he  nothings  Imt  u 
unmll  viliuKe.  annexed  to  the  riiriu-y  of  the 
Heltlement  o  Vilculmmha :  i^O  leagiieN  t.  of 
Ca/ro. 

Victoria,  nnother,  with  the  nmne  of  Suntu 
Mariii  de  In  Virtoria  del  i*rndo  de  Tnlavcra  d« 
Ninin,  in  the  province  and  ifovernmcnt  of  Ve- 
iie/iieln  nnd  Nuevo  Key  no  de  Granada:  founded 
ill  I(il7  by  I'edro  (<iitierrez  de  Liiko,  by  order 
of  the  f^overiior  Don  FranciHco  dc  In  llozBerrio, 
ill  the  valley  of  Arugua  and  province  of  the 
TequcN  Indians.  Here  it  waN  that  all  thoHe 
nativeH  aHHembled  who  escaped  the  dentrur- 
tive  influence  of  the  umall-pox,  which  raided 
here,  and  nearly  depopulated  the  province^  in 
1580.  Thiit  Hettlement  iH  near  where  the  rrnl. 
of  gohl  iniiieH  of  Nuefttro  Seilora,  diHcovered 
by  Gabriel  de  Avila  in  157*3,  fornicrly  Htood. 
[It  lieH  on  the  road  from  Tulmero  to  CnracuN, 
nix  lenu;U(.ii  I'lom  the  former  place.  When  firxt 
founded  by  the  niiHHioiiarieB,  it  was  peopled  en- 
tirely by  Indiani),  but  it  has  now  a  fi;reiit  many 
white  inhnbitnntf),  its  pcpulation  anioiiiiliiii(  to 
7,S0O  houIh.  It  in  ncvertncleNH  but  a  scattered 
town,  (situate  niontly  in  a  plain)  interspersed 
w  ith  garden  trees ;  some  of  the  Ktreets  conluin 
hoiises  equal  to  those  of  Cnrucns.  The  church, 
both  for  size  nnd  beauty,  rivals  tiie  iinest  ca- 
thedrals of  America.  The  inhabitants  applied 
to  government  to  create  their  town  into  a  city, 
witn  arfl/i/Zt/o  ;  but  this  petition  not  lieiiig  com- 
plied with,  Victoria  continues  a  village,  under 
the  government  of  a  justice  and  u  rts;iilor.  It  is 
the  residence  of  the  general  oflicers  of  the  militin 
of  the  vallies  of  Aragoa.  Depons  asserts,  that 
the  inhabitants  arc  excessively  fond  of  gaming, 
but  that  they  ore  by  far  more  active  tlian  the 
people  of  many  other  parts  of  the  province.] 

Victoria,  another,  called  Nuestra  Senoru  de 
la  Victoria  de  Los  Nadadores ;  one  belonging  to 
the  missions  held  by  the  religious  of  S.  Fraticisco, 
in  the  province  oi'  Coaguilu;    founded  on   the 


shore  of  the  river  of  its  name,  seven  leagues  w, 
by  n.  of  the  town  of  Mnnclova. 

Victoria,  another,  of  the  province  and  rap- 
tnimhip  of  Los  IIIiooh,  in  llrasil ;  situate  on  the 
coast  at  the  entrance  of  the  port  and  river  of 
lios  llheos. 

VitiTOKiA,  another,  in  thi>  province  and  cap- 
Inimhip  ot'  Eiipiritii  Santo,  in  the  t*nme  kingdom 
as  the  former. 

Victoria,  an  island,  near  the  extremity  of 
the  f.  coast,  in  the  Stniit  of  IVfagellan. 

Victoria,  u  cn|M'  or  point  of  land  on  the 
same  coast  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan. 

f  VKTOIIY,  a  township  of  Vermont,  situated 
in  Kssex  County,  and  bounded  r.  by  (iSuildhall, 
on  Connecticut  Kiver.J 

VIDBS,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
correeiiiiittitn  of  I'asto,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito; 
which  enters,  u  littlu  ailer  its  rising,  into  the 
I'utnmavo. 

VIK.IA,  La,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Nicaragua,  in  the  kingdom  of 
(iiiatimaln.  It  is  very  close  to  Ucalejo,  and  30 
leagues  from  the  town  of  San  Miguel. 

VIK-K),  Creek  of,  on  the  const  of  the  S.  Sea, 
in  the  province  and  comghniiulu  of  Nusca,  in 
Peru. 

ViiMo,  a  settlement  of  tin'  province  and  cor- 
regiittutito  of  llmrra,  in  the  kingdimi  of  Quito  ; 
in  the  vicinity  of  which  is  a  large  estate,  called 
La  Concepcion. 

ViEJo,  another,  a  small  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  anreehnicnto  of  Alausi,  in  the  same 
kingdom  as  the  (ormer  ;  situate  s,  of  the  settle- 
ment of  TiscAii,  and  near  the  lake. 

VIK.IOS,  Puerto  ok  i.os,  a  port  on  the 
const  of  the  S.  Sea,  of  the  province  and  corrv^i- 
tiiieulo  of  ('hancay,  in  Peru. 

VIELLAIID,  Orcek.     See  Oi,n  Man's. 

Viki.i.ard,  Port.     See  Oi,n  Man's. 

[VIKNNA,  a  port  of  entry  and  post-town  of 
the  e.  shore  of  Maryland,  Dorchester  County,  on 
the  zi).  side  «>f  Nanticoke  River,  about  14  miles 
from  its  mouth.  It  contained,  in  17fH),  about 
30  houses,  and  carries  on  n  brisk  trade  with  the 
neighbouring  sen-ports,  in  liimlier,  corn,  wheat, 
&c.  Its  foreign  exports  in  1791  amounted  to 
1,067  dollars  :  it  is  15  miles  n.  te.  of  Salisbury, 
2a  s.  s.  c.  of  Easton,  and  63  s.  e.  of  Washington.] 

[Vienna,  the  capital  of  Green  County,  Ken- 
tucky ;  ("itunte  on  the  n.  side  of  Green  River, 
about  135  miles  to.  s.  w.  of  Lexington,  and  about 
22  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Green  River,  in  the 
Ohio.J 

gg2 


'I ; 


'228 


VIL 


roiifit,  at  the  mouth  of  tlic 


VIENTO,  LoMAH  DKi.,  inoiintains  of  tlin  pro- 
vince! and  n;ov('rnment  of  M^rrida,  in  tltf  Nuevo 
Hevno  de  (rninada;  of  the  district  and  jurisdic- 
tion of  Pamplona,  to  the  .«.  of  this  city.  'Vhvy 
are  thus  rallrd  from  the  continual  and  fresh 
Hindv  ^vlli<■h  prevail  there. 

Vii  N  ro,  a  strand  of  the  const  of  the  N.  Sea, 
in  ilic  pro\  ince  and  a^overument  of  ("artajfenu 
and  Ni  vo  Ifeyuo  de  (irniv.ula,  hotween  the 
Point  'if  Pi'drns  and  that  of  Venados. 

VIIOlJ-(  ,\P,  a  capo  or  point  of  land  of  the 
s.  coast  of  NovH  Scotia  or  Acadia,  between  tlu' 
ca|)es  |{a<>;e  and  Hollibut. 

VlKU-POItT,  a  port  of  the  same  province 
and  coast  as  tho  former  cape,  and  clo:Je  to  the 
sanic  cai)e. 

V!EU-1SLE,  an  ishmdofthe  same  coast  and 
province  as  the  former  j)ort ;  at  the  mouth  or 
entrance  of  the  same. 

VIKl  X,  a  tort  of  the  province  of  Nova 
Scotia  or  Acadia,  in  the  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica ;  situate  on  the  v. 
river  Hove. 

VKilA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
rcptaitis/iip  of  Pan'i,  in  Brasil,  which  runs //.  n.K, 
and  enters  the  arm  of  the  river  Las  Ama/onas, 
whicli  forms  the  island  of  IMarayo  or  Marajo, 
between  the  rivers  Arreta  and  Tuma. 

ViGiA,  a  lake  of  this  province,  on  the  shore 
of  tlie  former  river,  and  of  the  arm  of  that  of 
Las  Amazonas.  Close  t(»  it  is  a  fort  built  by  the 
Portuguese,  to  defend  the  entrance  of  the  said 
river. 

ViRiA,asmall  island;  situate  at  the  mouth 
of  the  lake  of  \faracaibo,  close  to  that  of  Palo- 
nias,  in  the  province  and  fjovernment  of  Vene- 
ziiela  and  Nuevo  Keyno  de  (iranada. 

VIIiATUO,  a  lake  of  «!.,  province  and  rnrrr- 
s^imiiiito  of  CollahiKis.,  in  Peru,  near  Cailloma. 
It  is  a  leaiyue  in  circumference,  and  empties 
itself  into  a  cluinnel,  which  furnishes,  upon  oc- 
casion, with  water  the  mills  for  o;rin<iinir  the 
metal  from  theniir.es  of  jyold,  silver,  and  ccipper. 
VIL.V-V'ILy\,  a  settlement  and  w.ww^)  of  mines 
of  its  name,  in  the  province  and  ronrghnitnta 
of  Lampa,  of  Peru  ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of 
Pucara. 

VlLC.'VnA.MHA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corrcgiiniciito  of  Cotabainlia,  in  Peru  ;  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Chu<|ui- 
hamba. 

ViLCAnAMBA,  another  settlement,  in  the  pro- 
vince and  rorrrsrimieiito  of  Calca  and  Ijures,  in 
the  same  kinu'duin. 


VIL     , 

YiLCAnAMDA,  another,  of  the  province  and 
corrrs^iiiiiettto  of  Anp;ames.  in  the  same  king- 
dom: aiuiexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of 
Conaica. 

V^iicahamra,  another,  of  the  province  and 
(government  of  l.oxa,  in  the  Mnu;(lom  of  Quito: 
situate  near  the  settlement  of  (fiapamara. 

V  ii.c'AiiAMiiA.  another,  of  the  province  ami 
government  of  'I'arma,  in  the  kingdom  ol'  Peru  ; 
annexed  to  the  ciinicy  of  the  settleujent  ofCiia- 
ca\an. 

Vii.rABAvnA,  a  river,  of  the  province  and 
CDnrohiriiHto  of  Caica  and  Lares,  in  tiie  same 
kin<2:doni  as  the  former  settlement.  It  rises  w. 
of  the  town  of  San  Francisco  de  la  Victoria, 
runs  to  this  rinunb ;  and  enters  the  Paucar- 
tambo.  in  the  territory  of  the  missions  of  C'axa- 
marnuilla. 

ViLCAMAYO,  a  larije  and  abundant  river 
of  Peru,  which  rises  in  the  province  and  rorresri- 
mienlo  of  Lanma  to  the  w.  of  the  cnf)ital  ;  runs 
w.  tt.  10.,  watering  in  its  course  the  orovinces  of 
Quispu,  Canches,  Quispicanchi,  ancl  CaIca  and 
Lares ;  and,  in  the  territory  of  the  missions  of 
Caxamarquilla,  unites  itself  with  the  Paucar- 
tambo  ;  to  enter  the  Apuriniac.  It  has  also  the 
name  of  Coporaque. 

VILCANCIK),  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corrctriinit'/ito  of  Vilcns  Huaman,  in  Peru  : 
annexe<i  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of 
Totos. 

VILCANOTA,  ConDiM.F.nA  nr:,  a  branch  of 
the  great  cordillera  of  the  Andes  of  Peru;  which 
run  for  many  leasuefl  from  .«.  w.  to  n.  r.  servinjj 
as  a  division  anuas  limits  to  the  provinces  of 
Carabaya  and  Canes  and  Canches. 

V I  Ll"  A  P  r  Q I J  lO,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  rnrrri>inifniln  of  Oruro,  in  Peru  ;  26  leagues 
fron«  its  capital. 

V^IL('AS,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
roirroiiiiirnto  of  Vilcas  Huaman,  in  Peru;  situate 
near  a  mountain,  from  whence  it  is  named.  In 
its  vicinity,  or  about  a  leatjue's  distance,  is  a 
temj)lo  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist,  which, 
in  the  times  of  the  gentili^" .,  was  dedicated  to 
the  sun.  This  temple  is  so  large  and  sump- 
tu«)us,  and  the  stones  of  which  it  is  composed 
are  so  immense,  that  there  are  not  wanting  some 
authors  to  assert  that  it  was  the  labour  of  o-iants  ; 
and  this  the  more  particularly,  as  the  said  stones 
must  have  been  brought  from  very  distant  parts; 
and  as  the  Indians,  who  were  living  here  al  (lie 
time  of  the  conquest  by  the  Spaniard-^,  were  ol 
powers   little  coidbrmable  to  the  laboius  of  » 


V  T  L 

similar  onlci'prisc.  Just  opposite  to  this  temple 
are  to  l)i>  seen  also  the  ruins  of  a  great  place  of 
arms,  surrounded  with  wrought  stone.  At  tlie 
end  of  a  small  valley,  called  Pomacocha,  at  no 
threat  distance  «»ft',  are  seen  the  ruins  of  the  pa- 
laces of  the  incn  also  of  stone ;  and  near  to 
them  the  ruins  of  some  huildin^s,  which  served 
as  lodging;- |>laces  for  his  family,  and  for  the 
cifJqut's  of  his  suit*-. 

\'ii.(As,  a  river  of  the  same  province  and 
comgimiaito  as  the  former  settlement.  It  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  the  Andes,  in  s.  iat.  14°  17', 
runs  //.  c. ;  and,  after  collecting  the  waters  of 
many  other  rivers,  and  often  changing  its  name, 
enters  by  the.v.narl  into  theMaranon  or  Amazon. 
The  lands  H  hicn  it  hathes  are  very  iertile  and 
delightful ;  and  are  where  the  Incas  had  many 
buildings  and  forts,  of  which  the  vestiges  stiii 
remain. 

VILCAS-HUAMAN,  a  province  and  corre- 
giiuunto  of  Peru :  bounded  «.  by  the  province 
of  Iluanta  and  jurisdiction  of  (iiuamanga ;  ».  w. 
bv  the  province  of  < 'astro  Virrcyna;  s.  w.  by 
that  of  Lucanas,  and  e.  and  n.  e.  by  that  of  An- 
dahuailus.  Its  territory  is  a  ravine  of  34  leagues 
long  and  18  wide,  and  through  it  runs  a  river, 
called  there  Calcamayo,  which,  at  its  exit,  is  very 
large,  as  being  joined  in  its  course  by  several 
streams,  which  flow  down  on  either  side.  This 
province  takes  its  name  from  a  mountain,  or  very 
!ofty  territory  thus  called.  Its  temperature 
throughout  a  great  part  of  it  is  mild  and  very 
healthy,  althonn;h  in  the  low  parts  bordering  upon 
the  river  very  hot.  In  these  parts  grow  sugar- 
canes,  plantains,  and  other  fruits  and  herbage  ; 
;ilso  r/yVund  cotton.  In  various  districts  arc  cul- 
tivated, according  to  the  dill'erent  temper;;tiiros, 
other  vegetable  productions  and  seeds,  such  as 
wheat,  maize,  and  papas,  &c.  Here  are  found 
all  kinds  of  large  and  small  cattle,  of  the  wools 
of  which,  and  of  that  brought  from  other  parts, 
Ihey  fabricate  much  cloth  of  the  country,  baizes, 
serges,  i^c.  In  the  tiirms  which  abound  I  imc, 
are  n\aiiy  animals,  called  V^icuuas  ;  and,  in  tor- 
nier  times,  some  silver  mines  were  workcti, 
althougli  none  are  now  known  of.  Although,  as 
wc  have  before  observe.!,  the  country  is  heallliv, 
till'  deaths  of  the  Indians  are  very  frequent  in 
the  months  between  November  and  March, 
through  the  intcM'mitting  fevers,  which  they  call 
mriiu, i\»d  to  winch  they  arc  accustomed  through 
want  of  proper  diet  and  attention.  It  is,  never- 
theless, very  populous;  since  its  inhabitauls 
amount  to  ,j.0()().  Its  ronrsridnr  had  a  rrpnrti- 
iiiiado  of  9'i,i00  dollars,  and  it  paid  an  uUabala 


VIL 


fSd 


of  730  dollars  annnnlly  to  the  king.  The  ca- 
pital is  the  settlement  of  Cangaflo,  and  the 
others  of  its  jurisdiction,  arc  the  Ibl lowing  : 


Vilcas, 

V  izchongo, 

Zancos, 

C'anaria, 

Hiialla, 

Hiiancapi, 

lluancarailla, 

Chuschi, 

'i'otos, 

Toinanga, 

Paras, 

Cnngallo, 

Huancariicmu, 

Hiiambalpa, 

Acomarca, 

'Tuanmarca, 

Cocha, 

Huareas, 

Concepcion, 

Chacamarca, 


Chumbes, 

Ocros, 

liucanamarca, 

Canchacancha, 

Espite, 

Cocas, 

Pomatambo, 

Sacsamarca, 

Apongo, 

I  iquihua, 

Casara, 

Mayolmmba, 

Cachi, 

Quilla, 

Pitahua, 

Sarhiin, 

Auqnilla, 

Huaroaya, 

Vflcnncho, 

Piitica. 


VILCAPAMPA,  a  settlement  of  the  rw^ftV/cr/i 
of  the  Andes  to  the  e.  of  Cuzco  ;  to  which  place 
the  Inca  Manco  Capac  II.  emperor  of  Peru,  re- 
tired, after  having  attempted,  in  vain,  to  recover 
his  empire  from  the  Spaniards,  who  were  in 
Cuzco  :  besieging  them  with  an  army  of  S0(),00() 
Indians,  for  the  space  of  two  years. 

V'lLCIIES,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Florida  :  which  runs  w.  and  enters 
the  sea  in  the  Bay  of  Mexico;  between  the 
rivers  of  Valisa  and  San  Pedro. 

VILQIIR,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corrtgiiiiiiulo  of  I.anipa,  in  Peru:  ainiexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  setth>ment  of  Mafiaso. 

Vii.(jri;,  another  settlement,  in  the  province 
and  ninr^ii/iiintit  of  Cliihpu's  and  Mascmes,  of 
the  same  kingdom  as  the  former;  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Onuulia. 

VlLQCIiS.  S.  Pi:niio  or;,  a  settlement  of  the 
province  and  rorra^iiiiitnto  of  Paucartambo,  in 
tlie  hiniie  kingdom  as  the  turmer. 

''ll<rY.\,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
rorrf^ihiiiulo  ol'  Ciiachapoya-i,  in  Peru;  annexed 
to  tlie  curacv  ef  the  -elllcmeiit  of  Chili<|iiin. 

V  ll.li  A,  La.  a  settlciiK  lit  of  the  province  and 
ri)irri!;inii>nlo  <>i'  Ttinja,  in  tlie  Niievo  Ueyno  il" 
(Iranada;  situate  on  the  shore  of  tiie  ri\er 
(irande  de  la  Magdaleiia. 

Vllili.V-.AIiT.A,  a  jiiri-(ii((on  and  nfca^ilia 
iiKii/or  of  Nueva  Iv pafia  :  one  of  those  of  tiie 
;;icate-t  extent,  and  one  llie  most  product ive. 
Its  territory  is  \ery  fertile  aud  licii  in  g^raiii  and 


V  I 


'(•■ 


!!■ 


fit  ' 


230 


VIL 


VIL 


'til 


-11. 


seeds,  and  particularly  in  cochineal  and  cotton, 
these  being  the  principal  sources  of  its  riches  ; 
and  of  the  latter  article  are  made  some  blankets, 
which  are  much  esteemed,  and  in  ereat  request 
throuffhout  the  kingdom.  It  is  also  in  cotton 
that  the  Indians  puy  their  tribute.  This  juris- 
diction produces  likewise  xaymlla  and  mixe, 
which  is  a  species  of  wild  tobacco.  The  Indian 
women  rnake  also  of  cotton  their  euepiles,  or 
ordinary  clothing.  In  this  jurisdiction  are  va- 
rious estates,  in  which  are  considerable  breeds 
of  large  cattle  ;  and  in  the  mountains  are  abund- 
ance of  exquisite  woods  serviceable  for  many 
purposes. 

Villa-Alta,  thecapital  is  the  settlement  of  its 
name,  with  the  dedicatory  title  of  San  Ildefonso  ; 
situate  in  the  centre  of  the  jurisdiction,  of  a  va- 
rious and  unequal  temneratiire,  and  being  inha- 
bited by  26  families  or  Spaniards  and  Mustees, 
and  SO  of  Indians ;  and,  although  it  wants  both 
for  vegetable  productions  and  cattle,  it  is  not 
without  commerce ;  but  at  it  meet  trading  par- 
ties from  all  the  settlements  of  its  jurisdiction. 
It  is  105  leagues  from  Mexico.  The  other 
settlements  of  its  juridiction  are  the  follow- 
ing; 


".,  I 


Lachirrio, 

Temascalapa, 

Yalahuy, 

Taguis, 

YetKicubi, 

Ruallaga, 

Betaja, 

Yabaa, 

Chita, 

Yalala, 

Caxones, 

San  Pedro, 

San  Mateo, 

Theotalzingo, 

Petlapn, 

Nobani, 

Tocabela, 

Tipinapa, 

Yocotepec, 

Lalama, 

Comaltepec, 

Lachixoba, 

Atitlan, 

Alotepec, 

Ayacatepec, 

Sacalteppc, 

Methltepec, 

Ocotepec, 

Jayacatepec, 


Jure, 

Motepec, 

Sochila, 

Sochinu, 

Jopa, 

Yahuyo, 

Yeloxi, 

Yazechealto, 

Yazechebaxo, 

Sogocho, 

Tabegua, 

iluchitepec, 

Taliaa, 

Yojobii, 

Sojaga, 

V'lechi, 

Yaee, 

Lachichina, 

Yagayo, 

Latani, 

Muninaltepec, 

Jalahuy, 

Suchiapa, 

Chnapa, 

La  la, 

Yahuibe, 

Zapiloza, 

Yavco, 

Jaltepec, 


Teotaico, 

Xosaa, 

Tiltepec, 

Chixila, 

Xagalasi, 

Yobego, 

Yaxoni, 

Keagui, 

Cumatlan, 

Yetzelala, 

Puxmecatan, 

Otzolote, 

Cliisme, 

Candado, 

Cozocosonque, 

Chichicatepec, 

Mexistliin, 

Yacochi, 

Ciuite, 

Tonagui, 

Tiltepec. 


Ayutia, 

Tuxtei)ec, 

Teiiiplanlale, 

Tamazuiapa, 

llaluiitoltepec, 

Tocontcpcc, 

Moclum, 

A  matepec, 

Tepitongo, 

Yaviche, 

Tanche, 

Juquila, 

Yatao, 

Cacalotepec, 

Lopa, 

Hoya, 

Yattoni, 

Talea, 

Yagabila, 

Tapanzaqueco, 

Yaneri, 

Sogochi, 

[VILLA  BOA,  the  principal  town  of  the  pro- 
vince and  captainship  of  Goaz  in  Brazil.  It  is 
ill  s.  lat.  16°  22\  and  about  I9ii  miles  w.  n  w. 
of  Paracuta.l 

VlLLACtJRI,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corregimimlo  of  lea  in  Peru. 

[VILLA  DEL  FIERTF  or  Montesclaros, 
a  town  of  the  intendancy  of  Sonora,  to  the  n.  of 
Ciiialoa.  Its  present  population  is  7,000  souls.] 
[VILLA  DE  LEON,  a  considerable  town  of 
the  intendancy  of  Guanaxuato  ;  in  a  plain  emi- 
nently fertile  in  grain.  From  this  town  to  San 
Juan  del  Rio  are  to  be  seen  the  finest  fields  of 
wheat,  barley,  and  n^aize.] 

[VILLA  bE  PRIiXTIPE,  a  town  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Rio  de  Janeyro  in  Ura- 
8il;on  the  confines  of  the  diamond  district,  visited 
by  Mawe  in  1800.  In  this  place,  which  con- 
tains about  5,000  inhabitants,  is  a  mint-master, 
to  whom  all  the  gold  foiiiid  in  tlie  neighbour- 
hood is  brought  for  permutation.  This  town  is 
situate  in  a  fine  open  country.  The  few  inha- 
bitants that  were  seen  by  Mawe  are  described 
as  looking  very  wretched  1 

[VILLA  DE  LA  PlRIFICAtTON,  a  town 
of  the  intendancy  of  Guadaiaxara,  to  the  «.  w. 
of  the  port  of  Guatlan,  formerly  called  Santiago 
de  Riiena  Esperanza,  cclehrateu  from  the  voyage 
of  discovery,  made  in  i(jJ2,  by  DiegoHurtado  de 
Mendoza.] 

VILLA-FRANCA,  a  town  of  the  English,  in 
the  island  of  Jamaica;  situate  on  the  s.  coast,  be- 
tween the  Port  Morante  and  the  Point  Yallali. 


t 


ro- 
is 

t).  n  w. 


!autiap;o 
■  voyage 
rtado  3c 


V  I  L 

VILLAGE,  a  settlpment  of  the  island  of  Giia- 
flaliipe  ;  situate  on  tlie  zo.  coast,  between  the 
river  Cure  and  the  Bay  of  La  Barque. 

ViLLAGi:,  another  settlement,  in  Nova  Scotia, 
on  the  whore  of  the  lake  Freneuse. 

VILLAGRAN,  Ai,tos  de,  some  hills  of  the 
kinn^dom  of  Chile,  in  the  territory  and  country 
of  the  Araucanos  Indians;  celebrated  from  the  mi- 
litary exploits  of  the  Governor  Don  Juan  de  Vil- 
lagran  against  those  infidels ;  and  it  was  on  one 
uf  these  that  he  met  his  death,  thus  leBving  to 
them  his  name.  It  was  in  these  heights  that  the 
Governor  and  President  Don  Alonso  de  Soto- 
mayor  succeeded  in  routing  those  Indians  en- 
tirely. 

ViMMGRAN,  a  river  of  the  above  kingdom, 
which  runs  r.  and  enters  the  sea  opposite  the 
island  of  Santa  Maria. 

VILLANUEVA,  De  lor  Infantos,  or  De 
los  Confines,  a  city  of  the  Kingdom  of  Chile ; 
founded  by  D.Garcia  Hurtado  de  \Icndoza,  Mar- 
quis of  Cunete.  It  is  of  an  agreeable  and  benign 
temperature  ;  situate  in  a  valley  which  is  watered 
by  several  rivers,  and  is  eight  leagues  from  the 
Cordillera,  and  16  irom  the  capital,  Santiago. 

ViLLANiiEVA,  a  town  in  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  ^aIl  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the 
Nuevo  tteyno  de  Granada,  on  the  shore  rf  the 
river  A  pure,  and  opposite  the  mouth,  where  this 
is  entered  by  the  St.  Domingo. 

ViLLANUEv  A,  another  town,  with  the  surname 
of  Principe,  in  the  province  and  captainship  of 
Puerto  Seguro,  and  kingdom  of  Brazil.  It  is 
large,  handsome,  and  rich,  as  having  in  its  terri- 
tory some  very  abundant  diamond  mines, 

ViLi-ANi'EVA,  another,  with  the  dedicatory 
title  of  San  Antonio,  and  the  surname  Del  Rio, 
in  the  province  and  captainship  of  Scrgipe,  in  the 
same  kingdom  as  the  former.  It  has  a  convent 
of  Capuchins  of  La  Piedad,  and  another  Del 
Carmen. 

VILLA R,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
rorrcs;iinicnlo  of  Tomina  in  Peru,  and  of  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Charcas.  In  its  church  is  venerated 
a  miraculous  image  of  Nuestra  Senora  del  Ro- 
sario  ;  the  hands  and  face  of  which  were  brought 
from  Spain,  by  the  Viceroy  Don  Francisco  de 
Toledo,  anti  by  him  presented  to  this  settlement. 

VILLA-REAL,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Santa  Marta  in  the  Nuevo 
Key  no  de  Granada;  situate  on  the  shore  of  the 
grand  river  Magdalena,  at  the  elbow  formed  by 
the  lake  of  the  Roinpedcro 

VILLARICA,  a  city  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Valdiviu  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile; 


V  I  L 


231 


founded  by  Pedro  de  Valdivia  near  the  cordiUern. 
It  is  thus  of  a  very  cold  temperature,  [165  miles 
from  Concepcion,  63  from  Imperial,  and  65  from 
the  sea,  and  about  55  xo.  of  the  volcano  of  the 
same  name,  in  lat.  39='  10'  s.  long.  72°  10'  w.'] 

ViLT.ARicA,  another  city,  with  the  additional 
title  of  Espiritu  Santo,  in  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Paraguay  in  Peru.  It  was,  at  first, 
founded  in  the  province  of  Guaira,  300  leagues  e. 
of  the  city  of  La  Ascuncion;  but,  having  been  de- 
stroyed in  1630,  by  the  Mamelukes  of  San  Pablo, 
was  rebuilt  in  the  spot  where  it  now  stands,  on  the 
shore  of  the  river  Tebiquarimini.  It  has,  besides 
the  parish  church,  a  convent  of  religious  of  San 
Francisco,  and  400  housekeepers. 

[ViLi.ARicA,  a  town  also  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Paraguay ;  situate  on  a  plain  about 
68  miles  s.  w.  from  Ascuncion,  in  lat.  25°  48' 
55"  s.  and  long.  .56°  31'  59"  a).] 

[ViLLARicA,a  town  and  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Minas  Geraes,  and  the  seat  of  its  govern- 
ment ;  a  place  which  had  for  many  years  been 
reputed  the  richest  in  Brazil,  as  to  it  was  brought 
all  the  gold  found  in  the  vast  district  around. — 
Mawe,  who  visited  it  in  1809,  observes,  that  he 
naturally  expected  to  meet  with  nothing  but 
wealth  ;  '  but  when  we  spoke,'  says  he,  '  of  the 
richness  of  the  country,  and  the  quantity  of  gold 
with  which  it  was  reputed  to  abound,  the  inhabi- 
tants seemed  glad  of  the  opportunity  of  telling 
us  that  they  lielieved  it  was  all  sent  to  England ; 
adding,  that  their  town  ought  now  to  be  termed 
Villa  Pobre  instead  of  Villa  Rica.'  It  is  situate 
on  the  side  of  a  large  mountain,  connected  with 
others  forming  an  immense  chain,  of  which  it  is 
one  of  the  highest.  Most  of  the  streets  range, 
in  steps,  as  it  were,  from  the  base  to  the  summit, 
and  are  crossed  by  others  which  lead  \ip  the 
acclivity.  It  is  most  admirably  supplied  with 
water,  which  is  conducted  into  almost  every 
house  in  a  most  convenient  and  pleasant  manner. 
In  the  streets  are  many  fountains,  which,  though 
not  to  be  compared  with  those  of  Italy  in  archi- 
tectural taste,  are  well  constructed.  One  cis- 
tern in  particular  contained  water  which  tasted 
strongly  of  sulphate  of  iron  :  the  natives  con- 
sider it  serviceable  in  the  cure  of  cutaneous  dis- 
eJises,  and  frequently  bathe  in  it.  The  town  is 
divided  into  two  parishes,  and  contains  a  po|)ula- 
tion  of  about  20,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  there 
are  more  whites  than  blacks.  The  climate  is 
delightful,  and  perhaps  equal  to  (hat  of  Naples. 
Though  the  latitude  of  the  place  is  only  20°  s. 
yet  owing  to  its  elevated  site,  the  (enipcrature 
of  the  air  is  generally  moderate.     The  thermo-j 


'y 


!•' 


%     . 


232 


V  I  L  Is  A  U  I  C  A. 


Y:^  '  ' 


xT. 


WHft'rfi' 


\  .<\ 


[meter  never  exceeds  H'2^  in  llie  shade,  iiiid  is 
rurelv  below  tS  ,  Ijut  lU  usual  range  is  from  (il' 
to  HO  in  Kumiiter,  nnd  from  48^  tu  70"  in  winter. 
The  ^reateKl  lieaU  prevail  in  Jannnry.  Owing 
to  its  great  clesation,  variouR  changes  from  heat 
tu  cold  prevail  in  (he  sanx!  da^,  and  there  are 
frecpient  showers  of  rain.  Thnnder-sturnis  are 
common,  hut  liv  no  means  violent.  Tiie  sun  is 
sometimes  elouded  by  dews  and  mist  so  denne 
as  not  to  subside  until  the  forenoon  is  Uir  ad- 
vanced. 

The  gardens  here  are  laid  out  with  great  taste, 
and  from  the  peculiarity  of  tiieir  ronHtriictitm 
present  a  curi<  us  spectacle.  As  there  is  scarcely 
u  piece  of  level  ground,  even  10  yards  square, 
on  the  whole  side  of  the  mountain,  the  defect  has 
been  remedied  by  cutting  spaces  one  above  an- 
other at  regular  distances,  and  supporting  them 
by  low  walls,  the  to|)  of  one  lieing  on  a  level  witli 
the  base  of  that  next  above  it.  An  easy  flight  of 
steps  leads  from  one  level  to  the  other.  These 
terraces  are  c  vered  with  a  profusion  of  delicate 
flowers.  Here  are  also  excellent  vegetables  of 
every  kind,  such  as  artich.tkes,  asparagus,  spi- 
nach, cal)bag(',  kidney-beans,  ann  potatoes. — 
There  are  many  indigenous  fruit*,,  which  might 
be  much  improved  by  a  better  system  of  horticul- 
ture. The  peacii  appt-ars  to  be  the  only  exotic 
fruit  which  iuis  been  liitlu>rto  introduced ;  it 
flourishes  amazingly.  The  branches  of  the  trees 
are  g«'nerally  so  loaded  as  to  require  perpendi- 
cular support. 

The  town  is  of  considcrnlile  extent,  but  by  no 
means  so  well  peopled  as  wlien  the  mines  were 
rich.  Few  of  the  inhabitants  have  any  employ- 
nic't  except  the  shopkeepers,  w  ho  are  imh'ed  a 
numerous  class.  I'^nglisli  woollens  are  In  no 
means  dear,  superliiie  rioth  being  at  JOv.  to  J.').v. 
per  yard,  coatings,  iS^c.  marly  as  cheap  as  in 
k^ngtand  :  conunon  ( otton  prints  at  l.v.  liif.  to  !^.v. 
per  yard:  hat^,  handkerduefs,  kerseymeres,  and 
Manchester  piece  goods  in  great  plenty.  There 
is  generally  a  glut  of  lMigli>h  merch.iiKlise  and 
produce  oi'  all  sorts,  i'.\cept  cartlienwan",  liams, 
porler,  butter,  and  sucii  articles  as  ar«'  I'nliam cd 
on  account  ol'  the  risk  of  carriage.  Coiuiuon 
I'igueras  wine  is  sold  at  'Js.Cnt.  the  bottle.  The 
shops  that  sell  (he  |)roduc('  of  the  coimtiv  are 
few  in  nnnd)er  and  \ery  indiiVerent.  Tlierc;  are 
a  great  many  tailors,  shoemakers,  tiiiworkers, 
and  venders  of  hardware,  some  smiths,  and  no 
inconsiderable  number  of  saddlers.  It  is  natural 
that  in  a  country  where  every  one  is  a  horseuum, 
this  trade  should  take  the  lead  of  most  others. 
The  buddies  that  are  made  here  are  much  supe- 


rior to  those  «if  Kio  de  danoyro.  The  workin-; 
in  gold  is  prohibited  by  law,  to  prevent  it  from 
undergoing  that  operation  before  it  miglil  be 
permuted. 

The  ntarket  of  Villa  Rica  is  but  ill  supplied, 
notwithstanding  the  fertility  of  the  district  arounr* 
it.  I'ulse  and  vegetables  for  the  table  are  scarce, 
even  grass  i>^  an  article  in  great  deniand,  for 
mules,  who  require  at  least  six-pennyworth  each 
per  day,  <-\clusive  of  corn,  and  milk  is  as  dear 
as  it  is  in  London.  I'oultry  sells  at  from  3s.  6d. 
to  Is.  (id.  per  couple.  Beef  of  a  tolerable  kind, 
but  hv  no  means  good,  n.  ly  be  had  at  \\ti.  per 
poun(i.  Pork  is  very  fine ;  mutton  is  utterly 
unknown.  Tallow  is  exceedingly  «lear,  and  can- 
dles are  ai  more  than  doidjie  the  price  at  which 
they  sell  in  Gngland. 

It  is  surprising,  as  we  have  just  observed,  to 
witness  tlie  comparative  poverty  which  prevail 
among  the  inhabitants.  Of  abovi  2,000  habita- 
tions, which  the  town  contained,  a  considerable 
proportion  arc  untenanted  ;  and  the  rents  of  the 
rest  are  continimlly  lowering.  Houses  are  to  l>e 
purchased  at  one-half  their  real  value;  for  in- 
stance, a  house  built  a  few  years  ago  at  ^.1,000 
cost,  would  not  n.»w  sell  for  more  than  £.j00. 

'JMic  mountain  on  which  the  town  stands,  is  in 
length  from  eight  to  nine  miles,  in  every  part 
narrow  and  almost  insulated,  l)eing  surrounded 
by  deep  ravines.  It  is  for  the  most  part  com- 
posed of  argil la.'eoMs  .schistus  in  almost  every 
gradatitni,  ndgrated  from  l!;e  compact  blue  slate 
nito  micaceous  schistus.  In  some  parts  it  lies 
<:■  regular  laniina>,  in  others  it  appears  in  con- 
fused masses.  The  slate  is  sometimes,  but  not 
very  generally,  used  for  |)aving,  rooting,  and 
otiier  similar  purposes.  In  some  parts  are  to 
be  seen  a  lew  slender,  confused,  and  irregular 
quart/.ose  veins  of  little  consequence,  a  large  pro- 
portion of  ferruginous  accumulations  a\id  conglo- 
merations, together  with  martial  pyrites,  and  a 
considerable  quantity  of  rounded  (piartz  of  all 
siyes.  'I'hal  side  on  which  the  town  :s  built  prt- 
sents  many  small  hills,  wliicli  tbrm  a  niMnber  ol' 
gidleys  in  narrow  ravines.  .Sinnenuis  stream- 
lets ilow  down  from  the  springs  in  the  nu)unlain 
in  various  ciiannels,  and  in  rainy  weuther  swell 
into  cascades  ;  (hey  form  a  stream  at  its  base 
called  Rio  del  Carmen,  which  in  its  course  from 
hence  is  joined  by  many  others,  and  changes  ii- 
name  first  into  that  of  iiio  St.  Jose,  and  then  into 
Uio  Doco. 

It  appears  that  the  first  discovery  of  this  once 
rich  mountain  was  ett'ected  by  the  enterprising 
spirit  of  the  Paulistas,  who,  of  all  the  colonists  in ' 


V  I  L  L  A  II  I  C  A. 


•i.ja 


I  nrn7.il.  rotainnd  tin*  laii>;pst  sliare  of  that  ardent 
jind  in(lflatij:itblo  /','al  lor  disrovory  which  cha- 
viicCcrisod  tli(»  liiisitanians  olTormpr  days.  T\wy 
)(<i)<>t rated  t'roin  tlicir  capital  into  these  res^ions, 
)ra\iiiff  «'verv  liardslii|),  and  encountering;  every 
dillicidtv  which  a  Havai>e  conntrv,  infested  hy 
still  more  sava<re  inhabitants,  opposed  to  them. 
Thcv  tMit  their  way  throuijii  in»pervions  woo(N, 
rarrvini;  tii(<ir  |)ro«isionK  with  them,  and  occn- 
sionallv  cnltivatin";  small  patches  of  land  to  al'- 
tbnl  them  food  tti  retreat  to,  in  case  of  necessity, 
as  well  as  to  kee|)  up  a  comnuinication  with  their 
city,  St,  Paul's.  Kvery  inch  of  trronnd  was  dis- 
puted hy  the  barbarous  '  adiaus,  here  called 
Hootocoodies,  wiio  were  consiantly  either  attack- 
ina  tlitMu  openly  or  lyii;>;'  in  aiubii'.li,  and  but  too 
trc(|uently  succeeded  in  surprisinj>'  some  of  them, 
(•r  'their  Nejjroes,  whon»  they  immediately  sacri- 
liced  to  their  li(M-rible  a|>pelite  tor  Iiiiuian  tiesh. 
Tliev  believrd  the  Nejfroes  to  be  the  jyreat  mon- 
kevs  of  the  wood.  'I'he  bones  of  tlie  unfortunate 
suifcrers  wen-  frecpiently  found  exposed,  shock 
inif  (estimonie-i  of  the  barbarity  of  their  murder- 
ers, whom  the  Paulistas,  roused  to  reyenjye,  in- 
Moiablv  shot.  wli('rcv(>r  they  met  them.  These 
exauiples  of  \euy;eance  ansH(>re(l  their  desired 
end  :  the  Indians,  terrili(>d  as  well  by  the  noise 
as  by  the  fatal  eU'ecl  of  the  fire-arms,  fled  with 
precipitation,  lieli(>\  in!>' tluit  tlu!  >thite  men  com- 
manded li<;htnini>  and  Ihiuuler. 

It  does  not  appear  tiiat  in  evplorini;  this  terri- 
tory they  recei\<'(l  any  :issis(jince  whatever  from 
the  .\b(irii>iues  ;  Jliey  i'ollowed  the  course  of  ri- 
xers.  occasionally  lindiui'-  jfold,  ot  which  they 
skimiued  the  siirtiice,  and  contiiuuMJ  to  proceed 
until  they  arrived  at  the  moinitaiu  wliich  is  our 
present  subject.  Its  riches  arrested  tlieir  course; 
ihey  immediately  erected  temponirv  houses  and 
l)ei;an  tlu'ir  operaticuis.  The  priucip  I  men  of 
the  party  that  first  settled  here,  ueie  .\iilonio 
Dias,  Hartholomew  liocinho,  .Antonio  de  I'er- 
rera  ifillio),  and  Garcia  Kiiis.  It  appt-ars  that 
they  took  the  most  direct  way  to  the  place,  (or 
the  roads  they  then  o|)ened  are  the  sauu-  whicli 
are  still  used.  The  fame  of  tlieir  success  soon 
reached  the  city  of  St.  Paul's  :  frcsii  adventurers 
ariixed  in  great  ninid)ers,  l)rin<rin<;  with  them  all 
the  Neirroes  they  had  means  to  purchase.  Other 
adventurers  went  from  St.  Paul's  to  Kio  de  .la 
ncii'o  to  procure  ?n<u'e  .Neiyroe'-.  their  own  litv 
heiiii;  drained ;  and  thus  the  news  of  the  lately 
discovered  e^old-moinitain  b(>iut;  mad*-  known  in 
(he  l)ra/.iliun  capital,  men  of  all  descriptions  went 
in  crowds  to  this  land  of  promise  b\  the  u.iv  of 
St.  Panl'H,  whicli  was  the  «)nly  route  then  known 

vol,.  V. 


The  first  settlers  might  have  prevented  tho  ex- 
posure of  their  jroocf  fortune,  had  they  been  able 
to  moderate  their  joy,  and  consented  to  act  in 
concert;  but  as  ^old  was  in  such  ^rent  abund- 
ance, every  individual  appropriated  a  lot  of 
•jronnd,  and  thus  became  a  c; '  Jtaiist.  Each 
strove  wliich  should  make  the  most  of  his  trea- 
sure in  the  shortest  time,  and  tiuis  there  was  a 
continual  demanil  for  more  Nesjroes,  more  iron, 
^cc.  and,  in  the  (reiieral  eaa;erness  to  obtain  them. 
th««  secret  which  all  were  interested  in  keeping 
was  disclosed.  The  Paulistas,  independent  in 
spirit,  anil  proud  of  their  wealth,  wi-re  desirous 
oft>;iviii<r  laws  to  the  new-comers;  but  the  latter 
determinin>r  to  oppose  this  measure,  formed 
themselves  into  a  party  under  (he  guidance  of 
Manuel  Nunez  Viana,  an  adventurer  of  some 
consequence,  whoslreniiously  asserted  their  claim 
to  equal  rights  and  advantages.  Disputes  arose 
on  both  sides,  and  were  at  length  aggravated  into 
hostilities,  which  proved  unfavourable  to  the 
Paulistas,  the  greater  part  of  whom  fled  to  a 
considerable  statimi  of  their  own,  and  there 
awaited  reinforcements.  Viana  and  his  follow* 
ers,  without  loss  of  time,  went  in  pursuit  of  their 
foes,  whom  the\  found  on  a  plain  near  the  site  of 
St.tloaodel  \{vy.  The  two  parties  met  on  the 
b<n-ders  of  a  river,  and  a  sanguinary  battle  took 
place,  which  ended  in  the  defeat  of  the  Paulistas, 
who  afterwards  made  the  best  terms  they  could. 
The  slain  were  buried  on  the  margin  of  the 
ri\  r.  which,  from  that  circumstance,  took  the 
name  of  Uio  <las  Mortes. 

The  Paulistas.  bent  on  revenge,  but  weakened 
by  defeat,  api)ealed  to  ;he  sovereign,  King  Pedro, 
denouncing  Viana  and  his  followers  as  rebels, 
who  were  attempting  to  take  the  district  to 
Iheiiiselves,  and  set  up  an  independent  govern- 
ment. The  king's  ministers,  apprized  of  the 
state  of  afl'aii's,  niul  learning  by  report  the  im- 
mense riches  of  the  country,  immediately  sent  a 
chief,  with  a  competent  body  of  troops,  to  take 
advantage  of  the  -trite  between  the  tyvo  parties: 
which,  in  a  country  tenable  by  a  few  men  on  ac- 
count of  its  nunu'roiis  st?<mg-li<dds,  \\asaim)sl 
ioitunate  circumstance.  The  name  of  this  chief 
was  Albmpienpie  :  a  man  of  enterprise  and  per- 
severance, in  all  respects  ipialilied  for  the  service 
on  which  he  war  sent.  His  appearance  at  first 
occasioned  much  confusion  and  discontent  anions 
botli  parties:  and  though  he  was  not  openly  op- 
posed, yet  he  was  in  continual  alai  in  The  Paul- 
istas now  saw  that  the  riches  which  they  in  con- 
junction with  their  rivals  might  have  retained, 
were  about  to  be  seized  b\  a  third  parly,  which  I 
n   II 


!-'M 


I    lf'"l|l 


!•: 


t    ■'   I 


2:i » 


V  I  L  L  A  R  I  C  A 


("would  rodiicp  thcin  botli  toHiiliordination.  Dis- 
tiirbiincos  prevailed  for  some  tiiDi',  but  reinforce- 
ments continually  arrivins;  from  arovernment, 
trunrjuiility  was  at  length  pcrfirdy  established  ; 
and  in  the  year  I'll  a  regular  town  bea^an  to  be 
formed  ;  a  (rovernment-houHe,  a  mint,  iuid  a  de- 
pftt  for  arms  wore  built.  A  code  of  laws  was 
enacted  for  the  re|;ulation  of  the  mines:  all  gold- 
dust  fourul  was  ordered  to  be  delivered  to  offi- 
cers apnointed  for  that  purpose:  a  fifth  in  weight 
was  taken  for  the  kinff,  and  tl.c  remaining  four 
parts  were  jjurified,  melted  into  ingots  at  the  ex- 
pense of  government,  then  assayed,  marked  ac- 
cording to  their  value,  antl  delivered  (o  the  own- 
ers, with  a  certificate  to  render  them  current. 
For  the  greater  convenience  of  trade,  gold-dust 
was  likewise  permitted  to  circidate  for  sinall  pay- 
ments. Notwithstanding  these  strict  regulations, 
a  considerable  quantity  of  the  precious  metal  in 
its  original  state  foundits  way  to  Kiode  Janeiro, 
Baliia,  aud  other  norts,  chmdestinely,  without 
paying  the  royal  fifth,  until  government,  apprized 
of  this  illicit  traffic,  established  rci'lsters  in  vari- 
ous parts  tor  the  examination  of  all  passengers, 
and  stationed  soldiers  to  patrole  the  roads.  Hy 
these  mean5),  gold  in  immense  quantities  was 
seized  and  confiscated :  tlie  persons  on  whom 
any  was  found  forfeited  all  their  property,  and, 
unless  they  had  friends  of  great  infiiienci?,  were 
sent  .IS  convicts  to  Africa  for  life.  The  greatest 
disgrace  was  attached  to  the  name  of  smuggler; 
and  Mich  was  the  rigour  of  the  law  against  of- 
I'ciiders  of  this  description,  that  every  person 
quitting  the  district  was  oidiged  to  take"  a  certifi- 
cate statiiisr  whither  he  was  going,  and  what  he 
carried  with  him.  This  regulation  is  still  in 
force,  and  is  rigorously  observed. 

Villarica  soon  enjoyed  a  cinisiderable  trade 
with  Rio  de  Janeiro;  the  returns  were  Negroes, 
iron,  woollens,  salt,  provisions  of  various  kinds, 
and  wine,  all  which  at  that  time  bore  ama/.ingly 
liigh  profits. 

About  the  year  I7I.*3,  when  Dr.  Hrns  de  Silvia 
was  appointed  gcivernor,  the  (piantity  of  gold  pro- 
duced was  so  considerable  that  the  royal  fifth 
amounted  to  4;/i(K),000  sterling  annually.  The 
mountain  became  pierced  like  a  honey-comb,  as 
the  miners  '.vorked  every  soft  part  they  could  find, 
and  penctralcHl  as  far  as  they  could,  conveying 
the  cnsailhat)  which  they  dug  out  to  a  convenient 
place  tor  washing,  [n  rainy  weather  the  torrents 
of  water  running  down  thesides  of  the  mountain, 
cariieil  away  much  dtrthy  malt(>r  containing  de- 
licate particles  of  gold,"  which  settled  in  the 
uround  near  its  base.     When  tlie  waters  abtted. 


this  rich  deposit  gave  employment  to  numbers  of 
the  poorer  sort  of  people,  who  took  it  away  and 
washed  it  at  tlieir  convenience. 

Antonio  Dias,  the  person  already  mentioned 
as  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Paulistas,  who  dis- 
covered the  place,  having  become  extremely  rich, 
built  n  fine  church,  and  dyine  soon  alter,  be- 
queathed to  it  considerable  funas.  It  still  bears 
his  name.  Five  or  six  others  were  begun  and 
soon  finished,  as  neither  wood  nor  stcme  was 
wanting,  and  the  inhabitants  were  all  ready  to 
contribute  a  share  of  their  property,  and  t«)  em- 
ploy their  Negroes  in  fiirtherance  of  these  pious 
works :  but  the  Portuguese  government  soon  en- 
acted a  law  prohibiting  friars  from  entering  the 
territory  of  the  mines. 

The  town  now  underwent  many  improvements: 
its  streets  were  more  regularly  built,  and  some 
parts  of  the  side  of  the  mountain  were  levelled  to 
aftbrd  more  convenient  room  for  the  construction 
of  h(mses,  and  the  laying  out  of  gardens.  Reser- 
voirs were  formed,  from  which  water  was  distri- 
buted by  means  of  conduits  to  all  parts,  and  pub- 
lic fountains  were  erected  in  the  most  convenient 
and  central  situations.  The  mint  and  smelting- 
houses  were  enlarged,  and  rendered  nmre  com- 
modious for  the  transaction  of  business.  .About 
this  period  the  inhabitants  amounted  to  12,000, 
or  upwards ;  those  who  possessed  mines  were 
either  the  first  settlers  or  their  descendants,  and 
as  the  l)est  part  of  the  district  was  occupied, 
the  new  adventurers  who  continued  to  arrive 
from  time  to  lime  were  obliged  to  enter  into  the 
service  of  the  existing  owners  until  they  had 
learned  ttiii-  methods  of  working,  after  which 
they  generally  went  in  search  of  fresh  mines, 
proceeding  along  the  water-courses  and  ravines, 
where  they  sometimos  discovered  new  sources  of 
wealth.  Between  the  years  1730  and  17,50  the 
mines  were  in  the  height  of  their  prosperity  :  the 
king's  fifth  during  some  years  of  thai  period  i^ 
sai(l  to  have  amounted  to  at  least  a  million  sterl- 
ing annually. 

The  mines  which  produced  this  immense  wealth 
at  length  became  gradually  less  abundant ;  and, 
as  the  precious  metal  disappeared,  numbers  of 
the  miners  retired,  some  to  the  mother-country, 
loaded  with  riches,  which  tempted  fresh  adven- 
turers, and  many  to  Rio  dc  Janeiro  and  other 
sea-ports,  where  they  employed  their  large  capi- 
tals in  commerce. 

Villarica  at  the  present  day  scarcely  retains 
a  shadow  of  its  former  splendor,  its  inhabitants, 
with  the  exception  of  the  shopkeepers,  are  void  of 
employment ;  they  totally  neglect  the  tine  coiui-] 


iberH  (»r 
vny  and 

>ntiniic(l 
,'ho  (li«- 
[..|y  rich, 
liter,  be- 
ill  hearH 
jr\\n  nnd 
t»nc  was 
ready  to 
1  to'em- 
(se  pious 
soon  cn- 
prins  tliP 

veinonts: 
iiid  soim" 
noUed  to 
istruction 
.    Heser- 
■as  distri- 
,  and  pub- 
onvenien! 
smelting- 
loro  com- 
s.     About 
to  12,000, 
inn  were 
jtMits,  and 
occupied, 
to  arrive 
r  into  the 
thev  had 
fter  wliicli 
sh  mines, 
ravines, 
sources  of 
d  1750  the 
)erity  •.  the 
(  period  iv 
lion  stcrl- 

'use  wealth 
Jant;  and, 
umbers  of 
^r-country, 
gh  adveh- 
and  other 
ara[e  capi- 

'ly  retains 
nhabitants, 
are  void  ot 
tine  conn-] 


V  I  L  L  A  U  I  (J  A. 


23ft 


[try  around  them,  which,  by  proper  cultivation, 
would  ani|)ly  compensate  for  tlie  loss  of  the 
wealth  which  their  ancestors  drew  from  its  bo- 
som. Tlieir  education,  their  habits,  tlu'ir  here- 
ditary prejudices,  alike  unfit  them  for  active  life; 
perpetually  induli^in^  in  visionary  prospects  of 
sudden  wealth,  they  fancy  themselves  e.xen»[)ted 
from  that  universal  law  o^  nature  which  ordains 
that  man  shall  live  by  the  sweat  of  his  brow. — 
III  conteinplntiiin;  the  fortunes  accumulated  by 
their  predecessors,  they  overlook  the  industry 
and  perseverance  which  obtained  them,  and  en- 
tirely lose  si^ht  of  the  chanj!;e  of  circumstances 
which  renders  those  qualities  now  doubly  neces- 
sary. Reared  in  idleness  and  it;^norance,  they 
leel  nothing  for  the  benefits  of  industry.  Their 
Negroes  constitute  their  priiicinnl  property,  and 
them  they  manage  so  ill,  that  tlie  profits  of  their 
labour  hardly  defray  the  expenses  of  their  main- 
tenance. This  deplorable  degeneracy  is  almost 
the  universal  characteristic  of  the  descendants  of 
the  original  settlers;  every  trade  is  occupied 
either  by  Mulattoes  or  Negroes,  both  of  wliich 
classes  seem  sjiperior  in  intellect  to  their  inas- 
ters,  because  they  make  a  better  use  of  it. 

We  shall  conclude  our  notice  of  this  capital, 
with  an  interesting  account  of  the  inethoci  em- 
ployed in  extracting  the  ore  in  the  gold- washings, 
niul  a  description  of  the  mint,  which,  with  the 
chief  part  of  the  preceding  information,  is  ex- 
tracted from  the  work  of  Mr.  Mawe. 

At  the  washings  ;>  great  extent  of  ground  is 
already  worked,  and  quartzose  stones  are  lying 
about  in  immense  heaps.  On  the  margin  of 
the  river  is  n  bank,  through  which  they  are 
obliged  to  cut  to  the  depth  of  at  least  10  feet, 
to  get  at  the  cascal/ian  incumbent  on  the  rock. 
The  substance  they  have  t()  cut  through  is  clay, 
xo  strong  that  though  falls  of  water  are  let 
upon  it,  and  Negroes  are  constantly  working  it 
with  hoes  of  various  kinds,  it  is  with  difliculty 
to  be  removed.  Tliis  is  not  the  only  impedi- 
ment, for,  by  the  constant  precipitation  of  mud, 
the  crtica/rto  is  five  feet  below  the  bed  of  the 
river ;  hence,  when  they  have  sunk  their  pits, 
they  have  to  use  means  for  drawing  the  water 
from  them.  The  hydraulic  machines  employed 
for  this  purpose  are  constructed  as  follows :  a 
trough  or  spout,  made  of  four  stout  planks, 
forming  a  cavity,  say  six  inches  square,  is 
placed  in  an  inclined  position,  with  its  lower  end 
in  the  pit,  where  a  roller  is  properly  secured  to  a 
pile  driven  into  the  ground  :  an  iron  chain,  u  itii 
p(M Miliar  links,  on  every  «me  of  which  is  fixed  a 
piece  of  wood,  nearly  answering   the  interior 


dimensions  of  the  spout,  is  passed  through  it, 
then  under  the  roller,  and  over  the  outside,  up 
to  the  :i\is  ttf  a  water-wheel,  which  iM'ing  put  in 
motion,  causes  the  discharge  of  a  coliiinii  of 
water  equal  to  the  ca\ity.  These  machines  aro 
calculated  to  raise  a  great  deal  of  water,  but 
they  are  liahle  to  hv  thrown  out  of  repair.  In 
many  cases  liand-puiiips  would  serve  the  pur 
pose  better,  Ix'iii^r  made  at  little  trouble  or  ex- 
pense, easily  repaired,  and  always  ready  at  an 
Hour's  notice.      They  are  here  utterly  iinKnown. 

In  the  operation  of  getting  gold,  the  heavy 
work  is  assigned  to  the  male  Negroes,  and  the 
lighter  labour  to  the  li'inales.  The  atsni/fmo, 
dug  from  these  pits  hy  the  former,  is  carried 
awav  by  the  latter  in  ganiellas,  «ir  bowls,  to  be 
wnsned.  In  performing  this  process,  the  men  do 
not,  ill  the  firsi  instance,  attempt  to  separate  the 
gold  from  the  black  oxide  of  iron,  but  empty 
their  f^ainel/os  into  a  larger  vessel,  by  rinsing 
them  III  the  water  which  it  contains.  Thesubstancc 
deposited  in  this  vessel  in  delivered  out,  in  small 
portions  of  about  a  pound  each,  to  the  moat 
skilful  washers,  as  the  o]H>ratii>n  of  washing,  or, 
as  it  is  termed,  piirityiiig  it,  requires  great  nice- 
ness  and  dexterity.  Some  of  the  grains  of  gold 
are  so  fine  as  to  lloat  on  the  surfac,  and  of 
course  are  liable  to  be  washed  away  in  these 
repeated  changes  of  water ;  to  prevent  which 
the  Negroes  bruise  a  few  handfuls  of  heri)s  on  a 
stone,  and  mix  the  juice  in  small  proportions 
with  the  water  in  their  giinie/lus.  Wliether  this 
li4|uid  does  in  reality  tend  to  precipitate  the 
|i;old,is  not  certain,  but  the  Negroes  certainly  use 
it  with  the  greatest  confidence. 

There  is  another  mode  of  separating  the  gidd 
from  the  coscal/iao,  called  canoe-washing,  which 
is  extremely  interesting.  The  canoes  are  made  in 
the  tbllowing  manner  :  two  10  or  12  inch  planks, 
about  12  or  (ir)  leet  in  length,  are  laid  on  the 
ground,  forming  an  inclined  plane,  sloping  about 
one  inch  in  12  -  two  other  planks  of  similar  di 
inensions  are  iixed  in  the  siiine  direction  at  the 
lower  end,  forming  a  second  inclined  plane, 
with  a  fall  of  six  inches  fiom  the  tbrmer.  On 
their  sides  are  boards  pla<e(l  edgewise,  and 
staked  tlown  to  the  ground  so  as  to  form  long 
shallow  troughs,  the  bottoms  of  which  are  co- 
vered with  hides  tanned  with  the  hair  on,  hav- 
ing the  hairy  side  outwards,  or,  in  defect  of 
these,  with  rough  baize,  Down  these  troughs  is 
conveyed  the  water  containing  the  oxide  of  iron 
and  the  lighter  particles  of  gold  :  the  latter  sub- 
stance precii)itating  in  its  course  is  entangled  by 
the  hair,  t^very  half  hour  (he  hides  <tre  takenj 
11   11  2 


l^' 


<^f: 


l-'^i 


Ui 


i3(i 


V  I  L  L  A  R  I  C  A. 


^■h 


k  4 


I  ii|>,  niid  oiirrird  tu  a  tiiiik  near  ul  hand,  rnrined 
of  ihiir  Malls,  M\y  five  li>«>t  loiii;,  lour  hroad,  niid 
tour  dri>|),  iind  roiitaiiiiii^  ahont  two  loH  d(>|)tli 
of  water.  Tin'  liiilcs  arc  strclilifd  omt  this 
tniik  and  well  iioatrn,  llini  tiipprd  and  hraton  rc- 
pratodlv,  until  all  the  tfold  is  dispntarii^led,  at'lcr 
which  thcv  arc  carried  hark  and  roplarrd  in  I  Id* 
Irou^liN.  'rh(>  tankx  arc  locked  up  at  ni!;hts,and 
.i>l!  secured.  The  sediment  taken  from  them 
heiii^;  lii<ht  is  easily  washed  awav  liy  the  hand  in 
the  manner  before  described,  leavini;  only  the 
black  oxide  of  iron,  called  isfiurif,  and  the  i;old, 
which  is  so  fine  that  uiercnry  is  used  to  separate 
it.  The  process  is  portormed  as  i'ollows  :  about 
two  pounds  weight  of  oxide  of  iron,  very  rich 
in  line  <rrains  ol'  u;old,  is  put  in  a  clean  bowl :  a 
(puintity  of  mercury,  about  two  ounces,  is  added 
to  it  :  the  uv.ts^  of  oxide  which  is  very  damp,  is 
worked  by  the  hand  for  about  '20  minutes,  when 
the  mercury  appears  to  -eparate  the  tsintril,  and 
to  take  up  all  the  t^oid,  assumiui;  a  soil  douifhv 
nuiss,  that  retains  any  form  into  which  it  is 
squeezed.  The  (;raius  of  yoid,  however,  remain 
not  anuiliraniated  with,  but  merely  enveloped 
in,  (he  mercury.  The  mass  is  then  put  into  a 
folded  handkerchief,  and  an  ounce  or  more  of 
mercury  is  Mrunir  or  squeezed  tiom  it.  The 
rest  is  |)ut  into  a  small  brass  disii,  covered  with 
a  lew  i;;reen  leaves,  and  (hen  placed  »>ver  a  char- 
coal lire,  where  i(  is  stirred  with  an  iron  rod  to 
pre\ent  the  <;old  from  adhering  to  tlu>  sides  <»f 
the  dish.  Tiie  lea\es  are  occasionally  cliani;efi 
as  they  l)ecome  parched  by  the  heat.  When 
taken  oil',  they  exhibit  in  stiine  parts  small  jrlo- 
bules  of  nuM'ciiry,  ami  in  others  white  oxide:  on 
washiuij;  tiiem  with  water,  nearb  half  an  ouuc<' 
of  the  former  substance  is  obtained  from  them. 
The  a;old  after  this  operation  always  becomes 
chauifed  in  colour  from  an  a!>'reeable  soft  yellow 
to  a  dirty  brown,  and  presents  a  very  dilferent 
appearance  trcmi  that  wliich  is  not  siibjected  to 
mercury. 

In  the  smeltiii"'  house  of  the  mint,  are  eiuht  or 
10  small  blast  furnaces,  in  tbrm  much  resembiini^ 
blacksmiths'  hearths.  The  fuel  used  is  charcoal. 
W'l.cii  a  (|iiaulily  of  pdd  dust  is  bron|;j;ht,  ( no 
iu:Ut<'r  wlicther  larsje  or  small)  say,  for  iiisliiiice, 
six  ounces,  it  is  (iivt  periniiled,  and  a  tilUi  taken 
li)r  the  prince:  the  rest  is  put  into  a  Hessian 
cnicil)le  about  three  inches  in  diameter,  which  is 
immediately  placed  in  the  lurnace.  A  quantity 
of  corresive  sublimate  is  then  put  to  it,  which, 
on  beinjj  heated,  exhales  very  siroiiif  fumeti:  tlic 
scoria',  if  any  be  formed,  an'  taken  olf  with  a 
pair  of  toii^s,   and  mure  sublimate  is  adtlcd   if 


recpiired.  iCbiillitinii  >omeliines  orcurs,  in  which 
ciisu  the  crucible  is  covered  with  a  bit  of  ccMiinioii 
tile.  .As  soon  as  (he  mercury  is  evaporated,  the 
n^idd  is  poured  int«i  an  int(ot  inoiild,  pre\  ioiisly 
rubbed  with  animal  fat  :  it  is  at\erwardN  turned 
out  into  H  tub  of  water.  The  iiiifut  ^eiienilly, 
in  some  part  or  other,  has  mercury  attached  to 
it,  whicii  it  M/es  immediately,  and  the  part  of 
the  frold  thus  alfected  assumes  the  appearance  of 
lead.  To  i'emo\c  this,  they  hold  it  in  a  slront; 
lire  witli  a  pair  of  tontfs  until  the  mercury  is  eva- 
ptnated.  It  is  afterwards  sent  to  the  assay- 
master,  who  tirst  compares  it  on  the  touchstone 
with  (Told  bars  of  dinerent  alloys,  asceilaiiied 
and  marked,  and  then  assays  it.  The  two  me- 
thods beiii";  found  to  afrree,  the  assay  master 
stamps  upon  the  inv;ot  its  decree  of  fineness, 
called  ^ni///(, also  its  weit;ht,its  numbc>r,  the  name 
of  (he  place,  and  (he year.  It  is  then  registered 
in  a  book  kept  for  that  purpose,  and  a  copy  of 
the  entry  is  made  out  on  a  slip  of  paper,  in 
which  the  iuirot  is  wrapped,  and  delivered  (i> 
the  owner  lor  circulation.  The  operation  ot 
meltiii!;'  i)  itiveii  quantity  seldom  ocdipies  more 
than  10  minutes  or  a  ipiarter  of  an  hour  ;  that  of 
cupellini>:.  about  double  th<>  time:  but  |i>;oId  dust 
may  sometimes  be  delivered,  and  r<>ceived  in  a 
circulating  form  in  ie>.s  tiian  an  hour;  so  that 
little  delay  lakc^  place,  and  as  there  are  six  fur- 
naces, I  lie  briiiii'ers  of  {rold  have  seldom  to  wait 
for  their  tiun.  I'lie  pale  colour  ami  U»w  qualitv 
of  vari«Mis  bars  of  ^old  are  alwayn  imputed  to 
the  silver,  platina,  ov  other  metal  contained  in 
them  :  they  \ai'y  from  l(i  to  ^Jj  carats,  which  is 
within  half  a  carat  ol'  what  is  dtMiominated  pun* 
•;old.  T\»euly-two  is  the  standard,  and  liold  ex- 
ceediiiii  that  receives  a  |>remium  accordiii"'  to  its 
tineness.  \  illarica  is  in  hit.  i^O"' 26' «.  and  lon^;. 
45"  .'jO'  .T.J 

ViM.A  aiL  A,a  volcano  of  (he  kinsfdom  ofChile. 
in  the  mountains  of  the  ron////r>Y(,  of  the  territorv 
of  Vrauco.  In  its  vicinity  is  iinotlier  Nolcand. 
calleii  I'-l  (hinal.  I'roin  liie  skirt  of  tlu-  (brmcr 
i-siies  forili  two  streams  as  wide  as  a  man's  body, 
ttliii'h  uiii)",  and  form  a  lar<;e  chatim^l,  emptviii<; 
itself  into  a  lake  of  this  iiaiiw*.  |  'I'his  \olcaiio  ma\ 
be  seen  at  the  liistaiice  of  l,')0  miles:  and  altliou^;li 
it  appears  lo  ix'  isolated,  it  is  said  to  be  connected 
by  its  base  with  the  Andes.  It  is  14  miles  in 
ciiciimtt'rence  at  its  base,  which  is  principally 
covered  with  pleasant  forests.  .\  jrreat  numlx'r 
of  i'i\(M's,  iiniepeiulently  of  the  one  mentioned 
by  Albedo,  have  their  sources  from  it,  and  iis 
perpetual  \erduie  furnishes  a  proof  that  its  irrup- 
tions hiive  nev«'r  been  \ery  violent. J 


V  I  I, 

ViM.ARU/v.  Soino  sinrwi  or  vordilhra  ol' 
iiutiintuinH  of  Nurva  Esminu,  wliirli  run  l>('(>vt>«>ii 
the  inoulli  of  tiio  rivor  Tuinpico  uiul  tlie  I'oitit 
IVluiulu. 

V'li<liAS  Ql'ATMO,  a  jiiribdictioi)  and  ulcnl- 
iliii  niiit/or  of  Niitna  liltpanu,  in  tlir  province  und 
hjiliopric  ol'  Oaxaca,  iR'loii^in^  to  ilio  lioiine  of 
t\u'  \lurquis  del  V^ailo,  tliroii^li  a  ^rant  nuide  Itv 
Heriian  i'ortez,  aH  a  reward  for  Hervices.  It  ih 
bounded  Uy  tliejurittdictiun  oftlieril^  of  Oaxaca; 
the  boundary  bein^  marked  hy  a  tree  at  llie  back 
of  the  convent  of  I  be  reli<;ioUh  uomumi  of  .Santa 
Monica,  in  the  capital  of  the  jurisdiction.  The 
territory  is  very  fertile  in  cochineal,  seeds,  and 
fruits,  and  with  tliese  it  carries  on  a  trade  with 
the  neighbouring:  jurisdictions.  In  its  district  are 
]^  estates  and  small  farms,  in  which  cattle  are 
bred  •  also  six  mills  for  ^rindin^  corn,  and  by 
which  supplies  of  Hour  are  made  (o  a  ^reat  part 
of  the  province.  The  capital  is  tiie  town  wiiich 
they  call  Del  IMar(|uesado;  and  the  settlements, 
of  which  its  jurisdiction  is  composed,  are  the 
followini>° 


V  I  N 


mf 


.San    Martin   Mexi- 

Sta.  Doiuin^oTomal- 

capn, 

tepec, 

i!>aii   Juan  Cliapul- 

Sla.  Ana  /apache. 

tepec, 

San    Juan    de  Clii- 

Santo   Tomas  Xii- 

lateca, 

cliimib'o. 

San     I'edro    (lUejjo- 

San  •lacinto, 

rese, 

San  Pedro  Apos(ol, 

Saiila  Calalinade  las 

San  Antonio  (i«-  la 

Minas, 

Cal, 

Chiciiicapa, 

San    Sebastian     de 

.Santa   Marta, 

ICtIa, 

San  Vlarlin  Yachila, 

Guadalupe, 

Siin   Martin    de    las 

Nareo, 

I'eras, 

Ln  Soledad, 

San     i'aldo    de    las 

Santo  Domiuffo, 

I'eras, 

Cuilapa, 

.Santa  MariaAt/ompa, 

.Santa  Cruz  Xocox- 

San  Pablo  de  Ktia, 

otlan, 

llapacova, 

San    Lucas    llane- 

S.  Aiiustin  de  Ktia, 

chico. 

San  (iabriel, 

S.  UayniuMilo  Xulpii 

S.  Mij-ueldeFtl.; 

Sjin   Airustin   de  la 

As'incioii 

Cal. 

Santa  Maria  11. 

San   Andres  (iuay- 

San  ,luaii  (iuclache, 

apa, 

Santa  Maria  Nativi- 

Santa  iiUria, 

tas. 

S.  .Sebastian  Tuctia, 

lios  .Santos  Ucycs. 

VlliliASlMA,   a   se 

Itlcment    'if  the   |)n>\iii(c 

and   srovernment   of  T 

ucuinan    in    I'eni.    of  llie 

jurisdiction  and  district  ol'  the  citv  of  S.iii   I'<m- 
nando  de  Catamarca. 


VILIjA-VIEJA,  a  town  of  the  province  and 
cuptnimhip  of  Espirtu  Santo,  in  Brasil. 

V 1 1.  i.A- V I B  J  A ,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Ncivain  theNupvolvcynodeGra- 
nada  -,  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  itn  capital.  It 
is  of  a  hot  temperature,  abounding  in  gold  mines 
and  the  vegetable  productions  of  its  climate,  as 
also  in  very  large  breeds  of  neat  cattle. 

VILLAVISKNCIO,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince  and  lorrvfrimitnto  of  Chile  ;  situate  on  the 
bank  of  the  river  Longomilla,  in  the  s.  part.  It 
has  in  its  vicinity  the  estate  of  Tabontinaja. 

VILIil<lliAS,  San  Josbhii  uk,  a  settlement  of 
the  province  and  governmcirt  of  Tucuman,  in 
Pern  ;  silinite  on  the  shore  of  the  river  Salado, 
in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  city  of  Santiago  del 
lilstero,  u:<d  now  in  the  territory  of  the  Chacos. 
It  is  a  rttliircion  of  the  religious  missionaries  of 
St.  Francis,  and  ctimnoseu  of  Petacas,  Hipas, 
ilunmbuampas,  and  Villelas  Indians. 

fVILMCMONT'S  PRAIIIIE,  a  tract  of  mea- 
dow land,  on  the  right  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Washita  Uiver,  in  N.  America.  See  vol.  iii.  p.  23'..' 
of  this  work.] 

\  IIjLETA,  a  settlement  of  the  government  of 
Mariquita,  and  jiirisdiction  of  the  town  of  Honda, 
in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Oranada ;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Sasaima  It  is 
of  a  very  hot  temperature,  produces  mud)  maize, 
sugar  canes,  yitcus,  and  plantains,  and  contains 
more  than  100  housekeepers,  but  very  few  In- 
dians, and  has  the  disadvantage  of  abounding  in 
insects. 

Vii.i.r.TA,  a  town  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay  ;  situate  on  the  shore  of  the 
river  of  its  name,  and  t«»  th"  s.  of  the  city  of  La 
.Vsnucion,  with  a  tort  for  its  defence. 

[Vii.i.cTA,  anotlier  |iarish  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Paraguay,  in  lat.  23'^  30'  36"  *. 
long.  57-  ;it)'  -2:)"  !i).j 

V^ILLIEUS,  a  settlement  of  Canada,  on  the 
sliore  of  tlu!  river  St.  Lawrence,  nearly  opposite 
(^Ui'bec. 

VILIJTA,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settlement 
of  the  district  of  TIatenango  and  ulcald'm  muyor 
of  Colotlau,  in  Nue\a  Espana  ;  six  leagues  s.  of 
its  head  sell  lenient. 

VILMV.\.  or  Ql.EDAL,  Pd.nta  de,  a  cijpe 
or  extreiiiily  in  the  loast  «)f  the  S.  Sea,  in  the 
province  aiid  government  of  Valdiviu  and  king- 
dom of  Chile,  iH'ing  80  miles  .v.  of  Valdivia,  in 
lat.  n    (i'.v. 

NINA,  a  settlement  of  the  nrovince  and  for- 
iriiiiiiii  Hlo  of  Huainanga,  in  Pern,  'iS  leagues 
distant  from  (iuancabelica  j  whither  the  natives 


V 


M 


i! 


A 


t23n 


VINCENT.    ST. 


(! 


\l 


K  .'I 


k] 


^11/ 


hrini<  from  tlio  adjninind;  (Hitateft  cprlnin  triiits  ; 
§<>  tliHt  th<>y  are  for  the  moHt  part  niiiletperd, 
km'pini:  tor  thifi  (raflir  upwardi*  ot'^)  miiloM. 

[VINAIiHA  VEN,  a  lowiifthip  on  Ihp  coaHt  of 
thi»  (lixtru't  of  MniiiP,  in  Hancock  Coiintv,  roii- 
taininif,  in  1790,  57H  inliahilanti).  It  'm  s.  r,  of 
n«'<'r  iMland  ] 

VINAUA,  a  nettlemcnt  of  the  provinc**  and 
ffovernniont  of  Tiicnmun,  in  the  jiirifdiclion  of 
the  ci»v  of  Santiago  del  EHtero  ;  from  whence  it 
IH  S()  leRffiieHdintant. 

VIN(  .ACHOS,  a  8eltlpm.?nt  cf  the  province 
and  rorrfgimirnio  of  Porco,  in  Peru. 

VINCBLOT,  a  !>ettlement  of  (he  French  in 
Canada  ;  on  tlie  nhore  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
and  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  Troiw  SaumonM. 

VINCKNT,  St.  an  island  of  the  N.  Sea.  one 
of  the  HmaMer  AntilleH;  Hituate  e.  of  BarhadoeH, 
n.  of  St.  Lucia,  and  s.  of  Uecoya,  [lieine  about 
24  miles  long  from  the  f.  side  of  T^rreVs  Kay, 
the  extreme  ,f.  point  of  the  inland  to  Tarraty 
Point,  itx  n  extremity  ;  and  about  18  broad  from 
the  mouth  of  Calonery  Hiver,  r.  to  Cundierland 
Ba^,  at  the  mouth  of  SVashilabo  liiver  on  the  ri:'.] 
It  iH  of  nearly  a  round  figure,  mountainouH,  and 
full  of  lofty  and  thick  woodH,  although  it  in  not 
without  Home  plainn  irrigated  by  several  Htreamn. 
On  the  coast  are  Home  convenient  bavH,  with 

food  soundings.  The  island  is  inhabited  by 
aribes,  although  the  numherf  of  these  are  very 
inferior  to  those  of  the  Negro  slaves,  who  have 
Mettled  here  ai\er  having  tied  from  their  masterH 
in  the  other  islands,  and  who  are  always  consi- 
dered, with  a  very  jealous  eye,  by  the* Indians. 
The  French  endeavoured  to  establish  themselves 
here ;  and,  in  fact,  have  here  a  small  colony, 
which  came  from  Barbadoes,  who  cnltivute  to- 
bsicco  of  excellent  quality,  known  in  Europe  l)y 
thf  name  of  St.  Vincent  or  Dunkirk.  The 
Englisli,  under  the  Duke  of  Montague  and  Cap- 
tain Ii'wing,  attempted  to  found  here  another 
colony,  liut  without  effect,  althougti  that  com- 
mander, with  a  profound  zeal  and  patriotic  spirit, 
expended  Jl^AOfiOO  in  the  enterprise. 

I  The  tremendous  convulsion  of  nature,  with 
wliicli  St.  Vincent  was  visited  by  the  eruption  of 
tlic  SoiitlVicr  mountain,  s(»  late  as  the  1st  of  May, 
1HI9,  is  wh.nt  first  strikes  us  in  the  consideration 
of  this  island.  It  was  of  a  magnitude  unprece- 
dented even  in  that  quarter  of  the  globe.  Such 
then  of  our  readers  as  are  delighted  with  the 
awful  and  terrific  we  refer  to  a  long  and  faithful 
description  of  all  the  phenomena  that  took  place 
on  this  distressing  occasion  under  the  article 
SouFKRiEU  of  this  work.  This  done,  we  proceed 


to  shew  what  has  been  the  progressive  advance- 
ment of  St.  Vincent's  up  to  the  awful  period'  of 
its  visitation.  Whether  it  will  ever  completely 
recover  from  the  ruin  it  experienced  is  somewhat 
doubtful;  for,  if  it  he  true,  as  the  St.  Vincent's 
Journal  asserted,  that  "  the  quantity  of  com- 
bustible matter  ilischarged  was  equal  t<i  the  bulk 
of  the  whole  island,"  the  soil  must  have  ex- 
perienced a  complete  superstratum,  and  the 
ancient  productions  have  iMteii  all  buried  in  one 
heterogeneous  mass. 

Previously  to  the  year  1763,  Dominica,  St. 
Vincent,  St.  Lucia,  and  Toliago,  were  denomi- 
nated neutral  islands ;  or,  tney  were  rather 
islands  to  which  Irath  Britain  and  France  laid  a 
claim  ;  but  by  the  treaty  of  peace  in  that  year, 
Dominica,  St.  Vincent,  and  Tolmgo,  were  ceded 
in  full  right  to  Britain,  and  St.  Lucia  to  France. 

At  this  time  there  were  some  trifling  settle- 
ments in  Dominica  and  St.  Vincent,  formed  by  a 
few  French,  who  had  landed  and  resided  without 
molestation.  There  were  also  in  Imtli  a  few 
families  of  savages,  the  aborigines  of  the  islands, 
of  a  yellow  colour,  with  long  lank  hair,  and  dis- 
tinguished by  the  name  of  Vcllow  Caribes  ;  but 
in  St.  Vincent  there  were  also  a  numerous  race 
of  people,  who  called  themselves  Black  Carilies, 
who  ranged  over,  and  had  a  kind  of  possession 
of  above  half  the  island.  These  were  the  pro 
geny  of  a  cargo  of  slaves  from  Africa  stranded 
on  the  windward  part  of  the  island,  about  the 
year  1690. 

About  the  year  176i  or  3,  commissioners  were 
appointed  by'  his  Majesty,  to  sell  the  lands  in 
Dominica  and  St.  Vincent,  thus  ceded  by  the 
treaty  of  |)eace  of  1763  ;  and,  in  St.  Vincent, 
the  boundary  of  that  part  of  the  island,  of  which 
it  was  agreed  the  Black  Caribes  should  be  al- 
lowed to  retain  possession  was  ascertained,  and 
the  other  lands  disposed  of  by  the  commis- 
sioners. 

Ill  about  the  year  1771,  owing  to  some  mis- 
conduct on  the  part  of  these  Black  Caribes,  they 
were  driven  by  his  Majesty's  troops  a  consider- 
able way  within  the  limits  before  prescribed  to 
them,  leaving  them,  however,  in  possession  of 
lands  infinitely  more  than  sufficient  for  their 
maintenance,  or  thev  were  likely  for  some  hun- 
dred years  to  lie  able  to  cultivate.  On  this  oc- 
casion, in  the  year  1773,  a  treaty  was  entered 
into  with  them,  by  which  they  relinquished  all 
claim  to  lands  without  a  certain  boundary,  ac- 
knowledged themselves  to  hold  those  lands,  they 
were  permitted  to  retain,  of  his  Majesty,  and  to 
be  amenable  to  the  English  government  for  any  { 


VINCENT,    ST. 


SSH 


[ofTrncPR  which  affected  Britinh  NiihjpctH,  hut  n*- 
lainin^  the  right  to  punish  oA'enccN  amongst 
th<'mnelvPM. 

The  landH  thtiH  obtained  have  Hinre  been 
i^rtinted  by  the  crown  to  the  quantity  of  40,n()0 
urrrs,  the  iirnt  i^O/i.'JK  that  Mere  Hold  having 
brought  the  hiimi  oI'  ^Ifi2,8,')4.  1 1,«.  7(1.  sterling. 
A  part  of  the  rest  were  given  to  Lieut.  (Jeneral 
Monckton  an  a  reniunenition  for  Hervicen;  and 
the  reHiduo  han  been  granted  to  different  HcttlcrR 
by  the  Murcetisivc  governors  of  the  island. 
'  In  the  year  179.^,  the  Hlnck  CarilteH,  joined  by 
the  Krenrh  inhabitimts,  broke  out  in  open  rebel- 
lion, avowing  an  intention  of  murdering  every 
white  nritisn  subject ;  and,  in  many  instances, 
carrying  Huch  intention  into  effect  in  the  most 
barbarous  manner.  By  his  Majesty's  troops, 
aided  by  the  British  inhabitants  of  the  island, 
and  their  slaves,  this  r<>lM>llion  was  criitthed  in 
the  end  of  the  year  I7f)(> ;  and  the  Black  Carilx's 
surrendered  and  were  conveyed  to  the  island  of 
Katan,  where  they  were  landed  with  provisions, 
&c.  The  lands  they  occupied,  and  which  are 
now  considered  as  crown  lands  in  that  island, 
nrc  estimated  to  contain  about  97,000  or  28,000 
acres,  no  survey  having  ever  been  made  :  of 
these,  previously  to  the  calamity  of  the  earth- 
(|iiake,  14,000  to  16,000  acres  were  supposed  to 
lie  adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  sugar-cane ; 
about  (>,0(X)  or  7,000  acres  to  be  suitable  for  pas- 
mn"  and  provision  ground,  and  the  residue  of 
little  value,  being  the  summits  and  sides  of  very 
high  and  steep  mountains,  making  the  total 
amount  of  acres  in  this  island  about  84,(XH).  It 
>hould  be  observeil,  however,  that  in  the  Re- 
port of  Privv  Council  cni  the  Slave  Trade,  in 
I78S,  the  British  proiierty  vested  here  was  esti- 
mated at  only  9.),0()0  taxed  acres  of  patented 
estates  :  the  number  of  Negroes  being  taken  at 
1.5,000,  at  jg.50  each  Negro.'  A  large  portion  of 
the  lands  were  in  high  woods  and  brush-wood  : 
par  s  of  them  indeed  bad  been  cleared  in  patches 
or  very  small  parcels  by  the  (^tribes  for  raising 
provisions  and  tolracco,  previous  to  their  expul- 
!>i<in  in  the  end  of  the  year  1796,  and  beginning 
of  the  y?«»r  1797. 

The  whole  of  the  lands  are  well  watered  by 
about  20  rivers,  sufficiently  large,  and  well  suited 
lor  mills ;  and  the  soil  and  surliice  is  well  cal- 
culated for  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar-cane. 
The  value  of  the  lands  is,  however,  much  di- 
minished by  their  situation  being  in  the  wind- 
ward coast  of  the  island,  where  there  is,  at  all 
limes,  great  difficulty  in  shipping  any  produce, 
or  huuling  any  supplies  :   wliich   circuiuMtauce, 


though  it  operateH  uh  u  very  great  injury  to  thfi 
planter  in  time  of  peace,' yet,  during  a  war> 
atlords  security  against  plunder  by  privateerR,  an 
evil  often  exfierienced  by  Hettlers  in  the  leeward 
part  of  the  island  ;  and  indeed  to  such  species  of 
warfare  all  the  islands,  in  a  great  degree,  are 
equally  liable. 

The  value  of  these  lands  are  estimated  very 
diffi'rently.  Some  persons  have  rated  the  same 
land  as  high  as  £40  sterling  {ler  acre;  and 
others,  who  ought  to  be  equally  informed,  at 
half  the  sum.  Probably  from  £25  to  £30 
sterling  per  acre  is  near  the  price  they  ought  to 
bring  if  sold,  payable  by  instalments  of  1,2,3, 
4,  or  .'i  years  ;  but,  if  sold  for  ready  money,  much 
less.  The  provision  and  pasturage  land  might 
bring  from  ^.'i  to  £  10  sterling  per  acre.  From 
(he  aliove  <luta,  the  total  value  of  the  land  of  this 
island  might  Ik>  estimated,  in  round  niimliers,  at 
about  £420,000  sterling. 

.\s  St.  Vincent's  was  only  partially  cultivated 
on  a  fvw  leeward  bays,  by  French  intruders,  pre- 
vious to  1763,  when  it  ceased  to  be  a  neutral 
island,  and  was  annexed  to  the  British  crown, 
the  produce  was  not  large.  The  French  settlers, 
adverted  to,  grew,  in  1764, 

Tobacco,    -     -     - 

Cocoa,    -     -     -     - 

Ci.rtee,  -  -  -  - 
At  the  restoration  of  the 
nion  of  f7reat  Britain  by  the  general  pacification 
of  178,'j,  it  contained  61  sugar  ei*ta(es,  500  acres 
in  coffee,  200  acres  in  cacao,  400  in  cotton,  .'JO  in 
indigo,  and  500  in  tobacco,  besides  land  appro- 
priated to  the  raising  provisions,  such  as  plan- 
tains, yams,  maize,  Hic.  All  the  rest  of  the  coun- 
try, excepting  the  few  spots  that  had  been  cleared 
from  time  <<>  tiiiit>  by  (lie  ('aribes,  retained  its 
native  woods.  Since' that  period  much  industry 
and  exertion  had  been  employed  in  taking  advan- 
tage of  its  pli>sical  powers.  The  progress  of  its 
cultivation  nill  ap|)ear  by  a  return  to  House  of 
Commons,  1806,  shewing  the  number  of  hogs- 
heads of  sugar  of  13  cwt.  ex|H)rted  in  the  follow- 
ing years  : 

ll(lgslu'H(ls. 

Ill  1789,      -     -      6,400 
1799,     -     -     12,120 
1805,     -     -     17,200 
The   total   exports   in    1788,  in    129  vessels, 
amounted    in   value,  according  to  the  current 
prices  in  London,  to  £186,4.50  14*.  Sd.  includ- 
ing exports  to  the  .\merican  States,  to  the  value 
of  £9,019  Is.  8rf.  sterling.     The  cargoes  con- 
sisted of  65,128  cwt.  1  qr.  271b.  sugar;  88,266] 


12,000  andotillcs. 

7,900  cwt. 
14,700  cwt. 

island  to  the  domi- 


* 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


II  1.8 
U    ill  1.6 


V} 


<ym^ 


/>< 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(7)6)  873-4503 


' 

A^^ 

r  «<' 

1 

■*^o 

'//    ^^w 

4p 

\ 

240 


VINCENT,  ST. 


[sjallons  mm:  9,656  gallons  molasses;  634  cwt. 
I  <|r.  511).  cort'ec;  761,880  lbs.  cotton:  143  cwt. 
24  lb.  c(/Coa  ;  besides  hides,  d^ina^  woods,  &c. 

In  the  year  1800,  the  tniantit^'  of  sugar  made 
amounted  to  16,518  hogsneads,  end  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  the  crops  were  increased  to  17,908. 


In  1810,  18,288  hogsheads  were  produced,  and 
at  present  the  average  quantity  may  possibly  ex- 
tend to  20,000  hogsheads. 

The  quantities  of  the  principal  articles  im- 
ported into  Great  Britain,  were  in 


Colli-p 

>ci,;ar. 

Rum. 

f'littnn  Wild!. 

iiiiii'.li  Phini. 

Cwt. 

liriiis.i  Plant. 

Foreign  Plant. 

)  i\  1. 

1809,  248 

1810,  327 

(  «t. 

202.953 
197,304 

C»t. 

4 

(•Mlldn.-. 

243,461 
200,795 

III-. 

230,822 
171,032 

The  official  value  of  the  Imports  anil  Exports 
between  Great  Britain  and  St.  Vincent's,  were  in 
Imports.  Exports. 

1809,  -     -     £307.829     -     -    £82,408 

1810,  -     -        295,509     -    -        96,872 
St.  Vincent's,  in  1800,  was  divided  into  four 

parishes,,  St.  David,  St.  Patrick,  St.  Andrew,  and 
St.  George.  Its  towns  are  Kingston,  the  capi- 
tal, and  Richmond :  the  others  are  villages  or 
hamlets,  ai  the  several  bays  and  landing-places. 
The  islands  dependent  on  the  St.  Vincent's  go- 
vernment, are  Bequia,  containing  3,700  aces ; 
Union,  2,150  acres;  Canouane,  1,777  acres;  and 
Mustitjue,  about  1,200  acres.  Of  the  1 1,853  Ne- 
groes, in  1787,  as  in  tlie  table  beneath,  about 
1,400  were  employed  in  the  cultivation  of  these 
islands.  There  are  lii;evvise  the  little  islots  of 
Petit  Martinique,  Petit  St.  Vincent,  and  Balle- 
seau,  each  o^'  which  produces  a  little  cotton. — 
The  other  productions,  are  cinnamon,  mango,  sa- 
samum,  va^niUa,  China  talluw  tree,  CR'uphor, 
gum,  and  storax. 

By  report  of  the  Privy  Council  in  1788,  and 
by  subsequent  returns  to  House  of  Commons, 
the  population  of  St.  Vincent's  amounted  to 


1787 
1805 

Whites. 

Ppo|)Ip  (,r 
Colour. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

1450 
1600 

300 
450 

11, 8.53 
16,500 

13,603 
18,550 

Of  late  years  the  white  population  has  decreased 
in  the  same  proportion  as  in  the  other  islands. 

The  import  of  slaves  into  St.  Vincent's,  by  re- 
port of  Privy  Council,  1788,  at  a  medium  of  four 
years,  and  by  a  return  to  House  of  Commons  in 
1805,  at  a  medium  of  two  years,  to  1803,  was 


.ivrrrt(;e  ot' 

4  years  to  1787 
2  years  to  1803 

Imports 

Re-exports. 

Retained.  1 

1825 
1540 

300 

1525 
1340 

For  a  concise  and  comparative  view  of  the 
population,  property,  annral  productions,  and 
commerce  of  this  valuable  island,  the  reader  is 
referred  to  the  article  West  Inuies. 

St.  Vincent  lies  200  miles  n.e.  of  Margaret, 
and  78  w.  of  Barbadot;s,  its  middle  being  in 
lat.  13"  17'  w.  long  61''15'  w.'j 

[Vincent,  a  township  of  .Pennsylvania;  situ- 
ate in  Chester  County  J 

[Vincent,  De  las  Pazes,  St.,  or  Onda,  a  town 
of  Popayan  and  Tierra  ^irme,  in  S.  America, 
about  25  miles  e.  of  San  Sebastian,  with  a  port 
where  canoes  from  Cartagena  and  St.  Martha  un- 
load their  merchandise.] 

[Vincent,  Port  St.  (the  same  as  that  called 
by  Alcedo,  Vicente),  on  the  coast  of  Chile,  in  the 
S.  Pacific  Ocean,  is  six  miles  n.  n.  e.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Biobio,  having  a  safe  harbour,  and 
secure  against  all  winds  but  the  w.  which  blows 
right  in.  Talcaguama  Port  is  six  miles  to  the  n. 
ofit.] 

[Vincent, 
cente.J 

[VINCENTO,  a  channel  which  goes  in  on 
the  ic.  side  of  the  channel  of  Amiaz  Island,  in 
the  Bay  of  Todos  Santos,  on  the  coast  of  Brazil.] 

[VINCENTS,  Fort,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory', 
stands  on  the  e.  side  of  Wabash  River,  150  miles 
by  the  meanderings  of  the  river  from  its  mouth. 
It  was  erected  in  the  year  1787,  in  order  to  repel 
the  incursions  of  the  Wabash  Indians,  and  to  se- 
cure the  w.  lands  from  intruding  settlers.  It 
has  four  small  brass  cannon,  and  is  garrisoned] 


a  captainship  of  Brazil.     See  Vi- 


(  ; 


V  I  N 

by  a  major  and  two  companies.  The  town  of 
Vincents  contained,  in  1792,  about  1,500  souls, 
principally  of  French  extraction.  It  is  about 
140  miles  *.  w.  of  Fort  Recovery.  Lat.  38°  48' «. 
Long.  87°  25'  w.  They  raise  Indian  corn,  and 
wheat ;  and  tobacco  of  an  extraordinary  good 
quality,  superior,  it  is  said,  to  that  produced  in 
Virginia.  They  have  a  fine  breed  of  horses, 
brought  originally  by  the  Indians  from  the  Spa- 
nish settlements,  on  the  v>.  side  of  the  Mississippi. 
Here  aro  'jrge  herds  of  swine  and  bii.-*k  cattle, 
and  the  settlers  deal  with  the  Indians  for  furs 
and  deer-skins.  Hemp  of  a  good  quality  grows 
spontaneously  in  the  low  lands  of  the  Wabash ; 
as  do  grapes,  of  which  the  inhabitants  make  a 
sufficient  quantity,  for  their  own  consumption, 
of  well-tasted  red  wine.  Hops,  large  and  good, 
are  found  in  many  places,  antl  the  lands  are  par- 
ticularly adapted  to  the  culture  of  rice.  All  Eu- 
ropean fruits  thrive  well,  both  here  and  in  the 
country  bordering  on  the  river  Ohio.] 

VINCHAINA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corrfgimknto  of  Huanta  in  Peru;  annexed 
to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Quinoa. 

ViNciiAiNA,  another  settlement,  in  the  same 
province  and  kingdom  as  the  former.     It  has  the 


of 
to 


La 
the 


ial,   to 
curacy 


distinguish 


it,   and 


of   the    settlement 


IS 

of 


surname 
annexed 
Ticllas. 

rVINER'S  Island,  in  Hudson's  Bay,  lies 
n.e.  of  the  mouth  of  Albany  River.] 

[VINEYARD,  New,  a  plantation  in  Lincoln 
County,  district  of  Maine,  on  the  two  north-east- 
ernmost branches  of  Sandy  River,  about  59  miles 
n.  by  w.  of  Brunswick,  and  37  n.  w.  of  Hal- 
lowell.] 

ViNEVAUD  Sound,  on  the  s.  c.  coast  of  Massa- 
c'lUsetts,  is  the  strait  or  passaj-e  between  the 
Elizabeth  Islands  and  Martha's  Vineyard.  The 
s.  w.  channel  of  which  is  from  four  to  seven 
miles  broad,  has  Gay  Head  on  the  s.e.  and  the 
Sow  and  Pigs  on  the  w.  lu.] 

Vineyard,  Marthas,  an  island  of  theN.  Sea  ; 
situate  near  the  coast  of  New  England,  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  opposite  the  Bay  of 
Biivard.    [See  Martha's  Vineyard.] 

ViNNOQUE,  a  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Peru, 
which  rises  in  the  province  and  corrcgimiento  of 
Castro  Virreyna,  to  the  e.  of  the  capital,  runs  to 
this  rhumb,  and  then  turning  its  course  to  the 
province  of  Vilcas  Huaman  to  the  m.  enters  the 
river  Pangora. 

VINTER,  a  settlement  of  the  island  of  Bar- 
badoes  ;  situate  on  the  e.  coast. 

VOL.  V. 


V  I  R 


241 


[VIPER  Key,  one  of  the  Tortugas,  on  the 
coast  of  Florida  ;  five  miles  n.  e.  of  Duck  Key, 
and  3\  e.  of  Old  Matacombe.] 

VIRACAIHA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  rorregimiento  of  Tunja,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno 
de  Granada.  It  is  of  a  very  cold  temperature, 
produces  much  wheat,  maize,  papas,  vetches,  and 
apples,  and  Alexandrian  roses  in  great  abundance. 
— The  natives  fabricate  rugs,  blankets,  baizes,  and 
other  articles  of  wool.  It  contains  very  few 
white  inhabitants,  and  about  80  Indians,  is  three 
hours  journey  s.  e.  of  Tunja,  and  near  the  settle- 
ment of  Ramiquiri. 

VIRACO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Condesuyos  de  Arequipa  in  Peru. 

VniCAS,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  oi  Cania.  in  Peru,  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Pari. 

[VIRGIL,  a  military  township  of  Onondago 
County,  New  York,  having  Dryden  on  the  w. 
Cincinnatus  e.  Homer  n.  and  on  the  s.  230,000 
acres  of  land  on  Susquehannah  River,  ceded  to 
the  State  of  Massachusetts.  It  is  under  the  juris- 
diction of  Homer,  which  was  incorporated  in 
1794.1 

VIRGIN  GORDA,  an  island  in  the  N.  Sea, 
one  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  situate  to  the  c.  of  the 
island  of  Puerto  Rico,  and  four  leagues  from 
Tortola.     It  is  of  a  very  irregular  figure,  and  its 

freates'  length  from  n.e.  to  s.  w-  is  eight  miles, 
t  has  V  Ty  few  inhabitants,  and  in  the  centre  of 
it  is  a  Liiountain  in  which  is  said  to  be  found  a 
silver-nine.  It  is  situate  in  lat.  18°30'«.  long. 
64^25'  w.  and  is  one  of  those  called  the  Vircin 
Islands. — See  this  article. 

[VIRGIN  MARY,  Cape,  the  n.e.  point  of 
the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  in  the 
S.  Atlantic  Ocean,  is  a  steep  white  cliff.  Lat. 
52°  21'  *.  long.  68°  17'  w.  The  variation  of  the 
compass,  in  1780,  was  24'  30"  e.] 

[Virgin  Rocks,  off  the  s.e.  part  of  the  coast 
of  Newfoundland  Island,  20  leagues  s.  e.  >f  Cape 
Race.  Lat.  40°  «.  According  to  others,  lat.  46° 
30'  n.  and  these  last  say  17  or  18  leagues  *.  e.  by 
e.  of  Cape  Ballard.] 

VIRGINES,  or  Virgin  Isles,  a  group  of  12 
or  more  islands  of  the  N.  Sea,  and  of  the  Lesser 
Antilles,  for  the  most  part  uncultivated,  barren, 
and  desert.  They  lie  to  the  e.  of  Puerto  Rico, 
and  to  the  w,  of  Anguila.  Although  the  pass 
through  the  middle  of  them  is  looked  upon  aa 
difficult  and  hazardous,  it  was  effected  by  Francis 
Drake,  when  he  went  to  attack  the  island  of  St. 
Domingo,  in  1580.  One  of  these  islands  is 
I  I 


;;i.«ft8, 


i  1 


I 


•■\    I 


^■'  'I 


I   "> 


r>J 


■i 


I^^jU 


ii 


242 


VIRGIN    ISLANDS. 


i  i. 


mm 

l*(||;|!<'l:r 


called  De  Paxaros,  or  Eirds'  Island,  since  there 
are  such  numbers  of  them,  and  so  tame,  that  a 
ship  load  mi<Tht  be  caught  without  difliculty. 

These  islands  belt  ig  tc  different  powers,  and 
occupy  a  space  of  24  leagues  froi>i  e.  to  w.  and  of 
16  leagues  in  width.  This  archipelago  is  com- 
posed of  a  great  number  of  isles,  the  coasts  of 
which  are  very  dangerous  for  navigators,  and 
celebrated  for  the  shipwreck  of  many  vessels, 
particularly  of  some  valuable  Spanish  galleons  ; 
but  very  luckily  for  trade  and  navigation  nature 
has  situate  in  the  midst  of  them  a  bay  of  three  or 
four  leagues  wide,  and  of  six  or  seven  long,  the 
most  beautiful  that  can  possibly  be  imagined, 
called  the  Bay  of  Francis  Drake,  in  which  ves- 
sels may  lie  at  anchor  close  to  the  shore  in 
safety,  and  well  sheltered  from  all  the  winds. 

At  present  the  possession  of  these  islands  is 
divided  between  the  English  and  the  Danes,  and 
the  Spaniards  pretend  to  those  which  are  nighest 
to  Puerto  Rico.  Those  belonging  to  the  Eng- 
lish are,  the  Virgin  Grrda,  on  which  depend 
Anegada,  Nicker,  Prickly  »  »ar,  Mosquito  Island, 
Cumauoes,  Dog  Island,  trie  Fallen  City,  the 
Round  Rock,  Ginger,  Coopers,  Salt  Island,  Pe- 
ter'',  and  Dead  Chest ;  besides  which,  Tortola, 
on  which  depend  .'ost  Van  Dykes,  Little  Van 
Dvues,  Guana,  Beef,  and  Thatch  'islands,  all  of 
which  have,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  been 
put  under  a  regular  form  of  government. 

The  islands  belonging  to  the  Danes  are,  St. 
Thomas,  on  which  tliose  of  Brass,  Little  Saba, 
Buck,  Great  and  Little  St.  James,  and  Bird  is- 
land, are  dependent ;  with  St.  John's,  on  which 
depend  those  of  Lavango,  Cam,  Witch,  and  Santa 
Cruz. 

The  Spaniards  claim  Serpents'  Island,  (which 
the  English  call  Green  Island),  the  Tropic  Keys, 
Great  and  Little  Passage  Island,  and  particularly 
Crab  Island. 

[The  Virgin  Islands  were  so  named  by  Colum- 
bus himself,  who  discovered  them  in  1493,  and 
gave  them  this  appellation,  in  allusion  to  the 
well-known  legend  iu  the  Romish  ritual  of  the 
11,000  virgins^ 

The  Spaniards  of  those  days,  however,  thought 
them  unworthy  of  further  notice.  A  century  af- 
terwards, 159G,  they  were  visited  by  the  Earl  of 
Cumberland,  iii  his  way  to  the  attack  of  Puerto 
Rico ;  and  the  historian  of  that  voyage,  whose 
narrative  is  preserved  in  Hakluyt's  collection, 
calls  them  "  a  knot  of  little  islands  wholly  un- 
inhabited, sandy,  barren,  and  craggy."  .\lthough, 
as  has  been  already  stated,  the  principal  islands 


do  not  exceed  10  or  12,  the  whole  group  may 
comprehend  about  40  islands,  idiots,  and  keys, 
and  they  are  divided  as  just  mentioned. 

The  first  possessors  of  such  of  these  islands  as 
now  belong  to  the  British  government,  were  a 
party  of  Dutch  Bucaniers  w  ho  fixed  themselves 
at  'fortola  about  the  year  1G48,  and  built  a  fort 
there  for  their  protection.  In  Hi6G,  they  were 
driven  out  by  a  stronger  party  of  th(  same  ad . 
venturers,  who,  calling  themselves  English,  pre- 
tended to  take  possession  for  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  English  monarch,  ii  he  did  not 
commission  the  enterprise,  made  no  scruple  to 
claim  the  benefit  of  it ;  for  Tortola  and  its  de- 

tendencies  were  soon  afterwards  annexed  to  the 
leeward  Island  government,  in  a  commission 
granted  by  King  Charles  II.  to  Sir  William  Sta- 
pleton. 

The  Dutch  had  made  bit  little  progress  in 
cultivating  the  country  when  they  were  expelled 
from  Tortola  ;  and  the  chief  merit  of  its  sub- 
sequent improvements  was  reserved  for  some 
English  settlers  from  the  little  island  of  Angiiilla, 
who,  about  a  century  past,  embsirked  with  their 
families  and  settled  iu  the  Virgin  Islands.  Their 
wants  were  few,  and  their  government  simple 
and  unexpensive.  The  deputy-governor,  with  a 
council  nominated  from  among  themselves,  exer- 
cised both  the  legislative  and  judicinl  authority,  de- 
termining, in  a  summary  manner,  without  a  jury, 
all  questions  between  subject  and  subject ;  and 
as  to  taxes,  there  seem  to  have  been  none  laid : 
when  money  was  absolutely  necessary  for  public 
use,  it  was  raised,  we  conjecture,  by  voluntary 
contribution. 

I  iider  such  a  system,  it  was  impossible  that 
the  colony  could  attain  to  much  importnnce.  It 
wanted  the  advantage  of  English  ca|)itals ;  but 
credit  is  sparingly  given  where  payment  cannot 
easily  be  enforced.  The  inhabitants  therefore, 
whose  numbers  in  I7i56,  amounted  to  1,263 
whites,  and  6,121  blacks,  reasonably  hoped  to 
be  put  on  the  same  footing  with  the  sister 
islands,  by  the  establishment  of  a  perfect  civil 
government,  and  constitutional  courts  of  justice 
among  them ;  but  in  this  expectation  they  were 
not  gratified  until  the  year  1773.  In  that  year, 
they  presented  an  humble  petition  to  the  cf»;  mu- 
general  of  the  Leeward  Island  governnvni  re- 
questing his  excellency  to  unite  with  the  a  ..i  an 
application  to  his  Majesty,  for  permission  to  elect 
an  assembly  of  representatives  out  if  the  free- 
holders and  planters,  in  order  that  such  assem- 
bly, with  the  governor  and  council,  might  frame] 


V  I  n 


V  I  R 


243 


hie  that 

rice.    It 

tals ;  but 

cannot 
lerct'ore, 
o  1,263 
oped  to 
le  sister 
bet  civil 
of  justice 
ley  were 
hat  year, 

cp;"  Mn- 

t  ...  an 
n  to  eleci 
the  free- 

assem- 
it  frame] 


;h 


[proper  laws  for  their  peace,  welfare,  and  good     proved  land 

{•overnnient ;  pledjyins;  themselves,  in  that  case, 

to  !•  rant  to  his  Majesty,  his  heirs  and  successors, 

an  impost  of  i{  per  cent,   in  specie,  upon  all 

ifoorls   and   commodities  the  growth    of  these 

islands,  similar  to  that  which  was  paid  in  the 

other  Leeward  Islands 


v^hich  may  yet  be  brought  into  cul- 
tivation. Tortola  itselt'^is  not  more  than  15  miles 


Their  application,  thus  sweetened,  proved  suc- 
cessful. It  was  signified  to  them  that  his  Ma- 
jesty, fully  considering  the  persons,  circumstan- 
ces, and  condition  of  his  sain  Virgin  Islands,  and 
the  necessity  there  was,  from  the  then  state  of 
their  culture  and  inhabitancy,  that  some  adequate 
and  perfect  form  of  civil  government  should  be 
established  therein;  "and  finally  trusting  that 
his  faithful  subjects  in  his  said  Virgin  Islands, 
who  should  compose  the  new  assembly,  would, 
as  the  first  act  of  legislation,  cheerfully  make 
good  the  engagement  of  granting  to  his  Majesty, 
his  heirs  and  successors,  the  impost  of  4|  per 
cent,  on  all  the  produce  of  the  Virgin  Islands,  to 
be  raised  and  paid  in  the  same  manner  as  the  4| 
per  cent,  is  made  payable  in  the  other  Leeward 
Islands,"  did  cause  his  royal  pleasure  to  be  sig- 
nified to  the  governor  in  chief,  that  he  should 
issue  writs  in  his  Majesty's  name,  for  convening 
an  assembly  or  house  of  representatives,  who,  to- 
gether witn  a  council,  to  be  composed  of  12  per- 
sons, to  be  appointed  by  the  governor  for  that 
purpose,  might  frame  and  pass  such  laws  as 
sliould  be  necessary  for  the  welfare  and  good 
government  of  the  said  islands. 

Accordingly,  on  November  30,  1773,  the  go- 
vernor in  chief  of  the  Leeward  Islands,  in  obe- 
dience to  his  Majesty's  orders,  issued  a  procla- 
mation for  convening  an  assembly  or  house  of 
representative  of  the  Virgin  Islands,  who  met  on 
the  first  of  February  following,  and  very  honour- 
ably complied  with  their  engagement  to  the 
crown  ;  the  very  first  act  passed  by  them  being 
the  grant  before  mentioned  of  4|  percent,  on  the 
produce  of  the  colony  for  ever.  They  afterwards 
passed  a  grant  of  jg.40O  currency  per  ann.  as 
their  proportion  towards  the  salary  of  the  gover- 
nor-general. 

Such  was  the  price  at  which  the  Virgin  Islands 

[lui'chased  the  establishment  of  a  constitutional 
egislature,  and  they  were  thus  included  under 
tlie  Leeward  Charaibean  island  government. 

The  chief,  and  almost  the  only  staple  produc- 
tions of  these  islands  are  sugar  and  cotton.  Of 
the  quantity  of  land  appropriated  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  eitlier,  we  have  no  account,  nor  can  we 
venture  even  to  guess,  at  the  quantity  of  unim- 


long  and  six  miles  broad. 

The  exports  of  1787,  that  were  raised  by  the 
labour  of  1,200  whites,  and  9,000  blacks,  in  the 
whole  of  these  islands  belonging  to  (Jreat  Bri- 
tain, amounted  in  value  to  £.166,959  12s.  (id. ; 
of  which  the  proportions  to  different  parts  were 
as  follow : — 

£.      s.    d. 

To  Great  Britain,      -      -      -     164,128  17     6 

American  States,       -       -         1,499    9    0 

British  Colonies  in  America,      1,230  15     0 

Foreign  W.  Indies,     -      -  100  1 1     0 

166,959  12     6 

The  exports  from  Tortola  alone,  the  principal 
island,  into  Great  Britain,  for  the  year  1810, 
amounted  to  £.61,520. 

The  Virgin  Islands  extend,  as  before  ob- 
served, for  the  space  of  24  leagues,  from  e.  to  lo. 
and  nearly  approach  the  e.  coaat  of  Puerto  Rico. 
They  lie  about  lat.  18"  20'  n.  and  the  course 
through  them,  with  due  ttention,  is  perfectly 
safe  at  w.  by  n.  and  w.  n.  to.  as  far  as  the  w.  end 
of  the  fourth  island.  Leave  this  on  the  starboard 
side,  and  the  island  called  Foul  Cliff,  on  the  lar- 
board, between  which  there  is  16  fathoms,  and  a 
free  channel  to  the  w.  before  there  is  any  altera- 
tion of  the  course ;  for  though  there  be  but  six 
or  seven  fathoms  in  some  places,  it  is  no  where 
shoaler,  and  in  some  places  there  is  from  16  to 
20  fathoms.  The  island  of  Anguilla,  on  the  ». 
side  of  St.  Martin's  Island,  is  e.s.  c.  from  them.j 

Virgin,  a  point  of  land  or  cape  of  the  coast 
of  the  Strait  of  Magellan ;  one  of  those  which 
form  the  entrance  into  the  N.  Sea,  in  lat.  52° 
30°  s. 

Virgin,  another  cape  or  point  of  land,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  California  or  Mar  Roxo  de 
Cortes,  to  the  w.  of  the  Cape  of  San  Marcos. 

Virgin,  a  bay,  which  like  the  W.  Indian  Vir- 
gin Isles,  is  called  of  the  Eleven  Thousand  Virgins 
(De  las  Once  Mil  Vigines).  It  is  on  the  n.  coast 
of  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  between  the  bays  of 
Santiago  and  San  Gregorio. 

Virgin.  Some  very  lofly  mountains  of  the 
province  of  Californias,  between  the  cape  of  this 
name  and  the  Bay  of  Concepcion,  in  the  which, 
ill  the  year  1746,  were  discovered  several  vol- 
canoes. 

VIRGINIA,  a  province  and  colony  of  the 
English  in  N.  America,  the  first  province  which 
the  English  possessed  in  this  part  of  the  world, 
1  I  2 


»':ilJvl 


n 


■:>f 


'd'1-lll 


'ih  } , 


244 


VIRGINIA. 


;  hi  'M 


they  having  given  this  name  to  the  whole  of  the 
country,  which  was  afterwards  divided  into  dif- 
tercnt  provinces  and  colonies.  This  colony,  which 
was  founded  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  was  thrice 
destroyed  by  the  Indians,  and  for  the  fourth  time, 
re-established  by  Lord  Delaware  in  the  reign  o*" 
King  Charic  <  I.  of  England.  It  was  again  thrown 
into  a  state  of  disturbance  through  a  gentleman 
of  the  nam«^  of  Bacon,  but  whose  death  put  a  stop 
to  the  ruinous  consequences  which  threatened  to 
ensue.  The  inhabitants  are  650,000,  the  greater 
part  Negroes.  Indeed,  the  number  of  these, 
alone,  amounts  to  500,000 ;  and  the  importation 
of  them  anually  is  from  7,000  to  8,000. 

[Virginia,  now  one  of  the  United  States,  lies 
between  lat.  36°  30'  and  40°  40'  «.  and  between 
long.  75°  SO'  and  83°  8'  a;.  It  is  in  length  386 
miles,  in  breadth  245  at  its  broadest  part,  con- 
taining about  70,000  square  miles;  bounded  n. 
by  Maryland,  part  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
River,  u\  by  Kentucky,  s,  by"  N.  Carolina,  and 
c.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  This  State  is  divided 
into  S2  counties,  (and  by  another  division  into 
parishes)  which,  with  the  number  of  inhabitants, 
according  to  the  census  of  1790,  are  mentioned 
in  the  following  table  : — 


West  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 

Slaveai. 


Ohio  -  -  - 
Monongalia  - 
Washington  - 
Montgomery"! 
Wythe  -  > 
Botetourt  -J 
Greenbriar 
Kanawa 
Hampshire 
Berkly  -  - 
Frederick 
Shenandoah  - 
Rockingliam  - 
Augusta  -  - 
Rockbridae  - 


.} 


S81 
154 
450 

2,087 

■  319 

454 
2,932 
4,250 

■  512 
.     772 

1,222 
682 


Total  Inhabilants. 

-  5,212 

-  4,768 

-  5,625 

-  23,752 

-  6,015 

-  7,346 

-  19.713 

-  19,681 

-  10,510 

-  7,449 

-  10,886 

-  6,548 


Bcticecn  Ike  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Tide  fValers. 

Loudoun  -    -  -  4,030  ...  -  18,962 

Fauquier     -  -  6,()42  -    -    -  -  17,892 

Culpepper    -  -  8,^26  -    -    -  -  22,105 

Spotsylvania  -  5,933  -    -    -  -  11,252 

Orange,   -     -  -  4,421  .    -    -  -    9,921 

Louisa     -     -  -  4,573  -    -    -  -    8,467 

Goochland    -  -  4,656  -    -    -  -     9,053 

Flavania     -  -  1,466  -    -    -  -    3,921 


Albemarle    - 
Amherst  -     - 
Buckingham 
Bedford    -    - 
Henry     -     - 
Pittsylvania  - 
Halifax     -     • 
Charlotte 
Prince  Edward 
Cumberland  - 
Powhatan     - 
Amelia      )  _ 
Nottaway  )  " 
Lunenburg   - 
Mecklenburg 
Brunswick    - 


Slaves, 

5,579 
5,296 
4,168 
2,754 
1,551 
2,979 
5,565 
4,816 
3,986 
4,434 
4,325 

11,307 

4,332 
6,762 
6,776 


Tutai  Inhabiijni*. 

-  12,585 

-  13,703 

-  9,779 

-  10,531 

-  8,479 

-  11,579 
■  14,722 

-  10,078 

-  8,100 

-  8,I.'J3 

-  6,822 

-  18,097 

-  8,959 

-  14,733 

-  12,827 


Between  James  River  and  Carolina. 

6,362 
13,934 


Greensville  - 
Dinwiddie    • 
Chesterfield  - 
Prince  George 
Surry   _    -    - 
Sussex  -     -    - 
Southampton 
Isle  of  Wight 
Nansemond  - 
Norfolk   -     - 
Princess  Ann 


-  3,620 

-  7,334 

-  7,487 

-  4,519 

-  3,097 

-  5,.S87 

-  %993 

-  3,867 

-  3,817 

-  5,345 

-  3,202 


14,214 
8,173 
6,227 

10,554 

12,864 
9,028 
9,010 

14,524 
7,793 


Between  James  and  York  Rivers. 


Henrico    -    - 
Hanover  -     - 
New-Kent     - 
Charles  City  - 
James  City  - 
Williamsburg  7 
York  -    -     -  i 
Warwick 
Elizabeth  City 


5,819  - 

8,^23  - 

3,700  - 

3,141  - 

2,405  - 

2,760  - 

990  - 

1,876  - 


12,000 

14,754 

6,239 

5,518 

4,070 

5,233 

1.690 
3,450 


Between  York  and  Rappahannock  Rivers. 


Caroline 
King  William  - 
King  and  Queen 
Essex  -  -  - 
Middlesex  -  - 
Gloucester   -    - 


10,292 
5,151 
5,143 
5,440 

2,558 
7,063 


17,489 
8,128 
9,377 
9,122 
4,140 

13,498 


Between  Rappahannock  and  Patowmack  Rivers. 
Fairfax    -     -    -     4,574     ...    -  12,390 
Prince  William      4,704    .    -    -    -  11,615 
Stafford      -      -    4,036    -    -    -    -    9,588] 


VIRGINIA. 


245 


Csunllet.                            SUvn. 

Total  Inhahiianis. 

Kins;  George     -    4,157    -    - 

.      . 

7,366 

Richmond    -     •     3,984    -    - 

. 

6,985 

Westniorelund  -    4,425    -    - 

.      . 

7,722 

Northiimbt::and    4,460    -    - 

. 

9,163 

Lancaster     -    -    3,236    -    - 

-      - 

5,638 

Eastern  Shore. 

Accomac      -      -    4,2G2    -     - 

.      - 

13,959 

Northanpton    -    3,244    -    - 

-      - 

6,889 

New  Counties. 

Campbell     -     -    2,488    -    - 

-      - 

7,685 

Franklin      -      -     1,073    -    - 

-      . 

6,842 

Harrison      -      -         67     -     - 

-      - 

2,080 

Randolph    -      -         19    -    - 

-      . 

951 

Hardy    -     -     -       369    -    - 

-      . 

7,336 

Pendleton     -      -        73    -    - 

. 

2,452 

Russel    -     -     -       190    -    - 

-      - 

3,338 

Whole  number  of  inhabitants,    747,610 
of  whom  292,627  were  slaves. 
By  the  censuH  of  1810,  the  whole  number  was 
965,079,  giving  an  increase  in  20  years  of  217,469. 
— According  to  the  latter  census,  there  were  of 

Whites 548,320 

Slaves 386,377 

Free  persons  of  colour     -     -      30,382 


965,079 
In  an  extensive  country,  it  will  be  expected 
that  the  climate  is  not  the  same  in  all  its  parts. 
It  is  remarkable  that,  proceeding  on  the  same 
parallel  of  latitude  w.  the  climate  becomes  colder 
in  like  manner  as  when  you  proceed  n.  This 
continues  to  be  the  case  till  you  attain  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Alleghany,  which  is  the  highest  land 
between  the  ocean  and  the  Mississippi.  From 
thence,  descending  in  the  same  latitude  to  the 
Mississippi,  the  change  reverses ;  and,  if  we  may 
believe  travellers,  it  becomes  warmer  there  than 
it  is  in  the  same  latitude  on  the  sea-side.  Their 
testimony  is  strengthened  by  the  vegetables  and 
animals  which  subsist  and  multiply  there  natu- 
rally, and  do  not  on  the  sea-coast.  Thus  cala/- 
pns  grow  spontaneously  on  the  Mississippi,  as 
far  as  the  latitude  of  37°,  and  reeds  as  far  as  38°. 
Parroquets  even  winter  on  the  Scioto,  in  the  la- 
titude of  39°.  The  s.w.  winds,  e.  of  the  moun- 
tains, are  most  predominant.  Next  to  these,  on 
the  sea-coast,  the  n.  e.,  and  at  the  mountains,  the 
«.  w.  winds  prevail.  The  difference  between 
these  winds  is  very  great.  The  n.  e.  is  loaded 
with  vapour,  insomuch  that  the  salt  manufactu- 
rers have  found  that  their  crystals  would  not 


shoot  while  that  blows  ;  it  occasions  a  distressing 
chill,  and  a  heaviness  and  depression  of  the  spi- 
rits. The  n.  w.  is  dry,  cooling,  elastic,  and  ani- 
mating. The  e.  and  s.  c.  breezes  come  on  gene- 
rally in  the  afternoon.  They  havn  advanced  into 
the  county  very  sensibly  within  the  memory  of 
people  now  living.  Mr.  Jefferson  reckons  the 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold  to  be  98°  above,  and 
6  below  0,  in  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  The 
months  of  June  and  July,  though  often  the  hot- 
l<»st,  are  the  most  healthy  in  the  year.  The  wea- 
ther is  then  dry  and  less  liable  to  change  than  in 
August  and  September,  when  the  rain  commences 
ana  sudden  variations  take  place.  On  the  sea- 
coast  the  land  is  low,  generally  within  12  feet  of 
the  level  of  the  sea,  intersected  in  all  directions 
with  salt  creeks  and  rivers,  the  heads  of  which 
form  swamps  and  marshes,  and  fenny  ground, 
covered  witli  water  in  wet  seasons.  The  uncul- 
tivated lands  are  covered  with  large  trees,  and 
thick  underwooo.  The  vicinity  of  the  sea,  and 
salt  creeks  and  rivers,  occasion  a  constant  mois- 
ture and  warmth  of  the  atmosphere,  so  that  al- 
though under  the  same  latitude,  100  or  150  miles 
in  the  country,  deep  snows  and  frozen  rivers  fre- 
quently happen  for  a  short  season,  yet  here  such 
occurrences  are  considered  as  phenomena;  for 
these  reasons,  the  trees  are  often  in  bloom  as 
early  as  the  last  of  February  ;  from  this  period, 
however,  till  the  end  of  April,  the  inhabitants  are 
incommoded  by  cold  rains,  piercing  winds,  and 
sharp  frosts,  which  subject  them  to  the  inflamma- 
tory diseases,  such  as  pleurisy  and  peripucu- 
mony. 

The  chief  rivers  are,  Roanoke,  James's,  Nan- 
semond,  Chickahominy,  Appamatox,  Rivanna, 
York,  Piankatank,  Rappahannock,  Patowmack, 
Shenandoah,  and  the  Great  Kanhaway.  These 
rivers  and  creeks  are  described  under  their  re- 
spective names.  They  abound  with  fish  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  as  sturgeon,  shad,  bass,  carp,  sheeps- 
head,  drum,  herrings,  perch,  cat-fish,  oysters, 
crabs,  &c. 

It  is  worthy  of  notice,  that  the  mountains  are 
not  solitary  and  scattered  confusedly  over  the 
face  of  the  country  ;  but  commence  at  about  150 
miles  from  tb'  sea-coast,  are  disposed  in  ridges 
one  behin J  c  't>ther,  running  nearly  parallel  with 
the  sea-coast,  though  rathpr  approaching  it  as 
they  advance  n.e.  See  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains. In  the  same  direction  generally  are  the 
veins  of  lime-stone,  coal,  and  other  minerals 
hitherto  discovered;  and  so  range  the  falls  of  the 
great  rivers.  But  the  courses  of  the  great  rivers 
are  at  right  angles  with  these.    James  and  Pa-] 


V  I 


:'   t 


.  '  V  . 


'■!  ;.V.i 


i    ■■ 


"  ■T:4in 


'^M 


:i:^ 


•210 


VIRGINIA. 


iMi 


[towmnck  penetrate  throui>;h  all  the  ridges  of 
inuuntaiiis  r.  of  tlie  Alle<;Iiunv,  wliicli  is  brukcn 
by  no  water  course.  It  is  in  fact  tlie  spine  of 
the  country  between  the  Atlantic  on  one  side,  and 
the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence  on  the  oilier. 
The  passage  of  tlic  Patowmack  through  the  Blue 
Hidge  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  stupendous 
scenes  in  nature.  The  mountains  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  of  these,  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  are 
thought  to  lie  of  a  greater  height,  measured  from 
their  l)ase,  than  any  others  in  Virginia,  and  per- 
haps in  N.  America.  From  data,  wliich  may 
found  a  tolerable  conjecture,  we  suppose  the 
hi'jhost  peak  to  be  about  400  feet  periiendicular, 
which  is  not  a  fifth  part  of  the  height  of  the 
mountains  of  S.  America,  nor  one-third  of  the 
height  w  hicli  would  be  necessary  in  our  latitude 
to  preserve  ice  in  the  open  air  uninelted  through 
the  year.  The  ridge  of  mountains  next  beyond 
the  Blue  Ridge,  called  the  North  Mountain,  is  of 
the  greatest  extent;  for  which  reason  they  are 
named  by  the  Indians,  The  Endless  Mountains. 
The  Onasioto  Mountains  are  50  or  60  miles  wide 
at  the  Gap.  These  mountains  abound  in  coal, 
lime,  and  free-stone ;  the  «unimits  of  them  are 
generally  covered  with  a  good  soil,  and  a  variety 
of  timber ;  and  the  low  intervale  lands  are  ricli 
and  remarkably  well-watered.  The  whole  coun- 
try below  the  mountains,  which  are  about  150, 
some  say  200  miles  from  the  sea,  is  level,  and 
seems  from  various  appearances  to  have  been 
once  washed  b^  the  sea.  The  land  between  York 
and  James  Rivers  is  very  level,  and  its  surface 
about  40  feet  above  high  water  mark.  It  appears 
from  observation,  to  have  arisen  to  its  present 
height  at  different  periods  far  distant  from  each 
other,  and  that  at  these  periods  it  was  washed  by 
the  sea  ;  for  near  Yorktown,  where  the  banks  are 
perpendicular,  you  first  see  a  stratum,  intermixed 
with  small  shells  resembling  a  mixture  of  clay 
and  sand,  and  about  five  feet  thick ;  on  this  lies 
horizontally,  small  white  shells,  cockle,  clam,  &c. 
an  inch  or  two  thick  ;  then  a  body  of  earth,  simi- 
lar to  that  first  mentioned,  18  inches  thick  ;  then 
a  layer  of  shells  and  another  body  of  earth ;  on 
this  a  layer  of  three  feet  of  white  shells  mixed 
with  sand,  on  which  lay  a  body  of  oyster  shells 
six  feet  thick,  which  were  covered  with  earth  to 
the  surface.  The  oyster-shells  are  so  united  by 
a  very  strong  cement,  that  they  fall  only  when 
undermined,  and  then  in  large  bodies  from  one 
to  20  tons  weight.  They  have  the  appearance  of 
large  rocks  on  the  shore.  The  soil  below  the 
mountains  seems  to  have  acquired  a  character  for 
goodness  which  it  by  no  means  deserves.  Though 


not  rich,  it  is  well  suited  to  the  growth  of  to- 
bacco  and  Indian  corn,  and  parts  of  it  for  wheat. 
(«ood  crops  of  cotton,  flax,  and  hemp,  are  also 
raised;  and  in  some  counties  they  have  plenty 
of  cider,  and  exquisite  brandy,  distilled  from 
peaches,  wliich  grow  in  groat  abundance  upon 
the  numerous  rivers  of  the  Chesapeak.  The 
planters,  before  the  war,  paid  their  principal  at- 
tention to  the  culture  of  tobacco,  of^  which  there 
used  to  be  «>xported,  generally,  55,000  hogsheads 
a  year.  Since  the  revolution,  they  are  turning 
their  attention  more  to  the  cultivation  of  whent, 
Indian  corn,  barley,  flax,  and  hemp.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  this  State  will  add  the  article  of  rice 
to  the  list  of  her  exports;  as  it  is  supposed,  a 
large  body  of  swamp  in  the  easternmost  counties, 
is  capable  of  producing  it. 

Horned  or  neat  cattle  are  bred  in  great  num- 
bers in  the  w.  counties  of  Virgina,  as  well  as  in 
the  S'.ates  s.  of  it,  where  thev  have  an  extensive 
range,  and  mild  winters,  w  ithout  any  permanent 
snows.  They  run  at  large,  are  not  housed,  and 
multiply  very  fast.  In  the  lower  jiarts  of  the 
State  a  disease  prevailed  some  years  ago  among 
the  neat  catile,  which  proved  fatal  to  all  that 
were  not  bred  there.  The  oxen,  from  the  more 
«.  States,  whicli  were  employed  at  the  siege  of 
Yorktown,  in  October,  178 J,  almost  all  died, 
sometimes  40  of  them  in  a  night,  and  of\en  sud- 
denly drop  down  dead  in  the  roads.  It  is  said 
that  the  seeds  of  this  disease  were  brought  from 
the  Ilavanna  to  S  Carolina  or  Georgia  in  some 
hides,  and  that  the  disease  has  progressed  n.  to 
Virginia.  Lord  Dunmore  imported  some  cattle 
from  Rhode  Island,  and  kept  them  confined  in  a 
small  pasture,  near  his  seat,  where  no  cattle  had 
been  for  some  years,  and  where  they  could  not 
intermix  with  other  cattle,  and  yet  they  soon 
died.  The  gentlemen,  being  fond  of  pleasure, 
have  taken  much  pains  to  raise  a  good  breed  of 
horses,  and  have  succeeded  in  it  beyond  any  of 
the  States.  They  will  give  jg.lOOO  sterling  for 
a  good  stallion.  Horse  racing  has  had  a  great 
tendency  to  encourage  the  breeding  of  good 
honses,  as  it  affords  an  opportunity  of  putting 
them  to  the  trial  of  their  speed.  They  are  more 
elegant,  and  will  perform  more  service,  than  the 
horses  of  the  N.  States. 

Caves  among  the  mountains,  have  lately  been 
discovered,  which  yield  saltpetre  in  such  abund- 
ance, that  500,0001bs.  of  it  might  be  collected 
from  them  annually.  Virginia  is  the  most  preg- 
nant with  minerals  and  fossils  of  any  State  in  the 
Union,  A  single  lump  of  gold  ore  has  been 
found,  near  the  falls  of  Rappahannock  River,] 


V  r  n  G  f  N I  A. 


247 


fwliich  yielded  17  dwt.  of  f>old,  of  extraordinary 
ductility.  No  other  indication  of  gold  lius  been 
discovered  in  its  nei^libonrliood.  On  tlie  ^reat 
Kiinlinway,  op|)osito  to  tiie  mouth  jf  Cripple 
Treek,  and  also  about  ^5  uiilos  from  the  s.  boun- 
dary of  the  State,  in  the  county  of  Montgomery, 
are  mines  of  lead.  The  metal  is  mixed,  some- 
times with  earth,  and  sometimes  with  rock,  which 
requires  the  force  of  gunpowder  to  open  it ;  and 
is  accompanied  with  a  portion  of  silver,  too  small 
tfi  be  worth  separation,  under  any  process  hi- 
th<>rto  attempted  there.  The  proportion  yielded 
is  from  50  to  80 lbs.  of  pure  metal  from  100  lbs. 
of  washed  ore.  The  most  common  is  that  of  ijO 
to  the  lOOIbs.  Copper,  iron,  black-lead,  coal, 
marble,  lime-stone,  &c.  are  found  in  this  coun- 
try. Crystals  are  common.  Some  amethysts, 
and  one  enerald  have  been  discovered. 

Every  able-bodied  freeman,  between  the  ages 
of  1()  and  50,  is  enrolled  in  the  militia.  Those 
of  every  comity  are  formed  into  companies,  and 
these  again  into  one  or  more  battalions,  accord- 
ing to  the  numbers  in  the  county.  Thty  are 
commanded  by  colonels  and  other  subordina*' 
oflicers,  as  in  the  regular  service.  In  every 
county  is  a  county  lieutenant,  who  commands  the 
whole  militia  in  his  county,  but  ranks  only  as  a 
colonel  in  the  field.  They  have  no  general  offi- 
cers always  existing.  These  are  appointed  oc- 
casionally, when  an  invasion  or  insurrection  hap- 
pens, and  their  commission  ceases  with  the  occa- 
sion. The  governor  is  head  of  the  military  as 
well  as  civil  power.  The  law  requires  every 
militia  man  to  provide  himself  with  the  arms 
usual  in  the  regular  service.  The  intersection 
of  Virginia  by  so  many  navigable  rivers,  renders 
it  almost  incapable  of  defence-  As  the  land  will 
not  support  a  great  rumber  of  people,  a  force 
cannot  soon  be  collected  to  repei  a  sudden  inva- 
sion. The  militia,  in  179^^,  amounted  to  about 
68,(100  men. 

This  State  is  not  divided  into  townships,  nor 
are  tlici-e  any  towns  of  consequence,  owing  pro- 
bably to  the  intersection  of  the  country  by  navi- 
gable rivers,  which  brings  the  trade  to  the  doors 
of  the  inhabitants,  and  prevents  the  necessity  of 
their  going  in  quest  of  it  to  a  distance.  The 
principal  towns,  or  more  properly  villages  or 
hamlets,  are  as  follows.  On  James  River,  and 
its  waters,  Norfolk,  Portsmouth.  Hampton,  Suf- 
folk, Smithfield,  Williamsburg,  Petersburg,  Rich- 
mond, Manchester,  Charlottesville,  New  London. 
— On  York  River,  and  its  waters,  York,  New- 
castle, Hanover. — On  Rappahannock;  Urbaniia, 


Port  Royal,  Fredericksburg,  Falmouth. — On  Pr.- 
towmack,  and  its  waters,  Diiiiifries,  Colchester, 
Alexandria,  Winchester,  and  Staunton.  There 
are  places,  at  which,  like  some  of  the  foregoing, 
the  laws  have  said  there  shall  be  towns;  but  na- 
ture has  said  there  shall  not,  and  they  remain  un- 
worthy of  enumeration.  Norfolk  will  piobably 
become  the  emporium  for  all  the  trade  of  the 
Chesapeak  Bay  and  its  waters  ;  and  a  canal  of 
ei^ht  or  10  miles,  which  is  contemplated,  and 
will  probably  soon  be  completed,  will  bring 
to  it  all  that  of  Albemarle  Sound  and  its  waters. 
Secondary  to  this  place,  are  the  towns  at  the 
head  of  the  tide-waters,  to  wit,  Petersburg  on 
Appamattox,  Richmond  on  James  River,  New- 
castle on  York  River,  Fredericksburg  on  Rappa- 
hannock, and  Alexandria  on  Patowmack.  From 
these  the  distribution  will  be  to  si:bordinate  situ- 
ations of  the  country.  Accidental  circK.nstances, 
however,  may  control  the  indications  of  nature, 
and  in  no  instances  do  they  do  it  more  frequently 
than  in  (he  rise  and  fall  of  towns.  The  college 
of  William  and  Mary  was  founded  about  the  be- 
ginning of  this  century.  See  Williamsburg. 
— The  academy  in  Prince  Edward  County  has 
been  erected  into  a  college,  by  the  name  of 
Hampden  Sidney  College.  There  are  a  number 
of  academies  in  different  parts  of  Virginia,  one 
at  Alexandria,  ono  at  Norfolk,  one  at  Hanover, 
and  others  in  other  places.  The  present  deno- 
minations of  Christians  in  Virginia  are  Presbyt»v 
rians,  who  arc  most  numerous.  Episcopalians, 
Baptists,  and  Methodists. 

The  exports  of  this  State,  in  the  year  1791, 
ending  Sept.  SO,  amounted  to  3,131,227  dollars; 
in  1792,  3,549,499  dollars;  in  1793,  2,984,317 
dollars;  in  1794,  3,321,494  dollars;  and  in  1796, 
5,268,615  dollars.  In  1790,  about  40,000  hhds. 
of  tobacco  were  exported ;  but  its  culture  has 
since  declined,  and  that  of  wheat  taken  its  place. 
The  greatest  quantity  of  tobacco  every  produced 
in  this  country,  in  one  year,  was  70,000  hhds.  in 
the  year  1758. 

Virginia  was  settled  permanently,  after  several 
preceding  unsuccessful  attempts,  in  1610,  being 
the  earliest  established  of  any  of  the  United 
States  :  to  which  article,  for  a  more  copious 
information  of  this  State,  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred.] 

The  capital  is  Williamsburg ;  the  two  capes  or 
points  of  land,  called  Henry  and  Charles,  form 
the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Chesapeak,  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  handsome  in  the  known  world, 
it  being  no  less  than  16  miles  wide  at  its  mouth.j 


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[LIST of  PirsUlrnts  and  (joieitiors  of  Virginia,  from  its  first  Stttltnient  to  the  Year  IC24. 

Edwunl  Mmiii  Winfiold,           from  Miiy,        I()07,     to     Sont.         I(i07 

John  Uittcliir*',      ......  Sept.        1()()7,     to     .Inly,         I(>08 

Mut.  S(ii\onfr,  ViccPri'sulcnt,      -  .Inly,        KiOH,     to     Hopt.         1608 

John  Smith, Sept.        lOOS,     to     Sept.         I(i09 

(lOorK**  PfiTv,  Oovcrnor,    -     -     -  Sept.        I(j()f),     to     Miiy,         ItilO 

Sir  ThomiiH  (iiitrH, May,        KJIO,     to     Juni*,        KJIO 

Lord  Drill wa IT, Iniio,       l()l(),     to     Miirch,      Kill 

(fcorffo  Pi'iry, Miiri-Ii,     Kill,     to     May,         1611 

Sir  TlioniHH  l)iilo, May         Kill,     to     AugUHt,    Kill 

Sir  Thomas  (iiitcs, Angnst,  Kill,     to                     J6I4 

Sir  Thomas  DaU«, Kill,     to                     I6I(> 

Gt'orfjo  Yoardjpy, KiKi,     to                     KilT 

Samuel  Arjrall, I()I7,     to                     1«I9 

Cioorse  Yoardloy, .''ilO,     to     Nov.         Ki'il 

Sir  I'raniis  Wyat, Nov.        lO'JI,     to                     Kii?4 J 

VIRCiINS,  RociiF.Rs  DF.s.   Sonio  rocky  shoals  Viiir,  tlio  aforesaid  river,  rises  in  the  province 

near  the  s.  coast  of  Newfoundland,  within  the  of  (inamachiico,  from  some  mountains  which  they 

Bav  of  Plaisance.  call  Los  1'edernales,  and  runs   IS  l>aji>;ues,  col* 

V'lUO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  cor-  lecfinp  in  its  course  the  waters  of  a  smaller  river 

/'('^/m/(7//()  of  Aimarae/ in  Peru  ;  annexed  to  thu  called  l/(|(iiocda,  when  it  enters  the  S.  Sea.     In 

curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Mollebamha.  the  rainy  season  it  swells  prodigiously;  hut  in 

V'lUOA,  u  lake  of  the  province  and  country  the  summer  it  experiences  a  great  drought, 

of  Las  Amazonas,  in  the  part  possessed  by  the  VIRUDA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 

Portuguese.     It  is  formed  by  a  waste-water  of  government  of  San  .luan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the 

this  river,  and  is  situate  between  the  lakes  Ma-  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada,  on  the  shore  of  the 

mia  and  Quamarii.  abundant  river  .Ariari. 

VIRO-VIRO,  a   settlement  of  the   province  VISACAC.V.     See  Guam.ao  a. 

a\u\  corrcgiinitnto  of  Huanta  in  Peru  ;  annexed  to  VISCAPALC.A,  a  settlement  of  the  province 

the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  its  capital.  and  corrvgiinivnto  of  (^astro  Virreyiia  in  Peru; 

VlUr,  a  large  and  beautiful  valley  of  the  pro-  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  Totos,  in  the  province 

vince  and  forr<'g/»j/<'H/o  of  Truxillo  In  Peru;  si-  of  V^ilcashuaman. 

tuate  nine  leagues  s.c.  of  the  city,  in  the  road  VISCAS,  a  settlement  of  the   province  and 

leading  to  Lima,  and  which  is  called    Do  Los  rorn <>7m/(7;/(>  of  Yauyos,  in  the  same  kingdom  as 

Valles,  inasmuch  as  near  it  are  also  the  vallies  the  former ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settle- 

ofGuaman,  Sana,  and  Cliico.     It  would  be  very  inent  of  Ayaviri.     In  its  vicinity  is  a  stone  or 

fertile  were  it  supplied  with  other  water  than  slab,  on  which,  accin'ding  to  the  vulgar  tradition 

what  it  has  by  a  small  river  of  its  name.     It  is  of  the  Indians,  the  apostle  Si.  Ratholomew  had 

said  that  this  valley  gave  name  to  Peru  ;  for  some  reclined.    On  the  same  there  were  formerly  some 

persons  belonging  to  Vasco  Nunez  de  Riiboa,  characters  sculptured,   which    the    archbishop's 

ex'''.)ring  the  country,  and  asking  of  an  Indian  vicar  ordered  to  be  obliterated. 

•.»nat  was  the  name  of  that  land,  received  for  an-  VISCIIONGO,  a  settlement  of  the  province 

ewer,  Vin'i,  which  in  the  idiom  of  th(«  country  and  r«nvg/;Hj<;.7(>  of  Vilcas  Iluamaii  in  Peru, 

signifies  river;  the  name  of  Peru  being  thus  a  VISEtA,   a  settlement   and  asitnlo  of  silver 

corruption  of  the  same  word.  mines  of  the  province  and  corrtginiicnlo  of  L»- 

Vmu,  San  Pedro  de,  a  settlement  of  this  canas  in  the  same  kingdom  as  tlie  former;  an- 

province  and  kingdom;  founded  in  the  former  nexed  to  the  curacy  of  its  capital, 

valley  and  on  the  shore  of  the  said  river.    It  was  V^ISITACION,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of  the 

once  large  and  populous,  but  now  reduced  to  a  province  of  Californias;  situate  on  the  sea-shore, 

village  of  about  100  Indians.  between  the  settlements  of  Santa  Isabel  and  San 


V  I  V 


V  I  / 


*Uf) 


KxliiiiiMliio,  ill  tliv  interior  of  llu>  pfiilf  or  Mnr 
]{{t\a  (Ic  ('orh'.'i. 

VISKIMi,  a  Nrlllnnoiit  of  llio  pt  vinco  of 
New  York  in  llw  I'nih'd  Slal»>s  of  Aincricii;  on 
the  sliori'  of  tin*  riv<>r  IIikImoii. 

VIS(),  San  Mkii'i::.  iii.i,,  a  HoUU'inont  of  (lu> 
inoviiicc  and  ronv  j'7m/Vw/«  of  1 1  iiarorliiri  in  IVrn ; 
anncxt'tl  to  tlic  ciira«7  of  the  Hcttlcmcnt  of  San 
Mal(<o  (!(>  Iliiaiu'lior. 

VISI'AN'IW,  a  Hinali  river  of  the  province 
and  i^ovcrninent  of  lliianiii-o  in  IVrii;  ivliirli 
ri!<<'H  in  the  roitlit/trii,  ruiiH  «.  and  iiu-or|toi-ateH  it- 
self uilli  the  Marailon  at  its  Honrce. 

VITA,  a  river  of  tlie  jnovinee  and  govern- 
ment of  San  Juan  de  Ion  lilanos,  in  the  Nnevn 
Ueyiio  de  (iianada.  It  rises  .v.  of  (Ik-  Meta,  near 
the  settlement  of  San  .Foaqniii,  runs  nearly  pa- 
rallel to  that  river  for  many  lt>a^iies,  and  enters 
the  Orinoco,  opposite  the  rapid  stream  of  the 
<'arichana. 

\  ITIS,  a  settlement  of  the  province  anil  cor- 
rca;h)ii(tito  of  Yanvos  in  Pern  ;  annexed  to  the 
curacv  of  the  settlement  of  |jara(»s. 

fVITTOHIA,  Sr.JiAN  oe,  a  rity  of  Pern. 
See  (idAMANCiA,  its  most  common  name. J 

[ViTToiiiA,  a  town  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Venezuela.  It  was  almost  entirely 
demolished  Ity  the  eartlupiake  that  hapjieiied  on 
Holy  Thurnday,  in  the  year  1812.  It  is  the 
same  an  that  described  under  the  article  Vic- 
TouiA  ;  which  Hee.  j 

Vrri'IMA,  a  seitlement  of  the  province  and 
rorrts^imknla  of  Tnnja  in  the  Nuevo  Ueyno  dc 
Graiiada,  and  of  the  district  of  the  inrisdiction  of 
TocainiR.  It  is  of  a  very  hot  temperature,  poor, 
and  of  a  reduced  population,  lint  producing^  soino 
(;us;ar-cane,  maize,  y//rff,«,  and  t)lantaiiis. 

VIV OKA,  or  I*i;niio,  shoals  or  rocks  of  the 
N.  Sea,  situate  jO  miles  s.  of  the  island  of  Ja- 
maica. They  are  lO.'J  miles  lonj;  from  e.  to  w., 
very  danjjeniiiH  for  vi-ssels.  many  of  these  hav- 
ing been  wrecked  on  it ;  .d  amongst  the  rest,  in 
l()f)(>,  the  ships  called  the  Aiijfel,  Niiestra  Senora 
del  Carmen,  and  Niiestra  Senora  tie  la  Concep- 
cion,  all  of  them  jfiilleons,  under  the  charije  of 
the  Marquis  del  Uao  del  Maistre.  Also,  in 
(6J)t,  were  wrecked  here  the  iralleons  under  the 
command  of  the  Count  of  Saucedilla :  in  17JS, 
the  frijyate  of  war,  called  the  Cir  novesa,  com- 
manded by  the  captain  Don  I'^rantisco  (f  uiral ; 
and  the  snnadron  of  the  admiral  ban  Antonio 
Cotaire,  which  was  sailing  from  Caracas  to  Vera 
Cruz.  [The  e.  head  is  in  lat.  17°  n.  and  long. 
76°  29'  a).] 

VivoRA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 

VOL.   V. 


Rovernnient  of  BiienoH  Ayres;  which  runs  w. 
and  enters  the  II Uruguay  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Plata. 

VivouA,  a  cape  or  point  of  land  on  the  const 
of  the  province  und  government  of  (luayana,  in 
the  part  possessed  by  the  Dutch,  and  which  they 
call  Atldershoec. 

I  VIVOIIAS,  a  parish  of  llio  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Hueiios  Ayres,  situate  on  the  Pa- 
rana, about  V>  miles  n.  of  Huenos  Ayres,  in  lat. 
3'^"  bW  20"  ,v.  and  long.  .W"  1 1 '  30". J 

VivoH  AS,  IVIoiiNTAiN  OF  TiiK,  in  the  province 
and  government  of  liiienoH  .Ayres  ;  situate  on 
the  shore  of  the  river  Saladillo,  near  the  coast 
which  lies  between  the  river  La  Plata  and  the 
Strait  of  Magellan. 

Vi  vouAs,  a  lake  of  this  province  and  govern- 
ment ;  formed  by  an  arm  or  waste  water  of  the 
river  Salado,  in  the  pro\ince  of  Tucumiin. 

VIVOHIIiliAS,  a  settlement  of  the  missions 
which  were  held  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  pr  vince 
of  Taranmara  ainl  kingdom  of  Niieva  Vizcava  : 
32  leagues  k>.  s.  w.  I  .v!  of  the  town  und  real  of 
■nines  of  San  Felipe  de  Chiguagua. 

VIUIUJQUANTI,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Darien  and  kingdom  of  Tierru 
Firme.  It  rises  in  the  monntains  in  the  interior 
of  this  province,  runs  nearly  due  zo.  und  enters 
the('huciina(|ui. 

VIZARIION,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Nuevu  Sanlander  or  Sierra 
(lorda,  in  the  Bay  of  Mexico  and  kingdom  of 
Nueva  Espana;  founded  '.i  1748  by  the  Count 
of  Sierra  («orda,  Don  Joseph  de  Kscandon,  co- 
lonel of  militia  of  Qucrctaro,  who  gave  it  thin 
name  in  honour  of  the  archbishop  of  Mexico, 
Don  •fnan  Joseph  dc  Vizarron. 

VIZCAVA,  N«;eva,  a  kingdom  of  N.  Ame- 
rica; bounded  n.  by  the  kingdom  of  Nuevo 
Mexico  ;  s.  by  that  of  Nueva  Giilicia  ;  r.  by  that 
of  N  uevo  liCon  ;  and  jd.  by  that  of  Californias. 
It  is  200  leagues  long  from  n.  to  ?.  from  the  real 
of  mines  of  Chalchichihuites  to  the  garrison  of 
the  Paso  del  Norte,  and  nearly  as  many  wide. 
It  comprehends  the  provinces  of  Tepcguana, 
Taraumara,  Uatopilas,  Sinaloa,  Culiacan,  Osti- 
niuri,  Sonori!,  Pimeria  alta  and  baxa,  and  Chia- 
nietlan ;  in  which  articles  we  have  given  notice 
of  the  corresponding  climates,  productions,  situa- 
tion, and  commerce.  This  extensive  country  is 
traversed  and  irrigated  by  the  grand  river  of 
Las  Nasas.  It  was  peopled  by  the  captain 
Francisco  de  Ibarra,  in  the  time  of  the  viceroy 
Don  Lnis  de  Velasco,  Marquis  of  Salinas  -,  and 
the  natives  were  reduced  to  the  Catholic  faith  by 

K  K 


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llu'  ■(«'Hiii(>i,  nltlioni;li  tlicy  Imvo  mndc  iiiHiirror- 
lioiiM  lit  iliircrnil  liin<>N.  It  in  IhmiihIciI  hv  tin' 
hiii'liiiriiin  liiiliiiiiH  (lie  ('liichiiiii'ciiH  ;  oh  ii  <lr- 
I'rni'i'  a^'iiiiiNl  \tliinn  I'J  ^iii'i'iMoiiM  wim'c  ohIii- 
hliMlu'il  on  tlw  IrDiitiiT,  with  the  iiiiincs  of 
Niivnril,  ("omlios, 

I'iisiiifr,  Kl  l*uss«i, 

I'll  (iiillo,  .lllllOS, 

IMii|iiini,  r'rontrriiM, 

/(•rrononlo,  Siiiiiloa, 

Still  Itaiiolomc,  Ailiiis, 

riu'li  l)(>in>r  a  ^rral  (ii<«taiu'(>  iVoiii  carli  otlii<r  : 
hill,  iiltlioiii^li  llii<  vicci'iiyN  liiivi*  aiiilcil  soiiif 
otlifis  of  lato, yot  hIjII  do  tlu'  ('lii(-liiiMi>('a>^,  ilc 
siiisiiii;  all  tin*  nilrs  of  civili/i'd  lill',  dix|«TM«' 
tlll■ln^i(<l\)'s  lik«>  Mild  l)i>a!<l^  alioiit  tli«>  inoiiiiiaiiiM, 
ivillioiil  any  li\i<d  ahodo,  liviiij^;  in  «'av(>riiM,  and 
Ix'tiayinir  \'vw  of  the  charafteriHticH  of  rational 
crratnn-s. 

Till'  principal  prodintions  ol'tliis  kint>doiii  arc 
ivlKMit,  inai7«\  and  othor  hjiropran  seeds,  nint'li 
lari<'i<  ami  small  cattU*  and  liorsos.  It  lias  also 
many  rii'li  iiiinos  of  silver;  and,  in  its  tvoods, 
are  aliiiiidanco  of  dilVeiTiit  kinds  of  trees,  and 
many  wild  beasts  and  liirds  :  nor  are  tlieri'  nant- 
in<;  many  saline  p'onnds.  Its  jnrisdiotioii  con- 
•iists  ot'  the  following  ahn/dins  itun/orrs, 
Saltillo,  (^inaloa, 

Lairiina,  Minas  de  Topia, 

linaiia\al.  IMiiias  de  San  Andres, 

San  AntoniotleCucii-     Minas  de  Diliastla, 


•i,' 


came, 

S.  .hian  del  Rio, 

M  iiias  tie  Coreto, 

Minas  de  Mapimi, 

Minas  de  Cliindea, 

Minas  de  Santa  Har- 
hant, 

San  Bartolome, 

Minas  de(inanacovi, 

[The  present  population  of  Vizcaya  is  esti- 
niate»l  by  Pike,  in  the  account  of  his  travids.  at 
'J(KX()00,"  and  Humboldt  will  have  it  at  i:)f),T(10. 
Accordins;  to  the  enumeration  of  the  former, 
three-t  ventieths  are  Spaniards  from  Knrope, 
five-twentieths  CreoK-s,  live-twentieths  Mnstees 
and   Qnatroons,  and   sevcn-twcnticths  Indians. 


Mascatliin, 
rhiametlan, 
Xalisco, 

Minas  de  Maloyn, 
Sail  Sebastian, 
Minas  de  Paiiico, 
San     Francisco     del 
.  Mesipiital. 


V  Y  V 

The  same  author  estimates  (he  population  of 
Diiiaiiijo,  the  capital,  at  ll),()l)()  quills:  lliiiniiolill 
at  I'AtHHI.  \  i/xaya  traih's  with  Ne»  Mexico, 
Sefiora,  and  the  Viceroyalty.  The  present  mii 
niiliictiires  an*  some  lett  arms,  blanket",  t:iiu|i 
leather,  embroideiy,  coarse  cotton,  and  woolh n 
cloths:  and  some  of  their  blankets  sell  I'nr '/'» 
dollars.  They  cullivale  wheat,  corn,  rice,  nal'', 
cotton.  Ilax,  indigo,  anil  vines.  This  province  is 
supposed  to  ha\e  been  populated  about  '.'SO 
years.  The  military  force  ol'  Vizcava  coii'^ists, 
in  ordinary,  of  1,11)11  tiragoons,  iiesiifes  a  militia, 
who  are  not  nincli  wurlliy  of  note.  | 

\  r/.('AVA     Thecapilal  ix  the  city  of  Diirango. 

VI/CAINO,  ("avo,  an  ish-  or  rocky  shoal  of 
the  N.  Sea.  near  the  coast  of  the  province  and 
goxernment  of  I'lorida,  between  the  coast  and 
the  shoal  of  l<a  I'arida. 

VIZTLAN,  a  settlenienl  of  tin'  province  and 
ii/rti/iliii  i>iiii/i>r  of  Cliiapa,  in  the  kingdom  ol 
(iiialemala. 

I  \ OliCANIC  Island,  lies  n.  n\  ofihe  Island 
of  Saiila  Crii/.  abont  eight  leagues  in  the  I'acifii; 
Ocean,  in  \tliicli  Mendaiia,  in  l.''>f^''i,  saw  a  miI- 
caiio,  nhich  llamed  continnally,  in  lat.  10' 
••JO'  .»•.  I 

I  VOI-l'NTOWN,  a  township  «m  th.-  <.  line 
of  ('onnecticiit,  Windham  Conpty,  < .  of  I'laiii- 
lield,  1 1  ti.  r.  of  Norwich,  and  \Hi  s.  w.  of  Provi- 
dence It  was  settled  in  l()f)t»,  having  been 
"ranted  to  volunteers  in  the  Narraganset  war; 
lii'iice  its  name.  Ii  was  incorporated  in  17  If). 
It  is  ^0  miles  long,  and  between  three  aiul  four 
broad,  and  has  a  large  swamp  abounding  with 
white  pine,  snilicieiit  to  sn|)plv  the  neighluinriiig 
towns  witlnnaterials  for  bnihiing.  | 

Vri/,  PoiNr,  or  cape  or  exiremity  of  the 
coast  «»f  the  province  and  nipttiinship  of  Seara  in 
Hrasil :  between  the  rivers  l'(|uii|nara  and 
Persi. 

\' I'NCI'.MIUI,  a  channel  of  water,  forming  a 
commnnication  between  tlie  river  Maraca|)iM'a 
and  the  lake  Vanama,  in  the  province  and  conn- 
trv  of  I  .as  .Vmazonas. 

VYrMI'.ICUr,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  kingdom  ol"  (^nito,  in  the  ro/'ng/w/Vw/o  of 
the  district  of  Las  cinco  Legiias  do  la  Capital. 


VV  A  C 


W  A  O 


Ml 


W 


y    oi"  (llO 

Sciua  in 
lara    aiul 


I  W  A  HASH  ',.'  a  licaiilit'iil  iiaviKal)l(>  river,  of 
llic  N.  W.  TiTriliirv,  wliirli  niii>*  a  ,v.  «.  uiid  v. 
<-oiirNi>,  and  i'in|)li*>H  iiilti  (lu'  Ohio,  Ity  a  iiioiilli 
'.'70  yartls  widi',  in  lat.  .'i7  '  41'  ii.  HiH  inilcM  Cnnn 
til)*  niondi  of  lli<>  Oliiti,  and  I.O'i'J  inili'H  liclow 
I'itlslinr^.  In  IIm>  H|)rini>,  Mninnx-r,  and  anininn, 
il  \<*  |)aHsid>l<>  in  haMcanx  and  l)ar;;cH,  drawing; 
al>tMil  (Inrt*  Irt't  walcr,  I  I'J  tiiilt's,  to  Onialanon  ; 
and  I'oi  lnr;;<>  raiiocH  l<)7  niilcn  InrllHT,  lu  the 
Miami  ciurvin^  nlaci',  nini>  niilcn  IVoni  Miami 
villa^i*.  'I'fiiH  vdla^i'  stands  on  Miami  Uivrr, 
uliirli  cmplicH  into  (he  .v.  u\  part  of  liakit  lOric. 
'I'll!'  cohnnnniialion  l><'t»«'t<n  Detroit  and  tli(< 
Illinois  and  Ohio  conntricH,  is  \i\t  Miami  liivor 
to  Miami  villai^c,  llicntc  hy  land  nini>  miles, 
>vli('n  the  rivers  are  liii;li,  and  from  IH  to  JO 
when  they  are  low,  Ihron^h  a  level  connlry  to 
the  Wahasli,  and  Ihroiii^h  the  varions  Itranches  of 
the  VValmsh  to  the  places  of  deslimition.  The 
hind  on  this  river  is  reniarkahly  fertile.  A  silver 
mine  has  been  discoverttd  ai>out  2H  miles  ahovo 
Oniatanon,  on  the  //  si<le  tti'  the  VValasli.  Salt 
Ni)rini(s,  lime,  Ircc-stone,  hine,  yellow,  and  white 
('lay,  arc  t'onnd  in  plenty  on  this  river.  Theropper 
iniiie  on  this  river  is,  perhaps,  the  richest  vein 
of  native  copper  in  the  bowels  of  the  whole 
earth.     See  Vincknts  and  Oiiiatanon.J 

rWAUAsn,  IjITTm:,  runs  a  conrse  .v.  s.  e.  and 
falls  into  the  Wabash,  10  miles  from  the  Ohio.J 

[WA  lUIS('OMM()N{  J,  a  lake  of  Canada,  in  N. 
America,  one  of  those  on  the  connnnnicalioii  be- 
tween Lake  Simcoe  and  the  HiceLake.J 

WA(\VHARI,a  port  of  the  river  Pomnaron,  in 
tlie  province  and  i^overnnient  of  (luayanu,  in  the 
part  possessed  l)y  the  Dntch. 

VVACAYO,  a  settlement  of  tlie  province  an<l 
colony  of  N.  Curolina,  «)n  the  shore  of  the  river 
Yadkin. 

(  VVACHOyiA,  or  Doijh'h  Paiusii,  a  tract  of 
land  in  N.  Carolina,  sitnate  between  the  c.  side 
of  Yadkin  Hi ver,  and  the  head  water*  of  Haw 
and  i3eep  Kivcrs,  consisting  of  about  100,000 
acres,  partly  in  Stokes  and  Surry  Counties.  The 
United  Brethren,  or  Moravians,  purchased  this 
tract  of  Lord  (jranville,  in  IT") I,  and  called  it 
Wachovia,  after  the  name  of  an  estate  of  Count 
Zinzendorf,  in  Germany.  In  Miifi,  it  was  made 
a    separate  parish,  and   named  Dobbs,.  by   the 


legislature.  The  ueltlement  of  Dethabara  wan 
bt'^iin  in  I7.'>,'1,  by  a  number  of  the  llrelhren  frorti 
I'einisylvania.  .Salem,  whicli  is  the  principal  set- 
tlement, comnuMiced  in  I7(((i,  and  is  iidiabited  by 
a  nnnd)er  of  in^;enious  tradesmen.  TImh  Ihriv- 
ini;  piiriNli  lies  about  10  miles  .v.  of  Pilot  Moun- 
tain, and  c'tntains  six  churches. | 

(  VVACIIQI'A'rNACII.an  ancient  Moravian 
setllcMiinl  ill  Connecticut,  on  Stratford  Hiver'. 
l^.'J  miles  from  its  month.  | 

jWACIIUSKr  MonNrAiN,  in  the  town  of 
I'riiicetdwn,  MaHsachiisells,  may  hv  seen  in  a 
clear  liori/oii,  at  the  distance  of  (i7  miles,  bein^ 
'J,<)S!)  feel  idiove  the  level  of  the  sea.J 

VVACUNV,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of  the 
province  and  colony  of  N.  Caiudina;  in  tlio 
.V.  part,  and  at  the  source  of  the  river  Tuf^elo. 

|VVAI)l':SliOliOlI(ill,tliechieftownofAnson 
('oiinty,  in  I'ayetteville  District,  N.  ('aroliiiu.  It 
contains  acourt-hoiise,  i;u<il,  and  about  JO  liouseH; 
and  bein^  seated  on  a  lid'ty  hill,  is  both  pleasant 
and  healthy  :  it  is  Ti?  miles  w.  of  Kayctteville, 
and  4.'j  v.  r.  by  .v.  of  Salisbury. J 

WADMAliA,  a  small  island  of  the  N.  Sea; 
situate  near  th<>  coast  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  (lecn^ria  ;  om;  of  those  called  (jeurgian, 
and  situate  near  the  island  of  Kdisto. 

( WADSWOHTII,  u  t(.wn  of  New  York,  On- 
tario (bounty  ;  situate  on  the  c.  bank  of  (jenessu 
River,  4  miles  w.  of  Conesus  Lake,  and  IJ  s.  w, 
by  s.  of  Mart  ford.  J 

fWADHAM  Ihi-andh,  near  the  n.  e.  coast  of 
Newfoundland  Island.  Lat.  49^  bT  n.  long.  53° 
37'  «).] 

WAIllRT.     SeeSi-,BAM». 

WACJmi,  a  port  of  the  .v.  coast  of  Nova  Scotia, 
or  Acadia,  between  Ulack  Cajie  and (ireen Creek. 

[WAGlCR'SSrnAiT,  or  Riveii,  in  New  N. 
Wales,  in  N.  America,  lies  in  lat.  0.5"  'ili'  n.  and 
is  about  two  or  thr<!e  miles  wide.  At  live  or  six 
miles  within  its  entrance,  it  is  six  or  eitrht  leagiu's 
wide,  having  several  islands  and  rocks  in  the 
middle.  It  has  soundin^rH  from  lUto'jO  and  44 
fathoms;  and  the  land  on  both  sides  in  hi<>;h,  (ac- 
cording to  captain  Middleton's  account)  as  any 
in  England.  Savage  Sound,  a  small  cove  or 
harbour,  fit  for  ships  to  anchor  in,  lies  on  the  n. 
shore,  1.3  or  14  leagues  up  the  Strait,  in  long. 


■rli 


2r2 


W  A  I 


W  A  L 


'j;i. 


87^  50'  !i.\  All  the  countiv  fiom  Wag;or's  Sdait 
to  Si-nl  Kiv*>r,  is  in  some  maps  calloil  Now 
Denmark.  Captain  Monk  was  sent  thither,  in 
l()l(),  by  the  Ivinsf  of  Denmark,  and  wintered  at 
a  place  caii.'d  ^lonk's  Winter  Harbonr,  in  iat 
GS-"  "20'  u.  which  must  be  n  little  //.  oC  Itankin's 
Inlet.  When  captain  Ellis  was  in  this  latitnde, 
the  tide  ran  at  the  nite  of  from  8  to  10  leajyues 
an  hour.  Me  compares  it  to  the  sluice  of  a 
mill.] 

^V^VGO.\rAU,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
colonv  of  S  Carolina;  wliich  rii;is  .«.  v.  and  then 
turns  .V.  to  euter  the  sea. 

Waciomau,  a  lake  of  the  same  province,  om 
the  shore  of  the  former  river. 

[WAIIPACOOTA.  Indians  of  N.  America, 
who  rove  in  the  country  s.  w.  of  the  rivor  St. 
Peters,  from  a  place  called  the  Hardwood,  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Yellow  Medicine  River:  they 
art  never  stationary  but  when  their  trailers  are 
M  ith  ,'hem,  and  this  does  not  happen  at  any  re- 
jiuliir  i^r  (ixid  point.  .\t  i)res(>nt  they  treat  their 
traders  u>lerably  well.  Their  trade  cannot  be 
ex]iected  to  increase  much.  A  great  proportion 
of  their  country  consist-^  of  open  plains,  lies 
level,  and  is  tolerably  fertile,  'rhey  maintain  a 
partial  traflic  with  the  Yanktons  and  Tetons  to 
the  if.  of  them;  to  these  they  barter  tlie  articles 
whicii  they  obtain  from  the  trad(  rs  on  the  river 
St.  Peters,  and  receive  in  return  horses,  some 
robes,  and  leather  lodges.] 

[WAHPATONE.  Indians  of  N.  America, 
who  claim  the  country  in  which  they  rove  on  the 
w.  ze.  oide  of  the  river  St.  Peters,  from  their  vil- 
lay^e  to  tlie  month  of  the  Cliippeway  River,  and 
thence  north-eastwardly  towards  ti.e  heati  of  the 
!Mississippi,inclndino;tlieCrow-wina;  River.  Their 
lands  are  fertile,  and  jjenerally  well  timbered. 
They  are  only  statiunaiy  while  their  traders  are 
witii  tiiein,  wliich  is  from  the  beginninsi;  of  Oc- 
t')ln<r  to  tlu"  latter  end  of  March.  Their  trade 
i-^  supposed  to  be  at  its  jji-eatest  extent.  They 
treat  tlioir  traders  with  respect,  and  seldom  at- 
tiMiipt  to  rob  them.  Thi  i,  as  well  as  the  other 
Sionx  bands,  act,  in  all  r^-spects,  as  independently 
of  eacii  other  as  ifthev  were  a  distinct  nation.] 

fW  AINKI.EET.  atow'  -.hip  of  Upner  Canada, 
JV.  America  in  the  coniii-  of  liincoln.  It  lies 
re.  of  llninberstone,  and  i.onls  Lake  Erie,  being 
water'-. I  by  the  Welland  or  Chippewa  to  the  ».']' 

U  .vIN  V,  a  river  of ' lie  province  and  "overii- 
nient  of  Cnmana  whicli  runs  u.  and  enters  the 
sea  ii'.Muocii  those  of  .Viiiacviro  and  Moruga. 

WAIT,  a  settlement  of  the  island  of  Uarba- 


does,  in  the  district  and  parish  of  S.  Joseph, 
near  the  c.  coast. 

Wait,  another  settlement  in  this  island,  of  the 
district  of  the  parish  of  San  Lucas;  also  situate 
on  the  r.  coast. 

I  WAITSFIICLD,  the  so.ith-easternmost  town- 
ship of  Ciiittenden  County,  Vermont,  contaiuiui; 
()l   inhaliitants.  I 

I  WAIT'S  RivF.u  rises  in  OranseCounty,  Ver- 
mont, and  empties  into  Connecticut  River,  at 
Rradford.] 

[WA.IOMICK,  an  -Indian  town  on  Susqne- 
hannah  River,  about  400  miles  from  the  sea.  In 
the  sprii:;;  of  I7.")t),  the  Indians  shot  two  seals 
here,  and  they  could  not  stillioieiitly  expres- 
their  astonishment  at  the  sight  of  these  animals 
unknown  to  them.] 

[WAKE,  an  inland  county,  of  Hillsborough 
district,  N.  Carolina,  bouiuled  ii,  zc.  by  Orange, 
and  t.  and  s.  e.  by  Johnson.  It  contained  in 
17«)0,  I0,19'2  inhabitants,  including  a,4(i3  slaves. 
Chief  town,  Raleigh.  J 

[WAKEI'IELD,  formerly  East-town  and  >Va- 
tertown,  a  townshii)  of  Stratford  County,  New 
Hampshiiv  c.  of  Wolfborough,  incorj)orated  in 
1771.  It  contained,  in  1790,  (J40  inhabitants.  In 
the  II,  e.  part  is  a  pond  which  is  the  source  of 
Piscataque  River.] 

WAKKAMA\\';  a  beautiful  lake,  26  miles  in 
circuit,  situate  in  Bladen  County,  N.  Carolina. 
The  lands  on  its  e.  shores  are  fertile,  and  the 
situation  delightful,  gradually  asce:uiiiig  from 
the  shores,  bounded  on  the  //.  zo.  coast  liy  vast 
rich  swamps,  lit  for  rice.  This  lake  is  the  source 
of  a  line  river,  of  the  same  name,  and  runs  a 
southerly  course,  for  70  or  SO  miles,  and  empties 
into  Wiinaw  May,a(Georg','Town  inS. Carolina.  | 

AV.VLlHSCH,  an  island  of  the  river  Dissequeve, 
in  the  jirovince  of  (luayana,  and  in  the  part  pos- 
sessed bv  the  Dutch. 

(WALDEN,  a  townsiiip  of  Vermont,  Cale- 
donia County,  having  Danville  on  tlie  s.  f.  It 
contains  only  1 1  inhabitants.  | 

[WALI)(')H()ROC(JII,  i'  post-tjwn  and  port 
of  entry  of  tlie  district  of  Maf'ie,  in  liincoln 
County,  I'i  miles  ,«.  by  u).  of  Wi.rren,  10  c.  by 
n.  of  Sfewcastle,  20  e.  of  Wiscasset.  Th.is  is  the 
port  of  entry  for  the  dislrid,  lying  between  the 
towns  of  ('aniden  and  Northport ;  and  all  the 
shores  and  waters  from  the  midf'le  of  Daniit- 
ri>icotta  River  to  the  s.  .v.  side  of  the  town  of 
Northport.  The  township  of  Waldoboroiigh 
was  incorporated  in  1773,  and  contained,  in 
1790,  1,210  inhabitants.] 


\V  A  L 


W  A  I. 


2')3 


[WATiDO  Patent,  n  tract  of  land  forming 
thi' .V.  e.  part  of  iliiiu-ock  (\)imtv,  in  the  district 
of  Maine,  and  on  the  «).  side  of  Penobscot  River 
and  Bay.] 

WAliEf',  Nkw  NoHTii,  a  conntrv  of  America, 
having  the  tract  called  Prince  William  to  the  w  ; 
part  of  Badurs  Hay  to  the  e. ;  the  nnkriown 
lands  called  New  Denmark,  to  the  .v.;  and  an- 
other country,  also  nnknown,  to  the  ic.  if  the 
supposition  that  Waiter  Strait  communicates  with 
the  e.  ocean,  or  S.  Sea,  were  true,  (and  it  is  not 
iiuprolmble  i  this  country  would  l>e  entirel"  sepa- 
rate from  the  Continent  of  America,  it  heinjj 
situate  on  the  other  side  of  the  Polar  ('ircle, 
near  the  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Wajjer  Strait. 

This  country  of  New  N.  Wales  is  but  little 
known  ;  and  we  have  no  arcounts  of  ihe  terri- 
tory situate  to  (he  .v.  of  the  said  Strait,  other 
tl\an  (hose  made  by  Captain  Middleton,  in  his 
voyajye  in  ITIiJ;  and  the  observations  of  Mr. 
Doltbs,  who  asserts,  that  between  lat,  CS'^  and 
(),'j^  is  a  Strait  called  Weicoute  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Ki)e ;  and  in  ti()'^  'JO''  a  line  cape  or  point  of 
land  on  the  ii.\  shore  of  the  said  Strait.  It  is 
further  asserted,  that  the  land,  running  from  c. 
to  M.  and  fr«)m  this  rliitnib  to  (he  k'..  jjave  indi- 
cations of  beinjy  (he  extreme  part  of  America, 
and  w'^s,  for  this  reason,  called  Cape  Hope; 
but  from  this  cape,  as  soon  as  it  Mas  doubled, 
the  sen  was  found,  to  the  "^reat  mortification  of 
the  navijiators,  to  extend  still  farther,  from 
whence  thoy  named  it  Hepulse  n?«y  ;  ("an  appel- 
lation whicli  it  acquired  in  the  year  1742.] 

WALES,  Nkw  SoiiTii,  another  (•x(ensive 
country  of  .AnuMica,  on  tlu>  .v.  purt  of  liiudson's 
itay  :  it  is  bounded  c.  and  .v.  by  Canada,  and  ic. 
by  some  ut'.known  lands,  which  are  inhabited  by 
many  tribes  of  Indians.  Its  si/e  is  not,  however, 
exactly  ascertained  ;  for  the  Eni>lish,  who  are  the 
onlv  people  who  trade  to  Hiis  part,  have  their 
establishments  on  the  coast  only,  and  none  in 
(he  in(erior.  l''rom  (he  river  St,  Marirarite,  which 
enters  (he  S(.  Lawrence,  to  the  river  Itupert  in 
Hudson's  Bay,  the  distance  is  not  more  than  l.'JO 
miles.  The  larf^e  continent  on  the  c.  side  of  the 
l)av  is  called  Labrador,  and  that  on  (he  r.'.  iNew 
N.  Wales,  whilst  that  properly  denominated 
New  S.  Wales  lies  exactly  .«.  and  at  the  bo((oni 
of  the  bay,  tbrmiujs^,  as  it  were,  the  base  of  a 
triangle.  Here  the  Hudson's  Conjpany  have 
many  establishments.  I'"ive  or  six  l«'a<>iu's  from 
land  is  an  island  called  Little  Hocky  island:  the 
same  beiufj  a  nu)untain  of  stones,  on  which  some 
trees  have  «;ro«n;  and  which  is  covered  by  the 
sea  when  the  wind  blows  from  ;/,  a'.,  so  as  to 


increase  the  hijjh  tides.  The  island  of  Charlton, 
which  is  composed  of  i  white  sand,  i.s  covered 
with  trees,  with  ijinfi;er  plants  and  other  shrubs, 
althoujvh  not  of  great  si/e;  and  the  aspect  of  the 
country  is  extremely  revivinj;  to  such  as  approach 
to  the  island,  after  a  lono;  and  perilous  voyojje  of 
three  or  four  mouths  throu<;h  seas  unknown,  and 
terrific,  through  the  vast  mountains  of  ice  which 
are  found  in  the  bay  and  its  stntits ;  for  should  a 
vessel  urifortiniately  run  against  these  huge 
nuisses,  it  becomes  last  helil  and  by  degrees  frozen 
in.  On  one  day  to  see  the  tc.  coast  entirely 
naked,  its  inoun(ains  covered  with  snow,  and,  on 
all  sides,  the  dreary  waste  of  winter:  and,  on 
the  next,  (he  beautiful  island  of  Charlton,  with 
(he  verdure  nf  its  trees  and  shrid)s,  forming  «)ne 
beautiftd  carpet  of  green,  is  a  change  calculated 
to  excite  the  most  pleasing  sensations.  The  air, 
as  far  as  towards  the  bottom  of  Hudson's  Bay,  is, 
for  nine  months,  excessively  cold  ;  and,  in  three 
other  months,  very  hot,  except  when  the  ti.  xo. 
wind  blows.  In  l()()7  (iuillan,  an  Englishman, 
arriv«'d  at  Baflin's  Hay,  in  lat.  TS"",  and,  from 
thence  passed  s.  as  far  as  .51'^,  when  he  entered 
a  river,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Prince 
Hupert:  and  finding  that  the  natives  here  were 
disposed  to  a  friendly  commerce,  he  erectt-d  a 
small  fort,  giving  it  the  name  of  Charlesfort. 
Alh'r  (his,  in  consideration  of  the  happy  event  of 
this  expedition,  tiiose  who  had  l)een  interested  in 
it,  obtained  a  patent-grant  from  C^harles  II.  to 
establish  themselves  here  in  1(J70.  The  mer- 
chandize whicli  they  bring  consists  of  powder, 
ball,  cloth,  knives,  padlocks,  tobacco,  and  other 
ellects:  taking  in  exchange  of  the  natives  the 
skins  t)f  castors,  foxes,  and  other  skins.  The 
vast  profits  of  this  trade,  and  the  ";reat  pro'oa- 
bililies  of  an  increase  of  the  same,  led  the  English 
to  spare  no  pains  to  ensure  the  good  will  of  the 
Indiiius.  These  are  very  (rac(a!)le  and  disposed 
to  rationality ;  and,  indeed,  the  inhabitants  of 
(he  river  l{uper(  and  other  parts  of  the  bay  have 
a  greater  simplicity  of  character  than  have  those 
of  Canada  ;  although  \\\;:  latter  have  enjoyed  the 
greatest  intercourse  with  Europeans,  'j'he  In- 
dians of  whom  we  treat  are  peaceably  inclined, 
as  well  amongst  themselves  as  to  strangers:  wi(li 
(lie  exception  of  the  Noduavs,  a  barliaroiis  and 
ferocious  race,  dwelling  on  the  confines  of  Hud- 
stui's  Hay. 

[Walks,  a  plantation  in  Lincoln  County,  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  It'y  miles  ti.  r.  of  Portland.  It 
contains  {.'JO  inhabitants.  | 

fWALIlALl)iN(i,  the  Indian  name  of  an  e. 
brancii  of  Muskingum  Biver,  at  the   mouth  of 


U   hi 


?   B 


i  .'H 


•ft; 


i  ,\> 


I 


254 


W  A  L 


W^ 


which  stood  (Jiosd)ach|;Mi(Mik,  a  Delaware  town, 
aiul  Hctdei'ifiit  uf  Christian  Indians.] 

WAIjKKUS,  a  city  of  the  province  and  colony 
oFN.  Carolina :  situate  at  the  source  of  the  river 
CninherlanH,  and  toun(h>d  in  1730. 

Wai.kf.iis,  a  sniali  river  of  the  above  province, 
which  runs  u.  e.,  and  enters  the  Conahuay  be- 
tween those  of  Poiiite  and  De  Pierres. 

WALKKKTOWN,  a  settlement  of  King  and 
Queen  County,  in  the  province  and  colonv  of 
Viro'inia ;  situate  on  the  ti.  side  of  the  river 
Mattaponi,  If)  miles  ii.e.  of  Newcastle. 

[WALLINGFOHD,  a  township  of  Vermont, 
Rutland  County,  *■.  of  Tinmouth.  It  contained, 
in  1790,  33(j  inhabitants.], 

[WAbMNCiFORD,  a  pleasaut  post-town  of  Con- 
necticut, New-llaven  County,  13  miles  ,«.  to.  of 
Middleton,  12  n.  e.  of  New-llaven,  and  195  «.  e. 
of  Philadelphia.  This  township,  called  by  the 
Indians  Cogiticfiauffe,  was  settled  in  1671  ;  is 
divided  into  two  |)arislies,  and  contained,  in  1790, 
about  'iOOO  inhabitants.  It  is  1^  miles  lon^if  and 
7  broad.] 

[VVAIiLKILL,  a  township  of  New  York, 
Ulster  County,  on  the  creek  of  its  name,  about 
12  miles  ti.  by  e.  of  Goshen,  II  w.  of  Newburgh, 
and  52  n.  zd.  of  New  York  city.  It  contained,  in 
1790,  2571  inhabitants,  of  whom  340  were  quali- 
fied electors,  and  \03  slaves.] 

[WALNUT  Hills,  in  the  w.  territory  of 
Georgia,  are  situate  on  a  tract  of  land  formed 
by  Mississippi  Iliver  and  the  Loosa  Chitto,  and  on 
the  M.  side  of  the  latter.] 

[WALLOOMSCHACK,  a  small  brancli  of 
Hoosack  River,  Vermont.] 

[VVAIjLPACK,  a  townsliip  in  Sussex  County, 
New  .lersey,  on  Delaware  River,  about  1 1  miles 
w.  of  Newtown.  It  contained,  in  1790,  490  in- 
habitants, including  30  slaves.] 

[WALFOLE,  u  j)o-<-town  of  New  Hampshire, 
Cheshire  County,  on  the  e.  side  of  Connecticut 
River,  12  miles. v.  of  Charlestown,  14  n.  w.  by  n. 
of  Keen,  and  74  zo.  of  Portsmouth.  The  town- 
ship contained,  in  1790,  1245  inhabitants.] 

[Wai.pole,  a  township  of  Massachusetts, 
Norfolk  County,  .^n  the  great  road  to  Providence, 
and  22  miles  «.  zo.  of  t^oston.  It  was  incorporated 
in  1724,  and  contained,  in  1790,  1005  inhabi- 
tants.] 

[Walpole,  a  township  of  Upper  Canada,  N. 
America,  in  tlie  county  of  Norfolk,  which  lies 
to.  of  Rainham,  and  fronts  Lake  Erie  ] 

[WALSINGHAM,  Cape,  is  on  the  <-.  side  of 
Cumberland's  Island,  in  Hudson's  Straits.  Lat. 
02°  39'  «.  long.  77^  53'  w.} 


W  A  11 

[Walsinoiiam,  a  township  of  Upper  Canada, 
N.  America,  which  lies  zv.  of  Charlotteville,  in 
the  countv  of  Norftdk,  having  the  bay  and  marsh  . 
of  Long  Point  in  its  front.] 

WALTHAM,  »:  small  city  of  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  in  the  i^iy  of  Massachusetts,  in  the 
United  States  of  Amen  'a ;  live  miles  s.  e.  of  Con- 
cord, four  s.  ot  Lexington;  and  eight  ze.  of  Cam- 
bridge. It  was  the  place  of  head-qiiarters  for  the 
troops  of  the  province  of  New  Hampshire,  in 
the  battle  of  Hunker's  Mill. 

WALTON,  a  settlement  of  the  island  of  Bar- 
badoes,  in  the  district  and  jurisdiction  of  the  city 
of  Bridgetown. 

WAMBAY,  a  settlement  of  the  prov'-'ce  and 
captainship  of  Sergipe,  in  Brazil ;  situate  on  the 
shore  of  tlie  River  Grande  de  San  Francisco,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  sea. 


[WAMPANOS,  an  Inc 
rica,  allies  of  the  Hurons. 

WANANOAK,  a  sett 
Canada,  on  the  shore  ant 


ian  tribe  in  N.  Ame- 

ement   of  Indians  of 
at  the  source  of  the 


river  Puante. 

[WANASPATUCKET  Riveii,  rises  in  Glou- 
cester, Rhode  Island,  and  falls  into  Providence 
River,  »j.  m.  of  Weybossett  Bridge.  Upon  this 
river  formerly  stood  the  only  powder  mill  in  this 
state,  and  withf'»  one  mile  of  its  mouth  there  are 
two  paper  mills,  two  grist  mills  with  four  run  of 
"tones,  an  oil  mill,  a  saw  mill,  and  a  slitting 
mill.] 

W/VNDO,  a  small  river  of  the  province  of 
Georgia,  in  the  United  States  of  America.  It 
runs  *.  and  Joins  the  Cooper,  at  its  mouth,  below 
Charleston. 

[WANOOETTE,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean,  about  two  miles  in  extent  from  s.  e.  to  n. 
w.  It  is  about  10  miles  at  n.  zo,  by  ze.  from  the 
n.  end  of  Wateehoo  Island.] 

[WANTAGE,  a  township  near  the  w.  zt).  corner 
of  New  Jersey,  Sussex  County,  13  miles  «.  of 
Newtown.  It  contained,  in  1790,  1700  inhabi- 
tants, including  20  slaves.] 

[WAPOSE,  an  island  in  Lake  Ontario,  N. 
America ;  it  lies  off  the  w.  point  that  makes  Prince 
Edward's  Bay,  on  the  e.  shore  of  Marysburgh.] 

[WAPPACAMO  River,  a  large  s.  branch  of 
Patomack  River,  which  it  joins  in  lat.  39°  39'  n. 
where  the  latter  was  formerly  known  by  the  name 
of  Cohongoronto.] 

[WAPUWAGAN,  or  Wapitwagan  Islands, 
on  the  Labrador  coast,  lie  between  lat.  50°  and 
50°  3'  «.,  ajid  between  long.  59°  55'  and  00°  30'©.] 

WARAGANABO,  a  river  of  the  province  of 
Guayana ;  in  the  part  possessed  by  the  French. 


W  A  11 

[WARD,  I.  township  of  Massnchusett?,  Wor- 
cester County,  five  niilen  s.  of  Worcester,  and  'J7 
,v.  w.  of  Boston,  and  contained,  in  1790,  473  in- 
habitants.] 

[WARr)SBOROlIGH,a  township  of  Vermont, 
Windham  Conntv,  12  or  15  mik-sa'.  of  Putney, 
nnd  27  ti.  e.  of  Ucnninnton,  and  contained,  in 
1790,  753  inhabitants] 

[VVARE,  a  township  of  Massachusetts,  Hamp- 
sliirc  County.  It  is  15  miles  n.  e.  of  Sprinjjffichl, 
and  70  miles  w.  u.  w.  of  Boston.] 

[WAREHAM,  a  township  of  Massachusetts, 
Plymouth  County,  38  miles  s.  by  e.  of  Boston. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1739,  and  contained,  in 
i790,  H54  inhabitants.  Lat.  41"^  45'  m.  loii^  70- 
40'  »).] 

WARIBA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  Surinam,  in  the  part  of  Cmayana,  pus- 
sesseil  by  the  Dutch.  It  enters  the  sea  close  lo 
the  mouths  of  the  Demerari  and  Esseqnibo. 

WARIBU,  a  river  of  the  same  province  and 
colony  as  the  former. 

[Warminster,  a  small  nost-town  of  vir- 

•jinia,  on  the  n.  side  of  James's  River,  in  Amherst 
County,  about  65  miles  above  Richmond.  Con- 
tained, in  1790,  about  40  houses  and  a  tobacco 
warehouse.  It  is  24  miles  from  Charlottesville 
and  nine  from  Newmarket.  There  is  also  a 
township  of  this  name  in  Bucks  County,  Penn- 
sylvania] 

[WARM  SPRING,  a  ridce  of  mountains  bear 
this  name,  a  part  of  the  Allejajhany  mountains; 
situate  ??.  w.  of  the  Calf  Pasture,  and  famous  for 
warm  springs.  The  most  efficacious  of  these  are 
two  springs  in  Augusta,  near  the  sources  of 
James  s  River,  where  it  is  called  Jackson's  River. 
They  rise  near  the  foot  of  the  ridge  of  mountains, 
generally  called  the  Warm  Spring  Mountains, 
but  in  the  maps  Jackson's  Mountains.  The  one 
ic  distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  Warm  Spring, 
and  the  other  ot  the  Hot  Spring.  The  warm 
spring  issues  with  a  very  bold  stream,  sufficient 
to  work  a  grist  mill,  and  to  keep  the  water  of  its 
hason,  which  is  30  feet  in  diameter,  at  the  vital 
warmth,  viz.  96"  of  Fahrenheit's  thormonicter. 
The  matter  with  which  these  waters  is  allied  is 
very  volatile ;  its  smell  indicates  it  to  be  sul- 
phureous, as  also  does  the  circumstance  of  tnrn- 
nig  silver  black.  They  relievo  rhennialiNms. 
Other  complaints  also  of  very  different  natures 
have  been  removed  or  lessened  by  them.  It 
rains  here  four  or  five  days  in  every  week.  The 
hot  spring  is  about  six  miles  from  the  warm,  is 
much  smaller,  and  has  been  so  hot  as  to  have 
boiled  an  egg.     Some  believe  its  degree  of  heat 


w  A  n 


SdA 


tr  be  lessoned.  It  raises  the  mercury  in  l''ahren- 
heit's  tlifrmometev  to  112  degrees,  which  is  fever 
heat.  It  sometimes  relieves  where  the  warm 
spring  fiils.  A  fountain  of  connnon  water,  is- 
suing within  a  few  inches  of  its  margin,  gives  it 
s>  singidar  appearance.  Comparing  the  tempe- 
rature of  these  w  ith  that  of  th«'  hot  springs  of 
Kanitscliatka,  of  which  Krachiniunikow  gives  an 
account,  the  dilVerence  is  very  great,  the  latter 
raising  the  mercury  to  200  (legrees,  whicli  is 
within  12  degrees  of  boiling  water.  The.se 
springs  are  very  much  resorted  to,  in  spite  of  a 
total  want  of  acconmiodation  for  the  sick.  Their 
waters  are  strongest  in  the  hottest  nmnths,  which 
occasions  their  being  visited  in  July  and  August 
principally.  The  sweet  sprin";s  in  the  county  of 
Botetourt,  at  th'!  e.  foot  of  the  Alleghany,  are 
about  42  miles  from  the  warm  springs.] 

[WARNER,  a  township  of  New  Hampshire, 
Hillsborough  Comity,     It   was  inccr;Mirated  in 


1774,  an  i  contained,' in  1790,  863  inluibitanls.l 
_._-..  .^^  upper  (lis 

trict  of  Georgia.] 


[WARREN,  a  new  county  of  the  upper 


[Warren,  a  township  of  Graf\on  County, 
New  Hampshire,  n.c.  of  Orford  adjoining,  incor- 
porated in  1763,  and  contained,  in  1790,  206  in- 
habitants.] 

[Wariif.n,  a  post-town  of  Rhode  Island,  in 
Bristol  County,  pleasantly  situate  on  Warren 
River  and  the  n.  e.  part  of  Narraganset  Bay,  four 
miles  w.  of  Bristol,  10  s.  s.  r.  of  Providence,  and 
302  from  Philadelphia  This  is  a  flourishing 
town :  carries  on  a  brisk  coasting  and  West 
India  trade,  and  is  remarkable  for  ship  building. 
The  whole  township  contained,  in  1790,  1 122  in- 
habitants, of  whom  22  are  slaves.  Rhode  Island 
college  was  first  instituted  in  this  town,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  Providence.] 

[Waurkn,  a  new  township  of  Hcrkemer 
County,  New  York.     It  was  taken  from  German 


Flats,  and  incorporated  in  1796.] 

[Warrf.n,  a  itart  of  the  townsliipofChenengo, 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  on  Susquehannah 
River,  bears  this  name  in  De  W^itt's  map  ] 

[Warren,  a  township  of  Connecticut,  in  Litch- 
fieul  County,  between  the  townships  of  Kent  and 
Litchfield]' 

[Warren,  a  post-town  of  Virginia,  10  miles 
from  Warminster,  21  from  Charlottesville,  and 
326  from  Philadelphia.] 

[Warren's  Point,  on  the  coast  of  Nova 
Scotia,  is  on  tiie  e.  side  of  Chebi;cto  Harbour, 
about  two  miles  r.  of  the  town  of  Halifax.  It  is 
at  the  entrance  of  a  creek,  which  receives  Saw 
Mill  River  and  other  streams.] 


f  V     i  if.  ' 


'  m 


i'flU. ! 


m 


M'  ■■■ 


256 


WAR 


WAS 


l:\ 


llCJfciiJi'tliii 


f  WARRINGTON,  the  name  of  two  town- 
ships of  Pennsylvania ;  the  one  in  York  County, 
the  other  in  Buck's  County.] 

l'sVARSAWjOF  Wassaw,  nn  island  and  sound 
on  the  coast  of  Georgia,  between  the  mouth  of 
Savannah  River  and  tliat  of  Ogeechee.  The 
island  forms  the  n.  side  of  Ossabaw  Sound;  being 
in  a  n.  e.  direction  from  Ossabaw  Island.  War- 
saw Sound  is  formed  by  the  ra.  end  of  the  island 
of  its  name,  and  the  s.  ^nd  of  Tybee  Island.] 

[WARWICK,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
M.  l>y  York  County,  and  s.  by  James's  River, 
which  separates  it  from  Isle  of  Wight  and  Nan- 
semond  Counties.  It  is  the  oldest  county  of  the 
State,  having  been  established  in  1628.  It  con- 
tained, in  1790,  1690  inhabitants,  of  whom  990 
were  slaves.] 

[Warwick,  a  township  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Hampshire  County,  incorporated  in  1763,  and 
contained,  in  1790, 1246  inhabitants.  It  is  bound- 
ed w.  by  the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  not  far  e. 
of  Connecticut  River,  and  is  78  miles  n.  w.  of 
Boston.] 

.  [Warwick,  the  chief  town  of  Kent  County, 
Rhode  Island ;  situate  at  the  head  of  Narragan- 
set  Bay,  and  on  the  w.  side,  about  eight  miles  s. 
oiT Providence.  The  township  contained,  in  1790, 
34i93  inhabitants,  including  35  slaves.  \  cotton 
manufactory  has  been  established  in  this  town 
upon  an  extensive  scale.  One  of  Arkwright's 
machines  was  erected  here  in  August,  1795  ;  and 
the  yarn  produced  answers  the  most  sanguine 
expectation.  This  town  was  the  birth-place  of 
the  celebrated  General  Greene.] 

[Warwick,  a  township  of  New  York,  Orange 
County,  bounded  t.  by  New  Cornwall,  and  s.  by 
the  State  of  New  Jersey.  It  contained,  in  1790, 
3603  inhabitants,  of  whom  383  were  electors  and 
95  slaves.] 

[Warwick,  the 
Pennsylvania ;    the 

other  in  that  of  Lancaster.  In  the  latter  is  the 
fine  Moravian  settlement  called  Litiz  ;  which 
see.] 

[Warwick,  a  post-town  of  Maryland,  Cecil 
County,  on  the  e.  shore  of  Chesapeak  Bay;  about 
14  miles  s.  of  Elkton,  eight  w.  e.  of  George-town 
Cross  Roads,  and  46  s.  to.  of  Philadelphia] 

[Warwick,  a  small  town  of  Chesterfield 
County,  Virginia;  agreeably  situate  on  the  s. 
w.  side  of  James's  River,  aboiit  seven  miles  s.  s.  e. 
of  Richmond,  and  14  n.  of  Petersburg.  Vessels 
of  250  tons  burden  can  come  to  this  town.  In 
1781,  Benedict  Arnold  destroyed  many  vessels  in 
the  river  and  on  the  stocks  at  this  place.] 


name  of  two  townships  of 
one   in  Buck's  County,  the 


WARU,  a  river  of  the  nrovinee  and  captain- 
ship of  Seara,  in  Brazil ;  wnich  rises  very  near 
the  COD  tt,  runs  n.  n.  e.  and  enters  the  sea  at  the 
point  of  Mello. 

[WASHAS,  Indians  of  N.  America,  who,  when 
the  French  first  came  into  the  Mississippi,  lived 
on  an  island  to  the  s.  w.  of  New  Orleans,  called 
Barritara,  and  were  the  first  tribe  they  became 
acquainted  with,  and  were  always  friends.  They 
afterwards  lived  on  Bayau  La  Fosh ;  and,  from 
being  a  considerable  nation,  are  now  reduced  to 
five  persons  only,  two  men  and  three  women,  who 
are  scattered  in  French  families;  have  been  many 
years  extinct,  as  a  nation,  and  their  native  lan- 
guage is  lost.] 

[WASHINGTON,  a  county  of  the  district  of 
Maine,  and  the  most  e.  land  in  the  United  States. 
It  is  bounded  «.  by  the  ocean,  to.  by  Hancock 
County,  n.  by  Lower  Canada,  and  e.  by  New 
Brunswick.  It  is  about  200  miles  in  length,  but 
its  breadth  is  as  yet  undetermined.  It  was  erected 
into  a  county  in  1789 ;  but  has  few  towns  yet  in- 
corporated. The  coast  abounds  with  excellent 
harbours.  Although  the  winters  arc  long  and 
severe,  yet  the  soil  and  productions  are  but  little 
inferior  to  the  other  counties.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  this  country,  according  to  the 
census  of  1790,  was  2758 ;  but  the  increase  since 
must  have  been  very  considerable.  Chief  town, 
Machias. 

[Washington,  a  maritime  county  of  the  State 
of  Rhode  Island ;  bounded  n.  by  Kent,  s.  by  the 
N.  Atlantic  Ocean,  zo.  by  the  State  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  e.  by  Narraganset  Bay.  It  is  divided 
into  seven  townships,  and  contained,  in  1790, 
18,075  inhabitants,  including  339  slaves.  Chief 
town,  S.  Kingstown.] 

[Washington,  a  county  of  New  York; 
bounded  w.  by  Clinton  County,  s.  by  Rensselaer, 
s.  Zi).  by  Saratoga,  tt).  by  Herkemer,  and  e.  by  the 
State  of  Vermont.  Until  1784  it  was  called 
Charlotte.  It  contained,  in  1790,  14,042  inha- 
bitants, including  742  slaves.  In  1796  there 
were  3370  of  the  inhabitants  qualified  electors. 
It  is  subdivided  into  12  townships,  of  which 
Salem  is  the  chief.] 

[Washington,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania; 
situate  on  the  s.  vs.  corner  of  the  State ;  bounded 
w.  by  Alleghany  County,  s.  by  Monongalia  County 
in  Virginia,  e.  by  Monongahela  River,  whicn 
divides  it  from  Fayette  County,  and  ze.  by  Ohio 
County  in  Virginia,  agreeably  diversified  with 
hills,  which  admit  of  easy  cultivation  quite  to 
their  summits.  Ii  is  divided  into  21  townships, 
and  contained,  in  1790,  23,866  inhabitants,  in- 


'Ill 


aptairt- 
y  near 
at  the 

),  when 
i,  lived 
,  called 
became 
They 
d,  from 
luced  to 
en,  who 
;n  many 
ive  lan- 

istrict  of 
d  States. 
Hancock 
by  New 
igth,  but 
s  erected 
18  yet  in- 
excellent 
long  and 
but  little 
;umber  of 
g   to  the 
jase  since 
lief  town, 

■the  State 

s.  by  the 

Connecti- 

[s  divided 

1790, 

Chief 


in 

;s. 


w  York ; 
■  ensselaer, 
[l  f .  by  the 
jas  called 
|012  inha- 

'96  there 
|l  electors. 

of  which 

isylvania ; 
bounded 
Ilia  County 
}er,  which 
J.  by  Ohio 
ified  with 
quite  to 
■townships, 
Vtanta,  in- 


W  A  S 

I  eluding  263  slaves.     Mines  of  copper  and  iron 
ore  have  been  found  in  this  county.] 

[Washington,  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
and  a  post-town,  is  situate  on  a  branch  of  Charter's 
Creek,  which  falls  into  Ohio  River,  a  few  miles 
below  Pittsburg.  It  contains  a  brick  court  house, 
a  stone  gaol,  a  large  brick  building  for  the  public 
offices,  an  academy  of  stone^  and  nearly  100  dwel- 
ling-houses. It  is  22  miles  s.  s.  tc.  of  Pittsburg, 
22  n.  ti).  of  Brownsville,  38  n.  by  w.  of  Morgan- 
town,  in  Virginia.  Lat.  n.  40°  13'  w.  long.  80° 
19'.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  manufactures  for  so 
young  a  town.  There  are  three  other  townships 
"of  the  same  name  in  Pennsylvania,  viz.  in  Fayette, 
Franklin,  and  Westmoreland  Counties.] 

[Washington,  a  county  of  Maryland,  on  the 
tv.  shore  of  Chesapeke  Bay ;  bounued  n.  by  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania,  e.  by  Frederick  County, 
from  which  it  is  divided  by  S.  Mountain,  s.  to. 
by  Patowmack  River,  which  divides  it  from  the 
State  of  Virginia,  and  to.  by  Sideling-Hill  Creek, 
which  separates  it  from  Alleghany  County.  This 
is  called  the  garden  of  Maryland,  lying  princi- 
pally between  the  N.  and  S.  Mountains,  and  in- 
clucfes  the  rich,  fertile,  and  well  cultivated  valley 
of  Conegocheague.  Its  streams  furnish  excellent 
mill  seats,  and  the  lands  are  thought  to  be  the 
most  fertile  in  the  State.  Lime-stone  and  iron- 
ore  are  found  here.  Furnaces  and  forges  have 
been  erected,  and  considerable  quantities  of  pig 
and  bar  iron  are  manufactured.  Chief  town, 
Elizabeth  Town.] 

[Washington,  a  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded 
r.  and  n.  e.  by  W^ythe,  n.  id.  by  Russell,  s.  by  the 
State  of  N.  CarMina,  and  w.  by  Lee.  it  is 
watered  by  the  s  reams  which  form  Holston, 
Clinch,  and  Powell's  Rivers.  There  is  a  natural 
bridge  in  this  county  similar  to  that  in  Rock- 
bridge County  -  It  is  on  Stock  Creek,  a  branch 
of  Peleson  River.  It  contained,  in  1790,  3625 
inhabitants,  including  450  slaves.  Chief  town, 
Abingdon.] 

[Washington,  a  district  of  the  ujjper  country 
of  S.  Carolina,  perhaps  the  most  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous in  the  State.  It  lies  w.  of  Ninety-Six 
district,  of  which  it  was  formerly  a  part,  and  is 
bounded  «.  by  the  State  of  N.  Carolina.  It  con- 
tains the  counties  of  Pendleton  and  Greenville ; 
mid  its  population,  in  1790,  amounted  to  14,619 
inliabitants,  sending  to  the  State  legislature  five 
representatives  and  two  senators.  Chief  town, 
Pickcnsville.  A  number  of  old  deserted  Indian 
towns  of  the  Cherokee  nation,  are  frequently  met 
with  on  the  Keowee  River,  and  its  tributary 
titreams  which  water  this  country.]     - 

VOL.   V. 


WAS 


25: 


[WASHiNGTON,acountyofKentucky;  bounded 
H.  e.  by  Mercer,  «.  w.  by  Nelson,  s.  e.  by  Lincoln, 
and  ID.  by  Hardin.] 

[Washington,  a  district  of  the  State  of  Ten- 
nessee ;  situate  on  the  waters  of  the  rivers  Hol- 
ston and  Clinch,  and  is  divided  from  Mero  dis- 
trict on  the  w.  by  an  uninhabited  country.  It  is 
divided  into  the  counties  of  Washington,  Sullivan, 
Greene,  and  Hawkins.  It  contained,  according 
to  the  State  census  of  ri95,  29,531  inhabitants, 
including  4693  slaves.] 

[Washington,  a  county  of  Tennessee  in  the 
above  district,  contained,  in  1795,  10,105  inhabi- 
tants, inclusive  of  978  slaves.  Washington  col- 
lege is  established  in  this  county  by  tne  legis- 
lature.] 

[Washington,  a  county  of  the  N.  W.  Terri- 
tory, erecteu  in  1788  within  the  following  boun- 
daries, viz.  beginning  on  the  bank  of  the  Ohio 
where  the  w.  line  of  Pennsylvania  crosses  it,  and 
running  with  that  Hne  to  Lake  Erie;  thence 
along  tne  5.  shore  of  that  lake  to  the  mouth  of 
Cayahoga  River,  and  up  that  river  to  the  portage 
between  it  and  the  Tuscarawa  branch  of  Muskin- 
gum ;  thence  down  that  branch  to  the  forks  of 
the  crossing-place  above  Fort  Lawrence ;  thence 
with  a  line  to  be  drawn  w.  to  the  portage,  on  that 
branch  of  the  Big  Miami  on  which  the  fort  stood, 
which  was  taken  from  the  French  in  1752,  until 
it  meets  the  road  from  the  Lower  Shawanese 
Town  to  Sandusky ;  thence  s.  to  the  Sciota  River 
to  the  mouth,  and  thence  up  the  Ohio  to  the 
place  of  beginning.] 

[Washington,  a  county  of  the  upper  district 
of  Georgia,  which  contained,  in  1790,  4332  inha- 
bitants, including  694  slaves.  Fort  Fidus  is 
situate  in  the  westernmost  part  of  the  county,  on 
the  c.  branch  of  Alatamaha  River.  The  county 
is  bounded  on  the  «.  e.  by  Ogeechee  River. 
Numbers  have  lately  moved  here  from  Wilkes 
County,  in  order  to  cultivate  cotton  in  preference 
to  tobacco.  This  produce,  though  in  its  infancy, 
amounted  to  208,000  lbs.  weight  in  1792.  Chief 
town,  Golphinton.] 

[Washington,  a  townshipof  Vermont,  Orange 
County,  12  miles  to.  of  Bradford.  It  contained, 
in  1790,  72  inhabitants.] 

[Washington,  a  township  of  Massachusetts, 
in  Berkshire  County,  seven  miles  s.  e.  of  Pitts- 
field,  eight  e.  of  Lenox,  and  98  tc.  of  Boston. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1777,  and  con'ipned,  in 
1790,  588  inhabitants.] 

[Washington,  or  Mount  Vernon,  a  planta- 
tion of  Lincoln  County,  district  of  Maine,  «.  w, 
of  Hallowell,  and  nine  miles  from  Sterling.     It 

L,  L 


'.  i' 


■y>r 


V 


I 


!««!'' f 


i;  ! 


W 


1' 


'250 


WAS 


consifltfl  of  16,055  acres  of  land  and  water,  of 
which  the  latter  occupies  1641  acres.  It  con- 
tained, in  17flO,  618  inhabitants,  and  was  incor- 
porated by  the  name  of  Belgrade  in  1796; 
which  see.] 

[Washington,  a  township  of  New  York,  in 
Diilchess  County,  bounded  s.  by  tlie  town  of 
Beekman,  and  w.  by  Ponphkeepsje  and  Clinton. 
It  contained,  in  1790,  5189  inhabitants,  of  whom 
286  were  electors  and  78  slaves.] 

J^Wasiiington,  a  township  of  New  Hamp- 
shire in  Cheshire  County,  first  called  Camden. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1776,  and  contained  in 
1790,  545  inhabitants.  It  is  12  or  14  miles  c.  of 
Charlestown.] 

[Washington,  a  township  of  Connecticut  in 
Litchfield  County,  about  seven  miles  s.  le.  of 
Litchfield.] 

[IVashington,  a  port  of  entry  and  post-town 
of  N.  Carolina;  situate  in  Beaufort  County,  on 
the  «.  side  of  Tar  River,  in  lat.  35°  yO' k  55 
miles  from  Ocrecok  Inlet,  22  from  the  mouth  of 
Tar  River,  38  ,?.  x.  to.  of  Edenton,  18  n.  by  e.  of 
Newbern,  and  95  «.  e.  by  n.  of  Wilmina;ton.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  gaol,  and  about  80  houses. 
From  this  town  is  exported  tobacco  of  the  Peters- 
burg quality,  pork,  beef,  Indian  corn,  peas,  beans, 
pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  rosin,  &c.  also  pine  boards, 
shingles,  and  oak  staves.  About  1.%  vessels  en- 
tered annuiUly  at  the  custom-house  in  this  town, 
in  the  year  1790.  The  exports  for  a  year  ending 
September  30,  1794,  amounted  to  33,684  dol- 
lars.] 

[Washington,  a  post-town  of  Kentucky,  and 
the  capital  of  Mason  County,  about  three  miles 
s.  by  w.  of  the  landing  at  Limestone,  on  the  s. 
side  of  Ohio  River.  It  contained  in  1790,  about 
100  houses,  a  Presbyterian  church,  a  handsome 
court-house  and  gaol,  and  is  fast  increasing  in 
importance.  It  is  50  miles  n.  e.  of  Lexington, 
61  n.e.  by  e.  of  Frankfort.] 

[Washington  Court-house,  in  S.  Carolina,  is 
10  miles  from  Greenville,  and  16  from  Pen- 
'Ueton.] 

[Washington,  a  post-town  of  Georgia,  and 
the  capital  of  Wilkes  County,  40  miles  «.  w.  by 
w.  of  Augusta,  41  n.  by  to.  of  Louisville,  and  40 
from  Greensborough.  It  stands  on  the  w.  side 
of  Kettle  Creek,  a  w.  branch  of  Little  River, 
which  empties  into  Savanni.h  River  from  the  e. 
about  36  miles  e.  of  the  town.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out,  and  contained,  in  1788,  34  houses,  a 
court-house,  gaol,  and  academv.  The  funds  of 
the  academy  amount  to  about  ^.800  sterling,  and 


W  A  S 

the  number  of  students  to  lietween  60  and  70, 
On  the  e.  side  of  the  town,  Ij  miles  distant,  is  a 
medicinal  spring,  which  rises  from  a  hollow  tree 
four  or  five  feet  in  length.  The  inside  of  the  tree 
is  covered  with  a  coat  ol"  matter  an  inch  thick, 
and  the  leaves  around  the  spring  are  incrustcd 
Avith  a  substance  as  white  as  snow.  It  is  said  to 
be  a  sovereign  remedy  for  the  scurvy,  scrophu- 
lous  disorders,  consumptions,  gout,  and  every 
other  disorder  arising  from  humoius  iu  the  blood. 
This  spring  being  situate  in  a  fine  licalthy  part 
of  the  state,  will,  no  doubt,  b;-  a  pleasant  and 
salutary  place  of  resort  for  invalids  from  the  ma- 
ritime and  unhealthy  parts  of  Georgia,  and  the 
neighbouring  states!] 

[Washington,  City,  in  the  territory  of  Co- 
lumbia, was  ceded  by  the  State  of  V^irginia  and 
Maryland  to  the  United  States,  and  bv  them 
established  as  the  seat  of  their  govennnent,  after 
the  year  1800.  This  city  stands  at  the  junction 
oftfie  river  Patowmack,  and  the  Eastern  Branch, 
latitude  38°  53'  w.  extending  nearly  four  miles 
up  each,  and  including  a  tract  of  territory,  e.v- 
ceeded,  in  point  of  convenience,  salubrity  and 
beauty,  by  none  in  America.  For  although  the 
land  in  general  appears  level,  yet  by  gentle  and 
gradual  swellipgs,  a  variety  of  elegar.t  prospects 
are  produced,  and  a  sufficient  descent  formed  for 

conveying  off  the  water  occasioned  by  rain. 

Within  the  limits  of  this  city  are  a  great  number 
of  excellent  springs  ;  and  by  digging  wells,  water 
of  the  best  qualit  may  readily  be  had.  Besides 
the  never  fading  s  reams  that  now  run  through 
that  territory,  may  also  be  collected  for  the  lise 
of  the  city.  The  waters  of  Reedy  IJranch,  and 
of  Tiber  Creek,  may  be  conveyed  to  the  Presi- 
dent's house.  The  source  of  Tilier  Crook  is  ele- 
vated about  236  feet  above  the  level  of  the  tide 
in  said  creek.  The  perpendicular  height  of  the 
ground  on  which  the  capitol  stands,  is  78  fcot 
above  the  level  of  the  tide  in  Tiber  Creek.  The 
water  of  Tiber  Creek  may  therefore  be  conveye.! 
to  the  capitol,  and  after  watering  that  part  of  the 
city,  may  be  destined  to  other  useful  purposes. 
The  Eastern  Branch  is  one  of  the  safest  and 
most  commodious  harbours  in  America,  beinn- 
sufficiently  deep  for  the  largest  ships,  for  abou" 
four  miles  above  its  mouth,  while  the  channel 
lies  close  along  the  bank  adjoining  the  city,  and 
affords  a  large  and  convenient  harbour.  The 
Patowmack,  although  only  navigable  for  small 
craft,  for  a  considerable  distance  from  its  banks 
next  the  city,  excepting  about  half  a  mile  above 
the  junction  of  the  rivers,  will  nevertheless  afford 


i: 


W  A  S 


WAS 


•259 


A  cnpaciouH  summer  harbour;  as  an  immense 
number  of  ships  may  ride  in  the  great  channel, 
opposite  to,  and  below  the  cit^. 

The  situation  of  this  metropolis  is  upon  tlie 
groat  post-road,  equi-distant  from  the  h.  and  s. 
cxtrcniiticH  of  tlie  union,  and  nearly  so  from  the 
Atlantic  and  Pittsburg,  upon  the  best  navigation, 
and  in  tlio  midst  of  a  commercial  territory,  proba- 
bly the  richest,  and  commanding  the  most  exten- 
sive internal  resource  of  any  in  America.     It  has 
tliorcfore  many  advantages  to  recommend  it,  as 
an  eligible  place  for  the  permanent  seat  of  the 
general  government :  and  it  may  be  expected  to 
grow  up  with  a  degree  of  rapidity  conmiensuratu 
with  its  advantiigx's.     The  plan  of  tliis  city  ap- 
pears to  contain  some  ini))ortant  improvements 
upon  that  of  the  best  planned  cities  in  the  world, 
combining  in  a  remarkable  degree,  convenience, 
regularity,  elegance  of  prospect,  and  a  free  cir- 
cuiation  of  air.     The  positions  of  the  ditFerent 
public  edifices,  and  for  the  several  squares  and 
areas  of  different  shapes  as  they  arc  laid  down, 
were  first  determined  on  the  most  advantageous 
ground,  commanding  the  most  ex'ensive   pro- 
spects, and  from  their  situation,  susceptible  of 
such  improvements  as  either  use  or  ornament 
may  hereafter  req^uire.     The  capitol  is  situated 
on  a  most  beautiful  eminence,   commanding  a 
complete  view  of  every  part  of  the  city,  and  of  a 
considerable  part  of  the  country  around.     The 
President's  house  stands  on  a  rising  ground,  pos- 
sessing a  delightful  water  prospect,  together  with 
a  commanding  view  of  the  capitol,  and  the  most 
material  parts  of  the  city.    Lines,  or  avenues  of 
direct  communication,  have  been  devised  to  con- 
nect  the  most    distant  and   important  objects. 
Tliese  transverse  avenues,   or  diagonal  streets, 
are  laid  out  on  the  most  advantageous  ground 
for  prospect  and  convenience,  and  are  calculated 
not  only  to  produce  a  variety  of  charming  pro- 
spects, but  greatly  to  facilitate  the  comuuinication 
throughout  the  city.     North  and  s.  lines,  inter- 
sertrd  by  others  running  due  e.  and  w.  make  the 
distribution  of  the  city  into  streets,  squares,  &c. 
and  tiiose  lines  have  been  so  combined,  as  to 
meet  at  certain  given  points,  with  the  divergent 
avenues,  so  as  to  form,  on  the  spaces  first  deter- 
mined,  the   different    squares   or    areas.      The 
grand  avenues,  and  such  streets  as  lead  imme- 
diately to  public  places,  are  from  130  to  160  feet 
wide,  and  may  be  conveniently  divided  into  foot- 
ways, a  walk  planted  with  trees  on  each  side,  and 
a  paveil  May  for  carriages.     The  other  streets 
are  from  90  to  110  feet  wide.     In  order  to  exe- 
cute this  plan,  Mr.EUicott  drew  a  true  meridional 


line  by  celestial  observation,  which  passes  through 
the  area  intended  for  the  capitol.  This  line  he 
crossed  by  another,  runnii^g  due  r.  and  w.  which 
passes  through  the  same  area.  These  lines  were 
accurately  measured  and  made  the  bases  on  which 
the  whole  plan  was  executed.  He  ran  all  the 
lines  by  a  transit  instrument,  and  determined  the 
acute  angles  by  actual  measurement,  leaving  no- 
thing to  the  uncertainty  of  the  compass. 

Washington,  or  the  Federal  City,  is  separated 
from  Georgetown  in  Montgomery  County,  Mary- 
land, on  the  w.  by  Rock  Creek,  but  that  town  is 
now  within  the  territory  of  Columbia.  It  is  4^ 
miles  s.  w.  by  s,  of  Baltimore,  87 (i  from  Passama- 
quoddy,  in  the  district  of  Maine,  ."jOO  from  Bos- 
ton, 218  from  New  York,  141  from  Philadelphia, 
133  from  llichmond  in  Virginia,  232  from  Hali- 
fax in  N.  Carolina,  G30  from  Charleston  in  S.  Ca- 
rf.lina,  and  794  from  Savannah  in  Georgia.  The 
above  distances  are  English  miles,  and  include 
the  windings  of  the  roads. 

The  population  of  the  territorial  government 
of  Columbia,  in  which  this  federal  city  is  situate, 
amounted  by  the  census  of  1810,'  to  24,023 
souls.] 

[Washington   College,   in   Maryland.     See 

ClIBSTKRTOWN.] 

[Wasuixctov  Fort,  in  the  territory  n.ze.  of 
the  Ohio,  is  situate  on  the  ??.  bank  of  the  river 
Ohio,  TD.  of  Little  Miami  River,  and  37  miles 
w.  w.  of  Washington  in  Kentucky.  See  Cincin- 
nati.] 

[Washington,  Mount,  a  small  township  of 
Massachusetts,  Berkshire  County,  in  the  ,«  to. 
corner  of  the  State.  It  was  incorporated  in  1779, 
and  contained  in  1790,  201  inhabitants.] 

[Washington,  Mount,  one  of  the  White 
Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  which  makes  so 
majestic  an  appearance  all  along  the  shore  of 
the  e.  counties  of  Massachusetts.  See  Whitu 
Mountains.] 

[Washington's  Islands,  on  the  n.zo,  coast  of 
N.  America.  The  largest  is  of  a  triangular 
shape,  the  point  ending  on  the  a.  at  Cape  St. 
James's,  in  lat.  51°  58' ?j.  Sandy  Point,  at  its 
w.  e.  extremity,  is  in  lat.  54-^  22'  w.  Its  longi- 
tude 22r°  37' w.  extends  from  Hope  Point,  tlie 
w. ».  extremity,  to  Sandy  Point,  in  228^^45'  zc. 
Port  Ingraham,  Perkins,  and  Magee  Sound,  Ho 
on  the  to.  side  of  the  island ;  on  the  r.  side  are 
the  following  ports  from  w.  to  .?.  Skeetkiss  or 
Skitkiss  Harbour,  Port  Ciiminnsliawa,  Kleiws 
Point,  Smoke  Port,  K'anskecno  Point,  Port  (le- 
vers, Port  Ucah,  and  Port  Sturgi'^.  Captain 
Cook,  when  he  passed  this  isiand,  sii])pospd  il 
I,  i,  2 


!■'  ^'^''iftii' 


.i'^s 


1  I 


;<'■! 


m. 


y .  W- . 


260 


WAT 


WAT 


mi 


to  be  a  part  or  the  continent,  as  the  weather  at 
the  time  wai  thick,  and  the  wind  boisterous, 
which  obliged  him  to  keep  out  at  sea,  till  he 
made  the  w.  cape  of  the  continent  in  about 
lat.  53°  n.  Captain  Dixon  discovered  these  is- 
lands in  1787,  and  named  them  Queen  Char- 
lotte's Islands.  Captain  Gray  discovered  them 
in  1789,  and  called  them  Washington's  Islands. 
There  are  three  principal  islands,  besides  many 
small  ones.  It  is  conjectured  that  they  make  a 
part  of  the  archipelago  of  St.  Lazarus.] 

[WASHITA,  a  river  of  N.  America,  which 
rises  in  about  lat.  30°  «.  and  with  the  Bayan 
Tenza  forms  the  Black  River. — For  an  accurate 
account  of  which,  see  Vol.  III.  pageSjl,  of  this 
Dictionary.] 

[WASHQUARTER,  or  Weighqubta,  in 
Upper  Canada,  N.  America,  afterwards  called 
Lake  Geneva,  and  now  Burlington  Bay,  l)y  pro- 
clamation, July  16,  1792,  is  a  very  beaudful 
small  lake,  lying  within  the  head  of  Lake  On- 
tario, from  winch  it  is  divided  by  a  long  beach  : 
over  the  outlet  has  been  erectetl  a  good  bridge  ; 
and  on  the  s.  part  of  the  beach,  near  the  portage, 
is  a  good  inn,  erected  by  his  Excellency  Major- 
general  Simcoe.] 

[WASKEMASHIN,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador.  Lat. 
50°  3'  w.     Long.  59°  55'  w.] 

"WASSAW  Island.     See  Warsaw.] 

[WATAGUAKI  Isles,  on  the  coast  of  La- 
brador, and  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  lies 
near  the  shore,  n.  e.  of  Ouapitougan  Isle,  and 
.V.  w.  of  Little  Mecatina,  about  10  or  12  leagues 
from  each.] 

[WATAUGA,  a  river  of  Tennesse,  which 
rises  in  Burke  County,  N.  Carolina,  and  falls  into 
llolstein  River,  15  miles  above  Long  Island.] 

[WATCH  Point,  lies  to  the  «.  e.  of  Fisher's 
Island,  in  Long  Island  Sound,  and  w.s.w.  14 
miles  from  Block  Island.] 

[WATEHOO,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean ;  a  beautiful  spot,  about  six  miles  long  and 
four  broad.    Lat.  20°  V  n.    Long.  158°  15'  a).] 

[WATERBOROUGH,  a  township  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  York  County,  on  Mousom  Rivei, 
15  miles  n.  w  of  Wells,  and  75  from  Boston.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1787,  and  contained  in  1790, 
965  inhabitan'.s.] 

[WATERBURY,  a  township  of  Vermont,  in 
Chittenden  County,  separated  from  Duxbury  on 
the  s.  xo.  by  Onion  River.  It  contained  in  1790, 
93  inhabitants.] 

fWATF.nBURY,  the  w.  westernmost  township 
of  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  called  by  the 


Indians,  Matteluck.  It  was  settled  in  1761,  and 
is  divided  into  the  parishes  of  Northbury,  Salem, 
ana  South  Britain.] 


[WAT 

Carolina, 
[WAT 
County, 
or  Green 


ilREE,  a  branch  of  Santee  River,  S. 


'ERFORD,  a  plantation  in  Cumberland 
istrict  of  Maine,  *.  e.  of  Orangetown, 
and.] 

[Waterfokd,  a  new  township  in  York 
County,  district  of  Maine,  incorporated  Febru- 
ary, 1797,  formerly  a  part  of  Waterborough.] 

[Waterford,  a  township  of  New  Jersey,  in 
Gloucester  .County.] 

[Waterford,  a  neat  village  of  New  York, 
in  the  township  of  Half  Moon  ;  which  see.] 

WATER  Fresh.    See  Aquabuena. 

WATEREE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  S.  Carolina,  where  the  English  have  a 
fort  and  establishment,  on  the  shore  of  the  river 
of  this  name. 

WATERY,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  S.  Carolina,  in  the  territory  of  the  Ca- 
tabaw  Indians,  where  the  English  nave  a  fort 
and  establishment.  It  is  situate  on  the  shore, 
and  at  the  source  of  the  river  of  its  name. 

Watery.  This  river  runs  s.  e.  and  enters  the 
Congari. 

[WATERLAND,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean,  so  named  by  Le  Mairc.  Lat.  14°  46'  5. 
Long.  144°  10'  a;.] 

[WATERQUECHIE,  or  Quechy,  a  small 
river  of  Vermont,  which  empties  into  Connecti- 
cut River  in  Hartland.] 

pVATERTOWN,  a  very  pleasant  town  in 
Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts  ;  seven  miles 
w.  n.  10.  of  Boston.  Charles  River  is  navigable 
for  boats  to  this  town,  seven  miles  from  its  mouth 
in  Boston  Harbour.  The  township  contained  in 
1790,  1091  inlr..'uitants,  and  was  incorporated  in 
1630.  The  F  ev.  Mr.  Elliot  relates,  that  in  the 
year  1670,  a  strange  phenomenon  appeared  in  a 
great  pond  at  Watertown,  where  the  fish  all  died; 
and  as  many  as  could,  thrust  themselves  on  shore, 
and  there  died.  It  was  estimated  that  not  less 
than  20  cart  loads  lay  dead  at  once  round  the 
pond.  An  eel  wa?  found  alive  in  the  sandy 
border  of  the  pond,  and  upon  being  cast  again 
into  its  natural  element,  it  wriggled  out  again  as 
fast  as  it  could,  and  died  on  the  shore.  The  cat- 
tle, accustomed  to  the  water,  refused  to  drink  it 
for  three  days,  after  which  they  drank  as  usual. 
When  the  fish  began  to  come  on  shore,  before 
they  died,  many  were  taken  both  by  English  and 
Indians,  and  eaten  without  any  injury.] 

[Watertown,  a  township  in  Litchfield  County, 


!t     ! 


W  A  W 


W  E  A 


261 


Connecticut.     It  is  uhout  ^G   miles  n.  w.  w.  of 
New  Haven.] 

[WATIiR  VI.IET,  nn  extensive  township  of 
iS'ow  Voik,  Allniiiy  (-'ounty,  on  the  le.  sido  of 
Hiidnon's  River,  and  inrltuies  the  vilhisye  of  Ha- 
milton, and  Hie  islands  in  the  river  nejirost  the 
u).  side.  It  is  lioiinded  tt).  by  the  manor  of  Hens- 
selaerwycli,  and  contained,  in  1700,  7419  inhahi- 
tants,  inclndina:  707  slaves.  In  \79(i,  there  were 
COO  of  the  iidiabitants  qnalififd  electors.] 

\VATIN(t,  a  small  island  of  the  N.  Sea,  one 
of  the  I.ucayas,  to  the  w.  of  Long;  Island. 

WATIN'O,  Point  or,  on  the  coast  of  the 
|)rovinco  and  colony  of  Maryland  in  the  United 
Slates,  within  the  Bay  of  Chcsapeak. 

WATKINS,  a  settlement  of  the  Island  of  Bar- 
hadoes  ;  sitnate  on  the  .«.  coast,  and  in  the  juris- 
diction of  the  city  of  Bridgetown. 

[WATLINGS  Isr.ANi),  one  of  the  Bahama 
Islands,  situate  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about 
IS  Icnffues  ».  by  ze.  from  Bird  Rock,  the  //  zo- 
point  of  Crooked  Island.  By  an  enumeration  in 
1803,  the  number  of  whites  amounted  to  13,  and 
of  blacks  to  1^26  :  and  the  number  of  acres  of 
patented  estates,  jjranted  by  the  crown  for  the 
purposes  of  cultivation,  to  10,975  acres.  The 
s.  point  is  in  lat.  24°  n.  and  lonsj.  71"  tt'.] 

WATOGA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  N.  Carolina  ;  situate  on  the  shore  and 
at  the  sotirce  of  tlie  river  Tenessee. 

WATOGO,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of  the 
same  province  and  colony  as  the  former,  on  the 
shore  of  the  river  Cherakecs,  and  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  of  its  name. 

Watocjo.  This  river  is  small,  runs  nejirly  w. 
and  enters  the  Chcrakees. 

[VVATSON,  FottT,  in  S.  Carolina,  was  situate 
on  the  n.e.  bank  of  Santco  River,  about  lialf  way 
between  the  mouth  of  the  Congaree  and  Nelson*? 
Fort,  on  the  bend  of  the  river  opposite  the  Eu- 
taw  Springs.  Its  garrison  of  114  men  being  be- 
sieged by  Genr;al Greene,  surrendered  in  April, 
1781.  lie  then  marched  with  his  main  force 
against  Camden,  higher  up  the  river.] 

[WAUKEAGUE,  a  village  in  the  township  of 
Sullivan,  in  the  district  of  Maine,  nine  miles 
from  Desert  Island  ] 

rWAVENEY,  a  river  in  the  county  of  Nor- 
folk, Upper  Canada,  rises  in  the  township  of 
Townsend,  and  running  thence  s.  through  the 
townships  of  Woodhouse  and  Walpole,  discharges 
itself  into  Lake  Erie,  where  it  has  about  three 
feet  water  over  the  bar,  and  is  a  good  harbour 
for  batteaux  ] 

[W/lWASlNK,  a  village  in  New  York,  on 


Rondout  Kill,  a  branch  of  Wall  Kill,  seven  miles 
w  of  New  Pultz,  and  i^  s.  w.  of  Esopus,] 

[WAWIACHTAXOS,  andTwicurwEEs,  two 
Indian  tril)es,  residing  chiefly  lietwcen  Sciota 
and  Wabash  Rivers.] 

WAYBARI,  a  small  river  of  the  province  of 
Guayana,  in  the  part  possessed  by  the  Dutch. 
It  enters  the  sea  above  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Berbice. 

[WAYNE,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  W.  Terri- 
tory, laid  out  in  the  fall  of  I79(),  including  the 
settlements  of  Detroit  and  Michillimakkinaek.  ) 

[Wayne,  a  county  of  Newbern  District,  N. 
Carolina  ;  bounded  ti.  by  Edgcome,  and  s.  by 
Crlasgow.  It  contained  "in  1790,  6133  inhabi- 
tants, inclusive  of  I.'j.j7  slaves.] 

[Wavni;,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania,  sitmite 
in  IVlilllin  C'onnty.] 

[Wayne,  Fort,  in  the  N.  W.  Territory,  is  si- 
'uate  at  the  head  of  the  Miami  of  the  Lake,  near 
ihe  Old  Miami  villages,  at  the  confluence  of  St. 
Joseph's  and  St.  James's  Riverr.  It  is  a  square 
fort,  with  bastions  at  each  angle,  with  a  ditch  and 
parapet,  and  could  contain  500  men,  but  has  only 
300,  with  16  pieces  of  camion.  It  i«  6'2  miles  w. 
by  e.  of  Fort  Recovery,  and  127  zv.  by  s.  of  De- 
troit. The  Indians  ceded  to  the  United  States 
a  tract  of  land  six  miles  square,  where  this  fort 
stands,  at  the  late  treaty  of  poace  at  Green- 
ville] 

[WAYNESBOROUGH,  a  post-town  of  N. 
Carolina,  19  miles  from  Kingston,  and  36  s.e. 
from  Raleigh.] 

[WAYNESBORorr.ii,  a  post-town  in  Burke 
County,  Georgia,  24  miles  s-  zc.  of  Augusta,  30 
e.  by  n.  of  Louisville.  No  river  of  consequence 
passes  near  this  town ;  yet  being  the  place  where 
l)oth  the  superior  and  inferior  courts  are  held,  it 
is  in  a  prosperous  condition.] 

WEALE,  a  settlement  of  the  island  of  Barba- 
does,  in  the  district  of  the  parish  of  Santiago;  si- 
tuate on  the  zv,  coast. 

[WEARE,  a  township  of  New  Hampshire, 
situate  in  Hillsborough  County,  18  miles  s.  zv.  of 
Concord,  60  za.  of  Portsmoutli,  and  70  w.  zi).  of 
Boston.  It  was  incorporated  in  1764,  and  con- 
tained in  1790,  1924  inhabitants.] 

WEATHER-FAIR.    See  Buen  Tiempo. 

[WEATHERSFIELD,  a  township  of  Ver- 
mont, Windsor  County,  on  the  zv.  side  of  Con- 
necticut River,  between  Windsor  on  the  n.  and 
Springfield  on  the  s.  Ascutney  Mountain  lies 
partly  in  this  township,  and  in  that  of  Windsor. 
It  is  a  flourishing  town,  and  contained  in  1790, 
iU;)7  inhabitants.] 


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[WKATMrnsriKt.n.a  post  lo«  iiorCoiiiuvticnl. 
ploiisintiv  sitiiiitc  ill  lliiiir<inl  ('((iMit\,  <tn  llir  ;.'. 
HJdo  ot'CoiiiKM-ljciil  |{i\«'i-,  liiiir  miles  v.  dl'  lliiil 
litnl,  I  I  w.  oI'MiddlHon,  .'W  ».  Itv  «•.  of  Nr«  liii- 
vni,  inid  Km  h.  c.  of  IMiiliidclpliia.  This  louii 
WHS  st'Hlcd  in  l(i.T)  or  l(),"j«>,  liy  nniirniiils  iVoni 
Doirlirslcr  ill  MiissiirliiiscUs,  mid  lins  n  li  rlil<' 
nnd  liiMiriiiiil  soil.  It  roiisiMis  of  IicIwcimi  '.'()(> 
Htid  .'>('()  Iioiisi's,  and  lias  a  very  clci'aii)  lnick 
inri'(iiij;-lioiiS(>  (or  Coiiirroijtifioiialisls.  i'lic  in 
liahitunts  ar<<  jiroiiciallv  wrallliv  tarmi'is:  and  in-- 
sidcs  llio  t'oinaion  prodiiclions  of  (lir  (diindv, 
raiso  f;rraf  (iiiantitcs  «if  onions,  wliirli  arc  ('\- 
porloil  (o  diltonMit  parls  of  Hio  t'liilcd  Slates, 
nnd  to  (h<>  W.  Indies  I 

rWIv\l'l1K|{r()KI)"S  I'l  ,^,I^  Cm  mims  an 
Indian  house  and  plantation  of  that  name,  on 
tlie  r.  side  of  Alabainha  Wiver,  al)ove  \T'(iilli- 
vrav's  sister's  iilace,  and  a  jjood  «ay  Ivdow  (he 
jnnrtlon  oCrallapoosoe  and  Coosa  rivers.  | 

|\yiv\l(TKM':\li  Towns,  Indian  villa-es 
on  Wabash  Uivor,  des(rov(>d  Iiy  (lenerals  Scott 
and  Wilkinson  in  I7f)i,  |   ' 

I  WIvM'S,  or  Wki'\s,  an  Indian  tribe,  uhose 
towns  lie  on  the  head  waters  of  Wal)asli  Uiver. 
At  the  treaty  or(H-eeiniile  tliey  oedi<d  a  tract  of 
land,  six  miles  square,  to  the  I  nited  Slates.  I 

rWF'lWKU'S  |,\Ki-,  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  is  three  miles  //.  tc\  of  Kakt'  ()tse;>'o.  It  is 
two  miles  lonj;  and  I  [  broad.  ) 

Wh'HASAW,  a  siMllement  ofthe  province  auv! 
cnptaitnhif)  ot'Uio  (Jrande  in  Hrazil ;  sitna((>  near 
th«>  coast,  on  the  sliore  ofthe  riNcr  Amarjjoso. 

|W  EHMAMKT  Hivt-u,inthedistrict  of!\laine, 
is  the  principal  entrance  by  water  to  the  town  of 
Wells,  in  \ork  (\)iinly.  It  has  a  barred  liar- 
bonr.J 

WKCAl'NSRK.  a  small  rivi'r  of  tlie  province 
and  colony  of  Virgina,  which  runs  r.  and  enters 
the  Nansemond. 

I  W'E(MIQnyi\\NK,  a  INIoravian  settlement 
made  by  the  L  nited  Hrethron  in  I'onnsylvania, 
behind  "the  Hliie  IVIoiuitains.  In  I7()0,  tlie  Heth- 
leliem  conjjreajation  purchased  1100  acres  of 
land  for  the  Christian  Indians.  In  ITb'.'J,  it  was 
destroyed  by  white  savap;es,  who  inhabited  mar 
Lancasl»>r:  they  likewise  murdered  many  of  the 
peaceable  Indians  settled  here.  It  was  finally 
destroyed  by  the  .f\nioricans  durinn'  the  late  war. 
It  lies  about  ,W  miles  w.  ri'.  by  ii\  of  Hethlehcm.J 

[WKISKM3EKO,  a  township  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  Northampton  County  .J 

I  WELCH  MoiNTAiNs,  are  situate  in  (^hester 
County.  Pennsylvania.  Hesides  other  streams, 
Hraiuhwine  Creek  rises  hero. J 


Wi:r,(ii  TuArr,  a  territory  thus  railed,  in  (lie 
conntv  of  Newcastle  and  pro\  ince  of  i'din-^^l. 
vaiiia  in  the  1 1  nited  S(at(  .  of  America  :  contain, 
ini;  nearly  40,0IK)  acres  of  plan(ation  land.  || 
has  some,  alth<ni{L>'h  inconsiderable  totvns,  such  a  < 
\V'"s(  llaverford,  and  Merioneth,  and  others.  It 
is  well  peoplechvith  iiidii-^trious  inhabi(anls,  w!io 
have  culti\a(ed  threat  par(  of  it :  and  (hiH  docs 
it  produce  wheiit  in  abundance,  havin:^-  a  stock 
ofcalll(<  wherein  it  trades,  and  plantations  the 
most  llonrishinii,  ol' any  in  the  provin<'e. 

I  WIJiC'OMi:,  Sill  'ruoM\s  Uoi.s,  or  Ni. 
I'l.rii  \.  a  bav  oy  strait  in  lha(  pai'(  of  Hudson'^ 
\V,\\  wiiicii  runs  up  to  the  ;;.  round  from  Capi- 
Southampton,  opeiiiu!;;  between  lat.  (i'2  and  (i.'j ' ;/. 
On  the  .i'.  or,'/,  sluue  is  a  fair  head  land,  called 
The   Hope,  by   Captain    Middlelon,    in   hit.  (j() 

.*;()  //.  1 

|WKI,liI'"f.KI';r,  a  township  of  Massachusetts 
in  Itariistable  County  :  situate  on  tli(<  ])eniusul.i 
called  Capi'Cod;  v.  c.  from  lloslou,  di-^lant  by  laud 
10  >  miles,  by  water  ."»(),  and  from  IMymoutli  li^hl- 
Iiouse  eif'ht  leagues.  The  harbour  is  larive.  ii;- 
deiited  \\i(liiii  with  creeks,  where  vessels  ol' 70  oi 
SO  lolls  may  lie  safe  in  what  is  called  the  Deep 
Hole.  The  land  is  b.irren,  and  its  timber  i. 
small  |)i(cli-piue  and  oak.  H(>l'ore  it  was  iucor 
porated  in  1 7()J,  it  was  called  the  North  I'reciiici 
of  I'^Hstham,  and  was  ori;<;inally  included  in  the 
Indian  Skeekeet  and  l*aim>(.  In  I7f)0,  it  con- 
taiuetl  1,117  inhabitants.  Since  the  memory  of 
people  now  livin!»-.  then'  have  been  in  this  small 
town  .'JO  pair  of  twins,  liesides  two  births  thai 
produced  three  each.  Tlu>  luelliod  of  killing 
i<ulls  ill  the  <•  nil  house,  is  no  doubt  an  Indian 
iuveiilioii,  and  also  that  of  killin:;'  bird-  and  fowl 
upon  the  beacli  in  dark  nights.  The  t>ull-liouse 
is  built  with  crotchets  <",\,.(|  ju  thi'  urouiid  on  the 
beach,  and  covered  ', jth  poles,  the  sides  bein;; 
covcM'ed  with  stakes  and  sea-weed,  and  tli(>  poles 
on  the  top  covered  with  lean  whale.  The  man 
beinii  placed  within,  is  not  discovered  by  the 
fowls,  and  while  they  are  contendiiiij;  for  and  eat- 
inif  the  lish,  he  draws  them  in  one  by  one  be- 
tween the  poles,  until  he  has  collec(e<l  10  or  .')(). 
This  number  has  often  been  taken  in  a  morning. 
The  method  of  killini;-  small  birds  and  fowl  that 
perch  on  the  beach,  is  by  makiii"'  a  lis" lit ;  the 
present  mode  is  with  hog's  lard  in  a  fryip  ;-pan; 
mit  the  Indians  are  supposed  to  have  used  a 
pine  torch.  IJirds,  in  a  dark  nifjht,  will  (lock 
to  the  lij!;ht,  and  may  be  killed  w ith  a  walking- 
cane.  It  must  be  curious  to  a  countryman  who 
lives  at  a  distance  from  (he  sen,  (  be  ac(|uaint('d 
with  the    method   of  killing-  bhu .»   iisli.      Tin  it 


^^N»V:r 


W  E  N 

••izo  iH  fnim  (iiiir  In  five  tons  WTiK'<<.  wlini  full 
i;i(»wii.  \\  Ihmi  (Ik'v  nunc  within  tlio  liiiiltoniH, 
boats Nini'oiind  llioiii,  iiiul  t)ii<v  in c  ih  riisilv  driMMi 
on  nIioh'  iiM  ciilllo  or  slicrp  itrc  <lii\('n  on  tlir 
Imid.  Tln'ticU'  It'iivcM  tlicin,  and  tlir\  arcascii-ilv 
Killed  Tlirv  ai<'  a  IimIi  oI'  IIk-  wliiiir  kind,  and 
will  avonifr*'  »  band  ol'oil  rucli  :  KM)  have  l)ri>n 
siMMi  at  one  tinw  on  tlu'  sIkmc.  OI'  late  vcarH 
tlir^c  livli  rarrlv  coini*  into  tlio  liarbonr-i.  | 

[\VKIil<S,  II  small  but  rapid  river  of  Vermont, 
wliicli,  after  a  sliort  s.  < .  eonr-c  empties  into 
ConneclitMil  Itiver,  below  'I'lie  Narrows,  and  in 
lilt"  v.r.  r(niier  (d'  Newbnrv.  lis  month  is  |() 
vards  wide.  { 

f\Vi;t,l,s,  n  township  of  Vermont,  Unlland 
Conntv,  between  I'awlel  and  I'oidtnev,  am'  con- 
(:iined'  in  I7M(),  (i'J'i  inhabitants.  Lake  S(.  Austin 
lies  in  this  township,  and  is  three  mih-M  lon^,  and 
one  broad. | 

I  Wi'.i.i.s,  a  p()st-(iiwn  (d'  the  disliici  of  Maine, 
la  York  Connlv  :  situate  on  the  bay  <d'  its  n;une, 
about  hall' way  iielween  liiddeliu'd  and  Vink,  and 
>S  miles  ii.  by  r.  ^il'  Uoslon,  and  11 1  from  I'hila- 
delpliia.  'I'liis  township  is  about  It)  n'liies  loni;, 
ami  seven  broad,  was  inc<n'|)orated  in  !().").'], 
and  contained  in  I7<)(),  ,'J,()70  inhabitanls.  It  is 
hoimded  ,v.  r.  by  that  part  of  the  sen  railed 
Wells  Hay,  and  it.  r.  by  Kennebunk  Uiver,  which 
sepaiales  it  froni  Aruiulel.  The  small  river  Nc- 
pjimket,  perhaps  formerly  Ofjfuntiqnit,  has  no  na- 
vigation, nor  mills  of  any  value,  but  noticed, 
about  170  years  a!>;(»  as  the  lunindarv  botwoon 
York  ami  Wells.  The  tide  throiia;h  I'iscatanun 
llav  nri;'es  itself  into  the  marshes  at  W(dls,  a  lew 
miles  <•.  of  Nejfiudu'l,  and  forms  a  hurb(»nr  for 
small  v(;sHels.  I'urther  e.  in  this  township,  the 
small  river  Mousuni  is  found  coniinjj  .Vom  ponds 
of  that  name  about  'iO  miles  from  the  sea.  Seve- 
ral nulls  are  upon  the  river,  and  the  inhabitants 
are  openinjf  a  harbour  by  means  of  a  cimal. — . 
VVebhamet  Uiver  is  the  principal  entrance  to  this 
town  by  water.  | 

[Wki.t.s  Hay,  in  the  township  above  men- 
tioned, lies  beiween  Cape  Porpoise  and  Ned- 
dock.  The  course  from  the  latter  to  Wells  Uar, 
is  //.  by  r.  four  leaii^iU's.  | 

jWkm.s  I'alls,  in  Delaware  River,  lie  I.*]  miles 
II.  ic.  ofTreu(<in  in  New  ilersey.] 

jWKNDFilili,  a  township  iii  Massachusetts,  in 
Hampshire  County,  J^O  miles  u.  lo.  of  DokIou.  It 
\»as  incorporated  in  I7SI,  and  contained  in  1790, 
,')l!)  inhal)itants.] 

[WrNniu,!-,  a  township  of  New  Hampshire, 
Cheshire  Countv,  about  J5  miles  ?/.t.  ofCliailes- 


w  i:  s 


2fi3 


town,  containing  'J(i7  iidmbitants.     It  was  railed 
Saville,  before  its  im'orporation  in  I7S|.| 

fWKNIIAM,  )i  township  of  Massachusetts, 
I'jssex  County,  between  Ipswich  and  Heverley, 
'Jf>  miles  ;/.(.  by  ».  of  lioston.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  Itit.'i,  and  containe<l  in  I7<I0,  .'^iO<2  inhabi- 
tants. Here  is  n  hnxe  nond,  well  "^ton-d  with 
lixh,  from  which,  and  its  vici:iitv  to  Salem,  it  was, 
with  whimsical  pietv,  called  Knon,  l>v  the  first 
settlers.  1 

IWKNI  r.\(;(>NK.n  ri\er  of  I  pper  Caimda, 
which  runs  into  Lake  (Intario,  in  the  to.  part  of 
the  township  of  Clarke.  | 

jWK.NiMAN,  one  of  the  (Jallipaijo  Mauds, 
on  the  coast  of  I'ern  ;  situate  ;,".  of  Cape  I'ran- 
ei-co.  I 

HK.N:^MINSTI':H,au  island  of  tlie  Strait  of 
i^'r.f^eiian  :  situate  at  that  entrnnce  Icadinij;  into 
the  S.  Sea,  and  close  to  the  coast  of  this  rhund). 

[WKNTWOHTII,  a  township  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, (irnfton  County,  containing;  in  I7f)0,  '211 
inhabitants.  It  was  incorj)oruted  in  J7(j(),  ami  is 
s.r.  ofOxfonI,  adjoiuinj;;.] 

WKSIO,  a  small  island  of  the  N.  Sen,  imar  the 
coast  of  I'lorida,  one  of  the  (ieorKiuii ;  between 
the  island  of.lekil  and  the  bay  of  San  A^ustin. 

jWI'jSI'ili,  a  village  of  New  ilorsey,  Ussex 
County,  on  I'asaic  IJiver,  tw«»  miles  w.  u\  of 
Acquakennnk,  an<l  live  ti:,  of  Hakkensnck.J 

[WKST,  or  WANTASTKjrr.K,  a  river  of  Ver- 
mont, has  its  nuiin  source  in  l{rondey,ubontthre(! 
miles  .V.  f.  from  the  head  «d' Otter  Creek.  After 
receivinif  seven  or  cijjht  smaller  streams,  and 
ruiniiufj;  about  ,'37  miles,  it  falls  into  Connecticut 
River  at  Hrattloboron|u;h.  It  is  the  larjjest  of 
the  streams  on  the  c.  side  of  the  (Jreen  Moun- 
tains; nnd  at  its  mouth  is  about  1.^  rods  wide, 
and  10  or  12  feet  deep.  A  number  of  fififures, 
or  inscripti(ms,  are  yet  to  be  seen  upon  the  rocks 
at  the  month  of  this  river,  seeminp  to  allude  to 
the  alVairs  of  war  amon»'  the  Indians  ;  but  their 
rudeness  and  awkwardness  denote  that  xlic  form 
ers  of  them  were  at  a  preat  remove  from  the 
knowledge  of  any  alphabet.] 

[VVkst  Hav,  (ireat,   in  I'pper  Canada,  com- 

Srehends  all  that  part  of  the  ibiy  of  Quiute,  from 
ohn's  Island,  u|)wards,  t(»  the  head  of  the  i)ay.) 
[Wkst  IIav,  aiujther,  lyin<f  in  the  ,«.  K\  extre- 
mity of  Jiake  Superior,    Upper  Canada,  within 
the  iwles  Hoyalc  and  Philipeaux.) 

[Wi;sT  Hay,  a  hirf>e  bay  of  Lake  Superior,  at 
its  westernmost  extremity,  having'  the  I'i  isles  at 
its  month.  It  receives  St.  Louis  Uiver  from 
the  K).] 


*  m 


% 


«i'  1 


■r 


\} 


WES 


WES 


■•':.     i 


[\Vi;sT  nr.TiM.r.iii'.M,  11  town»<)iip  of  Wiisliiiin- 
tuii  Count V,  l'rni)svlviiiiia.| 

Wi'.HT  luvi'H  ^llllllltllin,  ill  i\ow  llampsliirr, 
in  the  towiiNliit)  of  ('lii'Hlorliclil,  lios  onnottito  to 
the  mouth  oi'  >Vt'»t  Kiver  ;  and  from  tins  part  of 
Connectiriit  River  to  Piscntnqiin  lliirlionr  on  the 
f.  in  82  iniloH,  the  brondent  part  of  the  State. — 
Here  are  visible  appearances  of  volcanic  ernp- 
tionH.  ^l)out  the  year  I7J(),  the  i^arriHon  of  Kort 
Duminer,  four  inileH  dititant,  was  ahirnied  with 
frequent  explosiouM  of  lire  and  smoke,  emitted  by 
the  mountain.  Simihir  appearances  have  been 
observed  since.] 

[VVESTDOltOUGH,  a  township  of  Massachu- 
setts, Worcester  County,  3'J  miles  lo.s.  w.  of  Uos- 
ton,  and  ei^ht  c.  of  Worcester,  was  incorporated 
in  1717.  Amon|i^  other  singular  occurrences  in 
the  Indian  wars,  the  strange  fortune  of  Silas  and 
Timothy  Kice  is  worthy  of  notice.  They  were 
Honsof  Mr.  I<!dmond  Kice,  one  «)f  the  (irst  settlers 
in  this  town,  and  carried  otf  by  the  Indians  on 
August  S,   1701,  the  one  nine  the  other  seven 

{rears  of  age.  They  lost  tlieir  mother  tongue, 
lad  Indian  wives,  and  children  by  them,  and 
lived  at  Cagnawaga.  Silas  was  named  Tooka- 
nowras,  and  Timothy,  Oughtsorongoughton. — 
Timothy  recommended  himself  so  much  to  the 
Indians  by  his  penetration,  courage,  strength,  and 
warlike  spirit,  that  he  arrived  to  be  the  third  of 
the  six  chiefs  oftheCagnawagas.  In  1740  he  came 
down  to  see  his  friends.  He  viewed  the  house 
where  Mr.  Rice  dwelt,  and  the  place  from  whence 
he  with  the  other  children  were  captivated,  of 
both  which  he  retained  a  clear  remembrance  -,  as 
he  did  likewise  of  several  elderly  persons  who 
were  then  living,  though  he  had  forgot  the  Eng- 
lish language.  He  returned  to  Canada,  and,  it  is 
said,  he  was  the  Chief  who  made  the  speech  to 
General  Gage  in  behalf  of  the  Cagnawagas,  after 
the  reduction  of  Montreal.  These  men  were 
alive  in  1790.] 

[West  Camp,  a  thriving  village  of  New  York, 
containing  about  60  houses,  in  Columbia  County 
on  the  r.  side  of  Hudson's  River,  seven  miles 
above  Red  Hook,  and  13  n.  of  New  York  City.] 

[West-Ciiesteii,  a  county  of  New  York; 
bounded  n  by  Duchess  County,  s.  by  Long  Island 
Sound,  w.  by  Hudson's  River,  and  e.  by  the  State 
of  Connecticut.  It  includes  Captain^s  Islands, 
and  all  the  islands  in  the  sound  to  the  e.  of 
Frogs  Neck,  and  to  the  n.  of  the  main  channel. 
In  1790,  it  contained  24,003  inhabitants,  includ- 
ing 1,419  slaves.  In  1796,  there  were,  in  its 
yi  townships,  3,243  of  the  inhabitants  qualified 
electors.] 


rWr.iT-CiiE^TF.n,  the  chief  township  of  the 
above  county  ;  lying  partly  on  the  Sound,  about 
li  miles  M.V.  of  New  York  City.  It  was  much 
impoverished  in  the  late  war,  and  contained,  in 
1790,  l,20.'i  inhabitants;  of  whom  161  were 
electors,  and  242  slaves.] 

I  WnsT-CuKHrnu,  tlie  chief  town  of  Chester 
County,  I'eniiHylvania;  containing  about  .00 
houses,  a  coiirt-iiouse,  stone  gaol,  and  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  church.  It  is  aliout  2J  miles  la.  of 
l'hiladel))liiit.  | 

[WESTERLY,  a  post-town  on  the  sea- coast 
of  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island,  and  sepa- 
rated from  Stoiiingtoii,  in  Connecticut,  liy  I'aii- 
catucU  River,  27  miles  la.  l)v  ,v.  of  Newpori.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  a  l>risk  coasting  trade,  and 
are  extensively  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  The 
towiisliip  contained,  in  1790,  2,298  inhabitants, 
of  whom  10  were  shnes.] 

[WES  TERN  DISTRICT,  the,  in  Upper  Ca- 
naihi,  was  originally  constituted  and  erected  into 
a  district  by  tlie  name  of  the  District  of  Hesse, 
in  the  province  of  Quebec,  by  his  Excellency 
Lord  Dorchester's  proclamation,  of  the  24th 
July,  1788.  It  received  its  present  name  by  an 
act  of  the  provincial  legislature  ;  and  by  its  pre- 
sent limits  is  bounded  .«.  by  Lake  Erie ;  r .  by 
the  London  District,  on  the  u\  by  Detroit,  Lake 
St.  Clair,  and  river  St.  Clair,  and  on  the  n.  by 
the  Lake  Huron.] 

[Western,  a  township  of  Massachusetts: 
situate  in  the  .».  w.  corner  of  Worcester  County, 
18  miles  e.  by  w.  of  Springfield,  23  k.  by  s.  from 
Worcester,  and  58  s.  w.  by  s.  of  Boston.  J 

[Western,  Fort,  in  the  district  ol  Maine, 
was  erected  in  1752,  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  small 
fall  which  terminates  the  navigation  of  Keniie- 
beck  River.  It  is  18  miles  from  Taconnet  Fall. 
See  Kennebeck  River.  It  is  in  the  township 
of  Ilarwington,  Lincoln  County.  A  company 
was  incorporated  in  February,  1796,  to  build  a 
bridge  over  the  river  at  this  place.] 

[Western  Precinct,  in  Somerset  County,  New 
Jersey,  contained,  in  1790,  1,875  inhabitants,  in- 
cluding 317  slaves.^ 

[Western  Territory,  the  sameasTERHiTORY, 
n.w.  of  the  Ohio,  which  sec.  With  respect  to 
the  litigated  claims  upon  this  territory,  the  fol- 
lowing document  will  give  a  concise  and  clear 
view.] 

['  A  summary  Statement  of  the  e/aiins  of  Georiiia. 
and  of  the  United  States,  to  the  O'coigia  Western 
Territory/  ;  and  of  the  ari>;inncnts,  adduced  lij  (he 
pttrchasers  of  a  part  of  this  tcrrilorjj,  to  inxali- 


'■■     iv 


m  •' 


p   of  the 
11(1,  nl)oiit 

tVIIS  IIHU'll 

taiiu'd,  ill 
IGi    were 

f  ('Ih'hIpi- 
nboiit  /jO 
1(1   a    llo- 

IlilCH  U).  ol 

?  soa-coust 
,  and  sopa- 
t,  by  Paii- 
pori.  Tlio 
tradr,  and 
lipH.  The 
ii1ial)itantH, 

UpporCa- 
?iTctcd  into 

t   of  HCHSC, 

Exccllcncv 
r  the  a4tli 
ininie  by  an 
1  l)v  itH  pre- 
Erie;  r.  by 
etroit,  Luke 
1  tlie  H.  by 

ssacbnaelts : 
iter  County, 
I.  by  s.  from 
ton.] 

t  ot  Maine, 
of  the  wmall 
[I  of  Keniio- 
ifonnet  Fall, 
he  township 
A  company 
,  to  build  a 

ounty.New 
lubitants,  in- 

rERHlTOUY, 

1  respect  to 
ory,  tiie  fol- 
se  and  clear 


of  Gcorgnn 
iiiiiu  Western 
ddueed  li/  Ifn 
ly,  to  iitxali' 


W  i:  S  ^  E  R  N    T  E  R  R  I  T  O  R  ^ . 


'2(i- 


\dtile  t/itse  eliiinis  ;  purlieidarli/  to  siivli  /mrls  as 

lire   VDXiiid  hi/  lluir  fiiiielntsrs  ;  aillieted  and 

staled  K'il/i  imiiaitia/iti/  J'loin   larioiis  aullieatie 

prhUed  tiinnasi  rijit  doiiniienls. 
'  I.  The  Sliilc  III' (ici(i)ria  way,  lliat  "the  unap- 
propriated territory,"  iiHiially  roiiHidered  us 
uilliiii  llie  liiiiits  of  the  Slate  nl'  (ieorirja,  or  the 
tract  of  country  >'o\\  diHliiijfiii^hed  Ijv  tin*  iiaiiic 
of  the  (ieori!;ia  \V  ehiern  'I'erritoiy,  is  tlieir|)ro- 
perly,  and  that  they  have  "  not  only  the  v\gm  of 
pic-eiiiplidii,  but  also  of  exeicisin^  all  territorial 
rights."  I.  Kecaiisc,  by  the 'id  and  f)lh  articles 
of  the  confederal  ion  of  I7SI,  the  territory  within 
(he  limits  of  eiu-h  of  the  I'liited  .Stales  is  con- 
lirined  and  t^tiarnnteed  to  each  of  t-liem  respec- 
tively, 'i.  IJecanse  the  boiiiularies  of  (ieoifjia, 
as  established  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  of  178^, 
and  by  the  convention  of  Jleaiifort  of  1787,  in- 
clude this  territory ;  and  the  (itli  article  of  the 
Federal  Constitution,  by  the  spirit  and  iueaniii£{; 
of  it,  contirins  these  limits  ;  and,  ^d\y,  liecause 
the  United  States,  by  accepting  a  cession  from  N. 
Carolina  of  her  w.  territory.  To  this  claim  of 
Georgia  the  purchasers  accede :  u])on  this  ground 
the  sales  were  made  to  the  respective  companies 
in  179.),  and  on  tiiis  ground  the  purchasers  rested 
the  validity  of  their  claim.' 

'  But  the  State  of  (reorgia  now  reclaims  that 
part  of  her  u\  territory  sold  according  to  the  act 
of  her  legislature,  of'january  7,  1793,  alleging 
that  the  act  authorising  the  sale,  is  contrary  to 
the  4th  article  of  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States;  repugnant  to  the  16th  and  17th  sections 
in  the  1st  article  of  the  constitution  of  Cleorgia, 
and  was  moreover  obtained  by  means  of  "  fraud, 
atrocious  speculation,  corruption,  and  collusion." 
Hence,  by  an  act  passed  Kebriiary  13,  1796,  the 
above  act  of  January  7,  1795,  was  "  declared 
mill  and  void,  and  the  grants,  rights,  and  claims, 
deduced  from  it,  annulled,  aiitl  rendered  void,  and 
of  no  eft'ect." 

'  In  answer  to  the  above  stated  claim  of  Geor- 
gia, it  is  contended  by  the  purchasers,  1.  That 
llie  repealing  law  of  Georgia  is  merely  void,  and 
leaves  the  title  of  the  purchasers  where  it  found 
it.  If  corrnptitm,  I  hey  say,  did  exist  in  the  le- 
gislature which  made  the  sale  (which  is  however 
strenuously  denied),  it  is  very  rpiestionablc  whe- 
ther it  can  ever  be  alleged,  as  a  contract  cannot 
be  repealed,  like  otiicr  acts  of  legislation  ;  and 
as  the  supreme  power  of  a  State,  aa  such,  can- 
not be  accountable  to  any  other  constituted  au- 
thority ;  for  that  implies  a  superior  tribunal. 
By  this,  however,  is  not  meant  that  the  w  rong 
(lone  cannot  be  individually  prosecuted  for  cor- 

yoh.  v. 


riiptioii,  lliiiugh  the  State  may  be  bound  by  the 
HalcM.  ir  I  he  alle<j:alioii  were,  say  they,  that  the 
legi-hilnie  were  (hreived  i)v  the  jmrchaHcrs,  the 
grant,  like  lliiil  of  an  iiuiividmil,  unfairly  ob- 
lainctl,  would  be  void  «mi  proof  of  the  fraud  :  but 
liir  a  legislature  lo  allege  its  own  criminality  and 
corruption,  to  avoid  its  own  grant,  is  truly 
novel  ;  and,  in  point  of  prinrijile,  there  is  no  dif- 
ference between  llic  same  and  a  preceding  legis- 
lature.    Hut  if  corruption  of  this  kind  can  maki^ 

<i(l  the  grant,  at  least  it  ought  to  l)e  proved; 
auil  liiiit  too  in  a  court  competent  to  weigh  the 
evidence,  and  decide  on  the  tact :  in  other  words, 
it  is  a  judiciary  (piestion,  triable  only  in  a  Judi- 
ciary coiut,  and  being  a  question  of  fact,  must 
be  tried  by  a  jury.  The  legislature,  therefore, 
iiaving  mi  aiitlioiity  in  this  case,  this  examina- 
tion and  decision  can  be  c(msidered  no  otherwise 
than  as  mere  usiirpatiim,  and  void.  And  per- 
haps in  justice  to  the  purchasers,  it  ought  to  be 
added,  that  the  depositi(ms  taken  by  the  com- 
mittee of  the  legislature  (though  taken  ex  parte, 
and  under  a  strong  bias  of  party)  do  not  contain 
much  clear  evidence  of  fraud.' 

'  It  is  also  said  by  the  purchasers  that  even  if 
there  had  been  fraud,  and  that  fraud  might  bo 
alleged  to  destroy  the  title  of  the  original  pur- 
chasers who  were  privy  to  it ;  yet  that  innocent 
persons  having  purchased,  utterly  unacquainted 
with  the  facts,  and  living  in  remote  parts  of  the 
United  States,  their  title  could  never  be  contro- 
verted ;  that  it  was  enough  for  them  to  know 
that  a  legislative  act,  granting  the  lands,  had 
passed  ;  and  that  they  were  ignorant  of  any  frau- 
dulent practices.' 

'  With  regard  to  the  allegation  in  the  repeal- 
ing act  of  Georgia,  that  safes  were  against  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  that  of 
(ieorgia,  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  treated 
as  having  any  foundation ;  it  has  been  called  a 
naked  assertion  without  any  reasoning  to  support 
it.  It  has  been  said  that  every  State  in  the 
Union,  having  unappropriated  lands,  has  dis- 
posed of  them  through  the  medium  of  legislative 
acts,  and  their  validity  has  never  been  question- 
ed ;  though  there  is  no  peculiar  difference  in  this 
respect  between  the  constitution  of  Georgia  and 
those  of  the  other  States.  In  short,  it  seems  to 
be  generally  agreed  among  the  informed  part  of 
the  community,  that,  whether  Georgia  had  cause 
of  complaint  on  account  of  unfairness  in  the 
sales,  or  not,  the  repealing  law  must  be  consi- 
dered as  a  "  contravention  of  the  first  principles 
of  natural  Justice  and  policy,"  and  voiti. 

'  II.  The  claim  of  the  United  States  deserves] 

M  M 


■♦.If 


1 J  ''''F'l-i 


I'.ii 


i> 


u\ 


I' 


2m 


y\  E  s  T  E  n  N   T  i:  ii  u  i  r  o  ii  ^ . 


I  more  |i:irticiilar  altoiilioii.  \  iuioiis  !>r(iiiiuls  linvc 
iH'iMi  tiikiMi  (o  sit|ii)()rt  tlii-i.  It  li;is  been  inli- 
niiitcd,  rather  tlian  as-ioidJ,  in  a  Ucjjoit  oC  llic 
(\immit(ec' of  llu'  Scnalc  ol"  (lio  I'liilcil  States, 
that  l)v  till'  proclamation  of  tlic  llritisli  Kinu',  of 
Ortolx-r  (",  1 7()j,  all  laiuls  l\inii;  .\"  ol'tlic  lit'ads 
of  the  rivers  v.iuili  I'.ill  i.Uo  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
taken   (V.)ni   the  colonie.-i,  and  so  remained 


wen 


»»»1\  <tll%\ll         II    I'll!        1111  «vri\'ll(\.-'if       (lll\ir'\ri\lllfllllktt 

vith  American  IndcjUMidence,  and  then  hecanie 
the  |>ro|)erlv  ol'  the  a^ijreijale  bodv  politic  ol'llie 
I'nited  Stales,  as  Ihev  were  not  uithin  the  limits 
ol'anv  particular  States.' 

'  'I  his,  it  is  said  hv  the  pnrchaseis,  is  hohl 
u:roiind,  and  is  oppe-^ed  not  oidv  to  all  the  mea- 
snr(<s  and  opinions  in  liritain  and  America,  while 
MO  wt>re  colonies,  hut  also  to  the  whole  oonrse 
of  arranj>oments  since  onr  independence.  It 
proves  too  nmch  to  pro\e  anv  thiii"-.  The  ar- 
Ji'innent  destro\s  itsell':  lor  ii'  tiii-.  he  true,  all 
tiu' lands  ceded  to  the  I  niled  Sl.ites  liv  Cartilina, 
\'iri;inia,  and  «>verv  other  Stale  cedin;;- r.:'.  lands, 
bel,)nf.'ed  to  the  ''niled  Stal(>s  without  cession. 
Some  of  the  best  counties  »)|'  \'ir<;inia  now  be- 
loni;' to  th(>ni :  tiie  Conneclicnl  Ueserxcd  Laiul, 
is  tiieirs :  the  wliole  States  ol"  KentncKv  and 
'J'euness(>e   are    theirs  :    llie 


conse(pieiices,  sav 
thev.  are  too  w  ild  to  sniVer  the  principle  to  be 
julinitted.  Nor  do  the  words  of  llie  proclama- 
tion warrart  the  construction.  Tiie  i>>)vernors 
of  tlu"  colonies  are  therein  only  rin-biddeii,  '*  I'or 
tiie  present,  and  until  the  Kind's  I'urllier  plea- 
>*ure  should  be  known,  to  ^jrant  warrants  of  sur- 
vey, or  pass  patents  for  those  lands.'"  And  llu> 
reason  is  j>i yen  by  the  proclamation;  \i/..  that  (lie 
several  tribes  oT  Indians  living  under  the  kind's 
nrotecticMi.  "  should  not  be  molesti'd  or  disturluvl 
111  the  possession  of  their  liuntin»- s>ronnds.'"  In- 
stead of  a  pernuinent  alteration  of  thi>  boundaries 
t)f  the  colonies,  a  temporary  prohibition  to  the 
iiovernors  to  ijiant  those  western  lands,  is  alone 
to  be  found  in  the  procfamation  :  and  the  object, 
vi/.  peace  witii  ami  justice  towards  the  Indians, 
re(]uired  no  more.  .Viul  another  tact  seems  to 
put  this  matter  past  all  doubt  :  the  boundaries 
of  the  colonies,  as  e\press(>d  in  the  commissions 
of  th'>  several  governors,  were  uniformly  tiie 
same  after  the  proclanuition  as  i,-"fore.' 

'  Others,  in  support  of  the  clain\of  the  I'nited 
Slates,  ha\e  said,  that  the  orijiiiiul  charter  of 
(loorgia  did  iU)t  include  the  lands  lyinj;'  .v.  tif  a 
lino  project(>d  due  ;,".  iVom  the  head  of  the  most 
-v.  stream  of  thi>  .Alatamaha  Kiver:  that  lliis 
stream  is  the  Oakmuliit'(>  Uixcr,  ami  that  its 
nuist  .V.  heail  is  |)robabh  al)oul  hit.  >'i.'i'  .'JD'  //. 
It  is  further  said,  liiat  no  act   of  the  IJritish  i;<)- 


vernnu'iit  ever  enlarged  the  colony  hevond  its 
(M'ii>inal  chartered  limits,  except  the  prt)claina- 
lion  of  "til  October,  !7(jj;  and  that  this  annexes 
tlu"  lands  between  Alatamaha  and  St  Mary,  no 
further  i\'.  than  their  heads ;  therefore  it  is  con- 
cluded that  the  whole  :iv  country  claimed  by 
(ieoi'nia,  except  so  much  thereof  as  li<>s  ;/.  of  a 
d'.i(<  .'.'.  Iin(<  from  the  head  ol' the  Oakmuli;'ee, 
never  was  within  tiie  c(dony  of  (Jeorn'ia.' 

•  'To  this  it  is  answered,  b<-  the  a(Uocati<s  for 
(lie  title  of  (leorjjia,  that   the    charter  of  Caro- 
lina, s;ranted  in  Hit)'?,  extended  that   country  as 
far  .V.  as  lat.  .'Jl    >i.  and  as  far  ;,".  as   the  Western 
Ocean.     That  alter  the  division  of  Carolina  inio 
two  colonies,  S.  Carolina  had  the  sauu'  .«.  and  .\'. 
limits.     That    the  surrender  of  the  charter    by 
the   proprietors   of  Cartdina,    only   restoreil  the 
properly  to  the  crown,  but    did   not    anniliilati< 
the  colons ,  which  is  evident  t'loni  a  ro\al  si'over- 
nor  bein;;-   immediately  appoinleil,  who,   by    his 
commi'^siiin,   is   made  "  i;t)\eriior  of  onr  colony 
of  S.   Carolina,"  without    any   specific   bounda- 
ries :  w  hich  iiieaiil  a  tract  of  coiiiitiy  bounded  as 
under  the  proprietary  j>overiiiuont,  or   it    meant 
nothiu";.     That  «>ii   the   9lh  iif.liinp,    IT.'J'J,  the 
colony  of  (ieort>'ia    was  carved  out    of  S.  Caro- 
lina :   but  all  lands  bt>loiii;in;;- to  S.  Carolina  shall 
continue  to  beloui;-  there,  except  that  which  was 
contained    in    the  charter    of  (ie(M's>ia :  and    of 
course  IIh'  land  lyiiij;'  .v.  of  the  .«.  line  of  (leoryia, 
as  far  as  lat.   .']l  '   still  beloni>ed  to  S.  Carolina, 
which  is  evident  from  common  sense,  as  well  as 
i'l'om  the  ftct  that   the  jfoyiM'iior   of  S.  Carolina 
made  uranl-i  of  lanils  ,v.  of  the  colony  of  (leofiiia 
in  ITli.'J:   which,  tlu)iis>Ii   liijihly  ollensive  to  the 
Moaril  «•!'  Trad*',  were  at  leni;tli  admitted   to  be 
leijitimale.     It  is  further  saici,  that   the  State  of 
S.  Carolina,  in   I7SS,  l)>    solemn   leijislatiye  act, 
ceded  to  (ieora;ia  all    her  rii>ht   to   the  lands  in 
(piestion,  by   ratil\ini>'  the   articU's  ol'  the   Con- 
M'lilion  of  Ueaufort,   aji'reed   upon   between    the 
States  of  S.  Carolina  and  (Jeori;ia  :  and  tliat  the 
lands  became   then'l)y   nnipiestionably    the   jiro- 
perlv  of  (iet)ri;ia." 

'  Oilier  answers  have  been  made  to  tliis  <;round 
(  claim  by  the  I  nited  Stales,  such  as  that  the 
true  intent  aiul  meanini'-  of  the  proclamation  of 
I  rti.'j,  was  to  annex  the  land  in  (iiiestion  to 
(ieorijia,  and  that  this  was  considered  as  the  I'act 
by  the  IJritish  novenimeut  :  and  if  the  cominii- 
nication  iVoiii  Mr.  (Jeoriie  Chalmers,  tlio  ci-rti- 
fvinn' ollicer  of  the  Hoard  of  Trade,  to  tlie  .\t- 
torney  (leneral  of  tiie  I'nili'd  States,  is  to  be  re- 
lied on  as  an  authority,  this  is  true.  It  has  also 
L'eeii  answered,  that  the  Oakinuli>eo  is  not  the  | 


w  E  s  T  K  n  y,    v  i:  w  n  i  r  o  i{  n 


2fl7 


voiid  its 

•OlllllHH- 

miiioxos 
linv,  no 
[  is  I'on- 
iincil    l>v 

S   II.     lit'    il 

oati's  lor 
of  Cari)- 
iniitrv  iw 
\Vr-"t(Mii 
)lii)a  into 
.V.  iiiiil  r.'. 
laiti'i-   liy 

toiTil    till' 

iiiiiiliiliito 
,al  a,«\»'r- 
1),   l)y   liis 
111"  ooloiiy 
boiiiula- 
ouiulod  as 
il    wwawi 
IT.'W,  Uio 
r  S.  Caio- 
olina  sluill 
whiili  Mils 
a  :  anil    of 
f  (uHUt>ia, 
Carolina, 
us  wi'll  as 
Carolina 
»f  CJoorgia 
ivo  to  tlu< 
I  I'll  (o  Ik> 
Stall'  of 
alivo  art, 
lands  in 
till-   Con- 
Iwovu    llir 
(1  tliat  till' 
tiu'   pro- 


i  oronnil 
lliat  tlii> 
mat  ion  of 
iicstion  to 
as  llie  fact 
lonunu- 
the  ctMli- 
o  tiu'  At- 
!  to  be  rv- 
t  lias  also 
s  not  Iho  j 


It 


I  luost  s.  siivnm  of  llio  Alatanialui,  hut   I'honlu'.l- 
lo«av"s  I'n'ik,  «liirli    lii'ads  in    iat.    '.U^  ii.  [  so 
hat  tlio  ^«llolo  of  this   land  was  strictly   witiiin 
(':(<  ori<;'inal  t'liartcrcd  limits  of  ((iM>r<>'ia.' 

OlIuT  a(l\oralis  for  lln>  <lain>  «)f  tlio  I'nitfd 
S(  Irs,  lin\o  said,  that  at  loast  this  ilaiiii  is  jrood 
liiiiii  lat..'Jr  as  far/;,  as  a  line  |iroji'fti'tl  dnt>  c. 
tioni  iIk*  contliuMU'c  ofllio  Mississippi  and  Ya/oo 
Itivers.' 

'  Thf  fonndntion  of  this  assertion  is  this,  'liic 
Hoard  of 'I'radtN  in  ITtil.  rciJrtsonlcd  t«  tin*  kinij, 
lliat  il  was  oxpodicnt  to  oxtcnd  >\'ost  I'lorida  as 
I'ar  northward  as  tho  ahovo-niontioiu'd  lino,  and 
advisod  tinit  a  proi'lainalion  iiii<;lil  issui>  for  llial 
purpose.  No  such  prorlaniation,  Isohi-mt,  was 
MUido  ;  l»ut  scM-ral  subsripit'iit  coniuiissions  to 
till-  i«ovorin>r.s  of  \\'iNt  I'lorida,  bonndod  tho  co- 
lony t>f  Wfst  I'lorida,  ii.  h\  lliat  lini<  ;  and  in 
this  stato  tlio  niattor  rosU'd  until  Iho  iiido- 
pcndcnco  of  the  IiuUhI  .'States.  Iloiici'  it  is 
arjjiiod  that  this  land,  hrinj;-  a  p;irl  of  W'l'st 
I'lorida  in  ITS.'i,  when  tho  hounds  of  llio  I  nilod 
Slatos  wero  soltlod  by  lr«>aty  with  (Jrcal  Mritain, 
could  not  lH>loni<;  to  fioor^ia  ;  hut  hiMiii;-  within 
no  particular  State,  il  hocaiiio  tho  proportv  of  the 
liutod  Stall's.' 

'  To  this  tho  purchasers  have  answored,  that 
the  proclamation  of  7lli  Octohcr,  IT(),'),  was  a 
solenui  prhlic  act.  and  eslahli^hed  the  \.  honn- 
dary  of  West  I'lorida  at  Iat.  .'JT.  and  that  the 
commission  of  a  governor,  heini;  inferior  in  so- 
lemnity and  piihticily,  could  not  abrogate  it. 
That  the  reason  why  no  proclamalion  was  made 
probably  was,  that  the  supposed  fact  on  which 
the  expediency  of  the  alteration  was  predicated, 
was  not  known  to  exist:  and  that  in  the  coin 
missions  Ihemselves  are  worils  leadiui;  to  a  belief 
that  it  was  considered  only  as  a  temporary  ar- 
raii!<i'menl.  The  fact  is,  say  they,  that  this 
matter  was  wholly  founded  on  a  uross  misre- 
piesentaiion  of  the  i>()vernor  of  I'lorida,  who 
ii|)resenled  to  the  Hoard  ol'  Trade,  and  they  to 
tlie  Kiiii^,  that  in  hit.  Jl'  was  s.  of  the  toun  of 
Mobillc.  It  is  nearly  certain  that  the  Ibilish 
i;ii\ernment  did  not  consider  this  as  a  |)ermanent 
alteration  on  the  //.  boundary  of  West  I'lorida  ; 
fur  no  I't'a'-on  can  be  sjiM'ii  wliv,  in  liie  peace  of 
l?S,'J.  Iliey  should  cede  lo  the  riiited  Slates, 
without  any  e<pii\alenl,  so  ^leat  and  \aliiai>le  a 
part  of  West  I'lorida,  Hliich  had  ne\er  joined 


the  same  territory  lo  l»o  dilVeivnt  nations,  if  it 
was  then  a  part  ol'  >\'i'-l  I'lorida." 

'  Other  objections  ha\i'  be.n  urged  aganisi 
the  claim  of  the  I'liited  States,  which  ap|)Iy  to 
all  the  grounds  of  claim  abtue  mentioned.  It 
'las  been  said  by  llw  purchasers  and  their  agents, 
that  the  mosl  solemn  acts  of  the  three  nations 
who  have  been  immediately  interested  in  the 
ipiesliou,  Iiavi',  for  a  long  course  of  vears,  recog- 
ni/ed  the  title  of  (Jeorgia,  viz.  liritaiii,  Spain, 
and  the  I  nileil  Slates.'  ' 

'  llritain,  as  lias  been  mentioned,  recognized 
this  title  by  the  peace  of  I7S,'J.  The  general 
principle  on  which  the  boundaries  of  the  I'niled 
l^latcs  were  (hen  established,  was,  that  the  for- 
mer l.'j  colonies  were  to  be  acknowledged  as 
inileneiiiient  Slates  bylJritain;  and  conseijuently 
liie  boimds  of  the  colonies  were  to  be  the  lionmls 
of  the  States.  1 1  cannot  be  pretended,  that  the 
land  in  ipiestion  was  within  any  other  colony 
than  that  of  (Jtorgia  or  S.  Carolina;  and,  as 
has  been  mentioited,  S.  Carolina  has  ceded  all 
her  right  todeorgia  by  the  Convention  of  Uiaii- 
forl,  I7S7  ;  and  it  is  incredible  that  lb  ilain 
should  then  consider  the  laml  as  part  of  West 
I'lorida  :  for  then,  without  motive  or  reason,  she 
ga\i'  lo  the  I'nited  States  the  best  part  of  a  co- 
lony \>liicli  had  chosen  to  remain  tntder  lier 
allegiance.' 

'  Spain  has  recogni/.ed  the  title  of  (loorgin 
bv  the  late  treaty  made  between  her  and  the 
I  niled  States,  for  if  the  land  was,  in  l7S,'i,  » 
part  of  l''lorida,  Spain  had  an  eipnil  right  to  it 
with  the  I'niled  Slates;  (u'eat  llritain  having 
ceded  il  to  both  nations  on  the  same  day.  Ibit 
•Spain  has  gi\en  up  all  claim  to  the  I'nited  States 
w  itiiont  any  oipiivalent.  This  was  done  on  tho 
explicit  representation  on  the  part  of  govern- 
ment of  tlie  United  Stales,  lirst  by  Messrs.  Car- 
niiehael  and  Short,  and  aHerwirds  by  Mr.  I'inck- 
ne\,  under  express  instructions  from  the  Su- 
preme l',xeculi\e  of  the  I'nited  Stales,  to  claim 
the  bind  a.s  a  part  of(>eorgiu;  and  these  in- 
slinclions  were  Iheresnlt  of  an  elaborate  iiiipiiry 
i>y  Mr.  delVerson,  then  Secretary  of  Staie,  as 
appears  by  his  r"))ort  to  the  'j^xecutive  on  the 
subject.  Indeed  Spain  ne\er  claimed  the  land 
as  ;i  part  of  West  I'liM'ida,  but  set  nj)  a  claim  by 
comjnest.  .Vnd  it  has  been  added,  that  as  the 
cession  of  this   country  from  Spain   by   the  late 


I'l 


the  Kevoliition  ;  especially  coiisideripg  that  on  I  re;ity  was  obtained  by  a  represent  at  ion  from  the 
the  same  day  on  which  our  treaty  v, jih  Urilai'!  l' niled  States,  that  it  was  a  part  oftieorgia, 
bears  dale,  she  ceded  We-:l  I'lo- ida,  wiihont  Spain  was  not  in  honour  bound  bv  this  article  of 
bounds,  to  Spain  ■   thus  on  the    .tine  day  ceding     the  treaty,  if  the  fact  was  not  so,  if  tho  land  didj 

Ai  >*  "J 


U* 


B 


268 


WES 


WES 


("indeed  belong  to  licr  oh  ii   province  of  West 
Florida.' 

'  The  government  of  the  United  States,  it  is 
said,  Iins  for  a  long  course  of  years  acquiesced 
in,  and  l)y  many  public  acts  acknowledged  the 
title  of  (Georgia,  so  as  to  bar  all  claim,  even  if 
the  title  of  the  United  States  were  otherwise 
valid.  As  a  principle  to  govern  in  this  case  it  is 
stated,  that  in  courts  of  equity  it  has  been  esta- 
blished, "  that  the  true  owner  of  land  shall  be 
bound  bv  a  sale  of  a  stranger  who  has  no  title, 
if  the  owner  sufl'er  t!ie  sale  to  go  on  l)y  an  iniu>- 
cent  purchaser,  without  giving  notice  of  his  title 
when  he  has  it  in  his  power ;  and  that  the  case 
is  much  stronger  against  the  owner  when  he  has 

ffiven  a  colour  ol  title  to  the  seller,  and  thus 
iclped  to  deceive  the  purchaser."  As  facts  fall- 
ing within  this  principle  it  has  been  stated, 
1.  That  the  government  of  the  United  States  in- 
structed their  commissioners  fcr  making  the  peace 
of  J 783,  to  claim  this  land  :is  belonging  t(> 
Georgia,  and  this  appears  by  he  Journals  of 
Congress  in  the  fullest  manner.  2.  That  attempts 
were  nuide  by  the  United  States  to  obtain  a 
cession  of  this  land  from  Georgia,  and  a  consi- 
deration offered  for  it,  without  any  intimation 
that  the  United  States  had  a  claim.  3.  That 
the  Convention  of  Deaufort,  by  which  the  con- 
flicting claims  of  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia  were 
amicably  settled,  was  conducted  under  the  au- 
spices of  the  United  States  ;  the  question  having 
been  su!)mitted  to  a  court  appointed  by  Congress 
to  try  it,  according  to  a  provision  in  the  former 
Confederation  of  the  United  States.  4.  That,  in 
1789,  the  government  of  the  United  States  stated 
to  Spain,  as  the  ground  of  the  claim  of  the  Ame- 
rican government,  that  this  territory  belonged 
to  (Jeorgia  by  virtue  of  her  charter  and  the  pro- 
clamation of  17C3.  5.  That  in  the  negociation 
which  preceded  the  late  treaty  between  the 
United  States  and  Spain,  Messrs.  Carmichael  and 
Short,  American  commissioners,  by  express  in- 
structions from  the  SuprcmeExecutiveofthcUnited 
States,  asserted  the  same  thing  as  the  ground  of 
the  claim  of  the  American  government ;  and  that 
even  after  the  existing  sales  of  this  territory, 
and  afTter  the  same  had  been  ollicially  commu- 
nicated !)y  tlie  government  of  Georgia  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  by  him  laid 
before  Congres';,  Mr.  Pinckney,  late  envoy  to 
the  court  of  Spain,  expressly  declared,  in  his 
oflicial  communication,  that  the  claim  of  the 
l^niied  States  was  founded  on  the  fact,  that  this 
country  was  a  part  of  Georgia,  and  this  too  pur- 


suant to  express  instructions  from  the  American 
Executive.' 

'  These  have  been  urged  as  public  acts  of  the 
American  government,  giving  strong  colour  or 
title  to  Georgia.  Others  of  acquiescence  in  her 
title  by  tlie  United  States  have  been  fulded, 
such  as  the  silence  of  the  general  government, 
when,  in  1783,  Georgia  passed  a  legislativi-  act, 
declaring  her  title  to  thi;t  country,  and  taking 
measures  to  settle  it.  Also,  when  in  l7o.j, 
Georgia  erected  part  of  this  territory  into  a 
county  by  the  name  of  Bourbon,  aiul  appointed 
magistrates  there,  and  provided  for  the  further 
settlement  of  it;  and  also,  when,  in  1789,  (Jeor- 
gia  passed  an  act  for  the  sale  of  the  now  con- 
troverted lands  to  certain  companies,  who  afh-r 
failed  of  complying  with  the  terms  of  payment.' 

'  It  has  been  said,  by  the  purchasers  and  their 
agents,  that  it  would  be  indelicate,  at  least,  for 
the  government  of  the  United  States  to  hold 
such  language  as  this  :  "  It  is  true,  we  repre- 
sented to  Great  Britain  that  this  land  belonged 
to  Georgia,  and  obtained  a  cession  from  her  on 
this  ground.  It  is  true,  that  we  claimed  it  of 
Spain  -^n  the  same  ground  for  years  together, 
and  at  las*,  on  that  ground  obtained  a  relinquish- 
ment of  her  claim  ;  but  we  falsified,  and  they 
were  cheated.  It  is  true,  we  claimed  it  in  behalf 
of  Georgia ;  but  having  obtained  it,  we  will 
keep  it  ourselves.  It  is  true,  we  declared  by 
many  public  and  solemn  acts,  that  the  title  of 
Georgia  was  good,  and  thereby  induced  a  great 
number  of  American  citizens  to  purchase  and 
risk  all  their  property  in  the  enterprise  ;  but  we 
will  now  assert  our  claim,  and  destroy  them  for 
being  weak  enough  to  believe  us  ;  anil  it  is  true, 
it  has  long  been  settled  that  the  principles  of 
justice  forbid  individuals  from  doing  thus :  but 
we  are  above  the  rules  of  justice." 

'  The  foregoing  (says  an  American  advocate) 
is  a  clear  and  impartial  record  of  the  conflicting 
claims  to  the  Georgia  Western  Territor}.'] 

[WESTFIELD,  a  township  of  Vermont ;  Or- 
leans County,  s.  of  Jay.  j 

[Westfield,  a  pleasant  post-town  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Hampshire  County,  on  the  river  of  thi^ 
name,  in  a  curious  vale,  eigiU  miles  zi;).  of  Spring- 
field, 26  e.  by  s.  of  Stockbridge,  4f)  zc.  of  Wor- 
cester, 80  w.  s.  xc.  of  Boston.  It  contained,  in 
1790,  a  congregational  church,  an  academy,  and 
about  30  or  60  conq)act  houses.  The  township 
was  incorporated  in  1660,  and  contained,  in  the 
above  year,  2,204  inhabitants.] 

[WiisTf  lELD.  a  small  river  of  Massachusetts,  j 


WEST    I  i\  T)  I  E  S 


209 


Americiiii 

acts  of  tlio 
;  colour  or 
incc  ill  her 
«en  julilfd, 
;)vprnmpnt, 
slativi"  cUt. 
ind  taking 

ill     l7o."), 
ory  into  a 
I  appointed 
the  flirt lior 
789,  (ioor- 
c  now  eon- 
^,  Mho  after 
payment." 
rs  and  their 
it  least,  for 
tes  to  hold 
,  we  reprc- 
ifl  belonged 
irom  her  on 
aimed  it  of 
,-8  together, 
\  rolinqniHh- 
(1,  and  they 
1  it  in  behalf 
it,  we  will 
declared  by 

the  title  of 
need  a  great 
irchase  and 
ise ;  but  we 
oy  them  for 
id  it  is  true, 
)rinciples  of 
5  thus :  but 

in  advocate) 
ic  conflicting 
itory.'] 
n'inont ;  Or- 

u  of  Massa- 
river  of  thi.i 
w.  of  Spring- 
).  of  VVor- 
jontained,  in 
icadeniy,  and 
"lie  township 
ained,  in  the 

issachusetts,  J 


wiiich  rises  in  Berkshire  County,  and  runs  nearly 
a  .V.  r.  course  through  Middlefield,  West  field, 
and  West  Springfield,  where  it  empties  into  the 
Connecticut,  by  a  mouth  about  30  yards  wide.] 

[Westfieli),  a  township  of  N.  York,  Wash- 
ington County,  bounded  ,v.  by  Kingsbiir}',  and 
H.^by  Whitehall.  It  contained,  in  1790,  2,10y 
inhabitants,  of  whom  ISG  ar*'  electors,  and  nine 
slaves.     It  lies  near  Li    e  George.] 

[Westi'iem),  it'  Hi  jimond  County,  N.  York, 
is  bounded  n.  by  the  I -esii  Kill,  <  by  Sonthlield, 
and  io.  by  the  Sound.  It  confaincd,  in  1790, 
1,151  inhabitants,  of  whom  IJi  were  electors, 
and  y7()  slaves.] 

[Wi.srj'iiM.i),  a  small  town  in  Essex  County, 
New  Jersey,  containing  a  Presbyterian  chnrcli, 
and  about  SO  compact  houses.  It  is  about  seven 
oreioht  miles  re  of  Elizabeth  Town.] 

[WEST  FLORIDA.     See  Fi.ouida.] 

[WESTFOKD,  a  township  of  Vermont,  in 
Chittendon  County,;?,  r. oft'olchester,  adjoining, 
and  contains  63  inhabitants.] 

[Westforb,  a  township  of  Massachusetts, 
situate  in  Middlesex  County,  28  miles  n.  a;,  of 
Boston,  and  contained,  in  1790,  J, 929  inhabitants. 
In  the  year   1792,  an  academy  was  established 

'*^[WEST  GREENWICH,  a  township  in  Kent 
County,  Rhode  Island,  containing  2,054  inha- 
J)itants,  including  10  slaves.1 

[WESTM  AM,  a  small  town  of  Virginia,  Hen- 
rico County,  on  the  ti.  bank  of  James'  River,  six 
miles  «,  a\  by  a'-  of  Richmond.  Here  Benedict 
Arnold  destroyed  one  of  the  finest  foundaries 
for  cannon  in  America,  and  a  large  quantity  of 
stores  and  cannon,  in  January.  I7SI.] 

fWESTHAMPTON,  a  townsiiip  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Hampshire  County,  seven  miles  ro.  of 
Northampton.  It  contained,  in  1790,  GS3  inha- 
bitants, and  lies  on  the  w.  side  of  Connecticut 
River.] 

[WEST  HARBOUR,  on  the  x.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Jamaica,  is  to  the  m.  of  Portland  Point. 
There  is  good  ancliorage,  but  exposed  to  s.  and 
.V.  e.  winds.] 

[WEST  HAVICN,  a  parish  of  the  township 
of  New  Haven,  in  Connecticut,  pleasantly  si- 
tuate on  the  Harbour  and  Sound,  3  miles  uJ.  6-. 
ii'.  of  the  city.] 


1()()0. — Jit/ccaiirrrs. —  T/ie- .  ix/^nozckff'^al  bij 
Fiance,  I()(i5. —  Capture  of  Jamaica  inidcr  ('com- 
xcell. — Carthagena  captured  hi/  BuccaiirciSf  wlO 
aid  of  F:-"Cc,    1685. —  ^Jreadful  earthquake  in 


[INDEX  TO  OHir.INAT.  IXPORMATION  nESPECT- 
ING  Tin;  W.    INDIES. 

Cii  A  P.  I.  General  topographical  description. — (ico- 
graphical,  historical,  and  stalislical  tahle  of  the 
islands  and  colonies. — Climate. —  JP'inds  anil  hur- 
ricanes.—  Soil  and  prod/ietions.  —  Animals. — 
]\fountains  and  rivers. —  /'-Jlections  concerning 
the  origin  of  the  islands 

Chap.  II.  HisTonirAi.  n  ahrative  ir/rocf«  the 
i/ears  1  ()25  imd  1 793. 

Earhj  hislnri/.—  Setllei,unt,  XGQ'i— Expedition  of 
the  Dutch,  1630.— Tn  at//  of  mutual  cessions, 
1()()0. — Buccaneers. —  77/f,>      ucknozcledged    bi/ 

rom- 
j  with 
of  Fr-'xc,  \{3^b'.— Dreadful  earthquake  in 
Jamaica,  1 692. — French  invasion. — Pacifuntion 
u)ith  negroes,  1738. —  Hevolt  of  the  same,  1760. — 
Succession  of  hurricanes. — Claims  of  Great  Bri- 
tain tind  France  to  neutral  islands,  J  763. — Foss 
of  the  British  sugar  islands,  \~1'6.—  Restoration 
if  the  same,  1783. — Commencement  of  the  war, 
iH'tzccen  the  i/eais  1793  and  1814. — Capture  of 
Tobago. —  Unsuccessful  attempt  against  Marti- 
nique.—  liesohition  of  the  British  ministry  there- 
on.— Capture  of  !\fartinique. — Ditto  of  St. 
Lucia. —  f)illo  of  Ouadaloupc,  completing  the 
conquest  of  the  Vrench  islands. — Reverse  of  for- 
tune.— Mortaliti/  of  the  troops. — Arming  of  the 
Blaehs  and  Mulathus. — Massacre  of  the  French 
lioi/alists. —  Events  relating  to  St.  Domingo, 
1794  and  \195.—  Occupaiion  by  the  French, 
]ii,Ol.— Expedition  under  Le  Clerk,  1802.— 
Vices  of  the  Vrench  in  acquiring  St.  Domingo. 
— Their  polici/  explaintd  with  regard  to  this  and 
other  islands. —  Provincials  rail//  under  the  stand- 
ard of  Verdinand. — Assislancc  given  biy  Major 
General  Carmiehael,  leading  to  the  capture  of 
the  Spanish  part,  1809.— 7m//// f)/"  1814. 

Chap.  III.  Origin  of  trade  in  the  Antilles.— The 
British  W.  Indies  considered  as  depots  of  foreign 
trade. — Navigation  acts. —  IV.  India  free  ports. 
— Ports  of  commercial  enterprise. 

Chap.  IV.  Intercourse  of  the  British  W.  Indies 
with  America,  and  in  particular  with  the  British 
provinces  of  Canada,  JVova  Scotia,  and  New- 
foundland.— Intercourse  and  trade  of  the  United 
States  of  America  -with  the  British  fV.  Indies. 
— British  shipping  emploi/cd  in  the  IV.  India 
trade. — Shipping  belonging  to  the  several  ports 
of  Great  Britaiii,  from  \79 1  to  IS12.— Passage] 


!?|1P 


fCi-^ 


'  .V 


i 


270 


WEST    INDIES. 


[oultnurds  to  the  JV,Lulk\<t. — Passage  liomewanh 
from  the  IV.  Indies. 

Chap.  V.  Tahles  ami  ylccnuiils  of  impohts  and 

KXPORTS  ()/"«.  INDIA  STAPLI'.S. 

Sugar. 
TAWhEH  and  Jccoinils  of  iMVowTn  and  EXPonrs 

O/'OTIII'.II   \V.   INDIA   STAPLES. 

1.   Ifiini. — 2.  (oJfic.  —  S.   Cocoa. —  4.  Pimento. — 

5.  Cotton  IVool.—G.  Di/e  Woods,  t^r. 
Later  Aeeoiints  of  the  quantity  and  value  of 

IMPORTS  //HfZ  EXPORTS. 

I .  Qiianliti/  and  valnc  of  the  principal  articles  in'- 
p.irted  from  the  liriiish  and  foreign  JV.  India 
islands,  1805,  1807,  1810,  etlul  1812.— 2.  Offi- 
ci(d  vedue  of  exports  from  Great  Ilrilain  to  the 
island  of  St.  Domingo,  1809  and  1813.— 3.  Ojji- 
cial  value  of  exports  from  Great  Britain  to  Afri- 
ca, 1810  and  1812.— 4.  Account  of  the  colonial 
staples  imported  into  Great  Britain,  for  the  year 
1809,  distinguishing  the  countries  from  ic/ience 
imported. 


Chap.  VI.  Introduction. — Trade  hetueen  Great 
Britain  and  the  British  plantations,  the  JV. 
Indies,  end  N.  and  S.  Ann  rica,  but  e.relusive  of 
those  colonies  now  the  United  States,  from  1697 
lo  1759. —  Trade  hetween  (treed  Britain  and  her 
colonies  in  North  America,  exclusive  of  those 
now  the  United  States,  for  53  years,  from  1 7G0 
to  1812,  inclusive. —  Trade  of  (heat  Britain 
with  the  British  a/ul  Foreign  JV.  Indies,  and 
Foreign  America,  for  o3  t/ears,  from  1 7()0  to 
1812,  inclusive. — liesults  of  the  foregoing  ta- 
bles.— Trade  of  the  JJ\  Indies  and  America  com- 
pared icith  that  to  ot'er  parts. — Account  of  the 
official  value  of  the  i,iiporfs  and  exports  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  British  JV.  Indies  (in- 
cluding the  conquered  islands  and  colonies)  in  the 
year  1809  and  ISIO  ;  dis'.inguishing  each  island 
and  colon//  ( Table  A.) — Account  of  the  real  value 
of  exports  from  Great  Britain  lo  all  parts  of  the 
zcorld,  in  the  seven  i/ears  ending  1811,  distin- 
guishing British  produce  and  manufactures  from 
foreign  and  colonial  merehaiulize ;  and  distin- 
guishing the  amount  lo  the  \.  of  Europe,  to 
Spain,  to  Portugal,  to  other  parts  of  Europe,  to 
Asia,  to  Africa,  to  the  United  Stales  of  America, 
and  to  all  other  parts  of  America  (Table  B.) — 
Account  of  the  value  of  all  imports  to,  and  all 
exports  from.  Great  Itriltdn,  in  the  i/ears  1805, 
1800,  1807,  1808,  1809,  1810;  distinguishing 
each  year,  the  real  from  the  official  vati/e  ,•  and 
also  the  imports  from,  and  exports  lo,  the  Con- 


tinent of  Europe,  the  JV.  Indies,  America,  Afri- 
ca, Asia  and  Ireland,  respeeliveliy  (Table  C; 

Chap.  VII.  Population  and  African  slave  trade. 
— Abolitio'i  of  the  African  slave  trade  ;  being  a 
succinct  account  of  all  the  persons,  ichose  writings 
or  labours  have  conduced  to  that  important  event. 

Chap.  VIII.  Aggregate  value  of  the  productions 
of  the  JV.  India  colonies. — General  view  of  the 
present  state  of  the  Jf\  India  colonies. 

j\.  B.  All  the  above  accounts  and  tloruineiits,  unless 
otherwise  spcciticd,  are  from  oiiiciul  authority. 


CHAP.  I. 

General  Topographical  Description. — The  Wc^t 
Indies  were  so"  named  at  first,  on  the  prcsunij) 
tion  that  they  extended  so  far  as  to  form  a 
connection  with  those  of  the  East  Indies.  The 
fallacy  of  this  supposition  was  soon  discovered  ; 
the  name,  however,  has  been  retained,  to  pre- 
vent confusion  in  the  f;eographical  accounts  of 
the  islands.  The  Continent  was  also  Hon".etimes 
called  by  this  name,  till  its  natural  division 
heins;  more  attended  to,  it  obtained  a  distinct 
appellation.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  Co- 
lumbus sailed  on  his  first  voyage  the  3d  of 
August,  1492,  and  that  although  Bartholemus 
Dias  discovered  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  only 
two  years  after,  in  1494,  it  was  not  doubled 
till  the  year  1497,  when  Vasquez  de  Gama  suc- 
ceeded (for  the  first  time  in  modern  navigation) 
in  this,  as  it  was  then  supposed,  formidable  at- 
tempt. The  W.  Indies  have  thus  the  priority  of 
discovery.  That  part  only  of  them  is  to  be 
called  Antilles,  as  Hoffman  supposes,  which  com- 
prehends the  windward  or  Caribcan  islands.  He 
says,  "  Dicunlur  Antilles  America:  quasi  ante  in- 
sillas  Amc'iea,  nempe  ante  majores  in-alns  Siniis 
MexieauiJ"  ( II off  mem  Lexic.  Univ.)  Rochfort 
and  Du  Tertre  explain  the  word  nearly  in  the 
same  manner,  while  Mons.  D'Anvilie  applies 
the  name  to  those  islands  only,  which  are  more 
immediately  opposed  to,  or  situated  against,  the 
Continent :  thus  he  terms  Cuba,  Hispaniola,  .la 
maica,  and  Porto  Rico,  the  Great  Antilles,  and 
the  small  islands  of  Aruba,  Cura^oa,  Bonair,  Ma- 
garita,  and  some  others  near  the  coast  of  Ca- 
racas on  the  Southern  Peninsula,  the  Less  ;  ex- 
cluding the  Caribean  islands  altogether.  What 
is  most  probable  is,  that  the  etymology  signifies 
ante  islas,  quasi  islas  ante  el  Continenle,  islands  ] 


C; 

'  Irailr. 
brills;  a 
iiitiii^'i 
t  event. 

rliiclioiin 
c  of  I  he 


ts,  unless 


he  West 

form   a 
;s.     The 
covered ; 
.,  to  prc- 
o lints   ol" 
umctinies 
divUion 
I  distinct 
that  Co- 
le 3d    of 
rtholemus 
ape,  only 
doubled 
aina  suc- 
gation) 
idiible  at- 
iriority  of 
is   to  be 
lich  com- 
mds.    He 
;i  ante  iti- 
las  Siniis 
Rociifort 
y  in  the 
applies 
lire  more 
iiinst,  the 
niola,  tla- 
illcs,  and 
iimir,  Ma- 
st of  Ca- 
icss  ;  ex- 
Ir.     What 
sifiiilfies 
,  islands] 


WEST     INDIES. 


871 


[before  the  Continent :  and  thus  the  whole  of  the 
islands  above  mentioned  might  properly  be  de- 
nominated Antilles. 

But,  subordinate  to  this  comprehensive  and 
simple  arrangement,  necessity  or  convenience 
has  introduced  more  minute  and  local  distinc- 
tions. 'I  iuit  portion  of  the  Atlantic,  which  is  se- 
parated from  tlie  main  ocean  to  tlie  ti.  and  to  the 
( .  Iiv  tlipse  islands,  altlioiigh  commonly  knoHii  by 
the  general  a|)pelliition  of  the  Mexican  (lulf, 
is  itself  properly  subdi\ided  into  three  liistinct 
i)asins :  the  CJnlf  of  Mexico,  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
(huas,  and  the  Caribean  Sea.  Tlie  islands  have 
each  a  channel  or  passage,  of  various  widths, 
•^ome  of  w  hidi  serve  for  access  to  the  s.  side  of 
each,  or  to  c<Muinunicate  w  ith  the  main  :  the 
largest,  however,  most  central,  and  least  dan- 
gerous, is  that  called  the  Mona  Passage,^  between 
I'uerto  Uicoaiid  Ilispaniola. 

The  Caribean  sea  takes  its  name  from  that 
class  of  islands  which  bound  this  jjart  of  the 
ocean  to  the  t.  Most  of  these  were  anciently 
possessed  by  a  nation  of  Cannibals,  tie  scourge 
and  terror  of  the  mild  and  inofl'ensive  natives  of 
Ilispaniola,  who  frequently  expressed  to  Colum- 
bus their  dread  of  those  fierce  and  warlike  in- 
vaders, styling  them  Caril)es.  And  it  was  in 
consequence  of  this  information  that  the  islands 
to  which  these  iiavages  belonged,  when  disco- 
vered afterwards  by  Columbus,  w^'re  by  him  de- 
nominated generally  the  Caribean  Islands. 

tif  this  class,  however,   a  group  nearly  ad- 


joining to  the  e.  side  of  St.  John  de  I'uerto  Rico 
is  likewise  called  the  Virgin  Isles.  The  old 
Spauisli  navigators,  in  speaking  of  the  W.  Indian 
Islands  in  general,  frequently  distinguish  them 
into  two  classes,  by  tlic  terms  Barloveuto  and 
Solaveuto,  from  whence  our  Windward  and  Lee- 
ward Islands  ;  the  Caribean  constituting  in  strict 
])ro|)riety  tin*  former  class;  and  the  four  large 
islands  of  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Ilispaniola,  and  Puerto 
J{ic(),  the  latter.  But  our  I'jiglish  mariners  ap- 
piopriale  both  terms  to  the  Caribean  Islands 
only,  subdividing  them  according  to  their  situa- 
tion in  the  course  of  tlie  trade  wind;  the  Wind- 
ward Islands  by  their  arrangement  terminating 
witli  Martini({ue,  and  the  Leeward  commencing 
at  Dominica,  and  extending  to  Puerto  Bico. 

jNeithermust  it  pass  unobserved,  that  the  name 
of  Bahama  is  commonly  applieil  by  the  English 
to  that  cluster  of  small  islands,  rocks,  and  reefs 
of  sand,  wliicji  stretcli  in  a  ii.  jc.  direction  for  the 
space  of  near  JOO  leagues  from  the  w.  coast  of 
Hispaiiioia  to  the  Bahama  Strait,  opposite  the 
J'lorida  shore,  and  which  are  called  by  the 
Spaniards  the  Lucayos.  Tlie  Bermudas  lie  still 
more  to  the  «. ;  and,  though  not  generally  enu- 
meruled  amongst  the  W.  India  Islands,  must  at 
least  be  looked  upon  as  a  valuable  entrepot  be- 
tween them  and  tlie  British  colonies  of  N. 
America. 

In  order  more  fully  to  illustrate  the  above  de- 
cription,  we  shall  here  present  our  readers  with] 


■ii,i 


-mi 


rt'M 


\  i 


[A  Ceographicul 


% 


f 


■  .vl* 


272 


WEST     INDIES. 


il 


[Climate. — The  climate  in  all  tlio  W.  India 
Islands  is  nearly  the  same,  aliowinjif  for  those  ac- 
cidental differences  which  the  several  situations 
and  qualities  of  the  lands  themselves  produce.  As 
they  lie  within  the  tropics,  and  the  sun  goes  quite 
o  'er  their  heads,  passing:  beyond  them  to  the  n., 
and  never  returnmg  farther  from  any  of  them 
than  about  30'  to  the  .?.,  they  would  be  conti- 
nually subjected  to  an  extreme  and  intolerable 
heat,  if  the  trade  winds,  rising  gradually  as  the 
sun  gathers  strength,  did  not  blow  in  upon  them 
from  the  sea,  and  refresh  the  air  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  enable  the  inhabitants  to  attend  their 
concerns  even  under  the  meridian  sun.  On  the 
other  hand,  as  the  night  advances,  a  breeze  be- 
gins to  be  perceived,  which  blows  smartly  from 
the  land,  as  it  were  from  the  centre,  towards 
the  sea,  to  all  points  of  the  compass  at  once. 
By  the  same  remarkable  Providence  in  the  dis- 
posing of  things,  it  is,  tiiat  when  the  sun  has 
made  a  great  progress  towards  the  tropic  of 
Cancer,  and  becomes  in  a  manner  vertical,  he 
draws  after  bim  a  vast  body  of  clouds,  which 
shield  them  from  his  direct  beams,  and  dissolv- 
ing into  rain,  cool  the  air,  and  refresh  the  coun- 
try, thirsty  with  the  long  drought,  which  com- 
monly prevails  from  the  beginning  of  January 
to  the  latter  end  of  May. 

The  temperature  of  the  air  varies  indeed  con- 
siderably according  to  the  elevation  of  the  land ; 
but,  with  this  exception,  the  medium  degree  of 
heat  is  much  the  same  in  all  the  countries  of  this 
part  of  the  globe. 

A  tropical  year  seems  properly  to  compre- 
hend but  two  distinct  seasons ;  the  wet  and  the 
dry  ;  but  as  the  rains  in  these  climates  constitute 
two  great  periods,  we  shall  describe  it,  like  the 
European  year,  under  four  divisions. 

The  vernal  season,  or  spring,  may  be  sairl  to 
commence  with  the  month  ofMay,  when  the  foli- 
age of  the  trees  evidently  becomes  more  vivid,  and 
the  parched  savannas  begin  to  change  their  russet 
hue,  even  previous  to  the  first  periodical  rains, 
which  are  now  daily  expected,  and  generally  set 
in  about  the  middle  of  the  month.  These,  com- 
pared with  the  autumnal  rains,  may  be  said  to 
be  gentle  showers.  They  come  from  the  s.  and 
commonly  fall  ever^  day  about  noon,  and  break 
up  with  thunder  storms  ;  creating  a  bright  and 
beautiful  verdure,  and  a  rapid  and  luxuriant  ve- 
getation. The  therinometer  at  this  season  varies 
considerably  ;  commonly  falling  six  or  eight  de- 
grees immediately  after  the  diurnal  rains  :  its 
medium  height  may  be  stated  at  75°. 


After  these  rains  have  continued  about  '.  fort- 
night, the  weather  becomes  dry,  settled,  and  sii- 
lutary ;  and  the  tropical  simimer  reigns  in  full 
glory.  Not  a  cloud  i .  to  be  perceived  ;  and  tin 
sky  blazes  with  irresistible  fierceness.  For  soirn; 
hours,  commonly  between  seven  and  ten  in  tlic 
morning,  before  the  setting  in  of  the  sea  hrco/.- 
or  trade  wind,  which  at  this  feason  blows  from 
the  s.  e.  with  great  force  and  regularity  tmtij 
late  in  the  evening,  the  heat  is  scarcely  support- 
able ;  but,  no  sooner  is  the  influence  felt  of  tliin 
refre8hin|r  wind,  than  all  nature  revives,  and  tlif 
climate,  in  the  shade,  becomes  not  only  verv  to- 
lerable, but  pleasant.  The  thermometer  now 
varies  but  little  in  the  whole  24  hours  :  its  me- 
dium, near  the  coast,  may  be  stated  at  about  SO  \ 
It  is  seldom  observed  higher  than  85"^  at  noon. 
nor  much  below  75°  at  sun  rise ;  a  variation  but 
small  compared  with  the  climate  of  some  of  tlio 
s.  parts  of  N.  America ;  of  Virginia,  for  iustana-, 
where,  according  to  Mr.  Jefferson,  the  mercury 
in  Farenheit's  thermometer  has  been  known  to 
descend  from  92 '  to  47°  in  13  hours.  The  ^V. 
India  Islands  are  happily  exempt  from  those 
noxious  variations. 

The  nights  at  this  season  are  transcendently 
beautiful.  The  clearness  and  brilliancy  of  the 
heavens,  the  serenity  of  the  air,  and  the  soft  tran- 
quillity in  which  nature  reposes,  contribute  to 
harmonize  the  mind,  and  produce  the  most  calm 
and  delightful  sensations.  The  moon  too  in  these 
climates  displays  far  greater  radiance  than  in 
Europe.  The  smallest  print  is  legible  by  her 
light,  and  in  the  moon's  absence  her  function  is 
not  ill  supplied  by  the  brightness  of  the  milky 
way,  and  oy  that  glorious  planet  Venus,  which 
appears  here  like  a  little  moon,  and  glitters  with 
so  refulgent  a  beam  as  to  cast  a  shade  from  trees, 
buildings,  and  other  objects,  making  full  amendii 
for  the  short  stay  and  abrupt  departure  of  the 
crepusculum  or  twilight. 

This  state  of  the  weather  commonly  conti- 
nues, with  little  variation,  from  the  beginning  ot 
June  until  the  middle  of  August,  when  the  diur- 
nal breeze  begins  to  intermit,  and  the  atmosphere 
becomes  sultry,  incommodious,  and  suffocating. 
In  the  latter  end  of  this  month,  and  most  part  of 
September,  we  look  about  in  vain  for  coolness 
and  comfort.  The  thermometer  occasionally  ex- 
ceeds 90°,  and  instead  of  a  steady  and  refreshing 
wind  from  the  sea,  there  are  usually  faint  breezes 
and  calms  alternately.  These  are  preludes  to 
the  second  periodical  or  autumnal  season.  Ijarge 
towering  clouds,  fleecy  and  of  a  reddish  hue,  are] 


n  h<\\' 


ut  '.  forl- 
J,  nnd  m- 
;ns  in  lull 
;  nnd  tin 
For  soint; 
en  in  tliu 
lea  hrec/.' 
ilows  ftoin 
irity   iinlii 
V  support- 
felt  or  thi.-, 
IS,  nnd  tlif 
y  vprv  to- 
iictcr  now 
s  :  its   nu'- 
about  80\ 
'^  at  noon, 
riation  but 
»me  of  tlip 
)!•  instance, 
e  mercuiv 
known  to 
The  W. 
from  those 

isccndently 
incy  of  the 
he  softtran- 
mtribute  to 
;  most  calm 
too  in  these 
CO  than  in 
ble  by  her 

function  is 
f  the  milky 
enus,  whicli 
glitters  with 
!  from  trees, 

full  amende 
•tare  of  the 

lonly  conti- 
beginninfl[  ot 
len  the  diur- 
( atmosphere 

suffocating. 
most  part  of 
for  coolness 
asionally  ex- 
ul  refreshing 
faint  breezes 

preludes  to 
>ason.  liarge 
ish  hue,  arc] 


[■^        f, '  npfiical,  Historical,  and  Stalistical  Tab 
siu  .  as  are  worth  Cultivation/  as  they  lie  in  a 
Breadth,  Die  Ports,  I  Altitude  and  JLongitude. 


Oiiiicral  DaltntHon. 


Peculinr  Name  ol 
ench. 


Hrluin,  »puln, 
*'r4inc. 

pi-iinidrk, 

C.  I .  (  OIKI  IHTt-d 
IllillllV 

(',  C.  rntl(|iifrt>d 
Colony. 


EniU.li  .V 


Mllti 

in 

Iciiglli. 


M'-i 


fir 


m 


^y^ 


WEST    INDIl 


[J  ^.aphHal^lhslorical  and  Statistical  Tabic  of  the  Huirisii  ami Foiinio? 
7;. '  %r,''"'%  ^f'^^^f^on;  as  they  Ik  in  a  Direetio,  from  n.  to  s.^^l 
braidth,  ine  Ports,  Latitude  and  longitude,  ami  AhstLt  of  partiealm  Evl^ 


General  Designation. 


Peculiar  Niinic  oi 
e.ich. 


Bermudas. 
Bahamas . . . 


HrilHlii,  Spain, 

fr.ini  f, 

ri<illaii.|, 

Uciinuik, 

C.  I.  1  oiKiiHTrd 

Miii.T. 
r.  C.  lomintrfil 

(,'nliin\. 


U 

c  < 
1  u 


NewProvidpncp 
Crooked  Island 


Cuba . 


Domingo. 


r 


Puerto  Rico. 


Jamaica . 
Tortola.. 


Virgin  Isles  <^  I  Santa  Crnz, 


^Ist  Subdivi- 
sion. 
Leeward 

Isles  • 


St.  Tiiouias. 


St.  Christopher\s         B. 


Nevis. 


Antigua. 


Montserrat. 


Guadaloupe. 


Dominica. 


B. 
B. 


S. 

B. 
B. 

D. 
D. 


B. 


B. 


B. 


B. 


English  iMilts. 


Miles 

in 

Length. 


19 

2.5 


61,S 


Miles 

ill 

Breadlli 


Chief  Towns 

anil 

Fret  Torts. 


346 


95 

124 
10 

r9 
11 

19 


8 

9 


90 


l,.iii- 
tndt'. 


r.ongi 

iiiile. 


o4"35 


Principal  Port F.  32' 

Nas.Haii F.U.T 

Pitt's  Town F.  22  32    73  54 


137 


Havana F 


JPort  o'Prince.. 
Cape  Francois. 
St.  Domingo... 


06 


43 


Puerto  Rico 13  a? 


'23     8 


77  20 


Q2  16 


18  31    72  19 

19  48  172  13 
18  -<i9    69  49 


Kingston F. 


3      Road  Harbour F. 


Santa  Cruz 


16 


Port  Franco F. 


Basseterre . 


18     0 


18  28 


17  44 


18  22 


17  17 


6      Cliarlestown 17    9   62  40 


11 


40         37 


St.  John's F. 


6t    7 


76  43 


64  43 


64  43 


(:4  57 


62  45 


27 


Basseterre . 


17    8 


16  45 


61  50 


62  17 


Roseau F.  15  kj 


15  59 


61  47 


61  27 


;t  indies. 


*27l 


risii  ami  Fonr.ias  Wrsr  India  Islands  or  Antillks,  «/?rf  Colonies,  or 
mn.tos.;  givhig  {/":  General  DcsignittioN,  Pccu/hr  Name,  Length  and 
of  particular  Events  relating  to  each. 


owns 
'oris. 


[>oit F, 


liidi'. 


32 '  18' 


.F.  rr>    6 
.F.  2'J  3'2 


F.  2o    8 


'rince.. 
ancois. 
lingo. . . 


CO.... 

F 

tour F 

> F. 

1 

F. 


18  31 

It)  48 
18  -i9 


F. 


18  27 

18  0 
18  28 

17  41 

18  22 

17  17 
17  9 
17     8 

16  45 


15  59 


1.5  1(5 


iiiclu. 


64"  33' 

77   20 
73  54 


82  16 


72  19 
72  13 
(i9  49 


6t     7 

76  43 

64  43 

64  43 

64  57 

62  4.) 
62  40 

61  50 

62  17 


61  47 


61  27 


ABSTRACT  of  parilcuhr  Event*  relatini;  to  each. 


^  Discovered,  1522— colonized,  1612,  by  English,  to  whom,  with  tiio 
I  rest,  it  belongs. 

f  First  land  touched  at  hy Cr.lnml)ns, lltli Octol)pr,  1492— settlid  by 
J  Europeans,  1668 — ('aptain  Rogers  sent  to  destroy  freeboottr.-.,  17113 
"S — surrendered  to  Spaniards,  1781— restored,  1783,  to  the  Britis-li,  to 
^whom  they  belong. 

Discovered,  1492,  by  Colniiibas— to  bean  island  by  Obandojiyi 
— always  belonged  to  Spain,  excepting  in  1762,  when  it  was  taken 
by  Admiral  Pocock  and  Earl  of  Albemaile — restored  by  the  iieaci.', 
1763,  in  exciiange  for  the  Fioridas. 

Ditto. ..ditto. ..ditto. ..nearly  depopulated  by  small-pox,  16t'6— 
partly  occupied  by  Buccaners,  who  submitted  to  the  French  govern- 
ment, and  became  a  most  productive  and  valuable  colony  in  W. 
Indies — Spanish  part  very  little  cultivated — French  negroes  revolt, 
1790 — Spanish  part  ceded  to  France,  1794 — French  partsurrrmlered 
to  English,  who  evacuated  it  1796 — Restored  to  French,  by  tioaty  of 
Amiens,  1801--French  expelled,  1803,  by  the  Blacks  and  anEnaiisli 
squadron — Spanish  part  reconquered  by  Spaniards  and  Englitih,  1B09 
— P'rencli,  part  still  independent,  but  claimed  by  France. 
f  Discovered  by  Columbus,  1509 — Capital  plundered,  by  Drake, 
J  \f)77 — Ditto  by  Duke  of  Cumberland,  1598  (who  took  possession, 
J  but  relinquished)— Ditto  by  Dutch,  1615— attacked  by  English,  174  J 
^— again,  1797 — still  reiained  by  Spain. 

t      Dicoverfd  by  Columbus,  1494,  named  by  him  Santiago,  and  oc- 
)  cupied  l>y  Spain — attacked  by  Admiral  Penn  and  Colonel  Virnon, 
(  165.3 — ceded  6th  May,  1656,  to  Great  Britain,  to  whom  it  belong?. 
3      Colonized  by  Dutch— 'tliese  expelled  by  English,  1666— made  a 
I  tree  port,  1802 — belongs  to  British. 

First  of  Antilles  visited  by  Columbus — deserted  till  settled  by 
English — these  expelled  by  French,  1650 — sold,  1651,  to  Knights  of 
Malta — bought  of  them  by  W.  India  Company,  1664 — incorporated 
v\ith  French  crown,  1674 — sold  to  Danes— taken,  in  late  war,  by 
British — restored  to  Denmark  by  treaty,  1814. 
(  Belonged  first  to  Danisli  company — sold  to  the  King,  who  made  it 
\  a  free-port — factory  plundered  by  Flibustiers,  1688 — taken  by  Great 
(  Britain  in  last  war — restored  by  treaty,  1814. 

Named  after  Columbus,  1493— settled,  I623,by  English  and  French 
—  these  driven  out  by  Spaniards,  1629 — rrsuniod  by  l^iit.lish  and 
French— ceded  to  foruiei  by  treaty  of  Utreciit.  1713— T;'.k(-n  by 
French,  1782— restored,  1783,  to  Great  Britain,  to  whom  it  belongs. 
5  Settled  by  English,  16118— taken, by  French,  1782— restored,  17U3, 
I  to  (ireat  Britain,  to  whom  it  belongs. 

{Discovered,  about  1623,  by  Sir  Thomas  Warner— settled  by 
English,  1636— granted  by  Crown  to  Mr.  Willoughby,  ICn:}— who 
sent  to  it  a  large  colony,  1666— same  year  taken  by  French— re- 
taken, 1690 — belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

{Discovered  by  Columbus,  1493— colonized  by  Irish,  163'2— sacked, 
1 700,   10   days   by  French ;    compensation  agreed    by    treaty^  of 
Utrecht — taken  by  French,  1781— restored  at  peace  of  1783  to 
Great  Britain. 
r     Discovered  by  Columbus,  1493— retained  by  Spain  till  1635,  when 
it  was   ceded   to   Fiance — attacked  by   English,  1691,  1703,  and 
I  taken  1759— restored,  1763— a<;aiu  taken  by  English,  1794— reco- 
■{  vered  by  French  in  the  same  year— again  taken  by  Eim!isb,  1810— 
ceded  to  Sweden  by   treaty  of  March,  1813,  to  brin;.'  tlic  Crown 
Prince  into  the  Grand  Ailiauce— restored  to  France  by  treaty  30th 
May,  1814. 

So  named,  as  discovered  by  Columbus  (in  bis  second  voyage)  on  a 
Sunday— inhabited  by  Caribes ;  who,  in  J64(»,  entered  with  the 
French  into  a  league  against  the  English— ceded  to  Great  Britain, 
1763— taken  by  French,  1781— restored  to  Great  Britain,  1783,  to 
whom  it  belongs. 

Settled  by  French,  163.5— possessed  by  French  \\ .  In  !ia  t.om- 
jaiiv  till  1651.  when  it  was  sdIiIJq  Mc 


IS 


Subdivision, 

Windward 

Isles. 


^ 


2d  Subdivi- 
sion 
Leeward 

Isles, 


»rd     f 

s.      5 


'^ 


m 


Dominica. 


Martinique. 


Barbadocs. 


St.  Lucia. 


St.  Vincent. 


Grenada. 


Tobago , 


Trinidad. 


I  Curasi 


oa. 


Province 
of  Dutch  t 
Guayana. 


Demerara. 
Esequibo. 
Berbice. 


Surinam. 


ra ^ 

°;.v.:5 


B. 


B. 


C.I. 


B, 

B. 

C.  L 

B. 
H. 


H. 


'il 


.10 


18 


25 


13 


17 


77 


28 


12 


00 


12 


10 


10 


10 


24  6 


35 


Roseau F. 


(Saint  Picrie  or  > 
\     Port  Royal      \ 


wm 


15  Iti 


14  34    dl     7 


61  27 


Bridge  Town. 


13  10 


North  End. 


Kingston F. 


St.  George's F, 


Scarborough F. 


S.  Josef F. 


Amsterdam F, 


14    5 


13  11 


61  18 


12     4 


11  10 


10  27 


12     4 


h9  48 


60  59 


61  47 


60  44 


61  44 


69     2 


ir.,^.        ,  ^  ^    ^:?^^^^  ISLAIJDS,  comprehending  St.  Christopher's,  Nevis  Anti.na 
1672.  under  a  Governor  denominated  Captain  General  of  the  I.eenarl  ana  SellaZ's 

Governor!'"""''"*  "  ^''"''  '"''""'''  "  "P'^"'""'^'  "^^  ^'-•<'-'  "^  ">e  lZ^\^'^ 

captain  Genera,,  Sir  Tho.a.  Shiriey.  Bart,  in  m9^ZZ' ^i^.^XL' ^^ 
Lieut.  Governor.  Earl  Balcarras.  from  17y5  to  180().-Lieut.  Governor.  CirGe^erl^ 
Nngent.  from  1802  to  IBOfi.-Lieut.  General  Sir  Eyre  Coote.in  1807.-Captl  General ' 

.ea*  ^r^hf  I'TiW"''  "'  ^'T' '"  '"'  "*'"^^  """"»  "«  •"'^  •"'»'••"«-  P»")  "'clDdes  the  di 
brP«m  ,«^  K^^  Marowme  or  Maroni,  f.  by  0.e  .«rr«*  of  Acaray,  and  w.  by  the  Eseqnib 
breadth  3B5,  between  n.  lat.  i»  30'  and  7»  4o',  and  w.  long.  630  20'  and  59°  30  ] 


* 


M  M 


Tie  or 
oyal 


.F. 


mmffm 


15  k; 


U  34 


13  10 


14     5 


13  11 


.F. 


12     4 


11   10 


10  27 


12     4 


61  'J7 


(51     7 


.i9  48 


60  59 


61  18 


61  47 


60  44 


61  44 


69     2 


redfd  to  SMt'dcii 


fill' — <l^.ilTMaKnn))Ell;'.'ls||,    |i;!(l    . 

iiy   tnaty  cl' INIarrli,  IBl.'l,  to  hriii  ■  tli(;  down 
Prinro  into  the  Gram!  Ailiuiice— restored  to  France  by  treaty  :h)I|i 

(.May,  1»14. 

So  named,  as  di^rovored  by  Columbus  (in  his  second  voyiifjc)  on  ;» 
Sunday— inhabited  »;y  Cariliesj  who,  in  Ui4(»,  entered  with  the 
French  into  a  leBp.ie  against  the  Enghsh — ceded  to  Great  lliilaiu, 
1763 — taken  by  Frencii,  1701 — restored  to  Groat  Urit-iin,  17it;3,  to 
wlioni  it  belongs. 

Settled  by  French,  16"') — possessed  by  French  \Y.  In  lia  f!om- 
pany  till  16;>1,  when  it  was  sold  to  Mons.  Parquet — re-purriiascd  iinii 
incorporated  with  the  Crown,  1674 — suttlred  i»y  earthquake,  I7v7— 
ditto  in  1767  and  1772— and  in  1766  by  a  hurricane— attacked  by 
Dutch,  1674 — ditto  by  Admiral  Penn,  1695— taken  by  K.u|;lisli, 
1761 — restored,    1763— sTiaiain  taken,   1794 — restored,  1801— again 

Jaken,  lUOy — restored  to  France,  1814. 

Diticovi'i-eil  by  Portiigtteftp. — dcHerted  by  them — visited  hy  Eri|[{lisli 
ship  Oliver  Blossom,  1605— colonized,  1624,  under  Couiteen— 
1627,  patented  to  Earl  of  Pembroke— 1646,  Lord  Willouj^lihy,  go- 
vernor, divides  revenues  with  the  heir  of  the  Earl  of  Pembroke— 
1660,  great  accession  ot  population  from  Great  Britain— settled  to 
the  Crown,  1663— dreadful  stonn,  1780 — always  beloni;ed  to  Gicat 

Jtritain. 

Discovered  by  French— possessed  by  them  and  Enslish  frequently 
till  1722 — then  evacuated  with  St.  Vincent — given  by  Georjje  I.  to 
Dnke  of  Montague,  who  was  driven  out  by  French  from  Mar- 
tinique— these  agreed  to  evacuate  but  returned — taken  by  British, 
1762 — ceded  to  France,  peace  of  Versailles,  1763— u''eu  by  Bri- 
tish, 1778— restored,  1783— taken  by  British,  1794— res lored,  1801 

l^ — taken,  1803 — ceded  to  Great  Britain,1814. 

Discovered  by  Spaniards — weak  attempts  of  British  to  possess  it, 
1723 — taken  by  Admiral  Rodney  and  General  Monckton,  1762 — 
Caribe  lands  sold  by  British  government — to  nidividuals,  1763, 
which  caused  insurrection  of  natives;  this  quelled  by  treaty,  1773, 
by  which  lands  were  a^iiigued  them — belongs  to  Great  Britain- 
suffered  by  eruption  of  Volcano,  1812. 

Discovered  by  Columbus,  1498— settled  by  French,  1638— taken 
by  Admiral  Rodney  and  General  Monckton,  1762 — retaken  by 
French  in  1780 — restored  to  Great  Britain,  1783,  to  whom  it  be- 
longs— it  suffered  greatly  by  hurricanes,  1780,  and  an  insur- 
rection 1795. 

r     Settled  chiefly   by  Dtitch  till  1748,  when  declared    neutral  by 

I  treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapelle— yielded  to  Great  Britain  by  that  of  1763— 

i  1781,  taken  by  French— ceded  to  these,  1783— captured  by  British, 

1793 — restored  to  France  by  treaty  of  Amiens,  1801— again  taken 

^by  British,  1803— ceded  to  Britain,  1814. 

f     Discovered  bv  Columbus,  1498— conquered  by  Berrio,  J59'J— 
J  Spanish  policy,  1763,  caused  it  to  be  peopled  by  all  nations— taken 

I  without  resistance,  1797,  by  Sir  Ralph    Abercrombie- ceded   to 

».  Great  Britain,  1801— has  since  belonged  to  Great  Britain. 

4      Settled  by  Emperor  Charles  V.  1627-taken  by  Dutch,  1632- 

Jfrom  them  by  English,  i798-restored,  1801-aga.n  taken  by  Cap 

(.  tain  Brisbane,  1806— restored  to  Holland,  1814. 


Taken  by  Admiral 
Rodney,  1782 — a^ain 
taken,  1754 — restor- 
ed to  Holland,  1801 
— Demerara  andEse- 


<  Unsettled  till  end  of  18th  century 

r     First    settled    by    French,    1630  — aban- 

I  doned  on  account  of  unhealthy  climate,  1650 

—resorted  to ' 

<!  granted  by  Charles  ^, „in.v...v .  ,    .  .       , 

-retaken  by  English,  and  ceded  to  Dutch  in     rinam    '^stored 
exchange  for  New  York  i674— attempted  by  1  Holland,  1814 
French,  1688 ' J 


:ount  ot  unhealthy  ciimaie,  lojv  i      T"""  , 1"" 

bysomeEnclish:i662-Charter  fqu.bo  taker    180^- 

liarlesll.-tiikenbv  Dutch,  1667     Surmam,    UiOj-Sn- 

>,  Wn^i:.!.  —1  „..j„,i  .«niit<-li  in     rinani    restored     to 


Cliristophcr'9,  Nevis,  Antigua,  Montseirat,  and  ilie  Virgin  Islts  l„ve  formed  one  distinct  Government  since  tiie  Year 
enrard  and  Caribe  Islands,  wLose  lesidcncc  is  at  Antigua  •' aiilioimli  lie  occasipnally  visit!"  Ilic  olhws,  in  >%l.ich, 
lent  of  the  Council  (being  generally   ihc  oldest  mciubti)  prtfidts  and  executes  marly  all  the  functions  assigned  lo  llie 

Guvernors  of  the  Leeward  or  Caribe  Islands. 

.— liarl  of  Effingham,  irom  1790  to  1792.— Major  General,  Adari  WUiainson.  from  1793  lo  17(>4.— 
.leul.  Governor,  Major-General  Hon.  John  Knox,  in  1801— Licui  Governor,  Majiir  General  George 
)ote,  in  1807.— Captain  General,  G  overnor  in  Chief,  and  Vice- Admirjl,  Hugh  Eliot,  Esq.  present  Govenx.r. 

c  maritime  part)  inclndes  the  districts  of  Eseqnibo,  Demerara,  Keihice  and  Surinam,  and  Is  bounded  on  the  w.  by  the 
Icaray,  and  to.  by  the  Eseqnibo  and  Panmaron  Rivers;  its  «  ^  i^ape  or  Point  is  Natsaw  :  length  about  3(J0  miles, 
an(i590  30.] 


* 


M  M 


t 

(' 

V 

r 

(' 
(I 

t< 

n 
a 
(li 
'I 

C( 

ri 
sr 
tl 
th 

so 
bt 
nr 

ni 
th 
A] 
of 
(le 
ar 
inl 

CO 

sei 

no 
fat 
Pc 


WEST    INDIES. 


273 


(now  rtcrii,  ill  tho  muniiiifl;,  in  the  fjiiartcrs  of  tlio 
V.  and  v.  ('.;  the  tops  of  the  luotMitumHat  tho  Niinio 
tinif  appear  clrar  ol'cloudM,  and  the  objects  upon 
Ihern  wear  a  Itlui^h  cast,  and  seem  ninch  nearer  to 
the  spectator  than  usual.  When  these  vast  acru- 
inulations  of  vapour  liave  risen  lo  a  considerable 
height  in  the  atmosphere,  they  commonly  move 
luni/tmtally  towards  the  mone'.iiins,  proclaimin<<; 
their  progress  in  deepanvl  rolling  thunder,  which, 
reverberated  from  peak  to  peak,  and  answered 
by  the  distant  roaring  of  the  hcd,  heightens  the 
nnijesty  of  tlie  scene,  and  irresistibly  lit\s  up  the 
mind  of  the  stpectntor  to  the  great  Author  of  all 
sublimity. 

The  waters,  however,  with  which  these  con- 
gregated vapours  load  the  atmosphere,  seldom 
fall  w  ith  great  and  general  force  until  the  begin- 
ning of  October.  It  is  then  that  the  heavens 
pour  down  cataracts.  An  European  who  has  not 
visited  therte  climates,  can  form  no  just  concep- 
tion of  tlio  quantity  of  water  which  deluges  the 
eartii  at  this  season  :  by  an  exact  account  which 
was  kept  of  the  rain  wliich  tell  in  one  year  in 
Harbadoes  (1754)  it  appeared  to  have  been  87^,^ 
cubic  inches,  equal  to  7  feet  S^iTr  inclies  perpen- 
dicular. 

Taking  the  whole  islands  tliroughout,  from  CO 
to  (i'i  inches,  appear  to  be  about  tlie  medium  of 


rain  ui  seasonable  years.  If  this  quantity  should 
annually  fall  in  England,  the  country  would  be 
deluged,  and  the  fruits  of  the  earth  destroyed. 
The  power  of  the  sun,  at  that  distance  from  the 
equator,  would  be  too  feeble  to  exhale  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  it.  On  the  other  hand,  if  so 
small  a  portion  as  21  inches  only,  should  fall  in 
the  whole  year  at  Barbadoes  or  Jamaica,  where 
the  exhalation  b^  the  sun  and  the  sea  breeze  is 
so  great,  the  springs  and  rivers  would  probably 
be  dried  up,  and  the  inhabitants  perish  by  thirst 
and  famine. 

It  is  now,  in  the  interval  between  the  begin- 
ning of  August  and  the  latter  end  of  October, 
that  hurricanes,  those  dreadful  visitations  of  the 
Almighty,  are  apprehended.  The  prognostics 
of  these  elementary  conflicts,  have  been  minutely 
descril)ed  by  various  writers,  and  their  effects 
are  known  by  late  mournful  experience  to  every 
inhabitant  of  every  island  within  the  tropics  ; 
concerning  their  immediate  cause  \re  shall  pre- 
sently have  something  to  impart. 

Earthquakes  also  are  not  unfrequent ;  but 
none  have  been  productive  of  mischief  since  the 
fatal  one  of  June,  1692,  which  swallowed  up 
Port  Royal.     Slight  shocks  are  felt  in  Jamaica 

VOL.  V. 


every  year,  generally  about  the  month  of  .Inue, 
immediately  at\er  the  .May  rains;  but  these  little 
concussions  have  been  attributed,  with  some  rea- 
son, solely  to  changes  in  the  atmosphere,  and 
may,  therefore,  rather  be  called  ninpiakes  than 
oartlxpiakes;  they  are  however  very  terrilying. 
During  the  autumnal  rains  the  climatu  is  very 
sicklv,  and  the  four  last  months  of  the  year  coni- 
nu>nly  prove  fatal  to  a  great  many  of  the  old 
inhabitants,  but  more  especially  to  persons  of 
n  full  habit  newly  arrived  from  Europe,  and 
seafaring  people. 

Towards  the  end  of  November,  or  sometinies 
not  till  the  middle  of  December,  a  considerable 
change  in  the  teniperature  of  the  air  is  |)erceiv- 
able.  The  coasts  to  the  «.  are  now  beaten  l»y  a 
rough  ami  heavy  sea,  roaring  with  incessant 
noise;  the  wind  varies  from  the  e,  to  the  ti.  c.  md 
>i.,  sometimes  driving  before  it,  across  the  high- 
est mountains,  not  only  heavy  rains  but  hail ; 
till  at  length,  the  ».  wind  having  acciuired  suffi- 
cient force,  the  atmosphere  is  cleared  ;  and  now 
comes  on  a  succession  of  serene  and  pleasant 
weather,  the  n,  e.  and  ».  winds  spreading  cool- 
ness and  delight  throughout  the  whole  of  this 
burning  region. 

If  this  interval,  therefore,  from  the  l)cginning 
of  December  to  the  end  of  April,  be  called  win- 
ter, it  is  certainly  the  finest  winter  on  the  gloi>e. 
To  valetudinarians  and  persons  advanced  in  life, 
it  is  the  climate  of  Paradise. 

The  account  which  we  have  thus  given  is, 
however,  to  be  received  not  as  uniformly  exact 
and  minutely  particular  ;  but  os  a  general  repre- 
sentation only,  subject  to  many  variations  and 
exceptions,  which  will  be  found  detailed  under 
the  particular  islands,  in  the  large  islands  of 
Cuba,  Hispaniola,  and  Jamaica,  whose  lofty 
mountains  are  clothed  with  forests  perhaps  as  old 
as  the  deluge,  the  rains  are  much  more  frequent 
and  violent  than  in  the  small  islands  to  wind- 
ward ;  some  of  which  are  without  mountains, 
and  others  without  wood  ;  both  powerful  agents 
on  the  atmosphere.  In  the  interior  and  elevated 
districts  of  the  three  former  islands,  there  are 
showers  in  every  month  of  the  year ;  and  on  the 
n.  coasts  of  those  islands,  considerable  rains  are 
expected  in  December  or  January,  soon  after  the 
setting  in  of  the  n.  winds. 

Thus  far  we  have  taken  the  more  favourable 
view  of  the  climate  of  these  islands,  and  under 
circumstances  in  which  it  is  supposed  sufficient 
care  may  be  taken  against  its  more  deleterious 
effects.     In  the  case  of  the  military,  the  same 


'    St  I 


!   li^ 


r:      I 


'm 


M 


274 


w  i:  s  T   I  N  1)  1 1:  s. 


IprfraiitioiH  i-oiilil  not  nhvays  Ih>  hail :  ami  (lii< 
iMorlalitv  Hint  has  imisiu'iI,  at  <lill'i>ri-iil  pcriuils, 
uas  liir  iMori'  ili><tri"<>.iim  Ihaii  Hiirpiisinn.  'I'lu* 
tolliiwiiii;  lahli's  ari-  iicorilt'd,  no)  hiIIi  a  \ii-\v  of 
r(>cu|)itiilaliii|ir  [last  |;rii>vaiu'i>M,  but  uh  n  iiioaiiN  of 


pointing  init,  hy  t'lnnpari^oii,  lhi>  hi'uhoih,  aiwl  |lu< 
xyHli'iiiM  of  iiiaiiai;cnii>nt  that  inav  in  I'litiirf  proM' 
iniiHt  niiuliu'ivi!  to  lliu  pri-nt-rvutiitu  ul'  the  mA- 
ilicr'H  iil't'. 


m^:\ii 


TAHF.ES, 

Showirin  •'"'  Mortality  of  Troop-,  in  ihi-  W.  Iiidici,  (i-xtliiHivc  of  tliosi*  who  fi-ll  in  Action) 
(lurini>  Scsrii  V'i>arx,  from  I79(>  li>  ISO'J  imlusi\r.  cinnpili'd  from  Ui'^imontal  Mi>tiirn><  lollci'tcii 
hy  liohn  SayiM',  l'jsi|.  ConnnisHary  in  the  Windward  and  liCcwaril  islands  during;  that  I'i'riod, 

No.  I. 


iMiiupivin  SiilJirrti. 

Nt'Ulo  Soldirrs. 

Otficcm. 

I/iieoHl 
Force, 

Mriliiini 
Miillllily 
KotiiriiM. 

Died. 

Pit 

Ceiil. 

I''i(rci'.        Died. 

Per 
t'l-lil. 

Dicl, 

I79(j,  April 
1797,  April 

I79S,  April 
1799,  F(<l). 
ISOO,  IVI). 
IHOI,  IVI). 

180'i,  Fel). 

I9,<)7() 
l,'J,f)y7 

9,l<)'.> 

7,(),')t 

S..S40 

11,74.") 

10,198 

If)  ,881 

iL.ooy 

8,UfJ 

7.W> 

7.890 

IO,JI,') 

9,0J8 

G.48I 
,'i,7()() 

l,()Oy 

87() 

1.'?'-'! 

'i,;j|o 

990 

40 ; 

3n 

171 

III 

11 

'i,4f)5 

,'J,(  80 

.';,(),■).■) 

4,<)0I 
.'J,8»0 

7.") 
118 

'}.-)8 
'i8<) 
'J7() 

199 

,J 

4 

8 

tj 

99 

.'J8 

yi 

,')S 
101 

41 

Orii>;inal  army 

I9,(j7() 

— 

I7,I7J 

— 

— 

— 

— 

590 

With  relation  to  this  table,  it  is  to  bt-  remarked 
that  in  179()-7,  on  openin:^  the  rampai<>n  iindiM' 
Sir  Ralph  Abcrcrontbie,  with  the  jjreat  rein- 
forcements then  arrived  in  the  W,  Indies,  the 
troops  were  jjenerally  unseasoned  to  the  climate ; 
the  duties  of  fatin-ue  and  service,  especially  in 
St.  Liitia  and  (irenada,  were  immediate  and 
excessive,  ami  barracks  and  hospitals  were  un- 
prepared or  insufficient :  and  to  these,  w  itli  other 
causes,  may  be  attributed  the  very  extraordinaiy 
mortality  in  the  two  lirst  years. — 1798,  &c.  the 
iiecond  period  of  four  years,  may  alibrd  premises 


for  estimatiuf;'  the  mortality  of  troops  in  the  W. 
Indies,  under  exposure  to  climate,  and  duties  iil 
latijiue  on  active  ser>icc. —  iSOii.  the  last  year, 
aH'ords  j>rounds  of  estimate,  when  a  year  of  peace 
admits  of  care  of  the  soldiery,  in  avoidini;  ex- 
posure to  nii>ht  dews  and  meridian  suns,  in  res^u- 
latin^  diet,  and  in  mitii>atin<>'  tati<>'ue.  In  refe- 
rence to  the  black  corps,  it  is  to  bi?  obser\  ed, 
that  the  two  first  years  (1790-7)  they  were  newly 
raised,  and  probably  not  yet  ongajyed  in  the 
hardships  of  service,  and  w  hich  accounts  for  i\\': 
very  few  negroes  lost  in  those  years.] 


hr 


WEST    INDIE  «. 


[No.  11. 
rompnriitive  Mortiilitv  of  Tntops  in  tln^  W.  Indies,  in  tlilVcront  MouHis  nn«l  Son«ons  of  the  Yrnr. 


Imi 

rn|ii'iin  .SoIcI'pm, 

N 

'grn  HiililicM, 

lll'.l 

DilMl 

On  Ml' 

Kiilc 

l)i<-<l 

Diril 

On  Me 

i<»i. 

Pi>t' 

I'dirc. 

<':|('li 

« .icli 

iliiiiii 

nicli 

I'll 

l''i>i(f. 

nicli 

riiiU 

(liHin 

•  ni'li 

Moiiili. 

SfllMOII. 

I'lirii'. 

Ni'iir. 

Cilit. 

Moiilli. 

Spuioii. 

I'lircc. 

Villi. 

1  f  DccimiiIkt  .     . 
J     .laniiai'v     .     . 

7,',MS 

H) 



___ 

„„^ 

___ 

.*j.'i5)y 

l;j 

.... 

«., 

— 

r,l7() 

11 



— 

— 

— 

y,y77 

14 

— 

— 

— 

— 

»,      l''«'l)|IHUV     .       . 

l(),lf)S 

110 



— 

— 

— 

4,'^7i> 

IS 

— 

— 

— 

— - 

t.  IVlarcli    .     .     , 
r^VApril     .     .     . 

l(),lf),J 

!ll 



— 

— 

— 

4,'iJy 

17 

— 

— 

— 

— 

l(),L'W 

()7 



— 

— 

— 

4,Sy0 

<) 

— 

— 

— 

— 

^      Mav       .     .     . 

i(),n(j,"> 

:>:} 



— 

— 

— 

4,114 

17 

— 

— 

— 

^     iFiine      .     .     . 
4  l''iil.V       .     .     . 

i(M)()() 

[):> 



— 

— 

— 

j.<)o:j 

14 

— 

— 

— 

f),7JI 

48 

5aO 

f),HOO 

7H0 

K 

J,S'i.J 

17 

110 

3,H9'2 

18(1 

t; 

f  r  .\ii!;iiHt       .     . 
1    )  SoptiMuljor 

S,8S0 

W 

.... 







:j,7:)n 

2S 





— 

H,7J!) 

IS,'J 

— 

— 

— 

— 

.Vi<» 

'27 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1  )  <  )ct()l)tT        .       . 

i|  (  N«)venib«'r 

.s„'js:» 

l().> 

— 

— 

— 

. — 

J,4(Jl 

7 

— 

— 

— 

— 

S,(Y2i 

1(10 

470 

H,:>\\i 

mo 

17 

.'J,4  tH 

IK 

,S0 

:j,.'jn7 

'/JO 

M(Mliuin  of  the  Year 

y,ojH 

f)!)0 

— 

— 

II 

4,000 

— 

I9<) 

— 

From  wliicli  it  appears  that  the  mortality  of 
the  four  months  of  the  rainy  season  is  more  thin 
double  that  of  the  other  ei<>:ht  months,  b(>iii<>'  as 
I  (  to  8  per  cent,  on  the  numerical  forceH  of 
I'^uropean  soldiers ;  but  that  tlio  deaths  of  the 
Neifro  soldiers,  in  the  unhealthy  nionths,  increase 
only  in  the  ratio  of  about  one-third. 

As  a  freiieral  prevention  to  those  disorders  to 
which  the  troops  are  liable,  Sir  William  Younjf, 
who  appears,  with  a  laudable  philanthropy,  to 
have  given  the  sid>ject  much  attention,  recom- 
mends, among;st  the  w  ise  precautions  in  regard 
to  clothing,  &c.  already  adopted,  open  {galleries 
and  sheds  in  the  barracks  to  shelter  every  pas- 
sage and  communication,  covering  the  windows 
from  the  beating  in  of  the  rains,  and  |)reventing 
the  soldier's  exposure  to  the  meridian  sun,  in 
every  case,  when  actual  service  and  duty  do  not 
require  it :  that  not  only  each  sentry  walk,  but 
the  very  parade  should  be  covered  ;  that  the  bar- 
racks being  properly  built,  and  adapted  to  a  cer- 
tain number  of  men,  should  on  nc)  occasion  re- 
ceive be\oiul  the  complement:  above  ail,  (hat 
the  apartments  for  sleep  shouhl  never  be  crowd- 
ed, since  the  stilled  soldier  is  thus  often  driven 
to  the  necessity  of  throwing  open  the  windward 


casements,  and  letting  in  the  heavy  night  dews 
on  those  in  sleep,  whereby  the  persi)iration  so 
necessary  to  health  and  life"  in  those  climates,  by 
becoming  checked,  is  the  cause  of  fevers,  tluxes, 
and  the  whole  train  of  tntpical  disorders. 

The  necessity  of  limited  service  is  aiu)tlier  of 
the  points  on  which  he  insists,  and  likewise  on 
the  formation  of  a  depot  for  military  invalids  and 
convalescents  to  be  established  in  some  one 
island ;  the  situation  of  the  same  to  be  selected 
by  medical  conuuissioners,  having  before  them 
military  returns,  and  every  document  of  past  and 
comparative  health,  added  to  sue?',  personal  in- 
spection ai\d  observation  as  may  best  direct  their 
judgment,  and  choice  of  situation,  for  a  general 
hospital  of  recovery. 

"Such  i)lace  ot' depot  (continues' this  author) 
being  chosen  and  prepared,  soldiers  from  evc^ry 
reginient,  and  whatever  island,  after  tedious  in- 
termittents,  liver  complaints,  and  other  chronical 
cases,  or  coiisetpu-nt  debility,  should  be  sent  for 
the  rc-cstablishment  of  health  and  strength, 
before  the  constitution  is  wholly  broken  and 
enervated  l)y  the  disorder,  or  its  elVects.  My  in- 
formation, in  the  first  instance,  would  direct  to 
Dorsetshire  Hill,  in  the  island  of  St.  Vincent's."] 
N   .N  "2 


•M 


m  i: 


1      I' 


I    ■',  '; 


/I'ff- 


•■,       U| 


I!/ 


2^0 


WEST    INDIES. 


[jyim/s  and  hurriauio.  — Coiiccrninff  the  trade- 
wind,  or  diuinal  sea-breeze,  which  blows  in 
these  climates  from  the  <■.  and  its  collateral 
points,  with  little  intermission  or  variation  nine 
months  in  the  year,  the  causes  of  it  having  been 
traced  and  displayed  by  numerous  writers,  it  is 
unnecessary  for  us  tc  treat  ;  but  the  peculiarity 
of  the  land-wind  by  night  (than  which  nothing 
can  be  more  grtietul  and  refreshing)  has  beeii 
less  generally  noticed.  This  is  an  advantage, 
among  others,  which  the  larger  islands  of  the  W. 
Indies  derive  from  the  great  inequality  of  their 
surface ;  for  as  soon  u  the  sea-breeze  dies  away, 
the  hot  air  of  the  plains  being  rarefied,  ascends 
towards  the  tops  of  the  mountains,  and  is  ihere 
condensed  by  the  cold  ;  which  making  it  specifi- 
cally heavier  than  it  was  before,  it  descends  back 
to  the  plains  on  both  sides  of  the  ridge.  Hence  a 
night-wind  is  fell  in  all  the  mountainous  coun- 
tries under  the  torrid  zone,  blowing  on  all  sides 
from  the  land  towards  the  shore,  so  th^Jt  on  a  «. 
shore  the  wind  shall  come  from  the  s.  p  nd  on  the 
».  sjjore  from  the  m.  Agreeably  to  thi:-  hypothe- 
sis, it  is  observable  that  in  the  islands  to  wind- 
ward, where  ihey  have  no  mountains,  they  have 
no  land-breeze. 

In  Barbadoes,  and  most  of  the  small  islands  to 
windward,  the  sea-breeze  blows  as  well  by  night 
as  by  day.  It  is  sometimes  tlie  case  in  .Jamaica 
in  the  months  of  June  and  July,  the  land  at  that 
time  being  heated  to  such  a  degree,  that  the  cold 
air  of  the  mountains  is  not  sufficiently  dense  to 
check  the  current  which  flows  from  the  sea. 

Many  persons  are  of  opinion,  that  among  the 
consequences  attendant  on  rain,  earthquakes  may 
be  enumerated  ;  but  they  are  now  so  unfrequent, 
in  Hispaiiola  at  least,  that  they  create  no  sensa- 
tions whatever  of  drea.l  It  is,  however,  more, 
perhaps,  from  their  having  been  generally  noticed 
to  occur  at  the  end  of  tlie  rainy  season,  and  tliose 
when  the  tides  rise  to  the  highest,  that  philoso- 
phers have  said  that  they  might  be  attributed  to 
thesetwo  causes,  w  hich  may,  however,  be  thought 
to  have  a  collateral  operation. 

The  united  waters  of  the  sky  and  sea  rush  on, 
and  ravage  and  undermine  the  earth  in  convul- 
sive "hocks.  The  sea,  particidariy,  in  this  quar- 
ter, bursts  with  redoubled  force  on  the  coasts,  and 
there  spends  its  fury  Amongst  the  most  violent 
assaults  of  this  unquiet  and  turbulent  element, 
are  those  which  are  experienced  once  or  twice  a 
year,  between  the  months  of  .lidy  and  t)it()ber, 
and  which  are  called  in  the  colonies,  ra:  <ir 
iiKiire.  They  a\;e  always  most  noticed  on  the  zc. 
coasts,  when  the  winds  have  continued  blowina 


from  that  quarter,  or  the  s.  The  ^viives  then 
iM'eak  on  the  shore  with  an  astonishing  violence, 
and  throw  the  spray  in  milky  clouds  around. 
No  vessels  in  the  ontports  or  open  roads,  can, 
at  that  time,  keep  their  anchors. 

The  hurricanes  are,  however,  thought  to  be 
serviceable  to  the  crops,  in  both  increasing  and 
bringing  them  forward.  Whether  it  is,  that 
these  violent  agitations,  in  rending  the  bosom  of 
the  earth,  prepare  it  for  fecundity,  or  that  they 
leave  behind  them  some  particles  proper  to  the 
vegetation  of  plants,  appears  difficult  to  decide  ; 
it  has,  however,  been  remarked,  that  this  appa- 
rent and  passing  disorder,  was  not  only  a  conse- 
quence of  the  coui^tant  order  of  nature,  which 
provided  for  regeneration,  by  the  means  of  pre- 
\  ions  destruction ;  but  n  cause  of  preservation 
to  the  whole  system  of  reproduction. 

The  first  settlers  of  the  Antilles,  thought  they 
had  discovered  the  certain  prognostics  of  this 
alarming  event.  'I'hey  considered  it  was  indi- 
cated by  the  air  being  troubled,  the  disk  of  the 
sun  turning  red,  and  being  covered  with  a  thick 
vapour,  that  added  to  its  size.  The  caverns 
emitted  a  sound  as  if  winds  were  closed  and  pent 
up  within  them.  To  the  n.  zi\  the  sky  was  seen 
to  lower,  the  sea  groaned  and  sent  forth  a  strong 
smell,  and  though  its  surface  was  not  broke  in 
naves,  it  seemed  to  swell  and  roll  in  long  and 
Wide  bodies  of  lifted  water.  The  wind  suddenly 
changed  from  the  c.  to  the  w.,  and  blew  with 
quick  and  increased  violence. 

These  hurricanes  are  seldom  experienced  from 
the  «'.,  their  influence  is  in  general  partial,  and 
what  is  still  more  strange  is,  that  though  the\ 
often  scour  the  windward  islands,  nay,  one  may 
almost  say,  annually,  they  are  not  often  felt  be- 
low Puerto  Rico.  *rhis  has  induced  many  to  i)e- 
lieve,  that  they  are  formed  on  the  continent ;  for 
the  re.  wind,  which  sometimes  r  igns,  blows  with 
violence  in  the  .v.,  meeting  with  the  «.  wind,  which 
in  his  turn  having  sway,  produces  a  shock  equal 
to  their  respective  rapidity  and  acquired  motion. 
If  this  happens  in  the  long  and  narrow  defiles  ot' 
the  mountains,  a  current  of  air  must  naturally 
issue,  and  extend  in  proportion  to  the  assumed 
force  and  inqiulsive  velocity,  and  of  a  «ize  on  a 
parallel  with  the  channel,  m  which  it  has  been 
confined.  All  solid  bodies  whicli  may  be  op- 
posed to  this  impelling  torrent  of  air,  will  receive 
a  shock  proportionate  to  their  surface:  but  hap- 
pily the  diirenMit  bearings  of  the  islands,  their 
angular  and  spherical  figures,  present  to  tiiese 
volumes  of  compressed  air,  surfaces  nuire  or  less 
oblique,  which  serve  to  break  the  current,  divide! 


icrd  from 
ial,  aiul 
oh  tlie\ 
one  iiiiiy 
felt  Im'- 
iiiy  to  1)0- 
ipiit  ■,  tor 
ows  with 
lul,  which 
ock  Cfjiial 
motion. 
I'files  ol' 
iiiitiirallv 
issuinpd 
size  (»ii  a 
las  lioeii 
l)('  op- 
I  rocoive 
l»ut  hap- 
iids,  thoir 
to    tlU'BO 
n-  or  less 
divido] 


WEST    INDIES. 


•277 


[its  force,  and  ^radiiully  disunite  its  dreaded 
power.  Experience  has  proved  this  to  be  so 
nuicli  the  case,  that,  in  a  direction  where  a  hur- 
ricane has  smitten  with  its  greatest  and  combined 
fury,  it  lias  fro(|uently  not  been  perceived  10 
lcaja;ues  to  windward  or  to  leeward. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  the  West 
India  islands  is  generally  formed  of  layers  of  rich 
clay,  or  soft  light  gravel,  on  a  bed  of  rock,  which 
renders  the  ditterent  qualities  and  proportions 
more  or  less  suited  to  vegetation.  Where  the 
clay  is  found  less  humid,  and  easily  broken, 
mixed  with  spreads  of  rotten  leaves,  and  crum- 
bled remains  of  plants,  the  soil  is  thicker  than 
where  it  is  only  composed  of  rich  clays.  Where 
the  earth  is  light,  less  compact,  and  as  it  were 
more  porous,  the  dew  and  moisture  are  imbibed 
tiie  deeper,  and  preserves  longer  that  freshness, 
which  is  the  parent  of  fecundity.  Where  these 
advantages  are  not  united,  the  soil  is  more  ste- 
rile, and  as  soon  as  the  layers  which  have  been 
created  by  the  long  decomposition  of  original 
plants  and  vegetable  productions,  becomes  de- 
stroyed, by  the  surface  being  too  much  exposed 
to  the  action  of  the  sun,  the  salt  and  Juicy  parti- 
cles exhale ;  for  which  reas»  i,  in  colonial  plan- 
tations, umbrageous  trees  ai...  mixed,  as  well  to 
preserve  the  nutritive  moisture  of  the  ground,  as 
to  protect  the  lender  nurseling  from  the  potent 
rays  of  the  mid-day  sun,  and  the  powerful  and 
dreaded  effects  of  the  sweeping  winds,  till  it  has 
taken  sufficient  root,  and  horizontally  spread  its 
own  branches  for  the  purposes  of  its  defence.  In 
coftce  grounds  the  upper  shoots  are  always  cut, 
which  makes  the  sucker  spread  l)elow  to  shelter 
the.  space  it  covers,  and  as  a  convenience  also  to 
tlie  gatherer  of  the  berries  who  cannot  easily 
reach  beyond  six  feet.  It  is  in  consequence  of 
this  great  evaporation  of  the  particles  of  nutri- 
tion, that  lands  which  have  been  long  uncovered 
of  their  nav'ive  forests,  are  not  suited  to  any 
planting  that  requires  rich  or  forced  soil,  and 
only  serve  for  sugar,  which  needs  less  indul- 
gence. 

When  the  Europeans  first  landed  on  these 
shores,  they  found  them  covered  with  large,  lofty, 
and  stately  trees,  Iwund  as  it  were  together,  with 
a  great  variety  of  wood-bands  and  creepers, 
which  rendered  them  impenetrable  till  they  were 
tut :  and  of  these  native  tbrests  many  are  yet  in 
tlu'ir  original  state  in  Hispanola,  'thoug)i  the 
other  islands  in  general  have  seen  them  exhaust- 
ed. These  tall,  straight,  and  towering  woods, 
apparently  coeval  with  the  formation  of  tin- 
tuirld.  seemed  to  possess  several  generations  of 


trees,  and  the  annual  falling  of  their  leaves,  their 
decomposition,  and  the  successive  decnv  of  their 
limbs  and  trunks,  gave  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
that  rich  sediment  or  deposit  which  produced  so 
rapid  an  increase  of  vegetation,  wiien  plants, 
reared  by  the  hand  of  man,  were  substituted  for 
those  groves,  which  first  studded  the  face  of  the 
country.  The  roots  of  the  largest  trees,  it  is  yet 
remarliable,  do  not  strike  perpendicularly  into 
the  ground,  but  seem  to  take  an  horizontal  direc- 
tion at  the  distance  of  two  feet  from  the  surface, 
inclining  that  way  in  search  of  the  moist  influence 
of  the  rains,  which  do  not  generally  sink  deeper, 
from  l)eing  again  absorbed  by  the  solar  ray,  and 
only  partially  replaced  by  the  descending  dews, 
Trees  again  found  on  the  rugged  summit  of  the 
mountain,  or  the  naked  sides  of  the  precipice, 
are  compnratively  so  hard  and  solid,  as  to  blunt 
the  best  tempered  tools,  as  well  from  the  time 
exhausted  in  their  growth,  as  from  the  little 
moisture  by  which  it  has  been  assisted.  In  the 
valleys  therefore,  refreshed  as  they  are  by  the 
mountain  cascade,  the  woods  are  uniformly  of  a 
softer  texture,  but  clothed  in  greater  verdure. 
There  the  native  shrubs  and  nutritive  roots,  des- 
tined for  the  subsistence  of  man,  grew  in  their 
original  state,  seemingly  planted  by  a  superior 
hand,  to  be  the  staft'  of  life  in  these  regions,  both 
from  their  variety,  utility,  and  wholesomeness. 

Nature,  which  appears  to  have  placed  a  degree 
of  relation  between  tlie  character  of  the  people 
and  the  productions  which  are  to  form  their  sub- 
sistence, had  gif>ed  the  Antilles  with  vegetables 
which  shunned  the  mid-day  heat,  that  sought  the 
freshening  shade,  that  required  little  or  no  cul- 
ture, suited  to  the  languor  of  the  natives,  and 
which  were  yearly  reproduced,  twice  *m  three 
times.  Their  inhabitants  appeared  not  ambitious 
of  improving  or  aiding  her  spontaneous  opera- 
tions, but  s'lffered  nature  freely  and  unmolested 
to  product  her  bounties,  nor  ever  thought  of 
destroying  one  of  her  productions,  to  give  greater 
vigour  to  another.  Directed  by  the  hand  of 
chance,  as  the  season  came,  they  gathered  what 


the  earth   had  prepared  for  their   aliment,   but 

isible 
added  culture. 


were  not  sensible  of  the  advantages  of  timely  or 


To  these  tuberous  roots,  with  which  the  coun- 
try was  stored,  were  superadded  fruits  of  a 
variety  of  kinds,  andof  ditVerent  size  and  flavour; 
as  well  intended  for  the  food  of  man,  as  to  allay 
the  parching  effects  of  a  torrid  zone,  and  relieve 
his  system  from  the  ettects  of  fatigue,  under  the 
influence  of  a  glowing  sun.  These  fruit  trees 
were  the  ornament  of  the  forest,  as  well  as  the] 


(    . 


m 


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t\ 

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1 

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II 


l2 


278 


WEST    INDIE  S. 


iiii 


[waviiiff  bcniity  of  thn  plain,  ncconlini!;  <<»  ♦lioir 
{fcniis;  (hoy  roquin'd  no  niri',  and  niini'iti'rcd  to 
tin-  wants  of  tho  J<nirnevinfi-  Indian,  as  well  as 
of  (hose  who  were  collorted  into  clans.  Tho 
cahhago  troo  and  forest  IVnits  now  often  sive 
snbsistonro  to  runaway  negroes,  who  travel  on 
tlovions  roads  from  one  onti  of  tho  island  to  the 
other,  and  alone  servo  to  nourish  thcni  for  many 
months.  It  is  remarkable,  that  th(>  creeper  and 
wood-band,  which  cling  to,  and  oHcn  ont-toj) 
tho  tallest  inhabitant  of  the  woods,  seldom  or 
never  apjiroach  those  which  bear  fruit,  as  if 
parent  nature  had  stamped  them  with  respectful 
deference  to  what  was  destined  to  form  the  sus- 
tenance and  relief  of  man. 

In  other  vegetables,  however,  such  as  eatable 
herbs,  itc.  these  islands  seemed  deficient,  and 
purslane  and  water-cresses  nearly  filled  up  the 
list.  They  had  no  domestic  fowls,  and  all  the 
game  they  have,  though  now  fouiul  in  abuiuiance, 
consists  chiefly  of  exotics.  The  finny  race,  ne- 
vertheless, was  not  wanting  to  tho  pleasure  aiul 
convenience  of  tho  aborigines,  though,  in  general, 
it  is  less  healthy  and  more  tasteless,  than  that 
taken  in  the  European  waters.  Hut  their  woods 
wore  crowded  with  medicinal  herbs,  gums,  end 
balsams,  suited  to  the  ills  of  the  climate,  which 
they  were  intended  to  counteract,  and  the  mine- 
ral rills  which  roll  down  from  the  mountains, 
served  to  give  tone  to  the  human  frame,  and  add 
to  the  blessings  of  health. 

Notw  ithstanding  that  the  rains  refresh  (he  air, 
they,  at  the  same  time,  give  it  a  certain  moisture, 
that  is  not  only  uncomfortable,  but  extremely 
destructive.  Flesh  meat,  for  this  reason,  is  soon 
tainted :  and  it  becomes  necessary  to  consign 
dead  bodies  early  to  their  graves.  Broad  soon 
turns  mouldy,  w  ine  <>asily  sours,  fruits  decay  soon 
afler  they  are  plucked ;  but  this  corroding  and 
liumid  power,  is  most  prevalent  on  iron  and  steel, 
vvhic'i  soon  rust,  so  as  to  render  an  assortnuMit 
of  hardware,  whose  merit  often  depends  on  the 
polish,  a  very  dangerous  selection  in  this  coun- 
try, for,  being  closed  up  in  st(H-es,  where  a  cur- 
rent of  air  cannot  remove  the  damp  atmosphere, 
they  soon  tarnish,  and,  if  neglected,  spoil. 

Garden  seeds  can  scarcely  be  preserved  till 
the  season  of  putting  them  into  (he  ground  ar- 
rives, nor  can  it  be  considered,  on  this  account, 
lioalthy  to  visit  the  churches  in  the  night  «)r 
morning,  till  they  have  been  opened  some  time, 
and  are  well  ventilated  from  the  pernicious  mias- 
mata that  arise  from  the  vaults  aiul  burying 
places.  IJooks  and  pajiers  easily  moulder  away, 
ur  are  devoured  by  a  small  insect  that  burrows 


in  them ;  for  which  reason,  when  the  French 
held  possession  of  the  w.  end  of  .Santo  Domingo, 
every  notary,  magistrate,  and  parish  curate,  was 
obliged  annually  to  send  over  legalized  copies  of 
all  their  transactions  and  records,  for  the  purpose 
of  being  preserved  in  the  archives  of  Paris,  and 
seemed  from  the  destruction  of  (ho  colonial  cli- 
ma(e.  These  now  serve  as  a  par(ial  consola(ion, 
a(  leas(,  (o  (ho  expelled  plan(ers  of  (he  island, 
for,  although  they  have  lost  their  estates,  they 
have  yet  access  to  the  titles  of  property.  Owing 
to  this  great  decay  of  papers,  and  their  conti- 
nually being  consumed  by  worms,  which  prey 
upon  them,  the  archives  of  the  city  of  Santo  Do- 
mingo do  not  contain  any  wri(ing  or  document 
of  ancient  date.  In  consequence,  also,  of  the 
moisture  of  the  surroiniding  clement,  the  poison- 
ous qualities  oi'  (he  ink  seem  (o  have  corroded 
(hrough,  and  df  s(roye(l  (lie  texture  of  the  paper; 
but  a  le((er  written  l>y  Columbus,  is  said  to  be 
preserved  in  .lamaica.  The  natives  also  say, 
that  many  of  tlu>ir  put)lic  records  were  destroyed, 
in  (lie  capdire  of  (he  ci(y,  by  Sir  Francis  Drake. 
Those  iuois(  ,)roper(ies  of  the  air,  are,  in  a 
more  striking  manner,  ol)served,  with  regard  to 
all  sorts  of  grain.  This  was  one  Of  the  causes, 
in  the  early  days  of  the  discovery,  that  reduced 
Cohunbiis  to  such  great  distress  for  want  of  pro- 
visions ;  his  grains  and  flour  fermented  and  be- 
came spoiled,  his  followers  were  dissatisfied  ami 
clamorous,  heaw  complaints  were  sent  over  by 
tho  fleets  to  Spain  against  the  admiral,  which 
formed  one  link  of  that  chain  of  misfortunes, 
which  afterwards  fell  upon  him.  The  wheat  and 
barley  were  observed  soon  to  sprout,  swell,  and 
b(>  rendered  useless.  The  French,  in  storing 
(heir  garrisoned  (owns  in  (he  W.  Indies,  found 
(hat  it  greatly  aided  to  the  preservation  of  flour, 
to  pack  it  very  tight  in  the  barrels,  by  beating  it 
with  an  iron  Weight,  which  rendered  it  less  im- 
jjorvions  to  the  destructive  air.  A  plan  was 
afterwards  thought  of,  which  fixed  the  attention, 
and  received  the  encouragement  of  their  minis- 
ters: which  was  to  pass  it,  when  powdered, 
(hrough  kilns,  which  operadon  removed  ail 
mois(uro,  and  des(royed  the  yet  remaining  vege- 
table particles.  Jvvperimen(s  have  also  pn)ve(l, 
ihat  it  is  a  great  advantage,  in  point  of  preserxa- 
tion,  frequently  to  besmear  the  barrels,  |)articii- 
larly  of  .American  flour,  which  are  packed  loosely, 
witti  tho  greasy  brine  in  which  pork  has  been 
put  up,  as  it  helps  greatly  to  fill  up  tho  poi'cs, 
and  hinders  the  many  weavels  from  lodging  in 
the  wood,  which  is  the  first  point  of  their  attack, 
so  that  an  old  flour  barrel,  in  which  they  liavel 


WEST    INDIES. 


'279 


|>5|)roiKl  (h'Viistatioii,  is  porfttratod  iliroiiiyliout  like 
a  n(»nev»'oinb,  particularly  in  tlif  heatl'iis;;. 

Aniiiuil;;. — 'I'lu'  majestic  j>r()vcs  of'tlieso  isli 
wore  foiiiul  to  be  enlivened  hy  the  siiijrular  lor  tis 
of  some,  and  the  surprising  beauty  of  others  ej' 
the  inferior  animals  which  possessed  and  peo|)led 
them.  Althouf>h  a  fuller  description  i)f  them 
more  properly  appertains  to  the  Api)en(liv  of  this 
Dictionarv,  a  few  observations  wliuh  at  ])res('nt 
occur,  will  not,  perhaps,  be  misplaced.  If  it 
he  true,  as  it  hath  been  asserted,  that  in  most 
ol'  the  ri'f'ioiis  of  the  torrirl  zone,  the  heat  of  the 
sun  is,  as  it  were,  rellected  in  the  iiiitameable 
fierceiios  of  their  wild  beasts,  and  in  tlie  exalted 
rag^e  and  venom  of  the  niimeioiis  serpents  with 
which  thev  are  infested,  the  Soveici<>n  Disposer 
of  all  things  has  refjarded  the  islands  of  the  \.  . 
indies  with  peculiar  favour  ;  inasmuch  as  their 
serpents  are  wholly  destitute  of  poison,  and  they 
possess  no  animal  of  prey  to  desolate  their  val- 
iies.  This  assertion  is,  doubtlessly,  as  jrreat  as 
rxiraordinary  ;  but  it  is  made  on  the  authority 
of  Mrown,  Charlevoix,  and  Hughes,  (of  whom 
the  first  compiled  the  History  of  .lamaica,  the 
second  that  of  tiispaniola,  and  the  last  that  of 
Uiirbadoes)  —on  the  testimony  of  many  gentlemen 
who  have  resided  in  sexcral  of  the  Wiiiilward 
Islands — and,  lastly,  on  the  known  experience  of 
IJryan  Kdwards,  who  passed  eiyhtten  years  of 
his  life  in  .lamaica.  The  crocodile,  or  allii;a(or, 
is  indeed  sometimes  iliscovered  on  the  banks  of 
their  rivers:  but,  notwithstandin<>-  all  tiiat  lias 
been  said  of  its  tierce  and  savaa^iMlispositioii,  it  is 
pioiionnced,  on  the  best  authorities,  to  be  a  caii- 
tiiiiis  and  timid  creature,  avoidiii";,  with  the  ut- 
most |)recipitation.  the  approach  of  mun.  The 
rest  of  the  lizard  kind  are  perlectly  innocent  and 
iiioHensive.  Some  of  them  are  even  fond  of 
human  society.  They  cmbellisli  (he  walks  by 
tln'ir  beauty,  and  court  attention  by  s;i'"t'<'"<'^s 
and  frolic  :  but  their  kindness,  it  must  be  owned, 
is  returned  by  aversion  and  disiriist.  Anciently 
the  woods  of  almost  all  the  equatorial  parts  of 
America  abounded  with  various  tribes  of  the 
smaller  monkey,  a  sportive  and  sajjacioiis  little 
creature,  which  the  people  of  liurope  seem  like- 
HJ'.^e  to  have  rei{;arded  with  detestation  ;  for  they 
hunted  them  down  with  such  assiduity,  that  in 
several  of  the  islands  every  species  of  them  has 
been  loii«;  since  exterminated.  Of  the  feathered 
race  too,  many  tribes  have  now  nearly  deserted 
iimse  shores  where  polished  man  di-lii-hts  in 
spreadinj;  universal  and  capricious  destruction. 
Anumgthese,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  was 
\\w  llaiuingo,  un  eleguat  and  princely  bird,  nearly] 


as  larn;c  as  the  swan,  and  arrayed  in  pliimago  of 
the  brii;htest  scarlet.  Numerous,  however,  are 
th(!  feathered  kinds,  deservedly  distiiiiruished  by 
their  splendour  and  beauty,  that  still  animate 
these  sylvan  recesses.  Tlie  parrot,  and  its  va- 
rious alDuities,  from  the  iviaccaw  to  the  parrocpiet, 
some  of  them  not  larj>er  than  a  sparrow,  arc  too 
well  known  to  require  description.  These  are 
as  plentiful  in  (Ik?  Iara;er  islands  of  the  W.  Indies 
as  the  rook  is  in  Europe.  Hut  the  boast  of  Ame- 
rican i>;roves  is  doubtless  the  colibry,  or  humming 
bird :  of  the  brilliance  of  whose  plunia!>;e  no 
combination  of  words,  nor  tints  of  the  pencil,  cnii 
convey  an  adecpiate  idea.  The  coiisuminate 
"Teen  of  the  eiiuMald,  the  rich  jiurplc  of  the  ame- 
thyst, and  the  vivid  llame  of  the  nilty,  all  happily 
blended  and  enveloped  beneath  a  transparent 
veil  of  wavinjf  ^'old,  are  distMiffiiishablc  in  every 
species,  but  ditlerendy  arranged  and  a|)portioned 
in  each.  Nor  is  the  minuteness  of  its  form  less 
the  object  of  admira(i(ui,  than  the  lustre  of  its 
pliima!;c  ;  the  smallest  species  not  excei^dina;  the 
size  of  a  beetle,  and  appearing;  the  link  which 
ceniiects  tlic  bird  and  insect  creation. 

It  has  been  observed,  however,  that  althoiii^h 
nature  is  profuse  of  ornament  to  the  birds  of  the 
torrid  zone,  she  has  bestowed  far  greater  powers 
of  melody  on  those  of  Europe:  and  the  observa- 
tion is  partly  true.  That  prodinalily  and  variety 
of  music  which  in  the  vernal  season  enlivens  the 
Mritish  •;ro\es.  is  certainly  unknown  to  the  shades 
of  the  tropical  rejyioiis:  y<'t  are  not  these  al(o- 
ji'edier  silent  or  inharmonious.  The  note  of  the 
mockbird  is  deservedly  celebrated,  while  the  hum 
of  myriads  of  busy  insects,  and  the  plaintive  me- 
lody of  the  innuinerable  variety  of  doves  aboiiud- 
iniy  in  these  climates,  form  a  concert,  which,  if  it 
serves  not  to  awaken  the  fiuicy,  contribides  at 
leas(  (o  sot)(he  the  ailections,  and,  like  the  mur- 
nuiriug  of  a  rivulet,  <;ives  harmony  to  repose. 

Mountains  ami  Rivers. — It  is  in  tlie  mairnitiide, 
extent,  and  ele\atioii  of  the  mountains  of  (he 
New  World,  that  the  Almiifiity  has  most  strik- 
injjly  manifested  the  wonders  of  his  omnipotence. 
Those  of  S.  America  are  nearly  twice  the  heinht 
of  the  hijrhest  in  the  ancient  hemisphere,  and, 
oven  under  the  equator,  have  their  tops  involved 
in  everlastinn;  snow  .  To  those  massive  piles,  the 
loftiest  summits  of  the  most  elevated  of  the  \V. 
Indian  islands  cannot  indeed  be  compared  :  but 
some  of  these  rise,  nevertheless,  in  auuiziiio; 
ijraiuleur,  and  arc  among  tiie  (irst  objects  that  (ix 
the  attention  of  the  voyiiger.  T'he  moiintaius  of 
llispaniola  in  particular,  whose  wavy  ridges  are 
descried  from  sea  at  the  distance  of  JO  leagues,] 


1 

'i! 


m 


M:! 


i. 


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i ' 


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n 


vM 


f 


m 


,  -t  ■ _. 

l>4('IEil> 


2H0 


WEST    INDIES. 


[towoi'iiiir  iiir  above  the  clouds  in  stupendous  mas;- 
niKcence,  and  the  blue  mountains  of  Jamaica, 
have  never  yet  been  satislactorily  explored. 
Neither  curiosity  nor  avarice  has  hitherto  ven- 
tured to  invade  the  topmost  of  those  lofty  rejjions. 
In  such  of  tliem  as  are  accessible,  nature  is  found 
to  have  put  on  the  appearance  of  a  new  creation. 
As  the  climate  changfes,  the  trees,  tlie  birds,  and 
the  insects  are  seen  also  to  diflfer  from  those  which 
are  met  with  below.  To  an  unaccustomed  specta- 
tor, lookinj(  down  from  those  heights,  the  whole 
scene  appears  like  enchantment.  The  first  ob- 
ject which  catches  the  eye  at  the  dawn  of  day,  is 
a  vast  expanse  of  vapour,  coverinjf  the  whole 
fece  of  the  vallies.  Its  l)oundaries  bein^  perfectly 
distinct  and  visibly  circumscribed,  it  has  the 
exact  resemblance  of  an  immense  body  of  water; 
whilst  the  mountains  appear  like  so  many  islands 
in  the  midst  of  a  beautitul  lake.  As  the  sun  in- 
creases in  force,  the  prospect  varies :  the  incum- 
bent vapours  fly  upward,  and  melt  into  air;  dis- 
closing all  thcbcautiesof  nature,  and  the  triumphs 
of  iiulustry,  heightened  and  embellished  by  the 
full  blaze  of  a  tropical  sun.  In  the  equatorial 
season,  scenes  of  still  greater  magnificence  fre- 
quently present  themselves :  for,  while  all  is 
calm  and  serene  in  the  higher  regions,  the  clouds 
are  seen  below  sweeping  along  the  sides  of  the 
mountains  in  vast  bodies ;  until  growing  more 
ponderous  by  accumulation,  they  fall  at  length 
in  torrents  of  water  on  the  plains.  The  sound 
of  the  tempest  is  distinctly  heard  by  the  spectator 
above ;  the  distant  lightning  is  seen  to  irradiate 
the  gloom  ;  while  the  thunder,  reverberated  in  a 
thousand  echoes,  rolls  far  beneath  his  feet. 

The  direction  of  the  mountains  that  stud  and 
diversify  these  several  islands,  is  on  a  parallel 
with  the  situation  and  bearings  of  each :  and 
their  summits  form  the  sanie  rcgidar  curve.  The 
waters  a' so  which  issue  from  their  bosoms,  seem 
in  like  mi.nner  to  incline  to  the  zc.  The  three 
largest,  viz.  Puerto  Rico,  Hispanola,  and  Cuba, 
have  indeed  some  rivers,  which  descend  to  the 
w.  and  p.,  but  they  are  not  so  large,  or  so  general 
as  those  which  fall  in  the  other  two  directions; 
but  the  ocean  beats  with  greatest  violence  to  the 
s.,  though  tile  volume  of  water  is  there  less  than 
that  whicli  constitutes  the  Atlantic  seas.  Besides 
the  evident  parallel  directions  of  the  mountains, 
that  coincides  also  with  the  Main,  we  are  further 
led  to  suppose  them  to  be  detached  islands,  from 
the  similarity  of  indigenous  productions  remark- 
able in  eacli :  thus  in  Tobago,  Marguerita,  and 
Trinidad,  to  windward,  and  which  lie  oft"  from 
the  main,  the  wild  cocoa,  and  a  variety  of  soft 


woods  arc  found,  such  as  correspond  to  the  oppo- 
site shores ;  and  in  t'uiia,  and  the  otiier  extreim 
islands  to  leeward,  the  cedar,  cypress,  &c.  avo 
produced,  the  same  as  in  the  Floridas. 

He  flections  concernins  the  Origin  of  the  Islands. 
— Lofty  as  the  tropical  mountains  generally  are, 
it  is  wonderfully  true,  that  all  the  known  parts 
of  their  summits  furnish  incontestable  evidence 
that  the  sea  had  once  dominion  over  them.    Even 
their  appearance  at  a  distance  aftbrds  an  argu- 
ment in  support  of  this  conclusion.     Their  ridges 
resemble  billows,  and  their  various  inequalities, 
inflexions,  and  convexities,  seem  justly  ascriba- 
ble  to  the  fluctuations  of  the  deep.     As  in  other 
countries  too,  marine  shells  are  found  in  great 
abundance  in  various  parts  of  these  heights.     On 
a   mountain   in   the  interior   parts  of  .Jamaica 
petrified  oysters  have  been  dug  up,  which  per- 
fectly resembled,  in  the   most  minute  circum- 
stances, the  large  oysters  of  the  re.  coast  of  Eng- 
land ;  a  .species  not  to  be  found  at  this  time,  it  is 
believed,  in  the  seas  of  the  W.  Indies.     Here 
then  is  an  ample  field  for  conjecture  to  expatiate 
in  ;  and  indeed  few  subjects  have  aflbrded  greater 
exercise  to  the  pens  of  physical  writers,  than  the 
appearances  here  mentioned.     While  some  phi- 
losophers assign  the  origin  of  all  the  various  in- 
equalities  of  the  earth   to   the   ravages  of  the 
deluge,  others,  considering  the  mountains  as  the 
parents  of  springs  and  rivers,  maintain  that  they 
are  coeval  with  the  world ;  and  that,  first  emerg- 
ing from  the  abyss,  they  were  created  with  it. 
Some  again  ascribe  them  to  the  force  of  volca- 
noes  and   earthquakes  :    "  the   Almighty,"   say 
they,  "  while  he  permits  subterranean  fires  to 
swallow  up  cities  and  plains  in  one  part  of  the 
globe,  causes  them  to  produce  promontories  and 
islands  in  another,  which  afterwards  become  the 
fruitful  sejits  of  industry  and  happiness."     (See 
Goldsmith's  History  of  the  Earth,  &c.  vol.  i.) 
All  these  and  other  theorists  concur,  however, 
the  belief  that  the  surface  of  the  globe  has 


in 


undergone  many  surprising  and  violent  convid- 
sions  and  changes  since  it  first  came  from  tin' 
hands  of  the  Creator.  Hills  have  sunk  into 
plains,  and  vallies  have  been  exalted  into  hilN. 
Respecting  the  numerous  islands  of  the  W.  In- 
dies, they  are  generally  considered  as  the  tops 
of  lofty  mountains,  the  eminences  of  a  great  con- 
tinent, converted  into  islands  by  a  tremendouscoii- 
cussion  of  nature,  which,  having  increased  the  na- 
tural course  of  the  ocean  from  e.  to  to.,  has  laid  a 
vast  extent  of  level  country  under  water.  (See 
L'Abbe  Raynal,  L'Abbc';  Pliiche,  and  others.) 
Other  writers,  instead  of  considering^  thf  sej 


WEST    INDIES. 


20 1 


i  islands  as  the  frnijmpiits  of  adosolntccl  continent, 
Mie  disposed  to  regard  them  as  the  rudiments  of 
a  new  one.  They  tliink  it  not  improbable  that 
niany  of  them,  oven  now,  are  but  beijinninjj  to 
oiiuTffe  from  the  bosom  of  the  deep.  Mr.  Buffon 
has  shown,  with  murh  ingennity,  that  the  bottom 
of  (he  sea  bears  an  exact  resemblance  to  the  land 
which  we  inhabit :  consistinjy,  like  the  earth,  of 
hills  and  vallies,  plains  and  hollows,  rocks,  sands, 
and  soils  of  every  consistence  and  species.  To 
(he  motion  of  the  waves,  anc  the  sediments  which 
(hey  have  deposited,  he  imi;"ites  too,  with  preat 
probability,  the  reo-nlar  positions  of  the  various 
stra'.a  or  layers  which  conjp<  so  the  upper  parts 
of  (he  earth  ;  and  he  shows  thiit  tJiis  arrani>enient 
cannot  have  boon  the  effect  of  a  sudden  revolu- 
tion, but  of  causes  slow,  irnidual,  and  successive 
in  their  operations.  To  the  ilow  of  tides  and 
rivers,  dopositinp;  materials  which  have  been  ac- 
ciimulatino;  ever  since  the  creation,  and  the 
various  fluctuations  of  the  deep  operatinj^  there- 
on, he  ascribes,  therefore,  most  of  those  inef|uali- 
(ies  in  the  present  appearance  of  the  globe,  which 
in  some  parts  embellish,  and  in  others  (to  our 
limited  view  at  least)  appear  to  deface  it. 


CJIAP.  II. 

HETWEKX  THE  VEAUS   I62j  AND   1793. 

Earh/  J/istori/  and  Settleiiicnf,  1625. — Expedition 
of  the  rllc/i,  msO.— Treat f/  of  Mutual  Ces- 
sions,  loco. — Bueeaneen. —  These  acknozeled^ed 
hi/  France,  1()(>.5. — Capture  of  Jamaica,  under 
(  rotnwill.  —  Carthagenn  captured  by  Jiuccanccrx, 
rcith  the  aid  of  France,  1685. — Dreadful  Earth- 
quake in  Jamaica,   1692. — French  Invasion. — 
Pacification   xcilh   Negroes,   ll^H.—  Ifevolt  of 
the  same,   1760.—  Succession  of  Hurricanes.— 
Claims  of  Great  Britain  and  France  to  Neutral 
Islands,    1763.  —  Foss  of  the   British   Sugar 
Islands,  1778. — Restoration  of  the  same,  1783. 
An  historical  narrative  of  all  the  events  that 
have  taken  place  in  these  islands  would  form  a 
subject  very  diffuse,  and  in  manv  points  tuiin- 
teresting;    but  there  are  facts  wfiich  require  to 
he  recorded  as  eminent  in  themselves,  and  as 
having  given   rise  to  a  string  of  consequences  at 
once  decisive  and  important.     A  statement  of  all 
the  conquests,  cessions,  treatises,  and  remarkable 
events,  that  apply  to  each  island,  is  already  given 
in  the  foregoing  chapter.     A  dilatation  on  some 
of  them  will  be  necessary. 

It  will  be  gathered  from  what  has  been  recorded 
in  other  parls  of  this  Work,  that  the  English  and 
vol,.  V. 


French  estalilished  themselves  in  the  wind^vard 
islands,  on  the  ruin  of  the  Carilies.  These  ports 
afterwards  became  the  first  seats  in  the  colonies, 
for  partial  armaments  made  to  intercept  the  Spa- 
nish vessels  that  visited  those  seas.  The  depre- 
dations continued  even  in  times  of  peace;  and, 
in  retaliation,  the  Spaniards  seized  all  vessels 
they  met  in  the  islanas,  which  they  considered  as 
exclusively  belonging  to  them,  from  their  prior 
discovery."  Both  the  English  and  French  long 
frequented  these  shores,  where  they  were  well 
received  by  the  Caribes,  before  they  thought  of 
making  any  settlements.  In  1625,  both  formed 
a  lodgment  on  St.  Christopher's,  and  peaceably 
divided  the  island  between  them,  intent  only  on 
enriching  themselves  with  the  spoils  of  the  com- 
mon enemy.  Tiio  natives  retired,  telling  them 
"  that  land  m»ist  be  very  scarce  and  bad  in  their 
countries,  since  they  came  so  far,  and  amidst  so 
many  dangers  in  search  of  fresh  ones,  that  had 
litde  alluring  in  their  quality  or  appearance." 

The  court  of  Madrid  vicvved  these  settlements 
with  a  Jealous  eye,  and  in  16.30  sent  Admiral 
Toledo  With  a  fi)rmidable  fleet  to  the  Brazils, 
intended  to  operate  against  the  Dutch.  They 
ordered  him  on  his  way  to  exterminate  these 
pirates,  as  they  called  them,  and  who,  according 
to  the  notionsof  that  crown,  had  usurped  part  of 
their  possessions;  but  it  was  the  dread  of  neigh- 
bourhood with  two  active  and  enterprising  pco- 
Ele,  that  led  at  this  early  period  to  such  direct 
ostilities.  The  greatest  "part  of  the  French  who 
escaped  upon  the  first  defeat,  went  down  to  the 
small  island  of  Tortuga,  opposite  the  n\  end  of 
Hispanola,  and  eventually  receiving  succours 
from  their  government  at  homo,  at  length  got 
possession  of  part  of  the  main  island,  by  which 
means  the  Spaniards  lost  what  they  prized  more 
than  the  useless  island  from  which  they  had 
driven  them. 

The  English  and  the  other  French  who  escaped 
the  sword  of  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Christopher's 
fled  to  other  islands,  and  the  latter,  busied  about 
their  other  more  valuable  possessions  of  the  main, 
left  them  there  to  repose  in  tranquillity.  The 
conquered  settlers,  to  the  great  misfortune  of  the 
Caribes,  soon  suspended  their  national  rivalries. 
Frequent  and  destructive  wars  were  waged  mu- 
tually against  them,  and  the  different  islands  often 
1)resented  scenes  of  horror  and  desolation.  Those 
litherto  adventurers  did  not  receive  the  conside- 
ration of  their  respective  governments  at  home, 
till  the  month  of  January  1660,  when  a  treaty 
was  formed,  which  secured  to  each  nation  the 
possessions  which  the  varied  fortune  of  war  had] 
o  o 


■M 


!;ir» 


ivmv 


\.i  •" 


i'-  V 


■111'  v 


m 


•28-2 


WEST    INDIES. 


P'    V 


il 


[mutually  placed  in  their  power.  By  this  treaty 
it  was  stipulated,  that  France  should  retain  Mar- 
tinique, Grenada,  and  Guadaloupe;  and  England 
was  to  maintain  Barbadoes,  Nevis,  Antigua,  and 
Montserrat ;  but  St.  Christopher's  was  to  remain, 
in  common,  between  the  two  nations.  'I  he  Ca- 
ribes  were  confined  to  Dominica  and  St.  Vincent, 
where  their  population  was  now  reduced  to  6000; 
but  they  have  gradually  decreased  from  that 
number  as  the  white  population  has  spread,  and 
at  present  there  are  only  a  few  left,  who  live 
separate  in  a  kind  of  independence,  too  insignifi- 
cant to  deserve  force  being  carried  against  them. 
These  islands  have  all  undergone  a  change  of 
fortune ;  in  general,  those  of  the  French  have 
been  taken  in  time  of  war,  and  given  up  at  the 
making  of  peace  ;  and  previous  to  the  treaty  of 
the  present  year,  1814,  tlie  English  and  Spaniards 
were  masters  of  all  the  W.  Indies  excepting  St. 
Bartholomew's,  which  was  too  inconsiderable  to 
merit  the  attention  of  either. 

The  English  colonies,  in  the  first  stages  of  cul- 
ture, flourished  more  than  those  of  the  French, 
owing  to  a  greater  naval  protection,  and  the  bet- 
ter establishment  of  regulations.  The  latter,  like 
the  Spaniards,  soon  fell  into  the  depressing  sys- 
tem of  abusive  privileges  and  monopoly.  As  we 
have  already  observea,  many  of  the  French  ad- 
venturers, who  had  escaped  the  inroads  of  the 
Spaniards  at  St.  Christopher'^,  effected  a  lodge- 
ment on  Tortuga,  and  turned  their  pursuits  first 
to  privateering,  and  then  to  form  settlements  on 
the  opposite  and  fertile  shores  of  Hispauola. 

They  were  at  first  called  Buccaneers,  from  the 
I'olonial  word  boucan,  which  means  a  fire  made 
in  the  woods,  at  which  they  dressed  and  smoked 
their  food,  in  a  kind  of  barbarian  way.  They 
were  yet  without  women,  and  they  associated  in 
small  parties.  Every  thing  was  in  common,  and 
descended  to  the  survivors,  and  they  resembled 
some  of  the  clans  which  Ctesar  found  when  he 
conquered  the  Gauls.  Whenever  personal  dis- 
putes occurred,  if  the  arbitration  of  the  neigh- 
bours was  unavailing,  they  ended  in  duels,  fought 
at  a  certain  distance  with  their  firelocks.  Their 
own  country  was  forgotten.  They  even  changed 
their  family  names,  and  adopted  warlike  ones,  or 
noms  de  guerre,  that  afterwards  descended  to  their 
families,  and  created  $ome  singular  law-suits 
among  the  most  wealthy  of  the  future  planters 
respecting  genealogy,  as  they  afterwards  became 
the  greatest  landholders  in  tiie  country  when  it 
was  planted,  and  left  behind  them  the  largest  and 
most  valuable  estates. 

A  shirt,  often  stained  in  the  blood  of  the  ani- 


mals killed  in  the  chase,  a  thick  pantaloon,  and 
a  leather  girdle,  from  which  hung  a  short  sword 
or  manchete,  a  butcher's  knife,  a  pair  of  sandals 
made  of  dried  hides,  formed  their  clothing  and 
accoutrements ;  and  a  musket  that  carried  an 
ounce  ball,  and  some  good  bull-dogs,  were  what 
they  depended  on  for  subsistence  and  defence. 
Their  time  was  taken  up  in  hunting  the  bulls, 
which,  since  the  discovery  of  the  Spaniards,  had 
increased  to  such  a  rapid  degree,  that  the  hide 
was  all  they  sought ;  and  these  were  collected  in 
the  bye  ports,  where  the  Dutch  and  Danes  came 
to  barter  witli  the  arms,  ammunition,  and  cloth- 
ing the  hunters  required. 

To  these  original  settlers  of  the  great  colony 
of  French  St.  Domingo  were  added,  redemption- 
ers,  or  a  species  of  poor  men,  who  were  carried 
out  from  Europe ;  and,  for  the  consideratio'i  of 
their  passage,  were  sold  to  the  Buccaneers,  whom 
they  consented  to  serve  for  three  years,  at  the 
expiration  of  which  time  they  became  free,  and 
might  work  for  themselves.  These  were  what 
the  French  called,  iin  trente  six  niois,  or  redenip- 
tioncrs.  They  became,  as  it  were,  the  founders 
of  the  colony,  and  many  afterwards  sought  to  be 
ennobled  with  brevets  of  nobility. 

Men  of  this  description,  hardened  by  continual 
exercise,  and  daily  fed  with  fresh  meat  and  game, 
were  not  subject  to  infirmities,  and  their  daily 
exposure  to  (langer  made  them  so  familiar  with 
it,  that  they  became  a  deadly  foe  to  the  troops 
which  the  Spanish  government  of  Santo  Domingo 
sent  against  them.  The  Spanish  colony  however 
which,  in  the  early  times,  as  it  is  known,  had 
reached  a  high  degree  of  splendour  and  consis- 
tency, had  gradually  declined,  and,  by  this  time, 
retained  little  else  than  the  sliadow  of  what  it 
had  been.  At  difierent  periods  stronn^  expedi- 
tions were,  however,  sent  out  against  the  Bucca- 
neers, who  fled  to  the  mountains,  which  they 
were  obliged  to  defend  with  unequal  success.  At 
length  the  Spaniards  resolved,  themselves,  to  kill 
all  the  horned  cattle  that  had  spread  in  the  uK 
end  of  the  island,  and  this  effected,  tliey  .returned 
to  the  e.  leaving  the  desert  woods  and  plains  to 
the  quiet  possession  of  the  former  hunters,  who, 
finding  their  pristine  habits  of  life  useless,  turned 
their  attention  to  planting,  at  first  for  their  own 
subsistence,  which  laid  the  great  foundation  to 
the  most  important  colony  in  the  W.  Indies. 

In  1665,  it  was  that  France  began  to  acknow- 
ledge them,  and  sent  them  out  a  governor ;  and 
women  were  picked  up  to  be  distrinuted  amongst 
them.  The  morals  of  these  could  not  be  sup- 
posed to  be  the  best,  from  the  manner  in  whicli  I 


1  ^  fj. 


WEST    INDIES. 


283 


troops 
)onungo 
however 
IV  n,   had 
consis- 
lis  time, 
what  it 
expcdi- 
Bucca- 
ich  they 
cess.    At 
to  kill 
the  ic. 
(turned 
)lains  to 
rs,  who, 
, turned 
jeir  own 
ation  to 
ies. 

acknow- 
nor;  and 
amongst 
be  sup- 
in  whicli] 


[they  were  collected :  they  were,  in  eeneral, 
amassed  from  the  purlieus  of  the  large  cities,  and 
were  within  the  power  of  the  police,  at  the  time 
they  were  sent  out.  They  were,  however,  the 
most  acceptable  to  these  hermits,  and  chance  de- 
cided their  lot.  "  I  take  thee,"  the  husband 
generally  said,  "  without  caring  what  thou  hast 
been.  Thy  being  here,  is  an  indication  that  thy 
past  life  has  not  been  the  most  exemplary,  but  I 
need  little  about  it.  I  do  not  ask  thee  to  render 
rac  any  account  of  the  past,  thou  wert  then  mis- 
tress of  thy  own  will  and  actions,  but  I  shall  de- 
mand of  thee  rigorously  to  answer  for  what  is  to 
come."  Then  striking  the  butt  end  of  his  mus- 
ket, he  added,  "  this  is  what  will  avenge  me  of 
thy  future  infidelities ;  if  thou  art  wanting  to  me, 
this  wilt  thou  not  escape :" — and  thus  was  the 
marriage  ceremony  ended. 

In  the  meantime,  the  Buccaneers  were  not  con- 
lined  in  their  feats  of  prowess  to  the  shores  of 
Ilispanola.  After  driving  the  Spaniards  from 
Tortuga,  they  erected  fortifications.  They  fitted 
out  light  vessels  manned  with  from  70  to  150 
daring  spirits,  who  formed  into  a  company,  and 
cruized  with  the  greatest  success  against  the 
common  enemy.  They  seemed  to  be  a  congre- 
gation of  all  nations,  and  many  Indians  preferred 
their  free  mode  of  life  to  that  tbrced  restraint  they 
experienced  from  the  Spaniards.  They  generally 
boarded  their  enemy,  and  their  history  is  filled 
with  feats  that  would  ever  have  ennobled  the 
naval  annals  of  any  nation.  Vessels  laden  with 
merchandize  from  Europe  were  not  sufficiently 
tempting,  they  had  no  means  of  expending  such 
cargoes,  they  waited  till  they  returned  freighted 
with  precious  metals.  They  have  even  attacked 
the  galleons,  and  were  dreaded  by  strong  convoys, 
which  they  followed  to  pick  up  the  stragglers. 
They  went  round  into  the  S.  Seas,  spread  terror 
along  the  coasts  of  Peru  and  California,  and  even 
captured  the  armed  force  that  was  sent  to  repel 
them  :  frequently  the  English  and  French  joined 
in  the  same  attack,  and  fraternally  shared  the 
spoils.  The  first  lots  were  always  laid  aside  for 
those  who  had  been  wounded  in  the  combat ;  and 
an  extra  remuneration  was  besides  made,  accord- 
ing to  the  deserts  of  the  case.  The  commander 
had  only  a  right  to  one  share,  like  the  rest  of  the 
crew,  but  they  presented  him  with  more,  in  a  way 
proportioned  to  the  zeal  and  activity  he  had  dis- 
played, and  if  any  were  killed  in  the  action,  their 
parts  were  given  to  their  relations. 

The  Spanish  navigation  being  unprotected  by 
a  naval  force,  and  continually  exposed  to  dan- 
gers,  became  confined,    the   merchants   finding 


their  property  continually  devastated  by  these 
privateers,  ceased  their  commercial  relations,  and 
sea-privateering  at  length  became  a  trade  to  the 
Buccaneers  scarcely  worth  following.  They  then 
turned  their  attacks  to  some  of  the  rich  maritime 
towns  of  the  main  continent,  and  to  Cuba,  but 
amongst  all  their  acts  of  atrocious  courage  and 
cruel  audacity,  none  were  rendered  so  famous  as 
those  of  the  leader  Montbars.  His  dislike  to  the 
Spaniards  commenced  in  early  youth,  when  at 
college,  and  carried  him  to  lengths  almost  un- 
precedented. A  handful  of  the  Buccaneers  took 
and  pillaged  Maracaibo,  and  overran  the  coun- 
try surrounding  the  lake.  They  burnt  the  town 
o^  Gil)raltar  on  the  Main,  because  its  pillage 
did  not  answer  their  expectations,  and  Maracaibo 
would  have  met  with  the  same  fate,  had  not  the 
inhabitants  ransomed  the  town.  They,  however, 
carried  oif  all  the  valuables  they  could  meet 
with,  several  images  and  bells,  many  of  which 
arc  existiuj^  at  present  in  Port  au  Prince,  par- 
ticularly a  large  Saviour  on  the  cross,  cut  out  of 
iron-wood,  and  much  revered  by  the  common 
people.  It  was  in  this  interval,  that  Morgan, 
one  of  the  most  famous  Buccaneers  of  Jamaica, 
made  himself  master  of  Porto  Belio.     After  sur- 

E rising  the  town,  he  took  possession  of  the  forts, 
y  mailing  the  women  and  friars  march  before 
him,  and  first  ascend  the  ladders,  supposing  that 
the  garrison  would  not  fire  upon  the  objects  of 
their  love  and  respect.  He  afterwards  took  and 
ravaged  Panama,  which  was  preceded  by  the  de- 
struction of  St.  Catherines. 

The  declension  of  Spain,  had,  in  the  mean 
time,  brought  on  a  state  of  langour  which  soon 
reached  tier  distant  colonies.  '1  he  peninsula  had 
long  become  the  seat  of  domestic  divisions,  and 
it  was  weakened  by  the  revolt  in  Catalonia  and 
Portugal,  by  convulsions  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  by  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  armies  at 
Rocroy,  in  1G43,  when  9000  Spaniards  and  Wal- 
loons are  said  to  have  fallen  after  having  refused 
to  take  quarter ;  by  their  continued  losses  in  the 
Low  Countries,  by  the  incapacity  of  those  placed 
at  the  head  of  affairs,  and  by  the  apparent  extinc- 
tion of  that  nationalj)ridewliich  had  till  then  made 
them  so  famous.  This  was  a  moment  too  auspi- 
cious not  be  seized  upon  both  by  the  English  and 
French  to  attack  her  foreign  dominions.  Accord- 
ingly Cromwell,  in  1655,  sent  an  expedition  that 
captured  Jamaica,  which  from  the  year  1509  had 
remained  under  the  Spanish  Hug,  and  its  former 
inhabitants  retired  to  Cuba. 

I'rom  •lamaica  several  expeditions  were  formed 
against  the  Main,  and  ol\en  carried  on  in  concert] 


^m 


O    O   5f 


..»•    :i 


■i-J 


2U4 


WEST     IN  I)  1  E  S. 


I 


uitli  tli(>  l''roiicli  iinc«'aiu>«>r«),  a<*  Uio  saino  objert 
li'd  on  Ixilli  pari  it's.  iVrii  now  lM<cain(*  the 
[)oint  of  attack,  and  oarh  nation  Ihon^lit  of 
l)i'inirin^  hack  to  their  own  lionu-s,  riclicN,  and  an 
alxinilaiu'o  oi'  |>illa2j;(>.  Sonic  marched  to  the  S. 
Sea  l)v  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  and  others  went 
round  hy  the  Straits  oi'  Ma^elhin,  in  all  to  the 
lunnlier  of  4000  men.  On  arrivin<;,  they  spread 
desolation  and  terror  in  every  direction,  they 
to«»k  n|)war<ls  of  yO  towuH,  pillai>;ed  the  country 
round,  and  laid  every  plac«\  through  which  tli(>y 
passed,  under  contribution. 

The  issue  ol'this  t'anuiiis  expedition  did  not  an- 
swer however  the  expectations  of  the  a(l\en- 
turers,  many  fell  a  prey  to  the  clinuite,  others 
again  in  returning  loaded  with  their  spoils,  fell 
into  and)uscades,  which  were  placed  to  intercept 
them,  sonu>  perished  with  hunger,  so  that  few  got 
safe  to  tiu'ir  respective  islands.  Many  of  the 
vessels  in  doubling  Cape  Horn  ivere  lost,  and  an 
expedition  Mhicli  had  talu  :i  foiir  years  to  ellcct 
it,  ended  in  nearly  the  destruction  of  the  brave 
band  that  undertook  it. 

Campeachy  was  the  next  place  on  «Iiich  the 
Duccnneers  of  St.  Domingo  resolxed  a  descent, 
and  in  lUS;')  it  was  carried  into  execution.  The 
iidiabitants  fled  into  the  woods,  so  great  was 
their  dread  of  these  famed  ravagers  of  their 
country,  a  considerable  booty  was  carried  oil", 
but  the  last  most  memorable  occurrence  of  these 
daring  men  was  the  capture  of  CarthagtMia  in 
conjunction  with  an  armed  force  from  I'rance. 
The  war,  however,  which  soon  afterwards  broke 
out  with  the  Prince  of  Orange,  creating  a  divi- 
sion of  interests  in  the  Buccaneers  of  the  Knglisli 
and  I'rench  islands,  these  depredations  ceased ; 
the  respestive  governments  began  to  eiuouraue 
the  progress  of  culture,  the  toils  of  the  fieUI  were 
assumed,  and  this  hardy  and  enterprising  race 
of  men,  gradually  becanw  dispersed,  and  dis- 
tributed in  the  tilling  of  grounds,  eventually 
laving  the  foinidation  of  those  two  great  coloni«'s, 
whicii  we  have  witnessed  in  our  own  days,  and 
that  have  progressively  exceeded  those  of  any 
other  nations. 

The  year  l(i9'i  was  marked  by  one  of  the  mo-t 
tremendous  earthquakes  that  ever  visited  this 
hemispFiere,  It  happened  on  the  7th  of  ,lune; 
Port  Royal  of  .lamaica  was  in  part  swallowed  up 
by  its  destructive  influence.  A  description  of  it, 
dreadfully  minute,  may  i)e  foinul  in  the  Philoso- 
])hical  Transactions:  but  it  ought  to  be  oi)s(>rved, 
as  not  being  generally  kuoun,  that  liie  town  was 
chieHy  built  on  a  bank  of  -and,  adlieriu;';  to  a 
rock   in  the  sea.  and  that  a   verv  >-lii;lif  coikiis- 


sion,  aided  by  the  weight  of  the  buil<liu>>s. 
might  probably  have  accomplished  its  desuiic^ 
lion. 

The  inhabitants  w«'re  scarcely  recovered  from 
tiu;  terrors  ocrasitnied  by  the  eartlupiake,  when 
they  were  alarnu<d  with  an  account  of  an  in- 
tended invasion  by  an  armament  from  llispanola. 
commanded  by  iMons.  I)u  Casse,  the  governor  oi 
that  island,  in  person.  Accordingly  on  the  17th 
of  ilune,  l(if)4,  a  fl(*et  of  three  men  of  war,  and  a 
'20  privateers  (having on  board  \,:'M)  land  forces) 
appeared  oH'Cow  liay,  wher(>S(M)of  the  soldiers 
were  labded,  with  orders  to  desolate  the  coiuitry 
as  far  as  P«»rt  Mtu'ant.  Tlw  Trench  obeyed  their 
instructions  to  the  full  extent.  They  not  (udy 
set  (ire  to  every  seltlenu'ut  they  canu*  to,  but, 
according  to  the  account  transmitted  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Ht>i'ston,  the  governor,  to  the  secretary  of 
state,  torturcul  their  prisoners  in  the  most  shock- 
ing manner,  and  were  guilty  of  many  other 
abominabl(>  (<\cesses.  (Jnfortunatcly,  the  militia 
of  this  part  of  the  comitrv  had  been  drawn  oiV 
to  guard  the  capital :  whereby  the  iMench  con- 
tinued their  ravages  without  resistance,  and  hav- 
ing .set  fire  to  all  the  plantations  within  their 
r<"iich,  and  seized  about  1000  negroes,  l)n  Casse 
sailed  to  leeward,  and  anchored  in  ('arlisle  Dav, 
in  the  parish  of  \  ere.  This  place  had  no  oiiier 
tbrtification  than  an  ill-contrived  breast-work, 
manned  by  a  detachment  of  t^OO  men  from  the 
militia  of  St.  I<!lizabetli  and  Clarendon,  which 
Du  Casse  allacked  with  all  his  force.  The  lOn- 
glisli  made  a  gallant  resistance :  but  ('olonel 
Cleyborn,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Sunirt,  Captain 
Vassal,  and  Lieutenant  Dawkins  being  killed, 
and  many  others  dangerously  wounded,  they 
w(>re  compelled  to  retreat.  Happily,  at  this  mo- 
ment, arrived  five  companies  of  militia,  which 
Ihe  governor  had  sent  to  their  assistance  from 
Spanish  Town.  The.sc,  though  they  had  marched 
thirty  nules  without  refreshment,  immediateU 
charged  the  enemy  with  such  vig<Mir,  as  entirely 
lo  change  the  fortime  of  the  dav.  The  I'lench 
retreat«>(l  to  their  ships,  and  l)u  Cass(<  soon 
afterwards  retiu'ned  to  llispanola  with  his  ill- 
gotten  booty. 

In  17  hi,  on  tlu<  ^Sth  of  August,  and  again  on 
the  same  day  of  the  same  month,  in  the  year 
17^2*2,  Jamaica  was  shaken  to  its  foinidations  by  a 
dr(>adful  hurricane.  'I'his  day,  therelbre,  as  well 
as  the  7thof.lune,  tin*  Colonial  Legislature  has, 
bv  an  act  of  assend)ly.  piously  s(>l  apart  for 
liisting  and  humiliation,  though  its  commemora- 
tion is  annually  falling  oil'. 

The  next  important  occurrence  in  the  history  ! 


I 


WEST     I  N  1)  I  E  S. 


•in/i 


I  ot'tliis  isliind,  \^iis  (lir  piu-ilinitinn,  conrliiiloil  in 
I7'JS,  willi  <li('  lMi>itil(' lU'ijrotw  called  Maroons; 
lint  tli«»  i('s|ii<(<  uliicli  Ihix  trraly  nirordcd  (lie  in- 
Ii!tl>it)in1s  tVoiii  iiili>s(iii(M'oinni()lion  wns  of  hIioiI 
«liiiH»i(>ii.  In  I7(i(),  (he  vciv  oxisdnco  of  (lie  ro- 
lonv  was  vndnn.'VfMrd  liv  a  revolt  oC  the  tMisliivrd 
iK'urdrs.  Tliis  ii'voU  arose  at  the  inslic-Jilion  of  a 
Koroiiiantvn  Ncf^rooClIu' name  ofrackv, who  bad 
liceii  a  cliicrin  (ininea  :  and  it  hroke  out  on  the 
IVntitiiM'  pliiiitation  in  St.  Marv's  parish.  The 
iii'<iir'<:enl  Itand  haviiitr  <-<illeet(>d  tlieinHelvoH  into 
:i  li<i(t\ ,  ahont  one  o'clock  in  the  niorniiii;  pro- 
ceeded to  the  fort  at  I'urt  Maria  :  killed  the  cen 
tinel,  and  provided  theniselv<'H  with  a><  pn'at  a 
ipiantitv  of  arniH  and  anuniniitioii  as  thev  conld 
convenienllv  disjMim'  ol"  Heinir  h\  this  time 
joined  hv  a  nmnher  of  their  conntrvinen  (ro.- 
(lie  neiiihhoiirin:;  planlrilions,  they  marched  np 
(he  hitjh  road,  that  led  to  the  int<>rior  parts  ot'tlie 
country,  carry iiijj  death  and  desolation  ns  they 
went.  At  liallard'H  Valley  they  wnrronnded  the 
ovor><eer's  hon-e  ahoiit  four  in  the  mornin<r,  in 
which  lindini";  all  the  white  servants  in  In-d,  they 
iMitchered  every  one  of  them  in  the  most  savn»-e 
manner,  and  literally  drank  their  blood  mived 
with  rum.  At  I'^sher,  and  other  estaten,  (hey 
exhibited  the  same  tragedy  •.  an<l  then  set  lire  to 
(he  bni<din!;s  and  canen.  In  «ine  morning  they 
murdered  be(w«'en  .'iO  and  10  Whites  and  Mulat- 
toes,  not  sparine;  even  inliints  at  the  breast,  be- 
fore their  iiro;;ress  w;is  stfipped.  Tacky,  the 
chief,  was  killed  in  the  W(Mids  by  one  "oC  the 
parties  that  went  in  pursuit  of  them :  but  some 
others  ol"  the  rinfflea<lers  bein<>;  taken,  and  a 
l-eneral  inclination  to  revolt  appearinv  amnn^  all 
(he  Koromantyn  Nejjroes  in  the  island,  it  wnn 
tlioii!i;ht  necessary  t(»  make  a  few  terrible  exam- 
ples of  some  of  the  most  "iiilty.  Of  three  who 
were  clearly  proved  to  have  been  concerned  in 
(lie  murders  committed  at  Hi.llard's  Vallev,  one 
was  condenuiod  to  be  burnt,  and  the  other  two 
to  be  hnn<>;  nn  alive  in  irons,  and  lelY  to  perish  in 
that  dreadful  situation.  The  wretch  that  was 
liinnt  was  made  to  sit  on  the  irround,  and  his 
liddy  beinsj  chained  to  an  iron  stake,  the  lire  was 
a|)plied  to  his  (eet.  Me  uttered  not  a  ^roan,  and 
saw  his  le!;;s  re<luce«l  to  ashes  with  the  ntnnist 
(irmnesH  and  composure  ;  aHer  which,  one  of  his 
iirins  by  some  means ^etliiiir  loose,  he  snatched  a 
brand  Irom  the  (ire  that  was  consuniiiio;  him.  and 
lluni;  it  in  the  face  of  the  executioner.  The  two 
that  were  hunf>-  np  alive  wen;  inilnl;j;e<l,  at  (Iieir 
own  recpiest,  wi(h  a  hearty  meal  immediately  be- 
fore they  were  suspended  on  the  ijibbet,  which 
was  creeled  in  the  parade  of  llie  (own  of  Kinj,^- 


ston.  I'Vom  that  time,  iinlii  they  expired,  they 
never  uttered  the  least  complaint,  except  only  of 
cold  in  the  ni{;ht,  but  diverted  themH(>lveM  all 
day  loni;  in  discourse?  with  their coiuitrymeii,  who 
were  permitted,  very  improperly,  to  H\irroiind 
the  jifibbet.  On  the  morninf;  of  the  eitrhth  day 
one  of  them  silently  expired,  as  did  the  other  on 
that  of  the  ninth  day. 

'I'hese  dreadful  exampl(>s  were  not  without 
their  etlect,  thon<rh  s(nne  were  of  opini(m  that 
it  WHS  prinripnilv  owin<;  to  the  co-operiitinn  of 
the  people  called  Maroons,  that  the  snp|)ressioii 
of  the  revolt  of  I7tj()  was  to  be  nscribecl.  Hidi- 
se(pient  events,  however,  proved  that  jndfjment 
to  be  false,  (V»r  these  very  people,  a  very  short 
tir  ,.-  afterward,  beiran  a  most  nnprovoke<l  war 
'>'  ainst  the  white  inhabitiints,  which,  however, 
ended  in  their  total  defeat,  and  the  linnl  expul- 
sion <ifmost  of  them  I'ront  the  island. 

Tlu>  year  1711  was  distin^nishod  by  another 
destructive  contlici  of  the  elements  :  and  in  17W), 
alter  a  loii;>-  respite,  be^an  that  dreadful  suc- 
cession of  hin'ricanes,  which,  with  the  excep- 
ticm  of  l7H'i  and  l7K.'j,  desolated  this,  and  some 
of  the  m'inhboiirinjj  islands,  for  seven  years 
toirether.  The  dates  of  their  orcnrronee,  were 
as  follows  : 

l7Sn  hurricane  October  .'J. 

"       '     17HI    -  -   - 

"•  17K.1  -   -  - 

■'>    I7H.-)  -  -    - 

17Mfi  -    -  - 

(^f  the  whole  series  of 
the  iirst  was  undoid)tedlv  the  most  destructive; 
but  in  .lamaica,  the  splicro  «if  its  activity  was 
chielly  confined  to  the  western  parts  of  the 
island.  'J'hi;  larfje  and  opulent  districts  of  West- 
moreland and  Ifanover  pri'sented,  however,  such 
extent  and  variety  of  desolation  from  its  eflects, 
as  are  scarcely  to  be  ecpialled  in  the  records  of 
human  calamity.  Westmoreland  alcme  sustained 
danuiire  tothenmount  of  jC.7()0,0()0  sterlinfi;,nn<l 
Hanover  nearly  as  much.  'I  he  sad  fat«'  of  Sa- 
vanna la  Mar  (a  small  sea-port  in  the  former 
parish)  can  never  be  remembered  without  horror. 
The  sea,  bursting  its  ancient  limits,  overwhelmed 
that  unhappy  town,  and  swept  it  to  instant  d(?- 
striiction,  leaviiifj  not  a  vestij;**  of  man,  beast,  or 
haiiitiition  behintl  ;  so  sudden  and  comprehensive 
was  the  stroke,  that  tin-  catastrophe  of  Savanna 
la  Mar  mij;ht  be  considered  even  more  terrible, 
in  mnny  respects,  tiian  that  of  l*ort  Royal.  The 
latter,  however,  was  in  its  elVects  nioro  lastiuff ; 
for  to  (his  hour  (he  ruins  of  tlnit  devoted  town, 
thoua^h  buried  for  upwards  of  a  century  beneath  J 


A  unjust  I. 

July  .'JO. 

Aiif^ust  y7. 

October  aO. 

these  awful  visitntions, 


%\  l 


1 


■i«(i 


W  15  ST     I  N  1)  1  12  S. 


% 


:) 


I  lliL'  wavfi,  .i>e  visible  in  clear  tvriitlici'  rrnm  llie 
liuatH  which  siiil  over  thrm,  proHontiiii;  mi  nwl'iil 
inuiiuiiicnt  or  inpiiioritil  of  the  nii;;er  nf  Oiiiiiipu- 
Icnce  ! 

At  a  pucificatinn,  entered  into  in  the  vear  I76.'i, 
the  ctnimH  of  (ireat  Britain  and  France  to  the 
neutral  Islandti  of  St.  Lucia,  Tobago,  St.  Vincent, 
and  Dominica,  were  adjusted  by  a  division  of  the 
spoil. 

One  of  the  cnuoes  of  former  contests  between 
France  and  En^^land  (the  claim  to  those  islands) 
having  been  thus  removed,  there  was  certainly 
reaRon  to  giipposc  that  the  remendirancc  of  re- 
cent calamitieo,  the  pressure  of  poverty,  and  the 
various  other  distreHscH  which  the  war  had  brought 
on  all  the  bellig;erent  powers,  were  circumstances 
liiehly  favourable  to  a  continuance  of  the  peace. 
The  short  experience  of  ten  years  proved  the 
fallacy  of  this  expectation.  Tlie  martial  spirit 
of  Great  Britain  sickened  for  emplovmont  ;  and 

|)retcnces  being;  wanting  for  directing  it  towards 
ler  ancient  enemies,  it  was  turned,  in  an  evil 
hour,  against  her  own  subjects  in  N.  America. 
Wise  men  foresaw  and  predicted  that  the  restless 
and  intriguing  genius  of  France  would  not  allow 
that  kingdom  to  continue  an  indifterent  spectator 
of  such  a  contest.  Accordingly,  in  tlie  year 
1778,  she  rushed  into  another  war  with  England, 
without  even  afl'ecting  to  have  sustained  the 
ahadow  of  provocation  ;  and  the  consequence  of 
her  injustice,  and  British  insanity,  was  the  loss 
not  only  of  those  of  the  sugar  islands,  which  had 
lieen  assigned  to  her  in  1163,  but  of  almost  all 
the  rest,  the  dismemberment  of  the  empire,  and  a 
combination  of  dangers  from  which,  at  one  mo- 
ment, dissolution  seemed  to  be  the  only  refuge. 

The  sugar  islands  having  been  captured  in 
that  war,  were  restored  to  Great  Britain  at  the 
peace  of  178y ;  but  it  was  America  alone  who 
derived  advantage  from  the  contest.  As  the 
French  had  engaged  in  the  war  without  provoca- 
tion, so  they  retired  from  the  field,  not  only  with- 
out benefit,  but  with  manifest  loss.  They  con- 
tracted an  enormous  debt,  to  the  payment  of 
which  their  ordinary  revenues  were  inadequate ; 
and  to  this  circumstance,  in  co-operation  with 
others,  the  ruin  of  their  ancient  government  must 
be  greatly  attributed. 

BETWEKN  THE  YEARS    1793  AND   1814. 

(  ommciicemeiU  of  the  War,  \1Q'3  —  Capture,  of  To- 
bago—  Vnsuceessfiil  attempt  against  Martinique 
— liesolutions  of  the  Ministru  thereon — Capture 
of  Martinique — Capture  of  St.  Lucia — Capture 
of  Guadaloupc,  tahich  cowphtes  the  Conquest  nf 


the  French  IVcst  Inilia  Cofonia  —  Ifcirrsr  of 
Fortune — Morlaiiti/  of  the  Troons — .Irniing;  oi 
the  Wacks  and  lilufaltors  —  :}iiissaerr  of  I  In 
French  1.oi/alists  —  Fvenls  n/aling  to  Si.  Do- 
mingo, I7!)."» — Occupation  ht/  the  French,  IMOI  — 
Fi.vpedition  under  f.cC/erk,  IHO'J—Fiews o/'t/n 
French  in  acquiring  St,  Domingo  — Their  poli- 
cy explained,  roilh  regard  to  this  and  other 
fslamls  —  Provincials  ralh/  under  the  Standard  of 
Ferdinand—  Assistance  given  lit/  Major  (ieneral 
Carmichael,  hading  to  the  Capture  of  the  Spa- 
nish part,  1809— Tmrfy  of  181 1. 

Upon  the  renewal  of  the  war  in  I79.'j,  the  W. 
Indies  became,  as  usual,  the  scene  of  military 
enterprize  ;  and  (treat  Britain  had  the  advan- 
tage (if  an  advantage  it  might  be  called)  of 
making  the  first  onset.  On  February  10,  I79.'J, 
a  few  days  only  atler  notices  ha«l  been  received 
of  the  I'rendi  declaration  of  war,  dirertions  were 
transmitted  to  Major  (iSeneral  ("ny ler,  the  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  British  troops  in  the 
Windward  Islands,  and  to  Sir  John  Latbrey. 
wlio  conunanded  in  the  naval  department,  to 
attempt  the  reduction  of  Tobago.  As  most  of 
the  proprietors  in  that  island  were  ICnglisli,  it 
was  supposed  that  an  English  armament  would 
be  favourably  received  by  the  inliabilanis ;  and 
the  event  justified  this  expectation.  The  island 
surrenilcred,  without  any  great  struggle,  on  the 
17  th  of  April 

This  was  followed  by  an  attack  on  IVrarlinique  : 
an  enterprise  of  great  magnitude  :  for  tlie  labours 
and  ingenuity  of  man  had  co-operated  with  the 
hand  of  nature,  in  rendering  that  island  one  of 
the  strongest  countries  in  the  world.  In  1739,  it 
had  successfully  resisted  a  formidable  British 
armament  of  10  ships  of  the  line,  besides  frigates 
and  bomb  ketches,  fiaving  on  board  .'),80()  regular 
troops ;  and  although  the  island  surrendered 
three  years  aHerwanls,  to  a  much  superior  force, 
yet  the  gallant  and  vigorous  resistance  which  flu 
garrison  was  enabled  to  make  on  that  occasion, 
for  upwards  of  three  weeks,  ought  surely  to  have 
induced  great  caution  and  consideration,  witli 
regard  to  future  expeditions  against  a  country  so 
amply  provided,  both  by  nature  and  art,  with  the 
means  of  defence. 

In  the  present  conjuncture  the  whole  of  the 
British  force  in  the  Windward  Islands,  was  known 
and  allowed  to  be,  of  itself,  vastly  iimdequate  to 
the  object  in  view  ;  but  such  representations  had 
been  spread  throughout  the  army,  concerning  the 
disaffection  of  the  greater  part  of  (he  inlmbitants 
of  all  the  Frencli  islands  towards  the  re|)ublicanj 


VV  EST     INDIE  S. 


•2«: 


evrrxr  of 
riiiitm  i>l 
r  of  Hi, 

Si.  Do- 
ll, mu- 

rios  of  till 
heir  poll- 
laid  oIIk  r 
liindani  oj 
tr  (icnnal 
I' the  Spa 


».'j,  tlu«  W 
)!■  niili«arv 
ho  lulviin- 
chUimI)  of 
y  10,  I79;{, 
II  n'coiv»'(\ 
lions  woro 
■,  tlio  c<»m- 
>pi   in   llio 
II    I  ill  tore  V. 
irtmoiit,  to 
As  inoit  of 
Kiiijilixli.  it 
llMMlt  woulil 
liliinis ;  anil 
The  ishiiul 
rgle,  oil  the 

Iviaitiiiuiiie : 
(he  hil>oiirs 
ml  with  the 
anil  one  of 
In  1759,  it 
ibU'   British 
ides  frigates 
,80()  rcguhir 
surrendered 
porior  force, 
ce  which  th» 
lat  occasion, 
rely  to  have 
ration,  with 
a  country  so 
art,  with  the 

hole  of  the 
,  was  known 
iinderjiiate  to 
ntations  had 
Hiccrning  the 
e  inhabitants 
^  republican  I 


i'  iiivrriuiienl,  recent ly  established  on  the  ruins  of 
iiir  monarchy,  as  to  crealo  a  very  ireneral  i)e- 
lief,  that  the  appearance  of  a  liritish  ariiiameiit 
before  the  capital  of  ]Martini<|iie  would  alone  pro. 
(luce  an  iinniedial<>  surrender,  (ieneral  liriice, 
1)11  wlxun  the  chief  coiuinand  of  the  liritish  troops 
hiid  ilevolved  in  the  interim,  was  iiuiccd  assured, 
by  a  deputation  from  the  principal  planters  of  the 
ishind,  that  "  a  body  of  800  regular  troops, 
\iould  be  more  than  siillicient  to  overcome  all 
possible  resistance," 

These  represi'utiit ions  (as  the  general  himst'lf 
informed  the  king's  iniiiiNters)  induced  him,  in 
conjunction  with  Admiral  (lardner,  to  undertake 
theexiiedition  :  and  the  hind  forc(<s  having  been 
eiiibarlied  in  the  ships  of  war,  the  armament 
arrived  otVCape  Navire,  June  11,  I7<)J.  On  the 
l()lh  the  liritish  troops,  in  numlK>r  1 100,  made 
<;u(td  their  Ijiiiding  :  and  having  been  joined  by  a 
body  ot'about  800  I'rench  royalists,  took  posses- 
hion  of  a  very  sti«)iig  post  wi'lhin  live  miles  of  St. 
Pierre,  it  being  the  generars  intention  to  attack 
llic  two  forts  which  defended  that  town.  'I'he 
pliin,  however,  did  not  succeed  ;  and  the  causes 
of  its  failure  may  best  be  told  in  (he  general's 
own  words:  "The  morning  of  the  IStli  (lie 
oliserves)  was  (he  time  lixeil  for  the  attack,  and 
we  were  to  move  forward  in  two  colniniiH,  the 
one  consisting  of  the  British  troops,  the  other  of 
the  French  Royalists;  and  for  this  purpose,  the 
troops  were  put  in  motion  before  ilay  break  ;  but 
uiifortunat'>ly,  some  alarm  having  taken  place 
ainongst  ti.e  royalists,  they  began,  in  a  mistake, 
firing  on  one  another,  and'tlicir  commander  be- 
ing severely  wounded  on  the  occasion,  his  troops 
Here  disconcerted,  and  instantly  rt'liied  to  the 
post  from  which  they  marched."  This  conduct 
(continues  the  general)  strongly  proved  (lint  no 
dependance  could  be  placed  on  the  royalists,  and 
that  the  attack  against  St.  Pierre,  must  have  been 
carried  on  solely  by  the  British  troops,  to  which 
their  numbers  were  not  ccpial.  They  were  thi'ie- 
fore  ordered  to  return  to  their  former  posts,  from 
H hence  they  re  embarked,"  (Sec. 

This  is  the  whole,  or  nearly  the  whole,  of  what 
the  British  administration  thought  proper  to  fur- 
nish for  the  gratilication  of  the  puldic  ciiriositv, 
concerning  the  conduct  and  failure  of  this  unfor- 
tiuiate  expedition ;  and  indeed  it  is  siidicient  to 
deuionstrate,  that  the  strong  assurances  which 
had  been  given,  and  (he  sanguine  expectations 
which  had  been  formed,  of  support  and  assistance 
from  the  greater  part  of  the  i'lench  inhabitants, 
consisting  in  the  whole  of  upwards  of  |(),0(J0 
Hliitcs,  wore  not  jutitilicd  by  the  event.     It  re- 


flects, therefore,  great  honour  on  the  lilierai  and 
humane  disposition  of  the  Britinh  conimanders, 
that  they  did  not  suH'er  the  disappointment,  which 
they  must  have  telt  on  this  occasion,  to  operate 
to  the  disadvantage  of  those  of  the  French  plant- 
ers, by  whom  such  assurances  uere  held  forth; 
ami  uho,  though  mistaken  as  to  their  conntry- 
nieii,  manifested  (he  sincerity  of  their  own  prn- 
fessions  by  their  subsequent  conduct.  "  As  they 
would  certainly  have  fallen  victims,"  observes 
(ieneral  Briice^  *'■  to  the  implucable  malignity  of 
the  republican  party,  as  soon  as  we  (piitted  the 
island,  it  became  in  a  manner  incumbent  on  us, 
ill  support  of  the  national  character,  to  use  our 
utmost  exertions  to  bring  these  unhappy  people 
from  the  slior(>;  and  although  the  necessity  of 
impressing  such  vessels  as  could  be  f«»und,  and 
the  purchasing  provisions  from  the  merchant 
vessels,  will  incur  a  great  expense,  I  have  never- 
theless ventured  np<Mi  it,  trusting  for  my  justiti- 
catioii  to  the  generous  and  humane  disposition 
exhibited  by  the  British  nation  on  similar  occa- 
sions. We  wi-re  therefore  employed  in  embark- 
ing these  people,  from  the  lOth  to  the  21st," 
vS:i.  iSic. 

Notwithstanding  this  discouraging  account, 
the  British  ministers,  on  receiving  intelligence  of 
(jieneral  Bruce's  miscarriage,  considered  them- 
selves imperiously  called  upon  to  vindicate  the 
honour  of  the  ICnglish  arms,  l»y  enterprises  of 
greater  magnitude  in  the  same  quarter.  'I'liey 
resolved  to  send  thither,  forthwith,  such  an  ar- 
inamcnt  as,  in  addition  to  the  British  force  already 
ill  the  VV.  Indies,  should  be  sntKcient  not  only 
for  the  conipiest  of  iVfartiniqiie,  but  even  "  to  dis- 
lodge the  enemy  from  every  one  of  their  posses- 
sions in  that  part  of  the  world:"  such  was  their 
declaration.  Rvery  man  who  is  acquainted  with 
the  relative  situation  of  the  French  and  British 
ctdonies  in  those  islundtn,  the  condition  of  each, 
and  their  athnity  to  each  other,  will  allow  that, 
in  this  case,  there  was  no  medium,  and  that  their 
deteriiiinntion  was  tbunded  in  sound  policy. 

It  must  likewise  be  admitted,  that  the  preiiara- 
tions  which  the  ministers  caused  to  be  maile,  in 
consccpience  of  this  di'terminatioii,  corresponded 
to  the  mugnitude  and  extent  of  their  views. 
Orders  were  issued  for  the  immediate  emiiarka- 
tioii  of  14  regiments  of  intiintry,  consisting  of 
near  11,000  men;  a  licet  composed  of  four  hrst- 
rate  ships  of  war  and  nine  frigates,  besides  sloops, 
bomb  ketches,  and  transports,  was  appointed  to 
convey  them  to  the  scene  of  action,  and  act  in 
conjunction  with  them.  And  that  no  possible 
doubt  might  arise  in  the  public  mind,  concerning] 


"  :  i  *««:'' 


'.  '■ 


*»': 


'im 


\\  K  SI      I  N  |>  I  K  S 


ft' I 


|llu'  jii*li<'ioii*i  n))|)liciitioii  ol'lliiH  irroiil  iinniiniont 
lo  iJ-*  |)ro|tiM-  iil)ii'((,  llic  uliolt'  Mii>*  plm-rd  iiii(!it 
tli(>  (lii't'rtinii  (>r  two  i>r  III)'  iiKixt  ilistiii^riiislit'il 
oHiciT*  »vlii»li  imv  ti;;*'  <»r  iiiilioii  liiw  pruilmcd  ; 
•  ho  flii(<r  coiiiiiianil  lifiiiy;  iix'*ii':ni'(l  lo  Sir  (hiirlri 
(>ri\v,  ^t'litM'iil  of  till'  liiiiil  t'oircx,  iiiid  llic  ii:i\i«l 
(l(<|)iirtin«>n(  lo  \'i('i>-ii(ltniriil  Sir  .lolni  .Icrvi-. 
N'l'illior  iniiMl  it  pnsx  iinolfirrvnl,  in  jiclicc  lo  llic 
dilloriMil  |)iilili(' ollicrs  of  litis  kintrdoin,  lliiil  llir 
wliolc  uas  loiidy  tor  its  drpiirlnri'  in  Ic-x  lliiin 
tlnvc  months  iil'ior  llu' r«<nM|)t  ol'CJiMn -nil  Unico'-* 
(li>*|»»t«'ln's ;  l)nl  liy  ii  snlisc(|nrnl  order  l.lilM) 
of  Iho  Iroops,  lliiil  had  hocn  plarod  iindor  lhi> 
orders  of  the  pMicnil,  wvro  depntcd  l<»  anollier 
sorviro. 

On  tho'ilith  ot'\ovond)n'.  l7f)M,  the  arinan)enl, 
thn>*  reduced,  sailed  iVotn  St.  Helen's ;  and  on 
ihuinarv  <»,  I7*)|,  the  sipmdron  east  anehoi'  in 
Carlisle  Hay.  in  the  island  of  llarl)ad()es  :  ii  «iis 
al'lerwards  riMnl'orred  \n  the  Asia,  ol'lil  iyiins.  and 
some  addiliomil  tri^ales. 

\0(*r  a  month's  stay  at  llarhadoes  (an  inter\al 
which  «as  nselnP;  employed  in  preparini;'  !;nn- 
iMials.  in  Irainin;;  the  s(<amen  I'oi-  lai\d  service,  and 
in  attendanc(<  on  ihesick^  the  sipiadron  sailed  for 
the  attack  of  IMarlinicpie :  liavin^  on  hoard,  of 
land  forces  (inclndini^a  detachment  of  nesjrodra- 
jjoons)  t>,()8,')  ertt'clive  men. 

On  Wotlnesdny.  iM-hrnarv  ;"),  I7«)l,  the  tieel 
apprnnclu'd  the  s.  <■■  coast  ot'  that  island,  and  llu> 
general  (havin:;  previously  n\ade  the  necessary 
arranjjements  willi  Sir  .lolin  .lervis)  tlivided  the 
army  into  three  «letnchn>ents,  with  a  view  to  land 
then«  at  throe  separate  and  distinct  (|iiart('is. 
These  were  (iailioii  Uay  on  the  //.  coast,  ("asp  de 
Nav  ires,  nearly  opposite,  on  the  >.•..  and  Trois 
Hivieres  towards  the  v.  c.  The  tirst  detachment 
was  commanded  l»y  Major  !;eneral  Dtindas,  the 
second  hy  Colonel  Sir  Charles  (iordcm,  ami  the 
third  l»y  the  ^•ene^al  himself,  assisted  hy  l.ienfe- 
nant-(ieneral  Prescott.  'I'h«'  measure  was  m»'II 
concerted  ;  for,  bv  indncini;:  ♦'<**  onemy  to  divide 
his  force,  it  enaided  the  Hritish  to  elfect  their 
hindinn;,  at  each  place,  with  very  little  loss. 

By  the  l(Jlh,  the  army,  at\er  a  succession  of 
valiant  conflicts,  had  arrived  within  two  leajrues 
of  St.  I'ierre,  from  whence,  at  day-hroak.  the 
enemy  sent  a  flasr,  requirin!"'  throe  Hays  to  con- 
sider of  a  capitulation.  The  !\TaJor-(»onoral  re- 
turned for  answer,  that  instead  of  three  days  he 
would  allow  thoin  only  three  hours  :  and,  leavin" 
a  company  of  "Tonadiors  in  possession  of  Bolle- 
viour,  ho  immediately  moved  on  towards  St. 
l*iorri\  .At  this  juncture,  the  detachment  of  the 
squadron  arrived  in  the  bay,  and  l>o«jan  their  ope- 


rations. Colontd  Smuos,  willi  lln'  troops  and 
"•eanu'ii  w  lio  «« ere  to  land  w  illi  liini.  had,  pri'\  ioii-4 
to  their  enliTHi!'  I'le  lia\,  iMMJiarked  on  board  Ihr 
/ebra  and  Xauliins  sloopN,  w  iiich,  dra>«  ini;;  lilllr 
waler.  could  liuiil  li'om  witljo>it  dilliinllv  li 
the  oveninu;  ot'  lhi>  lliili,  these  xc^^^els  appioaclird 
the  //.  pari  of  the  li.M,  the  other  men  ot'  uiir 
slaudini;  in  to  coxrr  llirm  from  the  lire  <d'  ilir 
eiuMuv.  Captain  llervev,  ni  llie  Sania  Mar^a- 
rila,  perceivini;  llie  Iroiips  \t  ere  td«i<l\  to  be  mitrli 
annoyed  b\  ttw>  liaMerics  willi  lieated  sliiit, 
steered  close  under  the  tjims  ol  ihe  intis)  coiisi 
driableol'ilM-ui.aad  elb'ciu  ill\  silcni'''il  it.  Aboiil 
Ibnr  in  the  n<oruini;  of  Ihe  I7lli.  the  Iroops  maile 
^ood  their  landin:;,  and  inuneilialely  adyancid 
towards  St.  I'ierre:  but  the  ronllicl  was  at  an 
end.  for  the  enemy  seeinij  Ihe  Ibilish  approach 
both  by  sea  and  by  lau(!,  evacualcd  Ihe  town, 
leav  iuij  llifir  coloius  llvini;,  w  hic'i  \\  I'n*  iinine- 
diali<l>  liauli'd  down,  and  llii>  Ibitish  colour- 
placerl  in  llieir  I'oom.  \U  ten  o'clock  the  whole 
of  Colonel  Svnu's's  detachment  had  marihed  inio 
the  town,  and  were  soon  allerwards  joined  \t\ 
(ieneral  Dunda-and  hisarni\. 

No  injury  was  d(uie,  nor  outrau;e  oll'ered,  lo 
llic  inhabitants  :  liie  women  and  cliildreu  sal  al 
llu'ir  doors  to  see  ihr  siddiers  march  in,  as  peace- 
ably ami  (heerfully  as  the  inliabitants  of  an  Mn 
trli^h  villaifo  behold  a  rejjiment  ]mss  lhron!;h 
their  streets.  One  inslance  only  occurred,  an 
attempt  to  pillay;e'  for  wlii.b  llio  olfender  was 
immodiatelv  hunij  up  by  llic  I'rovost  Marshal,  at 
tin*  <jate  ol'the  .lesuils  C«>llc!j;e. 

The  town  of  St.  I'ione  beiu!;  thus  captured, 
and  many  imnmtant  posts  in  dill'ereiit  parts  of 
the  counliy  already  in  possession  of  the  Itrilish 
tro(q»s,  il  miijiil  have  been  supposed  that  the  sur- 
render of  the  island  was  speedily  to  have  followed', 
but  son;r(<at  was  the  natural  and  artificial  strength 
of  the  counliy.  and  so  obstinately  was  it  defended 
on  this  occasion  by  the  inhabit. mis,  that  iniicli 
ro!iiHined  to  be  done  before  this  e>enl  tocdt  place. 
The  tw(»  ijreat  forts  of  iionrbon  and  I'lUl  i{o>al 
(Iho  former  commanded  by  Uochambeau  Ihe  <;o- 
vornor  of  the  island),  wore  still  to  be  c  -iiquere<l : 
and  il  was  impossible  closely  to  invest  I'ort  l?oiii- 
bon,  withonl  (irst  possessinj";  the  heif;ln>- .if  Siiric 
or  Sourior,  a  situation  eminently  sironir  and  ditli- 
ciill,aud  (lefended  by  a  larjfo  body  of  the  eiieniy. 
under  the  command  of  the  mulatto  (ioiiend  \M- 
lo!>ardo.  Tiie  commander  in-chief  therefore  ero 
pos(>d  to  attack  this  post  from  his  camp  nl  Ibii- 
neaii,  on  the  niijht  of  the  ISlh.  and  to  depend  I  r 
success  solely  IU1  a  vij^oroiis  use  of  tiie  bayoiu-!  : 
but,  a  few  hours  |)rovio«s  to  the  time  he  had  fixed 


)0|>X    II  11(1 

iMtai'il  llic 
iiii^  lild" 
iilly  li 
inroiii'lti')) 
II  III'  war 
re  of  (111' 
i\  Miiiiiii- 
II  lie  iiiiuli 

iiiwt  cou-i 
it.    AlioiK 

||r)|)>4    IMIkIi' 

lulvanrfil 
\\{\<*  \\\   iiii 

till"    lt>\Ml. 

iTC  iminc- 
isli  coloiii'^ 
>  \\\r  mIioU' 
ihitIumI  iiiln 
s  joiiHul   In 

<  olVrivd,  to 
lihcii  Silt  at 
in.il-*  lifiift'- 
ts  ol'  nil  l'"'l> 

ms-i   tlinm^li 
iMiMirivd,  ill! 

)|V(MI(I«M-    Uiis 

,  Miiisluil,  "< 

lit    pnrt^  "t 
,(•  tli«>  Hiili'^li 
tliiit  thf  sm- 
inot'olluwrtl-. 
(uiul  stifUf-tli 
[»-!  i(  ilcrciuliMl 
lliiit  iiiiii'li 
III  tooU  ])liu-<'. 
1  I'oit  noy,\\ 
,h(\iM  the  no- 
)(>  0 -iii|iii^i">'''  ■ 
est  I'ort  Hoin- 
[,r\\\-~  .il'  Siiric 
ronj!:  ii'^i'  'litU- 
<)('  till'  I'licniv. 
,(J(M>(t;.»  *M'\- 
tli'M'olorc  rio 
ciuiip  »>t   •''■"- 
to  (Icpt'iKl  f  v 
tlic  havo"  ■'  : 
ohcliad  (i\<'<i 


W  EST     INDIE  S. 


20!) 


I  lor  llio  oiitorpriM',  n«>llni;iii-<l«!  liiiiiMoH',  with  |iiii't 
ollii^  litioiiN,  tIcM'i'iitlnl  the  ImmkIiIn,  ihhI  ullurkcd 
(lif  Kt'iH'i'iUM  l(>lt.  1 1  in  iiiliMitioii  wiiN,  il'itoNiiihli', 
to  lul  oH'  th«*  roniiniiniciition  licltvfi-ii  (li<>  ItriliHli 
uniiy  ami  navy.  TIm*  allniipl  wa^i  bold,  liiil  it 
ivaM  I'liiiioiiH.  I'll)'  Ki-iit>ral  iiniiii'dialfly  iH'irciyrd 
(lio  adyuiila^;<<  to  hi*  dorivi'd  i'roiii  il,  anil  N«>i/«>d  it 
in  (Im*  iiioniiMil ;  liM, dirt'clin^;  LirnliMianl  (ii'iit'ial 
I'lvsi'otl  lo  li«'«>|»  llif  nii'iiiy  in  check.  In*  onlorud 
iroin  liin  riKhl  l(i(>u(t>nant-('olon<'i  llnck<*ridK«>, 
tvilli  llii'  third  ballalioii  of  tfrfnadiciH,  and  I^iiMi- 
tfiiaiil-t'idont'lH  I'ooto  anil  illundidl,  with  lli«^ 
liiHt  and  ki'couiI  liatlalionM  of  lii^lil  inlanlry,  (o 
attack  Itflh'KHi'dt^'H  cuinp  on  tin-  \v{\.  In  thiH 
Hcrvico  lluM  drtiu'hini'i'l  diHplay<>d  such  spirit  anil 
iaipctiiimity  an  proved  irri'siHlihle;  and  posseH- 
i«iiMi  hein^;  taken  of  liellegarde'H  camp,  Ins  own 
cannon  wi-rt)tiirni'daf;ainHt him.  This  unlorliinalo 
man  ami  IiIk  Hocond  in  roinnmnd,  with  ahoiit  JtX) 
of  their  t'ollowerH,  snrrendered  themsehes  to  tho 
m<neral  a  few  days  ulterwards,  the  two  londerH 
(iesiriiiK  to  l»o  ttent  lo  N.  America,  on  comlilion 
of  never  HiM'vin^  against  his  majesty  ;  and  in  this 
reipiesl  they  wj're  K>'"(>'iud.  'I'lieir  t'ollowerH 
were  Henl  on  hoard  the  king'H  shipH  as  prisoiicrH 
ol"  war. 

l''roni  l''i'hruary  'JO,  I'orts  Rourhon  and  Louis, 
with  the  town  ol'  l''urt  llo^al,  were  completely 
invested,  and  the  general  was  hiisily  <>mployed  iii 
erecliiiK  ImtterieHon  his  tirst  parallel.  On  March 
17,  the  general  concerted  measures  with  the  ad- 
miral for  H  comhined  assault,  hy  the  naval  and 
land  forces,  upon  the  fort  and  town  ori''ort  Royal. 
Scaling;  ladders  hein^  provided,  and  the  necessary 
arrangements  settled,  the  ships  destined  I'or  the 
service  t«H)k  their  stations  <hi  the  mornin<r  of 
March  "20.  The  Asia  and  the  Zelini  sloop,  with 
Captain  llojjers  and  a  hody  of  seamen  in  Hat 
boats,  (the  whole  un<ler  the  command  of  Coin- 
niodore  Thompson)  composed  the  naval  force  ; 
the  land  force  consisted  of  the  iirst  battalion  of 
XrenadierH,  the  (irst  and  third  light  infantry,  with 
the  third  grenadiers. 

The  KuccesH  of  this  exnedition  was  owing  to 
the  gallantry  of  Captain  Kaulkncr  of  the  Zebra, 
who  perceiving  that  he  could  not  expect  any  as- 
«istiince  from  the  Asia,  (a  ship  of  tiie  line)  on 
account  of  the  shoals,  determined  to  iiiHlertuke 
the  service  alone  in  his  small  sloop  of  10  guns, 
and  lie  executed  this  design  with  matchless  intre- 
pidity and  good  conduct ;  for  running  the  Zebra 
close  to  the  walls,  and  leaping  overboard  at  the 
Lead  of  his  sloop's  company,  he  scaled  the  ram- 
uarts,  and  drove  the  enemy  from  the  fort.  "  No 
language  of  mine  (says  Admiral  Jervis)  can  ex- 

VOL.  V. 


press  the  merit  of  Caplain  Taiilkner  on  this  occa- 
sion  ;  but  as  every  niuii  in  Ihe  army  iind  Mi|uuilroii 
bears  tesliniony  to  it,  this  incomiiarable  action 
cannot  fail  of  iM'iiig  rt^orded  in  llie  page  of  liis< 
lory."  Colonel  Syines,  in  Ihe  same  triumphnnt 
inoineni,  entered  and  took  pohseshioii  of  tho 
town. 

This  signal  success  determined  the  fate  of  the 
island ;  for  (ieneral  Itochambeaii,  perceiving  that 
all  was  lost,  immeilialely  sent  a  Hag  from  l''ort 
lioiirlHm,  nll'ering  lo  surrender  «m  capitulation. 
The  (erms  were  accoriliiigly  adjusted  on  the  i^Jil, 
and  on  the  iJJth,  the  garrison,  reduced  lo  iX)0 
men,  inarched  out  prisoners  of  war.  To  the  giil- 
lanlry  with  which  this  fortreitH  was  defeiiue<l, 
(ieneral  (>rey  lN)re  an  hononnihle  testimony,  by 
observing,  thai  ''  Ihe  Itritish  troops,  on  entering 
Ihe  place,  could  scarcely  Iind  an  inch  of  gronim 
which  had  not  l>een  touched  by  their  shot  or  their 
shells." 

Thus  was  achieved  the  conquest  of  IVTarliniquc, 
with  the  loss  on  the  part  of  the  liritish  of  71  men 
kilU'd,  193  wounded,  and  of  three  that  woro 
missing. 

Victory  having  thus  far  crowned  Ihe  Hritisli 
arms,  (ieneral  (irey  determined,  withoutloss  of 
lime,  lo  persevere  in  his  career  of  glory ;  where- 
fore, leaving  live  regiments  under  the  command 
v'f  (ieneral  I'rescott  for  the  protection  of  IVIarli- 
iiiijue,  he'  and  the  brave  admiral  proceeded,  on 
the  morning  of  Mi.^ch^l,  to  the  attack  of  St. 
liiicia.  This  island  had  not  the  ineans  of  a  for* 
midable  defence ;  and  on  April  4,  his  lloyal 
Highness  Prince  Kdwurd,  nfHer  a  fatiguing  march 
of  14  hours  from  the  landing  place,  hoisted  the 
liritish  colours  on  its  chief  lortress  Morne  i'or* 
tune  ;  Ihe  garrison,  consisting  of  300  men,  having 
surrendered  on  the  same  terms  of  capitulation  as 
those  that  hud  been  granted  to  General  Itochum* 
beau.  Kicard,  the  olficer  commanding  in  St. 
liUcia,  desired  and  obtained  permission,  as  Ko< 
chambeaii  had  doni^  belbre  him,  to  embark  for 
N.  America;  but  the  garrisons  of  both,  of  St. 
liUcia  and  IVlartini(|ue,  were  sent  to  France  im- 
mediately on  their  surrender. 

After  the  completion  of  this  service,  (ieneral 
(irey,  having  left  the  sixth  and  ninth  regiments, 
with  detachments  of  artillery  and  engineers,  as  a 
garrison  for  St.  Lucia,  and  appointed  Sir  Charles 
(iordon  governor  of  that  island,  returned  to  Mar« 
tiiii(iuc  ;  and  the  spirit  of  enterprise  among  the 
soldiers  being  thus  kept  alive  and  encouraged, 
the  general  turned   his  attention,  in  the   next 

filace,  to  the  large  and  fertile  colony  of  (iuada- 
oupc.] 

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WEST   I  N  n  1 1:  s. 


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41 


[II  is  npcossnry  liii-  rentier  slioiild  he  apprized 
in  this  phice,  thiit  (iiiiuhiUtiipe  consists,  in  tiu-t, 
of  two  ishiiuis,  divided  from  eiicii  otiier  h>  a  nar- 
row arm  ol'the  sea,  caMed  La  Hiviere  Sah>«',  (Salt 
Hiver)  which  is  navi»al)h>  tor  vessels  of /)()  t«>ns; 
the  ('.  island,  or  division,  being  called  (Irande 
Terre,  anil  tiie  to.  Masse  'lerre.  Adjoining  the 
former,  is  a  small  island  railed  Desirade,  and 
near  to  the  latter  a  cinstpr  of  little  islands  called 
Les  Saintes.  At  some  >.':stance  from  these,  to- 
wards the  e.,  is  another  island  called  IVlarie  (ta- 
lante ;  all  these  were  dependencies  on  Guada- 
lonpe,  and  comprised  in  its  government. 

On  Tuesdry,  April  8,  snch  of  the  troops  as 
remained  after  the  necessary  garrisons  for  the 
conqnered  islands  were  formed,  endmrked  in 
transports,  and  the  fleet  sailed  from  the  Bay  of 
FortHoyal.  A  detachment  of  the  squadron  hav- 
ing heen  sent,  in  the  iirst  ulace,  to  attack  the 
little  islands  above  mentioned,  called  Les  Saintes, 
that  service  was  executed  with  nuich  spirit  and 
gallantry  by  a  party  of  seamen  and  nuirines;  and 
ubou*  noon  on  the  1 0th,  the  Uoyne  and  Vetei  an 
oust  anchor  in  the  Hay  of  Point  a  Petre,  in  the 
division  of  Grande  Terre;  a  fresh  wind  and  lee 
current  preventing  many  of  the  transports  from 
getting  ill  until  the  day  following. 

Without  waiting  however  for  the  arrival  of  all 
the  troops,  the  general  effected  the  landing  of  a 
considerable  detachment,  with  the  addition  uf  TjOO 
marines  at  Grosier  Bay,  at  one  o'dor'i  in  the 
morning  of  the  1 1th,  under  cover  of  the  »Viiichel- 
sea  man  of  war,  the  captain  of  which,  Lord  Vis- 
count Garlies,  oeirar  the  only  person  that  was 
wounded  on  the  occasion.  "  He  received  a  i)ad 
contusion  (observes  Admiral  Jervis)  from  the  lire 
of  a  battery  against  whicli  he  had  placed  his  ship, 
ill  the  good  old  way,  within  half  musket  shot." 
The  battery  however  was  soon  silenced,  and, 
early  on  the  morning  of  the  I'itli,  the  fort  of  La 
Klcur  d'Epee  was  carried  iiy  assault,  and  the 
greatest  part  of  the  garrison  put  to  the  sword. 
Port  St.  L(niis,  the  town  of  Point  n  Petre,  and 
the  new  battery  upon  [slot  a  Cochoii  being  after- 
wards abandoned,  and  the  inhabitants  iiying  in 
all  directions,  the  possession  of  Grande  Terre 
was  complete. 

The  reduction  of  Basse  Terre  was  eflected  the 
21st  of  the  same  month;  for  the  strong  post  of 
Palmiste  iHMng  carried  by  the  gallantry  of  Prince 
Bdward  and  Colonel  Syiiies,  and  that  of  Kouel- 
niont  by  Major- General  Diindas,  the  Kreiich 
governor  (Collot)  immediately  capitulated  ;  sur- 
rendering the  whole  of  (lUU'Jaloupe  and  all  its 
dependencies  to  tlu;  king  of  Grout  Britain,  on  the 


same  terms  that  were  allowed  to  Roclinnil)eaii  at 
IVIarliniqiie,  and  liicard  at  Lucia.  It  is  pleasiii<r 
to  add,  tl  at  this  conquest  was  liappilv  efl'ecied 
with  the  loss,  on  the  part  of  the  British,  of  only 
17  men  killed  and  alM>iil  .^)0  wounded. 

This  gallant  and  successful  <>nterprise  com- 
pleted the  entire  conquest  of  the  French  posses- 
sions in  the  VV.  Indian  Inlands :  and  the  primaiy 
views  and  declarations  of  the  British  ininisters 
were  thus  wonderfully  realized  by  British  enengy 
and  valour.  Happy  if  the  scene  had  shut  at  this 
period,  and  no  envious  cloud  overcast  the  close 
of  a  campaign,  the  opening  and  progress  of  which 
had  shone  with  so  bright  a  lustre  in  the  eyes  of 
all  Europe ! 

But  now  it  was  that  the  measure  of  reducing 
the  army  at  the  outset  of  the  expedition  begsin  to 
manifest  those  unhappy  conseipiences,  which  it 
was  then  predicted  would  ensue  from  it.  In  al- 
lotting garrisons  for  the  security  of  the  several 
islands  whicli  had  surrendered,  the  deficiency  of 
troops  for  that  purpose  was  at  once  obvious  and 
alarming.  It  was  discovered  that  the  mortality 
had  been  so  great  (more  from  sickness,  the  never- 
failing  eflect  of  extraordinarv  exertion  in  tropical 
climates,  tluiii  (he  sword  of  t)ie  enemy)  as  to  Inne 
reduced  the  ranks  to  nearly  one  half  their  ori- 
ginal iiunilHMs ;  and  of  the  troops  which  remained 
alive,  a  very  large  proportion  were  so  worn  down 
by  iinremiiting  fatigue,  as  to  be  rendered  abso- 
lutely incapable  of  eflicient  service.  L'nfortu- 
natefy  the  numerous  enterprises  in  which  the 
British  forces  were  engaged,  and  especially  the 
fatal,  a  ad  never-enough  to  be  lamented,  attempt 
on  St.  Domingo,  left  it  not  in  the  power  of  the 
king's  ministers  to  send  such  a  reiiiforcement  to 
•  '■e  Windward  Islands  as  the  occasion  reqiiiivd. 

So  early  however  as  March  2^,  four  regiments, 
consisting  of  ^,J77  men,  had  sailed  from  Cork  for 
Barbad(H?s.  They  were  intended,  indeed,  for  St. 
Domingo ;  but  authority  was  given  t(»  Cfeneral 
Sir  Charles  (Jrey  t»)  detain  two  of  them,  if  cir- 
cumstances should  render  it  necessary,  to  serve 
under  his  own  command  in  the  Windward  Islands. 

These  regiments  arrived  at  iiarliadoes  i\fay  ,), 
and  the  general  detained  the  eight  battiilii)n 
companies  of  the  3Jth,  one  of  the  four  regiments; 
but,  observing  the  extreme  anxiety  which  the 
British  minister  expressed  in  his  dispatches  for 
prosecuting  the  enterprise  against  St.  Domingo, 
and  trusting  (as  he  writes)  "  that  ellectual  care 
w  ould  be  taken  at  iio;nc  to  prevent  the  enemv, 
in  the  con(|iiered  islai.ids,  receiving  assistance 
from  Europe,"  he  replaced  those  battali«>ii  com- 
panies with  eight  llaiik  cunipuiiies  from  his  own] 


so  com- 


WEST    INDIES. 


291 


[army,  which  was  thus  ratlior  diminished  thnn 
aiiffmeiitod  by  the  oxclians;<'. 

T'Vom  this  period  the  tide,  which  had  hitherto 
tloweil  with  so  rapid  and  prosperous  a  current, 
bejjan  to  run  in  a  contrary  direction.  The  sick- 
ness which  had  for  some  time  nreyailed  in  the 
army,  was  become  exasperated  to  pestilence. 
The  troops  sunk  under  it  in  jjreat  numbers,  and 
anions:  its  most  distiniruislied  victims  was  Major- 
(leneral  Diuuhis,  the  governor  of  Guadaloupe. 
On  June  4,  the  commander-in-chief  (beiniy  at 
that  time  with  the  admiral,  inspecting  the  state  of 
St.  Christopher's)  received  the  melancholy  ac- 
count of  this  gallant  otiicer's  deatli :  and  early  on 
the  morninfj  of  the  'ith  further  intelliiyence  ar- 
rived, which  renderetl  his  loss  at  that  juncture 
doubly  afHictin<>;.  This  was  nothin:;  less  than 
the  ■very  unexpected  information  that  a  French 
armament  of  considerable  force  was,  at  that  mo- 
ment, olF  Point  a  I*etre ! 

On  receipt  of  this  intellijyence,  the  admiral 
made  immediate  sail  for(inadaloupe,  and  arrived 
there  on  the  afternoon  of  the  7th,  and  havinsf  put 
the  commander-in-chief  ashore  at  Basse  Terrc, 
he  proceeded  with  the  ships  to  Point  a  Peire  ; 
but  found  that  the  enemy  had  not  only  made 
{jood  their  landini;,  but  had  also  forced  Tort  Fleur 
d'Kpee  on  the  precedinir  day,  and  were  actually 
in  possession  ot  the  town,  and  the  forts  by  v/hich 
it  was  defended.  They  had  likewise  secured 
their  shippin<;  at  safe  anchorai^e  in  (he  harbour. 
U  was  now  discovered  that  this  armament,  which 
had  sailed  from  Uochfort  .April  'i.'),  consisted  of 
two  friijates,  a  corvette,  two  larn;e  ships  armed 
rn  filth;  and  two  other  vessels,  Tiaving  brou<<;ht 
with  them  l.iOO  resyular  troops. 

The  success  of  (he  I'rench  on  this  occasion 
was  the  more  surprisini;,  as  there  was  at  this 
time  in  Gua(lalou|M>  a  larger  proportion  of  Bri- 
tish troops  than  in  either  of  the  other  conquered 
islands  :  it  is  asserted  by  a  respectable  author, 
the  Rev.  Cooper  Willyams,  chaplain  to  the 
Boyne,  who  collected  his  observations  on  the 
scene  of  actic  ,i,  that  the  proffress  of  the  enemy 
was  preatly  accelerated  by  the  misconduct  of 
several  of  the  French  royalists  then  in  (he  fort, 
a  party  of  whom  (misintormed  perhaps  as  (o  the 
real  number  of  (he  invaders)  oflered  (heir  ser- 
vices (o  sally  on  the  besiejjers,  and  marched  <)ut 
(or  (l»at  purpose,  under  (he  command  of  Captain 
M'  Dowall  of  the  ISd,  but  on  approacliinir  the 
fiienjy  tiiuy  were  panic  struck,  and  deserted  to 
the  town.  Thirty  of  them  only  out  of  1 10  re- 
turned to  Fleur  (I'Kpj'e  with  C<ip(ain  M'Dowall. 
The  British  merchants  and  sailors  from  the  town 


of  Point  a  Petre,  had  (hrown  (hcmselvcs  in(o 
this  fort  to  co-operate  with  the  irarrison.  This 
little  band,  luider  the  command  of  liieut.  Coloiu>l 
Drummond,  of  the  4')d  reii^iment,  did  all  that 
gallant  men  coidd  do  ;  twice  (hey  repulsed  the  as- 
sailants ;  but  (he  I'rench  royali«i(s  who  remained 
in  the  fort,  conceivina;  the  vain  hope  of  obtain- 
inj;;  mercy  for  themselves  by  a  surrender,  insisted 
at  len<^(h  (hat  (he  i;ates  should  be  thrown  open. 
This  was  no  sooiu>r  done,  than  the  enemy  poured 
in  from  all  sides,  and  (he  few  survi\in>i:  Hri(isli 
soldiers  (no(  m«)rc  (Imn  40  in  number)  were 
obliij«vl  (o  make  the  best  retreat  (hey  could  (o 
Fori  Louis.  This  place  no(  bein:;  tenable  after 
(he  loss  of  Fleur  d'Ep«'e,  was  soon  abandoned  by 
them,  and  they  crossed  «iver  (<»  Basse  Terre. 

The  commander  in  chief,  (he  moment  the 
strenjjdi  <»f  (ho  enemy  was  nscer(ained,  had 
(ransmitted  orders  (o  (he  commaiulers  in  (he  dif- 
ferent islands  t«>  send  from  (hence  whatever  forco 
•ould  be  spared  :  and  the  lejfislature  of  St.  Chris- 
topher, immediately  on  receivina;  notice  of  the 
enemy's  appearance,  raised  a  considerable  body 
of  vcdnnteers  at  the  expense  of  the  colony,  r.nd 
dispatched  them,  with  fyreat  expedition,  to  co- 
opera(e  in  this  important  service. 

All  (he  force  (ha(  could  bedius  obtained,  Uoing 
at  leii^ith  c(»llected  at  Basse  Terre,  detachmen(s 
were  landed  on  (he  sid«'  of  l"'ort  I'leur  d'Kpee, 
and  many  skirmishes  took  place  with  the  enemy, 
between  the  l?)(h  of  June  and  (he  beginning;  of 
tlidy,  the  particulars  of  which  it  is  not  neccs. 
sary  to  relate.  The  weather  was  now  become 
insupnortably  hot,  and  (he  (ropical  rains  being 
already  se(  in,  (he  (ieneral  (le(ermined  to  niako 
an  elVort  (o  linish  (he  campaiirn  at  a  blow.  It 
was  planned  (hat  a  lar!j;e  body  «>f  troops,  under 
Briijadier  (Jeneral  Symes,  should  march  during 
the  ni«li(,aiul  make  (hemselves  mas(ers  of  IMorno 
n'overnmeiH,  and  (he  other  cotnnuuuling  heiglds 
round  the  (own  of  Point  a  Pe(rc  :  the  General 
himself,  at  (he  bead  of  (he  rest  of  hiS  army  re- 
nminiu!;  in  <'eadiucss  on  (he  liei»;hts  of  Mascot, 
to  storm  Fo.  Fleur  d'Kpee,  on  receiving;  a  sig- 
nal from  (lie  brii<;adier  :  the  lailure  of  (his  en(er- 
])ri/e  was  a  (htal  circumstance ;  and  many  ani- 
madversions having  been  made  on  the  coiuluct  of 
i(,  we  shall  reci(e  the  particulars  in  (ieneral 
(Jrey's  own  words  :  '  On  (lie  evening  of  (he  1st 
iiis(an(,  Brigadier-(ieneral  Symes  mnched  from 
IVlorne  \f ascot  with  the  1st  battalion  of  grena- 
diers, the  1st  and  ^2d  battalions  of  li<>ht  infantry, 
and  (he  1st  battalion  of  seamen  coiunuinded  by 
(^aptain  ltober(son,  to  at(ack  (he  (own  of  Point 
a  Petre  before  day-break  on  the  ^M  instant;  but  J 

I'    !• 


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292 


WEST    INDIES. 


[heine;  misled  by  their  guides,  the  troops  entered 
the  town  at  the  part  where  they  were  most  ex- 
posed to  tlie  enemy's  cannon  and  small  arms,  and 
where  it  was  not  possible  to  scale  the  walls  of 
the  fort ;  in  consequence  of  which,  they  siift'ered 
considerably  from  round  and  grape  shot,  toge- 
ther with  small  arms  fired  from  the  houses,  ^c. 
and  a  retreat  became  unavoidable.' 

The  meditated  attack  on  Fort  Fleur  d'Kpue, 
being  thus  rendered  abortive,  and  the  British 
troops  so  reduced  or  debilitated  as  to  be  abso- 
lutely unfit  for  further  exertion,  (exposed  as  they 
were  to  the  sun  and  the  rains)  it  was  resolved,  at 
a  consultation  held  on  the  3d,  between  the  com- 
mander in  chief  and  the  admiral,  to  relinquish  all 
further  attempts  for  the  present  on  Grand  Terre ; 
and  to  remove  the  artillery  and  stores,  and  to 
reinforce,  with  the  troops,  the  posts  in  Gasse 
Terre.  This  determination,  dictated  by  a  ne- 
cessity which  left  no  alternative,  was  carried 
into  eflect,  without  loss,  on  the  night  of  the  5th. 
*  I  now,'  said  the  General  in  his  letter  of  the 
8th,  '  occupy,  with  my  whole  force,  the  ground 
between  St.  John's  Point  and  Bay  Mahault,  and 
having  erected  batteries  with  ^4  pounders,  and 
mortar  batteries,  at  Point  Saron  and  Point  St. 
John,  opposite  to  the  town  of  Point  a  Petre, 
my  situation  gives  perfect  security  to  Basse 
Terre.' 

Many  arrangements,  however,  were  vet  to  be 
made  for  the  maintenance  of  this  position  dur- 
ing the  approaching  hurricane  months,  and  until 
a  reinforcement  should  arrive  from  Great  Bri- 
tain. These  being  at  length  completed,  the 
General  embarked  on  board  the  Boyne,  and 
.sailed  for  St.  Pierre  in  the  island  of  Martinique, 
where  he  established  his  head  quarters,  leaving 
Brigadier  Graham  to  command  in  his  absence  at 
Basse  Terre. 

The  head-quarters  of  the  British  army  in  Gua- 
daloupe  were  at  camp  Berville,  which  was  placed 
on  commanding  ground ;  flanked  l>y  the  sea  on 
one  side,  and  on  the  other  by  an  impassable 
morass.  About  a  mile  on  the  rear  was  a  narrow 
pass,  by  which  alone  the  camp  could  be  approach- 
ed, and  in  front  was  the  river  Sallee,  on  the  fur- 
thermost banks  of  which  stands  the  town  of  Point 
a  Petre ;  but  the  situation  of  this  encampment, 
so  favourable  in  .other  respects,  proved  to  be,  in 
the  highest  degree,  unhealthful.  The  baneful 
eflccts  of  the  climate  at  this  season  of  the  year 
were  aggravated  by  putrid  exhalations  from  (he 
neighbouring  swamps,  and  a  dreadful  mortality 
ensued  among  the  troops.  By  the  middle  of  Au- 
gust, the  numbers  on  tlie  sick  list  constituted  the 


majority  of  the  camp.  During  the  inontli  ot 
September,  the  army  was  inadequate  to  the  sup- 
ply of  guards  for  the  difierent  batteries.  Several 
companies  could  not  produce  a  single  man  fit  for 
duty  ;  and  the  4Jd  regiment  could  not  even  af- 
lord  a  corporal  and  three  men,  for  the  protection 
of  (heir  own  camp  in  the  night. 

In  order,  therelbre,  to  keep  up  tlie  appearance 
of  force  in  front  of  the  enemy,  the  diAereiit 
islands  were  completely  drained  of  troops,  and  a 
body  of  French  loyalists  were  selected  to  i)er- 
forin  military  duty  at  the  post  of  Gabarre;  where 
they  conducted  themselves  with  much  spirit  and 
fidelity. 

The  commissioner  fi-oin  the  French  convention, 
and  afterwards  commander  in  chief  of  the  French 
troops  in  Guudaloupe,  was  V^ictor  Hugues,  a 
man  not  deficient  either  in  courage  or  capacity, 
but  notorious  for  his  cruelty.  Observing  how 
severely  his  own  troops,  as  well  as  the  British, 
sullcred  from  the  climate,  he  conceived  the  pro- 
ject of  arming  in  his  service,  us  many  blacks  and 
mulattoes  as  he  could  collect.  These  men,  inured 
to  the  climate,  and  having  nothing  to  lose, 
flocked  to  his  standard  in  great  numbers,  and 
were  soon  l)rought  into  some  degree  of  order  and 
discipline.  With  the  co-operation  of  thes(>  auxilia- 
ries, apprized  at  the  same  time  of  the  debilitated 
state  of  the  British  army,  the  French  commis- 
sioner determined  to  attack  the  British  camp  at 
Berville.  For  this  purpose,  on  Saturday,  the 
26th  of  September,  he  embarked  a  large  body  of 
troops  in  small  vessels,  whicli  passing  the  British 
ships  of  war  unperceived,  under  cover  of  a  dark 
night,  made  good  their  landing  in  two  detach- 
ments; the  one  at  Goyave,  the  other  at  Bay 
Mahault.  The  detachment  which  took  posses- 
sion of  the  place  last-mentioned,  immediately 
marched  to  Gabarre,  in  the  view  of  surrounding 
the  French  royalists  stationed  there,  and  it  was 
with  great  difliculty  that  they  escaped  to  Berville. 
The  other  detachment  which  had  landed  at 
Goyave,  began  its  march  to  Petit  Bourg.  Lieut. 
Colonel  Drummond,  of  the  4Sd  regiment,  with 
some  convalescents  from  the  hospital,  and  a 
party  of  royalists,  advanced  to  meet  them,  but 
perceiving  their  great  superiority,  found  it  ad- 
visable to  retreat;  and  they  took  post  at  a  battery 
upon  the  shore,  called  Point  Bacchus,  where 
however  they  were  soon  surrounded,  and  the 
whole  party  made  prisoners.  By  the  possession 
of  this  post,  the  enemy  entirely  cut  olt  all  com- 
munication between  the  British  camp  and  ship- 
ping. They  then  proceeded  to  possess  them- 
selves of  the  neighbouring  heights,  and  formed  a] 


WEST    INDIES. 


ti93 


Jjunrtion  with  tlic  other  drtaclinient  which  had 
landed  at  Bay  Mahault :  l)y  (his  meanH  the  canip 
at  Dervillc  waH  completely  invested  by  huid  ;  its 
whole  strength,  including  the  sick  and  con- 
valesrriit,  consisted  of  no  more  than  ^2bO  regular 
troops,  an<l  'JOO  hundred  royalists.  All  that  cou- 
rage, perseverance,  and  despair,  could  effect, 
was  perfornied  by  the  united  exertions)  of  this 
gallant  band.  In  the  first  attack  on  the  morning 
of  the  i^th,  after  a  conHict  of  three  hours,  the 
|{epul)lican8  were  deteated  with  great  loss.  They 
were  again  repulsed  in  two  subsequent  attacks, 
on  the  JOth  of  the  sa.iie  month  and  the  4lh  of 
October.  But  their  numbers  continually  increas- 
ing, and  the  manifest  impossibility  of  opening  a 
communication  with  the  British  fleet,  tiepriving 
the  garrison  of  all  proper  succour,  (ieneral  Gra- 
ham, on  the  representation  of  his  otiicers,  con- 
sented on  the  6tli  of  October  to  send  a  flag  to  the 
French  commissioner,  offering  to  capitulate.  To- 
wards the  British,  the  terras  granted  by  the 
enemy  were  sufficiently  liberal,  but  the  condition 
demanded  for  the  French  royalists,  that  they 
should  be  treated  as  British  subjects,  was  declared 
inadmissible ;  all  the  favour  that  could  be  ob- 
tained for  them,  was  the  sanction  of  a  covered 
boat,  in  which  25  of  their  officers  escaped  to  the 
Boyne.  The  rest  of  the  miserable  royalists,  up- 
wards of  300  in  number,  were  left  a  sacrifice  to 
Uie  vengeance  of  their  republican  enemies.  Find- 
ing themselves  excluded  from  the  capitulation, 
they  solicited  permission  to  e^iJeavoiir  to  cut 
their  way  through  the  enemy,  an  attempt  which 
must  have  ended  only  in  the  destruction  both  of 
themselves  and  the  British.  There  was  a  faint 
hope  entertained,  however,  that  Victor  Hugues 
^wliose  character  was  not  at  that  time  stifliciently 
developed)  would  relent  on  their  surrender.  In 
this  expectation,  however,  these  unfortunate 
people  were  cruelly  disappointed,  and  their  sad 
fate  cannot  be  recorded  without  indignation  and 
horror.  The  Republicans  erected  a  guillotine, 
with  which  they  struck  off  the  heads  of  60  of 
them  in  (he  short  space  of  an  hour.  This  mode 
of  proceeding,  however,  proving  too  tedious  for 
their  impatient  revenge  ;  the  remainder  of  these 
unhappy  men  were  fettered  to  each  other,  and 
placed  on  the  brink  of  one  of  the  trenches  which 
they  had  so  gallantly  defended  :  the  Henublicans 
then  drew  up  some  of  their  undisciplined  re- 
cruits in  front,  who  firing  an  irregular  volley  at 
their  miserable  victims,  killed  some  and  wounded 
others;  leaving  many,  in  all  probability,  un- 
touched :  the  weight  however  of  the  former 
dragged  the  rest  into  the  ditch,  where  the  living, 


the  wounded,  and  the  dead,  shored  the  same 
grave ;  the  soil  being  instantly  thrown  in  upon 
them. 

Thus  was  the  whole  of  this  fertile  country 
(the  single  fortress  of  Matilda  excepted)  restored 
to  the  power  of  France,  and  placed  under  the 
domination  of  a  revengeful  and  remorseless  de- 
mocracy. General  Piescott,  who  commanded 
the  Matilda  Fort,  sustained  a  long  and  most 
harassing  siege,  from  the  14th  of  October  to  the 
10th  of  December.  His  conduct  throughout,  as 
well  as  that  of  the  officers  and  men  under  hin 
command,  was  above  all  praise.  He  maintained 
his  position  until  the  fort  was  no  longer  tenable, 
and  having  no  other  means  of  saving  his  reduced 
and  exhausted  garrison  from  the  sword,  he  was 
obliged  at  length  to  abandon  it  by  silent  evacua- 
tion. Three  line  of  battle  ships  had  indeed  ar- 
rived in  the  interim  from  (ireat  Britain,  but  they 
came  only  to  behold  the  triumph  of  the  enemy. 
With  this  adverse  stroke  of  fortune,  closed  the 
campaign  of  1794 :  its  career  for  a  while  was 
glorious  beyond  example ,  and  if  the  very  un- 
happy measure  of  reducing  the  number  of  the 
troops  at  the  outset  had  not  taken  effect,  or  if, 
as  soon  as  the  news  of  the  capture  of  Martinique 
had  reached  England,  a  strong  reinforcement 
had  been  sent  to  the  scene  of  action,  it  cannot 
be  doubted  that  Guadaloupe  would  not,  with 
the  other  islands  that  followed  its  fate,  have 
been  forfeited  by  the  English. 

It  will  here  be  necesssry  to  refer  to  the  con- 
comitant events  that  were  taking  place  at  this  pe- 
riod in  St.  Domingo.  To  enter  on  the  details  of 
the  revolutions  of  the  French  part,  were  to  bur- 
den the  narrative  with  a  recital  of  gloomy  oc- 
currences, still  fresh  in  the  memories  of  most 
persons  :  and,  indeed,  a  tolerably  diffuse  account 
of  them  have  been  already  given  under  the  arti  - 
cle  8t.  Domingo. 

In  the  year  1794,  the  British  annies  being  en- 
tirely engaged  in  St.  Domingo,  succeeded,  after 
severe  struggles,  in  which  they  lost  infinitely 
more  by  the  climate  than  by  war,  in  achieving  the 
conquest  of  Port  au  Prince.  This  event;  brought 
about  by  the  skill  and  intrepidity  of  General 
Why  te,  proved  not  less  profitable  than  honourable 
to  such  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  by  whom  it  was 
effected,  as  lived  to  enjoy  the  fruiis  of  their  vic- 
tory ;  for  there  were  captured  in  the  harbour,  S?2 
topsail  vessels,  fully  laden  with  sugar,  indigo,  and 
coffee,  of  which  13  were  from  3  to  500  hundred 
tons  burthen,  and  the  remaining  9  from  1.50  to 
300  tons,  besides  7,000  tons  of  shipping  in  bal- 
last ;  the  value  of  all  which,  at  a  moderate  com-J 


i.  ; 


■■\    M 


'■:'i 


'i'illW 


,( rv' 


I      '! 


II;;* 


n 


f}% 


W^ 


f'l 


in 


1 


I.  f 


"20  i 


n  !■  s  T    I  ^  1)  1  i:  s 


putmion,  co\\\i\   no<  Ito    far  slioil  ol'  ^^  »(H),(X>() 
storlinjj. 

Tlio  ixlaml  «i>s.  1)<>n<Mrr.  in  (oo  <li>^(ni'l)Oil  a 
stato  to  indnco  (ho  Hritish  i^-ox <<rninonl  to  lollop 
lip  this  siicoi'sK.  IiuKmnI  thov  hati  rathoi-  <-ansi< 
(or  roliiiipiishing  it,  ouniif  to  soino  tii'liuits  (hat 
almost  imnioilialoU  onsnoil.  ami  tVoni  tho  iii- 
n-oasint{  aiiti  iniMacdialilr  mortality  ol'tho  fi»r«M's  ; 
lint  tho  toi'inal  ronnnciatiitii  ol'  all  th<<ir  titio  to 
possossioii  was  not  niadr  till  IS('(i.  'l"ho  I'lrnrh 
woiv  not,ho\vo»or,  sooasilv  in<liir(<il  tori'limpiish 
tho  toot i nit'  <h<'^  had  iiainoii:  thnMich  thoir  porso 
^oranoo  tjio  island  «as  <)oomod  to  W  tho  pro*  of 
iloo>-  i.-triu;nos  and  a^i]'ra\alod  mistortiinos.  I'lio 
vaino  ot' tlio  ,\'  part  ol' it  was  too  woll  known 
not  to  mako  tho  possossioii  ol' tho  wholo  an  oli- 
jiH't  ol' solioitatioii  with  a  powor  loss  amhitioiiK 
than  I-'ranoo.  'Tho  sanii'jtraspinjj  policy  that  dio- 
talod  tho  stipnlalions  ol'  ir!).>,  aooompaniod  all 
tho  thivo  chanisos  that  ha\oj;i*<'n  ollior  iianios  to 
(lint  I'ri'nrh  ito^ornmoiit.  withoiil  allorini;;  ils 
ontily  or  ro\oliitionary  amldoslriutivosystom 

Tho  lirst  pidilit'  iiistaiioo  ot'  thoir  prol'oiind  do^ 
siifns,  was  o^inood  in  tho  oxohaiii^o  ol'  Louisiana 
I'tir  tho  dnchy  ol'  i'arnia,  which  at  all  tiiiios  was 
in  thoir  powi-r  to  roiiain.  This  nioasnro  was  na- 
turally I'ollowod  l>v  that  loiiit  oonoortoil  plan,  so 
niiioli  dwolt  upon  li\  thoir  hosi  authors,  and  ro- 
lishoil  l>v  thoir  ministors.  iiiidor  (ho  <;»<•»>«  rt'i<tiiir, 
i>r  doprniiii:;  tho  Spaniards  ot°  Hispanola. 

As  oarly  as  I  rt>.»  it  was  ourriod  into  o\ooii(i«>ii, 
('orminij:  pi»t  of  tlio  dist-raool'iil  troaty  inadi'  at 
Haslo  in  Swi(7<M"land,  which  ija\o  '!io  niinistor 
liotloy  tho  titlo  ol'  I'rinco  o("  (ho  I'oaco.  and  sor\«'tl 
to  o«>nsolidato  tho  ompiiv  and  iiitliioiico  which  ho 
al^orwards  attainod.  and  lonnod  (ho  lirst  link  ol' 
that  I'atal  chain  ol'o^onts,  which  hassinco  lironttht 
his  ct>nn(r\  (o  her  pn'son(  awl'ul  slal(<  ol'  anarchy 
and  confusion. 

Hy  (his  in>tnnnon(  of  diplomatic  in(riti'iii<  and 
siihtlo(y.  IlisnaAola  was  mado  o\i<r  nnn"sor\odl\ 
to  Franco  .  tlio  ohiost  snhjocts  of  (h«<  Spanisli 
crown,  in  (ho  .■•  world,  woro  thus  hartorod.  liko 
so  many  slu^^p.  and  an  island,  not  (ho  cap(nroof 
an  oiiomy  diirinji  war.  anil  !<:iu<ii  nii  a(  ils  l<'rmi- 
iialion.  i>nt  ono  that  had  do-condod  to  thom  as  a 
primiti\o  ritfht.  and  had  formoil  (ho  ti'lttr\  of  (ho 
prooodint;  monarchs.  wliosaw  it  disco>orod  and 
sotdod  ^^  hon  possession  was  jjivon.  in  t'lirthor 
affora\ation  of  liio  Sjianish  nali>os.  (ho  transfor 
Was  rivoi\od  l)\  Toiissaiul.  at  (ho  hoad  of  tho 
inirnsi>o  >«(llors  o(  ono  tinision  of  tho  islaiui, 
with  wluMii  (hr  former  had  pro\iously  and  ijono- 
roush  sharoti  their  territory  :  in  short,  hy  a  hordo 
4'f  emancipated  slaves,  to  whom  the  French  ro- 


pnldic    had     u;ixoii     oi]iiality,    coniistonco,    nnd 
powi'r.  and  wlio  now  camo  to  oroci  a  now  slaiid 
ard  on  tho  spot  oons(<cratod  l>v   tho   lalionrs  and 
ash<<s  of  Colnmhns.  and  lon^   rovorod  nn  an  oh- 
joct  of  national  prido. 

In  jiisiico  (o  tho  Dominican  poopio  it  may  ho 
said,  that  none  of  tho  Spanish  sol(lemon(s  pus. 
soss  more  of  (ha(  nwor  pnttnr  which  ought  to 
disliiiK'nish  lo\al  snhjecis ;  thov  roooivod  tlr 
news  as  a  thnndorliolt.  and  tho  conntrv  pro 
sonlod  an  nniiiM'sal  scimico  of  lamontatioii. 

Tho  iniiis,  friars,  and  clor^^l.  loll  thoir  con- 
vents, chnrchos,  and  altodos  :  omii(ratioii  iN'came 
(I'onoral.  near  ono-third  of  tho  population  woiil 
over  to  tho  Main,  to  Ciiha.  and  to  I'uorto  Kieo, 
ill  s<<aroh  of  thoir  own  laws,  and  thiMr  own 
Ihiff. 

It  was  not,  how'OXM-.  till  tho  latter  end  of  ISDI 
(hat  lojfal  dolivorv  was  mado  to  tho  roiirosonla 
ti\o  of  tho  l"r«'nc)i  nation.  Toiissaiiit  l,'()uvor- 
tur<\  who  camo  with  a  coiisidorahle  force,  to 
ropel  tho  resistance  ho  expoctod  to  moot  on  tho 
part  of  tho  Spanish  people:  which  opposing- 
spirit  would  have  yet  sociirod  tho  connliy.  had 
not  Don  .loachim  (iarcia.  th<<  then  uovoriior, 
refused  arms,  and  couiitoractod  ovorv  tiling  that 
rould  mililato  against  tho  orders  ho  had  roceivod 
from  his  inasler.  The  entry  of  th«>  Ulack  ( Jo- 
neral  was  not,  howotor,  marked  hv  aiiv  act  in- 
consistent with  jnstico  and  docoruui  :  the  pro- 
portt  of  indiiidnals,  ami  of  the  church,  was  ro 
spectod.  When  In-  roliroil  to  his  own  govern- 
iiionl  in  the  I'ronch  pari,  his  hrothor  Paul  was 
placed  in  command,  and  continued  till  .laiinarv, 
IS().i. 

I'lio  govornmont  of  I'rance  had  scarcely  si»;u«>(l 
tho  tri>aty  of  Amioiis.  when  thooxpatriated  plaiil- 
ors  and  traders  to  S(.  Domingo,  to  second  thoir 
own  views,  sol  on  foot  plans,  and  do\  isoil  means 
to  turn  into  (heir  wonti'd  channel,  the  great  re- 
sources of  tlieir  soltlomonts  in  this  island.  'I'ho 
amhitions  consul  of  I'laiico.  who  at  that  tiinn 
stmght  popularity,  jiiiuod  in  tho  puhlic  voice; 
hoiiig  well  aware  that  inaclion  did  not  suit  the 
restless  and  tnrlinleni  spirit  of  the  l-'ronch,  and 
impressed  with  tho  saiiguino  assuianco  of  suc- 
cess, ho  (hoiight  ihis  a  lit  time  to  rid  himself  of 
many  individuals  whinii  ho  mistrusted,  and  of  a 

I  tart  of  his  armies,  who  from  h(<ing  eoinmandod 
ly  other  more  liivoiirilo  ollicers.  wore  not  so 
iiiiicli  under  his  own  individual  conlrotil  as  ho 
could  witih. 

Tho  expedition  at  length  saileil,  in  Docomhor, 
ISl)^.  tho  military  amounting  lo  .'i.'^t.lHN)  men, 
under  tho  command  of  (ieueral   l.o  Clerk,  his  | 


i 


u  i:  s  r   I  i\  I)  I  i<:  s. 


'2ur> 


I  liroUior  ill-Inn .  lU'coitipiininl   bv    lii"!   fiHlci-  iiinl      lidirv  iiink   i'iiin|)iirliMl  lo  (lin(  nC  roiitiniinilnni  ul 


iinv  lio 

iglit   io 
i<«l   iVr 

IV    pro 


wiglUMi 

«mI  |iTtiii(- 

intl  tlioir 

[\  mi'iiiis 

rent   lo- 

1    riio 

III!  (iiiio 
■  voioo ; 
siii(  (lio 
icli,  iiikI 
of  siio- 

I  nisei r  <>r 

iinil  oi'  II 
niniiiniloti 

llllt      HO 

ml  ii«  lu» 


voiiiiK' 


;«<r  lii'odit'r  .Irninii',   to  nlioin  lliix  i'oii<|iirMl      tin 


>  ■'iinir  orili'i 


ivii<i  iiili'iiili'il  UN  II  m-lioolin;) .      Tin*  Hlii|t|iiiiit  ^^'i"  ''''"'    «l<'(iiiilivi<    oix)iiii'/iilion    oC    lliiu  roiiiitrv 

iiikIit  llio  gniflaiKM' ol"   Vilnioiil  N'illtin't.  ri'iiilc/-  nii«.  In  iniprrml  (Irrrrc,   poulpoiu'il  iiiidl  p<Mtii>, 

loiiHitiK' ill  (III'  Miu  orSitiniiiiii  ;  |Im>  IniiiM'li  ol'llio  iinil  in  (li<>  ninoi   linir    I'miniil  uiim    imiiiIi>   ciini- 

tirniiiiiK'iH  in<(<iiil<'<l  lo   liiKc   posMcsujon   ol' Suiilo  nitinili'r  in  )Mi<r  iiml  •i<liiiini''lriilor  tirnrnil,  wliirli 

Doininuo,  iinioniilinH,  in    niili<iir\,  lo   7<NI  inrn,  i-liiir)(<<   lie   l."lil  lill  <hi<  Till  oC  NovrnilHr.  |S(IM, 

iidi'r  Kior^i'i'siin,  iilio  iviih  noniiiiiitcil  uovrinor,  ivlii'ii  lir  iiici  <l<<l<<tilr(l  iil  Scilio  li\  |Im<  SpiininKlu 


Nioli'il  roninl  (o  llii<   v,   siilr,  iind  iincliorinK  in 


anil    oliliirni    (o    ll>,    iinil    linilin^    liiniwrll    linnl 


Hiiiiill  liiiv  4o  iiiiiilniiril.  HOiiHo  HonniHIii*  Htiili' ol'  ptrMMi<il,  Iijm    Iiiir<<i>   (irnl,  iinil    niMil>l<>   to   ir(rinii 

tlir  loivii.  ill!' ((sili'u  or  III!' I'lipiliil,   I'loni  nliirli  li)<  luiH  til   ii 

I'linl  'roiiHuiiint,  ivlio  iviih  iinpropiirnl  lor  Hmh  iliuiiinrr  ol'  \'i  U'»fnn>»,  \w   «lio(   liiniHi'h'  ivitli  ii 

Hiiprrri'NHion   liv   iiny    inuti'iirtioiiM  I'loin   liin   liio  piN<ol  IIiioiikIi  Hit-  linnl,  in  onlir  lo  iivoiil  liillinK 

lluT,  r«<ll  iliNpiwi'il  to  ri'Mixt.      Kill  till'  llliirit  Kill  into  tlif  IhiikIh  ol  tlic  proviiK  iiilintH,  ivIiohc  iik*- 

li^on,  lirinu'  iiciik  iiinl    Hrtitlrii'il,  iiiiil    tlii>  iiiiin-  lilcil  vrii^i'iiiiri'  lie  iIitiiiIimI. 

Iiith  ol'llic  inviiiliiiK' roi'<'i<  (>\!ii{Krriit(Ml,  II  Spiinivili  'riii>  hIioiiii    IioIiI    ol' Smito    Doiniiitfo,   on  nr- 

piirty    iiiiH    lorninl,    uliii'li,    llioii|r||  iliMiumril   ol'  roiiiit   ol'  ilH  lonilitv  imiiI  Ifrntonnl   pioiliirlioni, 

cviMy  iii'iipoii  lint  tlicii'  niiiiirlii<li<H,  m  tli<<  iii!(lit  viliiili  wno  fxcnlniillv  iinlii  ipiilcil  in  itu  tt'iinro, 

look  poNMi<HHioii,  on  II  pi-i<i-oiii'i-rti<il  pliiii  ivilli  till'  iviih  roiiHiilori'il  ii'<  ii  iiilltintr  upol    ivIk'Hcxit  liio 

Kliippiii^,  ol' till' yi'lloii   liiittnv   iil   the  tt.  <>iiil  ol'  l'i<>nrli  hIhiiiIiI  iiiiikr  ii«lviini'<<H  on  lliiiti,  or  ilirnt 

till'    raiiipiirlH,  mnl   covrri'il    lli<>    liiniliiiff    ol' tlii<  llirir  \i<'iiH  loiianlH  tlir  iiioi'i*  iittinrtivi' uIioioh  ol' 

l''ri<nrli.     'I'Iiiih  iviih  ||ii<  ritv   fvi^*'**   up,  iiitli  tlio  tlio  Spanixli  main.     'I'lii'v  valiiril  tliin  roiti'i'XH  im 

loHH  of  only  llir<'v<  livcu,   tli<>    lllink:*   rrtiirnril   to  a  ilrponit  Tor  tlirir  liravy  lMi|{KaK<'<a  Ht'cini' iiiciinH 


llirir    oivn   lini'H,    mnl    tlii<    trKoloinril    lliii; 
plantiMl  on  its  liatllrnii'iit'^,  l>\  the  U'liiti 


HUM      ol'  HiipplyiiiK    llirir   iinnii'M   ivitli   piovioionu,  iiiiil 
in    till'    iiiiaii    linic   of  iliicrlintc    llirir   pliiiiH   ol 


It  in,  liowoviM',  roi'i'iuii  to  our  piiipoHi'  to  «<iitrr      rHpionaicr  :   iinil  I'loni  IIm-  yi-ar    IhIM  till   the  tiiiif 
o  anv  rnrllii-r  parlit'tilarH  irHpi'dint;  thin  kiiiiiiI      ol'  itn   raptiiir,  in    i'otiHi-(pi<<tM't<    ol'    llic  i<<iuliiii; 


into  anv 


expedition  to  Haiti,  iiliieli  eont  tlie  liepiildir  up.       t^tiile  of  ivai.  IIiohkIi  live  inilliollH  ol'  livrex  iveir 


iiai'dH  of  .'ill.tHMI    liii'H,  mid    iiiiiiieii>.i<   tietiuim 
the  receiiev    of 'nrienreH   HiipeiMeiliiij^'   tin 


aniiiiallv  alloived,  iiliirli,  added   lo  il^    loriil    re 
venue,   defiiiyeil  llie   enpeiiHe  id"  llie    iHliind,  lliey 


eeHwilv  ofi'iirtliei  reiiiaikH.      SiiHiee  it  to  Hiiy.tlint       eoiiiidered  it  tiiviiil,  roiiipaied  with  the  projerleil 
it   proved   in  every  iviiy   aliortive,  and  that,   liin       iidMintaKeH  they  hoped  lo  reali/i 
^rareil  as  it  iiav,  liy  the  iiiovt  ittrocioiiH  net  of  dii-  ""  .■    .    . 

dii'ily  to  the  )) real  and  inil'ortiinate  Toim'^iiinl,  it 

iiiM  not  liiiled  to  impress  the  natives  with  ii  very 
iinfavoiiialde  iiiiprewNion  of  the  uiiHerity  of  tliiil 
retjiiiM'. 

<>nthe  ((eiierni  defeat  and  eviKiiiition  of  the 
I'reiK'ii  IroopH  went  out  under  l<e  (jerk,  (leiieral 
I'errand,  ivlio  had  lieeii  left  liy  Koeliandieiiii  in 
roini'iiind  of  INIonte  Cliristi,  with  V(l)l  men,  iiith 
drew  (o  the  eily  of  Santo  l)oniiii!ti>,  l<>rmed  a 
powerful  iiarty,  dispoHHeMHcd  Kiervei'vaii,  iilio 
iviiH  an  ohfer  ollieer,  and  under  the  iminedii<te  no- 
iiiination  of  Imh  ^overnmenl  at  home,  nhipped 
liiiii  aiuiv,  and  vested  in  hiniHelf  the  entire  eon 
li'ol.  'I'liiH  pieee  of  iiHiirpation,  ho  iniiili  op- 
po'ied  lo  striel  liiHcipline,  and  lo  the  ijiieiil  de- 
feienre  exniM-led  iVoiii  HiiliiilteriiH,  wan  never  oli- 
literated  Iroiii  ihe  lireiiHl  of  Iuh  ileMpotii'  rider, 
until    aller     liin    f;allanl    del'eiuT    of  the    rapiliil 

a^;aiiis|  DeHNaliiien,  llion^li  liin  Herviren  were  only       miv,  it  only  Ix  raine  iiei  I's.iiry  to  provide  (dliei 
then   reuiirded    l»y    the    menilH'r'H    rrohs   of   Ihe      and  ai  iuh,  ho  that  ii'-  eiirly  a«  IHM  i,  nil  ihone  wln> 
lie^ioii  (riloiiiit'iii',  iiolwithKUiiuliiij;  lliul  Ihh  mi-      had  nurvived  llie  ilisiiHtorH  <d'Le  Clerk's  exptidi  | 


HeiiHoiieii  iiiiiiveH  oi  iiiHpiiiioiii,  iiiey  iiiiiifi  oii- 
taiii  ^oliliern  etipnlde  of  lieaiiiiK  Ihe  ItitiKiie  anil 
heat  of  the  iliinate,  of  fidlowini;  the  Haitian  to 
hin  innioHl  rereMHCH,  of  Ir.icing  him  to  llie  Hiiminil 

of  a  I intiiin,  of  l'erretini(  liim  in  Hie  IliHtiieMUfM 

•  d'  Ihh  letreiit,  and  liiintinK  hiai  in  Hie  iilnioul 
untrodden  wild,  li>r  it  wan  eurly  evident  that  it 
formed  pari  of  the  polity  and  phiiiH  of  llieie  peo- 
ple, to  ilee  lo  the  moiintaiiiu,  if  llieir  (owiih  were 
iittaekeil :  «•!' thin  the  I'renili  were  well  iiwiire, 
anil  ilid  not  ilinlike  it,  Hinte  ti»  them  it  |raie  the 
iitlvaiita<;e  of  meetiiii;  their  enemy  eollerlively, 
in  the  interior,  where  Ihe  elimiite  wiih  li<"<t,  a  ile- 
'iiralile  oltjei'l,  when  onee  they  had  ohiaiiied  the 
proper  men,  whit  h  the  ^^roiinii  and  iiioile  of  war 
line  rei|Mit'eil. 

In  tinier  t«.  lin-m  an  lu  -ly  of  H,(lflO  or  IO,()n(» 
en,  tinalilied   lo  li.^ln  'iieir  enemy  in  their  own 

....     ;.   .  ..I.    I t..  .'. ..I..  ,.ti: 


M 


r 


296 


WEST    INDIES. 


tii' 


n 


[tion,  and  had  fled  to  (he  neighbouring  inlands, 
were  ordered  to  rendezvous  and  hold  themselves 
in  readiness  in  Santo  l)oniin|[;o,  by  which  means, 
even  at  the  time  of  the  late  capitulation,  the 
officerfl,  compared  to  the  privates,  were  as  one  is 
to  twelve.  To  give  greater  spread  to  that  in- 
fluence which  they  wished  to  extend  over  tho 
Spanish  inhabitants  of  the  country,  French  ofli- 
rers  were  suffered  and  encouraged  to  interninrrv 
with  the  natives,  though  i-efused  all  alliance  with 
their  own  Creoles. 

Notwithstanding  that  the  cession  of  the  island 
to  (he  French,  guaranteed  the  tenure  of  all  pro- 
perty to  its  former  holders,  no  sooner  were  they 
well  established,  than  edicts  were  issued  to  in- 
vite the  absentees  to  return,  under  threats  of  a 
general  seques(ration,  and  on  the  expiration  of 
the  time  prescrilied,  the  menace  was  ctirried  into 
rigid  execution.  Near  500  of  the  houses, 
estates,  and  hatos,  or  pasture  grounds  with  herds, 
were  put  on  the  cadastre  of  sequestration ;  for, 
as  we  have  already  observed,  the  rich  and  power- 
ful had  withdrawn,  and  the  menace  proclaimed, 
roulfl  not  induce  them  to  abandon  their  first  pa- 
triotic resolves.  By  other  decrees  it  became 
illegal  for  absentees  to  dispose  of  property  by 
powers  of  attorney,  or  to  draw  any  thnig  from 
their  estates.  These,  together  with  the  seques- 
trated houses,  were  let  out  to  officers  ana  fa- 
vourites, and  tho  surplus  of  tht-m  by  the  public 
eryer  annually  ;  the  grazing  grounds  were  de- 
populated anil  laid  waste,  the  dwellings  suffered 
to  decay,  (he  negroes  sent  to  other  islands  to  be 
sold,  the  church  plate  melted  down,  and  the  poor 
Spaniard  lient  under  the  rod  of  oppression.  The 
emigrants  were  thus  left  to  protract  a  miserable 
existence  in  o(her  settlements,  were  declared  out 
of  the  protection  of  (he  law,  whils(  uinny  of 
(heir  bes(  families  live<l  on  (lie  small  pittance 
they  could  collect  from  charity.  We  may  judge 
(hen  of  (he  feelings  of  this  unhappy  people, 
when,  by  (he  aid  p  ;d  pro(ec(ion  ot  the  Bri(ish 
na(ion,  (hey  were  res(ored  (o  (heir  coun(ry  and 
rs(a(es  ;  and  again  saw  (hemselves  in  possession 
of  (heir  long  desor(od  homes.  Te  Deums  were 
sung  in  (he  diflreren(  (owns  of  (he  Main,  Puer(o 
Hii'o,  and  Cuba,  where  (he  poor  emigran(s  were 
collcc(ed,  in  commemora(ion  of  success,  and  (he 
name  of  George  (he  Third  of  England,  was 
united  (o  (ha(  ot  (he  presiding  dei(y  ot^  conquest. 

The  plans  of  the  cabinet  of  Paris,  respecting 
the  W.  Indies,  were  not  altogether  confined  to 
that  division  of  llispauola,  of  which  they  gained 
possession.     In  the  early  stage  of  horrors  and 


revolutions  that  devastated  the  part  which  the 
French  originally  held,  (he  inhabitants  fleeing 
from  the  sword  of  rebellion  and  vengeance, 
sought  refuge  in  the  neiglibouring  and  tipposito 
island  of  Cuba,  and  particularly  centered  in  S(. 
Jago  and  Baracoa.  Upwards  of  <I(),(I(H)  whites, 
persons  of  colour,  and  negroes,  were  n(  length 
collec(ed ;  and,  having  l)een  s(ripped  of  (heir 
wealth  by  (heir  own  revoked  slaves,  now  aiming 
a(  independence,  some  of  (hem  lurned  (heir  a(- 
(en(ion  (o  (he  plan(ing  of  colfee,  and  o(her 
branches  of  cuKure,  and  (he  rest  to  privat(>ering 
and  carrying  on  a  predatory  war  m  the  island 
passages.  Many  rich  vessels  fell  a  prey  to  their 
activity,  and  fas(  sailing  crnizers,  even  whole 
convoys  have  lieen  distressed  by  (heni ;  and 
amongst  (hem  (heir  mt>st  valuable  captures,  were 
several  guineamen.  The  slaves  were  sold  (o 
(heir  own  plan(ers,  who  had  often  shares  in  (he 
equipmen(s.  Their  habKual  indus(ry  soon 
changed  (he  face  of  (he  country  :  many  were 
already  in  possession  of  ^i  and  'J()()  Black-i,  which 
raised  (he  coun(ry  (o  a  s(a(e  «if  aflluence,  con- 
sistency, and  power,  which  it  had  never  before 
attained  in  the  nands  of  the  Snaniards. 

Though  so  well  settled,  tney  were  ever  rest- 
less  and  devising  plots,  and  drew  up  in  a  body 
long  memorials  which  were  transmitted  to  the 
Emperor,  soliciting  that  half  of  the  island  of 
CuImi,  by  a  line  drawn  from  Trinidad  to  Bara- 
coa, niin;ht  be  ceded  and  confirmed  in  the  right 
of  (he  I'l-ench,  (oge(her  wi(li  (he  whole  of  I*uer(o 
Hico,  where  odiers  of  (heir  se(tlers  had  also 
formed  es(ablishmen(s.  Ac(ive  agen(s  were  sent 
(o  Paris,  provided  wi(h  fimds  raised  from  (he 
subscriptions  of  bo(h  parties,  who  were  direc(cd 
(o  make  (he  ob(aining  of  (his  cession  a  common 
cause.  That  this  pr()ject  was  relished  by  the 
French  ministers  is  beyond  doub(,  but  how  far  it 
was  in  reality  followed  up  is  uncertain  ;  yet  on 
the  authority  of  their  agents,  it  was  announced 
in  the  Bulletin  of  Santo  Domingo,  and  sevenil 
other  official  papers,  that  the  cession  had  actually 
been  agreed  upon,  and  carried  into  eff'ec(  by  (he 
(wo  goveriimen(s,  and  on  (he  s(rength  of  i(,  fresh 
lands  had  been  purchased.  In  (his  way  did  (hey 
seek  (o  repay  (he  hospi(ali(y  of  (he  Spaniards, 
who  received  (hem  cordially  in  dis(ress,  and  al- 
lowed (hem  (o  buy  lands  and  se((le  amongst 
(hem,  (hough  the  French  had  often  exposed  the 
national  honour  of  the  island,  by  the  exccsscis 
their  privateers  commit(ed  on  their  coas(H. 

No  sooner  had  the  national  wrongs  of  (he 
Peninsula  in  Europe  began  (o  spread  abroad  in] 


WEST    INDIES. 


a{)7 


[Cuba,  (liiin  (lio  Krcnrli  (ook  ninrin  nt  iho  \m- 
liiotic  fVi'lii)«'s  Icstilicd  by  (lie  W.  Iiiiliaii  S|m- 
iiianls,  and  foarii^'  for  llu>ir  property  and  per- 
sonal Hatoty,  Uiey  asHcnihIed  at  Cundclaria,  n«*ar 
Si.  Jaij".  tooppow  tlicir  lu'liif;  sent  in  uiiissr  fniiu 
tlif  iHland,  armed  their  nejrroes,  and  prepared  to 
delude  in  blood,  tin;  country  that  bad  no  bitely 
received  tbeni  with  open  arms.  Tlioir  plans 
were,  however,  <liticovered  in  time,  their  parly 
proved  weak,  and  they  were  obli|j;ed  to  «uiit  the 
country  in  shame  and  disgrace,  but  luuLr  the 
most  bitter  imprecations  of  vengeance,  most  of 
them  retiring  to  liouisiana. 

Seeiufj  Ihemselves  thus  obliged  to  leave  this 
quarter,  their  first  project  was  t«>  titrm  a  lodjje- 
nient  on  the  n.  side  of  llispanola,  and  penetrate 
to  the  capital  of  Santo  ()oniin^;o,  which  yet  held 
out ;  had  tlu'y  elFocted  this,  scenes  of  horror  must 
have  followed,  and  it  niisrht  afterwards  have  cost 
many  valuable  lives  to  dispossess  them. 

No  sooner  had  the  abdication  of  the  Kin^  of 
Spain  taken  place  nt  Itayonno,  than  Joseph, 
nsHumin^  his  royal  robes,  sent  out  new  constitu- 
tions, re^rulations,  and  orders,  which,  t«>t{Gther 
with  his  own  likeness,  were  purposely  distributed 
round;  but  beiii<r  received  at  the  llavannah, 
they  were  thrown  down  into  the  court-yard  of 
the  goveruinent-house,  in  presence  of  the  Cabildo 
and  ollicers  asseml)led  on  the  occasion,  and  there 
burnt  by  the  public  executioner,  and  tlu>  proceed- 
ings put  on  record ;  an  example  that  has  since 
been  followed  in  Mexico,  and  other  provinces  of 
the  Spanish  Main. 

As  early  us  the  month  of  October,  the  occur- 
rences in  Spain  lM>gan  to  be  known  in  llispanola, 
the  provincials  assemiiled  in  the  <:.  end,  under 
Don  .liian  Sanchez  Hamerez,  to  assert  the  tram- 
pled rights  of  their  beloved  Ferdinand,  and  dis- 
lodge tlie  standard  of  wrongand  perfidy  tliatyetin- 
sulted  the  country,  i'lieir  (irst  outset  was  cro»vne«l 
by  the  defeat  of  the  French  general,  who  sallied 
out  against  them  ;  the  cause  spread,  and  every 
sentiment  was  responsive  to  the  feelings  of  their 
injured  countrymen  in  Europe,  in  addition  to 
their  own  local  wrongs.  Uut  when  they  came 
regularly  to  attack,  without  arms,  artillery,  or 
ollicers,  the  walls  of  a  fortified  city,  in  whicli  the 
French  were  now  enclosed,  the  work  could  not 
go  on ;  the  siege  lingered  from  Novemlwr  to 
July,  under  accumulated  horrors  to  the  inhabi- 
tants. 

Such  was  the  dreadful  situation  to  which  the 
Spanish  natives  of  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo 
were  reduced,  the  armies  of  their  contending 
jiatriots,  without  the  walls,  dispirited,  and  iinpro- 

VOL.  IV. 


vided  with  necessaries,  when  the  li'rench  were 
summoned  to  surrender  by  Captain  I'ricc  Cuinby, 
commanding  his  Ib-itannic  Majesty's  naval  forccfi 
lM>f(»re  that  |)ort :  and  tiie  refusal  of  the  garrison 
was  immediately  communicated  to  the  respective 
commanders  in  .lamaica. 

The  commanders  saw  that  if  some  more  pffoc- 
tive  measures  were  not  adopted,  {■jigland  would 
lose  the  merit  of  all  tiiat  aid  and  succour  which 
had  been  already  all'orded  the  Spanish  patriots, 
in  a  considerable  and  expensive  armament  sent 
up  t<i  their  aid,  and  that  in  the  event  of  the 
blockading  squadron  having  tc»  leave  the  grounds, 
the  I'Vi'iich  would  receive  those  succours  for 
which  they  hiid  sent  to  Kuropc,  ti>  the  United 
States,  and  particularly  to  Cuba,  according  to 
previous  arrang(>nienls.  l-'rom  these  considera- 
tions Major-general  Carmicliael,  commander  of 
the  land  tbrces,  calculated  the  fatal  consequence 
that  would  result  to  the  combined  English  and 
Spanish  cause,  and  the  vengeance  that  w<»iild  be 
subsequently  inflicted  on  the  patriots  «if  the  island, 
were  tiie  enemy  not  «lislodged.  With  the  most 
laudable  and  humane  zeal  he  resolved  to  espouse 
the  cause,  and  bis  own  letter  to  the  Spanish  ge- 
neral on  arriving,  will  best  explain  his  Hentimcntn. 

(Copy.) 

UU  Mnie»ly'-i  ship  l^rk,  of  Point  Ahiuoa, 
Sill,  nihJune,  IbO'.t. 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  accpiaint  your  excel- 
lency that  in  conse|uence  of  a  comniMiiication 
from  Vice-admiral  Kowley,  commander  in  chief 
of  his  majesty's  naval  forces,  .lamaica,  and  having 
been  made  actpiainted  with  a  summons  from 
(.'onimodore  Cuinby,  commander  of  his  Britannic 
Majesty's  squadron  off  Santo  Di>niingo  to  the 
commandor  in  chief  of  the  French  forces,  with 
(Jeneral  Barquier's  reply  thereto ;  I  considered 
it  my  duty  to  adopt  the  most  ellicacions  meann 
of  giving  every  aid  in  my  power  to  the  arms  of 
his  Catholic  Majestv,  I'erdinand  the  Seventh,  by 
assisting  your  excellency  in  your  zealous  opera- 
tions, and  to  ilispossess  the  French  of  the  city  of 
Santo  Domingo,  that  it  may  be  restored  to  its 
lawful  sovereign. 

"  For  this  purpose  I  have  thought  proper  to 
form  a  corps  of  artillery  and  infantry,  who,  in 
olM>yiiig  the  commands  of  their  king,  and  main- 
taining the  honour  of  the  liritish  nation,  are  in- 
spired with  a  fervent  wish  to  co-operate  by  every 
means  in  their  power,  for  the  glorious  cause  of 
the  Spanish  patriots. 

"  Being  informed   that  the  fortifications  arc 
very  strong,  and  that  the  French  in  reliance  upon] 
Q  « 


'i! 


I 


i  .'*^ 


.         fill! 


m 


S'.i 


)  . 


•J9» 


WEST    INDIES. 


[dicni,  exppct  rMnforromcnt  and  KiipplicH,  and 
that  the  army  under  your  rxccllcncy'H  command 
ifl  not  fliifficiently  fiirninhed  with  artillery,  it 
appeared  to  me  a  primary  object,  to  have  the 
means  of  opening  an  acceHs  to  the  enemy,  and 
proving  to  the  French  the  intrepid  Npirit  that 
will  ever  animate  troops,  actimteu  hy  loyalty  t«i 
their  lieloved  sovereign,  and  real  patriotism  to 
their  country. 

"  Being  so  far  advanced  in  his  Majesty's  ship 
Lark,  with  a  division  of  the  troops  that  sailed  on 
the  7th  instant ;  1  have  the  pleasure  of  making 
an  early  communication  to  your  excellency,  witn 
an  anxious  hone,  of  a  speedy  interview,  to  concert 
measures  for  tne  entire  expulsion  of  the  French, 
in  this  quarter  of  (he  globe. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c. 

(Signed)  H.  L.  CAnMiciiAEi., 

Major-general,  Sec. 
To  his  Excelfenej/,  General  Sane/iez  Jianiirez." 

The  expedition  destined  to  go  on  this  service, 
in  all  amounting  to  1300  men,  embarked  about 
the  4th  and  7th  of  .hineat  Jamaica,  but  owing  to 
adverse  winds  only  part  of  the  divisions  arrived 
before  the  city  on  the  36th,  and  on  the  tbllowing 
day  the  major  general  landed  at  I'iilenque,  and 
proceeded  with  his  confidential  oflicrrs  to  recon- 
noitre the  walls  and  fortifications,  which  he  fully 
effected  on  the  5?9th. 

The  major  general  then  disposed  a  small  body 
of  Spaniards,  so  as  to  cut  off  all  communication 
with  fort  St.  Jerome,  which  is  a  strong  hold 
situated  two  miles  w.  from  the  capital,  on  the 
main  road.  After  reconnoitring  all  the  works  of 
the  Spaniards,  and  viewing  the  resources  of  the 
country,  he  took  post  at  the  village  of  St.  Carlos, 
expecting  the  British  light  infantry  to  join  him, 
which  from  the  inclemency  of  the  weather,  and 
swelling  of  the  intervening  rivers,  was  not  effected 
till  July  I. 

The  French  general  in  the  mean  time,  applied 
to  the  British  commander  for  a  cessation  of  hos- 
tilities, which  was  refused ;  and  some  prisoners 
having  been  taken  in  going  to  the  French  out- 
posts, with  orders  and  public  and  private  letters. 
It  appeared,  that  the  French  had  determined  not 
to  surrender  as  prisoners  of  war.  The  white 
flag  was,  however,  kept  flying,  and  another  over- 
lure  being  made,  the  British  general,  as  well  to 
gain  time,  as  to  avoid  the  effusion  of  blood,  which 
must  have  ensued  in  the  storming  of  that  place, 
the  enmity  of  the  exasperated  Spanish  peasantry 
particidarly  considered  ;  consented  to  the  meet- 
ing of  commissioners,  but  from  the  difficulty  of 


conmiunicating  with  the  navy,  they  did  not  assem- 
ble till  July  3. 

The  commissioners  on  the  part  of  the  French, 
declaring  their  determination  and  pointed  in- 
structions,  never  to  submit  as  prisoners  of  war, 
the  major-general  immediately  broke  off  the  nc- 
gociation,  but  retpiired  a  communication  with 
Commodore  Cumby  commanding  the  squadron, 
for  the  purpose  ot  intimating  the  rupture,  and 
concerting  measures  to  receive  supplies  of  men 
ordnance  stores,  and  provisions,  the  overflowing 
of  the  river  Haina,  having  completely  obstructed 
all  intercourse  with  the  distant  lantfing  place  of 
Palenque. 

On  the  4th,  a  letter  was  received  by  the  Eng- 
lish commander  from  the  Spanish  chief,  express- 
ing his  apprehensions  from  the  severe  commence- 
ment of  tne  rainy  season,  respecting  the  diseases 
that  ])revailed  amongst  the  Spanish  troops ;  re- 
presenting the  dangers  that  threatened  the  block- 
ading squadron  from  the  approaching  hurricane 
season  of  the  year,  on  a  coast  destitute  of  shel- 
ter ;  and  intreating  him  to  concede  in  some 
points  of  the  conditions  proposed  to  the  French. 
The  major-general,  however,  was  resolved  not  to 
yield  a  single  point  derogatory  to  the  English 
and  Spanish  interests ;  but  saw  from  existing 
circumstances,  the  necessity  of  bringing  the  affair 
to  a  speedy  issue. 

There  being  now  reason  to  believe,  from  various 
sources  of  information,  that  the  object  of  the 
Fi-ench  garrison  was  to  gain  time,  and  obtain  in- 
telligence by  spies  anu  emissaries  among  the 
Spaniards,  of  the  number  of  British  forces  which 
hud  arrived ;  the  major-general  peremptorily  re- 
fused, on  the  part  of  the  Britisfi,  the  admission 
of  (he  propositions  made  by  (he  French,  and  in 
expectation  that  hostilities  would  instantly  com- 
mence, general  dispositions  both  for  defence  and 
attack  were  made,  which  ultimately  led  to  (lie 
siege  and  capture  of  the  city. 

A  capitulation  at  length  being  agreed  upon, 
the  forts  of  St.  Jerome  and  Ozama,  with  the  gate 
of  Conde,  were  delivered  up  at  12  o'clock  the 
next  day,  (o  (he  combined  English  and  Spanish 
troops,  and  on  the  llth  of  the  same  month,  the 
French  troops,  consisting  of  1300  effective  men, 
evacuated  the  city,  and  laid  down  their  arms  as 
prisoners  of  war,  (o  .O'iS  British  troops,  with 
about  300  Spanish  militia,  exclusive  of  armed 
peasantry  and  blacks  then  before  the  walls.  On 
taking  possession  it  appeared  that  there  were, 
besides  300  sick  or  convalescents,  300  militia, 
and  above  400  armed  inhabitants.  On  their 
walls  were  115  serviceable  guns,  43  of  which] 


vit 


WEST    INDIES. 


209 


[were  bram,  nnd  in  their  mnf:;nzinpH,  a  lur^e  Niippiy 
uf  ordiiniicp,  oiiKinccr-Hton's,  ami  nniinunilioii, 
and  14  days  proviHionn.  It  woh  nHcnrtained,  thiit  in 
a  council  of  war,  prcvioiiN  to  the  Nurrendcr,  u  Hor- 
tioand  attack  upon  the  UritiKli  forces  nt  St.  CarluH 
was  proponed,  and  overruled  by  one  voice  only. 

The  expulsion  of  the  French  and  subsequent 
evacuation  of  the  Bnt^lish,  was  followed  ny  a 
commercial  treaty  with  the  Spaniards,  which 
placed  the  British  on  a  footing  with  themselves. 

In  the  treaty  entered  into  between  Great 
Britain  and  France,  of  January  1814,  those  rela- 
tions seemed  to  have  been  strengthened  and 
cemented  by  the  noble  and  generous  resolution  of 
the  two  high  contracting  parties,  to  secure  to 
Spain  her  possession  and  title  in  this  island ;  for, 
by  the  eighth  article  of  that  treaty  it  is  agreed,  by 
bis  most  Christian  MajeHty,  that  tbe  "  portion  of 
St.  Domingo,  ceded  to  f'rance  by  the  treaty  of 
Basle"  shall  be  restored  "  in  full  right'  and 
sovereignty  to  his  Catholic  Majesty ;"  but,  by  the 
treaty  of  May  of  the  same  year,  tne  whole  island 
was  restored  to  the  French  crown. 

CHAP.  III. 

Origin  of  Trade  in  the  Antilles.— The  British  IF. 
Jiidics  considered  as  Depots  of  Foreign  Trade. 
—Navigation  Acts. —  W.  India  Free-Ports. — 
Ports  of  Commerical  Enterprise. 

Origin  of  Trade  in  the  Antilles. — It  was  as 
early  as  the  year  Itii^G  that '  there  was  a  company 
(says  Froger)  erected  for  the  American  islands, 
and  then  they  began  to  be  peopled,  and  ships 
frefjuently  sailed  thither  to  trade  for  sugar,  tor 
which  they  paid  ready  money ;  but  after  divers 
petty  wars,  tnere  was  a  general  peace  made  with 
(ho  Indians  in  1660,  and  they  had  St.  Vincent 
and  St.  Domingo  assigned  them  to  retire  to.  The 
American  Islands  Company  were  of  no  longer 
duration  than  the  year  1651,  when  they  sold  them 
to  the  Knights  of  Malta,  and  several  other  indi- 
viduals. They  then  came  under  the  dominion  of 
the  French  crown.  Martinique  having  been 
established  the  residence  of  the  General  and  So- 
vereign Courts  of  Judicature;  whereupon  were 
dependent  St.  Domingo,  Guadaloupe,  Granada, 
Marigalante,  Santos,  St.  Croix,  St.  Lucia  and 
Tobago.' 

But  what  may  be  called  a  steady  trade  by  the 
W.  Indies  to  the  Americas,  was  not  engaged  in 
by  the  British  till  atler  the  restoration  of  C  harles 
the  Second,  in  1660;  and  from  its  very  com- 
mencement, the  scheme  of  adventure  hath  chiefly 
l)een  directed   to    the  Spanish  settlements,  us 


olTering  the  most  advantageous  market  for  British 
produce  and  manufacture,  and  the  most  valuable 
returns  of  exotic  dyes,  drugs,  raw  materials,  livo 
stork  and  bullion. 

British  IVest  Indies  considered  as  Depdts  of 
Foreign  Trade. — In  order  to  facilitate  the  above 
course  of  trade,  the  British  government  hath 
most  judiciously  devised  the  erecting  certain 
places  and  harbours  of  its  W.  India  settlements 
into  free  ports,  admitting,  under  certain  restric- 
tions and  regulations,  a  free  entry  and  trade  by 
foreign  vessels. 

It  was  considered  that  masters  and  mariners 
coming  from  those  countries  which  were  to  be 
supplied  with  European  articles,  of  whatever 
description,  could  more  readily  procure  and  bring 
what  was  desirable  for  barter,  and  in  payment ; 
and  being  better  acquainted  with  the  means  of 
access,  and  channels  of  disposal  on  their  return, 
might  greatly  extend  the  use  and  sale  of  British 
goods. 

The  English  merchantmen  could  in  many  cases 
merely  hover  over  the  creeks  and  inlets  of  an 
immense  line  of  coast,  which  the  natives  might 
run  into,  for  a  retreat  and  safeguard  for  their  car- 
^pettf  from  aid  of  friends  or  accomplices,  partners 
in  their  business,  or  dealers  in  their  commodities ; 
for  their  business,  on  one  side,  was  illicit,  and 
strictly  forbidden. 

The  trade,  however,  connived  at  and  encou- 
raged under  the  British  Free-port  Acts,  ever 
lias  been,  and  is,  a  contraband  trade  in  view  of 
the  Spanish  government;  which  enforces  the 
system  of  colonial  monopoly  with  an  extraordi- 
nary jealousy,  and  rigour  proportionate  to  the 
value  of  what  it  possesses,  and  to  its  intrinsic 
weakness  for  the  conservation  of  it. 

The  simple  fact,  that  the  government  of  Old 
Spain  is  in  itself  a  principal  merchant,  or  rather 
trading  company,  with  >icw  Spain,  leads  at  once 
to  an  estimate  of  commerce  carried  on  between 
the  two  parties,  that  of  Europe  in  power,  and 
that  of  S.  America  in  subjection.  Tne  interme- 
diate, or  private  traders,  whether  licensed  to 
share  in  the  register  ships  or  otherwise,  or  deal- 
ing in  the  interior  country  by  agency,  or  under 
patronage,  may  lie  supposed  to  indemnify  them- 
selves against  exaction  by  extortion,  and  to 
aggravate  oppressions  on  the  industrious  part  of 
the  community,  who  work  to  pay  others  beside 
themselves,  and  must  sell  as  well  as  buy  at  the 
price  of  the  monopolist. 

Nothing  but  unsolute  nnd  vigilant  power  can 
bind  the  parties  to  such  dealing  and  traffic  : 
under  such  circumstances,  there  must  ever  be  al 

0  Q  y 


i'iilii 


1      V 

I  ''  ' 

L 

(■ 

4 

f 

i 

i 

,; 

;y 

:       ] 

m 


! 

rn 

■;:? 

it 

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,.  m 

)•■'">* 

ill 

1 

300 


W  K  S  T    INDIES. 


:    '  |)       ' 


fHtriii^Klc  to  evade  the  opprcHHion  wliicli  riinnnt 
be  resiHted  ;  every  native  of  New  Spain  nniHt  nt 
heart  lie  disloyal,  iiiid  seek  to  eliule  tlie  ordinances 
which  enact  the  pillage  of  his  industrv,  and  the 
privation  of  what  he  requires ;  show  him  in 
secret  what  will  conipensatt'  his  u(»rk,  and  i'ur- 
nisli  to  his  necessitien — he  is  of  course  a  snini<;- 
gler  ! 

It  is  this  dcflcription  of  pco))le,  possessing  the 
means  from  a  rich  country,  which  has  invited  and 
Hupported  a  British  trade. 

It  is  an  error  to  iiiuppose  that,  in  any  case,  or 
under  any  compromise,  the  Spanish  atlministra- 
tion  allows  of  a  trade  with  its  American  settle- 
ments by  foreign  nations.  It  hath,  indeed,  ad- 
mitted eninnerated  articles  of  necessity  for  work- 
ing its  mines ;  but  with  the  utmost  caution  in 
excluding  all  others.  Wlien,  at  any  former  pe- 
riod, it  hath  relaxed  in  a  small  and  fixed  propor- 
tion, allowing  miscellaneous  imports,  it  was  to 
cover  and  ensure  the  import  which  was  indispen- 
sable ;  but  the  exception  hath  depended  upon, 
and  ceased  with  the  exigency.  Its  asicnto  treaty, 
of  ancient  date,  hath  long  expired  ;  its  dealing 
since  for  African  slaves  never  admitted  them  as  a 
passport  for  other  commodities  ;  if  any  such  pass- 
port article  ever  existed,  it  was,  and  is,  quick- 
silver, so  indispensable  for  separating  the  ore  of 
Potosi,  and  other  mines ;  but  this,  also,  hath 
been  merely  occasional,  and  a  connivance  rather 
than  a  regulation,  unknown,  and  to  be  excused 
to  the  government  at  home,  as  a  case  of  necessity, 
and  in  exception  to  its  general  system  and  orders. 

The  foreign  trader  can  of  course  place  no 
reliance  on  such  instance  of  admission  and  trailic, 
proceeding,  as  it  may  have  dune,  from  circum- 
stances of  necessity  and  policy,  w  hich  were  merely 
contingent,  and  may  not  operate  in  a  future  case. 

The  course  of  this  trade  being,  then,  on  the 
one  side,  illicit,  and  liable  to  check  and  preven- 
tion as  occasionally  discovered,  it  admits  not  of 
exposure  as  to  its  points  of  destination,  its  in- 
terior channels,  and  general  means  of  success. 
With  a  view  to  British  interests,  it  cannot  he 
exhibited  in  detail ;  and  we  content  ourselves  with 
pointing  to  the  Spanish  Main,  and,  in  general 
terms,  recommending  this  branch  of  W.  India 
trade  ;  we  merely  call  the  attention  of  the  British 
merchant  to  the  wealth,  population,  and  extent 
of  country,  he  may  have  to  deal  with  ;  and  to  the 
extent  of  coast  for  his  selection  of  adventure, 
uhere  it  may  least  be  provided  against  and 
obstructed. 

Mr.  Bryan  Edwards,  in  his  first  volume  of  the 
History  of  the  W.  Indies,  gives  a  remarkable  in- 


stance of  the  exposure  of  the  details  of  trade  bp. 
twecn  the  W.  India  free  ports  and  the  SnnniHh 
Main,  and  of  the  consequent  loss  to  the  British 
merchant,  of  much,  or  most,  of  that  liirralivc 
coiinnerce.  Mr.  Kdwards  states,  that  the  trade 
frt>iii  JMigland,  vi^  .lamaicn,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  last  century,  furnislwd  the  Spanish  settle- 
ments yearly  with  ,£.l,.j(K),0(K)  value  of  British 
goods  ■  that  snbse(|uently,  from  the  vigilance  of 
the  Spanish  government,  and  its  s;nnrdtt  tostas, 
or  from  other  causes,  the  trade  was  on  the  de- 
cline ;  but  that  it  was  yet  considerable  to  the 
year  I7()t.  To  revive  aiid  encourage  this  trade, 
free  ports  were  established  at  Jamaica,  and  other 
islands,  in  I7()() ;  but  unwarily,  and  unfortunately, 
an  order  of  the  British  government  followed, 
re(|uiring  of  its  officers  at  such  ports,  a  return  of 
entries  of  all  Spanish  and  other  foreign  vessels, 
with  accounts  of  their  carj^oes,  to  be  made  to 
ministers  at  home.  These  accounts,  however 
officially  marked  private,  yet  passing  through 
the  hands  of  many  clerks,  were  by  some  one  be- 
trayed ;  and  Mr.  Kdwards  was  informed  by  a 
merchant  of  Carthngena,  that,  in  fact,  a  copy 
reached  the  ministry  at  Madrid,  who  immediately 
dispatched  orders  to  the  governments  in  New 
•Spain,  directing  the  most  exemplary  and  cruel 
punishment  of  tlie  parties  concerned  in  the  traffic 
so  exposed  ;  and  enforcing  greater  vigilance  of 
the  ffuurda  rostas,  and  other  measures  of  preven- 
tion, in  future. 

The  whole  subject  indeed,  however  important, 
is  peculiarly  delicate  ;  it  admits  merely  of  hints 
and  intimations  :  contraband  is  a  kind  of  com- 
mercial warfare,  in  which  to  publish  the  design 
of  attack,  is  to  suggest  the  means  of  defence  and 
prevention.  The  institution  of  British  free  ports 
IS,  however,  matter  of  notoriety,  and  their  sta- 
tions may  be  severally  considered  us  suitable  or 
not,  to  the  establishment.  But  before  we  proceed 
to  the  consideration  of  them,  it  will  be  our  duty 
to  enter  into  an  analysis  of  the  system  of  Britisb 
navigation,  up  to  the  period  of  their  establish- 
ment. 

Ndviffntioii  Acts. — Of  the  commercial  regula- 
tions ot  tiiis  kingdom,  the  memorable  law  which 
was  passed  in  the  l^th  year  of  King  Charles  II. 
chap.  IS,  commonly  called,  by  way  of  eminence, 
the  Navigation  Act,  may  be  considered  as  the 
foundation.  By  this  law  it  is,  among  other  pro- 
visions, declared, 

I"'irst,  That  no  goods  or  commodities  should  be 
imported  into,  or  exported  out  of,  any  of  his 
majesty's  plantations  or  territories  in  Asia,  .\frica, 
or  America,  but  in  ships  belonging  to  the  tsub-j 


■•f 


WEST    INDIE  S. 


S0{ 


rjpctaof  Eiia;lnn«'i  Ireland,  WnlfH,  or  Horwick,  «tr 
in  such  an  art'  nt'lhe  huilt  of,  anil  iR'longinu;  to, 
4iich  plantations,  and  whereot'  llirce-fourthH  of 
the  mariners  and  tlio  master  arc  Enji;lisli  Huhjects, 
on  pain  ot'tho  rorlritnri'  of  sliip  and  car^fo  ;  and 
all  admiraJH  and  t-ommandprs  of  kini('M  sliips  arc 
iiutliorizod  to  make  seizure  oC  Hhips  ullendin^ 
herein. 

Secondly,  That  no  person  horn  out  of  the  allo- 
iriancc  of  nis  majesty,  who  is  not  naturalizeil,  or 
inudc  a  free  denizen,  shall  act  as  a  merchant  or 
factor  in  any  of  the  said  places,  npoii  [lain  of  for- 
feiting all  his  goods  and  chattels. 

Thirdly.  That  all  covcrnors,  before  they  enter 
into  the  exercise  of  tiieir  office,  shall  take  an  oath 
to  do  their  utmost,  that  the  above-mentioned 
regulations  shall  be  punctually  and  hnna  /idc 
observed ;  and  a  governor  neglecting  his  duty 
therein,  shall  be  removed  from  nis  government. 

Fourthly,  That  no  goods  or  commodities  what- 
ever of  the  growth  or  manufacture  of  Africa, 
Asia,  and  America,  shall  be  imported  into  Eng- 
land, Ireland,  Wales,  Guernsey  and  Jersey,  or 
Berwick,  in  any  other  ships  but  those  belonging 
to  the  said  places,  or  to  the  plantations,  and  navi- 
gated in  the  manner  aforesaid,  under  penalty  of 
forfeiting  both  ship  and  cargo. 

Fit\hly,  That  no  sugars,  tobacco,  cotton,  in- 
digo, ginger,  fustick,  or  other  dying  woods,  of 
the  production  of  any  English  plantation  in  Asia, 
Africa,  or  America,  shall  be  exported  therefrom 
to  any  place,  except  to  some  other  English  plan- 
tation ;  or  to  England,  Ireland,  Wales,  or  Ber- 
wick. The  above  commodities  being  named  in 
the  act  are  called,  generally  enumerated,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  all  others  of  plantation  growth  ; 
and. 

Lastly,  Bond  security  is  required  from  all  ships 
trading  to  or  in  the  plantations,  and  lading  on 
board  such  commodities,  for  the  due  observance 
of  this  part  of  the  law. 

Such,  together  with  the  conditions  under  which 
foreign-built  ships  were  to  enjoy  the  privilege  of 
English  ships,  are  the  chief  restrictions  and  pro- 
visions of  this  celebrated  statute,  so  far  as  they 
relate  to  the  plantation  trade,  and  they  are  ex- 
tended  and  strengthened  by  a  law  which  passed 
three  years  afterwards,  which  the  plantation  go- 
vernors are  also  sworn  to  enforce;  for  by  the 
J.'jth  of  ('ha.  II.  c.  7.  it  is  enacted.  That  no  com- 
modity of  the  growth,  production,  or  manufacture 
of  Euro|)e,  shall  be  imported  into  the  British 
plantations,  but  such  as  arc  laden  and  put  on 
lionrd  in  England,  Wales,  or  Berwick ;  and  in 
English-built  shipping,  (or  ships  taken  as  prize, 


and  certifiod  according  to  u  former  net)  whereof 
the  master  and  threc-tburths  of  the  mariners  are 
ICngl'sh,  and  carried  directly  to  the  said  planta- 
tion*. There  is  an  exception  however  as  to  salt 
for  the  lisherics  of  Netv  England  and  Newfound- 
land, wines  from  Madeira  and  the  Azores,  and 
horses  and  \ictuals  t'roin  Ireland  and  Scotland; 
and  the  preamble  to  the  act,  after  stating  that 
plantati(»ns  are  formed  by  citizens  of  the  mother- 
country,  assigns  the  motive  for  this  restriction  to 
be,  '*  the  niaintaiiiing  a  greater  correspondence 
and  kindness  between  the  subjects  at  home  and 
those  in  the  plantations— keeping  the  colonies  in 
a  (inner  dependance  upon  the  mother-country, 
making  them  yet  more  beneficial  and  advantage- 
ous to  it  in  the  further  employment  and  encreasc 
of  English  shipping,  vent  of  English  manufacturc§ 
and  commodities ;  rendering  the  navigation  to 
and  from  them  more  safe  and  cheap,  and  making 
this  kingdom  a  staple,  not  only  of  the  commodi- 
ties of  the  plantations,  but  also  of  the  commodi- 
ties of  other  countries  and  places  for  the  supply 
of  them,  it  being  (continues  the  preamble)  the 
usage  of  other  nations  to  keep  their  plantation 
trade  to  themselves." 

The  design  of  this  act,  says  Postibthwaite,  was 
to  make  u  double  voyage  necessary,  where  the 
colonies  used  any  commodities  of  the  growth  and 
manufacture  of  Europe  but  British:  for  if  they 
could  not  be  shipped  in  Great  Britain,  they  must 
first  be  brought  tliither  from  the  places  of  their 
growth  and  manufacture,  and  Great  Britain 
would  consequently  have  tlje  benelit,  not  only 
of  that  freight,  but  of  as  many  ships  and  sailors 
as  must  be  employed  in  bringing  them  from 
thence.  It  is  remarkable,  that  by  this  act  Ireland 
was  indirectly  deprived  of  the  benefits  allowed 
thut  kingdom  by  the  act  of  navigation,  for  it  is 
required,  that  none  of  the  eiiiiiiierated  goods  shall 
be  carried  from  the  planlations  to  anv  country 
or  place  whatsoever,  until  they  have  been  litst 
unladen  and  put  ashore  in  some  port  or  haven 
in  England,  Wales,  or  Berwick.  By  a  subse- 
quent act  this  intention  was  avowed,  and  Ire- 
land wasf  expressly  shut  out  from  a  direct  trarle 
with  the  plantations. 

Ten  years  after  this,  another  act  passed  (y.JtIi 
Clia.  II.  c.  7.)  imposing  duties  on  sugar  and  other 
commodities  cx|K)rtetl  t'roiii  one  coli>ny  to  an- 
other, and  the  following  is  assigned  as  the  rea- 
son :  "that  the  inhabitants  of  some  of  the  said 
colonies,  not  content  with  being  supplied  with 
those  commodities  tor  their  ouii  use,  free  from 
all  customs,  had,  contrary  to  law,  exported  con- 
siderable quantities  to  divers  parts  of  Europe,] 


'11 


>ii 


;  VI 


. 


i 


' 


Uii> 


>'e  ', 


:  :i 


I  ). 


i 


r- 


soi 


WEST    INDIES. 


W 


[and  did  likewine  vend  great  quantities  to  the 
Hhippinff  of  other  nations,  to  the  f^reat  injiirv  of 
the  traoe  and  navigation  of  the  parent  Htate.*" — 
For  the  prevention  of  this  inconvenience  in  fu- 
ture,  the  duties  in  nuestion  are  laid  on  the  ex. 
port  of  those  commodities  from  the  plantations ; 
unless  security  ho  given  to  transport  them  di- 
rectly to  England,  Berwick,  or  Wales.  The  du- 
ties were  the  same  as  were  then  paid  in  Eng- 
land on  most  of  those  commodities  imported  for 
home  consumption.  Those  upon  sugar  were,  for 
white  sugar,  5s.  and  Muscavado,  \s.  iid.  per  cwt. ; 
tobacco,  \d.  cotton-wool,  {</.  indigo,  9d.  cacao, 
Id.  per  lb.;  logwood,  jgd.  ginger,  If.  the  cwt.; 
fustick,  &c.  6d. 

This  act  was  soon  found  to  require  explana- 
tion and  amendment ;  for  the  payment  of  the 
aforesaid  duties  having  been  considered  in  the 
colonies  as  an  exoneration  from  giving  security 
not  to  go  to  any  foreign  market  in  Europe ;  it 
was  provided  by  the  7th  and  8th  W.  III.  c.  22. 
that,  notwithstanding  the  payment  of  the  duties 
in  question,  the  same  security  should  be  given  ap 
was  required  by  former  acts ;  and  it  was  enacted 
and  declared,  that  no  commodities  of  the  growth 
or  manufacture  of  the  plantations,  should,  on 
any  pretence  whatsoever,  bo  landed  in  Ireland  or 
Scotland,  unless  the  same  were  first  landed  in 
England,  and  had  paid  the  rates  and  duties 
wherewith  they  were  there  chargeable  by  law. 

By  the  same  act  it  is  declared,  that  no  goods 
or  merchandise  whatever  shall  be  imported  into, 
or  exported  out  of,  any  British  colony  or  planta- 
tion, but  in  ships  built  in  England,  Ireland,  or 
the  plantations,  wholly  owned  by  English  sub- 
jects, and  navigated  as  nefore;  and  provisions  are 
established  concerning  the  registering  of  ships, 
to  prevent  the  fraud  of  passing  foreign-built 
ships  as  English  ;  together  with  various  regula- 
tions to  prevent  counterfeit  certificates,  and  frauds 
in  the  import  and  exjiort  to  and  from  tlie  colo- 
nies ;  for  all  which,  reference  must  be  made  to 
the  act  at  large,  which  is  systematic  and  compre- 
hensive in  a  nigh  degree. 

These  acts  therefore,  and  some  intermediate 
ones,  which  it  is  not  necessary  in  particularise, 
may  be  considered  as  supplemental  to  the  navi- 
^tion  act,  and  they  form  altogether  the  founda- 
tion of  our  colonial  code ;  most  of  the  subsequent 
acts  now  in  force,  being  framed  in  the  same 
spirit,  and  intended  to  enforce  and  strengthen 
the  syftem ;  with  some  few  alterations  and  excep- 
tions only,  which  however  do  not  extend  to  any 
great  and  substaatial  change  in  the  principle  or 
groundwcrk. 


It  may  be,  however,  neeciisnry  to  quote  the 
chief  additiouH,  alterations,  and  exceptions,  no 
far  as  the  Britinh  sugar  islands  are  principally 
concerned. 

By  statute  3  and  4  Ann,  c  />.  rice  and  melasseg 
were  put  into  the  enuiiienition,  and  by  c  H.  Irish 
linens,  laden  in  Ireland  in  Kiiglish  built  shipping, 
navigated  according  to  law,  were  admitted  into 
the  plantations. 

By  7  Ann,  c.  8.  Jesuits  Imrk,  and  all  other 
drugs,  are  permitted  to  be  imported  into  (}reat 
Britain  from  the  British  plantiilions,  on  payment 
of  the  same  duties  as  if  imported  directly  from 
the  place  of  their  growth. 

By  13  Geo.  1.  c.  la.  and  7  Geo.  II.  c.  18. 
cochineal  and  indigo  were  allowed  for  a  certain 
time  to  be  imported  from  any  port  or  place,  in 
British  or  otiicr  ships :  which  acts  were  afier- 
wai'dt<  renewed,  and  arc  now  in  force. 

By  3  Geo.  II.  c.  !^.  rice  was  permitted,  undur 
certain  conditions,  (o  be  carried  from  S.  Carolina 
to  any  port  of  Europe  ,v.  of  Cape  Finisterre ;  a  pri- 
vilege afterwards  extended  to  N.  Carolina  and 
Georgia. 

By  4  Geo.  II.  c  15.  non-enumerated  goods, 
(viz.  goods  not  enumerated  in  the  18th  ofCna.  II. 
c.  18.)  are  admitted  to  be  imported  directly  into 
Ireland  from  the  colonies,  notwithstanding  the 
7  and  8  of  W.  III.  c.  22.  Flops,  by  a  subsequent 
statute,  are  excepted  out  of  this  indulgence. 

By  18  Geo.  II.  c.  30.  sugars,  under  cetain  re- 
gulations and  restrictions,  are  permitted  to  be 
carried  immediately  from  the  British  plantations 
to  any  port  or  place  s.  of  Cap«  Finisterre,  and 
also  to  any  foreign  port  of  Europe  in  licensed 
ships,  which  are  to  call  first  at  some  port  in  Great 
Britain.  This  was  considered  as  u  great  indul- 
gence, but  the  conditions  and  regulations  on 
which  it  was  granted  were  so  strict  and  nume- 
rous, as  to  defeat  in  a  great  measure  the  intention 
of  the  legislature. 

By  4  and  5  Geo.  III.  sect.  27.  British  planta- 
tion coffee,  pienicnto,  and  cacao-nuts  are  put  into 
the  enumeration  ;  as  are  likewise  whale- nns,  raw 
silk,  hides,  and  skins,  pot  and  pearl  ashes  ;  and 
by  sect.  28.  security  is  required  that  no  iron, 
nor  any  sort  of  wood  called  lumber,  the  growth, 
production,  or  manufacture  of  any  British  colony 
or  plantation,  shall  bo  landed  in  any  port  of  Eu- 
rope except  Great  Britain;  an  exception  however 
was  afterwards  made  by  b  Geo.  III.  c.  45.  by 
which  iron  might  be  carried  to  Ireland,  and  lum- 
ber to  Madeira,  the  Azores,  or  any  part  of  Eu- 
rope s.  of  Cape  Finisterre. 

By  5  Geo.  III.  c  39.  bond  is  required  to  be] 


'i 


WEST    INDIES. 


303 


[given  in  the  Uritiah  plaiitutions,  llmt  no  riini  or 
other  spiritH  Hhall  bo  luiiiled  in  the  lale  of  Man  ; 
and  by  the  6  (ieo.  III.  c.  hi,  Meciiritv  in  roquiroil 
for  all  non-enunicratc<l  ^oodN,  that  the  Name  Hhall 
not  be  landed  at  an}  port  of  Kurope  to  the  n.  of 
Cape  FiuiHtcrrc,  except  in  (ircat  Britain,  and  (hy 
a  HubHeauent  law)  Ireland. 

By  J)  Ueo.  III.  c.  5V.  an^^  sort  of  cotton  wool 
may  bo  imported  in  BritiHli-built  HliipH  from  any 
country  or  place,  duty  free. 

By  the  0  Geo.  111.  c.49.  wuh  cHtabliHhed  the 
measure  of  opening  free  portH  in  Jamaica  and 
Dominica.  By  this  act,  live  cattle,  und  all  man- 
ncr  of  goods  and  commoditipH  what^'cver  (ex- 
cept Io1mcco>,  the  produce  of  an^  foi  ai^n  colony 
in  America,  might  be  imported  into  Prince  liu- 

Ecrt'H  Buy  und  UoHseau  in  Dominica,  and  into 
jngston.  Savanna -lu- Mar,  Monteg«)  Buy,  und 
Santa  Lucia  in  Jamaica,  from  uny  foreign  colony 
or  plantation  in  America,  in  any  foreign  Hloop, 
Hcliooner,  or  other  veHsel,  not  having  more  than 
one  deck.  This  act  was  tem|)orary,  but  was  af- 
tcrwardH  continued,  unti!  niutorially  altered  by 
the  27  Geo.  111.  c.  27.  wherein,  among  sundry 
other  regulations,  two  more  ports  are  opened  in 
addition  to  the  former,  viz.  St  George,  in  the 
island  of  Grenada,  and  the  port  of  Nassau,  in  the 
island  of  New  Providence,  one  of  the  Bahamas, 
into  which  cotton  wool,  indigo,  cochineal,  drugs 
of  all  kinds,  cacao,  logwood,  fustick,  and  other 
dye  woods,  hides,  antl  tallow,  beaver,  and  all 
sort  of  furs,  tortoise-shell,  mill  timber,  maho- 
gany, &c.  horses,  asses,  mules,  and  cuttle,  being 
the  growth  or  production  of  any  colony  or  plan- 
tation in  America,  belonging  to  or  under  the  do- 
minion of  any  foreign  European  sovereign  or 
state,  and  all  coin  und  bullion,  &c.  may  be  im- 
ported in  uny  foreign  sloop,  schooner,  or  other 
vessel,  not  having  more  than  one  deck,  and  not 
exceeding  the  burthen  of  70  tons,  and  provided 
also  that  such  vessel  is  owned  and  navigated  by 
the  subjects  of  some  foreign  European  sovereign 
or  state.  It  is  permitted  also  to  the  same  de- 
Kcription  of  persoiis  and  vessels  to  export  from 
these  parts  British  phintation  rum,  Negroes,  and 
all  manner  of  goods  that  had  been  legally  im- 
ported, except  navul  stores  and  iron,  The  fo- 
reign articic.4  thus  permitted  to  be  brought  into 
tiie  free  ports  by  this  act,  may  be  exported  again 
to  Great  Britain  or  Ireland ;  and  by  u  8ubs<e(|uent 
law  (yO  Geo.  HI.  c.  29.)  the  restriction  in  re- 
gard to  the  tonnage  of  foreign  vessels  is  taken 
oir,  but  these  vesrids  are  still  limited  to  one  deck. 

The  iK'xt  great  measure  was,  the  opening  the 
plantation  trade  to  the  people  of  Ireland,  which 


wuH  first  partially  done  by  the  18  Geo.  111.  c.5i). 
and  more  l\illy  by  the  2()(ieo.  111.  c.  10.  umler 
which  they  enjoy  the  like  nnlintited  intercourM* 
with  the  colonies,  both  in  respect  of  import  and 
export,  as  Great  liritnin;  on  condition  only  that 
the  goods  HO  imported  and  exported  are  ni  id« 
liable  to  equal  duties  and  drawbacks,  and  subject 
to  the  same  securities,  regulations,  and  restric- 
tions us  in  Great  Britain ;  a  condition  to  which 
the  parliament  of  Ireland  consented,  by  imssing 
an  act  im|K>HinK  duties  on  the  imports,  conform- 
able to  those  «>t  (ireat  Britain. 

The  next  and  most  important  treaty  of  com- 
merce and  nuvigution  with  these  islands  was  that 
of  the  American  Intercourse  Bill,  which  was 
brought  ill  by  the  Right  Hon.  William  Pitt, 
Chancellor  of  the  Exche<|uer,  March  1783. 

"  A  Bill  for  the  provisional  establishment  and 
regulation  of  trade  und  intercourse  between 
the  subjects  of  Great  Britain  and  those  of 
the  United  States  of  North  America. 
•'  Whereas  the  following  13  provinces  of  N. 
America,  namely.  New   llampsliire,  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  Rhode  Island,  und  Providence  Plan- 
tations, Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
N.  Carolina,    Delaware,    Maryland,    Virginia, 
Pennsylvania,   S.  Carolina,   and  Georgia,  have 
lately  been  solemnly  acknowledged  by  his  Ma- 
jesty to  lie,  and.  now  are,  free,  independent,  and 
sovereign  States,  by  the  name  and  description  of 
the  United  States  of  America  : 

"  Be  it  therefore  enacted  and  declared  by  the 
King's  Most  Excellent  Majesty,  by  and  with  the 
vdvice  and  consent  of  the  Lords  Spiritual  and 
Temporal,  and  Commons,  in  this  present  Parlia- 
ment assembled,  and  by  the  authority  of  the 
same,  that  all  statutes  heretofore  made  to  regu- 
late the  trade  and  commerce  between  Great  Bri- 
tain and  the  British  Plantations  in  America,  or 
to  prohibit  any  intercourse  and  commerce  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  territories  now 
composing  the  said  United  States  of  America, 
wholly  and  absolutely  cease : 

"  And  whereas,  whilst  the  aforesaid  13  pro- 
vinces were  uiine.\ed  to  and  constituted  a  part 
of  the  dominions  of  Great  Britain,  the  inhabitants 
of  the  said  provinces  enjoyed  all  rights,  fran- 
chises, privileges,  and  benefits  of  British  subjects 
born  in  Great  Britain,  as  well  in  respect  to  the 
trade  and  commerce  with  Great  Britain  us  in 
other  instances;  and  in  consequence  thereof  the 
ships  and  vessels  of  the  said  inhabitants,  being 
navigated  in  like  manner  as  British  ships  and 
vesmels  are  by  law  directed  to  bouavigated,  were] 


'k\ 


•  <i 


f:! 


hi,-.i 


'i    i,« 


SOJ 


W  E  S  1^    INDIES. 


fii(ln)i((p<l  into  (lie  noHs  nf'(irrnt  Rritnin,  witli 
all  tlio  privileges  uiut  ndvantiigps  nrKritisli-l>iiiit 
ships : 

"  And  whereas,  by  the  several  laws  now  exist- 
ing for  regnlation  oi'tlie  trade  and  ronnnerre  of 
Great  Britain  with  foreign  Slates,  the  snhjects  of 
the  latter  are,  as  alieni^,  liaMe  to  varions  c<nn- 
nierrial  restrictions,  and  also  to  varions  duties 
and  rnstoms  at  the  ports  <»i'(ireat  Drilain,  whirh 
hitherto  have  not  licen  applicable  to,  or  demand- 
able  t'roni,  the  inhabitants  of  the  several  pro- 
vinces now  composing  the  said  United  States  of 
America  : 

"  And  whereas  it  is  highly  expedient  that  the 
interconrse  lM?tween  (Jreat  liritaiii  and  the  said 
(^nited  States  shonid  Im>  established  on  the  most 
enlarged  principles  of  reciprocal  benefit  to  both 
conntries;  bnt,  fntin  the  distance  between  Crr<>at 
Britain  and  America,  it  ninst  be  a  consideiaiile 
time  before  any  convention  or  tn-aty  H»r  esta- 
blishing and  regulating  the  tra(l(>and  interconrse 
between  (ireat  Viritain  and  the  said  i'niled  States 
of  America,  upon  a  permanent  founilalion,  can 
be  concluded  : 

"  Now,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  temponiry 
regulation  of  the  commerce  an<l  intercourse  be- 
tween (ires-it  Britain  and  the  said  I'nited  Stales 
of  America,  and  in  order  to  e\ince  the  disposi- 
tion of  firrat  Britain  to  \>o  on  terms  of  the  most 
|»erl"ect  amity  with  the  said  I'nited  Stales  of  Ame- 
rica, and  in  confidence  of  a  like  friendly  disposi- 
ti')n  on  the  part  of  ihe  said  Cniled  Slates  towards 
(ireat  Britain  ;  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  from 
and  after  Ihe  Ihe  ships 

and  vessels  of  Ihe  subjects  and  citizens  of  Ihe  said 
I'nited  Slates  of/  merica,  with  the  UH'rchandise-, 
and  goods  on  board  the  same,  shall  be  admitted 
into  all  the  i)orls  of  (ireat  Britain  in  the  Minie 
manner  as  the  ships  and  vessels  of  the  sidtjecis 
of  other  independent  sovereign  Slates;  but  the 
merchandi>ies  and  goods  on  board  such  ships  or 
vessels  of  Ihe  sid^jecIs  or  citizens  of  Ihe  said 
I'niled  Slatt's,  being  of  Ihe  groulii,  produce,  or 
manufacture  of  the  said  I  nited  Stales.  >hiill  be 
liable  to  the  same  duties  and  charges  only,  as  the 
same  nierchandi>'es  and  goods  would  !ii>  subject 
to,  if  they  were  the  proiierty  of  I'lilish  subjects, 
aiul  imported  iii  British  liuilt  ships  or  vessels,  na- 
vigated by  British  ualnral-boru  subjtcts. 

"  And  be  it  further  enacted,  'fliat  during  the 
t'uie  af<M"esaid,  th(>  ships  and  vess»'l«  of  the  sub- 
j(<cls  and  citizens  of  Ihe  said  ('nited  States,  shall 
l)e  admitted  into  Ihe  ports  of  his  Majesty's  islanils, 
coloniis,  or  plantations,  in  AnuM-ica,  with  any 
iuerchandises  or  goods  of  the  growth,  produce,  or 


manutiuinre,  of  the  territories  of  the  aforesniil 
I'niled  States,  with  liberty  to  export  Irom  hix 
said  IMajesly's  islands,  colonies,  or  plantali«)ns  in 
America,  to  the  said  territories  of  the  said  Tniled 
States,  any  merchandises  or  goods  whatsoever; 
and  such  inerrhandises  and  goods,  which  sh-.ill  bo 
so  imported  into,  or  exported  from,  Ihe  said  Bri- 
tish islands,  colonies,  or  plantations,  in  America, 
shojl  ;)e  liable  to  the  same  duties  and  charges 
only,  as  the  same  merchnndiscs  and  goods  woidd 
be  subject  to,  if  they  were  the  properly  of  British 
natnnii-born  subjects,  and  imported  or  exported 
in  British-built  ships  or  vessels,  navigated  by 
British  seamen. 

"  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  during  all 
the  lime  herein-beforc  limited,  there  shall  be  the 
same  drawbacks,  exemptions,  and  bounties,  oa 
nierchaiidises  and  goo<ls  exported  from  (ireat 
Britain  into  the  territories  of  the  said  liiited 
Stales  of  America,  as  are  allowed  in  the  case  of 
exportation  to  the  islands,  plantations,  or  colo- 
nies, now  remaining,  or  belonging  to  the  cro^ui 
of  (ireat  Britain,  in  America. 

'■''  Aiul  be  it  fiM'ther  eiiacle>^.  That  all  ships 
and  vessels  Itelonging  to  any  of  the  citizens  or 
subjects  of  the  said  United  States  of  America, 
which  shall  have  come  into  any  port  of  Cireal 
Britain  sinre  the  together 

with  the  goods  and  merchandises  tm  board  the 
same  ships  and  vessels,  shull  have  the  full  bcnelil 
of  this  act." 

The  terms  of  this  intercourse  of  temporisintf, 
bnt  necessitous,  policy,  uere  soon  abrogated  by 
the  'iSCieo.  111.  c.  fi.'  which  took  elVect  the  Ith 
of  A|»ril  17SS,  wh<'rei»y  it  is  enacted,  '•  That  no 
goods  or  c(Mnun(dities  whatever  shall  be  imported 
or  brought  from  any  of  the  territories  belonging 
to  the  United  States  of  America,  into  any  of  his 
Majesty's  W.  India  islands  (in  which  descrip- 
tion the  Bahama  Islands,  and  the  Bermuda,  or 
Somers  Islands,  are  included)  under  the  penally 
of  the  forteilnre  thereof,  and  also  of  the  ship  or 
vessel  in  which  the  same  shall  be  imported  or 
brought,  together  with  all  her  guns,  turnitme, 
aminiMiilion,  tackle,  and  apparel ;  except  tobacco 
pilch,  tar,  turpentine,  hemp,  flax,  masts,  yards, 
bowsprits,  staves,  heading,  boards,  timber,  shin- 
gles, and  lumber  of  any  sort;  horses,  neat  cattle, 
sheep,  hogs,  poidtry,  and  live  slock  ef  any  sort; 
bread,  biscuit.  Hour,  pease,  bea:is,  potatoes,  nheat, 
rice,  oats,  barley,  ami  grain  of  any  sort,  sticli 
commodities,  respectively,  being  the  gronlh  or 
nrodnclion  of  any  of  the  territories  of  the  saiil 
t' nited  States  of  America  :  And  that  none  of  the 
goods  or  commodities  herein  before  excepted, 


IM 


I? 


W  EST    INDIE  8. 


.105 


I oimniprnlod,  and  dtNniljcd,  shall  lio  imported  or 
iiroii!;lit  into  an^  ot'tlii'  said  islands  t'roni  the  tor- 
litorifs  of  the  said  I'nited  States,  under  the  like 
penalty  of  tlie  ItH'i'eiture  thereof,  and  also  of  the 
ship  or  vessel  in  which  the  san)P  shall  he  so  im- 
ported or  brought,  together  with  all  her  guns, 
furniture,  ammunition,  tackle,  and  appuiol,  ex- 
cept by  liritisli  subjects,  and  in  Hritish-built 
ships,  owned  by  his  Majesty's  subjects,  and  na- 
\igated  according  to  law."  U.y  another  clause, 
"  iH)ne  of  the  aforesaid  articles  are  to  be  bnnight 
from  any  of  the  foreign  islands,  under  the  like 
penalty,  except  in  times  of  public  emergency  and 
distress,  when  th.  governors  of  any  of  our  islands, 
with  the  advice  aiid  consent  »»f  the  coiuicil,  may 
authorise  the  importation  of  them  by  Hritisli  sub- 
jects in  H'itish-built  ships  for  a  limited  time." 
Such  was  the  law  as  it  then  stood  with  regard  to 
the  import  of  American  article'^  into  the  liritish 
West  Indies. — Concerning  the  export  of  British 
West  Indian  prod  ice  to  the  United  States,  it  was 
permitted  to  export,  in  ships  Hritisii  built  and 
owned,  any  goods  or  commodities  whatsoever, 
which  were  not,  at  the  time  of  passing  the  act, 
prohii)ited  to  be  exported  to  any  tbreign  country 
ill  Kiirope,  and  also  sugar,  melasses,  colVee,  cocoa- 
nuts,  ginger,  and  pieniento:  lioiul  being  given 
for  the  due  landing  of  the  same  in  the  I'liited 
States. 

It  was  not  till  the  year  1796,  that  Great  Bri- 
tain consented  t«)  give  up  any  of  her  carrying 
trach'  to  and  from  tV.ese  islands.  This  privilege 
was  first  partially  ceded  to  the  United  States  by 
the  trinity  of  aniity,  commerce,  and  navigation, 
concluded  at  liOiuion,  November  If),  1794,  and 
filially  ratilied  by  Jie  American  house  of  rejire- 
sentative.-  on  April  JO,  I79(j. — Article  Xll.  of 
that  treaty  is  expressed  in  the  words  following: 
"  His  Majesty  consents,  that  it  shall  and  may  be 
lawful,  during  the  lime  herciimtlter  limited,  tor 
the  citiyx'us  of  the  United  States  to  carry  to  any 
of  his  Majesty's  islands  and  ports  in  the  West 
Indies  from  the  United  States,  in  their  own  ves- 
sels, not  being  above  the  burthen  of  70  tons,  any 
goods  o»  lerchandises,  being  of  the  growth,  ma- 
nufacture, «)(■  produce  of  the  said  States,  which  it 
is  or  may  be  lawful  to  (.;rry  t»»  the  said  islands 
or  ports  I'rom  the  said  States  in  British  vessels ; 
and  that  the  said  American  vessels  shall  bu  sub- 
ject there  to  no  other  or  higher  tonnage  duties  or 
charges  than  shall  be  payable  by  British  vessels 
in  the  ports  of  the  United  States  ;  and  that  the 
cargoes  of  the  said  American  vessels  shall  lie  sub- 
ject tiiere  ui  no  other  or  higher  duties  or  charges 
than  shall  be  payable  on  the  like  articles  if  iin- 

vot.  v. 


ported    there  from    the  said  States  iti   British 
vessels. 

"  And  his  Majesty  also  consents,  that  it  shall 
be  lawful  for  the  said  American  citizens  to  pur- 
chase, load,  and  carry  away  in  their  said  vessels, 
to  the  United  States,  from  the  said  islands  and 
ports,  all  such  articles,  being  of  the  growth,  ma- 
nufacture, or  produce  of  the  said  isianits.^  as  may 
now  by  law  be  carried  from  tlitnce  to  the  said 
States  in  British  vess«'ls,  and  subj«'cl  only  to  the 
same  duties  and  charges  on  exportation  to  which 
British  vessels  and  their  cargoes  are  or  shall  be 
subject  in  similar  circiinislaiu'es. 

"  Provided  always,  that  the  said  American 
vessels  do  carry  and  land  their  cargoes  in  the 
United  States  only;  it  luMiig  expressly  agreed 
and  declared,  that,  during  the  continuance  of  thiti 
Article,  the  United  States  will  prohibit  and  re- 
strain the  carrying  any  i>i<-iasses,  sugar,  cotlce, 
cocoa,  or  cotton,  in  American  vessels,  either  from 
his  Majesty's  islands  or  from  the  United  States, 
to  any  part  of  the  world,  except  the  United 
States,  reasonable  sea-stores  excepted. 

"  Provided  also,  that  it  shall  and  may  be  iaw- 
fiil,  during  the  same  period,  for  British  vessels 
to  import  from  the  said  islands  into  the  United 
States,  and  to  export  from  the  United  States  to 
the  said  islands,  all  articles  whatever,  being  «)f 
the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  said 
islaiuls,  or  of  the  United  States  respectively, 
which  now  may  by  the  laws  of  the  said  States  be 
so  imported  anil  exported  ;  and  that  the  cargiM's 
of  the  said  British  vessels  shall  be  subject  to  no 
other  or  higher  duties  or  charges,  than  shall  bo 
payable  on  the  same  articles  if  so  imported  or  ex- 
ported in  American  vessels. 

"■  It  is  agreed  that  this  Article,  and  every  mat- 
ter and  thing  therein  contained,  shall  continue  to 
be  ill  force  during  the  continuance  of  the  war  in 
which  his  Majesty  is  now  engaged;  and  also  for 
two  years  from  and  aWcv  the  day  of  the  signature 
of  the  preliinipary  or  other  articles  of  peace  by 
which  the  same  may  be  terminated. 

"  And  it  is  further  agreed,  that  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  said  term,  the  iwo  contracting  parties 
will  endeavour  further  to  regulate  their  com- 
merce in  this  respect,  according  to  the  situation 
in  which  his  Majesty  may  then  find  himself  with 
resuect  to  the  West  Indies,  and  with  a  view  to 
siicli  arrangements  as  may  best  co;!!liu'e  to  the 
mutual  advantage  and  extension  of  coiiuuerce." 

It  will  be  thus  found  from  the  above  oii'liiies, 

that  this  British  system  of  iiat  igatioii  emhrace!* 

tw(»   distinct    objects;    first,    the    augmentation 

of  its  imval  strength,  by  an  entire  exclusion  of  j 

11   It 


!   %' 


..''  flii 


if 


^^■s 


300 


WEST      INDIES. 


[foreign  shipping  from  the  plantation  trade,  (and 
which,  with  tho  small  excc^ption  last  mentioned, 
8he  has  invariably  eflfected):  8econdly,  the  secur- 
ing to  herself  all  the  cinoltmientH  ariHing  from 
her  colonies,  by  u  double  monopoly  over  them  : 
viz.  a  mnnopoiy  of  llieir  whole  import,  which  is 
to  be  altogether  from  Great  Britain ;  and  a  mo- 
nopoly of  all  their  export,  which  (as  far  as  it  can 
serve  any  useful  purpose  to  the  mother-country) 
is  to  be  no  where  but  to  Great  Britain.  On  the 
same  idea,  it  was  contrived  that  they  should  wend 
all  their  products  to  her,  raw  and  in  their  first 
state ;  iind  (hat  (hey  should  take  every  thing  from 
her  io  the  last  stage  of  manufacture. 

fVesl  India  Free  Ports. — The  act  of  the  4jth 
George  ill.  c.  .07.  enumerates  and  consolidates 
the  several  acts  for  the  institution  of  free  ports  in 
the  British  West  Indies:  it  recites  —  the  6th 
Geo.  III.  c.  49.  establishing  free  ports  at  Do- 
minica and  Jamaica,  for  a  limited  period;  the 
13th  (ieo.  III.  c.  73.  and  the  14th  Geo.  III.  c.4. 
continuing  the  acts  of  6th  Geo.  III.  in  force  to 
the  year  1780;  the  21st  Geo.  III.  c.  29.  leaving 
the  privilege  of  Dominica,  as  e-vpired,  but  con- 
tinuing the  free  ports  of  Jamaica  to  1787;  the 
27th  Geo.  III.  c.  27.  continuing  the  privilege  to 
Jamaica,  reviving  it  for  Dominica,  under  greater 
restrictions,  and  further  extending  it  to  the  ports 
of  Nassau  in  the  Bahamas,  and  to  George  Town 
in  Grenada ;  the  33d  Geo.  III.  c.  50.  adding  the 
port  of  St.  John's  in  Antigua  ;  and  the  42d 
Geo.  III.  c.  102.  making  a  free  port  of  Road 
Harbour  in  Tortola. 

The  45th  Geo.  III.  c.  57.  is  entitled,  '<  An 
act  to  consolidate  and  extend  the  several  laws 
for  allowing  the  importation  and  exportation  of 
certain  goods  and  merchandise  into  and  from  cer- 
tain ports  in  the  West  Indies."  It  enacts,  "  that 
wool,  cotton-wool,  indigo,  cochineal,  drugs  of  all 
kinds,  cocoa,  loa;wood,  fustic,  and  ail  woods  for 
dyers'  use,  hides,  skins,  tallow,  beavers,  furs, 
tortoise-shell,  hard  woods,  mahogany,  and  all 
cabinet  woods,  horses,  asses,  mules,  and  cattle, 
being  the  growth  or  produce  of  any  of  the  colo- 
nies or  plantations  in  America,  or  of  any  country 
on  the  continent  of  America,  under  the  dominion 
of  any  foreign  European  sovereign  or  state;  and 
that  all  coin  and  bullion,  diamonds  and  precious 
stones,  may  be  imported  into  the 


Ports  of 
Montego  Bay, 
Port  Antonio, 
Nassau,    •    -     • 
Pitt's  Town,  -    • 
Principal  Port,    - 
George's  Town,  ■ 
St.  John's,     -     ■ 
Road  Harbour,  ■ 
Kingston, 
St.  Josef,  -    -     • 
Scarborough, 


Islands  of 

Jamaica. 

New  Providence. 

Crooked  Isle. 

Bermuda. 

Grenada. 

Antigua. 

Tortola. 

St.  Vincent. 

Trinidad. 

Tobago. 


Ports  of 
Roseau,     - 
Kingston,  -    - 
Savannah, 
Santa  Lucia,  - 


Islands  of 
Dominica. 

Jamaica 


And  the  above  enumerated  articles  are  to  be  im- 
ported in  any  foreign  sloop,  schooner,  or  other 
vessel  not  having  more  tnan  one  deck,  being 
owned  and  navigated  by  persons  inhabiting  any 
of  the  said  colonies  or  country  of  America,  any 
law,  usage,  or  custom  to  the  contrary,  notwith- 
standing. 

By  section  2,  tobacco,  under  certain  regula- 
tions, is  added  to  the  articles  allowed  for  im- 
port. 

By  sect.  7,  foreign  sugars  and  coffees  may  be 
imported  to  Nassau  in  the  Bahamas. 

By  sect.  7,  other  articles  imported  than  those 
enumerated,  or  in  other  vessels  than  as  described, 
incur  forfeiture  of  ship  and  cargo. 

By  sect-  8,  an  export  of  rum  from  the  above 
free  ports  is  allowed,  and  of  negroes  brought  in 
British  ships  from  Africa ;  and  of  all  goods  le« 
gaily  imported,  that  is,  from  Great  Britain,  or 
British  American  colonies,  with  exception  to 
masts,  yards,  bowsprits,  pitch,  tar,  turpentine, 
and  iron :  but  no  export  can  be  made  '.o  a  Bri- 
tish island  or  settlement,  unless  that  of  live  cat- 
tle; for, 

By  sect.  9,  the  enumerated  articles,  as  im- 
ported, arc  restricted  in  export  from  the  said  re- 
cited free  ports  to  Great  Britain,  in  British  ships 
navigated  according  to  law,  as  under  provision 
of  the  12th  of  Charles  II.  &c.  &c. 

By  sect.  13,  East  India  goods  are  especially 
prohibited  in  this  trade ;  and  lastly,  by  this  act 
all  former  acts  are  repealed. 

The  policy  is  observable  in  this  law,  which 
reconciles  a  freedom  of  trade  wiih  the  system  of 
colonial  monopoly,  and  a  partial  infringement  of 
the  letter  with  the  more  essential  .suirit  and  pur- 
pose of  the  Navigation  Acts  ;  whicfi  restricts  the 
import  to  raw  materials,  and  makes  them  pay- 
able by  manufacture;  and  which  limits  the  tb- 
reign  carrying  trade  to  sloops  and  schooners, 
taking  the  return  trade  in  larger  British  ships ; 
providing  in  either  case,  against  a  nursery  of 
naval  power. 


est  as  im- 


WEST    INDIES. 


ii07 


[The  omimerated  articles,  with  exception  to 
cattle  and  live  stock,  and  hard  woods  for  mills 
and  building,  are  ill  suited  for  use  and  home  con- 
sumption in  any  island ;  and  the  privileged  colo- 
nics are  mere  factors  for  the  mother-country, 
with  the  exception  stated,  and  with  that  of  ruin 
being  allowed  in  the  export :  these,  however, 
are  great  advantages  ;  and  to  these,  from  the 
very  business  and  factorv,  may  be  added  others, 
of  increased  population,  of  a  greater  resort  of 
shipping,  of  an  influx  and  choice  of  British 
gooas,  of  more  wealthy  merchants,  a  circulation 
of  specie,  and  resource  and  accommodation  to  the 
landed  interest. 

The  only  provision  in  this  law  which  appears 
objectionable,  is  that  which,  in  certain  instances, 
allows  the  import  of  foreign  colonial  produce. 
In  countries  growing  the  like  articles,  the  dis- 
tinction of  foreign  and  native  sugars,  or  coftec, 
cannot  be  kept  up  ;  the  protecting  duty  is  a  mere 
incentive  to  fraud ;  the  mark  on  package,  parti- 
ally made,  or  not,  is  no  security,  and  custom- 
house oaths  are  unhappily  proverbial.  The  Bri- 
tish colonies,  restricteu  in  both  purchase  and  sale, 
to  dealings  with  the  mother-country,  are  entitled, 
as  far  as  is  consistent  with  the  interests  of  the 
parent  state,  to  a  reciprocity,  and  to  exclusive 
possession  of  the  home-market,  for  disposal  of 
their  produce;  and  this  they  can  no  longer  be 
secure  of,  when  the  imports  of  foreign  colonial 
produce,  is  extended  to  islands  furnishing  the 
like  commodities. 

In  proof  of  the  validity  of  these  observations, 
we  find  that  Dominica,  which  had  been  estab- 
lished a  free  port  in  1767,  had  been  deprived  of 
that  privilege  in  1778,  in  as  much  as  the  per- 
mission to  import  foreign  colonial  produce  was 
found  to  have  operated  in  an  inverse  ratio  to  any 
emolument  to  the  parent  state ;  and  when  the 
privile|re  of  a  free  port  was  again  allowed  to 
Dominica  in  1787,  in  the  form  it  since  continues, 
that  produce  was  excepted  from  the  enumerated 
imports :  and  the  objection  in  this  quarter  re- 
moved. 

But  the  island  of  Tortola,  by  the  4Gth  Geo. 
111.  cap.  7S,  still  enjoys  the  privilege,  subject  to 
the  advice  and  authority  of  his  majesty's  privy 
council,  of  importing  all  foreign  colonial  pro- 
duce, in  the  same  manner  as  does  also  the  port 
of  Nassau,  in  New  Providence ;  and  this,  with 
the  other  Virgin  Isles,  being  a  sugar  colony,  is 
thought  to  be  guarded  against  the  export  to 
Great  Britain,  by  an  estimate  of  the  native  pro- 
duce having  been  taken  at  5,880,000  lbs.  of  sugar, 
or  4000  hogsheads  ;  and   by  the  order,  that   no 


greater  quantity  coming  from  Tortola,  shall  be 
admitted,  on  duties,  as  British  sugars.  This, 
however,  was  much  too  large  an  allowance  ;  the 
sugar,  produce  of  Tortola,  and  the  Virgin  Isles, 
not  exceeding,  on  a  past  average,  from  17f)9  to 
IH04,  31,088  cwt.;  viz.  onlv  3,481,850  lbs.  and 
2400  iiogshcads. 

But,  however,  this  privilege  of  importing  colo- 
nial produce  is  alleged  to  nave  been  given  to 
Tortola,  from  a  conception  that  Great  Britain 
might  thence  acquire  a  carrying  trade  of  the 
coffees  yet  gathered  by  the  negroes  of  Hayti ; 
but  then  it  must  have  been  with  prejudice  to  the 
growing  settlements  at  Jamaica ;  and  this,  with 
the  sugar  trade,  is  open  to  all  those  objections, 
on  the  part  of  the  British  Colonies,  wnich  wc 
have  before  stated. 

Grenada  is  peculiarly  well  situated  for  an  easy 
run  to  the  island  of  Margarita,  as  a  depAt  for 
the  Caracas,  and  generally  for  mercantile  adven- 
ture on  the  M.  coast  of  S.  America.  From  (iren- 
villc  Town,  in  this  island,  the  trade  with  the 
Spanish  Main  was,  in  1792,  carried  on  to  a  very 
considerable  extent ;  being  to  the  amount  of 
■g.600,000  value  in  exports  of  printed  cottons, 
hardware,  and  other  British  manufactures.  In 
1788,  Grenada  exported  to  foreign  settlements 
1398  African  slaves;  but  has  since  dropt  that 
branch  of  commerce,  and  is  an  example  tliat  the 
trade  generally  is  not  dependent  on  such  an 
article  in  the  assortment  of  cargo. 

Upon  the  whole,  with  regard  to  the  institution 
of  free  ports,  it  may  be  observed  that  those  of 
Jamaica  are  calculated  to  command  the  trade 
within  the  Gulf;  those  of  the  Bahamas,  and  of 
Grenada,  the  intercourse  w  ith  the  n.  and  s.  ex- 
tremities of  the  chain  of  British  Islands,  and 
those  of  Tortoln,  Antigua,  Dominica,  and  St. 
Vincent's,  such  communi(-atioii,  as  where  a  more 
central  depfit  from  various  causer  may  be  de- 
sirable. 

We  proceed  now  to  the  consideration  of  ports 
of  commercial  enterprise. 

Ports  of  Commercial  Enterprise. — Of  these,  the 
first  th;it  demands  attention  is  the  free  port  nl' 
St.  Josef,  in  Trinidad,  well  adapted  for  carrying 
on  a  considerable  traffic  with  the  opposite  coast, 
for  the  supply  of  the  wealthy  and  populous  dis- 
tricts far  inland,  by  a  road  and  passage,  however 
lengthened  or  intricate.  Under  the  j)iesent  cir- 
cumstances of  difficulty  in  approaching  the  im- 
mediate coasts  of  Cumana  and  the  Caracas  from 
the  open  seas,  the  trade  hath  actually  taken  this 
channel,  and  succeeded  in  a  very  consideral)lc 
export  of  British  goods.  The  trafWc.  to  the  ex- 1 
n  r2 


>H' 


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'm 


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< 


m 


I 


i\m 


W  E  S  T     I  IN  D  I  E  S. 


I  ((Mit  it  is  capable  of,  iH  most  practicablt*  mid 
Nato  -,  it  is  carried  on  in  Huiall  vcsscIn,  or  «^v«mi  in 
Ixmts,  travtM'sii.  or  coustiiii!;  the  (lulf  of  Paria  : 
and  on  the  continental  side,  rnnnin^  up  creeks 
and  rivers,  and  deliverini>;  small  but  frequent 
car<;oes,  and  altoi;ether  torniinsj;  an  important 
aiul  v;diial>le  branch  of  c(Mnnierco,  but  which 
may  possibly  shill  to  another  course  by  Hea,  as 
opportiniio  oilers:  not  but  that  the  navif^ation 
to  the  v.  nni^t  take  an  olliii!;,  and  Atlantic  voyai;o, 
as  it  cannot  iiuij^;  a  leeward  coast,  rendered  the 
nuire  dani<;erous  I'roni  cinrents  inilueiiced  by  the 
stream  of  the  Orinoco,  and  other  causes. 

'roba<<'o,  from  its  situation  in  lat.  II'  ami  to 
windward  of  Trinidad  with  its  r,  hills  forming 
the  ,v.  promontory  t)r  iilufl'-head  of  the  |rrc^\{ 
(inlfof  Nievii'o,  hath  eminent  liu-ilities  of  tradinj; 
within  the  bay,  from  its  harbour  of  Courland 
coursin<r  v.  of  (irenada,  on  Cumana  and  the  Ca- 
racas ;  whilst,  on  the  other  side,  a  sipiare-riifijed 
vessel  may  rini,  without  a  tack,  from  (Queen's 
Uav.  in  Toliajjo,  to  the  very  inoutli  «)f  the  Ori- 
noco, on  the  (.coast  of  S.  Anu'rica:  and  with 
e(|ual  facility  of  voya!>e,  rc'lnrn  to  the  free  port 
ot  ScarboronjrU  :  nor  is  any  iithi'r  island  s<)  con- 
veniently placed  as  a  depot,  bavins"  in  view  a 
trade  with  (■iia>ana,  and  to  the  river  Ama/on 
and  Hra/il. 

Hut  'roba<>()  besides  advantan;es  for  trade  and 
communication  with  S.  America,  such  as  have 
been  descrilied,  hath  others,  in  intercourse  witli 
wliatever  >^oyerei!!;n  power  in  Kiirope  it  maybe 
sul)jerted  to. 

l-viiiij  in  lat.  I  i  ,  a  course  fr«)m  Europe  gain- 
injj  the  trade-winds,  ar.ii  between  the  tropics, 
mii^lit  be  taken  by  I'rench  vessels  in  a  direction 
.V.  of  the  ordinary  navii^alion  by  Uritish  ships  : 
and  so  eludinj>>  that  naval  force,  miu^ht  form 
depots  in  'I'obatfo,  of  arms  and  troops,  which 
inisjht  be  put  in  action  i)efore  oww  the  arrival 
was  known  to  ieew;ird,and  in  the  llritish  Islands: 
an  object  of  the  "leatesl  import,  and  which  seems 
not  to  have  been  overlooked  in  the  articles  of 
the  liilj-  treat;,.  .  irinjj  to  France  her  W.  India 
colonies. 

It  i-,  fiirtlur.  well  worthy  of  remark,  that  the 
moiMikiinous  c.  division  ol  Tobai>;o  lias,  on  ex- 
perit  lue.  proved  to  be  liealtbv,  in  |)roportion  as 
the  low  lands  to  the  ic.  have  Ih'cii  fonnd  the  con- 
trarv  :  and  wliiNt  the  noble  harbour  in  the  ».  c. 
ipiiU'ter  of  the  i-land,  called  Man  o'  War  Hay, 
t)lVei>  a  lende/.voiis  to  ships  of  war  and  trans- 
ports,  with  liepth  of  water  to  the  very  beacli.  and 
traiKpiil  as  a  mill  lumd  :  the  amphitheatre  of 
\n\\>  formini;  and  sjielterins;  the  ba_y,  and  fertile 


to  their  very  summit — render  it  the  most  honlthy 
station,  with  every  ucrommodation  of  wood  and 
water,  for  troops  that  may  be  landed. 

('(Misiderini;  the  dmiirer  to  which  shippiuir,  mid 
therewith  the  royal  navy,  is  exposed  iii  tli«>  \V. 
India  seas,  at  particular  tiknes  of  the  year,  and 
especially  from  the  1st  of  Aiifrusl  to  November, 
deniuninated  the  hurricane  season,  the  fact  is  of 
importance,  that  no  instance  of  linrricane  hath 
iM'eii  known  t  .  alVect  Tcdia^o.  In  the  year  I7!SI), 
Uurbadoes,  only  ^'  ii.  was  desolated  by  a  tem- 

tiestuouK  whirlwind,  which  destroyed  pe<iple, 
Miildiufifs,  and  every  ship  throughout  the  W.  in. 
dies  ;  whilst  Tobairo  rtMuained  tpiiet  and  sale  from 
the  destructive  vortex. 

In  the  year  l7H'i,  the  late  Maripiis  de  Couillie 
made  u  most  interest  injir  report  to  his  govern- 
ment, tif  the  importance  of  'Lobaiiro  as  a  military 
and  naval  statum,  and  which  was  supposed  to 
have  inllucnced  the  Court  of  h'tance,  in  so 
earnestly  iiiakin;r  its  ac(piisilioii  u  condition  of  the 
then  treaty. 

CHAP.  IV. 

Juterrournr  of  l/ir  Itritish  JV.  fmlics  with  Ame- 
rica, and  in  paiiirn/nr  reit/i  Ihc  lirilisli  Pro- 
vinces of  Canada,  \ova  Scotia,  nnil  \ciCf'ound- 
land. —  hilcrconrsc  and  Trade  of  the  ('nited 
Stateit  of  America  :i.'itli  the  liritish  fV.  fndics. — 
Ihitish  Shippinsi;  cmploi/cd  in  Ihc  IV.  India 
Trade. — Shippini:;  /ic/ons:injx  to  the  scvern/  Ports 
of  (ircat  Ihitain,  from  17!) I  to  IShi. —  Passas;r 
outicards  to  the  ft .  'ndics. —  Passai^c  homewards 
from  the  IV.  Indies. 

Inlcreoitrsc  of  the  Ihitish  JV.  Indies  tcith  Ame- 
rica, and parliealarli/  icith  the  liritish  provinces  of 
Canada,  S'ova  Scotia,  and  Xcuifoundland. — It  has 
been  contended,  and  is  to  be  wished,  that  what- 
ever is  required  for  the  use  «)f  the  liritish  islands, 
should  be  furnished  in  preference,  or  indeed  ex- 
clusively, by  the  Canadas,  Nova  Scotia,  or  New- 
foundland On  this  point,  the  means  of  provid- 
iuij  the  articles  riviuired,  and  the  comparative  ex- 
pejlifioii  and  facilities  of  conveyance,  recur  for 
consideration,  in  like  manner  as  on  the  alterna- 
tive t)f  Mipply  from  Kurope,  or  from  America  at 
lar<{e. 

The  obstructions  and  inconveniences  to  com- 
merce between  the  \V.  Indies  and  inon*  northern 
provinces  of  America,  are  those  of  nature  :  and 
will  and  must  operate  in  creatinir  a  preference 
from  islands  to  the  ic.  and  \.,  oi'  dealintr  with 
those  countries  which  ofl'er  a  readier  access  and 
intercourse.    .Jamaica  would  never,  by  choice,  I 


W  V.ST    I  IV  i)  I  KS. 


:)09 


'to- 


ia|)|)lv  l(>  New  HniiiNwick,  lor  what  i(  iiiiirlil  pro- 
i'lirr  i'roin  l'liiliMl«'l|iliia. 

iVIorcovcr,  (o  tli«>  <li-<iiilviintat;;(>M  of  loii^«>r  and 
inon*  pcrilotiK  iiavi>ratioii  inav  lie  aildc-d,  the  oc- 
casion <)  (liiticiiltics  of  Iradinu;  at  all  seasons  willi 
(he  (  anadas  a(  least,  uiidt>r  einliariroos  IVoni  IVosI 
iiiid  cliiiia(<*  in  tlit>  liifrlicr  latilndes. 

lint  inipcdiniiMHs  or  inconvcniiMUM's  of  llavi^'a- 
tion  apart,  tli**  liritisii  provinces  of  Nova  Scotia 
and  Newlonndland  (excepting  the  latter,  as  a 
lisherv  )  have  never  ^(>l  appeared,  I'roni  the  tiials 
that  liave  been  made,  to  !)«>  in  a  state  of  popn 
lation  and  seltleme:il,  ov  ((pnerally  in  a  condition 
of  coinitrv,  to  Inrnish  the  articles  retpiired.  In 
the  dehates  ol'the  House  ot'Comnnins,  .Inly  |S()(j, 
on  the  Kuliject  of  the  American  intercourse,  it 
was  stronjrlv  ccmtended  liy  an  aide  and  intelligent 
mend)er,  >vliu  had  lately  presided  at  (he  lioard  of 
Trade,  '  that  the  British  continental  provinces 
could  and  would  supply  all  the  orovisioiis  and 
liunlier  retpiired  l>y  the  su^ar  colonii-s,  if  their 
trade  was  not  checked  l>y  the  competition  allowed 
(o  the  United  States.' 


The  removal  of  such  competition  is  nndoubt' 
edlv  most  dusirulile,  but  the  Hl'ort  must  bo  f^rii- 
dual,  and  known  rutber  in  the  elFect  thiiii  in  the 
cause.  TInit  the  iiritisb  provinces  could  Im> 
broiiirlit  to  ex|)ort  all  the  articles  that  tJH'ir  \V. 
India  bn'tliern  mit{;lit  require,  is  at  least  proble- 
matical. This  <>nd  miRl'tj  however,  us  jar  as  «m<! 
nn-asin-e  oilers,  i'  inlained  by  (hat  priin-iple  of 
piditical  economy  liuvinif  Cor  its  basis  (he  encou- 
ragement oC  the  oiu',  and  the  depression  of  tho 
other,  luitil  the  wants  and  the  supplies  of  each 
shoidd  iHrome  equal  and  reciprocal  :  but  whe- 
ther this,  or  any  other  plan  be  more  teasible,  it 
is  not  in  our  proviiui*  nere  to  discuss.  If  it  l>o 
trm;  Ihal  tiie  exclusion  of  (liv  I'nited  States  from 
all  intercourse  with  the  liritisii  W.  Indies  be  u 
Hreat  ilisiilitiilinii,  much  remains  to  be  doiK*. 
The  impin-talion  from  ihe  N.  American  colonies, 
compared  with  that  from  the  States,  has  always 
been  slrikill^ly  small.  Uevertiiif;,  in  thi-  first 
instance,  to  the  year  I7SH,  we  find  it  was  as 
follows  : 


An  ACCOl'NT' of  the  Nund)er  of  Ships,  and  their  Tonnaji>;e,  which  have  Imh-ii  emplovod  in  the 
Trade  between  the  Hrilish  Inlands  in  the  WrsI  Indies  and  the  Hritish  Cidonies  in  America,  in  the 
Year  1 7SS,  specify  inn  ^he  Arlicii'-  imported  from  tlie-c  Islands  to  the  Hritish  Cidonies  in  America, 
and  (he  Quantity  of  I'isli  cv ported  to  the  West  Indies  iVoin  N  ewfouiidland. — I'resented  to  the  IIoiim' 
of  Commons,  March  IS,  l7fK). 


'I'oiw. 

I'roin  \V.  Ind 

ies  to  liritisii  I'roviiices. 

Til  \\ .  Indies. 

.Ships,  ill. 

IMRHKiire. 

(Jiiaiilily. 

■•'i»li, 

l''iHh, 

WUI'iIh. 

Indian  corn       -     - 

Itiirri-lt. 

8o:ii 

UiiihUli. 
yj,l9() 

i,W 

ii,n()f) 

bushels   - 

Xih 

Cln>cidate          -     - 

lb.       -     - 

r).7()7 

Cocoa      -      -     -     . 

cwt.    -     - 

!'.>!  cwt.  I<|r.  ISlb. 

Collee     -     .     .      . 

cwt.    -     - 

HMcwt.  inib. 

(Jiiifjer  .      -     .      - 

lb.      -     - 

1,170 

I'imento       -     -     - 

lb. 

,->S'> 

Siijiiir      -     -     -     - 

cwt.    -      - 

«),ys:)cwl.  Inr.'ilb. 

Malio<>'aii\    .     -     - 

loa:s  -    - 

.->! 

iii^num  vila>    -     - 

tons   -     - 

H 

Hides      .     -     -     . 

niiiidier  • 

8.5.5 

I.iuies      -     -     .     - 

barrels    - 

y/7 

Melasses      .     -     - 

tralllMIS     - 

.j:i,fMi 

I'c'ie-apples       -     - 

<lozen  -  - 

li? 

I'ltcli  and  tar    - 

barrels    - 

770 

liread-fhxir 

liarrels    - 

881 

Onions  .     .     .     • 

II).      -     - 

10,000 

Salt.*      -     -     -     . 

bushels  ■ 

\)'X:y>s 

Hum       .     .     -     . 

gallons   - 

4fW,Sll 

Sliooks,  hogsheads 

number  - 

I.JO 

Staves    -     -     .      . 

number  - 

2.5,5(K) 

Cotton  wool     -     - 

lb.      -     - 

'Vioo 

1  I 


i     M.1 


h 


l-'iom  till'  Kuliuiiiu  .lalt  |>il>,  ))rulnil)ly  I'm-  tlii'  lislii'iies  of  NcwIohiiiII.uhI  | 


TPi 


.110 


WEST     I  N  I)  I  li  S. 


[Supposing  the  item  of  281  Irarrols  of  flour  im- 
portecl  to  the  British  continental  provinces  from 
the  W.  Indiei;,  to  be  a  mere  casuality,  and  re- 
serve of  ships'  provisions  ;  yet,  from  this  com- 
mercial return,  it  appears  that,  in  1788,  the  Ca- 
nadas  and  Nova  Scotia,  under  every  advantage 
of  trade  and  navigation,  furnished  no  bread-flour 
to  the  W.  Indies ;  they  could  not  even  furnish 
the  neighbouring  fisheries  of  Newfoundland  ;  or 
wherefore  else  was  Mr.  Jenkinson's  act  (the 
35th  Geo.  III.  cap.  1.)  passed,  to  admit  the  im- 
port of  flour  from  the  United  States  as  a  resource 
of  necessity  to  the  people  of  Newfoundland  ? 

The  export  of  2.7,500  staves  from  the  W. 
Indies,  was  probably  for  the  package  of  New- 
foundland fish  ;  and  this  shews  that  even  lumber 
was  not  furnished  at  the  time  by  Nova  Scotia,  in 
quantities  sufficient  for  sparing  a  full  supply  even 
to  the  great  island  in  its  vicinity,  and  much  less 
to  the  W.  Indies.  These  northern  provinces 
have,  indeed,  since  become  more  peoplea,  settled, 
and  cleared  of  woods ;  and  timber  has  been  thence 
exported  in  considerable  quantities,  as  will  ap- 
pear from  subsequent  returns.  Bat  %vhen  wc 
come  to  inspect  the  tables  of  actual  supply  fur- 
nished to  the  sugar  colonies  by  the  great  coun- 


tries, now  the  Hnited  States,  and  observe  how 
small  a  proportion,  in  any  one  year,  the  largest 
export  of  lumber  from  the  British  provinces  liears 
to  the  total  of  what  was  required,  and  supplied 
to  the  sugar  colonies,  it  cannot  be  doubted  hut 
the  exclusion  of  a  supply  from  other  -quarters 
ought  to  be  of  a  slow  and  lenient  operation. 

On  the  medium  of  10  years,  from  179.3  t(t 
1803,  the  8U|)ply  to  the  British  W.  Indies  from 
the  United  States,  was  annually  164,(i80  l)ar- 
rels,  each  196  lb.  of  bread  flour ;  and,  in  the 
same  period,  the  average  supply  from  the  Bri- 
tish  provinces  was  only  1,570  barrels;  whilst 
the  supply  of  flour  from  Great  Britain  is  limited 
by  statute  to  3,200  tons,  or  32,000  barrels,  of 
2cwt.  leaving  a  deficiency  of  this  article  of  life 
of  131,110  barrels,  to  be  supplied  by  the  United 
States,  supposing  even  GreatBritain  henceforward 
to  supply  its  complement,  though  it  has  sent  little 
or  no  flour  to  the  the  W.  Indies  for  years  past ; 
but  the  British  supply  taken  apart,  as  supposed 
at  all  times,  the  deficiency,  if  left  to  Canada 
and  Nova  Scotia,  is  of  163,110  barrels  of  bread, 
wanting  for  the  usual  and  annual  consumption 
of  planters,  British  officers  and  soldiers,  in  the  W. 
Indies. 


An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantity  of  Provisions  and  Lumber  imported  into  the  British  West  Indies 
(exclusive  of  conquereJ  Colonies)  from  the  British  Continental  Colonies. — Return  to  House  of 
Commons,  May  5,  1806. 


1773. 

1788. 

1793- 

1797. 

1800. 

1803. 

Corn      -    .     -     - 

bushels      -     - 

171 

847 

yio 

1,518 

Flour  and  meal     - 

barrels,  2cwt. 

330 

. 

I,6.^j6 

1,589 

320 

1,374 

Rice 

barrels      -     - 

. 

«            _ 

20 

. 

68 

2 

Fish,  dry     -     -     - 

quintals    -     - 

4,907 

22,196 

99,570 

27,576 

61,258 

1    S7,62 

Fish,  pickled    -     - 

barrels      -    - 

4,107 

803 

24,827 

9,949 

14,105 

23,865 

Beef  and  pork  -     - 

barrels      -     - 

57 

•      — 

349 

241 

181 

929 

Pine  board's      -     - 

feet      -     -     - 

78,013 

. 

3,618,200 

511,390 

1,039,895 

2,223,179 

Scantling  &  timber 

tons     .    -    - 

. 

. 

324 

39 

- 

186 

Shingles      -     .     - 

number     -     - 

61,700 

. 

2,929,150 

464,200 

424,6.50 

915,544 

Staves    -     -     .     . 

number     -     - 

9,137 

- 

151,060 

41,350 

173,385 

235,788 

1*1 


'The  last  year  of  the  above  return,  to  5th  Ja- 
nuary, 1803,  was  a  year  of  armistice;  and  the 
consequences  of  a  free  and  open  navigation,  as 
no  longer  obstructed  by  the  enemy,  surcharged 
with  war  freights  and  insurance,  or  restricted, 
from  apprehensions  of  the  impress  service,  are 
obvious  in  the  increased  exports  of  lumber  and 
of  fish  :  of  other  provisions  there  were  compa- 
ratively no  cargoes  at  any  time. 


Fish  is  an  article  from  Newfoundland,  which 
has,  and  should  have,  every  encouragement  given 
by  the  mother- country,  tor  its  production  and 
trade.  In  the  spring  of  1806,  a  bounty  was  pro- 
posed by  government,  of  2s.  on  every  quintal  of 
fish  imported  into  the  W.  Indies  from  Newfound- 
land ;  and  a  duty  of  2*.  per  contra  on  tish  from 
the  United  States,  to  be  levied  in  the  different 
islands.] 


WEST    INDIES. 


311 


1,518 
1,374 
2 

£7,CS 

23,865 

922 

!23,179 

186 

15,544 

»35,788 


[III  times  of  peuec,  the  premium  uiul  coiinter- 
ihity  would  operate  advautageouHly,  bv  securing 
a  p'refci-ence  to  British  tish ;  but  under  the  in- 
fluence of  a  war,  the  efficacy  and  use  of  the  mea- 
sure was  much  abated  :  for,  in  fact,  much  of  the 
fish  which  goes  to  the  W.  Indies,  freiG;hted  in 
vessels  of  the  United  States,  hath  been  caught 
on  the  banks  by  British  fishernien,  and  sold  at 
8ea  to  the  Americans,  as  mere  factors  and  neu- 
tral carriers,  to  avoid  danger  from  the  enemy,  in 
<(oing  further  *.  for  the  disposal  of  the  cargo 
themselves.  In  this  case,  the  duty  ^aid  has  acted 
as  an  abatement  on  the  intermediate  bargain  ; 
and  what  is  received  by  one  part  of  the  New- 
foundland traders  in  the  islands,  has  been  re- 
funded by  others  selling  on  the  banks.  Com- 
paring the  entries  in  1800  and  1806,  an  absolute 
decline  of  the  fishery  is  not  to  be  presumed  in 
the  former  period  of  war ;  but  rather  that  a 
moiety  of  the  catch  of  fish  has  been  bartered  and 
conveyed  as  just  described.  The  regulation, 
however,  of  premium  and  counter-duty,  will  have 
its  good  effect  in  competition,  on  return  of  peace; 
can  have  no  serious  effect  in  the  interval ;  and  is 
altogether  a  measure  of  good  policy  and  future 
use. 

In  regard  to  lumber,  the  price  of  freight  on 
each  article  is  so  heavy  in  proportion  to  the  in- 
trinsic value  of  the  article  itself,  that  -my  sur- 
charge on  the  former  must  greatly  operate  in  re- 
duction of  the  trade ;  and  in  times  of  war  it  will 
seek  relief  by  passing  to  neutral  bottoms.  In 
times  of  peace,  it  appears  from  the  returns  of 
1793  and  1803,  that  a  large  proportion  of  planks 
and  fir  may  be  exported  from  tlie  northern  Bri- 
tish provinces. 

It  is  not  ulone  the  apprehension  of  a  more 
partial  and  scanty  assortment  of  supplies  from 
the  northern  countries,  which  may  induce  tlie 
VV.  Indians  to  prefer  dealing  with  those  of  the 
United  States,  if  free  so  to  do  ;  but  because  the 
latter,  for  their  home  consumption  i'e(|uire,  and 
take  a  greater  quantity  of  W.  India  produce  in 
return ;  especially  rum,  which  is  the  general 
medium  of  traffic,  and  to  be  considered  as  the 
money  with  which  the  sugar  colonist  pays  for 
the  American  stores  required  for  his  estate. 


EXPORTS  from  the  British  sugar  colonics  to  the 
British  provinces  in  America,  Canada,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  Newfoundland. — Return  to  House 
of  Commons,  May  5,  1806. 


Rum. 

Sugar.  ^Coffee. 

Cotton. 

(■nUnn«. 

Cwl. 

Cwt. 

ih. 

1787 

777, .'KJO 

9,019:   546 

I..500 

1793 

613,898 

5,106   603 

8,6«)0 

1794 

525,720 

4,615    80 

6,304 

1735 

204,965 

3,320    90 

1,600 

1796 

307,124 

7,332   514 

l,.5.50 

1797 

486,706 

3,893i   427 

I2,8.')0 

1798 

384,953 

4,308,   802 
9,933  1,130 

18,2.50 

1799!  664,238 

750 

18001  186,449 

10,660   775 

4,274 

180  li  .569,691 

10,366,   935 

500 

1802i  384,673 

ll,397|   2.57 

14,950 

.180Si  792,474 

13,90()j  1,353 

3,250 

The  above  returns  may  be  referred  t()  a  com- 
parative view,  on  the  taking  into  consideration 
the  next  branch  of  W.  India  trade,  namely,  that 
with  the  United  States  of  America,  and  of  which, 
as  a  matter  in  controvery,  not  less  important  to 
the  mother-country  than  to  its  W.  India  colonies, 
we  proceed  to  treat  more  largely. 

hitficourse  and  Trade  of  the   L'nited  Stales  of 
America  with  the  British  tV.  Indies. — It  were  al- 
most unnecessary  here  to  state,  that  the  vast  extent 
of  America,  from  Penobscot  to  the  borders  of 
Florida,  slanting  from  hit.  45-',  long.  67',  to  the 
Savannah,  lat,  32°,  long.  80',  and  otfering  above 
1,000  miles  of  coast,  with  commodiiius  harbours, 
and    mouths   of  navigable  rivers,  for  the  con- 
venience of  trade,  and  concentrating  the   uro- 
dtictions  of  the  interior  counlry,  was,  previous 
to  the  year   1775,  an  immense  province   of  the 
British  empire ;   unit  ss   it  were   for  the  sake  of 
ebserving,  that  up  to  that  period  the  people  of 
this   vast    tract  of  continent    were    British    sub- 
jects,  sharing  in  the  full  rights  and  privileges  of 
the  mother-country  :  their   \essels,  by  the    I  Ith 
Car.  II.  cap.    II.  were  recognized  as    Kriglish- 
biiilt ;  and  they  had  free  access  t»)  the  nritisli  W. 
Indies,  fttr  the  supplying  from    American    pro- 
duce, whatever  niijfht  be  required  in  flie  islandii 
for  subsistence  and  use,  with  exception  to  manu- 
factures, and  to  certain  enumerated  articles,  held 
in  reserve  b^  the  mother-country. 

The  variety  of  productions,  and  convenient 
assortment  of  cargoes,  from  countries  extending 
so  widely  «.  and  ,v ,  and  their  linlilv  of  inter- 
course at  all  seasons,  and  in  dillerent  tracts  and! 


M  IJ 


il«. 


1 1 


I-, 


•'I 


VyfV 
% 


li 


i'    n 


\    :tt 


L'    i 


u:f 


I'i'  r';' 


I 


p 


at* 


W  I!  S  'I'    1  N  I)  I  K  .s. 


fcliannelfl.  with  the  W.  Indip^,  iniivim  pro^iinuHl 
to  liiivu  vc-Mt<<(l  principnilvi  il'  not  «>.\rliisiv«>ly,  in 
the  AnioricniiH  (then  HiihjertM  of  (ircat  Uritain), 
whati'Vfr  trade  thore  was  with  the  siigur  colo- 
nioH,  of  a  dcHrription  which  i'o<|iiirt*d  to  bo  fre- 
quent and  occasional,  from  tho  periNhahlc  nature 
of  the  urtirle,  and  the  pxi^encv  of  its  uhc  and 
cunKuniption  :  wo  innv  infer,  that  previous  to 
the  revolution  and  '  :>.'<tiliticH  which  commenced 
in  1774,  America  I'tirniHhcd  to  the  British  Islands, 
nil,  or  nearly  all,  the  provisions  wanted,  and 
other  immedinto  necessaries  of  lite  and  industry. 
Having  then  before  us  a  correct  return,  with  the 
amount  ofthe  enumerated  articles  supplied  for  (he 
threeyears,to  1773  iiu'lusive,  we  may  assume  that 
for  provisions  at  least,  it  is  nearly  a  full  and  com- 
plete account  of  all  the  supplies  which  the  Hri- 
tish  sugar  colonies  required  at  the  time. 

Allowing  for  a  greater  or  less  pro|>ortiou  of 
each  commodity  to  \ye  required,  on  estimate  of 
probable  change  in  the  population  or  circum- 
stances of  the  vV.  India  settlements,  down  to  the 
present  a>ra,  we  may,  from  an  enumeration  of 
American  supplies  in  1 77 J,  compute  the  extent 
of  trade  in  various  and  distinct  articles,  which 
may  be  assumed  and  insisted  on  by  Great  Bri- 
tain, as  within  the  policy  and  system  of  monopoly 
in  commerce  with  its  colonies;  or,  which  may  be 
hunuinely  and  prudentially  relinquished,  in  de- 
ference to  the  wants  and  necessities  of  its  peo- 
ple, and  lor  the  advancement  of  the  general  in- 
terest, by  rendering  thr  resources  of  subsistence 


and  industry  safe  and  sure  throughout  all  the  lU. 
pendencies  of  its  empire. 

The  very  interesting  document  to  which  wo 
refer,  has  been  preserved  in  the  Reports  of  the 
Priv^  Council  in  1784,  and  re  printed  June  f)tli, 
1800,  by  order  of  tho  House  ol  Commons. 

The  trade  which,  previous  to  the  year  1771 
was  carried  on  between  the  planters  of  the  w! 
Indies  and  the  inhabitants  of  North  Aniericni 
was  not  a  traffic  calculated  to  answi:  the  f.in- 
tnstic  calls  of  vanity,  or  to  administer  gratificsi- 
(ion  to  luxury  or  vice;  but  to  procure  food  tin- 
the  hungry,  and  to  furnish  materials  (scarce  less 
important  than  food)  for  supplying  the  planters 
in  two  capital  objects,  their  buildings,  and  pack- 
ages for  their  chief  staple  productions,  sugar 
and  rum. 

For  the  supply  of  those  essential  articles,  lum- 
ber, fish,  flour, and  grain,  America  seems  to  have 
lieen  happily  fitted,  as  w<>ll  from  internal  cir- 
cumstances, as  her  commodious  situation  ;  and 
it  is  to  a  neighbourly  intercourse  with  that  con- 
tinent, continued  during  130  years,  that  our  sugar 
plantations  in  u  great  measure  owe  their  prospe- 


rity ;  insomuch  that,  according  to  the  opinion  uf 
a  very  competent  judge,  Mr.  Long,  "  it  the  con- 
in  the  h      " 
h  preclui 
nrerce  or  intercourse  with  it,  it  is  a  very  doubtful 


tineut  had  l)een  wholly  in  the  hands  of  a  foreign 
power,  and  tho  English  precluded  It-om  all  coni- 


[)oint,  whether,  in  such  case,  we  should  at  this 
lour  have  possessed  a  single  acre  of  land  in  the 
W.  Indies."     The  following  is] 


i 


WEST    INDIES. 


.11.1 


[An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Totol  Imnort  from  North  Amorica  into  the  British  W.  India  Isluiicis  in  thp 
Yfarsj  1771,  1772,  and  I77y,  tuKen  from  an  oiricial  Arroiint  uiirncd  hv  Mr.  Stanlrv.  Secretary  to 
the  Conunissioners  of  the  CnMttHnK  in  liondon,  dated  Ijth  March,  1775. — For  Three  Veurs,  end- 
ing 5th  January,  1774;.     N.  B.  Divide  hy  three,  iSce.  for  the  Yearly  Supply. 


I'roiu  Ciiileil 

I'roin  (;«• 

l-'lOIII 

■ 

Srnln. 

imil.t  mill 
NuviiSro'in. 

Nr«liiiiii(l- 
hiii.l. 

BtHirds  and  timber    - 

feet    -     - 

7(»,7r.7 ,«?).") 

yj2,040 

2,000 

Shinjjles     -    -     -     - 

number  - 

r)<),.JH(),iMi 

IS;),(KK) 

StHven  .     -     -     -     . 

number  - 

:)7,!»<)S,()()I 

S>7,.'JJ() 

Hoops  ...     -     - 

number  - 

4,7ii?,no.j 

l(j,2.j() 

9,000 

Corn 

bu'ihels  - 

l,'<i()l,.'JS« 

24 

Pease  and  beans  -    - 

bushfln  . 

()l, (!()() 

1,017 

Bread  and  flour  -     - 

barrels    - 

y9(>,yv«) 

<)<»! 

Ditto  ditto      -     •     • 

keja:s  -     - 

i.j,()<)f) 

Hire      -     .     .     -     - 

barrels    - 

3»Ml-2 

" 

Ditto 

tierces     - 

a  1,777 

Fish 

hogsli.     - 

.11,^44 

4»<) 

2,307 

F)itto 

barrels    - 

47,()H(i 

(»4fj 

202 

Ditto 

<|uiutnls  - 

yi,.')(K) 

2,<).JH 

11,704 

Ditto 

ke^s .     - 

3,'JM 

()()<» 

Heef  and  pork     -     - 

barrels    - 

44.7H'i 

270 

2i 

Poultry      .     .     -     - 

dozen 

2,7^9 

10 

Sheep  and  hogs    -     - 

number  - 

I.J,Si:) 

Oxen    -     -     -     -     - 

iHunber  - 

y,()47 

Horses  .     -     -     .     - 

nimdicr  - 

7,I.'J0 

28 

Oil  ...... 

barrels    - 

y,is«) 

13!) 

IIH 

Tar  and  pitch      -     - 

barrels    - 

n,im 

Masts 

number  - 

l')7 

Spars     .     -     -    .     . 
shook  cawks    -     -     . 

numl)«>r  - 

3,071 

30 

number  - 

h3  K)7 

40 

141 

Soap  and  caudles 

boxes 

iM),47.J 

Ox-bows  and  yokes 

number  - 

1,540 

House  frames      -     - 

number  - 

620 

Iron      .     .     .     .     . 

t.MlS    -      - 

399{ 

Hum. 

Piiiiclicom,  I'^o  Oallona. 

The  Americans  took  in  return,  in  1772    -    -    32,2G.'J    - 

1773    -    -    43,488    - 


Sugar. 
Sugar,  Iloimli.  IS  Cwt. 

-  -     3,776 

-  -     5,328 


It  must  not,  however,  be  supposed,  that  the 

r receding;  table  of  supplies  furnished  to  the  W. 
ndies  from  America,  previous  to  the  war  in  1774, 
comprises  the  total,  in  reference  to  every  article 
enumerated.  A  limited  proportion  of  corn  and 
flour  must  at  all  times  have  been  freighted  from 
Cireat  Britain  ;  and  a  very  considerable  <|uantity 
of  herrings  from  the  British  fisheries,  was  yeiirly 
furnished,  for  subsistence  of  the  negroes  iu  tiie 
VV.  Indies.  Beef  and  pork,  too,  may  have  made 
VOL.  v. 


some  part  of  the  cargoes ;  but  it  must  be  re- 
membered, that  it  was  by  an  act  |iassed  so  late 
as  the  20th  Geo.  III.  cap.  10.  that  Ireland  was 
admitted  to  a  share  in  the  colonial  commerce : 
before  17S0,  Ireland  could  not  export  its  beef, 
pork,  and  butter,  direct  to  th  e  British  W. 
indies. 

The  fact,  however,  was,  that  lumber  and  pro- 
visions Mere  articles  generally  (thoujrh  with  some 
little  exceptions)  supplied  to  the  British  islands] 
s  s 


^  h 


t 


tin 


\  i\  i  ,'^ 


'fir 


!^^ 


'•  I 


li\4 


WEST    INDIES. 


I'from  America,  previouH  to  the  war  obHtructing 
the  iiitrrcdursi^  t>:'.ii  tnulc,  in  1774;  uiul  liciicc 
wo  may  be  enabled,  from  a  consideration  of  the 
quantities  of  each  article  returned,  to  form  a 
pretty  accurate  idea  of  the  nature  and  extent  of 
what  waH  required  at  the  time  for  the  subHiHtenco 
and  uae  of  the  BritiHh  colonistH  in  the  W. 
IndicH. 

(jlrcat  Britain,  whiUt  Hoverei^n  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  reliiiuiiiHhing  the  provision  trade  to  the 
IV.  Indies  in  lavour  of  its  colonial  dependencies 
on  the  Continent,  seemed  to  ibster  the  industry 
and  ufifricuUure  of  its  people  in  those  distant 
provinces,  and  at  the  same  time  to  provide  for 
the  necessities  of  its  people  at  home ;  for  it  is 
ascertained,  that  the  corn  grown  in  England,  is 
not  at  all  times  equal  to  the  home  consumption. 
In  this,  Great  Britain  conceded  therefore  a 
branch  of  export  trade,  which  it  was  scarcely  its 
interest  to  retain  ;  but,  what  was  policy,  carried 
with  it  the  air  of  liberal  concession ;  and  national 
pride  was  satisfied,  that  in  so  far  relinquishing 
the  rights  of  monopoly  in  trade  with  the  planta- 
tions, it  was  a  grant,  and  not  a  surrender.  On 
the  provinces  of  America  being  no  longer  sub- 
ject, but  becoming  an  independent  and  foreign 
power,  under  the  name  of  tne  United  States,  tlie 
case  was  wholly  altered.  Immediately  after  the 
treaty  of  Paris,  in  1783,  by  which  the  States  of 
America  were  recognized  as  an  independent  and 
sovereign  power,  measures  were  taken  in  Lon- 
don to  regulate  anew  the  trade  between  America 
and  the  sugar  colonics.  The  legislature  passed 
an  act  in  June,  180J,  impowering  the  King  to 
issue  Orders  in  Council  to  this  eRbct,  under  cer- 
tain limitations:  and  outluly  2,  1803,  an  order, 
.so  authorized,  was  made,  '  that  provisions  and 
lumber  might  be  carried  direct  from  the  United 
States  to  tne  British  W.  Indies,  but  in  British 
ships  only,  and  navigated  uccurding  to  law.' 

This  restriction  was  by  the  W.  Indians  con- 
sidered as  a  prohibition.  February  6,  1804,  the 
W.  India  merchants  in  London  petitioned  the 
king  and  parliament,  stating,  "  that  the  planters 
in  the  sugar  colonies  could  neither  subsist  their 
negroes,  or  provide  package  for  their  produce, 
without  supplies  from  America  of  provisions  and 
lumber ;  and  that  a  circuitous  voyage  by  British 
ships  vui  America,  would  not  only  incur  a  sur- 
charge of  freights  and  commission,  most  heavy 
on  the  purchaser  and  consumer,  but  that  occa- 
sionally tho  supply  might  altogether  fuil  to  arrive 
as  required,  from  length  and  contingencies  of  the 
voyage :"  and  further  representing,  "  that  the 
medium  of  ordinary  payment  in  the  sugar  colo- 
nies for  lumber  and  provisions  was  rum,  which 


America  ilid,  and  v/ould  take,  but  which  the  mer- 
chants of  Great  Britain  would  not  take,  to  the 
amount  required,  not  being  an  article  disposable 
in  the  home  market." 

Government  resisted  all  these  circumstances ; 
and,  from  1784  to  1793  inclusive,  the  trade  for 
all  supplies  to  the  British  sugar  colonies  was  re- 
stricted to  British  shipping ;  nor  in  the  event, 
during  this  period  of  peace,  were  the  islands  so 
distressed,  as  had  been  presumed  by  the  peti- 
tioners. The  wants  of  tne  planters  were  sup- 
plied, although  certainly  at  a  dearer  rate;  tor 
intermediate  trade  and  factory  always  has  its 
charge.  The  enhancement  of  price  in  the  neces- 
saries of  life,  was,  however,  not  the  only  griev- 
ance :  the  supplies  were  occasionally  scanty,  as 
well  as  dear ;  and  much  distress,  on  this  account, 
was  alledged.  On  (he  other  hand,  Great  Bri- 
tain, during  a  period  of  10  years  peace,  derived 
advantage  from  thus  enforcing  its  navigation 
laws :  the  carrying  trade  was  engrossed  by  Bri- 
tish ship-owners ;  the  British  merchant  had  his 
profit:*  of  trade  and  commission  on  the  articles 
supplietl ;  and,  in  a  much  more  considerable  pro- 
portion than  heretofore,  the  supply  was  of  Bri- 
tish produce,  and  from  the  British  fisheries. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  state  and 
extent  of  the  trade  between  America  and  the  W. 
Indies,  as  affected  by  the  regulations  instituted 
in  1783,  and  sustained  to  1793,  inclusive;  and 
evince  how  far  Great  Britain  can  at  any,  and  the 
most  favourable  period,  set  limits  to  the  com- 
merce and  intercourse  which  Nature,  in  oppo- 
sition to  British  interests,  seems  to  have  pointed 
out,  as  suitable  and  belonging  to  the  Continent 
of  America  and  the  W.  India  islands.  With 
some  allowapces  in  exception,  we  may  admit  them 
lor  purposes  of  comparison  and  general  inference, 
to  snow  all  that  was  required  in  the  W.  Indies, 
as  supplied  from  America  in  the  year  1773;  and 
all  that  could  be  subtracted  from  that  supply, 
and  therefore,  practically,  all  to  lie  furnished  by 
Great  Britain,  or  by  its  American  provinces,  in 
179!?.  In  a  second,  and  other  point  of  view,  we 
may  examine  the  returns  as  exhibiting,  from  the 
access  of  trade  to  America  in  the  latter  years, 
how  much  of  that  trade  Great  Britain  forewent 
and  lust,  by  a  subsequent  relaxation  of  the  letter 
of  its  navigation  acts,  under  and  by  the  instruc- 
tions given  by  the  executive  ministers  in  Eng- 
land to  governors  of  the  colonies,  that  "  during 
the  war,  as  necessity  shall  require,  they  may 
issue  proclamations,  admitting  an  import  to  the 
plantations,  of  lumber  and  provisions  from  Ame- 
rica, in  American  vessels."] 


Hi 


aH 


WEST    INDIES. 


3I.> 


[ProvUioni  and  Lumber  imported  into  tho  W.  IndioM  (i>xcliiMiv«>  oftlin  (!oii(|ucrod  Coloiiius)  Trom  tli' 

United  States  of  Ainerieu. 

Return  to  House  ofCommonH,  May  5,  1806. 


11  ■■■Hire. 

177a. 

i7'j;i. 

17(17. 

I»0(). 

imii. 

('«»rn    .... 

buHheU 

40l,4():i 

S4l,W(i 

.'i3.*J,7(i2 

44i,OGn 

G47,8:)H 

Flour  and  meal  . 

buHlieU 

I3(),.'J()9 

I30,()77 

I7«,I(J7 

l(iJ,«)f)8 

4yi,.W4 

Rice    .... 

do.  &c. 

J.J,0HI 

ia,7f»7 

(),ll(i 

I.J,();)2 

9,3«»3 

Reef  and  pork   . 

barrels 

It.O'i? 

IK) 

il,.'J(H> 

24,->0.*J 

4f),2(W 

FiBli,  dry  .     .     . 

quintals 

7,lfi7 

fl,()y.5 

33,<m 

2<),U)«> 

(it,  124 

FiHh,  pickled 

Imrruls 

(JH,34I 

42(i 

IH,f),JG 

17,979 

IbM'td 

Pine  hoardH,  &c. 

feet   .  . 

2.5,5H«),i?J2 

lt,647,7iJi 

10,7()(),H2e 

2J,I(>  1,441 

29,9()(),(W3 

Timber    .     .     . 

toHH   .    . 

•    •    .    . 

7H4 

4,287 

(),997 

7,807 

Shinmles  .     .     . 

number 

I«),862,0(i8 

23,471,922 

22,f)fM),.'J0() 

3J,28(),408 

39,.'}r)7,828 

StaveH       .     .     . 

number 

I9,3J2,H«0 

(i,HG4,4()0 

(i,498,(>34 

l2,:iO(»,79J 

iy,:ji9,4y.j 

It  appears  from  the  column  1793  of  the  pre- 
ceding return,  that  (ireat  Rritain  or  Ireland,  in 
times  of  peace,  can  furnish  all  the  beef  and  pork; 
and  that  Newfoundland  and  the  home  fisherieH 
supply  most  of  what  is  required  of  the  important 
article,  fish;  but  bread,  flour,  and  rice,  (most 
essential  to  the  HubsiHtencc  of  the  planters  and 
negroes  in  the  W.  Indies)  seem  in  no  case,  and 
at  no  time,  to  have  been  fully  provided,  except- 
ing from  America.  Of  oak-staves,  too,  as  it 
appears,  England  can  furnish  a  considerable  pari 
of  the  supply. 


In  specifying  the  articles  as  imported  into  lliet!<> 
islands,  of  later  years,  it  would  \h'  desirable  to 
ascertain  more  exactly  the  proportion  exported 
into  them  from  other  parts  comparatively  with 
the  United  Slates,  and  more  particularly  from 
the  British  continental  colonies,  as  being  also  th<> 
inimediute  subject  of  this  chapter.  Tliis  then, 
with  the  quantity  which  is  taken  by  the  specitir 
islands,  wdl  be  seen  by  | 


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// 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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WEST    INDIE  S. 


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VOL.  A', 


r  T 


322 


W  EST    I  N  1)  I  E  S. 


[The  exports  direct,  of  West  India  produce  to  America,  in  return  for  provisions  and  lumber  im- 
ported, remains  to  l)e  shewn. 


Ex  I'OIITH  direct  from  the  West  Indies  to  the  United  Slates  of  America,  of  Four  Staple  Articles. 


'i   I 


Utim. 

Sugar. 

Coffee. 

Cotton. 

1773 
1774 

3,869,800 
5,218,560 

Cwts. 

49,088 
69,225 

Cwta. 

2,863 

202,200 

r  Before  the  separation  of  the 
United  States  of  America. 

1787 
1793 

1,575,105 

20,127 
9,336 

3,155 

836 

3,000 

British  Navigation  Acts  in  force. 

1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 

2,265,177 
2,106,883 
3,267,280 
2,I97,4.')0 
1,972,985 
3.201,209 
2,761,384 
3,638,021 
3,925,595 
4,198,154 

37,606 
67,845 

100,033 
54,867 
47,172 

106,679 
90,800 
46,855 
50,258 

113,447 

4,586 
22,231 
21,828 
13,538 
19,421 
8,093 
7,125 
12,596 
14,907 
19,916 

74,309 
49,289 
47,400 
86,817 

59,400 

31,800 

12,350 

3,000 

Trade  licensed  by  proclamation, 
-     in  American   vessels   of  one 
deck. 

im- 


VALUE  oi'  the  above  Exports  in  1803. 


Rum,  at  5.9.  current,  or  3s.  sterling  per  gallon,  and  joe  the  cask,    galls. 
Sugar,  as  40.«.  sterling  per  cwt.  nett  from  the  plantation,      -      -    cwts. 
Coffee,  at  4/.  sterling  per  cwt.  extra  freight,  and  ditto,     -      -     -     cwts. 
Cotton,  at  Is.  ditto,  ditto,    -.-.--._.-.      .       lbs. 
Sundries,  melasses,  pimento,  ginger,  &c,  &c.     ------ 

Total  value  of  exports. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

4,198,154 

113,447 

19,916 

£ 

708,960 

226,894 

79,664 

150,000 

— 

1,165,518 

A  comparative  view  of  the  nature  and  quan-    other  places  in  question,  and  to  Great  Britain, 
tity  of  the  articles  exported  from  these  islands  to     will  appear  by  the  following  document,  being] 


T 


WEST    INDIES. 


32S 


[/  n  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantities  of  Rum,  Sngnr,  Coffee,  and  Cotton-Wool,  exported  from  the 
British  West  India  Islands,  from  the  5th  of  Jannurv  ITD'J  to  the  5th  ol'  .Tiinuary  180^  ;  so  far  an 
the  same  can  be  made  up  : — Distinguishing  each  Year  ;  and,  the  Quantities  to  the  United  States, 
to  the  British  Colonics  on  the  Continent  of  America,  and  to  (treat  Britain  respectively. 


Ltiiicil  States  of 

Urititili  Ciiiitliieiilnl 

America. 

Ciilonies, 

(irrnt  Rrit.iiii. 

TiKrI. 

Gallom. 

GaUons. 

Gallomt. 

Gallons. 

Rim, 

1793 

536,353 

613,898 

3,756,800 

4,907,051 

1794 

2,265,177 

625,720 

2,806,623 

5,597,520 

1795 

2,106,883 

■204,965 

1,861,886 

4,173,734 

1796 

3,267,280 

307,124 

1,993,350 

5,567,754 

1797 

2,197,450 

486,706 

1,. 595,008 

4,279,164 

1798 

1,9/2,985 

384,953 

3,866,1.38 

6,224,076 

1799 

3,201,209 

664,258 

2,401,982 

6,270,449 

1800 

2,761,384 

186,449 

3,283,392 

6.231,225 

1801 

3,638,021 

569,691 

3,940,859 

8,II.<,571 

1309 

3,925,595 

584,673 

4,166,113 

8,676,381 

1803 

4,198,154 

^02,474 

3,790,868 

8,781,496 

Cwt. 

Cwt. 

Cicl. 

Cwt. 

Sugar, 

1793 

9,  "'^6 

5,106 

2,115,308 

2,129,750 

1794 

37,606 

4,615 

2,099,700 

2,141,921 

1795 

67,845 

3,320 

1,672,774 

1,743,939 

1796 

100,033 

7,332 

1,709,219 

1,8I6,.584 

1797 

54,867 

3,893 

1,577,921 

1,636,681 

1798 

47,172 

4,508 

1,963,922 

2,015,602 

1799 

106,67*/ 

9,933 

2,511,858 

2,628,470 

1800 

90,800 

10,660 

2,312,537 

2,413,997 

1801 

46,855 

10.366 

2,902,737 

2,959,958 

1802 

50,258 

11,397 

3,401,711 

3,463,366 

1803 

113,447 

13,906 

2,759,126 

2,886,479 

Coffee, 

1793 

866 

603 

90,547 

92,016 

1794 

4,586 

80 

136,341 

141,007 

1795 

22,331 

99 

122,370 

144,800 

1796 

21,828 

514 

71,744 

94,086 

1797 

13,5.58 

427 

100,982 

114,947 

1798 

19,421 

802 

144,852 

165,075 

1799 

8,093 

1,130 

123,036 

132,259 

1800 

7,125 

775 

172,474 

180,374 

1801 

12,596 

935 

185,828 

199,359 

1802 

14,907 

257 

214,984 

230,148 

1803 

19,916 

1,353 

152,614 

173,883 

lbs. 

los. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

CoTTON-WoOL, 

1793 

-    .     . 

8,690 

9,164,893 

9,i73,.583 

1794 

74,369 

6,304 

8,392,502 

8,473,175 

1795 

49,282 

1.600 

11,624,613 

11,67,5,495 

1796 

47,400 

1,,550 

8,805,463 

8,.S5I,4I3 

1797 

86,817 

12,850 

0,818,186 

6,918,153 

1798 

... 

18,250 

7,891, ,582 

7,909,832 

1799 

59,400 

750 

7,469,731 

7,.529.88l 

1800 

31,800 

4,274 

10,575,275 

10,611.349 

1801 

12,350 

500 

11,248,164 

11,261,014 

1802 

3,000 

14,950 

8,781,941 

8,799,891 

1803 

.    .    . 

3,250 

5,647,365 

5,650,615 

('u^tora-Hoiise,  London,  May  5, 18UG, 


T  T  2 


WILLIAM  IKVING.J 


* 


i    '  I 


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324 


WEST     INDIES. 


[Uy  tlic  Hct  passed  in  July  1806,  in  ro^ulntion 
nfthc  future  inlercousc  between  Ainerini  and  the 
W.  Indies,  under  orders  to  be  issued  by  the  King 
in  council,  siiirar  and  cotl'ee  were  expunged  from 
the  list  of  enumerated  articles  before  licensed  for 
the  trade,  with  a  view  of  securing  a  monopoly  to 
the  mother  country,  but  the  intent  of  whicli,  it  is 
feared,  must  have  been  considerably  counter- 
acted by  the  proximity  and  easy  access  of  the  fo- 
reign islands  of  Guadaloupe  and  Martinique. 

For  a  further  account  of  the  Exports,  particu- 
larly to  Great  Britain,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
the  next  Chapter. 

British  Shipping  eniploi/id  in  the  W.  India 
Trade. — The  navigation  acts,  and  particular  re- 
strictions on  British  ships  navi<rat  il  according  to 
law,  if  freighted  with  colonial  produce,  having 
been  already  under  our  consideration,  our  pre- 
sent intention  is  to  form  such  an  arrangement  of 
jfficiil  documents,  as  may  shew  the  extent  of 
British  shipping  employed  in  the  W.  India  trade; 
•and  its  progressive  increase  not  only  in  the  num- 
ber, but  in  the  additional  tonnage  and  dimension, 
of  ships. 


On  this  head,  however,  it  may  bo  proper  to 
direct  the  render's  attention  to  the  average  size 
of  the  ships,  and  to  the  nature  of  their  voyage, 
with  a  comparative  view  of  other  branches  of 
British  shipping  and  navigation. 

The  W.  India  ships  will  appear  to  be  of  a  size 
suited  to  the  employment  of  seamen  in  the  line 
of  practice  antl  knowledge  «>f  their  business, 
which  may  best  fit  them  for  future  service  in 
ships  of  war;  whilst  yet  the  dimensions  of  the 
shipping  are  not  such  as  to  re(iuire  the  largest 
oak  timber,  and  deprive  the  public  dock-yards  in 
any  degree  of  that  resource  which  is  yearly  dimi- 
nishing, and  more  diflicult  to  procure. 

The  navigation  from  five  to  eight  weeks,  or 
five  months  out  and  homc>,  has  the  advantage 
over  morn  distar.t  voyages,  by  returning  the  crews 
at  certain  |^?riods  within  the  year,  for  iiutional 
service,  if  eventually  so  renuired :  at  the  same 
time  carrying  the  seamen  tnrough  various  cli- 
mates in  so  short  a  period,  and  in  so  frc(|uent 
succession,  enures  their  habits,  and  fits  them  to 
bear  the  fatigues  of  duty  in  every  quarter  of  the 
globe. 


I'sl', 


Comparative  RETURN,  for  the  Years  1787,  per  Report  to  Privy  Council,  1788;  and  for  1804, 

per  Return  to  House  of  Commons,  March  8,  1805. 


Shipping  Inwards. 

1787. 

1804,                j 

Ships. 

Miipij. 

Tons. 

Shipj. 

Tons. 

For  Great  Britain,  to  London,   -    -     - 
Liverpool,     -     - 
Bristol,     -    -     - 
liancaster,    -     - 
Port  Glasgow  I 
a:;d  Greenock,  ) 

For  Ireland,    -    ~  to  Dublin,     -    -    - 
Cork,   -    -    -     - 
Belfast,     -     -    - 

From  British  W.  Indies,     - 

143 
71 
39 

252 
1    253 

70 

70,418 
49,585 

12,022 

326 

188 

84 

104,312 
52,009 

17,932 

— 

575 

132,025 

598 

29 

18 

5 

174,253 

0,526 

2,403 

752 

—     1        — 

— 

650 

183,934] 

M 


W  E  ST    INDIE  S. 


n-i-i 


[Compnrntivc  Tonnnge,  and  Sizo     '  Ships,  in  the  West  India  Trade,  at  ditTeront  Periods. 


1787. 

1801. 

llesuUs,  1801-5. 

.Shipit. 

252 

253 

70 

575 

Tons. 

Mi'iliiini 

Totl!* 
LMCll. 

Mliipt. 

326 

188 
84 

598 

Tons. 

Moctiiim 

'Itim 
c.icli. 

321 
277 
212 

Ill' 

C'lca^i' 
NmiiljiT 

oiSlii.m. 

iiidiMtcor 

IiirrcMiif 

nl'Slii|i!i 
ill  'I'liii", 

Londun 
Otit-ports  - 
Seotlnnd     - 

70,418 
49,585 
12,022 

279 
197 
170 

104,312 
52.009 
17,932 

74 

D.  65 

14 

33,891 
2,421 
5,910 

42,228 

45 

80 
72 

132,025 

-     - 

174,253 

23 

-     - 

West  India  Shipping  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  inwnrd  and  outward,    1801.     Return  to  IIousu 

of  Commons,  Marrii  18,  1805. 

Irish  Trade  with  the  West  Indies. 


Inward. 

Outward. 

.Ships. 

.Sliips. 

'l'oii»>. 

Tuii8  each. 

.Ships. 

Dublia  -    -    -    - 

Cork      -     .     .     - 

Belfast    -     -    -     - 
Waterford,  &c.     - 

t  Irish    -    12 
1  British     17 
\  Irish  -     10 
\  British       8 
Irish      -     - 
Irish      -     - 

J   29 

3 
2 

6,526 

2,403 

610 
142 

9,68! 

224 

134 

203 
71 

Irish    -     -  17 
British      -  10 
Irish    -     -  25 
British      -  95 
Irish    -     -     5 
British      -     1 

J     27 
3 

}    120 

, 

52 

-      - 

- 

150 

The  greater  number  of  ships  clearing  outward     their  passage  to  the  sugar  colonies,  for  their  as- 
from  Ireland  to  theW.  Indies,  is  to  be  attributed     sortment  of  butter,  salted  beef,  pork,  &'c 
to  British  ships  (vid  Cork  especiall_y)  calling,  on 

Rccapituic  iOn  of  Shipping  inward  in  1804,  from  the  Sugar  Colonies. 


Sliips. 

Tims. 

.Seamen. 

Mtiliiini 
Tons  each. 

Great  Britain       .     .     .    _ 
Ireland 

lotal  British  W.  Indit  s      - 
From  conquered  colonies    - 

General  total  -    -    - 

598 
52 

174,2.53 
9,681 

!  3,256 
810 

288 

192  J 

650 

82 

183,934 
13,746 

14,096 
1,500 

732 

197,680 

15,,596 

''•«'-•' 


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i  n. 


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32G 


WEST    INDIES. 


[From  tho  above  TahloH  it  appears  that  (he  total  toiniat^e  employed  between  Great  Britain  and  the 

West  Indies,  was,  viz. 
Shipping  Inwards.  Tom 

KiiKland  and  Scotland,  in  iHOt I74,2.VJ 

Ireland «),()H| 

183,931 

Fn-rl»nd  and  Scotland,  in  1787 132,02.") 

Ireland,  no  Import  permitted 

132,025      • 


Increase  of  tonnage  inwards  in  18  years    - 
being  ecpial  to  more  than  one-fiCtli  of  the  whole 
of  the   tonnage  inwards   of  1787,  exclusive  of 
13,746  tons  from  the  conquered  colonies, 

The  seamen  employed  in  the  year  1804,  were, 
as  may  be  seen  above,  1,5,590 — the  present  num- 
ber ^18 14)  including  those  employed  in  the  na- 
vit^ation  between  the  different  islands  may  not 
l)e  over-rated  by  Mr.  ('ol(|uhoHn  at  2,5,000 ; 
which,  allowing  an  equal   nimibcr  of  tons  to 


-     -  51,909 

each  man,  as  was  the  case  in  1804,  raises  the 
present  tonnage  to  upwards  of  3 1(),0()0  tons,  be- 
ing  an  increase  of  import  shipping  for  the  whole 
of  the  W.  Indies  of  more  than  one-third  in  the 
last  10  years. 

In  1804-5,  the  Uritish  shipping  in  the  export 
trade  to  the  VV.  Indies,  was  oflicially  returned  to 
the  House  of  Commons  in  March  1805,  as  fol- 
lows : 


Shiiis. 

Tons. 

Aveniue  Tons 
ciicli  .Slii|). 

Soaniin, 

From  London   .     -     -     - 
Ontports      -     -     - 
Scotland       -     -    - 
Ireland    -    -     -     . 

350 
257 
101 
129 

107,100 
70,532 
25,048 
33,900 

306 
276 

218 
275 

8,400 
5,140 
1,818 
2,322 

Totals     -    -     - 

837 

236,510 

... 

17,680 

Thus  the  total  Shipping  employed  between  Great  Britain  and  her  West  India  Colonics,  in  their 

repeated  voyages,  were 


in  1804    -    ■ 

Tntiil       .... 

f  Inwards    -     - 
1  Outwards 

Tons.         Seamen. 

197,680     i5,.596 
236,510     17,680 

Tons. 
434,190 

650,521 

Seamen, 

33,276 
50,000 

in  1814  .    ■ 
Total  -          -     -     - 

r  Inwards    -     - 
1  Outwards 

Tons. 
316,090 
334,431 

Seamen. 
25,000 
25,000 

T^otfil  iiir*r/>iQp  - 

216,331 

16,724 

So  that  the  shipping  between  Great  and  the 
W.  Indies  may  be  computed,  in  round  numbers, 
to  have  increased  one-third  in  the  last  10  years. 

Shipping  belonging  to  the  several  ports  of  Great 
Britain,  from  1791  to  1814. — The  above  was  the 


amount  of  tonnage  employed  from  the  year  1787, 
including  the  repeated  voyages  of  the  men  and 
vessels.  A  comparative  view  of  the  proportion 
this  navigation  has  borne  and  beprs  to  the  whole 
of  the  shipping  of  Great  Britain,  will  appear  by  I 


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WEST    INDIES. 


<f.  ^n< 


,  I 


[In  concluding  our  notice  of  the  tonnage  of  the 
W.  India  shipping,  it  is  generally  to  be  ob- 
served, that  m  proportion  to  th"  value  of  the 
articles  'aden,  the  freight  of  the  export  is 
greater  than  that  of  the  import  trade.  Charged 
on  bulk  comparatively,  as  on  value  or  weight  of 
the  article,  it  operates  to  a  third,  to  a  half,  or 
even  to  the  fuK  value,  of  sundry  exports.  Of 
hoops  for  binding  hogsheads,  all  of  which  are 
supplied  from  Great  Britain,  the  cost  and  freight 
are  nearly  equal.  Fro.n  examination  of  various 
and  actui.1  invoices  of  stores  sent  to  tbo  planta- 
tions, Sir  William  Young  computes  the  freight 
(in  time  of  war)  as  at  least  one-fourtli  of  the  in- 
voice ;  and  on  the  total  export,  ir»  a  yearly 
value  of  six  millions ;  the  freight  is  then 
X*- 1,500,000.  This  is  a  great  interest;  but  no 
Jess  beneficial  io  the  W.  Indian  than  to  the  Bri- 
tish ship-owner,  since  the  former  were  not  a 
waving  freight  paid  outwards,  and  the  ship  came 
to  the  islands  light,  or  in  ballast,  would  have  a 
)roportional  surciiarge  to  pay  on  the  freiglit  of 
lis  produce  home. 

Passfis;r  Onlunnls  to  the  W.  Indies. — Having 
cleared  the  Britisli  Cliannol,  a  wesi'iig  is  t<)  be 
preferred,  or  le.  s.  <v.  course,  to  jong.  I'i',  to 
clear  Cape  I'inisterrc,  and  avoid  the  being  em- 
bayed in  Biscay,  or  afterwar  Is,  under  contin- 
gency of  -tO.  gales,  closing  ou  the  coast  of  Por- 
tugal, «here  the  W.  India  fleet,  under  convoy  of 
the  .Apollo,  was  in  great  part  wrecked  and  lost 
in  ISOl.  Having  made  long.  IJ"",  lat.  4i'^,  steer 
(.  or  u'.  of  Madeira  ;  the  latter,  wind  serving  ; 
but  holdingsouthini;-  in  preference,  for  gaining  tlie 
r.  or  trade-winds,  prevalent  from  lat.  24^,  but 
general  and  certain  between  the  tropics,  from  lat. 
ti'2'',  and  ,v.  Trades  gained,  course  direct  for  Bar- 
badoes,  lat.  13'  f)'.  loiio-.  M-^  4S^ 

Passdo-e /lonieuard from  th:'  JV.  Indies. — Pack- 
ets or  convoys  taking  departure  froiu  T(nt()la,lat. 
IS^'  'iS'.  long,  iil^  4:i',  take  northing,  to  clear  t\w 
trade-winds;  sai'esl  to  prefer  northing  to  lat.  ."0 ', 
tor  variable  winds,  ai\d  zi.\  prol)able  ;  tiien  run  //. 
10.  to  'at.  10^  l,)ng.  }.")°.  Clear  «)f  the  great  bank 
of  Newi'onndland,  and  thence  catching  prevalent 
li'.  winds,  liokl  course  <  .  «.  ti\  to  ii.  of  .Azores,  or 
\Wstern  Isles;  and  loin  lat.  1,'j-',  long.  .'JO-', 
slant  w.  II.  e.  to  open  ]  riti.->h  (liannel,  in  hit.  19', 
luiiji'    I'i' ;  luiiii'.  ^1  heaxe  the  h-ad,  itc.  i."v:c. 

.Numerous  lleets  "luler  convoy,  in  time  of  war, 
from  bad  sailing  vessels,  and  others  going  less 
near  to  t!u^  m  iiul  l)etween  the  tropics,  will  lake  a 
more  direct  northing,  or  nuiy  even  lose  a  de- 
t,!  i  :>f  longiluile.  xvliilbt  clearirg  the  trades:  and 
if  e.  then   pi'evalonl,    may   near  the    Bank)i  of 


Newfoundland,  and  encounter  heavy  seas  and 
gales  :  this  the  Jamaica  convoys  are  most  ex- 
posed to.  Packets,  and  single  merchantmen,  ac- 
cording severally  to  the  ability  of  ship  and 
crew,  will  make  e.  from  their  departure.  A  pas- 
sage homeward  of  the  packet  may  be  e.stimatcd 
at  live  weeks  ;  of  a  single  laden  ship,  at  six 
weeks  ;  and  of  convoy,  at  eight  weeks. 

CHAP.  V. 

Tables  and  Aecoiints  q/"  iMPonrs  and  expohts 

of  W.  INDIA  STAPLES. —  Siigar. 

Tables  and  Accounts  of  imports  ajtd  expouts 

O/'OTIIEH  W.  INDIA  STAPLES,  t)/3. —  1.   Rlllll. — 

a.  Coffee.— 3.  Cocoa.— ^.  Pimento.— 5.  Cotton 
Wool.—Q.  TJije  Woods,  S\x. 

Later  Accounts  of  the  quantity  and  value  of 
imports  and  exports. —  1.  Qnaiilili/  andvahic 
of  the  principal  articles  imported  from  the  Bri- 
tish and  foreign  JV.  India  islands,  1805,  1S07, 
1810,  a\'d  1812.-2.  Official  value  of  exports 
from  Great  Britain  to  the  island  of  St.  Do- 
mingo, 1809  and  1813.— 3.  OJiddl  value  of 
e.rports  from  Great  Britain  to  Africa,  1810  and 
J812.— 4.  Account  of  the  colonial  staples  import- 
ed into  Great  Britain,  for  the  year  1809,  (iistin- 
guishing  the  countries  from  whence  imported. 

Tables  and  Accounts  of  imports  and  exports 

ofw.  INDIiV  STAPLES. —  Sugur. 

In  treating  of  the  staples  of  the  W.  India  islands, 
it  will  not  be  expected  in  this  place  that  we  an^ 
about  to  enter  into  their  botanical  history.  Oin 
present  object  is  to  attempt  to  show  how  those 
])rodnctions  have  Ijeen  nurtured,  by  the  great  de- 
mand they  have  invariably  experienced,  ever 
since  the  soil  of  these  colonies  was  first  found  to 
be  beneficial  to  their  growth.  Nothing,  perhaps, 
will  better  conduce  to  this  object  han  a  separate 
and  distinct  consideration  of  the  several  articles 
as  exported  ;  and  first,  with  rt  gard  to  sugar. 

Previously  to  the  year  17(it»,  the  rjuantity  of 
this  article  imported,  from  the  W.  India  colonies 
into  Ijireat  Britain,  never  exceeded  much  nu)re 
than  1,000,000  of  cwts.;  but,  since  that  perit)d, 
it  has  progressively  increased  in  a  very  consider- 
able degree,  as  the  following  table  will  specKy  ; 
being]  ^ 


,"1 


WEST    INDIES. 


3*9 


;ea9  and 
Host  cx- 
nien,  ac- 
liip  and 
A  jias- 
'sti  mated 
p,  at  nix 


EXPonis 


Exponts 
.  Ru»i. — 
-5.  Cotton 


VALUE  of 

f  and  xahie 
n  thr  Bii- 
805,  1807, 
of  exports 
/•  St.  Do- 
I  vuIkc  of 
t,  1810  ami 
\lcs  import- 
809,  (iistin- 
nporlcd. 

i  EXrOHTS 


(lia  island;*, 
at  we  an^ 
ory.     Our 
low  thosi" 
fjicat  do- 
iicod,   ever 
found  to 
0-,  {leriiaps, 
a  separate 
al  articles 
sugar, 
quantity  of 
iia  colonies 
uracil  more 
lat  period, 
consider- 
ill  specily  -. 


[.An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantity  of  British  Plantation  Sujjar  impor'etl  into  England,  bctwecft 
the  Years  1()98  and  1754,  and  thereafter  into  Great  Britain  to  the  Year  1700;  also,  an  Ac- 
count, for  the  same  Periods,  of  the  Quantity  of  Raw  and  Refined  Sugars  exported  :  distinguishing 
each  Year,  and  the  Raw  from  the  Relined. 


Inipurted. 

Raw  Stifar 

K»'(ino(l  SuKar 

IiiiportPil. 

Raw  Siiga 

r 

Rrliiu'd  Sugar 

ex^iorted. 

exporloi). 

1     ■■- 
Veal's. 

fxpoitfil. 

oxporti'cl. 

Yoar« 

Qiiantily. 

Quantity. 

Quantity, 

Qiiantily. 

Qii.intity. 

Quantity. 

Cwt.    i|rs.  Ills. 

Cv»i9.     nrs.  lb». 

Cwls.     qn*.  11)8 



Cwt.     <|r.»,  11k. 

Cwt.     i|is. 

11.*. 

Cvvl.     i\x->.  Il»». 

\cm 

427,573  2  25 

182,325  2    4 

14,302  0  20 

1730 

818,277   1    12 

<)5,832  0 

1 

21,077  2  20 

nm 

489,320  1     7i  105,391  3  10 

17,044  2  23 

1731 

822,844  3  15 

121,904  3 

18 

10,511  3   18 

1700 

435,405  1  21 

133,917  3  11 

3,475  1    17 

1732 

1,001,784  e    0 

102,274  0 

5 

27,008  2     5 

1701 

259,002  3    0 

45,030  1     5 

2,908  2  21 

1733 

095,()79  3    9 

44,932  0 

8 

l:;,275  0  2() 

1702 

408,914  0     1 

84,010  2  20 

021    1  25 

1734 

903,1)34  2  22 

(J9.899  2 

25 

21,070   1     0 

1703 

315,837  2  12ii33,7l3  1     8 

1,.339  0  15 

;1735 

877,591  0  24 

.58,,50f)  3  20    !'t,700  2  21 1 

1701 

370,1.57  1     7 

71,822  1     7 

090  3   18 

il730 

550,900  1    10 

40,779  3 

17 

ll.;31  3     0 

1705 

335,873  3    3 

107,217  0  10 

1,840  2  23 

11737 

804,252  1     0 

49,437    1 

0 

«),I97   1   23 

170() 

388,207  3  2(j 

131.832  2  25 

2,1.50  2  131 1 738 

951.073  3    4 

0.3,149  0 

3 

l.-),SSl   2   10 

1707 

377,107  2  11 

04,180  3    0 

2,305   1    18 

173}» 

700,947  0    8 

07,144  2 

10 

I5,0t()    1     9 

1708 

397,570  3  12 

74,377  3  23 

924  0  18 

il740 

880,124   1     0 

(i8,450  0 

3 

19,119  3   15 

1709 

507,002  1  21 

117,075  2    5 

2,140  2  21 

1741 

731,410  3  11 

50,231  0 

10 

I2,,599  3  21 

1710 

300,394  1  20 

82,142  2  24 

1,800  2  10 

il742 

895,134  1  20 

151,120  3 

11 

20,024  3  14 

I7II 

423,541  0     1 

119,.507  1     8 

8,579  2  I8|!i743 

724,411  2  14 

.58,198  0 

19 

17,087  0    2 

1712 

503,528  1     8 

184,009  0  12 

3,493  1    10 

1744 

055,199  3    0 

78,341  3 

4) 

17,089  0  II 

1713 

512,221  3    0 

158.990  3    0 

3,482  3    5 

1745 

753,472  1    19 

92,82()  2 

22 

l,j,01()  3  27 

I7P'    017,414  3  II 

143,337  1   13 

4,481  3  14 

!l7?0 

008,458  2  14 

51,935  1 

15 

10,111  0     1 

1715 

084,759  2  10 

101,941  3    3 

4,549  0     i 

|I747 

982,.588  2  13 

115,727   1 

II 

10,801  3  21 

1710 

703,175  3  14 

290,179  2  II 

9,993  0     2 

1748 

933,271  3    9 

127,921    1 

0 

.'J0,«)28  2    2 

1717 

500,885  0     1 

124,375  1   13 

1.3,188  1     9 

il749 

91.5,314  2    5 

I0r,9«l  0 

22 

2I,8}(»  3   15 

1718 

544, (J34  0  25 

107.022  0  -20 

3,044  2   If) 

;i750 

825,930  2    0 

43,7()9  3 

() 

22,325  2   15 

1719 

70(),385  3  20 

121,778  0    9 

.3,100  3     7 

1175! 

825,121    1   m 

.'J."),7I2  2 

l(i 

!3,.508  3  20 

1720 

497,011  0  21 

()0,743  3  1 1 

3,780  2  25 

'1752 

1,114,084  3  20 

55,()S7  2 

0 

1 1,224  3     7 

1721 

010,941  0    9 

83,009  2    5 

5,215  2    2 

;  17.53 

8.59,131  2  12 

42,818  2 

17 

12,2f)8   1    15 

1722 

000.700  2    9 

03,479  I     7 

4,914  2  12 

17.54 

1,202,079  3  14 

1 10,8,53  0 

20 

ll,.i04  2     1 

1723 

729,133  2  13 

110,088  1   11 

.5,177  2  19 

1755 

1,051,205  3    (J 

200,.';3t)  2 

0 

.'J0,0I7  3    2 

1724 

851,9.52  2  25 

147,408  2     1 

0,2f)3  3     5 

17.50 

1,230,843  0  20 

70,()25  0 

9 

10,7,58  0  23 

1725 

008,310  I     9 

140,915  3  22 

8,414  2     7 '175711,14,5,028  2    3 

220,821  3 

14 

02,771  3    0 

1720 

045,  io8  0     1 

112,699  3  21 

11,073  3     1  17.58  1,199,082  2  20 

171,2.31  0 

9 

I07,()2()  2  10 

1727 

972,240  0     1 

210,320  3  "23 
158.740  2  13 

29,1,^4  1     4  I7.)9;  1,374.720  2    5 

I1.3,(i83   1 

2.'j 

58,(i50  3   18 

1728 

994,701  3  24 

1.3,080  1     2' 1700  1,491,317  3  l(i 

.;93,32l  0 

13 

108,891    I     7 

1729 

1,021,078  2    3 

107,980  1   12 

14, .538  0  '23 

1 

• 

With  the  (gradually  increasing  importation 
about  this  pflriod,  we  find  that  the  home  con- 
sumption kept  pace  pretty  equally  with  the  ex- 


f)ort. 
)ein£ 


■J 


This  will  appear  by  the  following  table. 


Ti 


iW 


■t   ' 


f  (. 


TMi 


»01..  T. 


U  H 


111 


■■'. 

I? 


.'130 


WEST    INDIES. 


[An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantity  ofSugiir  imported  from  the  W.  India  Colonies  into  Great  Britain, 
in  the  iindpr-mentioned  Periods,  from  17G1  to  1811,  both  inclusive,  with  the  Quantity  exported  in 
the  same  Periods  ;  distin<!;uishin;r  the  Export  to  Ireland,  from  the  Export  to  all  other  Parts  ;  and 
expressiufjtlie  Sui>ar  in  Cw«s.  after  reducina:  the  Refined  into  Raw,  on  the  principle  of  34  to  20; 


o the  l^u 

intity  remaining  lor  the  ( 

onsumptioM  ot  the  llr 

itlSll    I'jl.ipil 

•e. 

Exnorted. 

Kuiiiaiiiiiif;  t'ur 

llio  Coiisuiiip- 

Periods. 

Imported. 

'_^^ 

(ion  of  (ii'i'iit 

^ 

Urilain  and 

'i'u  li'C'huul. 

Toollii-rl'iirt^. 

Total. 

Ireland. 

Cut-. 

Cwls 

Cwts. 

Cnls. 

Cw(8. 

17G1   .... 

1,517,727 

130,811 

444,228 

.'i75,039 

1762  .... 

1,428,086 

100,483 

366,327 

466,810 

1763  -     -     -     - 

1 ,765,8.38 

159,230 

398,407 

557,637 

1764  .... 

1,488,079 

125,841 

371,453 

497,294 

Annual 

1765  .... 

average  of  five  years    . 

1771   .... 

1,227,159 

152,616 

191,756 

344,372 

1,130,943 

1,485,377 

133,796 

354,434 

488,230 

l,4*)2,096 

207,1.53  ' 

82,563 

289,716 

1772  .... 

1,829,721 

189,555 

48.678 

238,233 

1773  -     -    -    . 

1,804,080 

200,886 

37,323 

238,209 

1774  -     -    -     - 

2,029,725 

224,733 

,55,481 

280,214 

Annual 

1775  .     -     .    - 

average    -    -     -    .     . 

1781  .... 

2,021,059 

272,638 

190,.568 

463,206 

1,752,414 

1,835,336 

218,993 

82,922 

301,915 

1,080,848 

162,951 

111.631 

277,582 

1782  -    -    -    - 

1,374,269 

96,640 

49,816 

146,456 

1783  -     -    -    - 

1  ,.584,275 

173.417 

177.839 

351,256 

1784  .     -    .     - 

1,782,386 

142,139 

222,076 

364,215 

Annual 

1785  ...    - 

average    

1791    .... 

2,075,909 

210,939 

223,204 

434,143 

1,422,024 

1,579,537 

157,217 

157,513 

314,730 

1,808,950 

141,291 

267,397 

408,688 

1792   -    -    -     - 

1,980,973 

1 15,309 

508,821 

624,1,30 

1793  -     -    -     . 

2,115,308 

145,223 

360,005 

505.228 

1794    -    -    -    - 

2,330,026 

1.53,798 

792.364 

946,162 

Annual 

1795   -    -    -    - 

average     -     .    -    -     . 

ISOl   -    .    -    . 

1,871,368 

147,609 

551,788 

699,397 

1,. 52,5,250 

2,01' 1,325 

140,646 

496,075 

636,721 

3,729,264 

113,915 

862,892 

976,807 

1802   ...     - 

4,119,860 

179.978 

1,747,271 

1,927,249 

1803  -     -    -     - 

2,925,400 

144,646 

1,377,867 

1,, 522,5 13 

1801   -     -     -     - 

2.968,590 

153,711 

762,485 

916,196 

1805    -     -     -     - 

2,922,255 

153,303 

808,073 

961, .376 

Annual 

1806  -     -     -     - 

average    -     .     .     -     . 

1809  -     -    .     . 

3,673,037 

127,328 

791,429 

1     918,7.)7 

2,331,398 

3,389,734 

145,480 

1,058,336 

i  1,20,3,816 

13.974,185 

272,943 

1,223,748 

,  l,4f)f).69l 

1810   -    - 

4,759,423 

102,039 

1,217,310 

'  l,319,']49 

1811    -    -     .     - 
average  of  three  years  - 

3,897,221 

335,468 

355,602 

i     690,870 

3,288,122 

Annual 

4,210,276 

236,816 

932,153 

1,168,970 

1 

IwjiiMtor  Ciciu'ial's  Otfice,  Ciistuni  Hoiisf,  Louilmi, 


WILLIAM  IKVING.J 


,399 


i,122 
ING. 


WEST    INDIES. 


331 


[From  whence  it  is  further  observable  that  the 
average  consumption  of  Great  Britain  hasalwa^-s 
been  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  quantity  of 
sugar  imported,  and  that  the  exportation  to 
foreign  parts,  except  in  the  unnatural  check  ex- 
perienced from  tlie  continental  system,  has  been 
always  ready  to  take  off  the  influx,  however 
much  it  may  have  exceeded  the  demand  for  the 
home  supply. 

Of  the  quantity  imported  in  the  three  last 
mentioned  years,  it  may  be  necessary  to  state, 
that  only  a  stipulated  proportion  was  admissible 
into  British  consumption,  to  the  exclusion  of  that 
imported  from  some  of  the  conquered  colonies:  the 
particulars  of  which  we  subjoin  in  the  following 
statement,  calculated  at  the  same  time  to  shew 
the  comparative  quantity  of  the  article  in  question 
yearly  imported  from  the  E.  Indies. 


An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantity  of  Sugar  im- 
ported into  Great  Britain  in  each  of  the  three 
Years  ending  January  5,  1812;  distinguishing 
(hat  which  was  imported  from  the  E.  Indies, 
and  from  those  Colonics  in  the  VV.  Indies  whose 
Produce  is  admissible  into  British  Consump- 
tion, from  that  which  was  imported  from  the 
other  Conquered  Colonies. 


Years 
eiuiina 
Jan.  a 


From  Colonies 
tlii^  Produce  ot 
which  is  adniis 
sibic  into  Brit 
ish  Consump- 
tion. 


1810 
1811 
1812 


Cwts. 

3,394,;  85 
3,771,000 
3,047,142 


From  Colonic,*, 
liie  Piocliu'c  ot 
wliich  is  not  ad- 
missilile  into 
Biitisli  Con- 
sumption. 


Cwts. 

.580,813 
988,.303 
250,079 


From  tlip 

East 
Indice. 


Cwts. 

20,200 
19,240 
'20,3'2'2 


Total 
Quantity 
imported. 


Cwts. 

4,001,198 
4,808,003 
3,917,543 


Ciistoii  House.  WILLIAM  IRVlNti. 

The  relative  quantity  imported  from  the  different 
islands  will  appear  by  the  annexed 


ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantity  of  Sugar  imported  into  Great  Britain,  in  three  Years,  ending  July  1812, 
distinguishing  eleven  principal  Islands  of  the  Old  British  Colonies,  from  whence  the  same  was 
imported,  an  Amount  of  the  Sugar  on  hand  on  the  3th  of  January  of  each  Year  ;  the  Net  Pro- 
duce of  Duties  on  the  Import  (ailer  deducting  the  Payments  made  to  the  Excise)  and  the  Rate  of 
the  same  per  Cent,  in  each  Year. 


Antigua    - 

Barbadoes     -     .     -     -     _     . 
Dominica       ------ 

Grenada  ------- 

Jamaica    ------- 

Montserrat    ------ 

Nevis  -------- 

St.  Kitt's 

St.  Vincent's  ------ 

Tortola     - 

Trinidad  ------- 

Total - 

Total  on  hand 

Net  produce  of  Duties       -     - 
Ditto  per  cwt.     -     -     .     -    - 

Years  ending  dtli  of  January. 

1810 

1811 

1812 

Cwts. 
100,779 
139,721 

52,003 

210,008 

1,504,031 

21,915 

00,872 
100,055 
202,957 

12,095 
157,800 

Cwts. 
192,021 
181,440 

02,302 

215,880 

1,011,429 

41,113 

87  ..393 
108,101 
197,304 

34,000 
100,027 

Cwts. 

104,824 
155,513 

45,030 

194,409 

1,785,005 

22,271 

40,509 
142,821 
200,583 

19,388 
104,,j91 

2,030,102 

2,958,270 

2,881,042 

979,849 

1,759,132 

1,854,098 

£         s.     d. 

",373,995     2     I 

1     4  10 

£.        s.     d. 
3,117,330    8  10 
1     1     0| 

£.        s.     d. 
3,339,218  17     5 
1     3    2] 

u  u 


Ml     , 


i^ 


'■'■1 


h'  i!,,n 


I  I 


■m 


^-it: 


im 


■i  r 


m 


i''i' 


332 


WEST    INDIES. 


E.  Indies,  from  Ireland  ;  and  also,  the  Quantity  of  Prize  Sugar. 


rrom  whence  imported. 


■3 
C 


^Antigua  -     - 
Barbadoes     - 
Dominica 
(irenada 
Jamaica  -    - 
Montserrat  - 
Nevis  -    -     - 
St.  Kitt's       - 
St.  Vincent's 
Tortbla    -    - 
Trinidad  -    - 
Bahamas  -    - 


«  /Demerara 

"3  Berbice   -     - 

.2  St.  Lucia      - 

U  Surinam  -     - 

TS  ( Tobago   -     - 

£  St.  Thomas  - 

§  St.  Croix      - 

B  Martinique   - 

U  VCruadaloupe 


The  East  Indies  -  - 

Ireland      .    -     -  - 

Other  Countries  »  - 

Prize  Sugar    -     -  - 


Total    - 


SiisHi'  Hclniissible  into 

Hume  ('.onuinnptinn  at 

the  Di'iiisli  Pl.intatioii 

Diiliex. 


Siigiir  not  ii(!niUsil)le 
iiilu  Home  Coiijump- 
tion  at  tlie  Hiilikli  Plan- 
tation Dutic!>. 


CwU. 
187,882 
156,196 

.53,236 

210,r)16 

1,455,954 

33,057 

57,107 
149,847 
194,597 

35,568 
1 18,407 


qrs.  ]h». 

0  17 


3 
2 

12 
8 
3 
1 

26 
1 

25 

11 


227,817 

9,082 

55,016 

95,962 

122,778 

34,061 

353,272 

1 

1 


27 

27 

1 

8 

6 

II 

9 

20 

22 


103  0  25 
978  I  20 


3,551,449  0  5 


C'wls.    qrs.  Ihs. 

79  0  17 


430  0  5 


857  3  II 
635  3  18 


4  0  0 
362  3  20 


I 

86 


0  17 
0  17 


645  0  22 

12  1  21 

80,300  I  3 

20,000  3  16 


4,159  2  19 
16,692  3  3 
14,819  2  14 


139,088  0  7 


East  India 
Sugar. 


TutuI  Quantity 
ini|)urlL'd. 


Cwts. 


qrs.  Ibf 


C'wrs. 

187,961 
156,196 

53,236 

210,516 

1,455,954 

33,487 

,57,107 
150,705 
195,233 

35,568 
118,411 


72,607     1    8 

217    2  20 
61     0    4 


72,886    0    4 


362 

227,817 

9,084 

55,102 

95,962 

122,778 
34,706 

353,285 
80,302 
20,002 


qi8. 

I 

2 
3 
0 
2 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
0 
3 


72,607  1 

4,262  3 

17,888  3 

14,880  2 


6 

3 

2 

12 

8 

8 

I 

9 

19 

25 

11 

20 

27 

16 

18 

8 

6 

5 

2 

23 

10 

8 
16 
15 

18 


3,763,423    0  16 


The  Quantity  of  SUGAR  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  all  Parts  in  the  same  Year  (reducing  the 
Refined  into  Muscovado  by  the  customary  Rule)  and  distinguishing  the  Quantity  exported  to 
Ireland,  was 


Raw  Sugar  ------.- 

Refined  Sugar  (reduced  to  its  proportionate  Quan- 
tity of  Raw)   ------------ 


Quantity  of  Sugar  exported. 


To 
Ireland. 


Cwts. 

236,385 
70,407 


306,792 


To  other 
Countries. 


Cwts. 

437,928 
413,442 


851,370 


Total. 


Cwts. 

674,313 
483,849 


1,158,162] 


hi' 


reducing  the 


WEST    INDIES. 


33.3 


[The  AMOUNT  of  Duties  paid  on  Sugar,  in  the  same  Year,  together  with  the  Amount  of  Drawbacks 
and  Bounties  on  Sugar  exported,  and  the  Payments  made  to  the  Excise  on  account  of  Sugar  used 
in  the  Distilleries  and  in  the  Breweries  :  distinguishing  the  Amount  of  each)  was  as  follows  : 


Year  ending  .Ta-  7 
nuary  5,  1813  -  J 


Gross  Receipt  of 
Duties. 


£.        s.    d. 
5,105,685  19    7 


Drawbacks 
paid. 


109,953 


Drawbacks 
paid. 


d.       £.     s. 
7696,184  15 


Paid  to  the  Excise 

onacrouiit  of  Siigai 

used  in  the  Oistil- 

leries. 


d 

3211,335     1 


d. 
6 


Net  Produce. 


£.        s.    d. 
4,088,212  19    3 


Note. — .The  sum  of  jg.2I  1.335  1*.  Gd.  is  exclusive  of  the  duties  arising  on  sugar  used  in  the  distille- 
ries for  the  quarter  ending  January  5  last,  amounting  to  ^.118.273  4*.  not  yet  paid  over  to  the 
Excise,  which  sum  being  deducted  from  the  net  produce  as  above  stated,  reduces  the  actual  net  pro- 
duce of  the  sugar  duties  in  the  year  ending  January  5,  1813,  to  ^.3,9.39,939  15s.  3d.  including  the 
duties  on  sugar  used  in  the  breweries,  the  quantity  of  which  is  not  required  to  be  taken  by  the 
officers  of  the  revenue,  and  cannot  therefore  be  stated. 

Custom  House,  London,  April  27, 1813.  WILLIAM  IRVING. 


The  net  duty  on  sugar  is  properly  estimated  on 
the  home  consumption  and  the  price  of  the  duty. 
The  latter  has  been,  of  late  years,  exceedingly 
flourishing,  and  particularly  in  consequence  of 
the  prohibition  of  the  distillation  from  corn.  It 
is  seen  by  the  above  tables  that  the  price  of  the 


duty  per  cwt,  foi  the  three  years  ending  1812, 
was,  as  to  the  quantity  admissible  into  British 
consumption,  from  21  to  about  25  shillings  the 
— •'      1  he  following  table  will  show  the  progres- 


cwt 


give  increase  from  tlieyear  1791. 


TABLE  of  the  Prices,  Charges,  and  Proceeds  of  a  Hundred  Weight  of  Sugar,  at  different  Periods, 


from  the  work  of  Sir  William  Young. 


Ex-Duly. 

lurludcd 
Duty. 

Charges. 

Net  Proceeds. 

Actual  Sales  per  Hogshead, 
net. 

Gaz.ttc 

Price  \"t 

Cwt. 

Sale  Price 

Duty. 

Mercan- 
tile. 

Total. 

Per  Cwt. 

Per  HoKsheitd 
of  13  Cwt. 

Sugars, 
Tobas^o. 

■Sugars, 
St.  Vincent's. 

s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

*. 

d. 

£      ■'. 

d. 

£•  *• 

d. 

£.     S.    d. 

1791 

.55 

0 

67 

4 

12 

4 

8 

6 

20 

10 

46 

6 

30    4 

6 

0   0 

0 

SI     8     0 

1792 

57 

0 

69 

4 

12 

4 

8 

6 

20 

10 

48 

6 

31   10 

6 

0   0 

0 

32    6    0 

1793 

58 

0 

70 

4 

12 

4 

12 

0 

24 

4 

46 

0 

29  18 

0 

21  15 

0 

27  16     0 

1794 

m 

0 

54 

0 

15 

0 

12 

0 

27 

0 

27 

0 

17  11 

0 

16     6 

0 

20  16    0 

1795 

62 

5 

77 

5 

15 

0 

12 

6 

27 

6 

49 

11 

32    4 

7 

30    0 

0 

35  15     0 

1796 

62 

0 

77 

0 

15 

0 

12 

6 

27 

6 

44 

6 

32    3 

6 

28    5 

0 

34    0    0 

1797 

64 

0 

81 

6 

17 

6 

13 

0 

30 

6 

51 

0 

33    3 

0 

SO  18 

0 

37    0    0 

1798 

66 

8 

86 

0 

19 

4 

13 

0 

32 

4 

•)3 

8 

34  17 

8 

34     8 

0 

37  18    0 

1799 

55 

0 

75 

0 

20 

0 

13 

6 

33 

6 

41 

6 

26  19 

6 

15    0 

0 

23  18    0 

1800 

54 

0 

74 

0 

20 

0 

13 

6 

33 

6 

40 

6 

26    6 

6 

21   10 

0 

23  16    0 

1801 

44 

0 

64 

0 

20 

0 

14 

0 

34 

0 

SO 

0 

\9  10 

0 

19    2 

0 

21     4    0 

1802 

34 

0 

54 

5 

20 

0 

14 

0 

34 

0 

20 

5 

\3    5 

5 

14  18 

0 

18  14    0 

1803 

43 

0 

67 

0 

24 

0 

10 

0 

34 

0 

33 

0 

21     9 

0 

18  10 

0 

28    0    0 

1804 

53 

6 

80 

0 

2(» 

6 

14 

0 

40 

6 

39 

6 

25  15 

6 

22    0 

0 

27  10    0 

1805 

49 

0 

76 

0 

27 

0 

14 

6 

41 

6 

34 

6 

22    8 

6 

16     0 

0 

22  17    0 

1806 

41 

0 

68 

0 

27 

0 

15 

0 

42 

0 

26 

0 

16  18 

0] 

.... 

• 

f.  ' 


'1 


.t;'l 


fii'j'i  K^ 


■:>■■ 


M.ijl 


;  vf 


■   •; 


h 


ri 


I 


.  r 


334 


WEST    INDIES. 


[HaviiiGf  thus  seen  the  qunntitv  of  .siipjar  iin-     netted  on  the  same,  it  may  be  desirable,  by  way 
ported  and  exported,  with  the  amount  of  duty     of  showing  the  distribution  of  the  trade,  to  insert 


An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantity  of  Bonded  Sujrar,  reniainini;  in  the  Warehouses  on  January  5,  IM13, 
at  the  several  Ports  in  Great  Britain,  to  which  the  Warehousing 


lousiui^  Act  extends. 


.< 

Quantity  of  Siipiir  roniiiiniiiK  in  tli(<  Warclioiisc!),  January  .'i,  181.). 

ni'iti.«li  I'lantatioii. 

ForeiBii  I'laiitalion. 

East  India. 

Total. 

•a 

M 

SI 

"o 

(£ 

Po 

'London    

Liverpool      _    -    .    . 

Bristol 

Lancaster      -    .     .     - 

Wliitehaven  -     -    -    . 

Hull 

.Newcastle  _  _  .  - 
rts  of  Scotland     -     -     - 

Cwtn,     ni'fi.  Ui8. 

.'J42,920  2  16 

.50,170  0    4 

11,628   1     4 

7,16.5  2  U 

28.5  0    9 

89  0   12 

9S3  0  27 

60,164   1     9 

Cwls.     ijrs.  II)!-. 

419,2.57  0   15 

72,224  0   18 

1,27.5  3  26 

730  0  19 

3,432  0    3 

3(),744  3  lb 

('wts.     qrn.  llii. 

.55,657  3  27 

Cwls.    i|r«.  Ills. 

I,0I7,8.'J.5  3    2 

I22,:jf)4  0  22 

12,904   1     2 

7,895  3    r> 

285  0    9 

3,.52l  0   15 

983  0  27 

96,909  0  24 

Total     -     - 

673,406  1    II 

.5.3.3,6(54   1    12 

55,().57  3  27 

l,2()2,728  2  'J'i 

Custom  Honae. 


WILLIAM  IRVINtK 


The  folltmini;-  documents  of  the  exports  from,  and  imports  into  Ireland,  with  the  duties,  &c. 
will  close  the  account  of  the  valuable  staple  under  consideration. 


Accounts  iiespkcting  Slgak. 
Ireland. 

L 
An  ACCOFNT  of  the  Quar.tily  of  Sujyar  exported  from  Ireland  to  all  Parts,  in  the  Year  endini; 
January  j,  1813;  reduciuj;  the  Uehned  into  Muscovado,  according  to  the  customary  Rule ;  and 
distinguishing  the  Quantity  exported  to  Great  Britain. 


Sugar    - Muscovado     .    .     - 

Refined     -     reduced  into  Muscovado      -     -     - 

Total  Exports  -    - 

Sugar  exported. 

To 
Grrat  Kritain. 

Total 

lOxport  10  all 

Parts. 

Cwls. 

.5,362 
113 

Cuts. 

22,097 
698 

5,475 

23,695 

Custom  House,  Dublin,    i 
April  '27,  1!31J.  J 


WM.  MARRAHLE, 

Inspector  General  Imports  aud  Exports.] 


■^ 

lal. 

nrs. 

lh». 

>)  y 

2 

i  0 

22 

^  1 

2 

)  y 

5 

')  0 

9 

1  0 

1,5 

y  0 

27 

n  0 

24 

S  'J 

'2^2 

WEST    INDIES. 


336 


[y\n  ACrOUNT  of  tlip  Quantify  of! 


sprcifyiiijy  thp  Q 


floino  Co,  siimpiioii  lio,„  tlic  Islands  of 


E  '"':;:''^'  i;::";^';'-'''  -  v-  ^-r  omu„,  j„n„nrv  ^.  irt^ 


•  nlitv   inmorlcd  from  oach  of  the  Col 


fioiii  (jicat  Uritain 


unci  the  Quantity  of  V 


Mart 


nil 


oiiios,  wlioRc  Pi-o(||iri'  is  ad 


nzc  Snjrar 


<•«»  and  (Miadaloui)o,  from  the  East  Ind 


niissiMo  into 
icH,  and 


^        ,  „  .     .  Mmrovnilo. 
lirent  Rritaiii     -     •     .    .    .  »'win. 

Antiiriia -     -     .  2.*j|,y|r> 

Barhadoos "     " 32,(il4i 

Dcniorara     ....  ------- yti,/(iO 

CIrcnuda ."."." 13,47  fj 

.  •faniaicu  --.-. I,G4.'> 

Newfoundland        -    -    . 42,,')I7f 

St.  Croix       -    .    . 1,48/i 

St.  Kitt's       ....  " iy,222 

St.  Lucia       ...  - t),4fj7| 

St.  Vincent's .'>,2()0 

Surinam    --.. Hyif)9 

Trinidad        .     .     .     ."  ------- ,^,,,,15 

Martini((ne    ---..',    \ ---  22,7fil 

(iiiadaloii|)c       -...'""'■""■"---■     -  i,7t)5 

East  Indies        ----..".'." ---.  .0791 

No  Prize  Sugar  imported.         ""  ~ 


Custom  Hoiisf,  Dublin, 


Total  Import     - 


42 1, 781  i 


/\|(iil 


iiii;i, 


WM. 


MAKKAm.E, 

Iiispictoi  General  Imports  and  Exports. 


A..  ACCOUNT  of  .„„«„„„,,,  „rB„,,dc„s„^.,;;  .,„„„„,  5,  ,»,.,  i„  ,„„,»„ „„,  „r  ,,.,,„,„ 

to  which  the  Warel.ousins  Act  extended.  Inland, 

,    ,.  Cl,t7()  cwt. 

^'"''''-'•^«''-  W.  HOWAKI)  LKIC. 

Kxiim'  o( '.Sllr^f 


and  LandH"  Books. 

i"  In'la.,d:in\iKrY".a;";;u!;u!;.VmurMJ^^^  Amount  of  Duties  paid  on  Sttsyar 

on  Sn.r:.r  „v.,„ I IV"".^  •'•"'"'"3'  ■>,  1813   specifjinffth.- Amount  of  Drawbacks  and  Bonntie' 

m^S'of:::";;" "'  ^'^'^"""^  ^'  ^"^-  "-^  -  *>-  oiHtii: 


An  ACCOUNT  (so  far  a.sn 
.■.Ireland,  in  the  Year  en...„«-  .,annaiy  ,,,  | 

re"ie"a  b'IT"''  '"'V'-'  '*"V...onts'^madeto  the  Excis, 
le.iea  and  B.eweries;  d.st.ngu.'shiu"-  the  Amount  of  each 


Vear  cndin". 


January  5. 

1813': 


Duties  paid  on 

■Sii!{ar. 


On  Stii;ar  exported. 


Urawl)ack< 
piiiil. 


BoimlieH 
paid. 


"^ 


I'ajnients  made  to  tiie  Excise  on 
Accomit  ofSiiKar  iisf'd  in 


The  Examiner  of  Customs  furnished 
these  three  Columns  of  the  Account. 


Di.slilleries. 


None. 


Breweries. 

No  account  oftliej 
Brewei  V  is  kept 
in    this"  Depart 
ment. 


Tlie  Chief  Conimisvioners  / 
of  Excise,  &o.  &c.  kc.    f 


JAMICS  VANCE, 

E'  Exeise  Offiee, 
May  to,  I8i,j.] 


m 


Hi,!] 


t/1 


h'V 


f'il 


336 


WEST    INDIES. 


[An  ACCOUNT  of  the  /mount  of  Duties  paid  on  Sugar  in  Ireland,  in  the  Year  ending  January  5, 
1813,  specifying  the  Amount  of  Drawbacks  and  Bounties  en  Sugar  exported,  and  the  Pavinents 
made  to  the  Excise  oa  Account  of  Sugar  used  in  the  Distilleries  and  Breweries;  distinguishing  the 
Amount  of  each. 


Year. 
Endint!  January  5, 1813. 

Amount  of  Duty 

paid  on 
Sugars  imported. 

Amount  of  Duty 

Drawback  on 
Sugars  exported. 

Air.omit  of  Bounty 

paid  on 

Irish  Sugars  exported. 

Muscovado    .    -    .    .    . 
Rast  India     ..... 
British  refined    .    -    .    . 

£.      *.     rf. 
519,412  10    7i 

2,814  12  10 
113,913  le    2| 

£.      s.      d. 
I    5,106  10    9| 

£.      s.      d. 
280     1     3 

Custom  House,  Dublin,  ) 
April  39, 18  IS.         \ 

Other  W.  India  Staples. — We  now  proceed  to 
the  consideration  of  the  other  W.  India  staples. 
The  increased  value  and  amount  of  their  im- 


SAMUEL  WALKER, 

Examinator  of  Customs. 


1.  Rum. 
e.  Coffee. 
3.  Cocoa. 


4.  Pimento, 

5.  Cotton  Wool. 

6.  Dj^e  Woodsy  Sfc. 


ports  into  Great  Britain  will  be  evident  by  the 

following  tables,  viz. 

1.  Rum. 

An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantity  of  Rum  imported  from  the  W.  India  Colonies  into  Great  Britain, 
in  the  under-mentioned  Periods,  from  1761  to  1806,  both  inclusive,  with  the  Quantity  exported  in 
the  same  Periods  ;  distinguishing  the  Export  to  Ireland  from  the  Export  to  all  other  Parts. 


Periods. 


1761 
1762 
1763 
1764 
1765 


Imported. 


Annual  average  of  five  years 


1771. 

1772 

1773 

1774 

1775 


Annual  average 


1781  - 

1782  - 

1783  - 

1784  . 
1783- 


Annual  average 


Gallon.1. 

1,011,149 
1,120,512 
1,310.679 

1,878,405 
2,587,829 


1,381,714 


Exported. 


^ 


To  Ireland.    fTo  other  Parts 


Galloni. 

10 

9,710 

365,336 

851,160 

1,291,779 


503,599 


Gallons. 
11,827 
44,138 
97,693 
55,970 
63,179 


54,561 


Total. 


~\ 


Gallons. 
11,837 

53,848 

463,029 

907,130 

1,354,958 


558,160 


2,728,565 
2,284,163 
2,282,544 
1,890,290 
2,498,241 


2,336,760 


1,932,086 
368,672 
598,931 
393.996 
494,090 


757,541 


144,243 
273,301 
301,810 
295,206 
347,258 


272,363 


1,372,653 
1,740,352 
2,011,861 
1,994,432 
3,563.537 


2,136,567 


95,588 
110,841 
885.796 
314,185 
550,117 


391,305 


129.987 
413,387 
660.962 
202,872 
468,621 


375,166 


2,076,329 
641,973 
900,741 
689.132 
841,348 


1,029,904 


225,575 
524,228 

1,546.7.38 
517,057 

1,018,738 


766,471] 


■■■% 


/  > 


anuary  5, 
Payments 
ishing  the 


ol. 

fSy  SfC. 


eat  Britain, 
exported  in 
'arts. 


Total. 

Gallons. 
11,837 

53,848 

463,029 

907,130 

1,354,958 

558,160 


2,076,329 
641,973 
900,741 
689.132 
841,348 

1,029,904 


225,575 
524,228 

1,546.7.58 
517,057 

1,018,738 


WEST    INDIES. 

[An  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Rum  imported— rowZ/wj/frf. 


337 


Periods. 


Imported. 


1791  -  - 

1792  -  - 

1793  -  - 
1791  -  - 
1795  -  - 


Annual  average 


1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 


Annual  average 


OullonH. 
2.121,190 
3,02f),l,j5 
3.7,j(),789 
2,926,232 
1,889,812 


Exported. 


/^ 


Fo  IiTJaiiil.    iTo  oilier  Farln 


2,801,103 


Oiillnii.H. 

U.'J,IS7 
l()7,H62 
112,146 
2(J7,867 
92,482 


210,709 


Gilliiii''. 

.'JJ3,80I 

409,463 

304,417 

714,587 

218,299 


400,113 


4,417,765 
4,(J85,290 
3,9.)4.770 
2,756,329 
3,586,635 
3,570,774 


3,828,593 


732,784 

325,023 

75,206 

90,806 

92,903 

184,148 


.585,104 
l,OIO,.55l 

598,596 
(,060,777 

743,462 

803,694 


Total. 


^ 


(■allonn. 

79(>,988 

577,.325 

416,563 

982,454 

310,781 


616,822 


1,317,888 

1,. '335,574 

673,802 

1,151,583 

8.36,365 

987,812 


250,145  I      800,364      I,0.jO,.509 


Custom  House. 


•    ILLIAM  IKVING. 


The  following  was  the  Quantity  of  Rum  imported  in  the  Years  1809  and  IS  10  ;  distinguishing  the 
Islands  and  Colonies  from  which  the  Import  was  made. 


1809. 

1810. 

1809. 

1810. 

Oallons. 

(iailons. 

(f.illons. 

Gallons. 

Antigua       .     -     -      . 

113.223 

77,092  j 

Demcrara    .     -     -    . 

353,370 

98.442 

Barba.locs  .     -     -     - 

19,764 

7.909  1 

llerbice  -     -     -     -    - 

20,355 

6,193 

Dominica    _     -     -     - 

F)(i.3')(i 

39.397  1 

St.  Lucia     -     -     -     - 

21.632 

II  416 

Granada      .     .     -     - 

612,310 

546,895 

Surinam      -      -     -    . 

17,928 

2.580 

ilamaica  -    -    -     -    - 

3,470,2.-)0 

3,428.452  1 

Tobago     -      -    -      . 

525,327 

337.433 

Montser'\Jt  -    -     -     - 

51,1.32 

48,880  : 

rura9oa     -     -      -    - 

106 

24 

Novis      -    -     -    -    - 

.52,478 

67,010  ! 

St.  Thomas     -      .      . 

28.745 

1,400 

S(.Kitt\     -    -     -    - 

343075 

220.886  i 

St.  Croix      -     .     -     - 

181,594 

236,307 

St.  Vincent's    -     -     - 

243,461 

200.795 

Martinique  -     -     -     - 

1,110 

1,3,617 

Tortoia  .     -     -     -     - 

16,852 

7,711   ! 

Guadaloupe      -    -    . 

-    - 

761 

Tiiniilad      -     -     -     - 

208,677 

87,741  1 

Mariegalante    -     -     - 

Bahamas      -     .     _     . 

26 

11 

St.  Martin's      -     -    - 

Rerniudas    -    -     -    - 

St.  Eustatia      -     -    - 
Conquered  Islands  and 
Colonies  .    -    -    - 

British  West  Indies   - 

5,247,604 

4,732,779 

L 150, 167 

708,176 

Custom  House, 


VOL.  V. 


WILLIA.AI  IRVING.] 


.\.    X 


m 


ii  I 


hm 


vr 


h . 


m  «•! 


im 


;j.'»»  WESTINDIES. 

[2.     Coffer. 
An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantity  of  CoflToo  imported  from  the  West  India   Colonies  into  (Jn.ii 
nritain,  in  the  under-mentioned  Periods,  from  I7()l  to  I80G,  both  inrluHive,  with  the  Quantitv 
exported  in  the  same  Periods  ;  diHtin^uinhin^  the  Export  to  Ireland  from  the  Export  to  nil  other 
Parts. 


Periods. 


1761 
17G2 
1763 
1764 
1765 


Annual  average  of  five  years 


1771 
1772 
1773 
1774 
1775 

Annual  average 

1781 
1782 

1783 

1784 
1785 

Annual  average 

1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 


Annual  average 


1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 


Annual  average 


Custom-Hoiifie. 


Imported. 


Cwt. 

44,962 
77,720 
71,253 
21,041 
31,569 


49,309 


Exported. 


Fu  Ireland.   I'o  otlici' I'artn.        Total 


40,026 
62,206 
44,745 
58.164 
54,935 


52,015 


12,783 
22,482 
17,272 
41,147 
37,036 


26,144 


40,736 

69,017 

90,547 

191,828 

181,744 


1 14,774 


525,964 
384,3ft4 
157,4.53 
328,013 
289,898 
497,739 


363,905 


Cwr. 
261 
l"i3 
246 
279 
310 


285 


Owt. 

33,153 
68,428 
66,129 
29,528 
25,032 


44,511 


851 

925 

63 

42 

24 


381 


52 

142 
1 

44 


48 


38,392 
.54,1.32 

48,776 
65,737 
40,098 


49,487 


13,228 

21,477 
39,878 
38,100 


27,597 


Cwt. 

33,714 
68,761 
66,375 
29,807 
25.342 


44,799 


39,243 
55,357 
48,839 
65,779 
40,122 


49,868 


13,280 
25,.303 
21,619 

39,87<) 
38,144 


27.645 


27 
46 
31 
126 
52 


56 


33,903 

52,798 

94,484 

1,50,390 

190,991 


104,513 


33,930 

.52,844 

94,515 

l.')0,516 

191,043 


104,569 


92 
62 
99 
35 
49 
460 


13,*: 


420,289 
473,098 
173,.'i21 
240,470 
304,098 
387,163 


3.34,  lot 


420,381 
47.3,160 
173-/.20 
2K),505 
304,147 
387,623 


334,239 


WILLIAM  IRVING.J 


■    I 


[■real 


,()M) 
r.G45 


20,381 

:3,i«jO 

3.;.20 
k),50.5 
04,147 

.7,023 

134,239 


w  i:  s  T   I  N  I)  f  i:  s. 


3.J.0 


fTliP  following;  was  the  Quantity  of  Collt'o  imported  in  tlw;  Yoiirx  ISOf)  and  IHIO,  distingiiixhiiig  tin- 
ItihuidM  and  CdlonioH 


i'H  from  which  the  Import  wau  made. 


Vntigiiu    -  - 

BHrlmdoes  - 
Dominica 

Grenada  -  - 

tiamaica   -  - 

Moniserrat  - 

Nevis       -  - 

St.  Kitt's  - 
St.  Vincent's 

Tortola    -  - 
Trinidad 
Bahamas 
Bermudas 


IHOf). 


ItiiiMi 
l.iiitxtion. 


I'urt'it;!) 
I'Iniiliitjoii, 


British  West  Indies  - 


Demerara 
Berhi 


cc    -     - 
iSt.  Lucia 
Stninam  -     - 
Tohasjo    -     - 
Curacoa   -     - 
St.  Thomas   - 
St.  Croix 
iVIartini(|uo   - 
Guadaloupe 
Maricgalante 
St.  Martin's 
St.  Eustatia 


('«t. 

30!) 

3.471 

't2..j|0 

2.>«)2 


•11,4 1.> 


433 
2IS 


3,G9(i 

S 


2:)S,0i2 


21 
J7, 

7, 
;j7 


528 


()(i5 
flf)3 
,581 
3 
20') 
523 
297 


Cttt 

3,9S3 
1 ,315 
l,09(i 
234 
l,U35 

31 
7! 

1,138 

9, 1 4*3 

988 


I9,()()(j 


Conquered  islands  and  colonics 
Cnstum-Hoiisc. 


3(i8 

28,481 

1 8,87  (J 

1,479 

24,495 


1810. 

Klltiall 

l''ori'i|;n 

I'Liiitalion. 

Hhiiitntion. 

(wt. 

Cwt. 

40 

2,  Kit 

308 

<) 

27,185 

23 

1,193 

232,308 

4,186 

18 

136 

75 

.327 

9 

674 

2,713 

- 

4,345 

264,237 


1 1,476 


108,795        73,699 


45,480 
22,582 
10,011 

.38,731 

9 

700 

1,488 

31 

376 


1 19,408 


698 


29,466 
59,354 


31,991 

21,712 

1,491 


144,712 


WILLIAM  IRVING.] 


X   X  y 


T 


,'  !!. 


if*  if 


§ 


M 


w 


X' 


r\ 


il 


iV 


im 


■'^i'■, 

T 

m-  ' 

'ir 

[j|..,  h .  :i 

840 


w  K ST  I  N  n  1 1:  s. 


An  ACCOUNT  of  tlip  Qnnntilyort^oroii  importrd  Ironi  the  Wont  Indiii  Colonicn  into  (Jront  nriJnin, 
ill  the  un(l«M-iii«'iitioiic<l  IVridiU,  iVoiii  I'fil  io  18(H),  liotli  inrliiHivc  ;  with  tlif  (inniilitv  «'\|)orti;J  in 
th»«  Kunio  PcrinilN  ;  (liHliiitruisliini;  tin-  lAporl  to  In-land,  from  (Iio  Kxport  to  all  otlii-r "Parts. 


PeriodH. 


Imported. 


I7()l 
I7(W 
17(j:J 
I7()t 
I7(ij 


Annual  average  of  live  yvavn 


1771 
I77'i 
I77;j 
1771 
1770 

Annual  a\  erace  - 


1781 
J  782 

I78y 

1784 
1785 


Annual  average 


1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 


Annual  average 


1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
180G 


Annual  averajre 


J.321 
y.l7;j 
12.783 
3,118 
2J(J! 


J. 837 


Kxporlt'd 
I'll  III  Ijiid.  To  utlicr  I'attii. 


('wi«. 

]f)8 

78 

372 

19 


Uil 


1,551 

l,(>08 
9,178 
3.107 
2,i<)3 


3.521 


().882 
(),S()2 
7,813 
5.^'r)s 
(i,275 


(),7I() 


65 

150 
145 
I(i5 
184 


112 


3,930 
4,().53 

(),487 
4  7.';2 
2,317 


4,429 


2.027 
847 
3,541 
5  584 
5,830 


62 

8 
205 


3,005 


3,9()f) 
(j()8 
2/l."(5 
2.503 
2,395 

y   s  I 


4  301 
3.9.33 
2J94 

8.797 
5,(il() 


5,088 


70 
81 

18 

2()7 

21 


91 


228 

2,()()4 

1,.J74 

2,750 

21,831 


5,809 


7.S2S 
0,7.53 
3,075 
3.183 
7.310 
7,5()2 


37 
113 
73 
2) 
21 


0,002 


45 


4,;').';0 
4,249 
2,931 
829 
2,929 
4,202 


3,279 


Totnl. 

Cwtii. 
1,719 
1 ,08() 
f»,;V)0 
3,I2() 
2  2.';9 

3,082 


3,995 
4,S03 

o,o.';2 

4,.S!)7 
2,.53l 


4, .571 


3,9()8 
008 
2,.'J01 
2,.503 
2,000 


2,430 


298 

2,745 

1,.592 

3,017 

21,852 


5,900 


4,573 
4, .302 
3,004 
854 
2,950 
4,202 


3,324] 


n 


All  A('( 
Mrilii 
rvpoil 


W  i:  ST     I  N  D  I  E  S. 

(4.   Pinirntn 


341 


"(11) NT  or  the  (jiinntity  of  I'iinmito  itiiporltMl  Jrom  \\w  UVnt  Iiidiii  (Olonio  into  (irrat 
in,  ill  the  iiiiili'r-iiirntioiird  IVricMln,  Irniii  I7(il  tn  lK(Ki,  htitli  inclusive  ;  uitli  tlii>  (jniiiilil> 
ted  ill  (ho  Hiiini!  I'vriods ;  diHtiiiiriiishinir  the  Exnorl  to  Irohuid  lioin  thv  Kxiiurt  (u  all  odicr 


PcriodH. 


I7(JI  - 

I7()'i  - 

[76.*J  - 

I7()4  - 

1 7(j.>  - 


lin|)nrt(y|. 


Kxportcd 


"TTi 


rrl.iiiil. 


Annual  avvrugc  of  fivo^carH 


1771 
I77'i 
I77.'J 
1774 
I77,j 


III*. 

.r)i,28:i 
i,.>»i,y.'i() 
i,m,7()'2 

l„W7,l(K) 
I,I4;.^974 

l,n7,JIH 


lli«. 
l4,(»H'i 

ii,m\ 

l,'j,()7l 
Il,()(i7 

IO,W(i 


I'll  utlicr  I'.irr" 


Ibi. 

:);iH,5io 

7<)(),4().» 
l,ll<)//W 
l,.'i7l,'/7() 

SJ«),J(j| 


'I'vl.il. 


llio. 

7()(),I(»J 
l,JH7,<)4l 


f)7a,yri7      «)Hii,(jj;j 


Annual  average 


1781 

i7Hy 

1783 
1784 
1785 


Annual  average 


1791 
179a 
1793 
1794 
1795 


Annual  average 


1801  . 

ISO^i  - 

1803  - 

1 804  ■ 
J  805  - 
180(i  - 


Annual  average 


1,793,154 
1,450,575 
y,y8^i,07 1 


78(),8I5 
y,530,9J9 


l,7()8,7IO 


8.95'2 
:}\,Hi-2 

6,;jo(j 

5,5(it 
3,457 


I  ,()33,(i9i,' 
I,39'i,l7(i 


l,(il'2,644 
1 ,4'i3,938 


y,30(i,()M5  i  y.3l3,(K)l 


7l6,49(i 
2,543,591 


7'A>,0(i() 
2,547,048 


1 1  ,y08 


1,718,530  ,   l,72f),7.'J8 


95 1,2G2 

454,954 

917,542 

1,134,251 

3,282,198 


1,348,042 


4,248 

404 

14,910 


3,912 


899,427 

558,098 

8(J0,334 

947,97(i 

2,823,093 


1,217,786 


903,()75 
558,098 
8(j0,738 
!)47,97(i 
2,838,003 


1 ,22 1, 098 


1,159,134 
1,900,739 
1,087,4 1() 
1,279,883 
1,263,818 


1,338,198 


751 

681 

82 

5,805 

7,151 


2,894 


724,807 
I  ;3 10,089 

963.611 
l,5I2,(i,V2 

781,868 


1,058,601 


ry5 


5,558 
1,310,770 

f)();>,()93 
1,518,437 

789,019 


1,061,495 


1.676.542 
658,.503 

1,133,477 

2,239,032 
.540,933 

2,I09,()78 


6,393 
14,222 
23,485 
10,14^ 

6,17^ 
13,23^' 


1,393,027   19,274 


1,235,845 
847,570 
941,589 

1,189,392 
817,053 

1,501,491 


1,088,823 


1.242,2.').S 
86l,7«>i  j 
f)65,074  ; 

1,199,534  j 
823,223 

1,514,7^^^4 


1,101,097 


C'liotoni  lluiiae. 


WILLIAM  IRVING.] 


i'      ' 


M'lr 


-ini^ 


! 


342 


W  EST    INDIE  S. 


[The  follow iiijr  was  tlu<  Qiiaiititv  of  I'iinontn  imporh'd  in  the  Voars  ISO*)  and   ISIO;  (listinjjuisiiim 
the  Islands  and  Colonics  from  wliichtho  ln)p«)rt  was  nindr. 


AntiijHa  --------- 

ltarl>ud(»os --- 

Doniinii'ii      -------- 

(iranada -- 

llama  ica        -     -     .     ..... 

Montserrat 

Nrvis 

'  (.  Kitt's     -      ....--- 
St.  V  incpnl's     -      ...--- 

Tortolu - 

Trinidad       .-----.- 
Uahanias     -      -      ....-- 
norinudas     ---.---- 

Rritish  West  Indies    .     -     -     -     - 

ISO!). 

IS  10. 

lbs. 
'->,'-' |f),Jti7 

i,r)'js 

Ills. 

',>,^J(),Sf)i) 

y,3n:),i9i 

No  pimento  was  in)ported  from  tlu'contjnorod  colonies  in  these  years. 
CiLMuni  House.  WILLI.\:M  IRVING. 


.5.  (\)l/on  ff'ool. 
An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Qnantity  of  Cotton  Wool  imported  from  the  West  India  Colonies  int(){iri'a( 
Jlritain.  in  the  under-mentioned  Periods,   from    I7()l  to  ISOt),  both  inclusive;  with  the  Quantity 
expiuted  in  the  same  periods ;  disting;uisliin|>;  the  Export  to  Ireland,  from  the  Export  to  all  other 
Parts. 


I 


Periods, 


I7()l 
I7(»'i 
!7().'} 
I7(i» 
I7():) 


/Vinuial  averajje  of  five  years    -     - 


1771 
I77i> 

!77:; 

1771 
1775 


Antiunl  average 


Imported. 


lbs. 

^i,«)n.j,7o:i 

.■),7l:J,(i04 
'-',(>0(),.')JM 

:}.<)()0.o,'j7 

,'J.7I."),V1»:3 


:3,j:js,.'jM() 


Exported. 


I'o  Iirlaiul.      I'll  othor  I'arts, 


lbs. 
l(>:),(iSS 
l'J,'J,7S0 

,W,S1S 
IS'J,S()4 

()(j.;ji() 


IIS.'-W) 


lbs. 

I  ()(),!  S,") 

4J3I 

J?)8,(il  I 

.'i0,S71 

I'i,l7tj 


invM 


'-,;^7(V27« 
'J,'iS7,UI() 

'2,4  is.y.'« 
J.I74.<)(>4 
'2,7S4,S3'2 


i?,.')S7,'-'()4 


7,,'^»7 1 
."i.S.'JO 
1 1,:3«)8 
I.O.W 
l.tJ.Vi 


;),;)IH) 


4G,9l'-> 

S,S3S 


90,991 


Total. 


lbs. 

.•3:>'-M7:j 

l()7,07l 
'31.49'i 

i?iy./.'!S 
7S,79'J 


'iOS.fJ.^J 


.^)4,48:J 

40,'i:)y 

'i(i,458 

i,;j7:i 

«),8})0 


'i(vl9IJ 


>  ■i       I 


>V  E  S  T    I  N  1)  I  E  S. 

[  An  .\cronnt  of  llu-  (jnantity  of  Cotton  W(»ol  importod — continued. 


.",13 


I'orioils. 


Imported. 


I7SI 
ITS'.' 
I7s;; 
I7SI 
I7S.J 


Animal  average  of  li>e  ^ears 


I7f»l 
I7?)y 

Mm 

I7f)l 
I7!»,'» 


Annual  aveian^e 


1801 
ISO'i 
ISO.'J 
!8()| 
180.-) 
I8()() 


Annual  average    -    - 


Ihs. 

(>„';ii,«i'j!) 

(),IOO,l«)| 
(i,87l,f)(il 

s,'j.';o,7()i 
(),i;jo,«),)i 


Exported. 


I'll  Iirliinil. 


(>lt 

lf»7,J..I 
I87,>»'J<» 


Id  (illicr  I'.iits 


f)(),(JO;] 


Ills. 

'.^7(i.■) 

'.'8:v;oi 

'J,  108 

7<»7 

.■>8,.")()7 


r.itnl. 


^\ 


lllK. 

«>(i,788 

y8:j,«)i:» 

.^1.108 
yOI,OI7 

I88,7'.'() 

I.K.,170 


l'.^';.'jo,lo!) 

l'>,.")7(),87l 

«i,i()i,8f);; 
io,.';;j7,'ji,") 

IJ,(iOI,l7.') 


ii,«oy,(j:)!) 


r)7.070  ! 
.17(t,()'i<)  I 
IfMI.VJ 
l()'i.()70 

:i;(»,oji 


'/K),77l 


.'il.'J.SJO 

,';oo,i(»8 
•),■).:  w  I 

l(J8,I.Vi 


8yO,l7f» 
1«>I,()'J0 
'J.)7,P!)I 
484,187 


I8«),<)4'2       4:;o,7i.'j 


l»).«).^7,*;07 
l(i.'JSI,8.")7 
7.0,'}(),l()l 
'.^0.,VT),.')7« 
l(),'A'(),')MI 
I7.7I',VIU 


K),'in'i,08S 


I  .'JOO 
.*iO.'i!)l 


.•),JO'J 


I«).),'J8V' 
J.'J.VJ7I 

4;i,():;8 

i>7,8H 


l<)(i,48'J 

KiVt)*)'-' 

l„Vi'J 

4.';,(j;;8 

'J7,8I4 


70,f):)(i 


7(i,l.")8 


CiiRtoin  House. 


WIl.lJAM   iKVI.NO. 


The  lollouiii"'  was  the  Qnantilv  of  Cotton  Wool  imported  in  t';;  Years  1800  and  1810,  distiiinuish- 
in<i-  the  Ishinds  and  Cohtnies  from  uhieh  the  Import  nas  made. 


Antisjna     -     -     -     . 
Karbadoes       -     -     . 
Dominira  -     -     -     . 
(irenada    _     -     .     . 
.lamaica     -     -     .     . 
Montserrat      -     -     . 

Nevis 

St.  KitIs    -     -     .     . 
St.  \'incent's  -     -     - 
Tortola      -     -     .     . 
Trinidad    .     -     - 
iiahamas    .     -     .     . 
Hermudas  -     -     -     . 

Uritish  W.  liulies  - 

180!). 

1810. 

Demeraru  .     -     -     - 
Herbiee      -     -     -     - 

St.  Lucia   -     -     -     - 
Surinam     .     -     -     - 
T()l>a{>'o      .     -     -     - 
Curacoa     -     .     - 
St.  Thomas     -     -     . 
St.  Croix    -     -     -     - 
Martini(|iie      -     - 
(iiiadaloupe    -     -     - 
Mariejialaute  -     -     - 
St.  iNlailin's     -     -     - 
St.  Kuslalia     -     -     - 

Conquered  Islands  | 
and  Colonies    -    3 

iSOf). 

1810. 

Ills. 

iiy,oi() 

i,yo9,8y;j 

7.j,4y:) 

l,lf).j.«)7f) 

I,88(),7I8 

yo.i.vi 

I7,4(j,'j 
ll'i„'j'>7 
t.':J0,8'>. 

i:)8,:o7 

l,I.W,7f).'J 
'J  !,().■)() 

Ills. 

.•;«),8So 
i,4:):;,7.w 

.•)<),74'2 
788,.';()'J 
1,798,  I7'J 
48,.'jl.'j 
ll.l(>0 
'J(i,8.">.'i 

i7i,o;;'j 

'J:)0,7«)7 

88.';,:J84 

l,.'H8,8'J8 
f),09.» 

IIm 

1,874,  if)() 

II4,8.')9 

l,0()8,770 

48,791 

4i?7,yG8 

.'J87,47(j 

(il0,90.'J 

.'>7,I.W 

Ills. 

7,:i.'3!.ivi 

l,fj.^fi,0.')7 
l'J7,00<) 

i,r)4.'i,7().) 

11,818 

y;;o,77o 

.'r)j,4<i7 

i7i,y<H 
y9()„')'.>.'; 

4i>,:>70 
1,810 

r),08i 

7,471,180 

(),88f»,:r)(» 

8,()0i,f););i 

ll,77(W8() 

■t^ 


)\ 


: 


«  . 


\iV 


It' 


WILLIA.M   IKMNO.J 


Il 


I  r 


au  W  E  S  T     I  N  D  I  E  S. 

Jfi.  Dj/e  Woods,  S^-c.  fi. 

An  ACCOUNT  of  the  Value  of  Dye  Woods,  1801      - 323,73^ 

and  other  Mi8cellaneou.s  Articles,   excepting  1802 287,974 

Sugar,  Coffee,  Rum,  Cocoa,  Pimento,  and  Cot-  1803 253,418 

ton,  imported  from  the  W.  India  Colonies  into  180-1 33I,()2I 

Great   Britain,  from   the  Year    1791   to  the  1803 244,7fi4 

Year  180.5,  both  inclusive;  distinguishing  each  WILLIAM  IRVINO. 
Year. 

£.  It  will  1)0  seen  by  the  following  table,  founded 

1791  __-._.      218,1.59  on  the  documents  contained  in  the  finance  ac- 

1792  ......       190,990  counts  presented  yearly  to  parliament,  and  coid- 

i793 1,51,020  piled  by  Mr.  Colquhoun  that  the  produce  ini- 

1794 148,272  ported   from  the   British  W.  India  colonies  in 

179,5 _       lfj9,3fi(i  the  course  of  five  years,  namely  the  years  oiid- 

17n() 2()9,470  ing  January  1,  1809,  10,  II,  12,  and  13,  yielded 

1797  - 490,340  a  net  revenue  to  the  Excheipier.  after  deduct- 

1798  ---...      .306,981  ing  the  expenses  of  collection,   amounting  to 

1799  ......      .509,40()  £..32,928,2l0. 

1800 703,086 

Jninnnt  of  Net  Duties  of  Ciic'om  and  Excise  on  the  foflozeini--  Articles  imported  from  the  West  India 
Colonics  into  Great  Britain  tmd  Ireland,  in  the  Years  ended  Januari/  5,  1809,  10,  II,  12,  and  13. 


1  .Siisar 

•>  Kiim 

1 

Year  riiclril,.laii.,'>,  Year cmlcd,  Jan.. 1, 
1809.                            1810. 

Vcarenii  ■!,Jan.5, 
1811. 

Yearended,Jan.5, 
1812. 

Year  rn'le(l,Jan  5, 
1813. 

Total. 

Gr«>at 
Britain. 

Ireland. 

•ireat 
Britain. 

I 
Ireland. 

Circiit 
Britain. 

£. 

3,014,074 

.',1 15,282 

998 

1«8,140 

592,480 

2,2:!5 

7,431 

1,365 

2,572 

5,275 

3,387 

50,58J 

IreLind. 

Groat 
Britain. 

Ireland. 

Great 
Britain. 

Ireland. 

.1,813,31.1 

1,897,136 

698 

2;'>9,792 

231,208 

.S,6,iO 

6,217 

9.)5 

479 

e,04.i 

2,434 

21,391 

£. 

497,241 

162,266 

(i26 

7,1.11) 

1  l,9.iO 

584 

1,085 

£. 

3,24(i,.i8t> 

1,897,514 

3,074 

178,911 

526,720 

3,472 

8,489 

1,4.'}9 

1,407 

4,146 

8,404 

24,044 

£. 

505,995 

548,068 

238 

10,966 

26,234 

311 

.576 

1 ,638 

£. 

348,741 

173,311 

97 

6,825 

27,208 

428 

423 

2,21? 

£. 

2,868,232 

1,620,454 

2,270 

206,103 

466,635 

3,808 

9,:.94 

1,6.33 

2,601 

7,197 

4,792 

51,772 

£. 

4(i7,949 

77,378 

83 

15,458 

30,466 

1,123 

1,078 

2,281 

£. 

3,580,223 

1,627,269 

7,354 

2,39,124 

426,971 

2,405 

4,734 

1 ,482 

,5,194 

5,27 1 

5,146 

50,761 

£. 

522,227 

149,818 

120 

14,759 

17,849 

780 

778 

3,965 

£, 

18,S  69,583 

10,269,096 

15,.)58 

1,087,318 

2,357,7.-„V 
18,70.;! 
39,34l)| 
6,774 
12,25.i 
2.3,9.11 
18,16. 
209,iu-.' 

:1  Molasses  

4  C'utfce  iiiid  Cocoa 

a  ('ottoii 

6  Uiu(;er  

7  Pimento  

8  Taiiiariiul.s 

9  (Ustor  Oil 

10  Fustic  

11  Logwoud  

12  Maliogaiiy 

•(>,224,300 

680,902 

5,898,206 

1,094,026 

5,963,74s. 

559,245 

,1,'.:15,181 

.595,8  It 

5,355,954 

710,29t 

32,928,216 

Tlici>e  duties  are  exclusive  of  sundry  small  articles,  as  arrowroot,  sweetmeats,  J^2C.  &cc.  not  aniuuuting  to  j&'.lOOO  eacli,  and  not 

particularly  !<pccitied  in  the  tinance  accounts. 


€ 


Having  thus  given,  in  the  preceding  tableis,  an 
account  of  the  annual  imports  into  Great  Britain, 
and  exports  from  the  W.  India  colonies  fioiu 
1761  to  1806  inclusive,  and  having  detailed  the 
imports  of  each  island  and  colony,  respectively, 
for  the  two  years  1809  and  1810;  and  also  hav- 
ing exhibited  the  net  revenue  arising  from  the 
importation,  for  the  last  five  years,  it  remains  to 
give  a  more  general  or  abstract  view  of  the  im- 
portance of  those  productions.  This  will  best  be 
effected  by  the  mllowing  tables,  which,  whilst 
they  show  the  quantity,  exhibit  also  the  value  of 


the  articles  in  question ;  w  hereby  the  reader 
may,  by  an  easy  approximation  or  comparison 
with  the  tables  of  oflicial  vaino  of  imports  and 
exports  in  a  subsequent  chapter,  be  heieaftci 
enabled  to  judge  of  the  comparative  increase  or 
decrease  of  the  article  produced,  (lie  aniiual  con- 
sumption of  Great  Britain,  the  vnluc  of  eiuli 
island  or  colony,  and,  by  a  further  reference  from 
those  tables,  the  importance  of  (lie  W.  India 
colonies,  compared  with  others  in  the  possession 
of  this  euipire.] 


2 
I 

H 
I 

i4 

RVINC. 

founded 
mnco  iic- 
and  coin- 
luce  ini- 
ilonios  iu 
ears  eiid- 
»,  yielded 
r  deduct- 
untiiig  to 


'Vest  India 
and  \'J. 


-     Total. 

1 


Kb 


10,'->69,096j 

l,087,r.l« 

'A3S7,7,V1 
18,70,;. 

6,7741 
I-V.'j.i 
2:i,'.':il 
lli.ltiJ 

y(lU,(v'l-.' 


2i»6 


0  eiicli,  and  not 

the   rcaiUi- 

cou)pariM>n 

imports  and 

)c  liereai'tcr 

increase  or 

annual  con- 

line  of  eacli 

>ference  tVoni 

le  W.  Iiidiii 

ve  possession 


WEST    INDIES. 


345 


\^Later  Accounts  of  the  Quantity  and  Value  o/ Imports  owrf  Exports. 

{I.)— Quant  ill/  and  Value  of  the  principal  Articles  'hnported  from  the  British  and  Foreign  West  India 

Islands;   I805-IH07;  and  1810— 1812. 
(^2.)— Official  Value  of  E.v  ports  from  Great  Britain  to  the  Island  of  St.  Domingo  ;  1809— 1813. 
{3.)— Official  Value  of  Exports  from  Great  Britain  to  Africa  ;   1810—1812. 
\\.)— Account  of  the  Quantitj/  of  Colonial  Staples  imported  into  Great  B.  ..ain,  for  the  Year  1809; 

distinguishing  the  Countries  from  whence  imported. 

(1.) 
An  ACCOUNT oj  *hc  Quantity  end  Value  of  the  principal  Articles  imported  from  the  British  and 
Foreign  JVest  India  Islands,  for  the  Three  Years  ending  bth  January  1808,  and  the   Three  Years 
ending  5th  January  1812;  distinguishing  cMh  Year. 


IMPORTS  into  Great  Britain  from  the  West  Indies  ;  1805,  1806,  1807. 


180.x 
Coffee  -  Cwts 
Cotton  -  Lbs. 
Rum    -  Galls. 
Sugar  -  Cuis. 

Total    - 


219,87.' 
5,681,56,1 
:J,y72,91I 
2,58J,072 


1806. 

Coffee  -  Cmts. 

Cotton  -  Lbs. 

I  Rum    -  Galls 

Sugar  -  Ctvts 

Total    -     . 


1807. 
Coffee  -  Cats 
Cotton  -  IJ>s. 
Rum    -  Galls 
Sugar  -  Cuts 


Total 


liritisli  Isliiiuls. 

uniciMl  Value. 


Qiiiiiilily 


£• 

1,461,160 
207,758 
303,821 

3,,'322,I65 


5,494,904 


CoiKinertd  Colonies. 

7  \ 

Quaiilily.  OllicisI  Value. 


76,946 

11,048,706 

214,208 

352,264 


£ 

bSti,7S7 

384,907 

20,115 

480,530 


1,422,359 


Foreign  West  Iiidieii. 


Total. 


Qiianlily.        Ofiicial  Value.         Ou.iiiliiy.  Kllicial  Vamc. 


1,606 

569,104 

142 

37,816 


£ 

11,241 

18,377 

12 

51,996 


81,626 


2,98,425 

17,299,375 

3,587,261 

2,973,152 


£ 

2,009,188 

6,11,042 

323,948 

4,054,71 1 


6,998,889 


280,846 
7,084,619 
3,305,738 
3,206,977 


1,901,0.59 
258,663 
301,035 

4,375,72 


6,836,484 


216,8351,449,199 
7,0.39,933  256,998 
J  068,875  363,754 
3,u  16,036.4,115,390 


16,185,341 


219,483 

11,789,9,50 

260,021 

475,937 


1,510,355 

415,056 

25,310 

648,625 


2,599,346 


5,254 

609,234 

37 

31,417 


33,424 

20,275 

3 

42,884 


96,586 


505,583 

19,483,823 

3,.565,796 

3,714,331 


3,444,838 
693,994 
326,348 

5,067,236 


9,,532,416 


107,851 

12,634,711 

374,739 

474,098 


742,844 

454,640 

33,104 

648,659 


1,879,247 


54,220  3,79,,542 

41,644 

1,239 

1,491 


1,251,221 

14,870 

1,084 


423,916 


378,906 
20,925,863 

4,4,58,484 
3,491,218 


2,.571,.585 
753,282 
398,097 

4,765,540 

8,488,,504j 


>. 


,Ui 


j.ijti,  (1 


'■m 


■  M 


I 


^  iWr 


lllMii'MK 


i!¥.:. 


1^' 


ui 


vol,.  V 


V  y 


m 

Mil 

■HH:  <; 

M  V  ' 

1  nn  ^'' 

\^IVP   ' 

'In    • 

imJ 

m 

Jnjl '  ;,^'  'i 

tEw  ■'  'i 

340 


WEST    1  IN  D  1  E  S. 


[IMPORTS  into  Great  Britain  from  the  West  Indies,  1810,  181 1, 

1812. 

1 

liritisb  I'^and*. 

Conquered  Colonie!). 

Foreign  West  Indies. 

Total. 

Quniility. 

Onicifil  Value. 

OilaiKlty. 

Official  VhIul'. 

Unaullly. 

Official  Value. 

^         -  -.. . 

UtI.tlltlty, 

omt-i.ii  Vfltii»*. 

1810. 
Coffee  -  CkIs. 
Cotton  -  Lbx. 
Rum    -  Ga/fs. 
Sugar  -  Cwts. 

275,715 
6,886,697 
4,732,781 
2,964,689 

1,718,007 
261,340 
433,3.'}2 

4,042,428 

2'04,I23 

J  1,778,945 

708,177 

1,389,316 

1,66*123 

438,^9 

62,452 

1,893,735 

218,111 

382,955 

27 

108,316 

1,492,048 

22,358 

3 

148,520 

757,949 

19,248,597 

5,440,985 

4,462,521 

4,874,180 
722,047 
495,787 

6,084.683 

Total     -    - 

- 

6,455,107 

- 

4,058,661 

-      - 

1,662,929 

- 

12,176,697 

1811. 
Coffee  -  Cuis. 
Cotton  -  Lbs. 
Rum    -  Gaf/s. 
Sugar  -  Cwls. 

173,560 
4,930,012 
6,082,006 

2,883,097 

1,157,340 
192,182 
536,861 

3,938,119 

286,451 
13,346,114 

856,458 

871,378 

1,928,303 

467,894 

75,432 

1,185,986 

43,125 

588,657 

135 

25,682 

285,487 

22,79() 

12 

34,846 

50.3,1.36 

18,864,783 
6,938,;)99 
3,780,1.57 

3,37 1,1. 'JO 
682,872 
612,305 

5,158.951 

Total     -     - 

-    -- 

5,824,502 

- 

3,657,615 

-      - 

343,141 

- 

9,825,258 

1812. 
Coffee  -  Cwts. 
Cotton  -  /As-. 
Rum    -  Gaf/s. 
Sugar  -  Ctcts. 

179,.588 
4,268,00t? 
},  176,0 12 
2,654,741 

I,I76,K45 
160,808 
458,139 

3,625,094 

188,795 

11,414,502 

1,285,401 

999,047 

1,227,4.52 
419,125 
119,482 

1,356,673 

3,954 
4.5,951 

498 

21,201 
1,4^4 

685 

372,337 

15,728,4.55 

6,461,413 

3,654,286 

2,425,498 
581,417 
577,621 

4,982,452 

Toial    -     - 

- 

5,420,886 

- 

3,122,732 

-      - 

23,370 

- 

8,566,988 

jVotr. — The  Documents,  containing  the  particulars  remiired  for  tlie  ^ear  1813,  were   unfortu- 
nately destroyed  at  the  late  fire  at  the  Cust«!r.  lioue,  in  London. 

<iistoniHoii«o,  Loiuloii,                                                                                      WILLIAM  IRVING, 

v!7th  June,  1814.                                                                   Iiispettor  Genvral  of  litipoi ts  ami  Exports.J 

ir 


: 

'■% 

■  i 

■  -t 

■ii 

m 

■  1 

WEST    INDIES. 


347 


[(2.) 
Jti  ACCOUNT  of  the  QitanlUy  and  Value  of  Goods  crporUd  from  Great   Britain  to  St.  Dofniti^n, 
for  the  last  Five  Years,  so  far  as  the  same  eaii  be  made  out;  distinguishing  British  Manufactures 
from  Foreign  Articles  exported. 


British  Produce  and  Manufactures    - 
Foreign  and  Colonial  Merchandise    - 

Total  Exports      -    -    -    - 

Oflicial  Value  of  Exports  from  Great  Britain  to 
the  Island  of  St.  Domingo  : 

/ 
1809. 

1810. 

1811. 

IS  12. 

1813. 

£ 

591,935 
107,128 

£■ 

105,684 
54,422 

£■ 

43,163 
3,520 

£ 

15,109 
2,760 

£- 

*  . 

699,063 

160,106 

46,683 

17,869 

- 

*  Note. — The  books,  containing  the  particulars  of  the  several   articles  exported    to  St.  Do- 
mingo, having  been  destroyed  by  the  late  (ire  at  the  Custom  House,  for  the  years  1809,  1810, 
and  1811;  and  also,    the  whole  of  the  documents  for  the  year   1813:  the  Inspector  Ciieneral   is 
unable  to  make  a  complete  return  in  terms  of  the  above-mentioned  order  for  those  years.     The 
exports  to  St.  Domingo,  in  the  year    1812,  consisted  of  British  cottons  and  linens!^  and  a  few 
other  articles  of  inconsiderable  value. 

Cmtom-Hoiise,  London,                                                                                              WILLIAM  IRVING, 

W7tli  June,  in  14.                                                                                 Inspector  Geiirntl  of  Ini|ioits  and  Exports. 

(3.) 


An  ACCOUNT 

the 


^  of  the  Quantitv  and  Value  of  the  Exports  from  Great  Britain  to  Africa  (extlusixe  of 
Cape  of  Good  Jlope)  in  the  last  Three  Years  ;  distinguishing  each  Year. 


British  Produce  and  Manufactures  ----... 
Foreign  and  Colonial  Merchandise       -     -    -    .     .    . 

Total  Exuorts 

Official  Value  of  Exports  Crom  Great 
Britain  to  Africa  : 

1810. 

1811. 

1812. 

£■ 

167,877 
81,741 

93,924 
66,824 

£ 

1'.'-.>,32S 
106,645 

249,618 

160,748 

228,973 

Note. — The  books  containing  the  particulars  of  the  several  articles  exported  to  Africa,  liav- 
ing  Iwen  destroyed  by  the  late  fire  at  the  Custom-House,  for  the  years  1810  and  1811;  and 
also,    the   whole   of  the  documents  for  the    year   1813  :  the  Inspector  General   is  unable  to 
make  a  complete  return  in  termB  of  the  above-mentioned  order  of  the  Honourable  House  of 
Commons,  but  has  submitted  below,  an  Appendix,  containing  the  quantities  and  official  values 
of  the  several  articles  exported  <rom  Great  Britain  to  Africa,  in  the  year  1812;  which  is  the 
only  year  witiiin  the  period  required,  for  which  the  complete  return  can  be  made. 

CnstoniH.mso, London,                                                                                               WILLIAM  IRVING, 
vrili  June,  1814.                                                                                  Inspector  General  of  Imports  and  Exports] 

■*!(^ 


1 :'  \ 


^; 


>  !^' '. 


V  y  2 


348 


WEST      1  JN  1)  1  E  S. 


\>->i' 


[APPENDIX. 
Jn  ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantities  and  Official   Values  of  the  several  Aiiiclrs  exported  fir. ii  Great 
Britain  to  Africa  (exclusive  of  the  Cape  of  Good  of  Hope)  in  the  Year  1812. 


Cottons  and  Linens    ■    ^    .     . 

Guns 

Gunpowder  -..-.. 
Iron,  Wrought  and  Unwrought 
Piece  Goods  of  India  -  -  . 
Rum-  .--.-... 
Tobacco      -.-.-.- 

Woollens     -     - 

Sundries   ------- 


Year  1812. 


/- 


Quantity, 


Official  Valuo. 


No. 

7,807. 
H«. 

3;2,740. 

Cwts. 

9,889. 

Pieces. 

76,562. 

Gallons. 

55,847. 

Lbs. 
302,238. 


Total 


55,083 
5,855 

11,260 
8,763 

65,603 


16,754 


5,667 


12,746 


47,242 


£.  228,973 


Cnstoin  House,  London, 
27tli  Jnne,  1814. 


(4.> 
ACCOUNT  of  the  Quantitj/  of  Colonial  Staples  imported  into  Great  Britain,  in  the  Year  1809  ;  dis- 

tin^uishing  the  Countries  from  'whence  imported. 


South  of  Europe    ------ 

Ireland,  Guernsey,  and  Jersey 
United  States  of  America  -  -  - 
British  West  India  Islands  -  -  - 
CoHfjuered  Islands  and  Colonies  - 
Foreign  West  Indies  -  -  -  . 
Foreign  Colonies  in  America    -     - 

East  Indies 

Africa     --.- 

Prize    -     -    - 


Sugar. 


Cwts. 


13,910 
2,6.50,371 
1,029,206 

58,08) 
175,,'JOl 

21,264 


53,060 


Total 


Coffee. 


Cwts. 


2,128 

281,585 

182,494 

168,865 

16,046 

2,844 

77 

53,867 


4,001,197    707,906  92,812,282 


Cotton. 


lbs. 


9,7.)4,()88 

1,166,095 

32,()04,4yS 

7,608,847 

8,601,953 

889,910 

21,150,927 

10,927,122 

,3,406 

104,896 


Rii 


m. 


Uallons. 


5,334,801 

1,150,168 

1,792 

31,571 

122 

11,593 


Pimento. 


lbs. 


4,533 
2,220,895 


6,530,017 


Custom-House 


2,226,201] 


i  J 


W  ESI'    I  N  I)  I  K  S. 


3l{) 


[CHAP.  VI. 

]ii!,,iifii(tic)ii,---Tmi/i:  hiliccrti  Ctrral  Ihifoin  and 
lilt  Ihilis/i  p/onlnlioiis,  Hie  ff.  fmlirs,  mul 
.V.  (inil  S.  Aiiicrkii,  hiil  c.riliishv  of  those 
colonics  iiir.c  the  Vnilcil  States,  J'loni  lf)f)7  to 
\~'>\). — Trade  tntuxoi  Gnat  llritaiii  and  her 
colonics  in  N.  America,  cxclusixeh/  of  those  now 
the  L'niledStalcs,for'}3_//cnrs,J'ro'in  [7iiQ to  ]SI2, 
iiirfifsice. —  Inu/e  of  (heat  Britain  with  the  Bri- 
fish  ar.d  Fonign  Ji'.  Indies,  and  I'oreign  Ameri- 
ca, for  -i'o  ijears,  from  17U0  to  ISIiJ,  inclusive. — 
liesitlts  of  the  fores;oins:  tnbles. — Trade  of  the 
Jf.  f'idies  and  America  i^'ith  Great  Britain  com- 
jKind  Kith  that  to  other  parts. — Account  of  the 
official  value  of  the  imports  and  c.rports  /icttccen 
Lircat  Britain  and  llic  British  Jl .  Indies  (in- 
cladinp:  the  conrpicred  islands  and  colonies)  in  the 
years  180f)  «W  1810;  distinguishing  each  island 
and  eoloni/  (  Tahle  A.) — Account  of  the  real  value 
of  exports  from  (in  at  Britain  to  all  parts  of  the 
icorld,  in  the  scvci  i/cnrs  ending  IS  1 1,  distin- 
guishing British  produce  and  mainifacturcs  from 
foreign  and  colonial  merclir'nitise  ,■  and  disfin- 
guiJiing  the  amount  to  the  \.  of  Europe,  to 
Spain,  to  Portugal,  to  other  parts  of  Europe,  to 
Asia,  to  Africa,  to  the  United  States  of  ylmerica, 
and  to  all  othe^'  parts  of  America  (Tahle  H. )  — 
Account  of  the  value  of  all  imports  to.  and  all 
c.rports  from,  Great  Urilain,  inthcj/ears  ISOj, 

Trade   between   Great   Britain   and    t!io   British   Plantations,   the   West   Indies,   and   North  and 
Sonth  America,  but  exclusive  of  those  Colonies  now  the  United  States,  from  l()97  to  I7jf). 


1806,  IS07,  1808,  1800,  1 8 10;  distinguishing 
each  j/iar,  the  real  from  the  o/peial  value,-  and 
al'io  the  imports  from,  and  c.rports  In,  the  dm' 
tinent  of  Europe,  the  IV,  Indies,  Annrira,  Afri- 
ca, Asia  and  Inland  respect ivcl//  (Tidilc  (.).) 

Introduction. — Though  miicli  has  been  written, 
and  innumerable  are  the  authors  who  ha\e  treated 
on  tlie  subject  of  trade,  it  is  (juestioiuible  whe- 
ther, in  an  ai)stract  sense,  any  more  real  or  solid 
information  has  Ixen  jrivcn  to  the  pnlilic  than  in 
(he  tables  published  by  Sir  Charles  Whitworth. 
With  some  necessary  illMstnitions  and  many  ad- 
ditions it  is,  therelbre,  proixxed  that  this  chapter 
on  t!>e  j^tMieral  imports  and  exports  of  Great  Bri- 
tain sliould  consist.     The  importance  of  the  W. 
Indies  and  America,   in  a  conunercial  view,  is 
generally   appreciated ;    but    it   is   questionable 
whether  it  has  been  so  to  the  extent  it  may  have 
deserved.     Many  able  treatises  have  been  written 
on   tlie  subject;    but  their  information   will  be 
found,  for  the  most  part,  of  a  passing  and  (en»- 
porary  nature.     The  specific  relations  of  a  colony 
or  country  with  itself  and  with  others  is  only  to 
be  estimated  by  reverting  to  the  whole  period  of 
the  intercourse  that  has  existed  between  them. 
This  tiie  reader  may  be  enabled  to  do  with  the 
colonies  and  countries  in  t|uestioii,  by  the  follow- 
ing documents. 


ffil-  .   \ 


\  ■»; 


lb« 


77(i 


',226,^^01] 


Imports 

E\(>o^l^ 

Imports 

Exports 

1(507 

Imports. 

K\|)()i't<. 

Excess. 

Excess. 

1 
|17ii> 

Iilipflrt'i. 

lA(iorl*. 

iixcess. 

E.\('08S. 

:540,02» 

■S,')«,(MK5 

101.528 

(i(>(i 

I,i(t2.1.')! 

5;i4,2l: 

::!;!,-204 

90,357 

l(5(«t 

(i4f),0.'.li 

:131,508 

;528,«il(> 

10,242  l!7 17 

l,!21,U».<i 

6M,;?M 

804,715 

87,8-2(5 

i«>!)y 

!7a,ii7 

:i5t,02l 

31&,;};i5 

I,l;i!;|l7l8 

i  037,1. jO 

f;2ii,03(; 

(i-23,710 

214,.)00 

170'> 

(.42,o:)o 

345,070 

40(5,060 

1710 

JI.V!    iNJ 

m-i  :»4i! 

(5I!:J,085 

87,1!»0 

1701 

75(!,(5;')!» 

355,(582 

4o-2,i3;; 

1,65:; 

117-2;; 

1,108,«-2I 

3-23,11  1 

052,854 

77,147 

MVfl 

4«9,)ia(i 

207,128 

223.530 

82-i 

1721 

0:;2,  :'55 

:!K  1,23:5 

(ii)0,220 

l;50.-227 

i7o:< 

Of»;;,l;5'i 

207,2(54 

305,8/3 

llV2-2 

l,120,:5:i!; 

(514,727 

a().o,28:5 

3:53,(571 

1701 

50(!.')tJ:5 

313,705 

230,111 

37,323  11723 

1,204,(-12 

(S8(M.V2 

83B,t!."2 

315,0{»2| 

1705 

700,27:1 

3.Mt,480 

45(>,:W4 

100,5i)7|!l724 

1,  t:)i  1,2(54 

(i-2n,(!<>7 

051,05  5 

|.>(»,207j 

170« 

5i'>3,:52i 

3!)5,(i00 

285,441 

37,720 

117-25 

l,401,«(i(» 

;!i!o,n2o 

l,(|(54.:5-2!l 

4(52,*208| 

1707 

<52«,3(5t> 

317,170 

340,255 

29,0(53 

I17-26 

1,277,857 

4.')3,123 

045,380 

1-2(M546' 

1700 

(508,247 

350,8(54 

300,t»l0 

51,0-27 

:  17-27 

],105,-207 

:5O0,207 

01  1.018 

lia.oioj 

1700 

C«>»,y45 

44(5,94(5 

207,67(t 

74,(571 

1I72H 

1,621,020 

577,118 

1,-23(5,113 

101,311 

1710 

«0(},450 

2(50,18(5 

577.88(t 

31,(5ilT 

!i72:) 

1,(547,850 

(540,250 

l,-202,.505 

101,005 

1711 

570,024 

287,254 

335,148 

51,47;( 

il730 

1, .'570,1.50 

8U8,045 

1,3-20,62(5 

250,421 

1712 

7-20,(581 

355,360 

300,148 

33,830 

1731 

1,(5:10,337 

440,002 

1,308,062 

11.5,717 

1713 

833,790 

510,751 

448,546 

l-25,.507 

1732 

1.511,700 

(540,148 

1,152,46(5 

280,908 

1714 

085,4(55 

534,925 

524,760 

174,-22(» 

173:) 

1,}'.20,107 

441,.-)66 

1,500,481 

130,040 

1715 

1,031,450 

623,765 

711,332 

303,(541 

1734 

1,305,850 

401,33(1 

074,:474 

1,50,85 1] 

1 

\!V\ 


m  : 


in^lnl 

:: 

111  ^W^   ^ 

Iff  jy|.  1 

1*1' 

'^p 

Imi' 

?IIM 

«> 


if 


li  ^li 


MAO 


w  K  s  I'   1  ^  I)  1  K  s. 


I 'rindc  hotwoon  (iirnl  Urilinn  luiil  (lir  Hiifisli  I'lnnlnUoiis  — r.w/wMr*/. 


Iiii|ii>ii< 


l.)in,.'t:iii 
1,7111.11'-' 
l.7<il  «MIO 
V2.  l.7:«o,(>:V2 
.:l|  •2.077.V1I 
Vl|  l,7!t'-',»<i:« 
Mi  •2,'2:«H,!HH 
tdl  1. 1X1. into 
*  '.',0  1(1,017 
•2,0'i'2.(tl.-. 
'i.liKI.I  l:i 

i«(»,700,  \li\ 


r.X|inrt» 

lni|iiiit< 

rA|ioi(i 

l'',lir<<i<». 

IMI.DIO 

l):n,l)7ii 

'20'2,:i7M 

«l<M).0.'«)> 

1.017,  l'>:i 

'2H.'2!II 

if.>o,070 

it:«(t.it7:i 

.V),:mi:i 

iii<o,:>  III 

11711,1171 

•2!t.:)it7 

I,0!»'2.I11'2 

l.o»t:l,IiMi 

iHi. .■»(!; 

)l."»(l.-.'7.'» 

DlJMioi 

1-2. Ilia 

!>l:l.oiu 

l.;i.>:«,r.:«»( 

'27.<!:»!i 

!i(i'j,7!H 

l,(i'2(t,  l(i7 

17.''>7ii 

I.0»I7.<I'20 

l.i:)7.i(ll 

ir.!>,'2l7 

I.I7(1,!M'2 

illM.Oll 

1  lii,.'i:iii 

i,:r.i,i«i.i 

!»70.'2!>O 

l:».'»,!Ht'2 

:«i«.»'20.«tl7 

.-||.  11 1,11)0 

it,">(ll.7'2:» 

Iacoss  111'  1 

mpoiis    /  . 

U.il7!».77(l 

l'|><(Hhis  )H>rio<{  llio  hiitiiiioi'  of  (rndo  na^ninsl 
ICnuliiiiil  \\H\\  hor  «'<)l(>ni<'s  in  Ainorira  mxl  llio 
\\  .  Indios,  luuJ  lu'vcr  '.xfoodoil  ahonl  a  million 
and  a  <|iiar1»M'.  Thr  lirsl  rt»nsidoiahl<>  impoil 
Mas  in  lli('\.\ir  I '  I,),«lu>n  il  arosolo^.  I.O.'JI.I.'jfi. 
Iia>  iiitj  l)0(Mi  in  iho  priM  ions  yoar  onlv  |^.SS,">.I()."» ; 
»nd  sint-c  llial  linio  llio  annual  anionni  conlinniMl 
nnicli  l)it>)i(M'  llian  ibal    ol'  anv   0(]iial   nnnilx^r  of 


|iror(Mline:y(»nr«,ii»iM'liinp.  in  l7.'JH,fo  |J.  I,S7(), l,^»0; 
lliontili  it  slioiily  alliiM-  M\  to  and  rontiiuu'd,  np 
to  tlio  year  I  r.VJ.  at  nearly  an  avoiaijo  of  one 
million  and  an  halt' anniialh  .  On  tlu^  wliolo  il 
was  nMnarkal)l(<  tor  its  stoadincsu  <lnrin^  llio  on 
lire  period  ol' (>,'J  voars,  tlu>  avi<ra^'<<  annual  i'\ 
«>(>ss  ol'  imports  ovor  tho  ovpoiis  having  Ijpcii 
to  tho  vaino  of  4;.(»I)»,7,")S, 


Trailo  hotnivn  (ir<>at  Hritain  and  hov  Colonics  in    iVorlli  Ainoiira,  rxrlnsivrly    ol"  thoso  now  tlio 
I  nited  Stat«»s.  tor  .».'$  veais.  I'rom  I  '<>(•  to  ISIli?  inrlnsixo. 


liti|iorls. 


TOlj 

:m\ 
;(>,v 

7(>(>' 

:6:\ 

7(>S 

:(><> 

770 
771 

il77'ii 

,1774: 

:i77,V 
:177(> 


.*3,->.,'J(>-» 

(>S.77J) 

1^27,S'24 

S4.40f> 

f1.S,7SI 

1()1,S(W 

fll.774 

1  (1,').(>v>(> 

101,017 

wi.io;} 
b2S..)4.") 

I'ii.n.) 
i,sj.}7f>; 

ll»4,.)7P 


Inipoil.H 

r.\)ioii« 

lni|iorM             1''\|iniU 

l',\|imu. 

Kxcoiis. 

lAri>s«. 

m,(>7(> 

1777 

lllipOI'iR. 

1',  X(lll||5. 

l",\i'<'««.             r.\<<'<ii. 

177.040 

1  M).7f)0 

1,().'iS..)<)l 

1 
-       -         l,.51S,S()| 

.•>40„V24 

_ 

^<?<)s.s:r> 

177S 

l.'iO.fKlO 

i,0"<?«).o.'j:j 

-      -    !      W)H,i;!;i 

ii?i.S.O,)f) 

. 

1 4 1  ,^<?S0 

177«) 

l.'H,7-2.'J 

S4I.S.'J9 

-      -     i       707,111) 

li>V?.")„'5.'iO 

'2(V2.4S,) 

. 

I7,S0 

II9..J.W 

S,'}(J,S4I 

, 

7I7,'2<)I 

3\:i.r>o\ 

. 

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I7SI 

1  IS,«)^><> 

,').'},'» ,(>()! 

. 

'4  l(>,t»7'2 

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y-jy.stii 

70l,(>()l 

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17S,S0() 

4.il.7t>()      .       - 

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i>04,009 

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. 

'447.V'V() 

^2(i'J4  4^i     .      - 

1,')S,SI() 

I7S<) 

197,^2.)S 

7  4H.-i.)l 

- 

,).50,<)«);{ 

:!7\?.,'5W      -      - 

\>(>S.,'},>2 

i  I7S7 

'<?4I.(>7:J 

S,)0.4,')M 

. 

t)08,7S(i 

:il7.7(iO     -     - 

^21S„'?.>7 

;  I7S.S 

<;?4().()'^1 

S.'J,).«).'Jf> 

. 

,58f),«)|,^ 

•;,V2,7«Vi     -      - 

\>v>l.'i4  7 

I7S«) 

V>\?(),S4  4 

S0«),0S4 

. 

.58'i,^il() 

4'?9  0f)()     -      - 

,^J07  f).M 

I7«)0 

'■2^29.  W2 

7(>(>,J)S.S 

. 

.5.']7,4^il 

4.S7.:i'J0     -      . 

:}()1.S,)I 

1701 

'2m,'m 

S31.«4<> 

_ 

.504,1,)() 

(>.)7„'>0.>     -      - 

,'■>.•^2,sl(» 

179-2 

1'4S,-/41 

1,0,5,5,8.10 

807, .5S() 

S\?S,IS7;     -      - 

70f),(>5.'j 

\:9S 

^J00,,'JS4 

1 

8t>-2,408 

()!^2,()V?4 

^ 


▼ 


i(tl.T^:» 


J.l,870,lf)0; 

nliiuK'ti.  up 
•nj{(>  of  one 
lio  wliolo  it 
tiiifj;  tl»o  on 
iinmiiil  <•> 
kiiviiifj;  hvr\\ 


>s(>  imw 


(lio 


l',V|10l(« 

1',\l'0<». 


I, f)  18,801 

s«)8,i:}.'i 

707,1  Ki 
Tr7,'2!)ll 
'n(»,(>7'2i 
178,800, 

.V27,n7l 

447.\W(> 

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8()7,:»8(> 


w  I-:  s  I    I  i\  I)  I  i:  s. 

ITrudc  iiHwri'ii  (irnit  Htidiiii  luiil  Noilli  Kmrricn—tonlinuril. 


:W»  I 


llll|>(ilM 

f'°1llllllt') 

IllipnilK 

I 

Iaii'ii. 

I'.ircx 

llll|Mlll« 

INpiitl'. 

I'-xri'**. 

r,<ii  1  HI. 

ir'M 

'.'.').'J.8|-s» 

8(iS,.'jy'» 

. 

().•)!, -.l;! 

lS()(i 

.'I'lO.Ofl'^ 

OjO.(»(>.'j 

(iyo  '.71 

1  :•».. 

yS7.(M»r 

OI,'},.TJ.-. 

- 

(iy(».'.>()8 

1807 

1  IM,7.J0 

l,0iil,l'.^8 

- 

(ill  .JOH 

1  ;'>() 

'    v.'js,:.i'.' 

0'?;.(»(i7 

- 

(iMO.I,)-. 

I80H 

8'?(),<IS0 

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^ 

y'»M.o7o 

i,-<tr 

'ii,'M>ri 

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I.7l8.ll(i 

. 

i.oiio.--.'. 

ir<>8 

'/7.1,0I0 

i,i,'{o,:)Ss 

8;.7,r»7M 

1810 

8s:»,oi(i 

i,8n,.V)«) 

. 

MO,-.  I.J 

!;<•!» 

'2V).l'.7 

i.lo;j,.'j..>,'j 

- 

1,148. 1(i(i 

1811 

80'.',|(».'i 

l,<»0'),(iMO 

I.I07,.V.'(. 

ISOO 

,*M(i,:)7;) 

8«i.),0():) 

- 

,'.lS.(iSS 

181'.' 

7M»,(i8,'J 

l,IIM,Ol«» 

(»!M»,.'W(i 

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AJS.SO)    l.'JOO.KiK 

- 

7II,.'J(M 

I8I.'J 

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(sn>.> 

1 '.><».;;•.  1 
,'h';,0(JO 

.■{77. 700 

1.  •S'^.'A'Jj 
I.OS'^.lll 
1  0)(>,|(>l 

- 

I.IV.^SSI 
7.1,  IHI  1 

()78,«i7l 

ISO;,' 

ISOI 

i.'j,7.>!V'ii;i,i:;,(iJ2,:j8'» 

'20'j!,l8;» 

;j0,08.».,')(.i 

so:» 

V!i.'i..)l.), 

8(i,.,:j(ii 

- 

:.7l,8lf)  1 

yo^2,48-. 

l'A(CHHol"l''x|)<)rls  lor  r.,'J yonn  In  181^  - 

«    Till'  iliiiiinii  iit«  111!  Iliii  MMI  wi'i''  ili'itiMvril  nl  (llP  l«tP  (ilf  n)  IliP  ('nilimi-llnlli't' 


-       X*-  '^",88.'J,07(i 
WIM.rXM  lUVINO. 


I'liwl*' (>l'(ir)>a(  Hriliiiii   witli   <li*<  iiiiitisii   nnd  iditi'tdN    wr.sr    ini.ii.x,  nnd   idiii.KiN  ami'.kk  a, 

r.ir  .Vi  v«.inM,lV(.m  I7(i0«o  ISI-s*. 


I7(i0 

1701 

I  Uy2 

1 7ri.*J 

I7(U 

I7(t:. 

I7(»(i 

I7(.7 

I7(.8 

i|7(i!» 

i|770 

!|77l 

:i7  7y 

I77;i 
jl771 
1 1 77.") 
|I77(» 
1 1 1 1 1 
il778 
il77<); 
•  1 780 
1781 
1 78'i 
I78,"J 
1781 
'l78.". 
I78() 
178: 
:|788 


Inipoiiit. 
'<?,V?8(».I0I' 

y,n.'..."i8.v 
^..•.mo.omI 

:J.V7I,47«)| 

'■2:jw,7'2:i\ 
'A8,s,"»,:jii 

\?,7.Ti.007 
.•J,00."). ..,")() 
^2.7«>.'J.!»|(» 

;j,';?io.08y 

.•J,,'i70.8')l 

'J.  78;.. '.'7;; 

.•J,."i08.«».">7 
.'J,:)!),").878 
'2,7  l)».'28S 
*2,7.'tO.VO,". 

'.?,8()8,.'j;;7 
'i.7ll,7:j:J 
\^.4.'>o,.'.8,-. 

I  .fJ'^'J.O'iO 
V,.>l8,:j7!t 
'J,8(jl„')0.'i 
.'i..'i.)8.."»ll 
4.11,'J.8'c'(J 
.VJ!)I,«».V) 

;3.,v.'7,;j7y 

4.Ol'i.40O 


l'.\|iiiii«. 


I,:i7.".,7;)0 

l,088,l.i.'J 
l,404,<K.4 

i,ifi(.,,^()n 
f),'j:).17«» 

l,04f»,l(M 
l,07f».f»iy 
1,088,810 
l,y'2l.l<)'J 
l,.'J0»,400 
l,.'J4»,V>2l 
l,IW,ll'i> 
l,I.T»,780 
l„*W'?.OI(J 
I,n8,.'j|0 
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l,^2()."),IS") 
l.08<l..'J'JI 

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I,(i77,(j|l 
l,OOf),0.'J8 
I  ,()70.(i()S 

i,i()8,;j<)4 

l,ll..,71l 
I.W)!I.O70 


llll|iclll<l 

KVITHH, 


OlO,.'j.',4 
l..'J.".7,4.'W 
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l,Vlf»,."..")S 
l,7,W,.*jf><> 
l,(»l.'..007 
1 ,7.S4  .,'r.8 
l,4S<^.l(i 
l,8«»(j,7:)8 
l,"»7«,l()y 

i,«>.'r.,ii4 
i.i:.y,.'jy7 

V,(K)(Mi17 
l,777,M)v? 
l,487,7'2(j 
l,48,').()l(i 
l,77<),0l.'i 
I, .'»()!,  1 70 

8^>(),y:j7 

8«)8,l(>l 

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y,'J.")<).,J0f» 

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y,  I  •.',';,;■.()  I 
'J,osi  ;j()i 
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178!) 

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1 70':^ 

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1 70S 

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1800 

1801 

180'? 

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1801 

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1807 

I  SOS 

1800 

1810 

1811 

181'? 

ISI.'J 


lMi|>iirt<i. 


Ruporlii. 


:j,7(M,l80 
.■J,7I0,.'JI0 
.■),4.'i.),(i')8 
,'i,0(».'j,7()0 

i.yjo.sso 

,f).'?.>8,,^.'?() 
4.(i'?(»,00.'. 
I  ,f;.'{4,7!)0' 
.■),I77,0«»I 
(i.-^'iO.I  Ki 
(i,0(i'?,.'l7«» 
H,.'J0S.7JO 
ll,(),Vi,.'i7(i 
I0.'?,'j.),'?0|i 
(.,487,  Uio] 
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7,:m).:m 

O.OI8,;.'78i 
0,007.'.l(.| 

10  7J'2,();y.? 

II,0.'«),04J 

i'?.soo,yn 
l'.>.*^.sfj,.^7(i 

f>.<».".8,74'J 

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l,(il.';,0'l<) 

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4,701,010 

.'•J,07<>,'?..S 

y,.".7.'j,;i;!8 
i.7'.-"?,4,'i:) 

4.l'?(>,filO 
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S.77»i,  KM 

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7,Ki0.74'.? 

S,88L',.'jni 


1 '24,47 1,88.-) 


rArcs-i. 

yv?.'(i  48,j 

v,o«i(.,.';n 
i.'?r?,8'(i 

1  41?,t>  (I 
I.OS(i.(.ll 

'2,101.17.. 
l,04'2,l.'>7 
l,00'?.7O0 

.'»8(i,'28(i 
1, 1 00, (if)'? 

lJ7:),osi 

(i  ,'J.M.J'»() 

(i,'?.y>,oi."i 
.•;,oi.'j  Hj'? 
:i  1 1 '?,«:><» 

.•J,'2»i.'J,S|0 
4,.^».'.().l.>:! 
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l,()7(.,4ll 


0l,'if)'?.S87 


Iajii.i  t- 


I"'i\c«'ss  «l"im|n»it^  for  .'..'} y<'ins,  lo  |S|'2. 


hrWK' 


r.'  .1 


"3  m 


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mit 


"/it  n 


f    I 


f( 


*  Tlio  (liHMiiiU'iilH  for  thin  year  wcic  drstiojcil  at  llir  lili'  liit-  nl  llic  Ciistoni  Ilmisc,  in  I.dihIihi.      W  11,1,1  \1M   II<\  IN(i 


t 


'li 


':    .(.■ 


>  ii' 


iJr  ii;::' 


352 


WES  T     I  N  D  I  15  S. 


[Itrsitlls  of  ihr  fovcsfoin^  lahlcs. — Tukinp;  the  cxpoifH,  with  the  N.  Amoricnn  coloiiioK.  niul 
a{rir|-o{r|itp  amounts  of  the  two  precedinjy  tables,  the  W.  Indies,  (or  the  Inst  .jj  years,  have  bcm 
we  find   that   the  total  value    of  inipurts   and     as  follows  : 


North  .A  merican  colonies  -     -     - 
Britis'i  and  Foreign  We^t  Indies 

£• 

Illl|IUll!l. 

Rs|iorl». 

Imports  Kxrc--. 

Kxports  I'm'cm. 

i,'j,7:>9.:jia 

4.*j,()ia,:]sj) 
hji,i:i,sHj 

ni.2f)'i,.sH7 

jo,08,j.:)Oi 

'ir2<),j'/l,()SJ 

l()^t,lll,V7l 

9l,4f)j,:j7',> 

j().08;),j(ji 

Makinjj  the  total  excess  of  imports  ^(j|,K)f). S 1 1, 
for  ;VJ  vears :  wliicli,  at  an  annual  averaj;e,  jjivos 
J(j'.l,l"J^•,()7,'>,  being  an  increase  of  the  annual 
average  of  the  fornur  period  of  (i.'J  years,  in- 
cluding (he  "hole  of  America  and  the  W.  In- 
dies, except  the  I'nited  States,  of  £.4n,'3,f)l7,  nr 
nearly  double  the  amount  of  (he  anniml  average 
of  the  said  perioil. 

Hut  what  chiefly  excites  our  attention  in  the 
two  last  tables  is,  tl'.at  the  colonies  of  N. 
America  appear,  with  tiie  exception  of  the  year 
J7()y,  invariably  to  ha\e  thrown  a  balance  into 
the  hands  of  the  parent  state,  whilst  the  inter- 
course with  the  W.  Indies  seems  to  have  left 
one  to  l)c  j)rovided  for.  The  fact,  however,  is, 
that  in  the  latter  instance,  the  apparent  balance 
against  this  country  was  in  reality  a  remittance 
of  property  belonging  to  its  subjects ;  and  in  the 
former,  the  balance  in  favour  of  it  arose  from  a 
fonstant  transfer  of  Hritish  capital  to  America  : 
not  but  that  great  exceptions  are,  in  either  case, 
to  be  allowed,  as  will  appear  by  the  snbsecjuent 
illustration  of  the  subject. 

It  may  be  also  worthy  of  remark,  that,  whilst 
the  excess  of  exports  to  the  i\.  American  co- 
lonies has  been  so  regular  up  to  the  lastcst 
period,  as  that,  taking  tlie  average  of  the  last 
12  years,  it  has  amounted  to  only  nine  millions 
and  a  quarter,  the  three  average  periods  of  12 
years  each  preceding  being  upwards  of  six  mil- 
lions and  an  half,  w  hicli  is  as  about  nine  to  six 
in  favour  of  the  last  12  years — the  excess  of 
imports  trom  the  W.  Indies  in  reference  to  tl  e 
Han)c  data,  has  given  an  increase  of  as  about  five 
to  one,  or  4-.5 1 ,9Sr),(J38  to  jg.  1 1,942,224,  in  fa- 
vour of  the  last  12  years  ending  1812— and  it 
will  be  evident  that,  dillering  as  both  the  tables 
do  in  their  rcsidt,  they  distinctively  and  unitedly 
bear  testimony  to  the  vigour  which,  under  all 
<ircums(ances,  domestic  or  foreign,  the  British 


comnicric  with  thai  hemis]ilierc  has  never  failed 
to  iiave  be<'ii  directed. 

Tr<ii!(  ■if  Jl'cst  Indies  (Uiil  Aincriva  u/t/i  (IikiI 
hrilaiii,  tdiiipnnd  icilh  l/iat  lo  ollivv  puits. — .\n- 
other  \'w\\  of  the  importance  of  (his  iiit(<rc(Hn'^( 
\\'\\\  be  e\i(leiit  from  i(s  c«tuiparison  widi.  that  of 
Cireat  Britain  with  other  parts. 

(\)n(iiiiiig  onvselves,  in  the  lirst  instance,  to 
the  \V.  India  islands,  we  find  that  if  we  take  the 
total  amount  of  imports  from,  and  exports  to 
those  colonies  at  their  real  value,  it  will  be  eqmil 
to  one  fonrdi  of  the  aggregate  ctmimerce  of  the 
I  niled  Kingdom.  An  observation  thus  gene- 
ralised,  is,  however,  far  from  alFording  a  just 
medium  for  estimating  the  value  of  a  commercial 
intercourse,  but,  as  far  as  it  goes,  it  bears  ample 
testimony  of  the  value  of  such  colonies  to  the 
parent  state. 

BritishWest  India  Colonies  and  Conquered  Colo- 
nies, (1812.) 


Real  value  ofim- 
ports  into  the 
United  King- 
dom, (so  esti 
mated  by  Col 
quhoun)  - 

ileal  value  ofex- 
ports  from  the 
United  King 
dom,  (so  esti 
mated  by  Col- 
(pihounj    -    • 

Total  of  imports 


BritisliW.  In 
dia  Colonics. 


10,,'J87,144 


Con(|iioiod 
Culonit's. 


5,346,971 


5,979,940|2,rj02,562 


Totali. 


[J,< 


34,ll.> 


8,482,j0'^ 


and  exports  -  I6,3()7,0847,849,.533j24,2ICi,(il71 


WEST    INDIES.  3.W 

[Official  vnliic  of  imports  into  (lie  nil  i;rinci|)l(>s  or  tacts  of  a  very  Hatiflfactory  and 

United  Kingdom,  troin  nil  piirtH,  loiKiiiiir  nature  to  nutliorixe  iih  in  our  concluHionH. 

1813,  (as  by  tai)lc  in  (leneral  Pre-  TIiuh,  in  compnrinK  the  Npecific  amount  of  British 

lure)     -------      ..     28,.'>0j,4iJ()  ninniiturtiireH  and  nierchandiHC  exported  to  one 

OiFirial  value  of  exports  from  llic  part  with  that  exported  to  another,  it  is  evident 

(Tnitcd    Kiii;;(ioin,   to    all   parts,  that  the  part  to  ivhicli  the  greater  quantity  is 

181'i,  (as  l)_y  table  in  (Jlenerai  Pre-  exported,  ulVords,  so  far,  the  most  lucrative  trade 

luce)      .-.-.---.     43,213,17.3  to   this  country  ;    and,  in   striking   the  general 

balance  of  the  real  value  of  the  imports  and  the 

71,808,599  exports,  it  is  obvious  that  the  country  throwing 

Add  three  eighths  to  bring  the  same  the  largest  into  the  hands  of  Great  Britain,  is 

to  real  value*      -.-.-.     27,009,173  the  one,  whose  intercourse  is,  in  that  light,  most 

advantageous.     On  both  these  principles  then, 

£.98,818,072  it  will  be  seen  how  much  more  iiighl_y  (he  com- 
merce of  the  Western  hemisphere  is  to  bo  esti- 

Although  to  determine  the  real  value  of  an  in-  mated  than  that  of  all  the  rest  of  the  world, 

lercoursc  with  any  particular  country,  in  all  its  By  (he  table  B  (infra)  it  appears  that  the  real 

branches,  would  require  a  very  diffuse  and  elabo-  value  of  (he  Bri(ish  mnnufac(ures  pxpor(ed  for 

rate  treatise  ;  there  are,  nevertheless,  sonic  gene-  seven  years,  ending  181 1,  was  jg.300,808,330,  viz. 

Seven  Y^ars.     Annual  average. 

£■  £■  £' 

TotheUnitedStates    -    - K?'S^}  15I,78i,399    21,683,48.5 

To  America  and  the  W.  Indies  ---------     -   91,27t,74j)        '       '  ' 

To  all  other  parts 149,023,931     21,289,133 

G'^Mig  an  excess  of  exports  of  British  manufactures  to  the  \  *,  o  ^/jn  At^a  ^04  Qr.^ 

\ ,  estern  Hemisphere  of    -- ----3  *»•'       '  >• 

Considering  abstractedly  the  amount  of  foreign  proportion  tukcn  by  America  and  the  W.  Indies 
and  colonial  produce  re-exported  from  Great  is  very  considerable  ;  being  about  one  sixth  of 
Britain,  we  find  by  the  table  B  (infra)  that  the     the  whole  of  such  re-export ;  as  will  thus  appear 

Re-export  of  Foreign  and  Colonial  Merchandise  to  all  Parts. 

Seven  years,  ending  1811.    Annual  average- 

£■  £■ 

TotheUnitedStates     -    - 1,757,014?    ,  r.t^nn^ 

To  America  and  the  W.  Indies 9,0.J8.0llj    ^.-^^'^J 

To  all  other  parts (iJ,G2(),805      9,375,258 

Totals     7(),44 1,830     10,920,261 

But  the  real  balance  of  trade  derived  by  Great     parts,  may  be  precisely  estimated  from  the  official 
Britain    in    her  intercourse  with   the  \Vcstern     table  C  (infra).     By  tliis  it  appears,  that 
Hemisphere,  compared  with  that  with  all  other 

Sevrn  ycani,  pnding  1811. t    Annnal  averagt. 

£.  £. 

The  real  value  of  the  exports  to  the  United  States  and  W.  Indies,  was     -     ]76.782,]45     25,2)4,591 
The  real  value  of  the  imports  from  idem  idem  -    -    -     -     146,568,763    20,9^-8,594 

Giving  a  balance  in  favour  of  Great  Britain  of 30,213,382      4,316,197 

Thereal  value  of  the  imports  from  all  other  parts,  was  -     -    26.5,782,2.'J2     -      -     -     -    .^7,968  890 
The  real  value  of  the  exports  to         idem         idem-     -    -    219,230,801     -     -      -     -    3I,3IS,()86 

Giving  a  balance  against  Britain  of  -    ---.--.  46,551,428     ,6,6.30,204 

And  shewing  the  dilVerence  of  value  between  the  trade  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere  and  that  of  all  other  parts  to  Great  Britain,  to  be     -    -    .       76,764,810     10,966,401 

*  The  proportion  of  real  to  official  value  appears  from  returns  mnilr  to  the  House  of  Commons,  and  presented  by  9Ir.  Irviuj;^ 
April,  li,  18U6.     Uy  these  it  seems  th.it  (he  real  is  to  the  offieiiil  value  as  10  to  25,  or  U  to  i, 
t  The  imparts  and  exports  of  the  year  mil  are  averaged  at  those  for  lUlU.] 
VOL.  v.  8  /. 


Di  » 


if 


tie 


.  p 


til 


I'hd 


if^  i  ;i;. 


904 


H  i:  ST     INDIE  S. 


[\Vr  Hliall  conclude  (Iip  intcrcHtii)^  8iil>|i*ct  of  tliiil  hiicIi  hh  ai-o  cngiigcd  in  stutislicnl  calculalionH 

tluH  chapter,  witli  (he  rollowing  authentic  tiiblrn,  will  derive  much  valuubic  infurumtion. 
nlread^  referred  to,  und  from  which,  it  is  hoped, 

Tuble  (A  ) 


ACCOUNT  of  the  Ofliciiil  Value  of  tlio  Imports  and  Exports  between  (treat  Britain  and   the 
British  West  Indies  (iucludiup  the  coi 
distinguishing  each  island  ami  colony. 


British  West  Indies  (including  the  conquered  Islands  and  Colonies)  in  (he  Year  1809  and  1810; 

1(1  «    ' 


Antigua      -  - 

Barliadoes  -  - 

Dominica    -  - 

(irenada      -  - 

•Tamaica        -  - 

Montserrat  -  - 

Nevis    -     -  - 

Saint  Kitt's  - 
Saint  Vincent's 

Tortola       -  - 

Trinidad     -  - 

Uaiiamas      -  • 

Bermudas    -  - 


British  \Ve8(  Indies 


Demerara    - 
Berbicc  -     - 
Saint  Lucia 
Surinam 
Tobago  -     . 
Cura^oa 
Saint  Thomas 
Saint  Croix 
Martinique 


Conquered  Islands  and  Colonies 

Total 


C'listum-House. 


1809. 


Official  Vuliie  of 
Iiiiportt.  Exports. 


198,  ly  I 

'i8H,4iy 

.'j|j,584 

439,0)3 

4,0(i8,8«)7 

3.,107 

89,062 

2()f),0Gl 

y07,829 

33,399 

328,.')  12 

Iy3,.'>l5 

11,648 


6,,'il.j,90J 


216,000 

450,760 

161,291 

189,800 

3,0.'J3,2y4 

10,460 

20,.'J00 

132,84,5 

82,408 

.52,009 

.579,719 

504,.567 

34,279 


1810. 


Officiiil  Value  of 
Imporla.  ExporU. 


3,467,872 


£ 

28.5,4,58 

311,400 

282,002 

388,936 

1,303,337 

62,462 

120,443 

253  611 

295,509 

61,520 

300,9f)9 

108,483 

1,137 


6,781,299 


182,392 

271,597 

3f).686 

I73,.*;66 

2,303,579 

16,816 

11,764 

8f).362 

96,872 

6,612 

357,073 

481,372 

36,613 


4,067,104 


550.87 1 
193,663 
120,431 
6.'J0,028 
226,824 
241,675 
194,121 
435,378 
519,817 


3,112,808 


9,628,711 


278,998 
49,662 
35,569 

257,21 1 
70,585 

316,696 

886,810 
84,964 

496,360 


2,476,855 


7,944,727 


778,404 
191,5.56 
193,743 
496,934 
201,169 
236,181 
437,030 
422,033 
635,664 


4,146,740 


10,928,039 


346,783 
51,785 
43,830 

244,197 
70,787 

263,996 

862,585 
89,949 

791,773 


2,866,535 


6,933,639 


JOHN  GLOVER.] 


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^V  E  S  T    IN  DIES 


[TABLE  (C.) 


ACCOUNT  of  the  Value  of  all  Imports  into,  niid  all  Exports  from,  (iroat  Hritain,  in  tlio  Yoars  IS(),"i, 
ISO(>,  IS07,  IvSIS,  JSO!),  and  ISIO;  distinjjiiisliinjr  oadi  Yoar ;  t ho  real  iVom  the  otHcial  Vatiio ! 
and  also,  the  Imports  from  and  tl>o  I-'xports  to  tlu-  Continent  of  Europe,  tlie  West  Indies,  America, 
Africa.  Asia,  and  Ireland  respectively. 


Otlioial  \'alue  of  Imports. 

1                  1 

1    'I'olal  ol'li^(• 

ISO.-). 

iS0().      j     IS07. 

1 

1808. 

1809. 

lS10.        1     v-  .snoin 

1            lUl.  ■. 

Continent  of 

Europe 

IO,'>OS,()Jf)   S.if)7/i:)(i    7,f)7;J,'>IO 

4,'iIO,(J7l 

9,M0..j;i8 

12,176,137 

42,408,112 

Ireland  and  Isles  of) 

1 

(luernsev 

JersevS- 

:J.IIJ,.V1«)  3,'3j'2,^)l   .'J.WHvlKi 

4,07',VJ84 

3,093,109 

.3,7(^,119 

I8,42(),89;) 

and  Man  - 

-     -S 

Asia       -     - 

(),07'2.:JI'} 

3,7:),).3!)7   3,401,701 

.5,8,"J3,46I 

3..3()(),343 

4,709,8()8 

21.086,770 

Africa    -     - 

.    -     . 

io().si;)     ii.\f)is 

I'J'i.OIS' 

I4:V27(J 

I84,().^i 

2.J7„387 

823,310 

A  merica     - 

-     ,.     . 

'j,i'r).7(Vi|  t.M.Vi,i,V) 

3.(JII.I<)4 

'2,;)3(),««J!) 

4, (Ml..')  13 

.^,909,771 

19,1.V2,«)02 

West  Indies 

.     -     _ 

7.,sj)0.:«)  «),})! s;j7S 

f),007,.j|() 

!0,74'2,O.W 

11,0:)(),043 

I2,80«),244 

.W,.^  13,23.3 

The  Whale  1- 

isheries 

:k)0:2\7     :;o(),()'2S, 

'2«)4,l'2i: 

y«).^,888 

'27.'),<j.3() 

323,240 

1,49,),SI3 

Prize  Goods 

Total 

i,i()7,0',M     7:r).P:JR 

vS37,s:)'2 

l,774,7.W 

l,0'24pl() 

948,;J(J9 

.'),32l,427 

:JO..']M,()'JS'2S,S,T).f)()7 

1 

'2S,S.")4.(mS 'if)  .()'2n,353 

1 

33,77i?,40<» 

41,136,13.) 

I()2,22S,4()2 

Oflicial  Value  of  Exports. 

1 

'I'otiil  of  fivt- 

ISO:).        I80(). 

1 

1807. 

1808. 

1809. 

1810. 

jiiirs,  tVoin 
imui. 

Continent  of  Eurojie 

IMOJjIjOilS.i.'Ki.aSti 

I'2,()S9,jW 

1 1, '280,490 

'23,7'20,.')40 

19,()0y,9()4 

80,.')  12,970 

Ireland  and  Isles  of) 

. 

(luernsev 

Jcrsev> 

i.om.isi 

3,847,1-21 

4,307,4  !.■) 

4,93'2,184 

4,920  >24 

3,644,609,  21,631,.W6| 

and  Mali 

-  -  -S 

.Vsia     - 

l,()Gfl,vMl 

i,n3ii,n,"):) 

1.8SS,438 

'   I,933.'224 

l,()47,r)'28 

1,717,119 

9,119,.364 

Africa    -     - 

_  -  . 

})9(),J7.'i 

l,433,I,VJ 

797,740 

1      ,^3^2,84 1 

70.^,979 

484,082 

3,«)33,794 

America     - 

• 

•  s,o;37,:5.T)j!0.7'2:).:Mi 

0.411,808 

1  8,'289,9:)() 

10,5l(),i'2;> 

1,3,0()0,()88 

.')2,003,918 

West  Indies 

Total  ■ 

4J^i(i,jlOJ  ;),jt)S,^i'it) 

i3,47."),;')SI 

7,.WJ,;)7'2 

8,77(),404 

7,337,398 

3.1,363,181 

34,308,54  ja(),5'>7.184 

34,jG6,.J7« 

34,.W4,'267 

1 
jO,286,900  43,869,860  201,804.783 

Ciiitom  House. 


WILLIAM  IRVINCi.J 


I   't 


I. 


i^i 


WEST    INDIES. 


.157 


[TABLE  (C.) 

ACCOUNT  of  (he  Value  of  nil  Imports  into,  and  all  Exports  f  oni,  (Jrent  Britain,  in  tli«  Years  1805, 
I80(),  1807,  1808,  1809,  and  1810;  distingnisliinR  ••ucli  War;  il^n  re>il  i'roin  the  oHkial  Vahn> ; 
and  aUo,  the  Imports  from  and  the  Exports  to  the  Continent  of  l<]iirope,  the  West  Indies,  America, 
Africa,  Asia,  ana  Ireland,  respectively. 


Ueul  Value  of  Imports. 

1805. 

I80(i. 

1807. 

I8t)8. 

1809. 

1810. 

Tut.ll  of  Hvu 
years  I'roiii 

IIIIKi. 

Continent  of  Europe 
Ireland  and  Isles  of) 
CJruernsev,.lersev> 
and  Man  -     -     -) 
Asia      .     .     -     -    - 
Africa   ----- 
America     -     -     -     . 
The  W-st  indies      - 
iTlu»  Whale  I'isheries 
Prize  Ciiiods  -     -     - 

Total 

2I,744,7()2 

(i,278,837 

9. 187  ,.5.39 
lf)3,031 

4, ()4  1.488 

«),505,()73 
()(>.i,535 

l,3()7,2.)8 

I7,8.55,,521 
(),G45,337 

7,147,447 
22(i,:i«K) 

5.153,098 

I2.12(),289 

G08,2()(» 

8,59,410 

17,442,755 
6,990,«M)7 

8,0,37  ,f)0(j 
212,747 

7.5l5,t)43 

Il,7l5.«!(i3 

.521,240 

l,().33,82f) 

8,905,099 
8,342,4.53 

7.549,.329 
,374, 30() 

1,9.3.3,679 

1 3,007, ()70 

514,.567 

2,061,595 

I9,821,()0I 
7,471,018 

7,441,245 
38.i,92() 

9,(J25,489 

I3,.392,83l 

.500,515 

1,214,707 

28,120,148 

7,436  ,.506 

9,306,510 

5,35,577 

12,316,798 

15,158,672 

.5fJ6,9(i7 

1 ,096.88.3 

92,145,127 

36,886,221 

.39,482,4.37 

l,7()2,«).52 

39,,54 1,707 

65,401.425 

2,741,495 

(),26(),424 

5.3,582, 14(J 

.50,()2!,707 

53,500,990 

4.5,718,698 

,59,85  [,.3.32 

74,,5.38,06l 

281,2,30,788 

Real  Value  of  Exports. 

1805. 

1806. 

1807. 

1808. 

1809. 

1810. 

Toml  of  five 
ycBu,  Ironi 

llKXi. 

Continent  of  Europe 
Ireland  and  Isles  oH 
(»uernsey,tFerRe)'> 
and  Man  -     -    -) 
Asia      .     -     .     -     . 
Africa    -    -     -    -    - 
Anjerica     -     .     -    - 
The  West  Indies      - 

Total 

20,435,940 

G,400,3()3 

3,111,748 

1,1,56,9,55 

13,073,075 

G,93 1,050 

17,-547,243 

5,8I3,6.W 

3,259,831 

l,().55,042 

I6,.3.58,I02 

8,395,010 

15,420,514 

7,032,272 

3„5,55,.392 

1,022,745 

14,679,814 

8,771,924 

13,983,123 

7,971,694 

3,718,813 

820,l<)4 

12,172,014 

1  l,.'J03,908 

27,I90,,3.37 

7,.5()5,.599 

2,990,440 

f)76.872 

14,9.32,108 

I2,3(J2,35(» 

21,224,567 

5,675,464 

3,117,075 

6f).J.911 

18  ,,521,979 

I0,.379,4I3 

98,.36.5,7H1 

.31,148,679 

16,641, ,5,5 1 

.5,168,764 

76,661,017 

5l,2l2,(ill 

51,109,131 

53,028,881 

50,482,661 

49,969,746 

66,017,712 

52,702,409 

282,201,409 

Ctiitoni  House. 


WIUJLAM  IKVINOJ 


tM 


If  ¥ 


.,!il 


♦l*  it 


;Ju8 


WEST    INDIES. 


[CHAP.  VIL 


Population  and  African  slave  trade. — Abolition  of 
t/ii'  African  slave  trade  ;  being  a  succinct  account 
of  all  the  persons,  tehose  u'ritinf^s  or  labours  have 
conduced  to  that  important  event. 

Population  and  African  slave  trade. — With  any 
inquiry  reapecting  the  population  of  the  W. 
Inaia  islands,  the  extent  and  nature  of  the  slave 
trade  have  been  invariably  identified ;  and 
their  joint  consideration,  in  this  instance,  will, 
from  tlic  nature  of  the  official  documents  about 
to  be  quoted,  appear  most  desirable. 

The  following  account  of  the  white  inhabi- 
tants, free  negroes,  and  slaves,  in  the  French 
islands  is  extracted  from  the  statement  of  Mons. 
Neckar  ;  but  it  is  thought  that  the  negro  slaves 
were  doubled  before  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution. 


Whites. 

Free  Blacks. 

.Slaves. 

St.  Domin§;o*  in    1779 
Martinico  in —  -  1776 
(fuadaloupe  in  -  -  1779 
St.  Lucia  in  -  -  -  1776 
Tobago  (supposed 
to  be  the  same 
as  St.  Lucia)    - 
Cayenne  (S.A.)  in  1786 

32,650 

11,619 

13,261 

2,397 

2,397 
1,358 

7,055 

2,892 
1,382 
1,050 

1,050 

219,098 
71,268 

85,.'J27 
10,752 

10,752 
10,539 

63,682 

13,429 

437,736 

Reverting  to  the  slave  trade,  the  following 
series  of  tables  will  give  a  full  and  clear  under- 
standing of  its  progress,  actual  extent,  and  pro- 
bal)le  (fecline.  A  siiccint  account  of  the  pcrsonsi 
whose  writings  and  labours  have  led  to  the  im- 
portant event  of  its  abolition,  as  far  as  it  has  been 
effected,  will  close  this  chapter. 


Population  of  the  British  West  Lidie?. 


1787. 

1805 +. 

1813. 

Report  Privy  Council,  17S8. 

Edwards's  Hist,  and  Ret 

.  H.  C.  4c. 

Estimate  by  ColqnhouD. 

European 

White 

People. 

Free  People 
of  Colour. 

.Slaves. 

White 
People. 

People  of 
Colour. 

.Slaves. 

M'hite 
People. 

People  of 
Colour. 

1 
•Slaves.   { 

Jamaica  -    -     - 

23,000 

4,093 

256.000 

28,000 

9,000 

280,000 

30,000 

10,000 

350,000' 

Rarl)adoes    -    - 

16,127 

2,229 

64,405 

15,000 

2,130 

60,000 

15,000 

3,000 

59,500 

Antigua  -    -     • 

2,590 

1,230 

37,808 

3,000 

1,300 

3(),0(M) 

3,200 

1,400 

36,000 

St.  kitt's      -     - 

1,912 

1,908 

20,435 

l,8(K; 

198 

26.000 

1,200 

500 

30,000 

Nevis     -     -     - 

1,514 

140 

8,420^     1,300 

1,50 

8,000 

500 

250 

15,000 

Montserrat  -     - 

1,300 

260 

10,000 

1,000 

250 

9,500 

444 

200 

10,000 

Tortola,  &c.  &c. 

1,200 

180 

9,000 

1,.300 

220 

9,000 

300 

400 

10,000 

Grenafla       -     - 

996 

1,125 

23,926 

i,IOO 

800 

20,000 

800 

1,600 

32,603 

Dominica  -  -    - 

1,236 

445 

14,f)67 

1,.594 

2,822 

22,083 

800 

1,500 

24,000 

St.  Vincent's     - 

l,4.'}0 

300 

11,853 

1,600 

4.50 

I0,.500 

1,280 

1,172 

27,156 

Trinidad  -   -     - 

. 

. 

_ 

2,261 

3,273 

19,709 

2,700 

8,559 

21,831 

Bahamas  -   -     - 

_ 

_ 

. 

• 

. 

. 

3,600 

3,300 

10,000 

Bermudas     -     - 

_ 

.     _ 

_         _ 

_         _ 

•     • 

.    . 

3,000 

200 

5,000 

Honduras     -     - 
Total 

49,762 

-     - 

-     - 

-     - 

-     - 

-     - 

170 

1,000 

3,000 

10,569 

465,276 

58,955 

21,967 

524,205 

64,994 

33,081 

634,096 

•  The  population  of  the  .Spanish  division  of  Hispaniola  at  present  amounts  to  about  104,000  persons  of  all  ages,  of  whom  about 
5.1,000  are  slavc.i. 

t  I'he  table  for  1787  is  oflicial ;  that  for  I8O3  is  foiuided  on  actual  returns  from  Dominica,  St.  Vincent's,  and  Tobago,  on  Colonel 
Draper's  Report  for  Trinidad,  6cc.  and  for  the  rest  on  estimates  by  Mr.  Edwards,  Mr.  M'Kinnen,  Sec.  and  from  general  information 
compiled  by  Sir  Wni.  Young.  For  Juinuica,  the  refugees  foin  St.  Domingo,  white  and  mulatto,  account  severally  for  the  increase  iu 
tach  ciass.J 


ICI  >l 


WEST    INDIES. 


3.5f) 


1 

"*    Slaves.    1 

'^• 

0  350,000i 

0     59,506 

0     36,000 

0     30,000  * 

0     15,000 

10      10,000 

10      10,000 

K)     32,603 

)0     24,000 

'2     27,156 

)9     21,831 

X)     10,000 

)0       5,000 

[)0       3,000 

81   634,096 

.a,  of  whom  ah 

9\lt 

obago,  on  Colonel 

^iieral  infoimalion 

Tor  the  increast 

ill! 

[Population  of  the  Conquered  Colonics,  including 
those  lately  ceded  by  Great  Britain. 


1                                  1813. 

Estimate  by  Colqnhoun. 

White 
People. 

PtopleoJ 
Colour. 

Slaves. 

Tobago     

St.  liUeia 

St.  Martin's  -     -     -     - 
\Iartini(]ue    -     -     -     - 
Guadalonpc       -     -     - 
Mariegalante      -    -     - 
Surinam    -     -     -     -     - 

Berbice 

Demerara  &  Essecjuibo 

Cura^oa 

St.  Eustatia  -    -     -     - 

St.  Croix 

St.  Thomas   -     -     -     - 
St.  John's      -     -     -     - 

Totals 

470 

500 

350 

10,000 

12,500 

400 

3,186 

1,000 

4,000 

400 

100 

2,223 

,5.50 

150 

250 

350 

250 
6,000 
7,500 

800 
2,889 

600 
2,500 
2,000 

250 
1,164 
1,500 

200 

I7,0(K) 

24,000 

3,500 

54,000 

67,500 

8,000 

60,000 

25,000 

70,000 

5,000 

1,800 

28.000 

3,000 

6,000 

35,829 

26,253 

372,800 

■    Aggregate  Population. 


White 
People. 

People  01 
Colour. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

British  W.  Indies 
Conciucrcd  Colo- 
nics, including 
those  ceded    - 

Total 

ttl,»94 
35,«2y 

20,253 

«34,0«H> 

372,ao« 

100,»23 

f.!>,334 

i,ono,»90 

1,107,053 

N.  B.  The  negro  population,  or  number  of 
slaves  on  each  island,  is  no  criterion  of  its  pro- 
duce and  value ;  inferior  lands  and  soil  will  re- 
quire more  labour,  and  give  less  returns. 

Estimale. — In  Jamaica,  &c.  one-half  hogshead 

sugar  per  acre;    two-thirds    per 

negro. 
Dominica,  the  same. 
Grenada,    three-fourths  hogsh.   per 

negro  and  acre. 
Antigua,  one  third  hogsh.  per  acre, 

stnd  one  half  per  negro. 


St.  Kilt's,  one  hogsh.  per  acre  ;  one 

half  per  negro. 
8t.  Vincent's,  one  hogsli.  and  one- 

foiirtli  per  acre  and  per  negro. 
Tobago,  one  hogsh.  per  acre  and  per 

negro,  &c.  &c. 

Slave  Trade,  Coast  of  Africa. 

Report  Privy  Council,  1788. 

From  what  parts  of  AiVica,  by  all  Nations. 


1788. 


Slaves. 


Price  of 
each  UD 
Coast  of 
Africa 


The  Gambia     ------ 

Isles  Delos,  and  vicinities     -     - 
Sierra  Leone  to  Cape  Moinit    - 
Cape  Mount  to  Cape  Palmas 
Cape  Palmasto  Apollonia     -     - 

Gold  Coast 

Qiiita  and  Papoe   ------ 

VVhydah      -      ...---- 

Porto  Novo,  Epea,  and  Bedagrie  - 
Lagos  and  Benin     ------ 

New  and  Old  Calabar,  and  Came- 

rons     --    

Gaben,Loango,Melimba,  and  Cape 

Benda      -------- 

Majumba,  Amboin,  and  Mitsoules 
Loango,  St.  Paul's,  and  Bcnguela 


700 
1,500' 
2,0(X), 
3,000 
1,000 
10,000 
1,000 
4,500 
3,500 
3,500 

21, .500      !3 


14,000 
1,000 
7,000 


74,200 


10 


Of  the  above  74,200  slaves,  it  was  estimated, 
in  1788,  that 

British  traders  took  from  Africa     -  36,000 

French -    .     -     -  18,000 

Dutch 4,000 

Danes 2,000 

Portuguese 12,000 

American      --...---      2,200 

74,200 

The  number  of  negroes  really  exported  from 
their  native  countrv,  subsequently  to  the  year 
1788,  was  estimated  by  the  best  authorities,  at  the 
time  of  the  more  serious  agitation  of  the  abolition, 
namely,  about  1792,  at  80,000  annually.] 


■1.' 


',.!,    . 


I  'I 


hill 


n\ 


,v 


J 1'' ' 


if    ;■■ 


i 


$.  \ 


300  \V  E  S  T    I  N  D  I  E  S. 

f  Imports  of  Slaves  to  British  Wost  liulios,  roin|mriitivc  in  the  Years  1787  and  1803. 


1787. 

Mrdiiim  of  four  yean,  from  Krporl  of  I'rivy  roiiiiril. 


Jnnuiicn      -  - 

Uarbiidocs  -  - 

Antiguii     -  • 

St.  Kitt's    -  - 
Nevis,  &c. 

Tortola      -  - 

Dominica    -  - 

(irenada     -  - 

St  Vincent's  - 
Tobago 


Bahamas  .  .  .  - 
Trinidad  -  -  -  - 
To  conquered  colonies 


Total  slave  trade 


Imporla. 


10.4:)  I 
:j()7 

7()S 
(J'jS 
341 
I5?0 

a,;)Sy 

1 .82.-) 
1,400 


Kp  rx|ioi't.H. 


24,919 


24,919 


;j,()l9 

h 

100 

102 


4.9fiO 
170 


f),2J(> 


f),2:)(i 


Uolaincd. 


(i,8.'J2 
:]()2 
({(is 

544 
120 
1,24  J 
2,4 1. 'J 
l,,')2:) 
1,400 


15,(j(jJ 


15,663 


180.']. 

Mrdinm  of  two  yrar«,  from  Return  to 
llic  lloiiao  of  Ciiinnions,  April  .'>,  Ilio.'i 


Im|)ortK. 


7,662 

l,Or)0 

4^i4 

971 

228 

4.*i8 

5.00 

1,097 

l/»40 

172 


14,142 
2,:)23 
4,5  i() 
7,l()4 


28,:j45 


Kxporla. 


2,402 

28 

100 

124 

259 

31 

2 


2.949 

2,2:jo 

33 


.5,212 


Kt-tHlllVll. 


5,2()0 

1,022 

331 

847 

228 

179 

51() 

1,095 

l/)40 

172 


ll,i9J 

2<)y 

4,48.*} 

7,i()4 


23,133 


From  (he  above  returns  it  appears,  that  the 
slave  trade  by  Bri(ish  traders  had,  in  15  years, 
from  1787  to  180y,  increased  in  Africans  im- 
pi.rUnl,  to  the  number  of  y,4;](j  slaves  ;  and, 
deducting  the  supply  to  the  conquered  colonies, 
Demerara,  Siu'inam,  &c.  had  decreased  in  the 
number  of  slaves  to  British  islands,  y,7,')8. 

It  further  appears,  that  "  subtracting  Bahama, 
made  in  1791  a  free  port,  and  becoming  a  mere  depot 
of  trade  (o  foreign  settlements;  and  further  sub- 
tracting Trinidad,  ceded  to  the  British  crown  by 
the  treaty  of  peace,  1802,"  the  ancient  British 
sugar  colonies,  in  the  latter  period,  1802-5, 

iSlavrs. 

Imported  less  slaves  from  Africa       -     -  10,777 
Re-exported  fewer  slaves  to  foreign  set- 
tlements       (5,307 

Retained  fewer  slaves  for  cultivation,  &c.  4,470 

Total  supply  of  slaves,  1787,  retained 

for  cultivation      -_..--.      15,GC3 

Total  supply  of  slaves,  1802,  retained 
for  cultivation,  including  for  Trini- 
dada  4^483  slaves  -------      15,676 


A  comparison  of  the  returns  made  by  the 
privy  council,  on  an  average  of  four  years,  to 
1787,  has  been  exhibited  with  the  returns,  1802-3; 
because  to  the  period  of  1787,  tiie  r.bolition  of 
the  slave  t^ade  had  not  been  so  far  agitated,  as 
to  have  had  any  influence  on  the  trade.  With 
other  views  of  the  subject,  and  especially  as  to 
the  re-export  of  slaves  in  foreign  or  British  ships, 
we  have  next  to  insert  the  returns  made  to  tlie 
House  of  Commons  by  the  inspector -general, 
Mr.  Irving,  for  the  years  1787  and  1788:  when 
first,  at\er  the  peace  of  1783,  Grenada,  Dominica, 
and  St.  V^inceiit's,  had  recovered  a  full  credit  to 
re-pi>ople  their  plantations,  ravaged  by  the  hurri' 
cane  of  1780 ;  and  when  Grenada  had  com- 
menced its  valuable  export  trade  to  Caracas  and 
the  Spanish  Main.  Dominica  was  the  slave-lactor 
for  Guadaloupe.] 


.4J    -n 


\V. 


iL 


W  K  S  T     1  N  I)  I  Ji  N. 


noi 


An  ACCOl'MT  of  (lio  Number  of  SliipH,  with  their  Toniiairr,  wliicli  linvn  entered,  in  the  Y<-ais 
1787  anti  1788,  in  the  several  Hiitish  West  India  iHlandH  (Voin  Africa,  with  the  nninlier  of  Nei,'i<»cs 
whieh  were  imported  «)ii  hoard  the  name  in  each  Year;  together  with  the  number  oCNefjroes  which 
were  exported,  tiistiii^iiishin^  each  Island,  and  whether  expttrted  in  Forci|a;n  or  llriti^ii  Ships. 

1787. 


Arrival 
Afr 

s  from 
ca. 

Total  niiin- 

her  of  Ne. 

grces  liii- 

porleil. 

5,()82 

Negroes  exported. 

(.'ounlries. 

.Niinilier  of 

Vessels. 

ToniiRKP. 

To  l''orelgii 

West  Indie.v 

ill  l''iirei|!ii 

llottuiiis. 

'I'o  I'Vireinn 

West  liiilies 

III  Hritisli 

ItottOlllil. 

To  llie 
.Slates  of 
Aiiieriea. 

29 

I'otal  Niiiti- 
tier  ex- 
ported. 

Nejjroes  re- 
tained fur 
eiiltivatioii. 

.lamaica     -     -     - 

16 

2,6f)6 

I6„59 

92 

1,780 

3,902 

|{arbad(M<s       -     - 

7 

831 

713 

- 

85 

- 

85 

(i28 

.Antisiia    -      -     - 
|St.  Kitt's   -     -     - 

5 

388 

5()2 

- 

77 

25 

102 

460 

5 

045 

1,095 

- 

185 

- 

185 

910 

Nevis  -     -     .     - 

Montserrat     -     - 

Tortola      -     -     - 

2 

273 

143 

« 

Dominica  -     -     - 

25 

3,640 

5,709 

1,6,55 

233 

130 

2,018 

3,691 

St.  Vincent's 

12 

1,767 

3,.36l 

. 

()()() 

- 

()(»0 

2,701 

(■renada    -     -     - 

13 

1,943 

3,713 

257 

279 

- 

536 

3,320 

liahamas   -     -     - 

Total 

85 

12,183 

20,978 

3,,57l 

1,611 

184 

5,366 

1.5,612 

ll' 


1788. 


.Arrivals  from 
Africa. 

Negroes  exported. 

Countries. 

Niinilier  of 

Vessels. 

20 

8 
3 

2 
24 
10 
30 

1 

ToniiaKc. 

3,8()2 
801 
311 

83 

4,275 

1,975 

4,484 

130 

Total  iiuni. 
Iter  of  Ne- 
groes im- 
psrted. 

6,1SI 

1,099 

570 

143 

f),,383 

2,522 

7,436 

211 

To  Forcicn 

West  Iiidirs 

ill  FoieiKii 

Bottoms. 

To  I'oreiKn 

West  Indies 

in  Kritisli 

Ftottoms. 

To  the 
States  of 
America. 

Total  Niim 
her  ex- 
ported. 

Negroes  re- 
tained for 
cultivation. 

•lamaica     -     •     - 
liarbadoes 
jAiitifrna     -     -     - 
|St.  Kitts   .     -     - 
Nevis  -     -     -     - 
Montserrat     -     - 
[Tortola      -     -     - 
{Dominica  -     -     - 
|St.  Vincent's 
;(M-eiiada    -     -     - 
lialiamas    -     -     - 

Total,  1788 

2,391 

3,404 
915 

(j,740 

66 
356 

63 
300 

1,249 

(j70 

l,.598 

10 
6 

2,467 

362 

63 

.300 

4,653 

(i70 

2,543 

3,664 

737 
507 

i,7.';o 

1,852 

4,Hf)3 

13,3H3] 

98 

1.5,921 

21,495 

4,302 

16 

11,0.58 

h^ 


\oi, 


3  a 


i: 


;j«2 


WEST    INDIES. 


[SHIPS  Cleared  Out  from  Great  Britain  for  the  Slave  Trade  on  the  Coasts  of  Africa,  under  Limita- 
tions, by  Acts  passed  1789-1799,  &c. 


London. 

Bristol. 

Liverpool. 

Total. 

Each  Ship.' 

Ships. 

Slaves 
allowed. 

Ships. 

Slaves 
allowed. 

Ships. 

Slaves 
allowed. 

Ships. 

Slaves, 

MedinniSlavei, 

1787 

26 

- 

22 

-       - 

73 

- 

121 

36,000 

494 

1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 

14 
8 
12 
8 
17 
10 
23 
30 
15 
18 

5,149 
2,593 
4,226 
2,650 
5,582 
2,231 
6,347 
9,011 
3,616 
5,001 

6 
1 
2 
3 
5 
3 
2 
3 
I 
3 

2,402 
393 
801 
1,433 
2,529 
717 
586 
704 
355 
798 

59 

94 

90 

149 

134 

120 

122 

122 

83 

126 

17,647 
29,425 
2C,958 
53,051 
47,517 
37,844 
30,913 
31,371 
29,954 
31,090 

79 
103 
104 
160 
1.56 
:35 
147 
155 

09 
147 

2.5,198 
32,411 
34,984 
.57,104 
55,628 
34,722 
37,846 
41,086 
24,925 
36,899 

317 
315 
336 
356 
356 
261 
259 
266 
253 
244 

1 

10  years 

- 

46,405 

-      -     1   10,718 

-      -      323,770 

•            ■ 

380,893 

.      .       1 

1,  (' 


A\ 


During  the  above  periods,  this  tabic  shows  the 
greatest  possible  extent  of  the  slave  trade,  as 
allowed  by  law ;  and  supposing  the  whole  num- 
bers to  be  procured  and  taken  from  Africa,  then 
for  the  years  1802-3,  there  will  be  freighted, 
average  number,  on  board  each  ship,  260  slaves  ; 
which  number  will  be  carried  in  mind,  for  refer- 
ence to  the  following  table  of  arrivals  in  the  W. 
Indies,  and  the  mortality  in  passage  thereon  to 
be  computed. 

From  the  above  table  it  appears, 

That  Bristol  had  of  itself  nearly  abandoned  the 
slave  trade : 

That  London,  to  the  year  1798,  was  abandon- 
ing the  trade ;  but  that  soon  after,  the  consignees 


of  the  conquered  colonies  of  Demerara,  &c.  began 
to  speculate  on  extending  those  great  continental 
settlements,  and  carried  the  same  into  effect,  by 
the  annual  transport  and  supply  to  these  foreign 
provinces,  of  .5389  African  slaves  in  1801,  and  of 
a  much  larger  number  in  the  preceding  years ; 
as  we  may  justly  infer  from  the  sudden  increase 
and  extraordinary  extent  of  the  slave  trade,  in 
the  years  1798  and  1799. 

Lastly,  it  appears,  That  Liverpool,  from  1787 
to  1804,  had  niore  than  doubled  its  share  of  the 
slave  trade,  and  actually  possessed  six-sevenths 
of  the  whole  trade,  as  carried  on  by  British 
traders.] 


u^m^i  f ' 


ml', 


h. 


mi 


r 


WEST    INDIES. 


363 


Limita* 


h  Ship. 


niniSliivos. 

1 

494      I 

317 
315 
336 
356 
356 

aei 

259 
266 
253 
244 


,  &c.  began 
continental 
o  effect,  by 
pse  foreign 
j^OI,  and  of 

ling  yc'^'''^ ' 
en  increase 

trade,  in 

from  1787 

lare  of  the 

ix-sevenths 

jy   British 


[Arrivals  fiom  Africa,  and  Slaves  Imported  into  the  West  Indies,  1802  and  1803. 
Return  House  of  Commons,  April  5,  1805. 


Jamaica  -  - 

Barbadoes  - 

Antigua  -  - 

St.  I^itt's  - 

Nevis      -  - 

Tortola   -  - 
Dominica 
St.  Vincent's 
Grenada 

Tobago   -  - 
Trinidad 
Bahamas 


I  j  f  Demarara  - 

II  <  Surinam 

■l^  (.  St.  Lucie,  &c. 


1801-2.    War. 


Sliipi) 


32 
4 
3 
5 


1 
4 
5 
5 
I 
18 
II 


90 

13 

8 

2 


slaves 
im|)orte(). 


8,933 
684 
578 

1,187 


226 

603 

981 

1,082 

172 

4,695 

2,845 


21,986 

5,33() 

I, .549 

279 


122    29,160 


Slaves 
exported. 


2,712 

158 
175 


65 
2,279 


5,389 


5,389 


Slaves 
retained. 


6,221 
684 
578 

1,029 


51 
603 
981 

1,082 
172 

4,630 
566 


1802-3.  Peace. 


16,,W7 

5,336 

1,549 

279 


23,771 


Slaves 
imported. 


Slaves 
exported. 


6,391 

1,395 

289 

7,55 

238 

649 

497 

2,098 

1,112 

4,336 
2,200 


78   19,960 


78 


19,960 


2,092 

56 

200 

189 

442 
67 


2,181 


Slaves 
retained. 


5,231 


5,231 


4,299 

1,339 

89 

566 

238 

207 

430 

2,098 

1,108 

4,336 
19 


14,729 


14,729 


From  the  former  table,  may  be  computed 

in  each  ship  from  Africa      -     -     slaves       260 
By  the  above  table,  on  arrivals,  each  ship      215 

Loss  on  passage,  5  per  cent,  as  less  on  ar- 
rivals             15 

In  reference  to  the  former  tables,  ships  in 
the  trade  were,  1802 -       155 

1S02,  ships  arrived  in  the  British  W. 
Indies        122 

Remain  ships  to  account  for,  as  in  direct 
trade  to  foreign  settlements    -     -     -    .        33 

Thir*y-thiec  ships,  carrying  each  245 
slaves,  will  carry  direct  to  foreign  colo- 
nies       8,085 

To  British  W.  Indies 21,986 

To  conquered  colonies    - 7,164 

37,235 


From  the  two  returns  of  total  slave  trade,  and 
of  arrivals,  it  appears  that,  on  the  peace  in  1802, 
the  trade  greatly  decreased;  and  in  1804,  in 
war,  again  recovered — a  matter  of  curious  specu- 
lation! 

It  also  appears  from  the  foregoing  tables,  that 
during  the  period  between  1798  and  1800,  the 
slave  trade  had  been  greatly  extended,  and  which 
is  to  be  attributed  to  the  then  speculations  of 
settling  the  vast  and  rich  plains  of  Demerara ; 
which  province,  on  the  return  to  Dutch  sove- 
reignty by  the  treaty  of  1802,  carried  with  it  a 
vested  British  capital  of  many  millions,  and  the 
means  of  increased  produce  to  supply  Europe 
with  sugar,  portending  a  serious  rivalship  in  the 
foreign  market,  to  the  ancient  British  colonies. 

British  policy  was  awakened  to  the  mischief, 
and  by  an  act  of  the  legislature,  passed  M.iy  IS, 
1806,  limited  the  supply  to  conquered  colonies, 
and  prohibited  the  trade  in  Alrican  slaves  to 
foreign  settlements.  The  portion  of  the  foreign 
slave  trade,  by  this  act  abolished,  was  at  different 

f)eriods,  on  a  medium  average  of  years,  as  fol- 
ows  :] 

3  a2 


I 


I  ' 


not 


WEST     INDIES. 


f^:i 


I    ,!     • 


[1787.  The  African  trade,  by  the  British,  limited  or  abstract  importance.     But,  considered 

was  for  slaves   .-----   36,000  in  itself,  even  this  portion  of  a  barter  so  inicoii- 

Of  this  number  the  British  colo-  genial  to  the   best  teelinus  of  Iniman  nature  i, 

nies  retained     ------    15,862  one  calculated  to  excite  the  most  implicit  atteii- 

tion  ;  the  causes  too  (hat  have  led  to  its  abolition 


1802. 


Supplied  to  foreign  settlements    -   20,138 

The  African  trade  by  the  British, 
was  for  slaves 36,62! 

Of  which  the  British  colonies  re- 
tained      15,973 


Supplied  to  foreign  settlements    -   20,648 


settle- 


Details  of  foreign  trade  abolished,  on  estimate 
from  1802. 
Per  slaves  direct  to  foreign 

nients  from  Africa     -     -     -     -     - 

Per  slaves  re-exported  from  British 
islands        -------- 

Per  slaves  to  conquered  colonies     - 


8,085 

5,399 
7,164 


are  well  worthy  of  being  recorded  as  the  fairest 
feature  that  adorns  the  annals  of  christianitv. 

Reverting  to  the  benign  inculcations  of  this 
doctrine,  we  find  that  even  before  the  seventii 
century,  the  Gotlis,  Normans,  Franks,  Saxons. 
and  Spaniards,  had  gradually  enlarged  the  liber- 
ties of  tlieir  slaves,  and  that  from  that  period  to 
the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century,  the  |)r()- 
gress  towards  general  emancipation  had  become 
evident,  whilst  the  conversion  of  all  Western 
Europe  from  personal  servitude  and  feudal  ser- 
vices is  known  to  have  been  the  gradual  work  ot 
the  13th,  14th,  15tli,  and  part  of  the  16tli  cen- 
turies. 

It  were  not  necessary  to  assert,  that  the  s/axc 
trade,  the  innnediate  object  of  our  consideration, 
began  in  the  century  last-mentioned,  were  it  not 
desirable  to  shew  that  the  system  of  slavery 
itself  was  not,  as  might  otherwise  be  supposed, 
of  an  entirely  new  origin ;  or  rather  that  it  ha(l 
a  precedent  in  the  estal)lished  usage  of  nations 
long  before  the  organized  exportation  of  negroes 
from  Africa  to  the  W.  Indies  was  adopted. 

It  is  no  ungrateful  task  to  retrace  the  actions 
of  men,  whose  lives  have  been  devoted  to  charity 
and  benevolence  towards  their  fellow  creatures ; 
there  is  no  heart  so  hardened,  but,  in  pouring 
over  tiieir  virtues  in  the  page  of  the  historian, 
will  involuntarily  claim  an  association  with  the 
charitable  principles  by  which  they  were  directed, 
whilst  the  man  of  more  kindly  teelings,  tracing 
in  each  line  the  congenial  assimilation  of  every 
wish,  hope,  thought,  and  expectation,  identities 
the  exertions  of  his  precursors  with  his  own, 
and  dwells  upon  them  with  a  rapture  that  gilds 
the  brightest  scenes  of  his  existence. 

In  justice,  then,  to  tlie  earlv  precursors  of  the 
slave  trade,  and  to  the  individuals  of  the  present 
day  who  have  tended  bv  their  private  interest  or 
public  authority  to  its  abolition,  this  short  memo- 
rial* shsill  be  traced. 

The  first  olyection  publicly  announced  to  the 
African  slave  trade  was  in  the  year  1516,  by  a 
man  in  an  official  capacity.  Cardinal  Ximenes. 
who  was  holding  the  reins  of  government  as  an 
inter-regnuni  between  Ferdinand  V.  and  Cluirles 
V.     So  early  as  tiie  year  1503,  a  few  slaves  had 

•  Tlio  public  arc  iilrcuily  in  possession  of  .Mr.  Clarkson's  elaborate  and  interestiiij;  liistory  on  this  snbjecl : 
ttiose  who  arc  uctpiainteil  with  it,  will  liud  a  •;reaf  ])iirt  of  the  I'ollowiug  information  tu  be  a  digest  of  (liut  valiiublt 
uithority.l 


20,648 

In  conclusion,  it  is  to  be  remarked  that  the 

t)resent  negro  population  in  the  British  W. 
ndies  alone,  is  still,  notwithstanding  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  slave  trade,  so  extensive  as  to  amount 
to  upwards  of  650,000,  though  it  has  been  for 
years  past,  from  causes  independent  of  the  abo- 
lition, in  a  retrogade  state.  In  Trinidad,  in  the 
year  ending  December  31,  ISII,  out  of  a  black 
population  of  21,143  the  deaths  amounted  to  3| 
per  cent — 742,  and  the  iiirths  only  to  533.     In 


rcnada,  the  diminution  has  been 


still  greater 


since  by  an  official  return,  made  in  the  year  end- 
ing January  31,  1812,  on  a  black  population  of 
23,602  the 'deaths  were  819,  and  the  births  only 
339 :  and  in  domestic  and  other  labour  the  deaths 
were  206  and  the  births  139,  making  a  decrease 
upon  the  whole  of  553,  after  deducting  the  l)irths. 
According  to  this  rate  of  diminution,  the  slave 
population  would  be  annihilated  in  about  40 
years. 

Abolition  of  the  African  Slave  Trade ;  heing  a 
succinct  account  of  all  the  persons  zcliosr  Lcrilings 
or  labours  have  conduced  to  that  impurtui.  *  eveiil. 

As  slavery  has  been  coeval  with  the  world, 
and  as  its  influence  has  been  felt  and  acknow- 
ledged in  every  clime  and  nation,  the  slave  trade. 


in  the  sense  in  which  we  here  use  it,  is  of 


very 


nf 


;1ri 


W  E  S  T    I  X  I)  I  i:  8. 


3«5 


\hci'n  sent  from  tlic  Portiinfiific  sottloment't  in 
Afiiia  to  tho  Spaiiisli  colonies  in  Anierica  :  IVr- 
(linund,  it  ix  believed,  was  iirnorant  of  the  pirati- 
t:il  manner  in  which  the  I'ortnmiese  liad  procnred 
ihem  ;  hut  at  his  deith,  liartliolomew  de  las 
Casas,  the  l)isho|)  of  ('hiapa,  nith  a  re-actinjy 
principle  of  humanity,  intreated  Ximenes  to 
establish  a  rej^ular  system  of  commerce  in  the 
persons  of  the  native  Africans.  In  justice  to 
this  excellent  man,  whose  humane  and  charitable 
spirit  was  proverbial,  (and  of  which  numerous 
testimonies  are  recorded  in  almost  every  place 
in  this  Dictionary,  that  seemed  to  have  been 
honoured  with  his  presence),  it  should  be  remem- 
bered, as  his  apoioi>-ists  say,  that  he  was  most 
anxious  at  the  same  time,  "  that  a  code  of  laws 
shoul'J  soon  be  established  in  favour  both  of 
Africans  <nd  of  the  natives  of  the  Spanish  settle- 
ments, and  that  lie  flattered  himself,  that  bein!»' 
about  to  return  and  live  in  the  country  of  their 
slavery,  /ir  could  hm/:  lo  the  cxcriilion  of  il" — 
which,  had  he  been  enabled  to  do,  the  African 
slave  trade,  it  was  thoujjht,  might  so  have  altered 
its  features,  as  to  have  become  rather  an  honour 
than  a  disajrace  to  mankind,  as  it  might  have 
been  the  cause  of  doing  that  in  reality  vvhich  was 
(irst  alleged  to  procure  its  toleration, — of  con- 
verting millions  to  the  christian  faith,  whilst 
their  individual  snttering  would  have  been  soft- 
ened down  to  the  mitigated  curse  to  which  fallen 
nian  is  universally  indebted. 

Xiniencs,  as  we  have  seen,  rejected  the  bishop's 
proposal,  as  "  judging  it  unlawful  to  consign 
innocent  people  to  slavery  at  ail." 

Through  ignorance  of -its  nature,  Charles  V. 
on  coming  to  the  throne,  encouraged  the  slave 
trade.  In  1517,  he  granted  a  patent  to  one  of 
his  Flemish  favourites,  containing  an  exclusive 
right  of  importing  four  thousand  Africans  into 
America  :  but  he  lived  long  enough  to  repent  of 
what  he  had  thus  inconsiderately  done  :  for  in 
the  year  IjJ^  he  made  a  code  of  laws  for  the 
better  protection  of  the  unfortunate  Indians  in 
his  i'oreign  dominions  ;  and  he  stopped  the  pro- 
gress of  .African  slavery,  by  an  order  that  all 
slaves  in  his  American  islands  should  be  made 
free.  This  order  was  executed  by  Pedro  de  la 
(Jasca,  and  manumission  took  place  as  well  in 
Hispafiola  as  on  the  continent. 

About  the  same  time,  Pope  Leo  X.  exerted 
himself,  much  to  his  honour,  in  behalf  of  the 
poor  siiilerers,  and  declared.  "  that  not  only  the 
christian  religion,  but  that  nature  herself  cried 
out  against  a  state  of  slavery." 


pro  I: 
taken  by  those  concerned  in'it,  to  keep  her  igno- 


From  Spain  and  Italy  we  proceed  to  Fnulaiul. 
The  first  importation  of  slaves  from  Africa  by 
the  Uritish  was  in  the  reign  of  iCli/.abeth,  in  the 
year  \')(i'-J.  IClizabeth  expressed  herself  inimical 
to  this  commerce,  in  the  most  unnualified  terms  ; 
she  said,  as  we  learn  from  '  Hill's  Naval  History,' 
that  "  it  woidd  be  d«!testable,  and  call  down  the 
vengeance  of  heaven  upon  the  undertakers ;" 
but,  notwithstaiuling  this  assertion,  the  trade 
continued  to  be  carried  on  :  a  circumstance  that 
can  only  be  accounted  for  by  the  probable  pains 
taken  by  those  coi 
rant  of  the  truth. 

Louis  XIII.  was  the  next  who,  at  least,  pro- 
fessed himself  inimical  to  this  trade.  Lnbat,  a 
Roman  missionary,  in  his  account  of  the  isles  of 
Anierica,  mentions  that  he  (the  king)  was  very 
uneasy  when  about  to  issue  the  edict,  by  which 
all  Africiuis  coming  into  his  colonies  were  to  be 
made  slaves,  and  that  this  uneasiness  continued, 
till  he  was  assured  that  the  introduction  of  thein 
in  this  capacity  into  his  foreign  dominions  was 
the  readiest  way  of  converting  them  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  christian  religion. 

Thus  far,  then,  we  may  presume  that  this 
tralfick  would  not  have  been  sulFered  to  exist, 
but  for  the  ignorance  of  those  in  authority  of  its 
nature ;  that  there  was  at  its  commencement  a 
suspicion,  a  caution,  a  fear,  both  as  to  its  unlaw- 
fulness and  its  eflects. 

The  next  forerunners  of  this  dignified  work 
were  men  of  a  humbler  class,  and  their  numbers 
increased  with  the  goodliness  of  thi'ir  under- 
taking. In  the  year  l()40,  and  for  cnne  years 
following,  the  nature  of  the  trade  and  of  the 
slavery  was  but  little  known,  excep.  to  a  few  in- 
dividuals who  were  concerned  in  ,t  ;  but  about 
the  year  I(i70.  we  find  an  able  tre.itise  published 
by  \Iorgaii  CJodwyn,  a  clenjyman  of  the  estab- 
lished church,  entitled  '  The  Negroes  and  In- 
dians .Advocate."  In  this  he  lays  open  the  situa- 
tion of  the  oppressed  people,  of  whose  sufferings 
he  had  been  an  eye  w  itiiess,  and  does  not  fail  to 
call  forth  the  compassion  of  the  reader.  His 
work  is  curious,  as  having  been  the  first  under- 
taking in  England  expressly  in  favour  of  the 
cause. 

Uichard  Baxter,  a  celebrated  divine  amongst 
the  Nonconformists,  was  the  next  advocate.  In 
his  '  Christian  Directory,'  published  about  this 
time,  he  givT?s  advice  to  those  masters  in  foreign 
plantations,  who  have  negroes  and  slaves :  he 
sets  forth  the  heinousness  of  the  traflie.  and  at 
last  proposes  several  (|ueries.  wliicli  he  answer-; 


:sir 


V;  'I 


I 


J"  ' 


li, 


W. 


i 


i  • 


:^(i(! 


VV  K  ST     I  N  0  1  E  S. 


fill  II  clcnr  nn«l  forcible  manner,  Hhewin<j;  the  iii- 
coiisi^liiuv  ot'  tlie  custom,  with  ii  diio  rejrnrd  to 
spiritual  concerns  on  the  part  of  those  enirajn^ed 
ill  it. 

'I'liis  '  Directory'  was  followed  l»v  ThomaH  'I'ry- 
oii's  '  l-'riendlv  Advice  to  the  Planters,  in  three 
parts,'  The  iirst  of  these  was,  '  A  brief  I  realise 
of  the  principal  Fruits  and  Herbs  that  ^row  in 
Marbadoes,  .lamaica,  and  other  Plantations  in  the 
West  Indies.'  'I'he  second  was,  '  The  Nearroes 
Complaint,  or  their  hard  Servitude,  and  the  Cru- 
elties practised  upon  them  by  divers  of  their 
Masters  professiiij;-  Christianity'.'  And  the  third 
was,  '  A  l3ialo<>;iie  between  ail  Ethiopian  and  a 
Christian,  his  Master,  in  America.'  In  the  last 
of  these,  the  author  examines  the  commerce  and 
slavery  of  the  Africans  by  the  touchstone  of 
reason,  humanity,, justice  aiid  religion. 

Some  circumstances  that  had  actually  occurred 
in  the  colonies  were  br()iii>'ht  into  public  notice 
by  the  representation  of  the  Tragedy  ofOrinco, 
written  by  Southern,  in  the  year  l()f)G,  and  was 
theineans  of  makins;  many  converts  to  the  growing 
cause  of  African  emancipation. 

The  next  author,  Dr.  Primatt,  in  his  '  Disser- 
tation on  the  Duty  of  Mercy,  and  on  the  Sin  of 
Cruelty  to  Brute  Animals,^  takes  occasion  to 
advert  to  the  subject  of  the  African  !«lavc  trade, 
and  argues  that  the  difference  of  the  colour  of  a 
skin  can  give  no  authorit;,  for  power  or  depend- 
ence, but  that  "  whether  -i  man  be  white  or 
iilack,  such  he  is  l)y  Godo  appointment  :  and, 
abstractedly  considered,  is  neither  a  subject  for 
pride,  nor  an  object  of  contempt." 

This  writer  was  followed  by  the  celebrated 
Montes(|uieu,  mIio  says,  "  Slavery  is  not  good 
in  itself  It  is  neither  useful  to  the  master,  nor 
to  the  slave.  Not  to  the  slave,  because  he  can 
do  nothing  from  virtuous  motives.  Not  to  the 
master,  because  he  contracts  amongst  his  slaves 
all  sorts  of  bad  habits,  and  accustoms  himself  to 
the  neglect  of  all  the  moral  virtues,  lie  be- 
comes haughty,  passionate,  obdurate,  vindictive, 
voluptuous,  and  cruel  :"  and  he  further  adds, 
"  it  is  impossible  to  allow  the  negroes  are  men, 
be<'ause,  if  we  allow  them  to  be  men,  it  will 
begin  to  be  believed  that  we  ourselves  are  not 
christians." 

In  file  same  tone  of  reasoning  Hutchinson,  in 
his  '  System  of  Moral  Philosophy,'  wonders  how 
men,  professing  the  christian  religion,  "  can  hear 
such  com|)utations  made  about  the  value  of  their 
fellow  men  and  their  liberty,  without  abhorrence 
uml  indignation  !" 


I'oster,  in  his  '  DisconrReR  on  Natural  Re- 
ligion and  Social  Virtue,'  calls  this  slavery,  "  a 
criminal  and  outrageous  violation  of  the  natural 
rights  of  mankind." 

lint  no  efforts  were  heretofore  marked  with 
greater  success,  in  stamping  a  strong  feeling  of 
abhorrence  at  this  trallic,  than  those  of  Sir 
Richard  Steele,  in  his  affecting  story  of  '  Inkle 
and  Yarico.' 

In  17^5,  the  cruelties  practised  on  the  slaves 
by  the  white  peo])le.  and  the  inicpiitous  dealings 
of  the  latter,  were  strongly  d«'picted  by  Atkins,  a 
surgeon  in  the  navy,  in  the  publication  of  his 
'  Voyage  to  Guinea,  llrazil,  and  the  VV,  Indies.' 

Tlie  poetic  effusions  of  Pope,  Thomson,  and 
Savage,  in  the  cause  of  the  .V'ricans  are  well 
known  ;  they  were,  probably,  not  without  their 
due  effect. 

Amongst  the  other  authors,  up  to  the  year 
I7()(j,  we  have  to  mention  Wallis,  in  his  '  System 
of  the  Laws  of  Scotland  :'  the  Rev.  Griflltli 
Hughes,  in  his  '  Natural  History  of  Uarbadoes  ;' 
Edmund  Uiirke,  in  the  pamphlet  usually  ascribed 
to  him,  '  The  Account  of  the  European  Settle- 
ments ;'  the  poet  Siienstone  ;  Dr.  Havter,  Bishop 
of  Norwich,  in  a  '  Sermon  preachecl  before  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  (Jospel  ;' 
Dyer,  in  his  poem,  called  '  The  Fleece  ;'  Malachi 
Postlethwaite,  in  his  '  Universal  Dictionary  of 
Trade  and  Commerce  ;'  Thomas  .leffry,  in  his 
'  Account  of  N.  .America  ;'  Sterne,  in  his  account 
of  the  negro  girl,  in  his  '  Life  of  Tristram  Shan- 
dy ;'  Rousseau  ;  and,  lastly.  Bishop  Warburton, 
« ho,  in  his  sermon  preached  in  the  above-men- 
tioned year,  belbre  the  society  for  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  gospel,  made  this  the  principal  sub- 
ject of  his  discourse. 

Having  thus  far  proceeded  in  exhibiting  the 
literary  exertions  of  such  as  have  advocated  the 
Negroes  cause,  it  will  be  necessary  to  revert  to 
some  circumstances  that  led  others  to  act  in  their 
defence. 

Before  the  year  1700,  it  was  customary  for 
planters,  merchants,  and  others  resident  in  the 
W.  Indies,  on  coming  to  England,  to  bring  with 
them  their  slaves.  Now  it  was  thrown  out,  that 
according  to  the  English  law,  a  slave,  on  being 
l)a])tized.  becomes  free  ;  in  consequence  of  which 
most  of  those  that  came  over,  prevailed  upon 
some  pious  clergyman  to  baptize  them.  The 
owners,  thus  circumstanced,  knew  not  what  to  do. 
They  were  afraid  of  taking  away  their  slaves  by 
force,  and  they  were  equally  afraid  of  bringing 
any  of  the  cases  before  a  public  court.     In  this] 


ral   R»'- 

luttiinii 

,('(l  with 

■cliiiij  of 

of  Sir 

f  '  Inkl«> 

\e  slaves 

(IchHii^s 
AtkiiiH,  ii 
an  of  liis 
,  ImlioH.' 
i!4uii,  niul 

aro  well 
loiit  their 

the  year 
s  '  System 
^  Griftith 
u-badoes ;' 
ly  ascribed 
■iui   Settle- 
ter.  Bishop 
before  the 
(lospel ;' 
;'  Malachi 
ctioimry  of 
IVry,  in  his 
his  aceount 
train  Shan- 
VVarburton, 
bove-nien- 
le  propaga- 
luipal  sub- 

libitiiif?  the 
vocated  the 
o  revert  to 
ad  in  their 

stomary  for 
ident  in  the 
bring;  with 
wn  out,  that 
ve,  on  beini> 
nee  of  which 
availed  upon 

them.  The 
t  what  to  do. 
leir  slaves  by 
of  briii^inst 

rt.     In  this] 


3 


WES  T    1  A  I)  I  E  S. 


Mil 


[dilemma,  in  IT'if),  they  npniiedto  York  and  Tal- 
bot, the  attorney  and  solicitor-general  for  the 
lime  bein<t,  and  obtained  the  following  opinion 
from  them. — "  We  are  of  opinion  that  a  slave  l)y 
roiniii!j;  from  the  \V.  Indies  into  (ireat  Britain  or 
Irehind,  either  with  or  without  hiti  master,  does 
not  become  free:  and  that  his  master's  rijjiit  and 
property  in  him  is  not  therei)y  determiiu-d  or 
\aried,  and  that  baptism  doth  not  bestow  freedom 
(in  him,  nor  make  any  alteration  in  his  temporal 
condition  in  these  kini>;doms.  We  are  also  of 
opinion,  that  the  master  nniy  leirally  compel  him 
to  return  a^ain  to  the  plantations.  '  This  le^al 
opinion,  deliveretl  in  I7'J9,  was  made  as  pid)lic 
as  possible  by  tiie  interested  parties:  ruiumay 
slaves  were  now  advertised  in  the  same  nuinner 
as  in  the  land  of  slavery  :  and  they  were  put  U|> 
to  auction,  sonu?  by  themselves,  and  others  with 
horses,  chaises,  aiul  harness.  These  and  other 
circumstances  which  it  would  be  tedious  t«)  men- 
tion, first  |)ro(iuced  tliat  able  and  iiidcfatitrable 
iidvocate,  Mr.  Ciraiiville  Sharp,  who  is  to  be 
(listin>ruished  from  all  those  who  |)rece(led  him, 
as  beiiifif  not  only  a  li'riler,  but  an  uiior  i\\  the 
cause. 

The  first  instance  in  which  this  philanthropist 
had  an  opportunity  of  exertinj;  his  beni<>;iiity,  was 
in  the  year  I  *()."),  in  the  case  of  Jonathan  Stroii<i, 
a  slave,  who  had  been  l)roui>ht  over  from  Bar- 
hadoes,  by  his  master,  Mr.  David  Ijisle.  The  un- 
fortunate nej;ro  liavinir,  by  severities  experienced 
at  the  hand  of  his  merciless  possessor,  become 
useless,  was  left  by  him  to  ifo  whither  he  pleased, 
lie  ap|)lied  accordinj»ly  to  Mr.  William  Sharp, 
the  surj^eon,  for  his  advice,  as  to  one  who  friwc 
iin  a  portion  of  his  time  to  the  healiuii;  of  the 
diseases  »)f  the  poor.  It  was  here  that  Mr.  (iran- 
ville  Sharp,  the  brother  of  the  former,  saw  him. 
In  process  of  time  he  was  cured,  and  Mr.  Gran- 
ville Sharp,  pityiiiiif  his  hard  case,  supplied  him 
with  money,  and  afterwards ^ot  him  a  situation  in 
the  family  of  Mr.  Brown,  an  apothecary,  to  carry 
out  medicines. 

In  this  new  situation  his  old  master  rcco<>nized 
Jonathan  looking'  robust  and  healthy,  and  iiumc- 
(hatcly  formed  the  desi&;n  of  possessiuj''  him  a«ain. 
Accordingly,  having  found  out  his  residence,  he 
had  him  seized,  and  conveyed,  without  any  war- 
rant, to  the  i'ouitry-compter,  where  he  was  sold 
l)y  his  master  to  .lohn  Kerr,  for  £30.  Strong, 
in  this  situation,  sent,  as  was  usual,  to  his  gocl- 
ththers,  John  Ijondon  and  Steplien  Nail,  for  their 
protection,     'i'liey  went,  but  were  refused  admit- 


tance 


to  hi 


m. 


At  leiigtii  he  yent  for  Mr.  Gran- 


ville Sharp,  who  was  also  refused  access.  The 
latter,  however,  obtained  a  hearing  iiefore  the 
liord  Mayor,  when  he  answered  with  great  spirit 
and  firmness  the  opinions  of  York  and  Talbot, 
and  nuiintaiiied  it  to  be  an  axiom  of  the  British 
constitution — "  That  «'very  man  in  England  was 
free  to  sue  lor  and  defend  his  rights,  and  that 
force  C(Uil(l  not  be  used  without  a  legal  process," 
lea\iiig  it  to  the  judges  to  determine,  whether  an 
African  was  a  man.  This,  (hough  several  other 
instances  migiit  l»e  quoted,  must  suflice  to  shew 
the  ability  and  exertions  of  Mr.  (iranvillc  Sharp. 
I'iiiiboldened  by  his  example,  others  enlisted  them- 
selves in  the  cause  of  hinuanity  ;  ami  Lord  Mans- 
field, who  had  i)een  biassed  by  the  opinion  of 
York  and  Talbot,  began  to  waver,  in  conseipience 
of  the  dill'ereiit  pleadings  he  had  heard  upon  the 
subject.  Happily,  in  November  I7()f),  a  case 
occurred,  which  was  made  iiseoffor  the  determina- 
tion of  this  important  question  ;  namely,  "  Whe- 
tlier  a  slave,  ny  coining  into  Knglcnd,  becanio 
free  ?" 

In  order  that  time  might  be  given  fur  ascer- 
taining the  law  fully  on  this  head,  the  case  was 
argued  at  three  dill'erent  sittings.  First,  in  Jan- 
uary, I77ii;  secondly,  in  February,  I77'i  ;  and 
thirdly,  in  May,  i77i?.  And  that  no  (h>cision 
otherwise  than  what  the  law  warranted  might  be 
given,  the  opinion  of  the  Judges  was  taken  upon 
the  pleadings.  The  great  and  glorious  result  of 
the  trial  was,  "  tiiat  as  soon  as  e\er  any  slave 
set  his  foot  upon  lOnglisli  territory,  he  becaiiie 
free."  Thus  ended  the  great  case  of  Somerset, 
which,  having  been  determined  after  so  delil)e- 
rate  an  investigation  of  the  law,  can  never  be 
reversed  whilst  the  British  constitution  remains. 

Of  Mr.  Shar|)e,  we  shall  say  no  more  at  pre- 
sent, than  that  he  felt  it  his  duty,  immediately 
after  the  trial,  to  write  to  Lon'l  North,  then 
principal  minister  of  state,  warning  him,  in  the 
most  earnest  manner,  to  al)olish  immediately  both 
the  trade  and  the  slavery  of  the  human  species 
in  all  the  British  dominions,  as  utterly  irrecon- 
cileable  with  the  principles  of  the  Britisli  ("on- 
stitutiou,  and  the  established  religion  of  the  land. 

Another  literary  coadjutor,  to  whom  the  above 
enormities  had  given  birth,  was  Thomas  Day, 
the  celebrated  author  of  '  Sandford  and  Mertoii.' 
In  the  year  177^,  he  |)ublished  a  poem,  which 
he  wrote  expressly  in  behalf  of  the  oppressed 
Africans,  aim  to  which  he  gave  tlie  name  of  tlu> 
'  Dying  Negro.' 

About  this  time,  also,  the  (irst  edition  of  the 
Truth"  made  its  appearance,  in  whiclij 


<(, 


ji 


.,  f 


mi 


n 


i: 


say 


on 


[I  l< 


■ 


».■'( 


.-will 


w  i:  ST   I  N  I)  I  i:s 


>r 


I  Dr.  Hradic  look  iiii  o|i|)iirliiiiil\  of  t  indiriilin^ 
(li<<  iiilcllt'ctiiiil  |ionci-s  of  (Ik-  A Iricaiis  11-0111  the 
nh|)ri'sioMH  oriliiiiM-. 

Ill  tin-  \t-iii-  l7TI,.loliii  Wcili-v  uiivi'  (o  tin- 
world  lii><  work  i-iitiHcil  >  riiiMi|{lil'4  on  S|iiN<<r\ .' 
In  I77(),llii-  Alilii-  I  noiiil  lii'oii{i>ht  oiil,  al  {'aii^, 
hi-  *  lliisloi'v  ol'hoaiiiro  and  (illi<-r  l\iiii;(loiiis  ol' 
Alrira,'  in  >»liii'li  lit-  did  ain|il(>  jii^lici-  (o  (lit' 
moral  and  iiiti-llt-itnal  (-liara-jtfr  ot  (lie  iialivi-H  of 
(liosi-  rixioiiK. 

Till-  lii'sl  niolion  I'or  (In-  aiiolition  ol'  slav<-r\ 
na-^  niadr  l>v  Mr.  I)a\id  llaiiicv.  liu-ii  iiK-niiicr 
tor  Hull,  and  the  xon  ol' Dr.  Ilarllcv.  tviio  urotc 
lli(>  '  i''.ssa\  on  Man.'  His  iiioli<ni  >va-<.  "  'I'iial 
IIk-  slavt*  Irado  wan  loiilrarv  lo  (lu-  laus  of  (iod 
and  (lit-  ri^lil^  ol'  man.  "  It  \uih  srroiKk-d  liv  Sir 
(M-ort>;t'  Savillt-.  and.  uitlioii^li  i(  I'aili-d.  it  liadtiic 
ad\aiita<j;<<  ol'  ha  tin:;  Ix-cii  J)i-oii<;lit  Ibiuard  l)v 
iiu'ii  of  irn-|)roa('liai>l(-  characlt-rH.  and  lo  whom 
no  moli\(>  ol' party  or  t'aotion  could  In-  iiii|iiitt-d. 

'I'liiis,  iiH'liidiii<<:  Dr.  .\daiii  Smith,  mIio  had 
urilU-n  as  early  as  tin-  yiar  IT.')?),  his  -  'I'hoin'v 
of  .Moral  St-nlinu'iils,'  and  who,  in  ITT(),  in  his 
'  Wt-alth  of  Nations,"  had  slw-wod  in  a  roiciiilc 
iiiannor  (I'or  li<-  a|)|i(>al<'d  to  tin-  iiitri(-s|  of  (host- 
ctmit-riu'd)  tin-  dt-ariicss  ol'  ATritan  hilumr,  or  dm 
imf)oli(y  or(>m|)lo>itii>' slayi-s  ;  uidi  (lie  '  ()ri;>'iii 
ol'liaiiks,'  l>v  I'roft-ssior  IVIillar,  yti-  liayi-  a  liiir 
('ompt-ndinin  ol'  tlio  olVorl.s,  litorary  or  porsonal, 
I  hat  had  lici-ii  (-mployt-d  in  thi.s  raiisi-  up  to  tin- 
u-ar  I7()(i. 

Iroiii  this  (iinc  (o  (he  u-ar  I7S'J,  (hire  other 
coadjutors  arc  to  he  recorded,  \'\/..  Dr.  Uolx-rl- 
soii,  in  his  *  His|(M'y  of  .America,'  and  in  his 
'  History  ot'Charles  the  I'il'lh  :"— the  Ahhe  |{ay- 
iiel,  ill  his  '.Account  ol'ihe  haMs,  (ioy(>riiinenl, 
and  Ueli!>ioii  t)l' Africa,'  s;iyiii!>'  a  detail  of  the 
produce  of  it,  of  the  manners  of  its  inhabilanls, 
of  |1h<  trade  in  slayes,  and  of  the  manner  of  pro- 
cnrini:  them,  *»ilh  several  other  parli«ulars  ro- 
lalin:;  to  the  subject. 

In  llu-  year  ITS.'i,  we  lind  Mr.  Sharp  comiiii>' 
ai^aiii  into  mitice,  and  e\erliii>>  himself  in  an  af- 
I'air,  the  kiio>vledij;«-  of  which,  in  proportion  as  i( 
disseminated,  prodiict-d  many  most  zealous  ad- 
vocates amon<i;st  all  disinterested  persons  in  its 
favour.  The  alVair  alluded  (o  yvas  (hn(  of  (he 
ship  Zona:,  wherein  (Iregson  and  others  of  Kiyer- 
|)ool  tried  It)  recover  (he  loss  of  property  in  cer- 
tain  ne^jroes  that  were  (hrovyn  over  board  by  the 
captain  ((\)lliii!i\vood),  who,  upon  the  plea,  (hat 
1)0  of  them  had  already  died,  and  that  several 
were  ill  and  were-  likely  to  die,  proposed  to  .lames 
Ki-lsali,  the  mate,  and  others,  to  throw  many  of 


them  ovi'iboard  ;  "tatiiiK,  --  llial  if  they  died  n 
natural  death,  the  loss  would  liill  upon  tlieuum-rs 
of  the  ship,  but  that  it  ihi-v  were  tin  ovni  iiiln  Ili(> 
sea  it  would  liill  upon  the  niulerw liters.  He  se- 
lected, accordin^;lv,  I. 'i'J  of  the  most  sicklv  of  the 
slaves.  J'it'tv-foiir  of  tlie»e  were  iiuuieilially 
thrown  overboard,  and  V2  were  made  to  be  pnr- 
lakers  of  (heir  fate  on  the  succeeding;  day.  In 
tin- coiir-e  of  three  ilavs  afterwards  (lie  r«-iiiaia 
im;  'i(i  were  l)roiit(li(  iiiion  deck  (o  complete  the 
iinmber  of  victims.  The  lirst  l()  snbiiwtted  to  he 
thrown  into  the  sea  ;  but  the-  rest,  with  a  rescdii- 
tioii  that  mii;lil  liavt-  done  honour  to  a  bettercaiis<>, 
would  not  sillier  the  ollicers  to  lonch  tlieiii,  hiil 
leaped  alter  tlu-ir  companions,  and  shan-d  their 
fate.  These  facts,  which  came  out  at  the  trial, 
were  (akeii  down  in  short-hand  throiii^h  a  writer 
proriired  by  Mr.  Sharp,  and  a  wide  circulation 
of  (hem  in  print  was  the  coiisecpieiice. 

In  the  year  ITSl,  Dr.  (jre<^ory  produced  his 
'  I'^s^iiys  llistorical  and  Moral,'  in  which  he  look 
an  o|)i)orliinilv  of  disseminatiiii-  a  circumstantial 
knowled.<;<>  ot^  the  slave  trade,  and  an  «-i|nal  ab- 
horrence of  it  at  the  same  time.  The  Key.  (lil- 
bert  Wiikelield,  and  the  Uev.  .lames  Uamsay,  in 
the  above  year,  published,  the  former  a  Sermon, 
and  the  latter  an  h'.ssay,  in  which  every  iidvan- 
la!;e  was  taken  of  the  eiiorinilies  thai  had  come 
lo  li»lit.  The  other  works  of  Mr.  liainsay  were, 
'  .Vn  l'ji(|iiiry  into  the  I'lVects  of  the  Abolition  of 
the  Slave  Trade  in  I7SI ;'  '  A  Ueply  to  IVrsonal 
Invectives  and  Objections  in  I7H,>:'  '  y\  Letter 
to  .lames  Tobiii,  l'iS(|.  in  I7S7  ;'  'Objections  to 
the  Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade,  with  swers ;' 
'   All    Kxamination   of  Harris's    Sci  il    Uo- 

searches  on  the  lllicitiiess  of  the  S\n\  le,'  in 

I7SS;  and  '.An  .Ad<lress  on  the  proposed  Hill 
for  (he  Abolition  of  tht-  Slave  Trade,'  in  ITS?).— 
Ill  short,  (his  amiable  man,  from  (he  (inie  when 
he  first  took  iij)  the  cause,  was  enjjaj'ed  in  it 
(ill  his  death,  which  was  not  a  little  accelerated 
by  his  exertions. 

In  (he  year  ITS.'),  Monsieur  Necker,  in  his 
celebrated  Work  on  (lu-  l-'ri-ncli  Finances,  was  (he 
firs(  (o  throw  out  the  idea  of  a  f«eiieral  compact, 
by  which  all  the  Fiiiroiiean  nations  should  afjree 
to  abolish  (his  trade,  and  he  then  indiilfres  in  the 
hope  that  it  inii-h'.  even  take  place  in  his  gene- 
ration. 

In  the  same  year,  other  coadjutors  came  for- 
ward, but  in  a  manner  distinct  from  any  thai 
had  hitlu-rto  be«>ii  pursued.  These  were  (jcorjje 
White,  a  dersiyman  of  the  established  church, 
ami  Messrs.  Chubb,  who,  suggesled  to  the  mayor  | 


w  j:  s  t   I  n  I)  f  i:  s. 


300 


(lict\  n 
iitii  (lie 

Hi  H... 

\  III' (lie 
iciliiilly 

1)1-  |)IU'- 

II V.      I" 
ri'iiiiiin- 

fil  to  lit' 
I  n'>(ilii- 

OltllUSf, 

icin.  ImiI 
iH'd  llnir 
llic  tiiid, 
II  w  lit  or 
If  Illation 

ihu«'tl  liiH 
li  ho  took 
inistiiiitiiil 
filiiul  til»- 
Uov.  (ii)- 
amsiiV)  ill 
i  StMinon, 
ly  ii(l\iiii- 
I'mil  *"0">'' 
iisiiy  wtMi", 
liolition  ol" 
„  IVrHoiiul 
I'  ;\   lioltor 
jcctioHH  lo 
SHITS ;' 
y\    Ho- 
\v;  in 
,iios«'«l   Hill 
in  I7W).- 
tinif  wlion 
:iij.v(l   ill  it 
iiccoleratfd 

icr,  in  'li"* 
i-cs,  was  tlir 
|al  compact. 
Vould  afjicc 
liil^os  in  tlic 
lin  his  gciu- 

cainc  for- 
iin  anv  <'>»'■ 
loro  (lioorsc 
lliotl  chnicli, 

the  inayoi  | 


ofHriJffi'wntM-  the  |)ropiiHv  ot*pctitionin«;  par 
iaiiii-nt  lor  thf  aholition  of  th«>  shivc  trail)-.  /\ 
pi'lilioii  uas  uccordiinjlv  prcMciilc'il  hv  tlii"  Hon. 
Ann  I'onh't,  anil  Ali'xamlfr  Hood,  I'lsij.  who  wcri! 
Iht*  incnilKM's  lor  III*'  town  of  Mridi;<>>val(>r.  It 
was  ordered  to  lii*  on  tin*  laldt*. 

In  the  year  I7H(),  Captain  J.  Sniitli  (h-li-iidi>d 
thr  caliiinnics  against  llii-  aHscrtions  ol'  Uainsav, 
and  hr  slated,  that  lie  had  seen  those  thiiiKH, 
tviiilst  in  the  W.  Indies,  that  (hat  author  had  as- 
serted to  have  existed.  Captain  Smith,  with  the 
miich-aihnired  poet  (Cinvper),  were  the  two  last 
of  lliose  lineriinners  who  e.xerteii  iheinselves  in 
this  cause  np  to  tiie  end  ollhe  year  l7M(i. 

The  next  year,  I7K7,  was  principally  remark- 
aide  lor  the  zeal  and  exertions  of  the  (Quakers, 
particniarlv  ol'lheir  leader (ieor^e  I'ox.  Throiiirh 
liis  iiillnence,  and  with  the  assistanct*  ol'olhers  of 
tli«^  same  sect,  a  pnlilic  reproliatioii  of  the  trade 
had  been  made  in  their  rey;nhir  yearly  meetings 
so  early  as  the  year  !()!)(),  and  had  continued  to 
he  reiterated  at  siihseipieiil  periods.  'I'lu'so  meet- 
ings were  composed  of  persons  in  whom,  to 
jmlKe  of  the  sentiments  they  expressed,  tlu'  prin- 
ci|des  of  humanity  seemed  to  have  heeii  tosiered 
into  the  most  luxuriant  t(rowtli,  hut  ol'  yvlioui, 
Croin  their  numbers,  it  would  be  impossibli  in 
this  short  treatise  personally  to  speak.  The  «>n- 
cominms  due  to  their  individual  elhnls  iniiHt  Ix; 
paid  to  tiieir  society  at  Iai7>'e :  for  it  is  but  jus- 
tice to  say,  that  what  with  their  petitions  lo  i>:n  - 
liaiiKMit,  their  circulation  of  books,  the  niiml>i  is 
of  persons  that  became  labourers  and  connected 
themselves  in  behalf  of  the  Negroes,  and  their 
haviiii;;  formed  the  first  association  ever  esta- 
blished in  iOng'land  for  the  purpose  of  its  aboli- 
tion,—  the  (Quakers  have  invariably  proved  tliom- 
s(<lvos  the  steadiest  eiiemies  to  this  trade,  and  the 
liriiiest  friends  to  the  siin'eriii<>;  Africans. 

The  first  meetint;  of  the  special  association  just 
alluded  to,  was  hidil  on  •Inly  7,  I7KJ :  it  con- 
sisted of  the  followin»;  persons,  in  ulphabetical 
order — 


William  Dillwyn, 
(icoi;;!'  Harrisun, 
Samuel  Hoare, 


Thomas  Knowles,  M.I). 
.fohn  Lloyd, 
iFoseph  Woods. 

In  referriiij?  back  to  the  elVortsof  the  Quakers, 
and  of  others  united  with  them  in  the  same  ob- 
ject, we  must  not,  however,  omit  to  state,  though 
lirielly,  the  labours  of  the  ordinary  meelinf;;  for 
Pennsylvania  and  the  Jerseys,  who  took  up  the 
■^ubject  in  IGf)(),  and  coiitiiined  it  with  nnabating 
ardour  till  I7S7,  and  that  the  same  were  crowned 
by  briiij^'iiig  round  to  tlioir  views  five  other  ineet- 

voi..  v. 


injfs;  namelvfthose  of  New  Kngland,  New  York, 
Maryland,  Vii'K'Khi,  and  of  the  Caridinas  and 
(ieiM-|j;ia,  who,  in  procesH  of  time,  followed  their 
example. 

The  cause  of  liberty  was  thus  daily  incri*asin|(, 
when  a  work  was  pnidished  in  the  (iiiited  SlateH 
which  seemed  directly  to  lead  to  the  end  at  which 
sii  many  were  aiminir.     This  work,  entitled  '  A 
serious   Address  to  the   Killers  of  America,  on 
the    lnc(Hisisteucy    of  their   Conduct    resiiectiiiff 
Slavery;  forinini;  a  ('onlrast  between   tiie  ICn- 
croachments  of  l''iiM;liind  on   American   liiberty 
and  American  Injustice  in  tolerating;  Slavery,' — 
which  appeared  in  I7H.'J,  was  particularly  instriu 
mental  to  the  abolition  of  this  Irallic.    The  leiris- 
latnre  began  to  l'«><-l  the  inconsistency  of  Mie  prac- 
tice of  the  slave  trade,  and  si>  quickly  had  the 
sense  of  this  inconsistency  spread,  that,  when  the 
delegates  met  from  eacii  state  to  consider  of  u 
federal  union,  there  was  ii  desire  that  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  slave  trade  should  Im>  one  of  the  arti- 
cles in   it.     This,  however,  was  opposed  by  the 
delegates  from    N.  and    S.  Carolina,    Virginia, 
Maryland,  and  (leorgia,  tlu!  livi^  states  that  had 
the  greatest  concern   in  slaves.     Hut  even  these 
offered  to  agree  to  the  article,  provided  a  condi- 
tion was  annexed  to  it  (which   was  atHerwardK 
clone),  (hat  the  power  of  such  abolition  should 
not  commence  in  the  legislature  till  the  first  of 
.faniiary  IKOK. 

Ill  conse(|uence  then  of  these  circumstances, 
the  society  of  Pennsylvania,  the  object  of  which 
was  "  |''or  promoting  the  Abidition  of  Slavery 
and  th(>  Itelief  of  !''ree  Negroes  unlawfully  held 
in  Houdage,"  became  so  popular,  that,  in  the 
year  I7S7,  it  was  thought  desirable  to  enlarge  it. 
Ai'cordingly  several  new  memliers  were  admitted 
into  it,  and  the  celebrated  Dr.  I'mnkliii  was  ap- 
pointed nr«>sideiit.  Nor  was  this  all ;  the  exam- 
ple of  tlie  Quakers  was  no  longer  confined  to 
persons  of  their  own  persuasion  :  other  societies 
sprang  up,  consisting  of  a  similar  union  of  per- 
sons III  N(!W  York,  (Connecticut,  New  .Jersey, 
Delaware,  Maryland,  and  other  states,  for  tiie 
same  object,  who  mutually  corresponded  and  per- 
sonally commitnicated  with  each  other  for  the 
promotion  of  it. 

Thus  far  the  abolitionists  may  be  considered 
in  four  classes  :  the  first  consisting  of  persons  in 
ICngland,  of  various  descriptions:  llie  second,  of 
the  Quakers  in  ICnglaiid  :  and  the  third,  of  the 
Quakers  in  the  United  Stales;  and,  afterwards, 
of  an  union  with  those  of  otiiers  on  the  same 
continent. 

Of  the  fourth  class,  the  first  was  Dr.  I'eckard,  j 

:i  u 


m  n 


''  'yti 


1  -^lii    Ji 


\:  i\.' 


h  ; 


Mil 


it  '■' 


■* 


;)7o 


W  E  S  T  I  N  r>  T  ]•:  s. 


[  vico-cliaiicpllor  of  the  university  of  (^nnbridijc,  a 
man  who  hid  (listiii»;i!isheil  himself  in  the  earlier 
part  (if  his  life  by  certain  publications  on  the  in- 
termediate state  of  >he  soul,  an!  by  others  in 
favour  of  civil  and  religious  liberty.  Fie  had 
more  than  once  taken  occasion  to  reprobate  the 
slave  trade  in  his  sermons;  and  in  i7S.j,  beinjj 
by  virtue  of  his  office  required  to  sfive  subjects 
for  Latin  dispiitations,  he  proposed  the  follow- 
insj  '  ^liinc  liceat  Invitos  in  Scnitiitcm  dare,'  or, 
'  !s  it  rifjht  to  make  slaves  of  others  against  their 
will?'  This  proposition,  which  miijfht  have  had 
only  the  eJ?ect  of  producing-  some  ingenious  and 
useful  essays,  was,  however  unintentionally,  the 
direct  cause  of  puttinu^  into  motion  one  of  the 
strou'vest  and  most  active  springs  with  which  the 
cauj;o  had  hitherto  been  impelled.  Mr.  Thomas 
(Markson  was  vA  this  time  senior  bachelor  in  the 
university,  and  consequently  <|ualilied  to  write. 
The  want  .if  materials  and  information  were  soon 
supplied  by  the  most  energetic  and  indefatigable 
research,  and  his  essay  which  had  lH>en  dictated 
equally  by  the  heart  as  by  the  urul  'rstanding,  was 
honoured  with  the  first  prize.  'I  he  same  senti- 
ments of  humanity  did  not  cease  to  actuate  his 
thoughts  both  night  and  day.  Ueing  accidentally 
thrown  into  the  way  of  Mr.  James  Phillips,  book- 
seller of  George-yard,  Lombard-street,  he  was 
encoinaged  for  the  good  of  the  cause  to  publish 
ills  essay,  when  he  ga\e  it  the  title  of  An  lissay 
on  the  Slavery  and  C'onnuerce  of  the  Human  Spe- 
cies, particularly  the  African,'  &c.  This  was 
ushered  into  the  world  in  I7S(),  that  is  about  a 
year  at\er  it  had  been  read  in  tlic  Senate-house 
in  iU  first  form. 

Mr.  Clarkson,  shortly  after  this,  succeeded  in  in- 
teresting the  feel"  ngs  of  several  noblemen  and  gen- 
tlemen, amongst  whom  were,  Mr.  Hennet  Lang- 
ton,  the  friend  Oi"  iJr.  Johnson,  I'^dmnnd  IJurke, 
and  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  who,  upon  reading  the 
pam))lilet.  became  a  zealous  and  active  coadjutor, 
and  continued  so  to  the  end  of  his  life.  Such 
was  also  precisely  the  case  with  the  hunume 
Or.  Baker,  who  at  that  time  did  the  duty  of  May 
Fair  Chaj.'el,  of  which  an  unusual  proportion  ol' 
the  congregation  consisted  «)f  persons  of  rank 
and  fortune.  Lord  and  fjady  Scarsdale  became 
friendly  to  the  cause :  the  latter  promised  to 
promote  it  by  every  means  in  her  power,  even  at 
the  expense  of  dissatisfying  some  relations  who 
had  interests  in  the  \V .  Indies ;  and  the  former 
gave  his  assurance,  that  should  the  sid)ject  ever 
conu'  before  the  House  of  Lt)rds,  it  should  have 
his  constant  support. 

Certain  things,  it  appeared  to  Mr.  Clarkson, 


were  in  this  state  of  the  business  necessary  to  Ik- 
done: — 1st.  To  distribute  the  work  as  wulely  as 
possible  amongst  members  of  parliament. — ydly. 
To  wait  ])ersonally  upon  many  of  them, — and, 
ydly.  To  endeavour  to  increase  his  own  know- 
ledge, so  as  to  be  enabled  to  answer  the  various 
objections  that  might  be  advanced  on  the  other 
side  of  the  questi(,n.  He  was  accordingly,  at  the 
re(|uestof  Mr.  Richard  Phillips,  introduced  by  Mr. 
Sheldon  to  several  members  of  parliament.  This 
Richard  Phillips  was  the  cousin  of  James  Phil- 
lips above  mentioned.  Sir  Herbert  Mackworth. 
when  spoken  to  by  the  former,  offered  his  ser- 
vices. He  went  about  to  many  of  his  friends  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  others,  from  day  to 
day,  to  procure  their  favour  in  the  cause.  Ijord 
Newhaven  was  applied  to,  and  distributed  some. 
Jjord  Balgonie  (now  Leven)  took  a  similar 
charge.  The  late  Lord  Hawke  took  his  share  of 
the  distribution  amongst  the  members  of  the 
House  of  liords  :  and  Dr.  Porteus',  Rishop  of  Lon- 
don, became  c.i  tdjutor  in  the  same  work. 

'I'he  first  of  t  le  members  personally  visited  b\ 
Mr. Clarkson,  was  Sir  Richard  Hill,  who  espoused 
the  cause.  Tie  next  was  Mr.  Powys,  who  after 
having  his  scruples  satisfied  as  to  th«>  truth  of 
some  of  the  assertions  of  the  abolitionists,  busied 
himself  in  distributing  their  books.  It  should 
here  1m>  obser\ed,  that  this  distribution  had 
hitherto  kept  pace  with  the  personal  exertions  of 
all  those  just  alliided  to.  It  was  begun  by  Mr. 
Langton,  who  either  wrote  or  called  upon  thosi- 
to  whom  he  sent  them  :  and  was  followed  up  In 
Dr.  Baker,  Lord  and  Lady  Scarsdale.  and  Sir 
Charles  and  Lady  Middletoii.  Mr.  Wilberforce. 
on  the  subject  being  mentioned  to  him,  frankly 
stated,  that  it  was  one  that  had  often  employed 
his  thoughts,  and  that  it  was  near  his  heart.- 
Occasional  meetings  soon  began  to  be  held  at  his 
house,  consisting  of  a  few  friends  in  parliament, 
who  might  converse  <m  the  subject.  The  per 
sons  present  at  the  first  meeting  were,  Mr.  Wil- 
berforce, the  Hon.  ,lohn  V^illiers,  Mr.  Powys. 
Sir  Charles  IVIiddletoii,  Sir  Richard  Hill,  Mr. 
(Jianville  Sharp,  Air.  Ramsay,  Dr.  (iiegon 
(who  had  written  on  the  subject,  as  before  uun- 
tioned),  and  Mr.  Clarkson.  The  latter  here  read 
a  paper  gi\ing  an  account  of  tlu'  light  lie  liati 
collected  in  the  course  of  his  iiupiiries,  «liicli 
gave  rise  to  many  useful  obs«'rvations,  and  led 
to  the  necessary  measure  of  forthwith  fixing  cer- 
tain other  evenings,  as  well  as  mornings,  (or  tiic 
purpose  of  transacting  the  business  in  fpu>stioii. 

About  this  tim(>,  a  dinner  was  given  at   Mr 
Langton's,  at  which  an  object  of  the  first  con-  • 


-.;! 


::!(; 


W  EST    I  N  D  I  i:  8. 


.371 


rv  to  Ik' 
•rdely  as 
t.-'i(llv. 
tn, — and, 
II  kiiow- 
[•  various 
\\K  other 
ly,  at  the 
edbv  Mr. 
nt.    This 
IMPS  Phil- 
iickwortli. 
'd  his  ser- 
iViciids  ill 
i>ni  day  to 
so.     liord 
ited  some. 
a    similar 
is  share  ol' 
■rs   of  the 
op  of  Lou- 
rk. 

visited  by 
o  osjioused 
,  who  after 
n'  truth  of 
ists,  busied 

It  should 
)ution  had 
[•xertious  of 

uu  by  iNtv. 
upon  those 
iwed  lip  \^> 
le.  and  Sir 
Vilberforce. 

ini,  frankly 
employed 

us  heart.- 
i\eld  at  hi> 
)iirliameul. 
The  per 

e,  Mr.Wil- 

Mr.  I'owvs. 

d  Hill,  M'- 

(ire^<)r> 
before  men- 
or  luM-e  r»'ail 
i»lit  he  had 
liries,  whuli 
ms.    and    led 
th  fixinn-  a-r- 
iiiixs,  for  tlie 
u  question, 
iven  at   Mr 
u<  lirst  con- 


by  a  promise,  botii  from  Mr.  Hawkins  Dro^^  n  and 
\tr.  Windham,  to  give  it  their  fullest  support. — 


I  general 


I'spquenco  was  attained :  it  was  no  less  than  a 
pledge  of  Mr.  Wilberforce  "  to  bring  forward 
the  measure  in  parliament,  when  he  was  better 
prepared  for  it,  and  provided  no  person  more 
proper  could  be  found  :"  and  this  was  followed 
a  pron  ' 
r.  wine 
Mr.  riarkson  was  now  anxious  that 
society  should  be  formed  for  the  abolition  of  this 
trade  ;  and  succeeded  in  procuring  the  following 
persons  to  be  on  the  committee  : 

(iRANvii.i.E  Sua  IIP, 

William  Oillwyn, 
Samuel  Moare, 
George  Harrison, 
John  Idoyd, 
Joseph  W(»od, 

Thomas  (Markson, 
Hichard  Phillips, 

John  Harton, 
Joseph  Hooper, 
James  I'hillips, 
Philip  Sanson). 

All  these  were  prescid  at  the  first  meeting, 
(iranville  Sharp,  wlio  stands  at  the  head  of  the 
list,  and  who,  as  the  father  of  the  cause  in  Kng- 
land,  was  called  to  the  chair,  may  be  considered 
as  representing  (he  first  class  of  forerunners  and 
coadjutors,  as  it  has  b'-en  In-fore  di'scribed.  The 
five  next,  of  whom  Samuel  Honre  was  chosen  as 
the  treasurer,  were  they  who  had  been  the  com- 
mittee of  the  second  class,  or  of  the  Quakers  in 
England,  with  the  exception  of  Dr.  Knowles, 
who  was  then  dying,  but  who,  having  heard  of 
the  meeting,  sent  a  message  exhorting  it  to  pro- 
ceed. The  third  class,  or  that  of  the  Quakers  in 
America,  may  be  considered  as  represented  l)v 
William  Dillwyn,  by  whom  they  were  al\(<r\\ards 
joined  to  the  rest  in  correspondence.  The  two 
«ho  stand  next,  may  be  considered  as  represent- 
ing the  fourth,  as  having  been  instrumental  in 
raising  most  of  the  members  of  that  class.  Thus 
on  the  2'id  of  May,  17S7,  the  representatives  of 
all  the  four  classes,  of  which  we  have  been  giv- 
ing a  short  history  from  the  year  ljl(i,  met  to- 
gether, and  were  united  in  this  committee :  a 
committee,  which,  labouring  afterwards  with  Mr. 
Wilberforce  as  a  parliamentary  head,  contributed 
under    Providence,   in   the    space  of  20   years, 


to  put  an  end  to  the  great  and  crying  evil  of  the 
slave  trade. 

The  committee  having  been  thus  constituted, 
a  person  oi'iuteiligc  iice,  activity,  and  zeal  tor  the 
cause  was  still  wanting  to  collect  information 
and  witnesses  to  supp(»rt  the  abolition.  A  more 
staunch  and  able  friend  to  the  cause  could  not  be 
finind  than  Mr.  Clarkson,  who  fortunately  volun- 
teered hi«  ser\  ices,  and  immediately  set  «)ut  upon 
one  of  the  most  difiicult  commissions  with  which 
any  one  could  be  entrusted.  It  would  be  impos- 
sible to  <lo  justice  to  the  beneNolent  intentions  of 
this  man,  by  endeavouring  to  follow  him  in  his 
various  labours  and  ditliciillies  at  Bristol,  Liver- 
pool, and  Lancaster,  in  his  discoveries  of  the 
scandalous  modes  of  procuring  seamen  for  the 
slave  trade,  of  defrauding  them  in  their  wages:  in 
his  search  after  documents,  his  admeasurement  of 
ships  employed  in  the  service,  and  in  bringing  to 
lighi,  in  short,  all  the  secret  transactions  in 
whicii  the  trafiic  was  involved.  He  had  the  ad- 
dress to  soon  lay  the  foundation  of  petitions  at 
Worcester  and  at  Chester  :  on  his  arrival  at 
Liverpool  he  collected  specimens  of  African  pro- 
duce, accounts  of  imports  and  exports,  muster- 
rolls,  accounts  of  dock-duties,  and  iron-instru- 
ments used  in  the  tnule. 

In  the  mean  time  the  committee  hnd  not  l)een 
remiss  in  their  part  nt  home:  they  had  dispersed 
a  great  number  of  circular  letters,  giving  an  ac- 
count of  their  institution  in  London,  anil  its 
neighbourhood.  The  Quakers  were  accordingly 
the  first  to  notice  this  institution  :  and  they  paid 
it  a  great  compliment  in  their  yearly  epistle  : 
ai^er  this  it  was  taken  up  by  the  Baptists.  In 
answer  to  the  circulars  which  were  sent  both  to 
America  and  to  all  parts  of  England,  a  generous 
and  decisive  correspondenc*  with  the  wishes  of 
the  connnittee,  had  been  now  manifested  by  per- 
sons whose  rank  and  talents  were  calculated  to 
Sfrace  and  strengthen  their  cause.  It  was  in  con- 
sequer  ce  of  the  increase  of  business,  which  oc- 
curred through  this  general  correspondence,  that 
tiobert  Uarcliiy,Jolin  Vickris  Taylor,  and  Josiah 
Wedgwood,  I'^scpiires,  were  ailded  to  the  com- 
mittee; and  it  was  then  resolved,  that  any  three 
members  might  call  a  nieetiii";  when  necessary. 
During  sittings,  which  were  held  from  the  middle 
of  December  of  this  year  to  the  ISlh  .lanuary, 
1788,  the  business  of  the  committee  had  so  in- 
creased, that  a  further  addition  to  tlu<ir  number 
was  deemed  indispensable,  aiul  accordingly  James 
Martin,  and  William  Morton,  Kscpiires,  members 
of  parliament,  and  Robert  Hunter,  and  .loseph  | 

:i  11  'J 


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w  I.  s  r   I  N  1)  I  \.  s 


l^imdi.    I'.vinnu'w.   «oio  olr«-(<<<l  nt<<nilNM'H.      rite      m<<o  <lir  iti '>uil>  «)' ili<litt  iitf)  (lt<>  <|iii<a(ioiHilh|)r 


pi-i<<.s  >uiu  Ki<|<(  I'lindiiiiiilU    i»(    «i>il».   mill   in  iUr      iu>\(  mcm"! 


nil. 


M't\     lltllfl  tlllll    llllllllll<l>ll  llollllli 


«oiirM<  111" II  ('«<«    iiiondiM  iu»  li'M«  (liiiii  ,'1().()(H>  miiiill  (<ii«n«<il.  iiiiil  »lii'  i|ii<<MltiMi  mix  ili>li<ni<il.    Sir  \Vi| 

Ini.  («  mill  |imii|tlilo<>4  won'  |iiiMim|ioiI  (k  i-iili^li(i<ii  liiini  Dnlltoii  liml.  lUMi'idii'li'uy.   Ilii<  |ii<rMi>«i<rtnii'r 

t\\v  |)nl>lii'    iiiniil     iiilil  (i»  «lm'li.  «lii<  in'ruonul  ni  iiuil  luniimiilt  (o  imiiIimimmii  to  Ii"J'4«'m.  in   llio  ni 

<oi  l'riiMii-r  ii(   (III'  rnininitloo  in  ii'loiiuin^  ni<i(ii<0'<,  (I'liin,  <ln'  liKiroiM  i»l'  <lii'  iiiiililli<  luiuun^r  :    lit-  iir 

iin|n--tl>  ilo<mni>il,  ^mo   ii    iiiori'  iiiiili<niiili|i>  (<«4  iiiiiliii|)h    litoii^lil   in   ii    lull   In   <liiil    i<lVi<rl  .   <lii> 

«ini»>n»  i>(' llii'ir  •iiiii  «Mi(>    in    <lio  rmi«o    <lir\    liiiil  I'Miniiniidon  o)'i'Milnn'»>  onuin'il.  « liirli  «im  tininil 


iniiltM  liiKi'ii. 


Ill  III'   Imlli  iiiinnuiMd'nl    miil    liil'j 


\ll 


I'l        II       M»> 


n>  (lir  Itruiiiniiifi  olMin  III  till'*  >om.  ■^rvi'iul  roml  ili'liiid' in  Jlii'  liii«i'i  HiiiiMt'.  Uif  Inll  »»» 
iM'tiliKiiv  liiiil  lii'i'n  urn(  mil)  )«mlimnrn(,  |)rii«  111(1  (iiKi-n  ii|i  (n  ilii'  lii<iil«.  «lii>ri'  i<  nii'l  mill  (lu- 
li<r  llir  iilioliliiiii  III   llim  Iniilr  .   mnl,  ^nlliniil  l\ii         nin'.l  \  i<Milii>n'<  ilrliM  "  iiinl  i>|iiiiiuiliiin  .   miil  iiO 


tlii'i  lirlin  .  I  III'  Kiiiu'k  I'm  \  i  'onnril  in-ii'  iliiorli'il      Iiim  iiui  Im-i'ii  riii  i  ii'il   liiirl»«  m 


111   niiiKi'    ini|iiirii'-    into    i(-    iiiiinn'    iiinl    I'xli-nl 

Wuli   ii  \i('«  In  uili'ii'il  Ml    I'lll.  ii«  llii' |iiiMnii'i. 

mill 

•  oniiiil.   Ml    I'lmk 


lii.lli  I'll 


iH  mill  Idi  ii  III 


iU  I. 


I 


iiiMi'u,  i(  1IIIM  III  li'iiylli  liiiiilU   I'liu'jril 


ll 


II'    ii'iiiii 


II    liixiMn',  |iii<\ioiivU    lo  llio  incrliiiii  nl'  tlii>      IiikI  ii|iiin  llii<  liilili'  in  llic  ni'\l  ti'iii,  ii  rniiMiili'i 


ll    III'  llir    I'm  »  ( 'ninnil  linn 


III   ilil>i  il<'|inli<il  In  mill  iijiiin       Mr    ilolinli'    InnK     |ili«ri<      lull     ll 


«1|M       tMI'll 


Iniilli 


limi,   mill  ^1  re*  tinlimiili' i<ni<ii|iili  In  piornii' III  (inn      iii'ii'i'il.   Iliiil   I'-' iiroiiiiuiliniix   "liniilil   l)i'   ili'ilini'il 
II  lirm  :iniivli'iiih  in  i>|ii'riili<i 


i: 


iinill  'illi  ri<>.>.  Ill 


I  ll  Kill  llii>  ii<|)iii  I,  iiiiil  ii'Mi'i « I'll  I'm  rnliiii'  iliMrii'' 
Iriiilril  limi  nil  lli<4  iiiliMilnrliiHi  lit  Ml  mm  I, mil  '-inii  I'lir  iliii  liiMiiifi  miiM'il,  llii>  ii|i)iiinrnl 
( iirn\  illi',  « Im  i'\|in'sm'il   limi'^rll   ii^   liiuinji  iil        ii'I^im'iI  li>  m/!}iir  iVmii    llii'    ii'|tml      llim  mm  ii' 


iiMil^    i'\|ii'i  ii'iti'oil    II    «mm    Irrliiifi   in  lii'liiill'  nl      umii-il    inmr    I'Milrnn 


mil 


llii'  mimi'il   UVivmi 


^iimli-il  mill  mliniliii  Til.  xiirli  ilmilil'*    mill    ilrliii 


IIIIKII     lllli    lil'lll;: 


I  mm  llii' i<)iriimki  ol'  llii<  <-\imimiilimis   lu'lnri'       nri  r  m  i  iiuinni-il   ii"  In  iiiiimi'   h   |iiiu||iiini<mi'nl    nl 
llii'  I  m\   Cmniril,    llimj{'.  '^ni'ini'il    In  ni>    ii^mnvl       llli"  i  niiMiilriiilinii  nl'  llir  wiiliji'il  In  llii<    nr\l    


ll 


ll'   iinnlilinni'.l'i   (nr  ii   lmii<.   imiiifi     In    lln-    iii         '•inn,   iIhmi^iIi  ii  .rni'iiii 


I  nl   Nil    \\  illiimi    hnlliin 


«'imi'.|;m."i'    n 


I     I  III'    I 


uri|>nnl     ilrli'i(iili<v    Inn  m,n       lull  n  :in  iif^mn  |>iim  nli'il  Im 


Ih'i'ii  rxiiiniiu'il  lii-s|  .    Iml    llio  pri'inijiii'   llml   (in'  I'ln'  jii-i  mil  l»i'l«i'i'ii  llin  u'ln    li  mn  .InU     li""!! 


inimnl  I'lid'Cliimi'il  «iis  nl  liiiulli  i  onnlri  m  toil 


In  .liih  i:<ii, 


lili'lU   ii'ilim  Itiililr  I'm   l)i 


III 


i'l^nlliiiiN    nl   (III'    -.TKiiion    iiml    mm    nnssi'il         '■nlimi  (lin  |ii  n|)iiNi'il  iilinlidmi  liinl  niinli' in  I  imn  r 

mull    lii'iulilrnnl   !m     llm  |iii'Mriirr   nl' 


I'  i'>  OS   n 


I   III 


«' I'nniimlliH'  «i'ii'  mi  Mi     >\  illni 


rii 


rni>'i'      Iml  III' liiiil  lii'i'ii  lin  'mhiii'   (mn-    imnli  m         Mi    ClmK'^nii,  u  lin   li:iil  ^luilnil    tliiil   rmmln    I'm 


ili'.pn'.i-il.   mill    ll    s|ii'i'il\     ii'i'iMcn    »ii«nnl  In  li^ 


ll 


ll'       t'XIIIl'K'i 


in(|in';i'    nl   li'i'ilmtt    *'«'    I'lXiii'   lliiil 


ill  nliili'il  nil        rim>.  siliiiili'il  llii'>   »  mli'il  ii>^  |iii  liiiil  Imi '•I  lin  III       ll<<   rminil,  nil   Iii'j  iirmnl.   lliiil 

Ik'IiIN    u<>    llir>    I'lMilil    (ill    (III'    iniililli'    nl'    V|iiil.  '-rii'i  :il  i  mmnillrru.  ll  ii'inlU   In  (In'   ni'fiini'x,   liiiil 

«tii'ii    llir»     Mi'ii'    ii'lii'xi'il    I'lnin    llii'ii     ilmiliHnl  Ihtii  Im  iiii'il.  i  niiMiMlmn  in  |mii  I  nl'  lii'imlir'j  nl' in 

^1(11, limn  ^n    sin    mii'\|ii'i  li'il    ln^<.<■ll^l'    iVmn    Mi  Inm .  mnl  lliiil  Ilii"*!"  Iiiiil  If't'ii  nii|tiwi'il  li>  rmmlri 

I'lU.  u  lin  ili".ii-i'il  n  rniirririur  mill    llii'ir    iliini  ii((iin|il'^  nl' llir  rmmnilli'i"' nl' ifli'  ii  liilr  i  ninniul 


niiin       In  ;ilimi(  :i  «i'.'k   iiOi'i  (lii-i  innli'i 


I'liri'.   m 


VOi-i   ui'xi'iiil  inli<r\  ii'n  >i  mill  llm  DiiKr  ili>  In  l(n 


lrUij;i'n.  r  «;i-.  ii'ii'i\  ril  (liii(  ii  nindnn  mi  (lir  suit        ilii'limrmilil.  (lin  Miiii|iii'i  ili'  In  I'm  i-lln,  mnl  Mini 
J  I'l  I  ttnvilil  Iti' siiltinuii'il    In  (111'   llniivi,'   nl' (  ,tin        Itriin.  «»liit  ilinnnh   i"i|iiiii'ii'il  llm  riniMi',  mnl  m'lil 


mnii''  m  .1  l>'\«   il;M  •• 
M 


rill'    il;l»    lixril  Mil-.  (Ill-  "'(ll 


'•n  (m   ll'' 


In  riiiM  iix'<  llir  N'liliitniil   V'<'(i<inlili    in  il> 


n        Ml     I'm.  «  li.t  ,i|ii'mil   dm  ili'li.id',   -imKi'       lull  ill',   iiml  jiixl  ii-^  ii    ini'i'lniH  nl'  llii'ii'  mnl  nllni 


iliN  i.lrill\   m  I'lMnm  nt  (III'  iilinliimn  .  Itnl  llinni(lil,       I'lmni'iil  ili;iriir(ri  •'  liml    ln'i'il    iigii'i'il    n|imi 


II"   II 


«•.  llir  si's^iniis  «.is  s,i  I'll  iiilxmiri'il,  mill  iw  ilii 


|iri'liimniir«   ''(i'| 


li'it    m   dm    1) 


riirmnilmii  i 


mij;li(  It,-  ii  ^^^\\^  ,t(   |nn|ti-i   ninli'iiiiU  I'm    lIio  lull  nl'  :i    iimn-   ilmm-  In    mnl  miiinilmil  niiliin-.   i  cm 

inlnnii.ilinn    nl'    dm    Him-ii',   ii   rnlmr    ilisi-n'.'.iiin  nrrd'il  mill  llir  ri-'.nlnlmn,  ili'.|»i-lli'il    lln-   lltillri 

Moul.l  W'  ili'-Miiltli'       Ml    l',i\  si,|,'il  mill  (111-  nil  mj;  i-vpi  r(ii(inn  •  lli;il  liml  ln-i'ii  (itinn-il.   mnl    Mi 

iii»(i'i        till'    lt^n^tl^|•(^    ,.|   (In-   ;iliitli(i,in    nu-    ".n  riuik-nn    li:iil   tin'    mm  lilii  iilmn   nl   ii-lmiiinn    In 

jjviuiil  mill  111-  ri'i-lm»;s  diiK  luiil  111'  nnl  lii'iinl  l'nj;l:inil  «i(linn(   I'm  lln  r   inrnni|iliMlmirnl    nl'  ln>^ 


rmu 


(hill  dir  Imsiin-vs  nn-.tiki-h  In  lunr  Iti-cn  ltrmi|{li(      I'm  nniiti'  iili)i-il 


(nrM.Mil  h\  -in  ;«I>1«'  mi   iiilMuaii'  ii>  Mi    W  iUht 


Inn  ( 


In  llir   '•mill-  x'lii    ii  innlinii   mi-i    lirnnfi(lil   iiiln 

tin-    ll 


111'  li.i'l  ir-nUi-il   liiniHi'ir  In  Iuim-    iiunli'   il       lln-  llnii-.i- nl"  i  nminnn-..   In   n".imii'   lln-    lininii^ 


du-  -nhn'il  nl"  ,1  nintinn      In-  iniil.!  iiol.   Iinm-tii.      nl'i-\  nli-iu  «■  in  llnniii  nl'llii-  tilmlilniii  .  <.iirli  |i< 


^ 


r 


>v  I,  SI'    I  IN  in  i;  s 


i;;i 


ill   \\^\ 

<ln>  iit 
:   l«t>  m 
v«  .    tl(i> 
iw  liiiinil 

i|        t)       Ml- 

loll    Mllu 

>\\\\\    (III 

Mill  kOi'I 
l«IU(l«  («' 
iu«<ll 

I  il  Itrinv, 
itnwiilt'tii 

\  t<iiliiiill« 

(ll'lltU  I'll 
!>    (Iimll'i 

)  nnu  «i' 

llIM    Ix'tiiH 
III    ilrliM '• 
irmint    <•• 
ll('\(    "I"' 
|).i|l>.-n'>' 

inU  i:"<i 

II  ()ii>  "I'll 
ml  iiiiii  <• 
H'wrinr   <•' 

Miii(n  ti'i 
lliiiiii'   lliiit 

IIMll.  t'lllt 
piK'U,  llllll 
|(|<"J  (it    «  l> 


l>     II 


iiiiiln 


hiIiihimI" 
,li<  III  !<•< 
Ill  Mini 
,  mill  ««'ii( 

lll|>     III  xi'* 


III 


mil 


I  iilli 


ii|<iiii   II"   II 
1  iiinutmK  I"'* 


llllll 


I  nil 


Mil-   lliiKi'i 
mill   Ml 
liiiiiiiiif;  <i> 

Kill     Ol'    III-' 
iill|[(lll    llllo 

M'   lu-iiimn 
mil  |ii-«    1 


|.;iinu  iiu  ui-ri- iiiitiiii-iil  mill  iiili-n-ulril  |iiil  in  |iriir 
III')-  till  (lirir  liiiirlliliiiliiiliu.  iiiiil  llii-  riiiiuo  liinl 
til  u|iiifi|il<- iiitniiiut  iiimiv  riiii-i  •'iii-iiiiiudiMri-i  nl 
till- liiiii<u  |iii<«iiiiiu  til  (III-  )|ii\  III' ilt't'iuiiMi.  Ml 
U  illii-i  loiri-,  »liiiui<  i-liiiiiM'iiro  llllll  iiii:<li<  II  .»^ 
I  lli'i  I  nil  <lii>  lltiiiut<  ill  nil  (lit- I'm  iiii-i  ili-lihi  i  II 
lliiu  iii4i>ri<uliiift  i|iii'»(i<iii.  Ill  liMuilli,  on  <lii<  iHin  nC 
\  |iril,  lllllilr  III"  rrli>lilill)>il  lllittiiiii  I'm  u|i*l)|iitl(i  nil 
linitu-i  iiii|im  liilimi  nl'  uIim  i-i  Hmii  \liiiii'  In- 
iiifiiii-il  i<  tiM  iiiili>i|MMixiilih  iii<ri<M>iiii  I  mil  mill  mi 
ilii<  ui'itii-  III'  iiimiilit^  mill  ii'li(i,iiiM,  lull  ul'  ummil 
|iii|ir\  Till'  iiiiilimi  HUM  Inul  Im  ii  iiiiljmiU  iil 
l(i,i  ill  HM 

'I'll!'  iiii>i<liii(t  ul' ill)- rmiiiiiilli'i'  I'm  llii<  iiliiililimi 
iilli'i  llii"  ili-li-iil  II iiu  uitlt-iim  mill  iiii|iri">ui\i<  llii-t 
I  llllll'  III  II  ii-'iiiliilimi  III  ri,i\mu  llii'ii  lliimliM  In 
'  till-  illiiuli  imix  iiimmiti  nl  tlic  IliniMf  »liii  utnnil 

Initll  till'  llxii-l  till  1    III     lllltl>-ll     illxllri-    llllll    llimiil 

iiilt,'    mill   |iiirlii'iiliiil(    III  \\  i^limii    \>  illiri  !•    i  r. 
I'',><i|iiiii'.   I'm    liiu   iiiiiii-m  ii'il  I'M'i  limm  III  ri'iiiiii  i< 
•ill  ({I'i'iil  nil  ii|i|i|iilii mill    riiiiii    Ilii-    iiiilimiiil   i  lin 
iiiili-i:    mill  liiilli .  llllll    llii-i    I  miuiili-ii'il  till-  lull- 
ili'i'immi  ii'i  II  ili'liM   iiillii-i   tfiiiii  ii><'  II  ili'li'iit 

^^  itli    lliii    mi|ii)-'i"imi     llii-     I  minnilti'i'    lii'/i<'ti 
iiimii-illiili'U    III    <<lirii(>liii<ii  llii<iiiui-li  i-u  II)   im  III 
I  I'Miimi   III    |iiiiii'i,   mill    IIm'I     III!  miliMuU  rlri  Inl 
Sii  \>  illimii  lliillii'ii,  llmiiiii-l,    lli'iiiv    llimiilmi, 

I  ,i>i)  I  <  V  li'xmiilri  4  iiiiiil,  mill  MiiIIIu'm  MiimIiiji,iii', 
l''ui|iiiri'u,  II  III)  II ni'  ninnlii'i '4  nl  piii  limiiriit,  miil 
rniinmi  lliirliuil,  .In'^inli  W  i'il)iii  miil,  luiinr 
l'','<m .  mill  .liilm  4  Im  li^mi,  nl  lin-  lini  nl  Nun  ,  nu 
nii-iiiliri'i  III'  llii'll   nil  li  liu'll 

\millii'i  tilli'iii|il    III'  till'   iilinlilimiiMt<i,  iMiitli' in 
iimlimiii'iil  llii" 'Ji'iximi,  Mii-I  iiilliii  lirlln  I'lilr    lliiu 

II  II'I  till'  I'ulnliliulmii-nt  nl   llii<  Simii  lii-mii'  < 'mn 

llinn  .  llll'  iilijl-i  I   nl   l<  III!  Il   II  ll'i  In  inlmii/r  ii  'iliinll 
|imilnii  III    llll'  rnn"l  nl'  iM'i  nil        'l'lii'>     ii  Im   iwii- 
iii  ui'llli'  (lii'i'o  lii'li'  In    liiiir    nn   i  mn  ri  ii    in    lin- 
mIiiii'  linili',    lull  In  ilimnnniiM'  il  ii>i    mm  li  ii"  |in>4 
>.ilili<      llii't    iiri'i' III  i'liilriM  mil    In   )".lnlili"li    iiiiil 
In    lirmiinli'    i  iillii  iilimi    in    ilu  m  ifililnnii  IiihmI  |i\ 
lii'i-  liiliniii    .    mill    II    nil"    i'\|irrti'il    lliiil    llir  |iri 
•iiiiiM  u  Im  m-li-  Krni-iiilU    Iim-iI  n|imi  Im  rnlmii'Hi 
'Jimilil  III'  uinli  m'Kini-",  mill  llirii   iimi  mnl  lii 
null'-",    II"   "liniilil   nliiimlmi    llirii     linlnlnlmn"   iii 

\nl  II  Si  nlin 


llii'ii  l.niiM  linm  )-llm  ,  mill  I. mil  l.iM'i|mnl  mill 
Ml  Diiiiiliu,  iilmiu'ii'  iilon  III  llll-  Cnliim-I  :  iiinl, 
ii|imi  llll'  uiic^^i'ulimi  nl  llll'  linnii'i,  il  luiu  ii(ii'i-i<il. 
llllll  On llmi  <'\  iili'iiri' hIiiiiiIiI  III' Ill-Ill il,  iilim  lln- 
I  im<ii>i|nrMi  I'  Mtiu  llllll  llll'  iilmli'  )|iM>Hlimi  i^iiu 
ili'li'iii'il  In  llll'  ni'xl  ui'nuiun 

In  llll'  iii'>l  M'lif  (l('!.'l».ii  nmlimi  «ii«  niiiili'  in 
(lie  I'mnnimi",  In  inii'ii  lln>  iraulnlinn  nl  llir 
|ii  i-i  I'llmii  ii'iii  .  Iinl  llii'i  lii'liiK  ln»l,  ii  nciv  iim 
linn  \\is»  inniln,  liii«in)i  I'm  ilu  nliji'il  Ilii' nlinlilinn 
nl  llll'  liiii'itin  ulnM'  linili'.  ulinli  nlun  ulimi'il  n 
uimilm  I'nli' 

\\'liilu|  lilt'  rnnui'  ui'rmi-il  llinu  In  Itc  nl  ii  bIiiiiiI 
in  |iiiilimiii'nl.  il  liml  In  ii'((i)-l  ii  umiiinu  Inun  in 
mil'  III   llll'  I  nmmillri'.  i«  Im  linil  liilliciln   Ihtii  il>4 

I  liirl     "lt|i|iml      mil     III      ilnni'i  Ml       (Imliunn, 

II  Iki'ji'  miH-millinfi  Inlimii"  IIm'  iilinlilinliiMl"  nili 
ni-M'i  |ii«ll>  n|i|iii'i  iiili',  llllll  llllll ,  i«nin  mil  ivilli 
miMi-ll  mill  I'ni'ilimi,  llii'  mm  lilirnlinn  In  ucc 
liiiiiui'H  (nu  III'  i'<|iri-u<;i'u  il)  ■  liniiii'  mil  nl'  llic 
lii'lil,  iilii'ii'  (lii-i  llllll  |ilni  I'll  lin-  Kii-nl  liminni 
mill  f>lni\  III'  (liiu)  lili'  '      I'ni    niiinv  yi-iii"  In-  liinl 

riill><l^inll\    unmi'  linnli   m     nllli'l     In    IVtili-    I'm     llll' 

fiiinil    nl   llll'  I  iinui',    lii"iiil»'u    11    vnlnminmi"    im 

li<"|innitl>m  •'    In  lil'r|l  ll|i   ivilll     |(H(    |ti'|unnu         III' 

llllll,  nmii'iiti-i.  Itiivi-lli-il  ninii'  llinn  .'I'l.lMlM  milru 
in  urmrli  nl  I'l  nli'in  •-,  mnl  ii  fili-nl  |iml  nl  lln-ui' 
imii  nii'u  in  llii>  nifilil 

Mill   In  M'lin  11  In  mil    lil'JnM,   Mi      W  illii'l  Im  i  <■ 

III  llll'  mmilli  III  Irliinmv.  IV't'i,  inniin  iimviil 
Im  li'n«i'  In  In  in(i  in  ii  lull  Im  llii>  nlinlili'in  nl'ltit' 
"ln\  I'  llllll)-         Il    nil"    n|i|inui')|,    linl|i>\)'l,    In     Mil 

^Villilllll  V)iiint(,  mill  Inul  liy  n  iiiii|milv  nl'  i^  In 
')('  In  III)' v<-m  l/*"i.  Ml  WiIIm'i  I'mi  I'  I)  )ii'iv)'il 
lii>j  rll'ml'i  in  lin-  I 'mmimnu,  liiil  iiuliinfi  li'iivi-  lin 
III)'  nlinlilinn  in  n  liniiliil  Inni-  Tlii"  ninlinn 
ivii"  iiii|iiiuril  ii'i  lii'lni)'  ,  lull  nn  ii  ilivi"imi,  IIii'M- 
«i)<i)>  1)11  il  711,  mnl  niriiinul  il  milv  71 

In  l(M7,ii  |iiilliiilivi'  "V"li'ni  iviiu    |Mn|inui-il  liy 
Ml    ('    l''illl",   II  llll  II  llllll    Im    il"    nl>|i'i  I   In  II'I  mil 
nii'inl  ll    In   llll'  inlmiinl  iiMii'inlilii'u  In  mln|il  uiii  li 
mrn>4ni)'"    II''    iniplil    ii|i|ii'iii    In    llii'in    Iti'ul    i  iili  il 
liili'il  In  mm  limiili'  llll'  inmlilimi  nl'llii'    m'{tiiii"i, 
mill  lli)'irli>   In  ii'iiiiiM'  ^inililiillv  tin-  u|iiv)<  lliiili' 
Till"  ivii"  n|i|niu)'il,  liniv)'V)'l.  liy  Mi.  Willii-i  Inn  i', 
^li      I'lll.itml    nlli)'i -I,  liiil  IVIIU  III    li'iii/lli    iiMiii'il 


ll)'rnri'  ill)'  m>\l  Mi'uutnn,  lllr    rniini'    liml  (iDiiin      liv  n  iiiii|niilv  nl  *l*l  In  fi'l 


iiiiiiilliii     III    llll'    rnimlM,    llinl    iiinnt    Inmilir 
llllll  \iillMlllll'il\    li'll     oil    III'-    il"<-    nl    Miiuni  .        \ 


In    I  ('in.    Ml     \\  llllll  rm(i''n   liivniiiili'  iiiiiliiiii 


ivii'4  nj^niii    Inul,   llimifiji    liy 


II    vriy    'lull 


11 


iriliUMly  llll-  nmlniii  I'm    tin-  nlmlilimi,  ulnn   ii<        iily.   III)-  nimilM'iu  Immic,  Hi  In  H'|       In    I  ('Ml,  | 
iD'iD'il  lliiu  yi-ni,  |iiiuu) 


ll  till'  ll)illu)'  )il   (  niiimnnu 


111(1     nmli-iiiniy)'i 


ll    liy     ll 


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ll     ih 


mil 


iIikiikIi  llll'    rniiiim'n)  i-im-nl    nl    ilu    mllin'mi-  wii"  nirnl",    In-  d-iicwi-iI  Iiiu  iiinlinii  .    Iml    ivlm  li,  iiilii 

iinulimin-il    llll    III)'    y)'m    I /'Mi.       Tlii'    iri^nliilimi,  n  Innu  i|)'liiilf>,   yvii"    ln>-l    \i\    n    tiiii|milv    nl    H)   (n 

iiiinn  lii'lliK  llll  liril  In  I  In'  I  mimIu,  nii'l  ivilli  n  \ri  y  /I       In  I  In'  "iiim'  ui  ■I'.inii'i  Mi     T  Inn  n  Inn  In  niiiili 

^iriil  ii|i|Hi>4iiliin,  ('H|H'('itilly  rimii  IdMil  Tlinilnw.  in  n  lull  In  i  inilim  lin-  -iliivi'  liiiili'  tvilliin  <  iThiin  j 


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.17-1 


WEST    INDIES. 


I  limits,  alloajinn;  that  the  coniiiu'rcial  prosporls  of 
the  Sierra  Leone  Conipanv  were  impeded  tliroii^h 
uaiit  of  siioli  regidatioiiij.  Tiiis  l)ill,  ath'r  lia>- 
ii)»  earrie<l  two  divisions,  passe*!  tln'ou|»'h  all  its 
stages ;  l)iit  when  it  was  introduced  into  the 
I  pper  H«mse,  petitions  were  renewed  ai>'ainst 
it;  and  at  length,  after  considerahle  (h>lav,  it 
was  lost  bv  a  majority  of  ()S  to  (il,  inchidin^ 
personal  ^otes  and  proxies. 

Between  the  years  I7f)f)  and  ISO."»,  various 
motions  were  made  :  thou<yli  Mr.  Wilberforce, 
seein;;-  that  it  would  he  useless,  after  these  n'- 
peated  trials,  to  proeeed  innuediately  upon  the 
same  grounds,  allowed  the  yeais  IMOO,  ISO  I, 
ISO^.  and  ISOJ,  t«>  pass  o\(<r  without  any  further 
parliamentary  notice  than  the  mo\  iui>  for  eerlain 
papers;  duriui*;  which  he  assured  the  House,  that 
lie  had  not  i>rown  cool  in  the  caus<<,  hut  that  he 
would  a<>'itale  it  in  a  fiitur(<  season. 

In  the  year  ISOl,  the  period  lived  upon  for 
renewed  exertion,  the  committee  elected  .lames 
Stephen,  Zacharv  Macaulay,  Henry  nroui>ham, 
l^s(piires,  and  William  Phillips,  into  their  own 
body.  I'our  other  members  also,  RolwM't  (Irani 
and.l(din  Thorntim,  Ks<piires,  and  William  Man- 
ser and  Williani  Allen,  were  afterwards  added  to 
the  list.  On  the  .'JOth  March,  Mr.  Wilberforce 
asked  leave  to  reiu'w  his  bill  ti)r  (he  abolition  of 
the  slave  trade,  which,  after  some  very  lonj^  de- 
bates, was  opposed  in  its  last  staj;e  by  Sir  Henry 
Y»)unj>-,  Mr.  Dickenson,  Ci.  Kose,  Addin!>-(on, 
and  Dent,  and  supported  by  Mr.  Pitt,  I'raiicis, 
and  liarham,  and  at  last  carried  by  a  majority  of 
W)  to  .'j().  It  was  then  taken  up  to  the  Lords  ; 
but  on  a  motion  of  Lord  Hawkesbury,  the  dis- 
cussion of  it  was  postponed  to  the  next  year. 

The  session  l)eini>'  ended,  the  committee  for 
the  abolition  increased  its  number  by  the  elec- 
tion of  the  |{i<>'ht  Honourable  Lord  Tein;nmonth, 
Dr.  Dickson,  and  Wilson  Birkbeck,  as  members. 

In  the  year  ISO.),  Mr.  Wilberforce  reiu'wed  his 
motion  of  the  former  year,  but  was  nei>atived 
bv  an  amendment  for  postponiu";  it  till  that  day 
SIX  mouths,  by  a  majority  of  77  to  70,  but  this 
was  owin«^  to  the  unlucky  absence  of  some  of 
those  members  who  were  its  iirmest  supporters. 

I'riniouslv  to  the  next  session  it  was  tlu>ui;lit 
rijyht.  by  the  abolitionists,  to  arm  themselves  with 
fresh  witnesses  in  case  the  House  of  Lords  mijfht 
reipiire  (.>  hear  evidence  on  the  jreiieral  subject. 
Mr.  ("lark«ion,  who  had  fortiniately  riuovered 
from  his  indisposition,  w»s  ready  to  step  forth  on 
this  important  mission,  which  he  executed  with 
^reat  success. 

J.<ord   (irenville   and    Mr.   Kox    having    been 


1 


called  to  the  head  of  the  oxorutivo  povernnieni 
on  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  which  t<iok  place  in 
.hiniiary,  ISOO,  the  cause  was  ushered  into  par- 
liament under  new  auspices.  Sir  A.  Pit>-ott,  the 
attorney  general,  broui^lit  in  a  bill  on  the  .'jlst 
March,  to  tj^ive  elli-nt  to  a  proclamation  issued  in 
a  former  year  by  his  Majesty,  by  which  ibitisli 
merchants  were,  (wii,'i  stmie  exceptions)  forbid- 
den to  import  slaves  into  tlie  colonies,  which 
had  been  con(|uered  by  the  British  amis  in  the 
course  of  the  war.  'I'he  second  obji-ct  of  this 
bill  was  to  prohibit  British  subjects  from  beini; 
enjTiiircd  in  importiii<;  slaves  into  the  colonies  of 
any  foreifjn  power,  yvhether  lu)stile  or  neutral  ; 
and  the  third  was,  to  prohibit  British  sultjects 
and  British  capital  from  bein^  employed  in  carry- 
inir  on  a  slave  trade  in  forei<rii  ships  ;  and  also 
to  prevent  the  oiitHt  of  foreij>n  ships  fr«)m  Bri- 
tish ports,  This  bill  passed  throUi>;h  both  fL)uses 
with  threat  majorities  :  but  the  last  and  most  de- 
cisive measure  was  that  proposed  by  Mr.  l*"ox  on 
the  lOtli  of  .Inne,  tendinis  in  its  conse(|uences  to 
elVect  the  total  abolition  of  the  slave  trade  :  his 
motion  was,  ^  that  this  House,  considerinir  the 
African  slave  trade  to  be  contrary  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  justice,  humanity,  and  policy,  will,  with 
all  practicable  expedition,  take  efl'ectual  mea- 
sures for  the  abolition  of  the  said  trade,  in  such 
a  manner,  and  at  such  n  |M>riod,  as  may  be 
deemed  advisable.'  The  motion  haviii";  been 
seconded  by  Sir  Ralph  Milbank,  was  most  ably 
sup])orted  by  Mr.  Wilberforce,  Sir  Samuel  Ro- 
niily,  and  Lord  Henry  Petty.  Mr.  Windham 
also  stood  forward  in  the  cause;  and  Mr.  Fox, 
haviii<<;  taken  a  view  of  all  the  nr^iinients  ad- 
duced by  the  opponents  to  the  cause,  and  hayin(>; 
•yiven  an  apprttiiriate  answer  to  each,  the  House 
divided,  when  tliere  appeared  for  the  resolution 
1 14,  and  a!>;ainst  it  but  \j. 

Immediately  al\er  this  division,  Mr.  Wilber- 
force moved  an  address  to  his  Majesty,  prayinn;, 
'  that  he  would  be  graciously  pleased  to  direct  a 
neiiociaticm  to  be  enter(>d  into,  by  which  foreign 
po\vers  should  be  invited  to  co-operate  with  his 
Majesty  in  measures  to  be  adopted  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  .\liican  slave  trade.' 

This  address  beini>-  carried  without  a  division, 
the  Lords  met  on  the  !f4th  of  .Fune,  to  consider 
(d'  the  resolution  and  address.  The  Karl  of 
Westmoreland  |)roposed  that  both  counsel  and 
evidence  shouhl  be  heard  against  them  ;  but  his 
proposition  was  over-ruled. 

liord  (jrenville  immediately  rose,  and  made  a 
most  brilliant  speech,  in  which  he  exhibited  in 
their  truest  colours  the  inhumanity, injustice,  and  j 


W  E  S  r    I  iN  D  1  E  S. 


375 


I  iiiipoliry  of  (ho  nlnvo  tnido:  lie  Wiis  followed  on 
(ho  8iinie  ^I'oiiiul  hy  Mr.  I'^skino,  then  fj'?rdCliaii- 
rcllor,  Dr.  Ilorsley,  l^ord  llollaiid,  limrl  Stan- 
lio|)i',  Kuil  (irosvfiior,  Lord  Klioid)oi'oiif>'li,  and 
I'^iiil  Spcnror.     The  (|iiostioii  beinf>-  put  on  (In* 

I  ('■solution,  tlio  sanu*  was  ciirriod  by  a  majority  of 

I I  to  ^1).  'I'lu^  same  address  also  (o  Mis  Majesty, 
which  iiud  heeii  a^reed  upon  by  (lie  Coniuioiis, 
was  direr (iy  atlerwards  moved,  'lliis  also  was 
(iiiried,  l)iit  witlioiit  the  iiec(>ssity  ol'a  division. 

it  was  now  almost  universally  beli<'v<'(l  tliat 
the  slave  trade  had  received  its  deadi  wound  : 
and  i(  beiii^  feared  (hat  extraordinary  exertions 
would,  ill  tlic  interim,  be  mad(>  by  tiie  slave  ukm- 
cliants,  the  Coinmons  en.ieted  "  that  from  and 
lifter  AiiiTust  I,  IS()(),  no  lessel  should  elear  out 
lor  the  slave  trad(>,  iinles!  it  should  have  been 
previously  employed  by  the  same  «)wner  or 
owners  in  the  said  trade,  or  should  be  proved  to 
liave  been  contracted  for  previously  to  •luiie  10, 
for  (he  purpose  of  beiiii;  employed  in  that  trade*. 

It  is  in  the  remembrance  of  all,  that  in  the 
niondi  of  ()c(ober  of  (his  year,  Mr.  I'ox,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  lirmest  friends  of  the  cause,  was 
numbered  with  the  dead.  When  he  was  waited 
upon  by  the  comirittee  in  I7SS,  his  lanirua$>'e  was, 
"  (hat  lie  would  support  their  object  to  its  fnlles( 
extent,  bein^- convinced  that  there  was  no  remedy 
for  (he  evil  but  in  the  total  abolition  of  the 
trade,"  words  of  which  his  siibseipient  conduct 
evinced  the  sincerity. 

At  length  the  session  of  1807  commonced. 
Lord  Cireiiville,  contrary  to  the  practice  hitherto 
adopted,  resolved  to  briiit;  tl\e  (|iii>stioii  first  be- 
lore  the  Ijords.  ;\ccordiiif;ly,  on  January  ^2,  he 
presented  a  bill,  called  ^'  an  Act  for  the  Abolition 
of  the  Slave  'J'rade :"  l)u(  lie  then  propo'-ed  only 
(o  print  it  and  to  let  it  lie  upon  the  table.  On 
(lie  4th,  no  less  than  four  counsel  were  heard 
ajjaiiist  the  bill.  On  tlie  .")tli  the  debate  com- 
iiu'iued. 

Lord  (irenville  opened  the  debate  by  a  very 
liiiniiioiis  speech.  [Ie  was  supported  by  (Ik; 
Duke  of  (floiicester,  (he  liishop  of  Durham,  (Dr. 
Harrington)  the  Ivirls  Moira,  Selkirk,  and  Uoss- 
lyn.  and  (lie  liords  Holland.  kiii<>-.  and  Hood, 
'hie  «>ppoiients  of  (he    bill   were    the   Duke  of 

*  IlilwiMMi  March  K,  lliim  uiul  Aiigiist  'J'l,  ino.',  40  vpssi'ls 
were  liruiiKlit  into  polls  ol'  llic  Hiilisli  culciiiir?,  .iikI  ioikIi'iiiiu'iI 
llieiein  niidn  tlii'  spvoiiil  acis  for  tlif  nlinlitioii  ot  flu-  slave  traitr. 
Till'  iininbrr  of  slaves  on  IiohkI  wpio  li.ift?  :  ;iver«(;i'  in  eai'li 
icssrl,  l.)(i.  or  tlu>e  1,17.)  «<'i<'  nilisU'il,  Ilil-  <  nit  led  llic  navy, 
l,(iO:i  were  apprrntii'cd,  nnd  1  l(i  wern  HTCived  lij  llif  i^ovcmoi 
I'lirllu'  rivd  lU'imrtniciit  ot  govi'imncnt.  ^('uloiiial  l)('|iaitna'iil, 
Downing  Stret't.) 


Clarence,  the  Earls  Westinorehind  and  St.  Vin- 
cent, and  the  Lords  Sidmouth,  Eldon,  and 
llawkesbury. 

The  question  being  called  for  at  four  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  it  appeared  that  the  personal 
voles  and  proxies,  in  fav<»ur  of  liord  Grenville'a 
motion,  amounted  to  100,  and  those  against  it 
to  ."JO. 

On  l'"ebruaiy  10  the  bill  was  carried  to  (he 
House  of  Commons.  On  the  yOth,  counsel  were 
lu'aid  against  it :  atler  which,  by  agreement,  the 
second  reading  look  place.  ()n  the  2yd,  the 
(picstion  b(<iiig  put  for  the  coiiiinitment  of  it. 
Lord  Viscount  Howick  (now  Karl  (irey)  spoke 
forcibly  in  its  favour,  and  was  supported  by  Mr, 
lioscoe  (member  for  liiverpool,)  Mr.  FiUshingtoii, 
Mr.  l-"awkes.  Lord  Malion,  Lord  Milton,  Sir 
John  Dovle,  Sir  Samuel  Komilly,  Mr.  VVilber- 
forcc,  and  Earl  I'ercy  :  the  latter  of  whom  wished 
that  a  clause  might  be  inserted  in  the  bill,  by 
which  all  negro  cliildren,  born  aller  January, 
ISIO,  should  be  made  free,  thus  bringing  a  gra- 
dual emancipation  in  the  train  of  this  general 
abolition. 

These  having  spoken,  it  appeared,  on  a  divi- 
sion, that  there  were  for  the  question  i^SJ,  and 
against  it  only  !(>. 

After  this  it  was  moved  in  a  committee  by  Sir 
C.  Pole,  that  the  year  JSI'2  should  be  substituted 
for  the  year  1807,  as  the  time  when  the  trade 
should  l)e  abolished.  T!iis  auieiidment  produced 
a  long  debate,  which  wa^  t<inied  on  by  Sir  ( '. 
I'ole,  Mr.  Fuller,  Hiley  Addington,  Kose,  (Jas- 
coyne,  and  llathiirst  on  one  side;  and  by  Mr. 
Ward,  Sir  I'.  I'rancis,  (ieneral  V^y.se,  Sir  T.  Tiir- 
ton,  Mr.  VVhitbread,  Lord  Henry  Petty,  Mr. 
Canning,  Stanhope,  I'erceval,  and  Wilbcrforce 
on  (he  other.  .\t  length,  <hi  a  division,  there  ap- 
peared to  be  l'i;>  against  the  amendment,  and  for 
it  only  17.  The  bill  enacted  "  (hat  no  vessel 
should  clear  ou(  for  slaves  from  any  port  within 
(lie  liritish  doniinions  after  May  I,  IH()7,  and 
that  no  slave  should  be  landed  in  the  colonies 
alter  March  I,  I  St  IS. 

On  March  l(>,  after  Mr.  Hibbert,  Captain  Hu- 
bert, Mr.  T.  \V.  I'liniier,  Mr.  Windham,  and 
Ijord  CaslU'icagh  had  spoken  against  tiie  cpies- 
tion  (hat  the  bill  be  read  a  third  time,  it  was 
passed  without  a  division. 

The  bill  had  now  to  (ravel  back  to  the  Lords, 
and  much  anxiety  was  expressj'd  Ie,!  it  slionld 
not  be  iillimulely  passed  liel'ore  the  disoliitiou  i>l 
the  existing  ministry,  it  Ining  iiinioiin  il  that  (he 
new  olliceis  were  already  iq)poiiit('d.     The  ii(-| 


h  .' 


.,,'.  I 


M  i\ 


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1^76 


WEST    INDIES. 


[must  disputcli  Mas  liouovcf  used  in  the  printing;. 
An  informality  in  the  words  "  county,  territory, 
or  place,"  whicli,  if  not  rectified,  niiftht  defeat 
the  purposes  of  the  bill,  was  found  to  exist,  and 
the  bill  was  consequently,  on  the  24th,  ajj^ain 
brouj^ht  before  the  Connnons. 

The  next  day,  at  half  past  1 1  in  the  mornins;. 
His  Majesty's  messace  was  <leli\ereil  to  the  dif- 
ferent members  of  the  ministry,  that  they  were 
then  to  wait  upon  him  to  deliver  up  the  seals  of 
their  office ;  and,  a  commission  tor  the  royal 
assent  to  this  bill  iiavin<r  been  obtained,  this  ad- 
ministration had  the  satisfaction  to  witness  its 
consummation,  as  they  were  in  the  act  of  rosi<!;n- 
ing  their  respective  functions. 

Thus  far  wc  iiave  seen  what  has  been  eftected 
l»y  the  exertions  of  this  country  towards  the  abo- 
lition of  the  slave  trade.  "  It  was  (said  Mr.  Pitt, 
in  his  speech  on  the  resolutions  moved  by  Mr. 
Wilberfoico  in  May,  1789,  alluding  to  the  expec- 
tations from  foreign  powers),  highly  becoming 
Great  Britain  to  take  the  lead  in  such  a  virtuous 
and  magnificent  measure  :  and  I  cannot  but  have 
confidence  that  they  will  be  inclined  to  share  the 
honour  with  us,  or  be  pleased  to  follow  us  as 
their  example."  It  will  be  interesting  for  ns  now 
to  record  how  far  this  prophetic  surmise  was  well 
or  ill  founded. 

It  will  be  remembered  that,  on  the  appearance 
of  a  party  friendly  to  the  cause  in  France  in  the 
year  1791,  Mr.  Clarkson  visited  that  country  in 
the  hopes  of  embodying  the  spirit  then  manifest, 
and  of  securing  its  co-operation  in  the  general 
cause :  but  that,  upon  tne  bursting  forth  of  the 
revolution,  he  found  it  expedient  to  hasten  home, 
At  this  time  the  colony  of  St  Domingo  was  in 
n  very  disturbed  and  unsettled  state,  and  had 
sent  deputies  of  colour  to  vindicate  their  rights 
in  the  National  Assembly  about  to  be  held  in 
France.  These,  af\er  remaining  three  months  in 
that  country,  were  obliged  to  return  without 
effecting  the  object  of  their  mission,  and  the  con- 
sequence was  a  civil  war  between  the  white  in- 
habitants and  the  people  of  colour  of  that  de- 
voted island,  which  caused  as  it  were,  by  force,  a 
general  emancipation,  and  led  to  the  decree  «»f 
the  national  convention  of  February  •'J,  1794, 
whereby  slavery  was  abolished  in  this  colony. 
This,  then,  must  be  considered  as  a  forced  con- 
cession, rather  than  as  a  gratuitous  favour,  on 
the  part  of  the  mother  country  :  it  was  a  political 
magnanimity,  which  Buonaparte  disi'iaimed  and 
wished  to  lay  aside,  in  1S02,  when  he  proposed 
to  annul  that  decree. 


Thus  far  with  regard  to  France  the  slave  trade 
had  received  but  a  temporary  and  partial  aboli- 
tion :  with  Spain  and  Portugal  nothing  on  that 
score  had  been  even  agitated  up  to  the  period  of 
its  absolute  annihilation  by  the  British,  as  wo 
have  Just  shown,  in  the  year  1807.  Indeed,  the 
coast  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the  river  Nunez,  a 
part  where  the  slave  trade  was  carried  on  with 
great  vigour,  having  for  the  most  part  been  de- 
prived of  this  traffic,  the  small  Portuguese  settle- 
ment of  Bissao,  lying  within  the  same  limits, 
instead  of  furnishing  a  small  number  of  slaves,  as 
it  used  annually,  to  Brazil,  became  the  empo- 
rium of  the  slave  trade  in  that  part  of  Africa. 
The  most  obvious  preventative  is  to  be  looked 
for  by  the  cession  of  Bissao  to  the  British  crown; 
but  (even  if  the  Portuguese  were  ready  to  con- 
sent) there  are  some  very  serious  objections,  as 
well  on  account  of  the  expense  as  of  the  loss  of 
men  which  every  establishment  in  Africa  must 
occasion. 

But  the  principal  scene  of  the  slave  trade  he- 

Sin  to  show  itself  on  the  coast  of  Whydah,  the 
ight  of  Benin,  Gaboon,  and  the  Portuguese  set- 
tlements in  Congo  and  Angola.  According  to 
the  general  opinion  of  the  best  informed  Spa- 
niards and  Portuguese,  the  annual  importation 
from  all  these  places  into  Brazil  was,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  1810,  considered  at  a  moderate  com- 
putation to  amount  to  40,000,  and  into  Havannah 
and  Cuba  to  an  equal  number. 

Although  the  slave  trade  was  ostensibly  pro- 
hibited by  law  in  the  United  States,  January 
1,  1808,  yet  it  is  strongly  suspected  that  the  mer- 
cantile interests  of  that  country  has,  of  late  years, 
succeeded  in  deriving  from  it  a  very  lucrative 
return  ;  not  to  mention  the  circumstance  of  slaves 
being  acknowlednjed  there  as  such  at  this  day. 
The  wise  method  adopted  by  Admiral  Cochrane, 
for  emancipating  the  negroes  of  that  country,  has 
been  no  less  wise  than  expedient.  In  the  pre- 
sent year  (1814)  whilst  off  the  Bermuda  stations, 
he  offered  personal  freedom,  and  a  settlement  in 
the  British  possessions,  to  all  of  that  unhappy 
race  who  were  disposed  to  put  themselves  under 
British  protection.  The  effect  of  this  measure 
was  immediately  most  extensive.  Upwards  of 
700  negroes  arrived  immediately  at  Bermuda, 
and  2  or  3,000  it  was  said,  including  women  and 
children,  immediately  prepared  themselves  to 
proceed  to  Halifax,  where  encouragement  was 
offered  to  the  men  by  employment  at  the  wages 
of  a  dollar  a  day. 

The  Swedish  is  almost  the  only  government] 


i 


W  EST    1  ,N'  DIES. 


ve  trade 
il  nholi- 
on  that 
teriod  of 
I,  as  wo 
Iced,  (lu- 
lime/.,  u 
1  on  with 
boon  dc- 
so  sottle- 
10  limits, 
slaves,  as 
lie  enipo- 
if  Africa. 
)e  looked 
ill  crown; 
ly  to  con- 
ctions,  as 
Ihe  loss  of 
rica  must 

trade  be- 
dydali,  the 
ijruese  set- 
cordina;  to 
rmed  Spa- 
iiiportation 

in  the  be- 
lerate  coni- 
I  Havannah 

nsibly  pro- 
January 
at  the  mer- 
late  years, 
r  lucrative 
•0  of  slaves 
t  this  day. 
1  Cochrane, 
:ountry,  has 
n  the  pro- 
da  stations, 
ttlemont  in 
at  unhappy 

Ives  under 
lis  measure 

fpwards  of 
It  Bermuda, 
1  women  and 
MHselves   to 

rement  was 
It  the  wages 

tovernment] 


f  by  whom  the  slave  trade  has  not  boon  encoii- 
laL'od  and  authorized.  It  was  therefore  no  dilli- 
ciiTty,  on  the  part  of  that  adininistratiun,  to  f;ive 
to  flis  Britannic  Majesty  the  following;  answer, 
in  a  separate  article  of  their  treaty  of  concert  and 
subsidy,  signed  at  Stockholm,  Niarcli  J,  ISIJ, 
namely,  "  to  forbid  and  prohibit,  at  the  jjoriod  of 
the  cession,  (of  (luadalonpe)  the  introduction  of 
slaves  from  Africa  into  the  said  island,  and  the 
other  possessions  in  the  W.  Indies,  and  not  to 
permit  Swedish  subjects  to  engage  in  the  slave 
trade." 

It  is  a  pleasing  anomaly  in  political  economy 
to  see  how  nations,  though  at  variance  with  eacli 
other  in  private  interests,  have  sometimes  agreed 
in  those  in  which  the  benelit  of  mankind  has  boon 
the  (|ues(ion.  A  more  striking  inslanco  cannot 
be  given  than  in  the  relations  between  Denmark 
and  Sweden.  Determined  as  have  been  tlu; 
counsels  of  these  two  governments,  in  stipulating 
for  their  individual  interests,  they  have  mutually 
conceded  the  advantages  of  the  tratlic  in  slaves  to 
the  warning  and  supplicating  voice  of  (Iieat  IJri- 
taiii.  Thus  wo  have  already  seen  the  determi- 
nation of  Sweden,  and  thus  we  find  Denmark 
avowing  as  follows,  in  the  eighth  a\ticle  of  the 
treaty  of  peace,  entered  into  with  His  Britannic 
Majesty,  January  I i,  18li. 

"  His  Majesty  the  King  of  tlic  United  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  Itri- 
tish  nation,  being  e.xtremely  desirous  of  totally 
abolishing  the  slave  trade,  tiio  King  of  Denmark 
engages  to  co-oporate  with  his  said  Majesty  for 
the  completion  of  so  benelicent  a  work,  and  to 
prohibit  all  his  subjects  in  the  most  etVectiial 
manner,  and  by  the  most  solemn  law  s,  from  taking 
any  share  in  such  trade." 

*fhc  stipulations  on  this  subject  elicited  by 
Croat  Britain  from  I'rance  are  noitlior  of  so  de- 
cisive nor  of  Ko  pleasing  a  nature;  for,  by  the 
first  additional  article  of  the  definitive  treaty  of 
j)eacc  and  amity  between  His  Britanuic  Majesty 
and  His  most  Christian  Majesty,  signed  at  Paris, 
May  .W,  1814,  we  lind  that" 

"  His  Christian  Majesty  concurring,  .without 
lescrve,  in  the  sentiments  of  His  Britannic  Ma- 
jesty, with  respect  to  a  description  of  traflic  re- 
|)ngnant  to  the  principles  of  natural  justice  and 
of  the  enlightened  age  in  which  wo  live,  engages 
to  unite  all  His  etlbrts  to  those  of  His  liritannic 
.Majesty,  at  the  ai>proacIiing  congress,  to  induce 
all  the  powers  in  Ciiristendoni  to  decree  tlie  abo- 
lition of  the  slave  trade,  so  that  the  said  trade 
khall  cease  universally,  as  it  shall  cease  deiiiii- 

VOL.  V. 


tivelv,  under  any  circumstances,  on  the  part  of 
the  V'roncli  government,  in  the  course  of  li\e 
years;  iiiid  that,  during  the  said  period,  no  slave 
merchant  shall  imjiort  or  sell  slaves,  except  in 
the  colonies  of  llio  state  of  which  he  is  a  siibjint." 

This  reserve  must  certainly  be  considered  less 
creditable  to  I'ranco  than  to  (iieat  Britain,  and 
to  those  countries  whom  she  has  prevailed  upon 
to  follow  her  generous  examole.  Uy  a  ciiculiir 
of  the  royal  customs,  dated  August  'Jf),  IHll, 
Kranco,  ill  pursuance  of  the  above  ►tipulalioiis, 
estal)lished  a  monop<dy  of  this  trallic  in  lier  own 
favour.  By  that  docninent  '>  I'rencli  ship  owners 
were  informed  that  llie  slave  trade,  to  the  I  rench 
colonies  in  the  \V.  Indies,  was  restcncd,  and  that 
the  transport  was  restricted  to  I'reiuh  bollDins." 

The  decree,  issued  by  the  I'riiice  of  Orange 
(also  at  the  instigation  of  (ireat  Itritain)  for  the 
abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  June  \!),  ISIl,  v.ill 
clo>e  this  memoir. 

"  \Vi:,  Wii.MAM,  by  the  Grace  of  fJod,  I'rince 
of  ()rang(>  Nassau,  Sovereign  Prince  of  the 
I'nited  iNetherlands,  &c.  &c.ikc. 

"  Ha  viNCi  heard  the  rei)orf  of  our  secretary  ol' 
state  for  foreign  allairs,  relative  to  the  conicnts 
of  a  note  received  by  him  from  the  ambassador 
of  (iieat  Britain,  bearing  date  tlie  7ih  inst.  and 
tending  to  obtain  our  promjit  and  eUVclna!  as- 
sistance, in  the  measures  which  Great  Ikitain 
has  already  adopted  for  herself,  and  earnestly 
recommended  to  other  European  powers,  witli 
regard  to  the  slave  trade. 

"  And  as  we  are  desirous  to  embrace!  every 
opportunity  to  atlord  His  Itoyal  Highness  the 
Prince  Uegent  of  (jieat  Britain  proofs  of  our 
amicable  sentiments,  and  of  our  readiness  to  con- 
tribute, as  much  as  possible,  to  the  attainment  of 
His  views: 

"  Havi;  !)T'.riu'.i:i),  and  do  decref,, 
"  Art.  I. — Henceforward  no  ships  or  vessels 
destined  to  convey  Negroes  from  the  coast  <•(' 
Africa,  or  from  any  islands  belonging  to  tliat 
quarter  of  the  globe,  to  the  continents,  or  to  the 
islands  of  America,  sliall  be  cleared  out  or  ex|;(- 
dited  from  any  ol' the  harbours 'or  roads  witliin 
the  territory  of  the  I'liited  .Nelherlands.  Tiie 
financial  department  being  specially  ordered  to 
take  such  precautions  that  Our  intentions,  in  tliis 
respect,  be  complied  with.  .Vnd  that  no  ship  or 
ve.ssel  be  cleared  out,  which,  from  its  equipment, 
or  from  other  circun.ilances,  may  lead  to  a  sup- 
j)osition  of  its  being  dcstiued  io  the  aforcsaidj 
li  c 


}'    hi} 


Hi 


!•'■' 


i  1 

1 ' 

!.    :  1 

;       ^    ' 

•1    ■    '     . 

j'' 

If 


I 


i 


r: 


f. 


378 


WEST    INDIES. 


[purpose,  or  of  being  any  way  connected  with  tlie 
Hlavc  trade. 

"  Art.  II. — It  sliall  be  signified  to  the  general 
government  of  the  coaHt  of  Guinea,  that  in  none 
of  the  forts,  offices,  or  possesions  within  the 
limits  of  that  command,  any  ships  or  vessels 
destined  or  equipped  for  the  slave  trade,  shall  be 
admitted.  And  also,  that  no  inhabitants  of  that 
country,  or  any  other  persons  in  the  vicinity  of 
those  ports  or  offices,  shall  be  sold  or  exported 
as  slaves ;  and  to  such  ships  or  vessels,  in  case 
they  navigate  under  foreign  colours,  notice  shall 
be  given  of  the  existing  prohibition,  and  they 
shall  forthwith  be  ordereu  to  put  back  to  sea ; 
wliilst  such  vessels  belonging  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Netherlands  shall  be  seized,  and  a  report 
thereof  made  to  the  commercial  and  colonial  de- 
partment." 

"  Art.  III. — Copies  of  this  decree  shall  be 
sent  to  the  commercial  and  to  the  colonial  de- 
partments, that  they  may  respectively  attend  to 
the  execution  of  the  same ;  and  also  to  our  secre- 
tary of  state  for  foreign  aiTairs,  who  is  ordered  to 
communicate  the  contents  of  these  presents; — 

"  (1.)  To  the  ambassador  of  Great  Britain,  in 
answer  to  his  aforesaid  note ;  adding,  that  at  the 
eventual  negotiations  relative  to  the  restitution 
of  the  Dutch  colonies,  we  shall  not  be  averse 
from  having  inserted  in  the  treaty  such  an  arti- 
cle, as  shall  continue  to  bind  the  government  of 
this  state  to  the  perpetual  observance  of  the 
aforesaid  measures,  and  to  the  eflfectual  prohibi- 
tion of  the  slave  trade. 


«  (3.)  To  the  boards  of  trade,  for  the  informs, 
tion  of  the  trading  part  of  the  inhabitants. 

Given  at  the  Hague,  June  15,  1814, 
And  of  our  Reign  the  First, 

(Signed)  William. 

By  order  of  His  Royal  Highness, 
The  Secretary  General  of  State, 

(Signed)         A.  R.  Falck. 

CHAP.  VIII. 

Agp'csulc  Value  of  the  Productions  of  tlw  JV. 
Tndui  Colonies. — Gencml  View  of  the  present 
State  of  the  IV.  India  Colonies. 

The  important  subject  of  this  chapter  has 
undergone  the  consideration  of  authors  of  the 
first  abilities,  and  has  moreover,  more  than  any 
other,  been  elucidated  by  the  investigation  of 
persons  in  official  capacities  :  in  the  former  case 
we  have  the  works  of  Mr.  Bryan  Edwards,  Sir 
William  Young,  and  Mr.  Colquhoun  ;  and  in  the 
latter,  the  well-known  report  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil on  the  slave  trade  in  1788.  It  shall  be  our 
endeavour  from  these  authorities,  to  throw  to- 
gether, in  as  clear  and  perspicuous  a  manner  as 
possible,  some  of  the  leaning  documents,  whereby 
to  form  a  just  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  VV. 
Indian  colonies,  the  public  and  private  property 
therein  vested,  and  their  general  apportionment 
and  distribution  amongst  the  several  European 
powers  at  the  present  day. 


Annual  Average 
of  Product  ions. 


Jamaica  -    -     ■ 
Barbadoos  -     - 
Antigua       -    ■ 
St.  Christopher' 
Nevis      -    -    • 
Montserrat  - 
Virgin  Isles 
Grenada 
St.  Vincent 
Dominica    -     • 
Trinidad 
Bahamas     -    - 
Bermudas    .- 
Honduras    . 


Aggregate  Value  of  the  Productions  of  each  Colony. 

(Estimate  by  Colquhoun.) 

Annual  Average 
of  Productions 
(including  Cattle.) 

£ 

Tobago 516,532 

St.  Lucia 595,610 

St.  Martin's 46,615 

Martinique 1,785,923 

Guadaloupc     .-..--.  1,803,384 

Marigalante 113,597 

Surinam 1,520,957 


£ 

11,169,661 
1,270,863 
898,220 
753,528 
375,182 
211,160 
201,122 
935,782 
812,081 
561,858 
735,017 
269,806 
175,560 
116,700 

18.516.540 


Berbice 
Demarara  and  Esscquibo 
Cura^oa  .  -  -  _  - 
St.  Eustatia  -  .  -  - 
St.  Croix  -  -  -  -  - 
St.  Thomas  .  -  -  - 
St.  John's 


629,461 

2,238,529 

19,457 

26,112 

729,473 
21,976 

148,300 

10,195,926 
18,516,540 


Total    -     -   28,712,466] 


i'J 


WEST    INDIES. 


371) 


Average 
rodiictioiis 
lin«  Cattle.) 

£• 

'  16,332 
595,610 
46,615 
,78.5,923 
,803,384 
113,597 
,520,957 
629,461 
'238,529 
19,457 
26,112 
729,473 
21,976 
148,300 


[Wlicnce'it  appears  that  the  productions  of  the 
Old  Hritish  VV.  Indies  are  about  double  the 
amount  in  value  of  those  of  the  conquered  islands 
and  colonies ;  and  it  will  presently  lie  seen  that 
the  value  of  either  difter  greatly,  as  compared  to 
the  general  estimated  value  of  the  respective 
colonies.  Thus,  for  instance,  the  total  amount 
in  sterling  of  the  estimated  value  of  the  old  Bri- 
tish colonies  is  taken  at  jg.  100,000,  and  that  of 
the  foreign  or  connuered  colonies  at  jg.75,000, 
whereby  the  annual  average  productions  of  the 
former  may  be  averaged  in  round  numbers,  at 
about  one-fifth,  and  ttiat  of  the  latter  at  about 
one-seventh  of  the  total  value  of  the  British  and 
conquered  colonies  respectively. 


irnving  ascertained  the  value  and  proportion 
of  the  productions,  we  proceed  to  take  a 

General  view  ojthe  present  stale  of  the  IV.  India 
colonies, — On  this  subject  it  will  be  necessary,  in 
the  first  place,  to  rct(>r  to  the  valuation  made, 
as  already  observed,  in  the  year  1788,  by  tho 
committee  on  the  slave  trade.  That  valuation 
was  formed  on  two  principles,  and  the  results  uf 
each  being  nearly  similar,  it  is  fair  to  presume 
they  were  not  very  far  from  the  truth.  In  the 
following  table  the  number  of  Negroes  is  taken 
from  the  latest  authority,  by  way  of  contrasting 
it  with  one  of  the  principles  on  which  that  va- 
luation was  founded  in  the  Report. 


Valuation  of  British  Property  vested  in  the  Briti.sh  Sugar  Colonics. 


Report  Privy  Council,  1788. 


Patented  Estates,  as  taxed  per  Acre. 


Jamaica  -    - 
Barbadoes    - 
Antigua  -    - 
St.  Kitt's      - 
Nevis     -    - 
Montserrat  - 
Virgin  Isles 
Dominica 
St.  Vincent's 
Grenada 
Trinidad 
Tobago  -    - 
Bahamas 
Bermudas     - 
Honduras    - 


1,860,000 
106,470 
69,277 
43,726 
30,000 
38,400 
25,000 
100,000 
25,000 
89,000 


28,000 


2,414,873 


Negroes. 


300,100 
60,000 
36,000 
26,100 
13,000 
9,500 
9,000 
22,083 
25,000 
25,000 
29,709 
14,883 


560,375 


Estimatc,byColquhoun,1813. 


Lauds, 


Cultivated. 


Acres. 
809,450 
101,470 
44,838 
30,126 
15,000 
12,000 
12,000 
86,436 
50,000 
50,000 
27,275 

50,000 
12,500 


1,301,095 


Unculti- 
vated. 


Acres. 

1,914,812 

5,000 

15,000 

13,600 

6,000 

9,000 

9,000 

100,000 

54,286 

30,000 

1,500,000 

150,000 


3,806,698 


3  c  2 


Negroes. 


350,000 
59,506 
36,000 
30,000 
15,000 
10,000 
10,000 
24,000 
27,156 
32,603 
21,831 

10,000 
5,000 
3,000 


631,096] 


I  ! 


18,712,466] 


■M* 


i 


.•U!<) 


W  EST    1  N  1>  I  1'.  S. 


h-i 


I'  ;. 


'  I 


("Tho  iilM)>tM'slimnto,  in  tlii'  rcnoii  oflhc  I'livy 
Council,  was  coiiMdorod  iis  data  lor  llii>  liilUmiii^ 
\aliiatit'i< : 

V  al  iu<  ol  .■)(»(),,')■;>  N  oprors.al  :)()/.oarlt^.'JS,()  I  S,7.)() 
Value  ol'  lands.  I)iiildincs,  and  sltuk, 

<lonl)l»' that  ot' Nc^jiocs  -  -  -  -  ,^)(i,();)7v)(K) 
Value  in  towns,  stores,  and  sliipping     'J,,)()(),(K1() 

4;.S<j,.V)(),'^»() 


*fr.  Hrvan  Kdwnrds,  in  ITfl'i,  valued 
tli(*  capital  vested  in  .lamaica  alone, 
at  tlien 4J.3f),()00,()()() 


Income,  according;  to  the  said  report, 
(<;i\\v  other  premises  «>t'valiuition  as 
I'ollow  : 
On  produce  and  net  income  of     -      ^.(»,ni  1,1 1'i 
At  li?  vears' pnrchaso Iv? 

In  the  precediufj  table  the  value  tiftlie  Nt'tjroes 
is  taken  at  the  lowest  rate.  The  exti-nl  of  pa- 
tented land  admits  not  of  an  accurate  computa- 
tion of  medium  value  per  acre,  ami  the  averatjes 
on  which  the  statement  in  the  report   was  I'ound- 


ed  were  liable  to  he  erroneous.  Mnch  of  the 
land  was  unculti\ated,  and  nnich  scarcely  culli' 
\alile:  iiesides  which,  lands  and  soils  not  only  «arv, 
asproductiyeof  Iheslaple  articles  itii|uantily,  liiit 
likewise  in  tpnility,  inasmuch  as  live  cwt.  of 
sui{ar  from  St.  Nincenl's  is  equal  in  viilue  to  si\ 
cwt.  from  'rolnifTo.  (  pon  the  ythole,  howexer, 
the  ynlualion  of  the  hnul  has  been  considered 
fair  and  unobjectionable,  and  has  invariably  af- 
forde«l  the  data  on  which  subseipient  eslinuiles  ot° 
the  same  nature  with  re^anl  ttt  those  ctdonies 
liav(<  Iteen  foniuled. 

Neyerthelesw,  since  the  period  of  the  above 
report  having;  been  nuide,  nuniy  circumstances 
haye  conduced  to  alter  thi*  value  of  the  colonien 
in  the  yyestern  hemisphere.  'I'he  yvorks  of  de- 
fence and  public  buil(iin^;s,  as  well  as  privat<>,  in 
each  cobmy,  have  «)f  late  years  experienced  a 
considerable  increase;  the  value  of  tlie  IVearroes 
has  been  iiduincetl  by  the  abolition  of  lh«<  slave 
trade  :  more  lands  hav«<  been  brought  into  culti- 
vation, and  the  yyorlh  of  every  article  of  con- 
sumption and  furniture,  agricultural  or  domes- 
tic, has  been  increased.  l''ollowin|;;;,  therefore, 
the  principles  of  valuation  laid  tUtwn  Uy  IMr. 
(\)l<|uhoun,  yve  niuy  thus  Htute  (he 


General  V'aluc  of  the  Hritish  and  Foreign  (or  Conquered)  West  India  (^^lonios. 
(Kstimated  by  Colquh.uni,  1812.) 


Negroes  t)Jl. ()!'()  at  .").V.  each 

Aril «. 


4' 

.■Jl,s/.'),'Jso 


,       ,  (Cnltiyated  -   l,.'JOI,(m)  '-M.;j.^7,;V2() )  ..^  .,,,,.  _ 

'•""'•'*  irncultiya(edJ,SO(J,(i«)S  .'{.(illjnsj  -'NO'^U'"^ 

ni.ild-  |l''«blic      -----  .^IfVJ.OOO)  o|7,v,n«)0 

ings.  ilViyale IS.,V)«),()f)Oj  -'''•'-'""" 


^tock 
Towns  and  stores 
Shipping  -  -  - 
Coin      .     -     -    - 


7.(>:«),71() 

7,(V)l,.0t)() 

t.M<),t).'](i 

'1G(),>'»()() 


X*IOO,Oil,S(il 


1* 

yO,.^)(M,(M)0 

i'. 
C-nllivaliMl      :j'J.7'i,').()()()  1     ..,r.r"nn<» 
t.„.nUiv ,SI'J,()(I0)    -^'Z'^' '<'<"> 

Private  -    S,'JI(),()()(>5    "''""'"""' 

-    ."i.y.j.'j.d'H) 

4,«)S(),t)(«} 

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I  Wr.STI.AKK  lirs  bflMcni  Siiiidy  Uay  nn»l 
l.inlfStnuU  liiiv,  oil  l,;iKr  Oiiliiiiit,  l'|>|)»>r  Cii- 
iiailii,  r.  ol' iIic'InIi'  <Ic  (i^iiinto,  iiiitl  in  in  (lio 
touiiMlii|i  oi'  SoiiliiiiNliiirKli.  I 

I  WKS'l"  MliKiri'Y,  II  poHi-loMii  III'  Viixiiiiii, 

il  lliiMiipiliil  ol'  Ohio  Coiiiilv,  iH  Hiliiii(«>  iil  llio 

i   of  Slioii   Crcrk,  six  iiiilcH  tVoiii  (h<>  Ohio. 


an 


llCill 


«-     ■■■ 


It  tonlaiiu'il,  in  I7!M),  aliovi-  I'.'O  hoiiM-s,  a 
I'liNhvlnian  chnich,  a  «-oiirl-huiisi',  and  ^oal. 
Il  tics  two  niih'H  .v.  of  the  l*«>nii»\lvania  lint', 
t'i^hl  H.  of  Whrclin^;,  and  I!)  w.  of  WashiiiKltni 
ill  IViiiis>lvaiiia.  | 

(  >Vi:s'r  M.M  N,  thr  !i\  hhoiT  of  llndson'n  Ha.v, 
in  N.  Vnit'iira,  is  no  tallod,  al  leiiNl  lliat  |mrl  ut' 
it  lalh'd  .lanu'M'  Hav.     Sim-  Kast  Main.| 

I  U  KS^^!I^S'|•1•:|{,  a  «ownshi|»  oCMassathn- 
sflls,  >i(ini(»'  in  Wont'sliT  {"oiiiitv,  was  ^lanU'd 
to  lliost'wlio  did  MMviiv  in  the  Naini^aiisot  war, 
or  Iht'ii'  hi'iiM,  in  IT'.'S,  and  nastlit'ii  Htylrd  Nai- 
rai-ansot.  No.  '.'.  Il  uas  iiKorpoiali'tl  by  ilx 
iufsfiil  naiiK*  in  17.)!),  and  roiitainH'JO,»)0()  iifri's 
ol'  land,  ut'll  uati'ird.  Il  is  Kiliiato  on  lht> 
lifii^ht  of  land  lu'tui'cn  tlu*  rivfrs  Mt'iriinarkaiid 
(oiiiicctinit,  lia\in^  streams  arising;  in  Ihc  l«inn, 
iiiid  nniniiur  into  holli.  It  is  ahoiil  !}^>  miles 
rrom  lioslon  to  (he  //.  of  .v.,  and  about  '."^  miles 
II.  I'rom  Woirester,  and  eonlaiiicd,  in  1790,  177 
(Iweiliiii;  houses,  and  I,I7()  inlialiilants.  | 

I  Wi.srMiNSTi;i«,a  loMiishipor  Cpper  Canada, 
i>  situate  upon  the  river  Thames,  adjoining;-  to 
London.  | 

I  Wr.sTMiNSTini,  a  eonsiderable  townHliip  of 
Vermont,  in  Windham  County,  on  Connerliciit 
|{i\er,  t>|)|)osile  Waliudc  in  \e«  Hampshire.  Il 
eontaineil.  in  I7!)(),  l,()OI  inlialiitanls.  ."^exton's 
|{i\er  eiitiMs  the  ("onneetieiit  in  the  \.  «•.  corner 
of  the  toHiisiiip.  Here  is  a  posl-olKce  l.j  miles 
II.  of  nratllel)onui<>h.  1 1  ii.  .v.  of  Keen,  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  il  ;/.  of  N'ortiiampton  in  Massa- 
ehiisetts.  | 

I  >Vi>rMiNsrr.ii.  the  easternmost  townof  I're- 
deriik  t'oniit*.  Maryland,  abont  IS  miles  r.  ii.  r. 
»if  Woo(islioroiiijli,'J.'i;/.  ;.'.  of  Haltimore.  and  K) 
//.  b\  (.  of  the  lily  of  Washington.  ] 

I WKS'I'MOHE.  the  nesterninost  township  of 
I'ssev  County.  Vermont.  W  illoui;lil)y  liakt<lies 
ill  this  tonnsliip.  | 

rWF.STMOI{KT,.\M).  a  eonntv  of  \  ir!;inia, 
bounded  w.  and  c.  by  I'atowmaik  l{i>er,  which 
di>ides  il  l'i«)ni  Maryland,  .v.  t.  b>  Nortluiiiiber- 
land.>.  .V  bv  liiihmoiid.aiui  w.  b\  Kii\»- (Jeorjie. 
It  c'(>ntaineil.  in  1790,  7,7-'()  inliabitants.  of  whom 
l.l'A")  Mere  shnes.  This  county  has  the  honour 
ot' hav  ill!;  ijiven  birlli  to  (leor^o  Washington, 
lir»t  President  of  the  I'liited  .'^tates.     The  court- 


>v  i:  s 

liouNO  ill  (hiM  roiinly  is  on  the  .«.  bank  of  I'aiow- 
mack  Uiver,  10  luilen  ».  by  r.  of  Kichmond,  || 
u.  w.  of  KiiiNale.     Mere  is  a  posl-ollice.  | 

I  WKfiTMoiiKi.ANit,  a  coiiiily  of  I'eniiNylvania, 
bounded  //.  by  liycomiiiK,  and  r.  by  I'ayette 
County,  and  abounds  with  iron  ore  and  coal.  It 
conlainxd,  in  l7fK),  Itf  lownsliipN  and  Ki.OlS  in. 
habitants,  including  li^H  Mlaves.  Chief  town 
(ireeiiNbiirgh.  | 

I  Wr.sTMoiir.i.ANi),  n  considerable  lowiiHhipof 
New  I lampshire, Cheshire  (  oiiiilv,  on  thee,  bank 
of  C«mnecticiit  Hivcr,  between  CheNlertield  and 
Walpole.  It  was  incorpttraled  in  l7:Vi,  and 
contained,  in  I7«H),  '.',OIK  inhabilantK.  | 

I  Wi'.NTMoiii'-.i.ANii,  a  lownshiu  of  Si.  York,  in 
llerkemer  Count v,  taken  from  Wliitestowii,  and 
incorporated  in  iVf^i.  In  1790,  it  contained  KIO 
inliabitants,  of  whom  I.'i7  were  eleclors.  The 
rentre  of  the  town  is  six  mih's  .v.  of  l''ort  .Schuy- 
ler, and  ,'iJ  /I.  w.  of  Coopers!  own.  I 

I  Wi-NrMoiiKi.ANn,  a  trad  of  land  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, b«iiinded  < .  by  Delaware  Uiver.  ;,'.  by  a 
line  draw  n  due  //.  and  ,v.  I,')  miles  ;.'.  of  Wyoniini; 
till  Siisniiciiunnah  Kiver,  and  betwt>en  the  paral- 
leis  of  lat.  41'  '\0'  II.  was  claimed  by  the  Slate  of 
ConiU'clicnt.aM  within  the  limits  of  their  original 
rliarter,  and  in  17.54  was  purchased  of  the  Six 
Nations  of  Indians  by  the  Siisipieliannali  and 
Delaware  companies,  and  afterwards  spttled  by 
a  cunsiderable  colony,  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
Connecticut.  This  tract  was  called  Westmore- 
land, and  annexed  to  the  county  «if  liitclilield  in 
('oiinuclicnt.  The  I'ennHylvuiiiaiiH  disputed  the 
claim  of  Connei'licnt  to  lliese  lands,  and  in  the 
pro^;resH  of  this  business  there  was  iniirli  warm 
contention,  and  some  bloodshed.  This  unhappy 
dispute  has  since  been adiiist<'d.  See  WvoMiN(i.  | 

|WI''STON,a  lowiisiiii)  of  MaHSHchusetts,  in 
IVIiihilesex  County,  1.')  miles  n\  of  Itoston.  It 
was  incorpunited  in  I7l'i,  and  contained,  in 
1790,  1,010  inhabitants.  I 

I  WKSTON,  a  townsliip  ol  Conn(>cticnl,  Fair- 
field County,  II.  of  Fairlield,  adjoinin^.J 

[WKST(')N'S  Isr.ANDs,  »;roui)s  of  islands  in 
.Fames's  Hay  ;  discovered  by  (  aptain  Tliumas 
flames,  in  his  voyage  to  <'nd  out  an.  ,v.  passaire. | 

( WKHT  Point,  a  strong  tort  resH  erected  durini; 
the  rexolntion,  on  tlie  .v.  bank  of  lliidson's  Uiver, 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  six  miles  above  An- 
thony's Nose,  seven  below  Fish  Kill,  '22  s.  of 
Ploughkeepsie,  and  about  47  ii.  of  Now  York 
city.  It  is  situate  in  the  midst  of  the  hijs^li  lands, 
and  isi  stronsj^ly  fortiiied  by  nature  as  well  as  art. 
The  principal  fort  is  situate  on  a  point  of  land, 
funued  by  a  ssuddcii  bend  in  the  river,  and  cum- 


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W  II  A 


.ma 


IKIIUI,     I  I 

iMylviiniii, 
I'ayoUt! 
nml'.  It 
(»,(»IS  iii- 
lU'l'  tt>uii 

iwiiHliip  ol' 
|h>  c,  Imiik 
rlirUI  and 
I76'2,  iiiul 

.  York,  ill 
i(own,  ami 
taiiu'il  HlO 
loiH.  'I'lu; 
or!  Stliuy- 

iii  IVnuHvl- 
<r,  !.'.  I>>   11 
r  Wyomiiia; 
1  tin"'  |mi»l- 
(lio  Stiilo  «>r 
mr  original 
o(  tliii  Six 
laiuinli   anil 
t  hfKUhI  by 
ristlit'lioH  of 
W«'Hltnore- 
i(i-lili(>l(l  in 
is|)ut(<<l  \\w 
ami  ill  till" 
nufli  warm 
lis  tinlmppy 

WVOMIN(i.| 

u'lniM'ttH,  in 
Itoston.  It 
)U(uiiuHl,    in 

cticiil,  Fail- 

Ifr.J 

)!'  IslaiuN  in 

aiii  'riiunias 

:d.  paHsaa,!'.  1 

vcttnl  (liiriiii;; 


Jsoii  H 


Rivci 


abovo  All- 
ill,  '22  v.  ol' 
New   York 


ands. 


ifjbl 
well  as  art. 
i»t  of  land, 
aud  coiu- 


mnmlH  it,  for  n  conMidcrabli'  diMliinrc,  iiIioto  antl 
bflow.  Fori  I'ntimni  is  silnati'  ii  lillli'  liirliu'r 
bark,  on  an  riniiirnto  wliiib  ovrrlooks  llio  ollior 
Ibi't,  and  (-oniniundN  a  KD'alrr  «>xl«'iil  of  (In-  rivrr. 
'I'lioir  ai'i>  a  nninlxT  oC  lionsfH  and  ban-atks  on 
tko  point  ni>ar  Ihc  liirls.  On  llii*  opposilr  sido 
of  lilt'  riv«>r,  an>  llif  niiiis  of  Old  I'orl  ('oiiNtilii* 
(ion,  willi  Hoinc  barracks  K*>i>*K  t<>  dcniy-  A 
iiinnbi'r  of  rontiiifiilal  Iroops  arc  slalionod  li«*ro 
(o  j;iiard  liie  aiNi'iiul  and  slori-s  of  (lio  I'nilrd 
Slat«'s,  which  an*  krpJ  at  this  iilan*.  'riiis  for- 
tress is  «-alle<l  the  (libraltar  ol  Ainerira,  as  by 
reiiHon  of  (h<<  rotky  i'idg«>s,  risinj;  one  iM'hind 
anollirr,  it  is  incapable  of  bein^^  invested  by  less 
than  *J(I,()()(I  men.  The  fate  of  America  seemed 
to  hover  o\er  this  place.  It  was  taken  by  the 
iirilish,  and  aflnwards  retaken  by  Ntorm,  in  a 
very  gallant  manner,  by  (ieiieral  U'ayne.  Ilene- 
(licl  Arnold,  to  \thoni  the  important  charge  of 
this  flirt  was  committed,  designed  to  have  snrren- 
liered  it  up  to  the  Iirilish  ;  but  the  treason  was 
discovered  before  the  plot  was  brought  to  bear- 
About  the  same  lime,  Major  Andrt^,  a  most  ac- 
complished and  gallant  oilicer,  was  taken,  tried, 
and  executed  as  a  spy,  though  Arnold  found 
means  to  make  good  hiH  escape  (o  the  liritish 
lines.  J 

f  \VI<:STl>nitT,  a  Honrishing  township  of  Mas. 
tiachnsettH,  Drislol  CoiinlVi  "('  miles  «.  of  lioston. 
It  was  incorporated  in  )7H7,  and  contu'ued,  in 
I7!M),  '.Mtiti  inhabitants.  I 

[VVKSr  SIMnN(JI'IKM),  n  township  of  Mas- 
Hichiisetts,  Hampshire  County,  on  the  u\  side  of 
('onnecticnt  [{iver,  opposite  Springfield,  about 
22  inileH  ».  of  Hartford,  and  7(i  w.  s.  u\  of  lios- 
ton.  In  the  compact  part  are  about  40  dwelling 
lioiiscH,  and  a  ('ongregalional  church.  'The  town- 
ship contnined,  in  I7!MI,  three  parishes,  and  2,.'i()7 
inhabitants.  I 

( W  KSr  S'Vi  K  ;K  Bin  l)(  i  i:,  a  tovynship  of  Mas- 
snchiisetts,  in  DerkshireCuuniv,  adjoining  StocK- 
hriilgi!  «>ii  the  u\  and  has  (he  N<>w  York  line  on 
the  n.  ii\  Williams's  River,  and  its  streams, 
water  the  township,  and  accommodate  three  iron- 
works, a  fulling-mill,  a  grist-mill,  and  (wo  saw 
mills.  I 

I  Wl'Xr  'J'OWN,  a  township  in  Chester  Coi.n- 
tVi  I'eiinsylvania.  I 

■  [VVK'rKPAIIATOES,  Indians  of  N.  America, 
n  wandering  nation,  who  inhabi(  an  open  coiin- 
(ry,  and  raise  a  grea(  number  of  horses,  which 
they   bar(er  (u  (he   Ricaran,    Mniuluns,   ^c.  for 


dared  (o  viwit  (he  (nidiiiffrNtablishmrnts  on  (ho 
Missouri.  I'roin  (he  aninnils  (heir  country  pro- 
duces, their  trade  would,  no  doubt,  iH'come  valu- 
able. These  people  again  barter  a  considerable 
itroportion  of  (he  articles  they  obtain  from  the 
menetares,  AhwahhawayN.  Mandaiis,  and  Uicn- 
ras.  to  the  Dotames  and  Castapanax.| 

WhyroCK,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  S.  Carolina,  in  the  di'^liict  of  (Inslow. 
It  runs  V.  and  enters  the  sra. 

l\yr,Yltl(ll)(il'',,  a  township  of  Vermont,  in 
Aililismi  County,  separated  from  New  Haven  on 
(he/r  and  c.  Iiy  Oiler  Cri-ek.  It  contained,  in 
I7f>l),  17.'*  iuhiibitants.  Snake  Mountain  lies 
nearly  on  the  line  between  this  (owiiHhip  mid 
(hat  of  Addison  on  the  u\  | 

IWIOYMOCTH,  theVVi.ssAr;rs«im,  orVVi.>«- 
HAUiiNNi.r,  of  lh<!  Jndiaiis,  a  townshi|i  of  Massa- 
chusetts, a  capital,  Norfolk  County,  incorporated 
in  Ki.'i.'i.  It  lies  eight  miles  .«.  of  lloston,  and 
employs  soimt  small  vessels  in  the  nnickarel 
fishery.  I'ore  River  on  (he  n.  to.  and  itiack 
River  on  the  «.  r.  include  near  one  half  of  Ihn 
(ounship.  The  cheese  made  her(>  is  reckoned 
among  the  Im-sI  brought  (o  Itoston  market.  I(  is 
said  to  be  one  of  the  oldest  (owns  in  the  Stai 
IMr.  Weston,  an  Knglish  merchant,  having  made 
a  t<<mporary  setllemen(  here  in  siiinmer,  Itt^'i. 
It  contained,  in  I7!)(),  2.'J2  houses,  and  IIO!)  in 
habitants.  | 

Wr:vMot  rii,  in  the  Hay  of  Massachusetts.  It 
is  not  so  considerable  as  it  was.  T<»  cross  th*; 
river  lu're  ttiere  is  a  lerry,  to  which  jtassengern 
pay  (wo  cents  in  (he  day  and  four  a(  nighl. 

WKYIT  LCO,  a  Het'th-meiit  of  Indians  of  (he 
province  and  cidony  of  S.Carolina;  situate  on 
(he  shore  of  the  Hiver  ('ousa. 

WIIAIJC  I'liiNT,  on  the  .v.  roast  of  (he  Strait 
of  Magellan.  It  is  the  extremity  which  looks  (o 
the  c.  of  the  Ishinil  of  Louis  le  (iraiid. 

WiiAi.r.  Point,  another  point  of  land,  on  (hi* 
r.  coast  «»f  Newfoundland,  between  (he  Island  of 
Oyes  and  (he  liay  of'J'anreaux. 

WiiAi.i:  I'm. NT,  a  large  Kand-bank  on  the 
coasts  of  the  same  island  of  Newfoundland  ;  one 
of  those  where  IIk;  whale-lishery  is  carried  on  ; 
and  lying  between  tlie  grand  Dank  of  .Newfound- 
land and  that  caUed  (ireen  Hank. 

WIIAM:C0VI:,  an  island  of  N.  America,  to 
the  w.  of  anodier  island,  which  is  near  to  it,  called 
liOvegroye  ;  also  .v.  of  Hrook-cobhain,  or  .\farbl(i 
Islaml,  in  ().'y '  hit.  and   is   supposed,  that  by  it  ib 


h    .( 


'iiK 


articles  of  Kiiropean  manufacture.     They  are  a     an  e-M'^v  and  convenient  pass  into  the  S.  Sea 
ncU-dispoHcd  people,  and  might  be  readily  in-         |  WflALE  FISH  Isla.nu,  in  the   River  K''sc- 


or 


■'  1 


lv:l 


>!    i    < 


I 


1^^ 


3<M 


W  H  I 


quibo,  on  the  const  of  S.  Ainoricn,  is  above  the 
Seven  Brotlieis,  or  Seven  Islands,  and  below  the 
Three  Brotliors.] 

[WHALE  Isi,AND,  at  the  month  of  M'Kcnzie's 
river,  in  the  N.  Sea  or  Frozen  Ocean,  on  the  ». 
coast  of  the  n.  s.\  part  of  N.  America.  Lat.  G9° 
14'h.1 

[WifAPPING'S  Creek,  a  small  creek  which 
empties  through  the  e.  bank  of  Hudson's  River, 
in  the  township  of  Fish-Kill,  eisjht  miles  s.  of 
Poufi;likeepsie,  and  .57  v.  of  New  York  city.  Here 
arc  two  mills,  at  w  hich  considerable  business  is 
performed.] 

rWHARTON,  a  township  of  Fayette  County 
of  Pennsylvania.] 

[WHATELY,  a  township  of  Massachus.tts, 
in  Hampshire  County,  10  miles  w.  of  Northamp- 
ton. It  was  incorporated  in  1771,  and  contained 
in  1790,  736  inhabitants.] 

[WHEELIN(r,  or  Wheemn,  a  post  town  of 
Virjyinia,  situate  at  the  mouth  of  a  creek  on  the 
r.  bank  of  Ohio  River,  12  miles  above  Grave 
Creek,  8  s  zo.  of  West  Liberty,  and  40  s.  to.  of 
Pittsburg.  Not  fur  from  this  place,  a  wall  has 
been  discovered  some  feet  under  the  earth,  very 
lojiularly  built,  apparently  tiie  work  of  art. 
Quarrels  are  here  frequent,  and  when  two  per- 
.sons  fifyht,  it  is  i;enerally  (says  Mr.  Ashe)  "  nc- 
cordinjj  to  the  rule  of  roua;h  nml  tuiuhic  ;  a  kind 
of  coml)at  in  which  it  is  lawful  for  the  combatants 
to  peel  the  skull,  tear  out  the  eyes,  or  smooth 
mvav  the  nose."] 

[WHEELOCK,  a  township  of  Termont,  in 
Caledonia  County,  about  'iO  miles  ii.zc.  of  Little- 
ton, and  cont:jini^(l,  in  1790,  33  inhabitants.] 

[WHEELWhir.HT  (irr,  at  the  ».  ic.  end  of 
the  island  of  St.  Christopher's  in  the  W.  Indies, 
has  Willett's  Hay  and  Massliouse  Ray  to  the  i . 

and  Courpon's  aud  Convent   Rays  to   the  .?.  xc. 

There  is  a  sand  before  the  entrance, « liich  apj-ears 

to  prevent  ships  from  i^oinsi'  in.  | 

[\V1IE.N'N  I  L\,  one  of  two  sn\all  islands  in  the 

S.  PacKic  Ocean,  near  t!ie  inland  ofOtiiha.j 

[WHETSTONE  Four,  is   on   they/,  side  of 

Patapsco  River,  and  u'.  sitie  ol'llie  nioiilh  ol"  Ral- 

limore    Harbour,   in   Maryland.     Ii   is   o|)|)(»ite 

(lossuch  Point,  two  miles  and  a  half  r.  from  ihe 

Raltiniorc  company's  iron  works,  at  the  month  of 

(Jwiini's  Falls.] 

[WIIIPPANY,a  viHii-eorNew  .Uv.vy,  .Mor- 

I'is  County,  on  a  lirancli  ol'  l*ii--aick  l{i\er,  nearly 

live  n)il(-s  ii.  c.  of  Morriflov'.  ".  | 

[WHIRL,  or  Si  {  K,  in  Teniics-ce  River,  lies 

jn  a!)()Mt  hit.  3ly   MY  ti.  and  lonj;-.  Sj"  IS'  u".  abo'.it 

I  )n  miles  below  Knoxville.  I 


W  IJ  I 

[WHITBY,  a  township  of  Upner  Canada,  in 
the  e.  riding  of  the  county  of  York.  It  lies  lo.  of 
Darlington,  and  fronts  Lake  Ontario.] 

[WHITCHURCH,  a  township  of  Upper  Ca- 
nada, in  the  e.  riding  of  the  county  of  York, 
fronts  to  Yonge-street,  and  lies  to  then,  of  Mark- 
ham.] 

WHITE,  a  torrent  of  water  of  the  Island  of 
Guadaloime,  which  rises  in  the  mountain  of  Azu- 
frera,  or  ftulphur,  and  takes  this^  name  from  the 
white  colour  which  its  waters  often  assume  from 
being  impregnated  with  ashes  and  sulphur.  It 
enters  into  the  River  San  Luis. 

[White,  a  river  of  Louisiana,  which  joins  Ar- 
kr.nsas  River,  a  water  oftlie  Mississippi,' about  10 
miles  above  the  fort,  which  Mr.  Hutchins  reckons 
,W0  computed  miles  from  New  Orleans,  and 
GOO  from  the  sea.  it  has  been  navigated  above 
300  miles  in  flat-bottomed  boats.  See  Ark  ansa*.] 
[White,  a  small  river,  of  the  N.  W.  Territorv. 
which  pursues  a  ii.  ic.  and,  near  its  month,  a  :V 
course,  and  enter;-  Wabash  [{iver,  12  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  {'hickasaw  River.] 

[White,  a  river  of  Vermont,  which  falls  into 
C»,nnecticut  River  about  live  miles  below  Hart- 
inonth  College,  between  Norwich  and  Hartford. 
It  is  from  100  to  150  yards  wide,  some  distance 
from  its  mouth.  Its  source  is  in  a  s[)ring,  wliicii 
by  means  of  Onion  River,  communicates  willi 
Lake  Champlain.  It  derives  its  name  from  the 
whiteness  of  its  water.] 

[White  Bay,  on  titer,  coast  of  New  foundland 
Island,  in  the  .Machigonis  River.  Its  ti,  limit  is 
Ci'pe  d' Argent.] 

'  W^hite  Cape,  or  Br.AXc  o,  on  the  <v.  coast  of 
New  Mexico,  is  20  leagues  to  the  ;/.  Il\  of  Herra- 
diira.  This  cape,  in  lat.  10  ii.  bears  with  the 
island  Canoe,  at  ;/  ic).  by  zc\  and  s.  r.  by  r.  and 
A\ith  St.  Jiuke's  Island  at  m.  . .  by  //.  and  s.  zc.  I>v 
4.  being  about  nine  leagues  from  each.] 

[White  I)  -er,  a  township  of  Pennsylvaniii, 
<ituate  on  Sus<iuehannah  River.] 

[W^HiTE  Ground,  a  place  in  thf;  Creek  country. 
10  miles  from  Little  Talassei-.] 

[WMITICll ELD,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  Wcslnioreland  Coinit\.] 

[WHITEFISH  Isi.x'm),  atthec.  endofLak,' 
Supt  ri'jr,  a  little  ;.•.  of  the  Isles  aux  Piibles,  and 
near  to  which  tiie  lak«'  f«»rces  its  pas.sage  bv  tlic 
falls..f.St.Mnrv.| 

fWimi.FlSlJ  Point,  in  Ipper  Canada,  at 
till'  ( .  end  of  Lake  Siqicrior,  on  the  v.  shore,  near 
to  tlip  River  St.  'M:\'-\.] 

(  WIIITi'.H.VLF/,  ,1  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  Nortiiuuiherland  Couiilv.  1 


W  II  I 


W  I  c 


38'> 


•  I 


•iin-^)lvaiiiii, 


LMinsylvaiiiii, 


[VViiiTEHAf.L,  a  township  of  Sow  York, 
WjiHliinstoii  County,  bounded  s.  by  the  s.  bounds 
of  the  tract  fornierl)  called  Skecnsboroujyh,  and 
II.  by  the  m.  bounds  of  the  county.  In  1790,  it 
contained  805  inhabitants.  In  1796,  150  of  the 
inhal)itants  were  electors.] 

[WHITE  Mausii,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
Mont<jonierv  County.] 

"WiiiTK  Mountains.    See  New  IlAMPSHinr,.] 
VVHITEPAINE,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
Moiitgomery  County.] 

[White  Plains,  "a  township  of  New  York,  W. 
Chester  County,  bounded  e.  by  Manuironeck 
River,  and  a',  by  Bronx  River.  It  contained,  in 
1790,  505  inhabitants,  of  whom  76  were  electors, 
and  49  slaves.  It  is  remarkable  for  a  battle 
fought  here  between  the  American  and  British 
forces,  October  28,  1796.  It  is  15  miles  r.  by  w. 
of  Kingsbridge,  32  n.  e.  by  n.  of  New  York,  and 
105  from  Philadelphia.] 

[White  Point,  on  the  coast  of  Nova  Scoti',  is 
about  three  leagues  to  the .«.  to.  from  Cape  Canso, 
and  «.  p.  of  Green  Point.  There  is  an  island  ofl' 
the  point  that  shelters  Bar  Haven.] 

[VViiiTE  Point,  on  the  coast  of  Cape  Breton 
Island,  is  about  a  mile  s.  to.  of  Black  Cape,  near 
the  harbour  of  Louisburg,  and  the  e,  point  of 
Gabarus  Bay.] 

[White  Point,  in  the  island  of  .Famaica,  lies  r. 
of  White  Horse  Cliffs,  about  seven  leagues  r.  of 
Port  Royal.] 

[White's  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland. 
Lat.  50°  17'  n.     Long  56-^  15'  le.] 

[White's  River,  on  the  w.  r.  coast  of  Jamaica, 
is  near  the  lo.  limit  of  Port  Antonio.] 

[WHITESTOWN,in  Herkemer  County,  New 
York,  on  the  s.  side  of  Mohawk  River,  five  miles 
!t.  e  of  Old  Fort  Schuyler,  and  76  w.  of  Albany. 
The  compact  part  ot  this  new  and  flourishing 
town  lies  on  one  beaatiful  street  about  a  mile  in 
length,  ornamented  with  trees.  The  houses  are 
generally  furnished  with  water,  conducted  by 
nines  laid  un<ler  ground,  from  the  neighbouring 
nills.  \l  present  the  court-house,  meeting  house, 
and  sch./ol-house,  arc  combined  in  one  building  ; 
but  it  is  contemplated  shortly  to  erect  separate 
and  handsome  odiJices  for  these  several  purposes. 
The  soil  of  this  town  is  remarkably  good.  Nine 
acres  of  wheat  in  one  field,  fielded,  on  an  a\er- 
age,  41  bushels  of  wheat,  of  OOlb.  each,  an  acre. 
This  is  no  uncoiiunon  crop.  This  town  and  its 
neighbourhood  has  hci-n  settled  with  ri-inarkahle 
rapidity.  All  that  district  comprehended  botMcen 
the  Oneida  Reservation,  and  the  (aermnn  Flats, 

vol,.  V. 


and  which  is  now  divided  into  the  townships  of 
Whitestown,  Paris,  and  Westmoreland,  was 
known,  a  few  years  since,  by  the  name  of  Whites- 
town,  and  no  longer  ago  than  1785,  contained 
two  families  only,  those  of  Hugh  White,  and 
Moses  Foot,  esquires.  In  1796,  there  were  with- 
in the  same  limits,  five  parishes,  with  as  many 
settled  ministers,  three  full  regiments  of  militia, 
one  corps  of  light-horse,  all  in  uniform.  In  the 
whole,  73.59  inhabitants,  of  whom  1190  were 
qualified  electors.] 

[WHITE  Wood  Island,  or  De  Bois  Blanc. 

See  MiCHILI.IMAKKIVAK.] 

[WHITING,  a  township  of  Vermont,  in  Addi- 
son County,  separated  from  Leicester,  on  the  e.  by 
Otter  Creek,  and  has  part  of  Orwell  on  the  le. 
It  contained,  in  1790,  260  inhabitants.] 

[WHITTINGHAM,  a  township  of  Vermont, 
in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Windham  County,  contain- 
ing, in  1790,442  inhabitaiitfl.] 

WHITSON,  a  large  bay  on  the  coast  of  the 
province  and  colony  of  Virginia,  discovered  by 
Walter,  who  gave  it  this  name  in  1603.  In  lat. 
41°. 

[WHITSL'N  Island,  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean, 
is  about  four  miles  long,  and  three  broad ;  ami 
so  surrounded  by  breakers  that  a  boat  cannot 
land.  Lat.  19' 26' .9.  Long.  137°  56' ri).  Vari- 
ation of  the  needle  in  1767,  6°  f.] 

AVIAMIA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Giiayana,  or  Nueva  yindalucia,  in  the 
part  possessed  by  the  Dutch,  or  in  the  colony  of 
Surinam.  It  rises  near  the  shore  of  the  river 
Marawini,  runs  s.  s.  e  and  enters  the  sea  between 
that  river  and  the  mouth  of  the  river  Surinam. 

[WIANDOTS,  or  WYANDOTs,an  Indian  tribe 
inhabiting  near  Fort  St.  Joseph  and  Detroit,  in 
the  w.  10.  territory.     Warriors,  200] 

[WIAPOCO,  or  Little  Wia,  is  an  outlet  or 
arm  of  the  river  Orinoco,  on  the  lo.  side.  It  has 
many  branches,  which  are  all  navigable.] 

WIAUT.     SeeOrvATANON. 

WiAiiT  Petit,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  for- 
mer, hich  has  the  name  of  (iraiid,  in  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Louisiana.  It  is  situate 
on  the  .«.  shore  of  the  river  Wabache. 

[WICKFORD,  a  small  trading  village  in  the 
township  of  N .  Kingstown,  Rhode  Island,  and  on 
the  10.  side  of  Narraganset  Bay  :  24  miles  .«.  of 
Providence,  and  9  or  10  n.  to  of  Nfcwport.] 

f  WICO,  a  settlement  and  establishment  of  the 
Swedes,  in  the  province  of  Pennsylvania  and 
I'nited  Slates.  It  is  half  a  mile  from  the  city  of 
Philadelphia. 

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VVIE,  a  rivor  vf  the  proviiico  aiui  (7i/)//ii//.«////> 
ufScre^ipK  ill  Mrasil.  It  is  Hmall,  iim's  iiciir  tin* 
ctmst,  turns  r.  and  riiiis  into  (In*  Lixiniai  iioar  its 
t'litniiice  into  the  si<a. 

Wii;,  a  sottloiiMMit,  ill  the  samo  province  as  tlic 
toriiipr  river,  and  situate  on  its  shore. 

Wf'iiu,  another,  a  small  river  of  the  provinee  of 
Maryland,  in  the  I'nited  Staten,  inQneen  Anne's 
Coiintv.  it  runs  «v.  and  enters  the  sea  in  the 
Uav  ot'Chesaneali. 

[WlliSlMNl'.W,  a  river  of  lituiisiiui,  wiiieh 
empties  into  the  Missisippi,  i^.'  miles  above  the 
Soiitonx  Villajje.  | 

|\VI{;iK'()Mr('(),  a  short  navis-able  river  of 
Marvlaiul,  which  is  formed  Ity  Ciles  and  Allen's 
Tresh,  and,  rnnninn;  .«.  empties  into  the  I'atow- 
mac,  about  J.i  miles  from  its  month.  C't>l>  Neck 
('onus  the  /;.  limits  ot'ils  mouth.  | 

WKIIIT,  Isi.i;  «)i',  ill  the  province  and  c<doiiy 
ol'Virsrinia,  and  one  of  the  ct)lonies  of  the  same. 
It  is  N.  of  Naiisanuind,  contains  I4'i,7'i()  acres  of 
land,  in  the  two  parishes  calletl  Warwick  Sipieek 
:ind  Newport,  and  has  a  most  abundant  stream  of 
water. 

jWidiiT,  Isle  of,  r.  end  of  I iomjr  Island.  See 
GAimNKHs  Isi.anh.J 

rWlLI{|iA}IAi\l,a  towii.ship  of  Massachusetts, 
inllampshire  Countv,  10  miles  c.  of  ISprin»lield, 
.t'.'> />.('.  of  Hartford  in  Connecticut,  and  (itj.v.ofltos- 
ton.  It  w  as  incorporated  in  1 7().'>  -,  and  contained, 
ill  1790,  two  parishes,  and  l.'i.V),  inhabitatns.  | 

\VIIi('IIASI<yr,  a  fort  of  the  province  of  Sajja- 
dahoc  in  the  United  (States,  built  on  the  shore  of 
the  river  Saj>ailalioc. 

WII.COCOMOrO,  a  city  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  Virginia  in  N.America,  it  is  small, 
but  well  situate  and  well  def<<tided. 

WIIiCOMOCO.  a  small  river  of  the  pro\ince 
of  Marvland  in  the  L'liited  States,  in  Mary  Counts . 
It  runs  .«.  and  enters  tlie  I'otow muck. 

Wii.coMoco,  another  river,  also  sirall,  in  this 

Iirovince.  It  runs  .v.  and  enters  the  sea  in  the 
iiW  of  Cliesapeak. 

fWIIilvKS,  a  county  of  the  upper  ilistrict  of 
(ieoi'iria,  separated  from  S. Carolina,  on  thee,  by 
Sa\annah  River,  and  contained,  in  17*10,  .')l..')00 
iuliabitant.s,  inctudiu!>;  7,'i()S  slaves.  Tobacco  is 
the  chief  produce  of  this  county,  of  which  it  ex- 
ported about  .'i(K)0  hhds.  in  1788.  It  is  well 
watered,  and  is  famous  for  a  medicinal  spriii<r, 
near  its  chief  town,  Washiiiirton  :  wliich  see.  | 

[Wii.KKs,  a  county  of  .Mor;;aii  district,  in  the 
;/.  w.  corner  of  N.  Carolina.  It  contained,  in 
17P0,  8, I4J  inhabitants,  including  J4()  siaves.j 


W  i   L 

I  VVii.KKs,  a  i)ost-town,  and  chief  of  the  above 
county,  'iS  miles  from  Rockforil,  and  .')l  from 
IMoi'^antown.l 

[WIl.KSnAUUK,  or  Wii,ks»i-iuj,  a  post- 
town  of  Pennsylvania,  and  chief  town  of  Lu/eine 
County,  situated  on  the  .v.  c.  side  of  thee,  branch 
of  the  .SiiK(|uehaniiah.  It  contained,  in  I7*l(). 
a  court-house,  |[>'aol,  and  about  4:'>  houses.  It  is 
17  miles  ;;.  c.  of  Dethleheni,  about  the  same 
distance  abovi;  Stinburv,  and  8()  //.  by  //.  tc.  of 
Philadelphia.  I 

rWILI.iyr's  lUv,  at  the  n.  tc.  end  of  the 
island  of  St  Christopher's.  Willet's  (iut  is  at 
the  s.  i{\  coast  of  the  sanK^  island.) 

WILMAM  l'()in',aii  island  and  castle  of  the 
principal  channel  leudiiifi!;  to  the  port  of  Doston, 
III  the  province  of  New  Fiiii^laiul,  of  the  United 
Slates.  It  is  the  most  regular  fortress  that  has 
been  built  by  the  Kii^ii>«|i  iu  those  countries,  and 
is  thus  call«<d,  as  having'  been  erected  in  the  time 
of  Kinj;^  William  III.  by  Cobmel  Uoeiner,  a  cele- 
brated eujifineer.  It  is  a  league  from  the  city, 
and  so  advantai;eoiisly  situate,  that  no  ves.sel  can 
approiich  it  without  danger  of  bein^;  sent  to  the 
bottom.  It  has  100  cannons  ('iO  of  w hich  were 
piveii  to  the  province  by  Queen  Anne)  arranged 
on  a  platform,  near  tlie  surface  of  lh<>  water  at 
high  tide,  so  as  to  prevent  any  vess«>l  from  coming 
round  to  use  her  guns  against  the  fortress.  This 
is  of  a  square  iigiire,  Hurrounde«l  by  a  c«)vered 
way,  and  united  by  a  line  of  communication  fnnn 
the  principal  gate  to  a  redoubt,  and  having  tno 
other  r«'doid)ls  towards  the  great  battery,  which 
is  so  near  the  canal  tlcii  no  vessel  can  pass  with- 
out coming  within  pisttd  shot  of  it.  Some  of  tin- 
guns  of  the  f»)rt  are  IV  pounders.  Thi-re  are  iu 
this  fort  four  cmupanit's  of  militia,  and,  although 
in  time  of  peace  it  is  occupi(>d  merely  by  .')()  or 
100  men,  it  has  in  time  of  war  a  regular  garrison 
of  .'iOO  soldiers,  exempt  from  «>very  oilier  service. 
Mesiiles  this  force,  in  v4  hours,  they  can  assemble 
at  lioston  !0,00t)  elVective  men  ;  and  they  have, 
to  guard  against  surprise,  a  signal  house  erected 
on  a  rock,  at  alioiit  two  leagues  distance  from  the 
city.  The  signal  is  made  by  lowering  and  hoist- 
ing the  Hag  as  many  times  as  to  correspond  with 
the  number  of  tin*  vessels  appearing;  and  if 
thes<>  exceed  any  moderate  number,  three  gnus 
are  tired  to  put  the  town  in  arms;  again,  if  it  Ite 
thought  necessary  to  advise  the  district,  the  sig- 
nal house  itself  is  si>t  on  fire.  Thus,  although  a 
vessel,  under  protect itui  of  a  fog,  should  vc>ntin-e 
to  sail  up  between  the  island  and  the  rock,  \\o-- 
tuii  LuH  always  si.\  Iioui-h  notice  to  prepare  itself 


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alxtvc 
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hriincli 
1  I7*U). 
<.  It  is 
t«  sumo 
n.  ii>.  of 

I  of  Hie 
ul  is  n( 

lioKtoii, 
>  lliiili-(l 

(lull  liuti 
ricH,  Bin! 

the  tinii' 
r,  II  cflc- 

tln'  city, 
•fssfl  cim 
cut  to  llui 
liirli  wfio 

wutor  at 
III)  fciiiiiiiit 
«bs.  Tills 
a  rovriTil 
it  ion  troiii 

aviiis  *"** 
IV,  wliicli 
piixs  witli- 


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uMV  an'  III 
altlioni!;li 
by  ;'){)  or 

|r  garrison 
>r  scrvico. 

I|  ilSSIMIlllIc 

tluv  liavf, 
(SO  ort'ct»'«l 
Iroiii  tiie 
land  Itoist- 
Loml  «illi 
ir ;    and  il 
Iiiiv  j;iins 
|in,  if  it  Ik" 
it,  tlir  sia;- 
altlH>u»'li  a 
lid  vcnlnri' 
k.  Ho - 


roc 


.>|)ure 


itSl'lf 


tor  itH  dofonco  ;  and,  allli<iiii;li  tiio  said  vrsKrI  iiiay 
(HISS  I  lit'  rustic,  yot  it  has  to  t'lu'oiiiili'i*  tivo 
liatlt'iii's  at  till*  ttvo  «<\tn<iiiitit<s,  tlic  r.  and  ;>.  ol' 
till'  pirrison,  uliicli  roininaiid  the  tvliolo  Iniy,  and 
ri'iidi'i- a  sal'r  ciid-iiiUM'  to  any  Uwifo  vrsst'l  iiiipoH 
siMr,  altlion<>li  iiici-i-jiantincn  and  sniallcr  irat) 
i'ii(<  r  the  river  Cliarlcs  out  of  ^nn  shot.  KcHidcw 
till'  alfovc  advaiita<;;<'s,  it  also  tollofvs  lliat  no  pri 
uitccr  can  taKc  any  ^'csscl  out  of  tlic  port,  since 
no  one  is  permitted  to  pass  without  thci^ovcrnor's 
leave,  nor  can  this  he  olitained  without  tlu>  dues 
heiiii!:  paid  to  the  cnstoin-hoiiHe,  and  a  strict 
scrutiny  taking  place. 

I  William  l'oii,-'»Mcalli'd  tin- castle,  was  hlown 
lip  in  I7(>(i,  when  the  Kritisli  trooiis  «>vaciiat<>d 
iiostoii,  lint  was  soon  after,  with  all  its  forlitica- 
tions,  repaired.  The  fort  that  coniniandH  the 
harlionr  is  at  present  furnished  with  hO  pieccK  of 
cannon  mounted,  and  altove  40  others  lviii<;  dis- 
iiioinited.] 

Wllilil.AMS,  n  HoUleinent  of  the  island  of 
liarliadoeN  ;  in  (ho  district  and  parish  ofSt.'I'ho- 
iiias. 

I  VVii.i.i  A  MS,  a  tow  nshipof  Northampton  Coiin- 
tv,  Pennsylvania  { 

'  I  \VIU-l.\iM'SS()liNI),  |»iiiN«  i;,  on  the  «.;.'. 
coast  of  N.  America.  Its  r.  point  is  in  hit.  (i()' 
l\y  It.  and  loii^'.  I  Hi '  M'  ,v.  and  ('a|)e  Kliyiaheth 
uliicli  is  its  ic.  point,  and  the  r.  point  of  Cook's 
lliver,  is  in  hit.  .W   10' and  hmi;    l;Vi    l.y.| 

I  \V(IJJ.\MSIU)ll()l'(;il,  a  post  town  of  N. 
('andiiia,  and  ciipital  ol'  diranville  County,  plea- 
santly situated  on  a  creek  .vhicli  falls  into  the 
lloaiioke.  It  carries  on  a  brisk  tiiuh'  with  the 
back  counties,  and  contained  in  I7f'0,  between 
,'JOaiid  40  houses, a  conrt-hoiise,  <;oal,aiid  lloiirisli- 
iM<r academy.  Il  is  17  miles  from  VVarrenton,  IS 
II.  r.  of  llillsboroiiirh,  ^(i  ^\  )/.  a',  of  Halifax,  and 
407  from  IMiiladelphia  J 

(  Wll,l,l,\\lSHlU(f,  a  post-town  of  Virginia, 
lies  17  miles  r.  of  liichmoiid,  situate  between  two 
creeks,  one  fallin^  into  James,  the  ether  into  V'ork 
liiver.  The  distance  of  each  landinir  placi>  is 
about  a  mile  from  the  town.  I)iiriiit>;  the  rci^al 
govornnicnt  it  was  proposed  to  unite  tliestM-reeks, 
by  a  canal  passing  throii^li  tlie  centre  of  the 
town  ;  but  the  removal  of  the  seat  of^overnmeiit 
rendered  it  no  longer  an  object  of  importance. 
It  contained,  in  i7!)0,  about  ^JiU)  houses,  iind  hail 
about  1 100  inhabitants.  It  is  re^lllarly  laid  out 
ill  parallel  streets,  with  a  pleasant  square  in  the 
xntre  of  about  ten  acres,  lliroii<r|i  which  runs  the 
)iriiicipal  street  r.  and  ;.'.  about  a  niih>  in  len>>;lli, 
wild  more  than  KM)  feet  wide.  .\l  the  ends  of 
this  street  are  tw(i  public  biiildintifs,  the  (;olle<;c, 


and  Capitol.  Itesides  these,  there  is  an  Kpiscopal 
church,  ii  prison,  a  court  house,  a  niiip^a/.ine,  now 
occupied  as  a  market,  and  a  hospital  for  liinaticv, 
calculated  to  accominodal<>  between  ^0  mid  .'it) 
nalients,  in  separate  rooms  or  cells.  The  house 
IS  neatly  Kepi,  and  the  patients  well  attended; 
but  convalescents  hove  not  siillicient  room  for 
free  air  and  exercise  viitlioiil  making;  their  escape. 
Not  liir  liom  the  sipiari'  stood  (he  |i^(lvernor'^ 
house,  or  palace,  as  it  was  called.  'I'liis  was 
burnt  diiriiii;  the  war,  while  it  was  occupied  as  an 
American  hospital.  The  house  of  the  president 
of  the  cidlei^e,  occupied  also  as  an  hospital  by  the 
l-'reiich  army,  sljiired  the  same  fate.  This  Iiiik 
since  iM'eii  ri'linilt  at  the  expeiisi!  of  the  I'reiirh 
i>'overnmeiit.  In  the  capitol  is  a  lar^e  marble 
statue  of  Narbinie  llerkley,  liord  Hotetniirl,  a 
man  distintrnished  for  his  love  of  piety,  literiitnro 
and  irood  i;overiimeiit,  and  forimirly  governor  of 
Virginia.  It  was  erected  at  (In- expense  of  (he 
•State,  some  time  since  the  year  1771.  The  capi- 
tol is  little  better  than  in  ruins,  and  this  elegant 
statue  is  exposed  to  the  rudeness  of  ne<rroeH  and 
boys,  and  is  shiimefiilly  defaced.  A  late  act  of 
the  assembly  authorises  the  pulling  down  one 
half  of  this  bMildiii<r,  to  defray  the  charcre  of 
keepiiiij;  the  other  half  in  repair.  The  cidle^e 
of  William  and  Mary,  (ixed  here,  was  founded  in 
the  time  of  Kiii^  William  and  (iueeii  Mary,  who 
granted  to  il  'J0,000  acres  of  land,  and  a  penny  n 
pound   duty  on  certain  tobaccos  exported  frcun 

t  ir^inia  and  Maryland,  which  had  been  levied 
by  the  stalnle  of'/')  Car.  Ii.  The  assembly  also 
«;a\e  il,  by  leiiiooraiy  laws,  a  duly  on  li(|Uors 
imported,  and  skins  and  furs  exporleil.  From 
Ihese  resources  il  received  upwards  of  jJJ.'JOOO 
The  biiildiiii;s  are  of  brick,  siillicienl  fur  iiii  indif- 
ferent accommodalion  of  perhaps  100  students. 
Uy  its  charter  it  was  to  be  under  the  ;;(ivernineiil. 
oi" yo  visitors,  who  were  to  be  its  leiri^lator-'.  and 
tohincii  president  and  six  proli-s-ors,  wiio  were 
iii('(M-porated.  It  was  allowed  a  re;iresenlative 
in  the  (ireneral  assembly.  Iiider  this  cliarlf-r,  a 
professorship  of  the  (iiec'k  and  liatiii  l:in<rna(^es, 
a  |)rot'essorsliip  of  mathematirs,  one  of  mor;il 
philosophy,  and  two  ofilivinitv,  were  e^labli'-lu'd. 

To  (lie>e  were  annexed,  for  a  --ixlli  pi(il's'^s(ii-!ii(», 
a  considerable  donation  by  a  \1r.  Hovie  of  lOn;;- 
laud,  for  the  iiistrcclion  of  the  indi.ins,  and  their 
conversion  to  Christianilv.  Tin-,  wai  ralli'd  the 
professorship  of  llraHerloii,  Iroin  an  e  late  ol' 
that  name  in  I'iii^land,  purchased  uit'i  tliir  monies 
yiven.  A  cnirt  of  admiralty  sils  heii-  wliencver 
a  f'ontroversy  ari«e>i.  It  is  I'i  miles  r.  of  York 
Town,  '17  c.  of  Richmond,  and  .'JO  ;/.  ;. .  of  Nni 
.'i  n  '.' 


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folk.     Least  Iicat  here,  G^  0',  mean  licat  G0°  8' 

freatpst  lieat  98'^.     Lat.  37"  16'  m.     Long.  76" 
8'ti).J 

[Wii.LiAMSDrnr.,  a  Connty  of  V'irginid,  be- 
tween York  and  tianies's  Rivers,  and  was  joined 
in  the  enumeration  of  inhaliitants,  in  1700,  with 
York  County.  These  together  contained  j,'-2'J'J  in- 
habitants.j 

[ Wi  1,1.1  A. MRBU  no, a  township  of  Massaehusetts, 
Hampshire  C«)unty,  on  the  u'  side  of  Connecticut 
Hiver,  having  ilatlield  on  the  r.  It  contained,  in 
1790,  a  handsome  Coni^re^ational  church,  l.'>9 
houses,  and  1,049  inhabitants.  In  tlioyear  1760, 
this  township  was  a  wilderness.  It  lies  seven 
miles  from  Connecticut  Itiver,  eight  //.  jc.  of 
N<  rthampton,  and  84  to.  of  Boston.} 

[Willi AMsiiunc,  a  post-town  of  New  York, 
Ontario  County,  situate  on  the  c.  side  of  Gcn- 
nessee  Kiver,  near  where  Canaserajjo  Creek 
empties  into  that  river  ;  ^4  miles  s.  Zi\  of  Canan- 
daiifua,  35  n.  tc.  of  Bath.  It  lies  n.w.  of  Athens 
or  Tioga  Point.] 

[WiLHAMsnvnci,  called  also  Joxf.s-town,  a 
town  of  rcnn^^ylvania,  Dauphine  County,  at  tiio 
junction  of  Little  Swatara  with  8watara  River. 
It  has  a  German  L'lthetan  and  Calviuist  church, 
and  about  80  dwelling-houses.  It  is  "20  miles 
n.  V.  by  e.  of  Harrisburg.  Also  the  name  of  a 
township  in  Luzerne  County.] 

[Williamsburg,  a  village  of  Maryland  in 
Talbot  County,  five  miles  «.  c.  of  Easton,  and 
four  w.  ic.  of  Kind's  Town.] 

I  WILLIAM 8l»ORT,  a  post-town  of  Mary- 
land,  Wasliington  County,  on  the  ».  side  of  Pa- 
towmack  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Conegocheague 
Creek,  eight  miles  s.  of  the  PennsyUania  line, 
six  .V.  ti.'.  of  Ilagarstown,  32  ii.  by  r.  of  Winches- 
ter, in  Virginia,  24  s.  by  u\  of  (inunbersburg,  in 
Pennsvlvania,  and  127  ic.hy  «.  of  Philadelphia.] 

[WILLIAMSON,  a  township  of  New  York, 
Ontario  County.  In  1796,  there  were  142  of  its 
inhabitants  electors.] 

WILLIAMSLAND,  a  country  situate  on  the 
shore  of  Raflin's  Bay,  in  the  N-  Continent  and 
.Arctic  region  of  America.  It  is  found  under  this 
name  in  the  English  maps,  although  there  be  no 
description  of  it  givjn. 

WILLIAMSTAD,  a  city  and  capital  of  the 
County  of  Talbot,  in  the  province  of  Maryland, 
of  the  I'nited  States.  It  was  given  this  name  by 
an  act  of  the  assembly  of  Oxford,  and  was  then 
declared  a  seaport  -.  at  the  same  time  there  was 
eranted  for  the  use  of  the  public,  a  portion  of 
land  for  pasturage. 

[WILLIAMSTOWN,  a  township  of  Vermont, 


VV  I  I. 

Orange  Connty,  on  the  height  of  land  between 
Connecticut  River  and  Lake  Champlain,  about 
20  miles  from  the  former,  and  30  from  the  latter. 
It  is  bounded  c.  by  Washington,  and  w.  by  North- 
field,  and  contained,  in  1790,  146  inhabitant'i. 
Stephen's  Branch,  a  stream  which  runs  «.  u, 
Onion  River,  rises  in  this  township. 

[WiLMAMSTowN,  a  mouiitaiiious  township  of 
Massachusetts,  in  the  n.  k.  corner  of  the  state 
and  in  Berkshire  County,  containing,  in  1790. 
17()9  inhabitants.  It  is  vvell  watered  by  Hoosack 
and  Green  Rivers,  the  former  of  which  is  here 
eight  rods  wide.  On  these  streams  are  four 
^rist-mills,  three  saw-mills,  and  a  fulling-mill, 
i'he  main  county  road  passes  through  it.  Colonel 
Ephraim  Williams  laid  the  foundation  of  an 
academy  several  years  since,  and  endowed  it  by  a 
handsome  donation  of  lands.  In  1790,  partly  by 
lottery,  and  partly  by  the  liberal  donation  o't 
gentlemen  in  the  town,  a  brick  edifice  was 
erected,  82  feet  by  42,  and  four  stories  high,  con- 
taining 24  rooms  for  students,  a  large  school- 
room, a  dining-hall,  and  a  room  tor  public  speak- 
ing In  1793,  this  academy  was  erected  into  a 
college,  by  an  act  of  the  legislature,  by  the  name 
of  VVilliams'  College,  in  honour  to  its  liberal 
founder.  The  languages  and  sciences  usually 
taught  in  the  American  colleges  are  taught  liere. 
Board,  tuition,  and  other  expenses  of  education 
are  very  low  ;  and  from  its  situation  and  other 
circumstances,  it  is  likely,  in  a  short  time,  to  be- 
come an  institution  of  great  utility  and  impor- 
tance. The  Prst  |)ublic  commencement  was  field 
at  this  college  in  September,  179.').  In  1796,  the 
lejjislature  granted  two  townships  of  land  to 
Williams'  College.  There  were,  in  1796,  101 
students  in  the  four  classes  in  this  college,  besides 
30  pupils  in  the  academy  connected  with  the  col- 
lege. A  company  was  incorporated  the  year 
above-mentioned,  to  bring  water  in  pipes  into  the 
town  street.  It  is  28  miles  n.  of  Great  Barring- 
ton,  and  97  w.  Xi).  of  Boston.] 

[WiLLiAMSTowN,  a  post-towu  Biid  the  Capital 
of  Martin  County,  N.  Carolina,  is  situate  eii 
Roanoke  River,  and  contains  but  few  houses,  he- 
sides  the  court-house  and  goal.  It  is  20  miles 
from  Bloimtsville,  19  from  Plymouth,  and  28  from 
Halifax.] 

[WILLIMANTIC,  a  small  river  of  Connecti- 
cut, which  runs  a  .(.  c.  course,  and  uniting  m  ith 
Natchaug  River,  forms  the  Shetuckct  at  VVind- 
liain.] 

[WILLINBOROUGH,  a  township  of  New 
Jersey, situate  in  Burlington  County, on  Delaware 
River,  about  14  miles  from  Philadelphia.     It  hns! 


V\   I  L 

l[(cnei-ally  a  thin  mi\,  but  consideralitc  qiiuntitios 
of  fruits  and  vcjjetublcs  are  raised  here  for  the 
Philadelphia  iiiarkot.] 

[WILLI  NGTON,  a  township  of  Connecticut, 
in  Tolland  Connty,  .six  miles  c.  of  Tolland,  and 
If)  n.  €.  of  Hartford,  and  was  settled  in  1719. 
The  lands  arc  ron^ii  and  hilly.  The  earthquake 
on  Sunday  evening,  Oct.  29,  1727,  was  severely 
felt  in  this  town.] 

WILLLS,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  Virginia  in  N,  America.  It  runs  n.  n.  c. 
and  enters  the  river  James. 

[WiiiLis,  a  township  in  Chester  County,  Penn- 
sylvania.] 

[Willis  Creek,  in  Maryland,  falls  into  the 
Patowmack  from  the  n.  at  l''ort  Cumberland.] 

[Willis  Island,  in  the  H.  Atlantic  Ocean,  is 
near  the  n.  w.  end  of  8.  Georgia,  and  has  Bird 
islandto  thew.  ofit.  Lat.34''s.  Long.  38^30' ti.] 

[WILLISTON,  a  township  of  Vermont,  in 
Chittenden  County,  joins  liurlington  on  theM.  tc. 
It  contained,  in  1790,471  inhabitants.] 

WILLOUGHBY,  Bav  oi  ,  in  the  island  An- 
tigua or  V^erdc,  one  of  the  Caribecs  ;  on  the  s.  e. 
coast,  is  two  leagues  lung  and  one  ut  its  mouth  ; 
aUhouo'h  the  greater  part  of  this  is  occupied  by 
a  sniiubank,  which  runs  from  u.  to  s.,  the  said 
bank  being  nearly  met  by  theextremily  of  Sandy 
Island,  so  that  the  entrance  here  is  extremely 
narrow  ;  not  but  that  ships  can  pass  through,  and 
also,  when  they  are  in,  lie  in  perfect  security, 
excepting  near  the  mouth.  On  the  left  side  is 
Horse  Uock,  which  stands  out  of  the  water,  and 
is  most  conspicuous  from  the  waves  breaking 
strongly  against  it.] 

[WiLLou(iiiBY,Lake,in  Vermont,  in  the  town- 
ship of  Westmore.  It  is  a'  out  six  miles  long 
ana  one  broad,  and  sends  a  stream  which  runs  ?». 
and  empties  into  Lake  Memprhemagog,  in  the 
township  of  Salem.  This  lake  furnishes  fish 
resnibling  bass,  of  an  excellent  flavour,  weighing 
from  10  to  30  pounds.  People  travel  20  miles  to 
this  lake  to  procure  a  winter's  stock  of  this  tish.] 

[WILLSBOHOIGH,  a  new  settled  township 
in  Clinton  County,  New  York;  bounded  on  tiic 
J.  by  the  town  ol  Crown  Point,  on  the  u.  by  the 
5.  line  of  a  patent,  which  includes  the  river  .An 
Sable  at  its  mouth,  continuing  w.  to  that  part  of 
the  county  of  Montgomery,  now  called  Herkein'^r 
Connty.  It  contained  37.0  inhabitants  in  1790. 
In  1796,  there  were  KiOoftheiiiliabilants  electors. 
It  is  a  line  champaign,  fertile  country,  inhabited 
by  a  number  of  industrious,  thriving  farmers. 
Its  cultivation  has  been  rapidly  advancing.  In 
this  tonn  is  a  remarkal)le  split  rock,  whic!i  is  u 


W  I  J. 


389 


small  point  of  a  mountain  projecting  about  50 
yards  into  Lake  Champlain.  This  disjointed 
point  has,  from  the  appearance  of  the  opposite 
sides,  and  their  exact  fitness  for  each  other, 
f'cubtless  been  rent  from  the  main  rock,  by  some 
violent  shock  of  nature.  It  is  removed  about  20 
feet,  and  has  on  its  point,  a  surface  of  nearly  half 
an  acre,  which  has  sufficiency  of  soil,  and  is 
covered  vith  wood.  The  height  of  the  rock  on 
each  side  of  the  fissure  is  about  12  feet.  The 
River  Boquct  runs  through  this  town  a  consider- 
able distance,  and  is  navigable  for  boats  two 
miles,  where  there  arc  falls  and  mills.  This 
town  was  partly  settled  liefore  the  year  1775. 
It  commands  a  beautiful  view  of  Lake  Champlain, 
and  lies  220  miles  n.  of  New  York  city.] 

(WILLS  Cove,  on  the  i.  e.  side  of  the  isthmus 
of  the  island  of  St.  Kitt's,  in  the  W.  Indies,  to 
llie  eastward,  southerly  from  N.  Friar  and  Little 
i'riar  Bays.] 

[Wills  Creek,  or  Caiciictuck,  a  branch  of 
Patowiiuick  Kivcr,  is  30  or  40  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth,  where  Fort  Cumberland  stood.  It  aflbrds 
no  navigation  as  yet,  and  runs  a  short  course  *. 
On  the  r.  side  ofit  are  the  mountains  of  the  same 
name,  which  Vuy  in  a  direction  from  w.  «.  c.  to 
*.  s.  to.2 

[Wills  town,  an  Indian  village  in  Ohio,  on 
the  w.  e.  bank  of  Muskingum  Hiver,  45  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  101  s.  w.  from  Pittsburg,  by 
the  Indian  path  through  the  Indian  town.] 

[WILMANTON,  in  the  State  of  New  York, 
stands  on  Wallkill,  between  Newburg  and  New 
Brunswick.! 

[WILMINGTON,  one  of  the  c.  maritime 
districts  of  N.  Carolina  ;  bounded  m.  e.  by  New- 
bern  district,  s.  e.  by  th.^  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  *.  tv. 
by  S.  Carolina ;  and  n.  zv.  by  Fayette.  It  com- 
prehends the  counties  of  Brunswick,  New  Hano- 
ver, Onslow,  Dupliii,'and  Bladen.  It  contained, 
in  1790,  2(),035  inhabitants;  of  whom  10,050 
were  slaves.] 

[WiLMiNtiTo.v,  a  port  of  entry  and  post-town 
of  N.  Carolina,  capital  of  the  above  diotrict,  is 
situate  on  the  e.  side  of  the  e.  branch  of  Cape 
Fear  or  Clarendon  River ;  '23  miles  from  Cape 
Fear,  and  78  s.  Zi>.  of  Newbern.  The  course  of 
the  river,  as  it  passes  by'ihe  town,  is  nearly  from 
n.  to  *.  and  the  breadth  150  yards.  Opposite  the 
town  are  two  islands  extending  witli  the  course 
of  the  river,  and  dividing  it  ii?to  three  channels  ; 
they  afford  the  finest  rice  fields  in  N.  Carolina. 
The  town  is  regularly  built,  and  contained,  in 
1790,  about  250  houses,  a  handsome  Episcopal 
church,  a  court-house,  and  gaol.  Having  suffered 


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nuicli  by  two  fires,  ono-fourth  ol'thp  town,  wliich 
linn  been  rrbiiilt,  in  of  brirk.  It^  iiun'kot<)  nrc 
well  8iipplip(l  witli  fish,  and  all  ninnner  of  pro- 
visions. A  considornble  trade  i'<  carried  on  to 
the  W.  India  islands  and  the  adjacent  States. 
The  exports  for  one  year,  ondinjv  Septeinl)er  'JO, 
1794,  nmonnted  to  I.'Jy,MI  dollars.  Those  of  all 
the  other  ports  of  the  state,  ainonnted  (»nlv  to 
I77,.59S  dollars.  Ft  is  7(»  miles  s.  <■  of  Fayettc- 
ville,  13a  v.  X.  w.  of  Edenton,  bi7  h.  e.  of  Charles- 
ton. S.  Carolina.  Lat.  31"  \l'  n.  \,owj;.  78"  ti'  to.] 

[Wir,vi\f!To>j,  a  townslii|)  of  Vermont,  in 
Windhani  ''o?'!:*- ,  vw.'.tained,  in  I7f)0,  ()!')  inhabi- 
tants, who  are  chiefly  wealthy  farmers.  It  lies 
on  Deerfield  liivcr,  on  the  c.  side  of  the  CJreen 
Moinitain,  on  the  hijyh  road  from  Hennington  to 
Brattleboron^h, about  14  miles  fronj  each.  Con- 
siderable (|uantities  of  maple  sn.nnr  are  made  in 
it ;  some  farmers  make  1000  <»r  1400  iioimds  a 
season.  The  Flaystack,  in  the  w.  <i'.  corner  of 
this  township,  is  ainonjf  the  hijjhest  of  tlie  ranpe 
of  the  Green  Mountains.  It  has  a  pond  near  the 
top  of  it,  about  half  a  mile  in  leni^th,  round  which 
deer  and  moose  are  found,] 

[Wii.Mi.vr.To.v,  a  township  of  Massachusetts, 
in  Midolesex  County,  H)  miles  from  Boston.  It 
was  incorporated  in  I7.'>0,  and  containeil,  in 
1790,  710  inhabitants.  Hops,  in  jj^reat  quantities 
are  raised  in  this  town.] 

[Wii.MfNnTON,  a  port  of  entry  and  post-town 
of  the  State  of  Delaware,  and  the  most  consider- 
able town  in  the  State,  li  stands  in  Newcastle 
County,  on  the  n.  side  of  Christiana  Creek,  be- 
tween Christiana  and  Brandywine  creeks,  which 
at  this  place  are  about  a  mile  distant  from  each 
other,  but  imitinir  below  the  town,  they  join  the 
Dehnvare  in  one  stream,  400  yards  wide  at  the 
month.  The  scite  of  the  princi|)ai  part  of  tiie 
town  is  on  the  ,v.  ti.'.  side  of  a  hill,  which  rises 
109  feet  above  the  tide,  two  miles  from  Delaware 
River,  and  ^4  .*.  is.  from  Philadelphia  On  the 
;/.  r.  side  of  the  same  hill,  on  the  Brandywine, 
there  are  13  mills  for  prain,  and  about  40  neat 
dwellina^-houses,  which  form  a  beautiful  append 
i\s;c  to  the  town.  I'he  Christiana  admits  vessels 
of  14  feet  drausfht  of  water  to  the  town  :  and 
those  of  six  feet  drausjht,  eiijht  miles  further, 
where  the  navii>-ation  eWls  :  and  the  Brandywine 
admits  those  of  seven  feet  draught  to  the  "mills. 
The  town  is  rejridarly  laid  out  in  squares  similar 
to  Philadelphia,  and  contains  upwards  of  (i'M) 
lioiises,  mostly  of  brick,  and  3000  inhabitants. 
It  hi>s  six  places  of  pid)lic  worship,  vi/.  (wo  fur 
Presbyterians,  one  for  Swedish  Episcopalians, 
one  for  l-riends,  one  for  Baptists,  and  one  for 


W  I  N 

Methodists.  Here  are  two  markct-honspt;,  a 
poor-house,  which  stands  on  the  ic.  side  of  the 
town,  ami  is  I'iO  feet  by  40,  built  of  stone,  and 
three  stories  hifth,  for  the  reception  of  the  puiq)ers 
of  Newcastle  County,  There  is  another  stone 
building  which  was  used  as  an  academy,  and  was 
supported  for  some  time  with  considerable  repu- 
tation, but  by  n  defect  in  the  constitution  of  the 
seminary,  or  some  other  cause,  it  has,  of  late 
been  entirely  nejjlected  as  a  place  of  tuition. 
There  are,  Jiowever,  nearly  300  children  in  the 
ditferent  schools  in  town.  About  the  year  1736, 
the  lirst  houses  were  built  at  this  (ilace  ;  and  the 
town  was  incorporated  a  few  years  afterwards. 
Its  officers  are  two  burgesses,  six  assistants,  and 
two  constables,  all  of  whom  are  annually  chosen. 
I'or  other  particulars,  see  Dklawahk.  Lat. 
39^  43'  «.     Long.  7,5°  35'  w.] 

Wii,min(;ton,  an  island  of  the  N.  Sea,  near 
the  coast  of  Georgia  ;  one  of  those  called  the 
fioorgian,  situate  between  the  islands  Tiby  and 
Wasa. 

rWILMOT,  a  township  of  Nova  Scotia,  Anna- 
polis (\ninty,  settled  from  Ireland  and  New  En- 
gland.! 

WILSONS,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  S.  Carolina  ;  it  runs  e.  and  enters  the 
Couffary. 

[WiLSONVILLE,  a  town  of  Pennsylvania, 
newly  lairl  out  on  the  Walenpapeck,  at  its  junction 
with  the  Lexawacsein,  f)l  miles  h.  of  Philadelphia. 
Here  are  already  erected  fourteen  houses,  a  saw 
and  grist  mill,  and  a  large  building  for  manufac- 
turing sail  cloth.  The  creek  here  falls  upwards 
{)f  300  feet,  some  say  .500,  in  the  space  of  a 
mile  -.  for  17  miles  above  the  tails  the  creek  has  a 
gentle  current.] 

[WILTON,  a  township  of  New  Hampshire, 
Hillsborough  Coiinty,  s.  tc\  of  Amherst,  adjoin- 
ing, about  47  miles  ni.  s.  ic.  of  Portsmouth.  It 
was  incorporated  in  I7fj2,  and  contained  in  1790, 
1 10,)  inhabitants  ] 

Wii.Tov,  a  small  village  of  the  same  province, 
in  Charleston  district,  called  by  some  New  Lon- 
don. It  was  founded  by  the  Swiss,  under  the 
direction  of  one  named  Zel)abbiilar,by  permission 
of  the  assembly.  It  stands  «)n  the  «.  r.  shore  of 
the  ri\er  Edisto,  and  12  miles  from  its  mouth. 
This  town  di<l  much  mischief  to  that  <»f  Purrys- 
burir,  which  is  on  the  frontier  of  the  county,  and 
if  it  h;ul  been  l)etter  established  at  first,  it  would 
have  drawn  a  still  more  numerous  population  ; 
'22  miles  distant  from  it  is  the  fort  of  Eiiisto,  to 
keq)  tiie  Indians  in  subjection  :  it  is  22  miles  .v.  r. 
of  Charleston. 


W  I  N 


W  I  N 


391 


Iprovince, 
ew  lion- 

lintlcr  tlic 

•rinission 

sliore  of 

i-i  mouth. 

P\irrvs- 

nii(}'.  anil 

it  woiilil 

iiilntioii  ; 

Eili^-to,  to 

miles  s.  c. 


WILTOWN,  a  scttlomont  of  the  province  of 
(jcorgia  of  the  United  Stutes;  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Ponipon. 

fWILMACdV! ACK,  a  villaae  of  New  York, 
in  Siillblk  Cuiiiity,  Lon^!;'  Ishuut;  six  miles  ii;.  by 
A-,  of  Smithtown,  and  ii.  c.  of  Huntingdon,  and 
to  c.  bv  n.  of  New  V'ork  citv.l 

[WINCH ELSEA,  an  island  in  the  s.  Pacific 
Ocean,  which  appears  like  three  islands.  It  is 
about  30  miles  s.  by  c.  of  Sir  Charh's  flardy's 
island.] 

[VVINCHENDON,  a  post-town  of  Massachu- 
setts, in  Worcester  County,  seven  miles  m.  of 
Gardner,  30  w  m  to.  of  Worcester,  and  53  «-  to. 
by  w.  of  Boston.  This  township  was  formerly 
called  Ipswich  Canada,  until  it  was  incorporated 
in  I7()l.  It  is  on  Miller's  Uiver,  and  contained 
in  1790,  9J0  inhabitants.  This  place  was  visited 
by  a  dreadful  tornado,  October  ai,  1795,  which 
did  considerable  damage.] 

[WINCHESTER,  a  township  of  Connecticut, 
ill  Litchfield  County,  about  13  or  15  mites  n.  of 
Litohlield] 

[Winchester,  a  township  of  New  Hamp* 
shire,  in  Cheshire  County,  c.  of  Hinsdale  and 
Port  Dummer,  adjoining.  It  is  76  miles  w.  s.  uk 
from  Portsmouth,  and  contains  1209  inhabitants.] 

[Winchester,  the  chief  town  of  Clarke  Coun- 
ty, Kentucky.] 

[Winchester,  a  township  in  the  county  of 
Dundas,  in  Upper  Canada  ;  it  lies  in  the  rear, 
and  to  the  n.  of  VVilliamsburgh.J 

[Winchester,  or  Fredericktown,  a  post- 
town  of  Virginia,  and  the  capital  of  Frederick 
County.  It  is  situate  near  the  head  of  Oneckon 
I'reek,  which  empties  into  Patowmack  llivcr  ; 
about  32  miles  s.  w.  from  tlie  celebrated  pasauge 
of  the  Patowmack  through  the  Blue  Ridge.  It 
is  n  handsome  flourishing  town,  standing  upon 
low  and  broken  ground,  and  has  a  number  of 
respectable  buildings  ;  among  which  arc  a  court 
house,  goal,  a  Presbyterian,  an  Episcopalian,  a 
Methodist,  and  a  new  Ronuin  Catholic  cluuxh. 
The  dwelling-houses  are  about  350  in  number 
several  of  which  are  built  of  stone.  It  is  a  cor- 
poration, and  contained,  in  1790,  nearly  2000  in- 
habitants. It  was  formerly  Ibrtiiied  ;  but  the 
works  are  now  in  ruins.  It  is  20  miles  e.  by  s. 
of  Romney,  78  n.  <'.  by  «.  of  Staunton,  {i'Hic.  n.  ze. 
of  Washington,  in  Marvland,  108  «.  .cj.  of  Rich- 
mond, 153  from  Philadelphia.  Lat.  39^  17' 30" 
w.     Long.7S"2l'30"M.] 

[WIND(i.\P,  a  pass  in  the  Blue  Mountains  in 
Pennsylvania  ;  about  nine  miles  s.  w.  of  Penn's 
Fort.     Although  100  feet  higher  than  the  present 


bed  of  the  Delaware,  it  is  thought  to  have  been 
formerly  part  of  the  bed  of  that  river.  The 
Wind  Cap  is  a  mile  broad,  and  the  stones  on  it 
such  as  seem  to  have  been  Mashed  for  ages  by 
water  running  over  them.] 

[WINDHAM,  a  county  in  the  ,v.  <■.  corner  of 
Vermont ;  having  tlu;  State  of  Massachusetts  s. 
and  Connecticut  River  r,  which  divides  it  from 
New  Hampshire.  It  contained,  in  1790,22  town- 
ships, and  I7,6f)3  inhabitants.  Chief  towns,  New- 
sane  and  Putney.] 

[WiNoiiAM,  a  county  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of 
Connecticut,  having  tiic  State  of  Massachusetts  w. 
and  the  State  of  Ifhode  Island  c.  It  contained, 
in  1790,  13  townships  and  28,921  inhabitants, 
including  184  slaves.     Chief  town,  Windham.] 

[Windham,  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
and  a  post  town,  is  situated  on  Shetucket  River, 
12  miles  w.  by  ,t.  of  Norwich,  and  20  s.e.  of 
Hartford.  It'contains  between  (iO  and  70  com- 
pact houses,  a  court  house,  gsiol,  an  academy, 
and  a  Congregational  church.  The  river  Willi- 
mantick  from  the  n.  w.  and  Natchaug  from  the 
//.  meet  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  township,  and 
form  the  Shetucket,  a  pleasant  river,  affording 
plenty  of  fish,  particularly  salmon,  at  some  sea- 
sons of  the  year.  The  township  was  settled 
from  Norwich,  in  1G86,  and  was  incorporated  in 
1702.] 

[Windham,  a  township  of  New  Hampshire, 
Rockingham  Co'inty,  is  about  16  miles  s.  w.  of 
Exeter,  and  27  from  Portsmouth.  It  contained, 
ill  1790,  663  inhabitants.] 

[WiNDH  AM,  a  township  of  the  district  of  Maine, 
Cumberland  County.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1762,  and  containeci,  in  1790,  938  inhabitants.] 

[Windham,  a  township,  in  the  county  of  Nor- 
folk, in  Upper  Canada.  It  lies  in  the  rear,  and 
n.  of  Charlotteville.] 

WINDMILL  Point,  on  the  coast  of  the  pro- 
vince and  colony  of  N.  Carolina,  within  the  bay 
of  Chesap<»ak. 

WINDSOR,  a  city  of  the  province  of  Georgia 
ill  t!ie  United  States  ;  situate  on  the  shore  of  the 
river  Savannah. 

[Windsor,  a  township  of  Nova  Scotia,  in 
Hants  County,  near  tlie  river  St.  Croix,  which 
empties  into  the  Avon.  The  rivers  Kenetcoot 
and  Cocmiguen  (so  called  by  the  Indians)  run 
through  this  township  and  empty  into  the  Avon. 
On  these  rivers  are  flourishing  settlements  and 
fertile  land.  Lime  stone  and  plaister  of  Paris 
are  found  here.  The  lake  Potawock  (so  called 
by  the  Indians)  lies  between  the  head  of  St.  Mar- 
garet's  Bay   and   the   main  road   from  Halifax 


'J.l 


I     ( 


*:.?-^ 

^4^ 


1 


I. 


;J!)2 


W  I  N 


M 


to  Windsor;  (ho  i»reat  lake  ofSluibonncrndic  lio-t 
on  the  ('.Hide  of  this  road,  ul)out  seven  miles  from 
it,  and  21  from  Halifax.] 

[Windsor,  a  conntv  of  Vermont,  hoinided  ir 
Inf  Orange,  s.  by  Windstor,  e.  hy  Connectirnt 
River,  and  u).  h_y  Rutland  and  part  of  Addison 
County-  It  contained,  in  1790,  '2^2  townships, 
and  1.1,748  inhabitants.] 

[Wi.NDsoB,  a  post  town  of  Vermont,  and  eapi- 
tal  of  the  above  county,  is  situate  on  the  »;.  bank 
of  Connecticut  River,  l(i  miles  ii,  by  w.  of  Charles- 
ton, in  New  Hampshire,  28  c.  by  s.  of  Rutland, 
.')0  miles  ii.  e.  of  Bennington.  The  township  con- 
tained, in  179(),  l4:Vi  inhabitants.  This,  with 
[{utiand,  is  alternately  the  seat  of  the  state  legis- 
lature.] 

[WiNusoR,  a  hilly  township  of  Massachusetts, 
in  Berkshire  County,  20  miles  ii.  ti.  w.  of  Lenox, 
and  JOO  a',  by  h.  of  Boston.  The  county  road 
to  Northampton  passes  through  it,  also  the  road 
from  Pittsfield  to  Deerfield.  It  gives  rise  to  Hou- 
satonick  and  West  field  Rivers,  on  which  are  four 
saw-mills  and  two  corn-mills.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1771,  and  contained,  in  1790,  f)\6  inhabi- 
tants. In  the  gore,  adjoining  Adams  and  Wind- 
sor, arc  about  500  inhabitants  ] 

[Windsor,  a  considerable  and  very  pleasant 
town  of  Hartford  Coiuity,  Connecticut,  on  the  ii\ 
side  of  Connecticut  River,  about  seven  miles  ». 
of  Hartford.  Here  Windsor  Ferry  River,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  Farmington  and  Poquabock 
Uivers,  empties  into  the  Connecticut  from  the  w. 
Windsor  Ferry  River  divides  the  township  into 
the  upper  and  lower  parishes.] 

[Windsor,  E.     See  E.  Windsor.] 

[Windsor,  a  township  of  New  Jersey,  Mid- 
dlesex County,  containing,  in  1790,  2,838  inhabi- 
tants, including  190  slaves.] 

[Windsor,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
York  Counly  ] 

[Windsor,  a  pi»st  town  and  the  capital  of 
Uertic  County,  N.Carolina;  situate  <m  Cnshai 
lliver,  and  contains,  besides  a  few  houses,  a 
court-house  and  gaol.  It  is  20  miles  u\  by  ,s.  of 
Edontou,  17  from  Pivmouth  ] 

[WINDWARD  l^AssAfiE,  a  name  given  to  a 
course  iVom  the  s,  c.  pat  t  of  the  island  of  Jamaica, 
in  the  W.  Indies,  and  extending  for  160  leagues 
to  the  n.  side  of  Crooked  Island  in  the  Hahnmas. 
Ships  have  often  sailed  through  this  channel  from 
tlie  //.  part  of  it  to  the  island  of  Cui)a,  or  the 
(iiilf  of  Mexico,  notwithstanding  the  common 
opinion  to  tin-  contrary,  on  account  of  the 
c'lrreMt  :  vessels  in  this  case  keep  the  Bahama 
shore  on  board,  and  nu-eting  the  nind  in  summer 


VV  I  N 

for  the  most  part  of  the  channel  e.  with  n  roimter 
current  on  snore,  they  push  easily  through  it.  ] 

[Windward  Point,  near  the  «■.  extremity  of 
the  island  of  St.  Chri«toplier's,  is  the  r.  point  of 
Sandy  Hill  Bay  ;  about  two  miles  to  then;,  m.  k. 
of  St'.  Anthony's  Hill  Point  ] 

[VyiNRE,  or  Bi.AcK  Rivkr,  in  S.  Carolina, 
rises  in  Camden  district,  and  running  s.  c.  through 
Chernws  into  (Georgetown  district,  unites  with 
Pedee  River,  about  three  miles  above  George- 
town.) 

WINEAII,  an  inland  of  the  N.  Sea,  near  the 
.V.  10.  coast,  in  Long  Bay,  close  to  Cape  Cateret. 

WINEKI.NFI,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Giiayana,  or  Nueva  Andaliicia, 
which  runs  s.  and  enters  the  Orinoco,  between 
the  Marivany  and  the  .Vrrewou. 

WINEPISCOCHO,  see  Winnipissiogek. 

WINGEN,  a  small  river  betw«»en  those  of 
Vinian  and  (Marendon,  in  the  county  of  this  name, 
and  ])rovince  and  colony  of  Carolina.  On  its 
shore  the  English  have  an  establishment  called 
Charlestown  with  a  tolerable  population. 

[WI.N'HALIj  or  WiNDiiAi.L,  a  township  of 
Vermont,  in  Bennington  County,  about  18  miles 
n.  r.  of  Bennington.  It  contained,  in  1790,  15.') 
inhabitants.] 

WINISIMT,  a  city  of  the  county  of  Middle 
sex  and  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  the  I'nited  States  : 
situate  on  the  //.  side  of  the  bay  of  Boston,  thre( 
miles  from  this  bay,  and  to  llie  !i\  of  it  having 
Charlestown,  the  river  Mistic  intervening. 

[WIN  LAN  D,a  country  accidentally  discovered 
by  Biron  or  Biorn,  a  Norman,  in  1001  ;  supposed 
to  be  a  part  of  the  island  of  Newfoundland.  It 
was  agian  visited,  and  an  intercourse  opened  \vc- 
tween  it  and  Greenland.  In  1221,  Eric,  bishop 
of  Greenland,  went  to  Winland  to  recover  and 
convert  his  countrymen,  whi>  had  degenerated 
into  savages.  Tiiis  prelate  never  returned  t(» 
Greenland  ;  nor  was  any  thing  more  heard  of 
Winland  for  several  centuries.] 

[WINLOCK,  or  Weni.oik,  a    township  of 
Vermont,  in  Essex  County,  rr.  ofMinehead.J 

[WINNIPISEOGEE,  or  Winnipissiokek.  a 
lake  in  New  Hampshire,  and  the  largest  collec- 
tion of  water  in  the  state.  It  is  I8|  miles  in  lenglli 
from  s.  c.  to  m.  ii\  and  of  very  unequal  breadth, 
but  no  where  more  than  eight  miles.  Some  yer\ 
long  necks  of  land  project  into  it ;  and  it  con. 
tains  several  islands,  large  and  small,  and  on 
which  rattle  snakes  are  common.  It  abounds 
with  fish  from  G  to  20  pounds  weight.  Th" 
mountains  which  surround  it,  give  rise  to  maiiv 
streams  which  flow  into  it :  and  between  it  and 


•minier 
liH.J 
iiiit^  of 
mint  of 

10.  w.  tc. 

i»roIinn, 
tliroujg;li 
OH  with 
ficorgc- 

irar  tho 
ntoret. 
iico   and 
iclahiciii. 
between 

)CER. 

those  of 

UH  name. 
On  it>. 

nt  called 

I. 

nshij)   ol 
18  miles 

1790,  IJ.") 

r  Middle 
•d  States : 
ton,  threi 
it  Iiavin;;' 


iscoveiTil 
supposed 
Hand.  It 
pened  Ik'- 
ic,  bishop 
cover  and 
jronerated 
turned  to 
heard  of 

wnship  of 
lirad.J 
^sioKF.r,.  ii 
:est  roller - 
s  in  length 
il  breadth, 
Sonic  very 
ind  it  con- 
II,  and  on 
t  abounds 

ight.  'ri;..- 

se  to  many 
ecn  it  and 


W  I  N 

tlie  moiintainR,  are  ncveral  lesser  ponds,  which 
comnuinicate  with  it.  Contiguous  to  this  lake 
arc  the  townships  of  Moullonborough  on  the 
ti.  w.  Tnftonborongh  and  VVolfborongh  on  the 
//.  ( .  Meredith  and  (iilmantown  on  the  s.  »'.  and 
a  tract  of  land,  called  the  Gore,  on  the  s.  e.  From 
the  *.  r.  extremity  of  this  lake,  called  Merry 
Meeting  Bay,  to  the  n.  xo.  part  called  Senter  Har- 
bour, there  is  good  inivigation  in  the  summer, 
and  generally  a  good  road  in  the  winter;  the 
lake  is  fro/en  about  three  months  in  the  year, 
and  many  sleighs  and  teams,  from  the  circumja- 
cent towns,  cross  it  on  the  ice.  See  AuuKnocii- 
TON.  Winnipiseogee  Kiver  conveys  the  waters 
of  the  lake  into  Pemigewasset  Kivcr,  through  its 
e.  bank  at  New  Chester.] 

[WINNEBAGO,  a  lake  oftheN.W. Territory ; 
w.  of  Michigan  Lake,  and  x.  w.  of  Bay  Puan, 
into  which  it  sends  its  waters.  It  is  about  1j 
miles  long  from  e.  to  to.  and  six  wide.  It  receives 
a  large  stream  from  the  s.  w.  called  Crocodile 
River.  Fox  Biver  enters  it  from  the  w.  and  by 
it,  through  Ouisconsing  River,  has  communica- 
tion with  Mississippi  River,  interrupted  by  a 
ffortage  of  only  three  miles.  The  centre  of  the 
ake  lies  in  about  lat.  43°  51' ».  and  long.  86°  3S' 
zi\     See  0(  isco\RiN(i  and  Fox  Rivers.J 

[WIN  NEBA(;OES,  an  Indian  nation  inhabit- 
ing round  the  lake  of  the  same  name,  who  can 
furnish  2  or  3(X)  warriors.  Their  town  stands  on 
an  island  at  the  e.  end  of  the  lake,  of  about  .')() 
acres  extent,  and  distant  from  Bay  Puan  3!)  miles, 
according  to  the  course  of  the  river.  The  town 
contains  about  .'30  houses,  which  arc  strongly 
built  with  pallisades.  The  land  adjacent  to  the 
lake  is  very  fertile,  abounding  spontaneously  with 
grapes,  plums,  and  other  fruit.  The  people 
raise  a  great  (piantity  of  Indian  corn,   beanos, 

[tumpkins,  squashes,  melons,  and  tobacco.  The 
ake  abounds  with  tish,  and  in  the  autumn  or  fall, 
with  geese,  ducks,  and  teal ;  and  are  very  fat  and 
well  flavoured  by  feeding  on  wild  rice,  which 
grows  plentifully  in  these  parts.  Mr.  Carver 
thinks  from  the  result  of  liis  inquiries  of  the 
origin,  language,  and  customs  of  this  people,  that 
they  originally  resided  in  some  of  the  provinces 
of  Mexico,  and  migrated  to  this  country  about  a 
century  ago.  Their  language  is  diiferent  from 
any  otheryet  discovered  ;  and  they  converse  with 
other  nations  in  thcChippeway  tongue.] 

[WINNIPEG,  or  Winnu'eck,  a  large  lake 
of  Upper  Canada,  in  the  territory  belonging  to 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  about  2Si  geogra- 
phical miles  n.  w.  from  the  Gnmd  Portage,  on 
the  ;>.  w.  side  of  Lake  Superior.     It  is  23(i  gco- 

VOK.   v. 


W  I  N 


.)}).-) 


graphical  miles  in  length,  (exclusive  of  Play- 
green  Lake,  which,  in  fart,  might  properly  be 
said  to  be  a  part  of  it.  and  wliicTi  would  add  10 
or  hi  miles  to  the  above  length)  from  //.  ti.  w.  to 
v.  v.  r.  and  of  very  irregular  breadth  ;  its  greatest 
breadth  being  afmut  .'>8  miles  and  its  least  about 
five,  according  to  a  very  recent  survey.  It  lies 
between  lat.  .00^  '^'  and  '}'3-'  .)7'  n.,  and  between 
long.  9,V  48'  and  09^  V2'  ii\  On  its  w.  side  it 
has  communication  with  Winnipegoos,  or  Littile 
Winnipeg  Lake,  bv  Dauphin  River,  St.  Martir's 
Lake,  and  Waterhen  River.  On  its  s.  side  it 
receives  the  Assineboine,  or  Rod  River;  and  o'l 
the  .«.  e.  side  the  river  of  its  name.  On  the  r. 
side  it  receives  Mainwaring's  River,  Bcren's 
River,  and  Poplar  River,  besides  many  other  in- 
ferior ones.  On  its  :o.  side,  towards  its  n.  end, 
it  is  entered  by  the  Saskatchuvan,  a  large  arid 
navigable  river,  which  has  its  origin  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  is,  with  Lake  Winnipeg,  the 
means  of  many  very  imp(»rtant  water  communi- 
cations, the  principal  of  which  we  shall  name. 
On  account  of  its  lK»ad  waters  interlocking  with 
those  of  the  Oregan  or  Columbia,  it  affords,  with 
few  and  short  portages,  a  water  communication 
from  the  S.  Sea  to  Hudson's  Bay,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  Port  Nelson ;  and  another  from  the  S. 
Sea  to  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  through  the  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  Lake  Superior,  Lake  Huron,  Lake 
Erie,  and  Lake  Ontario;  and  also  from  the  S. 
Sea  to  the  (iulf  of  Mexico,  by  the  s.  branch  of 
the  lied  River  and  the  Mississippi.  But  there 
is  a  much  shorter  communication  from  the  S.  Sen 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  by  the  Missourie  River, 
whose  head  waters  also  interlock  with  those  of 
the  Columbia.  On  the  to.  of  this  lake  is  the  ter- 
ritory called  Assiniboia,  being  a  grant  from  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  .issinilmia  is  bounded 
on  the  ».  by  lat.  5^°  S^'.,  on  the  w.  by  an  ideal 
line  drawn  from  the  intersection  of  lat.  aii°  willi 
the  Red  River,  and  in  the  $.  by  the  boundary 
of  the  company's  territories,  or,  as  is  coininonly 
called,  by  the  Height  of  Land.  A  settlement  has 
been  recently  tbrmed  on  Red  River  by  Scotch 
emigrants,  and  promises  to  become  flourishing. 
The  Stony  Indians  inhabiting  the  banks  of  the 
river  and  the  plains  to  the  w.  live  much  on  horse- 
back after  the  manner  of  the  Tartars.  The  ter- 
ritory about  Jiake  Winnepeg  is  said  by  Carver 
and  other  travellers  to  be  very  fertile,  producing 
vast  quiintitics  of  wild  rice,  and  the  siigiir-tree  in 
great  plenty.  The  climate  is  considerably  more 
temperate  fiere  than  it  is  upon  the  .Vtlautic  coast, 
10°  farther  n.] 
[WiNMi'Eti.  Little,  a  lake  which  lies  to.  oftlie 
3  u 


(»M 


'      \A 


f 


i 


•t 

,    !    1. 


:l  ■ 


4,  • 


4 


:m4 


W  1  N 


former,  nnd  hnn  rnmmunirution  with  Lnko  Mini- 
tuhali  un  tho  .<.,  wliich  luHt  sends  the  waters  of 
both  into  Witinipei^  Lake,  in  an  e.  n.  e.  conrse. 
It  is  nhoiit  f).*)  miles  loniu;  and  about  ^.'3  broad. 
Fort  Dauphin  is  seated  on  ii  hike  contiguous,  on 
the  w.  whose  waters  empty  into  this  lake.] 

[WiNNiPEfJ  Hiver,  ruiis  n.  w,  into  the  lake  of 
its  name.  It  is  the  outlet  of  the  waters  of  a  vast 
chain  of  lakes  ;  the  chief  of  which  are  ]m  Flue  or 
Rainy  Lake,  and  liake  of  the  Woods.] 

[WlNNSBrtROUGH,  a  post-town  and  the 
capital  of  FairKeld  County,  S.  Carolina;  situate 
on  a  branch  of  Wateree  Creek,  which  empties 
into  the  river  of  that  name.  It  containen,  in 
1790,  about  '25  houses,  a  handsome  court-house, 
a  gaol,  and  a  college  culled  Mount  Z  ion  College, 
which  is  supported  hy  a  respectable  society  of 
gentlemen,  and  has  been  long  incorporated.  The 
institution  flourishes,  and  bids  fair  for  usefulness. 
It  is  96  miles  n.  n.  w.  of  Columbia.] 

[WINSLOW,  a  post-town  of  the  district  of 
Maine,  Lincoln  County ;  situate  on  Kennebeck 
River,  S4  miles  n.  of  Harrington.  Fort  Halifax 
was  built  at  this  place,  in  17.54,  on  the  point  of 
land  at  the  confluence  of  Sebasticook  and  Kenne- 
beck Rivers.  This  town  is  C5  miles  n.  by  e.  of 
Portland.  It  was  incorporated  in  1771,  and  con- 
tained, in  1790,  779  inhabitants,  and,  in  1797, 
about  1.500J 

[WINTERHAM,  a  place  in  Amelia  County, 
Virginia.  Black-lead  is  found  here;  but  no 
works  for  its  manufacture  are  established  :  those 
who  want  it  go  and  procure  it  for  themselves.] 

[WINTHROP,  a  post-town  of  the  district  of 
Maine,  Lincoln  County,  between  Androscoggin 
and  Kennebeck  Rivers,  about  10  miles  trom 
each ;  five  miles  e.  of  Monmouth ;  10  xs.  by  s.  of 
Hallowel,  now  Harrington  court-house.  Tlie 
township  in  which  it  stands  was  incorporated  in 
1771,  and  contained,  in  1790,  1^40  inhabitants.] 

[WiJJTHROp's  Bay,  on  the  n.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Antigua.  Maideii  Island,  a  small  isle 
t.s.ro.  of  Long  Island,  is  due  e.  of  the  s.  e.  point 
of  this  bay.] 

[WINTON,  a  county  of  Orangeburg  district, 
S.  Carolina.] 

[WiNTON,  a  post-town  of  N.  Carolina,  and 
capital  of  Hartford  County,  on  the  s.  w.  side  of 
Chowan  River,  a  few  miles  below  the  place  where 
Meherrin  and  Nottaway  join  their  waters.  It 
has  a  court-house  and  gaol,  and  a  few  compact 
houses.  It  is  V2  miles  from  Murfreesborough, 
13  from  the  bridge  on  Rennet's  Creek,  and  60 
«.  s.  e.  of  Petersburg,  in  Virginia.] 

[WINYAM,  a  river  of  the  county  of  Claren- 


W  O  A 

don,  in  the  province  and  colony  of  Carolina,  it 
has  a  course  of  *2b  leagues,  as  far  as  the  Ashley, 
and  is  capable  of  adiniltiiig  large  vessels,  but  iit 
inferior  to  Port  Royal;  neither  nai  it  any  settle- 
ments upon  it.] 

[WINYAW  Bav,  on  the  coast  of  S.  Carolina, 
communicates  with  the  ocean  \^2  miles  below 
rSeorgetown.  See  CiKoncKTowN  and  Peuer 
Rive  K.J 

[WIOMINO.     See  Wyomino] 

[VVISCASSET,  a  port  of  entry  and  post-town 
of  the  district  of  Maine,  Lincoln  County,  on  the 
w.  side  of  Sheepscut  River,  eight  miles  *.  to.  of 
New  Milford,  on  the  e.  side  of  Kennebeck  River, 
n.  e.  of  Bath,  ^G  n.  e.  of  Portland.  It  is  a  part  of 
the  township  of  Pownalboroiigh,  and  is  very  flou- 
rishing. It  contained,  in  1790,  a  congregational 
church,  and  about  liK)  houses.  Its  navigation  is 
greater  in  proportion  to  its  size  and  number  of 
inhabitants  than  any  part  of  Massachusetts.  A 
gazette  is  published  here,  and  the  county  courts 
are  held  in  it.  Wiscasset  Point  is  three  leagues 
from  Cross  River.  The  exports  tor  one  year, 
ending  September  30,  1794,  amounted  to  i23,339 
dollars^ 

[WITCHARN  Bav,  is  within  the  great  sound 
in  the  Bermuda  islunds,  in  the  W.  Indies ;  si- 
tuate at  the  e.  part  of  the  bottom  or  s.  part  of  the 
sound,  having  two  small  islands  at  the  mouth 
of  it.] 

WITHY-GOOD,  a  bay  of  the  s.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Jamaica;  on  the  shore  of  which  are 
some  40  houses  for  the  convenience  of  the  vessels 
which  frequently  arrive  here.  The  surrounding 
country  is  agreeable. 

WiTOUPO,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of  the 
province  and  colony  of  S.  Carolina ;  on  the  shore 
of  a  river. 

WITUMKI,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of  the 
same  province  as  the  former;  on  the  shore  of  the 
river  Albania. 

[WO.'VHOO,  one  of  the  Sandwich  isles,  in  the 
N.  Pacific  Ocean,  seven  leagues  «.  zc.  of  Morotoi 
Island.  It  is  high  land,  and  contains  (jO,()()0  in- 
habitants ;  and  has  good  anchoring  ground  in  hit. 
'21°  4.'3'  w.  and  long.  Ij7°  51'  u\] 

[WOAPANACHKY,  the  name  of  the  Dela- 
ware nation,  in  their  language.] 

[WOAPO,  one  of  tilt'  Ingrahain  islands,  less 
ill  size  than  Christiana.  The  body  of  it  lies  in 
lat.  9°  27'  s.  It  bears  w.  w.  by  w ,  about  'iO 
leagues  from  Resolution  Bay.  It  was  called 
Adams  by  Cnntain  Ingraham ;  and  a  small  ii^laiid 
to  the  s.  of  it  he  called  Lincoln.  Captain  Roberts 
afterwards  discovered  them,  and  named  them 


I- 


u\ 


woo 


w  o  o 


.If)* 


aiids,  less 
it  lies  in 
about  '20 
IS  called 
mil  iNlaiKl 
n  Roberts 
ued  them 


Trom  IiIh  nliip  and  HcTiooner ;  the  larger,  Jefferson, 
and  tlie  lesHer,  Resolution.] 

WOBIJRN,  a  city  of  the  rounty  of  Middlesex, 
in  Massachiisett's  Kay,  between  Medford  and 
VVilminhani ;  10  niileu  n.  of  Cambridge,  and 
seven  n.  e.  of  liexington.  It  was  incorporated, 
in  l(it'2,  by  the  name  of  Wooborne,  and  was  till 
then  known  by  the  nameof  Charlestown  Village. 
It  rontained,  in  I71K),  17^27  inhabitants. 

WOKUKAY,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of  the 
province  and  colony  of  S.  Carolina  ;  situate  near 
the  river  Coussa. 

[WOLCOTT,  a  townshin  of  Vermont,  in  Or- 
leans ("ounty,  x.  of  ('raftsbury,  containing,  in 
I7f)0,  .'J2  inhabitants.  La  Moilfc  River  runs  n.  w, 
through  it.] 

(^VVOLI' ,  a  small  hoatable  river  of  Tennesse, 
which  runs  w.  into  Mississippi  River,  about  If) 
miles  s.  of  Hatchy  River,  and  3.5  from  Reelfoot. 
It  is  50  yards  wide  several  miles  from  its  mouth, 
which  is  very  near  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  Stat«', 
in  hit.  .T)°.] 

[VVOLf  nOROTKJH,  a  township  of  New 
Hampshire,  Strafford  County,  on  the  e.  side  of 
Winnipisiogee  Lake,  and  contained,  in  I7f)0,  417 
inhal)itnnts.  It  contains  some  line  farms,  and 
particidarly  that  which  formerly  belonged  to 
Governor  Wentworth.l 

[WOLFE  Island,  hi  Upper  Canada,  lies  op- 
posite  to  Kingston  and  Pittsburgh,  in  the  narrow 

Imrt,    where  Lake  Ontario  forces   into   the   St. 
4iwreiice.] 

[WOLFORD,  a  township  of  Upner  Cniiada, 
lying  in  tiie  county  of  (ireiiville,  in  the  rear  and 
to  the  //.  of  the  townships  of  Elizabeth  Town 
and  Augusta,  and  being  washed  by  the  river 
Radeaii.j 

[WOLVES  Islands,  lie  near  Cainpo  RoUo 
Island,  on  tlie  easternmost  coast  of  the  district  of 
Maine.  Between  these  the  soundings  are  from 
60  to  100  fathoms.  Lat.  ti.  4.)^  .T.  lo.  long.  m° 
40'.  From  Grand  Maniian  Island  to  Wolves 
Islands,  the  c(»urse  is  n.  c.  by  m.  three  leagues.  ] 

WOMASCA,  a  small  river  of  the  province 
and  country  of  the  Irocpics  Indians,  in  Canada. 
It  runs  n.  and  enters  St.  Peter's  Lake  of  the  river 
St.  Lawrence. 

[WOMEF<l)ORF,  a 
vania,  in  Herks  Countv  ; 
a  small   stream    which 


post-town  of    Peiinsyl- 

situate  on  the  u\  side  of 

falls    into    Tulpehocken 


Creek.  It  contained,  in  1790,  about  40  houses, 
and  a  German  Lutheran  and  Calvinistic  church. 
It  is  ol  miles  n.  le.  of  Philadelphia.] 

WOOD,  a  settlement  of  the  island  of  Barba- 
(loes,  in  the  district  of  the  parish  of  St.  Andrew. 


Wool),  two  islands  of  the  N.  Sea;  situate 
within  Hudson's  Ray,  and  opposite  the  point  of 
Comfort. 

Wool),  a  liay  on  (he  ti.  coast  of  the  Strait  of 
Matfellan,  close  to  Cape  San  Isidro. 

fVVooi)  (^-eek,  a  sluggish  stream  which  rises 
in  the  high  lands,  a  little  r.  of  Fort  Edward,  on 
Hudson's  River;  and,  ufller  running  S^.')  miles, 
falls  into  the  head  of  l^akc  (^haiiinlain  at  Skenes- 
bonuigh.  It  has  a  fall  at  its  moutli,  otherwise  it  is 
navigable  for  batteaux  for  iiK)  miles  up  to  Fort  Anne. 
On  its  shores  a  battle  was  fought  between  the 
French  and  the  English,  Septemner  8,  1753. 

Wood  Oeek  runs  ti\  and  empties  into  Lake 
Oneida.  .S<'e  Onlida,  Ononuago,  and  Mo- 
hawk Rivi,n.J 

[Wood  Island,  on  the  sea-coast  of  the  district 
of  Maine,  five  leagues  «.  r.  of  Cape  Porpoise,  and 
s.w.  by  .«.  four  leagues  of  Richman's  Island.] 

[WOODS,  Lakk  of  thk,  in  N.  America,  in 
the  territory  belonging  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, is  so  called  from  the  large  quantities  of 
wood  growing  on  its  banks ;  such  as  oak,  pine, 
fir,  spruce,  ^-c.  This  lake  lies  f)0  miles  ,v.  c.  of 
tlie  s.  end  of  Winnipeg  Lake.  Its  length  from 
M.  to  s.  is  about  GO  miles ;  and  of  very  irregular 
breadth,  being  in  some  places  47  miles  wide,  and 
in  other  places  not  more  than  seven.  Its  general 
shape  is  in  the  form  of  an  S.  It  is  about  178 
miles  to.  n.  w.  of  the  Grand  Portage  on  the  w.  a'. 
side  of  Lake  Superior.] 

[WOODBRIIKJE,  a  post-town  of  New  Jer- 
sey, Middlesex  County  ;  «)n  the  great  road  from 
New  Y(U'k  (o  Pliiliidelphia,  on  a  stream  which 
falls  into  Arthur  Kiili,  above  Amboy.  It  is  about 
three  miles  n.  by  tc.  of  Amboy,  10  s.  ic.  of  Eliza- 
beth Town,  and  3.5  w.  e.  of  Philadelphia.  The 
township  contained,  in  17f)0,  ci,330  inhabitants, 
including  ^5()  slaves.] 

[WooDUKioui:,  a  township  of  Cimnecticut, 
New  Haven  County,  about  seven  miles  n.w.  of 
New  Haven  City.] 

[WOODBl  RY,  a  township  of  Vermont,  in 
Caledonia  County,  13  or  20  miles  to.  n.  w.  of 
Barnet.] 

[WooDBiTHY,  a  post-town  of  New  Jersey,  and 
capital  of  Gloucester  County;  situate  near  a 
small  stream,  which  empties  into  (he  Delaware, 
l)elow  Red  Bank.  It  contained,  in  I7f)0,  about 
80  houses,  a  handsome'  brick  coiirt-liouse,  a 
Quaker  meeting-house,  and  an  academy.  Seve- 
ral of  the  houses  are  neat  and  handsome.  It  is 
nine  miles  s.  of  Philadelphia,  and  II  ».  r.  of 
Swedesburg.  Also,  (lie  name  of  a  township  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  Hun(iiigdon  Coun(v.  I 
3  i:  'i 


! 


'(ij^>r; 


w 


ii  ^ 


auo 


woo 


[WooDBUiiV,  n  lownHliip  of  Connecticut,  in 
thp  county  of  Litchfield,  in  the  United  States ; 
nettled  in  ItiT^J.  It  in  Nituiile  ncur  the  river 
Sliepoiig^,  which  enters  tho  Striitford ;  15  mileg  n. 
of  ^fetvtoun,  Heven  u.  e.  of  New  Milibrd,  and 
eight  «.  w.  of  liitchiiuld.J 

[VVOODI'OKD,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  on 
Ohio  Uivcr,  l>ctwepn  Kentucky  and  Licking 
llivern.     Chief  town,  Vei'HailleH.  | 

[Woodford,  a  township  of "  Vermont,  r.  of 
Bennington,  adjoining.  It  contained,  in  1790, 
iXi  inhabitants.] 


QWOODHOtJSE,  a  townshin,  in  the  county 
1  Upi)er  Canada,  lying  w.  of  Waf- 
pole,  and  fronting  Ijake  Erie.] 


of  Norfolk,  in 


[WOODSTOCK,  one  of  tho  principal  towns 
of  Windsor  County,  Vermont.  It  has  a  couit- 
house  and  about  hO  dtvel ling-houses.  It  lies  n 
ii\  of  Windsor,  adjoining,  and  contained,  in  1790, 
I,GOj  inhabitants.  Waterquechie  River  passes 
through  the  centre  of  the  town,  on  the  banks 
of  which  stand  the  meeting  house  and  court- 
house.] 

[Woodstock,  n  township  of  New  York,  in 
Ulster  County  ;  bounded  e,  by  Kingston,  Hurley, 
and  Marbletown,  and  w.  hy  Delaware  Jliver.  it 
contained,  in  17f)0,  \,Qf2b  inhabitants,  including 
[b  slaves.  In  1796,  according  to  the  State  cen- 
sus, 160  of  the  inhabitants  were  qiialitied  elec. 
tors.] 

[Woodstock,  a  small  town  of  N.  Carolina, 
on  the  t.  side  of  Pamplico  River.] 

[Woodstock,  a  considerable  and  pleasant 
township  of  good  land,  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  Con- 
necticut, Windham  County,  divided  into  three 
parishes.  This  township,  which  is  seven  miles 
square,  was  granted  by  the  general  court  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, November  7,  1G83,  and  was  settled 
by  .W  families  from  Roxburv  in  1688.  This 
tow  n  remained  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Massa- 
chusetts till  about  the  year  17G0,  since  which 
time  it  has  liecii  considered  as  belonging  to  Con- 
necticut. It  is  .'i2  miles  *.  w.  of  Boston,  30  e,  of 
Hartfurd,  i?4  .«.  w.  of  Worcester,  28  «.  li).  of  Fro- 
vidcnrc,  and  about  the  same  distance  ».  of  Nor- 
wich.) 

[VVooDSTocK,  a  post-town  of  Virginia,  scat  of 
Justice  and  capital  in  Shenandoah  County.  It 
contains  between  60  and  70  houses,  a  court-house, 
and  gaol.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Germans 
and  their  descendants.  It  is  12  miles  from  Stras- 
burg,  :ij  from  Kockingham  court-house,  and  70 
K.  fro.;^  Wiwliintjton.j 

( W()()lJST>')VVN,  a  post-t<.wn  of  New  .ler- 
Kcy,  Salem  County,  and  containi^^  about  40  or  30 


W  O  II 

houses.  It  is  eight  miles  n.  by  e.  of  Salem,  17  n. 
by  w.  of  Bridgetown,  and  »  *.  s.  w.  of  Phila- 
delphia.]^ 

[AVOODY  Point,  one  of  the  limits  of  Hope 
Bay,  on  the  n.  w.  coast  of  N.  America,  as  Break- 
ers is  the  other.  It  is  in  about  lat.  bO^  ».  and 
long.  128^  a).J 

[WOOLWICH,  n  township  of  Gloucester 
County,  New  Jersey.] 

[Wooi.wicii,  a  township  of  Lincoln  County, 
district  of  Maine,  on  the  e.  side  of  Kennoliock 
River,  s.  of  Pownalborough,  containing,  in  1790, 
797  inhabitants.] 

[WOONSOKKT  FAi,f,s,  on  Bluestono  River, 
in  Smithfield  township,  Rhode  Island.] 

[WORCESTER,  a  large  and  populous  county 
of  Massachusetts.  It  contained,  in  1790,  fi'O 
townships,  53  congregational  churches,  510,230 
acres  of  unimproved  land,  and  207,430  under 
cu.Uivation,  and  56,807  inhabitants.  It  is  about 
50  miles  in  length,  from  ».  to  a.  and  about  40  in 
breadth;  boi'ulod.v.  almost  equally  by  the  States 
of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  and  n.  by  the 
State  of  New  Hampshire.  On  the  e.  it  is  Iraunded 
chiefly  by  Middlesex  County,  and  w,  by  Hamp- 
shire County.] 

[Worcester,  a  post-town  of  Massachusetts, 
and  capital  of  the  above  county.  It  is  the  largest 
inland  town  of  New  England;  and  is  situate 
about  36  miles  w.  of  Boston,  and  40  e.  of  Spring- 
field. The  public  buildings  in  this  town  arc  two 
congregational  churches,  a  court-house,  and  a 
strong  stone  gaol.  The  inhabitants,  who,  in 
1790,  amounted  to  upwards  of  2,000  in  number, 
have  a  large  inland  trade,  and  manufacture  pot 
and  pearl  ash,  cotton  and  linen  goods,  l)csi<ies 
some  other  articles.  The  compact  part  of  the 
town  contains  about  150  neat  houses,  situate  in 
a  healthy  vale,  principally  on  one  street.  Print- 
ing, in  its  various  branches,  is  carried  on  very 
extensively  in  this  town,  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq. 
who,  in  the  year  1791,  printed  two  editions  of 
the  Bible,  the  one  the  large  royal  quarto,  the 
first  of  that  kind  nublishcd  in  America  ;  the  other 
a  large  folio,  nilli  M  copper  plates,  besides  seve- 
ral other  Iwoks  of  consequence.  His  printing 
apparatus  consists  of  10  printing-presses,  with 
types  in  proportion  :  and  he  has  since  I)een  busied 
ill  printing  of  Bibles  of  various  smaller  kinds. 
His  printing  apparatus  is  reckoned  the  largest  in 
America.  This  township,  part  of  what  was  called 
Quinsigamond  by  the  Indians,  was  incorporated 
in  1084  ;  but  being  depopulated  by  Indian  hosti- 
lities, the  first  town-meeting  was  held  in  1722. 
It  is  proposed  to  open  a  canal  between  Provi- 


W  Y  A 

dence,  in  Rhode  iMland,  and  thiH  (own.     Liit.  n. 
42"  13'.  long.  a).  7IM4'.] 

[WoncEKTKii,  u  township  of  Ponnitylvania,  in 
Montffonipry  Count  v.  J 

[W()iu;E«rEii,  tnc  t.  >■.  county  of  Maryland, 
having  .SonifrHct  (^Mnity  and  ("heHuppokc  nay  on 
the  w.,  Hincpuxent  May  on  the  r.,  whirh  opens  to 
the  N.  Atlantic  Occiin,  and  Acconiiic  County,  in 
Virginia,  on  the  s.  It  in  well  watered  by  roco- 
moke,  AHHUtigul,  and  St.  Martin'H  Kiver.  It  con« 
tainod,  in  1790,  il,U40  inhahitantH,  including 
3,H36  hIuvch.     Chief  town.  Knowhill] 

[ Wo  lit' KST E n,  tt  township  of  Vermont,  in  the 
eaHtcrnmuHt  part  of  Chitrendon  County,  about  2.> 
niileH  e.  of  Burlington.] 

WORSAN,  a  Hettleincnt  of  .he  inlnnd  of  Knr- 
badocH,  in  the  disitrict  of  the  parish  of  St. 
Thomas. 

[WORTHINGTON,  a  post-town  of  Mussa- 
chiisettK.,  in  Hampshire  County,  1 1  miles  te.  by 
w.  of  Northampton,  If)  e.  by  s.  of  New  liebanon, 
in  New  York  State,  an<l  85  w.  of  Ronton.  It 
was  incorporated  in  17tiS,  and  contained,  in  1790, 
1,1 1()  inhabitants.J 

WRENS,  Isi.ANu,  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan, 
between  Sugar-loaf  Mountain  and  the  Harring- 
ton Island. 

[WRENTHAM,  the  Wollomonuppoiige  of 
the  Indians,  a  considerable  township  of  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  on  the  post  road  from 
Boston  to  Providence,  5^3  miles  s.  s.  w.  of  Boston, 
and  Kin. f.  of  Providence,  containing,  in  1790, 
1,767  inhabitants:  formerly  apart  of  Dedham, 
incorporated  in  1661.  There  is  u  curious  cavern 
in  this  town,  called  Wampom's  Rock,  from  an 
Indian  family  of  that  name,  who  lived  in  it  tor  a 
numl)er  of  years.  It  is  about  nine  feet  square  and 
eight  feet  high,  lessening  from  the  centre  to  about 
four  feet.  It  is  surrounded  l)y  broken  rocks,  and 
now  serves  as  a  shelter  for  cattle  and  sheep,  as 
do  several  others  here,  formerly  inhabited  by 
Indians.] 

[WRlGHTSnOROrr.H,  a  small  settlement 
or  village  on  Little  Hiver,  a  branch  of  the  Savan- 
nah, about  30  miles  from  Augusta.  It  was  set- 
tled by  Joseph  Mattock,  Esq.  one  of  the  Friends, 
who  named  it  af\er  Sir  James  Wright,  then  go- 
vernor of  Georgia,  who  promoted  its  establish- 
ment.] 

[WllIGHTSTOWN,  in  Buck's  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, four  miles  «.  of  Newtown,  and  four  w. 
of  Delaware  R  iver.  ] 

[WUNALACIITIKOS,  a  tribe,  the  second  in 
rank,  of  the  Delaware  iKttion.] 

[WYACONDA,  a  river  of  Louisiana,  which 


W   Y  O 


aj)7 


ffalU  into  tho  Missisippi,  34  niilen  bidow  Riviere 
du  Moinn.J 

fWYALUSING,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
Luiierne  ('ounty.J 

[WYA MIXING  CnKEK,in  Luaerno ('ounty, 
Pennsylvania,  fulls  into  tho  r.  branch  of  Susquc- 
hannali  River,  from  the  n.  v.  and  n. ».  of  Mnn- 
hoppen  f'rcek,  which  is  'itt  milus  i.r,  of  Tioga 
Poiut.J 

[WyK  River,  in  I'pper  Canada,  runs  from  a 
small  luk(  near  the  n,  to,  end  of  Lake  Sinicuo, 
into  (flouce.ster  Bay,  Luke  Huron.  J 

fWYMOA   RoAn,  in  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean,  a 

t>!ace  of  anchorage  at  Atooi  Island,  one  of  the 
«andwich  Islands,  iu  lat. ;/.  'i\'^  hT.  and  long,  w, 
I.j9'  47'.  It  is  at  the  .«.  u\  side,  and  about  si.\ 
miles  from  the  tc.  end  of  the  island.  The  island 
is  aluiut  10  leagues  long,  and  i?.j  leagues  n.  u\  of 
Woahoo  Island.] 

[WYNTON,  the  chief  town  of  Hertford 
County,  Kdenton  district,  N.  Carolina.] 

[WYOMING,  a  general  name  formerly  given 
to  a  tract  of  country  in  Pennsylvania;  situate  on 
Susquehannah  River,  above  Wilksbarre.  In  the 
year  1778,  the  settlement,  which  was  known 
under  this  name,  consisted  of  eight  townships, 
each  containing  five  miles  square,  settled  fVom 
Connecticut,  and  originally  under  its  Jurisdiction, 
and  produced  great  quantities  of  grain  of  all 
sorts,  fruit,  hemp,  llax,  8ic.  :  inhabited  by  about 
1000  families,  wno  had  furnished  the  continental 
army  with  near  ICKX)  soldiers,  besides  various 
supplies  of  provisons,  <tc.  In  the  mouth  of  July 
oil  these  flourishing  settlements  were  reduced  by 
the  Indians  and  Torie.-^  to  a  state  of  desolation  and 
horror,  almost  beyond  description.  See  West- 
MonK^ANn.  In  the  vicinity  of  Wy«tming  is  a 
bed  of  coal,  of  the  open  burning  kind,  which 
gives  a  very  intense  heat.  Wyoming  Falls  lie 
about  two  miles  above  Wilkesbarre,  and  eight 
miles  and  nn  halfalmve  Nantikoke  Falls,  tat. 
w.  4r  14'.  lonjr.  w.  75''53'.] 

[WYONDOTTS,  or  WiANnAxs,  an  Indian 
nation  residing  near  Fort  Detroit,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  theOttavvas  and  Putnwatimes,  whose 
hunting  grounds  are  about  Lake  Erie.  The  num- 
ber of  warriors,  ^0  years  ogo,  were,  Wyondotts 
t?.50,  Ottawas  400,  iPutuwatimes  1.50.  Another 
tribe  of  the  Wyondotls  live  near  Sandusky, 
among  the  Molnckons  and  Caghnnwagas,  vvlio 
together  have  300  warriors.  At  tlio  (rea'y  of 
Greenville,  in  consequence  of  lands  ceded  to  the 
United  States,  the  latter  agreed  to  nay  tliein  a 
sum  in  hand,  and  in  goods  to  the  vulue  of  1000 
dollars  a  year  for  ever.] 


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fWYONOKE  CiEEK,  ill  N.  Carolina,  lies 
within  or  about  lat.  n.  JO"  JO.  The  cliurter  of 
Carolina,  in  16(}4,  extended  the  bounds  e.  as  far 
an  the  n.  end  of  Currituck  Inlet,  upon  a  straight 
line  w.  to  this  creek.] 

[WYTHE,  a  county  of  Virginia,  said  to  be  ISJO 
miles  in  length,  and  nearly  M  in  breadth ;  bounded 
n.  by  Kanhaway,  and  s.  by  ihe  State  of  N.  Caro- 
lina. 1(8  population,  in  I  TOO,  was  included  in 
Montiyomcry  County.  There  are  lead  mines  in 
this  county,  on  the  Great  Kanhaway,  3.>  miles 
from  the  line  of  N.  Carolina,  which  yield  fr«)m  .00 
to  80  lbs.,  pure  lead,  from  100  lbs.  washed  ore, 


X  A  C 

but  most  commonly  60  to  100.  Two  of  them  arc 
worked  by  the  public;  the  best  of  which  is  1(H) 
yards  under  the  hill ;  and  although  there  arc  not 
more  than  30  labourers  <renerally  employed,  they 
might  employ  ,50  or  (iO  to  advantage.  "  The  la. 
Iiourers  cultivate  their  own  corn.  Twen(y.  'J."», 
and  sometimes  f)0  tons  of  lead  have  been  extracted 
from  these  mines  in  a  year.  Chief  town,  Evan  • 
sham.  The  court-house  is  on  the  post-road  from 
Uichmond  to  Danville,  in  Kentucky.  It  is  ,';0 
miles  from  Montgomery  court-house  and  (jl  from 
Abingdon.     A  post-oiiice  is  kept  here.] 


2^» 


XAC.ALCO,  a  settlement  of  the  head  seltU-meiit 
of  (he  district  and  a/cn/din  nwi/or  of  Zochicoatlan 
in  Nueva  Espafia.  It  is  of  a  cold  teniperadire, 
situate  on  the  tttp  of  a  moun(ain  cove're<l  nidi 
trees ;  contains  'i'i  Indian  families,  and  is  i^ 
leagues  ii.  of  its  capi(al. 

XACAPIXTliA,  a  principal  or  head  s.-ttle- 
rient  of  the  «lis(rict  of  the  aUuldio  w/«y«rof  Cner- 
navaca  in  Nneva  Espafia.  It  contains  J.'i8  fami- 
lit^s  of  iSpaniards,  and  .')0  of  Indians,  including 
those  who  inhabit  (hreo  other  setdements  of  its 
jurisdiction.  I(  has  a  convent  of  religions  Aii- 
giistins,  ill  which  is  venerated  a  iiiiraculoiis  image 
of  .St.  John  the  Uaptist,  painted  on  linen.  The 
territory  of  (his  settlement  is  very  fertile  and  de- 
lightful, and  in  it  are  gathered  some  cochineal, 
and  many  frni(s.  They  also  i>;i'ow  here  many 
vutgiiri/vs,  of  wli>cli  they  make  |)iil(|iie,  and  gather 
a  very  large  harvi.<(  ot  iiiai/c.  To  en(er  the  s»'(- 
tleinent  you  must  pass  ov«'r  some  very  d''.  |»  ra- 
vines, over  which  are  so  iiiaiiy  bridges,  worthy  of 
the  greatest  admiration,  and,  inileed,  but  for  uaiil 
of  gates,  il  would  be  as  sd'ong  as  any  fordtie'! 
place.     Eigh(  leagues  //.  of  i(s  capi(al. 

\  \("()A,  San  ,h  an  nr,,  a  se((lenieii(  of  (lie 
head  set(li'iiien(  of  tlu>  district  of  Piii(>(eca,  and 
a/ir/iliii  mill/or  of  Xicayaii  in  Nueva  Espafia.  It 
I'ontaiiis  .')7  lamilits  of  Indians,  employed  in  cul- 
tivating cocliiiieal,  toitacco,  and  some  seeds,  and 
is  -even  leagues  n.v.  of  its  lu-ad  set(ieiiieii(. 

XACt^CIES,  a  barbarous  nadoii  of  liidians, 
wlu>  dwell  to  the  n.  of  the  river  Paraguay,  in 
the  terri(ory  immediately  upon  its  shores,  and 
bounded  by  (he  nations  of  (he  Xa<jueses,  Cha- 
neses,  and  Xarayes. 


XACON.\,  a  principal  or  head  seJdeinent  of 
the  district  of  the  tilcn/iliu  itiat/or  of  /amora  in 
Nueva  Espafia.  It  is  of  a  mild  and  dry  (empe- 
ratiire,  is  half  a  league  long  from  c.  lo  ri;.,  and  a 
little  less  in  width  fr«Hii  /;.  to  .<.,  including  five 
wards,  in  which  dwell  f)3  families  of  Spaniards, 
i^O  of  Mula((oes,  and  101  of  Indians,  mIio  occupy 
(hems«>lves  in  the  cultivation  of  sugar  canes,  of 
which  they  make  sugar  and  honey ;  in  fishing, 
and  in  the  ciil(i\a(ii>n  of  various  truits  and  me- 
dicinal herbs.  .\(  a  leagues  distance  to  the  .v. 
is  another  congregation,  which  they  call  De  San 
Pedro,  with  II  liiiiiiiies  of  Spaniards,  and  five  of 
Mustfis  :  where  (lieie  is  a  |>ool  of  water  collected 
from  the  river  for  the  use  of  many  mills ;  and  the 
place  is  also  very  fertile  and  aliutinding  in  vines. 
On  (li(^  skir(s  o*' a  iiioun(aiii  in  the  same  rhumb 
are  assembled  some  odier  seven  S|)anisli  fami- 
lies. The  Spanish  families  iiilialiidng  the  head 
se((lemen(  ol  (he  dis(ri(-t  are  .'.'S,  besides  'Ji  of 
Miisltrs,  niui  l(i  of  .Midat(oes.  .Vthalfa  league's 
dis(aiir('  from  (his  place  some  sdcams  of  crystal- 
line wa(er  gush  down  from  soiiiecleDsof  a  iiioiin- 
taiii,  which,  becomiiig  united,  form  in  the  plain  a 
lari>e  river  wliicli  passes  (lirongli  the  niiudte  of 
(lie  setdement,  dividing  (he  same  in(o  (wo  par!  '. 
The  shores  of  this  river  are  covered  with  very 
shady  and  lotiy  dees,  amongst  which  are  ash, 
willows,  sabines,  laraj/cs,  zapoics,  i^iioi/atios,  and 
others. 

This  river  runs  from  v.  (o  w.  uidil  it  becomes 
incorporated  with  (he  (jrande;  and,  passing 
(hrongh  the  settlement,  it  becomes  divided  iii((» 
several  small  branches,  which  take  their  course 
down  (tic  dilfcrent  streets,   and  having  several 


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bridgefi  thrown  ncrusH  them  for  the  convenience 
of  passenijprs  ;  whilst  a  regular  supply  of  water 
is  atronlt'd  to  every  |i;»rilrn  and  for  all  domestic 
purposes.  Nor  is  there  a  want  of  irrigation  in 
the  neighbouring  vailies ;  tor  in  these  there  are 
most  abundant  crops  of  seeds  of  various  kinds, 
and  in  their  more  cultivated  parts  a  variety  of 
most  exquisite  European  and  American  fruits. 

In  the  settlement  is  a  very  good  convent  of 
Augustins,  and  in  the  parish-church  of  the  ward 
of  San  Pedro  is  venerated  a  miraculous  image  of 
Our  Lady,  with  the  title  of  La  Uaiz,  which,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  was  discovered  in  the  lake  or 
sen  of  Chapaia,  which  is  \^2  leagues  from  this  spot ; 
and  was  fou  id  at  the  bottom  of  an  Indian  fisher- 
man's net,  'vho  had  caught  not  a  single  iisU, 
whilst  the  nets  of  his  companions  were  more  than 
usually  filled.  Information  of  the  event  was  im- 
mediately carried  to  the  curate,  who  conveyed 
the  image  to  the  church,  wherein  it  was  deposited, 
until  that  a  new  temple  was  erected.  This  iiuuge 
is  of  so  singular  a  construction,  as  to  be  formed 
naturally  by  the  roots  of  a  tree.  The  r.ii'.abitants 
of  this  settlement  hold  this  image  in  the  greatest 
devotion,  through  the  repeated  benefits  supposed 
to  be  brought  u,:on  them  through  the  intluence 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin. 

Xacona,  Anticmja,  a  small  settlement  of 
the  same  head  settlement  of  the  district  as  the 
former.  It  has  scarcely  any  vestiges  of  what  it 
was,  and  its  population  is  extremely  nmuU.  A 
little  more  than  four  leagues  s.  of  its  head  settlcv 
ment. 

XACSAHUANA,  a  valley  of  the  province  and 
iorrieh)iicnlo  of  Almncay  in  Peru;  fertile  and 
ubunaant  in  wheat  and  cattle,  and  celebrated  for 
the  battle  betneen  the  Licentiate  Pedro  dc  la 
(iascM,  the  governor  of  Peru,  with  the  King's 
troop:),  on  the  one  hand,  and  (JSoiizalo  Pi/urro 
on  the  other ;  « lieu  the  latter  was  conquered 
and  taken  in  I.J-lS,  the  pacification  of  Peru 
brought  about,  and  the  insurgents  of  that  king- 
dom punished. 

XAG.VLASI,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  C'hixila,aiiil  »/r<//(//V(  niat/nr 
of  Vil'ulta  in  Nueva  ICspafia.  It  contains  71  lii- 
nuV.iya  v>r  Indians,  and  is  13  leagues  iVoui  its 
capital. 

XACjI'A,  Hav  ok,  a  settlement  of  the  islaiul 
of  Cuba,  on  tlie  «.  coast,  with  one  of  the  l)esl  and 
most  capacious  ports  in  the  known  world.  It  is 
live  leagues  in  circumference,  and  sheltered  Irttm 
all  the  winds.  At  its  entrance  is  a  castle  for  its 
defence.  The  port  is  Iwtween  the  Port  of  Tri- 
nidad u  ,d  the  Island  of  Piuos. 


XACiUEYES,  St.  MiauET.  »e  i.os,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  nlcaldia  nun/or  ofCoautitlan  in  Nueva 
E<«i)aria  ;  annexei)  to  tiie  curacy  of  the  settlement 
of  lluchuetoca. 

[X.AINTEH,  Santos,  orA 1. 1.  Saints  Islands, 
so  named  from  their  being  discovered  on  that 
holy  day,  by  the  Spaniards  ;  on  the  s.  side  of  the 
island  of  (jiuadaloupe,  and  in  its  jurisdiction. 
The  most  v>.  «»f  these  three  isles  is  called  Terre 
de  Kas,  or  the  Low  Island,  and  the  most  c.  Terrc 
de  Ilaut,  or  the  High  Island.  The  third,  which 
lies  exactly  in  the  middle  between  the  other  two, 
is  little  other  than  a  barren  rock,  and  helps  to 
form  a  verv  g«»od  harbour ;  in  about  lat.  IS'^  b'i'  n. 
and  long.  () I "10'  xi}.\ 

XA.Il'EI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
cortrs^imiinto  of  Caxamarca  la  (irande  in  Peru. 

X.ALA,  a  district  and  aUuldia  mayor  of  the 
province  and  bishopric  of  Nueva  Gaiicin.  The 
district  of  its  jnrise'ciion  is  very  limited,  and  al- 
though the  territory  is  fertile  and  fit  for  cultiva* 
tion,  it  produces  nothing  but  maize,  through  tho 
consummate  indolence  of  the  natives.  It  has  five 
settlements;  which  are  head  settlements  of  the 
district.  The  capital,  which  is  of  the  same  name, 
about  10  or  15  miles  from  the  coast  of  the  S.  Sea, 
is  of  a  cold  temperature,  inhabited  by  70  fami- 
lies of  Mexican  Indians,  and  has  in  it  a  convent 
of  the  religions  of  San  l-'rancisco.  [It  is  Ib'O 
miles  ,v.  wilh  a  slight  inclination  to  the  ic.  troni 
(iuadalaxaia,  and  177  w.s.io.  of  Valladolid,  in 
lat.  18°  33' w.  long.  103"  \' Zi\} 

The  other  settlements  are, 

Xomulco,  Zuathiii, 

Agnacatliin,  Mezpa. 

Ixtliin, 

XALAMELCO,  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
1  lenient  of  the  district  and  iilraldia  mayor  of  Zo- 
chicoatlan  in  Nueva  Espaua;  situate  in  a  small 
plain  at  the  foot  of  a  lotiy  mountain.  It  is  of  a 
cold  temperature,  contains  'i'i  Indian  families, 
and  is  three  leagues  w.  of  its  capital. 

XAL.\P.\.  a  jurisdiction  and  alcaldia  mayor  of 
Nueva  Espafia.  It  compr'?hends  eight  settle- 
ments, which  are  head  settlements  of  the  district, 
and  are  named  Xalapa,  (the  capital) 

Coatepec,  Santa  Maria  Tlapay- 

Ixhuaciin,  coya, 

Xalaciuco,  Noalingo,  and 

Atzala,  Acnia. 

L'pon  which  aix>  dependent  the  lollowing  : 
Xochimaico,  TIacolulu, 

Ixlaliuacau,  San  Juan  Chapulte- 

Ayahualco,  pec, 

Teozeico,  San  Joseph  P>8tep«e, 


l! .     ■' 


U    Av 


I  Ma 


'M 


%' 


"f 


h  i    ' 


t;>>.i» 


400 


X  A  L  A  l»  A. 


San  Pedro  Tlatatilii, 

Atzalun, 

Altotonca, 

.Suntii  Maria  Tlapa- 

coyn, 
San  Joseph  Mialiua- 

tliin, 
S.  .lunn  Miahtiatlan, 
S.  Andres  Acatlan, 
San   Antonio   Tepe- 

tlan, 
Chiconquaso, 
Yecuatia, 
Perote. 


i  ., 


San  Pedro  Tonayan, 

San  Pablo  Coapan, 

San  Marcos, 

Santa  Maria  Ma^da- 
lena, 

Santiafi[o  Coaucazin* 
tla, 

Asuncion  Xilotepec, 

Chiloyaque, 

San  Andres  Tlanchu- 
aloyan, 

San  Mig;uel  del  Sol- 
dado, 

San  Salvador, 
The  capital  is  the  town  of  the  same  name ; 
situate  on  the  side  or  extensive  skirt  of  tht* 
mountain  of  Macuiltepec,  slopini;  towards  tlie 
».,  so  that  the  town  is  at  the  distance  of  a 
cannon-shot  from  the  mountain  itself;  also  on 
the  e.  and  a>.  side  of  tlie  town  is  a  deep  ra- 
vine, from  which  a  plain  runs  on  a  level  with 
the  llanura,  which  extends  itself  towards  the  s. 
The  temperature  is  benign,  and  the  territory 
chalky,  and  in  some  parts  stony,  thoua;h  at  a 
amall  distance  from  the  surface  is  found  a  fine 
white  sand,  and  from  this,  in  all  the  parts  of  the 
district,  gushes  forth  a  pure  salutary  water,  from 
whence  arises  the  name  of  Xalapan,  meaning,  in 
the  Indian  idiom,  place  of  sand  and  water;  the 
Spaniards  having  suppressed  the  n  for  abbrevi- 
ation. The  natural  elevation  of  this  place  to- 
wards the  ,«.  and  that  which  is  caused  by  the  two 
ravines,  exposes  it  to  all  the  winds,  save  the  «. 
which  is  kept  off  by  the  aforesaid  mountain. 
This  town  was  one  of  the  first  places  couciuered 
in  this  kingdom,  and  there  arc  some  public  and 
early  documents  relative  to  that  event  preserved 
in  a  convent  held  by  the  religious  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, who  were  the  first  who  preached  in  this 
kingdom.  The  said  convent,  wliich  is  of  mode- 
rate size,  was  finished  in  I5;>5;  the  former,  which 
had  been  l)uilt,  having  been  destroyed,  tliough 
some  of  the  ruins  are  still  to  be  seen. 

The  abundance  of  water  derived  from  streams 
and  fountains,  although  the  latter  l)e  found  low, 
causes  the  territory  to  be  extremely  delightful 
and  fertile  in  all  kinds  of  plants  and  vegetable 
ntoductions ;  but  the  sloth  of  the  natives  will  al- 
low them  to  benefit  but  little  by  these  advan- 
tages :  aiul  they  gather  only  some  mai/e,  which, 
ill  common,  does  not  exceed  what  is  necessary 
for  their  vonsumption.  Xahipa  contains  24,'i  fa- 
milies of  Spaniards,  182  of  il/w,v/<r,s%  and  .%!  of 
liirliaii>i.  [Its  present  population  is  estimated, 
hv  Humboldt,  at  I3,0()0  souls.] 


Contiguous  to  the  convent,  of  which  we  have 
suoken,  is  the  chapel  of  (he  onh^r  Tercera,  and 
there  is  also  another,  a  convent  of  the  rcligi<uis 
of  La  Caridad,  with  an  hospital,  open  to  the  sick 
from  whatever  quarter  they  come.  In  its  vici- 
nity,  or  at  one  league's  distance  to  the  s.  c.  is  a 
devout  sanctuary  of  Nuestra  Sefiora  ilel  ("liico, 
where  there  was  formerly  a  siigur-niill  «)f  (In- 
same  denomination,  and  which  was  thus  called  (o 
distinguish  it  from  another  mill  at  u  small  dis- 
tance called  Bl  Grande ;  and,  although  all  the 
others  arc  destroyed,  this  contributes  towards 
the  maintenance  x>f  the  temple,  to  which  Hork  a 
vast  concourse  of  people,  induced  by  their  devo- 
tion to  tliat  image.  Also,  a  league  to  the  .v.  is 
the  engine  of  Pacho,  where  there  was  formerly  a 
very  numerous  and  wealthy  population,  and  where 
a  great  quantity  of  sugar  was  manufactured.  But 
this  engine,  together  w  ith  others,  is,  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  deserted,  nothing  but  two  or  three  ran- 
iherin.i,  or  small  farms,  occupying  the  spot. 

Whenever  the  n.  winds  blow  at  Vera  Cruz,  if 
infallibly  rains  at  Xalapa,  and  this  they  there 
call  the  health  of  the  place.  This  town  is  fa- 
mouii  for  being  the  theatre  wherein  is  celebrated 
the  fair  in  the  time  of  the  fleets,  and  where  all 
the  inerchaiits  of  the  kingdom  meet  to  buy  nier- 
chaiidise  and  arrange  all  their  aflairs  ;  and  it  is 
almost  incredible  how  it  is,  at  this  season,  stocked 
with  money  and  goods,  both  European  and  oi  I'uo 
country.  [See  a  more  detailed  account  of  this 
Fair,  article  Vkra  Cin'z,  new  matter,  head  Coni- 
nieirc]  It  is  here  too  that  the  famous  purgative 
of  its  name  (jalap)  is  found,  the  same  being  the 
root  of  a  plant.  Here,  also,  are  n.any  trees  of 
liquid  amber,  which  the  Indians  call  ocotznlt, 
from  which  they  extract  amber,  the  Jeaves  of  the 
tree  resembling  those  of  the  vine,  and  which, 
being  rubbed  betwixt  the  hands,  give  forth  a  very 
singular  aromatic  smell. 

[Xalapa  (Humboldt  observes)  resembles  a  for- 
tress at  a  distance;  for  in  the  early  periods  of  the 
conqiiesi,  convents  and  cliiiiTlies  were  constructed 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  serve  for  a  defence  in  case 
of  an  insurrection  of  the  unlives.  From  (his 
convent  of  St.  I'rancis,  at  Xalapa,  we  enjoy  n 
magnificent  view  of  the  coi.)ssal  summits  of  (lif 
Coifre  and  the  Pic  d'Orizaba,  of  the  declivity  ol' 
the  cordillem  (towards  L'Kncero,  Otateo,  iiiid 
Apa/apa>,  of  the  river  of  rAiitigiia,  and  even  of 
the  ocean.  The  thick  forests  of  sli/rtix,  pipo. 
melastoniatu,  and  ferns  resembling  trees,  especi- 
ally those  which  are  on  the  road  from  Pacha  aiiil 
San  Andres,  the  banks  of  the  small  hike  De  In- 
Berrio-^,  aiul  (he  heights  leading  to  the  village  (t 


H  ^^^' 


X  A  L 

lltiastopcc,  offer  the  most  delightful  promcniides. 
The  sky  of  Xalnpa,  lK>autiful  and  serene  in  sum- 
mer, from  the  month  of  December  to  the  month 
of  PVbrnary  wears  a  most  melancholy  aspect. — 
Diirin<r  the  prevalence  of  the  n.  wind,  the 
thermometer  will  descend  to  12°  or  lfi°,  (fi3° 
and  60°  of  Fahrenheit,)  and  durinir  this  period 
(rstacion  dc  Ins  Nortcs)  the  sun  and  stars  are  frc- 
auently  invisible  for  two  or  three  weeks  toge- 
tner.  The  richer  merchants  of  Vera  Crnz  have 
country-houses  at  Xalapa,  in  which  they  enjoy  n 
cool  and  agreeable  retreat,  while  the  coast  is 
almost  uninhabitable,  from  the  nioisquitos,  the 
great  heats,  and  the  yellow  fever.  In  this  small 
town  is  an  excellent  school  for  drawing,  founded 
within  these  few  years,  in  which  the  children  of 
poor  artisans  are  instructed  at  the  expense  uf 
people  in  better  circumstances.  The  elevation 
of  Xalapa  above  the  level  of  the  ocean  is  1,^20 
metres,  (or  4,264  feet).  It  is  127  miles  e.  with 
some  inclination  to  n.  e.  of  Mexico ;  and  .52 
miles  n.2E).  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  lat.  19°29''w.  long. 
96^  54'  a).] 

X  ALA !•  A,  another  settlement,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  De  la  Sierra,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
former.  It  is  of  the  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict and  alraldia  vniuor  of  Teutila,  in  the  same 


kingdom;  contains 


iimijor  I 
s  ahout 


1,0()0  families  of  In- 


dians, and  is  of  a  very  hot  temperature ;  on  which 
account  its  natives  sleep  in  hammocks.  'I'ho 
church  has  only  one  nave,  but  very  large,  and 
in  it  is  venerated  the  image  of  St.  Anthony,  to 
which  peculiar  devotion  is  offered.  It  produces 
some  cotton,  rai/nilla,  cacao,  maize,  and  niuch 
fruit ;  is  siibjccl  to  continual  tempests  of  thunder 
and  lightning,  as  being  close  to  the  sierra  ;  and 
is  six  leagues  *-.  of  its  capital. 

XALATLACO,  Santa  Maria  nr,,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  and 
hirisdiction  of  the  city  of  Antequera  f-i  Nueva 
Espana  ;  situate  so  close  to  the  same,  as  to  be 
divided  only  by  a  river  which  runs  between  the 
two  towns.  It  contains  40  families  of  S|)iiniiuds 
aiid  Mustccs,  some  Mtdattocs,  and  'JSO  fuinilies 
of  Indians.  It  is  of  a  mild  and  dry  temperature, 
l)ut  has  a  very  sulphurious  and  liitrous  air:  so 
that  the  wheat  crops  yield  but  little,  tlioiigh  the 
soil  is  at  the  same  time  fertile,  and  \iry  abundant 
in  maize  and  other  seeds,  as  also  in  cotliincal,  in 
which  consists  its  principal  trade,  from  the  niiin- 
l)er  of  nopaleras  or  lunahs  found  here. 

XALAZALA,  a  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict  of  the  akitldtn  mayor  of  TIapa  in  Nup\  a 
Pispana.  It  contains  (iO  families  of  Indians,  who 
are  employed  as  day  labourers  in  the  runclm  of 

\  Ol..    V, 


X  A  L 


101 


its  district ;  and   is  two  leagues  v.  u\  of  its  ca- 
pital. 

X  A  LA  Z  INCH,  a  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict and  alcahiia  viai/or  of  NiH'va  Espana.  it  i-i 
of  a  cold  and  moist  temperature,  owing  to  the 
continual  clouds  drawn  together  by  the  surround- 
ing mountains.  Its  boundary,  altlunigh  well  sup- 
plied with  water,  consists  of  clayey  soil  upon 
sand,  from  whence  its  Indian  name  is  derived  ; 
but  these  waters  render  the  district  very  fertile 
and  pleasant.  The  natives  are  little  given  to  la 
hour  and  agriculture,  so  that  they  (lo  not  reap 
the  fruits  which  they  might  ;  for,  as  it  is  proved 
by  experience,  whenever  they  do  cultivate  the 
land,  their  crops  are  exceedingly  large.  'I"he 
district  contains  three  settlements,  which  are 
head  settlements;  and  the  population  is  com- 
posed of  1 10  families  of  Spanuirds,  200  of  Miis- 
trcs  and  Mnlatloes,  ami  (iOO  of  Indians. 

XAIX'OMULCO,  a  settlement  of  the  a/ra/din 
nitii/or  of  Xalapa  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  condiini 
l<J2  families  of  Indians,  vvho  are  employed  in 
cultivating  maize  and  fruits,  as  well  as  in  catch- 
ing fish,  in  the  river  which  runs  near  to  it  and 
empties  itself  into  the  sea  at  Vera  Cruz  Vieja. 
Six  leagues  s.  r.  of  its  capital,  and  in  this  ])art,  its 
jurisdiction  terminates. 

XAMSCO,  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Nueva  (iialicia,  the  most  s.  part  of  the  audience 
of  Guadalaxara.  It  is  laved  by  the  Pacific  or 
S.  Sea,  by  this,  and  by  the  ;.•.  rhumb:  bounded 
r.  by  the  province  of  (ruadalaxara  and  Mechoa- 
can.  and  is  divided  from  that  of  ('liiametlaii  by  a 
small  river,  «liicli  runs  into  tiu-  sea.  It  is  ,W 
leagues  in  extent,  and  is  most  abtindant  in  wheat 
and  in  silver  mines.  It  was  conquered  by  Nufio 
de  CJuzman  in  1.j3I.— See  article  Nl'i:va  (Ja- 
i.iriA. 

X-Ar.isro,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settlement 
of  the  district  of  ihc  alraldin  viai/nr  of  Tepic,  of 
a  c(dd  temperature;  contains  HO  families  of  In- 
dians, and  a  convent  of  religious  of  San  l'"ran- 
cisco.  This  being  the  first  settlement  eslaldislied 
in  tlie  kingdom  oi' Nueva  (lalicia,  was  the  head 
settlement  of  tlie  province,  which  is  now  called 
(jiiadalaxara.     'i'wo  leagues  .v.  of  its  capital. 

XAI.MIM  I.CO,  Sant\  Ana  »i:,  a  sellle- 
nunt  of  the  head  selllonient  of  the  district  of 
Xonacatepec,  and  nhnliHn  >/Mj/<ir  of  Ciuejozinco 
in  Nueva  l^snana.  It  contains  103  families  oi* 
Indi.ins,  and  is  situate  n.  of  its  capital. 

XAl-OSTOr,  a  selllement  of  the  head  settle- 
meat  of  the  district  of  Xonacatepec,  and  ukaldia 
inauor  (if  CuernaNiica  i>i  Nueva  Espafm. 

AAi.osruc ,  S.  l*i;nuo  ni;,  anuther  bctllement, 


\s 

\  » 

% 

' 

1 

1 

i-1 

•  ( 


t    ! 


I 


1' 


l! 


402 


X  A  L 


I 


I 


ii 


in  the  jurisdiction  and  akuldia  mat/or  of  lilcntn- 
|)oc,  nt'tlio  Kiunp  kint^doin  ;  containing  fK)  Indiun 
iiimilieH. 

XALPA  •  Kcttlemont  of  tho  head  sottlcnicnt 
of  tlio  diHlrici  of  Annuiiipcn,  and  atculdia  iiini/or 
of  /ii^nla  in  Nuova  LHpana.  It  contains  40  fa- 
milies of  Indiaiis,  and  in  its  district  ari>  various 
rstat<<H,  producing  in  abundance  wheat,  maize, 
and  Krcncli  beans  ;  there  heing  also  added  to  the 
<itlier  hranches  of  its  commerce  those  ^reat  (|uan- 
titi(>s  of  wood  which  are  cut  upon  the  moun- 
tains.    Ten  ieaffues  jc  of  its  head  settlement. 

\  Ai,i'A,  anotlier  settlement,  in  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  Anuitlan,  and  a/cafdia 
iiioijor  of  'ranzitaro.  It  is  of  an  hot  tempera- 
ture ;  contains  "iO  families  of  S|)aniards  and  Mus- 
^rv,  and  ei^ht  of  Indians.  It  abounds  in  water, 
so  that  the  plantations  and  i>;ardens  of  its  district 
are  always  well  irrigated.  Ilalf  a  league  w.  of 
its  iiead  settlement. 

Xama,  another,  with  the  dedicatory  title  of 
San  Havmiindo,  in  the  iiead  frtllement  of  tiie 
disliiit  of  Quilapa,  and  aho/dia  iiiai/or  of  Quatro 
Villas.  It  contains  1 1()  families  of  Indians,  nd- 
dicted  to  the  cultivation  and  trade  of  cochineal, 
seeds,  fruits,  digging  of  coal,  ami  cutting  of 
wood.  Two  leagues  zc.  one  quarter  *-.  of  its 
JH-ad  settlement. 

XALPANTKPEC,  a  head  settlement  of  the 
ili'-lrict  of  the  (daddin  nmijor  of  (iiiauchinango, 
in  Nueva  lispafia.  It  contains  l,'J2  tamilies  of 
Totonacos  Indians,  including  those  of  six  wards 
(if  its  district,  and  is  20  leagues  w.  of  its  ca- 
pital. 

XALI'ATLAHl'ACA,  a  settlement  of  the 
luad  settlement  of  tl.c-  district  of  San  Luis  de  la 
Costa,  and  of  the  (dcnidia  maijnr  of  Tlapn,  in 
.Niieva  Ksjiafia.  It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  and 
coiitaiiis  ^\l  fiiuiilies,  of  Mexican  Indians  :  three 
leagues  .«.  r.  of  its  head  setilement. 

XAL'l'KANGllS.  a  settlement  of  the  alcadia 
vHn/or  of  Aiitequera,  in  the  province  and  i)ishop- 
ric  of  Oaxaca.  It  contains  20  families  of  In- 
dians, employed  in  the  cidtivation  of  cochineal 
and  seeds. 

XAI/I'KNGO,  S.  I»i.nRO  ni.,  a  settlement  of 
i\w  (dnidia  wirtyo/' «)f  Zunipango,  in  .Nueva  Es- 
pana.  It  is  of  a  temperate  climate,  contains  ISO 
families  of  Indians,  hve  of  Spaniards,  and  12  of 
Alxshcs,  who  trade  in  the  seeds  which  they  cul- 
tivate: but  their  greater  profit  consists  in  the 
puhpie,  and  for  this  they  take  the  greatest  care 
in  the  cultivation  of  tho  Diaguciyts :  one  league 
t>.  of  its  ca|)ital. 

XALTEPKC,    a     settlement   of  the  (daddia 


X  A  L 

Mnyor  of  Nochiztlan.  It  coatains  112  families 
of  Indians,  who  arc  employed  in  the  trade  and 
cultivation  of  cochineal :  is  of  a  moderate  tern- 
pernture,  and  three  leagues  s.  of  its  capital. 

XALTEPETLAN,  Santiago  nr,  n  settle- 
ment of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  and 
(daddin  maj/or  of  Ciuejozinco,  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  contains  12  families  of  Indians. 

XALTEPETONGO,  a  head  settlement  of 
the  district  and  alcaldia  maj/or  of  Tepozcolula.  It 
contains  :'^  families  of  Indians,  who  exercise 
themselves  in  the  commerce  and  cultivation  of 
cochineal. 

XALTII'AC,  S.  Francisco  de,  a  settlement 
of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Zenan- 
titlan,  and  (dcaldia  maijor  of  Acnyuca,  in  Nueva 
Espaila.  It  contains  lOJ  families  of  jindians, 
and  is  six  leagues  e.  of  its  head  settlement. 

XALTOCAN,  a  settlement  of  the  jurisdic- 
tion and  (daddin  tnai/or  of  Valles,  in  Nueva  Es- 
pana ;  situate  in  a  glen  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain belonging  to  tlie  jurisdiction  of  Me.Ytitl&n. 
It  is  of  a  i)enign  temperature,  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  liuejutla,  and  contains  IK)  families, 
wl'.o  cultivate  seeds  and  some  sugar-canes,  from 
w'dicli  they  make  loafsugar.  Htre  are  also 
nuuiy  fine  fowls,  and  other  birds:  45  leagues 
from  its  capital. 

XaltotaNiSan  A.NOiiEs  DE,  another  settle- 
ment of  the  jurisdictioi:  and  nlcnldin  rimi/or  of 
Zumpango;  situate  in  the  middle  of  a  lake, 
which,  in  the  wet  season,  must  be  passed  in  ca- 
noes, the  water  then  completely  surrounding  the 
settlement.  It  cor.iauis  277  families  of  Indians, 
and  five  of  Mks'ccs  :  it  was  fornierly  the  head 
settlement  of  the  parisli,  but  which  was  trans- 
lated to  Xaltengo,  as  well  from  the  great  mois- 
ture as  from  the  fetid  vapour,  which,  in  the  dry 
season,  used  to  arise  from  the  lake  ;  but  to  this 
the  natives  were  so  familiarized  that  it  did  not 
induce  them  to  quit  the  town.  All  the  neigh- 
bouring parts  of  this  settlement  are  nothing  but 
swamps  ;  so  that  the  inhabitants  are  obliged  to 
hire  lands  of  other  settlements  wherein  to  sow 
their  seeds  :  two  leagues  *.  of  its  ca|)ital. 

X  At.Toc  AN,  anotlier,  of  the  aladdin  maj/or  of 
Coautitlan,  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains 
2S2  families  of  Indians,  and  is  two  leagues  r.  //.  e. 
of  its  capital. 

Xaltocan,  another  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  the  (dcfddin  innijor  of  Tepic,  of  a  hot 
temperature.  It  contains  (iO  families  of  Indians, 
and  is  12  leagues  w.  of  its  capital. 

X  a  I, TO(  an,  another,  of  the  heati  settleinent 
and  (daddia  iniii/ur  of  C'ompostela,  in  the  king- 


scttlfinent 
t!-.c  king- 


XAM 

dom  of  Niieva  Galicia :  four  leagues  h.  of  its 
capital. 

XAMAROS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indinns, 

but  little  known,  who  inhabit  llio  mountains  to 

the  w.  of  the  Hcttlement  of  thcChiquitos  in  Peru. 

Its  territory  extends  as  far  as  the   //atiutds,  on 

he  shores  of  the  river  Apure  or  S.  Miguel. 

XAMILTEPEC,  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Tetelzinco  and  alcMin 
viai/or  of  Coautla,  in  Nucva  Espana,  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Ocuitiico.  It  con- 
tains five  families  of  Spaniards,  six  of  Mitstces, 
and  120  of  Indians,  including  those  of  the  two 
wards  annexed  to  it,  and  w  liich  belong  '  >  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Marquisate  del  Valle. 

Haifa  league  oiTis  a  small  mountain,  on  which 
in  a  temple  of  beautiful  architectiue,  in  which  is 
venerated  a  miraculous  inmge  of  the  Virgin,  of 
which  the  following  miraculous  discovery  is  re- 
lated by  D.  Joseph  de  Villaseilor,  in  his  Teatro 
Americano;  namely,  that  some  130  years  ago, 
an  Indian  woman,  of  an  unblemished  liti',  pass- 
ing over  the  mountain  saw  a  tree  which  was  pe- 
culiarly large  and  shady,  and  perceiving  the 
trunk  of  it  to  be  open,  she  looked  in,  and  there 
discovered  in  the  cavity  the  said  image:  that, 
upon  this,  she  immediately  partook  herself  ti>  the 
curate,  who  hastened  to  the  spot,  and  found  (rue 
what  the  Indian  woman  had  related  to  him.  The 
image  is  a  quarter  of  a  yard  and  four  fingers 
long,  and  the  fare  and  hands  are  most  beautiful, 
and  it  has  also  the  peculiarity  of  having  upon  its 
forehead  a  mark  made  with  some  shar])  nistru- 
ment.  In  «»rder  to  raise  money,  wherol)y  to 
build  a  temple  wherein  to  deposit  tiie  image, 
the  curate  intrusted  it  to  a  certain  inhabitant  of 
the  settlement,  named  Geronimo,  who  was  to 
demand  alms,  for  the  al)ovo  purpose,  at  the  Port 
of  Vera  Cruz.  It  so  lia^Mitiul  that  the  fleet  ar- 
rived jus,  at  that  time;  and  amongst  the  con- 
course of  people  was '»n  European  mercliant, 
who,  taking  a  great  (aweytit'the  image,  olfered 
for  it  30  dollars.  The  price  over  tf-mpted  the 
person  to  whom  it  was  intrusted,  and  he  parted 
with  it,  tliinking  to  make  another  resembling  it, 
and  to  dress  it  in  the  same  clothes,  which  he 
stripped  oft'  with  that  intention.  But  the  de- 
ceit was  discovered;  for,  by  a  miraculous  in- 
terposition, the  original  image  was  found  depo- 
sited in  the  temple  long  before  the  arrival  of 
the  fraudulent  man  with  the  counterfeit ;  and 
he,  being  stricken  and  confused  at  the  circum- 
stance, innnediately  confessed  the  whole  of  his 
dishonesty.      The    aliove    account    rests    upon 


X  AQ 


40.1 


npon  the  juridical  acts  1  ad  and  preserved  in  thi> 
settlement. 

After  the  year  !7I'2,  in  the  great  earthquake, 
which  was  experienced  throughout  the  king- 
dom, in  the  month  of  August,  tlic  principal 
chapel  of  the  tcmnle  openc«l,  and  the  wall  l)euig 
in  the  act  of  falling,  the  ima^e  held  out  lite 
rosary  which  it  had  in  its  right  hand,  and 
moved  it  towards  the  wall  as  though  in  the  ait 
to  support  it.  Besides  the  above  miracul«>iis 
circumstances,  others  are  daily  taking  place  in 
this  settlement ;  and  it  is  not  amongst  the  least 
of  these,  that  although  freciuent  attempts  have 
been  made  to  smooth  over  the  scar  «.n  the  fore- 
head of  the  image,  the  varnish  immediately  falls 
oft"  :^  seven  leagues  n.  c.  of  its  head  settlement. 

Xamii.tpec,  another  settlement,  the  capital 
of  the  afcn/diu  maj/or  of  the  coast  of  Xicay;'ui. 
It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  a!)ounding  in  cochi- 
neal, cotton,  wax,  and  cacao,  in  which  its  com- 
merce consists.  It  contains  40  families  of  Spa- 
niards, .30  of  Mulattoes,  and  703  of  Indians. 

XAMUNDI,  an  ancient  and  small  province 
of  the  government  of  Popayiin,  iii  the  n.  ii.  li). 
part.  It  is  a  country  rich  in  mines,  of  excellent 
gold,  and  was  discovered  by  the  captain  and 
conqueror,  Sebastian  dc  Belaicazar,  in  l.j3(i:  it 
is  now  incorporated  in  the  province  of  Chu'o. 

Xamiinoi,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Antio({uia,  in  the  Nucvo  lie^no  de 
(iranada.  It  rises  in  the  valley  of  liile,  and  run- 
ning from  .«.  zo.  to  «.  c.  enters  the  Cauca,  just 
before  the  city  of  t  ili. 

X.\NA(J0ECHE,  S.  .Ii;an  ni;,  a  settlement 
of  tlie  head  settlement  of  the  district  and  a/cat- 
(lilt  inai/or  of  IVexapa,  in  \ueva  Espaila.  It  con- 
tains eight  families  of  Indians,  and  is  four  leagues 
from  its  capital. 

XANTETEU'O,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  Xouacatepec  and 
(ticitldia  iiKiiyor  of  Cuernavaca,  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  contains  a  good  convent  o'"  the  religious  of 
San  .\gustin. 

XAPALLAXCr.k,  an  ancient  and  small  pro- 
vince of  Peru,  now  comprehended  in  that  of 
Xauxa.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Inca  liuaina- 
Capac,  XII.  Emperor  :  its  inhabitants  are  of  the 
(iiuancos  nation,  and  it  is  very  fertile  and  popu- 
lous. 

XAPLJQURIO,  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Puniandiro  and  tif- 
frtA//'<M««yo/of  Valladolid  ;  1^  league  from  the 
settlement  of  Numaran,  to  which  it  is  annexed. 

XAQLES,  a   small    island  of  the    Bra-ilian 
.'J  I  '.' 


m 


':.\ 


{I 


^  '.«! 


I 


V  'i 


I 


t^-i 


i'f 


r  i 


^t      ' 


4(M 


XA  II 


Hca,  opposite  the  moutli  ol'  tlic  river  Lu  I'lutu; 
iUm  called  from  the  luuiie  of  its  discoverer 
Christoviil  XunueK,  in  lat.  3!^"  'iS'  s. 

XAQL'CSES,  a  harbaroiH  nation  of  Carihe 
liidiaiiH,  inhabiting  the  woods  of  the  river  I'ara- 
ffuay  ;  Imunded  m.  uv  the  nations  of  the  Xarnyes, 
Xacocies,  and  ChaiieHCS.  Tiiey  live  1)^  lishMig, 
and  bv  the  rluise. 

X  A  (J  CI  A  PA,  a  valley  of  the  nka/diti  iiuu/or 
and  jnrisdiclion  of  Valles,  in  Nneva  Espana ; 
(iitnate  in  the  middle  of  the  scrrimim  of  Xilitla, 
and  near  the  Hettlcnient  of  this  name  :  where 
also,  at  the  foot  of  a  nhady  %-ij;rove,  is  a  crystal- 
line fountain,  called  de  A^niar,  hy  an  archbiihop, 
who  was  of  Me.xico,  Don  Trancisco  do  Agniun  y 
Seixas.  Here  it  is  that  the  phenomenon  takes 
place ;  that  if  a  ^\\n  is  fired  oil',  an  instrument 
played  upon,  or  even  a  stone  thrown,  the  waters 
alter  their  course ;  that  is  to  say,  flow  more 
rapid,  and  inundate  the  place,  owing;  to  the  eflect 
produced  upon  the  air. 

XARAVES,  a  large  and  extensive  llumra^ 
nearly  300  miles  long  from  //.  to  s.  on  both  sides 
of  tlie  Paraguay,  almost  in  the  centre  of  S. 
America ;  wTiich  is,  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  year,  inundated;  though  the  latest  accounts 
say,  the  inundation  begins  in  January,  and  lasts 
three  montlis.  A  great  lake  is  there  formed 
from  the  rivers  flowing  down  from  the  moun- 
tains, and  from  the  waters  of  the  river  Paraguay, 
which  traverses  the  said  llunura.  At  certain 
times  of  the  year;  however,  the  waters  subside, 
and  <liscover  the  greater  part  of  the  plain,  and 
the  river  betakes  itself  to  its  own  bed,  although 
many  lakes  are  still  lck\  of  the  size  of  from  six 
to  seven  leagues  in  circumference  The  land, 
upon  the  sui)siding  of  the  waters,  is  found  co- 
MiO',!  with  reeds  and  other  plants,  resembling 
arrows  :  and  from  thence,  no  doubt,  the  lluiiura 
was  given  the  name  of  Xaraycs  by  the  Spa- 
niards, the  first  discoverers.  In  the  general  in- 
undation, the  navigation  is  made  by  canoes  and 
barks,  and  tlieii  the  Por(iii!;iit'se  of  Cuyaba  tra- 
verse it,  passing  directly  along  the  river  of  this 
name  to  tn«>  Paraguay,  the  which  they  cannot  do 
when  the  waters  sink,  but  have  to  go  a  round 
about  way  of  '200  leagues,  in  order  to  pass  down 
the  river  of  Los  Porrudos  to  the  Paraguay.  In 
the  middle  of  the  lake  are  some  islands,  covered 
w  ith  some  loHy  trees,  of  various  kinds,  amongst 
which  are  found  the  cm.iia  and  the  trees  «lis- 
tiiling  gum-arabic.  When  the  waters  are  at 
tlieir  height  they  overtop  these  trees  by  I'li 
yards:  the   number  of  crocodiles  here  are  im- 


X  AS 

mcnse,  also  of  water-swino,  which  they  there 
call  capivnra.4 ;  and  of  fish,  particidarly  the 
pn/oinetax,  which  the  Father  Gamilla  calls  bo- 
ritos,  and  which  are  carnivorous,  in  the  vici- 
nity of  this  like  are  nmny  tigers,  leopards, 
stags,  nionkies  of  various  kinds,  vip<>rs,  and  other 
insects,  the  multitude  of  ants  and  mosquitoes 
being  incredible. 

Tile  nearest  settlements  are  Cuyalm,GO  leagues 
distant,  belonging  to  the  Portuguese,  where 
there  is  a  conunundant  general,  owing  to  the 
ricli  gold  and  diamond  mines  which  arc  worked 
there.  Another  settlement  is  Matagroso,  more 
to  the  s.  culled  also  Villa«bella,  and  situate  be- 
tween the  rivers  Serere  to  the  «.  and  Bapore  to 
the  s. ;  the  which  rivers  unite  to  form  the 
IteneR. 

The  nation  of  the  barbarous  Guanas  Indians 
dwell  on  the  s.  side  of  this  lake  of  Los  Xarayes, 
as  do  the  nation  of  the  Bayas ;  the  former  on 
the  c.  the  latter  on  the  zc.  side  of  the  river  Para- 
guay. The  nation  of  the  Uororos  occupy  the 
territory  to  the  e.  of  the  lake,  and  that  of  the 
Barbadoes  the  territory  to  the  /(.  of  the  same. 
The  nation  of  the  Payaguas  command  the  lake, 
the  river  Paraguay,  and  the  other  rivers  which 
enter  this.  The  mountains  of  San  Fernando, 
which  run  from  s.  toN.  for  more  than  40  leagues, 
and  border  on  the  s.  w.  of  the  lake  ;  and  those 
dc  Los  Caballeros,  winch  the  Portuguese  call 
Dos  Cavaleyros,  are  to  the  s.,  between  the  lake 
to  the  n.  and  the  river  of  Los  Porrudos  to  the  s. 
The  climate  is  very  hot  and  moist,  and  conse- 
quently unhealthy. 

XAllCIA,  San  Juan  de,  ?  settlement  of  the 
head  settlement  of  the  district  and  alcaldia  maijor 
of  Nexapa,  in  Nueva  Espaila.  It  contains'  IS 
families  of  Indians,  ,\vhtf  carry  on  a  great  trade, 
the  settlement  beingiuit^hc  highway  between  the 
provinces  of  Chiapa^.:Tchuantepec,  and  others, 
of  the  kingdom  of  Guttteniula :  four  Icuges  t. 
by  ».  of  its  head  seUilei«*iit. 

XAIlIPO,a  small  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Xaconu  and  dvatdui 
nuu/or  of  Zainoru,  in  Nueva  Espaim.  It  con- 
tains 1.5  families  of  Indians,  and  is  four  leagues 
s.  of  its  head  settlement. 

X.VUOCA,  an  ancient  province  of  the  king- 
dom of  Quito:  s.M.e.  of  the  province  of  Jaen. 
It  is  full  of  woods,  rivers,  lakes,  and  swamps, 
and  is  consequently  but  little  known :  its  climate 
is  extremely  hot. 

XASI,  a  settlement  of  the  jurisdiction  and 
government  of  Muracaibo,  in  the  Nuevo  lleyiio 


inoro 


conse- 


X  AU 

(1e  Granada.  It  is  of  a  benign  temperature, 
very  healthy,  fertile  and  pleasant,  produces  in 
abundance  maize,  papas,  and  other  seeds,  and 
contains  30  housekeepers  and  40  Indians. 

XAVARA,  Bav  of,  on  the  n.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Cuba,  between  the  Bay  of  Baxanas, 
and  the  Point  del  Padre. 

XAVIEll,  S.  Strait  of,  a  narrow  pass  of 
the  river  Paraguay,  in  the  territory  and  govern- 
ment of  the  Chiqiiitos  Indians. 

[Xavier,  S.  a  settlement  of  Indians,  of  the 
province  and  government  of  Buenos-Ayres ; 
situate  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Parana,  about  76 
miles  n.  e.  of  Santa  Fe ;  in  iat.  30'  32'  15''.  long. 
60°  7'  13".] 

[Xavieh,  S.  another  settlement  of  Indians,  of 
the  province  and  government  of  Buenos-Ayres ; 
situate  on  a  small  river  on  then,  bank  of  Uruguay, 
a  little  to  the  n.  e.  of  Martires :  in  Iat.  27^  51' 
8"  *.  lone.  53°  14'  4"  a;.] 

XAUXA,  called  also  Jauja,  a  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Peru,  bounded  «.  and  «.  e.  bv 
the  province  of  Tarma ;  e.  by  the  mountain  of 
the  Indians  ;  s.  e.  by  the  province  of  Huanta ;  s. 
by  that  of  Angaraes ;  s.  w.  by  that  of  Yauyos, 
and  xc.  by  that  of  Guarochiri :  in  length  J  3 
leagues  from  n.  to  s.  and  in  width  13  from  e.  tow. 

This  province  is  a  ravine  or  valley  of  delightful 
temperature,  although  on  the  heights  of  eitlier 
side  of  it  a  considerable  degree  of  cold  is  expe- 
rienced. In  these  heights  are  variousestates  of  cat- 
tle, of  the  wool  of  which  they  make  in  the  work- 
shops clothes  of  the  country.  This  province  pro- 
duces paiMis  and  other  fruits,  peculiar  to  the  scr- 
rania  ;  and,  amongst  the  rest,  a  great  quantity  of 
wheat  and  barley ;  with  which  they  fatten  the  herds 
of  swine,  which  abouiiid  here.  Nor  are  there  want- 
ing all  sorts  of  vegetables,  nor  even  some  por- 
tion of  sugar.  Also,  in  the  settlements  wtiich 
lie  at  the  entrance  of  the  mountain,  are  found 
cocoa  trees,  plantains,  pine-apples,  and  other 
fruits.  This  province  is  watered  by  many 
streams ;  and  through  it  passes  an  abundant 
river,  which  rises  in  the  province  of  Tarma,  out 
of  the  lake  Chinchaycocna,  and  runs  from  n.  Xi\ 
to  s.  e. :  and,  taking  its  course  to  that  of  Huantu, 
enters  that  of  Apurimac :  but  from  l)eing  of 
little  depth,  it  is  of  little  advantage.  At  a 
U'ague's  distance  from  the  bridge  thrown  over 
the  Maid  river,  and  which  is  caflcd  de  Xauxa, 
or  the  stone  bridge  of  Jajua,  another  bridge  was 
built  of  only  one  arch,  in  the  time  of  the  Vice- 
roy, the  Marquis  de  Caiiete. 

In  the  reign  of  the  Incas  of  Peru,  Xauxa  was 


X  AU 


405 


one  of  the  most  populous  districts,  and  proofs  of 
this  are  evident  through  the  numerous  remains  of 
towns  and  large  castles,  which  are  to  be  seen 
here.  It  is  not  without  silver-mines,  but  few 
of  these  are  worked.  It  has  a  college  of  the 
apostolical  missionaries  of  the  order  of  San 
F  rancisco,  with  the  title  of  Santa  Rosa  de  Oco- 
pa,  whose  business  is  to  convert  the  infidel  In- 
dians of  the  mountains ;  but  those  who  were 
already  converted  made  an  insurrection  in  1743, 
committing  great  hostilities  in  the  province  of 
Tarma,  and  other  parts. 

[The  district  ot  Xauxa  contains  14  doctrinal 
curacies ;  and  one  town,  with  16  settlements  an- 
nexed ;  the  whole  inhabited  by  53,986  souls  : 
viz.  33  clergy,  84  Monks,  1,713  Spaniards,  39,477 
Indians,  91,^33  Muslees,  and  58  slaves.  The 
annual  value  of  its  productions  is  137,643  dol- 
lars. The  military  force,  which  was  created  in 
1768,  consists  of  a  battalion  of  nine  companies 
each,  with  a  total  force  of  93  inrolled.  (Guia  del 
Peru,  1797).] 

The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  the  same 
name.  It  has  manufactories  of  woollen  stuflfs, 
and  some  silver  mines ;  is  of  a  benign  tempera- 
ture, and  near  to  it  on  the  s.  side  passes  a  river 
of  the  same  name.    The  other  settlements  ari> 


the  following : 
Ricran, 
Mojon, 
Matahuasi, 
Cincos, 
San    Antonio 

Huancani, 
Concepcion, 
Sicaya, 


Comas, 
Andamarca, 
Pariahuanca, 
Acobamba, 
de         Muqu'jauy«», 
Huancayo, 
Pucaru, 
Huayocachi, 
Caxas, 
Chongos, 
Carhuacallanga, 
Coica, 
Chupaca, 
Ortocufia, 
Mitoto. 


Cochangara, 

Huaripampa, 

Apata, 

Huamal, 

Uchubamba, 

San  Gregorio, 

Quinchuay, 

Hualhuas, 

Xauxa, a  large  and  abundant  river  of  the  above 
province,  also  called  Jauja,  which  rises  in  the 
province  of  Tarma,  out  of  the  lake  Chinchaico- 
cha,  which  the  Indians  call  Angoyacu  ;  runs*,  e. 
watering  the  province,  together  with  the  great 
lliinura  of  its  name,  passes  to  the  province  of 
Huanta,  dividing  the  same  from  Angaraes,  and 
in  that  makes  its  way  into  the  woods  of  the 
infidel  Indians  ;  collecting  the  waters  of  many 
other  rivers  to  enter  the   Ucayale.     It  has  a 


■I  t'{ 


( 


i 


i '  '•} 


f' 


lort 


XER 


«  ^t 


beautil'iil  Htonc-brid^c,  wliicli  \\a>*  l)uilt  bv  order 
of  the  Viceroy  of  I'eru,  the  Marqiiin  dc  Cufiete, 
to  tiicilitate  the  pass  into  the  province  of  An- 
«;urac8.  This  bridge  is  one  of  the  best  in  Pern, 
and  iH  railed  the  bridge  uf  Ixcuchaca,  [and  is 
abont  6ti  miles  «.  of  Tarina.J 

X  AXO,  a  Hettlement  of  the  nrovince  and  go- 
vernment of  Maracaibo,  in  the  Nuevo  Ueyno  do 
Granada  ;  situate  in  ullanura,  between  the  cities 
of  Merida  and  T'-    .iilo. 

XEQl'ETEI-UQUE,  a  setdemcnt  ..f  the  pro- 
vince and  rorrrghiinnh)  of  Sana  in  I'eni;  situiitc 
n  quarter  of  a  league  from  the  river  of  its  name. 
It  IS  in  the  direct  road  from  Valles  to  Lima. 

XEREZ,  an  atcaldia  maj/or  and  jurisdiction 
of  the  kincdom  of  Niieva  (lalicia ;  bounded 
«.  /I.  ti\  by  Nueva  Vizcaya,  and  vs.  hy  the  pro- 
vince of  Nayarith.  It  is  very  fertile  in  seeds 
and  fruits,  and  particularly  in  cattle,  this  l)eing 
its  principal  branch  of  commerce,  and  it  having 
many  folds  and  grazing  lands ;  the  principal  of 
which  are  those  f)f  El  Tesoro  and  of  Los  Or- 
ganos.  It  consists  of  only  the  following  settle- 
ments : 

Monte  Eaco-     Susticatan,      Villaguitierrez 
bedo,  N'alparaiso,         del  Aguila. 

Xeiirz,  the  capital  is  the  town  of  the  same 
name:  small,  but  one  that  had  carried  on  a  great 
ct)miiu'rce  when  first  settled  by  the  Spaniards, 
althou:r|i  its  population  is  now  almost  entirely 
of  people  of  colour  :  [17  leagues  n.  of  Guada- 
laxara;  in  hit.  '2^2^  W  u.] 

Xi:uF./,  a  city  of  this  name,  with  the  addition 
of  La  Froiitera  ;  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Cholutcca,   on  the   conline-<  of  (luatemala  and 
Nicaragua,    and   80    leagues   from   the  city    of 
Santiago. 

Xkuf.z,  another,  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Venezuela,  in  the  Nue\o  Ke>iio  de 
(liranada,  of  the  district  and  jurisdiction  of  Ca- 
racas ;  situate  s.  of  Nueva  Valencia;  from 
whence  it  is  I,')  leagues,  i?()  from  Nueva  Segovia, 
and  (iO  from  the  city  of  Coro,  to  the  ;/.  of  (he 
mountains  of  San  IVdro.  Il  has  fallen  into 
much  decay,  so  as  to  be  now  reduced  to  a  mi- 
serable village. 

Xekiz,  another,  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay ;  situate  in  a  spacious  llmiiira 
on  the  shore  of  (lie  river  Moiidego  or  Mbetotev, 
(on  the  s.  ^ide,  al)out  4j  miles  before  (his  rivi-r 
enters  tiie  Paraguay.]  It  was  destroyed  by  (he 
infidel  Indians  in  the  last  (l()(h)  century,  and  its 
ruins  may  l)e  yet  seen,  being  the  only  ones  re- 
maining ':  in  lat.  19''  30'  3""$. 


XIC 

XEVEROS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians, 
who  dwell  in  the  woods  bordering  upon  the 
river  Marafion.  They  were  reduced  to  a  re- 
ligious and  civilized  life,  and  into  settlninonls, 
by  I'ather  Lucan  de  la  ('iieva,  n  missionary  of 
tfie  ilesuits  in  the  province  of  Quito,  in  r(j.'JK. 
The  settlement  of  this  rediiccimi  was  most  nn- 
nierouH  in  I7()7.  [It  is  situate  on  the  «.  part  of 
the  river  of  its  name,  36  itiiles  zo.  s.  w.  of  tlin 
settlement  of  La  Laguim,  belonging  to  the  mis- 
sions which  were  held  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Mainns  :  in  lat.  5°  30'.  s.] 

XEXI.'I,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay  ;  which  runs  from  w.  to  r. 
and  enters  the  Paraguay  above  the  city  of  Lu 
Asuncion. 

XEXUI-GUAZU,  a  river  of  the  same  pro- 
vince and  government  as  the  former  ;  which  runs 
to  (he  same  rhumb,  and  has  the  same  course. 

XEXUI-MINI,  a  small  river  of  the  same 
province  and  government  as  the  former.  It  runs 
.V.  v.  u\  and  enters  the  Xexuy. 

XIU.'VUOS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians  cf 
the  kingdom  of  Quito,  who  live  in  the  woods  to 
the  s,  of  the  province  of  Macas,  and  r .  *.  e.  of 
that  of  Ciienca.  These  barbarians  made  an 
insurrection  since  their  civilization  and  conver- 
sion to  the  Catholic  religion,  and  destroyed  the 
city  of  Logrono;  retiring  into  the  woods  with 
(he  Spanish  women,  whom  they  took  with  them 
from  that  ill-^^.-.ted  settlement.  Historians  dis- 
agree in  the  epoch  of  this  reliellion.  The  ex- 
Jesuit  Coleti  asserts,  that  it  was  in  the  middle  of 
(he  Kith  century  ;  but  it  appears  that  in  the  year 
\{)'}'2,  the  I-'atlier  Francisco  Fuentes,  procurator 
general  of  Quito  in  this  court,  informed  the 
King,  that,  in  the  year  preceding,  two  missiona- 
ries of  the  Jesuits  had  entered  to  preach  to  the 
Xibaros  Indians.  From  all  that  has  been  writ- 
ten on  this  subject,  it  may  be  inferred  that  (he 
Xibaros  are  most  numerous,  and  that  (hey  s(ill 
preserve  some  vestiges  of  the  Catholic  reliijion, 
which  their  ancestors  regularly  professed.  '1  hese 
Indians  arc  robust,  warlike  and  intrepid,  and  in 
(heir  (erritory  are  many  gold  mines. 

X  in  Alios,  a  settleiiieut  of  (his  name  in  the 
province  and  government  of  Guayaquil  and 
kingdom  of  Quito. 

X I  n A  nos,  another,  in  the  province  and  govern- 
ment  of   Mainas,  of   the  same   kingdom.     See 

CoN(  I-.IH  ION. 

XICALAN,  a  settlement  of  the  head  se((le- 
meiit  of  the  dis(ric(  of  L'ruapan  and  alaildia  iiinijor 
of  Valiudolid,  in  the   province  and  bishopric  of 


in   tli(< 
(|iiil  nnd 


X  I  c 

Mechoacdn.     It  contains  If)  familiefi  of  Indians, 
and  iHa  Iea|ru4> .«.  ot'ilrt  liond  Hcttlement. 

XACAliAN(iO,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
alcaldia  mayor  of  'rabaftcu.  It  runH  n.  and  entcra 
the  Hea  in  tne  (iiilt'oi'  Mexico,  to  the  e.  of  that  of 
TalmRco. 

XICALTRPKC,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
Hettlcinunt  of  the  district  of  Pinotepa  del  Rev, 
and  itlaildia  nuti/or  of  Xicayun  in  Niicva  Enpaila. 
It  contains  38'  families  of*  Indians,  who  occupy 
themselves  in  the  cultivation  of  cochineal  aa'd 
cotton  :  eii(lit  leai^iies  f.  of  its  head  settlement. 

ZICAIMAKCA,  a  settlement  o\'  the  province 
and  rorrre'i//i(VN/o  of  II uarochiri,  in  Peru;  an- 
nexed to  tne  curacy  of  Santa  Olayu. 

XlCAPOTliA,  a  settlement  of  the  alcaldia 
mnyor  of  Tula,  in  Nucva  Espaila ;  annexed  to 
thccuracy  of  its  capital,  bein^distant  from  thiii  one 
leas[ue  to  thee.  It  contains  197  families  of  Indians. 

XlCAIilliLA,  a  settlement  of  the  missions 
which  are  held  by  the  religious  of  S.  Francis,  in 
the  kin^^dom  of  Nuevo  Mexico. 

XICAYAN,  a  jurisdiction  and  alcaldia  mayor 
of  Nueva  Espaua,  in  the  province  and  bishopric 
of  Oaxaca;  situate  on  the  coast  of  the  S.  .Sea. 
It  is  very  fertile  in  cochineal,  cotton,  wax,  cacao, 
and  salt,  in  which  it  carries  on  a  ^rcat  and  lucra- 
tive commerce ;  and  bein^r,  in  consequence,  a 
Jurisdiction  of  (he  first  class  in  that  Kin<rdom. 
The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  Xamiltep^c,  and 
the  others  are. 


Huazolotitlan, 

Huazraltepec, 

Miloacan, 

Tutcpec, 

Tctopelzin, 

Pinotepa, 

S.  Juan  Xacoa, 

S.  Pedro  Siniy  11, 

Sta.  Maria  N  iitio, 

S.  Christoval, 

Santa  Maria, 

.S.  Lorerii^o, 

S.  AifiisJiii, 

Pinotepa  del  l{ey, 

Xiinltepec, 

Popittla, 

Tlucaina, 

Al<)va(|iii', 

Sail  Juan, 

San(ia<r(>, 

Xica^i'in, 

Pt'tatlapa, 

San  .lost-pli, 

Ixcapa, 


Tulixtlaocan, 

Amu/ifos, 

Cacahuatepec, 

Icauaca, 

Zuttcpec, 

Zacatepec, 

S.  .Juan  tie  (Jrotes, 

Santiago  Coaliuitlan, 

Tututepoc, 

Jocotopdc, 

Acatepec, 

Santa  Cruz, 

Tlaltepec, 

Tepestlahuaca, 

Olintepoc, 

Jumiila, 

Xolotepec, 

.San  Luis, 

Ixcantrpcc, 

Amihopoc, 

Lazao, 

Paianizucla, 

Ixtapa, 

X  ucluitongo. 


X  I  I. 


407 


Xic'A  VAN,  another  settlement  in  this  jurisdic- 
tion, of  the  head  selllement  of  (he  district  of 
Atoyarpie.  It  was  lormerly  the  capital ;  but  tbiH 
was  afterwards  removed  to  Xamiltepec.  It  con- 
tains h\  families  of  Indians,  who  occupy  them- 
selves in  the  cultivation  and  commerre  of  cochi- 
neal, toliarco,  seeds,  and  cotton  :  7  leagues  w.  by 
n.  of  its  capital. 

XICO,  a  t^mall  island,  situate  in  the  middle  of 
the  lake  of  Chalco  in  Nueva  Espana. 

XK'OTLAN,  a  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict of  the  alcaldia  mai/ur  of  Chiautla  in  Nueva 
Espana.  It  contains  T30  families  of  Indians,  and 
iJO  of  Spaniards,  Mw^Ues,  and  Mulattoes,  who 
main(ain  themselves  by  trading  in  sal(,  which  is 
found  in  its  dis(rict,  aiid  which  they  carry  to  La 
Puebia  de  los  Angeles. 

XICl'LA,  San  Juan  de,  a  head  settlement  of 
the  district  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  Nexapa.  It 
contains  \3(i  families  of  Indians,  whose  commerce 
consists  in  cotton,  cochineal,  fruit  and  seeds.  It 
has  a  convent  of  religious  of  San  Domingo,  and 
is  five  leagues  n.  of  its  capital. 

XIHl'ITLIPA.  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Xocotla,  and  alcaldia 
mayor  of  TIapa  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contains 
4^  families  of  Indians,  who  carry  on  a  trade 
in  cochineal,  maize,  and  French  beans.  Two 
leagues  ti.  of  its  head  settlement. 

XILITLA,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  Tamazunchale,  and  alcal- 
dia mayor  of  Valles  in  Nueva  Espana;  situate 
on  the  most  lofty  part  of  an  elevated  sierra.  In 
it  live  united  many  Mexican,  Pames,  Othomies, 
and  Mecos  Indians,  nearly  all  of  tlieni  Gentiles, 
acknowledging,  at  least,  no  other  sacrament  than 
baptism  and  matrimony  Thirty-two  leagues 
from  its  principal  Load  settlement,  and  being  di- 
vided from  the  same  by  some  inaccessible  roads, 
full  of  ravines  and  rough  scrranias. 

XILOTEPEC,  a  district  of  the  jurisdiction 
and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Nueva  Espana,  composed 
of  four  head  settlements  of  the  district,  and  of 
many  other  small  settlements  or  wards,  which 
are  :— 

Ciiiapantongo, 
/anaya(|iiilpu, 
S.  Miguel  (.'ambay, 

Xif.oTiiPEc,  the  ca|)ital 
its  name,  of  a  mild  tcmneratuiv,  al)ounding  in 
mai/o,  soed<.  t'niits,  and  Iiiri>('  and  small  cattle, 
in  which  tlie  natives  trade.  Tlicsc  amounted  to 
3,750  famili<<s  of  (Othomies  Indians,  and  60  of 
Spaniards,  iMi/stra,  and  Mulattoes.  Twenty 
leagucb  H.  of  Mexico,  ouc  quarter  n.c. 


Chiapa  de  Mota, 
Alfaxayuca. 

\\.  is  the  settlement  of 


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■  f.'   1 


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40U 


X  I  M 


Xii.oTePF.o,  another  Heltleinont,  in  the  head 
•ettlement  of  the  district  of  TIacololula,  and 
atcald'ia  mai/or  of  Xalapa;  Hituulc  in  a  hollow 
formed  by  various  mountains,  which  surround 
it.  It  is  of  a  very  stony  territory,  alNiundin^ 
with  chalk,  on  which  account  i(  is  the  only  |>urt 
where  there  are  lime-kilns,  and  with  that  article 
it  supplies  the  whole  of  the  province  and  its  de- 
pendencies. It  contains  15  families  of  SpaniardH, 
and  1&2  of  Indians,  and  is  two  leagues  s.w.  of  its 
head  settlement. 

XiLoTCPEC,  another,  of  the  alcaldia  matfor  of 
Tlupa,  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  14  fa- 
milies of  Indians. 

XiLOTEPRc,  another,  with  the  dedicatory  title 
of  Santiago,  in  the  ulcaliHa  mayor  of  Ne.xapa  ;  si- 
tuate in  u  plain  which  is  surrounded  by  lof>y 
mountains.  In  it  they  reckon  I'-M  families  of  In- 
dians, including  those  of  the  wards  of  its  district, 
and  here  they  procure  cochineal  finer  than  any  in 
the  province. 

XILOTLAN.a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  (tkulilia  vun/or  of  Colima.  It  contains  80 
families  of  Indians  employed  in  agricultui'e,  and 
who  gKther  abundant  crops  of  muizc  and  French 
beans.  In  its  vicinity  are  some  farms  for  breed- 
ing large  cattle,  in  which  there  are  employed  iU 
families  of  Spaniards  aiid  Muluttoes.  Forty 
lcaa:ui?s  c.  of  its  capital. 

XILOTZINCO,  Santa  Ana  de,  a  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of 
Mate|)cc,  in  the  same  kingdom  as  the  former.  It 
contains  2d()  families  of  Indians. 

XILOV'ASCO,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  (dcaldia  mni/or  of  San  Salvador  in  the  king- 
dom of  Guatemala. 

XIMBb],  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  cor- 
ref^imiento  of  Andahuailas  in  Peru:  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Moro  in  the  pro- 
vince of  i^anta. 

XlMBdKA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
rorrcginiieiito  Dt' howi  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito; 
annexed  to  tiie  curacy  of  the  settlement  oft'aria- 
manga ;  situate  in  a  retired  and  crajjjjv  moun- 
tain.  Hither  the  coadjutor  to  the  rurute  repairs 
once  a  year  to  perform  the  coclesiaHtiral  functionij 
and  the  duties  of  the  parish.  The  natives  of  the 
settlement  appear  by  their  benrd,  colour,  car- 
riage, and  language,  to  be  a  degenerated  race  of 
Spaniards,  although  they  are  more  luicoutii  and 
barbarous  than  any  Indians.  They  are  thought, 
indeed,  and  with  some  truth,  to  be  descended 
from  Spanish  families,  wliich  might  have  sepa- 
rated from  ''lose  90  families,  which,  in  I.VJfl,  were 
sent  from  Quito,   by  Gonzalo  Pizarro,    under 


X  I  Q 

Captain  Salinas,  for  the  foundation  of  some  new 
settlements  in  the  province  ef  Pacamores,  which 
is  bounded  by  the  province  of  Zarza.  Tliese  In- 
dians excite,  by  their  appearance,  at  once  laugh, 
ter  and  compatwion,  and  it  cannot  but  be  won- 
dered at  that  they  can  reconcih;  themselves  to 
live  in  the  wretched  state  to  which  they  are 
addicted.  Sometimes  they  are  accustomed  to 
trade  with  the  other  settlements  in  the  produc- 
tions of  their  own  territory ;  these  being  most 
delicAte  salted  meats,  and  cheeses  of  n  superior 
quality  to  any  known  in  the  kingdom.  Their 
ignorance  is  such,  that  it  is  ir.iuossible  to  learn 
any  thing  from  them ;  and  ihey  nave  no  tradition 
of  their  origin. 

XIJVIENCZ,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Tucuman,  belonging  to  the  iuris- 
(lictKtn  of  the  city  of  Santiago  del  Lstero ;  situate 
nearlv  w.  of  the  same. 

XINGU,  an  abundant  river  of  the  province 
and  captainship  of  Para  in  the  kingdom  of  Brazil. 
It  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  serrania,  run^! 
continually  w.  through  the  territory  of  the  Topa- 
yos  Indians,  in  which  extended  course  of  many 
leagues  it  collects  the  waters  of  other  rivers,  au^ 
es|)ecially  of  the  Guiriri,  by  the  w.  part,  and  giv- 
ing five  large  falls,  enters,  with  an  amazing  body, 
into  the  river  Maranon,  or  Amazonas,  [about  tO 
miles  above  the  island  of  Joanes,  inlat.  1°  34'  s.] 

XiNGU,  a  settlement  of  the  Portuguese  in  this 
province  and  captainship,  on  the  shore  and  at  the 
mouth  of  the  former  river,  from  whence  it  takes 
its  name. 

XIPACOYA,  a  settlement  and  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of 
Tepo/colula  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  ;)5 
families  of  Indians,  who  occupy  themselves  in  the 
cidlivatiou  and  trade  of  cochineal. 

XIPAN,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  cor- 
rcs,iniirnto  of  Guamalies  in  Peru  ;  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Chavin  de  Pariarca. 

X I  PICA  PA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Guayaquil  in  the  kingdom  <»l' 
Quito,  and  of  the  district  of  Puerto  V'iego,  from 
which  it  lies  to  the  s.,  upon  the  shore  of  the  river 
of  its  name,  and  the  which  forms  the  Bay  of 
Miichala.  [The  settlement  is  two  short  leagues 
from  the  S.  Sea,  in  lat.  1"  23' .«.] 

XIQUILPA,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  Tuzcacuezco,  and  alcalilia 
mayor  of  Amola,  or  Amiila,  in  Nueva  Espai'iii. 
It  contains  46  families,  employed  in  cultivaliiii: 
seeds  and  breeding  cattle.  Eleven  league'  /i.  ol' 
its  capital 

XIQL'ILPAN,    a  jurisdiction    and    alcaldin 


»:!': 


:h-* 


|W!( 


and  cor- 
;ed  to  till' 
nriarca. 
vince  niitl 
pdom  of 
•a;(»,  Iroiii 

the  riviT 
Bay  «)!' 

t  Icagiu's 


X  (>  (J 

)iuimr  ol'  Niicvn  Ksimrui,  in  flic  province  and 
hiNMoprir  ot'iMrrlioacaii.  It  piodiiccK  iniicli  lai'f^o 
ra(tlt>,  and  loal'-Hngar,  uhicli  is  nianurailurt'd  in 
\\w  inilU  of  ilH  diNtrii't,  tin*  Hamc  hoiii^  tliu 
hranrlu^H  of  itn  cnninu'rrc.  It  aUu  carrirH  on  u 
trade  with  the  town  of  Colinia  in  hartprina;  salt 
and  other  articloH.  The  niculd'ia  nmi/or  of  Tin- 
^uindin  in  accimtomed  to  he  united  to  this,  al- 
lhou{B;h  tar  distant,  ntit  however,  hut  that  a  sepa- 
rate a/ai/ik  haH  frequently  heen  aopointed  hy 
way  of  safety.  I(h  jurisdiction  conoiHts  of  the 
followinir  HeltienientK. — 

(  narapn,  Patanihn, 

San  Auf^el,  Ocunuicho, 

Tarequuto,  San  iloseph. 

XiQi'ii.i'AN,  the  capital,  is  of  the  same  name. 
In  it  live  l;')H  families  of  Indians,  and  IK(i  of. Spa- 
niards, jy/tisliTs,  and  Mulattoes,  ami  il  has  a  con- 
vent of  the  reliirioim  of  San  Francisco.  Ei^ht 
leaKues  e.  of  its  capital. 

XIQl  IIMIX'O,  S.  Juan  on,  a  head  settle- 
nient  of  the  district  of  the  alcitldia  mayor  of  Me- 
tep«''c  in  Nueva  Kspana.  it  contains  \¥Ai  fami- 
lies of  Indians. 

XIT.ALIIA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
(tlcahlin  mm/or  of  Zcdales  in  the  kinfrdoni  of  (tua- 
teniala. 

XrriPOS,  SANTiACio  oe,  a  settlement  of  the 
missions  which  were  held  by  the  .Fesuils  of  the 
province  and  government  ol  iSlainas  of  the  king- 
dom of  Quito ;  founded  by  the  Father  Lorenzo 
liUcero  in  l()70,  on  i\\v  shore  of  a  lake  which  is 
formed  from  the  waters  of  the  Maranon. 

XITOLTEPKC,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  alcaldia  nmijor  of  Zoques  in  the  kingdom  of 
(iiiatemala. 

XI  VIA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  vor- 
t'rn-//>/f(7;/»  of  lluamalies  in  Peru;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Jesus. 

XII  TOPANTLA,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
scttlentent  of  the  district  of  Aten<j;o,  and  aUaldia 
iiiaijor  of  (Miilapa  in  Nueva  lispana.  Two  Iea!;ues 
\\  of  its  head  settit  ^nent. 

XOrmilUEHl'ETLAX,  a  settlement  of  the 
uhvldUi  nun/or  of  TIapa  in  Nueva  Kspana.  It 
is  of  an  extremely  hot  temperature,  contains  W2 
liimilies  of  Indians;  and  in  its  district  is  a  mine- 
ral of  exquisite  copper,  this  being  the  only  article 
iiiid  branch  of  tracle. 

XOCIIIMALCO,  a  uettlement  of  the  (dcalditi 
nmi/or  of  Xalapa,  in  the  same  kingiiom  as  the 
former.  It  is  very  fertile  and  pleasant.  Its  po- 
pulation is  composed  of  343  families  o»  Indians, 
seven  of  Snaniards,  U  o( Muslas  and  Mulatto«'s  ; 
hut  it  produces  nothing  but  nmize,  of  which  they 

vol,.  V, 


X  (>  c 


10!) 


luiike  liiscnil  tiir  the  food  of  tlu-  muleteers.  In 
it"  >i«'iMilt  is  a  miii/nriii,  or  snuill  farm,  called 
Cenquantla,  annexed  to  its  curacy,  and  in  which 
resiile  many  iamilies  dedicated  to  the  cultivation 
of  tobacco  and  seeds.  It  has  also  two  sugar  nia- 
nnliutories,  but  which  are  now  converted  into 
places  for  storing  cattle,  liesides  these  there  arc 
the  farms  of  Ksliin/iiela  and  Ta/ampa.  Two 
h'itgues  ,«.!»'.  of  the  seltU'ment  of  Choatepec. 

XOCIIIMIIiCO,  a  jurisdiction  and  a/addia 
iiiai/or  of  Nueva  Kspana  ;  bounded  «'.  by  that  of 
C'haico,  u\  by  that  of  Cnyoacan,  and  n.  by  the 
lake  of  Mexico.  It  is  very  fertile  and  pleasant, 
and  of  great  trade,  through  its  vicinity  to  the 
ca|)ital  of  the  kingdom,  whither  they  convey  by 
the  lake  in  canoes  necessary  fruits  and  other  ar- 
ticles ;  also  transmitting  by  land  the  same  to  the 
neighbouring  jurisdictions.  Its  population  con- 
sists of  the  seltleineiits  which  are  head  settle 
iiients  of  the  district,  (and  of  dilVerent  wards 
or  small  settlements),  Ainilpa  and  San  Pedro 
Acotopam. 

XociiiMiLco,  the  capital,  is  the  settlement  of 
the  same  name,  founded  by  the  Chichimecos  In- 
dians, iK'forc  the  Mexican  empire,  on  the  shore 
ol*  the  lake.  It  was  extremely  opulent  in  those 
times,  as  appears  from  its  numerous  population  : 
since,  including  the  inhabitants  of  its  wards,  the 
same  anioiiiited  to  ii,,')()0  families  of  .Mexican 
Indians,  and  has  now  many  families  of  Spaniards, 
AfiistiTS,  and  Mulattoes.  What  has  greatly 
tended  to  the  preservation  of  the  splendour  and 
population  of  tliis  capital  for  >o  many  vears  is, 
that  almost  all  the  inhabitants  have  some  pecu- 
liar employment.  Some  of  thcin.  and  indeed  the 
greater  part,  are  carpenters ;  making  doors,  win- 
dows, beds,  benches,  chairs,  tables,  and  other 
pieces  of  furniture  «»f  great  beauty,  the  which 
they  carry  in  canoe*  by  the  lake  to  one  of  the 
markets  of  Mexico,  where  they  make  a  great 
profit  of  them.  Others  are  blacksmiths,  and  make 
locks,  staples,  nail>.  »Sic.  and  others  apply  them- 
selves to  the  manufacture  of  wooden-lattices  and 
nets  for  the  windows  ot"  houses :  also  those 
who  inhabit  the  lake,  in  some  islands  which  they 
call  Chinampas,  are  engaged  in  cultivating 
flowers  and  in  making  common  mats,  called 
pttidis,  from  an  herb  found  in  the  lake  resem- 
bling a  rush,  and  called  in  the  Mexican  language 
///A',  and  which  they  hang  at  the  doors  of  the 
temples  and  houses,  in  testimony  of  their  joy,  an<l 
before  their  piilipie-lion-es  and  tii\eins.  Mere 
are  also  some  estates  and  riiiirhos,  in  which  are 
cultivated  wheat,  mai/e,  and  other  seeds,  :ind  a 
very  good  convent  of  I'ranciscans.  (Ten  miles 
■i  c. 


f     I 


f       I' 


..>^.  ^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1^    12.2 


1^ 

1^    IIIIIIO 


""I  I  Q 


U    11.6 


^-y 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSIER.N.Y.  14S80 

(716)872-4503 


0^ 


410 


X  O  L 


X  O  N 


n.  long.  99^2' 


\:i    !  ■;  t 


i'*i' 


HP 


i-^p- 


s.  s.  e.  of  Mexico,  in  hit.  19=^  Ifi 
30"  ro.] 

XOCHlNACA/rLAN,  a  small  sottlement  or 
ward  of  the  alcaldia  mm/or  of  Gnaucliiiiun^o  in 
Niieva  Espana:  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the 
settlement  of  Tlaola. 

XOCHITEPKC,  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  (he  district  of  Hnitepec,  and  alca'dia 
mai/nr  ofC'nernavaca  in  the  same  kinijdom  as  the 
former.  It  contains  3.5  families  of  Indians,  and 
16  of  Spaniards  and  Mitstees,  with  a  «yood  con- 
vent of  Franciscans.  Its  territory,  and  that  of 
the  wards  annexed  to  it,  are  dry  and  barren  :  'or, 
althoii<rh  it  be  surrounded  by  various  rivers, 
their  waters  cannot  be  made  use  of  as  beinsy  vory 
muddy.    Three  leagiies  *.  of  its  head  settlement. 

XOCHITLAN,  S.  Augustin  dk,  a  setile- 
ment  of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
Xacnpistia,  and  of  the  same  a/cafdia  mayor  as 
the  former. 

XOCA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Merida,  in  the  Nnevo  Reyno  de 
Granada.  It  rises  in  the  celebrated  valley  of 
Cucata,  runs  s.e.  and  enters  the  Apure. 

XOCOTA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corrps;imieiito  of  Truxilio  in  Peru. 

XbCOTEAPA,  S.  Pedro  de,  a  settlement  of 
the  head  settlemcat  of  the  district  and  alcaldia 
mayor  of  Acayuca  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  is  of  an 
hot  temperature,  situate  on  the  skirt  of  the  sierra 
of  San  Martin,  contains  ,350  families  of  Indians, 
produces  plenty  of  maize,  French  beans,  fruits, 
and  thread  of  pita,  wliich  is  the  principal  branch 
of  its  commerce ;  and  is  eight  leagues  5.  of  its 
capital. 

XOCOTENANGO,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  kingdom  of  Guatemala. 

XOC  OTEPEC,  a  settlement  of  the  alcadia 
majyor  of  Guaucliinango,  in  Nueva  Espana.  It 
contains  212  families  of  Totonacos  Indians;  in- 
cluding those  dwelling  in  the  six  wards  of  its 
district  and  is  three  leagues  s.  of  its  capital. 

XOLAPA,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settlement 
of  the  district  of  Olintla,  and  alcaldia  niai/or  of 
Zacatlan,  in  the  same  kingdom ;  three  leagues 
and  a  half  from  its  head  settlement. 

XOLALPAN,  a  settlement  of  the  alcaldia 
mayor  of  Teotalco,  in  the  same  kingdom.  It 
contains  270  families  of  Indians. 

XoLAi.PAN,  another  settlement,  with  the  de- 
dicatory title  of  Santa  Maria,  in  the  same  king- 
dom, and  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  Ecatepec, 
annexed  to  the  curacy  of  its  capital ;  from  whence 
it  is  one  league  to  n.  n,  e  It  contains  8.3  fami- 
lies of  Indians. 


XOLOTEPEC,  a  set.lement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  .ln(|uila,  and  alcadia 
mayor  of  Xicayan  in  the  same  kiii<>;dom.  It  con- 
tains 18  Indian  families,  and  is  28  leagues  c.  by 
M.  of  its  capital. 

XOLOTLA,  a  small  settlement  or  ward  of 
the  alcadia  mayor  of  Guaucliinango  in  the  same 
kingdom :  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settle- 
ment of  Naupan. 

XOLOTJ.AN,  a  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict of  the  alcadia  mayor  of  Mciines,  in  the  same 
kingdom  as  the  former.  It  contains  24  families 
of  Indians 

XOMULCO,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  and  alcadia  w.rtworof  Xala  in 
the  same  kingdom.  It  is  of  a  mild  temperature, 
and  contains  20  families  of  Indians. 

XONACAPA,  S.  Miguel  dg,  a  settlement 
of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district,  and  alcadia 
mayor  of  Ixmiquilpan  in  the  same  kingdom ; 
nine  leagues  n.  e.  of  its  capital. 

XONACATEPEC,  a  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  Cuernavaca  in 
the  same  kingdom  ;  its  jurisdiction  is  composed 
of  14  settlements,  so  close  to  each  other  ihat  they 
are  all  registered  as  one  population.  In  these 
dwell  813  families  of  Mexican  Indians,  and  87  of 
Spani  irds,  Mustces,  and  Mulattoes,  who  exercise 
themselves  in  the  cultivation  of  some  seeds  and 
fruits,  as  well  European  as  those  peculiar  to  the 
country ;  its  situation  is  upon  a  plain,  equally 
barren  and  scarce  of  water.  It  has  a  convent  of 
Au<juK*ins,  and  is  14  leagues  e.  of  its  capital. 

XONACATLAN,  Santiago  be,  a  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of 
San  Juan  de  los  Llanos  in  the  same  kingdom. 
It  "ontains  540  families  of  Indians,  includiiig 
those  of  the  wards  of  its  district,  and  is  nine 
leas>nes  n.  w.  of  its  capital. 

XoNACATLAN,  Sau  Francisco  de,  a  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  o{ 
Metepeque  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains 
313  families  of  Indians. 

Another,  of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  Amaqneca,  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Zayula  in 
the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  13  tamilies  of 
Indians,  who  occupy  themselves  in  cultivating 
seeds  and  fruits  and  cutting  wood  ;  it  is  situate 
in  the  scrrania,  and  is  two  leagues  from  its  head 
settlement. 

Another,  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  Tlapa  in 
the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  15  families  of 
Indians. 

XONGOPAUI,  a  settlement  of  the  missions, 
which  are  held  by  the  religions  of  San  Francisco, 


'«  L 


ad  set- 
alittdin 
It  coa- 
s  e.  by 

ivard  of 
lie  same 
!  seltle- 

the  dis- 
he  same 
families 

d  settle- 
Xala  ill 
leraturc, 

jttlement 
id  alcadUi 
lingdom ; 

nt  of  the 
navaca  in 
composed 

that  they 

III  these 
and  87  of 

0  exercise 
seeds  and 
iliar  to  the 
ill,  equally 
convent  of 
ipital. 

head  seL- 
niaj/or  of 
kingdom, 
including 
nd  is  nine 

head  set- 
a  mayor  of 
lit  contains 

1  the  district 

Zayula  in 
taniilies  of 
cultivating 
lit  is  situate 
)m  its  head 

If  Tlapa  in 
families  of 

Ihe  missions, 
\\  Francisco. 


X  u  c 

in  the  province  of  Moqui,  and  of  the  kingdom  of 
Nuevo  Mexico. 

XONOTAL,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  alcfild'ia  ttiaj/or  of  Tetela  Xonotla  in  the 
same  kingdom.  Its  jurisdiction  comprehends 
five  settlements,  in  the  which  dwell  476  families 
of  Totona(iues  Indians.  It  is  of  a  good,  fertile, 
and  pleasar.t  temperature,  and  is  irrigated  by  a 
river,  which,  after  running  through  a  narrow  glen 
for  some  distance,  unites  itself  with  another,  and 
thus  passes  through  o'nny  provinces  until  it 
empties  itself  into  the  sea.  Its  commerce  con- 
sists of  woods,  cut  on  the  mountains,  and  of 
making  charcoal :   18  leagues  m.  e.  of  its  capital. 

I  XORILLO,  a  llanura  of  the  intendancy  of 
Valladolid,  of  which  a  further  account  may  be 
seen  under  that  article.] 

[X0RIM.0,  a  large  volcano  of  the  intendancy 
of  Valladolid  in  Nuevo  Mexico,  which  sprung 
up  by  an  earthquake,  from  a  chasm  to  1640  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  plains.  See  Valladolid, 
Intendancy  of.] 

XOSAA,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  ulcaldin  mayor  of  Villalta  in  iLc;  same  king- 
dom. It  contains  63  families  of  Indians,  and  is 
16  leagues  from  its  capital. 

XOXOCOTLAN,  Santa  Cruz  de,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
Cuilapa,  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Quatro  Villas  in 
the  same  kingdom.  It  is  of  a  mild  and  dry  tem- 
perature, contains  194  families  of  Indians  and 
some  of  Spaniards,  given  to  the  cultivation  of 
seeds,  fruits,  and  cochineal,  and  to  making  coal  and 
cutting  wood.  It  abounds  in  melons  and  water 
melons  much  esteemed,  and  is  half  a  league  s.  of 
its  head  settlement. 

XOXUTLA,  San  Miguel  de,  a  head  settle- 
ment of  the  di''trict  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  ai.d 
jurisdiction  of  Cuernavaca  in  the  same  kingdom. 
It  contains  316  families  of  Indians,  including 
those  of  10  other  settlements  of  its  district.  In 
its  church  is  venerated  an  image  of  Christ  cruci- 
fied, which  was  found  by  the  Indians  at  the  root 
of  a  thorn,  which  was  plucked  up  ;  eight  leagues 
s.  of  its  capital. 

XUALTEGUI,  Bay  of,  on  the  h.  coast  of 
the  strait  of  Magellan,  on  the  side  of  Port  An- 
gosto,  or  Narrow,  and  opposite  the  point  of  San 
Ildefonso. 

XL'CURAY,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Mainas,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 
It  rises  in  a  lake  which  is  in  the  country  or  ter- 
ritory of  the  Mainas  Indians ;  runs  nearly  from 
a.  to  n.  and  enters  the  Maranon. 


X  U  L 


411 


XUCHALTENGO,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  Juqiiila,  and  alcaldia 
mayor  of  Xicayan  in  Niieva  Espana.  It  con- 
tains 60  families  of  Indians,  20  of  Mustecs  and  . 
Mulattoes,  who  occupy  themselves  in  the  culti- 
vation and  trade  of  cochineal,  tobacco,  and  cot- 
ton, and  is  35  leagues  n.  of  its  capital. 

X  UCHIAPAS,  a  settlement  of  tiic  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  the  alcaldia  may<>r  of  Te- 
nango  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  06 
families  of  Indians. 

XUCHICALCO,  a  small  settlement  or  ward 
of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district,  am\  alcaldia 
mayor  of  Tetela  de  Volcan  in  tiie  same  kingdom; 
a  quarter  of  a  league  from  its  capital. 

XUCHIMILCO,  Santa  tomas  de,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  head  settlement  of  the  town  of  the 
marquisate,  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Quatro  Villas, 
in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  59  families, 
who  occupy  themselves  in  cultivating  cochineal, 
wheat,  maize,  pulse,  and  fruit,  in  cutting  Mood 
and  making  charcoal,  in  all  of  which  they  trade ; 
half  a  league  e.,  quarter  s.e.  of  its  capital. 

XUCrilTEPEC,  a  settlement  of  the  alcaldia 
mayor  of  Guajuapa  in  the  same  kingdom.  It 
contains  50  families  of  Indians. 

Another  settlement,  in  the  same  alcaldia  mayor 
as  the  former.    It  contains  85  families  of  Indians. 

Another,  with  the  dedicatory  title  of  Santa 
Maria,  in  the  alcula  a  mayor  of  Huamelula  :  in 
the  centre  of  a  vai'ey,  fertilized  by  various 
streams,  and  which  run  through  the  streets  of 
the  settlement:  by  *hese  waters  the  cultivated 
farms  of  the  district  are  irrigated.  It  is  14 
leagues  from  the  sea,  contains  jO  families  of  In- 
dians, who  trade  in  cochineal,  cotton,  seeds,  and 
fruits,  and  is  five  leagues  from  the  settlement  of 
Pochutla. 

XUCHITLAN,  S.  Bartolome  de,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
Ixtac,  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  S.  Juan  de  los  Llanos 
in  the  same  kingdom.  Inhabited  by  190  fami- 
lies of  Indians.  Amongst  the  many  estates  in 
its  jurisdiction  is  found  one  which  was  formerly 
the  Real  of  silver  mines,  ciiilod  Santiai'o  (l(^ 
Temextia,  and  which  is  now  rechicod  lo  a  copjM'i- 
foundery,  this  metal  being  sonietiiiies  found 
mixed  with'  the  silver ;  10  leagues  ti.  ic.  of  its 
head  settlement. 

XULUAPA,  a  settlement  of  the  iiead  setde- 
ment  of  the  district  of  Alniololoyaii,  and  a/caldia 
mayor  of  Colima  in  tiic  same  kiiigdoiu  :  founnod 
on  the  top  of  an  elevated  iiiouiilaiii.  It  is  of  a 
hot  temperature  ;  contains  48  families  of  Indian^, 


I  a 


412 


X  f  J  N 


'1 

I 


h  .  \i 


occupied  in  manufacturins^  mats,  ci'tting  wood, 
and  iiiakinia;  charcoal  for  the  consumption  of  the 
capital ;  six  leai>ups  to.  of  its  head  settlement. 

XUNGAPfib,  a  settlement  f  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Tuxpan  and  akaldia 
mayor  of  Marsivntio  in  the  province  and  bishop- 
ric of  iVTechoaciin.  It  is  of  an  hot  temperature, 
aooundinir  in  sugar  canes  of  various  kinds,  of 
wliicli  tlie  inhabitants  manufacture  much  sugar 
and  lioney  ;  these  consist  of  37  families  of  Spa- 
niards and  i\fiistces,  and  223  of  Indians.  Four 
leagues  s.  of  its  head  settlement. 

Xl'RULLO,  .loRULi.o,  or  Junuvo,  a  vol- 
cano o'.'  the  province  of  Mechoiican,  and  inten- 
dency  of  Valladolid,  in  Nueva  Espana ;  formed 
on  St.  Michael's  day  in  the  year  1759,  in  the 
middle  of  a  beautiful,  fertile,  and  pleasant  valley, 
which  extend**  three  leagues  from  e.  to  w.  and 
more  than  eight  from  n.  to  s.  The  Indians  gave 
it  this  name,  which,  in  their  idiom,  signifies  pa- 
radise. 

In  this  valley  once  stood  a  verv  rich  estate, 
belonging  to  Don  Joseph  Pimen.tl  in  which 
thoy  manufactured  a  great  quantity  of  sugar  of 
the  host  quality  of  any  in  the  kingdom,  and  not 
far  oft"  were  tv  o  settlements,  called  La  Presenta- 
ciou  and  Ag-uicana;  but  whiih,  on  the  eruption 
of  the  volcanc,  were  not  only  entirely  destroyed, 
but  exhibit  the  most  deplorable  prospect,  being 
notiiing  but  heaps  of  ashes,  with  half  burnt  trunks 
of  trees,  and  the  whole  ground  being  full  of  great 
chasms :  and,  moreover,  a  complete  mountain 
being  in  the  place  where  before  all  was  level 
f;ronnd. 

By  the  skirt  of  this  mountain  passes  a  stream 
which,  before,  fertilized  the  valley,  and  which 
they  now  call  del  Salto,  since  its  waters  are  so 
hot  that  men  or  horses  passing  through  it,  arc  in 
dauffer  of  being  scalded,  it  being  necessary  to 
cross  this  river  in  going  to  the  copper  mines, 
which  are  viorked  here  on  account  of  govern- 
ment. Six  months  before  this  catastrophe  took 
plare,  dreadful  subterranean  noises  were  conti- 
nually heard,  also  earthquakes,  which  so  alarmed 
the  people  that  they  had  all  immediately  left  the 
territory,  but  for  the  persuasions  of  Father  Igna- 
tius Molina,  a  tfesuit,  who  was  solicited  to  use 
his  inllueiice  here,  through  the  aforesaid  lord  of 
the  estate.  As,  upon  tlu>  first  perception  of  the 
earthquakes  here,  the  eruption  of  the  volcano  of 
Colima  ceased,  it  is  thought,  notwithstanding 
that  the  latter  place  is  at  the  distance  of  more 
than  70  leagues  from  hence,  that  the  matter,  en- 
tombed  in   the  earthy   found   u  communication 


X  U  X 

through  the  whole  distance  till  it  burst  out  in  this 
valh^y. 

[XunuLLO,  or,  as  it  is  found  in  the  English 
maps,  JoRuiiLO,  is  30  miles  *.  from  the  city  of 
Pasquaro,  and  55  s.  za.  by  s.  from  the  city  of 
Valladolid,  in  lat.  19°  2'  n.  and  long.  101°  30'  w.} 

XIJXIUCAPA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  alcnldiu  mayor  of  Zedales  in  the  kingdom  of 
Guatemala. 

XUXUPANGO,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  Amatlan  and  tilcaldiu 
viai/or  of  Zacatlan  in  Nueva  Espana.  Three 
leagues  from  its  head  settlement. 

XUXUI,  or  JujuY,  S.  Salvador  de,  a  city 
of  the  province  and  government  of  Tucuman  in 
Peru,  founded,  in  1580,  at  the  mouth  of  a  ravine 
of  more  than  30  leagues  long.  But  the  Omo- 
huacas  Indians,  who  had  some  years  previously 
embraced  the  Catholic  religion,  rebelled,  and,  by 
repeated  attacks,  twice  destroyed  it ;  although  It 
was  as  many  times  rebuilt  by  its  governors  to 
serve  as  an  outwork,  and  lastly,  by  Don  Francisco 
Arganaraz  y  Murguia,  by  order  of  the  governor 
D.  Juan  Ramirez  de  Velasco,  in  the  spot  where 
it  was  first  founded,  which  is  in  an  extensive  and 
delightful  llanura.  It  is  of  a  hot  temperature, 
has  a  parish  with  five  chapels  in  the  vicinities  of 
the  city,  and  in  the  city  itself  is  another  chapel 
with  the  dedicatory  title  of  S.  Roque,  the  which 
of  itself  served  as  a  parish  until  I76(),  when  the 
city  was  built;  it  has  a  convent  of  the  religious 
of  San  Francisco,  another  of  la  Merced,  and  a 
house  of  residence  for  the  Jesuits.  Whenever 
European  merchandise  was  permitted  to  enter 
Peru,  from  Buenos  Ayres,  it  was  taken  in  carts  as 
far  as  this  city,  and  from  hence  on  the  backs  of 
mules,  and  this  porterage  was  a  source  of  great 
emolument  to  the  inhabitants ;  but,  as  this  trans- 
fer of  goods  has  much  decreased,  it  follows  also 
that  the  population  and  wealth  of  the  city  has 
declined,  the  sole  trade  of  the  inhabitants  being 
that  of  some  seeds,  cows,  horses,  mules,  and  of  a 
small  portion  of  wood.  The  following  curacies 
belong  to  its  district : 

Humahuaca^       Cochinoca,      Santa  Catalina. 

Tlie  first  has  seven  chapels ;  the  second  an 
hermitage  of  Santa  Barbara,  which  is  a  chapel  of 
ease,  also  two  other  hermitages  in  the  settlement 
of  Casivindo,  which  are  those  of  la  Rinconada^ 
and  the  Rio  San  Juan;  [Gl  miles  w.  w.  e.  from 
the  city  of^  Salta,  and  275  n.  from  Santiago  del 
Estero,  inlat.  2:3°  19's.] 

Xuxui,  a  river  of  this  province  and  govei  1- 
ment,  which  rises  to  the  s.  v,  and  near  the  settle  • 


ut  ill  tliU 

;  Englisli 
lie  city  of 
e  city  of 
l'^  30'  ti-.] 
province 
ngdoin  of 

the  head 
id  ukahlia 
u.     Three 

DE,  a  city 
ucumiin  in 
jf  a  ravine 
the  Onio- 
previously 
ed,  and,  by 
jlthough  it 
)vernor8  to 
II  Francisco 
e  governor 
spot  where 
tensive  and 
eniperature, 
vicinities  of 
)tlier  chapel 
,  the  which 
),  when  the 
he  religious 
■reed,  and  a 

Whenever 
ted  to  enter 
;ii  in  carts  as 
he  backs  of 
irce  of  great 
IS  this  trans- 
follows  also 

the  city  has 
jitants  being 
lies,  and  of  a 
«r  curacies 

ta  Catalina. 
le  second  an 
ig  a  chapel  of 
he  settlement 
a  Ilinconada, 
^  w.  w.  e.  from 
Santiago  de! 

and  govei  i- 
ear  the  settle- 


Y  A  B 

nicnt  of  Casivindo,  runs  c.  and  turning  its  course 
to  s.  e.  incorporates  itself  with  the  Siancas  to 
enter  the  Bermejo,  or  Vermcjo.  It  is  also  called 
de  S.  Salvador  or  Rio  Grande  and  Rio  Dulce. 
On  its  shores  are  many  estates  of  cattle,  which 


Y  A  C 


413 


are   frequently   attacked  and  destroyed    by  the 
Abipones  and  Guaicurus  Indians. 

XUZISTLAHUACA,  a  settlement  of  the  «/- 
caldia  mayor  of  Guajuapa  in  >,'ueva  Espana.  It 
contains  108  families  of  Indians. 


Y. 


YaBAA,  a  head  lettlement  of  the  district  of 
the  a/caldia  mai/or  of  Villalta  in  Nueva  f'ispana. 
It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  contains  90  families 
of  Indians,  and  is  two  leagues  t.  of  its  capital. 

[YABAQUE,  or  Inaque,  two  of  the  Lucayas, 
or  Bahama  Islands,  called  great  and  little  Inaque, 
situate  about  77  miles  s.  e.  of  Crooked  Islands,  in 
about  lat.  21°  10'  n.  and  long.  73°  20'  w.'] 

YABAIU,  Yavari,  Yahuari,  [called  also 
Javary],  a  large  and  abundant  river  of  the 
kingdom  of  Peru,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  of 
the  Conomamas  to  the  e.  of  the  river  Paro,  or 
Ucayalie,  runs  many  leagues  nearly  to  the  n, 
through  the  territory  of  the  Plateros  Indians,  in 
the  province  of  the  Amazonas,  and  then  turns  its 
course  to  the  n.  e.  through  the  province  of  the 
Paguanas  Indians,  [and  enters  the  Maranon,  or 
Amazonas,  opposite  and  close  to  the  town  of  Ta- 
batinga.]  The  Portuguese  have  this  river  as  a 
divisional  line  between  their  dominions  and  those 
of  the  crown  of  Spain  ;  and  near  its  mouth  they 
have  built  a  fort,  with  the  name  of  San  Pedro  de 
Yahuari.     [In  lat.  4°  7'  *.] 

YABA^A,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Darien  and  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme ; 
lyliich  rises  in  the  mountains  in  the  interior  of  the 
province,  runs  from  e.  to  w.  and  enters  the  grand 
liver  Chucunaqui. 

YA  BEO,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settlement 
of  the  district  of  Yalmyve  and  alcnltlia  mayor  of 
Villalta  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  147 
families  of  Indians,  and  is  21  leagues  e.  of  its 
capital. 

VABEVIRI,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Chaco  in  Peru,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  near  the  round  mountain  Yoivide, 
runs  from  n.  w.  to  *.  e.  and  enters  the  Paraguay. 
It  is  also  called  RioConfuso  and  de  los  Fogones. 

Yabeviri,  another  river,  in  the  province  and 
government  of  Paraguay,  which  runs  s. 


YABI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  corre- 
gimiento  of  CUicas  and  Tarija  in  Peru,  belonging 
<Q  the  district  of  the  second. 

YABOGE,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Louisiana  in  N.  America,  which  runs  *. 
and  then  turning  w.  enters  the  sea  in  the  bay  of 
San  Luii. 

YACA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay,  which  runs  e.  and  enters  the 
Parana. 

Yaca,  another  river,  in  the  pr  'ince  and 
government  of  Paraguay,  which  runs  e.  .tiid  enters 
the  Parana. 

Yaca,  another,  a  small  river  in  thi;  province 
and  government  of  Popayfin  and  Nuevo  ilevno 
de  Granada,  which  enters  the  Putumayo,  just 
after  its  rising. 

[YACA-GUAZA,  a  parish  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Paraguay  ;  in  lat.  25°  58'  2" 
s.  and  long.  56°  32'  lf»''  h.] 

YACAN,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corre^imiento  of  Tarnia  in  Peru,  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  Huariaco. 

YACANTO,  mountains  of,  in  the  province  and 
rorregimicnto  of  Cuyo,  of  the  kingdom  of  v_;iiile  ; 
they  are  c.  of  the  city  of  Loyala,  and  run  *.  *.  e. 
on  the  shore  of  the  river  Quinto,  following  the 
course  of  the  same. 

YACARE,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Buenos  Ayres,  which  runs  s.  and  enters 
the  Uruguay.  This  river,  which  is  in  the  pro- 
vince and  country  of  las  Amazonas,  in  the  terri- 
tory and  part  possessed  by  the  Portuguese,  runs 
from  n.  to  ,v.  and  enters  the  river  Negn>. 

YACARE-GUZAU,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Buenos  Ayres,  wiiicli  i  uns  Xi).  and 
enters  the  Parana,  between  the  rivers  Tuquara 
and  Guasaiquirara. 

YACARL-MINI.  a  river  of  the  same  province 
and  government  as  the  former.     It  runs  also  w. 


%, 


:','i 


i- 


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f 

fflli 

Ip 

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Ii1;i!i; 


i 


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414 


Y  A  C 


parallel  to  the  former  river,  and  enters  likewise 
into  the  Parana,  between  the  rivers  Tuquaras 
and  Cavayii. 

YACARETIS,  or  Yacaretes,  a  barbarous 
nation  of  Indians  who  inhabit  the  woods  to  the  n. 
of  tlie  river  Maranon.  It  is  but  little  known, 
and  its  territory  is  said  to  be  the  fumed  land  of 
Dorado,  wliich  has  given  rise  to  so  many  fables 
and  inventions. 

YACAYOBI,  a  river  of  tbe  province  and 
jjovernment  of  Paraguay,  which  rises  in  the 
sierras  of  Tape,  runs  s.  s.  id.  and  enters  the  Pica- 
ziira. 

YACAFJQUARAS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  In- 
dians, who  inhabit  the  mountains  n.  of  the  Mara- 
iion,  near  tlie  Putumayo  :  on  the  e.  side  nothing 
is  known  of  tliem  save  their  name. 

YACHILA,  S  Mautin  de,  a  settlement  of  the 
head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Cuilana  and 
nlcaldia  maijor  of  Quatro  Villas  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  contains  78  families  of  Indians,  and  eight  of 
free  Muhittoes,  all  of  whom  arc  employed  in  cul- 
tivating and  trading  in  cochineal,  seeds,  fruits, 
coal  and  wood,  which  tlicy  cut  on  the  mountains. 
Eleven  leagues  s.  of  its  head  settlement. 

YACO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  corre- 
gimicnlo  of  Sicasica  in  Peru. 

YACOCHI,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  and  alcald/a  niai/or  of  Villalta 
in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  35  families  of 
Indians,  and  is  nine  leagues  c.  of  its  capital. 

Yx4COPI,  a  settlement  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
Muzo,  and  corrcginiicnto  of  Tunja  in  the  Nuevo 
Heyno  de  Granada.  It  is  of  a  hot  temperature, 
very  small  and  poor,  its  inhabitants  maintaining 
themselves  in  cultivating  cotton,  maize,  yucas  and 
plantains. 

Yacopi,  another  settlement,  in  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  city  of  La  Palma,  in  the  same  kingdom  : 
annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Gua- 
chipai.  It  is  also  small,  of  a  hot  temperature, 
and  very  poor  and  reduced,  yielding  the  same 
fruits  as  the  former. 

YACS.VNGA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregiitiienlo  of  Chancay  in  Peru :  aiuiexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Pacclio. 

YACUAPIRI,  a  river  of  tlie  province  and 
county  of  Las  Amazonas,  in  tlie  part  possessed 
by  the  Portuguese.  It  runs  n.  n.  to.  and  enters 
the  Madera. 

YACLI,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  IJi.cnos  .\yres,  wiiich  runs  w.  and 
enters  the  Uruguay  between  tlie  Braquacnda 
and  the  San  Ignacio. 

Yacui,   anotlier,  also  small,  of  the  province 


Y  A  G 

and  government  of  Paraguay,  which  runs  s.  s.  e. 
and  enters  the  Ucny. 

YACIJMA.     SccSantaAna. 

YACUMAllE,  a  settlement  of  the  jurisdiction 
of  Pamplona,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada; 
situate  at  a  small  distance  s.  of  the  city  of  La 
Palma. 

YACUMBE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Maracaibo,  in  the  same  kingdom 
as  the  former  ;  situate  near  to  the  s.  s.  c.  of  the 
city  of  Tucuyo. 

Y.AEE,  a"  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  alcaldia  vmi/or  of  Villalta  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  contains  143  families 
of  Lapotecos  Indians,  and  is  nine  leagues  o).  of  its 
capital. 

[YADKIN,  a  considerable  river  of  N  Carolina, 
which  rises  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  running 
e.  about  55  miles,  then  turning  to  the  s.  s.  e. 
passes  the  Narrows,  a  few  miles  above  Ilocky 
River  ;  thence  directing  its  course  through  Mont- 
gomery and  Anson  Counties,  enters  S.  Carolina. 
It  is  al)out  400  yards  broad  where  it  passes 
Salisbury,  but  it  is  reduced  between  two  hills, 
about  2l5  miles  to  the  s.  of  that  town,  to  the 
width  of  80  or  100  feet.  For  t'.vo  miles  it  is 
narrow  and  rapid,  but  the  most  narrow  and 
rapid  part  is  not  above  half  a  mile  in  length.  In 
this  narrow  part  shad  are  caught  in  the  spring 
of  the  year,  by  hoop  nets,  in  the  eddies,  as  fast  as 
the  strongest'  men  are  able  to  throw  them  out. 
Perhaps  there  is  not  in  the  United  States  a  more 
eligible  situation  lor  a  large  manufacturing  town. 
Boats  with  40  or  50  hogsheads  pass  easily  from 
these  Rapids  to  Georgetown.  The  late  war,  by 
which  N.  Carolina  was  greatly  convulsed,  put  a 
stop  to  several  iron-works.  At  present  there  are 
four  oi  five  furnaces  in  the  state  that  are  in  blast, 
and  a  proportionable  number  of  forges.  There 
is  one  in  Guildtbrd  County,  one  in  Surry,  and  one 
in  Wilkes,  all  on  the  Yadkin.  From  the  mouth 
of  Rocky  River  to  the  ocean,  the  stream  assumes 
the  name  of  Great,  Pedee.] 

YAGABILA,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  tlie  ulcaM'ia  mmjor  of  Villalta,  in  Nueva 
Espana.  It  is  of  a  cold  temperature,  contains  76 
families  of  Indians,  who  in  their  district  gather 
much  cochineal,  and  is  VZ  leagues  xd.  of  its  capi- 
tal. 

YAGAYO,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  same  alcnldia  mat/or  and  kingdom  as  the 
former,  also  of  a  cold  temperature.  It  contains 
108  families  of  Indians,  and  is  10  leagues  ze.  of  its 
capital 

YAGO,  S.  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 


til'*': 


m 


J*-^l  ;' 


•■I»f 


i  s.  J.  e. 

sdiction 
ranada ; 
y  of  La 

ince  and 
kingdom 
e.  of  the 

istrict  of 

Espana. 

families 
i  w.  of  its 

Carolina, 
,  running 
le  s.  s.  e. 
re  Rocky 
igh  Mont- 
Carolina, 
it  passes 
two  hills, 
in,  to  the 
niles  it  is 
rrow   and 
jngth.     In 
the  spring 
i,  as  fast  as 
them  out. 
tes  a  more 
ring  town, 
iisiiy  from 
te  war,  by 
sed,  put  a 
t  there  are 
re  in  blast, 
ss.    There 
, .  and  one 
"tlie  mouth 
im  assumes 

the  district 
in  Nueva 
contains  76 
trict  gather 
of  its  capi- 

e  district  of 
om  as  the 
It  contains 

lies  w.  of  its 


•ovincc  a 


nd 


Y  A  G 

government  of  Mninas,  in  the  Ivinsdom  of  Quito  ; 
situate  on  tlio  sliorc  of  t\w  MarafiiHi,  near  the 
ca|)ital  of  S.  Trancisco  de  Borja,  and  to  the  w.  of 
the  saiiH". 

[Yago,  S.  a  handsome  and  considerable  town 
ofs  Afiierica,  capital  of  t'hiie.    Sec  Santiago.] 

[Yago,  S.  de  los  cAiiRM.Enos.,  or  St. 
James's,  an  ancient  town  on  the  n.  side  of  St. 
Domingo.     See  Santiago.] 

[Yago,  S.  de  i-a  Vega,  or  Spanish  Town, 
the  capital  of  the  is'.and  of  Jamaica  ;  situate  in 
Middlesex  County.     See  Santiago.] 

[Yago,  S.  de  Cuba,  a  town  on  the  s.  co.T:,tof 
the  island  of  Cuba.     See  Santiago.] 

[Yago,  S.  the  same  as  Santiago,  which  sec.] 

YAGUACHE,  a  district  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Guayaquil  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito  ;  one  of  the  seven  which  compose  this  pro- 
vince. It  is  an  extensive  llanura  of  V2  leagues  in 
length,  composed  of  lands  which  in  the  winter 
time  are  covered  witli  water,  from  the  excessive 
swelling  of  tiie  rivers,  though  in  the  summer 
time  they  are  seen  covered  with  flowers  and 
fruits.  It  is  bounded  by  the  provinces  of  Rio- 
bamba  and  Alausi,  by  the  river  of  this  name  ;  it 
produces  salt,  rice,  fish,  and  some  cattle,  and 
with  these  H  carries  on  a  trade,  as  also  with  trees 
of  quac/iapeli,  yellow  and  red  oak,  and  wood  of 
murin,  for  masts  of  ships,  the  oil  of  which  con- 
sists of  a  gum  distilling  from  it,  and  so  much 
celebrated  for  its  medicinal  qualities.  In  this 
district  the  wild  canes  grow  to  the  height  of  30 
feet,  being  six  inches  thick  :  and  of  these  are 
made  the  flooring  and  roofs  of  houses  ;  and  there 
are  also  some  canes  of  a  dift'erent  nature,  being- 
one  geometrical  foot  from  knot  to  knot,  and  in 
which  is  found  deposited,  at  the  full  of  tlic  nu>on, 
some  very  frosn,  pleasant  and  salutary  water, 
affording  to  the  weary  traveller  a  refreshing 
drink,  never  known  to  injure.  The  palms  or 
coco-nut  trees  are  very  common,  but  peculiar  for 
their  height  and  for  the  abundance  of  their  fruit, 
since  each  tree  throws  out  a  branch  monthly,  con- 
taining from  12  to  16  coco  nuts,  of  the  size  of  a 
common  melon,  with  the  bark  of  wliicii  they 
caiilk  vessels  ;  making  drinking  cups  for  domestic 
uses  of  the  sliells,  and  of  tlie  water  which  is 
within  them,  a  delightful  and  w  liolesome  drink, 
also  of  the  kernel,  which  is  whiter  than  an  almond, 
a  much  esteemed  conserve.  In  the  moimtains 
which  they  call  Belubulu,  are  abundance  of  hogs, 
zahinos,  and  wild  boars,  and  other  animals  of  the 
chase,  which  aflbrd  thoir  flesh  as  food,  whilst 
their  skins  are  employed  for  dift'erent  purposes. 

This  district,  the  jurisdiction  of  which  begins 


Y  A  G 


415 


from  the  foot  of  the  mountains  which  divide,  to 
the  .?.  the  government  of  (inaya(|Mil  iVoin  the 
province  of  ('iieiica,  and  to  the  c.  the  sami-  from 
that  of  Cliimbo,  comprehends  part  of  the  antient 
province  of  los  Guancavelicas,  a  nation  I'istiu- 
guishcd  anmngst  all  others,  as  wanting  the  two 
middle  upper  teeth,  which  they  have  been  in  the 
habit  of  extricating  from  time  immemorial,  and 
which  circumstance  is  signilied  by  their  name; 
moreover,  it  is  tliis  nation  wliich  in  the  most 
pointed  nuinner  refute  the  general  imputation 
given  to  Indians  by  certain  philosophers;  namely, 
tluit  because  they  inliabitcd  a  hot  climate,  they 
nnist  necessarily  bo  weak  and  innervated.  These 
Indians,  although  tiiey  have  been  but  little  under 
the  yoke  of  tlie  Incas,  and  still  less  benefited  by 
their  instruction,  have,  of  themselves,  maintained 
a  regular  government ;  nor  have  tiieir  rustic  and 
unsophisticated  habits  prevented  them  from  har- 
bouring sentiments  the  most  generous,  from  per- 
forming actions  the  most  n.  ble  ;  nor  have  they, 
because  brought  up  under  the  torrid  zone,  been 
wanting  in  teats  of  valour.  They  are  divided 
into  many  numerous  tribes,  with  their  dift'erent 
cnciqiics  ;  and  formed  a  republican  government, 
maintaining  a  continual  warfare  with  those  |)ro- 
vinces  the  most  renowned  in  arms ;  such  being 
the  provinces  of  los  Canarcs  and  Purhuayes. 
Tlicy  received  the  Spaniards  by  a  peaceable  con- 
vention of  their  caciques,  and  with  a  dignified 
generosity  ;  and  not  only  did  they  permit  them  to 
found  the  city  of  (iuayacpiil,  but  even  lent  them 
their  assistance  in  the  undertaking.  Again,  when 
the  Spaniards  had  taken  away  from  them  their 
gold,  they  bore  patiently  with  the  wrong  ;  but, 
when  their  women  were  taken  from  them,  their 
resentment  could  no  longer  be  confined,  but  tliey 
butchered  with  knives  whomsoever  they  could 
catch,  and  destroyed  the  city  which  was  lately 
founded  :  and,  resolving  no  longer  to  be  on  amica- 
ble terms  with  their  new  guests,  they  maintained 
the  war  with  such  constancy  as  to  destroy  all  the 
people  that  were  sent  from  Lima  and  Quito.  At 
length,  finding  themselves  triumphant,  they  made 
the  most  liberal  treaties  of  peace,  and  it  was 
ultimatclyagreed,  amongst  various  other  articles, 
that  the  Spaniards  shoul''  take  their  wives  from 
their  own  nation,  an.l  '  c>.ve  their  (the  Indian) 
women  unmolested ;  and,  these  articles  being 
ratified,  they  have  ever  since  remained  tranquil 
and  obedient.  But  the  plague  which  visited  this 
nation  in  1589,  almost  entirely  destroyed  i'. ;  and 
nothing  of  it  was  in  fact  left,  save  some  few  indi- 
viduals who  were  scattered  through  the  woods 
and  the  mountains.  The  principal  or  head  settle- 


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nieiit  is  of  the  same  name,  and  the  rest  of  the 
population  is  reduced  to  two  other  settlements, 
which  are  Alonche  and  (Jiunfa. 

The  jprincipal  settlement,  with  the  dedicatory 
title  nfSan.lacinto,  was  formerly  very  numerous, 
but  abandoui'd  by  the  greater  part  of  its  inhabi- 
tants, from  the  river,  on  the  shore  of  which  it 
stood,  having;  naturally  changed  its  course  to  a 
league's  distance ;  and  this  having  caused  a  change 
not  only  of  the  pastures  but  of  the  custom-houses, 
which  are  there  called  Bodegas,  and  which  were 
there  established.  In  its  church  is  venerated  the 
beautiful  painting  or  likeness  of  8.  Jacinthus 
Dominican,  which  has  kept  for  158  years,  and 
looks  as  tiiough  it  were  not  more  than  a  day  old. 
This,  as  being  the  representation  of  the  patron 
saint,  is  held  in  particular  devotion  ;  and,  in 
times  of  danger  and  affliction,  many  are  the 
vows,  pilgrimages,  and  nine  days  prayers  which 
are  oftered  up  to  it  by  a  vast  concourse  of  people 
from  all  parts  ;  though  most  particularly  on  the 
festival  of  the  saint,  which  is  the  15th  of  August. 
This  settlement  produces  very  much  cotton  ; 
[and  is  13  miles  n.  <;.  from  the  capital  Guayaquil, 
but  by  the  course  of  the  river  it  is  about  30 
miles.  I 

YAGUAJES,  S.  CiinisTovAT.  de,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  missions  of  the  Sucumbios  Indians, 
which  was  inider  the  charge  of  the  Jesuits,  in  the 
province  and  government  of  Quixos  and  Macas, 
of  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 

YAGUALICA,  a  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict of  the  akaldia  mayor  of  Cuquio  in  Nueva 
Gspaila. 

YAGUARA,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Popayan  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 
Granada.  It  rises  at  the  foot  of  the  paramo  of 
Guanacas,runsfrom  wAoe.  in  a  serpentine  course, 
and  enters  the  grand  river  Magdalena  above  the 
city  of  la  Plata. 

YAGU.\UAIBA,  a  small  river  of  the  province 
and  caplaiuship  of  San  Vincente,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Brasil.  It  runs  n.  n.  zc.  and  enters  the  Parana- 
pane. 

YAGUARAPARO,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince  and  government  of  Cumana  in  the  kingdom 
of  Nueva  Andalucia,  in  t\\e  senania.  It  is  one 
of  the  missions  held  there  by  the  Aragonese 
Capuchin  fathers. 

YAGUARATU,  a  river  of  the  same  province 
and  captainship  as  the  former.  It  runs  to  the 
same  rluunl),  and  has  the  same  course. 

YAGUARCOCHA,  a  large  and  very  deep 
lake  of  the  province  and  corregitnienlo  of  Ibarra, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Quito.     Its  length  is  a  league 


YAH 

and  a  half  from  n.  e.  to  ,v.  e.  and  its  name,  signi- 
fying lake  of  blood,  arises  from  the  circumstance 
of  Huaynacap  having  caused  to  flow  into  it,  the 
blood  of'JO,0(K)  Indians  of  the  rebellious  Cauares, 
guillotined  at  his  conmiand,  and  whom  he  had 
conquered  in  a  battle  when  he  went  tu  subject 
them.  From  this  lake  rises  a  small  river,  which 
enters  the  Taquando,  and  its  shores  are  full  of 
rushes  and  reeds  of  eneas.  One  league  from  th>t 
town  of  Ibarra  :  inlat.  3J°/{. 

Yaouahcocha,  a  settlement  in  the  same  pro- 
vince and  kingdom  :  on  the  shore  of  the  former 
lake. 

YAGU.IRI,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Paraguay,  which  runs  s.  s.  w.  and 
enters  the  Picazuru. 

YAGUARICARA,a  small  riverof  theorovince 
and  captainship  of  Para  in  Brasil,  calleu  also  de 
Gentiles.  It  rises  in  the  territory  of  the  Antipi- 
yus  Indians,  runs  n.  n.  w.  and  enters  the  Topayos 
opposite  the  settlement  of  San  Ignacio. 

VAGUARON,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Paraguay  ;  situate  near  the 
river  of  this  name.  There  is  a  fort  to  defend  the 
entrance  of  the  said  river. 

[YActJARON,  another  .settlement  of  Indians, 
of  the  province  and  government  of  Paraguay  ; 
situate  in  a  plain  on  the  road  from  Asuncion  to 
Villa  Rica,  and  about  25  miles  s.  e.  from  the 
former;  in  lat.'23^  33' 20"  s.  and  long.  57°  18' 
14"  zi).] 

YAGUARSUNGU,  or  Yaguarsongo.  See 
Pacamoues. 

YAGUAS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians,  in- 
habiting the  woods  to  tlie  H.  of  the  river  Maranon. 
Some  of  them  have  been  reduced  to  a  civilized 
life  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  settlement  of  San  Ignacio 
de  Pevas. 

YAGUERA,  a  settlement  of  the  government 
and  province  of  Neiva  in  the  Nuevi  Reyno  de 
Granada  ;  anne.xed  to  the  curacy  of  its  capital. 
It  is  of  an  hot  temperature,  abounding  in  gold 
mines,  vegetable  productions  and  cattle. 

Y.VGUI,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Paraguay,  which  runs  e.  and  en- 
ters the  Parana  between  the  Guanapay  and  the 
Quirapuy. 

YAHU,  San  Eli  as  de,  a  settlement  of  the 
province  and  country  of  las  Amazonas,  in  the 
territory  possessed  by  the  Portuguese ;  on  the 
shore  of  the  river  Negro. 

YAH  UALICA,  a  aistrict  and  alcaldia  mayor  of 
the  kingdom  of  Nueva  Espaila.  It  it  is  the 
boundary  dividing  the  archbishoprick  of  Mexico 
from   that  of  Mechoacan,   in  the  provinces   of 


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Y  A  L 

(iiiastorn.  It  is  of  a  mild  tcnii)oraluro,  abound- 
ing in  wheat,  niaize,  I'rencli-heans,  and  oilier 
seeds,  which  are  the  branches  of  its  commerce, 
not  (o  mention  cotton,  which  iti  the  principal  in 
which  the  inhabitants  are  concerned,  and  wiiich, 
throngh  the  stnll's  they  manufacture,  yield  great 
profit.  Its  population  consists  of  four  principal 
or  head  settlements,  on  which  are  dependent  as 
many  wards,  and  in  these  are  many  estates  and 
cultivated  farms,  where  a  number  of  hands  are 
employed  in  the  cultivation  of  the  seeds  above 
enumerated.  In  the  same  also  are  many  heads 
of  cattle,  large  and  small,  in  which  an  equal  trade 
is  carried  on. 

The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  the  same  name, 
of  a  mild  temperature.  It  contains  80  lamilies 
of  Indians,  and  (iO  of  Spaniards,  Mu.ilees,  and 
Mulattoes  ;  to  the  n.  c.  of  Mexico.  The  other 
settlements  are  : 

Iluat/alingo,        Guautia,         Geapa. 

YAIIl'int:,  Santa  Maiua  df,,  a  head  settle- 
ment of  the  afra/dia  iiiaj/or  of  Villalta,  in  the  same 
kingdom  as  the  former.  It  is  of  a  cold  tempera- 
ture, contains  220  families  of  Indians,  and  is  15 
leagues  e.  of  its  capital. 

YAHUYO,  a  head  settlement  of  the  same 
alcaldia  niai/or  as  the  former.  It  is  of  a  hot  tem- 
perature, contains  147  families  of  Indians,  and  is 
14  leagues  between  w.  and  ti.  of  its  capital. 

YALAH,  PuNTA  BE,  a  poi..ton  the  s.  coast  of 
the  island  Jamaica,  between  Point  Beacon  and 
Villa  Franca. 

YALAHUI,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  same  alcaldia  mayor  as  the  former.  It  is 
of  a  cold  temperature,  contains  44  families  of 
Indians,  and  is  three  leagues  n.  of  its  capital. 

YALALA,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  same  alcaldia  mayor  as  the  former.  It  is  of  a 
hot  temperature,  contains  435  families  of  Indians 
including  those  of  the  wards  of  its  district,  and  is 
six  leagues  s.  of  its  capital. 

YALARO,  a  river  of  the  province  and  country 
of  las  Amazonas.  It  is  a  grand  arm  of  the 
Madera,  which  returns  to  enter  the  same  river  in 
one  of  the  many  large  flood  pools  belonging 
to  it. 

YALATLACO,  Ascencion  de,  a  head  settle- 
ment of  ihe  district  of  the  alcaldia  mai/or  of 
Metepec,  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contaiiis  277 
families  of  Indians. 

[YALE  College.     See  New  Haven.] 

YALIGUE  Lake,  oil  the  coast  of  the  province 
and  corregimiciito  of  Colchagua,  and  kingdom  of 
Chile.     In  it  is  found  much  salt. 

VOL.  V. 


YAM 


117 


fYAMACRAVV,  the  ancient  Indian  name  of 
the  spot  where  Savannah,  in  (Jeorgia,  is  erected. 
Also  the  name  of  a  tribe  of  the  Creek  Indians] 

YAMARI,a  river  of  the  province  and  country 
of  las  Amazonas  ;  which  rises  in  the  territory  of 
the  Oregiiatus  Indians,  runs  to  u.  and,  inclining 
to«.  zi>.,  enters  tlie  Madera. 

YAMHAJAIiCA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corregimicnto  of  Chachapoyas  in  Peru  ;  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Olieros. 

YAMBE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  pi- 
vcrnment  of  Csmeraldas,  in  the  knigdom  of  Quito. 

YAMBRASBAMBA,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  corregimiento  of  Chachapoyas  in  Peru. 

YAMENA,  or  Yamane,  a  »ettleinent  of  the 

Erf.vince  and  government  of  San  tFuan  de  los 
lanos  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada.  It  is 
very  poor,  and  was  a  rcduccion  of  the  mi...sion8 
held  there  by  the  Jesuits.  It  is  at  present  under 
the  charge  of  the  religious  of  San  brancisco,  and 
is  annexed  to  tli"  curacy  of  its  capital,  [S.  Juan 
de  los  Llanos,  and  from  whicii  it  is  only  about  six 
miles  to  the  «.] 
YiPIEOS,  San  Juan  Fkancisco  Regis  nr. 


LOS 


,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  govern- 


ment of  Mainas  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito.  It  is 
a  reduccion  of  the  missions  which  were  held  there 
by  the  Jesuits,  and  is  the  capital  of  various  other 
settlements  of  Indians  of  this  nation,  from  whom 
it  took  iis  name.  It  has  on  its  xv.  side  the  river 
Tigre,  and  on  the  e.  the  nation  of  the  Omaguas ; 
it  stands  on  the  shore  of  the  Maranon,  in  lat. 
4^26'  11"  s. 

YAMOR,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corrcg-mj/e/jto  of  Caxatambo  in  Peru  ;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Caxacay. 

YAMORIBA,  a  settlement  of  the  missions 
which  were  held  by  the  .lesuits  in  the  province  of 
Topia  and  kingdom  of  Nueva  Vi/.caya;  situate 
in  the  middle  of  the  sierra  of  Topia,  and  on  the 
shore  of  the  river  Piastla. 

YAMPARAES,  a  province  and  correpmicnto 
of  Peru ;  bounded  n.  by  the  province  of  Mistpie, 
n.  e.  and  e.  by  that  of  Tornina,  s.  e.  by  that  of  Po- 
mabamba,  5.  and  s.  e.  by  that  of  Porco,  the  river 
Pilcomayo  running  between,  and  zi'.  and  «.  w.  by 
that  of  Ohayanta,  or  Charcas.  Its  temperatme  is, 
for  the  most  part,  cold,  and  consequently  its  pro- 
ductions are  papas,  barley,  some  wheat,  maize, 
and  pulse,  which  serve  for  the  supply  and  con- 
sumption of  the  city  of  la  Plata  and  town  of 
Potosi.  In  the  heights  are  bred  some  cattle,  and 
its  mines  of  gold  and  silver  are  but  very  few ; 
although  it  has  an  extremely  abundant  mine  of 
3h 


kg 


^V.  IS 


418 


YAM 


Y  A  N 


!      I* 


m 


salt.  It  Ih  watorcil  by  two  considerable  rivers, 
wliicliare  Pilcnnmyo  and  ('ailiinmvo  ;  and  tlie»e, 
united  willi  others  wliicli  (low  (lown  from  variuiiH 
provinceH,  enter  the  iiuifls  ofi'hiico,  inhabited  by 
in(i(iel  Indians  The  former  ol'lhcse  rivers  comes 
from  the  province  of  Porco,  has  over  it  a  stone 
brids'e  of  one  arcli,  over  which  yn\i  pass  to  tlnit 
provinre,  to  Ja  Plata,  and  to  Potosi ;  it  then 
divides  this  iirovitice  from  that  of  Mizcine  by  the 
n.  after  havmaf  collected  the  waters  ot  the  river 
Cochabamba,  and  of  another  called  Rio  Grande, 
the  which,  after  surroundiiiff  the  e.  part  of  the 
province  of  Santa  Crnz,  incorporate  themselves 
with  the  iMurmore,and  rnn  to  enter  the  Maranon. 
In  these  rivers  they  catch  some  tisli,  snch  as  olive 
fish,  dorados,  liiigns  ;  and  in  some  of  the  neisrh- 
bourin^  vallies,  which  arc  of  a  warm  tempera- 
tnre,  and  natnrally  tertilc,  are  rultivatcd  all 
kinds  of  pjarden  herbs  and  fruit-trees  ;  in  one  of 
these  also,  iney  i^row  vines,  although  in  small 
number ;  and,  in  others,  suoar  canes.  Moreover, 
towards  these  parts  are  woods,  from  which  they 
procure  tindx-r  for  bnil(liiii>'an(l  other  uses;  and, 
amonjfst  the  rest,  are  no  few  cedars. 

In  this  province  there  are  also  wild  beasts,  trou- 
blesome and  poisonous  insects,  and  a  multitude  of 
birds,  and,  amoni;  others,  one  which  is  called 
carpintero  (carpenter)  which,  in  order  to  secure 
its  younsj  ones,  forms  its  nest  by  making  a  hole 
with  its  beak  in  the  trunk  of  a  tree  ;  again,  cer- 
tain bees  depositing  their  honey  in  the  like  cavi- 
ties, atlbrd  a  ready  repast  to  the  former  birds. 
Here  are  also  other  birds  which  arc  called  Aor- 
ncros  (oven  birds),  since  they  form,  with  ex- 
treme pains,  some  s-iiall  dwellings  of  clay  in  the 
form  of  an  oven,  on  the  loftiest  trees ;  but  of 
such  hardness,  that  though  they  should  fall  to  the 
ground  they  are  not  to  be  broken. 

The  fertility  of  these  vallies,  and  the  advjin- 
tages  of  their  fruits,  are  outweighed  by  the  in- 
conveniences they  experience  from  sicknes,  occa- 
sioned by  the  damps,  especially  in  the  district  of 
the  curacies  of  Cupavilque,  Mojotoro  and  Gua- 
nipaya,  where,  through  the  quality  of  the  territory, 
air  and  water,  the  greater  part  of  the  natives  are 
deformed,  humpbacked,  hard  of  hearing,  squin- 
ters,  and  have  ugly  tumors  on  the  throat,  which 
they  call  cotos  ;  there  are,  also,  some,  in  the 
same  parts,  equally  deformed  in  mind.  The 
number  of  all  sliould  amount  to  7000  ;  and  they 
live,  for  the  most  part,  dispersed  in  the  estates. 
Its  capital  is  the  settlement  of  the  same  name, 

{30   miles   n.  w,  of  Chusiqusaca,  or  La  Plata.] 
ts  corrci^idior  had  a  repartiniiento  of  U>,,576  dol- 
lars, and  it  payed  an  alcavala  of  l'J'2  yearly. 


Y.ANA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Mainas  in  the  knigdom  of  Quito.  It 
rises  r.  of  the  setllement  of  Chamianos,  runs  n. 
and,  forming  a  senucircle,  pursues  its  course  e, 
with  diU'erent  windings,  to  a  vast  distance ;  and 
ultimately  turns  to  //.  n.  e.  and  enters  the  Mara- 
non, changing  its  name  to  that  of  Samiria. 

YANAIJAY.V,  a  settlement  ofthe  province  and 
C(»rei>ii)ii(nto  of  Larecaxa  in  l'«'ru  ;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  ofthe  settlement  of  Ayata. 

YANAHlNI,a  river  ofthe  province  and  coun- 
try of  las  Amazonas,  in  the  Portuguese  posses- 
sions. It  runs  from  «■.  to  w.  and  enters  the  Parime 
between  the  Yatapi  and  Demeveni. 

YANAC,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
cnrrcghnitntH  of  Castro  Virreyna  ni  Peru  ;  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy  ofthe  settlement  of  Anna. 

YANAC  A,  a  settl  ment  of  the  province  and 
fo>n'g/w//Vw^j  of  Aimarai  '.  in  Peru. 

YANACACMK,  a  settlement  ofthe  province 
and  rnrrrgimirtdo  of  Sicasica  in  Peru. 

YANACOA,  a  settlement  «)f  the  province  and 
com-s^ituknto  of  Canes  and  Candies  in  the  same 
kingdom. 

YANACI^NyVS,  or  Yanaconas,  a  nation  of 
Indians,  who,  when  contpiered,  pay  an  annual 
tribute  to  the  king  of  10  dollars  each.  These 
Indians,  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  are  destined  to 
the  service  of  the  Spaniards,  who,  however,  are 
obliged  to  requite  their  services  with  wages  of  .50 
dollars  each  yearly.  They  begin  to  pay  tribute 
at  the  ago  of  l(),  and  are  indemnified  from  it 
when  arrived  at  the  age  of  .'JO  years.  From  this 
word  Yanacuna,  whicli  in  the  (^nechuan  language 
signifies  servant,  has  arisen  the  custom  of  calling 
by  the  same  title  all  Indians  who  are  acting  in 
that  capacity,  making  general  the  term  which  be- 
longed to  this  nation  specifically. 

YANAIIL'ARA,  an  antient  province  of  Peru 
to  the  10,  of  Cuzco;  bounded  by  the  province  of 
Aimaraez.  It  was  conquered  and  united  to  tho 
emi)irc  by  Capac  Yupanqui.  There  is  also  a 
settlement  of  this  name,  in  the  province  and 
rorrcgiiuietito  of  ^Vrequipa. 

YANAPAMPA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corrcgiDticulo  of  Qnispicanchi  in  Peru  ;  an- 
;iexed  tothe  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  San- 
garara. 

YANAQUIJUYA,  a  settlement  ofthe  nro- 
vince  and  corregimiento  of  Condesuyos  de  Are- 
quipa  in  Peru ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  set- 
tlement of  Andaray. 

YANAS,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corrcgitiiicnto  of  Conchucos  in  Peru  :  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  Uco. 


lito.  I« 
,  rims  n. 
ourup  «'. 
cv;  anA 
c  MurH- 
i. 

iiico  and 
icxed  tt> 

nil  coun- 

L«   nOHMCH- 

le  I'ariinu 

iiu'c  and 
•eiu;  an- 
;'  Arnia. 
vince  and 

I  province 

ivince  and 
1  the  same 

nation  of 
an  annual 
:h.  These 
lestined  to 
wever,  are 
w  ages  of  :yO 
[pay  tribute 
cd  from  it 

From  this 
in  language 
n,  of  calling 
•e  acting  in 
n  which  be- 

icc  of  Peru 
province  ot 
lited  to  the 
re  is  also  a 
rovincc  and 

le  province 
Peru ;  an- 
ent  of  San- 

of  the  pro- 
yos  de  Are- 
:v  of  the  set- 

irovince  and 
annexed  to 


Y  A  N 

YAXASPA,  a  river  of  the  provinro  and  go- 
vernnieiil  of  Quixo^  mid  Maran  in  tlie  kingdom 
of(^uito,  and  of  tlie  dislriit  of  the  Hoconir  It 
riKPH  in  the.«/<T;y«,  whiili  divides  this  district  from 
the  province  of  IVIainas  ;  runs  nearly  from  ti.  to 
.».  through  the  country  of  tlie  Xib<:ros,  and  enters 
the  Morona  l)v  the  w.  part ;  in  hit.  .^^  17'  s. 

YAIVA  IIUA,  an  island  of  the  N.  Sea  ;  situate 
at  the  prinripnl  mouth  of  the  river  Marauon,  be- 
tween the  coast  of  (lunyana  and  the  great  island 
of  Joanes  or  Marajo.  Mr.  Uelliii,  engineer  to 
the  King  of  France,  in  his  description  of  Ciuayana, 
calls  it  Ynnaiicu, 

YANA-YACU,  n  small  river  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Maiiias  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito,  which  runs  to  «.  w.  zc.  and  enters  tlie  Yana, 
near  its  source. 

YANA-CIICU,  a  very  lofty  mountain  of  the 
province  and  cnrreginiitnto  of  Otnvalo  in  the 
kingdom  of  Quito,  in  the  w.  part.  Its  top  is 
covered  with  snow  the  whole  year  round,  and 
from  it  rise  many  streams  and  fountains,  and,  in 
the>?.  w.  part,  the  river  of  Santiago,  which,  at  its 
source,  is  called  Cayapas  ;  in  lat.  ^8^  n. 

YANCAO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
correghnirnto  of  Chancay,  in  Peru  ;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Iguari. 

YANEUI,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  (t/cahlia  maiyor  of  Villalta,  in  ISueva  Es- 

fana.     It  is  of  a  cold  temperature,  contains  f)S 
ndian  families,  and  is  13  leagues  zo.  of  its  ca- 
pital. 

YANGA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimicnto  of  Canta,  in  Peru ;  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Arahuay. 

YANGUA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Paraguay,  which  runs  vs.  and  en- 
ters the  Parana,  near  the  settlement  of  Corpus 
Christi. 

YANGUITLAN,  a  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  the  akaldia  mayor  of  Tf'pozcolula,  in 
Nueva  Espana.  It  was  formerly  a  s«.^  .irate  juris- 
diction and  alca/din  mayor;  contains  a  convent 
of  the  religious  of  St.  Domingo,  to  whom  the 
cure  belongs,  the  said  convent  being  entirely  of, 
wrought  stone,  and  built  upon  arches,  and  well 
worthy  of  the  admiration  of  the  most  skilled  in 
similar  subjects.  In  short  it  is  the  best  edifice 
in  all  that  kingdom  :  it  was  begun  by  Don  Fran- 
cisco de  las  Casas,  kinsman  to  Uie  noted  Herman 
Cortes,  whilst  governor  of  this  settlement,  and 
was  finished  by  his  s(m  Don  Gonzalo,  the  build- 
ing of  it  having  taken  a  period  of  25  years : 
and  during  this  time  there  being  emplovcd  in  it 
()00  Indians,  who  were  exchanged  for  a  "fresh  set 


VAN 


419 


every  week.  The  master,  or  architect,  was  one 
of  (fioMe  who  had  been  employed  in  the  building 
>f  San  Loreii/o  el  Heal,  and  was  sent  hither  by 
Philip  II.  The  settlement  is  situate  in  a  beau- 
tiful valley,  surrounded  by  mountains.  It  enjoys 
a  jiure  nir,  a  fine  atmosphere,  a  benign  tempe- 
rature, and  delicious  waters.  It  was,  in  the  time 
of  the  Indian  gentilism,  a  large  town,  and  con- 
tained IO,(K)()  inhabitants;  but  these  are  now  re- 
duced, including  those  of  the  wards  of  its  dis- 
trict to  900  families  of  Mistecos  Indians,  /I/m.v- 
tci's,  and  Mulattoes  ;  all  of  whom  are  employed 
in  the  cultivation  and  trade  of  cochineal  and 
woven  cotton  stuHs  ;  52  leagues  <•.  of  Mexico. 

YANI,  a  settlement  of  the  movince  and  cor- 
rcgiiiiiitilo  of  Cochabamba,  in  Peru. 

[YANKTONS  ANNAIMudinnsof  N.  Ame- 
rica. They  are  the  best  disposed  Sioiiz  who 
rove  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri,  but  the;;  will 
not  siifl'er  any  trader  to  ascend  the  river,  if  they 
can  possibly  avoid  it:  they  have,  lieretot()re,  in- 
variably arrested  the  progress  of  all  they  have 
met  with,  and  generally  compelled  them  to  trade 
at  the  prices,  nearly,  which  they  themselves 
think  proper  to  fix  on  their  merchandise  :  they 
seldom  commit  any  further  acts  of  violence  on 
the  whites.  They  sometimes  visit  the  river  De- 
moin,  where  a  partial  trade  has  been  carried  on 
with  them,  for  a  few  years  past,  bv  a  Mr.  Craw- 
ford. Their  trade,  if  well  regiiiateil,  might  be  ren- 
dered extremely  valuable.  Tlieii  country  is  a 
very  fertile  one ;  it  consists  of  a  iiixtiirc  of 
woodlands  ami  prairim.  The  land  borderina;  on 
the  Missouri  is  principally  plains  with  but  little 
timber,] 

[Yanktons  of  the  NoiiTH,  Indians  of  N. 
America,  who  arc  in  a  small  degree  traders,  but 
for  the  most  part  independent  of  the  trade  of 
the  Missouri.  They  have  rather  furnish'^d  them- 
selves with  the  means,  not  only  of  distressing  and 
plundering  the  traders  of  the  Missouri,  but  also 
of  plundering  and  massacreing  the  defenceless 
savages  of  tli^e  Missouri,  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Plata  to  the  Minetares,  and  w.  to  the  roc!>y 
mountains.  The  country  these  people  inhabit  is 
almost  one  entire  plain,  without  tinibor :  it  is 
extremely  level ;  the  soil  fertile,  and  generally 
well  watered.] 

YANQUE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimicnto  of  Chumbivilcas,  in  Peru ;  an» 
nexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  u  f  Col- 
quemarca. 

YANQUI,  a  settlement  of  tlie  province  and 
corregimicnto  of  Cnllahiias,  in  I'erii.     It  was  the 
capital  before  the  discuvcrv  of  the  mine  of  Cail- 
•J  n'J 


I      ' 


I  I 


I    1' 


fV 


1 1 


!:"' 


1^  I 


I 


if'J 


t    'I 


Wi 


'(■i; 


..,  '»i      ^  ■^'■'- 


'if     .: 
It  -^1     ij 

1 

M  m 

if    «;!' 

■i  ,  ;H 

;:1 

4'20 


Y  AQ 


Ictmn,  wlieii  tlio  lormcr  wiis  icmovpil  to  lliin  lat- 
ti-r  pliicr.     [l    i^  hou    M>ry  poor,  and  rt'diieid. 

YA.N'IW,  a  scllUiiiciit  ot  llic  |)i'o\iiirc<  aiul 
cotrifi^iiiiitiil.i  olCanta,  in  IVrii ;  aiincxi'd  (o  tlie 
ciirii  V  of  the  >-i'lll(>iii<'iil  of  I'oiiiacoclia. 

YAN'l'AliO,  a  sctilcnicnl  of  the  province  and 
iorri'j;iii<iait»  orCliiuliapdVii  •,  in  I'nii ;  annex*  ;l 
to  till'  t'ura»\v  <»r  llu'  M'tlliiiiciit  of  Sorita. 

YAPA,  a  MltlcMicnt  of  (lie  nanio  province  and 
kinji'doni  iistlic  fKinicr  ;  ninu'xcd  t»)  tlic  iMiracy 
of  (lie  M'tlltMM''nt  of  Vand)ni  -l);ind)a. 

YAl'l'i  a  ri\('r  ol"  lIu'  piovinct-  and  ■;o\('rn- 
mi>nt  ol'  l)iiri(  n,  in  tlic  kini^doni  orTieria  Kirmc. 
It  risi's  in  the  nioiinii-iiis  ol  the  interior,  runs 
I'loni  (    lo  ti .  and  tMlcrs  liif  (irande  'I'niru. 

YAPI'l.,  a  MiMeii.i'nt  ol'  (he  province  and 
corn i^iiiiii iili'  i>r  iSantia<;(i,  in  the  kinii'doin  of 
Cliiic,  «e'elirated  for  iN  licli  ^(dd  mine,  from 
>viii('!i  i'l-iat  weallli  has  hoen  extracted. 

[YAIMIUAI'S.     SeeAi'i;iuEs.J 

("VA  l'K\  A,  a  selllenieiit  of  Indians  of  the 
province  and  fi-overnuicnt  of  Uiienos  Avres, 
biluate  on  (he  ;c<.  hunlv  of  tlie  (  rnj^uuv,  in  hit. 
'2U   .';i'  17"  s.  and  Ion;.-.  .Mi '  'M'  iiS"  ji-.'j 

YAI'KVI',  a  h>r^;c  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  l\u'a<;nav,  called  also  de  los 
Santos  Keyes.  It  is  a  mliiaioii  made  by  the 
inisNions  ot  the  JesuitH,  and  is  situate  on  the  a:. 
shore  of  the  river  l'ruf;nay,  and  on  the  u.  side 
of  the  settlement  of  Aaiiapev.  The  In/idei  In- 
dians, united  with  IVlamelucoH  of  San  Pablo, 
pillaged  and  destroyed  it  in  1701,  but  the  Neo- 
iites,  assisted  by  i?(H)  Spaniards,  pursued  the 
aS'giessors,  overtook  them,  and  p^ayc  them  bat- 
tle, and  succeeded  in  putting'  tliein  all  to  the 
sword,  returning'  with  tlie  spoils  to  rebuild  the 
setteu.ent :  [in  lat.  'J9    'JS'  (>"  .v.  | 

YAl'lTINdO,  u  river  of  the  province  and 
co])l(iiits/iij)  o(  lllieos,  in  Brasil.  It  rises  near 
tlie  coast,  rrns  c.  and  enters  the  sea  in  the  Day. 

YAi'iTiNCio,  a  settlement  of  the  .same  pro- 
vince and  kingdom  as  the  former  river;  and  on 
the  short'  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  same. 

YAPIZLACJA.    SeeMAvso. 

YAPO,  a  river  of  tiie  province  and  capliti/i- 
i7///}  of  San  Viucentt ,  in  lirasil ;  which  runs  n. 
and  enters  the  Parana-pane. 

YAPOrO.     SeeOvAcoi'o. 

YAP  LI,  a  very  rapid  river,  which  flows  down 
from  the  inoinitains  of  the  Ci)i({uitos  Indians,  iu 
Peru,  and  enters  by  the  u.'.  Mc  into  the  Para- 
guay. 

YAQUANQUER,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  fiovernment  of  Pastos,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Quito  ;  of  the  juri.sdiction  of  the  coire- 


y  a  r{ 

s;ii>ih'ntii  of  the  district  of  lus  Ciiico  leguus  de  la 
('apital. 

YAQr.VUI,  a  small  river  of  the  province  of 
(iiiaira,  in  the  government  of  Paragiuiy.  It 
runs;,',  and  enters  the  Parana. 

YAQl  K,  a  large  and  ainindani  river  of  St. 
I)(<:tiin<),  which  rises  in  tlie  mountains  of  (.'i- 
lit>o:  runs  ». :  and,  on  passing  opposite  (he  city 
of  Santiago,  turns  its  coinse  to  ir.  then  c(dlect- 
iiig  th(>  waters  of  all  those  which  (low  l<i  the  sea, 
distMubogneM  itself  in  a  very  abundant  stream  on 
the  //.  coast,  forming  a  great  mouth  on  the  side 
of  the  Point  of  Monte  CInisti 

|"VA(ii  T,,  Port  St.  at  the  month  of  the  above 
river,  vnlgarlv  called  Old  Port,  a  snndl  anchor- 
in"  place  on  tlie  ;/.  side  of  the  island  of  St.  Uo- 
muigo:  situate  between  Padrepin  on  the  w.  and 
Macori>  Point  on  thee.J 

Y.VtjrEACr,  a  river  of  the  nrovincc  and 
cdpiiiitisliip  of  Pernambi.co,  in  lirasil  ;  which 
rises  near  the  coast,  rinis  s.  ,v.  v.  and  enters  the 
x'li  between  the  San  Miguel  and  the  l(|uen. 

YAQl  I'MIIUI,  a  river  of  the  |)rovince  and 
country  of  las  .Anui/onas,  in  the  Portuguese  poa- 
si'ssions.  Ii  runs  from  n,  to  s.  and  enters  the 
Parinia  or  river  Uranco. 

YAQl  ESO.V,  Pour,  on  the  >/.  coast  of  the 
island  of  St.  Domingo,  within  the  Bay  ol  Har- 
bacoas. 

Y.AQl'IA,  a  settlen\ent  of  the  province  and 
coynii'iniii'iito  of  Conchucos,  in  Peru  ;  annexed 
to  the  curacy  of  the  capital  lliuiry  del  Key. 

YAQL  IN,  or  Acyri  V,  a  settlement  and  pa- 
rish of  the  French  in  their  possessions  in  the 
island  of  St.  Domingo,  at  the  u).  point,  near  the 
«.  coast,  and  the  isle  of  its  name. 

YAQLINI,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Paraguay  ;  which  runs  w.  and 
enters  the  Parana,  between  the  Teidi  and  the 
Piracabi. 

Y.VQl  ITL.V,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  alcnhlia  inaijor  of  Chiapa,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Guatemala;  belonging  to  the  district  and  divi- 
sion of  Comitlan. 

YAUACKS.     Sec  OiiEJONEs. 

Y.\U.\P.\ZI,  a  small  river  of  the  province 
and  country  of  las  Amazonas,  in  the  Portuguese 
possessions.  It  rises  in  the  territory  of  the 
.\icuares  Indians,  between  the  river  Marailon 
and  the  Ca(jueta,  runs  following  the  same  course 
as  the  former,  and  enteis  the  same  just  before 
one  of  the  arms,  into  vvhiclj  the  second  river 
above  mentioned  is  divided. 

Y.VHAQl'l,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  W>nezuela,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 


m 


ig  (k>  la 

ince  of 
Ay.     It 

of  St. 
of  fi- 
\w  cUy 

llio  8ca, 
renin  on 
llic  side 

10  iil)ove 

iiiu'lior- 

St.  Uo- 

w.  and 

iicc  nnd 
;  which 
itoi-H  the 
on. 

inco  and 
nose  po*- 
iitors  the 

U  of  the 
(  ol  Bar- 

■incc  and 
I  annoxcd 
toy. 

and  pa- 
ns in  the 

noar  the 

unco  and 
w.  and 
and  the 

province 
iii'doin  of 
and  divi- 


province 
Ortusuese 
of  the 

Maranon 
n>e  course 
ist  before 
ond  river 

and  go- 
Rcjno  de 


Y  A  R 

(■rnnnda.  It  tIkph  in  the  sitria  to  the  r.  of  Hara- 
<|ui><itiiioto,  follows  its  coii'so  to  this  r/iiniih,  and 
oiitors  tlio  soa  in  tlio  hay  »f  Hnrinirata,  l)otwoon 
port  Caltolio  and  tho  poi'it  of  Chirihicho.  ['riio 
ViinKjui  risos  'to  U'lijif.tos  *.  to  tho  Aoroa,  an<l 
(loos  not  hocoiiio  naviirahU>  until  within  two 
loafj;iios  of  S.  I'Vlipo,  whoro  the  produce  of  tho 
valley  of  S.  l*"olii)o  is  shipped,  t(.j;othor  with  that 
of  tho  plain  of  llariiquisiniioto,  and  from  thenoo 
eonvoyod  to  Porto  I'aheilo,  as  the  nearest 
port. J 

Y.\HArC.\,  an  arm  of  tho  river  Maranon, 
wliirh  enters  Ity  the  v.  side,  and  forms  tho  ishind 
of  (iiiaricnra. 

YAKD.SLliYS  IKIM{Y,on  Delaware  river,  is 
lln-ee  miles  w.  u'.  of  Trenton,  in  New  .k-rsoy,  and 
livoholow  M'l'raiikev'w  Kerry. 

VAIIK,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  fro- 
vcrnment  of  Venezuela,  in  the  Nuevo  Key  no  do 
(■ranada ;  situate  on  tho  shore  of  tho  river  Tny, 
near  the  settlement  of  Ocumare. 

VAKl,  a  river  of  tho  province  and  country  of 
lasAma/.onas,  in  the  territory  of  tho  l*ortu«;u'eso. 
It  riins.v.  f.  and  enters  the  .\fara'ion  opposite  tho 
settlement  of  Cin'upa,  in  hit.  l!/.v. 

Yaui,  a  settloujont  of  tho  Portuguese,  in  the 
same  province  as  the  former. 

YAHMAIICA,  a  settlement  of  tho  province 
and  lonrgimieiito  of  Chachapoyas  in  Peru,  whoro 
there  is  a  mine  of  rock  salt",  of  excellent  (pia- 
lity,  and  from  whence  much  of  this  article  is 
extracted. 

YARMOlJTir,  a  city  of  tho  county  of  Harn- 
stahle,  in  the  colony  of'Plym«intii,  of  the  United 
States  ;  .situate  in  the  ,v.  part  of  the  peninsula, 
formed  by  the  bay  of  Ci^pe  Cod ;  five  miles  s.  of 
Barnstable. 

Yahmoutu,  another  citv,  in  the  county  of 
York,  of  the  colony  of  Hampshire,  on  the  coast 
of  C'asco  Bay,  and  at  the  mouth  of  lloyal  River. 
It  is  snuill,  and  stands  midway  between  Bruns- 
wick and  I'ahnouth. 

jYAUMorrii,  a  township  in  the  County  of 
Middlesex,  I'pper  Canada,  lying  to  the  w.  of 
Malahide,  and  fronts  lake  Erie.] 

Yahmolth,  a  fort,  built  by  tho  Enajlish  in 
tho  province  of  Connecticut  one  of  those  of  Now 
England,  of  tho  United  States;  situate  on  the 
coast  having  the  ca])ilal.  Boston,  on  the  n. 

YA]{()CALIj.\,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corretrimietito  of  Caxatambo  in  Peru;  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Cocha- 
marca. 

YAROS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians,  of 
the  province  and  government  of  Paraguay,  de- 


Y  AS 


421 


scondants  of  the  Chnruas.  Thry  inhabit  the 
territory  between  tho  river  Tibigiiari  to  the  m,, 
tho  I'rugiiay  to  thu  »v,  and  tho  Negro  to  the  .«. 
'I'hey  have  no  fixed  abode,  Imt  go  uanderini; 
about,  and  tarrying  only  in  places  where  they 
may  find  goo<l  hunting  aiid  fishing,  as  by  those 
means  thov  subsist. 

YARUBA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
country  of  las  Ama/.oiias,  which  runs  < .  and  en- 
tors  the  Madera. 

YARliNCAI,  a  river  of  tho  province  and 
iitrrt^iiiiicnlo  ofCuenca,  in  the  kingdom  of(jiiito. 
It  pass<-s  a  (|uartor  of  a  league  from  that  city. 

YARIPA,  Sav  Mwiri'i.  ni;,  a  setllonu'iit  of 
the  province  and  conndy  of  !as  Amairomis,  a  re- 
(liKiioti  of  tho  missions  which  were  held  by  the 
Jesuits.  It  is  situate  on  tho  shore  of  the  Ma- 
rafKni,  rioso  lo  a  lake  called  la  Bebalsa. 

YARl'QCi,  a  settlement  ofthe  kingdom  of 
(^iiito,  in  tlu!  «lis(rict  of  the  ann^iniittili)  of  las 
Cinco  liOgiias  {\o  la  Capital.  It  lias  a  rich  estate 
in  its  vicinity,  called  Oyambuia,  and  a  largo 
llitiunii,  celebrated  for  tlu*  two  pyramids  which 
were  fixed  there  by  th(>  aiadoiiiicians  of  the 
sciences  o!"  Paris,  in  record  of  the  astronofitical 
ohservations  they  made,  of  their  measurement 
«)f  the  <legrees  of  the  iMpiator,  and  of  their  plans 
fi>i'  <lotormining  the  true  figure  of  (he  earth  ;  thus 
per|u<tiialing  their  useful  labours.  But  tho  au- 
<lieiice  gave  onlers  for  the  removal  of  these  py- 
ramids, and  the  seiisalioii  of  disgust  thereby 
occasioned  was  iinixorsally  groat.  Tlie  settlement 
iso'amildand  benign  clinuite,  and  lertilo  and 
abundant  in  vegetable  productions.  It  has  to 
the  V.  tho  ro)YW/«T«  of  mountains  of(itiamaiii,and 
of  Pambamarca,  and  on  tho  ii\  (ho  cordilliru  of 
Picliinehe.  It  was  fi>rmod  from  the  neighbour- 
hood ofthe  settlement  of  Cacha,  which  was  swal- 
lowed up  in  1(J40  :  in  hit.  10"  7'  s. 

YARI'QI'IES,  a  seltlement  of  tho  j)rovince 
and  ronrg/w/Vw/o  of  Biobamba,  in  tho  kingdom 
of  Quito. 

YARl'SE,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
governmont  of  Jaen  do  Bracanu)n)s,  in  the  king- 
(lom  of  Quito.  It  rises  in  the  cordillcra  of  the 
province  of  Loxa,  runs  from  h.  to  v.  and  enters 
tho  Santiago,  on  that  side  on  which  are  the  ruins 
of  tho  city  of  Zamora  la  V'ioja. 

YASAJjUN,  a  seltlenieiit  of  th(^  province  and 
alcaldia  mayor  of  Zedillos,  in  tlie  kingdom  of 
(Juatomala. 

Y.VSOVA,  a  river  of  tho  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Jiouisiana.  It  lias  its  origin  bO 
leagues  above  tho  Missi'^sippi,  and  into  this  it 
afterwards  enters  in  a  \erv   large  stream.     On 


\,{ 


422 


Y  A  T 


,  J! 


its  shores  (1m oil    tlu»  nations  of  the   Yasoves, 
Toiiiiicas,  iiiul  Koiiroviis  liuli.iiis. 

Yasova,  u  si'ttUincnl  in  (he  same  province 
nr.d  •^overninent  as  tlu-  former  river,  and  sitnate 
on  its  sliore.  Tliis  settleie.ent  was  destroved  '>y 
tliel'renoh;  its  na(i\'s  havin>>;  been  in  ullianco 
>villi  tlic  lliiivlinh. 

VASQr.Ali,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  j'astos,  in  (he  Nuevo  Revno  de 
(iranaiia. 

VATA  Primeho,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
f;'overnment  of  Moxos,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 
It  rises  from  (he  lake  of  Ko^aguala,  runs  «.,  the 
;/.  in  a  serpentine  cum  je  for  many  lea<!^ues ;  then 
turns  ('.  and  enters  the  Madeni,  in  the  territory 
and  country  of  the  Cauibabas  Indians. 

Yata,  another  river,  with  the  addition  of 
Sej;undo,  in  tlie  same  province  and  povernnient. 
It  has  the  same  origin  as  the  former  river,  runs 
parallel  to  it,  and  entere  ;.lso  the  Madera,  to- 
wards the  side  where  that  river  is  entered  by  the 
Beni. 

YA  TACIIKS,  a  settlement  of  Indians,  of  the 
province  and  i>overnment  of  Texas,  in  N.  Ame- 
rica, on  the  sliore  of  the  river  Colorado. 

\  ATAO,  a  setdement  of  the  heud  settlement 
of  (he  distiict  and  almldia  mai/or  of  Villalfa,  i'- 
Niieva  Espana.  It  is  o(  a  cold  teniueratnre, 
contains  lOJ  families  of  Indians,  ana  is  nine 
leajniu's  from  its  capital. 

Yata  run,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
country  of  las  Amazonas,  in  the  part  possessed 
by  the  Portuguese.  It  runs  k>.  and  enters  the 
Parime,  between  the  rivers  Jocota  and  Jaiia- 
bini. 

VATASCO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Tncnnu'in  in  Peru ;  situate  on 
tiie  shore  of  the  river  of  its  name. 

Yapasco,  the  above  river,  rises  in  the  dis- 
trict uf  the  jurisdiction  of  Salta.  It  runs  e.  and 
enters  the  I'asage  between  the  rivers  Caf.as  and 
Mitan. 

YATKliA,  a  port  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  near 
the  extrenuty  of  the  s.  coast,  l)etween  two  other 
ports,  called  Escondido  and  la  Sabi.na  del  Mar. 

YATI,  a  settlement  ofthe  proviiii-eaud  govern- 
ment of  Cartagena,  in  the  Nuevo  Keyno  de  Gra- 
nada ;  sitnate  on  the  shore  ofthe  ri  er  Canca,  on 
a  1  ng  strip  of  land  m  Inch  this  rive  •  forms  in  the 
district  of  Mompox,  near  the  spot  ;,iiere  it  enters 
(ho  (JramU^  de  la  Magdalena. 

YATONI,  a  head  settlement  >f  tlie  district  of 
the  (ilvaliUa  mm/or  of  \  illalta  in  \ueva  Espana. 
It  contains  .')7  tiimilies  of  Indians,  and  is  live 
leagues  and  a  half  from  its  capital. 


Y  A  V 

rVATTASSEES.  Indians  of  N.  America,  wh.. 
live  on  llayau  Pierre,  (or  Stony  Creek)  whicii 
falls  into  (he  Ked  Hiver,  :<\  division,  about  ad 
nnles  alxnc  Natchitoches.  Their  village  is  in  a 
largi  prnirir  about  half  way  between  the  Caddo- 
pues  and  Natchitoches,  surrounded  by  a  settle- 
ment of  French  families.  The  Spanish  govern- 
ment at  present  exercise  jurisdiction  over  thiy 
settlement,  where  they  keep  a  guard  of  a  iioiu 
commissioned  officer  and  eight  soldiers,  but  (he 
Yattasees  are  unwilling  to  bend  (o  their  authority, 
and  in  spite  of  them  persist  in  trading  with  the 
Americans. 

This  settlement,'  till  some  few  years  ago,  used 
to  belong  to  the  district  of  Natchitoches,  and  the 
rights  to  their  lands  were  given  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Louisiana,  before  it  was  ceded  to  Spain. 
T!ie  Yattassees  at  one  time  aay  they  belong  to  tl:;' 
French,  and  at  another,  to  the  Americans. 

Of  the  ancient  Yattassecs  there  are  but  eig'it 
men  remainii:g,  and  25  women,  besides  children  ; 
but  a  number  of  men  of  other  nations  Iiave  inter- 
married with  them  and  live  together.  Their 
original  language  diflfers  from  any  other ;  but 
now  all  speak  Caddo.  They  live  on  rich  land, 
raise  plenty  of  corn,  'neans,  pumpkins,  tobacco, 
&c.  ;  have  hcrses,  came,  hogs  and  poultry.] 

YAl',  a  settlement  ofthe  missions  held  by  the 
Portuguese  Carmelite  Fathers,  in  the  country  of 
las  Amazonas  :  situate  on  the  point  of  land  formed 
by  the  river  Negro,  and  at  the  junction  of  this 
with  the  river  of  las  Amazonas. 

YAUARAYA,  a  small  river  of  (he  province 
and  captainship  of  Seara  in  Hrasil,  which  runs  «. 
between  the  rivers  Jacunda  and  Pacajas,  and 
enters  that  of  las  Amazonas  in  the  arm  formed 
by  (he  island  of  Mara  jo. 

YAYAUI,  an  island  ofthe  river  of  las  Amazo- 
nas, opposite  the  sct(lemen(  of  Tuhere. 

YAl.CA,  a  se(tlcment  of  the  province  and 
corrfgimiaito  of  Camana  in  Pern  ;  annexed  (o 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Acari. 

YA  V  KlHl,  a  river  ofthe  province  and  govern- 
ment of  ('haco  in  Peru. 

YAVI,  San  FnANrisco  nr,,  a  settlemen\  of 
the  province  and  government  of  Tucuman  in 
Peru  ;  situate  on  the  shore  of  a  snudl  river  to 
the  w.  of  the  town  of  Tarija.  It  is  of  (he  juris- 
diction of  the  city  of  Xuxuy  ;  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  Santa  Catalina,  has  a  large  chapel  of 
ease,  whicli  was  built  by  the  Manpiis  del  Valle 
del  Tojo,  and  is  kept  in  a  magnificent  manner  by 
his  successors. 

YAVICIIE,  a  head  settlement  of  t  lie  district  of 
t\ic  akaldia  tnaj/or  of  Villalta  in  Nucva  JCspafia. 


YAU 

It  is  of  a  liot  temperature,  oontn ins  TiO  fiimilies  of 
Imlians,  nnd  is  eight  lea!>iies  w.  ofit^i  cnpital. 

YAVINCAN,  a  settlement  of  the  pro>im'e 
nnd  <orre<>:ii)iifiito of  Caxamara  in  Peru  ;  :iniu>\{'il 
to  tlie  curacy  of  tlie  settlement  of  Pipinros  in  the 
province  of  iFaen. 

YAVIZA.  a  settlement  of  the  province  nnd 
government  of  Darieii  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra 
r  irme  ;  situate  on  t!u>  shore  of  the  river  Tuiru, 
near  the  Gulf  of  San  IVligiiel.  At  a  small  distance 
is  a  fort,  latel}'  built  for  its  defctice. 

YAlJIil,  a  setthMnent  «)f  the  province  and 
fom'o/w>/V7;/()  of  lluar(M'hiri  in  Peru.  It  is  larjre, 
a  head  settlement  of  the  district,  over  sex'u  other 
seltlenjents  dependent  up(m  it,  and  is  celebrated 
us  well  for  the  rich  silver  mines  in  its  neighbour- 
hood, which  are  called  Nuevo  Potosi,  a;,  icir  its 
baths  of  ntineral  waters. 

YAUHI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corn'o-iniuntn  of  Canes  and  Canches  in  Peru.  It 
has  in  its  district  two  mines  of  copper,  and  some 
of  gold ;  but  neither  the  one  nor  the  other  arc 
worked.  It  has  also  two  chapels  or  sanctuaries, 
the  one  of  the  Virgie  of  Unancani,  the  other  of 
la  Candelaria,  and  both  of  these  are  ani\e.\ed  to 
its  curacy. 

YAl.'UlSQl'E.  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corrr^imknto  of  Chihpics  and  Masques  in 
Pern. 

YAHTKPRC,  V  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict and  nlvnldia  inaj/or  of  t 'uernavaca  in  NiU'va 
Espana.  It  has  in  its  jurisdiction  four  settle- 
ments, which  contain  1.50  families  of  Spaniiui'^, 
Afiistas,  and  Mulattoes,  and  '2^23  of  Indians;  all 
of  which  live  very  comfortably,  as  the  settle- 
ment is  situate  in  a  valley,  which  is  pleasant, 
well  watered,  and  planted  plentifully  with  sugar 
eanes,  of  which  they  make  loaf-sugar.  Here  they 
also  cultivate  various  fruits  and  seeds,  such  as 
maize,  melons,  I''rench-!)eans,  and  g(tr/wiizo.<t.  It 
has  a  beautiful  convent  of  the  religions  of  ISt. 
Domingo,  and  an  hospital  of  the  title  of  la  Cari- 
dad  de  San  Hipolito  ;  five  leagues  c.of  its  capital. 

YArn-.i'Kr,  another  settlement,  witii  the  dedi- 
catory title  of  San  Ihirtolome,  which  is  a  head 
settlement  of  the  district  and  alaifdia  mayor  of 
Nexapa,  in  the  sanu>  kingdom  as  the  former.  It 
is  of  a  hot  temp(>ratnre.  situate  in  a  |)lain,  and 
inhabited  by  1.')  families  of  Indians,  who  exercise 
themselves  \n  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar-cane, 
for  the  purposei^fntaking  loaf  sugar.  In  its  dis- 
trict arc  various  gardens,  which,  through  the 
salutary  influence  of  a  river  which  passes  oppo- 
site the  iscttlcment,  pro<luccs  many  fruits  of  the 


YAU 


423 


country.     This  district  comprehends  eight  settle- 
ments. 

Y.M'Y.ATd.WI,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of 
the  pro\ince  and  colony  of  Virginia  in  N.  A'ue- 
rica ;  situate  on  the  shore  of  the  river  oi  its 
name. 

Ya'VAlg  ANi.  this  river  runs  v.  to.  and  enters 
the  Ohio. 

Y.A  l'Y(  S,  a  j)rovince  am\corrrs;iiiiinifo  of  the 
kingdom  of  Pern ;  bounded  «  and  «.  k'  by  the 
province  of  Guarochiri.  r.  by  tho-e  of  \au\a  and 
Ang;n;>os,  s.  w.  and  s.  by  that  of  Castro  Virrey- 
n',and  k\  by  that  of  Cafiete.  Its  length  is  'Ji 
leagues  from  «  to  ,v.  and  its  width  iiS  tVom  c.  to 
?«'.  It  is  one  of  the  pro\  iiices  of  the  most  une(|nal 
and  craggy  territory  in  the  wluile  kingdom,  and 
is  extremely  cold,  with,  the  exception  of  one  or 
other  ravine;  its  nu)untains  being  of  the  Cordil- 
lera real,  and  always  covered  with  snow,  so  that  a 
way  must  be  opened  to  etVect  a  pass  through 
them ;  some  have  the  precaution  of  erecting 
stones  in  the  said  passes  by  way  of  a  guide, 
whilst  others  will  make  steps  with  a  pick-axe, 
and,  amongst  these  flights,  that  by  wliich  you 
descend  to  the  settlement  of  Pampas,  is  the  nu)st 
curious.  I'or  the  above  reasons  this  i)rovince 
was,  in  antient  times,  but  thinly  neopled,  and  no 
nu)nnnients  whate^  er  are  to  be  foniul  in  it.  In 
its  mountains  breed  many  viaoms  and  htiniutcosy 
and  in  tia*  ravines  are  found  deer  and  mountain- 
cats,  and  some  cattle;  and  of  the  skins  of  tiiesc 
the  Indians  make  woven  stidl's,  which  they  barter 
on  the  coast,  taking  in  exchange  grain  lor  their 
subsistence,  the  crops  here  being  extremely  small. 
It  is  «»nly  in  tlu>se  parts  that  are  less  cold,  that 
various  mines  have  been  discovered  ;  but  very 
few  of  them  have  been  worked,  the  advantages 
not  covering  the  (>xpense  of  the  labour.  It  ha.s 
many  streams,  which,  iniitcd,  flow  down  to  the 
coast  and  form  the  rivers  which  water  the  pro- 
vince of  Cafiete.  Its  corrcsiidor  had  a  rcparliuii- 
(Hti)  of  l'i."),{)()()  dollars,  aiul  it  payed  1000  for 
alcaxala  annually.  The  capital  is  of  the  same 
name,  and  the  other  settlements  are; 

Tauripampa,  Cachuv, 

Allauca,  Quisque, 

Tupi,  Poroclia, 

Cusi,  Paujpas, 

Pocoto,  Putinsa. 

Cappilluca, 
[The  district  of  Yaiiyas  contains  se^eIl  doc- 
trinal   curacies,    nnd    'J">  settlements   inliabited 
by  9574  souls  ;   Pi  clergy,  1,'J  Spaniards,  SOO.)  In- 
dians,  9J  MusUfs,   an([     1157    free   Mulattoes. 


(I 


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m'l 


1 


fn 

p.  ■ 

1  [i  i 


«l    If'     ' 


421 


YEB 


'\ 


The  value  of  its  prodiirtions  is  20,200  dollnrs. 
(Guia  (jcl  Peru,  1797. )J 

YAXONI,  n  scttlciDPiit  of  the  head  settlement 
of  the  district  of  Chixila  and  alcaldia  viayor  of 
Villalta  in  Niieva  Espana.  It  is  of  a  hot  tempe- 
rature, contains  42  families  of  Indians,  and  is  nine 
lca<;ues  ;;,  of  its  capital. 

YAZEl/,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
countr_y  of  las  Amazonas,  in  the  Portusyuese 
possessions.  It  runsN.  between  the  rivers  Yeriial 
and  Yutay,  and  enters  the  Maranon  or  Amazonus. 

YAZliC'HE,  Ai,To,  ahead  settlement  of  the 
district  oi'  t\\o  iilcaldia  mayor  of  Villalta  in  Nueva 
Espana.  It  is  of  a  cold  temperature,  contains  88 
families  of  Indians,  and  is  six  leagues  s.  of  its 
capital. 

Yazp-c'iie,  another  settlement  in  the  same 
alcald'm  mm/or  and  kingdom,  also  a  head  settlo- 
inciit  of  the  district,  but  having  the  surname  of 
Baxo,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  former.  It  is 
also  of  a  cold  tenineraturc,  contains  IJO  families 
of  Indians,  and  is  hve  leagues  from  its  capital,  b^ 
the  same  rhumb  as  the  former. 

YAZONA,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  alcalilia  mai/or  of  V'illalta  in  Xueva  Espana. 
It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  contains  l!H)  families 
of  Indians,  who  occupy  themselves  in  cultivating 
cochineal,  and  is  tlirec  leagues  n.  of  its  capital. 

[YAZOO,  or  Yasoo,  IIiveh,  in  Georgia  W. 
Territory,  consists  of  three  largo  branches,  which 
united,  pursue  i\  s.  u\  course  a  few  miles,  and  the 
confluent  stream  enters  the  e.  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, by  a  mouth  upwards  of  100  yards  wide ; 
according  to  Mr.  Gauld,  in  lat.  ^2'^  J*'  «.  and  i)y 
Mr.  Purccl,  in  ^2"  ^8',  See  Glougia  WESTKaN 
Teh  lino  H  v.] 

[Yazoo  Cliffs,  or  Aux  Cotes,  lie  7|  miles 
from  tiie  river  Yazoo,  and  J9|  miles  from  Lousa 
Chitto,  or  Big  lilack  River. J 

YAZ  \J ,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  corre- 
>i;imic)ilo  of  Canta  in  "cm  ;  annexed  to  the  curacy 
of  the  settlement  of  Arahuay. 

[YBIC  U  Y,  a  parish  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay  ;  situate  on  the  river  Mbouya- 
pey,  about  55  miles  s.  e.  from  Asuncion,  in  lat. 
iHi"  (Y  51"  s.  and  long.  57^  1'  7"  zc:] 

[YBITIMIHI,  a  parish  .  f  the  province  and 
goveniment  of  Paraguay,  in  lat.  25°  15'  iii"  s.  and 
long.  5()°  5.';'  2"  zc] 

YCA ,  a  jirovince  of  Peru.     See  Ica. 

YCAQl  E,  or  Icaco,  the  si.  point  of  the  Bay 
of  Miincenilla,  in  the  island  of  St.  Domingo.] 

YEBINETO,  a  small  river  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Mainas  in  the  kingdom  of 


YER 

Quito.  It  ninsc.  and  turning  n.  n.  c.  enters  tlic 
IJninicia. 

YECIIIBIDE,  Cebho  de,  a  mountain  of  the 
province  and  government  of  Chaco  in  Peru,  w.  of 
the  settlement  of  San  Ignacio  de  Zamucos. 

YECOIIA,  a  settlement  oi'tiie  missions  which 
were  held  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  province  of  Cina- 
loa,  of  N.America. 

Yecoua,  another  settlement  of  ti'e  missions  of 
the  Jesuits,  in  the  province  of  Ostium'. 

YECIATLA,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle, 
inent  of  the  district  of  Naulingo,  and  ahaldio 
mayor  of  Xalapa  in  Nueva  Espana,  at  the  boun- 
dary  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  district  of  this 
head  settlement. 

YECUDAHUE,  a  sn.all  river  of  the  province 
and  corngimiento  ofMaule,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Chile.     It  runs  n.  and  enters  the  Tabolebo. 

YEGUADA,  River  of  the,  in  the  i.sland  of 
St.  Domingo  ;  it  is  small,  and  runs  to  ihe  w.  haul 
and  n.  coast  of  the  great  Bay  of  Samana,  where  il 
enters  the  sea  between  tlie  rivers  Jaina  and 
Guanabo. 

YELAMBO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Antioquia,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno 
de  Granada,  on  the  shore  of  the  Grande  de  la 
Mngdalena. 

[YELLOW  Mountain.     See  Tennessee.] 

YELOXI,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  alcaldia  mai/or  of  V  illalui,  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  is  of  a  cold  temperature,  contains  82  families 
of  Indians,  and  is  nine  leagues  6'.  of  its  capital. 

YELTECOMATL,  San  Nicolas  de,  a  set- 
tlement  of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
Iluipuxtia,  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Tepetango  in 
Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  35  families  of  In- 
dians. 

YEMI,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
country  of  las  Amazonas,  which  rises  in  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Chunamas  Indians,  runs  from  n.  to 
5.  5.  e.  and  enters  the  Maranon  opposite  the  set- 
tlement of  San  Pablo  de  los  Omaguas. 

YEPOMERA,  a  settlement  of  the  missions 
which  were  held  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  province  of 
Tacaumara,  and  kingdom  of  Nueva  Vizcaya : 
31  leagues  w.  by  s.  of  the  town  and  real  of  mines 
ofChiguagua. 

YERABIJENA,  a  port  of  the  coast  of  the  pro- 
vince and  conegimicnlo  of Coquimbo  in  the  king- 
dom of  Chile. 

Yerabuena,  a  point,  or  long  strip  of  land  ; 
being  one  of  those  which  form  the  above  port. 

Yeuabuena,  a  port  of  the  coast  of  the  S.  Sea, 
in  the  province  and  corregimicnlo  of  Arica,  and 


1 


'f 


If  I'd 


1. 


I* 


crs  the 

of  the 
u,  w.  ot" 
s. 

s  which 
jf  Cina- 

;sioiis  of 

d  fettlp- 

ahaldid 

\c  bouii- 

,  of  this 

province 
Silom  of 

island  of 
;  w.  hea;'i 
,  where  il 
aina  and 

ance  and 
,o  Ueyno 
ide  de  la 

lESSEK.] 

district  of 
a  Espana. 
'2  families 
capital, 
a  set- 
istrict  of 
)etann;o  in 
ies  of  In- 

vince   and 
the  terri- 
om  «.  to 
tlie  set- 
missions 
)rovince  of 
Vizcaya ; 
of  mines 

of the  pro- 
the  kin!Ji- 

of  land ; 
[»  port, 
the  S.  Sea, 
Aiiea,  and 


Y  O  C 

kingdom  of  Pern,  on  tVe  bonndary  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Arrqnipa  ;  in  n\t.  ]7^  3!i'. 

YERHAL,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Onenos  Ayrcs,  which  runs  s.  and 
enters  tlie  Rio  Negro. 

YETES,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians  of  the 
river  IVTararion,  descended  from  tliose  of  the 
Omaguas.  They  dwell  in  the  woods  and  moun- 
tains' /?.  of  the  Napo,  in  the  territory  of  the 
Encabellados  ;  are  very  few,  and  live  dispersed 
without  any  fixed  abode. 

YETLA,  San  Matko  de,  a  settlement  of  the 
head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Chinnntla,  and 
akahlia  inaj/or  of  Cozamaloapan,  in  Nueva  Es- 
pana ;  situate  in  a  large  and  beautiful  valley, 
through  which  meanders  a  stream  equally  crys- 
talline and  abundant,  and  which  is  surrounded 
by  a  belt  of  various  mountains,  covered  with 
cedars,  pines,  and  ocotales,  from  whidi  they 
gather  tens,  used  as  torches.  Its  temperature  is 
mild,  with  an  inclination  to  hot.  It  contains  !20 
families  of  Chiantecos  Indians,  who  maintain 
themselves  by  a  great  trade  in  seeds,  cotton,  ex- 
quisite woods,  and  various  fruits  ;  ]3  leagues  s. 
of  the  settlement  of  L'tzila,  and  ()3  s.  of  its 
capital. 

Yeti,a,  another,  a  small  settlement  in  the 
(ilcahlio  mayor  of  Guauchinango,  of  the  same 
kingdom  ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settle- 
ment of  Haola. 

YETZEIiALA,  a  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict of  the  alcnld'ia  viaijnr  of  Gi:achinango,  of 
the  same  kingdom  ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the 
settlement  of  Haola. 

Yf,T7,f.i,ai,a,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  alcald'ia  mat/or  of  Villalta  in  Nueva  Es- 
pana. It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  contains  bO 
families  of  Indians,  and  is  five  leagues  n.  of  its 
capital. 

YETZICUBI,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  the  same  a/rn/ilin  niaijor 
and  kingdom  as  the  former.  It  is  of  a  cold  tem- 
perature, contains  89  families  of  Indians^  and  is 
two  leagues  w.  of  its  capital. 

[YLO,  a  town  and  port  of  Peru.     See  Ir.o.j 

YOA,  a  lake  of  the  i)rovince  and  country  of 
liis  Anuizonas,  formed  by  a  waste-water  ot  the 
Madera  :  it  stands  on  the  bank  of  this  river,  and 
between  the  rivers  to  the  n.  of  the  Parncevini. 

YOBE(JO,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  Chixtia,  and  olcahliu 
viai/or  of  Villalta,  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  con- 
tains ten  families  of  Indians,  and  is  il|  leagues 
from  its  capital. 

YOCALLA,  a  settlement  of  tbe  province  and 
vol..  v. 


Y  O  .t 


4-2.'i 


i 


corregimientd  of  Poroo  in  Peru.  -At  its  entrance 
over  tlie  riv.-r  Cacliimayo,  is  a  bridge  t)f  stone,  one 
of  the  best  in  the  whole  kingdom  :  10  leagues 
from  Potosi. 

YOCAUBAYA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corrcs^imicrifo  of  Larecaja  in  Peru  ;  annexed 
to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  llahuiue. 

YOCON,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
rorirghiiirnfo  of  Cuenca,  in  the  kingdom  of  (^ui- 
to ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of 
Canar. 

YOCOPO,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Cayena,  in  Nueva  Audalucia.  It  rises 
in  the  monntaius,  and  enters  the  sea  at  the  side 
of  Cape  Orange. 

YOFII,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Guayana,  or  Nueva  Andalncia.  It  is 
formed  by  an  union  of  the  Toco.ne  and  Jlichique, 
representing  the  figure  of  a  Y,  from  which  it 
takes  its  name.  It  enters  the  Orinico  o|)posite 
the  settlement  of  Alta  Gracia. 

[YOHOGANY  a  river  of  N.  America,  tlu, 
principal  branch  of  Monogoliela  Kiver,  called 
also  Yot  GiiioGENY,  and  Toxiiior.r.si,  jnirsius 
a  V  Zi\  course,  and  passes  throngli  the  Laurel 
Mountain,  about  30  miles  from  its  mouth;  is,  so 
far,  from  300  to  2,50 yards  wide,  and  tlie  naviga- 
tion much  obstructed  in  dry  weather  by  rapids 
and  shoals.  In  its  passage  through  the  moun- 
tain it  makes  very  great  falls,  admitting  no  navi- 
gation for  10  miles,  to  the  Turkey-foot.  Thence 
to  theCireat  Crossing,  about  20  miles,  it  is  again 
navigable  except  in  dry  seasons,  and  at  this  place 
is  2()0  yards  wide.  Ihe  sources  of  this  river  arc 
divided  from  those  of  tlu;  Patowmack,  by  the 
Alleghany  Mountain.  I'rom  the  falls,  where  it 
intersects  the  Laurel  Mountain,  to  Fort  Cumber- 
land, the  head  of  the  navigation  to  the  Patow- 
mack, is  40  miles  of  very  mountainous  road. 
The  country  on  this  river  is  uneven,  but  in  the 
vallies  the  soil  is  extremely  rich.  Near  to  Pitts- 
burg the  country  is  well  peopled,  and  there,  as 
well  as  in  Redstone,  all  the  comforts  of  life  are 
in  the  greatest  abundance.  This  whole  country 
abounds  with  coal,  which  lies  almost  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground.] 

YOIBIDE,  a  very  lofty  mountain  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  ot  the  Ciii(|nitos  Indians 
in  Peru.  On  its  ,v.  is  a  lake,  producing  much 
salt.  It  was  near  this  nioiintain  that  the  brother 
of  Albert  Romero,  of  the  Jesuits,  siilFered  mar- 
tyrdom. 

'  YO.FOBI,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  ahdidia  iiintjor  of  Villalta  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  contains  55  families  of 
3  I 


«», 


If 


i 

, 

■    ' 

'<i 

\ 

i 

f 

1 

i\:>^' 


•I  11' 


:■;! 


426 


YON 


YOR 


'.'    i 


Indians,  and  is  three  Ican;ucR  and  a  quarter  tc. 
of  its  cupitul. 

YOfjO,  !i  settlement  of  the  jurisdiction  and 
ak/i/<fiii  iiiii //or '^fCictnimm  in  iVneva  Bspafia. 

YOLOTKPKC,  Santa  Maria  or,  a  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  the  alcnldia  mat/or  of 
Tepozcolnla,  in  the  province  and  liishopric  of 
Oaxiica  in  Niiova  Espaila.  It  contain  2;) I  fami- 
lies of  Indians,  inchidinir  those  who  dwell  in  the 
wards  of  its  district;  and  in  these  wards  are 
many  farms,  yieldin";  abundant  crops  of  wheat 
and  maize.  It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  and  19 
Icanjties  s.  of  its  capital. 

YOLOXINISQUILA,  San  Pedro  de,  a 
settlement  of  the  ntcaldin  niai/or  of  Teocuiico 
in  Nneva  Espana.  It  contains  221  families  of 
Indians,  includiuir  those  of  the  wards  of  its  dis- 
trict, produces  cochineal  in  abundance,  this  boinjj 
its  oidy  fruit ;  tliou<rh  tlie  •around  itself  is  very 
favoiu"al)Ie  to  all  kind  of  fruits.  The  inhabi- 
tants, however,  have  their  minds  so  fixed  on  this 
lucrative  production,  that  they  even  neglect  the 
cultivation  of  the  necessaries  of  life. 

YOElf I'E,  a  settlement  of  thc^  province  and 
corrrgiinirnto  of  Qnillota  in  the  kini>(lom  of  Chile, 
on  til''  coa«t,  near  the  river  Imperial. 

[YO\(iE,  a  township,  in  the  county  of  Leeds, 
Upper  Canada  :  it  is  the  tenth  township  in  ascend- 
innj  the  river  St.  Lawreiu'e.] 

[YONGE  STREET,  is  the  direct  communi- 
cation from  York  to  Lake  Simcoe,  IJpperCanada, 
opened  (iurina;'  the  administration  of  his  excel- 
lency Major-nenoral  ljieutenant-i>overn()rSinu'oe, 
who  liavina^  visited  Lake  Huron  by  Lake  Aiix 
Claies,  (formerly  also  calli>d  Ouentaronk,  or  Sini- 
on,  and  now  named  Lake  Simcoe)  and  discovered 
the  liiiibour  of  I'enetensjushere  (now  Gloucester) 
to  be  (it  for  shippinj>-,  resolved  on  improvin<i-  the 
communication  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Lake  Hu- 
ron, by  this  short  rout,  thereby  avoiding  the  cir- 
cuitous passage  of  Lake  Erie. 

This  street  has  been  opened  in  a  direct  line, 
and  the  road  made  by  the  troops  of  his  excel- 
lency's corps.  It  is  30  miles  from  York  to  Hol- 
land's Itiver,  at  the  fine  fort  called  Gwillimbury, 
where  the  road  ends:  from  thence  you  descend 
into  Lake  Simcoe,  and  having  passed  it,  there  are 
two  passages  into  Lake  Huron;  the  one  by  the 
river  Severn,  which  conveys  the  waters  of  Lake 
Simcoe  into  Gloucester  Bay  :  the  otlier  by  a  small 
portage,  a  continuation  of  Yonge  street,  to  a 
small  lake  which  al  ">  runs  into  Gloucester  Hay  : 
this  conununication  all'urds  nuuiy  advantages  ; 
merchandize  fronj  Montreal  to  Miciiilimackinac 
may  be  sent  this  way  at  ten  or  fifteen  pounds  less 


cxpencc  per  ton,  than  bv  the  route  of  the  Grand 
or  Ottawa  River ;  and.  the  merchandize  from 
New  York,  to  be  sent  up  the  North  and  Mohawk 
Rivers,  from  ther.  w.  trade,  finding  its  way  into 
Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego  (P'ort  Ontario)  tfie  ad- 
vantages will  certainly  be  felt  of  transporting 
goods  from  Oiiwego  to  York,  and  from  thence 
across  Yongc-street,  and  down  the  waters  of 
Lake  Simcoe  into  Lake  Huron,  in  preference  to 
sending  it  by  Lake  Eric.] 

[YONKeRS,atownshii)  of  New  York,  in  W. 
Chester  County ;  bounded  r.  by  Bronx  River, 
and  to.  by  the  county  of  York,  and  Hudson's 
River.  It  contained,  in  1790,  1 12.')  inhabitants, 
of  whom  139  were  electors,  and  )70  slaves.] 

[YoNKERs,  a  post-town  of  New  York,  lit 
miles  from  Philadelphia.] 

YOTAHUACAN,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  the  a/cafdia  mayor  of 
Cuquio  in  Nueva  Espana,  on  the  shore  of  the 
river  Verde,  and  four  leagues  s.  of  its  capital. 

YOTAL.i,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corrcgimiiiilo  of  Yamparaes  in  Peru,  of  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Charcas. 

[YORK,  New,  one  of  the  United  States.  See 
New  York.] 

[York,  a  maritime  and  populous  county  of 
the  district  of  Maine  ;  bounded  e.  and  n.  e.  by 
Cumberland,  s.  by  the  ocean,  w-  by  New  Ham|)- 
shire,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Salmon  Fall 
River,  and  n.  by  Canada.  It  is  well  watered  by 
Saco,  Mousom,  and  other  streams,  and  is  divided 
into  27  townships,  and  contains  2S,S21  inhabi- 
tants.    Chief  town,  York.] 

[York,  a  post-town  of  the  district  of  Maine, 
in  York  Comity,  nine  miles  ii.  e.  of  Portsmouth, 
in  New  Hampshire,  13, v.  of  Wells,  'J7  s.  by  w.  of 
Portland,  and  ')3  from  Uostoii,  lat.  4.>''  S'  w.  It  is  a 
port  of  entry  and  capital  of  the  county.  The 
river  of  its  name  empties  into  York  Harbour  at 
the  town.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  2j0  tons. 
About  a  mile  from  the  sea  is  a  wooden  bridge 
across  the  river,  270  feet  in  length,  which  was 
erected  in  1761.  Before  the  war,  2j  or  .'JO  ves- 
sels were  employed  in  the  W.  India  trade,  and 
coasting  business,  but  their  vessels  were  taken 
or  destroyed,  and  little  marine  business  is  now 
done,  except  that  a  small  fishery  is  supported. 
This  township  was  settled  in  W30,  and  called 
Aganienticus,  from  the  hill  of  that  name,  which  is 
a  noted  land-mark  for  mariners.  In  KilO,  Sir 
Ferdinand  Gorges  incorporated  a  great  part  of  it 
by  the  name  of  Georgiana.  In  the  year  IG92,  the 
Indians  took  the  town  by  surprise,  and  burnt 
most  of  the  houses,  and  IjO  [lersons  were  killed 


Gran<l 
e  from 
lohawk 

ay  into 
the  ail- 
iportiiis; 
I  thence 
aters  of 
reuce  to 

k,  in  W. 

i  River, 
Hudson's 
abitants, 
es.] 
ork,  114 

tlie  head 
tnnj/or  of 
re  of  the 
apital. 
nnce  and 
'  the  arch- 

ites.     Sec 

county  of 
id  «.  e.  by 
[>\v  Hamp- 
ilni'"'ii  I'all 
vatcred  by 
is  divided 
'2i  inhabi- 

of  Maine, 
ortsmouth, 
s.  by  10.  of 
V  n.  It  is  a 
ity.     The 
iubour  at 
f  'ijO  tons, 
en  bridge 
which  was 
or  'JO_vcs- 
(rade,  and 
were  taken 
less  is  now 
supported. 
,  and  called 
lie,  which  is 
I(il0,  Sir 
[»t  part  of  it 
iir  KiM,  the 
and  l)urnt 
were  killed 


YORK. 


4-27 


or  captivated.  It  contained,  according  to  the 
census  of  17flO,  yflOO  persons,  l-'ish  of  various 
kinds  frequent  the  rivers  and  sliores  of  (he  sea 
contiguous.  In  a  calm  season,  in  the  summer, 
one  may  stand  on  the  rocks  of  the  shore,  and 
catch  them  in  the  sea,  witli  a  line,  or  even  with  an 
angling  rod^  and  a  fathom  or  two  of  line.] 

[  YouK,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  bonndcci  r. 
and  w.  c.  by  Sus(|uehaniiah  I{iver,  which  separates 
it  from  Lancaster  and  Dauphine  Counties,  and  s. 
by  the  State  of  Maryland.  It  contained, in  i7f)0, 
29  townships,  nndy7,717  inhabitants.  | 

[YoiiK,  a  post-town  and  capital  of  the  above 
county;  situate  on  the  r.  side  of  Codonis  Creek, 
which  empties  into  the  Susquehannah.  It  con- 
tains about  500  houses,  several  of  which  are  of 
brick.  The  town  is  regularly  laid  out ;  the  pub- 
lic buildings  are  a  court-house,  a  stone  gaol,  n 
record-oflice,  handsomely  built,  an  academv,  a 
German  Lutheran,  a  (lernian  Calvinist,  a  I'res- 
byterian,  Roman  Catholic,  and  Moravian  church, 
and  a  t^uaker  ineeting-liouse.  It  is  ^2  miles  w. 
s.  w.  of  Lancaster,  10  ti.  w.  by  n.  of  Hartford,  in 
Maryland,  73  n'.  of  Philadelphia.] 

[YoiiK,  a  county  of  S.  Carolina,  in  Pintkney 
district  ;  bounded  c.  by  Catawba  River,  n.  by 
the  State  of  Ps.  Carolina  ;  s.  by  Chester  t'ounty, 
and  to.  by  Broad  River,  which  divides  it  from 
Spartanburg,  and  is  one  of  the  most  agreeable 
and  healthy  counties  in  the  State,  and  well 
watered  by  Catawba  and  Broad  liivers,  and  their 
tributaries.  It  contained,  in  I7f)0,  ()0'04  inhabi- 
tants, of  whom  ,0052  were  whites,  and  9'iJ  slaves. 
Here  are  extensive  iron-works.  This  county 
sends  three  representatives  and  one  senator  to  the 
State  legislature.] 

[York,  a  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  n.  by 
York  River,  which  divides  u  from  Gloucester 
County,  A',  by  Warwick,  e.  by  Elizabeth  City 
Countv,  and  to.  by  that  of  James  City.  It  con- 
tained', in  17S0,  5^233  inhabitants,  of  whom  !i?760 
were  slaves.] 

[York,  or  Youktow  n,  a  port  of  entry  and 
post-town  of  Virginia,  and  capital  of  York  Coun- 
ty. It  is  agreeably  situate  on  the  s.  side  of  York 
River,  where  the  river  is  suddenly  contracted  to 
a  narrow  compass,  opposite  to  Gloucester,  and  a 
mile  distant,  where  there  is  a  fort  fronting  that 
on  the  York  side,  about  1 1  miles  w.  by  s.  of  Toes 
Point,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  banks  of 
the  river  are  very  high,  and  vessels  of  the  greatest 
burden  may  ride  close  under  them  with  the 
greatest  safety.  It  contained,  in  1790,  about  (iO 
or  70  houses,  a  gaol,  an  Episcopal  church,  and  a 


tobacco  warehouse.  In  the  same  year  it  con- 
tained ()6i  inhabitants,  of  whom  .'J72  were  slaves. 
Its  exports,  in  the  year  1791.  amounled  to  7I,57S 
dollars.  It  will  ever  be  famous  in  the  American 
am, .lis  for  the  cajitiire  of  Lord  Cornwallisand  his 
army,  by  the  combined  force  of  the  I'nifed  States 
and  I'rance,  which  took  place  on  the  l!)th  of 
October,  I7S1.  It  is  12  miles  r.  of  Williams- 
burgh,  15  ),,  u\  of  Hampton,  57  r.s  r.  of  Birh- 
moiul.     Lat.  .'J7"  It)' ».     Long  7(i"  ^.V  Ji\] 

[York,  a  county,  of  Upper  Canada,  it  consists 
of  two  ridings,  the  c.  and  ziK  The  r.  riding  is 
bounded  on  the  <>.  by  the  tc.  line  of  the  county  of 
Durham  ;  on  the  .v.  by  Lake  Ontario,  iiiilil  it 
meets  thee,  boundary  olTcronto  township,  which, 
with  the  Missassaga  tract,  gives  its  n'.  limits,  and 
on  the  M.  by  Holhimrs  Biver,  Lake  Simcoe,  and 
Talbot  River,  until  it  meets  the  h.  u.  boundary 
of  the  county  of  Durham.  The  u).  riding  of  the 
county  of  Yolk  is  bounded  on  the  c.  by  the  town- 
ships of  King,  Vaughan,  and  York  ;  on  the  .v.  by 
the  Lake  Ontario,  Burlington  Bay,  and  Diindas- 
street ;  on  the  a',  by  the  LoiuU.i  district ;  and  on 
the  w.  by  the  county  of  Simcoe.  It  sends,  in 
conjunction  with  the  comity  of  Durham,  and  the 
first  riding  of  the  county  of  Lincoln,  one  repre- 
sentative to  the  provincial  parliament] 

[York,  the  capital  of  the  above  county  of  itn» 
name,  is  in  about  4^^  'j5'ol  >i.  hit.  and  is  the  pre- 
sent seat  of  government  of  I'pper  Canada.  It  is 
most  Ix'autiliilly  situate  within  an  excellent  har- 
bour of  the  same  name,  made  by  a  long  jieniii- 
sula,  which  confines  a  bason  of  wat(>r,  siulliciently 
large  to  contain  a  considerable  fleet :  on  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  [jeninsnla,  which  is  called  Gibral- 
tar Point,  are  commodious  stores  and  block- 
house?, which  ctimniand  the  entrance  to  tlie  har- 
bour :  on  the  main  land,  opposite  to  the  point,  is 
the  garrison,  situated  in  a  fork  made  by  the  har- 
bour and  a  small  rivulet;  the  barracks  being 
built  on  a  knoll,  are  well  situated  for  health,  and 
command  a  delig'"lful  prospect  of  the  lake  to  the 
tv.  and  of  the  harbour  to  the  c.  The  government 
house  is  about  two  miles  from  the  c.  end  of  the 
town,  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbour,  and  the 
town  is  increasing  rapidly  ;  the  river  Don  emp- 
ties itself  into  the  harbour  a  little  above  the 
town,  running  through  a  marsh,  which  when 
drained  will  afford  mo-it  beautiful  and  fruitful 
meadows.  This  has  already  been  commenced  in 
a  small  degree,  which  will  no  doubt  encourage 
farther  attempts.  The  long  beach  or  peninsula, 
which  atl'ords  a  most  delightful  ride,  is  considered 
so  healthy  by  the  Indians,  that  they  Hock  to  it 
."J  I  2 


!   n 


'■'? 


«  4 


(J 


i 


Mi:  ^l 


^  III 


:  ;l. 


n  \ 


'I 


42H 


YORK. 


1    an.l  the  bridge  over  tlie 
r^^henever  ij^'V^P^?;  „?„eraUy  veB^rted  to,  not 

bon  being  fi^'^^'l' ''^  U^t '^°"^''"''"* '""l 
only  for  pV^"'^«'?"4aUoro^gh.      The  ground, 
to  the  height   ot   "caruoi     ^  government- 

l\ich  has  been  P^^^^^^^ 
house,  18  s't"?*^^  „,,  «^^es  may  be  convenient  y 
Don.     Vessels  of  ««  ^^^^^^JJ^J^  or  second  bank, 
built  here,  and  a  kind  ot  terr  ^j^^t  ^.tua- 

i„  front  of  the  town,  «ff<jf  ^^^i„3  of  the  old 
tion  for  a  rope  ^^'^^  JH  UttTe  to  the  «).  of  the 
French  fort  Torento  stand   ^Jiu  ^^j^^harges 

present  SarP^?"' ^"l,f  "Ibout  two  miles  and  a 
Lelf  into  Lake  O'^^^J^^V^ver  and  the  Don  are 
half  «).  of  that :  on  *  »«^ive\      ^^^^^^^      p^,,_ 

excellent  """^'^"t^lVis  frozen,  and  affords  ex- 
In  winter  the  ^a^^o""^ 'Vn?of  northern  counties, 
cellenticefortheainusementofnorth  ^^ 

S;efa;raTd"S%hJueUfromth^  «• -n^^ 


tt^^^^^:^  the 

This  town  was  capt««ej  ^    Americans  being 

present  war,  April  27   1813^^^^^^^^    ^^^  ^„^ 

Umanded  ^jj^^   See  account  of  the  cam- 

Senium  the  ^^^-^ifrcJiT^e  divided  it 
of  the  province  pf^Ects,  counties,  and  town- 
by  proclamation  '"^^  7^^^'^odelled,  and  several 

table. 


Division  ofthe  Province  of  Upper  Canada, 


Eastern 


Glengary 


I  Stormont 


Dunda?  - 


Prescott 


I 


Russell 


/  Lancaster 

)  Charlotteuburgh 

Kenyon 

St.  Regis  Indians 

/Cornr.all 
\  Osnabruck 
^  Finch 
(.Roxburgh 

iWilliarosburgh 
Matilda 
Mountain 
Winchester 

/•Hawksbury 
y  Caledonia 
-  JLongueiul 
1  Alfred 
(^Plantagenet 

Clarence 
(Cumberland 
^  Gloucester 
"  ^Osgoode 
/  Russell 
^Cambridge 


Grenvill 


Johnstown  ^ 


Leeds 


(.Carleton 


Edwardsburgh 
Augusta 
Wolford 
Oxford,  on  the 

Rideau 
Marlborough 

Montague 
Gower,Northand 

\^    South 

(-Elizabeth  Town 

Yonge 
I  Lansdown 

Leeds  . 

Crosby  ,North  and 

\      South 
1  Bastard 
1  Burgess 
1  Elmsley 
LKitley 

.      Nepean] 


YORK. 


429 


I  H 


ige-street 
the  Dun- 

ny  in  the 
ans  being 
3orn,  and 
fthecam- 

68  Simcoe, 
had  taken 
■overnnient 
\  divided  it 
i,andtown- 
and  several 
incia  Gore, 
. .  the  whole 
he  following 


[DistricU. 


Counties. 


Townships. 


'Frontenac     -  -i 


Midland  -  ^ 


Lenox  and  Ad- 
dington  .  . 


Townships- 

wardsburgh 

gusta 

olford 

tford,  on  the 

Rideau 

arlborough 

ontague 
ower>orthand 

South 

ilizabeth  Town 

'onge 
.ansdown 

frofby,Northand 

South 
Jastard 
Burgess 
Elmsley 
Kitley 

Nepean] 


Hastings 


Prince  Edward 


''Howe  Island 

Pittsburgh 

Wolfe  Island 

Kingston 

Loughborough 

Portland 

Hinchinbroke 
^Bedford 

'Ernest  Town 
Adolphus  Town 

I  Frcdericksburgh 
Richmoiul 

I  Camden,  E. 
Amherst  Island 

-^  Sheffield 

.Sydney 

1  hurlow 

Mohawks 

Hungerford 

Huntingdon 
•Rawdon 

(  Ameliasburgh 
1  Hallowell 
\  Sophiasburgh 
'  Mirysburgh 


Newcastle  i 


Northumber- 
land     -    - 


Durham    - 


'Murray 
Cranjahe 
Haldimand 
■^  Hamilton 
Alnwick 
Percy 
^Seymour 


C  Hope 
j  Clarke 
(.Darlington 


Home 


E.  Riding  of 
the  County 
of  York  -  '- 


fWhitby 
"  Pickering 

Scarborough 

York  and  Penin- 
sula 

Etobicoke 

Markham 
LVaughan 


Districts. 


Counties. 


TowDsliips. 


Home  -  - 
(contirued.) ' 


/  King 

i  Whitchurch 
E.  Riding    of   jUxbridge 

the  County  "\  Gwillimbury,  E. 
of  York  -  -  /Ditto,  W. 

f  Ditto,  N. 

^  Scott 


W.  Riding  of 
the  County 
of  York  -  - 


Norfolk    - 


London    -  - 


Oxford 


Middlesex 


Toronto 

Trafalgar 

Nelson 

Flamborough,  E. 

Ditto,  W. 

Beverly 

Six  Nation  Lands, 

».   of  Dundas 

Street 
Reserved  lands 
Crown  lands  and 

Church  lands 

Rainham 

Walpole 

Woodhouse 

Charlotteville 

Walsingham 

Houghton 

Middleton 

Windham 

Townsend 

Turkey  Point  and 
Promontory  of 
Long  Point 


Burford,and  Gore 

of  Burford 
Norwich 
^  Dorehani 
Oxford  onThames 
Blandford 
^Blenheim 

'London 
Westminster 
Southwold 
Dorchester 
Yarmouth 
-'  Dunwich 
Aldborough 
Delaware 
Malahide 
^  Bay  ham  j 


n  V 


\   r.  ■; 


i  ' 


r-:  ' 


430 


YORK. 


■r.i 


[Uistricta. 


CuuDties. 


Lincoln 


Niagara  -   " 


TuwmliipH. 


r  Barton 
Ancuster 
Glanford 
Saltflcet 
Binbrook 
Grimsby 
Caistor 
Clinton 
Louth 
Grantham 
Niagara 
Stamford 
Thorold 
Pclham 
Gainsborough 
Wainfleet 
Crowland 
Willoughby 
Bertie 
Huniberstone 


Districts. 


ConntirH, 


l^Haldimand 


■{ 


Six  Nation's  land, 
s.  of  Dundas 
Street 


Western 


Kent 


Tuwnsbipa. 


'Dover 
Chatham 
Camden,  W. 
Oxford 
Howard 
Harwich 
Raleigh 
Romney 

Tilbury,  E.&W. 
Sliawaneea 
'Mersea 
Gosfield 
Colchester 
Maiden 
Sandwich  and 

Town 
Amherstburgh 

(Garrison) 
Maidstone 
Rochester 

The  counties  send  25  representatives  to  the 
provincial  parliament,  who,  with  a  legislative 
council,  are  called  together  once  every  year.  The 
representatives  are  elected  for  four  years,  to  serve 
in  the  Assembly,  unless  the  parliament  be  sooner 
dissolved  by  the  person  administering  the  go- 
vernment.] 


Essex  -    -    - 


^sht 


:'^^l 


A  TABLE 


m  m 


Y  O  U  K. 


431 


TABLE 


[A  TABLE,  shewing  the  direct  Distances  between  the  principal  Places,  &c.  in   Upper  Canada ; 
and  their  Bearings,  nearly,  by  the  Magnet,  from  York,  on  Lake  Ontario. 


Uiirliiigton  H'iy.| 

Carleton  Island. 

183 

Chatham. 

315 

125 

• 

Geneacc  Ri 
Grand  River,  where  it  Interwcts  DiinJas-slrcct. 

Detroit. 

47 

362 

170 

ver. 

139 

278 
1.50 

230 
104 

9J 

109 

212 

22 

Head  of  Lake  Ontario. 

30 

109 

179 

13J 

183 

li 

• 

Hnngry  Bay. 

178 
175 

208 
204 

82 
92 

■l',5 
354 

308 
308 

20 
11 

178 

Kingston. 

28 

175 

Lake  Simcoe. 

151 

163 

62 

80 

1 20 

221 

180 

161 

(l-* 

Lake  St.  Clair. 

194 
IJl 

321 
252 

,321 
256 

148 
78 

119 

49 

244 
173 

9 
102 

14 

59 

3-9 
261 

140 

London. 

T< 

70 

Long  Point,  on  Lake  Erie. 

68 

117 j  115 

210 

208 

54 

48 

1 29 

151 

103 

217 

54 

M>\tcliedaslt,  or  Glouctstcr,  on  Lake  Huron. 

16J 

149 

218 

35 

180 

198 

110 

118 

170 

2.39 

204 

1  .9.. 

110 

Moliawk  Vilhijie,  Grand  River. 

120 

4.! 

52 

151 

80 

201 

204 

27 

6 

13.3 

153 

107  1  210 

19 

Month  of  tlie  Giand  River,  or  Onse.  |  38 

14  1 

33 

83 

144 

89 

180 

179 

,i9 

44 

101 

178 

131     111' 

Ml 



^"^ 



MoHlli  of  tlie  Tliaiiies,  or  La  Trmirlie. 

144 

121 

218 

117 

73 

— 

193 

.321 

321 

148 

119 

241 

34 

14  |129 

140 

Oi\ 

Niasara.    17lt 

39 

v;i9 

61 

i60 

120 

224 

70 
270 

1)1 

310 

178 
381 

67 
201 

144 

145 

36 

65 

74 

210 

164,'  '"'0 

,36 
232 

veiiatchie,  or  Johnstown. 

'JO'.i    3111 

60 

70 

232 

26a 

150 

412  ;  3(i7  I  54 



— —  1 



Oswct'o. 

lOD 

I '.'.•)    ■.':!(; 

154 

183 

20-J 

180 

2.i3 

<iW 

160 

63 

41 

160 

190 

52 

;i.'JO  1  'jB'j  i  I'O 

160 

Oxford  0 
Prcs(|irl»le  d 

n  tlie  Thame.'i. 

t'lO 
7(i 

I'JO 

86  '  py 

8)     '.'(iO 

60  1  i>6 
I'Jl  ■  140 

129 
130 

55 
153 

J8 
191 

99 
260 

96 
90 

225 
62 

229 
72 

51 

lis 

22 
144 

159 
60 

i.'ioi  a^  |'^3:i 

43 

e  Qiiint^'. 

i(i:> 

'-'*.> 'J 

217|  72 

113 

—  — 



1 

_. 

■  — 

So 

dU8. 

71 

190 

'J4 

IJO 

Id:)    i.'7.j 

l.)3l  165 

195 

159 

215 

276 

14(i 

BO 

61 

141 

170 

32 

.JOi) 

262  !  79 

141 

l«r) 

HJ 

80 

140 

'.'();> 

;i()     7 'J 

54 

57 

90 

8;! 

107 

178 

— 7" 

38 

149 

loj 

33 

60 

95 

'-'00 

164    157 

33 

«J 

« 

(« 

■ 

:    '   S- 

; 

* 

it 

K 

^ 

St 

•       ,     HN 

•■ 

; 

He* 

; 

: 

; 

"^ 

•^n- 

WtN 

c 

5, 

, 

x: 

r 

1/5       1      9 

.-It   1    *•' 

t 
"IN 

>> 

I 

1 

s 

g: 

^ 

■ji 

^ 

^ 

O 

^^ 

• 

u 

x' 

j: 

.2 

■s 

-I't 

u, 

.a 

-a 

>, 

i 

% 

O 
B 

! 

■n 
c 

s 

5 

3 

j 

■z 

in 

O 

s 

s 

*^ 

-^ 

s 

5 

s 

■e 

•a 
s 

: 

■& 

f. 

i{i 

■r. 

o 

0. 

° 

>t 

c 

>) 

>> 

J 

s 

« 

» 

10 

!^ 

e 

^ 

; 

t 

is 

s- 

t- 

it 

^ 

.1. 

^ 

i 

fi 

j= 

s 

i- 

1 

''•rr 

A. 

IT, 

s 

,_2 

Jj 

s 

■j: 

X 

Cfi 

X 

9 
O 
SI 

OJ 

> 

s 

1 

"4 

a 

mmmm 

3 

5 
■J. 

3 
y. 

■J- 

1 

5 

Tlic  distance  in  milci  between  two  places  is  lomxl  in  the  squares,  at  the  intersection  of  the  lines  dnwn  hoth  ways  from  those 
places;  and  tlio  hearings  of  each  place  fioni  Yoik  is  fonnd  at  the  bottom  of  each  cohmin  of  squares  respectively,  as  for 
example : — 

FiDni  Oswcjratchie  to  Detroit  is  412  mile.'j,  the  former  bearini;  east  by  north  J  north,  the  latter  louth-west  and  west  >  west,  from 
York. 

From  London  to  York  is  107  miles,  on  a  course  west<sonth-west.J 


,1 


r\ 


^iW\ 


.'U    llv 


m 


i   ''■.! 


I  w  i 


iV. 


H   1  f> 


4.12 


YORK. 


[Skptch  of  the  liPn^th  and  rirrumfi'rcnco  of  the 
following  LakcH  i  i  l^pper  Canudu,  l>^  Estima- 
tion. 


Lakes. 


Lakes. 


Erie  -  ■ 
(Jeorge  ■ 
Huron  - 
Michigan 
Ontario 
.St.  Clair  ■ 
Superior 


Oroiilciit 

C;irnim('f. 

Lake  Erie    -    -    i 

li'ii|;lli  III 

relief  follow- 

f 

niilc§. 

iiigtlio  shore. 

\ 

200 

GIO 

25 

5H 

SjO 

1 100 

2(iO 

!)l.-» 

Lake  Huron    -  i 

ItiO 

4.')0 

30 

100 

410 

1325 

Table  of  Latitudes  and  Longitudes,  from  the  in- 
formation  hitherto  received. 


Places. 

N.  Latitude, 

W.  Loiigiliiik'. 

Dcg. 

Mill. 

■see. 

Dog. 

Mill. 

Sec. 

Detroit      ....    42 

14 

0 

82 

33 

Ditto,  River's  Mouth 

41 

52 

Erie  lort  -     -     -     - 

42 

53 

17 

Grand  llemou      -    - 

44 

50 

Kinjjsion    -     -     -     - 

44 

8 

0 

75 

41 

Landi^nard      -     •     -    42 

7 

15 

Lona;  Point  carrying; 

place      -      -    -    -  !  4 1 
Michilimackinnc       -    45 

.•J?) 

21 

48 

34 

Michigan  Lake  S.  end 

41 

8 

Manitou  Islands  -    - 

44 

46 

Niagara     -     -    -     - 

43 

15 

47 

78 

25 

Oswego      -     -     -    -43 

20 

0 

75 

43 

Ontario,  Lake,  head  '. 

of, ,43 

47 

3 

St.  Regis    -    -    -     - 

45 

York 

43 

35 

Lake  Ontari 


lO 


Lake  St.  Clair 


.Sketch  of  the  Islands  in  the  following  Lakes  of 
Upper  Canada. 

Lnlvi'S.  IslaiulM. 

Bass  Islands 
I  Isle  Bois  Blanc 
Lake  Erie  .     -  <  Isle  Celerou 

'  Cunninghanrs  Island 
Ea.st  Sister 


Lake  Superior 


Islands. 
Orosso  Island 
Middle  Island 
Middh-  Sister 
St.  (icoige's Island 
Ship  Isliind 
Turtle  Island 
West  Sister 

La  Cl«)che 
Duck  Islands 
riat  Islaiuls 
(irosse  Isle 
i  Isle  Traverse 
Manitou  Islands 
Michiliniackinac 
I'rince  Willi.iin's  Island 
St.  Joseph's  Island 

Andierst  Island 

Isle  la  Baroue 

Carleton  Islanc' 

Isle  de  Petit  Cataraqui 

Cedar  Island 

Isle  Canchois 

Isle  an  Cochan 

Isle  du  Chene 

Duck  Islands 

Duck  Islands 

Isle  la  Force,  or  la  Forte 

Isle  ail  Foret 

(lage  Island 

Grand  Isle 

(^lull  Island 

Howe  Island 

Nicholas  Island 

Or|)lian  Island 

Isle  de  Quintc 

Isle  Tonti 

Petite  Isle  Tonti 

Isleanx  Tourtes 

Wolfe  Island 

Wapoose  Island 

/-Island  Chenal  Ecarte 

I  Harsen's  Island 

J  Ilav  Island 

J  Peach  Island 

V.  Thompson's  Island 

Isle  Grange 
Isle  de  Minattc 
Michipicoten 
Isle  Montreal 
Patic  Island 
Isles  aux  Babies 
Wiiite  Fish  Island.] 


^■l 


V  • 


YOR 

[  York,  n  division  of<prritory  lormin^tlio  town- 
sliip  ot'thc  iilmvp  coimty  ol'itH  namo,  Ivini;  <•»  *''p 
KK  of  Hciirhonm;tli,  havintf  tho  rivor  1 1  umber  tor 
its  ro.  limit  :  its  tVont  is  |)riii(-ipnlly  o-  cnpied  by 
n  lon^  Niituly  boiicli,  which  tbi-nis  the  harbour. 
The  rest  of  the  township  iit  front  is  open  to  I<iiko 
Ontario.] 

[YoiiK,n  rivor  of  Virginia,  which  takes  its  rise 
near  the  Ulue  Uidgc,  and  empties  into  theC'hesa- 
prak,  a  little  to  the  ,v.  of  Mobjark  Hay.  At  York 
Town  it  alVords  the  best  harbour  in  the  State, 
which  will  admit  vessels  ofthe  largest  size.  The 
river  there  narrows  to  the  width  of  a  mile,  and  is 
contained  within  very  high  banks,  close  under 
which  the  vessels  may  ride.  It  has  four  fathoms 
water  at  high  tide,  for  yo  miles  ab«)ve  York,  to 
the  mouth  of  Poropotank,  where  the  river  is  n 
mile  and  a  half  wide,  and  the  cliannel  only  7.j 
fathoms,  passing  under  a  very  high  bank.  At  the 
conlluencc  of  Pamunkv  and  Mattapony  it  has  but 
three  fathoms  depth,  wliich  continues  up  Painunky 
to  Cumberland,  where  the  width  is  100  yards,  and 
up  Mattapony  to  within  two  miles  of  I''razer's 
Ferry,  where  it  becomes  28j  tathoms  deep,  and 
holds  that  about  live  miles.] 

(YoHK,  a  river  of  York  County,  district  of 
Maine,  which  runs  up  seven  or  eiglit  miles,  and 
affords  a  tolerable  harbour  for  vessels  under  SOO 
tons.  The  rocks,  however,  render  it  somewhat 
difficult  and  hazardous  for  strangers.] 

[YoiiK  [Jay  is  nine  miles  long  ancTfour  broad, 
and  spreads  to  the  s.  before  the  city  of  ^qw 
York.  It  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of  East  and 
and  f Hudson's  Kivers,  and  embosoms  several  small 
islands,  of  which  (Jovernor's  Island  is  the  princi- 
pal. It  communicates  with  the  ocean  through  the 
Narrows,  between  Staten  and  Ijong  IslaiuU', 
which  are  scarcely  two  miles  wide.  The  passage 
up  to  New  York,  from  Sandy  I  look,  the  point  of 
land  that  extends  furthest  into  the  sea,  is  safe,  and 
not  above  '20  miles  in  length.  The  common  na- 
vigation is  between  the  e.  and  to.  banks,  in  about 
'2^  fett  water.  The  light-house  at  Sandy  Hook  is 
in  hit.  4(F  ^28'  n.  aiul  long.  74"  '2'  zo.] 

[York  I'onr,  on  the  s.  to.  shore  of  Hudson's 
Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Port  Nelson  Uiver,  is  160 
miles  zo.  of  Severn  House.  Lat.  57"^  1'  31"  n. 
Long.  92°  W  10"  lo.] 

[Yon-K  HAKitont  lies  within  the  elbow  formed 
by  S.  Head,  in  the  Bay  of  Islands,  Newfoundland 
Island  ] 

[YofiK  Island,  one  of  the  Gallipago  Islands, 
on  the  coast  of  Peru.] 

[YonK  Irlf,  or  Islands,  lie  i.,i  lat.  50°  37'  s. 

VOL.  V. 


YT  A 


43.1 


about  hO  leagues  from  the  coast  of  Patagonia,  in 
S.  America,  and  are  inhabited.  Trinity  lies  due 
('.  of  them,  near  the  main  land] 

[YoiiK  liiWKii'.,  on  the  coast  of  the  district  «if 
Maine.  I'roin  York  Harbour  to  York  Ledge,  the 
course  is  s.  i\  two  leagues.] 

[YoHK  MiNsTRK,  on  tile  s.  coast  ofthe  island 
of  I'ierra  del  l-'uego,  is  ,'JH  miles  e.  s.  r.  from  (iil- 
bert  Island.     I,at.  M^  iJti'  .*.     Long.  7(P  w.\ 

[YoiiK  UoAD,  or  Bav,  in  the  Straits  of  Magel- 
lan, in  S.  America,  is  10  miles  from  Cape  Cross 
Tide.     Lat.  M"  .'J9'  s.     Long.  7.'l-'  52'.  I 

[YoHK  Town,  n  township  of  New  York,  W. 
Chester  County,  bounded  zo.  by  the  town  of 
Portland,  and  ti,  by  Dutchess  County.  In  I7fl(», 
according  to  the  State  census,  there  wore  210  of 
the  inhabitants  elc.  'ors.] 

Y()lIANA,a  H.'ttlemeiit  of  Indians  of  the  nro- 
vince  and  government  of  lioiiisiana  ;  on  the  snore 
ofthe  river  Soulahue.  It  is  the  last  town  of  the 
Indians  of  theChactaws  nation. 

YOUNG,  a  settlement  ofthe  island  of  Barba- 
does,  in  the  parish  and  district  of  St.  Thomas, 
near  the  u\  coast. 

[YOl  N(JKHEDE1MCK'S  Island,  on  the  n. 
zo.  coast  of  N.  America,  divides  Port  Ingraham. 
See  Port  Inoiiaiiam.] 

[YPANE,  or  1i>ane,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of 
the  province  and  government  of  Paraguay  ;  situ- 
ate on  the  e.  bank  of  the  Paraguay,  about  eight 
miles  s.  e.  from  Asuncion  ;  in  lat.  25"  27'  44" 
.V.  and  long.  .57°  33'  15"  r.] 

[YQUAMANDIZU,  a  parish  ofthe  province 
and  government  of  Paraguay  ;  in  hit.  24"  G'  12" 
.V.  and  long.  5fi°  58'  29"  w.J 

[YSIDUO,  S.  or  Isinuo,  a  parish  ofthe  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Buenos  Ayrcs ;  situate  on 
the  shore  of  La  Plata,  about  15  miles  //.  of  Buenos 
Ayros,    Lat.  34"  28'  s.    Long.  5S"  2J'  10"  zo.j 

fYTA,  or  Ita,  a  settle.nent  of  Indians  of  the 
province  and  government  of  Paraguay ;  situate 
a  little  from  the  e.  bank  of  the  Paraguay,  about 
20  miles  s.  f .  from  Asuncion.  Lat.  25"  JO' JO" 
s.  and  long.  .57°  25'  2"  w.] 

[YTANGUA,  a  parish  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Paraguay  ;  in  lat.  25"  24'  44"  .v. 
and  long.  57"  24'  0"  zo.'] 

[YTAPE,  or  Itape,  a  settlement  of  Indians 
ofthe  province  and  government  of  Paraguay; 
situate  on  the  road  from  Asuncion  to  Villa  Uica, 
and  about  eight  miles  zo.  from  the  latter;  in  hit. 
2,5"  .52'  ,v.  and  long.  50"  29'  49"  zc] 

[YTAPL'A,  or  Itapua,  a  settlement  of  In- 
dians ofthe  province  and  government  of  Paraguav; 
3  K  '      ■ 


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484 


V  II  C 


RittinU*  on  llio  //.  WaiiU  of  (lio  I'liniiiii,  iilmiil  liv«< 
iiiilfs  n.  tv.  Iroiii  Ciiiulfliirio;  in  lat.  iil"  W()'  l(i 
jr.  tuul  lonif.  jj    .Vi'  .^f) ' ..'.  I 

[YTATY,  (ir  Itati,  u  Hcllloinoiit  oriniliiiiisol' 
tlu>  provinco  aiul  ^iivi'rninciit  «>('  lintMiox  ;\\ros; 
Niliiato  oil  (li(>  I'ai-iuiii,  aliont  liO  niil(<*<  n.  r.  of 
t'onu'nlr»<.   I<uf. 'J7    17    >.   |,imR.:)H'  ll'yH''i..J 

VI ' A N  V.S, a. lul^l)llron^4 UHlioii ol'IndianN  ut'tlie 

!i-ovinr(>  an<l  f|;ovt>riiiiu>nt  orTiirnnmii  in  IN-rn. 
'Iicv  tlui'll  lotlit'  n.  ol'llic  ritv  ul'Corduba,  and 
lin>  Itoinidod  liy  (liin  thinnh  l>v  (li<>  nation  of  the 
l''i('nton«'s,  f.  f»v  tlu'  rivor  I'arnKnay,  «'.  I>v  tlio 
iialado,  and  .«.  b>  llio  nation  ot  tlu>  AI>i|)on(<M. 
Any  int'ormiiliuni'oniTniinK  these  Indians  iH  very 
ucarc*'. 

Yl'DAFi,  a  Hi'ttltMnent  tit'  the  urovinro  and 
corrctiimittilo  ofCnonca  in  (he  kinu;uoni  of  Quito; 
sitnate  at  the  Honrce  of  (he  river  AlM*nico. 

Yl'C'A,  a  larpe  settlement  ofthe  province  and 
corris:i»ii<iito  ol  Velez,  in  (he  Nnevo  Uoyno  de 
(iraiiada.  It  enjoys  one  of  the  liest  and  most 
healthy  elimates  possible,  prodneett  abnndance  of 
wheat  oC  the  best  (pinlity,  alsit  ot'niiti/.e,  tartutlles 
nnd  pnlse.  It  has  a  roiueu(  of  the  religions  of 
St.  nomin^o,  and  its  inhabitan(s  nmonni  (o  7(K) 
housekeepers  and  (>()  Indians ;  one  leai^ne  Croni 
the  (own  oI'Liiba:  10  w.  r.  ot'theeity  of  Velez,y() 
w.  ofthe  capi(al,  Santa  i'e, and  seven  from  'I'nnjii. 

Yl'C'A,  a  small  river  of  (he  island  of  S(,  Do- 
mingo :  i(  rises  very  near  (lie  s.  coast,  rniH  ,v.  and 
enters  (he  sea  between  the  capital  and  (he  poin( 
of  Cancedo, 

YlCAIi,  a  so((lement  ofthe  province  and 
povernmen(  of  Cartattena  in  the  Nnevo  Hey  node 
Granada  ;  on  the  shore  ofthe  Hio  (n-ande  de  la 
Mafjdaleiui. 

V'l'CAll,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
povernnient  of  Santa  Martain  (lie  Nnevo  Heyno 
lie  (iranada.  near  (he  coas(. 

YlTA'i  IIAN,  or  Yicatan,  a  province  and 
i;overninen(  of  the  kingdom  of  (iiuKemala  in  N. 
America.  It  is  a  penin^nla,  sMrroiiiuied  on  (hree 
sides  by  (he  sea,  on  the  «■.  hv  (he  (^uif  of  (inana- 
jos,  or  of  lloiultnas,  and  it  is  in  (liis  part  IJO 
leajynes,  as  far  as  (lie  isiaiid  ofCoznmel :  on  the;/. 
i(  is  \i  ashed  by  (he  sea  from  (he  aforesaid  ^iiif  (o 
the  Hay  of  Mexico,  niiiiiini>' alon«-  a  parallel  of 
from  '.^2^'J()'to  '2\-  10',  thec<)a-.(  beiiiy;  TOleaijnes 
lon<;.  I(  is  bounded  ,v.  Ity  tlie  province  and 
nhiiUHa  ,  u/or  of  Vera  Pa/,  and  .«.  .v.  by  that  of 
Tabascf  Its  len"^(h  is  h20  leajiiies  from  s.io.  (o 
w.  <".,  and  i(s  breadth  is  98  from  c.  to  ii\  a(  the 
wide.«.t  part,  from  the  unkiuivvn  point  to  that 
which  IS  oppoisitc  the  island  of  Cozuuiel. 


Y  iJ  (; 

This  country  was  diseovered  by  I'VanriMco  Kei 
nandex  de  Cordova  in  I'il7,  and  was  coni|iiei-ed 
by  Captain  Kraiicisco  de  INIoidejo,  in  I.V.^7.  I(  i>. 
of  a  very  hot  and  moist  temperature,  and  the 
territory  is  for  the  most  part  stony,  but  fertile. 
It  has  ni>  other  river  tliroiiKliont  (he  whole  of  ii 
than  dial  of  l<ai(ar(os,  which  is,  however,  very 
ubundaid.  I(  is  argued  (lia(  it  has  many  snbler- 
raneons  waters,  and  (his  is  pi-e(ty  well  jiroved, 
through  certain  deep  chasms  of  stone,  which  (lie> 
call  '.I noli s,  and  in  which  water  has  been  H«!eii 
to  run. 

The  land  ii*  plain,  covered  with  sha<ly  trees, 
and  abonlldin^  in  honey,  wax,  and  co((on,  and  of 
(he  latter  (hey  make  spnn  and  woven  stalls, 
which  (hey  dye  of  various  colours,  and  which  are 
highly  es(eeined  in  all  Niieva  Kspana.  It  also 
produces  some  cochineal,  Riid  from  (he  above 
prodnc(i{ms,  as  well  as  from  some  ('ampeche- 
wood,  and  someriKging,  which  they  manufacture, 
do  (hey  maintain  a  commerce,  In  i(s  fores(H  are 
excellent  sorts  of  woods,  of  which  some  Hliips 
have  been  biiiU  ;  and  one  sor(  of  (hese  woouh, 
called  fiiiliin,  is  so  hard  (ha(  it  is  impossible  to 
drive  a  nail  into  without  first  boriii((  a  hole. 
Here  are  many  wild  l>easts,  such  as  ti^<;erH  and 
leopards  ;  also  snakes  and  venomous  insects, 
anil  a  species  of  spider,  which  the  Indians  coll 
ham.  since,  whenever  a  person  is  bitten  by  it,  (ho 
evcniciating  pain  he  siillers  causes  him  to  cry  out 
this  word,  and  this  be  continues  doing  till  he 
dies,  no  remedy  ever  having  been  found  against 
its  Itttal  iiHluence.  liotli  sheep  and  neat  cattle 
are  scarce  in  this  province,  through  want  of 
wattM'  and  pastures ;  Imi(  here  are  abundance  of 
snine,  as  well  as  of  all  kinds  of  fniil  of  a  warm 
clima(e.  On  (he  sea  coasts  is  t'oiind  much  amber, 
and  an  inhaliitaiit.  by  name  Kernando  Landeros, 
picked  up  a  piece  w)iicli  weighed  seven  antilms. 

[.According  (o  (hi> Ciuia.de l'"«)iaster()s  ( I'oreign- 
er  s  (luide)  published  in  Spain  in  180^,  (he  num- 
ber of  regular  troops  in  this  province,  amounted 
to  1,07}). 

In  Yucatan  (he  ludive  Indians  were  circnni- 
cisod,  and  ve(  gross  idola(ers,  bn(  curious  work- 
men in  carving  and  adorning  their  images.  They 
had  in  their  houses  images  made  like  bears, 
which  (liey  worshipped  as  (heir  houseliohl  gods, 
widi  singing  and  incense.  They  caused  boys  to 
answer  the  pcojjlo's  petitions  from  hollow  iniag«»H, 
as  if  (Jod  had  spoken  to  them.  When  tWy 
wanted  rain,  or  were  in  any  danger,  they  had 
their  processions  and  pilgrimages  to  these  idols. 
In  Nigaragua  they  worshipped  the  sun  and  divers 


mi 


H 


Y  V  C  A  T  H  A  N. 


iX', 


i(l(iN.  All  tlirir  prirstt,  rxrcpt  ronCcssorx,  iii.tr- 
rinl.  'I'lic  oriU'i'ini;;  ol'  llw  hiicrilitox,  iiiiil  llii'ir 
niiinlxT'),  ilrjM'iiilt'il  itirroiy  on  thi'  prii'MlH,  hIki 
iiMi'd  t((  ^o  iiltoiit  llic  rii|)(iv<'M  llirt'i'  (iiiii'H,  hjiik- 
iiiQ;  iiioiii'iiriillv,  ami  llii'ii  willi  llicii'  Hint  kiiiv«>s 
Hiiddriily  open  tlii-ir  hrcustM.  Tlit-y  tli\iili<  tlic 
IhkIv  lliiiH'.  lite  i)n<liili>  liadi  liin  liciirl,  (lir  killer 
liiN  IiiiiiiIm  iiiiii  liM't,  the  piMHoii  who  inadi*  liiiii 
«'ii|ititi*  Imh  hiiUuckx,  ai)(l  tlio  proplc  (lie  itnI. 
'I'Im'  heads  arc  hvI  on  tvcv,  iiiiilrr  which  (ln-y 
Murrilicc  iiicii  and  rhildrrn.  'I'liry  have  (heir 
idolali'otw  pi'(i(""'NionM,  in  wliicli,  lor  tht>  honour 
ol'tlicir  idol,  llwy  wound  IhcniHclvrM,  and  lor  lln> 
doHirn  ol"  I'nlnro  liappiiu-MM,  tlioy  olVrr  lln<niMclv«'H 
rhcfrl'iilly  lor  NacrilicrM.  VVhilMl  tlii<  prii'sl  anoinlH 
t.h<>  chcfkN  ami  the  nionlli  ol'  (he  idol  with  Idood, 
the  othrrN  Hin;;,  ami  the  people  pray. 

The  priest  perl'orniK  I  he  ceremony  of  inarriai;i> 
Ity  joining  the  little  liii<rcr«i  ol'  the  hridet^room 
and  liride  near  a  tire  ;  hut  (lie  lords  are  lirst  per- 
mitted, for  honour's  sake,  to  indid^o  ia  tlie  privi- 
Icitesol'thc  lirideij^room.  'I'he  adulterer  i->  beaten 
and  the  adidtrcsH  is  divorced.  He  that  rorcetli 
a  vir|;in  is  a  slave,  except  he  pay  her  dowry, 
lint  ifu  slave  forceth  his  master's  (laushter,  they 
nro  both  buried  ulive.  Sop  Jlrnzo,  7*.  !\latii/r, 
and  (j'ovmra.  \ 

The  cu|)ital  ih  ilio  city  of  Merirla. 

Oisliups  who  huvo  nresided  in  the  province  uf 
Vucatun. 

I.  Don/';-,  .hum  dc  .San  I'Vancisco,  lirst  bishop 
of  YncutAn  ;  of  wiiom  we  know  little  more  than 
that  he  is  ranked  amongst  the  bishops  of  this 
church. 

^.  Don  I'r.  .hum  de  la  I'uerta  :  he  died  in 
l.'i.Vi,  before  bein^  consecrated. 

a.  Don  /'/•.  l''rnnciKco  «lo  Tor.'il,  of  tiie  order 
of  San  Francisco,  native  of  llbeda,  where  he  took 
the  habit,  lie  passed  over  to  Nueva  I'ispana, 
throug;h  a  zeal  to  c«mvert  the  Indians,  converte<l 
and  baptized  many,  makinc;  himself  perfect  master 
of  the  Mexican  and  INdacan  lau!jiia<>e.  He  was 
Mominntcd  ('nstodio  for  the  (teiuMMl  (Ihaptor, 
which  was  celebrated  al  Salamanca  in  Ifj.^.'j  ;  re- 
turned to  Mexico  tile  following  ><'»''?  with  'M 
other  rclig^iouH  of  his  order,  was  then  elected 
provincial,  and,  aHer  fidfillin^  the  duties  of  this, 
was  presented  to  the  bishopric  of  Yucatan,  of 
which,  after  having  refused,  he  was  induced  to 
take  posseflsion  in  T.Wi,  Ho  assisted  at  the  first 
and  :>econd  Mexican  councils,  in  IT).')")  and  l.'jf).'), 
tl.rice  visited  his  bishonrir,  and,  throu<rh  weighty 
business,  returned  to  Mexico,  whore  he  died  in 
l.')71. 


4.  Don  /''»-.  DicKode  l<anda,  native  of  CifuenteM 
in  Alrarria,  also  a  reliji^ions  of  the  order  of  .San 
I'rancisco  :  he  Mas  one  of  the  lirsl  oflhoue  who 
passed  over  to  Vucatan,  and,  learning;  (he  idiom 
of  the  Indians,  retluced  it  to  grammar :  he  la- 
boured uith  incredible  zeal  iu  their  iiiNlruclion, 
de>,triiyeil  many  id(ds,  and  persecuted  sorcerers, 
who,  incensed  ai;ainst  him,  Nou^ijhl  to  put  him  to 
death  :  he  then  be^an  to  preach  with  a  cross  in 
his  hand,  when  the  infidels  became  innuoveabte, 
their  weapons  lyinp;  useless  in  their  handn  :  he 
was  next  electetl  provincial,  and  went  to  Spain 
on  ur^en.  'isiness-,  was  nominated  guardian  of 
the  convent  ol  San  Antonio  de  Cabreri',  ami 
llwuce  presented  to  the  bishopric  of  YucatAu 
In  l.')7'J,  he  visited  Ihe  whole  of  his  diocese,  and 
snll'ered  ijrent  p«'rseculion  in  defending;  the  eccle- 
siastical immunities.  It  is  related  of  liim,  that  in 
the  case  of  a  •;reat  famine,  he  maintained  with 
the  iii:ii/.e  of  the  convent  an  immense  number  of 
Indians,  without  the  store  sulVerini;  any  diininn* 
lion  :  h(!  died  full  of  virtues,  and  under  the  iiii' 
piitation  of  sanctity,  in  I.^TM. 

h.  Don  I'r.  (ire^orio  Monlalvo,  of  the  tuder  of 
•St.  Domingo ;  was  professed  at  Salamanca  in 
IhM,  was  priiH'  of  the  convent  of  I'laseiicia, 
elected  bishop  of  Nicara(;iia,  and  promoted  to 
this  in  l.'^)KO.  He  celeiiraled  a  n^iiod,  thrice 
visited  the  bishopric,  and  assisted  ai  the  third 
Mexican  council  in  l,'JH.'"»,  ufiviiij;  proofs  of  his 
preat  erudition  :  he  was  promoted  in  l.'<M7  to  Ihe 
bishopric  of  ("iizco  in  IVrii, 

().  Don  I'r.  .hum  l/(iuierdo,  of  the  onh-r  of 
San  l''rancisc«>,  native  ol  the  town  of  lluelva  in 
the  county  of  Niebia  :  he  took  the  habit  in  Lima, 
where  he  was  prolessed  ;  and  thence  passed  t«» 
the  province  of  (luatenuila  :  was  several  times 
•;;uardian,  and  elected  bishop  of  Yncati'iii  in  lf)H7 : 
thrice  visited  the  bishopric,  liiiislicd  the  building 
of  Ihe  beautiful  cathedral  in  ir)f)H,  and  u;o\eriied 
with  prent  justice  and  prudence  until  IfiOy,  when 
he  (iie<l. 

7.  Don  Dienjo  Va/fiuez  Merciido,  who,  lieiuR 
dean  of  the  church  of  IVIechoacan,  was  preseiilcd 
to  (liiH  mitre  in  KiO.'J  :  he  took  possession  the 
followinpf  year,  was  a  most  vi<;ilant  pastor,  twice 
visited  his  «lioces<',  and  was  promoted  to  (he 
bishop  of  Manilla  in  IfiOS. 

8.  Don  J''r.  (ionznio  de  Salazar,  native  of 
INfexico  ;  beiniir  master  in  his  religion,  he  came  to 
Spain  upon  business  of  his  province,  iiiul  wns 
elected  to  the  bishopric  of  this  churcli  in  1008, 
of  which  he  took  possession  tlie  followiii:;  year  : 
he  visited  six  tiau's  the  whole  of  his  bishopric, 
loarnt  tite  Yucatccan  idiom,  timi^lil  the  Indians  in 


:)  h  '-i 


i^'h 


'      ;J< 


li"l. 


^n 


\n 


43(J 


V  I'  C  A   l   11  A  N. 


pci'soii  (luMf  rfli!;u>n,t'\llrp.»tt'il  idolatry,  (l«''i(r(>\- 
ins;  iinut"  (liiiii  '.^MKHliilols,  \'oy  \\\\'u-\\  lit>  (il>laiiicil 
ll)t>  tliiMiks  of  l'o|ii<  Paul  \.  :  l)i'sto\\«'il  jiioat 
|)iiiii><  lliiit  (lit>  >outli  slionid  l)f  iii^tnu'tctl  in  ^laiii- 
iniir,lltfolu!;'\  ,aiul  (ln"  Viu'atf.aii  toni>'U(*:  «-sisii>(| 
tViMHii'iillv  a(  llu'  tli^iui'  i>llitt>s,  |>«>rronniiii>  llu> 
M'vt'ial  tliitii"-*  lor  .')-'  years  sini('s>i\rlv,  widiout 
ovfrluMnj;  ill  ;  ami,  altlu)iis;li  Tii  years  ola-.o,  lie 
kepi  till- (lays  i)roblii>'utioii ;  y\as  ycry  rliunlulile, 
aiul,  ill  a  i;ieat  rainiiie,  siislaiiuil,  liy  his  outi  iii- 
I'oiiie,  more  tliaii  IO(U)  poor  p»«ople  :  lu<  was  e\- 
Ireineh  (ley  ()le(l  (o  (lie  Holy  N  'ri>'in,  iMiorned  liis 
fhiircli  yyilli  precious  ornaiiuMits  ami  yases,  ami, 
lull  of  years  and  !;t>od  woik^,  lie  dii'd  in  l(),''(i. 

ft  Don  ,hiaa  AUnso  de  Ocon,  native  ol'Uedal 
in  la  Kiiiii  :  ((dle^iale  in  llie  r»>llej'c  of  San 
llderoii^o  of  Mcaia,  y>liere  lie  jiradiialed  as  doc- 
tor ill  (lit'tiloijy,  and  «as  prote>sor  ol'arls,  curate 
oi'  llie  partsli  ot'  l'"lecliosa  in  llie  arcldiisliopric  ol' 
ToU  i'.o,  and  al1ery\ards  of  the  parish  ol' Santa 
("ru/.  de  Madrid,  which  he  lel'l  lor  the  bishopric 
of  this  church  in  l(>.')S,  lakiiii;  pos't'ssiiui  ofil  the 
lollow  ini;  >ear  :  lie  \  i-it.'il  all  his  dictrict,  C(Ui- 
tirniiiiil-  more  lliiiii  I'S.OCO  <ouls,  yyiis  rij^tiroiis  in 
lh(-  e\aiiiiiiati«'ii  el'  the  ecclesiastics,  and  w  a>  pro- 
moted to  the  hi^liiiric  ol'l'ii/co  in  III'.'. 

ID.  l)on  .Viidres  I'eriiaiuU'/ de  Ipen/.a,  iiali\e 
of  tli(<  low  II  of  Vriiedo  in  la  liioja,  triliiii^iial  col- 
lejjiale  ol'  . cicala  :  iie  there  studied  canons,  and 
i;railnaled  as  di.clor  in   I  lit"  uniyersily  ol'  Ayila  ; 

|las^ed  to  Mexico  as  t'aiiiiliar  to  the  archliishop  ot' 
)on  I'lancisco  Manso,  l>v  y>  hoin  he  yyas  named 
)royis(M'  ol'tlie  Iiulians,  and  yyhen  the  same  arch- 
lisliop  returned  lo  ('arlai;('iia,  he  remained  s;(>\er- 
nor  of  liie  archhishopric,  and,  alU-rwards  haviui;- 
arriyed  at  Madrid,  he  was  made  impiisittu-  of 
'•"tdedo,  and  al\er»\ard--  l>islu)p  of  Yucatan,  in 
■  il.');  Init  he  died  that  year  before  he  left 
'r(ded(». 

1 1  Don  Marcos  (h>  'Torri's  y  Uiieda,  iialiye  of 
the  town  (if  .Vliiia/an:  he  studied  at  Osiiia,  and 
yradnated  as  doctor  in  tlieidoi;y  :  lie  was  (-h'lted 
bishop  of  Viuiilan  in  l(iU>;  yyas  conseciated  in 
la  I'nebia  de  los  .\ni;cles.  by  the  Senor  Palal'ox, 
and  look  pos^l•,i^ion  llie  follow  iiii>  year;  and, 
through  the  discords  e\i^^illi^  between  the  afore- 
said yeuerable  I'ahifox  and  tlu>  \  iceroy ,  the 
Connl  of  Salyalieira,  h(>  yyas  nominated  \  icerov 
and  president  of  theaudiiMice  of  M»>xic(),  ami  died 
ill  l()l«). 

I'J.   Don  /'/.  D«Miiini;()  de  \  ilia  l-'sciisa  Kami 
re/  lie  .\rellam>,  (>f  the  order  ol'San  (ieroninio  , 
coUiv;iale   in  tlu'  cidleo'e  of  S.  I>(iren/oel  Keal, 
yylu'ie   he  read  moral   lhe(dos;y  ten   years:   yyas 
y  isitor-fjeuerul  of  the  order,  and  al)ery\ards  gene- 


ral of  (he  sane  ;  elected  bishop  (WChiapa,  which 
cliiirch  he  goyerned  (i>n  years,  passiui;  fr(Mn  this 
(o  Ynca(an  in  l().)l  :  he  was  rectiyed  wi(li  Iho 
;;rea(est  joy  (hrough  (he  fame  of  his  yirdie  and 
chari(v,  was  (rnly  lniinbK>  and  poor  in  spirit, 
(houi;ii  williont  iosino-  hi.s  aiitliorily  :  lie  died, 
cansiii"  uniyersal  r(  jjrel,  in  !(>.")',?. 

I.'».  Don  liOren/ode  Oria,  elecled  bishop  of 
(his  church,  bu(  who  died  iiniiiedia(ely  after. 

II.  Don  /'(•.  Luis  de  Cifuenles  y  Sotomuvor, 
iialive  ol'Seyilla  :  he  look  th(>  habit  of  St.  Doini- 
uiipie  in  Mexico;  w;is(<lec(ed  bishop  ()f  Yucatan 
in  Ili.'iT,  of  wliicii  ollice  h(<  (iiok  poss«<ssion  in 
l(i.>t':  he  \isiied  his  diocese  sey (>ral  (imes,  yvas 
mos(  /eahms  of  diyiiie  worship,  and  i>'aye  (o  his 
church  yalnable  ornauienis  of  i>(>ld  and  silvtM', 
emloyyed  (he  chapel  of  Santo  ('hris(o  of  iciimni, 
but  caused  the  same  lo  be  transferred  from  (ha( 
settlement,  on  accoi.iU  of  i(s  hayiiij;  been  biiriU, 
(oi;(<(her  with  (he  church,  and  nothing;  haying 
been  siiyed  bu(  (he  image  of  our  Sayiour  :  he 
died  in  l(i7l>. 

1.).  Don  .liian  de  l's(alan(e  'rurcios  \  Men- 
do/a,  yy  ho  ob(ained  yarioiis  preluMidaries  in  (his 
clinrcii  of  Y  ncalan,  w  here  also  he  y\  a>  commissary 
of  crusade,  proy  isor  and  y  icar-f;(iieral  of  (he 
bishopric,  and,  beiii!>-  (U-aii,  y>as  elec(e<l  arch- 
bishoi)  of  St.  Dominjjo  in  lnTI,  and  in  l()7l)  pro- 
moted (o  \'ncal;in  :  he  y  i^ited  all  llu<  bi>liopric, 
and,  aller  (lie  yisilaliou  of  'riibasco,  died  in  (he 
setllemeiit  of  I  iiiaii  in  l(>SI. 

III.  Don  .liian  Cano  S;indoval,  naliye  of  the 
city  of  Mexico,  doc(or  in  sacred  canons,  canoni- 
cal doctor  of  (he  church  of  Meclioacan,  andafler- 
w;irds  proy;- or  of  Indians,  .nul  proy  isor  ami 
yiciir  •i'etieral  of  (he  bishopric  of  Mexico,  elected 
bishop  of  \'u(M(;in  in  IliS'.^.  of  yyliich  o(Vic(>  he 
toiik  iiossession  (he  folUny  ing' y  ear  :  he  yyas  ex- 
irenuMv  cliarilabl(>  uiid  relit;ioiis,  and  died  in 
1 1  >*>.">.  ' 

IT.  Don  /';■.  .Vntonio  de  .Arria^a  V  Aijiiero,  of 
(h(>  order  ofSan  .\ii;;ii-tin,  yy  ho  was  rector  of  the 
col lej;(>  (>f  Dona  Maria  (>f  .^'ragon  in  Madrid; 
(resented  tliroiii;li  his  literature  and  (<xemplarv 
ife  l(.  (his  church,  in  l(iJ'(» :  li(>  wen(  (o  lie  coiise- 
cra(ed  al  la  I'liebia  de  los  Anp'les,  and,  befor»« 
he  arriM'd  ;il  '>>s  church,  di(>(l  in  (he  (own  of 
Carrion,  in  llv    '. 

IS.  Don  /')■.  de  los  ll(\yes  Kios  lU'  la  Madrid, 
iia(iye  of  Sevilla,  and  monk  of  (h(>  order  of  vS(. 
nenedic(  :   he  obliiiiied   in    his   relij<ion    (he  em- 

Itlovs  of  mas(er,  pre;iclierj{'eiieral,  doctor  in  the(>- 
OH'V,  ami  poser  in  (he  iiiiiyersily  of  Oyiedo  :  he 
yyas  preach.er  to  Ixiiit;'  Charles  U.  and  yy;is elected 
bishop  of  il(>ndni'as,  iiay  iui>'  Ikumi  promoted beftu'e 


Iff'!! 


|)H,  Ullll'll 

Iron)  (lu!< 
Mith  tlu< 
irtiio  mill 
ill  s|)ii-i(, 
lio  t!i»'«l, 

l)is1u>)>  t)!" 
«ncr. 

utoiiiuyor, 
St.  Doini- 
r  Vmattiii 
srssioii  ill 
inu's,  WHS 
i>«<  to  \w* 
ml  silxor. 
>!'  h-liiiuil, 
tVoin  tliat 
coil  biiriU, 
ii>'    litiviii^ 
viuiii-  :   lit- 
is >    M  cu- 
ries ill  this 
iiuimissarv 
ral  »)»■   the 
ilotl    aicli- 
I  ItiTti  prii- 
'  lii>li(>|)rii', 
lit'il  ill  llu' 

tlM'    til'   tllf 

IS,  caiioiii- 
,  and  al1t>r- 
\  isor  aiul 
(>,  flootcil 
«>rti»c  lu» 
u'  was  o\- 
(I    (lied    ill 


Viiiifio,  111' 
itor  nl'tlu' 
Madrid  ; 
oxi'inplaiv 

l)»>   I'OIISC- 

iiul.  hcHtrc 
10   low  11  ul" 


III 


la  Madi'id, 
udor  1)1'  SJ. 
nil  tiio  om- 
lor  ill  tlio»>- 
,)\ioilo  :   lio 

Kis  oloi'toil 
itodliofoio 


Y  I'  C  AT  II  A  N. 


ii\7 


liooinl)Ui'l\0(l  ror(lio)iiNlui|>rio<d'Viuiilaii,iii  17(H) : 
hv  hnci'  visiioil  his  diocost*,  aiiil  in  his  liiiio  wiih 
liiiislu'd  (ho  «'oii«|iios(  ot"  (ho  proxiiuo  ol'IN'd'ii : 
ho  was  II  iii(is(  s|)iri(od  dofoiulor  of  (ho  oorlosias- 
(iial  jiirisilit'lioii,  and  diod  in  I'll. 

If).  Don  .liian  (lonio/.  do  I'arada  :  ho  whs  iuirn 
a(  Coiiipovtola,  of  (ho  Itislniprii-  of  (iiiadalaxaiu 
and  kin^'doin  dl' .Niiova  (ialitia,  was  t-olloi;ia((>  in 
(Ik'  (dd  ooll(>i;(>  ol'  !>an  lldofoiiso,  and  anorwani 
in  (hat  ol'  S.iiita  Maria  ilo  'Todos  los  Saiilos  ol' 
Moxii'o  :  III'  look  (ho  dt'S'ivo  ol'  iloctor  in  (ho 
iiiiivorr<i(v  ot'Siilainanca,  wlioro  also  ho  road  phi- 
losophy throo  voars  ;  was  prohoiid  ol'  (ho  iiiodo- 
poli(anorMo\u-o,aiidwasprosoii(od(o(holiishop- 
rio  ol'  Yiiiatan  in  171,"),  ol"  whiih  ho  (ook  pos- 
sossion  (ho  follow  iiij>' voar  ;  ho  oolohralotl  a  dio- 
co.san  sMiod,  in  which  )i.<  lahonrod  with  indofa(i!;- 
al)lc  zeal,  holli  for  the  rcforin  of  (he  occlesiastical 
and  secular  estates,  and  for  (ho  relief  of  (ho  In- 
dians, proving'  himself  to  (hem  a  perl'cct  lather; 
iiinoiijjst  (heso  ho  iiiadt<  m-w  romilatioiis,  by  onlor 
of  the  kiii^,  and  was  much  inicrostod  in  (lie  pro- 
niolioii  of  tile  ecclesiastics,  maintained  the  iiiiiis  in 
(he  tiimine  of  IT'.'.i.  and  was  promoted  (o  (ho 
bishopric  olCiiialema!;'  in  ir'-y. 

'iO.  Don  , I  nan  Ijiiiacio  ilc  I'astoitMia  y  I  rsiin. 
naliyo  of  Zacatocas  in  (he  kiiij>iloiii  of  Niioya 
(lalicia,  00110" iate  in  thecollem'  of  San  lld»-fonso 
of  Mexico,  proy  isor  ot' Indians  in  that  bishopric, 
and  commissary -s>oiieial  of  cnisado  in  Niio\a 
l''spana  :  lu>  iiad  yai  ions  pv.'lieiularii's  in  (ho 
chiircli  of  Mexico,  and  was  presiMited  (o  tliis  bi- 
shopric in  17'iJ):  manit'ested,  diiriiis'  (lio  wIk>Io 
(inio  of  his  !>oyoriimeii(,  his  iatherly  zeal,  and 
diod  in  I7,'!,'j 

-I.  Don  I'rancisco  Pablo  Matos  Coionado,  na- 
(iyoof  the  city  ofCanarias:  Iii>  stiidit<d  philosophy 
aiidijrauiniar  in  the  cony  out  of  St.  Doming),  weiit 
(hroii»h  a  course  «)f  c.uioiis  in  the  iiniyersiiy  of 
Son  ilia,  tiom  h  hence  ho  passed  to  Salamanca,  re- 
ceived yarioiis  preln'ndaries  in  the  cathedral  of 
Canarias,  ami  was  promoted  to  theaicliileaconry, 
and  from  Iheiict"  to  the  bishopric  of  Yucatan  in 
I7.'JI  ;  took  possession  in  ir.'it),  and  yisitedtho 
y»liole  of  his  bishopric  :  was  noted  for  his  litera- 
ture, jjovorned  -.  ith  liioat  prudence  and  /eal,  and 
was  promoted  to  tlio  bishopric  ot'  Mochoacaii  in 
1711. 

'2'J.  Don  /'/.  Mateo  de  /amor.i  y  I'inasjos,  im- 
(i>e  of  the  \no\o  Key  no  di-  (Jiaiuiila  :  lii>  there 
ti)ok  tine  habit  of  San  I'rancisco,  was  theoloi;ical 
doctor  in  the  iiuiyi-rsity  of  Santa  l"o,  iirticurat 


I74:i:   yjsilod  (ho  yyliolo  or(ho  diwoxo,  ntui  diod 
in  (ho  (oMii  of  Valladolid  in  1711. 

y.'>.  Don  /'/•.  l''raiicisco  do  San  ntiontiyoiidini 
Toxada  Dio/  de  \  ola-co,  of  (ho  order  of  Sail 
I'rancisco,  na(iyo  of  Si-y  ilia,  aiixiliar  to  (l:o  bi- 
shop of  Cuba,  with  (ho  title  of  Truiili,  prcsentod 
(o  (his  bishopric  ofViicalaii  ill  I7I(>:  ho  (wioe 
yisilod  (ho(li'>tvso,w  idioiit  missing  any  sodlonioiit, 
er«>c(od  the  'rritlentiuo  colloa;«\  ropaiiod  inunv 
parish  chiiirhos,  and  in  (ho  conyon(  of  Sun  I'abK) 
de  la  lii'i'ia  of  his  proyiiico  of  .Vndalucia,  built  a( 
his  owi>  cos(  a  house  of  n'clusos  l«)r  Irnd  yvonion  : 
1.0  yyas  promoloti  (o  (ho  church  of  (iiiadalaxuru 
111  \iieya  (lalicia  in  I7.V.'. 

^Ji.  Don.lnan  .losepli  i\o  Kj<iiiara  v  Kjrmon, 
iialiyo  of  Mexico  :  ho  studied  in  (hat  iiniyor!>i(y, 
wht>io  he  (o«)k  (ho  dejiito  of  doct«)r  in  thooloi'y, 
yyas  professor  of  philosophy,  consultorof  the  lioK 
oHico  of  the  iiupiisilion,  ami  author  «>f  yarioiis 
yyorks,  and  uiiioiii<st  otiiors  of  the  tirst  \oliimo  of 
the  Mexican  bible;  was  oloctoil  bishop  of  Viica- 
tiin  in  I7.'il,  but  renoiincod  this  dignity  to  the 
:;oii<ral  ro«>r«'t  of  those  who  y  ere  acipiaintod  yyilh 
)iis  y  irtne  anil  loarniii!'. 

'2'>.  Don  I'r.  Iji'iiacio  I'adilla  y  I'straila,  iiatiyo 
of  Mexico:  ho  took  the  habit  of  St.  Ani'iistiii, 
was  doctor  in  his  iiniyersiiy,  and  in  his  rolij>ioii 
professor  ()f  philosophy  and  tliooloj;\ ,  y  isilor  of 
(he  conyents  ol'(iiiaiialaxai'a  and  lia\aiia,  aritli- 
meticiaii  ami  pri)cinator-s;eiieral  of  tlit>  nroyinco 
of  ili>siis  ill  tlu>  courts  of  Madrid  ;iiul  Kome, 
elected  arclibishop  ot"  St.  Domiiii>o,  where  he 
ijoyornod  till  17,')*.?,  and  tiom  whence  ho  was 
promoted  to  (liis  chuicli:  he  was  a  most  /ealoiis 
dol'eiuier  ot"  the  tlis;iiil\ ,  \>as  extremely  biMioticent, 
and  succoineil  by  his  liberality  tlio  coiiyent  of 
nuns  of  I. a  ("oiicepcion,  ami  died  in  I7ti(). 

V().  Don  A'r.  .Viitonio  .VIc;ildo,  of  (ho  order  of 
St.  Domiiii;o,  iiatiye  nf  the  town  of  Zi»'alos  in 
(he  bisjiopric  of  \'alladoli,l :  he  yyas  locdirer  of 
art"^,  master  of  the  students,  and  lecturer  of  (heo- 
lo!;y,'.?(»  years:  he  \uis  nominated  prior  of  (ho 
conyoid  ol"  /amora,  and  al\«M'wards  of  \  riyordo, 
yv!i»Mi>  lit>  remained  nine  years,  and  aUerwards 
(•{"Soijoyia,  althoiu'li  he  diil  not  till  this  ollico,  as 
ha\iiii>'  boon  presented  by  the  Ixiiii;  to  tlie  bi- 
shopric of  Vuc.itiiii  in  I7()l  :  lie  was  lonsev'rated 
at  ("artaijena  of  till"  Indies,  and  look  possi  ssion 
in  I7t),'l,  and  promoitd  to  (inadalaxara  in  !??.'>. 

V?7.  Doll  Dioito  I'oredo, 

V?S.  Doll  /"('.. Inaii  Manuel  d«' \  aii;''*'^  v  Ui\era, 
ftlio  onh'i    of  \ nostra  Senora  de   l,:i    Merc»>il, 


o,  procurator     ta  tlio  onli'i    »)t   .xnestra  >em)ra  ile   l,:i 


lii.li'r  ol"  the  conxent  ol"  l\i 


jjenoral  in  the  courts  of  Madrid  and  Home,  cn/i/i       iiati-. e  of  Lima,  li'iiiiiu 

tiiiliir  of  the   holy    ollico.  and  elected   bishop   i)»"     naiiia  in  the  kini;doiu  of   Tierra  l"irme:   ho  went 

\  iicutan  in  1711,  of  \\liicli  ho  took  possession  .n     to  Spain,  whero  he  was  honoiired  with  tlicdo!;i»'o 


'=.    ij 


'ti«^ 


■ .  '<  w 


\^'  . 


(ill 


tr  5 


438 


Y  IJ  I 


of  father  of  the  province,  and  presenteil  to  the 
bishopric  of  Chiapii,  from  wlience  he  was  pro- 
moted to  this  of  Yucatan  in  1 70 1,  although  he 
died  Ijefore  he  took  possession. 

29.  Don  Antonio  Caballero  y  Gongora,  pro- 
moted to  the  l>isho|)ric  of  8anta  Fe  in  tne  Nuevo 
Reyno  de  Granada  in  1777. 

30.  Don  I'r.  Luis  de  Pina  y  Mazo,  of  the  order 
of  San  Ueni*o. 

YIJCAY,  Santiago  de,  a  settlement  of  the 
province  of  Urubamba  in  Peru.  It  has  a  con- 
vent of  religious  recoletans  of  San  Francisco,  is 
situate  in  a  pleasant,  fertile,  and  spacious  valley, 
of  a  benign  tcmpernture,  and  abounding  in  all 
kinds  of  vegetable  productions.  In  this  settle- 
ment died  the  Prince  Sayri  Tupac  Inca,  after  a 
three  years  retirement :  he  had  acquired  the  title 
of  Bautismo  Don  Diego  Inca,  ;:.iid  was  the  last 
monarch  of  Peru,  having  renounced  his  empire 
and  his  rights  to  the  king  of  Spain  :  he  was  son  of 
Manco  Inca,  and  nephew  of  the  Emperor  Huas- 
car  Inca. 

[YUCUATL,  the  Indian  name  of  No.tka 
Island ;  which  see.] 

YUCUL,  a  settlement  of  the  province  a.id 
correginiiento  of  Chancay  in  Peru ;  annexed  t-i 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Canchas. 

YUCUNDUCHE,  Santiago  de,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  akaldia  mat/or  of  Nochiztlan  in 
Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  75  families  of  In- 
dians, applied  to  the  cultivation  and  commerce  of 
cotton  and  cochineal.  Two  leagues  n.  of  its 
capital. 

YUECHI,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
the  akuld'a  mayor  of  Villalta  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  contains  61  families  of  Indians,  and  is  four 
leagues  <t.  of  its  capital. 

YIJHUARI,  a  river  of  the  province  and  coun- 
try of  Las  Amazonas,  which  runs  nearly  duen.  in 
the  tcmtory  of  the  Omaguas  Indians,  and  enters 
the  river  of  Las  Amazonas. 

YIIY,  a  river  of  the  province  and  country  and 
government  of  Buenos  Ayres,  which  runs  from 
s.  c.  to  «.  xij.  and  enters  the  Uruguay,  opposite 
the  settlement  of  the  missions  called  Santa  Maria. 
On  its  shores  the  Indians  martyred  the  Fathers 
Roque  Gonzalez  de  Santa  Cruz,  Alonzo  Rodri- 
giie/,  and  Juan  del  Castillo,  of  the  order  of  the 
Jesuits,  in  1638. 

YUINEIMV,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Paraguay,  which  runs  e.  collecting 
the  wal(  r-i  of  many  other  rivers,  and  enters  by 
(he  ic.  side  into  the  Grande  del  Parana. 

Yl  IPA,  a  small  river  of  the  same  province 
and  government  as  the  former.  It  runs  to  ii.n  w. 


Y  U  N 

and  enters  the  Uruguay,  between  those  of  Aguas 
and  Baju. 

[YlilSPIN,  or  Jesus  Nazareno,  a  settle- 
ment of  Indians  of  the  province  and  government 
of  Buenos  Ayres ;  situate  about  60  miles  to  the 
s.  w.  of  San  Lucia,  on  a  branch  of  the  Parana,  in 
lat.  29°  43'  30"  s.  long.  60°  20'  30"  rr.] 

YULIJC,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  cor- 
regimiento  of  Loxa  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 

YUMA,  an  island  of  the'N.Sea,  one  of  the 
Lucayas,  called  also  Exuma.  It  was  discovered 
by  Christopher  Columbus.  It  lies  n.  ofthe  island 
of  Cuba,  and  s.  of  that  of  San  Salvador  ;  is  22 
leagues  lono;  and  seven  wide,  and  inhabited  by 
Caribee  Indians. 

YUMBA,  Bay  of,  on  the  s.  coast  ofthe  island 
of  St.  Domingo,  between  the  island  of  Saona  and 
the  point  of  Espada. 

YuMBEL,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Itala  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile. 
It  is  the  frontier  of  the  Araucanos  Indians,  and 
on  that  accpiint  has  a  fort  to  defend  the  limits. 
This  fort  was  besieged  by  those  barbarians  in 
1743,  br.t  they  were  obliged  to  desist  from  their 
attempt  with  great  loss. 

YIJMBO,  a  settlement  ofthe  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Popujan,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 
Granada. 

YUME,  a  river  ofthe  province  and  country  of 
Las  Amazonas.  It  runs  e.  and  enters  the  Ma- 
raiion. 

YUMETO,  an  island  ofthe  N.  Sea,  one  ofthe 
Lucayas,  discovered  by  Christopher  Columbus,  and 
situate  under  the  tropic,  to  the  n.  of  the  island  of 
Cuba.  It  is  1.5  leagues  long,  and  inhabited  by 
Caribee  Indians. 

YUNA,  a  large  river  of  St.  Domingo,  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  ofthe  centre  of  tne  island, 
runs  to  M.  M.  e.  and  near  the  town  of  Cotuy 
turns  its  coui'se  to  s.  s.  c.  and  enters  the  sea  in 
the  Bay  of  Samami,  forming  several  islands  at  its 
mouth. 

YUNDUZA,  Santa  Cruz  de,  a  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  the  akaldUi  mayor  of  Te- 
pozcolula  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  116 
families  of  Indians,  who  live  by  the  cultivation 
of  wheat,  maize,  and  French-beans.  It  is  of  a 
cold  temperature,  and  is  11  leagues  e.  by  s.  of  its 
capital. 

YUNGA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
forreg/wiVw/o  of Conchucos  in  Peru;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  San  Marcos. 

YUNGAI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Huailas,  in  the  same  kingdom  as 
the  former.     It  is  large  and  populous,  contains- 


Y  U  R 


Y  U  R 


439 


f  Aguas 

1  settle- 
ernment 
i  to  the 
rana,  in 


and  cor' 

lito. 

e  of  the 

scovered 

he  island 

ir ;  is  22 

bited  by 

he  island 
aona  and 

nnce  and 
of  Chile. 
lianR,  and 
he  limitp. 
tarians  in 
irom  their 

ce  and  go- 
Reyno  de 

country  of 
3  the  Ma- 
one  of  the 
imbus,  and 
ic  island  of 
habited  by 

go,  which 

le  island, 

of  Cotuy 

the  sea  in 

ands  at  its 

ead  settle- 

^or  of  Te- 

ntains  116 

cultivation 

It  is  of  a 

jy  s.  of  its 

ovince  and 

innexed  to 

arcos. 

ovince  and 
in^doni  as 
s,  contain  ■ 


two  parishes,  and  in  its  vicinity,  in  a  ravine,  are 
to  be  seen  the  niins  of  another  settlement,  called 
Ancas,  which  contained  about  1,500  inhabitants, 
all  of  whom  perished  by  a  sudden  inundation, 
from  the  irrnption  of  a  great  mountain  of  snow, 
occasioned  by  an  earthquake  which  took  place 
here  on  January  6,  1725. 

YUNGAS,  a  race  of  people  who  live  retired 
to  the  n.  c.  of  the  province  and  government  of 
Guayaquil,  in  the  lands  which  a*  .-  bounded  by 
the  s.  w.  by  the  province  of  L{  .iTcunga  in  the 
kingdom  ol  Quito,  and  toward  An^amarca.  They 
are  Mustees,  Mulattoes,  and  other  casts.  They 
sow  and  cultivate  tobacco,  cotton,  and  cacao;  are 
scattered,  and  independent  of  all  government  and 
subjection,  and  also  amongst  them  are  some  In- 
dians of  the  ancient  nation  of  the  Yungas,  from 
whom  they  have  taken  their  name.  They  are 
half  Christians,  but  have  neither  instruction  or 
parish.    They  are  also  called  the  Colorados. 

YTNGlir,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
cmregimiento  of  Chancay  in  Peru ;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Iguari. 

YUNGLJYO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregiiniento  of  Omasuyos  in  the  same  kingdom 
as  the  former;  situate  in  the  peninsula  of  Copa- 
cavana  ot  the  great  lake  Titicaca. 

YUNGUI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Chucuito  in  the  same  kingdom  as 
the  former;  situate  e.  of  the  town  of  Moquehua. 

YUNTA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Tucuman  in  Peru  ;  situate  in  the 
barren  tract  of  the  salines  to  the  n.  o?  the  settle- 
ment of  Ambargasta. 

YUPAN,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimknto  of  Conchucos  in  Peru ;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Llapo. 

YD  PAN  A,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Cumana;  wliicli  rises  in  the  sierra 
of  Imataca,  runs  s.  and  enters  the  Cuyuni  by  the 
w.  side. 

YLTPURA.— See  Caqueta. 

YUQn,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay.  It  is  small,  and  enters  the 
river  of  this  name,  nearly  opncsite  the  Yabebiri, 
which  conies  from  Chaco. 

YUQUIPA,  Santa  ana  de,  a  settlement  of 
the  province  and  government  of  Quixos  and 
Macas,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 

YURA,  a  settlement  of  the  jrovince  and  cor- 
regimiento  of  Colluhuas  in  Poiu;  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Llota.  It  has, 
at  a  league's  distance,  a  mountain  of  lime-stone, 
which  article  they  prepare  in  ovens,  and  carry  for 
sale  to  various  parts, especially  to  Arequipa,  which 
is  seven  leagues  oft*. 


YURACARES,  a  river  of  the  province  and 

fovernment  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Siena,  in  Peru, 
t  rises  in  the  cordillira,  from  various  streams 
which  unite,  runs  n.  and  enters  the  Marmore,  in 
the  cojintry  of  the  Indians,  from  whence  it  takes 
its  name. 

YD  RAN  I,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Guayana  ;  wiiich  rises  ''••om  a  lake 
in  the  mountains  of  the  c.  coast,  ri  ns  from  m.  to 
s.  and  enters  the  river  Cuyuni  just  before  this 
joins  the  sea. 

yURAYACO,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  correghniento  of  Chancay  in  Peru  :  annexed 
to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Canchas. 

YURI,  a  small  river  of  the  provine.  diid  go- 
vernment of  Guayana  or  Nueva  Andalucia.  It 
rises  in  the  sierra  of  Maiguatida ;  runs  e.  and 
enters  the  Arebato. 

YURIMA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  corre- 
giiniento of  Pomabamba  in  Peru.  It  runs  n.  and 
turning  its  cour«e  to  e.  forming  an  S.  enters  into 
the  large  river  Beni. 

YURIMAGUAS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  In- 
dians, inhabiting  the  woods  s.  of  the  Marafion, 
in  the  missions  of  Mainas,  which  were  held  by 
the  Jesuits.  There  is  a  settlement  of  these  In- 
dians reduced  to  the  Catholic  faith  by  those  mis- 
sionaries, and  named  Nuestra  Sefiora  de  las 
Nieves  de  los  Yurimagua«.  This  settlement  is 
on  the  shore  of  the  river  Guallaga. 

YURIMOS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians, 
but  little  known,  inhabiting  the  woods  n.  of  the 
river  Iza  or  Putumayu. 

Yr_RIRAPUNDARO,  a  head  settlement  of 
the  district  of  the  a/caldia  nmj/or  of  Zelaya,  in 
the  province  and  bishopric  of  Mechoacan.  It 
contains  485  families  of  Indians,  and  a  convent 
of  the  religious  of  San  Agustin,  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  buildings  in  the  whole  kingdom  :  15 
lenaues  ,v.  lo.  of  its  capital,  and  is  generally 
called  Yurira  for  brevity. 

YURMASICA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corregiiniento  of  Chachapoyas  in  Peru. 

YUIirifA,  a  territory  and  country  of  great 
extent,  occupied  formerly  by  the  nation  of  the 
Aguas  Indians,  on  the  s.  shore  of  the  river  Ma- 
rafion. At  present  nothing  is  known  but  its 
name. 

Yl-'RU,  Besni,  orMiTRiA.  A  river  of  the 
province  and  country  of  las.Vmazonas,  i'ccording 
to  Mr.  Bellin.  It  runs  nearly  from  k.  to  r.  and 
enters  the  Rio  Negro. 

YURUA,  a  large  river  of  the  kinj^^dom  of 
Peru ;  the  origin  of  whicli  is  little  known,  as  the 
river  runs  through  the  countries  of  infidel  In- 
'ans,  until  it  enters  the  Marailon.    The  geo- 


■<■      '". 


.     i 


i      I 


M. :. 


440 


Y  U  R 


Y  Z  A 


f3 


f    f 


rnplior,  Don  Juan  «lo  la  CrwT,  ({xioling;  ^^r. 
Jowolassoiis,  that  it  is  tlio  Yurha  tliat  is  tlic  same 
as  tlio  Aniai-nniava,  and  nol  the  Yniiia,  as  afi-«nd- 
inji;  to  tho  fathiM-Muiuiol  Hodrijrnoz  in  his  liistoi')' 
of  tlio  Maranon,  whno  lie  niakosits  source  in  tin; 
mountains  of  the  Antlosof  Cnclioa,  and  says,  that 
artor  running  nuinv  leagues  t«)  m.  it  turns  r.  and 
al\er\vards  returns  to  its  lirst  course:  and,  in  the 
territory  and  country-  of  the  Curiauis  Indians, 
enters  tlie  Maranon. 

Yrin'A,  a  small  island  of  the  coast  of  Rrasil, 
opposite  that  of  Marajo,  between  those  of  Ma- 
chiana  and  Alitatis. 

Y I  ■  H  r  A  N 1 ,  n  snuUl  river  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  Surinam,  belonging  to  the  Dutch.  It 
is  one  of  those  which  enter  the  Caroni  by  the  ii. 
side. 

YriuAM,  another,  also  small,  of  the  same 
))ro\inco.  It  runs  r.  and  enters  the  Caura  above 
the  rapid  stream  of  the  Ciiapara. 

Yl'Hl  AUK),  a  river  of  the  province  and 
novernmont  of  (Juayana  or  Nueva  Audalucia. 
it  rises  from  a  lake  which  is  in  the  mountains  to 
tiu^  <.:  it  runs  from  ii.  to  .v.  and  enters  the  Cur- 
guni,  just  l)efore  this  joins  tlie  sea. 

Yuui'Aitio,  a  settlement  of  the  same  pro- 
\  ince ;  a  rrdiiccion  t  f  Indians  bv  the  Capuchin 
Fatliers,  situate  on  the  shore  of  the  former 
river. 

Yl'WrHASI,  a  river  of  the  province  and  couu- 
try  of  las  .Aina/onas  :  which  rises  n.  of  the  lake 
Cumapi,  and  from  a  waste-water  of  the  arm  of 
the  same  lake.  It  runs  c.  and  enleis  the  river 
Negro,  opposite  one  of  the  arms  of  the  river 
Parinui. 

Yl  IM  HK(  HI,  or  Mahia,  a  river  of  the 
sauK"  jn(>\ince  and  lountrv  as  lli  ■  former,  in  the 
district  possessed  bv  the  I'ortugi.iso.  It  rises  in 
the  territory  of  the  (Irellndos  Indians,  runs  c. 
inclining  to  ,«.  c.  for  manv  leagues,  and  enters, 
verv  abiuuiantlv,  into  tlie  Negro,  opposite  the 
moiitli  of  tlie  (Vvbaburv.  Mr.  de  ia  (  oudamine 
ciills  it  Yiuubesa,  anil  savs,  that  it  enters  the 
aforesaid  in  lat.  4'i'  >. 

YlUl  HA,  a  fertile  and  beautiful  \aUev  of 
tlie  province  and  f()>T<g/w/(«/r>  of  Maule,  in  the 
kiiiij'doin  of  Chile. 

Yl  HIPA.  a  large  and  verv  abundant  river 
of  the  NucMi  Heyno  de  (uanada.  It  is  in  ils 
origin  .m  arm  of  the  ("aipuMa,  which,  increasing 
itself  as  it  aoes  along,  becomes  so  large  fron> 
collcctiu!;-  llie  waters  of  other  rivers,  as,  tipon 
entering  llie  Maranon,  to  have  been  fr»'qneutly 
mistaken  lor  the  Orinoco. 

Yl  KL  SNIES,  abarbarous  nation  of  Indians, 


who  dwell  II.  of  the  river  Maranon  :  always  unite*: 
with  the  nations  of  the  I<piitos,  the  :!apatoas, 
an<l  the  Abixiras,  t«i  nuike  war  against  ihe  C'hel 
velos.     It  is  ferocious  though  not  unnu<rous. 

YUT.AI,  or  Yktah,  or  Yata,  [known  also  in 
the  English  maps  by  the  name  of  .Inlay,]  a  large 
and  nu)st  abundant  river  of  the  k'ingdtun  of 
I'eru,  [which  rises  from  the  large  lake  of  Hogna- 
guado,  which  is  about  ISO  miles  r.  ».  r.  of  Ouzco, 
runs  w.,  and  enters  the  Maranon,  or  .Amazouas, 
near  the  settlenuMits  of  Traquetamha,  by  the  ,v. 
part,  in  lat.  '2""  40'  s.]  It  is  much  renowned  tor 
it:i  riches,  and  for  the  multitude  of  luttions 
which  inhabit  its  shores;  such  as  the  Tipunas, 
(iuanatus,  O/naiuis,  Mornns,  Nonas,  Conomo- 
nuis,  Mariamis,  and  Omaguas,  which  are  those 
wh''  dwell  nearest  to  Peru.  These  nations  wear 
attached  to  their  ears  and  nostrils  large  pieces  of 
gold.  This  was,  according  to  the  I-'ather  Acuna, 
the  province,  to  the  discovery  «)f  which  IVdro  de 
I'rsna  went  otit  by  order  «)f  the  viceroy,  the 
Marcpiis  of  Ciinete,  but  which  he  did  nol  tind 
from  having  uuide  his  erdrance  by  a  branch  of 
this  river,  which  rur. ,  some  leagues  below  ;  so'Iuit 
when  he  entered  the  Maranon,  these  nations  of 
Intlians  lay  higher  up,  and  it  was  impossible  for 
him  to  go  back  to  find  them,  owing  to  the  im- 
petus of  the  currents,  according  to  the  geo- 
grapher, Don  .Inan  de  la  Cruz.  Mr.  De  Lisle 
names  this  river  Otapari. 

Yttai,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernmiMit  of  Cueiica,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito ; 
situate  on  the  shore  of  the  riv<M'  Abeiico. 

Yl'TI.  a  settlement  of  the  prov  iice  and  go- 
vernment of  I'aragtmy.  situate  on  the  shore  of 
the  Tebi(|uarigua/a :  [on  the  road  from  \'ilhi 
liica  to  Candelaria ;  and  about  [tO  miles  from 
the  former  :  in  lat.  'J()^  oh'  .0(j"  .<. ;  long.  56"  10' 
48"  u\] 

Yl  YAPAHI.     SeeOiiiNoro. 

YAVAPOY,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Ciuayi>:i.i,  in  the  part  belonging  to 
the  Dutch. 

YAV\\SFiE,  a  settlement  of  Indians  of  the 
j)rovince  and  colony  of  N.  Carolina,  situate  «)n 
tlie  >-hore  of  the  river  I'juphasee. 

YZA,  a  territory  «>r  extensive  country  of  tlu! 
nation  of  Imlians,  called  the  Moscas  or  \luiscas, 
in  the  Nuevo  HeyiU)  <le  (Jirana<la,  in  the  r.  part 
of  Pogota,  and  .v.  ( .  of  Tiuidanui.  It  was  dis- 
covered and  entered  pacilically  by  duan  de  .St. 
Martin,  in  \:)37  :   it  has  a  settlement  of  its  name. 

YzA.  a  river.     SeePiTisiAVo. 

YZA  I  A  N  Di:.     See  Is(ju  A  n  oii. 


Z  A  C 


/  A  C 


441 


)  united 

10  Che- 
ns. 

also  ill 
a  large 
loin  of 
\{  ogua- 
'  (hi/xo, 
iHzonus, 
y  (lie  ,«. 
vneA  lor 

nations 
ripiinas, 
Jononio- 
re  those 
ms  wear 
pieces  of 
r  Anifui, 
I'edro  (le 
•rov,  the 
not  tind 
ranch  ol" 
y  ;  so'-iat 
lations  «>!" 
ssihle  for 

the  ini- 
thc  geo- 
De  Lisle 

[<  and  po- 
f  Qnito; 
>. 
and  e;o- 
iAwxw  of 
oni  V  ilia 
iles   from 


and  go- 
onging  to 


z. 


of  the 
ituute  on 


lis 


trv  of  tlie 

Nluiscas, 

\e  <\  part 

was  dis- 

lau  de  S). 

its  name. 


ZABALETAS,  a  8cttlcmonl  of  theprcvincc  and 
government  of  Antiocpiia,  in  the  Nucvo  Ueyno 
de  Cranada  ;  nitnate  near  tlie  const  of  the  S.  nea, 
on  tlie  Hliore  of  tlie  river  of  Buenaventura. 

ZACAN,  Santa  Ana  nr.,  a  liend  Hettlement 
of  the  district  of  the  ulatliiia  mat/or  of  Cordoba, 
in  Niieva  Kspana.  It  contaiiiH  JJ^  faniilieH  of 
Indians,  live  of  Spanianis,  and  four  of  Mustees : 
four  leagues  ».  ;/.  <<<.  of  its  capital. 

ZACANFIUAIilN,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settldinent  of  the  district  of  Atengo,  and  ahalditi 
niai/orol'  ('hilapa,  in  NucvaEspana  :  six  leagues 
w.  of  its  head  settlement. 

ZACAPALA,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
nient  and  akalilla  mat/or  of  Antlan,  in  Nueva 
Espana.  It  contains  ^iO  families  of  Indians,  and 
is  three  leagues  s.  tc.  of  its  head  settlement. 

ZACAPO,  Santa  Ana  of,,  u  settlement  of 
the  head  settlement  of  the  district  ofTiriiid.ro 
and  nIatldUt  nioi/or  of  Valladolid,  in  the  province 
and  bishopric  of  Mcchoaran,  situate  in  a  spa- 
cious plain  of  a  mild  temperature.  In  its  vici- 
nity, towards  the  M.  is  a  spring  of  Mater,  wliich 
forms  a  small  river,  and  runs  c.  and  enters  a 
lake.  It  has  in  it  a  convent  of  the  religious  of 
San  I'rancisco.  Its  population  is  composed  of 
80  families  of  Indians,  applied  to  the  cuitivatiou 
of  the  land,  including  those  who  inhabit  live 
ruiuhos  in  its  district :  12  leagues  n.  of  its 
capital. 

ZACAPUASTLA,  a  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  the  ulcaldiu  moijor  of  San  Juan  de  los 
Llanos  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  contains  300  fa- 
milies of  Indians,  and  40  of  Spaniards,  Mulat- 
tocs,  and  JMuslees,  including  those  of  the  wards 
of  its  district,  who  arc  occupied  in  agriculture : 
seven  leagues  nw.  of  its  capital. 

ZACAPIIATO,  a  small  settlement  of  the 
head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Cu/amala,  and 
fl/c«W/«  Mi«yor  of  A  zuchitlan  in  Nueva  Espana: 
on  the  shore  of  the  river,  which  they  call  de  los 
Bejucos,  the  waters  of  which  diminish  in  the 
suniiner-timc,  though  in  the  winter  they  swell 
to  such  a  size  as  to  be  extremely  ditficult  aii'l 
dangerous  to  pass.  The  settlement  is  situate 
half  a  league  from  the  high  road ;  is  of  a  hot 
and  dry  temperature,  and  consequently  barren 
ill  vegetable  productions.      In  its    vicinity  is   a 

vol,,  v. 


large  estate,  in  which   the    inhabitants  are  em- 
ployed as  labourers,  and  at  the  distance  of  four 
leagues  is  a   mineral   of  silver,  caMed    Alva   do 
Liste;  which,  although   it  has  fallen  int(»  some 
decay,  from  the  little  metal  that  it  yiehls,  is  still 
worked.       Near  to   the   settlement   is  a  sugar- 
engine,  and  some   raiirhos,   in    which  are   bred 
some  large  cattle,  this  being  the  chief  branch  of 
commerce.     In  the  aforesaid  places,  and   in  the 
settlement,  dwell  li  families   of  Spaniards,  (j  of 
JMuslees,  20  of  Mulattoes,  and  'i\  «»f  Indians. 

/A(.'AI*ULA,  a  settlement  of  the  kingdom  of 
Guatemala. 

^ACATA,  a  settlement  and  asienio  of  silver 
mines  of  the  province  and  government  of  Chii- 
quito  in  Peru,  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  Juli. 
In  its  district  are  two  chapels  at  two  salines,  by 
which  the  whole  of  the  province  is  supplied. 

ZACATECAS,  a  province  and  nieuldia  vwi/or 
of  the  kingdom  of  INJueva  (lalicia  and  bishopric 
of  Ciuadalaxara  ;  bounded  e.  by  the  province  of 
Panuco;  m.  by   that   of  Chiametlan  ;   ti.    by  the 
kingdom  of  Nueva  Vizcaya  ;  ,v.  by  the  province 
of  Ciuadalaxara  ;  ,«.  w.  Iiy  that  of  "Xalisco ;  «.  w. 
by  that  of  Culiacan.     It  is  situate  in  the  tropic 
of   Cancer,    and   is  in   length  upwards  of  100 
leagues  fr«"ii  e.  to  xv.  and  bit  in   width  at   the 
broadest    part,  narrowing   very    much  at   other 
parts  ;    [but,  according  to  the  most  recent  infor- 
mation, it   is  210  miles  long  from  ;/.  to  .v.  and 
177  wide  from  e,  to  ro.J     The   tem|)erature  is 
generally  dry  and  cold ;  on  which  account,  the 
frosts  and  snows  are  in  the  winter  very  preva- 
lent.    The  territory  is  rugged  and  mountainous, 
but  very  ricli,  and  abounding  in  minerals  of  sil- 
ver, these  afl'ording  its  i)rinci|jal  commerci!,  and 
being  the  branch  by  which  it  has  been  much  en- 
riched.    This  province  is  indeed  one  of  the  most 
opulent  of  N.  Ameri-ja.     In  the  n.  part,  which 
is  somewhat  less  craggy   and  more   temperate, 
there  are  found  in  abundance  wheat  and  other 
vegetable  productions ;  and  in  the  woods  are  birds 
and  animals  of  the  chase.     It  is  also  one  of  the 
best  peopled  provinces  of  this  kingdom. 

[Ihis  last  assertion  of  Alcedo  is  peculiarly  at 
variance  with  later  writers,  for  (says  liu.iiboldt) 
the  province  of  Zacatecas  is  singularly  ill  peo- 
plctf,  and  consists  of  a  mountainous  and  arid 


■  ! 


4i2 


Z  A  C 


Z  A  C 


i 


H.i  « 


l^' 


triict,  exposed  to  u  continual  inclemcncv  of  cli- 
niiito.  It  is  Imnndcd  (by  his  desn-iption)  on  tli«> 
ti.  I)y  tlu>  intondnncy  oi'  Dnriiniro ;  on  the  c.  hy 
the  intendiinry  oC  San  Luis  Potosi ;  on  the  s.  hy 
the  pi'ovince  of  (iuanaxnato ;  and  on  tliu  w.  by 
that  of  (iiiadahixara.  Its  greatest  lenj^jth  is  8,0 
leatrnes,  and  its  greatest  breadth  from  Sond)rerete 
to  the  Ueal  de  Uamos,  f)!  Iea!>;nes. 

The  inten'huicv  of  Zaeatecas  is  nearly  of  the 
same  extent  with  Switzerland,  uhich  it  resembles 
in  many  feoloj^ical  points  of  view.  The  relative 
popniaiion  is  hardly  ecpial  to  that  of  Sweden. 

The  table-lnnd,  which  forms  tiie  centre  of  the 
intcndancy  of  Zacatecas,  and  which  rises  to  more 
than  2,000  metres,  or  (),r)()l  feet,  in  heijrht,  is 
formed  of  Sienites,  a  rock  on  which  repose,  nc- 
cordin:;  to  the  excellent  observations  of  M.  Va- 
lencia, (who  wrote  a  very  interestinj;  description 
of  the  mines  of  Zacatecas)  strata  of  prindtive 
schistus  and  schistous  cidorites  (ililoritlisvliirfrr. ) 
The  schistns  forms  the  base  of  the  nionnlnins  of 
grau:iiic/,c  and  trappish  porphvry.  North  of  the 
town  of  Zacatecas  are  idne  small  lakes  abonnd- 
injj  in  muriate,  and  especially  carbonate  of  soda. 
This  carlninate,  which, from  the  old  Mexican  word 
tc(jiii.n/ui/it,  ffoes  l)v  the  name  of  tequescpdte,  is 
of  jyreat  use  in  thedissolvinjj  of  the  muriates,  and 
of  the  sulphiirets  of  silver.  M.  (Jarces,anadvocate 
of  Zacatecas,  has  recently  fixed  the  attention  of 
his  countrymen  on  the  te(pies(iuite,  which  is  also 
to  l)e  found  at  Zacualco,  between  Valladolid  and 
((uadalaxara,  in  the  valley  of  San  l''rancisco,  near 
San  li\ns  Potosi,  at  .Acuscpdlco,  near  the  mines  of 
Bolanos,  at  Chorro  near  Duranjjo,  and  in  five 
lakes  around  the  town  of  Chihuahua.  The  cen- 
tral table-land  of  Asia  is  not  more  rich  in  soda 
than  Mexico. 

The  population  of  the  intendancy  of  Zacatecas 
amounted  in  ISO.'},  to  l,53,JOO  souls  :  the  extent 
of  surface  in  square  leagues  is  2,'j,5,'),  s>iviiio'  (),5 
inhabitants  to  the  same  leaj^ues. 

The  most  remarkable  places  of  this  intendancy 
are, 

Zacatecas,  IVesnillo,  Sombrcrete. 
Besides  these  three  places,  the  intendancy  of 
Zacatecas  contains  also  interesting;  metalliferous 
seams  near  the  Sierra  de  Pinos,  C'haichisjiiilec, 
San  Mii^iiel  del  Mezquitas,  and  Mazapil.  It  was 
this  province  also,  which  in  the  mine  of  the 
Vela  Nejjra  de  Sombrcrete,  exhibited  an  example 
of  tiie  sireatcst  wealth  of  any  scam  yet  disco- 
vered in  the  two  hemispheres.] 

The  capital  is  the  city  of  the  same  name  : 
founded  in  a   spot,  convenient  from  its  proxi- 


mity, to  the  rich  silver  mines  which  were  di.sco- 
vered  by  J  nan  de  T<dosa,  and  wlio  was  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  this  town.  It  stands  in  a 
narrow  pass,  formed  by  the  sirratiiu  of  the 
mines :  and  on  this  account,  alth«>ii^h  the  toMii 
be  large,  since  its  population  exceeds  ,'),0()0  fa- 
milies of  Spaniards,  A/iislres,  and  Miilattoes,  i( 
has  only  one  street,  the  houses  occupyiniy  the 
heights  on.  both  sides,  so  that  although   the   su- 

I)erior  edifices  are  lofly,  the  huts  exceed  in 
leight  the  highest  towers.  [Averaging  five  per- 
sons in  each  family,  the  population  has  consi- 
derably increased  of  late  years,  since  Humboldt 
states  it  at  present  at  .'j.'J,'000  souls.]  It  has  a 
great  number  of  nobility,  who  enjoy  themselves 
III  consequence  of  the  riches  of  the  mines,  which 
are  M'orked  by  a  great  number  of  hands.  The 
houses  are  beautiful,  and  in  their  erection  much 
care  has  been  taken  to  supply  the  delects  of  the 
sloping  ground  ;  and  the  quality  of  these  build- 
ings differ  much  in  proportion  (o  the  wealth  of 
the  occupiers.  It  has,  besides  the  parish  church, 
convents  of  the  religious  of  San  Domingo,  San 
Francisco,  San  Agnstin,  la  Merced,  a  college 
which  belonged  to  the  .Jesuits,  and  an  hospital  of 
San  .liian  de  Dios.  It  is  of  a  cold  temperature, 
and  at  one  league's  distance  to  the  e. ;  it  has  a 
sumptuous  temple  and  sanctuary  of  N  nostra 
Senora  dc  Guadalupe,  an<l  a  college  of  Francis- 
can missionaries,  from  which  went  forth,  the  first 
of  this  order,  who  undertook  the  conversion  of 
the  Indians  in  the  province  of  los  Asinais,  or  of 
Texas,  .with  the  assistance  of  the  venerable 
Father  J'r.  Antonio  Margil  de  .lesns,  and  hia 
companion  J'r.  Isidro  Felix  de  Kspinosa.  [This 
city  is  g.'jO  miles  ff.  w.  zo.  of  Mexico,  HO  n.  e.  of 
Giiadalaxara,  and  !10,«  e.  of  Durango.  In  lat. 
SJ*^  1'  II.  and  long.  101^  3.'i'  w.'] 

ZA(:.\TF.rAs,  a  settlement  and  rcnf  of  mines  of 
the  above  province  and  afcald'tn  maj/or,  situate 
three  leajriies  from  the  capital. 

[ZACATl'LA.  a  small  sea-port  of  the  S.  Sea, 
on  the  frontiers  of  the  intendancy  of  Valladolid, 
between  the  ports  of  SiguantanejoaiuK'olima.] 

ZAC.ATZAN  OE  i.as  Mauzanas.  A  juris- 
diction iun\  ofaildid  iiiaijor  o(  Nueva  Espana.  It 
is  of  a  cold  temperature,  but  very  fertile,  and 
abounding  in  fruit,  cotton,  beans,  vetches,  aird 
maize,  of  which  it  gathers  three  crops  a  year.  It 
fattens  a  considerable  portion  of  swine  cattle, 
and  in  these  carries  on  a  great  trade,  as  well  as 
in  horses  and  small  cattle,  of  all  of  which  it  has 
breeds.  It  is  one  of  the  best  peopled  jurisdic- 
tions, and  contains  the  following  settlements  : 


f.-A    -t 


Z  A  C 


Z  A  C 


443 


San 


he  S.  Sea, 
lladolid, 
olimu.] 
A  juris- 
v.ma.    It 
tile,  and 
lioii,  and 
year.    It 
10  cattle, 
well  as 
•li  it  has 
jurisdic- 
ncnts : 


Santiago, 

8.  Juan  Aqiiistla, 

S.  Balta/ar, 

Sta.  Catalina  Mar- 

San  Cliristoval, 
Tepexcoqiiatm, 
S.  Mi^nel  Tanaco, 
San  Juan     Aluin- 

catlan, 
San  Francisco, 
San  Marcos, 
Sta.  IVIarialxtcpcc, 
S.  Francisco  Cax- 

luiacan, 
San  Juan, 
San  Miguel, 
San  Mateo, 
Santa  Barbara, 
San  Andres, 
San  Antonio, 
San  Simon, 
Santa  Maria, 
Santo  Tonias, 
San  Mifiuel, 
S.  Joaepli 


La  IVfagdalcna, 

Santa  Marin, 

Olintln, 

San  Salvador Iluehuet- 

Ian , 
Santa  Catarina, 
San  (jeronimo, 
Xnxupanso, 
Santiago  Cgyay, 
Santa  Maria    Zapotit- 

lan, 
San  Francisco  Tapay- 

ula, 
San  Pedro  Comocautla, 
Nacatlan, 

S.  Sebastian  Tuctla, 
Santiago  Hitcilan, 
Santa    Maria    Zomco- 

lotla, 
San  Andres  Tcutalpun, 
San  Antonio, 
Xolapa, 
Cliilaque, 
S.  Pedro  Tlaolin, 
San  Andres  ('liincontla, 
Sta.  Maria  Patla. 


h^>.niatlan, 
S.  Felipe, 

The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  the  same 
name,  situate  in  a  rough  sierra;  though  plea- 
sant and  fertile  in  fruit  trees,  and  surrouhdcd  by 
five  rivers,  the  waters  of  which  in  tho  winter 
render  the  access  to  the  town  diflicult.  It  con- 
tains ^00  families  of  Spaniards,  Muslecs,  and 
Mulattoes,and  780  of  Mexican  Indians  ;Tproduces 
the  same  fruits  as  those  mentioned  in  the  juris- 
diction. It  has  a  convent  of  San  Francisco ; 
and,  at  five  leagues  distant,  some  abundant  cop- 
per mines,  which  are  worked  and  belong  to  tho 
house  gf  the  Duke  of  Alva  :  33  leagues  e.  n.  e. 
of  Mexico. 

ZACATEPE(',  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  and  a/citldia  mqi/or  of  Tez- 
coco  or  Tezcuco,  in  the  same  kingdom  as  the  for- 
mer. It  contains  156  families  of  Indians,  and 
46  of  Spaniards,  Mustees  and  Mulattoes ;  is  one 
short  league  e.  of  its  capital. 

Zacateitc,  another  settlement  in  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  Amuzgos  and  dlcaldia 
nuujor  of  Xicayan  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  con- 
tains 97  families  of  Indians,  who  emplo_y  them- 
selves in  the  cnltivation  and  commerce  of  cochi- 
neal, cotton,  tobacco,  and  va^nilla  ;  'iO  leagues  zo. 
hy  n.  of  its  head  settlement. 

ZACATULA,  a  jurisdiction  and  akaldia  mat/or 
of  the  province  ani  bishopric  of  Mechoacan.     it 


is  very  thinly  peopled,  and  scanty  in  productions  ; 
and,  although  it  has  many  times  had  an  nlailde 
VKiiJor,  it  has  been  generallv  added  to  the  town 
of  Leon,  and  this,  notwithstanding  the  great 
inconvenience  to  the  administration  of  justice, 
owing  to  its  great  distnnco  from  that  place.  Its 
population  consists  of  only  three  settlements, 
which  are, 

S.  Agustin  Coyuca,      Maxaltcpec,      Tecpiin. 

The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  its  name,  of  a 
hot  temperature  ;  inhabited  by  30  families  of  In- 
dians, its  district  being  filled  with  mills  and  ran- 
chos,  in  which  dwell  100  families  of  Spaniards, 
Musfees,  and  Mulattoes;  and  its  territory  bcin 
fertilized  by  tlie  large  river  of  its  name,  whic 
runs  with  a  precipitate  course  to  enter  the  S.  Sea  : 
130  leagues  ze.  bv  n,  of  Mexico. 

ZACAZONAPA,  Santa  Maria  pE,a  settle- 
inent  of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of  S. 
Francisco  del  Valle,  and  alcaldia  mauor  of  Zul- 
tepcc,  in  the  same  kingdom  as  the  iormer  ;  an- 
nexed to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  San  Mar- 
ton.  It  contains  37  families  of  Indians,  who  em- 
ploy themselves  in  cultivating  fruit  and  seeds, 
which  yield  in  abundance  through  t!ie  benefit  of 
the  irrigation  of  a  river  which  fertilizes  this  terri- 
tory :  three  leagues  s.  of  the  settlement  of  Santo 
Tomas. 

[ZACHEO,  or  Deseciiio,  a  small  island, 
eight  or  nine  leagues  to  the  ti.  e.  by  n.  of  Mona, 
between  the  island  of  St.  Domingo  and  that  of 
Puerto  Uico.  It  is  nothing  more  than  a  green 
mountain  800  or  1000  yards  long.J 

ZACOALPAN,  a  settlement  of  the  Iiead  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Tetelzinco  and  alcaldia 
mayor  of  Tetelzinco  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Co- 
autla  in  the  same  kingdom.  Near  it  passes  the 
river  Amazina,  which  waters  its  territory,  and 
makes  it  fertile  and  delightful,  through  an  abun- 
dance of  flowers,  fruits,  and  vegetables.  It  con- 
tains ^0  families  of  Spaniards,  12  of  Aliistcrs,  CO 
of  Mulattoes,  and  1^0  of  Indians;  five  leagues  e. 
from  its  head  settlement. 

ZACOTIPA,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  San  Luis,  of  the  coast  and 
alcaldia  mayor  of  Tlapa  in  Nucva  Espaiia.  It 
contains  78  families  of  Indians,  who  occupy  them- 
selves in  cultivating  cotton,  of  which  they  make 
very  fine  woven  stufls,  and  by  which  they  main- 
tain a  regular  trade  ;  two  leagues  and  a  half  s.  of 
its  capital. 

ZACUALPA,  San  Vicente  de,  a  settlement 
of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Huetepec 
and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Cuernavaca  in  Nueva  Es- 
paiia.    It  contains  46  families  of  Indians. 
3  r  2 


a«  I 


■  '        i 


tn 


*  1 


4  14 


Z  A  M 


z  A  ^^ 


Zaci'ai.pa,  annthrr  Hotllomont,  in  tlio  hoiul  first  wlio  ONtnMiflliod  liim»<oir  lirir.  Il  i«  of  « 
nrttlrniont  of  t)u>  district  ot'  Alniololovi'm  nml  mild  and  houltliv  tonipprnl^trc,  b.iHii  piirisli  priest. 
(il col  ilia  viai/or  of  (\)linm  in  tlio  sanio  liingdoni      — i  ; . ;-  i...   ^«j-  - 


It  is  of  a  o(dd  toniporatnro,  anil  sitnnto  on  tlio 
Hkirt  ot'tlto  volcano  ot'(\)linia. 

Zacv  AM'A,  another,  ol'tho  province  and  akal- 
dia  niai/or  of  (^ipabanastla  in  the  kingdom  of 
(iiiat(<niala. 

ZACl  AlilTA,  aspttlonipnt  oftlio  bond  settle- 
ment of  the  district  and  nicnidio  tr.ni/or  of  Tliettti- 
hnaci'ui  in  Nueva  Kwpana  :  one  league  n*.  of  it)* 
capital. 

/ACACUK,  Santa  Ana  ok,  a  settlement  of 
the  hea«l  settlement  of  the  district  of  Cuilapa  and 
tdcnidiii  viayor  of  Qnatro  Villas  in  the  same  king- 
dom as  the  former.  It  is  the  largest  settlement 
of  the  whole  jurisdiction,  contains  4(H)  families  of 
Indians,  who  emplov  themselves  in  the  cultiva- 
tion and  nade  of  cochineal,  seeds,  fruit,  an«l  col- 
liH'ting  coals  aiul  wood  ;  four  leagues  .«.  s.  e.  of  its 
head  settlement. 

Z.ACU  IN,  ("ano  ok,  a  large  arm  of  the  river 
Orinoco,  l)y  which  this  counnunicates  with  the 
Aracoa. 

ZAII/A,   a   settlement   of  the  province  and 
corrrgiinioito  of  I'arinacochas  in  Peru. 

Z.Vl-ANdO.  a  small  island  of  the  S.  Sea  ; 
fsituate  near  tlie  coast  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  (iuava(]uil.  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  of 
the  district  and  (li\ision  of  la  Puna. 

ZAMHA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Cartagena  in  the  IVuevo  Kevnode 
(iranaila  :  situate  in  the  bav  formed  bv  the  point 
of  its  name,  and  in  the  vicinitv  of  which  a  fort 
has  been  built. 

Z  AM  HA,  the  aforesaid  point  ofthe  same  coast,  is 
between  the  citv  of  Cartagena  and  the  month  of 
the  ri\cr  (Irancle  de  la  Magdalena. 

Zami»\.  a  bay  on  the  coast  of  the  above  pro- 
vinoo  and  g(nornment.  it  is  verv  large,  conve- 
nient, and  sheltered  from  the  winds:  tor  which 
reason  it  is  much  iVenuented  by  vessels,  which 
ordinarily  enter  it  to  take  in  water. 

Z\>iRA.au  island,  called  (lAT.KR  A  de  Zamha, 
through  its  long  and  narrow  tigui-e,  and  forming 
one  oi' the  sides  ofthe  former  bav. 
ZAMBAI-liAS.  See  Samhaui.os. 
Z  AMUIZ.A,  a  settlement  ofthe  province  and 
kingdom  of  Qo'to.  in  the  district  of  the  ronrgi- 
)iiic>ito  of  Las  cinco  leguas  de  la  Capital. 

ZAMm>IU)Nn()N.  a  settlement  ofthe  pro- 
vince am',  govermnent  of  Ciuayaqnil  in  the  king- 
dom of  Quito:  situate  on  a  lofty  spot  near  the 
phore  of  the  river  llabahoyo.  It  has  this  name 
through  a  lamho.  called  Uondun,  who  was  the 


and  is  in  lat.  4S'  .«. 

ZAMHHANO,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  goverinnent  of  Cartagena  in  the  N'uevo 
Heyno  de  (irnnnda  -.  situate  on  the  shore  of  the 
river  (irande  de  la  Magdalena. 

ZAMOW  A,  a  jurisdiction  and  o/ro/din  mnuor  of 
the  provincoand  bishopric  of  Mechoacan  in  Nueva 
1->spana,  called  formerlv  <le  Xocona.  It  is  of  a 
\vr\  rich  territory,  fertile  in  wheat, cotton,  n\aize, 
barley,  and  fruit  of  many  stn-ls,  and  abounding  in 
neat  cattle  and  horses  ;  all  the  which  render  it 
one  of  the  best  and  most  esteemed  Jurisdictions 
in  the  whole  kingdom.  It  formerly  yielded  also 
nnu-h  flax,  cloves,  and  satVron,  but  the  cultivation 
of  these  productions  has  Ikhmi  of  late  abandoned 
through  the  concomitant  expenses,  ns  well  as  be- 
cause the  inhabitants  are  ignorant  ofthe  mode  of 
working  those  ntetnls.  Its  population  consists  of 
the  following  settlements, 

Zangu^o,  Comnato, 

I.a  I'alma,  Xacona, 

Coxnmatlan,  San  Pedro,  y, 

San  Pedro,  Tanganziquaro, 

Puxaqneran,  Santnigo, 

(innrachita,  Xaripo, 

Ixtlan,  Ario. 

The  capital  is  the  town  of  its  name  :  situate  in 
the  middle  of  a  valley,  which  serves  as  a  skirt  to 
the  ,«/nrrt  of  also  the  same  title.     This  valley  is 
nearly   ftuir  leagues  long,  and    somewhat  more 
than   three    wide,   and  is   snrroinuled   by  many 
motmtains   and   thick  groves  of  trees,  amimgst 
which  are  several   Kinds  of  wood  I'steemetl  alike 
in  this  and  in  the  other  jurisdictions.     It  is  of  n 
mild  an«l  dry  temperature,  and  the  town  is  l)ea«- 
tifully  disposed  as  to  its  liouses,  streets,  and  public 
buihiings.     It  «'xtends  a  quarter  of  a  league  from 
V.  to  .V.  and  somewhat  less  from  r.  to  u\     It  has 
many  gardens  and  orchards,  which  are  irrigated 
bv  a  fine  river,  called  the  IJio  Grande,  w  hicit  has 
also  several  other  smaller  rivers,  which  may  bo 
called  its  branches :  this  river  runs  ,v.  and  abounds 
in   tine   fish,  and  the  greater   |)art   of  the  town 
stands  upon  iis  banks,  and  on  these  are  also  many 
fields  of  w  heat. 

The  town  wiis  founded  in  l.'JlO  by  order  of 
the  king,  for  a  garrison,  and  as  a  frontier  to  the 
Chichimeca  nation.  Its  population  is  composed 
of  300  families  of  Spaniards,  ,1/w>7fr.«,  and  ^fulat- 
toes  ;  it  has,  liesides  the  parish  church,  two  con- 
vents of  religious,  the  one  of  San  Francisco,  the 
other  of  San.)  nan  de  Dios,  and  in  the  latter  are 
two  large  infirmaries.     About  40  years  ago  there 


I  order  of 
lor  t«>  the 
Jomposod 
|(i  Miilnt- 
Itwo  con- 
risco,  the 
latter  are 
ligo  there 


Z  A   INI 

wns  luhhul  to  thi^  town  ii  ward  inhaliiled  hy  '10 
tainilieN  of  Indians  of  the  'I'era  nation,  and  whieh 
is  verv  l'ertih<  and  phnisant,  and  ahinindini^  in 
fine  water,  niai/.e,  r'reneh  lieans,  and  iniMlieinal 
herhs.  In  th<<  vicinity  ol'lhe  town  they  count  *JV2 
estates,  with  their  ij;ar<fens  and  orchards;  theseren- 
(U'rthe  country  verydeliK'htt'nl  tohehohl  :  and  in 
them  assist  ini  U>ss  t)ain  \.W  lUniilieHorSi)aniardH, 
MO  of  Miistrrs,  and  .'J.'J  of  M idattoes.  |  /aincna  is 
(.'>''''  niih's  t{\  II.  iV  of  Mexico,  in  hit.  W  'J'  «.  and 
lonfv.  I(»l    4(j  w.J 

ZAM«>aA,  another  city,  in  the  province  an<l 
government  of  ilaen  de  (tracamoros,  or  VaKuar- 
Hon^o,  in  the  kint(dom  oi'Qnito.  It  was  t'oinnh'd 
by  Alonso  (h<  Mercadilht,  and  not  I'edro,  as  is 
asserted  hy  theeK-jesiiit('oh>ti,  in  l.^)1f>,  hetween 
the  two  rivers  of  VanK|namhi  to  tlie  r,  an<l  that 
ot'/amora  to  the  .v.  -.  hut,  in  l()().'i,  its  inhahitants 
chan<ij;ed  its  situation  t'arther  t«i  the  <<;<.  and  cm  the 
shore  of  the  river  Znniora.  It  is  of  a  hot  tetn- 
perntnre,  suhj(<ct  to  rain,  and  barren  in  veiretable 
prtxhu'titnis,  i)ut  abounding-  in  sroid  mines,  which 
wer«<  formerly  worked niul  produced  {{;reat  wealth; 
from  whence  it  became  to  b(>  a  hir^'e,  rich  and 
liandsome  town  ;  but  to  day,  since  tlie  hdiour  of 
its  mines  lais  been  al)an(h>ued,  it  has  faih<n  to 
sucli  decay  as  to  be  nothint;'  but  a  niiseralde 
village,  not  des«>rvin!;  the  nauu' of  city.  It  has 
besides  the  church,  a  very  poor  convent  of  the 
religious  of  St.  Dominfro,  and  it  is  still  iidiabited 
by  some  illustrious,  llio\igh  poor  and  much  re- 
duced liimilies  ;  |^.'i(  miles  .«.  of(juito,  and  H:> 
ti.  ti,  »).  of  the  city  of  Juen,  in  hit.  i"  "-J'  s.  an<l 
lonu.  7S",5()'k'.1  ■ 

Zamoua,  another  city,  with  the  ndditiim  of 
Nueva,  in  the  provinceand  ^overiunent  of  Mara- 
caibo  and  Niievu  Iteyno  do  (iranada.  See  IVIa- 
II  AC  A I  no. 

Zamoha,  a  large  river  which  takes  its  name 
from  (he  city  whicli  it  washes,  in  the  province  of 
.faen  in  the  kin!>;doin  of  Qnit«>.  It  collects  in  its 
course  the  waters  of  the  rivers  I'lici'i,  Hombasi- 
caro,  Zabanilla,  IViimbixa,  Yani(piaml>i,  Yariise, 
Chicoasa,  and  others  by  the  u.  jiart  ;  and  those 
of  Surinisa.  Tabuahua,  Driimanira,  Irambisa, 
Paraasa,  iraiuiHa,  Yii^;Mtua,  Yerisa,  and  ()1Ii(M's 
by  the  .«.  part.  It  enters  the  woods  of  (ii(>  Xiva- 
ros  Indians,  and  running  to  the  c.  for  upwards  of 
hi  leagues,  disembogues  itself  in  a  very  large 
stream  by  the  w.  part  into  the  Mayo  or  Santiago, 
[and  with  this  name  enters  the  Maranon,  or 
Ama/oiias,  near  St.  Itorjii.) 

ZAMPAIil.ON.     See  Sami>ai,i,o\. 

ZAMUCOS,  San   UiNAcio  nis,  a  ttottlemout 


/  .A   N 


4»'. 


of  the  province   and  government   of  Chaco    in 
Peru  ;  situate  on  the  shore  of  the  river  Paraguay. 

ZAMUDIOS,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  ('haco  in  the  Niievo  Heyno  de 
(Sranada.  It  rises  in  the  graiiil  r(»»7/»//rw,  runs 
;.'.  and  enters  the  S.  Sea,  to  the  r.  of  the  Point  of 
Salinas. 

Z.AN.A.     See  Sana. 

Z,\NAVAgii||,P,\,  a  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  thi*  iilnihliii  iiiiii/(ir  of  Niiotepec  in 
Nueva  l''s|)aria  ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  it« 
capital,  from  whence  it  lies  foiu-  leagues  to  c. 
It  contains M.'j  Inilian  families. 

ZAN(!A,  a  settlement  of  the  prr»vinco  and 
fonci'/w/Vw/o  of  Quispicanchi  in  Peru:  annexed 
to  the  curacy  of  tin-  settlement  of  Papres. 

ZANCOS,  a  soltlement  of  the  oroviuce  and 
<onrs!;iiiiinilo  of  Vilcas  lliiaman  in  tm;  sanu-  king- 
dom as  the  lornu*r. 

ZANCI'DOS,  San  .Fosr-.rii  ni;  i,os,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  missions  which  were  held  by  the 
Jesuits  in  the  province  of  San  .hum  de  los  Llanos 
of  the  Nuevo  Ueyno  de  (iranada;  situate  on  tlu! 
shore  of  the  river  Apure. 

ZANI),[or.rathor,SANn]  Point, an  extremily 
oftlie  ishi nd  of 'I'obago,  which  looks  to  the  v.  oppo- 
site the  point  of  Arecifes,  of  the  island  ofTriuidad. 

ZANCtHAh,  a  setlleinont  of  tin-  prnvinre  iiiid 
ninffriiiiiniln  of  'I'ruxillo  in  Peru  ;  on  the  sh(ue 
of  (he  river  Viru. 

ZANCJl'YO,  a  head  settlement  of  (he  dis(rict 
of  (ho  iilcaliliii  imi/or  of  Zamora  in  Nueva  lOs- 
pana.  It  is  of  a  hot  and  nutist  temperature, 
bounded  ii.  by  the  jurisdiction  of  Za|)otirin  of 
Niu'va  (iaiiciii,  from  whence  it  lies  IS  leagiu'S 
to  the  ti.  by  the  jurisdiction  of  la  iiarca  of  the 
same  province,  wliirh  is  1 1  leagues  distaii( :  and 
by  (he;/,  and  .v.  by  the  jurisdiction  of  Xiquilpan, 
at  two  leagues  distance.  It  sullers  much  from 
scarcity  of  water,  providing  itself  with  the  rain 
which  falls  perio<lically.  U  contains  14  liimilies 
of  Spaniards,  1.)  of  Indians,  10  of  jMiim'/ts,  and 
five  of  Mnlattoes,  who  trade  in  some  seeds  and 
pifn.  It  has  a  convent  of  religious  of  San  A  '^iis- 
tiu,  and  is  12  leagues  w.  of  its  capi(al. 

ZAN.ION,  PniMi'.ao,  a  river  of  the  province 
and  goveriimont  of  Mainas  in  tlu>  kingdom  of 
Quito.  It  rises  r.  of  the  Hetdement  of  Siin  I'e- 
dro,  runs  to  n.  n.  r.  and  enters  the  Machapo. 

Zan.ion,  another  river  in  tlit!  same  province 
and  kiiigd(nn  as  the  former,  with  the  surname  of 
Seginido,  for  diKtinction.  It  is  the  same  which 
chaiigOH  its  name  to  Machiico.     Sec  this  article. 

ZAN.ION,  another,  of  the  district  of  Ciuudaluli- 


V^  ) 


f  if- 

•    1                  r 

(     ■■ 

'1 

\A 

1      '        ' 

\:i 


1. 1:  Si 


'■■)   I 


I: 


H 


'iV,    ''  ^  ,1:   " 


i' 


440 


Z  A  V 


qiion,  in  tlio  kingdom  uf  (liilo.     It  runn  nearly  //. 
and  enters  the  Vuldivia. 

ZANO.n*!,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 

Sovernnient  of  Venezuela  in  the  Niievo  Uevno 
e  (irunada  ;  situate  on  the  shore  of  the  river 
Gnariro,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Orituco. 

ZAOKIr.A,  a  settlement  of  the  missions  which 
were  held  by  the  iFesuits  in  the  province  r.iui 
government  of  Sonorn. 

ZAPAFjLOS,  a  river  of  the  province  and  ror- 
rc^imitnto  of  Pastos  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 
Granada.  It  rises  <■.  of  the  city  ofCaj^uan,  runs 
c.  and  enters  the  j>rand  river  Caquelii,  Uetweea 
those  of  rajriian  and  la  Fru^ua. 

ZAlMLlJTIiA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  ahaklia  mni/or  of  Cliiapa  and  king^dom  of 
Guatemala  in  the  district  of  Comitlan. 

ZAPAN(iAS,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  (Costarica  in  the  same  kingdom  as 
the  former;  situate  near  the  coast  of  the  S.  Sea, 
and  of  ("aije  Klanco. 

ZAPANQL'I,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
conrgiiiiieulo  of  Sicasica  in  Peru. 

ZAPAMAS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians, 
descended  from  the  Kncabellados  in  the  province 
of  Sucumbios,  and  in  the  vicinities  of  the  river 
Curaray. 

Zai'akas,  another  nation  of  Indians  in  the 
province  and  government  of  Venezuela,  of  the 
Nuevo  lleyno  de  Granada ;  bounded  n.  by  the 
Guajiros.  , 

Zai'aras,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Maracail)o  in  the  same  kingdom  ; 
situate  on  the  e.  coast,  and  at  the  point  formed  by 
the  great  lake  of  Maracaibo. 

ZAPAS,  San  Salvador  de,  a  settlement  of 
the  missions  which  were  held  by  the  Jesuits  in 
the  province  and  government  ot'  Mainas  of  the 
kingdom  of  Quito. 

ZAPATEIK),  a  small  island,  situate  in  the 
great  lake  of  Nicaragua. 

ZAPATOSA,  a  lake  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Santa  Marta,  in  the  Nuevo  Hey  no  «le 
Granada,  formed  from  various  river?  which  rise 
from  the  sierra  Nevada  (snowy)  and  empties 
itself  by  four  arms,  which  afterwards  unite,  and 
with  the  name  of  Cesare,  enters  the  Grande  dela 
IMagdalena. 

Zapatosa,  a  settlement  of  the  same  province 
and  kingdom. 

ZAPAZOS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians  who 
dwell  in  the  «.  ii.  e.  of  the  province  and  corregi- 
micrito  of  Guamico  in  Pern ;  bounded  by  the 
nation  of  the  Pantaguas,  and  is  but  little  known. 


ZAP 

ZAPE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Antioquia  in  the  Nuevo  Uevno  de 
(iranada;  situate  on  the  shore  of  the  river  San 
Agnstin. 

ZAPiliOSA,  San  Jacinto  dp,,  a  settlement 
of  the  head  settlement  of  (he  district  of  Vahuive, 
and  (lUaliliti  viai/or  of  Villalta.  It  c(nilains  7'i 
families  of  Indians,  and  is  six  leagues  n.  of  its 
capital. 

[ZAPITIVA,  a  small  scattered  settlement  of 
Rrasil,  four  leagues  from  Santa  Cruz,  formerly 
the  property  of  the  Jesuits,  and  now  the  royal 
farm  of  the  Prince  Regent  of  Portugal.  It  is  40 
English  miles  from  Rio  Janeiro.  The  road  from 
Zapitiva  to  Rio  Janeiro  is  composed  of  primitive 
granite :  in  some  parts  are  largo  stones,  ap- 
proximating to  basalt ;  and  other  parts  consist 
of  a  tine  clay.  The  dwellings  on  tliis  route  are 
very  few,  but  there  is  one  well  known  to  travel- 
lers as  the  half-way  house  between  the  village  and 
the  capital,  called  Panelera,  or  the  Bake-house.] 

ZAPO,  Valley  of,  in  the  province  and  cor- 
re^iiniento  of  Muzo,  of  the  Nuevo  Reyno  <le 
Granada,  thus  called  by  the  Hrst  Spaniards  who 
entered  at  the  conquest  through  a  very  large 
zapo,  or  valley,  whidi  they  found  here. 

ZAPOCO'l'LAN,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  and  nlcald'ia  mm/or  of 
Zochicoatlan,  in  the  same  kingdom  of  Nucva 
Esnana  as  the  fornier.  It  is  very  small,  its  popu- 
lation being  reduced  to  14  Indian  families.  Three 
leagues  to.  of  its  capital. 

Z.VPOPAN,  a  jurisdiction  and  afcaldin  mai/or 
of  Nueva  Espana  in  the  kingdom  of  Nueva  Ga- 
licia  and  bishopric  of  Guadalaxara.  It  is  mucii 
reduced,  consisting  only  of  four  settlements, 
whicii  are, — 

San  Estevan, 
Cedazos, 

The  capital  is  of 


Ocotlan, 
Thesistlan. 
the  same,  and  has  a  nume- 
rous population  of  Spaniards  and  Muslees,  be- 
sides the  people  who  fre(|ucntly  meet  here  to 
visit  the  sanctuary  of  a  miraculous  image  of  Our 
Lady,  which  is  venerated  in  its  district.  It  pro- 
duces abundant  crops  of  maize,  wheat,  and  other 
seeds,  with  which  it  does  much  tratlic.  Two  and 
a  half  leagues  n.zo.  of  Guadalaxara. 

ZAPOSTLAH  UACA,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  •  f  the  district  of  Santa  Marta,  and  al- 
caldia  mayor  of  Tlapa  in  the  same  kingdom.  It 
contains  iiS  families  of  Indians  applied  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  maize  and  some  fruits,  the  only  ones 
it  produces.  Somewhat  more  than  three  league« 
e.  s.  c.  of  its  capital. 


4 


J   ! 

t>ll 

I.' 


Ill  p;o- 
iiii  (it; 
or  San 

li'incnt 
iihiiivo, 
lins  T2 
.  ut'  its 

meiit  ()f 
)rnierly 
e  royal 
It  is  40 
ad  from 
rimitivc 
lies,  np- 
I  consist 
onto  are 
>  travel- 
lan;c  and 
-house. J 
and  Cor- 
ey no  de 
irds  who 
>vy  large 

the  head 
mm/or  of 
»f  Nucva 
its  popu- 
8.  Three 

'ia  mauor 

ueva  Ga- 

is  niucii 

tlcnients, 


hm. 

Is  a  nume- 

sttes,  be- 
lt here  to 
ge  of  Our 
.  It  pro- 
and  other 

Two  and 

Lf  the  head 
^a,  and  al- 
rdoin.  It 
Ito  the  cul- 
lonly  ones 
|oe  leagues 


ZAP 

ZAPOTAS,  a  Inirlmrons  nafi«»n  of  Fndiaiis  in- 
ha'Mting  the  .voods  to  (he  s.  of  the  Maranon : 
bounded  by  the  nations  of  (he  Abixiras,  l(|iii(os, 
and  Yiirnsnies;  and  at  ctnitinual  war  with  the 
Cheviilox. 

/AI'OTE,  orZAi'OTK  Yaci',  a  river  which 
flows  down  from  the  mountains  to  the  .v,  of  the 
settlement  of  Chamicuros,  in  (he  ,v.  lands  of  the 
Maranon.  It  enters  into  the  Casavatay,  in  lat. 
.5^  J I 'v. 

Zai'otk,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  vor- 
r(!>;iinictilo  of  Caxamarqiiilla  in  Peru.  It  has  a 
good  port  in  the  river  Ivlararion,  by  which  a  com- 
munication and  commerce  are  made  with  the  pro- 
vince of  iluanmchuco. 

Zai'otk,  another  settlement,  with  the  dedica- 
tory title  of  Sa.ita  Maria,  a  head  se((lenien(  of 
the  dis(rict  of  the  nlvahtia  iinii/or  of  /acatlan  in 
Nneva  Espafia  ;  to  (he  district  »»f  which  belong 
other  six  settlements,  in  which  dwell  9S7  families 
of  Indians. 

Zai'otk,  anotiicr,  in  the  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  Atistlae,  and  ofni/iliii  iii<n/or  of 'V\nim 
in  the  same  kingdom.  It  is  of  a  cold  and  moist 
temperature,  and  inhabited  by  JS  families  of  In- 
dians who  sow  mai/e,  their  j)overty  not  admit- 
ting auvthiiiir  else. 

ZAI*()TB'' VS,  Sa\  Ii.nF.i'oNso  de  i.os,  a 
city  of  the  piovince  and  bishopric  of  Oaxaca  in 
Nueva  li^spana  ;  tbiinded  by  the  treasurer  Aloiiso 
de  E-^trada  between  some  very  lofty  mountains, 
which  in  many  parts  seem  to  nut-top  (he  clouds. 
Here  it  fi-e(|uently  rains,  and  at  times  the  sun  is 
invisible;  nor  is  (here  in  its  precincts  a /ArwH/'« 
of  any  extent.  Notwithstanding  the  roughness 
and  inequality  of  the  territory,  its  con<|uest  was 
undertaken,  and  the  Zapotecas  and  Mixes  Indians 
were  defeated.  It  is  between  these  two  people 
that  the  city  stands,  and  inanv  are  the  privileges 
which  have  been  granted  it  by  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.;  and  amongst  the  rest,  that  all  (he 
Spaniards  who  es(ablislied  themselves  here  should 
enjoy  a  revenue  from  the  royal  funds,  and  bear 
the  (itle  of  conrgidors  ;  also  it  was  granled  (o 
the  Indians  that  (liev  siionld  be  free  from  ail  kinds 
of(ribute.  The  edifices  are  of  bad  quality,  the 
soil  not  permitting  better,  and  t!i<y  are  biiilt  of 
clay  for  want  of  mortar.  It  has  still  a  good  con- 
vent of  St.  Domingo,  though  in  1380  it  was  burnt 
and  entirely  destroyed. 

ZAPOTILTir,  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district,  and  (ilcaldia  vuii/or  of  Sa- 
potlan  in  Nueva  Espana  ;  situate  between  this 
and  the  head  settlement  of  Tuspan.    It  is  very 


ZAP 


417 


riopuloiis,  ai'ii!  has  a  convent  of  Frnnciscans.     A 
i(tle  le^s  than  (hree  leagues  from  its  capital. 

ZAI'O'l'irLAN,  a  settlement  of  (he  head  se(. 
dement  oftliedis(ric(  ofTuscacuezco,  and  a/ra/ditt 
;//^///()(-of  Amola  in  Nneva  K>*pani  ;  uear(wo  vol- 
canoes which  are  in  (he  jnrisiliction  of  Colima, 
the  (me  covered  with  snow,  and  the  other  a  vol- 
cano. 1(  has  a  c<>iiveiit  of  Franci-icans,  and  80 
families  of  Indians  wh(»  cultivate  their  gardens 
and  orchards  and  cut  w(Mid  in  the  sinins  of  (he 
volcanoes.  It  is  I'i  leagues  c  of  its  head  se((le- 
inent,  and  (his  dis(ance  is  Klled  up  wi(h  live  deep 
ravines,  which  render  impossible  (he  journey  in 
the  winter-(ime,  since  (hey  are  (hen  inundated. 

Zai'otiti.an,  a  province  and  iitttddiit  niiii/or 
of  (he  kingtiom  of  (iua(einala;  divided,  fnmi  i(s 
great  extent,  iii(o  four  par(s  or  lieu(enancies  of 
(he  aUaldc  iiini/nr ;  the  same  being  A/.itlan,  Te- 
pana(itlaii,  Qiie/aKenango,  and  To(onicapa. 

ZAPO  PLAN,  a  se((leineu(  of  (he  head  settle, 
nient  of  (he  ilis(ric(  of '''lacolula,  and  idcnidia 
i)ifii/or  of  Iliiamalula  in  Nueva  Espana;  in  the 
l)l!iiu  of  a  ravine  surrounded  by  mountains  which 
make  it  very  disnuil.  It  is  very  abundant  in 
waters,  wliicli  gush  out  of  the  earth  in  various 
springs  ;  and  these  serve  for  the  irrigation  of  the 
orchards  and  crops  of  seeds.  It  contains  G'i  fa- 
milies of  Indians  who  cultivate  cochineal,  with 
which  they  trade  to  such  an  extent,  as  to  exceed 
ill  tlieir  (|uanti(y  in  this  article  all  that  is  pro- 
cured in  the  other  jurisdictions.  Three  leagues 
M.  of  its  head  se((lemeii(. 

Zai'oti.an,  anodier  se((lement,  in  the  juris- 
diction and  (diald'ta  nitn/nr  of  Pachiica,  of  the  same 
kingdom:  annexed  to  (he  curacy  of  the  settle- 
ment of  Teziiyiica.  It  contains  only  II  families 
of  Indians. 

Zai>()Ti,an,  another,  of  the  head  settlement  of 
the  district  and  alnddia  mai/or  of  Tepic  in  the 
same  kingdom.  It  contains  106  families  of  In- 
dians, who  have  no  other  (ratlic  than  that  arising 
from  the  cultivation  of  seeds  and  cotton.  Three 
leagues  v.  by  s.  of  its  capital. 

Zai'oti-an,  another,  which  is  (he  head  se(tle- 
inent  of  the  district  of  tlie  (dvahl'm  waijor  of  Sen- 
(ipac  ill  the  same  kingdom.  It  is  of  a  hot  tem- 
perature, contains  SJ  families  of  Indians,  some  of 
Spaniards  and  MiisUcs,  and  a  convent  of  Fran- 
ciscans.    Twenty  leagues  ii.ic.  of  iis  ca|)i(al. 

ZapotI/AN,  a  shoal  of  rocks  of  tlie  N.  Sea, 
near  the  coast  of  the  province  and  (dcoldin  mnijor 
of  Tabasco  in  Nueva  Espana,  on  the  side  of  tho 
point  of  San  Martin. 

ZAPUESAj  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 


;  t 


5  '■ 


'!     V 


•■'1 

^  M 


\      \       :■        \ 


m\ 


I 


VtJ 


m 


i\n 


/  A  H 


5: 


lovcrnmpnt  of  Saudi  Murtu,  in  tlio  Niiovo  Hovno 
i>  (ininHda;  Hitiintt*  011  the  hIioic  ot'tliv  luko  Zn- 
pato'a,  on  Ihn  tv.  Hide. 

ZAQVWA'O,  II  HPttlrnimt  of  the  hend  spftlc- 
ntviit  of  tlic  dintrict  of  Ainafjiiocii  mid  nlcuhUn 
vmi/or  of  Zayiiln  in  Nucvn  BHpafin  ;  sitiialo  in  u 
plain  forinedby  varioim  iiioiintainH.  It  Iihh  »  lake 
of  Halt-water  of  four  leagues  loii^,  and  iln  popu- 
lation is  of  2(K)  tiiiiiiliuH  of  S|)anim-dH,  Afiisters, 
and  MuIattoeH,  and  300  of  IiidinnH,  wlio  in  tlieir 
territory  gather  much  maize,  and  breed  lar^e 
cattle,  though  its  princijpal  commerrc  is  in  lea- 
ther, of  which  they  make  hIioch  for  sale  in  the 
other  jurindictions.  It  has  u  convent  of  Francis, 
cans,  and  is  10  leagues  w.  by  »,  of  its  capital. 

ZAQU  ALIM,  ajurisdiction  and  iilcaldia  maijnr 
of  Nueva  Espana,  to  which  is  united  the  district 
of  Etjcateopan.  Its  jurimliction  consists  of  15 
other  Hettlenieiiis,  head  scttlemeiitM  of  districts, 
and  which  are, — 


Marinaltenango, 
Coatepec, 
Acapetlahuaya, 
8anta  Maria  Teolo- 

lopiin, 
San  Surion  Totolte- 

pec, 
Santa    Maria    Esca- 


San  Juan  Qiictza- 
la, 

Ixtapa, 

San  P'rancisco  Zica- 
puzalco, 

S.  Simon  Otzuma, 

Santiago, 

S.  Juan  Alahuixtlan, 

S.  Francisco  Coate- 
pec. 


tcopan, 
Santa   Maria  Tona- 

tico, 

The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  of  a  benign 
and  mild  temperature,  inclining  to  hot.  It  con- 
tains !^40  families  of  Indians  with  those  inhabit- 
ing its  wards,  50  of  Spaniards,  and  as  many  of 
Mushes  and  Mulattoes,  all  dedicated  to  the  la- 
bour of  the  silver  mines  which  are  on  the  river 
Zaqiialpa,  and  in  the  sowinc  of  wheat,  maize, 
and  other  seeds.  In  its  district  are  found  vari- 
ous mills  and  engines,  in  which  they  make  sugar, 
honey,  and  in  wliich  they  trade  with  the  other 
jurisdictions.  Thirty  leagues  «.  e.  onu-half  .s-.  of 
Mexico. 

Zauualpa,  another  settlement,  which  is  the 
head  settlement  of  the  district  of  the  akaldia 
mai/or  of  Tlapa  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  con- 
tains 109  families  of  Indians,  and  is  three  leagues 
n.  of  its  capital. 

ZAUACiOCILLA,  a  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Cartagena  in  tlie  Nuevo 
Reyno  de  Granada,  of  the  district  of  the  town  of 
Tolii :  situate  on  the  coast  within  the  same  bay 
of  Toh'i,  to  the  w.  of  the  town  of  this  name. 
ZARAGOZA,  a  city  of  the  province  and  go- 


Z  A  R 

vernment  of  Antiomiia  in  the  Niicvo  Reyno  dc 
Grenada;  foiindeil  between  the  rivers  Cauca  and 
the  (iraiide  de  la  Magdalena,  and  on  the  Hlioro 
of  the  Nechi,  (the  waters  of  which  are  very  de- 
licious, and  mixe<l  with  sands  of  gold),  in  13H1, 
by  the  (iovernor  Gasnar  de  Modas,  in  the  valley 
of  Virile.  It  is  of  a  not  and  Hickly  temperature, 
and  very  abundant  in  gold  minerals  ;  these  riches 
having  attracted  to  it  a  great  population,  so  that 
it  had  become  a  very  considerable  and  wealthy 
place,  but  that  the  influence  of  its  climate  has 
reduced  it  to  200  housekeepers.  It  produces 
many  fruits  and  fish;  but  it  is  very  scantily  sup- 
plied with  flesh-meat,  and  wants  trade,  in  its 
district  are  the  celebrated  Invmkros,  or  washing- 
places  of  gold,  called  Tunibiiron  Oca,  Santa 
IVfarta,  La  Raya,  San  Francisco,  Machuca,  S, 
Juan,  Bari'i,  A  villeta, Guinea,  I'orcio,  and  Tenche. 
ZAiiAnozA,  a  settlement,  called  Rincon  de 
Zaragoza,  in  the  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  Piiriiandiro,  and  alcaldUi  min/or  of  Valladolid 
in  Nueva  Espana.  It  is  smallj  and  annexed  to 
the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Numaran. 

ZARATA,  a  settlement  and  capital  of  the 
province  and  corrrghtiiento  of  Larccaxa  in  Peru; 
situate  near  the  ri  er  Beni. 

Zarata,  or  ZonATE,  a  small  settlement  of 
the  province  and  government  of  Santa  Marta  in 
the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  (iranada  ;  situate  on  tlie  e. 
shore  of  the  fiver  Grande  de  la  Magdalena,  to 
the  s.  of  the  town  of  Teiierifle,  and  to  the  w.n.w. 
of  the  lake  of  its  name.  It  was  formerly  large, 
populous,  and  of  great  commerce,  but  now  in  a 
state  of  great  decay  ;  of  a  very  warm  climate,  and 
in  lat.  9°  4G'  «. 

ZARBE,  a  river  of  the  province  of  Los  Mar- 
quetones  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada.  It 
rises  near  the  city  of  Mnzo  to  the  w.,  follows  its 
course  to  this  rhumb  for  many  leagues,  and,  unit- 
ing itself  with  the  Carare,  enters  the  Grande  de 
la  Magdalena,  at  a  small  distance  from  where  this 
is  entered  by  the  Opon. 

ZARn*A,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Maracaibo  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Gra- 
nada. It  rises  in  the  sierra  Nevada  (snowy), 
and  enters  the  Apure,  four  leagues  to  the  w.  of 
the  Ticoporo. 

ZARUMA,  or  Saruma,  a  town  of  the  pro- 
vince and  co»Teg'«»»VMto  of  Loxa  in  the  kingdom 
of  Quito;  founded  by  Captain  Alonso  de  Merca- 
dillo  in  1349,  with  the  title  of  city,  which  was 
afterwards  changed  to  that  of  town ;  upon  the 
river  Amarillo.  It  is  of  a  very  hot  climate; 
since,  according  to  the  observations  of  Don  (-ar- 


^'W     \ 


»yno  dr 
iicu  niul 
?  Hliurc 
cry  Ac- 
II  I5H1, 
?  vttUoy 
[•rnturo, 
,p  rirliPH 

HO  (llllt 

wi'ulthy 
mtc  hub 
)n»(luces 
tily  sup- 
In  its 
vnsliiiig- 
I,   Santa 
hiica,  H. 
Tcnche. 
incon  de 
5  district 
alladolid 
ncxed  to 
n. 

il  of  the 
in  Peru; 

lenient  of 
Marta  in 
on  tae  e. 
dalena,  to 
he  a).n.a». 
[riy  large, 
t  now  in  a 
[mate,  and 

Los  Mar- 
nada.  It 
follows  its 
and,  iinit- 
rande  do 
where  this 

nd  eovern- 
lo  de  Gra- 
(snowy), 
o  the  to.  of 

f  the  pro- 
e  kingdom 
de  Merca- 
which  was 
upon  the 
)t  climate; 
(f  Don  ('ar- 


Z  A  Y 

los  lift  Condaminn,  of  the  Academy  of  the  Sciences 
of  Paris,  it  is  cnily  l,<)HO  yardn  aliove  the  level  of 
the  Hea,  wliich  is  one  haii'  leHN  than  is  the  terri- 
tory of  Quito.  It  hart  a  very  good  parixh  church, 
and  a  convent  of  the  religious  olwervers  of  San 
I'rancixco.  It  was  formerly  very  populous,  and 
had  many  iiohlu  families,  although,  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  it  is  much  retliicod  ;  there  being  now, 
liowever,  no  less  than  (),(HH)  souls  in  it.  The 
abundance  of  its  gold  minerals  has  rendered  this 
city  celebrated,  anil,  although  these  metals  are 
not  of  the  finest  alloy,  and  although  the  inhabi- 
tants do  not  understand  liow  to  extract  the  par- 
ticles of  silver  and  lead,  with  whicii  they  are 
mixed ;  yet  it  is  to  be  oliserved,  that  these  mines 
are  tionie  of  the  few  which  have  been  worked, 
without  intermission,  from  their  first  discovery  to 
the  present  day  ;  and  yet  they  are  in  a  state  of 
decay,  and  the  city  is  much  dilapidated,  since  the 
houses  whicii  were  built  upon  the  mines,  many  of 
which  were  so  excavated  as  to  give  way,  have 
fallen  in  the  ruins.  Here  arc  many  foiinderies 
and  silver-smiths  forges,  in  which  they  make 
trinkets ;  since  the  gold,  unworked,  hnds  no 
market  abroad.  The  natives  are  discoloured, 
from  the  malignant  vapours  from  the  metals,  par- 
ticularly from  the  quicksilver,  which  is  found  in 
every  part.  The  corrcfridor  of  Loxa  enjoys  also 
the  title  oi alcalde  mai/or  of  the  mines  of  Zaruma. 
[This  town  is  30  miles  n.  ze.  of  Loxa,  in  lat.  3° 
37'  s.  and  long.  TJ)'^  33'  w.] 

ZAWZX.     See  Loxa. 

ZASSA,  a  settlement  of  the  island  of  Cueva, 
on  the  n.  coast. 

ZAV\VLITA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Antioquia,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno 
de  Granada. 

ZAL'IIA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and 
colony  of  Surinam,  in  the  part  of  Guayana  pos- 
sessed by  the  Dutch.  It  is  one  of  those  wnich 
enter  the  Cuyuni  near  its  source. 

ZAYL'LA,  or  Sayui,a,  a  jurisdiction  and 
alcudia  mayor  of  Nueva  Espafia  and  kingdom  of 
Niieva  (lalicia,  in  the  province  and  bishopric  of 
Mechoacan.  It  is  one  of  those  of  tlie  greatest 
extent,  being  150  leagues  in  circumference  :  it 
ai)ouiids  ill  cattle,  fruit,  and  seeds,  has  many 
workshops,  in  wliich  are  made  of  their  wool  a 
certain  portion  of  coarse  blankets,  tliis  lieing  its 
principal  trade.  Anciently  great  numbers  of 
cattle  used  to  die  from  drinking  the  well-waters, 
which  are  very  thick  and  unhealthy;  but,  in 
]7ty,  the  precaution  was  taken  of  conducting 
the  water  to  the  cattle  by  subterranean  aquc-. 

vol,.  V. 


Z  A  Y 


4  IS) 


ducts  from  n  stream  of  sweet  and  good  water, 
rising  at  the  foot  of  a  lotly  mountaiii,  two 
leagues  from  the  capital,  towards  the  w.  'i'he 
population  of  this  district  is  numerous,  and 
consists  of  the  following  setlleinents  : 
I'xiiiaxaque,  ,\totoiiilco, 

Apaiigo,  Atemaxaque, 

Atlaco,  Xonacatlan, 

Chiqiiilixpan,  Santa  Cruz  I. 

A  iiiaquecu,  Teociiitlun, 

'I'eiiet,  (-uyacapAn, 

Talulpa,  Cacula, 

Xalpa,  San  Martin, 

Ixhuatlun,  Santa  Cruz  ^. 

San  Luis,  'I'eotepcc, 

Atoyaque,  Axixique, 

Zechafatla,  San  Juan  Cozatla, 

Zaquaico,  San  Christoval, 

San  Marcos,  Chapala, 

Santa  Ana,  San  Antonio, 

Tizapan,  Tizapan. 

The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  the  same 
name,  situate  in  a  llamira,  sheltered  by  moun- 
tains on  the  s.  and  on  the  w.  and  on  the  ».  hav- 
ing a  lake  of  six  leagues  long  and  two  wide,  but 
of  very  little  depth ;  and,  consequently,  useless  ; 
since,  besides  that  it  yields  no  fish,  its  waters 
arc  brackish,  and  it  is  only  on  the  shores  that 
they  find  some  small  fry.  The  temperature  is 
rather  hot  than  mild,  but  refreshed  by  the  rains 
in  the  months  of  April  and  May.  Its  population 
is  composed  of  500  families,  of  Spaniarus,  Mus- 
lees,  and  Miilattoes,  and  30  of  Indians ;  the  com- 
merce of  whom,  with  regard  to  the  first,  is  in 
the  cultivation  of  chile  and  other  seeds,  whilst 
the  Indians  dedicate  themselves  to  the  making  of 
mixed  wine,  whicii  they  extract  from  the  roots  of 
inagueyes  or  pitales  trees,  making  also  from  the 
same  »//a  many  bags,  which  serve  for  the  traffic 
of  salt,  carried  on  by  ninny  of  the  Spaniards 
with  the  other  jurisdictions.  It  has  a  magnificent 
convent  of  the  religious  of  San  Francisco,  in  the 
grand  altar  of  which  is  venerated  a  cross,  whicii 
100  years  after  the  reditccion  of  those  provinces, 
was  fixed  in  the  ground  at  the  '  nd  of  the  princi- 
])al  street ;  and  on  the  3d  of  'if ay,  on  which  the 
church  celebrates  the  festival  of  its  invention,  it 
began  to  tremble  with  such  violence,  for  some  days 
at  intervals,  that  theextremitiesofthe  arms  touched 
the  ground ;  whilst  neither  tlie  latter  nor  the 
houses  were  observed  to  be  at  all  agitated :  many  of 
the  people  from  the  neighbouring  parts  assembled 
to  view  this  prodigy,  to  which  they  have  as- 
cribed their  testimony.  [Zayula  is  ^2ir)  miles  w. 
3  M 


h\ 


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I    I 

1  ^ 

1 

H 

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1 

1 

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Z  E  L 


iviih  a  slight  inclination  to  the  5  of  Mexico,  in 
loiifj.  103°  28'  M.  lat.  19^  2'  a).] 

Zayula,  another  settlement,  in  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Huipuxla  and  alcaldia 
viai/or  of  Tepetanjjo,  in  Nueva  Espaiia.  It  con- 
tains 53  families  of  Indians. 

Zayula,  another,  of  the  province  and  «/>«/<//« 
niaijor  of  los  Zoques,  in  the  kingdom  of  Gua- 
temala. 

ZAYULTEPEC,  S.  Andres  de,  a  settlement 
of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  and  akald'ia 
mayor  of  Aca^uca,  in  Nueva  Espana.  It  is  of  a 
hot  and  moist  temperature,  produces  maize, 
Freilch-beans,  fruit,  and  thread  of  fita,  which 
forms  its  principal  commerce,  contains  140  fa- 
milies of  Indians,  and  is  two  leagues  from  its 
capital. 

ZEDALES,  a  province  and  alcaldia  maj/or  q( 
the  kingdom  of  Guatemala.  It  is  of  small  ex- 
tent, one  of  the  most  inferior  provinces. 

ZEDROS,  HivEH  DE  LOS,  in  t'le  province 
and  government  of  Choco,  and  of  the  district  of 
Raposo,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  dc  Grana  In.  It 
••ises  in  the  celebrated  valley  of  Patia,  in  the 
province  of  Popayan,  and  empties  itself  into 
the  S.  Sea,  in  the  Bay  of  Guacasma. 

ZEIBO,  a  settlement  of  the  island  and  go- 
vernment of  St.  Domingo,  situate  on  the  shore  of 
the  river  of  la  Romana,  in  the  centre  of  the  c. 
head. 

Zeiuo,  an  isle  or  rock  of  the  N.  Sea,  near  the 
coast  of  tl»e  province  arJ  government  of  Yu- 
catan, opposite  the  settlement  of  Ijerma. 

ZEISEN,  an  island  of  the  N.  Sea,  near  the 
coast  of  the  province  and  government  of  Carta- 
gena, in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada.  It  is 
in  the  Bay  of  Toh'i,  and  is  that  which  lies  the  far- 
thest out  of  the  islands  forming  that  bay. 

ZELANDA,  Ni'EVA,  a  town  and  fort  of  the 
Dutch,  in  the  province  and  colony  of  Surinam ; 
siuiate  on  the  shore  of  the  river  Poumaron,  in 
the  point  or  cape  of  Nassau  or  Orange. 

ZEI  AYA,  a  jurisdiction  and  alcaldia  mayor 
of  the  province  and  bishopric  of  Mechoaciin,  in 
Nueva  Espana.  It  is  extremely  fertile,  and 
abounding  in  fruits ;  covered  with  very  many 
cultivated  estates,  in  which  are  produced  wheat, 
maize,  barley,  and  other  seeds ;  but  that  from 
which  they  derive  the  greatest  profit  is  from 
chile,  pasilla  or  pepper,  it  being  incredible  the 
excessive  quantity  which  they  sow  and  gather  of 
this.  It  has  also  many  grounds  of  olives  of  dif- 
fereiit  species,  of  which  they  make  a  portion  of 
oil  of  excellent  quality  ;  (hey  have  also  long  and 


San  Juan  Bautista, 

Apaceo, 

S.    Francisco   Chama 

cuero, 
Acambaro. 


Z  E  M 

short  vines,  yielding  no  small  quantity  of  wine. 
Its  population  consists  of  eight  settleineiits,  head 
settlements  of  the  district,  upon  which  are  dc 
pendent  other  small  settlements ;  and  which 
are, 

Yurirapundaro, 

t;'.     Miguel     Emen- 
guaro, 

Urireo, 

S.  Juan  de  la  Vega, 

S.Miguel  Gerequaro, 

The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  the  same 
name,  one  of  the  best  and  most  pleasant  towns 
in  the  bishopric.  It  is  in  a  llanura,  its  streets  are 
straight,  well  proportioned,  a!id  regular.  The 
parish  church  IS  the  convent  of  S.Francisco,  a 
sumptuous  building,  of  fine  architecture,  erected 
by  the  Commissary  General  Fr. Fernando  Alon--. 
(ronzalps,  with  a  house  of  studies,  and  a  '>?:  du- 
tiful tower,  which  is  the  loftiest  of  any  tha*  have 
been  made  in  America;  also  four  oth'r  con- 
vents, which  are  of  S.  ^^^ustin,  de  Carmelitas 
Descalzos,  of  S.  Juan  de  Dios,  with  an  hospital; 
and  a  college  which  belonged  to  the  Jesuits.  The 
population  consists  of  2,000  families,  incUiding 
thosc  dwelling  in  the  wards  and  estates  of  its 
district,  and  2,600  of  Othomies  Indians.  The 
territory  surrounding  it  is  very  salitrous,  so  that 
the  dust  in  the  summer  time  is  very  troublesome, 
although  even  this  circumstance  contributes  to 
render  the  soil  more  luxuriant.  [Zelaya  is  1 10 
miles  «.  zo.  from  Mexico,  in  long.  100^  JjO'  ic. 
lat.  20°  38'  w.] 

[ZELITO,  orZii.Tio,  one  of  the  forts  for  the 
protection  of  the  harboiii*  of  Cartagena,  on  the 
w.  coast  of  S.  America. J 

ZEMIFARA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Antioquia,  in  the  Nuevo 
Iteyno  de  Granada ;  situate  between  the  rivers 
Magdalena  and  Cauca,  and  nearer  to  the  latter. 

Z  EM  POA  LA,  a  jurisdiction  and  alcaldia  niniyor 
of  Nueva  Espana.     It  is  much  reduced,  consist- 
ing of  only  five  settlements,  which  are 
Tezahnapa,  Klacpiilpa, 

Zaqualpa,  Epaz^^vuca. 

Santo  1  oinas  Talistac, 

The  oyltal  is  of  the  same  name,  and  is  as 
thinly  inhabited  as  tliejurisdiction,containingonly 
fro'.nM4  to  15  families  of  Spaniards,  Mulattoes 
and  Mustecs,  45  of  Indians,  and  a  good  convent 
of  the  religious  of  S.  Francisco.  Its  nriiici))al 
commerce  is  in  pulque,  as  the  whole  of  tlie  coun- 
try is  covered  with  mas^ueucs,  of  the  best  qua- 
lity,  for  making  tiiis   drink.     It  produces  also 


(it'wiiio. 
iits,  head 
arc  do- 
ll   uhicli 

tista, 

Chanui 


the  same 
lilt  towns 
itreets  are 
ar.      The 
inciaco,  a 
e,  erected 
lo  Aloiv^". 
I  a  b  au- 
tha*  have 
th';f  cou- 
'armelitas 
1  hoHpital ; 
suits.  The 
including: 
ites  of  its 
iins.     The 
us,  so  that 
(ublesonie, 
tributes  to 
aya  is   1 10 
Ob^  o'O'  zc. 


\i\ 


ts  for  the 
on  the 


province 
le  N  uevo 
the  rivers 
the  latter. 

■i/dUi  maipr 
■d,  cousist- 


and  is  as 
ainingonly 
Mulattoes 
)d  convent 
nrinci])al 
f  tlie  coun- 
l)est  qua- 
)diK-es  also 


Z  E  P 

some  wheat,  maize,  and  barley,  which  arc  culti- 
vated by  those  few  natives :  1?  leagues  n.  e.  of 
Mexico. 

Zempoala,  another  settlement,  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Tlalixcoya  and  alcaldia 
mai/or  of  Mizantla,  containing  l5  families  of 
Indians. 

Zr.MPOAi.A,  another,  a  small  settlement  of  the 
nkaldia  mayor  of  Guachinango,  in  the  same 
kingdom  as  the  former  ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of 
the  settlement  of  Chiconcuautla. 

ZENEGUANCA,  Bay  of,  the  w.  coast  of 
the  government  and  province  of  Santa  Marta 
and  Nuevo  lleyno  de  Granada,  between  the 
Cape  of  la  Abuja  and  that  of  San  Juan  de 
Guia. 

ZENITARA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Antioquia,  in  the  same  kingdom  as 
the  former  bay.  It  rises  near  the  sitrras  of 
Guamoco,  and  enters  the  Grande  de  la  Mag- 
dalena. 

ZENIZO,  a  small  island  of  the  N.  Sea,  near 
the  coast  of  the  province  and  government  of 
Cartagena,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada.  It 
is  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Grande  de  la  Mag- 
dalena,  and  in  the  part  opposite  the  island 
Verde. 

ZCNTLA,  San  Gerommo  de,  a  settlement 
of  the  alcaldia  mat/or  of  Cordova.  It  is  of  a  hot 
temperature,  contains  105  families  of  Indians, 
and  is  13  leagues  e.  of  its  capital. 

ZENTLALPAN,  a  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict of  the  alcaldia  maijor  of  Chalco,  in  Nueva 
Espana,  one  league  e.  of  the  settlement  of  Ame- 
cameca,  and  containing  27ci  families  of  Indians. 

ZENTORA,  a  small  river  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Mainas,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito  ;  which  runs  e.  and  enters  the  Napo  be- 
low the  settlement  of  San  Estanisluo. 

ZEPAYUTLA,  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  Zitepec  and  alcaldia 
mat/or  of  Tenango  del  VaUe,  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  was  once  of  the  jurisdiction  and  alcaldia  i»aj/6r 
of  Tacuba.and  was  added  to  this  from  the  great 
distance  of  the  former.  It  contains  40  Indian 
families. 

ZEPEDA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Santa  Marta,  in  the  Nuevo 
Reyno  de  (tranada;  founded  on  the  shore  ot  the 
river  Cesare,  in  tlie  valley  of  Lipiir :  «.  ii.  e.  of 
the  city  of  los  Reyes. 

ZKI'lTA,  a  settlement  of  the  government 
and  jurisdiction  of  Pamplona  in  the  N'uevo 
Reyno  de  Granada.     It  is  of  a  very  hot  tcmpe- 


Z  I  A 


45 1 


rature,  produces  much  sugar-cane,  plantains, 
yucas,  and  large  and  small  cattle.  Its  2iativcs, 
who  amount  to  about  300,  suffer  an  epidemic  of 
the  shingles,  which  they  call  carates,  and  which 
is  very  common  here :  '■2b  leagues  from  Pam- 
plona, eight  from  the  city  of  San  Gil,  and  the 
same  from  that  of  Giron. 

Zepita,  another  '^ttlenient,  in  the  province 
and  government  of  Chacuito  ai>d  kingdom  of 
Peru ;  situate  on  the  shore  of  the  Great  Lake, 
and  where  rises  the  river  del  Desaguadero. 

ZERETE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Cartagena  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 
Granada,  and  of  the  "disti 'ct  of  the  townof  Tolii, 
founded  in  1776,  by  the  Governor  Don  Franciso 
Pimienta. 

ZERMEFANA,  a  settlement  of  the  Nuevo 
Reyno  de  Granada,  very  populous  in  the  time  of 
the  Indians  ;  and  capital  of  the  province  of  this 
name.  It  is  now  a  miserable  place,  of  a  hot  and 
moist  temperature,  inhabited  by  a  very  few  un- 
happy Innians. 

ZEROCAHUI,  a  settlement  of  the  missions 
which  were  held  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  province 
and  government  of  Cinaloa  in  N.  America. 

ZEREZUELA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corirgimiento  of  Bogota  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno 
de  Grann  Ja ;  situate  in  a  plain.  It  is  of  a  very 
cold  temperature,  but  pleasant,  delightful,  and 
abounding  in  all  the  fruits  of  a  cold  climate.  Its 
waters  are  much  celebrated,  it  contains  70  house- 
keepers, as  many  Indians,  and  is  three  leagues 
s.  e.  of  Santa  I'e,  in  the  high  road  which  leads 
down  to  Honda  and  to  Mariquita. 

ZESACO,  a  small  island  of  the  S.  Sea,  close 
to  the  coast  of  the  province  and  government  of 
Verugua,  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme,  on  the 
side  of  Point  Blanca. 

ZETEGANTI,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Darien,  in  the  same  kingdom  at. 
the  former  island.  It  rises  in  the  s.  part,  and 
runs  n.  until  it  disembogues  itself  in  the  sea  in 
the  Gulf  of  San  Miguel. 

ZEUNAS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians 
dwelling  in  the  woods  to  the  w.  of  the  IMaranon. 
It  is  very  warlike,  and  at  continual  enmity  with 
the  Aguas,  and  uses  the  most  acti.e  poison  in 
their  arms. 

^I  A,  a  settlement  of  the  missions  held  by  the 
religious  of  San  Francisco,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Nuevo  Mexico. 

ZiA,  a  river  in  tlu'  same  kingdom. 

ZIACAIiCO,  a  settlen»?nt  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  lluatenango,  and  alcaldia 


iv  ■  ■'• 


\': 


i' 


:i 


M   -' 


4fi2 


/  I  M 


Z  I  M 


n 


^r%f, 


mm/or  of  Coloilan  in  Nucva  EBpaua ;  two  leagues 
4'.  of  its  head  settlement. 

ZIAS,  or  ZiYus,  a  barbarous  nation  of  In- 
dians of  Peru,  descended  from  the  Parianas. 
They  live  in  the  woods  to  the  e.  of  the  river 
Putumayu.  They  are  tall  and  well  made,  and, 
thouffh  treacherous,  warlike. 

ZIBIRIJOA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
(ilca/dla  niai/or  of  Cinaloa  in  Nueva  Espaiia,  on 
the  shore  of  the  river  Fuerte,  between  the  settle- 
ments of  Teguego  and  Charay. 

ZICALPA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
rorreghniento  of  Riobamba  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito,  celebrated  for  the  sanctuary  of  Nuestra 
Sefiora  of  its  title,  and  which  is  venerated  liere, 
with  a  beautiful  temple  and  corresponding  orna- 
ments. Here  also  is  celebrated  an  annual  solemn 
festival,  and  on  all  occasions  of  public  necessity 
the  said  image  is  carried  in  procession  to  the 
capita],  from  whence  this  settlement  lies  only  two 
miles  oif  by  a  broad  and  beautiful  road,  which 
is  meandering,  in  order  with  the  greater  facility 
to  reach  the  settlement  which  is  situate  on  a 
mountain. 

ZICAPUZALCO,  San  Fp  *  vrisco  de,  a  set- 
tlement of  the  head  settlement  of  Escateopan  and 
(ikaldia  mayor  of  Zaqualpa  in  Nueva  Espana, 
containing  140  families  of  Indians. 

Z ICAS  TLA,  a  settlement  of  the  akaldia  mnijor 
of  Mixtetlan  in  the  same  kingdom  as  the  former, 
annexed  to  the  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Tlan- 
chinol,  and  containing  93  Indian  families. 

ZICUICHI,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  and  akaldia  mayor  ofTin- 
guindin  in  the  same  kingdom,  containing  84  fami- 
lies of  Indians,  all  of  whom  are  painters  and 
sculptors,  though  inditlerent ;  four  leagues  e.  of 
its  capital. 

ZICUILTEPEC,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  Xocutia  and  akaldia 
mayor  of  Chilapo,  in  the  same  kingdom  ;  eight 
leagues  s.  of  its  head  settlement. 

ZILACAYOAPAN,  a  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  the  akaldia  mayor  of  Tonala  in  the  same 
kingdom. 

ZILACOLOTITLAN,  a  settlement  of  the 
head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Xaiapa  and 
akaldia  mayor  of  Tlapa  in  the  same  kingdom. 
It  contains  40  families  of  Indians,  agricultural- 
ists, and  is  three  leagues  from  its  head  settlement. 

ZIMACOTA,  a  settlement  of  the  jurisdiction 
and  district  of  the  city  of  San  Gil  and  conegi- 
miento  of  Tunja  in  the  Nuevo  Heyno  de  (»ra- 
nada.  It  is  of  a  hot  teniprrature,  very  abundant 
in  rice,  wliicii  fetches  generally  tlireo  roals  tlic 


urroba,  in  cotton,  of  which  they  make  very  good 
counterpanes,  coverings  for  tents,  &c.  and  by 
which  tney  carry  on  a  good  trade ;  as  also  in 
much  sugar  which  they  make,  together  with  con- 
serves, and  in  excellent  woods.  It  produces 
also  a  great  quantity  of  maize,  yucas,  and  fruits. 
It  was  formerly  an  Indian  town,  and  is  now 
transformed  into  a  population  of  whites  ;  is  the 
last  town  of  the  Nuevo  Keyno,  by  the  w.  part, 
a  long  chain  of  mountains  extending  themselves 
from  it  as  far  as  the  river  Grande  de  la  Magda- 
lena.  It  contains  1, 0(H)  inhabitants,  and  is  eight 
leagues  s.  zo.  of  the  town  of  San  Gil,  the  river 
Mochuelo  and  Suarez,  which  are  passed  in  taravi- 
tas,  running  between. 

ZIMAPAN,  a  settlement  of  the  capital  and 
7-eal  of  mines  of  the  akaldia  mayor  of  this  name, 
the  jurisdiction  of  which  has  no  other  settlement, 
although  some  wards,  in  which  are  found  820 
families  of  Indians,  and  200  of  Spaniards,  Mus- 
tces,  and  Mulattoes.  Its  temperature  is  extremely 
cold,  it  being  situate  in  the  sierra  Madre  de 
Mextitlan.  Its  trade  is  reduced  to  that  of  the 
mines  of  silver,  which  has  an  alloy  of  lead,  and 
which,  in  consequence,  is  used  only  in  founding, 
the  lead  not  permitting  the  quicksilver  to  be 
used  as  it  is  in  other  parts.  The  richest  and 
most  celebrated  vein  of  this  mine  is  that  which 
they  call  lomo  de  toro  (bull's  loins)  and  from 
whence  the  metal,  ever  since  its  discovery,  has 
been  extracted  of  a  red  colour.  [Zimapan  is  58 
miles  w.  n.  e.  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  20°  43'  n.  and 
long.  98°  40'  to.] 

ZIMARRONES,  a  barbarous  nation  of  In- 
dians, descended  from  the  Mainas,  and  dwelling 
in  the  woods  in  the  vicinities  of  the  river  M  orona 
on  the  e.  part,  and  to  the  w.  of  the  Pataza,  and 
extending  as  far  as  the  Maranon.  They  are  now 
very  few,  and  go  dispersed  about. 

^IMATLAN,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  akaldia  mayor  of  Chicliicapa  and  province 
and  bishopric  ol  Oaxaca  in  Nueva  Espana.  It 
is  of  a  mild  and  dry  temperature,  was  formerly 
a  separate  jurisdiction  and  akaldia  mayor,  but 
which  was  added  to  tliis  akaldia,  with  the  sottlc- 
ments  contained  in  four  head  scttloinents  of  the 
district.  It  contains  a  convent  of  Dominicans, 
and  613  families  of  Indians,  wlio  cultivate  and 
trade  in  cochineal  and  seeds  ;  [I  I  miles ,«.  w.  from 
the  city  of  Oaxaca.j 

ZiMlTARA,  a  river  of  the  ])rovince  and 
government  of  Cartagena  and  district  of  Gua  • 
inoco  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  do  Granada,  which 
runs  H,  11.  e.  and  eaters  the  Grande  de  la  Mag- 
dalena. 


Z  I  N 

ZIMITI,  a  cilj  of  ilie  same  province  .ind 
"overnmeiit  as  the  tbiiner  river:  on  the  sliore  of 
a  lake  formed  by  the  wa(crs  of  the  ]Ma<jdnleiia. 

ZIMPALCO,  San  Juan  of,,  a  settlement  of 
the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Atenipa  and 
alcaldia  vuujcr  of  Teiizitaii  in  Nneva  Espana ; 
annexed  to  the  cnracy  of  tlie  former.  It  contains 
53  families  of  Indians,  and  is  one  league  n,  of  its 
head  settlement. 

ZINACAMITLAN,  a  principal  or  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  of  the  utculdia  niai/or  of 
Motines  in  the  same  kingdom  as  the  former.  It 
contains  3()  families  of  Indians. 

ZINACANTEPEC,  San  Miguel  de,  a  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  the  «/«//«/;'«  mayor  of 
Metepec  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  IJ 
families  of  Indians,  with  those  of  the  wards  of 
its  district. 

ZiNACANTEPEC,  another,  a  small  settlement 
in  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Almolo- 
loya  and  nkald'm  mayor  of  Colima  in  the  same 
kingdom ;  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  Cochimat- 
lan. 

ZINAPEQUARO,  a  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  the  alcaldia  vmt/or  of  TIalpujagua  in 
Nueva  Espaiia.  It  contains  245  families,  in- 
cluding those  of  the  wards  of  its  district,  and  a 
convent  of  Franciscans.  Near  the  road  which 
leads  from  this  settlement  to  the  city  of  Vallado- 
lid,  which  served  as  a  fortress  to  the  Chichimecas 
Indians,  are  some  medicinal  hot  baths,  celebrated 
tor  the  cure  of  many  infirmities;  17  leagues 
n.  n.  K\  of  its  capital. 

ZiNGA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  cor- 
;rs7»!?>w/o  of  Huamalies  in  Peru. 

ZINGAREO,  Santa  Mahia  he,  a  settlement 
of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of  I  rimbo 
and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Maravatio,  in  the  pro- 
vince and  bishopric  of  Mechoacan.  It  contains 
^'0  families  of  Indians,  and,  in  the  ranchos  of  its 
district,  15  of  Spaniards,  12  of  Mushes,  and  26 
of  Indians  ;  one  league  n.  n.  lo.  of  its  head  settle- 
ment. 

[ZINOCHSAA,  the  original  name  of  a  river 
of  New  York,  which  runs  through  Onondago, 
the  chief  town  of  the  Six  Nations.] 

ZINTO,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Santa  Marta,  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 
(j.  iuiada,  in  the  e.  part.  It  runs  from  s.  to  w. 
and  enters  the  sea,  fornung  a  small  bay.  Some 
call  it  also  of  Don  Diego.  Its  mouth  is  in  lat. 
11^  \T  n. 

ZINZELEJO,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  government  of  Cartagena  in  the  same  king- 


Z  I  P 


dom  as  th     former  river;  situate/?,  of  the  town 
of  San  Bernardo  Abad. 

ZIMI,  a  large  river  of  the  same  province 
and  kingdom  as  the  former  settlement.  It  rises 
in  the  valley  of  Guaca,  at  the  foot  of  the  sierras 
of  Abide,  runs  n.  in  a  serpentine  course,  through 
the  district  of  Tolu,  and  enters  the  sea,  forming 
a  beautiful  bay  by  different  mouths,  which  make 
many  islands.  The  territory,  laved  by  this  river, 
is  very  fertile,  and  provides  with  fruit  and  herbs 
the  city  of  Cartagena.  Its  mouth  is  in  lat.  9" 
28'  ,1. 

ZiMi,  a  town  of  the  above  province  and  king- 
dom, on  the  c.  shore  of  the  former  river.  It  was 
a  large  town  in  the  time  of  the  Indians,  and  in  it 
much  gold  was  found  by  Pedro  de  Heredia  in 
1534.     It  is  now  reduced  to  a  miserable  \  iilage. 

ZINZI,  a  settlement  of  the  same  province  and 
kingdom  as  the  former  settlement ;  situate  n.  of 
the  town  of  San  Bernardo  Abad. 

ZINTZUNTZA.    See  Cocupao. 

ZIOPATA,a  bay  of  the  N.  Sea,  on  the  coast  of 
the  province  and  government  of  Cartagena,  and 
in  the  Bay  and  Gulf  of  Tolu. 

ZIORiCA,  an  island  of  the  river  Orinoco  in 
the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada,  opposite  la 
Guayana. 

ZIPACON,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimienlo  of  Bogota  in  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de 
Granada,  it  is  of  a  very  cold  temperature, 
situate  in  a  rough  and  mountainous  country,  and 
covered  over  continually  with  thick  clouds  ;  near 
the  settlement  of  Facatativa,  and  at  the  back  of 
thatof  Bojaca,  and  eight  leagues  5.  w.  ofSantaFe. 
ZIPAQUIRA,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  corrcs^imiento  of  its  name  in  the  Nuevo 
Reyno  de  Oranada.  It  is  of  a  cold  but  benin^n 
and  healthy  temperature ;  situate  in  a  delightful 
llanura.  It  pioiiucesin  abundance  wheat,  maize, 
barley,  papas,  and  pulse,  which  are  sold  in  the 
other  provinces,  and  it  thus  carries  on  a  lucrative 
trade,  the  market  taking  place  every  five  days. 
It  has  some  very  abundant  salines,  from  whence 
it  extracts  20,000  bushels  of  salt  yearly.  Its 
population  consists  of  more  than  800  house- 
keepers and  80  Indians.  It  v.as  a  doctrinal 
establishment  of  the  religious  of  San  Francisco  ; 
[10  miles  n.  ii.  e.  of  Santa  Fe,  on  the  Royal  Road 
from  thence  to  Tunja.l 

ZfPATALIGUARlS,  a  bi<rl)arous  nation  of 
Indians  of  the  province  and  government  of  Para- 
guay, descended  from  the  nation  of  the  Xarayos; 
bounded  s.  by  the  Taicoma^'.  n.  by  the  (Jorgoto- 
(jues  and  by  the  Varais,  and  xc.  by  the  mountain* 


'     UJ 


W 


-;•* 


M 


M.' 


454 


Z  I  T 


Ui 


of  the  province  and  government  of  Santa  Cruz  de 
la  Sierra. 

ZIPEZIPE,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
correpmiento  of  Cocliabamba  in  Pern. 

ZfPlJAZA,  or  ZiPiinzA,  a  large  and  popu- 
lous city,  in  the  time  of  the  Indians,  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Santa  Marta  and  Nuevo 
Reyno  de  Granada.  It  was  taken  and  sacked  in 
1530,  hy  the  Captain  Francisco  Cardoso.  It  is  at 
present  a  miserable  village,  situate  on  the  s.  w. 
coast  of  Lake  Zapatosa,  and  at  a  small  distance 
from  the  Grand  River  Magdalcna  on  the  e.  part, 
[and  about  56  miles  s.  s.  e.  of  the  city  of  Tenc- 
riffe.] 

ZIRITA,  a  city  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Venezuela  in  the  district  of  the  city  of 
Gibraltar;  situate  on  the  shore  and  at  the  source 
of  the  river  of  its  name. 

ZiRiTA.  This  river,  which  is  verv  large  and 
abundant,  rises  in  the  mountains  in  the  same  pro- 
vince, runs  in  a  direction  nearly  from  e.  to  lo., 
and,  then  making  a  curve  to  the  n.  runs  to  the 
lake  of  Maracaibo  by  the  part  opposite  the  en- 
trance of  the  same  lake. 

ZISPATA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
government  of  Cartagena ;  situate  on  the  shore 
of  one  of  the  arms  of  the  river  Cauca,  s.  of  the 
town  of  San  Bernardo  Abad.  It  is  on  the  side  of 
a  great  bay  of  its  name,  which  the  Ex-Jesuit  Co- 
Icti,  wrongly  called  Sistapa  in  his  dictionary. 

Z  IT  ALA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
akahlia  nun/or  of  Capabanastla  in  the  kingdom  of 
Guatemala. 

ZITAQUARO,  S\v  Juan  de,  a  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  the  alcald'ia  maijor  of  Ma- 
ravatio  in  the  province  and  bishopric  of  Mechoa- 
can ;  situate  in  some  lofty  mountains,  covered 
with  verv  large  firs  and  other  trees  of  valuable 
timber.  It  is  of  a  mild  temperature,aiid  its  district 
abounds  in  wheat,  niaize,French-beans,  and  other 
seeds.  It  has  a  convent  of  Franciscans,  more 
than  150  families  of  Spaniards,  Muslees,  and  Mu- 
lattoes,  and  1 15  of  Indians.  In  its  district,  in  a 
part  called  Purua,  there  is  a  fountain  of  rare 
qualities,  the  most  peculiar  of  which  are,  that  all 
the  wood  thrown  into  it  sinks  to  the  bottom  and 
becomes  covered  with  stones  of  different  sizes 
resembling  bezoa  stones,  and  which  are  extremely 
hard,  it  is  also  to  be  observed,  that  in  its  plains 
are  produced  the  royal  dittany.  Five  leagues 
s.  ii:  of  its  capital. 

[ZITAR,  a  town  of  Tierra  Firme,  S.  America, 
near  to  and  s.  from  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Daricn.] 


z  o  c 

ZITEPEC.  Sa\  Pedro  df,,  a  head  settlement 
of  the  district  of  the  ulcaldia  mai/or  of  Tenango 
in  the  same  kingdom  as  the  former.  It  was  for- 
merly of  the  jurisdiction  of  Tacnba,  and  was 
added  to  this  owing  to  the  great  distance  it  was 
from  the  former.  It  contains70  families  of  Indians. 
ZITLALA,  a  settlement  of  the  district  of  the 
ulcaldia  JH^yor  of  Chilapa  in  the  same  kingdom  as 
the  former.  It  contains  175  families  of  Mexican 
Indians,  iind  a  convent  of  Augustins,  in  which  is 
venerated  a  miraculous  image  of  San  Nicolas  de 
Tolentino.  This  image  was  being  carried  from  La 
Puebla  de  los  Angeles  to  the  coast  of  the  S. 
Sea,  and,  upon  its  arrival  at  this  settlement,  the 
chest  which  contained  it  was  found  to  be  so  heavy 
as  to  resist  the  exertions  of  50  men  to  raise  it. 
The  inference  was,  of  course,  that  there  was  some- 
thing supernatural  in  the  business,  and  it  being 
argued  by  the  owners  that  it  was  meant  that  the 
image  should  remain  in  this  settlement  as  the 
protector  of  the  inhabitants,  they,  in  juridical 
ibrm,  made  a  present  of  it  to  them,  llpon  the 
arrival  of  the  curate,  who  was  to  take  it  away, 
thechest  was  moved  up  with  one  hand,  and  the 
circumstance  having  greatly  surprised  the  con- 
course of  people  who  had  assembled  round  the 
spot,  they  immediately  formed  themselvn  into  a 
solemn  procession,  shewing  forth  the  most  devout 
expressions  of  Joy  and  gratitude,  and  placing  the 
image  on  the  grand  altar  of  the  parish-church. 
Repeated  prodigies  have  been  wrought  through 
its  intercession.     Three  leagues  n.  of  its  capital. 

ZITLALTEPEC,  a  settlement  of  the  a/cflW/a 
nutj/or  of  Tlapa  in  the  same  kingdom  as  the 
former.  It  is  of  a  cold  temperature,  and  con- 
tains 17  families  of  Indians,  who  maintain  them- 
selves by  the  cultivation  and  commerce  of  cochi- 
neal and  cotton.  Four  leagues  s.  of  the  settle- 
ment of  Atlamaxaczinco. 

ZiTi.ALTEPEc,  another  settlement,  in  t\ie.al- 
caldin  mayor  of  Zumpango  of  the  same  kingdom. 
It  V  as  formerly  the  capital  of  the  jurisdiction. 
It  pjoduces  maize  and  barley,  in  which  the  na- 
tives, who  amount  to  90  families  of  Indians, 
trade,  and  is  one  league  xi\  of  its  capital. 

[ZOAR,  a  plantation  of  Berkshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  which  contained,  in  1790,  78  in- 
habitants.] 

ZOCAUS,  a  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment  of  Quijos  and  Macas  jn  the  kingdom  oi' 
Quito,  and  which  enters  the  Putumavo. 

ZOCHICOATLAN,  a  jurisdiction  and  alatl- 
dia  mayor  of  Nueva  Espana.  It  produces  silk 
and  cotton,  of  which  they  make  cloaks,  sheets, 


I'll 


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isdiction. 
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Z  O  N 

table-cloths,  napkins,  stockings,  and  under  stock- 
ings ;  carrying  on  with  all  these  a  great  com- 
merce, as  also  with  sugar  manufactured  in  the 
engines  in  its  district,  and  witli  various  other  pro- 
ductions. Its  population  consists  of  the  follow- 
ing settlements, — 

Acomuico,  Atemna, 

Xalamelco,  Xacalco, 

Zapocoatlan,  Pexmatlan, 

Mecapala,  Talnalic, 

Ahuacatian,  Pauchutla, 

Tecpaco,  Tuzancoa, 

Chalco,  Papaxtla, 

Chilcayotla,  Mazahuacan, 

Thocintlan,  Quautlaniayan. 

Coyutla, 
The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  the  same  name ; 
situate  in  the  sierra  of  Mextitlan,  between  some 
lofty  mountains,  so  tiiat  it  is  of  a  very  cold  tem- 
perature. It  has  a  good  convent  of  Franciscans, 
and  its  population  is  composed  of  six  families  of 
Spaniards  and  Mustees,  and  of  124  of  Indians. 
[About  90  miles  «.  c.  of  Mexico.] 

ZOCIlIMEFIUA,S.  Pablo  DE,  a  small  set- 
tlement of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  and 
ttlcaldia  mai/or  of  Cholula  in  Niieva  Espaila.  It 
contains  seven  or  eight  families  of  Indians,  and 
is  very  close  to  the  settlement  of  La  Puebta. 

ZOCOLOTLA,  Santa  Mauia  df,  a  settle- 
ment of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of 
Zapotithui,  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Zacatlan  in  the 
same  kingdom  as  the  former.  One  league  from 
its  head  settlement. 

ZOCONUSCO,  Santiago  de,  a  settlement 
of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  and  alcaldia 
mai/or  of  Acayuca  in  Nueva  Espafia,  of  a  hot  and 
moist  temperature.  It  produces  maize,  French- 
beans,  and  much  thread  of  pita,  in  which  consists 
its  principal  trade  with  the  other  jurisdictions. 
It  contains  395  families  of  Indians,  and  is  one 
league  e.  of  its  capital  and  head  settlement. 

ZOCOTO,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Caxamarca  in  Peru  ;  annexed  to 
tlie  curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Huambos. 

ZOMETLA,  S.  Miguet.  de,  a  settlement  of 
the  liead  settlement  of  the  district  and  alcaldia 
mai/or  of  Tezcoco  in  Nueva  Espai'ia  ;  annexed  to 
that  of  Acolman,  from  whence  it  lies  a  quarter  of 
a  league  to  the  e.  It  contains  91  families  of  In- 
dians. 

[ZONCOLCUCAN,  mountains  in  Guaxaca, 
i'»  Nueva  Espafia,  whicli  give  rise  to  Papalo- 
Apain,  or  Alvarad  River.] 

[ZONESHIO,  the  chief  town  of  the  Scnccu 
Indians.     Two  miles  n.  of  Seneca  Lake.] 


Z  O  Y 


455 


ZONGUILUCA,  a  settlement  of  the  alcaldia 
niayor  of  Tulanziuco  in  the  same  kingdom.  It 
contains  a  convent  of  Augustins,  and  4.'i  families 
of  Indians.    Four  leagues  «.  of  its  capital. 

ZONZERON,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  captainship  of  Sergipe  in  Brazil ;  on  tlie  shore 
of  the  Hay  of  Sergipe  in  the  part  ojiposite  the 
capital. 

ZOPIA,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Antioquia  in  the  >iuevo  Reyno  de  Gra- 
nada. It  runs  c.  and  enters  the  large  stream  of 
the  Caiica,  opposite  the  city  of  Anserma. 

ZOQUES,  a  province  and  alcaldia  maj/or  of 
the  kingdom  of  (juatemala. 

ZC^QUITLAN,  a  settlement  of  the  alcaldia 
mat/or  of  Nexapa  in  Nueva  Espana ;  situate  in  a 
lofty  plain  surrounded  by  a  river,  with  the  waters 
of  which  the  inhabitants  irrigate  their  crops.  Here 
dwell  40  families  of  Indians,  and  in  its  district 
are  20  mills,  or  sugar-engines,  in  which  reside 
upwards  of  20  families  of  Spanisnds  and  Mustees, 
all  of  them  upon  the  banks  of  a  river  which  passes 
through  various  settlements  of  this  jurisdiction, 
and  which  equally  fertilizes  the  jurisdiction  of 
Tehuantcpeque,  where  its  course  terminates,  inas- 
much as  it  there  enters  the  S.  Sea.  Three  leagues 
e.  of  the  settlement  of  Totalpa. 

ZoQUiTLAN,  another  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  tlie  alcaldia  inat/or  of 
Theotihuacan  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains 
500  families  of  Indians,  and  is  10  leagues  s.  e.  of 
the  capital. 

ZOQUIZINCO,  St  A.  Maui  a  de,  a  head 
settlement  of  the  district  and  alcaldia  mayor  of 
Marinalco  in  the  same  kingdom,  and  of  a  cold 
and  moist  temperature.  The  whole  of  its  district 
is  full  of  wells  of  water,  though,  notwithstanding 
its  settlements  suffer  much  from  want  of  that  ar- 
ticle, as  being  situate  on  the  driest  plain  in  the 
district.  This  settlement  is  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains on  the  w.  and  n.  w.  and  its  population 
amounts  to  147  families  of  Indians,  who  trade  in 
various  seeds,  make  pulque,  and  cut  wood,  of 
which  there  is  great  abundance  in  the  afoiesaid 
mountains.     Five  lcan;ues  n.  of  its  capital. 

ZORATA,  a  settlement  and  capital  of  the 
province  and  corregimiento  of  Larecaxa  in  Peru. 

ZOYACATLAN,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  S.  Luis  de  Potosi, 
and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Tlapa  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  contains  65  iamilies  of  Indians,  and  is  three 
leagues  from  its  head  settlement. 

ZOYALTEPE{;,  a  head  settlement  of  the  dis- 
trict of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  Teutila  in  the  same 
kingdom  as  the  former.     It  is  t)f  a  warm  and  diy 


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temperature,  nnd  in  the  wards  of  its  district  dwell 
600  families  of  Indians,  who  cultivate  much  cot- 
ton and  vmyni/fa.     Ten  leagues  s.  of  its  capital. 

ZoYALTEPKc,  another  settlement,  with  the 
dedicatory  title  of  San  Bartolome,  a  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district  of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  Yan- 
guitlan  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  64  fa- 
n)ilies  of  Indians,  and  is  five  leagues  s.  e.  of  its 
capital. 

ZOYATITLAN,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  n^caMa  »/ayor  of  Capabanastla  in  the  i  ing- 
dom  of  Guatemala. 

ZOYATLAN,  a  settlement  of  the  head  settle- 
ment of  the  district,  and  alcaldia  mauor  of  Autlan 
in  Nueva  Espai'ia.  It  contains  25  tamilies  of  In- 
dians who  cultivate  many  seeds  and  fruits,  th," 
soil  being  extremely  fertile.  It  is  annexed  io  the 
curacy  of  Tcnamaztlan,  from  whence  it  lies  \\ 
leagues  to  the  $.  with  some  inclination  to  the  w. 

ZovATLAN,  another  settlement,  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  San  Luis  de  la  Costa, 
and  alcaldia  mayor  ofTlapa  in  the  same  kingdom. 
It  is  of  a  hot  temperature,  contains  74  families  of 
Indians,  and  is  five  leagues  from  its  head  settle- 
ment- 

ZOYATLINALAPA,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  and  alcaldia  mayor  of 
Atrisco  in  the  same  kingdom  as  tlie  former.  It 
is  of  mild  temperature,  contains  65  families  of 
Indians,  and  is  16  leagues  e.  s.c.  of  its  capital. 

ZOZOCOLTENANGO,  a  settlement  of  the 
alcaldia  mayor  of  Capabanastla  in  the  kingdom  of 
Guatemala. 

ZOZOLCO,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  Papantla  in  the  same 
kingdom.  It  contains  320  families  of  Indians, 
and  is  14  leagues  from  its  capital. 

ZOZORANGA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  corre^imienio  of  Loxa  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito. 

ZUA,  a  small  river  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Cumanii,  which  rises  e.  of  the  town 
of  vSan  Fernando,  runs  s.,  and  turning  w.  enters 
the  Chivata. 

ZL  AQUEO,  a  small  river  of  the  province  of 
Ostimuri  in  Nueva  Espana,  which  enters  the 
lliaciui. 

Zl'ATLAN,  a  head  settlement  of  the  district 
of  the  «/rY//rfirt  w«/yor  of  Xala  in  Nueva  Espana. 
It  is  of  a  cold  temperature,  annexed  to  the  cu- 
racy of  the  settlement  of  Yxtlan.  It  contains 
'2fi  families  of  Indians  who  trade  in  seeds  and 
French-beans,  and  is  three  leagues  n.  by  s.  of 
its  capital. 

Zt'ATLAN,  another  settlement,  in  the  province 


Z  U  L 

and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Los  Zoques,  and  kingdom 
of  Guatemala. 

ZUCHILTEPEC,  a  settlement  of  the  head 
settlement  of  the  district  of  Tepalcaltepec  and 
alcaldia  mayor  of  Nexapa  in  the  same  kingdom. 
It  contains  24  families  of  Indians,  and  is  half  a 
league  from  its  head  settlement. 

ZITCHIQUILATZAN,  a  settlement  of  the 
head  settlement  of  the  district  of  the  alcaldia 
mayor  of  Juxtlahuaca  in  Nueva  Espana.  It 
contains  80  families  of  Indians,  including  those 
of  two  other  settlements  of  its  district. 

ZUCHITEPEC,  S.  MifiUEi,  df,,  a  settlement 
of  the  head  settlement  of  the  district  of  Ozto- 
lotepec  and  alcaldia  mayor  of  Mahuatlan  in  the 
same  kingdom.  Its  principal  commerce  is  in 
trinkets  for  making  rosaries  :  20  leagues  from 
the  capital. 

ZUCHITLAN,  a  settlement  of  the  head  set- 
tlement of  the  district  and  alcaldia  mayor  of 
Autlan  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  20 
families  of  Indians,  who  maintain  themselves  by 
trading  in  large  cattle,  sugar,  honey,  seeds,  and 
oil  of  coco,  of  .vhich  they  procure  abundance 
from  the  great  numbers  of  palms  in  its  district. 
It  is  annexed  to  the  curacy  of  Zecolotlan,  and 
is  distant  four  leagues  to  the  s. 

ZlJCHITLAPiLCO,  a  settlement  of  the  al- 
caldia  mayor  of  Giuijuapa  in  the  sanje  kingdom 
as  the  former.  It  contains  55  families  of  In- 
dians. 

ZULE,  a  river  of  the  province  and  govern- 
ment of  Pamplona  in  the  Nuevo  Jleyno  de  Gra- 
nada. It  rises  in  the  mountains  of  that  district, 
and  runs  from  s.  to  n.  forming  a  curve  till  it 
enters  the  lake  of  Maracaibo,  by  the  part  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  this  lake. 

ZlILTEPEC,or  SuLTEP  IX,  a  jurisdiction  and 
alcaldia  mayor  of  Nueva  Espana,  known  by  the 
name  of  la  Plata,  from  the  ojjulence  which  it 
had  obtained  in  former  times  from  its  minerals, 
and  from  the  engines  for  working  the  metals 
found  liore,  and  which  were  of  the  best  alloy. 
In  its  district  are  22  cultivated  estates,  at  which 
assist  167  families  of  Spaniards,  Mustees  and 
Mulattnes,  and  who  gather  abundant  crops  of 
wheat,  barley,  maize,  and  other  seeds.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  po|)ulous,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  fol- 
lowing settlements  : 

Capula,  Pozoltepec, 

Santiago  Tecaltitlan,         Ziiltepec, 
S.  Francisco  Coajuzco,     Santa  Cruz, 
Santiago,  Santo  1'omas, 

San  PedroAlmoloya,         Amatepec, 
Acuyapan,  San  Felipe, 


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San  Andres    de  las 

Gamas, 
San  Simon  de  Barrc- 

teros, 
San    Francisco    del 

Valle, 
Sta.  Maria  Ahuacat- 

lan, 
Santa  Maria  Pipiol- 

tepec, 
San  Miguel  Ixtapas, 
San  Martin, 
Santa  Cruz, 
San  Lucas, 
San  Martin  Otzoloa- 

pan, 
San  Juan  Atezcapa, 
Santo  Tomas, 
Santa  Maria  Zacoza- 

napa, 
San  Pedi^oTexupilco, 
San  Miguel  Ixtapa, 
Cuentla, 

Santiago  Arizmcndi, 
San  Simon, 
San  Andres, 
San  Lvcas, 
Acamuchitlan^ 
Acutitlan. 

The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  situate  in 
the  most  craggy  part  of  a  mountain  ;  it  is  of  a 
mild  temperature,  and  contains  400  families  of 
Spaniards,  Mustees,  and  Mulattocs,  whose  for- 
tunes have  greatly  decayed.  They  have  now 
only  one  mine,  which  is  worked,  called  Nnestra 
Seuora  del  Carmen,  though,  if  they  had  the 
means,  these  are  not  without  other  nunes,  which 
would  yield  great  profit :  they  are  now  chiefly  de- 
dicated to  the  exercise  of  muleteers.  The  whole 
of  the  territory  is  full  of  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
copper,  and  lead ;  and  they  make  here  some  silk 
stuffs,  highly  esteemed  throughoiit  the  kingdom, 
whilst  they  draw  from  the  neighbouring  juris- 
dictions such  provisions  and  vegetable  produc- 
tions as  they  may  stand  in  need  of.  This  settle- 
ment has  a  very  good  parish  church,  and  a  con- 
vent of  Franciscans,  [and  is  54  miles  s.  zo.  from 
Mexico  ;  in  lat.  18°' 58'  ii.  and  long,  m"  52'  w.} 
Zui.TEPEC,  another  settlement,  in  the  same 
jurisdiction  and  alcald'ia  mayor.  It  is  ihe  head 
settlement  of  the  district,  contains  54  families  of 
Indians,  and  is  four  leagues  s.  of  the  capital. 

Zt'i.TEPEC,  another,  of  the  head  settlement 
of  the  district  of  Amuzgos,  and  ulcaldia  mai/or  of 
Xicayan,  in  the  same  kingdom.     It  contanis  49 
VOL.  v. 


San  Simon, 

San  Miguel, 

Santiago, 

Santiago  Clayac, 

San  iTuan, 

San  Mateo, 

Coatepec, 

San  Francisco, 

San  Felipe, 

San  Pedio, 

Santa  Ana, 

Santa  Maria, 

S.  Juan  Huixtlan, 

Aldas, 

San    Miguel  Tecol- 

maloya, 
Axuchitlan, 
Tehiiilotepec, 
San  Pedro  Huestahu, 
Matlatepec, 
Temascaltepcc, 
San  Miguel  de 

Panchos, 
San  Francisco, 
San   Mateo    de 

Ranches, 
San  Martin  Tequis 

quipa, 


families  of  Indians,  who  cultivate  and  trade  in 
cotton,  tol)acco,  cochineal,  and  xiiynilla :  13 
leagues  lo.  by  h.  of  its  head  settlement. 

ZUMALAO,  a  small  settlement  of  the  pro- 
vince and  government  of  Tucuman  in  Peru,  of 
the  district  and  jurisdiction  of  the  city  of  Salla. 
In  it  is  venerated  an  image  of  most  holy  Christ, 
called  do  Vilque. 

ZUMAMPA,  a  settlement  of  the  same  pro- 
vince and  government  as  the  former ;  on  the 
shore  of  the  rivei  Dulce. 

ZUMATA,  a  settlement  of  the  government 
and  jurisdiction  of  San  Juan  Giron,  in  the  Nuc\o 
Revno  Ac  Granada ;  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain. 

2UMPAHUACAN,  a  head  settlement  of  the 
district  of  the  afcaldia  mayor  of  Marinalco  in 
Nueva  Espafia.  It  contains  in  its  district  two 
wards,  and,  in  all,  its  inhabitants  amount  to  ^56 
families  of  Indians,  and  eight  oi  Musk  es, who  live 
by  sowing  maize,  making  bags  and  mats,  which 
they  there  call  petates,  and  much  lime,  and  with 
these  it  carries  on  a  trade  with  the  neighbouring 
jurisdictions.  It  has  a  convent  of  Augustins, 
and  is  seven  leagues  e.  of  its  capital,  l>y  a  road, 
rough  and  full  of  deep  chasms  and  ravines. 

ZUMPANGO,  a  jurisdiction  and  afcaldia 
mayor  of  Nueva  Espana,  with  the  surname  de 
la  Laguna,  from  a  very  large  lake  which  it  has, 
and  which,  although  in  the  time  of  drought  it 
becomes  much  diminished,  never  dries  up  com- 
pletely. The  same  lake  has  a  lock  by  which  it 
may  be  replenished  by  the  waters  of  the  lake  of 
Mexico,  through  the  lake  Christoval.  This  ter- 
ritory produces  much  seed,  and  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  these  and  in  the  office  of  muleteers  arc 
the  greatest  part  of  the  natives  employed  ;  at- 
though  also  in  the  making  of  pulque.  Its  popu- 
lation consists  of  the  following  settlements  : 

Xitlaltepec,  S.    Marcos      Tilon- 

San     Andres     Xal-  zinco, 

tengo,  Santiago  Tequisqui- 

San  Andres  Xaltocan,  ac. 

The  capital  is  the  settlement  of  its  name,  on 
the  side  of  the  lake.  It  is  very  fertile  in  bar- 
ley, inai/e,  French  beans  and  pul(^ue  ;  contains 
5.54  families  of  Indians,  12  of  Spaniards,  and  92 
of  Mulattoes  and  Muslces :  [2.'J  miles  «.  of 
Mexico,  in  lat.  19°  47'  «.  and  long.  m=  2'  rc.\ 

ZuMi'ANGo,  another  settlement,  with  the  ad- 
dition de  las  Minas,  in  the  ahaldia  mai/or  of 
Tixtlan,  in  the  same  kingdom.  It  contains  2(j4 
families  of  Indians. 

ZuMPAXGo, another,  of  the  province  and  king- 
dom of  Guatemala. 

ZUNA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  go- 
y  .V 


fi  ■  ■• 


fl 


458 


ZUN 


Ml;: 


vernment  of  Quijos  and  Macas,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Quito. 

ZuNA,  a  large  and  abundant  river  of  the  same 
kingdom,  which  risen  in  a  lake  in  the  province  of 
Alausi,  near  that  of  Colaycocha ;  laves  the  above 
settlement,  to  which  it  giveH  its  name,  in  the 
province  of  Macas,  runs  e.,  and,  united  with  the 
Vulcano,  forms  the  Upano. 

ZUNI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  go- 
vernment of  Antioquia  in  the  Kuevo  Ueyno  de 
Granada,  on  the  shore  of  the  river  Grande  de  la 
Magdalena. 

ZuNi,  another,  of  the  missions,  held  by  the 
religious  of  St  Francisco,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Nuevo  Mexico. 

ZUNIBATIVA,  a  settlement  of  the  province 
and  kingdom  of  Quito,  in  the  district  of  las 
Cinco  Lequas  de  la  Capital ;  situate  near  the 
road  which  leads  down  from  Guayaquil. 

ZUNIGA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
corregimiento  of  Cafiete  in  Peru ;  annexed  to  the 
curacy  of  the  settlement  of  Pacaran. 

ZUNUA,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and 
nlcaldia  nuijjor  of  Zoques,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Guatemala. 

ZUNUBAS,  a  barbarous  and  ancient  nation 
of  Indians,  of  the  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada, 
who  inhabited  the    province   of  Sutatenza,  in 


ZU  Y 

what  was  then  the  kingdom  of  Tunja.  This  race 
has  become  entirely  extinct. 

ZUNUNACA,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
government  of  the  Chiqnitos  Indians  in  Peru, 
which  rises  between  the  Capiavari  and  the  Po- 
tamiisimo,  runs  e.  and  enters  or  joins  the  latter. 

ZUPUTUBA,  a  river  of  the  province  and 
country  of  las  Amazonas,  in  the  territory  of 
Matogroso.  It  runs  s. ;  and,  uniting  itself  with 
others,  enters  the  Paraguay. 

ZUQUIAPA,  Santiago  he,  a  settlement  of 
the  aicaldia  mayor  of  Theocuilco  in  Nueva 
Espafia.  It  contains  74  families  of  Indians,  and 
is  10  leagues  n.  with  an  inclination  to  &;.  of  its 
capital. 

ZURI,  a  settlement  of  the  province  and  cor- 
regimiento of  Sicasica  in  Peru. 

ZURINAS,  a  barbarous  nation  of  Indians, 
inhabiting  the  woods  to  the  s.  of  the  river  Ma- 
ranon.  They  are  pacific,  industrious,  and  of 
good  dispositions,  make  beautiful  woven  stuflTs  of 
cotton,  and  utensils  of  choice  woods. 

ZURITE,  a  settlement  of  the  corregimiento  of 
Cuzco  in  Peru ;  and  bein»  seven  leagues  from 
this  city,  in  the  high  road  leading  to  Lmia. 

ZUTAGAOS.     SeeSuTAGAos. 

[ZUYDT  River,  a  name  in  Dutch  maps 
given  to  Dclawar  river.] 


'H:  \ 


I!  I',  y 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Tub  Ratification  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  between  this  Country  and  the  United  States  arrived  on 
the  day  on  which  it  was  proposed  to  publish  the  completion  of  these  Volumes.  It  was  an  event 
too  interesting  and  auspicious  to  be  overlooked ;  whetner  in  anticipation  of  the  commercial  benefit* 
that  micht  be  thence  procured  to  the  British  Empire,  or  in  commemoration  of  the  wise  and  steady 
counsels  of  the  Government  through  which  that  desirable  object  has  been  attained.  I'here  cannot 
indeed  be  a  doubt  but  that,  whether  to  the  American  or  the  English  Reader,  the  following  Treaty 
will  form  a  pleasing  corollary  to  the  other  documents  contained  in  this  work.  The  Author  cannot 
deny  himself  the  pleasure  of  congratulating  his  country  at  this  event :  it  has  repaid  him,  in  a  great 
measure,  tor  the  anxiety  which  the  delay  in  the  final  production  of  his  labours  has  occasioned ;  a 
dela^  which,  however,  he  begs  to  assure  the  Subscribers,  has  arisen  entirely  from  a  scrupulous  at- 
tention to  their  interests,  and,  perhaps,  he  might  add,  to  his  own  credit. 


^  ii 


A  TREATY  OF  PEACE  AND  AMITY 

BETWEEN 

HIS  BRITANNIC  MAJESTY  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

SIGNED  AT  GHENT,  DECEMBER  24,  1814. 


HIS  Britannic  Mtyesty  and  the  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica, desirous  of  tertninating  the  War  which  bus  unhap- 
pily subsisted  between  the  two  countries,  and  of  restor- 
ing, upon  principles  of  perfect  reciprocity,  peace,  friend- 
ship, and  good  understanding  between  them,  have  tor 
that  purpose  appointed  their  respective  Plenipotentiaries, 
that  IS  to  say.  His  Britannic  Majesty  un  His  part  has  ap- 
pointed the  Rigiit  Honourable  Lord  James  Gambier,  late 
Admiral  of  the  Wliite,  now  Admiral  of  the  Red  Squadron 
of  His  Majesty's  Fleet ;  Henry  Goitlburn,  Esquire,  a 
Member  of  tlie  Imperial  Parliament,  and  Under  Secre- 
tary of  Slate ;  and  William  Adams,  Esquire,  Doctor  of 
Civil  Laws — And  the  President  of  the  United  States,  by 
and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate  (Iiereof, 
has  appointed  John  Quincey  Adams,  James  A.  Bayard, 
Henry  Clay,  Jonathan  Russell,  and  Albert  Gallatin,  Citi- 
zens of  the  United  States ;  who,  after  a  reciprocal  com- 
munication of  their  respective  full  powers,  have  agreed 
upon  the  following  Articles : 

ARTICLE  I. 
There  shall  be  a  firm  and  universal  Peace  between  His 
Britannic  Majesty  and  the  United  States,  and  between 
their  re8|)ective  countries,  territories,  cities,  towns,  and 
people,  of  every  degree,  without  exception  of  placet;  or 
persons.  All  hostilities  both  by  sea  and  land  shall  cease, 
as  soon  as  this  Treaty  shall  have  been  ratified  by  both 
parties  as  hereinalkr  mentioned.  All  territory,  places, 
and  possessions  whatsoever,  taken  by  either  party  from 


the  other  during  the  war,  or  which  may  be  taken  after 
the  signmg  of  this  Treaty,  excepting  only  the  islands 
hereintatter  mentioned,  shsul  be  restored  without  delay, 
and  without  causing  any  d.estruction,  or  carrying  axny 
any  of  the  artillery,  or  other  public  property,  originally 
captured  in  the  said  forts  or  places,  and  which  shall  remain 
therein  upon  the  exchange  of  the  ratifications  of  this 
Treaty,  or  any  slaves  or  other  private  property.  And  all 
archives,  records,  deeds,  and  papers,  either  of  a  public 
nature,  or  belonging  to  private  persons,  which  in  th' 
course  of  the  war  may  have  fallen  into  the  hands  of  tha 
officers  of  either  party,  shall  be,  as  far  as  may  be  prac- 
ticable, forthwith  restored,  and  delivered  to  the  prope; 
authoritiesand  persons  to  whom  they  respectively  belong. 

Such  of  the  Islands  in  the  Bay  of  Passamaquoddy  a» 
are  claimed  by  both  parties,  shall  remain  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  party  in  whose  occupation  they  may  be  at  the 
time  of  the  exchange  of  the  ratifications  of  this  Treaty, 
until  the  decision  respecting  the  title  to  Hit  said  Islands 
shall  have  been  made,  in  conformity  with  the  Fourth  .Ar- 
ticle of  this  Treaty. 

No  disposition  made  by  tliis  Treaty,  as  to  such  posses- 
sion of  the  islands  and  t-rritories  claimed  by  both  par- 
ties, shall  in  any  manner  whatever  be  construed  to  affect 
the  right  of  either. 

ARTICLE  ir. 

Immediately  after  the  ratifications  of  this  Treaty  by 
both  partif^s  as  hereinafter  mentioned,  orders  shall  be 
sent  to  the  armies,  squadrons,  officers,  subjects,  and  citi- 
3N2 


I  ■;  J 


4(»0 


SUPPLEMEINT. 


M?.f 


^     I 


zeiis  of  the  two  powers,  to  rcasc  from  all  liostilities. 
Ami  to  prevent  nil  c  iiises  of  rninplaiiit,  wliirli  iiiif;lil 
ari:ic  on  account  of  the  prizes  which  inaj'  be  taken  at  tea 
after  the  said  ralilicatioiis  of  t\\\»  Treaty,  it  is  reripro- 
rally  af^reed,  that  all  vessels  and  etfects  which  may  he 
taken  alter  t!ie  space  of  twelve  days  from  the  said  ratiti- 
rations  upon  all  parts  of  the  coast  of  North  America, 
from  the  latitude  of  '23  dcj^recs  north,  to  the  latitude  of 
.50  degrees  north,  and  as  far  eastward  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  as  the  Sb'tli  degree  of  west  longitude  from  the 
meridian  of  Cirecnwich,  shall  be  restored  on  each  side; 
that  the  time  shall  be  thirty  days  in  all  other  parts  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  north  of  the  equinoctial  hue  or  equator, 
nnd  the  same  time  fur  the  British  and  Irish  Channels,  for 
the  Onlf  of  Mexico,  and  all  parts  of  the  West  Indies; 
forty  days  for  the  North  Seas,  for  the  Baltic,  and  for  all 
parts  of  the  Mediterranean ;  sixty  days  for  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  south  of  the  equator,  as  tar  as  the  latitude  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Mope  ;  ninety  d;iys  for  every  other  part 
of  the  world  south  of  the  equator,  an<l  one  huiulred  and 
twenty  days  for  all  other  parts  of  the  world  without 
exception. 

ARTICLE  HI. 
All  piisoners  of  war  taken  on  either  side  as  well  by 
land  as  by  sea,  shall  be  restored  as  soon  as  practicable 
after  the  ratifications  of  this  Treaty,  as  hereinafter  men- 
tioned, on  their  paying  the  debts  which  they  may  have 
contracted  during  their  captivity.  The  two  contracting 
parties  respectively  engage  to  discharge  in  specie  the  ad- 
vances which  n'.ay  have  been  made  by  the  other  fur  the 
sustenance  imd  maintenance  of  such  prisoners. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

Whereas  it  was  stipulated  by  the  'Jd  Article  in  the 
Treaty  of  Peace  of  1783,  between  His  Brita.  uic  Ma- 
jesty and  the  United  States  of  America,  that  tin  Soiuid- 
ary  of  the  United  States  should  comprehend  "  aii  .slands 
"  within  twenty  leagues  of  any  part  of  the  shores  of  the 
"  United  States,  and  lying  between  lines  to  be  drawn 
"  due  east  from  the  points  where  the  aforesaid  bounda- 
"  rics,  between  Nova  Scotia  on  the  one  part,  and  East 
"  Florida  on  the  other,  shall  respectively  touch  the  Hay 
"  of  Fuudy  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  excepting  sucli 
"  Islands  as  now  are,  or  heretofore  have  been  wilhiu  the 
"  limits  of  Nova  Scotia."  And  whereas  the  several 
Islands  in  the  Bay  of  Passamaquuddy,  which  is  part  of 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  the  Island  of  (irand  Mcnan,  in 
the  said  Bay  of  Fundy,  are  claimed  by  the  United 
States,  as  being  cumprelieuded  within  their  aforesaid 
boundaries,  which  said  Islands  are  claimed  as  belonging 
to  His  Britannic  Majesty,  as  having  been  at  the  lime  of, 
and  previous  to  the  aforesaid  Treaty  of  11  SO,  within 
the  limits  of  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia ;  in  order, 
therefore,  finally,  to  decide  uj)ou  these  claims,  it  is  agreetl 
that  they  shall  be  referred  to  two  Commissioners,  to  be 
appointed  in  the  following  manuer  ;  viz.— One  Commis- 
sioner shall  be  appointed  by  His  Britannic  Majesty,  and 
one  by  the  President  of  the  United  Stales,  by  iuul  with 
the  advice  aud  consent  of  the  Senate  thereof ;  aud  the 


said  two  Connniisioiu  r>  so  iip|ioiiitc<l  shull  Iw  sworn  iiii 
partially  to  exuniiiie  and  iliiiiii'  upnii  llic  s.iid  chiiino,  ac- 
cording to  such  evidence  as  sIkiII  be  |;ii(|  liclort-  Ihriii  on 
the  part  of  His  Britannic  Majesty  and  of  the  I'liited 
States  res|M.>ctively.  The  said  Conunis.>iioiu'rs  sliall  meet 
at  St.  Andrews,  in  the  Province  of  New  Bruuswic,  and 
shall  have  power  to  adjourn  In  such  other  place  or 
places  as  they  shall  lliink  til.  The  said  Commissioners 
shall,  by  a  declaration  or  report  tnider  their  hands  and 
seals,  decide  to  which  of  the  two(Jonlracling  Parlies  the 
several  Islands  aforesaid  do  respectively  belong,  in  eon- 
forinily  with  the  true  inleni  of  the  said  Tivaly  of  Peace 
itf  l7s;5;  and  if  the  said  Connnissioncrs  sliidl  agree  in 
their  decision,  both  parties  shall  consider  such  tiecision  as 
final  and  conclu<>ive. 

It  is  further  agreed,  thai  in  the  event  of  the  two  Com- 
missioners <litlering  upon  all  or  any  of  the  matters  so  re- 
ferre<l  to  them,  or  in  the  event  ot  both  or  either  of  the 
said  Commissioners  refusing  or  declining,  or  wilfully 
omitting  to  act  as  such,  they  shall  niaKe  jointly  or  sepa- 
rately, report  or  reports,  as  well  to  the  (iovernment  of 
His  Britannic  Majesty,  as  to  that  of  the  United  States, 
staling  in  detail  the  points  on  which  they  ditfer,  aud  the 
grounds  upon  which  their  respective  opinions  have  been 
formed,  or  the  grounds  upon  which  they,  or  either  of 
them,  have  so  refused,  declined,  or  omitted  to  act. 
And  liis  Britannic  Majesty  and  the  Ooverument  of  the 
United  Slates  hereby  agree  to  refer  the  report  or  leporls 
of  the  said  Commissioners  to  some  friendly  sovereign  or 
state,  to  be  then  named  for  that  purpose,  and  who  shall 
be  requested  to  decide  on  the  dill'erences  w  Inch  may  be 
stated  in  the  sai«l  rejiorl  or  re|)orts,  or  u|)on  the  re|)ort 
of  one  Connnissioner,  together  with  the  grounds  upon 
which  the  other  Commissioner  shall  have  refused,  de- 
clined, or  omilted  to  act,  as  the  case  may  be.  And  if 
the  Commissioner  so  refusing,  declining,  or  omitting  tu 
act,  shall  also  uilt'ully  omit  to  stale  the  groumis  upon 
which  he  has  so  done,  in  such  manner  that  the  said  stale- 
ment  may  be  relerred  to  such  friendly  sovereign  or  state, 
together  with  the  report  of  such  otherConmiissioiier,  then 
such  sovereign  or  state  shall  decide,  rr  parte,  upon  the 
said  report  alone,  and  His  Britannic  Majesty,  aud  the 
Ciovernment  of  the  United  States,  engage  to  consider 
the  decision  of  such  friendly  sovereign  or  slate,  to  be 
final  and  conclusive  on  all  the  matters  so  referred. 

AIiriCLE  V, 
Whereas  neither  that  jxiint  of  the  Highlands  lying  duo 
north  from  the  source  of  the  river  St.  Croix,  designated 
in  the  former  Treaty  of  Peace  between  the  two  powers 
as  llie  north-west  angle  of  Nova  Scotia,  nor  the  north- 
westernmost  head  of  Connecticut  l\hv:,  have  yet  been 
acertained  ;  and  whereas  that  part  of  the  boundary  line 
between  the  dominions  of  the  two  powers,  which  extends 
from  the  source  of  the  river  St.  Croix,  directly  north  to 
the  above-mentioned  north-west  angle  of  Nova  Scotia, 
thence  along  the  said  Highlands  which  divide  those 
rivers,  that  empty  themselves  into  the  river  St.  I>awrence, 
from  those  which  fall  into  the  Atlantic  Uceau  to  the  north- 


SUPPLEMENT 


4(il 


wrstcriiinoM  head  of  Connecticut  River,  tliciico  iluwn 
iiloiii;  llu>  iiii<l<lli<  of  that  river  to  the  45111  (It'Krcuot  iiorlli 
lutituilc,  lliciice  by  a  liiii'  iliii*  west  on  suiti  liitiliidc  until  it 
striki-ii  tlie  river  Inxjuoi.H  or  Cularagu}',  liax  not  U't  been 
iturvi-vfd,  it  is  UKret-d  that  tor  {\w>ic  M-veral  |iurpoie!t,  two 
Coniiuissiuner.t  »<iiall  bu  uppointi-d,  sworn  and  auliiori/t-d, 
tu  act  exactly  in  llie  nianni'rtlirecled  witiirespeit  totlmst- 
mentioned  in  tlie  next  prcccdiii<;  article,  uuliits  ulliir- 
wise  .>.|H<citii!<l  in  the  present  article.  The  said  Cum- 
nii»sions  shall  meet  at  iSt.  Andrews,  in  the  province  ot° 
New  Urunswick,  and  shall  have  imwer  to  udjuurn  to  such 
other  |)lace  or  places  ns  they  shall  think  tit.  The  said 
ConinUNsiuners  shall  have  power  to  ascertain  and  deler- 
nnue  the  points  above  mentioned,  in  contoriuity  with  the 
provisions  of  the  said  Treaty  of  Peace  of  \7M;  and  shall 
cause  the  boundary  aforesaid,  from  the  source  of  tlie 
river  St.  Croix  to  ihe  river  Iroquois  or  Catara^uy,  to  he 
surveyed  und  marked  according  to  the  said  provisions ; 
the  siiid  Commissioners  shall  make  a  nr<ip  u(  the  sai<l 
boundary,  and  annex  to  it  a  ileclaralinn  under  their 
bands  and  seals,  certifying  it  to  he  the  true  map  of  the 
said  boundary,  and  particulari^inf;  the  latitude  aiul  lon- 
gitude of  the  north-west  an^le  of  Nova  Scotia,  of  the 
north-westernmost  head  of  Connecticut  Uiver,  and  of 
such  other  points  of  the  said  boundary  as  they  may  deem 
proper.  And  both  parties  a<;ree  to  consider  such  map 
and  declaration  as  iinally  and  conclusively  fixing  the  said 
boundary.  And  in  the  event  of  the  said  two  Commission- 
ers ditlering,  or  both,  or  either  of  them,  refusin",  declining 
or  wilfully  oniiltiu);  to  act,  such  reports,  declarations,  or 
statements,  shall  be  made  by  tlicin,  or  eilhcrof  them,  uud 
such  reference  to  a  friendly  sovereign  or  stale  shall  be 
made  in  all  resjiects,  as  in  tli"  laller  part  of  the  fourth 
article  is  contained,  and  in  ai  t'ull  a  lii.'.iiuer  as  if  Ihe  same 
was  herein  repeated. 

AUTICI.F,  VI. 

Whereas  by  the  former  'I'realy  of  IV  ice,  that  |)ortii)n 
of  the  boundary  of  Ihe  I'uiled  .States  from  the  point  where 
the  45th  degree  of  north  latitude  strikes  the  river  Iroquois 
or  Catara^uy,  to  the  Lake  Superior,  was  declared  to  be 
"  along  the  middle  of  said  river  iirto  Lake  Ontario, 
"  through  thcmiddle  of  said  Luke,  until  it  strikes  Ihe  coni- 
"  niunication  by  water  between  that  Lake  and  Lake  Erie, 
''  thence  'dong  the  middle  ofsai<l  connnuiiicalion  into  Lake 
"  Krie,  through  the  middle  of  said  Lake,  unlil  it  arrives  at 
"  the  water  communication  into  the  Lake  Huron,  thence 
"  through  the  nii(hlle  of  said  Lake  to  tlie  water  conuuuni- 
"  cation  between  that  Lake  aud  Lake  ^upcrior  ;"  And 
whereas  doubts  have  arisen  what  was  the  middle  of  the 
said  Uiver,  Lakes,  and  Water  ConnnunicalionK,  and 
whether  certain  Islands  lying  iu  the  -same  were  within 
the  dominions  of  his  Britannic  Majesty  or  of  the  United 
States.  In  order,  therefore,  finally  to  decide  these  (h)nbts, 
thf_y  shall  be  referred  to  two  Conmiissioners,  to  be  ap- 
pointed, sworn,  and  authorised,  to  act  exactly  in  the 
maimer  directed  with  respect  to  those  mentioned  iu  Ihe 
next  preceding  article,  unless  otherwise  specified  in  ihi-i 
present  article.  The  said  Coimiiis^ioners  shall  meet.  In  the 
first  iiiiilauce,  at  Albany,  in  llic  state  of  New  York,  and 


shall  have  power  to  a((iourn  to  such  other  place  or  places 
as  they  shall  think  lit.  The  said  CoinmissicHiers  shall,  by 
a  report  or  declaration,  under  their  hands  ami  seals,  de- 
signate the  boundary  through  the  said  river,  lakes,  and 
W'aler  coinmunications,  and  decide  to  which  nf  the  two 
Contracting  Parties  the  several  Ishuxls  Iviiig  within  the 
said  rivers,  lakes,  and  water  cominuuiculions,  do  respec- 
tively belom.',  in  couformitv  with  the  true  intent  of  the 
said  Treaty  of  1 7t<.l.  And  iiolh  parties  agree  to  consider 
such  designation  and  decisitin  as  linal  and  conclusive. 
And  in  the  event  of  the  said  two  Conunissioners  (littering, 
or  both  or  either  of  them  refusing,  declining,  or  wilfully 
omitting  to  act,  such  reports,  tleclarations,  or  statements, 
shall  be  unide  by  them,  or  either  of  them,  and  such  reler- 
ence  to  u  friendly  sovereign  or  »lale  shall  Ik;  made,  in  all 
respects,  as  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  article  is  con- 
lained,  and  in  as  full  u  manner  as  if  the  same  wua  herein 
iepeate<l. 

AllTICLK  Vll. 
It  is  further  agreed,  that  the  said  two  last-mentioned 
('oinmissioiKrs,  alter  they  shall  have  executed  the  duties 
assigned  to  them  iu  the  preceding  article,  shall  be,  and 
they  are  hereby  authorised  uptm  their  oaths,  impartially 
to  iix  and  determine,  according  to  the  true  intent  of  the 
said  Treaty  of  Peace  of  I7SJ,  that  part  of  the  boundary 
between  the  dominions  of  the  two  Powers,  which  extends 
from  Ihe  water  communication  between  Lake  Huron  and 
Lake  Superior,  to  the  most  iiurth-westcrn  point  of  Ihe 
Lake  ot  the  Woods ;  to  decide  to  which  of  the  two 
Parties  the  several  Islantls  lying  in  the  lakes,  water  com- 
municalions,  and  rivers,  forming  the  said  boundary,  do 
respectively  briuiig,  in  conformity  with  Ihe  true  intent  of 
the  said  'i'rcaly  of  Peace  of  1783,  and  to  cause  such 
parts  of  the  said  boundary  as  require  il,  to  be  surveyed 
and  marked.  The  said  Coinmissioiiers  shall  by  a  report 
or  declaration,  under  their  hands  and  seals,  designate  the 
boundary  af(ires;iiil,  state  their  (Iccihion  ou  the  points 
thus  referred  lo  llicni,  and  parliculari/.e  llie  laiiliide  and 
longitude  of  Ihe  most  norlh-western  point  of  the  Lake  of 
the  Woods,  and  of  such  other  parts  of  the  said  boundary 
as  they  may  deem  proper.  An<l  both  parlies  agree  to 
consider  such  doignutioii  and  decision  as  final  and  con- 
clusive. And  in  the  event  of  the  said  two  Commissioners 
ditlering,  or  both,  or  either  of  them,  retusing,  declining, 
or  wilfully  omilling  lo  act,  such  reports,  declarations,  or 
statements,  shall  be  made  by  them,  or  either  of  them,  and 
such  relierence  to  a  friendly  sovereign  or  state  shall  be 
made  in  all  respects  as  in  the  latter  part  of  the  foinlli 
article  is  contained,  and  ui  as  full  a  manner  as  if  the  same 
was  herein  repeated. 

ARTICLE  VI 1 1. 

The  several  boards  of  two  Commissioners  iiientior.ed 
in  the  four  preceding  articles  shall  respectively  have 
power  to  appoint  a  secretary,  anil  to  employ  such  sur- 
veyors or  other  persons  as  lliey  shall  jnilge  necessary. 
Duplicates  of  all  their  respective  reports,  dedaniliims, 
statements,  and  decisions,  and  of  their  accounts,  and  of 
Ihe  journal  of  their  proceedings,  shall  be  delivered  by 
them  to  the  agents  of  His  Urilannit  Maje-ty,  and  to  lliu 


i|y 


I' *'  1 


U! 


'')  I 


< 

■  I 

11 

111 

462 


SUPPLEMENT. 


M^lf  of  the  United  States  wira  may  be  respectively 
■ppoinleil  and  uHlhomcd  to  manage  IM  buiinen  on  be- 
half of  their  respective  governments.  The  said  Com- 
missioners shall  be  respectively  paid  in  sucli  manner  as 
shall  be  agreed  bctwcni  the  two  coBtracting  uartics,  surli 
agreement  being  to  be  settled  at  the  time  of  Ine  exchange 
of  llw  ratification  of  this  Treaty.  And  all  other  ex- 
pences  attending  tlie  said  commisuons  shall  be  defrayed 
equally  by  the  two  parties.  And  in  the  case  of  death, 
siokness,  resignation,  or  necessary  absence,  the  place  of 
every  such  Commisnoner  respectively,  shall  be  supplied 
io  the  same  manner  as  such  Commissioner  was  first 
appointed,  and  the  new  Coounissioner  shall  take  the 
same  oath  or  adirmation,  and  do  the  same  duties. 

It  is  further  agreed  between  the  two  contracting  par- 
ties, that  in  case  any  of  the  islands  mentioned  in  any  of 
the  preceding  articles  which  were  in  the  possession  of  one 
of  the  parties  prior  to  the  commencement  of  the  present 
war  between  the  two  countries,  should,  by  the  ciecuion 
of  any  of  the  boards  of  Commissioners  aforesaid,  or 
of  the  sovereign  or  state  so  referred  to  as  in  the  four 
next  preceding  articles  contained,  fidi  within  the  do- 
minions of  the  other  party,  all  grants  of  land  made  pre- 
vioiu  to  tbe  comnMncement  of  the  war  by  the  party 
faavbg  had  such  possession,  shall  be  as  valid  as  if  such 
island  or  island>:.  had  by  such  decision  or  decisions,  been 
adjudged  to  be  '  'itliin  the  dominions  of  the  party  having 
had  such  possession. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

Tlie  United  States  of  America  engage  to  put  an  end, 
immediately  after  the  ratification  of  the  present  Treaty, 
to  hostilities  with  all  the  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians  with 
whom  they  may  be  at  war  at  the  time  of  such  ratifica- 
tion, and  forthwith  to  restore  to  such  tribes  or  nations 
respectively,  all  the  possessions,  rights,  and  privileges 
which  they  may  have  eiyoyed,  or  been  entitled  to  in  1 8 1 1 , 
previous  to  such  hostilities.  Provided  always,  that  such 
tribes  or  nations  shall  agree  to  desist  from  all  hostili- 
ties against  the  United  States  of  America,  their  citizens 
and  subjects,  upon  tbe  ratification  of  the  present  Treaty 


being  notified  to  sndi  tribes  or  mtiens,  and  sliall  so 
desist  accordmgly. 

And  His  Britannic  Majesty  engues  on  His  part,  to  put 
an  end  immediately  after  the  ratimation  of  the  present 
Treaty,  to  hostilities  with  all  the  tribes  or  nattons  of 
Indians  with  whom  he  may  be  at  war  at  the  time  of  such 
ratification,  and  forthwith  io  restore  to  such  tribes  or 
nations  respectively,  all  the  possessions,  rights,  and  privi- 
leges, which  they  may  have  enjoyed  or  been  entitled 
to  in  1811,  previous  to  such  hostilities.  Provided 
always,  that  such  tribes  or  nations  shall  agree  to  de- 
sist from  all  hostilities  against  His  Britannic  Majesty 
and  his  subjects,  upon  the  ratification  of  the  present 
Treaty  bemg  notified  to  such  tribes  or  nations,  and  shall 
so  desist  accordingly. 

ARTICLE  X. 
IVhereas  the  traffic  in  slaves  is  irreconcilable  with  the 

Srinciples  of  humanity  and  justice,  and  whereas  both 
lis  Mi)jesty  and  the  United  States  are  desirous  of  con- 
tinuing their  efforts  to  promote  its  entire  abolition,  it  is 
hereby  agreed  that  both  the  contracting  parties  shall  use 
their  best  endeavours  to  accomplish  so  desirable  an  ob- 
ject. 

ARTICLE  XI. 
This  Treaty,  when  the  same  shall  have  been  ratified 
on  both  sides  without  alteration  by  either  of  the  Con- 
tracting Parties,  and  tbe  ratifications  mutually  exchanged, 
shall  be  binding  on  both  parties,  and  the  ratifications 
shall  be  exchanged  at  Washington,  in  the  space  of  four 
months  from  this  day,  or  sooner  if  practicable. 

In  faith  whereof,  we  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries 
have  signed  this  Treaty,  and  have  thereunto  affixed  our 
seals. 

Done  in  triplicate  at  Ghent,  the  twenty-fourth  day  of 
December,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fourteen. 

(L.  S.)  GAMBIER.  (L.  S.)  J.  QUINCEY  ADAMS. 

(L.  S.)  H.  OOULBURN.    (L.  S.)  J.  A.  BAYARD. 
(L.  S.)  WM.  ADAMS.        (L.  S.)  H.  CLAY. 

(L.  S.)  JON.  RUSSELL. 

(L.  8.)  ALBERT  GALLATIN. 


I    .' 


to 


rh 


P.    4i. 
124. 
U6. 

CI 
Col 
Col. 
Col 
Col. 

148. 

Col. 

P.  ISO. 

Col. 

474. 

Col. 

Col. 

ERRATA. 

VOL.  I. 

3.  near  llie  top,  for  «'  pilot  Horentin,"  read  "  Fhrtntine  pilot." 
.  1.  middle,  for  1404  read  l4f>K 

1.  near  the  bottom,  for  "  turn  wood,"  read  "  lance  wood." 

2.  middle,  for"  a  lieiitcimnt  Hovcrnor,"  read  "  or  lieutenant  governor." 

'•  ''^'"MJ''cSwtr«trok"^^^^^^^^^  "''  "  ♦""-"A^-^c:  and,  two  liar,  beyond,  afte. 

a.  Near  the  top,  at  the  word  "  Nuera  Catifamia,"  (which  dele)  there  is  a  multiplied  transposition  of  lines  The 
hne  consisting  of  opo  word  "  Jo,epk"  is  unt  of  its  place  one  line  downwatds :  and  the  words  wh  c  1.  nreceda 
It,  "  U  IS  « long  and  narrow  ex."  ought  to  be  moved  tlve  lines  furtlier  down.  preceda 

.  „         ,.     ,  VOL.  n. 

i!."!?.!"  *!.„,  "Iv*"'*,  ^°"T' "'  ^?.  beginning  of  the  new  matter,  read  [TAm  island  wa$  caplurcl  h„  Ihe  BntUh 
VI  17!  4  ;  but,,,ft>T  hevig  two  months  in  their  possession,  fill  into  the  hamls  of  the  French  UnmhlLiu  "and 
or  [An  attack  was  made  on  this  island,"  read  "  Again  an  attack  was  made  on  it."  «'/""""«'«*  -     and. 

I-%i'"I™^"„°» '*'"'*"'*"""'*' *'=•'■•''  "'^«>»''«  "''»',"  read  «  Troii  «u  Chat.-_also  for  '«  Lamatinr 
i.  Ten  lines  from  the  bottom,  instead  of  the  new  matter  ["but  it  was,"  &c.  down  to  "  Fcbruaru,  inoo-  road  « 
prrW,  and  afterwards.  "[This  island,  in  the  year  mi,  M  fallen  into  the  hands  ofthe-amshbutwns 
K>ren  hack  at  the  peace  of  the  following  year.  It  w,us  .apturedin  nnby  Grey  and  Jani  Zdr^mM 
m  our  possession  during  the  remainder  qf  that  war.    It  »  J  again  taken  by  Prevost,  in  IBO'i  ]''  "■""'""" 


388.     Col.  1 


VOU  III. 

line  6  from  the  top :  for  "  tirtid"  read  "  temperate 


p.  106.    Col.  1.  Ten  lines  from  Uie  bottom,  for  "  inferior  to  that  of  the  tneimj,"  read  "  inferior  to  that  of 


the  British. 


r 


'ij 


it' 


'''If 


1^ 


t 


■i-llli 
' '  if  A 

'1 


'III 


\,m 


H  .' 


I 


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#11 


lliv 


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t    -^Z 


Ill 


GENERAL  APPENDIX 


TO 


THOMPSONS  ALCEDO, 

OR 

GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTORICAL 

DICTIONARY 


OF 


AMERICA  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES, 

FORMING 

A  VOCABULARY   OF  PROVINCIAL  AND  SPANISH  TERMS, 

AND 

A  COMPENDIOUS  NATIRAL  HISTORY  OF  THAT  HEMISPHERE. 


m 


■11  i 


1^ 


5 


I 


n 


'1 


VOL.  V. 


i 


l.j'jli! 


W 


& 


PREFACE 


TO    T 


VOCABULARY  OF  PROVINCIAL  TERMS,  AND  OF  THE  NATURAL  HISTORY 
OF  AMERICA  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES ; 


;  m 


OR, 


GENERAL  APPENDIX  TO  TH03IPS0NS  ALCEDO. 


We  promised,  in  the  Prospectus  for  publis'.ing  by  subscription  this  Dictionary,  to 
give,  as  a  necessary  Appendix,  an  explanation  of  the  several  peculiar  Terms  made 
use  of  in  those  regions. — Of  these  Terms  some  are  of  Spanish,  and  particularly  of 
Andalucian  root ;  and  have  become  degenerated  by  a  mixture  with  the  different 
Indian  idioms;  some  are  of  Indian  origin,  and  have  obtained  a  mal-pronunciation  by 
the  Europeans.  Although  we  have  given  an  explanation  of  many  in  the  different 
Articles  under  which  they  occur,  we  have  thought  it  prudent  not  to  make  this  prac- 
tice general;  from  the  frequent  repetition  which  would  arise,  and  from  the  conviction 
that  the  uniting  them  under  alphabetical  arrangement,  would  best  answer  the  pur- 
poses of  illustration. 

The  adoption  of  this  plan  has  led  us  imperceptibly  to  the  formation  of  a  complete 
detail  of  the  Plants,  Birds,  and  Animals,  found  in  America,  together  with  a  brief 
Treatise  on  their  many  virtues  and  properties ;  and  we  have  arranged  the  whole  under 
the  Linucean  system.  But  in  spite  of  our  utmost  diligence,  and  all  the  advantages  of 
frequent  communications  with  the  Dr.  D.  Casimiro  de  Ortega,  first  Professor  in  the 
Royal  Botanical  Garden  at  this  Court,  a  man  who  may  be  looked  upon  as  the  restorer 
of  tiiis  science  in  Spain,  we  have  fallen  short  of  our  wishes  in  the  explanation  of 
several  articles;  and  this  not  only  from  the  great  inattention  with  which  this  part  of 
history  has  been  considered  iu  America,  but  from  the  confusion  and  want  of  technical 
arrangement  in  those  authors  wlio  may  have  given  it  their  attention.  Thus  we  have 
been  coinprllcd  to  adopt  the  names  and  terms  exhibited  by  varif»ns  naturalists;  such 
as  MiMTiiTiid'  Pison,  Sloanc,  Molina,  Bonuire,  kc.  observing,  however,  that  wherever 
the  inifi.'.ls  of  these  shall  not  appear,  the  Liimxan  arrangement  is  to  be  supposed 
to  prt<  lil. 

a  -i 


hi 


4 


PREFACE. 


The  above  statement,  it  is  presumed,  is  enough  to  convince  the  public  mind  how 
great  have  been  the  industry  and  pains  employed  in  the  perfecting  our  labours ;  and 
such  conviction  will  be  strengthened  when  we  shall  bring  to  light  a  Supplement  *  of 
additions  and  corrections  which  have  been  sent  us  from  all  parts.  Thus,  whilst  on  the 
score  of  popularity  there  can  be  nothing  left  to  desire,  we  shall  always  live  grateful 
to  the  Spanish  public  for  the  high  estimation  in  which  they  have  held  this  Work ;  an 
estimation  most  duly  accounted  for ;  and  to  which  no  further  testimony  can  be  want- 
ing, when  it  is  considered  how  much  the  volumes  have  already  been  in  request,  and 
how  many  able  persons  have  lent  their  assistance  towards  rendering  them  complete. 

ANTONIO  DE  ALCEDO. 


riU'' 


[In  addition  to  the  translation  of  the  Catalogue  of  technical  terms  above  mentioned, 
I  have,  as  I  promised  in  my  Advertisement  in  the  first  volume,  added  an  explanation 
of  others,  which,  as  well  of  Spanish  as  of  American  origin,  would  have  been  unintel- 
ligible to  English  readers ;  and  these  are  inserted,  like  all  the  rest  of  the  new  matter 
in  this  Dictionary,  between  brackets ;  as  are  also  a  very  considerable  number  of  new 
articles  relating  to  natural  history,  and  the  various  illustrations  on  the  original  text  it 
has  been  thought  necessary  to  communicate. 

G.  A.  THOMPSON. 


■t     I 


W'  \ 


•  I  '(1 


*  The  above-mentioDed  Supplement  has  been  carefully  incorporated  with  the  body  of  the  Work. 

TRANSLATOR.] 


T1 


ffi 


PROVINCIAL    TERMS,   &c. 


(N.  B.  That  wliicli  is  contained  in  brackets,  consists  of  new  matter.) 


YABACORA, — A  fish  peculiar  to  the  rivers  of  S.  America,  and  to  wliicli  no  resemblance  is  found  in 
other  parts  of  the  world.] 

[Abeja  del  Mar,  or  Marine  Bee. — The  name  of  a  bird  of  S.  America.] 

Achate,  or  Achiote.  ( Bixa  orillana.) — ^The  heart-leaved  anotta,  indigenous-to  America.  The  lowef 
class  of  people  are  accustomed  to  mingle  it  with  their  chocolate.  It  grows  amongst  the  Mitella 
diphyla,  or  double-leaved  Mitella,  of  the  genus  Decandria  digynia.  Its  calix  consists  of  five  segments. 
The  corola  of  as  many  petals  ir.^rtcd  in  the  calix.  The  capsula  of  two  equal  valvulas.  The  fruit  of 
this  tree  lies  between  two  small  leaves :  it  contains  small  seeds,  of  a  vermilion  colour,  and  is  of  a 
conical  figure,  being  enclosed  in  a  soft  prickly  husk,  about  three  inches  lon^,  and  makes  an  excellent 
paste.  It  is  also  a  very  useful  ingredient  in  sauces,  and  serves  the  place  ot  spice.  It  is  very  plentiful 
in  both  North  and  South  America;  and  is  carried  to  Europe  in  considerable  quantities,  where  it  is  used 
for  dyeing.     It  is  the  liocmt  of  the  French,  and  the  Urucu  amongst  Botanists. 

Achupala.  {Eryngiuvi  aquaticwn.) — A  plant  of  Peru,  which  has  stalks  resembling  those  of  the 
savin.  The  Indians,  if  the  stem  be  tender,  use  it  for  salad,  as  also  the  buds.  It  is  very  partial  to 
cold  situations.  Hence  it  is  no  where  to  be  met  with  but  on  bleak  heaths,  or  on  the  summits  of  the 
Andes,  which  are  frequently  covered  with  snow. 

Acre, — The  ordinary  land  measure  amongst  the  English  and  Dutch  colonies  in  America.  This 
measure  differs  according  to  the  statutes  in  different  nations;  in  general,  however,  it  consists  of  160 
square  perches. 

Aciire,  or  Aguti.  [Mus  Aguti.) — A  quadruped,  about  the  size  of  a  hare.  Its  tail  is  short,  its 
mouth  and  teeth  resemble  those  of  a  rabbit,  and  its  hair  is  of  a  dark-brown  colour.  Its  habitation,  in 
general,  is  a  small  cave,  which  it  digs  in  the  midst  of  a  thicket,  or  at  the  foot  of  a  tree.  The  sports- 
men usually  hunt  it  with  dogs.  Its  flesh  is  edible,  and  as  delicate  as  that  of  a  rabbit.  They  are  fre- 
quently domesticated,  and  trained  up  to  feed  at  the  table. 

[Adelanlado. — The  Lord  Lieutenant  of  a  province,  who  represents  the  King's  person,  and  is  supreme 
in  his  command,  both  civil  and  military.     It  is  now,  generally,  a  mere  title  of  rank.] 

[Admapu. — A  certain  legislative  order  amongst  the  native  Chilians,  or  rather  Araucanians,  by  which 
polygamy  is  allowed.] 

Aetitcs.— The  eagle-stone,  well  known  in  Europe.  There  is  a  bed  of  this  sort  of  stone  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Huamalies,  in  the  kinrrdom  of  Peru.  This  stone  is  of  a  feruginous  nature,  and  has  a  cavity 
within,  sometimes  full  and  sometimes  empty,  and  of  various  figures.  Some  are  round  or  oval ;  others 
again  are  of  a  triangular,  square,  or  flat  form  :  the  superficies  is  sometimes  smooth  and  sometimes 
rough.     It  was  an  ancient  opinion,  that  it  derived  its  name  eagle-stone  from  being  found  in  an  eagle's 


'  i'- 


;.;f 

i 

if 

i    m^ 

1   i' r 

■    ■'   \\\ 

■;:|i 

1 

■  iliii'' 

)il 

^'^it*.- 

, 

m 

APPENDIX. 


i-  if 


r  '  \     *' 


nest;  and  naturalists  of  a  more  ancient  date  have  attributed  to  it  the  singular  property  of  causing  tlic 
e.ifiie  to  lay,  of  f.icilitatinpj  the  parturition  of  the  egg,  and  preventing  abortion  ;  but  tliese  are  idle 
conjectures  of  the  imagination.  This  stone  is  composed  of  many  different  Hakes,  of  a.  deep  red  colour, 
whicli  are  separated  witli  the  greatest  faciht}'.  It  sometimes  consists  of  a  soft  matter,  and  incloses  a 
moveable  nut,  which  sonic  term  callinus. 

[^Jgave, — An  herb  of  S.  America.  In  the  provinces  of  Caracas  and  Cumana  the  agave  cubensis 
(odorata  Persoon)  is  called  viagtiej/  de  Cocuij.     Its  stocks  are  sometimes  found  loaded  with  flowers 

froin  38  to  45  English  feet  in  height.     At  Caracas  the  agave  Americana  is  called  maguey  de  Coeuiza 

Hum  BOLT.] 

yjgi.  {Capsicum.) — A  kind  of  pepper  growing  in  Peru  and  Tierra  Firme.  The  species,  as  well  as 
the  figure  and  size  of  this  article,  is  various :  tiie  most  distinguished  are  the  aznauclw,  conguito,  and 
pica  de  paxaro.  Some  kinds  are  of  a  most  active  stimulant  nature;  they  are  reckoned  amongst  thu 
principal  ingredients  in  all  sauces;  nothing  in  those  parts  is  ever  esteemed  palatable  when  capsicum  is 
excluded :  preserved  in  vinegar  it  is  esteemed  a  delicious  pickle.  In  some  parts  this  commodity  forms 
a  very  considerable  branch  of  commerce.  It  grows  spontaneously  in  wild  and  uncultivated  soils.  In 
New  Spain  it  goes  by  the  name  of  chile. 

/Igiaco. — A  delicious  pottage,  ver}'  common  amongst  the  inhabitants  of  Cartagena,  in  Nucva 
Granada.     It  is  composed  of  an  herb  of  the  same  name,  whicli  resembles  the  Indian  sorrel. 

\^Agouti.—  kn  animal  found  in  S.  America.] 

Agraz,  or  Colorado. — A  plant  which  shoots  up  like  a  pliable  reed,  in  the  province  of  San  Juan  de 
los  Llanos,  in  Nueva  Granada.  It  grows  in  great  abundance  in  Macuro.  Cut  off  at  one  extremity, 
and  blown  into  at  the  other,  it  discharges  a  quantity  of  wiiter,  of  which  is  made  a  collyrium  for  distem- 
pers ill  the  eyes.  The  application  of  this  collyrium  has  repeatedly  produced  the  most  beneficial 
elTects ;  it  clears  tlie  dimness  of  the  eye,  and  dissipates  tlie  humours  which  may  have  been  collected 
over  that  organ. 

/Iguacate.  (Launis  Persea.) — Alligator  pear,  abiferous  evergreen:  its  fruit  in  size  and  colour 
resembles  that  of  the  don  guiiido,  but  the  neck  somewhat  longer  ;  its  pulp  is  of  a  light  green  colour, 
and  soft  like  butter  ;  its  taste  very  insipid,  fnr  which  reason  it  is  never  used  but  with  salt ;  its  peel  is 
tough,  like  that  of  a  dried  orange,  its  stone  larger,  of  an  elliptical  figure,  and  terminates  in  a  smooth 
point,  of  a  chesnut  colour ;  if  rubbed  upon  a  white  linen  cloth,  it  gives  it  a  cinnamon  colour,  both 
permanent  and  beautiful.     The  Peruvians  call  it  palta. 

yjguarica. — 'A  term  applied  to  all  scented  waters  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru.  Amber  is  generally  one 
of  the  chief  ingredients  of  these  liquids.  Aquarica  is  used  to  sprinkle  linen,  and  to  infuse  into  some 
kinds  of  food;  but  it  is  principally  used  to  fumigate  the  churches  on  grand  festivals:  it  is  poured  into 
a  spherical  silver  vessel,  with  small  holes,  for  exhalation ;  then  placed  over  a  pan  of  fire  made  for  the 
purpose,  it  emits  a  delightful  fragrance.  This  practice  prevails  throughout  South  America,  and  the 
quantity  of  water  thus  consumed  is  very  great. 

Aguay. — A  tree,  which  it  seems  very  probable  is  that  Linna!us  describes  under  the  name  of  Cerveru 
foliis  oval  is,  and  Boniare  under  that  of  Ahoxai.  The  leaf  of  this  tree  resembles  those  of  the  African 
laurel  rose  ;  the  Hower  is  yellow  and  monopetalous,  diviilod  into  five  oblique  lobes,  with  five  fibres 
and  one  pistil.  The  first  resembles  the  pear,  and  encloses  a  dark  triangular  nut,  which  is  very  hard. 
The  Indians  wear  tliese  nuts  hung  round  their  legs  to  make  a  noise  by  rattling  one  against  the  other. 
Father  Labat  calls  this  the  serpent  nut,  because,  says  he,  "a  cataplasm  of  these  nuts  are  an  effectual 
remedy  for  the  bite  of  those  animals."  But  Mr.  Lemery  says,  that  this  description,  if  applied  to  the 
trees  which  he  has  seen,  is  by  no  means  accurate.  The  Indians  of  Tapueyes  make  use  of  the  bark 
of  this  tree  for  sandals. 

Aguililla.- — Is  a  horse  of  extraordinary  swiftness  ;  in  general  it  travels  a  league  in  less  than  a  quarter 
of  an  hour,  but  at  the  same  time  is  so  uneasy  in  its  motions,  that  no  one,  unless  enured  to  it,  can  en- 
dure its  shaking.  In  South  America  it  is  taught  when  very  young.  The  Indians  in  the  kingdom  of 
Chile,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Sta.  Maria,  in  the  kiiigdom  of  Granada,  are  very  dextrous  in  training 
tiiem  up  to  their  swift  pace. 

[Ahogaip. — A  fish  of  the  kingdom  of  Chile.] 


ii 


I     ! 


ng  the 
re  idle 
colour, 
;  loses  a 

ubensis 
flowers 
miza.— 

i  well  as 
(I/O,  anil 
ngst  thti 
siciim  is 
ty  forms 
oils.     Ill 

I   Nucva 


I  Juan  tie 
stiemity, 
r  distem- 
benefioial 
collecteil 

nd  colour 
Ml  colour, 
its  peel  is 
a  smootli 
our,  both 

erally  one 
into  some 
oured  into 
ide  for  the 
and  the 

of  Cerwra 
he  African 
five  fibres 
very  bard, 
the  other, 
n  cftectual 
died  to  tlie 
,f  the  bark 

a  quarter 
I  it,  can  en- 

iingdom  of 
I  in  training 


APPENDIX.  7 

[Aillareguc. — The  name  amongst  the  Arancaniuns,  signifying  province.] 

{Ajo.ijoU. — A  little,  small,  bright  seed,  common  in  S.  America,  but  little  known  in  England,  called 
in  Latin  .Vi'MrtHiMm.] 

Alani:<.  {Ceirus  alces.) — A  deer  in  New  Mexico,  about  the  iieight  of  a  mule;  its  head  is  large,  its 
neck  short,  its  lips,  and  especially  the  under  ono,  broad  and  ihick,  the  mouth  spacious,  its  ears  are 
lonii,  like  t!ie  ass,  its  tail  short,  and  it  stands  higher  behind  than  before  ;  its  hair  is  strong,  and  about 
thiite  iiithes  in  length,  its  colour  grey,  and  its  horns  pahnated,  drooping  downwards,  and  garnished 
with  antlers,  and  furcations  on  the  outward  parts.     This  animal  is  fierce  and  savage. 

Albahaquilla. — See  Cul<iii. 

[Alberja. — A  sort  of  vetch  found  in  S.  America.] 

Albures. — A  game  at  cards  like  the  game  of  hazard,  to  which  the  inhabitants  of  New  Spain  are 
much  addicted. 

[Alcalde  del  Crimen,— i\xA%e  of  criminals,  wlio  also  lias  out  of  his  tribunal  an  ordinary  jurisdiction, 
in  the  territory  to  which  it  belongs.] 

[Alcaldia  mayor. — The  district  of  a  chief  magistrate  of  any  town,  or  of  Recorder,  where  there  be  a 
civil  government.] 

[Alcaparossa. — The  same  as  caparossa,  which  is  coperas  or  vitriol.] 

Alcaran.  {Scorpio  Americanus.) — An  insect  which  infests  humid  warm  countries.  They  are  pro- 
pagated in  houses,  magazines,  and  dung-hills.  The  body  of  the  insect  is  about  the  size  of  an  almond  ; 
its  tail  consists  of  nine  diminutive  fleshy  bodies,  about  the  size  of  a  mustard  seed,  of  an  ublong  figure, 
and  in  the  last  of  these  small  bodies  is  inserted  a  crooked  sting,  of  astonishing  sharpness;  in  the  lore- 
part  it  has  two  small  claws,  like  the  lobster;  its  colour  is  a  dark  brown.  Wlien  it  wants  to  sting,  it 
draws  up  its  tail  in  the  form  of  a  circle,  lashes  it  out  with  incredible  velocity,  and  fixes  the  sting.  The 
heat  caused  by  the  prick  of  these  insects  is  extraordinary,  and  is  very  often  attended  with  fever ;  there 
are  some  kinds  so  venomous,  that  their  sting  will  sometimes  kill  a  person,  but  those  that  breed  in 
houses  are  not  of  this  species.  They  are  so  common  that  there  is  no  avoiding  them  ;  very  often  when 
a  person  rises  in  the  morning  he  will  find  them  in  his  clothes. 

Alcaravan.  ( Tringa  Ocrophus.) — A  fowl  well  known  in  Europe  by  the  name  of  bittern,  and  very 
common  in  America.  It  is  somewhat  less,  but  in  other  respects  resembles  the  stork  ;  its  plumage 
brown,  its  beak  and  legs  very  long;  when  tamed,  it  becomes  a  very  useful  domestic,  by  clearing  the 
house  of  all  troublesome  insects,  and  so  great  is  the  velocity  with  which  it  runs,  that  it  is  impo.ssible  for 
any  insect  to  escape  it. 

[Alcafraz. — A  sea  fowl,  like  a  sea-gull.    Arabick.] 

Alcavala. — This  droit  was  accorded  to  the  King  of  Spain  in  1 342,  to  furnish  the  expenses  of  the  wars 
against  the  Moors.  The  concession  was  first  limited  to  three  years :  it  was  afterwards  prolonged  to 
the  time  that  Algesiras  was  under  the  Spanish  dominion.  This  droit  was  originally  five  per  cent,  atid 
at  Burgos,  in  1366,  ten  per  cent.  Being  then  considered  a  regular  and  fixed  duty,  established  by 
custom  and  the  laws  of  the  old  kingdom,  we  find  it,  agreeably  with  the  sentiments  of  Baldo,  who 
says,  "  it  may,  incontestably,  be  established  in  all  the  possessions  hereafter  united  to  the  Spanish  em- 
pire," adopted  in  America,  though,  for  obvious  reasons,  not  till  some  time  after  the  several  conquests  ; 
accordingly,  it  was  established  in  Mexico  in  1 547,  and  in  Peru  in  15'j1.  In  the  new  world,  it  was  at 
first  only  two  per  cent,  and  afterwards  rose  in  small  proportions,  according  to  the  exigencies  of  affairs. 
In  Tierra  Firme  it  was,  for  a  long  time,  at  two  per  cent,  but  it  has  been  encreased  for  nearly  fifty  years 
back  to  five.  The  Alcavala  is  a  droit  upon  every  article  sold,  moveable  or  immoveable,  and  is  most 
rigorously  exacted.  Every  sort  of  merchandize,  the  production  of  the  country,  animals,  fowl,  eggs, 
vegetables,  fodder,  purchases  of  land,  every  thing  exposed  to  sale,  is  subject  to  this  droit. 

Alco. — The  native  dog  of  the  New  Hemisphere,  nor  does  it  seem  to  have  difTered  greatly  from  that 
of  the  Old  ;  except  that  it  possessed  not  the  power  of  barking.  The  natives  of  Hispaniola,  like  those 
of  Otaheite,  fattened  them  with  care,  and  accounted  their  flesh  a  great  delicacy.  "  In  St.  Domingo" 
(says  Acosta)  "  the  dogs  of  Europe  have  multiplied  so  exceedingly,  that  at  tins  time  (1587)  they  are 


!       > 


\m:\.. 


8 


APPENDIX. 


a  nuisance  ami  a  terror  to  the  inhabitants,  and  a  price  is  set  on  their  heads  as  on  wolves  in  Old  Spain 
At  tiist  tlu-re  were  no  dogs  on  tins  island,  but  u  Ninull  nnito  creature  resembling  a  dog,  with  a  nose 
like  that  of  a  fox,  which  the  natives  called  aico,  'I'he  Indians  were  so  fond  of  these  little  animals,  that 
they  carried  them  on  their  shoidders  wherever  they  went,  or  nourished  them  in  their  bosoms." 

yilerci'.  (Pinus  Cuptrssoitlfs.) — A  large  tree  growing  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile;  the  wood  is  very 
hard,  and  resembles  the  large  F.uropean  tir,  but  is  of  n  distinct  sjiecies.  It  sometimes  grows  to  such  a 
size,  that  it  measures  ninety  feet  in  circumference.  The  wood  is  chiefly  used  in  building,  on  account 
of  its  durability.  It  is  transported  from  the  Island  of  Chiloe,  where  it  principally  abounus,  and  forms 
a  very  lucrative  branch  of  commerce  to  Peru.  One  of  these  trees  contains,  in  general,  from  six  to 
eight  hundred  boards,  twenty  feet  long,  and  half  a  yard  broad.  The  inhabitants  of  these  islands  are 
so  dexterous  in  the  partition  of  these  trees,  that  they  will  divide  them  without  the  least  waste.  Molina 
says,  that  hogsheads  madeof  this  wood  will  preserve  water  during  a  voyage  at  sea  free  from  corruption. 

[Jlfal/ii. — Three-leaved  or  clover  grass,     j-lrabui.] 

Alferez  Real. — Formerly  one  who  carried  the  standard  when  the  king  went  to  battle  in  {icrson.  llis 
ortice  was  to  have  charge  of  the  royal  troops  in  the  king's  absence. 

^■iliiut/a, — A  small  insect  generated  amongst  the  herbs  in  Peru,  and  very  prejudicial  to  the  flocks. 
It  eats  its  way  into  the  inside  of  a  beast,  settles  in  its  liver,  and  causes  an  ulceration,  of  which  vast 
numbers  die.  This  insect  chiefly  infests  the  province  of  Chancay.  Salt  is  the  bust  preservative 
against  it. 

[J/Jibe. — The  name  given  to  cisterns  in  S.  America.] 

Aljosucha. — A  plant  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru,  which  is  a  singular  preservative  against  tertian  agues, 
bv  rubbing  it  between  the  hands  u.ul  applying  it  to  the  nostrils  of  the  patient.  It  is  particularly 
abundant  in  the  province  of  I.iiya  and  Chillaos,  and  some  other  parts. 

Alpaca.  {Camelus  Pacos,)  also  Paco. — A  quadruped  of  Peru  and  Chili;.  A  subaltern  species  of  the 
camel  kind  ;  it  only  ditfers  from  that  animal  in  its  size  and  compactness.  The  neck  of  this  animal  is 
long,  the  head  small,  the  ears  large,  the  eyes  round  and  big,  the  beard  short,  and  the  upper  lip  u  little 
open  ;  its  legs  are  somewhat  longer  than  proportionable  to  its  bulk,  its  hoof  bipartite  or  cloven,  and 
its  tail  long;  its  hair  is  long,  and  somewhat  coarser  than  that  of  the  vicuiia,  but  flt  for  spinning ;  in 
the  parts  of  generation  it  also  resembles  the  camel,  male  and  female.  Like  the  ruminating  animal,  it 
has  four  ventricles.  The  second  contains  between  two  ventricles,  of  which  it  is  composed,  a  number  of 
cavities  calculated  to  deposit  water.  This  animal,  like  the  camel,  is  domable,  and  will  carry  from  seven 
to  nine  stone ;  it  will  fall  on  its  knees  for  the  convenient  reception  and  exoneration  of  its  burthen. 
The  shape  and  disposition  of  the  hoof,  and  the  closeness  of  the  hair,  will  admit  neither  shoe  nor  har- 
ness ;  they  arc  slow,  but  sure-footed  even  in  the  most  rugged  roads.  Notwithstanding  the  great 
resemblance  which  the  paco  bears  to  the  camel,  it  has  some  peculiarities  which  distinguish  it  from 
that  animal.  Destined  to  inhabit  the  mountain,  amidst  snow  and  ice,  it  has  received  from  nature  many 
advantages  which  enable  it  to  endure  its  hard  fate.  Like  the  qu<idrupeds  of  the  polar  regions,  it  has 
a  great  thickness  of  fat  between  the  skin  and  the  flesh ;  and  so  great  is  the  fluxion  of  blood  in  its  veins, 
tiiat  the  most  intense  colds  are  incapable  of  penetrating  it ;  the  enormous  load  of  fat  with  which  it  is 
endowed,  prevents  the  blood  from  being  consumed  by  the  excessive  heat  of  the  sun.  In  the  ventricle 
are  formed  Ave  bezoar  stones.  The  under  mandible,  like  that  of  the  camel,  is  furnished  with  six  inci- 
sors, two  canine  teeth,  and  several  grinders;  but  in  the  upper  jaw,  the  two  flrst  kinds  of  teeth  are 
wanting,  in  which  respect  it  difl'ers  from  the  camel  kind.  The  cars  are  pointed,  and  better  made  than 
those  of  the  camel ;  its  nose  is  simple,  its  neck  straight  and  well  proportioned,  its  tail  beautiful,  and 
adorned  with  long  hair,  as  soft  as  wool ;  it  makes  a  noise  like  the  neighing  of  a  horse.  When  irri- 
tated, it  neither  assails  with  its  mouth  nor  heels,  but  ejects  from  its  nostrils  some  viscosities  on  the 
ofliender.  Some  have  erroneously  asserted,  that  this  viscous  matter  creates  the  itch.  The  time  of 
copulation  is  about  the  end  of  summer,  at  which  time  they  become  very  lean,  and  lose  a  great  quantity 
of  hair.  Before  copulation  they  are  a  long  time  soliciting,  and  make  bitter  lamentations,  running 
about  without  intermission.  The  female  usually  goes  six  months  in  a  state  of  pregnancy,  and  generally 
brings  forth  but  one  at  a  time ;  she  has  only  two  teats,  but  abundance  of  milk.  The  Indians  say,  that 
they  live  about  thirty  years,  and  begin  to  breed  about  the  fourth  year.     The  above  description  nit'y, 


f)! 


m 


tV 


n 


Spuiii 
11  nose 
Ia,  tlua 

is  very 
such  IX 
kccount 
A  (brills 
n  six  to 
Liids  uro. 
Molina 
ruption. 


>n. 


Uis 


le  flocks, 
hicli  viist 
servalive 


111  acnes, 
.rticiilarly 

ioB  of  the 
unimal  is 
ip  a  \ittU; 
Dven,  aiul 
lining;  »" 
animal,  it 
luimber  of 
Irom  seven 
|s  burthen, 
nor  har- 
the  great 
ih  it  from 
:iirc  many 
ns,  it  has 
.  its  veins, 
which  it  is 
ventricle 
[h  six  inci- 
1  teeth  are 
Imailc  than 
itiful,  and 
hen  irri- 
ics  on  the 
|je  time  of 
It  quantity 
running 
)  generally 
|s  say,  that 
ptiou  ini»y, 


APPENDIX.  • 

«'ith  little  alteration,  he  applicil  to  the  Guunaco  and  l.lniiiii.     In  IVrii,  I  hoy  are  rnlleil  Cnriieros  du  hi 
tierni,  or  Slieop  of  tiic  Kartn. 

Allullas. — A  sort  of  biscuit  of  u  most  delicious  taste,  and  remarkably  wiiilo,  niiidi!  in  iho  territory  of 
Ambato,  in  the  kingdom  of  Uuito.  They  are  held  in  such  estiniiitioii,  llmt  llioy  arc  not  only  sought 
for  in  the  capital,  but  even  exported  to  I'eru  and  Tierra  Kimia,  and  they  preserve  their  excellency 
many  months.  Though  many  have  been  the  attempts  to  bring  tlieiii  to  eniial  perfect  ion  in  other  places, 
yet  no  one  has  succeeded  in  this  attempt,  though  (lower,  water,  ami  the  baker  liiivebeen  procured  to  en- 
sure success  ;  it  is  therefore,  without  doubt,  to  the  inllueiice  of  the  climate  that  they  owe  their  llavoiir. 

Almadana^  or  Almadeneta. — An  iron  or  brnxen  mallet  used  in  the  mine  engiiies  of  Peru  to  bruy 
the  metal.  <  . 

Almopet. — A  large  leathern  case  used  by  travellers  for  the  preseivalion  of  their  mattresses;  it  is 
about  the  length  o(  a  bed,  and  the  aperture  is  almost  from  end  to  end,  (or  the  more  easy  reception 
of  the  mattress;  and  after  it  is  put  in,  they  roll  it  up  and  bind  it  with  a  cord.  This  is  customary  in 
every  part  of  America. 

Aloes.  {Aloes  Atnen'aiiia.) — This  kind  is  classed  amongst  Ilexandria  monogeneous  plants.  Its 
distinguishing  characteristics  are — an  upright  cm'olla,  o|M!n  at  the  top,  with  a  nectarine  liquid  in  the 
bottom  ;  the  libres  spring  out  of  the  receptacle;  the  leaves  t'rc  thick  and  Niiccnlenl,  terminating  in  a 
point,  and  generally  very  transparent;  the  fruit  is  obloi;^  .  -<*  cylindrical ;  it  lies  in  three  poiis,  which 
contain  Hat  semicircular  seeds.  There  are  seven  or  eight  species,  distinguished  by  the  pcrfoliata  or 
thorough-leaved,  variegated,  disticha,  spiral  viscous,  dwarf,  and  reluse.  This  last,  for  its  beauty, 
far  excels  the  others.  In  medicine  there  are  two  kinds,  viz.  the  soceotrine  and  hepatic.  The  iiiiin- 
ner  of  preparing  it  is  as  follows :  the  leaves  are  pressed,  and  the  juice  spontaneously  oo/.es  out,  which 
is  exposed  to  the  sun  to  inspissate  till  it  comes  to  a  proper  consistence.  It  is  a  bitter  cathartic  stimu- 
lant, and  is  taken  various  ways;  it  purges,  attenuates  and  dissolves  vicious  humours;  and  promotes 
hemnroidal  and  uterine  evacuations,  and  destroys  worms  ;  it  is  a  principal  ingredient  in  the  niedicin«> 
called  F.lixir  Proprietatis,  in  Angelical  pills,  in  lludio's  cathartic  extract,  in  the  aromatical  pills  of 
Rufiis,  of  the  pharmaconccia  of  London,  in  Stahl's  extract,  and  in  purgutive  and  vermifuge  epitliems 
for  children.  When  le(t  to  steep  in  spirits  of  wine  till  the  liquid  becomes  red,  it  is  applied  externally 
as  an  antiseptic  to  wounds  and  ulcers. 

[Al(jnitram.  [Naptha.) — A  licjuid  substance  (lowing  out  of  the  earth,  in  sonii*  places  like  melted 
pitch,  and  therefore,  sometimes,  improperly  taken  for  nitcli ;  it  burns  so  fierce  that  it  is  iiiKiueiichable 
In  some  places  they  use  it  about  ships,  instead  of  pitcli  and  tar.] 

[Am. — The  name  given  by  the  native  Araucanians  to  signify  the  immortal  soul. J 

Amonanas. — A  honey-comb  formed  under  the  surface  of  the  earth,  in  .St.  lOleiia  and  the  adjacent 
countries,  in  the  province  of  Guay-aquil  and  kingdom  of  (|iiito.  The  method  of  finding  them  is 
somewhat  extraordinary :  they  take,  on  ;•  clear  day,  a  vessel  of  hydromel,  wherewith  they  besprinkle 
the  trees  in  the  thickest  part:  attracted  by  the  odour,  the  bees  come  to  lick  the  hydromel;  as  soon 
as  they  have  laden  themselves  and  retired,  the  watchers  follow  them  till  they  come  to  the  holes  by 
which  they  enter;  then  having  dug  a  hole  to  the  nest,  they  (ind  considerable  quantities  of  wax,  in 
which  they  carry  on  a  very  lucrative  commerce. 

Ampalaba, — A  name  given  to  the  Buho,  in  the  Amazones,  and  in  the  territory  of  Cliaco.  Sim- 
Buho. 

[Anacardium,  or  Cashew  Nut  Tree. — Grows  wihl  in  the  island  of  St.  Domingo,  and  bears  a  fruit 
of  a  strange  appearance ;  the  nut  resembles  a  small  kidney,  grows  at  the  end  of  tlie  apple  which  hangs 
down  of  the  size  of  a  lemon,  so  that,  unlike  other  fruits,  the  receptaculum  is  at  the  end,  and  the; 
seed  grows  on  the  exterior  of  the  apex.  It  stains  an  indelible  black,  and  is  an  acrid  fruit,  highly 
astringent  to  the  mouth.] 

[Anca. — The  name  given  by  the  native  Araucanians  to  signify  the  corruptible  body.] 

Anchoueta. — A  small  but  delicate  (ish,  which  swarms  in  the  lake  of  Chucuilo,  in  Peru.  It  is  a  specie* 
of  cockerel. 

VOL.  V.  b 


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lit! 


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10 


APPENDIX. 


i 


AniL  { /ndigo/et a  aliil.)— A  [i\iiUtw\i\i:\i  the  fLnjrIiNli  cull  nil,  or  indigo  ;  it  isi  classed  amongst  tiie 
iliadelphia  decamlria.  The  cup  is  plain,  and  the  upper  margins  or  lilaniunts  of  the  tlowcr  are  united. 
There  are  six  kinds  of  this  indigoferous  plant,  all  peculiar  to  America.  It  is  called  hy  foreigners 
indigo.  It  is  about  two  fc2t  high,  and  has  round  leaves;  the  nil,  which  is  extracted  from  the  leaves, 
differs  from  that  which  is  procured  from  the  branches;  the  first  kind  is  distinguished  by  the  name  of 
Serguise,  from  the  village  where  it  is  prepared,  situated  a  few  leagues  from  Surat,  in  the  F.ast  Indies. 
The  nil  is  prepared  in  the  following  manner  :  when  it  begins  to  lose  its  foliage  the  plant  is  cut,  and 
the  collateral  oranches  are  stript  o(f  and  put  into  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water,  in  a  hogshead,  and 
left  ill  infusion  from  thirty  to  thirty-six  hours;  afterwards  the  vessel  is  somewhat  inclined,  so  that  the 
water,  which  has  already  assumed  a  green  colour,  almost  approaching  to  blue,  may  ooze  into  a  vat ; 
then  with  poles,  in  the  form  of  a  pestle,  capt  with  iron,  it  is  agitated  and  churned  till  the  surface  is 
covered  with  scum.  In  this  state  they  infuse  a  proportionable  quantity  of  oil  of  olives ;  one  pound 
of  oil  is  sufficient  for  the  liciuor  extracted  from  seventy  pounds  of  nil.  After  it  bus  undergone  this 
operation,  the  scum,  which  resembles  the  froth  of  milk,  is  taken  off*,  and  the  li(|uor  is  left  to  settle. 
After  it  has  remained  in  this  state  a  competent  time,  the  cock  is  opened,  and  the  water  runs  o(T, 
leaving  tlie  dregs  in  the  bottom  like  lees  of  wine.  Tlie  sediment  is  then  put  into  small  linen  bags 
till  the  water  ceases  to  flow.  Finally,  it  is  placed  in  shallow  wooden  boxes,  and  the  nil  is  prepared. 
When  the  top  of  the  nil  is  covered  with  a  dark  violet  colour,  it  never  fails  to  be  good.  There  are 
several  methods  of  judging  of  its  quality  :  if  the  surface  of  the  water  be  of  a  dark  violet  colour ;  if  the 
nil,  when  stirred  gently  with  a  nail,  yields  a  copper  colour,  rather  inclining  to  red;  if  when  broken 
it  neither  moulders  into  dust,  nor  discovers  any  white  particles  within,  it  never  fails  to  be  of  a  genuine 
kind.  The  second  species  is  prepared  in  the  same  manner  as  the  former,  with  this  exception,  that 
the  leaves  and  branches  make  part  of  the  composition.  The  best  kind  comes  fronj  Guatemala.  When 
it  is  melted  in  the  fire  like  wax,  and  leaves  little  recrement  behind,  it  is  an  evident  sign  that  the  nil  is 
good.  That  which  comes  from  St.  Domingo  resembles  the  former,  except  that  it  has  not  such  a  lively 
colour,  yet  for  its  good  quality  it  holds  th(;  second  rank  ;  that  of  Jamaica  the  third,  and  that  from  tlie 
windward  islands    the  fourth ;    all  of  which  are  esteemed   in    proportion    to   their  cleanness  and 

fnirity.  It  is  used  in  the  composition  of  dyes,  and  by  washerwomen  to  give  a  line  colour  to  their 
inen.  Painters  pound  it  with  white  lead,  because  of  itself  it  turns  black;  when  mixed  with  yel- 
low, it  becomes  a  beautiful  green.  Confectioners  and  apothecaries  use  it  to  giv(!  a  blue  colouring  to 
their  respective  conserves,  and  to  tinge  their  syrup  with  violet.  In  New  Spain,  they  call  the  plant 
guiquiliti ;  or,  more  properly,  huiquilit. 

Anime. — A  gum  or  resin,  exuding  through  the  pores  of  a  tree,  in  dilTercnt  parts  of  America.  It 
is  a  solid  transparent  substance,  of  a  pale  citrine  colour,  and  exhales  a  most  agreeable  odour.  It  is 
easily  dissolved  in  water.  The  French  call  it  curbaril.  It  is  brought  from  New  Spain,  the  Antilles, 
and  from  the  province  of  San  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  New  Granada,  where  it  cliietly  abounds.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  the  lanime,  excepting  that  the  tree  from  which  it  is  extracted  is  somewhat  different. 
The  tree  of  the  anime  is  very  large,  and  the  wood  very  hard,  of  a  red  colour,  and  admits  a  very  line 

fjolish ;  it  is  particularly  used  for  cylinders  in  sugar-mills ;  it  yields  a  board  about  eighteen  inches 
)road,  of  which  they  make  very  elegant  furniture;  the  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  laurel,  and  are 
united  two  and  two  together  on  each  stalk,  and  so  transparent,  that  they  seem  full  of  holes;  the 
flowers  are  leguminous,  of  a  purple  colour,  and  in  tlie  shape  of  a  pyramid  ;  the  fruit  is  about  a  foot 
long,  and  covered  with  a  husk  like  that  of  the  chesnut ;  this  linsk  is  full  of  small  fibres,  united  and 
knotted;  it  is  covered  with  a  yellow  farina,  of  a  sour  taste  and  disagreeable  smell;  these  filaments 
envelope  a  quantity  of  nuts,  which  both  in  size  and  shape  resemble  the  bean;  these  nuts  arc  gathered 
by  the  Indians,  and  make  very  good  bread.  The  inhabitants  of  some  countries  use  the  fumigation  of 
anime  for  head  aches.  Dissolved  in  spirits  of  wine,  it  has  been  found  very  effectual  against  the  gout 
and  nervous  complaints.  This  gum  does  not  yield  any  essential  oil  unless  prepared  in  great  quantities. 
When  pure,  it  is  with  great  dimculty  dissolved  in  spirits  of  wine,  but  if  mixed  with  other  resins  it  is 
more  soluble ;  the  Mater  assumes  a  lightish  colour,  a  circumstance  which,  according  to  Mr.  Cartheuser, 
arises  from  the  menstruum  depositing  a  quantity  of  resinous  matter,  for  which  reason  he  classes  it 
amongst  the  pure  gums. 

Anona. — A  plant  of  the  polyandria  polyginia  kind.  The  calyx  is  tripartite,  and  has  six  petala ; 
the  fruit  is  round,  and  contains  tubular  seeds.     There  arc  eight  species  of  anonas:  the  niuricata,  squa- 


1 


iica.     It 
It  is 
Antilles, 
riie 
ItVerent. 
•ery  fine 
inches 
and  aie 
oles-,  the 
jut  a  foot 
iiited  anil 
filaments 
•^fathered 
gation  of 
the  gout 
quantities, 
csins  it  is 
irtheuser, 
classes  it 

jx  petala ; 
lata,  squa- 


API'ENDIX. 


11 


innsa,  reticulata,  poluDtria,  glabra,  triloba,  Asiaticn,  and  Africana,  which  for  the  most  part  are  indi- 
genous to  America. 

^7ila.     {Tapir  Bris.) — A  quadruped  peculiar  to  America,  about  the  size  of  a  calf  of  two  months 
old  ;  it  haii  neither  tail  nor  horns ;  its  head  is  large  and  Heshy ;  and  the  trtmk,  which  is  only  a  pro- 
longation of  till!  upper  lip,  is  strong  and  nervous  -,  its  eyes  are  small  ;  and  the  body  arched,  like  that 
of  a  hog;  the  hair  is  short,  and  of  an  uniform  dark  colour;    the  ears  are  small,  and  the  tips  point 
forwards ;  each  mandible  is  furnished  with  ten  incisors,  and  a  great  number  of  grinders,  in  which 
respect  it  differs  from  ruminating  animals;  the  legs  are  short,  and  the  fore-feet  arc  armed  with  four 
claws,  whereof  the  leiist  is  exteriorly  united  with  the  other  three;  in  the  hitid  feet  it  has  only  three, 
the  middle  one  always  exceeding  the  other  two  in  length  ;  the  nostrils  are  in  the  upper  lip,  which, 
though  it  is  prolonged  like  a  trunk,  as  we  have  already  observed,  is  not  longer  than  the  under  one, 
when  it  wishes  to  take  any  thing  up,  and  then  it  is  full  of  circular  wrinkles,  notwithstanding  it  hath 
the  power  of  stretching  it  out  more  than  half  a  foot,  brandishing  it  on  cither  side  at  pleasure,  and 
bending  it  downwards  to  carry  food  to  its  mouth  ;  the  body  is  covered  with  short  hair,  which  is  very 
thin  in  the  flunk  and  lower  parts  of  the  body  ;  the  hair  which  covers  the  neck  and  forehead,  is  of  a 
dark-brown  colour,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  as  thick  as  the  bristles  of  a  hog,  but  soft  to 
the  touch ;   the  parts  of  generation  are  very  large.     This  animal  inhabits  the  mountains  and  dry 
places,  yet  it  frequents  marshes  and  bogs  in  rjuest  of  food,  which  consists  of  young  sprouts  and  tender 
herbs,  and  fruits  which  fall  from  the  tree;  it  generally  feeds  during  the  night;  it  is  a  great  friend  to 
cleanliness,  for  which  reason  it  crosses  some  river  every  morning,  or  plunges  into  some  lake,  to  wash 
itself.     In  the  months  of  November  and  December,  the  females  leave  their  shady  mansions  to  bask 
in  the  heat  of  the  sun ;  then,  and  only  then,  can  they  be  found  two  together.     If  two  males  happen 
to  meet,  they  never  retire  without  occasioning  cruel  lacerations.    The  male  separates  from  the  female 
as  soon  us  she  is  pregnant ;  she  gqps  ten  or  eleven  months  with  young,  and  having  chosen  an  elevated, 
dry  situation,  she  brings  forth  one  at  a  parturition.     This  animal  is  naturally  gentle  and  timid,  und 
flies  the  least  appearance  of  contention  and  danger,  exceptitig  about  the  time  of  copulation.    Though 
its  legs  are  very  short,  yet  its  course  is  very  ruj)ul ;  when  hard  pressed   by  the  dogs  it  makes  to  some 
river,  and  swims  with  amazing  rapidity  till  it  finds  a  safe  asylum  on  the  opposite  banks.     Its  aversion 
to  light  makes  it  retire  into  the  thickets.     Its  hide  is  ball-proof,  and  its  flesh  insipid,  yet  the  Indians 
eat  it,  and  when  younjj  and  tender  is  by  some  esteemed  very  delicate.     l"he  anta  is  found  in  every 
part  of  America,  and  is  sometimes  tamed.     The  Brazilians  call  it  tapir;   the  Peruvians,  aliuara;   the 
Portuguese,  anta ;  and  the  Spaniards,  danta,  or  great  beast.     Many  have  erroneously  inferred,  from 
the  multiplicity  of  names,  that  there  are  two  distinct  species.     If  the  reader  wishes  further  informatiuu 
respecting  this  animal,  he  may  consult  the  article  Tapir,  in  Bomare's  Dictionary. 

[Apellaca, — A  denomination  amongst  the  Araucanians  for  such  as  bear  a  part  of  the  same  name  with 
another  person.] 

Aperiadcs.  {Mus  Longipes.) — A  small  quadruped,  in  Buenos  Ayrcs,  partaking  of  the  species  of 
the  mouse  and  the  rabbit ;  it  is  about  a  foot  in  lengtii  and  seven  inches  in  circumference ;  the  hair, 
in  point  of  colour,  resembles  that  of  the  hare,  but  the  belly  is  white,  the  upper  lip  is  cloven  like  that 
of  the  aforesaid  animal,  it  also  resembles  it  in  its  teeth  and  whit^kers,  but  the  head  is  something 
longer ;  its  ears  are  round  and  very  small ;  the  legs  are  only  about  three  inches  long,  the  hind  ones 
something  longer  than  the  fore  ones ;  the  latter  have  five  toes,  covered  with  a  black  skin,  and  armed 
with  short  claws ;  the  former  have  only  three,  and  the  middle  one  something  longer  than  the  other 
two;  its  flesh  resembles  that  of  the  rabbit,  and  though  like  those  animals,  it  lives  in  cavities  under 
ground,  yet  it  never  opens  them  itself,  but  hides  amongst  stones,  for  which  reason  they  are  taken  with 
great  facility.  They  are  generally  hunted  with  ferrets.  In  Brazil  they  arc  called  apereas.  The 
iiperiades  seems  to  correspond  with  the  mus  sylvcstris  Americanus  of  Ray. 

Apotoyom&tsi,  or  Patisiranda. — A  shrub  growing  in  Florida,  in  North  America.  The  leaves  re- 
semble those  of  the  leek,  but  are  longer  and  thinner  ;  the  stem  is  a  species  of  rush,  gcniculated  and 
full  of  pulp;  the  flower  is  small,  the  roots  long  und  slender,  and  full  of  round  knots,  which,  when 
cut  and  exposed  to  the  sun,  become  hard,  being  very  black  within  and  white  without.  The  Spaniards 
call  I  hem  rosarios  de  Santa  Helena,  or  beads  of  St.  Helen;  the  French,  palenotes.  The  Indians  hold 
ihem  in  great  esteem,  and  say  they  possess  many  excellent  qualities. 

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t  >l^ 


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AI»PF.NI>I\. 


.InuLSr. — A  ri>»l  in«'ol  iii  Tinra  Kirnu-,  -.n  %n\\\\\  ilml  it  it  Mnirrly  |trrf«'pliltl««.  Ii  itilnnliiccf*  ilsoll 
ticluivii  ihc  skin  itn.l  ilio  (IchIi,  iiiid  iih  ii  |)iot-i>t>il«,  Iravr*  n  uliilr  Mark  IhIimiiI,  iiit)l  «  Miisfi  ii  inosi 
••MraiMilmmv  |>iu-kitig  ;  loi  llu*  ivasoii  it  in  i-ull.-tl  armit'ir,  or  |iliiii^limiiii,  lu'iaiiso  it  mm'iii<«  in  |iliiii^li 

.Iru^iiilii.--  \  large,  nul,  ami  t-nriiiiliMil  a\H\  IhmhIoiI  liki'  tlu*  lii<-^oat,  iiikI  oI  a  ii)ii<ii  ll^|y  a*>iirt  i 
li  iH  very  (-(iiiimon  in  (lio  |m)\iiit-t'  oV  (iiiayuiia,  ViMic/iicIa,  ami  pitnitiil.irlv  in  Piritn.  'I'iii'  liuliaiis 
oiooiii  ilH  tli<>li  (lie  iiioxt  ilolioaio  ol  all  aniiiutl  Cood.  TIiim  it  ili<>  ivil  ant'  of  Cuvciiiui  nl  nritNtiii,  and 
inctpondt  «vitli  till*  tnnrinc  spt'rion.  TIm'  Kroiuli  iitll  il  iilovaif.  it.t  lu-ani  it  vi«rv  lt>ii^{,  iluni^li 
ilio  Diriiitiiarv  xt  AninmU  t'lioncounly  oltMtMvi'K  tliiil  it  dilVnt  t'roiii  llio  ape  ot CayoniU',  in  iiuviiig 
no  Ucanl. 

.IviituifUts — rill'  rntlK's  «>(  a  Nlint  aif  tn  calUul  in  S.  Anionia. 

.IfiiHoi,  or  Spidif. — Aiiion^  iliotr  of  Hrn/il  llioir  i«  ono  ol"  a  roniaikalily  largo  n\/v,  Coiind  in  tin 
»-.iviti«'s  of  l;iri»i'  irtvs,  «lii«'li,  if  ditturU'd,  nillit'tii  a  «oiiiul  so  tniall  at  lo  In-  trarrolv  visiMc,  Inn 
u'hioli  product's  a  Ulintli  surlling,  i>\tr«<ni«'lv  pninfnl,  and  in  tniiio  iiitinni'i't  tnid  to  orration  ili*Mlii. 
Our  t|>«-iii'«,  tin'  ,]ii}nrijin'Ui4lii)iii  xetuitonn,  tpint  liulU  nnuli  Inrgcr  tlinii  those  of  the  itpidcrt  of  Kiiropi*. 
Ill  xvliu'li  it  dt'potiiii  its  eggs,  llii'  siilitiaiu't'  ol  \«lii(-li  ri'si'inMoN  tlio  linctt  nilk. 

.lr,nii\ii<-.  —\  loriii  givi'ii  l>v  the  KiiiiliAli  of  Virginia  ti>  toliarco  of  inferior  i|iialitv,  «vliieli  liiey 
)ioldi>nt  tianspoit  to  rngland,  ami  generally  dispone  ol  to  the  Diiteli.      jTlie  Knglitli  spoil  it  Oionoko.  | 

.iidilla  VoliHitc  (,}fux  I'vtihiiif,  or  Stiiirus  .■tmiTUiiui4.i.)—\  N(|iiirivl  foiiml  in  tlio  provinee  ol 
l.oiiisiaiia  and  Klondn,  kIiuIi  leapt  from  one  ti«H>  to  another  willi  great  agility.  It  reeeivet  the  iiii 
luM««een  the  i^ienihiunct  whieli  eoniieet  the  lore  mid  liind  feet  logellier,  like  the  tail  ol  a  tliiii ;  iit 
tigiiie  is  sinidar  to  that  of  the  Kiiropean  Mpiirivl,  hiii  it  it  tonietlinig  lest,  and  more  tame.  In  the 
year  t"Hs,  the  roiintett  of  Aronda  had  one  in  the  eonrt  of  Madrid 

.iri'p<i.  A  soil  of  pie,  the  »rnti  of  hIiuIi  is  iii;ule  of  Indian  «lieal.  and  tlu'  tlnlling  of  hog't  llenli 
riie  hlaik  women  sell  it  in  ali  ilien  shops  at  Caitliagen.i,  and  it  it  the  ntnul  hreakfasi  of  all  Hastes  ol 
peo|>le. 

{.■/nrioc. — TliP  piihlie  dnne«'of  the  native  Imliaiisof  Culm  and  llispiniola,  in  wliieli  they  eolelniUe 
their  histoneal  aetions.] 

.Irtuaiii/lo.  (Diisvpusvl  l\>ta  Phra.ttus.)  —  A  oiiudrnped,  so  ealled  heeaiit*'  the  upper  part  of  the 
liody  IS  eoven'tl  «ith  a  i-iiirass  of  shell,  eoniposed  of  oo/e  ami  lionet  in  slielvet  wliieli  lie  lilly,  one 
over  the  other.  Tlie  partienl.ir  si7.e  eaiiiiot  he  del«"rniined,  sonu'  nieasiiring  six,  olliert  thirteen  ini'he-. 
in  length,  hut  thoy  are  generally  the  largeNi  in  the  lioi  eliniaiet,  helween  theiropiet.  In  iisthape,  in  llu 
f.M  «lii»-li  lies  over  the  llesh,  and  in  the  skin  wliieh  «  overs  the  lower  parts  of  tin*  hody,  it  retemhie-.  a 
young  pig  ;  the  head  is  large,  and  the  snout  short  ;  the  eyes,  small  ;  the  ears,  hare;  llir  tail,  long,  like 
that  ol  the  imile,  hiii  sealv  ;  it  has  no  teeih,  e\t'epl  i<,rinders  ;  the  iininher  of  liaiids  is  dilleient,  in  lliedif* 
fen'iit  s|H'eies;  the  shell,  «liieh  eovirs  the  hodv  liU'  that  of  •lie  loitoise.  emisists  of  two  pii-ees  di\iiled 
into  several  hands,  whieh  lie  overeaeli  other,  whieh  the  anininl  has  the  powerof  eoiiMaetmg  or  i-xt  ending 
nt  pleasure.  The  leniale  is  very  prolilit.hnnging  forth  fonrevery  nionlli.  The  llesh  itas  delicate  as  that 
ofa  Milking  pig.  In  Chile,  il  isealled  eoveer  ;  in  the  jiroviiiee  of  t'liyo,  ipiintiiiimaelio  ;  in  llia/.il,  tatii ; 
and  in  (iiiayaiia.  eaehieamo.  In  the  valleys  in  th»'  Amies,  there  are  found  lour  speeios  of  ariiiadillot, 
called  pielii.  piloso,  miiliia,  and  holo.  The  first  kind  is  the  datypiis  (piadrieinetiks,  ahoiii  six  inelies 
long,  ,iml  has  four  hiiuls;  the  seeoiul  kind,  or  dasypns  oeloeinetns,  is  ahont  seven  inelies  long,  and 
has  eiijht  hamlt ;  the  third  kind,  or  dasvpns  niideeini  einetiis,  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  lornier, 
with  eleven  hands,  ami  is  ealled  miilita,  from  the  extraordinary  length  of  its  ears;  the  fourth  and  list 
kind,  dasypns  octoileccmcinettes,  exceeds  the  other  three  in  size,  heing  thirteen  imhes  long  from  the 
end  of  the  snout  lo  tlip  root  of  the  tail,  ami  has  eighteen  hands.  This  Inst  is  the  speeii's  wlii<li  the 
Count  de  RiitVon  deserihes  under  the  appellation  of  ouirioiiinelii.  Tlu'  armadillo  of  Peru  rolls  itself 
into  a  hnll  when  siirpnseil  by  the  sportsman,  and  will  ollen  defeat  all  his  projcet.s  hy  rolling  down 
pnvipices  ;  hut  tliis  ariifiee  fails  it  in  the  plain  fields,  where  it  is  taken  with  great  fHcility,  for  il  a  live 
coal  he  applied  to  the  shell,  it  is  forced  to  unfold  itself  and  re-assume  its  natural  shape.  The  fhriv 
tii-st  sjH'eies,  \\lieii  pursued,  run  with  great  rapidity,  Init  always  in  a  ilireet  line,  for  the  ti>iislriictioii 
of  the  shell  prevents  it  from  turning  easily  aside.  When  it  liiuls  itself  rdmost  overtaken  hy  ihe  piii- 
>uer.   II  instantly  digs  a  holo  in  the  earth,  where  it  holds  so  lusl  wilii  its  lorc-leel  thnt  it  is  useless  to 


m 


i), 


I 


AIMM'.NDIX 


1.1 


|,i\tf  down 
r  il  u  live 
riu'  till  w 
iiyliiiction 

useless  to 


Rli«<iu|>l   imlhnu  tlirmotu  Itv  four,     rimiuo  lii«»  ^iim-omcilllu' n|t|tltrnli«>n  of  «  lMiihlii|i  roitl,  wliu  li 
iirviM  liiiU  Imii^iM^  ilii'iii  Kill. 

.Iiiiuihfhi.  A  tiiii  1)1  Aiiu'iii  III  linii  TIh'  l«>i«vrn  nl  ilii<  |)liiiil  inr  Imni- niiil  h|iiii|imI  ,  ilii- nntii 
lliiik  mill  soli,  sonicliiiM'H  ol  a  nil,  nl  ollii'is  ol  ii  uliilc  .  oloiii  II  ih  iiuhI  iiliiiiiiliiiil  in  (lir  i.iiiiniv 
ol  X'lllii  (If  I  riliii,  in  Now  (iionailii. 

I  ,/,m>/m.-  a  S|miii<«li  ni«<iisiiir, «  ontiiiiiiii^  •.•'<  |ioiimU  S|niiiisli.  oi  .'.  .on  poiinili  I'iikIi^Ii  .  ilio  IiiuIihIi 
|iiiiiiiil  luMiu;  oiH-  IiiiikIm'iIiIi  |mii  ol  llir  S|Mni.li  In  lii|iiiil  niiMsiiir,  ii  is  «<i|iiul  lo  i  i^^lii  ii/iiinliii'x, 
iilioiii  I  J  i|ii.iri-4  Imi^IikIi.I 

I  .f.<A(, </«.«. A  I'olliin  ot  S,  Aiiinit'H,  kiiiMvii  Hoiiit'liniiw  liy  \\\v  iIi<n|)iiiiiIioii  ol  iIio  iiiroiiii|ililtli<  | 

I  .f«»f mA'.     Tlio  tcriiUiry  or  |»lin«'  in  wlinli  iiiin«'«  iii  ■  tiniiiic.  | 

Jyiiauifiii  \  soli  ol"  «'»|»<iii'iiiii,  iilioiit  (III-  Mi/i'  iinil  slnnir  ol'  n  niiuiII  l'liinili<i>i  iihIihIi  ,  il  i»  ii 
slioiin  vtiiiiiilaiil.  Itiil  lias  a)  llir  sumr  Iiiih-  h  vi'iy  «liluioiis  savoiii,  I'oi  «linli  h-hmhi  ii  is  cali-n  at  all 
tallies,  ami  iisid  in  all  im-klcs,  in  llii<  kiiigiloin  ol  IVrii  ami   Ticna  liiinf. 

I  .isphiill.i.      A  solid,   liitiiiniiioiis  Niilislanci'  loiinil  Nmniniiii);  on  llii>  miilmi'  ol  lakt's  | 

I  .1ur,i.i,  Ol  (iiil/iiiiniis.  A  soil  ol  irinvM  in  tlii'  W.  Iiiilir»,  »voii«li'iriillv  HWilt  anil  sliai|)  sip,lit«il  .  an- 
m>oil  to  k(T|»  a  town  (Umii,  lor  llwy  «ill  loavp  no  tloiul  tiling  in  llii'  slifoi.  Tlicy  |m'hIi  at  iii|flit 
nliio.iil  ii|ion  till-  tn'i's  oi  nuks  ;  in  tlic  nioinin|i  tlicy  H'jian  to  towns,  anil  staiiil  watrliinn  on  tlir  lo|i« 
ulllii'  In^lii'st  lioiisoH  loi  tlxMi  inry.       Tln-ir  yoiiiin  iir««  wliit«>,  and  allot  wards  turn  Idaik   | 

\  .liinnii  fnniiiti.  (Ostniir  of  M'litnvij.) — An  aiticlo  in  ^iral  hmuhmI  willi  tin-  Iniliiiiis  ol  Noolka, 
and  i'ni|ilo\«<d  in  tlir  tiadr  ol'  oitiM'  skins.  | 

.lui/iiDiii       A  lai)'.c  loot,  irscnildiii^r  ilir  yiica,  or  adanis  iir«-dli<. 

.IViifi'-      A  rollon  (>.iiiiii>nt  Willi  wini  li  tin*  slaves  ol'  New  S|iaiii  an   elollird. 

I  .Ji/uiiii  ill-  /'iir<»i//((i/.--('liii|iei  ol  «Ms('.  I 

I  .Itihiir  ,//iir\.-'  It  IS  made  ol'  llic  iniee  ol'  ii  lieili  called  the  Poiin^iieie  /irilui  luii  Im.iii,  wlirreol'  tlicie 
Is  a  ureal  Ntoie  in  Canilniya,  IW'iuala,  and  oilier  parts,  lini  thai  ol  tlie  island  ol  Soroiora  ix  most 
xalneil,  and  ilierelore  ealled  limn  Sunvlniui.  'I'Iiin  plant  is  not  unlike  oin  linnseleek,  and,  in  Spain, 
tlic  «'oinnion  piMiple  will  \\m\^  one  ol  tlieiii,  wiili  the  <'oot  and  all,  in  their  house  ;  it  lias  sneh  a  ii.ilnral 
nio|sinr«\  llial  il  holds  |>ieeii  all  tin*  X'ar.  'The  hesl  aloex  are  those  that  arr«  eleanest,  riosest,  and 
lieest  Ironi  sand  or  dm,  iind  ol'  a  hvcr-eoloiir,  hriltle,  that  dissolves  hooiii'si,  and  is  Inileri'si  ;  it  is  hot 
in  the  lii'Nt  de^rei*,  and  dry  in  the  third.  Il  stops  hloody  llnxcs,  dnei  up  inveleiate  soies,  Iresli 
wiinnils,  and  hriii^s  llesli  npim  udiinds,  partieiilarly  in  the  privy  piirU.  Ii  is  put  to  many  oilier  nsm, 
whieli  may  he  seen  .it  larj^o  m  .IiksIiCs  Sal.   /list,  oj  the  t'lisl  /iiilirs.     Si   •  ,//i»(v, | 

It 

/III  I'll  f:  III.-  A  hnd  in  the  new  kingdom  ol' < '•ronaila.  It  is  small,  "potted  with  yellow  and  hlat  k  ,  and 
the  sweetness  ol'iis  note  surpasses  that  ol'lhe  «'anary  iind  (rDJiHinch. 

/litiiii.      The  dimiiiiitive  ot  sehasiiimu,  cointiiiinly  iisimI  in  Pern.     |ll  is  ti  kitiil  ol  vase.] 

Hiiilid.  —  A  pmnpkin,  or  Iriiit,  w  liii:h  ^.rowN  in  the  jiirisdietioii  ol'  Daiile,  provinrc  oi' (in.iV'njnil, 
and  kiii^ddiii  ol  (jiiilo.  'I  he  plant,  whieh  prodiieeN  il,  throws  iiiit  lar^e  steniH  ncri'ssary  loi  siippuri 
in^  the  I'lnii,  whieli  is  very  weighty,  and  ol'lhe  si/.r  and  shape  ol'  a  eommoii  melon  wiihonl  liinowi, 
Ninoolli,  of  a  hri^hl  yellow  eolnnr,  ami  I'rai^iant  Kiiiell  ;  the  pulp  is  covered  with  ii  thin,  icmlei  riml,  and 
IS  ahoiil  two  or  three  inelics  ihiek,  and  the  inside  I'ontains  a  ipiaiilily  ol'  water  ol'  ai<  orani'.e  cuiom  ,  lar 
superior  lo  tiie  pnip  in  lasle  and  lliivonr;  the  seed  is  covered  with  a  hoI'i  Niihstaiiee,  ol  a  vciy  a7,iee;ilile 
l.isie. 

Jtiiaic.  (M/iirun  Hiif^it). —  A  (ish  which  ahoiitids  in  iiiosl  of  tin*  rivrrn  of  Anienea;  the  si' in  is 
destitute  (ifhcales,  smooth,  |.;rey  on  hoih  sides,  and  whitisli  on  tluihellv  ;  its  appearance  is  mihhIio'  to 
that  of  the  small  specks  in  the  spawn  of  fro^s  ;  the  head  is  lar^e  with  respect  lo  the  hoily,  which  in  ol 
various  si/es ;  the  snout  lliil,  and  liiinished  with  h.irlis,  like  those  of  the  hailiel;  the  lione  in  ihe  sule 
tin  is  nol  poisonous,  us  is  alliriiied  hy  those  in  the  oilier  species  of  hai^ics;  it  is  of  a  yeiloutsh  < olonr, 
and  utiu  of  tiie  most  delicious  fishes,  with  >eiy  few  hones. 


!l 


li' 


'i 


m 


t; 


14 


APPENDIX. 


:■'■ 


i'  1 


^  '   ^ 


Bainilla.  {Epidendron  Vainilla.) — A  plant  of  tlic  tliickness  of  a  small  vine  branch  ;  the  stem  is  of 
n  ciea/  green,  very  smooth,  heiirin|f  few  leaves,  whicii  it  nuts  forth  at  knots,  at  the  distance  of  a  quarter 
of  a  yard  from  each  other  ;  li)e  leaves  are  like  those  of  tlie  pear  tree,  but  something  hirger  ;  it  is  very 
snceulenf,  and  easily  broken.  The  method  of  propagating  this  plant,  is  by  tying  uranches  of  it  to  a 
large  iree,  whicli  must  of  iis  own  nature  be  moist  and  porous;  and  without  any  other  care,  not  even 
putting  it  in  the  ground,  it  grows  and  twines  round  the  tree,  like  ivy  ;  and  in  the  space  of  two  or 
three  years,  it  begins  to  produce  fruit  in  the  highest  part  of  the  tree,  so  thjit  it  is  no  easy  matter  to 
gather  the  fruit:  the  instrument  used  for  this  purjiose  is  a  long  pole,  witli  a  hook  at  one  end.  In  the 
months  of  December  and  January,  when  the  fruit  is  green,  but  at  its  full  size,  it  has  no  smell,  and  re* 
sembles  the  cansula  of  the  French  bean  ;  it  is  then  exposed  to  the  sun  to  dry,  and  fit  it  for  preservation, 
and  in  a  few  days  it  gradually  changes  from  green  to  a  dark  colour,  distilling  a  balm  or  oil,  so  fragrant 
that  it  is  insupportable,  and  stupefies  he  head.  The  manner  of  seasoning  this  fruit  is  very  trouble- 
some, fjr  if  the  bahn  is  not  sufficiently  extracted,  it  grows  sour  and  corrupts,  and  if  it  evaporates  too 
much,  it  loses  its  odour  and  virtue.  As  soon  as  ii  is  known  to  be  thoroughly  prepared,  it  is  made  into 
small  bunches,  each  bunch  consisting  of  nearly  lifty  pods,  tied  with  a  fine  thread,  called  in  New  Spain 
ojolote,  beeausc  made  of  the  bark  of  a  tree  of  this  name,  an.I  packed  up  in  boxes  to  send  to  Spain 
and  othev  parts,  particularly  Africa,  where  it  is  held  in  great  esteem:  each  pod  contains  upwartis  of 
a  thousand  of  almost  imperceptible  seeds.  This  fruit  forms  a  considerable  branch  of  trade  in  some 
provinces  of  New  Spain  and  Guatemala,  and  is  also  produced  in  Peru.  It  is  customary  to  mix  it 
with  choLolate  m  give  the  latter  an  agreeable  flavour;  it  is  analeptic,  cephalic,  and  stomachic.  The 
English  esteem  it  as  a  singular  specific  for  hypocliondriacal  diseases;  but  it  must  be  used  with  great 
moderation,  in  spirits  of  wine.  All  the  resinous  substance  may  be  extracted,  ami  a  few  spoonstui  of 
this  essence  will  give  colour,  and  a  very  agreeable  taste,  to  spirituous  liquors. 

Bttjareijuc. — A  term  in  aichitecture  in  the  building  of  liouses,  in  the  province  of  Guayaquil.  It 
is  so  called  when  upon  the  foundation,  the  depth  of  iviiich  varies  according  to  the  soil,  are  constructed 
angles  and  divisions  with  strong  beams,  whose  ends  are  fixed  six  geoirietrical  feet  within  the  founda- 
tion, leaving  large  spaces  for  the  walls,  which  are  stopped  up  with  traverse  beams,  and  covered  on 
the  "litside  with  small  joists  of  light  wood,  interwoven  with  very  small  reeds  or  osiers,  resembling  those 
called  chagllas,  and  are  afterwards  overlaid  with  piuF^'er  and  whitewash.  From  the  top  of  the  walls 
they  throw  out  conduits  for  carrying  olf  tlie  water,  and  supporters  for  the  roof,  which  they  board 
ami  cover  with  tiles,  with  a  regular  descent,  thereby  preventing  all  inconvenience  to  passengers  in 
M'et  weather.  Lima  and  other  parts  of  Peru  not  being  subject  to  such  heavy  rains,  the  slope  of  the 
roofs,  whicli  are  made  light  for  fear  of  earthquakes,  i  not  so  great,  and  the  conduit,  or  projection, 
for  carrying  off  the  water,  is  proportionably  narrow. 

Balsam. — An  oil,  or  gum,  wliich  is  distilled  from  some  tree,  or  extracted  from  it  by  incision.  The 
state  of  consistency  varies  in  the  vl'-lVerent  kinds,  which  are  very  numerous.  See  the  articles  Peru, 
Tola,  Ctinimer,  Maria,  Copaivc,  Liquidamhar,  CaraJia,  Polo,  Ike. 

Panano.  [Mma'  sptcicx.) — The  name  of  one  of  the  most  coiamon  species  of  plantain  trees  in 
America.  The  fruit  of  tiiis  tree  is  the  common  food  of  the  Negroes  and  Indians,  who  eat  it  roasteil 
as  a  substitute  for  bread,  boiled,  or  in  stews.  When  fried  in  small  pieces  like  slices  of  bread,  it  is 
oftered  for  sale  for  l)reakfast  in  every  part.  It  is  a  foot  in  length  and  two  inches  in  diameter,  and 
something  cur^ell.  At  tirst  it  is  green,  and  fit  for  roasting ;  ;ifterwurds  it  ripens  and  tinns  yellow, 
and  then  the  pulp,  which  is  covered  with  a  rind  near  a  cjiiarter  of  an  inch  thick,  is  soft  and  agreeable 
to  the  taste.  This  fruit  is  in  such  general  use,  that  there  is  no  field  without  a  plantain  grove.  Fer- 
mented in  water,  it  produces  a  sort  of  drink  not  unlike  l)eer,  and  of  it  i°.  also  made  a  very  strong 
vinegar. 

[liahrna.  The  H'/iale  (BaLena  mysttcetus) — Is  the  largest  of  all  animals.  In  the  northern  seas  some 
are  found  90  feet  in  lenr;th;  and  in  the  torrid  zone,  where  they  are  ui.molestetl,  whales  have 
been  seen  liio  feet  in  length.  The  head  is  greatly  tlisproporiioneil  to  the  size  of  the  ImmIv.  In  the 
middle  of  the  hiad  Kre  two  orifices,  through  which  tliey  spout  water  to  a  great  height.  The  eyes 
are  not  larger  than  those  of  an  ox,  and  an;  placed  towards  the  l)ack  of  the  head,  for  the  convenience 
of  seeing  Ijefore  and  bcliind  ;  they  are  guarded  by  eyehds  as  in  quadrupeds,  and  they  appear  to  be 
very  sharp->ighted,  and  quick  of  liearing.     What  is  called  "whalebone  adheres  to  the  nppv'r  jaw,  and 


■^ 


APPENDIX. 


l.") 


trees  in 
It  roasted 
!acl,  it  is 
;ter,  and 
Is  yellow, 
igreeable 
:e.  Fer- 
Iry  strong 

keas  some 
lales  have 
In  tlie 
iTlie  eyes 
livenicnce 
lear  to  he 
Ijaw,  and 


is  formed  of  thin  purallt>l  lamintp  ;  some  of  the  longest  are  twelve  feet  in  length  :  of  these  there  are 
from  33U  to  5U0  on  each  bide,  according  to  the  age  of  the  whale.  'I'he  tail,  which  alone  is  nsed  to 
advance  itself  in  the  water,  is  hroad  and  scmilnnar,  and  when  the  fish  lies  on  one  side,  its  blow  is 
tremendous. 

In  copulation  the  male  and  female  join,  it  is  asserted,  viorc  huuinno  ;  and  once  in  two  years  feel  the 
accesses  of  desire.  Their  fidelity  to  each  other  is  reniarkal)le ;  an  instance  of  it  is  related  by  Mr. 
Anderson,  as  follows — "  Some  fishers  having  struck  one  of  two  whales,  a  male  and  a  female,  in  com- 
pany, the  wounded  fish  made  a  long  and  terrible  resistance  j  it  struck  down  a  boat,  with  two  men  in 
it,  with  a  single  blow  of  its  tail,  by  which  all  went  to  the  iiotfom  ;  the  other  still  attended  its  com- 
panion, and  lent  it  every  assistance,  till,  at  last,  the  fish  that  was  struck,  sunk  under  the  number  of 
Its  wounds,  while  its  faithful  associate,  disdaining  to  survive  the  loss,  with  great  bellowing  stretched 
itself  upon  the  dead  fish  and  shared  its  fate."  The  whale  goes  with  young  nine  or  ten  months,  and 
generally  produces  one  young  one,  never  above  two,  which  are  black,  and  about  ten  feet  long.  The 
teats  of  the  female  are  placed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  belly;  when  she  suckles  her  young,  she  throws 
herself  on  one  side,  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  the  young  ones  attach  themselves  to  the  teals. 
Nothing  can  f^xceed  the  tenderness  imd  care  of  the  female  for  her  young. 

The  whale  louse,  sword  fish,  and  thresher  (a  species  of  squalus)  are  mortal  enemies  to  the  whale, 
who  itself  is  an  inollensive  animal. 

Formerly,  wluUes  were  found  in  plenty  upon  the  coasts  of  the  United  States;  at  present  they  are 
scarce.  I'he  principal  branch  of  the  wliide  fishery,  in  the  United  States,  is  carried  on  from  Nantuc- 
ket. The  enterprise  of  the  Nantucket  whalemen  is  remarkable.  Not  sati.sfied  with  the  scope  which 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  atfords  them,  they  have  proceeded  rou:  d  (^ape  Horn,  and  penetrated  the  great 
Western  Ocean,  in  pursuit  of  whales.  Capt.  Worth,  on  his  return  from  a  very  successful  voyage,  gives 
the  following  account,  viz. :  — 1'hat  he  went  to  the  southward  from  Nantucket,  doubled  Cape  Horn,  and 
then  puviued  a  north-westwardly  course,  till  he  arrived  at  the  Island  of  Juan  Fernandes.  That  here, 
where  a  harpoon  was  .scarcely  ever  thrown,  the  whales  swim  in  shoals,  and  that  it  is  quite  a  matter 
of  choice  which  of  the  company  they  shall  fall  upon  :  That  along  the  coast  of  Chile,  for  a  consider- 
able distance  at  sea,  no  rain  falls  to  incommcxie  the  frying  ot  l>lubber,  as  hapfieiis  to  the  great 
disadvantage  of  the  whaling  business  in  Hudson's  Bay  and  Davis'-*  Straits;  so  that  they  can  carr^'  on 
their  business  without  any  of  the  interruptions  common  in  other  places,  in  conseiiuence  of  which  they 
can  make  more  advantageous  voyjiges.  A  cargo  worth  ^6000.  sterling,  it  is  said,  has  been  priKuied 
in  a  fifteen  months  voyage  to  this  ocean.] 

1ialsa.—\  soft  porus  wood,  as  light  as  cork,  from  which  a  sort  of  vessel  nsed  for  traffic  on  the  river 
Guayaquil,  derives  its  name.  It  is  constructeil  with  large  beams  of  balsa,  fastened  with  strong  filiu 
incuts,  upon  wliich  is  placed  another  thickness  of  jiisis  of  cedar  laid  across,  and  divided  at  equal 
intervals,  on  the  top  of  which  are  tixi-d  |)il]ars  of  cedar  or  ccibo,  and  with  lailis  of  tln'se,  or  other 
light  wood,  are  made  the  walls  ami  eeilings,  w  hieli  they  adorn  and  eovt-r  with 


strong  canes,  separated 


and  arranged  within  in  such  a  niannev,  as  to  fill  up  the  vacant  spaces,  fnrniing  apartments 

fresh  air,  the  prospect  of  the  river,  and  the  shade      "" 


.'s,  senar; 
_  :s  with  doors 

and  windows,  to  enjoy  t!te  fresh  air,  the  prospect  of  the  river,  and  the  shaile.  The  top  is  covered 
'vith  a  cloth  made  of  strong,  tiiick  cotton,  smeared  with  far,  which  alVords  protection  against  rain 
ami  the  iiiirht  air ;  l)y  wliich  means,  this  floating  edifice  has  the  advantage  of  a  nioveabU-  house,  with 
the  several  divisions  of  parlour,  dormitory,  pantry,  wardrobe,  anil  kitchen,  provided  with  furniture 
and  the  necessary  utensils  for  the  aecommodiition  of  a  large  family.  Vanity  and  emulation  stimulate 
the  proprietiiis  to  render  the  apariments  jis  commodious  as  possible;  son  -  of  them  are  lari^c  enough 
to  contain  very  nuniei  us  families  with  the  gre.itest  decency  and  case,  and  are  used  fur  the  con- 
veyance of  persons  of  distinction;  others,  smaller  tlian  these,  are  used  for  the  purpose  of  conveying 
goods,  fi.r  nicasure,  and  for  communication  with  the  dilVerent  parts  of  the  neighbourhood;  others, 
rougher  and  less  commodious  hut  of  greater  strength,  are  used  in  carrying  flocks,  provisions,  and 
fruit  ;  to  load  and  unload  the  ves.sels  which  enter  ami  leave  the  port,  an;!  to  lay  them  on  their  sides 
for  the  purpose  of  careening  and  repairing  them.  They  make  use  of  oars  till  the  influx  of  the  rivers 
Taiira  and  lialas,  from  whence  they  hoist  .sail,  adding  a  temporary  keel  for  fear  of  i)eing  up>et,  and 
a  very  snigular  kind  of  rudder  called  guare,  unknown  in  any  other  part,  which  consists  of  five  boards, 
five  yards  long  and  half  a  yard  broad,  let  down  in  the  water  between  the  beams  whicli  form  the 
floor  of  the  stern;  ii  is  easily  guided  w  ith  a  tiller,  which  renders  it  .safu  from  squalls,  and  uiaLs  it 


I 


I  M 


m: 


!) 


l^'■i 


16 


APPENDIX. 


easily  surmount  wliirlpools  in  the  river  and  waves  in  the  sea,  though  laden  with  the  usual  weight  of 
betwixt  two  and  three  hundred  arrohas,  in  bags  of  flour,  packages  of  linen  and  baize,  boxes  ot  pre- 
serves, and  fruits  from  the  mountains. 

Baqueano. — One  skilled  in  the  roads,  cross-roads,  and  bye-paths  of  any  place.  The  word  is  univer- 
sally used  in  America. 

Baquira.  {Sus  Baqidra.) — A  quadruped  in  the  province  of  Guayana;  it  is  a  sort  of  wild  boar, 
much  resembling  the  wild  boar  in  Europe,  except  in  the  tail,  in  which  it  differs  greatly.  There  are 
three  sorts,  the  largest  is  of  a  light  grey  colour ;  t'.ie  middle  one  grey,  with  a  small  pouch  on  the 
kidneys,  filled  with  musk.  Some  say  this  pouch  is  the  extremity  oT  the  umbilical  gut;  but  this  opi- 
nion is  erroneous,  for  it  is  known  from  experience,  that  it  is  a  soft  glandulous  fat,  through  which  it 
emits  musk  when  enraged.  Both  species  are  savage:  they  go  in  droves,  and  always  follow  a  leader, 
whom  they  never  desert  till  he  dies;  and  when  one  of  the  company  is  killed,  all  the  others  run  to 
assist  him,  and  by  this  means  the  sportsman,  if  protected  from  injury,  may  kill  as  many  as  he  pleases. 
The  third,  and  smallest  species,  is  called  chacharita. — (See  Chacharila.)  The  flesh  of  all  the  three 
kinds  is  very  good,  bearing  a  great  resemblance  to  that  of  wild  boar.  The  two  first  kinds  feed  on 
wild  fruits  and  roots,  and  when  caught  may  be  tamed  and  reduced  to  herd  with  the  domestic  bog. 

Barqueta. — A  small  boat  used  in  the  Indies ;  it  is  about  two  yards  long  and  half  a  yard  broad, 
made  of  a  solid  trunk,  excavated  with  tools  or  by  means  of  fire;  both  extremities  terminate  in  a 
point,  so  that  the  head  and  stern  are  the  same.  It  sometimes  carries  two  persons,  but  in  general 
only  one,  who  sits  at  one  end,  and  by  this  means  raises  the  other  up,  and  having  a  paddle  half  a 
yard  lone,  and  near  a  hand  broad,  with  a  handle  long  enough  for  both  bunds,  he  strikes  the  water 
alternately  on  each  side,  and  goes  with  the  velocity  of  an  arrow  ;  in  order  to  render  the  rowing  more 
commodious,  the  side  is  only  a  hand  above  the  water.  If,  at  any  time,  it  should  be  upset  by  the 
current  of  the  river,  the  Indian,  swimming,  sets  it  to  right,  and  empties  out  the  water. 

Barrio. — A  name  which,  in  New  Spain,  is  given  to  the  small  villages  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town 
on  which  they  depend. 

Barro. — Or  clay  of  Nata,  in  the  province  of  Tierra  Firme  and  territory  of  the  city  of  Nat4;  it  is 
red,  and  of  an  agreeable  smell.  Of^it  are  made  pitchers,  jars,  and  many  other  neat  polished  vessels, 
which  are  greatly  esteemed  and  sent  to  Peru,  where  they  form  a  considerable  branch  of  commerce. 

Batea. — A  name  given  to  the  kneading-trough,  in  most  parts  of  America. 

[Bato. — An  Araucanian  game,  resembling  the  English  cricket.] 

l^Bayna. — Yellow  and  purple,  the  peculiar  name  of  some  coffee  in  the  territory  of  the  city  of  Cartage 
and  government  of  Popayan.] 

Bayuca. — A  word  which  corresponds  with  tavern  in  Europe. 

\^Bear.—-Oi  this  animal  two  sorts  are  found  in  the  northern  states  of  America;  both  are  black,  but 
diflerent  in  their  forms  and  habits.  One  has  short  legs,  a  thick,  clumsy  body,  is  generally  fat,  and 
is  very  fond  of  sweet  vegetable  food,  such  as  sweet  apples,  Indian  corn  in  the  milk,  berries,  grapes, 
honey,  &c.  Probably  he  is  not  carnivorous.  As  soon  as  the  first  snow  falls,  he  betakes  himself  to  his 
den,  which  is  a  hole  in  a  cleft  of  rocks,  a  hollow  tree,  or  some  such  place ;  here  he  gradually  be- 
comes torpid,  and  dozes  away  the  winter,  sucking  his  paws,  and  expending  the  stock  of  fat  which  he 
had  previously  acquired.] 

The  other  sort  is  distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  Ranging  Bear,  and  seems  to  be  a  grade  between 
the  preceding  and  the  wolf.  His  legs  are  longer,  and  his  body  more  lean  and  gaunt.  He  is  carni- 
vorous, frequently  destroying  calves,  sheep,  and  pigs,  and  sometimes  children.  In  winter  he  migrates 
to  the  southward.  The  former  appears  to  be  the  common  black  bear  of  Europe;  the  latter  cor- 
responds to  the  brown  bear  of  the  Alps;  and  is  probably  of  the  same  species  with  those  .spoken  of 
II  Kings  ii.  24,  which  formerly  inhabited  the  mountainous  parts  of  Judea,  between  Jericho  and 
Bethel.     Found  in  all  the  states. 

[Bealeria. — A  religious  house,  or  nunnery.] 

[Beaver. — The  beaver  is  an  amphibious  animal,  which  cannot  live  for  any  length  of  time  in  the  water, 
and  can  exist  without  it,  prorklcd  he  has  the  convenience  of  sometimes  bathing  himself.     The  largest 


1 


I  between 

is  carni- 

migrates 

latter  cor- 

1  spoken  of 

Iricho  and 


Ithe  water, 
|he  largest 


APPENDIX. 


17 


beavers,  formerly,  were  four  feet  in  length,  and  weighed  fifty  or  sixty  pounds.  At  present  they  arc 
not  more  than  three  feet  in  length,  and  may  weigh  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  pounds.  The  head 
of  tliis  animal  is  large,  and  his  ears  short  and  round ;  their  fore  teetli  arc  prominent,  long,  i)roa(i, 
strong,  and  grooved  or  hollowed  like  a  gouge;  their  fore  legs  are  short,  with  toes  seiiavatp,  their  hiiulcr 
legs  are  long,  with  toes  webbed;  the  tail  is  large,  broad,  and  scaly,  resembling  the  body  of  a  fish; 
their  colour  is  generally  a  dark  brown,  but  varies  according  to  the  climate  they  inliabit;  their  hair  is  long 
and  coarse,  the  fur  very  thick,  fine,  and  highly  valued  ;  the  castor  used  in  medicine  is  found  in  sacks 
formed  behind  the  kidneys. 

Their  houses  arc  always  situated  in  the  water;  sometimes  they  make  use  of  a  natural  pond,  but 
generally  they  choose  to  form  one  by  building  a  dam  across  some  i)rook  or  rivulet.  For  this  pui- 
pose  they  select  a  number  of  sapplings  of  soft  wood,  generally  of  loss  than  .six  inches  diameter,  but 
sometimes  of  sixteen  or  eighteen  inches ;  these  they  fell  and  divide  into  proper  lengths,  and  place 
them  in  the  water,  so  that  the  length  of  the  sticks  make  the  width  of  the  dam.  These  sticks  they  lay 
in  mud  or  clay,  their  tails  serving  them  for  trowels,  as  their  teeth  did  for  axes.  These  dams  are  six 
or  eiglit  feet  thick  at  bottom,  sloping  on  the  side  opposed  to  the  stream,  and  are  about  .i  quarter  as 
broad  at  top  as  at  bottom.  Near  the  top  of  the  dam  they  leave  one  or  more  waste  ways,  or  sliding 
places,  to  carry  olf  the  surplus  water. 

The  formation  of  their  cabins  is  no  less  remarkable.  They  consist  of  two  stories,  one  nndci ,  the 
other  above  water.  They  are  shaped  like  the  oval  bee-hive  ;  and  of  a  size  proportioned  to  the  iiun>- 
ber  of  inhabitants.  The  walls  of  the  lower  apartments  are  two  or  three  feet  thick,  formed  like  their 
dams;  those  of  the  upper  story  are  thinner,  and  the  whole,  on  the  inside,  plastered  with  mud.  Each 
family  constructs  and  inhabits  its  own  cabin.  The  upper  apartments  are  curiously  strewed  with  leaves, 
and  rendered  neat,  clean,  and  comfortable.  The  winter  never  surprises  these  animals,  before  their 
business  is  completed,  for  their  houses  are  generally  finished  by  the  last  of  September,  and  their 
stock  of  provisions  laid  in,  which  consists  of  small  pieces  of  wood  deposited  in  the  lower  apartments. 
Before  a  storm,  all  hands  are  employed  in  repairing  or  strengthening  their  dams.  They  retain  this 
industrious  habit  even  after  they  are  domesticated.  In  summer  they  roam  abroad  and  feed  on  leaves, 
twigs,  and  food  of  that  kind.  These  beavers  are  considered  as  the  same  species  as  those  in  Europe, 
but  are  vastly  superior  to  them  in  every  respect. 

There  is  likewise  a  race  of  beavers  called  terriers,  who  dig  holes  and  live  a  solitary,  unsocial  life. 
These  are  probably  savage,  who  have  never  formed  themselves  into  societies,  and  consetjuentl)'  have 
not  made  those  improvements,  which  are  to  be  acquired  only  in  a  social  state.  Found  in  all  the 
United  States,] 

Bejuco. — The  branch  of  a  tree,  or  a  tough  pliant  shoot,  very  difiicult  to  be  broketj.  It  is  used  to 
tie  any  thing,  instead  of  ropes,  and  lasts  a  long  time.  There  are  several  kinds  of  various  thicknesses, 
and  several  yards  in  length.  On  some  mountains  they  form  such  dense  thickets,  that  it  is  impossible 
to  force  a  passage  through  them. 

Bejuco. — Also  a  snake  so  called,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  bejuco.  It  is  found  in  the  province  of 
Guayaquil,  and  is  very  venomous.  It  is  very  abundant,  but  happily  for  the  natives,  the  bird  curi- 
quinqui  pursues  and  destroys  it,  as  well  as  insects. 

Bejiiquillo. — A  plant,  with  nearly  a  circular  leaf,  and  of  a  moderate  size,  whose  branches  or  shoots 
creep  on  the  ground  like  ivy,  strikmg  roots  at  the  joints,  and  ilicnce  becoming,  as  it  were,  so  many 
times  a  fresh  plant.  It  is  found  in  the  province  of  Mainas.  When  taken  in  a  quantity  not  exceed- 
ing a  dram,  it  is  a  violent  purge.  The  species  which  is  known  in  Europe  by  the  name  of  bejuquillo, 
is  the  ipecacuahna,  as  it  is  also  called  in  some  parts  of  America. 

[Beluga.  {Dilphimis  beluga.)— h  the  fourth  and  last  species  of  the  dolphin  genus.  The  head  is 
.short,  nose  blunt,  eyes  and  mouth  small,  in  each  side  of  each  jaw  are  nine  teeth,  siiort  and  rather 
blunt;  those  of  the  upper  jaw  are  bent  and  hollowed,  fitted  to  receive  the  teeth  of  tlie  under  jaw 
when  the  mouth  is  closed;  it  has  pectoral  fitis,  nearly  of  an  oval  foim;  beneath  »he  skin  may  be  felt 
the  boiK  s  of  five  lingers,  which  terminate  at  the  edge  of  the  fin  in  five  very  sensible  projections. 
This  brings  it  into  the  next  rank,  in  the  order  of  beings,  with  the  niaiiali,  found  in  the  northern  parts 
of  the  American  coasts,  particularly  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson's  Bay.] 

[Beneftciado. — Sinecure  incumbent.] 

Bcrrcndo. — A  quadruped  of  South  America,  in  the  province  of  California. 

VOL.  V.  c 


i 


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( 

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18  ArrKNDIX. 

Ihrho. — An  cndomioa]  tU^oasc,  in  Sonlli  An\nii'.t,  ;\nii  most  pvovnlonl  in  llio  knurdums  of  IVin  atul 
Ticna  Kinno.  It  is  an  nUrr  lormod  \\\  the  colon;  and  il)i'v  jjivo  u  lliis  nanw  ln'oansc  tlicy  sav  n  i.iKcs 
its  rise  I  mm  a  prill) ;    it  is  oastly  niiod  it   takrn  ni  tin-  liinmniiiij,   init   iT  snirncd  to  take  (U'i|i  liold, 

lys  It  is  a  i;anmTi'c  of  llio  iilorcsaid  iniosinw  ;   and  \Milt  wrlU 

o  iin-  atllu  led  wiili 


n  irrminatcs  in  a  paniiioiuv 


>Ir.   Tn 


liumdoil  aipnmonts  piim-s,  that    the  loason  win    n   jiiom-s  (aiai   to  noaiiy  all  wli 

It,  IS  in  consotpioiu*' ol  tlir  ioiiii'iIk-s  lioiiifr  appliod  too  lalo.      I'liis  disriiso  is  voiy  cuniiuon  in  I'oni, 

and  is  callod  tlir  si(  knoss  of  tlio  vallios.     ( }f,il  dc  Vollis. ) 

\  liw.-    \  lisli  «aiiglil  111  tlio  iiviv  (inayaqiiil,  in  tin*  j>io\nuo  of  (Ins  nanir.] 

r/?/,>i'» — An  animal  ponciiiily  called  tlic  InilValo.  lint  vorv  impiopcrlv,  as  tliis  namr  1ms  liron  nppio- 
piialod  to  anctlicr  annnai.  lie  is  of  llic  sanu'  spccii-s  >vitli  om  t  tnnmon  neat  cattle,  tlicii  (lilleicnce 
heing  tiic  elVect  of  doniestic.ition.  Conipavod  with  ilio  noat  oatllo,  the  liison  is  considetalily  larger, 
cspociallv  alioiit  the  feie  parts  <M"  his  hody  ;    iM\  Ins  slionldeis  arises  a  laipo  lleshy  or  urisly  snl>staii 


f; 


liich  estrnds  alonjj  tlio  nack  ;  tliO  hair  on  Ins  hond,  neck,  and  shoulders  is  long  and  woolly,  and  all 
o'f  II  is  fit  to  he  spun  or  wrought  into  hats,  t'ahes  from  the  domestic  cow  and  wild  hulls  are  sionie- 
timcs  raised  .  hnl  when  they  grow  np,  they  hecomo  so  wild  that  no  comnuni  fence  will  eonfino  them. 
Is  found  in  the    oui  lie  states  o\  \.  Ainciica. 

'I'lieso  animals  wore  once  exerpdingly  numerous  in  the  western  parts  of  \irjjinia  and  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  ami  so  late  as  the  year  17('t>.  herds  of  iW  wore  freipientiv  seen  in  Kentucky,  and  from  (lieiice 
to  the  Mississippi 

The  American  fon-'sts  alionnd  witli  various  animals  of  the  tieer  kind:  nalnralists  have  anaiiiied 
iliem  dill'erently.     We  have  followed  M.  dc  Unllon,  who  lias  lediiced  ilicin  all  to  the  several  speeies 


kn 


ow  n  111  FiHo 
[  lilockshhu 


>pe, 


.«.'. 


■"ce  1,^)11 1 fi-'  AV;j)in.] 


f !il<7cis))t7lkr.     See  .V* rp<»fs. ] 

liliTUifrncur.  —  A  liorse-siildier.  in  ilie  militia  eslahlislu'd  in  the  eitv  of  Santa  V'e,  in  the  pvoviiice  of 
ravagiiay.  ti>  prevent  the  incursions  of  tl)<>  unsnhdiu'd  Indians,  i'hev  are  jiaid  and  maintained  hy  a 
conn  ihniioii  IcMod  on  the  carts,  or  maclniics,  universally  used  for  eariyinp  llie  nuMchandisc  hy  tltat 


voiil. 


[/»(M.     {(\y>i.<frhfor  moi::uuf.) — See  Ihilii\] 


igth 


A  list 


1  ver\    conunon   in   the  iixers  o 


nn<l  i«o  in  hreatlili  ;  the  s 


if  New   S|>aiii  and  South  America.      It   is  six   inches  in 
un  IS  hiack,  witliont  scales,  and   the  hoily   is   void  ol  hones,      Tlicy 
give  It  the  name  ol  hoUo,  or  fool,  (rom  the  faciiitv  with  which  it  permiis  itself  to  h«-  killed  with  sticks ; 
being  enticed  to  the  hanks  lif  liie  ruer  h\  evnml     o(  hicad.  aiul  lieniu'iitly  hy  stirring  the  water. 

Juwu/ihc  —  A  tish  in  the  n\er  (Miuatpiil.  in  the  province  of  tins  iiamo. 


[  liisiri^tjs. — Cnstom-lionsc^s.  ] 
A'erfiV''''"''. —  A 


name  i;\vcn  to  smng'^lcrs 


in  tlic  kingdom  of  Tierra  Virme 


/■ 


'iVi' ?,■;//,; 


m  the 


kiHi^di 


A  del 
Mil  o(  TiMii,  ai 


icions  w( 


'll-t.isted  tish.  caught  in   tlic  lake  (Mincinto.   m  the  province  of  this  name 


nd  other  part 


It 


IS  lUMr  tonr  iiu 


his  li 


d   tl 


iree  hro.u 


I.      11 


lev  are 


c.ingiil  in  grcai  nunihers  h\  the  Indians,  whoiisiially   sell  them  iit  six  tlollars  the  thousand,  carrying 
on  a  eonsider.dilc  tniile  with  the  neigliheining  piiwinces. 
r  /u^h:/ns. — Or  priests  oi  the  Arancaniaiis.  | 

/>Wi\ —  \  paste  maile  c(  maij-.e  llonr  ami  hiitter.  which  they    knead  like  hread,  and    make  into  very 
(,Me,  white  loaves,  mn  inches  in    lengtii  and    two  in  lircadlli,  and    is  in  g«'iicral  use  in  most  oarls  ol 


America.      The  Uiaves  are  w  r.ippeil  r.p  in  mai/e  leaves  and  those  of  other  pi. nits,  and  w  hen  liakeil  art 
ill  the  chandler's  shops,  hcing  llie  hread  iisnally  c.ilon   hy  the  slaves,  and  hy  the 


■'oscii  10  sale  in 


greater  pari  of  the  common  people. 

Jiovihii/.i.  —  A  tliin.  slender  reed,  vhiili  is  coloured  and  used  by  the  IVriivians  to  drink  mate.  (See 
Mtjft'.'^  It  is  about  four  inches  long,  and  as  thick  as  a  large  ipiill,  terminated  at  the  end,  which  is 
luniursed  in  the  in.ne.  in  the  shape  of  an  almoiul,  full  of  small  holes,  like  those  of  a  sand-box,  that 
ilie  lurb  m.iy  not  ascend  with  the  Imnor.     I'eople  of  distinction  use  pipes  made  of  silver  or  gold. 


APPHNniX. 


Ill 


Into  voiy 
1  i>;uts  o( 

I  by  t»K' 

■.•.      (Sor 


\  Ihmilo, —  A  MMt  nl'lisli  found  in  S.  Anioiun,  lirinfj  n  kinti  otlnnnv  (ihIi.  | 

/iiiHjfo—  A  suit   of  hoiil,  with  wliii  li  (liny  nnvignto  tlu'  rivn  Cliitgrt'  (mm  (lie  rndnnco  \i\  (||o  lown 
of  Criu'i's,  ov  llio  liiiulinir  |iliuf.     It  is  miuU-  «tf  on«»  lin<;t',  noIkI  piiTc  nf  wdtnl,  nml  h  fn'i|nriiilv  np 
wards  (if  four  mikIs  hrond,   iind  will  l)oni  n  niriro  of  five   lnniilr>  I  (ininlaU;   it  liiis  ii  sort  nt  i  iliin,   <n 
loiulinp;  from  licad  to  stern,  s(»|wrHlrd  in  (lio  middle  nil  llic  li'n(>t(i   of  ilu»  vossid,   nnd  roviM«'d  willi 
liomds  for  the  it('rontmodini(»n  of  pnssongors ;    tlioy  nr<>  frencrally  manned  with  ci^'litiMMi  or  Iwcniv 
Noj^rops,  who  stror  tlu-nt  with  polrs. 

liordillo, —  Tho  namo  ol  a  sort  of  mannfarlmc  of  wool,  made  in  ihn  islands  (d'  C'liiloo,  and  mnch 
ust'd  lor  «  lolhin^',. 

liotijii  —Of  IVrti,  an  carthrn  vossri,  a  yanl  nnd  a  half  high,  and   half  a  yard  in  its  ^n•at('sl  hrradili, 
in  lln>  shape  of  an  invtMteii  rone.     Thr  holija  eonlains  nhont   twenly-tlirce  hniiles  and  a  half,  eom 
inon  moasiir(>  (Spanish),  and  in  them  they  send  wino,  hrandy,   oiivrs,   and  olhi-r  articles  to  the  kmf> 
diims   of  Tieira  I'irme,  (Jiiati'inala,   and  New  Spain.      NVheii  the  Negroes  laUe  iliem  out    of  the  ships, 
the>-  place  them  perpendicularly  on  their   heads,  the  point   ol  the  vessel  resting  in  a  perforiited  linen 
eiis^iion,  hy  which  mc>ans  thev  are  enahled  to  run  nnd  Irisk  with  them,  without  losin^r  their  ei|nilihrinm. 

lioui/.-  A  name  applied  to  Nejjroes  in  every  pari  «if  America,  w  hen  they  are  newlv  arrived  fnun 
the  coasts  of  Africa,  who  understand  nothing,  have  no  notion  of  munners,  Mils,  ni>r  religion,  and  from 
then  dulness  and  ignorance  seem  irrnlional  »:realuios.  Those  who  liav(>  heeii  iiisiructeil,  arc  culled 
I.adinos. 

Jfnni/.  ((',rs(ilf)/iniif  /{>nsificnsi.i)—A  tree,  with  rtnl,  heavy  wood,  in  the  kingdom  of  llra/il,  in 
South  America,  liom  which  it  tierives  its  name.  It  grows  in  tlu'  greatest  ahiindaine,  and  is  ul  the  hesi 
tpiality,  in  the  pioviiic«>  of  Pernamhuca  ;  l>>il  it  is  also  lonnd  in  many  other  parts  ol  that  hemisphere, 
nnd  111  the  lOist  Indii-s.  It  generallv  !',i'"ws  in  uncnitiralc  d  lands  and  craggy  rocks.  The  tree  is  large, 
rrookeil,  and  knotty  ;  the  leaves  are  of  a  heanlilnl  red,  and  exhale  an  agiceahle  odonr.  Ntitwith- 
slandiii))  its  apparent  hnik,  the  hark  is  so  thick,  that  a  tree  as  large  as  a  man's  hody  with  tin;  li.irk, 
will  not  he  so  thick  as  the  leg.  when  pealed.  The  wood  is  cut  into  large  pieces,  wiihout  the  rind, 
nnd  IS  a  considerahle  article  of  commerce  among«t  the  Portuguese.  W  lien  cut  into  chips,  it  loses 
the  pale  colour  which  it  hefore  had,  and  hecomes  red,  and  when  chewed,  has  a  sweet  taste.  It  is  Uflc.d 
for  various  purposes  liy  cahinet-makers,  and  admits  of  a  heanlilnl  varnish;  hut  its  principal  use  is  in 
•  lying  red,  and  though  the  colour  is  liahle  to  decay,  yet  hy  nnxing  with  it  alum  and  tartar,  it  is  easily 
made  pel  inanent  ,  thev  also  make  of  it,  hy  meaiiH  oi  acids,  a  sort  of  li(|iiid  lac,  or  carmine,  for  paint- 
ing m  iiiiniatnre. 

liiizii. —  A  name  given  in  South  America  (n  the  Fast  wind,  which  hlows  during  certain  hours  of 
the  day  ami  night,  near  the  coast.  It  gen< 'ally  rises  ahoiii  nine  in  the  morning,  proceeding  from 
the  sea,  and  encreases  till  tw(d\e;  it  then  hcgins  to  decrease  in  the  same  nianiici.  a.id  ceases  ahoiil 
live.  Tlu<  hreeze  from  the  land  then  commences,  and  gradually  ciicienscs  till  twelve  at  ni>'lit,  and 
the  sea-hree/e  .igain  snci'ccds  it  in  the  morning.  It  docs  not  lake  place  dining  all  jiarls  of  tiic  yi'ar, 
hut  only  at  certain  times,  which  vary  in  the  dilli-renl  ports. 

iiiiiiiron.-  -  \  species  of  owl,  in  the  province  of  N'era  Paz,  in  the  kingdom  of  Giialeniala. 

Ihii'iinirrs,  or  ltiurtiiifcr!i.  —  \  n.ime  given  to  the  first  I'reiich  planters  who  settled  in  the  l>;laiirl  lA' 
llispaniola,  or  St.  Domingo,  in  the  year  lt.»i(».  This  appellation  is  derived  from  the  term  Ihican,  winch 
they  applied  to  the  tielil  when*  they  seas(m(*d  their  UHNit  and  dried  the  skins  of  the  Idark  r.ittle,  which 
they  killed.  Here  they  hnill  their  huts,  which  thev  called  ayoupas,  nnd  lived  in  them  two  hy  two, 
in  perfect  ccunnninitv,  witliont  adiniiting  women,  nllording  each  other,  mutnaliv,  every  'loniestic 
assistance,  with  an  enlir«'  participation  of  propi-rly,  the  one  who  survived  inheriting  the  ed'ec's  of  the 
deceased.  Tlu'y  conducle<i  themselves  with  great  iiprightneHs  nnd  sincerity,  and  amongst  llicni  ii 
would  have  heen  accounted  a  crime  to  kce|)  nny  thing  under  a  lock  ;  the  smallest  ihel'i  wonid  have 
hcen  attended  with  expulsion  ;  hut  as  all  their  wealth  wan  in  common,  they  were  fiec,  Iroin  this  temp- 
tation, and  what  they  coiihl  not  Iind  in  tlu^  hox  of  one,  they  met  with  in  that  o(  annllier,  it  heing 
sullicient  to  ask  consent  to  take  it,  and  a  refusal  was  in  the  highest  degrej- dishonoinahlc.  In  lhi>. 
utannrr  the  terms  iniue  and  thine  were  luduiown  in  this  repiihlic,  and  C(uisc'|nnitly  there  were  few 
diH!)Cntinns,  ami  when  any  happened,  the  fnends  of  the  dissieiiting  parties  iisel  their  m('li,it<M-;liip  in 


I         » 


'    M 


I  M 


III 


t  r 


f 


\  -n 


w 


i\ 


;  I 


20 


APPENDIX. 


ejecting  a  reconciliation,  and  restoring  tranquillity.  They  liacl  no  other  laws  than  mutual  agreements, 
sanctioiiecl  by  custom,  which  they  looked  upon  as  inviolable,  and  in  case  of  infringement,  they  ex- 
claimed, it  was  not  the  custom  of  the  land.  Notwithstanding,  they  were  in  some  measure  dependant 
nn  the  Governor  of  Tortuga,  to  whom  they  sometimes  paid  tribute,  lleligion  did  nut  lung  preserve 
its  riglits  amongst  tliem,  and  they  thought  themselves  suAiciently  active  if  they  did  not  altogether 
lose  sight  of  the  belief  of  their  forefathers.  Father  Charlevoix  very  judiciously  observes,  that  if  this 
people  had  remained  in  the  Island  of  St.  Domingo  on  the  same  footing  as  they  were,  at  the  third  or 
fourth  generation,  they  would  have  had  no  more  religion,  or  divitic  worship,  than  the  Caffres  and 
Hottentots  of  Africa,  or  the  Caribes  and  Tupinamhos  of  America.  They  abandoned  even  their 
christian  names,  and  assumed  surnames  of  war,  which  they  perpetuated  in  their  descendants  ;  tliough 
some  at  their  marriage  ciianging  tneir  state  of  life  and  establishing  themselves,  signed  the  contract 
with  their  proper  names.  For  this  reason,  in  the  Antilles,  there  still  exists  this  proverb,  *'  That  a 
man  is  not  known  till  his  marriage."  Their  clothing  consisted  of  a  shirt  sprinkled  with  the  blood  of 
the  beasts  which  they  had  killed,  small  clothes  besmeared  with  dirt,  a  girdle  with  a  strap  to  which  they 
hung  a  knife,  and  a  short  sword  called  machete,  a  hat  with  only  a  small  rim  in  front  to  take  hold  of, 
their  legs  naked,  and  shoes  made  of  the  skin  of  a  hog.  Their  muskets,  which  still  retain  the  name 
of  buccaneers,  were  four  feet  and  a  half  long,  and  would  admit  a  ball  of  an  ounce  weight.  Kach  one 
had  a  number  of  attendants  proportionable  to  his  circumstances,  and  twenty  or  thirty  dogs.  They 
hunted  chiefly  wild  oxen,  and  sometimes  the  chase  of  the  wild  boar  formed  a  part  of  their  exercise 
and  diversion;  some,  afterwards,  made  the  latter  their  only  employment,  and  they  dried  the  flesh  witii 
the  smoke  of  the  skin,  which  gave  it  a  very  agreeable  flavour.  The  sportsmen  went  out,  generally 
alone,  about  day-break,  and  were  soon  followed  by  their  suite  and  dogs.  One  of  these  animals  always 
acted  the  part  of  a  scout,  going  before  the  sportsman  and  leading  him  through  almost  impenetrable 
roads.  As  soon  as  the  leader  discovered  the  prey,  it  gave  a  signal,  by  barking,  for  the  other  dogs  to 
lend  their  assistance,  and  they  surrounded  the  animal  till  the  buccaneer  cau>e  up  and  shot  it  in  the 
breast,  and  immediately  on  its  fiill  he  cut  its  hamstrings  to  hinder  it  from  getting  up  again.  Some  of 
these  men  were  so  nimble,  that  if  the  animal  escaped,  they  would  pursue  and  overtake  it  by  running. 
Sometimes,  if  he  only  gave  it  a  slight  wound,  the  animal  turned  upon  the  sportsman  and  killed  him, 
notwithstanding  his  dexterity,  but  such  examples  were  extremely  rare,  as  tliey  seldom  missed  their 
aim.  They  generally  took  the  precaution  cf  placing  themselves  near  a  tree,  and  if  the  beast  did  not 
fall  and  advanced  towards  them,  they  avoided  its  fury  by  ascending  the  tree.  When  it  was  half 
flayed,  the  hunter  took  one  of  the  largest  bones,  and  breaking  it,  sucked  out  the  marrow,  wliich 
served  him  for  breakfast.  All  the  others  did  the  same,  and  leaving  one  behind  to  take  oft'  the  skin 
and  select  a  piece  of  the  best  meat  to  ear,  they  continued  their  sport  till  they  had  killed  as  many  beasts 
as  there  were  persons  engaged  in  the  chase.  On  their  return,  each  one,  having  brought  with  him  a  skin 
and  a  piece  of  flesh,  found  the  table  ready  laid,  consisting  of  a  stone  placed  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree  ;  and 
without  bread,  wine,  table-cloth,  or  any  other  thing  except  the  acid  juice  of  oranges,  when  tiny 
enjoyed  the  repast  with  a  good  appetite,  and  in  perfect  tranquillity.  This  they  repeated  every  day, 
till  they  had  collected  the  number  of  hides  required,  and  then  carried  them  to  Toriuga,  or  some  other 
port  in  the  island.  As  this  people  had  much  exercise  and  fed  on  fresh  meat,  they  were  in  general 
very  healthy;  and  tiiough  they  were  subject  to  fevers,  yet  these  were  ephemeral  and  liglit,  not  inter- 
rupting tlieir  labours,  and  of  wl -ch  they  made  so  little  account,  that  when  interrogated  concerning 
their  health,  they  would  answer,  "  I  have  only  got  a  fiever."  Yet  in  course  of  time  they  would  generally 
become  more  inflrm,  not  bt-ing  suflicicntly  accustomed  to  the  intemperature  of  the  climate  to  con- 
tinue so  hard  and  painful  a  life  during  many  years.  For  this  reason,  the  more  reasonable  part  only 
continued  in  this  state,  till  they  had  opporturiities  of  being  admitted  as  denizens  in  some  other  place; 
l)ut  the  greater  part  spent  in  the  tavern  all  they  gained,  and  were  obliged  to  follow  this  sort  of  life, 
having  accustomed  themselves  to  it  to  smch  a  degree  that  they  could  apply  to  no  other;  and  there 
were  i-»stances  of  some  youths,  of  good  families,  who  would  not  leave  so  painful  an  exercise,  exposed 
to  so  many  dangers,  into  which  their  love  of  libertinism  had  drawn  them,  to  return  to  France  and 
enjoy  considerable  fortunes.  The  principal  bucaneers  inhabited  the  Peninsula  of  Samana,  the  small 
island  in  the  Port  of  Baya,  Port  Morgot,  Sabana  Qnemada,  Goanavas,  the  Harbour  of  Morbalet,  and 
the  Island  of  Vaca;  but  from  these  places  they  overrun  every  part  of  the  island.  Such  were  the 
h'.icaneers  of  St.  Domingo,  and  such  was  tiieir  state  when  the  Spaniards  undertook  to  drive  tliom  from 
this  island.    The  war  in  the  beginning  went  on  very  well,  because  it  was  very  easy  to  surprise  theiu 


APPENDIX. 


2» 


of  life, 


when  tlicy  went  out  in  small  companies  to  hunt,  as  \vu  have  ahcady  mciitionud.  By  this  means  they 
killed  and  took  prisoners  u  great  number,  and  at  length  being  routed  in  several  engagements,  the 
few  who  remained  united  with  the  Flibusteers.     See  Fltbustecrs. 

Buho,  or  Boa.     [Constrictor  Magnus.)^X  very  large  snake,  which  is  said  to  have  the  property  of 
attracting  with  its  breath  birds  and  other  animals  for  its  prey.     It  is  a  native  of  America,  and  is  found 
in  many  parts  of  that  country  ;  it  has  240  rings  on  its  belly  and  60  on  its  tail ;  it  is  amphibious,  and 
so  very  large  that  some  are  upwards  of  36  feet  in  length ;  the  body  is  very  thick,  greatly  resembling 
the  trunk  of  a  large  tree  ;  it  is  of  a  dusky  pale  colour,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  back  is  marked  with 
24  spots ;  the  tail  is  of  a  darker  colour,  and  the  sides  are  beautifully  speckled  ;  the  head  is  covered 
witli  sn?!t||  scales,  and  it  has  a  black  streak  a  little  above  the  eye  ;    it  has  no  grinders,  nor  is  its  bite 
venomous  ;  the  tongue  is  fleshy  and  very  thin  ;  the  part  above  each  eye  is  a  little  elevated ;  the  scales 
are  small  and  very  smooth,  and  the  tiiil  is  not  more  than  one-eighth  part  of  its  body.    The  Indians 
adore  this  monster,  and  the  skin  serves  as  an  ornamental  part  of  their  dress,  and  the  body  is  eaten  by 
them.     Pison,  Marcgravc,  and  Kempfer  give  the  following  relation  of  the  manner  in  whicli  this  animal 
lives  and  lies  in  wait  for  its  prey : — It  generally  lives  in  caverns  or  very  thick  woods,  taking  its  station 
near  some  tree,  roiuid  which  it  twines  its  tail  and  springs  out  upon  any  thing  that  passes  within  its  reach. 
As  soon  as  it  has  <rot  possession  of  its  prey,  particularly  if  it  be  some  large  animal,  it  doubles  the  body, 
squeezing  it  very  hard  to  break  the  bones,  which  it  readily  accomplishes  by  the  force  of  its  circular 
muscles;  after  this  is  done,  it  passes  its  tongue  over  the  skin,  leaving  on  it  a  kind  of  saliva  to  facilitate 
deglutition,  and  by  degrees  swallows  it.     If  its  prey  happen  to  be  a  deer,  or  other  horned  animal,  it 
begins  at  the  hind  feet  and  finishes  at  the  head,  leaving  the  horns  hanging  out  of  the  mouth  till  the 
body  is  digested,  and  they  then  fall.     After  it  has  devoured  a  large  animal,  it  is  incapable  of  motion 
for  two  or  three  days.     The  hunters,  when  informed  of  this  circumstance,  avail  themselves  of  the  op- 
portunity and  kill  it.    VV'hen  irritated,  it  sends  forth  terrible  hisses.     It  frc(|ucntly  rolls  in  mire,  and  then 
nides  itsulf  amongst  the  fallen  leaves,  wailing  for  prey  near  some  path  frequented  by  wild  beast,  and 
in  this  state  the  hunters  have  sometimes  set  their  foot  upon  it,  mistaking  it  for  a  fallen  tree.     This 
snake  is  found  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme,  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Grenada,  and  in  many  other 
parts  of  America.     In  the  province  of  Chaco  they  are  called  ampalabas,  and  by  the  Dutch,  in  their 
colonies,  suiuglers. 

[Bull Snake. — See  Serpents.'\ 

[Buta. — The  Araucanian  term  for  great,  and  which  the  women,  out  of  respect,  generally  call  their 
husbands.] 

IButacoyog, — The  chief  council  of  the  Araucanians,  composed  of  the  great  body  of  the  nobility, 
who  decide  every  important  question  after  the  manner  of  the  diet  of  Germany.] 

Biijio. — The  name  of  the  hut  or  cottage  of  the  Indians,  in  tlie  shape  of  a  square  pyramid,  covered 
with  straw,  much  resembling  those  in  the  gardens  and  small  villages  in  the  kingdom  of  Valencia. 

c. 

[Cahal<fa<la. — An  excursion  in  the  enemies'  country ;  also,  sometimes,  the  plunder  and  pillage  of  it.] 

Cabildo. — A  ninnieipal  body,  of  which  there  is  one  professedly  for  the  civil  administration  over  the 
Indians  in  S.  America. 

Cabuya. — A  sort  of  cord,  or  rope  used  in  America,  which  they  mike  of  the  thread  of  pita,  a  species 
of  yuca  or  adanis-needle. 

Cacao.  {Theobroma  Cacao.) — A  tree,  whose  fruit  is  well  known  in  Europe  on  account  of  its  general 
consumption.  The  Spaniards  learned  the  method  of  decocting  this  fruit  from  the  Indians,  and  have 
since  dilliised  this  knowicilge  amongst  otlier  nations.  It  is  of  the  class  polydelphia  pentandria ;  the 
corolla  consists  of  five  fietals ;  the  nectary  is  of  a  campaniform  figure,  and  tiie  fruit  has  an  uneven 
surface ;  the  tree  is  e(]Uiil  in  size  to  the  orange-tree,  and  the  leaves  are  also  very  similar,  but  some- 
thing larger.  Hcrera,  tiie  historian,  compares  the  leaves  with  those  of  the  ciiesnut-tree.  The  plant 
is  so  delicate,  that  to  preserve  it  from  the  rays  of  the  sun  they  always  set  it  near  some  tree,  which  is 
already  capable  of  shadnig  it.  The  flower  of  the  cacao-tree  is  while,  and  it  produces  fruit  twice  a 
year ;  t!ie  Iruit  is  found  in  u  pod,  grooved  like  a  melon  and  covered  with  a  white  skin,  in  the  bud  of  each 


m\  I 


■I'  ' 


i  ■ 


'I 


•  (.'■ 


^k 


.»•) 


APPENDIX. 


i  •  '•! 


flower;  each  one  contains  from  20  to  50  nuts,  of  the  size  of  large  almonds,  very  compactly  set. 
There  are  two  kinds  of  cacao,  tlie  one  wild  and  liitter,  which  the  Indians  used  to  prize  highly,  and  as  it  is 
still  in  some  repute,  they  endeavour  to  cultivate  and  improve  it ;  the  other  is  distinguished  by  its  quality, 
according  to  the  soil  or  country  in  which  it  grows.  I'he  best  cucou  is  produced  in  the  province  of 
Soconusco,  but  the  produce  thnrc  i::  so  small,  that  it  barely  supplies  the  people  of  property  in  New 
Spain  :  and  for  tiiis  reason  very  little  is  brought  to  Europe  ;  the  second,  in  point  of  goodness,  is  that  of 
Machala  and  Ironcoso,  in  the  province  of  Guatemala;  the  third,  that  of  Motina,  in  the  same  province; 
the  fourth,  that  of  Rio  de  la  Magdalena,  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Grenada  ;  the  iifth,  that  of  the  Islancj 
of  Trinidad ;  the  sixth,  tliat  of  Caracas,  in  the  province  of  Venezuela;  and  the  seventh,  that  of 
Guayaquil.  Europe  is  chiefly  supplied  from  the  abundant  crops  of  the  two  last  places,  where  the 
cacao  is  nearly  the  only  fruit  they  cultivate.  Treatises  have  been  published  on  the  virtues  of  the 
cacao  by  Bartholomew  Marradon,  Doctor  of  Marchena;  Antonio  Colmenero,  of  Ecija;  and  Doctor 
Philip  Silvester  du  Four.  The  butter  which  is  extracted  from  the  cacao  is  very  fresh,  and  is  applied 
to  various  purposes  in  medicine. 

Cacahuate. — A  name  given  in  New  Spain  to  the  mnni.     See  Man!. 

Cachupin. — A  name  given  by  the  inhabitants  of  New  .Spain  to  Europeans. 

[Cacique. — The  principal  or  chief  of  the  Araucunians.  See  an  account  of  them,  article  ChilCy  of 
this  Dictionary.] 

Caqui.  (Simia  Jacclnts.) — A  small  monkey,  in  the  kingdom  of  Brazil.  The  tail,  which  is  twice  as 
long  as  its  body,  is  very  bushy,  and  diviMsified  with  black  and  wliite,  alternately;  or  to  speak  more 
correctl}',  with  brown  and  grey.  Its  head  is  round,  covered  witii  black  hair,  and  it  has  a  white  mark 
on  its  forehead,  and  the  nose  naked;  the  face  is  almost  naked,  and  of  a  brown,  flesh  colour;  on  each 
side  of  the  head,  a  little  above  the  cars,  there  arc  two  tufts  of  white  hair;  the  ears  are  round,  flat, 
thin,  and  naked  ;  the  body  is  covered  with  a  very  smooth  asli.coloured  hair,  and  the  neck  with  bright 
grey,  witii  a  little  yellow  ;  the  breast  and  belly  arc  about  half  a  foot  in  length;  it  has  a  very  agreeahle 
appearance,  but  wlicn  young  they  are  extremely  ugly>  having  scarcely  no  hair.  The  young  ones 
adhere  closely  to  the  teats  ot  the  mother ;  and  when  grown  a  little  larger,  they  flx  themselves  on  her 
back,  from  whence,  when  weary,  she  dislodges  them  by  rubbing  against  a  wall.  On  these  occasions 
the  male  takes  them  up  and  feeds  them.     It  is  very  entertaining  to  see  them  frisk  and  play  their  tricks. 

Caiman,  {Lacerta  Caudixerbera,)  or  Alligator. — An  amphibious  animal,  resembling  the  crocodile, 
witli  which  it  is  classed  by  naturalists;  Init,  although  they  resemble  each  other  in  their  appearance, 
yet  wc  tind  a  considerable  diii'eronce  between  them  in  this  respect :  that  the  flrst  has  no  voice,  whereas 
tlic  latter  makes  a  noise  like  the  cry  of  a  child.  Its  colour  is  grey,  its  aspect  ferocious,  and  it  is 
covered  with  a  shell  so  very  hard,  that  it  is  inipenetralilu  to  ball,  v.Tiich  protects  all  its  body  in  such  a 
manner,  that  it  is  impossible  to  hurt  tiiem  except  in  the  eyes,  and  in  a  tender  part  under  the  fore  legs. 
It  is  very  timid,  and  flie-s  at  the  least  noise;  but  when  tempted  to  human  flesh,  it  is  voracious  and 
daring.  The  eyes  arc  situated  in  two  prominences,  which  are  the  only  part  of  it  that  are  visible  when  it  is 
in  the  water ;  it  comes  to  land  to  bask  in  the  sun  and  to  eat,  which  it  cannot  do  in  the  water  ;  it  swallows 
a  quantity  of  large  stones,  which  serve  as  wcigius  in  its  stomach  to  make  it  sink  in  the  water ;  the 
mouth  is  very  formidable,  being  furnished  with  72  teeth,  the  20  grinders  in  double  rows  in  each  jaw. 
The  flesh  is  insupportable  to  the  taste,  and  the  oil  extracted  from  it  is  useless ;  nor  can  its  bones  or 
shell  be  turned  to  any  advantage.  The  stomach  has  a  strong  smell  of  musk,  extremely  fetid.  The 
caiman  is  excessively  abundant  in  the  rivers  and  creeks,  and  along  the  sea-coast.  The  female  lays 
each  lime  40  eggs,  like  the  osuich,  which  she  deposits  in  the  shore,  making  a  hole  and  covering  them 
with  sand,  at  the  same  time  counterfeiting  others  to  prevent  them  from  Being  discovered.  But  the 
gallenazos  watch  them  from  the  trees,  and  as  soon  as  the  caiman  retires  they  descend  to  pull  them 
out  and  eat  them.  If  it  were  not  for  those  birds,  they  would  soon  vie  in  numbers  with  the  flies.  The 
eggs  which  escape  the  search  of  the  gallinazos  remain  in  the  sand  40  days  before  the  embryo  arrives 
at  a  state  of  perfection,  at  which  time  the  female  returns  and  takes  them  out.  Experiments  have 
several  times  been  made  of  covering  them  with  dung,  and  they  never  failed  to  come  out  at  the  afore- 
mentioned period.  Sonic  have  been  seen  in  the  rivers  Guayaquil  and  ^lagdalena  seven  Spanish  yards 
ill  length.  The  Indians  and  Mestizos  in  Guayaquil  catch  them  with  the  tolete,  which  is  a  very  strong 
piece  of  wood,  three-quarters  of  a  yard  long,  and  sharpened  at  both  extremities :  at  an  equal  distance 


'I' 


APPENDIX. 


«>•; 


•J.'J 


Irom  botli  ends  tlicy  lie  a  tlion^  of  ox-liiilc,  which  they  keep  in  their  hnnils,  aniJ  piny  with  the  cninian 
with  great  dexterity  and  in  perfect  security  ;  tor  thotigli  it  can  run  swifter  tlian  a  horse,  yet  as  it  huH 
no  joints  to  assist  it  in  turning,  it  is  obhged  to  circumscribe  a  circle  with  the  whole  length  of  its  body, 
so  that  b^'  a  single  turn  tlu'y  luugli  at  the  ferocity  wiili  which  it  runs  to  its  prey  with  its  deformed 
mouth  wid(!  open.  When  tiiey  have  fatigued  it  by  frequent  attempts  to  catch  tliem,  they  thrust  the 
toletc  horizontally  into  its  mouth,  placing  it  erect  when  it  enters,  by  which  means  it  remains  fastened 
in  both  jaws.  It  was  not  known  that  this  animal  was  productive  of  any  good  before  the  year  l'72l, 
when  it  was  discovered,  by  a  Negro  in  the  city  of  Panama,  that  the  grinders  are  an  erticacious  anti- 
dote against  all  sort  of  poison,  by  only  placing  them  in  some  part  wlierc  they  may  touch  the  flesh. 
From  a  number  of  experiments,  which  have  coniirmed  the  truth  of  this  circumstance,  it  is  customary 
to  wear  rings,  crosses,  &c.  made  of  the  grinders  of  the  caiman. 

Caimilo.  {Clirysophilum  Caimitum.) — A  plant,  and  genus  of  the  class  pentandria  monogynia  :  the 
calyx  is  campaniform,  and  divided  into  ten  segments,  which  open  alternately  ;  the  fruit  contains  ten 
seeds.  There  arc  two  species,  both  of  which  arc  peculiar  to  America;  tiic  truit  is  of  a  round  shape, 
and  is  at  first  green,  afterwards  brown  with  a  mixture  of  yellow,  and  lastly  red,  when  arrived  at  full 
maturity  ;  the  rind,  which  is  moderately  thick,  is  smooth  on  the  outside  and  fleshy  within,  adhering  to 
the  pulp,  which  is  also  fleshy,  white,  and  full  of  an  acid  fluiil,  so  that  when  eaten  it  makes  a  person 
contract  his  mouth  and  compress  his  lips  ;  it  is  agreeable  to  the  taste,  and  the  inconvenience  just 
mentioned  may  be  taken  away  by  only  rubbing  the  mouth  with  the  rind  ;  it  has  no  seed.  The  second 
species  difl'ers  from  the  first  in  this  respect  only,  that  it  preserves  its  green  colour  even  when  ripe. 

[Camilla. — A  plant  found  in  S.  America.] 

Cii/eta. — A  name  given  to  the  snuif-box,  in  every  part  of  America. 

ICty'on. — Sec  Ca.roii.] 

Calaauala.  {Polipodium  Lanceolalwn.) — A  shrub  well  known  on  account  of  its  dissolvent  virtue, 
particularly  in  the  falling  sickness.  It  generally  grows  amongst  rocks  ;  it  has  neither  stalk  nor  flower, 
and  all  its  leaves  proceed  from  the  ground;  they  are  about  three  or  four  hands  long  and  three  inches 
broad  ;  bright,  smooth,  and  brittle  ;  the  root  is  of  a  dark  colour  and  bearded.  In  decoction,  it  is  the 
most  powerful  specific  known  for  extracting  bad  humours.  There  are  two  species,  drstinguished  by 
the  names  of  male  and  female  :  the  first  is  of  a  dark  colour,  and  is  the  one  which  is  used ;  the  second 
is  of  a  clear  green,  and  is  useless  :  they  are  generally  found  together.  It  commonly  grows  in  quag- 
mires, canals,  and  wet  places;  but  the  best  quality  is  found  in  cold  mountainous  places.  The  most 
esteemed  is  that  which  grows  in  the  territory  of  Ansa,  in  the  province  of  Ibarra,  and  kingdom  of  Quito : 
it  is  also  found  in  Loxa. 

Cakmback,  or  Calembouck. — A  name  given  by  the  French  to  a  tree  which  grows  in  the  Island  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  one  of  the  Antilles.     It  is  a  species  of  aloe. 

[Calificador. — Fxaminer.] 

[Calificador . — Qiialificator  of  the  Inquisition.    One  appointed  to  examine  books.] 

[Culzados  Carmelitas. — ^The  Calced  Carmelites.] 

[Cam. — The  term  for  serpent,  in  the  Maya  language.] 

Cambures. — A  species  of  plantain  tree,  resembling  those  of  Guinea,  but  so  small  that  one  constitutes 
no  more  than  a  mouthful.  The  fruit  is  very  delicious.  They  grow  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito  and  in  the 
new  kingdom  of  Grenada.  The  most  esteemed  are  those  of  Marcote,  in  the  province  and  district  of 
San  Juan  dc  los  Llanos. 

CameUones.—h.  sort  of  floating  island,  on  the  lake  of  Mexico,  upon  which  the  Indians  make  gardens 
and  sow  corn.    They  arc  made  of  rushes  and  rubbish,  and  are  moveable  at  pleasure. 

Camini. — See  Verba  del  Paraguay. 

Camiseta. — A  sort  of  coarse  woollen  cloth,  manufactured  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru,  and  worn  by  the 
labourers  and  people  of  inferior  quality. 

Cm\6ie.—1\\Q  sweet  potatoe  of  Malaga  is  called  by  this  name,  in  Peru. 


I 


m 


I.L   I 

t 


III 


21 


APPENDIX. 


^'^ 


t# 

1 

m 

Campfche,  [Ilcmatorilum  Campechianum.) — A  kind  of  tree,  and  genus  of  tlicclnsR  decandria  mono, 
gynia.  The  calyx  is  divided  ii)to  five  part'*,  witli  an  etjual  number  of  petaU.  The  capHula  is  perforaUnl 
and  contiiinsi  a  cell  with  two  valves.  There  is  only  one  species  known,  which  comes  originally  from 
Campeachy,  from  which  it  derives  its  name,  though  it  is  foimd  in  some  other  places,  ft  is  sold  in 
large  hags,  and  a  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  in  this  article.  It  is  of  a  red  colour,  and  has  a  sweet 
astringent  taste  :  it  is  much  used  in  dying,  and  for  this  reason  it  is  held  in  great  esteem  ;  its  decoction 
is  very  beneficial  in  diarrcc>has, 

[C(JH. — A  pint  measure  of  the  Araucanians.] 

CuTiabrava. — A  compact,  solid,  black  wood,  with  which  the  natives  of  Darien,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Tierra  I'irme,  used  to  point  their  arrows,  and  whicii  was  as  hard  as  iron. 

Ctiiiafistu/a,  or  Cassia  listiila. — Is  one  of  tlie  thirty  sp».'cies  of  tiie  genus  and  class  decandria  monogynia, 
which  is  very  abundant  in  every  pait  of  America.  The  fruit  is  a  long  cylindrical  pod,  half  a  yard  in 
length,  divided  in  the  interior  by  a  sort  of  nlutes  covered  with  a  soft  substance,  called  by  apothe- 
t;aries  pulp  or  Hour  of  Cassia.  The  best  kind  is  that  which  grows  in  the  island  of  Santa  Margarita,  but 
it  is  also  foutui  it)  Trinidad,  Cumatia,  Venezuela,  and  several  other  places.  There  is  another  species 
called  stinking  rafiafistula  (Cassia  Thora)  whose  pods  are  much  larger,  have  an  uneven  surface,  and  a 
very  offensive  smell.  Hoth  kinds  in  decoction  arc  purgative,  and  arc  very  useful  in  pleurisies,  in  com- 
plaints in  the  kidneys  atid  bladder,  and  in  the  gonorrha-a. 

[  Canagmte. — See  Camhmtc,'] 

[CaTiagua. — See  Camhua.\ 

Caiiahua. — A  kind  of  grain  resembling  niillct,  which  constitutes  great  part  of  the  Indians  food,  and 
of  which  by  fermentation,  they  make  a  kind  of  beverage,  called  cliieha.  It  is  cultivated  in  several 
provinces  of  Peru,  particularly  in  Paiages,  which  enjoys  a  very  lucrative  commerce,  as  well  as  the 
other  provinces  on  the  mountains,  it  beitig  peculiar  to  a  cold  climate. 

Caiiahuate. — Of  Guayaca,  which  grows  iti  the  territory  of  the  city  of  Barinos,  in  the  new  kingdom 
of  Grenada ;  it  is  of  a  yellow  colour,  and  dillers  in  some  respects  from  the  common  kind. 

Canalete. — A  paddle  resembling  a  baker's  peel,  something  more  than  a  vard  long,  half  of  which  con- 
sists of  a  blade  about  a  hand  broad,  and  the  rest  is  a  round  pole,  terminating  iti  the  shape  of  a  half 
moon,  which  serves  as  a  iiatidle  for  the  left  hand  whilst  the  right  draws  it  back  in  the  water.  It  is 
generally  managed  in  canoes  by  one  or  two  Indians,  who  use  it  instead  of  the  oar  and  sail,  with  a 
velocity  almost  exceeding  belief. 

Canapia. — The  name  of  a  tree  in  the  island  of  St.  ChristJipher,  oik^  of  the  Antilles,  which  produces 
a  gum  greatly  esteemed  by  the  French  physicians  for  its  cathartic  virtue. 

Canchahigua.  (Gentiana  Clachanlagmn ;  Mol.J — A  plant  resemblinn;  the  lesser  centuary,  with  which 
it  is  classed  by  botanists.  It  however  differs  from  the  latter,  in  liaving  a  principal  stem,  which 
is  round,  its  bianclies  two  by  two  oi)posite  each  other,  placed  almost  horizontally  in  the  leaves,  and 
from  other  less  apparent  dilferences.  The  name  Clacliaiilagucn  in  the  language  of  Chili,  signifies, 
herl)  against  pleurisy,  and  is  corruptly  called  by  the  Spaniards  canchalagua.  It  is  used  with  the  most 
happy  elVects  in  the  aforementioned  eom|)laint ;  it  is  likewise  esteemea  as  emmciuigogtie  purgative, 
atiteTerminoiis  and  febrifuge.  The  infusion  is  bitter  in  the  highest  degree,  and  is  of  a  yi-llow  colour; 
it  is  a  singular  s|)ecitic  for  complaints  in  the  throat,  and  is  partictilarly  used  as  a  powerful  dissolvent  in 
tlic  falling  sickness,  and  for  assisting  women  under  stoppage  of  the  terms.  It  is  accounteil  a  good 
succeilaneum  for  tea,  and  lias,  when  fresh,  a  smell  resembling  the  balsam  of  Peru ;  it  grows  in  bleak 
cold  places. 

Citndcla. — A  term  synonymous  with  a  burning  light  or  fnv,  in  general  use  in  America. 

CamUlon. — A  hard  wood;  the  tree,  which  is  very  large  and  bulky,  grows  in  the  island  of  St. 
Domingo. 

Caiiila.  (Laiirus  Indica.) — American  cinnamon,  which  though  of  the  same  genus  as  the  Laurus, 
yit  botanists  look  upon  it  as  forming  a  ditl'erent  species  from  that  of  (^eylon  ;  and  modern  observation 
lias  justitieil  the  propriety  of  this  distiiution  ;  this  species  was  first  discovered  by  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  in 
ilie  kingdom  of  Quito,  wliere  he  found  immense  woods  of  this  tree;  and  though  the  Spaniards  per- 


APPENDIX.  U 

suadnd  iliemselres,  tlcit  tliift  was  the  tniccinDunion  in  ii  wild  state,  and  that  with  cultivation  and  lahour 
it  would  equal  that  of  (.Vyion,  yt-t  it  ha.s  sincu  hern  found  to  br.  impracticable.  It  is,  hoMt-vrr,  much 
used  in  Quiln.  It  is  something  paler  than  cinuiiuion,  has  a  veiy  agreeable  smell  and  a  hitler  aromatic 
4a.ste, something  liketrueciunanion,  cloves,  or  ginger.  I'iiysii-iaiis place  it  amongst  stomachics,  cephulics, 
and  tonics;  anil  it  is  con.sec|ueutly  proper  in  ail  cases  when;  the  stomach  is  weak  anil  performs  its 
functions  with  ditKcully,  and  in  phlegmatic  complaintit,  It  is  also  (>steemed  a  gixnl  antiscorbutic,  uiul 
one  or  two  scruples  taken  in  nowder  is  a  good  cure  for  tin-  (]uartan  ague.  This  tree  is  very  abundant 
in  tlie  country  bordering  on  the  Straits  ol  Magellan,  from  wiiencc  it  was  taken  to  Jamaica  m  the  year 
1557,  by  an  Knglish  captain  of  the  name  of  Winter.  It  still  retains  the  name  of  the  captain 
amongst  the  natives  of  Jamaica,  but  has  greatly  degenerated  from  that  of  Quito. 

There  is  also  a  very  venomous  serpent  of  this  name,  which  lives  in  the  cinnamon  tree,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Moxos  and  kingdom  of  Quito;  it  is  about  a  hand  in  length,  of  the  tliicknes<i  of  the  little 
fmger,  of  the  same  colour  as  the  cinnamon,  and  .so  like  it  when  shrunk  up  in  small  rolls,  that  many 
people  have  been  stung  by  taking  hold  of  it  through  mistake. 

Caneldn, — A  bird  which  lives  in  (lie  dales  and  valleys  between  the  mountains  which  form  the  cordillera 
of  Peru.  It  hears  a  great  resemblance  to  the  Vandurria,  and  is  about  the  size  of  the  goose  ;  the  neck 
is  long  and  thick,  the  beak  straight  and  large,  and  the  feet  and  legs  proportioned  to  the  body  ;  the 
feathers  on  the  upper  part  of  the  wing  are  of  a  grey  colour,  those  below  white;  and  in  the  part  where 
they  unite,  there  are  two  spurs,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  which  they  use  for  their  defence. 
The  male  and  female  always  go  together.  The  tlesh  is  very  tough,  but  very  good  to  eat  if  kept  two  or 
three  days  after  killed.  In  colder  places  they  dilVer  in  some  respects,  having  a  soft  ealloub  horn  on 
their  head,  and  both  species  have  a  crest  uf  feathers  on  the  top  of  the  head. 

Ciiniine.—  \  tree  which  grows  in  the  province  and  district  of  San  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the  new 
kingdom  of  Grenada.  It  produces  a  resin  or  gum,  which  they  use  for  curing  cuts  and  the  itch;  it  is 
also  a  purge  and  vomit,  by  drinking  three  spoonfuls  and  a  quantity  of  warm  water ;  the  effect  once 
produced,  it  continues  to  act  till  you  may  wish  to  restrain  it,  which  is  done  by  only  drinking  a  cup  of 
cold  water. 

Canoa  — A  boat  used  by  the  Indians,  made  of  the  solid  trunk  of  one  large  tree,  which  they  first  slia|)c 
and  afterwards  hollow  out  with  lire  or  with  tools.  They  arc  of  difVerent  sizes,  some  very  large,  with  two 
masts  and  oblong  square  sails. 

[Canonigo  Magistral. — A  certain  dignitary  of  the  chapter;  called  magistral,  as  having  graduated  as 
master  of  theology  in  some  approved  university.] 

l^Canonigo  Peniteuciario, — Canon  penitentiary.] 

Caoba.  (Swietenia  Mahogani.J — Or  mahogany  ;  a  large  bulky  tree,  whose  wood  is  well  known  in 
Europe  as  one  of  the  most  proper  for  household  furniture,  as  well  on  account  of  its  beautiful  red 
colour,  which  afterwards  becomes  dark,  as  for  its  sweet  smell,  solidity  and  disposition  to  receive  the 
most  beautiful  varnish.  In  Kurope  and  America  it  is  used  in  preference  to  all  others  for  large  chests, 
chairs,  tables,  and  writing-desks.  I'he  tree  is  very  common  in  almost  all  the  provinces  of  America, 
and  some  are  of  an  excessive  magnitude.  The  best  grow  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme  and  the 
isthmus  of  Panama,  where  it  is  very  common  to  sec  tables  five  yards  long  and  two  and  a  half  broad, 
luade  of  one  hoard. 

[Caoutchouc. — A  plant  of  S.  America.] 

[Capd.—A  wood  of  St.  Domingo  particularly  suited  to  the  sheathing  of  vessels,  from  its  being  strongj 
and  almost  impervious  to  worms,  a  bottom  of  this  wood  being  equal  to  four  of  pine.  'J'he  Spanisli 
vessels  are  generally  built  with  it,  and  they  greatly  outlast  all  others.  In  the  English  islands  its  virtues 
are  not  unknown,  and  it  is  often  in  considerable  demand.] 

Capiguara,  or  Capivara.     (Tapirus.) — See  Anta. 

Capitan.—A  very  delicious  savoury  fish,  found  in  the  rivers  of  the  new  kingdom  of  Grenada.  It  is 
the  bagra  of  other  provinces,  but  those  caught  in  Grenada  have  a  more  delicious  taste  than  those  of 
any  other  part.  It  has  been  remarked,  that  when  the  bones  of  the  head  arc  separated,  each  one  repre- 
sents some  one  of  the  instruments  of  tlie  passion  of  our  Redeemer,  forming  the  spear,  cross,  nails,  &c. 
In  other  parts  of  the  same  kingdom  it  is  called  chimba. 

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[Ciiptainship.—Thoyn'mWcUnu  of  a  cuptaiin  ot°  a  district.] 

Ciipu/i.  fPninuf  fiif^iiiitiiia.) — A  trt?o  of'a  modcrato  si/c,  n'somhliiifr  tin- iliony-trpc,  the  skin  of 
ulmsetViiil  iH  iiH  U'lidtM  as  ilir  JViiit  itst-lf.  Id  iho  town  ol' Toiiu'lminha,  proviiift'  (if  l.iitacuiitfa  and 
kiM(;doni  ol'  Quito,  tluTC  p;riMv  oiio  of  tins  spocics  in  a  jjarilon,  wliicli  oxritrd  ilio  admiration  ol  M.  Im 
Condnmini*  and  otlior  FriMicli  academicians.  It  was  alioiit  nine  yards  in  circiniilcrcnce,  very  ittraiirlit, 
and  cntiit'ly  destitute  of  hranclii-s  ;  at  the  licij^lit  of  fiplu  yards  tliorr  was  a  liroad  circular  cup,  from 
the  centre  of  winch  the  Inxly  of  the  tree  proceeded  naked,  and  a  little  thinner,  to  the  lieij;ht  of  live 
yartis,  where  another  cup  was  ftirmed,  something  less  than  the  lir-.i,  from  which  the  stem,  still  more 
slender,  p;rew  five  yards  high,  forming  the  tliird  and  lust  cup  something  smaller  tluin  the  others,  in  ii 
|iyrauiidal  shape,  its  whole  elevation  heing  JJ  yards. 

I  I'lira, — The  name  fur  n  large  village  amongst  the  Araucutiians  }  tlie  Spanish  cities  are  all  known  to 
tliem  hy  this  title.] 

\(\iriinapirf. — A  species  of  sage.jjlant  found  in  Cumnni'i.] 

I'itium.  (.Irhoriiisaniii  Canisina  niinctipiilii,  I/crn.) — A  resinous  gmn extracted  from  three  diifercnt. 
trees,  which  have  all  the  same  virtues.  One  of  iliese  is  high  and  very  tiiick,  in  the  trunk  of  which  an 
incision  is  made,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  days  it  distils  a  whilt;  thick  gum,  of  a  very  disagreeahle 
smell.  The  gum  in  some  trees  is  of  n  dark  colour  ;  the  trunk  of  another  is  of  a  dusky  yellow,  smooth, 
with  a  round  leaf,  and  of  n  moderate  height;  the  third  is  of  a  pvramidal  shape,  and  not  very  large. 
This  gmn  is  used  to  draw,  cleanse,  and  coiisolid  ite  wounds,  and  to  strengliien  tnc  nerves. 

Ctivittits. — A  species  of  the  gemis  of  the  palm-tree,  pectdiar  to  the  province  cf  (Juayana  or  New 
Amlalusia,  where  it  is  very  ahundant,  and  produces  cocoas  dilVering  from  those  of  other  parts. 

Curate. — An  cndemical  disease  of  a  scrofulous  nature,  in  hot  wet  countries.  The  face  and  hody  is 
covereil  with  large  purple  spots,  which  afterwards  assume  other  colt)urs,  catising  an  extraordinary 
hurning  and  itching  ;  and  it  the  di.sease  alfect  the  whole  mass  of  the  hlood,  it  hccomcs  liereditary, 
without  any  remedy  hitherto  invented  to  prevent  it.  It  is  peculiar  to  the  Negroes,  and  was  hrought  hy 
ihem  from  Africa,  and  it  seldom  alVects  tlie  Indians.  It  is  very  prevalent  in  the  towns  in  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  .'san  .luan  dc  los  Llanos  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Grenada,  and  particularly  in  the  valley  of 
Pntiu. 

Ciirni/u. — The  generical  name  given  to  all  species  of  monkies  hy  the  natives  of  Paraguay,  where  there 
are  immense  numhers  of  diiVerenl  kinds. 

Cardinal.  [Lo.xia  Cardinalis.) — A  small  singing  hird  of  a  very  hright  red  colour,  with  a  cap  of  black 
featiiers  on  its  head,  from  which  it  derives  its  name.  Its  note  is  very  sweet  and  agreeable,  like  that  of 
the  canary,  which  it  exceeds  a  little  in  magnitude  ;  it  is  very  common  in  almost  all  the  provinces  of 
America.  The  cardinal  is  greatly  esteemed  in  K.urope,  and  kept  in  cages,  but  from  the  ditVereuce  of 
climate  it  seldom  lives  long.  There  are  several  kinds  of  this  bird  which  are  distinguished  hy  their 
colour. 

Cardo  Xnito.  {.trgemonc  Mi'.vicana.) — This  plant  is  well  known,  and  its  virtues  in  phvsicare  greatly 
celebrated,  for  which  reason  we  shall  not  give  a  description  of  it,  nor  enumerate  tlie  dilferent  i>urposes 
to  which  It  is  applied,  hut  shall  only  add,  tliat  it  grows  in  many  parts  of  America. 

Caret.  {Ttsludo  Carcla.) — Tiioiigli  this  he  one  of  the  smallest  species  of  tortoises,  yet  its  shell  is 
in  great  re(iuest  for  making  trinkits.  Tlu'v  are  very  numerous  in  the  north  coast  of  the  province  of 
Darien,  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  l-'irme,  where  the  Indians  catch  them  in  great  abundance,  and  carry 
on  a  consideiable  trade  with  the  F.ngiish,  French,  and  Dutch,  who  go  there  to  buy  them,  and  return  in 
exchange,  powder,  balls,  muskets,  fisli- hooks,  knives,  and  cloth. 

{Caret,. — .\  herb  of  S.  America,  that  keeps  green  all  the  year  round,  and  resembles  trefoil.] 

{Carga. — A  measure  of  grain,  wei<iliing,  in  Castile,  fouryi/HCj^'fls.] 

{Catol-trfc. — N'eiy  common  in  Spain,  and  in  sonie  parts  of  Italy,  where  it  produces  a  great  quantity 
of  long,  lla»,  brown-coloured  pods,  which  are  thick,  mealy,  and  of  a  sweetish  taste.  These  pods  are 
eaten  l)y  the  poor  inhabitants.     Miller.] 

{Caribou. — An  animal  of  N.  America,  dibtingnished  by  its  branching  palmatcd  horns,  vith  brow 


APPENDIX.  if 

aiitlom.  He  in  prnlmhiy  llic  rein  door  of  t\w.  tiiirtlinni  parts  of  F.nrone.  horn  llic  li'iidonx  of  tliio 
aniiii.il,  nM  well  as  of  I  he  mooso,  tliu  aburigiiiul  imtives  imulu  very  tolcrulile  thread.  Kotind  iii  the  tlis- 
irict  of  Main,  N.  Aincrii'a.J 

Camera  tie  la  Tietra. — See  Llama. 

Carotic.—X  hard  strong  wood  of  a  largo  tree,  in  the  province  of  C;iiavaf|nil,  in  the  kill^donl  of  (tnito. 
It  is  used  in  tlu:  building  of  ships,  for  those  parts  where  the  gre.ttesi  sircngth  is  re(|inred. 

[Caruula. — Asorlof  pita,  dilVcront  from  the  common  kind,  which  grows  in  the  provineeof  Cuayana, 
or  New  Andalnsia,  of  which  they  make  ropes  which  arc  very  strong,  and  applied  (o  all  purposes.  'I  lie 
.Spaniards  call  it  caeui/a.] 

Cascabdi  (Ciolanus.) — A  sort  of  snnko  classed  with  the  amphil)it)ns,  whose  distinguishing  mark  is 
the  rattle  in  the  end  of  its  tad,  which  consists  of  several  sounding  slu-lls,  or  rather  a  small  shelly  h.ig 
with  a  little  hone  in  the  inside,  which  rattles  when  the  aniuud  moves,  and  mtvcs  to  warn  those  who  hear 
it  to  guard  against  its  hitc,  which  is  mortal  It  every  year  reciives  an  mcre.ise  ol  one  hell  or  rattle. 
There  are  fivt;  species,  the  horridns,  or  Aueriean  rallle-siiak«',  of  a  deep  orange  colour,  or  hiaclush  on 
tlu-  hack  and  aslucoloured  on  the  helly,  from  four  to  live  feet  long.  'I'he  second  is  the  miliar,  iisIn 
coloured,  with  hiack  spots,  peculiar  to  Carolina.  The  third,  the  dryinas,  of  a  whiti-'h  colour,  witii  a 
few  spots  of  yellow.  The  iiuirtii,  the  durysiis,  spoiled  uitli  while  and  yellow  ;  ami  ni'thly,  the  mniiis, 
of  a  rhomhoidal  ligtire,  with  hiack  spots  on  the  hack  and  a  streak  of  the  same  colour  hchiiid  ils  eyo. 
This  last  is  a  native  of  Surinam.  They  are  all  found  in  America,  where  tiiey  are  very  numerous i  the 
hitc  of  any  of  them  is  so  extremely  venomous,  that  it  kills  in  u  very  short  time. 

(.'ascalotf. — A  plant  in  Nev/  Spain,  which  is  tiic  principal  ingredient  used  to  colour,  tan,  and  dye  cnr- 
tlavan,  and  mixed  with  Alcaparosa  to  make  a  good  perfect  hiack  ;  for  this  reason  it  is  very  iiselul,  and 
the  trade  in  this  article  is  very  great,  particularly  in  tlii^  province  and  alcalilla  of  I'ungaravatio.  They 
give  it  this  name,  which  signifies  a  crow,  on  account  of  the  similitude  of  their  colour. 

Cascarilla.  {C'rolon  Cascan'lla.) — Or  aromatic  Peruvian  hark.  It  is  the  hark  of  a  tree  lesemhling 
that  of  the  Jesuits  hark,  hut  something  paler,  and  of  an  ash  colour  in  the  inside  ;  the  smell  is  aromatic, 
the  taste  something  bitter,  hut  |)leasant,  and  when  burnt  it  exhales  a  very  agreeable  odour ;  it 
is  a  febrifuge,  astringent  and  tonic,  and  is  used  by  many  for  the  real  Peruvian  hark,  hut  its 
elVects  are  slower  and  less  sensible ;  it  also  possesses  an  antispasmodic  aperitive,  and  sudorific  virtue, 
and  is  given  in  windy  and  hypochondriacal  complaints;  it  re-establislu-s  the  terms,  and  regulates 
Niippressed  hemorrhage;  gives  strength  and  firmness  to  the  lungs,  which  have  been  impaired  by 
sickness,  and  its  clVccts  are  very  happy  in  obstinate  dysenteries,  emanating  from  acute  fevers.  .Stahl 
recommends  it  in  phlegmatic  distempers  of  the  breast,  mu  h  as  the  pleurisy  and  peripnciimony,  being 
capable  of  destroying  inilanmiatory  pustules.  It  is  also  very  eiKcacioiis  in  catarrhous  and  convulsive 
cough,  and  dissipates  it  sooner  than  any  other  prescription,  when  given  in  preserves  in  a  (piantity  of 
from  six  to  twelve  grain.s.  Frederick  llofman  says,  that  with  the  essence  of  cascarilla  he  cured  a 
woman  of  a  violent  head  ache,  which  had  resisted  all  other  medicines;  it  is  given  in  an  infusion  of 
wine,  from  lialf  to  a  scruple  in  <|nantity,  and  in  powders  from  fifteen  grains  to  a  scruple;  it  is  also 
mixed  with  an  e(pial  (|uantity  of  Peruvian  bark  in  the  form  of  pill,  with  twenty  or  thirty  grains  of  iliat 
powder.  They  likewise  ma!ke  a  syrup  by  boiling  eight  pounds  of  water,  till  one  third  is  consumed, 
and  then  let  half  evaporate,  and  add  to  it  a  pound  of  sug.ir.  This  is  a  very  efHcacious  remedy  for 
catarrhous  complaints  in  the  head,  breast,  and  stomach.  They  also  procure  from  it  an  extraction  in 
common  water,  and  a  tincture  in  rectitied  spirits  of  w  ine.  In  the  pliarmacopwia  of  Paris  this  bark  is  an 
ingredient  in  the  opiate  of  Solomon,  eaii  univervelle,  trochishs  of  Cepheus,  lozenges,  and  in  the 
celestial  treacle.  It  {riows  in  great  abundance  in  the  province  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,  and  in  Mainas, 
where  they  use  it  for  incense. 

Cascol. — A  gum  extracted  from  a  tree  in  the  district  of  St.  Helena,  in  the  province  of  Guayatpiil  and 
kingdom  of  Quito.  Of  this  gum  they  make  a  sort  of  black  sealing-wax,  fro'n  which  they  derive  great 
profit. 

Caspiroleta. — A  sort  of  consistent  preserve  or  sweet  meat,  made  at  Havannah,  and  brought  to 
I'lirope  in  small  boxes  of  cedar  ;  it  is  a  sort  of  turron,  of  a  cinnamon  colour,  and  very  agreeable  taste. 

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38 


APPENDIX. 


i"  : 


Caslatnula. — \  root  in  \\w  kint^doni  of  Now  Galicisi,  aiul  sovori!  other  parts  of  Nortli  America,  given 
to  pigs  to  fatten  tlioiii,  in  tliu  sauu*  niatuicr  us  the  liultota  or  acorn  is  t;ivon  in  Estroniailnni. 

[Castas. — Casts  or  inixcil  hiei-ils;  thns  the  Mnsiees  are  thi-  olfspring  of  the  Spaniard  and  the  Indian, 
and  the  ISIidattoes  of  the  Spaniard  or  white,  and  Negro  or  otiier  woman  ;  tlie  nanus  of  smh  olispring 
being  /antbo,  Cholo,  Pneiuicia,  Salia  Atras,  'I'ente  en  el  Avre,  Qiiarteron,  Uninteron,  &c.J 

( 'a:'flfinw. — A  weight  of  a  ihain,  whicli  the  first  Spaniards  and  conquerors  «if  America  establislicd  for 
tiic  payment  and  reception  of  gold  ;  it  was  eompnted  at  the  value  of  two  dollars  and  a  half  in  Spain,  or 
two  pesos  fnertes  of  America,  cipiivalent  to  an  escudo  of  gold  of  the  ancient  doubloti  of  eiglit. 

Castor.      (Fiber  Castor.) — [See  Btaur,] 

[Ca.isari.  (Cassada.) — A  plant  cnltivated  in  all  the  warm  parts  of  America,  when  tlie  roots,  after 
being  divested  of  its  ..dlky  juice,  is  gro\nul  to  flour,  and  then  made  into  cakes  of  bread.  Of  this  there 
are  two  sorts;  the  most  common  has  purplish  stalks,  with  the  vems  imd  leaves  of  a  purplisli  colour: 
i)Ut  the  stalks  of  the  otiier  are  green,  and  the  leaves  of  a  light  green.  The  last  sort  is  not  venomous, 
even  when  tl.:;  roots  are  fresh  and  full  of  juice  ;  which  the  Negroes  frequently  dig  up,  roast  and  eat  like 
potatoes,  without  any  ill  effects.     Milter.} 

[Cusuehas. — Miserable  huts,  belonging  to  the  Indians  in  South  America.] 

Cataehi.  (Stalaetiles.) — A  white  stone,  which  is  formed  by  the  petrifying  (piality  of  the  water  of  a 
fountain  in  the  nrovlnce  of  Conchucos,  in  the  kingdom  of  Pern,  which  falling  into  a  deep  hole,  is  con- 
densed in  the  slupe  of  wax  candles,  of  an  extraordinary  whiieness.  In  the  district  where  it  is  found 
they  use  it  to  cure  the  bloody  flux  ;  and  it  is  also  said,  that  pounded  into  dust  and  mixed  with  the  white 
of  epgs,  it  possesses  the  virtue  of  uniting  fractured  bones. 

[Calamount. — ^Tliis  animal,  the  most  dreaded  by  hunters  of  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  forests,  is 
rardy  seen,  which  is  probably  the  reason  why  no  account  of  him  has  ever  been  published,  to  our 
knowledge,  except  what  is  contained  in  a  letter  of  Mr.  Collinson's  to  M.  dc  Bntlon.  The  dimensions 
of  one,  killed  a  few  years  ago,  in  New  Mampsliire,  as  nearly  as  could  be  ascertained  by  the  skin,  were 
OS  follows ;  the  length  of  his  body,  including  the  head,  six  feet ;  the  circumference  of  liis  body  two  feet 
and  a  half;  length  of  his  tail  three  feet,  and  of  his  legs  about  one  foot.  'I'he  colour,  along  his  back,  is 
nearly  black  ;  on  his  sides,  a  dark  reddish  brown  ;  his  feet  black.  He  seems  not  calculated  for  running, 
bjt  leaps  with  ^nr|)iisiiig  agility.  His  favourite  food  is  blood,  which,  like  other  animals  of  the  cat  kind, 
he  takes  from  the  jugular  vessels  of  cattle,  deer,  &c.  leaving  the  carcase.  Smaller  prey  he  takes  to  his 
ticn  ;  and  Ik;  has  lieen  known  to  carry  otV  a  child.  He  seems  to  be  allured  by  fire,  which  terrifies  all 
otiier  carnivorous  animals,  and  betrays  no  fear  of  either  man  or  beast.  He  is  found  in  the  northern  and 
middle  states  of  America.] 

[Caledrtitico  de  Prima. — A  professor  of  divinity,  namely,  professor  of  prime,  or  morning  lecturer.] 

[Catedratiio  de  I'esperas. — !•]  ening  jirofcssor,] 

[Cavali^iida,  or  Cabahioda. — Cavalcade;  in  S.  America,  it  sometimes  means  an  incursion  into  an 
enemy's  country,  and  the  carrying  from  thence  the  spoil  j 

[Van. — A  root  in  the  West  Indies,  of  which  Acosta  gives  no  account,  but  only  the  name.] 

Cavivui. — A  hard  wood  wiiich  grows  in  the  island  of  St.  Doiningo,  and  is  greatly  esteemed. 

[Ca.veta. — A  little  box  ;  the  caxetas  de  Cuenca,  or  conserves  of  Cueuca,  are  proverbial.] 

Ca.von. — The  miners  in  America  apply  this  term  to  the  usual  (piantity  of  mineral  earth  got  by  one 
man  in  a  day,  which  is  generally  fifty  <iuintals.  It  is  impossible  to  ascertain  how  much  metal  is  con- 
tained in  this  quantity,  as  it  dillers  according  to  the  (piantity  of  the  earth,  and  the  richness  of  the  mines ; 
i>ut  it  generally  produces  eight  or  ton  marks,  aiul  there  have  been  some  that  have  given  eighty. 

Cazaie. — The  coarse  bread  o(  the  Negroes,  Indians,  and  most  of  the  indigent  people  in  America. 
It  is  made  of  the  yuea,  which  they  grate  and  wash,  leaving  it  in  water  for  ^ollletinu■,  that  it  may  emit 
its  poisonc  as  part,  and  of  this  they  make  large  cakes,  which  they  bake  in  ovens.  Many  luiroiieans 
prefer  this  to  wheaten  bread.  When  the  Spaniards  first  discovered  America,  this  bread  was  then  used 
by  the  natives. 


n 


by  oi»c 
is  con- 
iiiiiics; 


APPENDIX. 


89 


Citzoti.  (Sifiialus  Ciallius.) — A  small  delicious  titili,  very  coiniiioii  in  cvcrj'  part  of  America ;  it  is  saiii 
that  this  fish,  wlii-n  arrived  at  its  full  growth,  is  the  tihiirun  oarnivoii  or  shark,  which  grows  to  an 
amazing  size,  and  is  thru  no  longer  osteemeii ;  it  is  of  a  lead  colour  and  dcsiilutn  of  scales  ;  the  skin  is 
very  rough  and  serves  to  polish  wood;  the  mouth  is  round,  very  largo,  and  set  with  a  great  number  of 
very  sharp  teeth. 

Cairo.  (CiditUa  odorala.) — A  wood  well  known  in  luirope,  and  found  in  «^vcry  part  of  America; 
for  which  reason  they  make  of  it  boxes  and  other  common  nieces  of  furniture  ;  the  tree  is  very  large, 
the  wood  liglit,  with  a  very  agreeable  smell,  is  '.-usily  worked,  and  is  susceptible  of  u  very  fine  polish. 
There  are  several  speties  of  cedar,  distinguished  by  the  appellations  red,  white,  spinous,  yellow,  &c. 

[(cduUi  Heal. — A  king's  warrant.] 

Ciiba.  {liombax  Ciiba.) — A  large  bulky  tree,  which  exceeds  in  magnitude  any  other  found  in 
America.  It  produces  a  sort  of  white  wool,  very  tine  and  soft,  which  they  apply  to  several  purposes. 
A  very  brisk  trade  is  cr.rried  on  in  this  article  in  the  district  of  I'uerto  Viego,  in  the  province  of  Guaya- 
quil and  kingdom  of  Quito.  Of  the  tren  they  make  boats  of  one  entire  piece.  We  have  seen  in  the 
Knsenada  of  Caledonia,  in  the  province  of  Daricn,  an  old  hollow  tree  of  this  species,  in  which  twenty 
persons  sat  down  to  dinner  with  the  greatest  case.  This  tree  on  the  coast  ot  Africa  is  called  pandc- 
niono,  or  moiikies  bread. 

Chacaranda. — A  hard  valuablcwood,  growing  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  in  New  Granada,  of  which 
they  make  various  sorts  of  beautiful  household  furniture. 

VhachariUi.  [Sustujacu.) — The  name  of  a  quadruped  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  or  New  Andalusia. 
it  is  a  species  of  mountain  boar,  of  a  less  size  than  any  others  in  that  part,  and  causes  considerable 
damage  to  the  lands  sown  with  maize,  pumpkins,  ;it<tatocs,  and  other  fruits. 

C/iacra,  or  Chaxara. — A  name  given  by  the  Peruvians  t(»  an  estate  in  the  country. 

Chagllas. — A  sort  of  small  cane,  about  the  thickness  of  a  finger,  so  called  in  the  province  of  Guaya- 
(luil.  'I'here  is  also  another  species,  which  exceeds  the  last  in  magnitude,  of  which  they  make  the  par- 
tition walls  in  houses,  covering  them  with  a  coat  plaster  and  whitewash,  so  that  they  a]>pear  like  real 
walls. 

Chugtiala. — A  small  gold  ring,  which  the  Mosch  I-ulians  of  the  new  kingdom  of  Granuda  v/orc  in 
the  cartilage  of  their  no.ses,  which  are  bored  for  this  purpose,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  Maltese  and 
the  women  in  Kiirope  do  their  ears.  St)me  burbaroiis  nations  in  that  kingdom  still  preserve  this 
custom ;  and  in  the  country  of  Darien  :liey  wear  them  so  very  large,  that  they  greatly  disfigure  them. 

Chaguarama. — A  sort  of  palm  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  or  New  Andalusia. 

[C/iahtiar. — A  plant  of  S.  America,  having  prickles  like  the  savine,  of  which  they  make  thread, 
similar  to  hemp,  for  nets,  bags,  and  coarse  clothing.  Its  root  serves  for  food  to  the  Indians,  the  same 
i\st/ui:as,  potatoes,  &c.] 

Chalihiliuiles.—\  green  stone  found  in  the  silver-mines  in  the  kingdom  of  New  Galieia,  in  North 
Amerieii,  to  which  they  attribute  the  virtue  of  alleviating  the  pain  of  \\\v  hip  gout,  or  sciatica.  The 
ancient  .Americans  held  tiiese  stones  in  great  esteem.  They  vary  in  colour,  but  the  most  esteemed 
are  green,  of  which  llien!  is  a  huge  altar  stone  in  the  cathedral  in  the  town  of  Puebia  de  los 
Angeles. 

Chalona. — The  (lesh  of  slieep  dried  and  cured  in  the  frost,  in  great  repute  for  tl"^  delicious  ta.ste 
which  it  acquires  I'roin  being  thus  prepared.  A  pretty  considerable  trade  is  carried  o;:  in  this  articic 
in  the  provinces   m  the  Sierra,  anil  the  cold  situations  in  I'erii,  as  l.ainpa,  and  several  others. 

Vhamairela. — \  name  given  by  the  common  people  of  S.  America  to  a  sort  of  waistcoat,  with  sleeves 
usually  made  ot  bai/e. 

C/iinnpaii. — A  provincial  term  in  the  kingdom  of  New  Granada,  applied  to  the  boats  which  navigate; 
the  river  Magdalciui  from  Monipox  to  Honda.  Some  of  these  are  made  very  large,  to  carry  heavy 
cargoes,  and  others  are  lilted  up  for  the  accommodation  of  passengers. 

Changami. — A  bird  resembling  the  llirush,  nearly  of  the  -same  size,  and  brown  colour.  The  llc;,h  is 
Tery  liurd  and  black,  and  is  only  eaten  by  the  Negroes  employed  iii  diving  for  pearls  in  the  islands 


«i 


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90 


APPENDIX. 


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situated  in  the  Cove  of  Pnnania,  where  these  birds  arc  very  numerous,  and  cause  great  damage  to  the 
crops  of  maize. 

Chapeton. — A  name  given  in  S.  America  to  Knropeans  soon  after  their  arrival,  in  tlie  same  manner  as 
in  N.  America  they  arc  called  Cachupin. 

Chapetonada, — The  first  disease  which  attacks  Kuropeans  on  their  arrival  in  America,  occasioned  hy 
the  change  of  climate,  diet,  and  the  fatigue  of  the  voyage.  There  are  extremely  few  who  arc  not 
aH'ected  with  this  disease,  and  it  proves  fatal  to  many. 

Charaguan/. — A  strong  beautiful  wood,  which  grows  in  Guayana,  or  New  Andalusia. 

Choral,  or  Misllapic. — Synonymous  terms  in  New  Spain  for  the  fish  pejerey,  in  whicii  tlicy  carry  on 
very  considerable  trade. 

Champa. — A  species  of  tortoise,  very  abunilant  in  the  rivers  and  lakes  in  the  province  of  Maranoii. 
It  is  distinguished  from  the  otiier  species  by  its  diminutive  si/e.  Its  licsli  is  very  savoury  and  good, 
but  something  tough.  It  is  principally  sought  after  on  account  of  its  intestines,  which  are  of  the 
thickness  of  a  finger,  and  resemble  butter.  I'liey  deposit  on  an  average  200  eggs  each  time,  which 
are  a  great  dainty,  and  yield  a  very  exquisite  oil.  I'he  charapa  diilcrb  from  the  carcy  ;  the  shell  of  the 
former  is  very  thick,  three  hands  long  and  two  broad. 

[Charas. — A  name  given  to  wild  honey,  found  iti  Peru.] 

[Charaes. — A  fine  flavoured  fish,  peculiar  to  S.  America.] 

Charqufcillo.-—The  conger  eel  is  so  called  by  the  inhabitants  of  Cobija,  in  tJie  province  of  Alacama 
in  the  kingdom  of  Peru.  This  fish  is  caught  in  great  abundance  in  the  Port  of  Cobija,  which  is 
situated  in  tlie  S.  Sea,  and  is  salted  for  exportation  to  the  other  provinces.  For  this  reason  they  are  also 
called  salados,  or  salted.  The  trade  in  this  fish  is  very  lucrative  and  extensive,  as  it  supplies  the  place 
of  bacalao,  or  dried  cod  fish. 

Charquican. — A  sort  of  ragout,  made  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru  and  Ticrra  Firme.  It  is  composed  of 
hung  beef,  pounded  till  it  resembles  tow,  and  seasoned  with  pepper,  ajonjoli,  mani,  and  potatoes.  It 
derives  its  name  from  chaniui,  which  signifies  hung  beef. 

Chasqin. — A  foot  courier,  whose  otHce  is  to  carry  letters  and  parcels  in  a  sort  of  basket  fixed  on  the 
back  by  means  of  two  straps  in  which  the  arms  are  inserted,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  jiedlar  carries 
his  pack.  The  term  chasqui  is  derived  from  tlie  language  of  Quecluia,  and  was  applied  by  the  In- 
dians to  their  couriers,  from  whom  it  was  borrowed  by  the  Spaniards,  and  has  since  been  extended  to 
Tierra  Firme  and  other  countries. 

Chata. — .\  sort  of  boat,  peculiar  to  the  kingdom  of  Ticrra  Firme,  with  which  they  navigate  the  river 
Chagre,  from  its  entrance  up  to  Aduana  and  the  port  of  Cruzes.  These  boats  are  very  large,  and 
carry  heavy  cargoes ;  they  make  use  hot li  of  oars  and  sails,  and  they  derive  tiieir  name  from  being 
flat-bottomed  in  orilcr  that  tiiey  may  draw  less  water. 

Chavacano. — A  sort  of  fruit  growing  in  New  Spain,  whicli  as  well  as  die  tree,  bears  a  near  re- 
semlilance  to  the  apricot. 

Cht'pe. — An  abbreviation  for  .fosepli,  used  in  Peru. 

Chia. — The  name  by  whicli  tlie  moon  was  known  to  the  natives  of  New  Grenada  during  their 
Paganism. 

[Chittifiut. — The  dry  nic.isnre  of  the  Araiicanians,  containing  six  pints.] 

C/iicha.— The  common  l)cveiaj;c  nf  the  Indians  and  people  of  colour.  It  is  the  juice  of  some  fruit, 
and  consequently  there  aiv  iiiaiiy  kinds,  which  take  their  names  from  the  fruit  out  of  which  they  are 
extracted,  as  chiclia  of  the  pine  apple,  ike. 

Chicle. — Is  tlie  name  given  in  New  Spain  to  a  gum  which  distils  from  th^*  sapotc-trec,  and  is  es- 
teemed an  excellent  remedy  for  several  complaints. 

Chico  Zapotc. — The  nicdlar-tree  is  called  by  this  name  in  New  Spain. 

ChiiTuire. — An  amphibious  animal  in  Guayana,  or  New  Audalucia.  It  is  an  inliabitant  of  some  ri- 
vers and  lakes.     The  Caribeaii  Indians  call  this  animal  capigua,  mid  the  Spaniards  guurdutinajas.     It 


in 
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I  hi 


m 


APPENDIX. 


31 


on 


sed  of 


near  rc- 


nnu: 


theiv 


ime  friiii, 
they  Arc 

Inil  is  OS- 


some  ri- 
It 


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lesomhlcs  in  some  respects  the  hog.  The  snout  has  some  allinity  with  that  of  ihr  sheep,  the  hoofs  are 
diviiled  into  three  parts,  the  liair  is  of  a  hrown  colour,  uuA  ihe  tail  so  short  that  it  is  scm-.-i-lx-  |i.M(opli- 
hie.  The  flesh  is  eaten  on  days  of  al)stineiK'c,  hecausc  it  lives  in  watc;r  as  well  as  on  Lnd.  Tluy  swim 
in  large  drovrs,  and  occasionally  lift  'heir  heads  out  of  water  to  take  hrcatli.  'i'lioic  food  coii'.ists  prin- 
cipally of  the  hcrhs  which  grow  on  thi'  hanks  of  the  rivers,  wlu'ie  the  Indians  )>lace  tlicnisclves  in  ani- 
hnscade  to  shoot  them  with  their  arrows,  and  are  passionately  fond  of  tlieir  iU-sh,  vliich  has  a  very 
agreeahle  taste. 

[C/iilca. — A  herh  peculiar  to  S.  America.] 

C/iile. — The  pimento  or  red  |)e|)per,  is  so  called  in  New  Spain.  In  Tern,  this  name  is  given  to  one 
sort  only,  which  is  peculiar  to  that  kingdom,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  other  kinils.  . 

[C/iili/incijUc. — A  species  of  camel  that  was  employed  formerly  instead  of  mules  l>y  the  Chilians. 
Tliough  these  tpiadrupeds  are  analogous  to  the  camel,  they  have  likewise  some  pecuhnr  characteris- 
tics whicli  distinguish  them  from  that  animal.  They  are  believed  to  be  shorter  lived  ;  the  penud  as- 
signed them  is  30  years.] 

[Cliilimoya. — The  anona  cheremolia  of  Linn.] 

[ChiUncque. — See  C/iili/ittcquc.] 

China. — A  mongrel  breed  in  S.  America,  from  an  Indian  •  lalc  and  an  European  female ;  they  are  in 
general  very  whitt;,  and  their  features  regularly  formed. 

Chincate,  or  Chancaca, — The  coarse  brown  sugar  which  is  taken  last  out  of  the  boiler,  after  fine  and 
that  of  a  middle  (jualily  have  been  got,  of  wliich  the)'  make  chinguirito,  or  brandy  of  the  sugar-cane. 
It  also  goes  by  the  name  of  peloncillo  and  panocha  in  New  S|)ain. 

Chinchilla,  [Mus  Pava.) — A  species  of  rat  or  lielil  mole,  greatly  esteemed  for  the  fine  fur  with 
which  \\w  body  is  covered  instead  of  a  skin,  which  is  as  soft  as  the  silk  deposited  by  the  garden  spi- 
ders. The  fm-  is  of  an  ash  colour,  and  of  sufhcieiit  length  to  be  spun.  Tliis  little  animal  is  about  six 
inches  long  from  the  nose  to  the  t.iil,  the  ears  small  and  pointed,  the  snout  short,  the  teeth  likt;  those 
of  the  domestic  mole,  the  tail  of  a  moderate  length,  and  thickly  set  with  very  soft  hair.  It  bmrows 
in  the  earth  in  the  northern  jirovinces  of  Chile,  and  is  particularly  abundant  in  Buenos  Ayrcs,  It  is  a 
grea*  friend  of  socit-ty.  and  i'eeds  on  onions  and  other  bidbous  plants  which  grow  in  great  profusion  in 
those  places.  It  brings  lorth  twice  in  the  year,  five  or  six  young  ones  each  lime.  It  is  naturally  tractable 
and  tame,  and  when  taken  up  ni  the  hand  does  not  bite  nor  oU'er  to  escape,  but  manifests  great  plea- 
sure at  being  caressed.  If  placed  in  the  lap  it  enjoys  the  same  composure  and  tranquillity  as  if  it  lay 
in  its  own  habitation  ;  and  as  it  is  so  remarkably  clean,  no  one  need  be  afraid  that  it  wdl  dirty  his 
clothes  or  give  them  any  disagreeable  s!nell,  for  it  is  entirely  destitute  of  that  otfensive  odour  iidierent 
in  all  the  oilier  species  of  mice.  Hence  it  appears  that  this  little  animal  might  be  brought  up  in  our 
liouses  with  a  very  little  trouble  and  at  a  trithng  expense,  and  by  this  means  might  render  serviceable 
its  fur,  of  which  the  Peruvians  formerly  made  coverlets  and  fine  cloths.  The  skin  is  now  generally 
used  for  the  piu'pose  of  carrying  tobacco  by  those  who  smoke. 

Chingaua. — The  inhabitants  of  the  province  of  (imspicaulhi,  in  the  kingilom  of  Peru,  give  this 
name  to  certain  holes  or  ( averns  in  the  interior  of  the  mountains,  where  the  Incas  had  a  palace,  in 
which  it  it  reported  they  hid  their  treasures. 

Chrn!:[uirito, — The  brandy  of  the  sugar-cane  ;  it  is  called  by  this  name  in  Mexico.  It  isinadcof 
llie  dregs  of  sugar  which  remain  in  the  b(.)iler. 

Chilli. — The  name  of  a  fish  caught  on  the  lake  of  Chncuito,  in  the  province  and  district  of  Lampa 
in  Peru.  Tlu-  itdiabitants  of  ihn  anil  several  other  coimtries  pickle  them,  and  export  them  in 
bags  to  the  iieigh.boming  provinces,  where  they  are  sold  to  great  advantage.  I'his  fish  is  the  same  as 
the  hnguilla. 

Chircatc. — A  square  mantelet  of  cotton,  wliieh  the  Indiati  women  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada 
wore  romid  their  waists  in  the  lime  of  their  Paganism. 

Chiriclcs. — A  bird  of  the  most  ■•iiigular  (qualities  yet  known,  found  on  the  banks  of  tlu;  river  Ma- 
lailon.     Its  shape  resembles  that  of  the  parrot,  but  it  is  not  larger  than  a  sparrow,  of  a  yellow,  brown. 


!* 


If 


J 


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.12 


APPENDIX. 


(Ill 


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and  l>lnck  colour.  The  Leak  is  long  and  broad.  It  may  bo  taiiclit  to  dance  on  a  table  to  the  sound  ot' 
any  nisinuniM.t,  and  ti)  spi-ak  a  Tca  woiils.  It  iniitalos  several  binls,  and  in  a  very  sintrular  manner 
accoinpanii-s  witb  its  sweut  note,  any  one  who  plays  to  it,  with  so  great  exactness  and  precision  as 
to  astotiish  all  who  hear  it  I'hcn-  was  one  ol'  these  birds  in  Uiobamba,  which  was  placed  on  the  rails 
in  the  choir  and  acrompa>.<ed  the  music. 

Chiri»ifli/(i.  {. I nnoiia  Squamosa.) — And  in  the  language  ol"  Quechna,  Chirimui/ii,  meaning  fruit 
with  told  seeds;  and  ihey  are  truly  cold  in  a  very  high  tligree.  This  fruit  in  point  of  gor;lness  may 
vie  with  any  other  in  Aiui'rica.  Tln!  tree  which  produces  it  is  of  a  moderate  size,  witli  branches  to 
the  l)ottoni ;  the  li'aves  something  large,  and  the  llower  whicli  is  ^mall  consists  of  three  narrow,  llushy 
leaves,  betwixt  a  green  an<l  a  strawioiour.  Tiie  skin  of  the  fruit  is  green,  very  thin  and  delicate;  the 
pulp  very  while  and  soft,  and  has  sometimes  a  greater,  sometimes  a  smaller  number  of  seeds,  whicli 
are  a  bright  black,  a  little  Hattened,  about  an  inch  long,  and  half  an  inch  nroad.  I'hc  seed  is  con- 
fined to  no  particular  shape,  some  being  round,  others  pyramidieal  cones,  others  something  flat,  with 
various  other  irregularities,  though  they  may  i-ll  have  grown  on  the  same  tree.     It  is  sweet,  without 

Iiroduiing  satiety  ;  some  arc  rather  aqueous,  with  a  little  acid,  and  others  are  destitute  of  this  qua- 
ity.  It  is  eaten  cut  into  small  pieces,  or  with  a  spoon.  The  size  and  quality  of  the  fruit  vary,  accord- 
ing to  ilie  soil  anil  climate.  In  Quito,  ihi-y  are  small  and  full  of  seetis;  in  Ibarro,  llambato,  Loxa, 
and  CuiMica,  they  are  of  a  better  quality ;  and  those  of  I'opayan,  whicli  are  the  best  in  America,  are 
five  or  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  some  may  be  seen  as  large  as  a  man's  head  with  very  few  seeds. 
Some  say  the  rind  is  rough  and  uneven,  like  iliat  of  the  pine-apple,  but  it  is  only  in  this  state 
whilst  green  ;  ami  after  it  grows  ripe  it  becomes  smooth,  leavmg  only  some  superficial  lines  in  a  semi- 
circular form  laid  over  each  other;  and  though  it  may  still  retain  some  trivial  unevonuesses,  yet  they 
are  so  small  and  smooth  as  not  to  be  felt. 

C/mlo. — A  young  Indian  who  has  been  instructed  and  brunght  up  amongst  Europeans,  and  speaks 
the  Spanish  language. 

Clwtnbo. — An  abbreviation  of  Geroninio,  or  Jerom  ;  used  in  IViti  and  Tiei/a  Firmc. 

Cliontii. — ,\  black  solid  wood  hiMvier  tlianebon}',  and  remarkable  for  its  elasticity.  It  grows  in 
great  profusion  in  most  of  the  woodi  in  America,  particularly  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Maranon,  and 
in  the  province  of  Darien,  where  the  Indians  make  great  use  of  it  for  their  bows.  The  tree  is  a  spe- 
cies of  dactileferous  palm,  hollow  in  the  inside. 

Chorale. — The  usual  beverage  of  the  common  p^'ople  in  Venezuela.  It  is  a  sort  of  chocolate  whicli 
they  make  by  lirst  boiling  ilie  cocoa  and  extracting  from  it  all  the  unctuous  or  oily  substance,  and 
the  remainder  is  what  they  ilrink,  sweetened  w  itli  coarse  sugar  or  the  dregs  which  ;;;e  left  in  the 
boiler  after  the  line  and  the  middling  sort,  or  brown,  have  been  taken  out. 

C/wril/o. — A  manufactory  of  coa.se  eloihs  in  Peru,  which  ditVers  fnun  the  batanes  or  fulling  mills, 
in  being  destitute  of  the  fulling  mallet,  which  cannot  he  used  without  royal  permission. 

ChualiH. — The  Indians  in  the  piovince  of  Mizt(]iie,  and  jurisdiction  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  in 
Peru,  give  this  name  to  the  lerlian-ague. 

Chticc. — A  sort  of  thick  coarse  coverlet  of  wool,  fabricated  in  the  province  of  Aiir.araes  in  the  king- 
dom of  IV'ru. 

C/iiic/iti. — The  Zuriu  Mct/iilna,  or  ()ppo-.siMn,  is  known  by  this  name  in  several  j)rovinces  in  Peru. 

Chumhc. — A  sort  of  bandage  with  which  the  Indian  women  of  the  new  kingilom  of  Granada  bound 
their  clothes  in  the  time  oi  ....ir  Paganism. 

Cliuno.—  -\  bitter  iort  of  potaioi's,  dried  anil  cmiid  in  tin?  frost,  of  which  they  make  a  sort  of  pap, 
or  pottage,  eaten  by  all  classes  of  people,  and  for  tliw  reason  an  incredible  trallic  is  carried  on  in  this 
ariiele  in  the  inonnlainoiis  [irovirues  ol'  Pern. 

Cliupc. — A  delicious  savoury  food,  iVeiiuent  in  the  dillerent  |)rovinces  of  Peru.  It  is  made  of  boiled 
potatoes,  ctieese,  ami  fried  eggs,  and  is  reekoiied  one  of  the  most  dainty  dishes. 

Chusp^.w — A  sort  of  woollen  cloth  of  various  colours,  manufactured  in  the  province  of  Parinaco- 
ehob  ill  the  kingdom  of  I'eru. 


If     ^i 


'i 


APPENOIX. 


n.1 


nd  oi" 
anncr 
on  as 

s  may 
hes  to 
Iksliy 
to ;  tl>e 
,  which 
is  con- 
,t,  with 
without 
lis  qiia- 
accoitl- 
1,  Loxa, 
•ica,  are 
iv  sci'ils. 
his  state 
1  a  scmi- 
yet  they 

\i\  speal<s 


grows  lit 

anon,  ami 

is  a  site- 

kito  which 
iiiKC,  anil 
Ai  in  ll'^' 

ing  niillsi 
Sierra  ii» 
li  the  king- 
Is  in  I'l^i'"- 
lula  hounil 

In  of  P'M'' 
ll  on  u>  tins 

L.  of  hi)ilcil 

If  Parioaco- 


Cibdlo.  {lios  liisson). — A  sort  of  wild  hull,  in  the  provinci;  of  Cinaloa  in  N.  Ainorica.  It  (li(Vi-r» 
<ioin  the  conunon  kind,  in  liavini;  the  netk  loveu'd  with  a  long  shaggy  inane,  voiy  thick  set.  The 
(ie.sli  is  very  good,  and  in  great  re<|uest  among  the  native".. 

Ciei^o. —  A  delicious  savoury  lish,  in  tlu-  river  (Jnayaiinil.  They  give  it  the  appellation  of  ciego, 
l)lir.»i,  heeausc  it  has  no  visihie  eves ;  l)ut  it  is  not  desiiiuti;  of  sight,  and  escapes  when  it  thinks  proper. 
It  is  a  hand  and  a  half  in  length,  and  has  no  hones. 

I  Cicnc^a.-  -A  swamp)'  place  or  (piagmircj 

Ciciito  J'it:s:  [Siolopemha  Fovfuatu.) — A  venomous  insect  or  reptile,  consisti'>g  of  30 articulations  or 
joints,  to  each  of  which  are  attached  two  feet,  making  in  all  tio.  Krom  the  mouth  there  come  out 
two  pincers  furnished  with  claws,  which  are  hiack,  pointed,  and  curved,  and  serve  to  catch  other  in- 
sects for  its  food.  In  the  hinder  part  of  the  l)ody  it  has  twt»  very  long  feet,  eatli  having  four  joints, 
the  last  of  which  is  furnished  with  a  l)lack  nail,  pointed  and  curved,  which  assists  it  in  progressive 
motion.  'I'hey  an-  co\ered  with  scales  of  a  yellow  col(>Mr,  live  in  woods,  imcuhivated  places,  store- 
houses, and  even  in  inhahiied  apartments.  They  are  fr.-ni  three  to  ten  inches  in  length.  They  arc 
very  ilangerous,  having  the  power  of  hiting  hofh  at  the  head  and  tail ;  they  bile  very  hard,  ami  iiifu»e 
tlieir  venom  into  the  wiuind,  which  causes  a  fever  and  very  violent  pain. 

Cierratc  Cicnate. — See  J'crgotnosa. 

Cimarron. — A  t<-rm  applied  to  Negroes  who  leave  their  masters  to  avoid  lahour,  or  escape  punish- 
ment for  some  olVence.  They  usually  retire  into  the  woods,  and  uncultivated  places,  whence  they 
venture  out  at  night  to  search  for  provisions  and  steal  all  that  they  finil.  Some  live  in  this  state  many 
years  in  the  mountains,  subsisting  on  wild  fruits  and  roots;  tish,  which  they  catch  in  the  rivers,  li/ards, 
craylish,  and  other  eatables.  When  many  of  these  have  united,  and  lixed  their  residence  on  a 
craggy  rock,  that  place  is  calleil  Palen<|ue.  Whoever  laki-s  one  of  these  runaways  and  di-livers  him 
to  his  master  is  entitled  to  a  reward,  which  varies  in  the  different  provinces. 

Ci'nto. — A  jewel  of  precious  stones,  worn  l)y  lailies  in  I'eru.  It  is  generally  about  the  size  of  the 
hand,  and  is  worn  at  the  breast  snsjjcnded  from  a  lillet  of  black  velvet. 

[Ciaccho. — A  herb  of  S.  America,  of  which  the  cows  and  pigs  are  very  fond.] 

[Coach-whip  Siuikc. — See  Scrpertff.] 

[Coaleco. — A  fruit  of  S.  America  resembling  a  lill)ert,  of  which  they  make  rosaries.] 

Coca.~\  small  tree  of  a  bright  green  colour,  whose  leaf  greatly  resembles  that  ol  In-  orange-tree, 
and  is  much  cultivated  in  Pern.  'I'lie  juice  of  this  tree  is  very  strengthening,  and  contains  a  noiirisli- 
ment  alnu)st  beyond  belief.  The  Indians  will  perform  h)iig  journies  wilii  no  mlicr  sn|)ply  than  a 
few  leaves  of  this  tret;,  and  they  remain  robnsl  and  active  ilurin;^  several  da\s  wiihout  any  other  sus- 
tenance. The  most  remarkable  circumstance  in  this  plant  is,  that  it  burns  and  inllanies  the  month 
of  every  Kuropean  who  eats  it.  It  grows  in  countries  whose  temperature  is  moderalcly  warm,  and 
forms  a  very  considerabU'  branch  of  commerce.  As  the  Indians  cannot  do  without  ii,  the  duly  on  it 
brings  great  riclu's  into  the  royal  treasury.  The  natives  of  the  prov  nice  of  Santa  Malta  call  it  hayo 
It  resembles  in  its  properties  and  the  use  to  which  it  is  applied,  the  beetroot  of  the  Fast  Indies. 

Cocadti. — A  sort  of  sweetmeat  made  of  the  pulp  of  the  cocoa,  grate. 1  and  made  into  small  cakes, 
which  tiie  Indian  women  sell  in  the  .streets. 

[ Coch i Ileal. — Sec  Cochinilla.] 

Cochitulla. — A  species  of  ins<'cl  of  the  Cleopteran  order.  Its  antenna-  are  knobbed  at  tin  ends,  trmi- 
cated  and  shaped  like  the  antlers  of  the  deer.  Their  form  is  semispherical,  and  the  btlly  Hat,  There 
are  41'  species,  distinguished  by  the  number  and  colour  of  spots  on  their  wings,  and  by  the  plants  in 
which  tluy  live.  This  insect  is  a  nativi-  of  the  hot  parts  of  America,  and  is  ih.'  animal  so  much  es- 
teemed in  every  part  of  the  world,  li.r  the  beautiful  red  colour  which  it  imparts  in  tlying  to  silk,  linen, 
cotton,  and  wool.  It  is  engendered  in  a  plant  known  in  New  Spain  and  most  oilier  places  by  tin;  name 
of  nopalera,  or  nopal,  which,  with  the  exception  of  the  leaves,  resen  hies  in  every  respect  the  tunas, 
found  ill  many  jiaris  of  Atylalusia.  The  leaves  of  the  latter  are  broail,  llat,  and  full  of  pricks;  those 
of  the  former  are  oblong  with  several  cxt^rescences,  and  instead  of  the  pricks  have  a  hiu;  soft  mem- 
brane of  lively  permanent  green  colour.     The  nopales  are  plantetl  in  rows,  in  holes  made  in  the  earth 

VOL.  V.  (• 


^      I 


ll 


1^1 


■I 


\r 


iff 


r 


34 


APPENDIX. 


■  (.'  I 


i 


f 


two  yards  asunilor  and  half  a  yard  dpep.  In  each  hole  thev  place  one  or  two  leaves  hori/ontally,  and 
cover  ihfiii  with  earth.  From  the  leal' thus  planied  there  al'terwanis  shoots  forth  a  stt;ni,  wineli,  in 
|)ro|iiirtii)ii  as  it  i  treLisis,  snriiuls  oiii  iiii>  new  hraiiihes,  and  these  suceessively  produce  fresh  leaves. 
'I'he  hroadest  leavi-s  are  those  near  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  which,  as  well  as  the  hranchcs,  aro-  full  of 
knots  from  whirh  the  leaves  sprnip.  The  usual  height  of  thi;  uopales  is  two  yarils;  and  the  .si'ason  at 
uhich  iliey  arrive  at  their  full  heauty  is  from  sprnip  till  autumn,  wliic  i,  in  Oaxuc.i  and  other  parts  of  N. 
AnuMK  a,  lia|)pens  ahout  the  same  time  as  in  Spain.  The  flower  is  small,  of  a  hnlliant  red  eolom-,  and 
niarlv  in  the  shape  of  a  hutton.  In  it  is  loniaint-d  the  tuna  or  fruit ;  and  as  this  int:reiises  the  llower 
withers,  and  at  length  falls.  When  the  tif^  or  tuna  is  ripe,  the  external  rind  assumes  a  white  eoloiu'; 
but  the  pulp  or  inside  is  so  red,  that  it  tinges  the  urine  of  th()se  who  eat  it  with  the  same  colour.  This 
CTLimistance  may  astonish  and  terrify  those  who  are  ignorant  of  the  cause  ;  but  there  are  few  fruits  so 
wholesome  or  pleasant.  The  land  in  which  the  uopales  are  to  be  planted  must  first  he  cleared  from  all 
other  plints  and  weeds  which  might  deprive  them  of  moisture.  As  soon  as  the  cochinilla  is  gathered, 
which  never  happens  till  the  ins<?ct  has  attained  its  full  growth,  they  lop  oHall  the  superfluous  leaves, 
in  order  that  it  may  produce  fresh  ones  the  nt;xt  year ;  for  experience  has  taught  them,  that  the  insect 
which  feeds  on  new  leaves  is  of  a  much  superior  quality  to  that  which  feeds  on  leaves  several  years  old. 
On  the  first  discovery  of  this  in.spct,  it  was  believed  that  it  was  a  kind  of  fruit,  or  the  seed  of  some  par- 
ticular plant ;  an  error  which  arose  from  their  ignorance  respecting  its  method  of  propagation.  But  it 
is  now  universally  acknowledged,  that  it  is  an  insect  which  usually  lives  in  damp  situations  and  gar- 
dens. It  resembles  in  shape  the  lady-bird,  and,  when  arrived  at  its  full  size,  is  no  larger  than  a  flea. 
It  feeds  and  lives  in  the  nopal,  and  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  leaves.  The  juice  of  this  pLnt,  which  is 
its  only  moisture,  is  converted  into  its  own  substance  ;  and,  instead  of  being  fluid  and  aqueous,  assuines 
a  beautiful  carmine  hue.  In  the  months  of  May  and  June,  the  plant  is  in  the  most  vigorous  state,  and 
this  is  the  most  favourable  time  for  depositing  on  the  h;aves  the  almost  imperceptible  eggs ;  a  task 
vhich  the  Indians  perform  with  the  most  wonderful  patience;  and,  in  the  short  space  of  two  months,  it 
arrives  at  the  state  which  we  have  mentioned;  but,  in  the  mcantinie,  it  is  exposed  to  a  multiplicity  of 
dangers.  The  Northern  blasts  and  violent  showers  of  rain  carry  away  the  eggs,  and  the  frost  withers 
and  destroys  the  leaves  ;  nor  are  there  any  other  means  of  preventing  these  calamities,  than  by  making 
fires  at  som  j  distance,  and  filling  the  air  with  smoke,  which  preserves  them  from  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather.  Nor  are  they  exposed  to  less  danger  from  dilferent  birds  which  hunt  after  them,  and 
from  the  grubs  which  are  engendered  in  the  nopal;  and,  notwithstanding  the  greatest  vigdance  to 
prevent  these  disasters,  the  loss  is  very  great.  Wi.en  the  insects  have  attained  their  full  size,  they  are 
gathered  into  glass  vessels,  taking  care  not  to  let  them  fall ;  but  of  this  there  is  no  danger  when  they 
are  at  liberty  on  the  leaves,  as  if  in  their  own  habitations,  in  which  they  enjoy  a  most  delicious  food, 
skipping  from  one  leaf  to  another  without  leaving  the  plant;  and  it  is  no  unusual  thing  to  see  the 
leaves  entirely  covered  with  insects.  After  they  have  been  in  the  glass  vessel  some  time  tnty  die,  and 
are  nut  into  bags.  The  Indians  have  three  different  methods  of  killing  them ;  one  with  hot  >.-»ter, 
another  by  fire,  and,  thirtlly,  by  exposing  them  to  the  sun  ;  and  h.Mice  proceed  the  different  degrees 
of  colour,  which  is  sometimes  dark,  at  others  very  lively,  it  being  always  necessary  to  proportion  the 
heat,  and  those  \:\\r>  make  use  of  hot  water  know  the  precise  point  to  which  it  should  be  heated. 
Those  who  prefer  fire  are  also  very  particular  that  the  heat  be  moilerate,  and  the  fineness  of  the  coclii- 
neal,  in  this  case,  depends  upon  the  vessel  not  being  heated  at  the  time  the  insect  dies.  But  in  our 
opinion  the  method  of  exposing  them  to  the  sun  is  the  best.  Besides,  the  precaution  in  killing  the 
insect,  a  knowleilge  of  the  proper  time  when  they  ought  to  he  taken  otf  the  leaves,  is  not  less  necessary 
to  preserve  their  tjuality,  and  experience  alone  can  teach  the  cultivator  this  iiecessarv  criterion  for 
which  no  fixed  rule  can  l)e  given.  Hence  it  happens  that,  in  those  provinces  where  the  cochineal  is 
cultivated,  the  inhabitants  of  one  village  differ  from  those  of  another  in  the  signs  which  they  require 
for  gathering  them  ;  and  it  frequently  happens  that  two  in  the  same  village  do  not  agnie.  The  cochi- 
neal in  some  respects  may  be  compared  with  the  silk-worm,  particularly  in  depositing  its  eggs.  Tlie 
insects  reserved  for  this  purpose  are  caught  at  their  full  growth,  and  put  into  a  box  tightly  closed,  and 
in  this  prison  they  deposit  their  eggs  and  die.  The  boxes  arc  kept  shut  till  the  time  for  placing  the 
eggs  on  the  nopal,  and  the  quantity  contained  in  the  shell  of  a  hen's  eg"  is  suflicieiit  to  cover  a 
wliole  tree.  The  most  singular  circumstance  attending  the  insect  is,  that  it  does  not  injure,  in  the 
smallest  degree,  the  plant  on  which  it  feeds,  only  extracting  from  between  the  slender  tegument  of  the 
leaf,  the  most  succulent  part  of  the  juice.     The  principal  places  in  America  in  which  the  cochineal  is 


'If' 


vter, 
(]et;rer» 
Irtion  the 
heated. 
lie  coclii- 
]t  ill  our 
llling  the 
lieccBsary 
rvon  tor 
cluneal  is 
require 
|hc  cochi- 
liTS.     The 
7seil,  iincl 
[icing  llic 
1  cover  a 

}c,  iu  t'l^ 

.,u  of  the 

Lliiiical  i:' 


APPENDIX. 


35 


cultivated  iire,  Oaxara,  TIaxcala,  Cliolub,  New  Galicia  in  the  kingdom  of  Mexico,  or  Ncu-  Spain  ;  in 
Guatamala  and  Cliia|ia,  in  Loxa  and  And)uto  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  and  in  Tucunian  and  some 
other  provinces  of  |»cru.  But  the  greatest  (|uantitv  is  produced  in  Oaxaca,  as  the  inhahitants  of  aU 
most  all  the  towns  make  this  their  only  cm|)loy,  and  carry  on  u  very  extensive  trade  in  this  article. 

Coihino  lie  Mur. — See  Capiguara  or  Capivara. 

Coco.  (Miuei/era  Cocci.) — The  tree  which  produces  tliis  fruit  is  very  higli,  straight,  and  always 
continues  to  grow,  and  is  thinner  in  the  middle  than  at  the  extremities.  It  first  puts  forth  the  principal 
stem,  which  is  soon  surrounded  by  others  smaller,  which  interweave  one  with  another  and  strengthen 
the  tree.  It  blossoms  every  month  in  the  year,  and  is  always  covered  with  flowers  and  fruit,  which 
hai.^  in  bunches  and  give  a  cotistant  supply  of  ripe  fruit.  When  the  fruit  is  ripe,  it  measures  seven  or 
eight  inches  in  diameter  in  the  middle,  and  from  10  to  12  in  height.  In  it  there  are  two  things  to  b<: 
considered,  the  nut  and  the  shell.  The  latter,  which  covers  and  incloses  the  former,  is  composed  of 
coarse  fibres  of  a  flaxy  nature  adhering  close  to  the  kernel,  which  is  covered  with  a  thin  skin,  smooth, 
hard,  and  of  a  green  colour,  and  the  pulp  is  the  more  white  in  proportion  as  the  rind  is  hard.  The 
kernel,  when  stripped  of  the  rind,  is  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter  and  seven  or  eight  in  height,  four 
or  five  lines  thick  in  the  middle,  and  six  or  seven  at  the  end.  It  is  very  hard,  of  an  obscure  colour, 
with  some  grey  threads  mixed  with  white.  At  the  extremity,  where  it  is  attached  to  the  tree,  there 
are  three  circular  holes,  two  or  three  lines  in  diameter,  closed  with  a  grey  spunky  substance  resembling 
cork,  tlirough  which  it  apparently  receives  nourishment.  When  these  are  pierced,  it  emits  a  white 
liquor  like  whev,  which  has  a  very  agreeable  pungent  taste.  Whilst  the  cocoa  is  tender,  that  is  to 
say  a  considerable  time  before  it  is  ripe,  it  is  full  of  this  water,  which  decreases  in  proportion  as  the 
fruit  ripens.  When  the  shell  is  broken  we  find  the  inside  lined  with  a  white  substance,  which,  before 
the  fruit  is  perfectly  ripe,  is  about  of  the  consistence  of  coagulated  milk ;  but,  when  it  is  arrived  at 
perfect  maturity,  it  is  of  the  consistence  of  cheese-curds,  five  lines  thick,  and  as  white  as  snow.  It  is  very 
refreshing  and  agreealde  to  the  taste,  but  very  compact  and  hard  of  digestion.  When  ripe  it  contains 
very  little  water,  this  having  concreted  by  degrees,  serving  as  a  nutriment  to  the  solid  substance.  In 
some  nuts  there  are  found  round  balls  like  cotton,  called  spunge  of  cocoa,  which  seems  to  have  been 
the  surplus  of  the  common  nutrition,  of  which  they  make  a  kind  of  sweetmeat  very  delicious  and 
scarce,  as  the  spunge  is  found  in  very  few;  but  the  sweetmeats  made  of  the  kernel  of  the  nut  are  very 
common.  The  rind  of  the  cocoa  when  pounded  is  mJidc  into  oakum.  There  is  a  great  variety  of 
palm-trees  and  cocoa-trees,  which  are  distinguished  by  their  size  without  any  other  material  dif- 
ference. 

Cocobolo. — A  hard  heavy  wood  of  a  dark  red  colour  when  newly  cut,  but  afterwards  turning  black  like 
ebony.     It  is  used  by  cabinet-makers  for  bedsteads  and  other  pieces  of  furniture,  but  it  is  very  brittle. 

[Colegial  Maj/or. — Prebend.] 

Colibri. — See  Picajior. 

Colpa. — The  Alciparrosa,  a  kind  of  mineral  earth  found  in  copper  mines,  is  known  by  this  name  in 
several  provinces  in  Peru,  particularly  in  Lucanas. 

ComejiH.  (Tcnnes  Fatalc.) — A  very  diminutive  insect,  resembling  the  moth  in  its  destructive 
iiualilies;  hut  SI)  very  active  that,  nitiie  space  of  one  night,  it  will  penetrate  the  hardest  substances ; 
.iiid  there  have  been  instances  of  its  having  perforated  from  one  side  to  the  other,  in  above-mentioned 
time,  a  bale  of  paper  cont.iining  24  reams.  It  is  very  frequent  in  hot  rainy  countries  j  and  the  orcatest 
precaution  is  necessary  to  prevent  it  from  entering  the  magazines,  for  it  would  destroy  every  thing  in 
a  very  siiort  time.  The  pains  which  this  insert  takes  to  insinuate  itself  under  cover,  is  worthy  of 
notice.  The  mansion  is  made  of  earth,  and  a  glutinous  substance  resembling  a  swallow's  nest,  and  is 
made  with  iiuredihle  iiis|)atcii.  It  is  about  two  inches  in  diameter;  usually  built  under  the  eaves,  and 
continued  all  tiie  lenj;th  of  the  wall,  however  long  it  may  be.  Tar  is  generally  used  to  prevent  its 
effects,  and  (luicklime  is  recommended  by  Linnsus. 

[Comoiilador. — .'.  kinjTht,  prelate,  prefect,  or  commander  of  some  Merccnarian  convents;  or  (jI 
tliose  of  St.  Anthony  thi,  abbot.     He  who  has  a  revenue  in  eommendam] 

[Comican. — The  name  for  chess  amongst  the  Araucanians:  and  wliat  is  extiaordinary,  this  game 
has  been  common  amongst  them  from  time  immemorial.] 

e  2 


MJf 


I      Iwl 


'    I 


it 


i 


I! 


1 


yi\ 


MU, 


36 


APPENDIX. 


i 


mH 


J  'k 


lout ;  tne  niiiucr  toe  is  nearly  two  incnes  long,  having  only  one 
meusuring  eight  lines;  the  middle  toe  has  three  joints,  its  lengtli 
ing  the  clliw,  which  is  curved,  whitish  und  22  lines  lung;  the  uth 
furnished  with  claws  equally  for-   .liable;  the  tail  is  entire,  and 


Condor.  (Vultur  Gryphus. J— The  largest  bird  hitherto  known.  Linnscus  says  it  is  16  feet  in 
breadth,  from  the  tip  of  one  wing  to  that  of  the  other.  The  body  is  larger  than  the  Golden  Eagle; 
the  plumage  is  black,  except  on  the  shoulders  which  are  entirely  white;  the  head  is  covered  with  a 
kind  of  down,  very  soft ;  the  eyes  are  black,  with  an  iris  of  a  reddish  brown  colour ;  the  bill,  which  is 
four  inches  long,  is  thick  and  hooked,  black  near  the  base  and  white  towards  the  point ;  the  thighs  arc 
10  inches  and  eight  lines  in  length ;  and  the  leg  is  only  six  inches  long,  witii  four  strong  toes  on  eacii 
foot;  the  hinder  toe  is  nearly  two  inches  long,  having  only  one  joint,  and  is  armed  with  a  long  claw 
..^■. :_!..  II .1- „.i  1 11- ._    1      .1        •  ■  .      .1       th  is  five  inches  and  10  lines  not  includ- 

jther  toes  are  something  shorter,  but  are 
_-,  and  very  small  in  proportion  to  the  huge 
bulk  of  its  body.  The  female  is  less  than  the  male,  of  a  brown  colour,  but  destitute  of  the  ring  round 
the  neck,  found  in  the  male ;  but  she  has  a  tuft  of  fealhors  on  her  head.  The  condors  build  their  nests 
on  the  rocky  prominences  in  the  most  rugged  parts  of  the  mountains.  They  lay  two  large  eggs  far 
exceeding,  in  magnitude,  those  of  the  turkey.  Their  usual  food  is  the  flesh  of  animals  whicli  they 
find  (lead,  or  whicli  they  kill :  like  wolves  they  frequent!  v  attack  flocks  of  sheep  and  goats,  and  will 
kill  calves  a  year  old  when  separated  from  the  niothor.  To  elFuct  this  several  of  them  unite,  and  beset- 
ting the  calf  on  a  sudden  they  surround  it,  witii  their  wings  extended,  and  pull  out  its  eyes  that  it 
may  not  escape,  and  then  they  tear  it  to  pieces  in  a  monuut.  The  peasants,  who  watch  every  oppor- 
tunity of  destroying  these  aiirial  pirates,  wrap  themselves  in  the  skin  of  an  ox  newly  slain,  and  lay 
themselves  flat  on  the  ground :  the  condor  deceived  by  the  appearance,  thinking  it  some  dead  body, 
approaches  the  peasant,  who  immediately  seizes  their  legs  with  his  hands,  whicli  are  protected  with 
strong  gloves.  As  soon  as  the  bird  is  seized,  other  peasants,  who  had  lain  in  ambuscade,  run  to  assist 
in  securing  and  killing  the  captive.  Others  more  cautious  make  a  small  inclosure  with  palisadoes, 
and  place  in  it  tlie  carcase  of  some  dead  animal :  the  condor,  whose  eye  is  very  piercing  and  sense 
of  smell  very  quick,  immediately  falls  upon  it,  and  loads  itst'lf  in  sucli  a  manner  that  it  cannot  rise  on 
the  wing,  through  the  small  extent  of  the  inclosure;  otherwise,  if  it  gets  upon  any  eminence  it  flies 
with  the  greatest  ease,  however  much  it  may  have  eaten,  rising  to  sucli  a  height  that  it  hides  itself 
entirely  in  the  clouds,  or  looks  no  larger  than  a  thrush.  Abbot  Molina  s«iys,  that  this  sn"cies  only 
dillers  in  colour  from  the  large  yellow  vulture  of  Switzerland,  called  Laeiiunen  Geyer. 

Congo. — A  class  of  African  Negroes  peculiar  to  the  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  They  may  be  dis- 
tinguished from  all  others  by  their  sliming  jet  black  colour,  and  have  a  variety  of  names  from  the 
dilterent  provinces  of  that  kingdom. 

[Coundter. — A  dignity  amongst  the  regular  clergy  ;  also,  an  officer  of  the  Inquisition,  who  assists  in 
causes,  together  with  the  inquisitors  and  tiie  ordinary.] 

[Consultor  del  Santo  OJicio.     See  Comultor.] 

Contraycrha.  (Corymhium  qiiinqucnente.J — A  plant  whose  stem  is  two  feet  in  hciglit,  of  a  violet 
colour,  and  divided,  at  intervals,  by  knots.  At  these  knots  the  leaves  put  forth  on  opposite  sitlcs,  three 
or  four  inches  long,  narrow,  denticulated,  and  of  dark  green  colour.  The  siioots  which  spring;  (roni  the 
joints  bear  a  flower,  greatly  resembling  the  herb  agrimony,  except  that  in  the  centre  of  the  leaves, 
there  is  found  a  red  prub  with  11  small  rings.  It  grows  in  shady,  cold  mountains,  and  is  a  native  o( 
America ;  whence  the  first  Spaniards,  who  visited  that  country,  brought  it  into  Kuropc,  wiierc  it  is  now 
become  very  common  .  it  is  an  eflicacious  antidote  against  coa'^ulated  poison.  Its  virtue  as  a  febrihige 
is  very  great ;  it  strengthens  the  stomacii,  expels  wind,  and  restrains  dissenterics.  In  America  it  is 
given  in  decoction  to  those  wiio  are  afflicted  with  the  smali-pox,  measles,  and  in  cases  of  indigestion. 
In  (iuayana  it  is  called  tusilln.  The  term  contrayeiba  is  usuiiiiy  applied  to  difl'erent  plants,  which 
serve  as  an  antidote  or  counterpoise,  particularly  to  the  root  so  well  known  in  apothecaries"  siiops  in 
Europe,  which  is  procured  from  th?  plant  Uoistcnia  Urakena  of  Linmeus. 

[Cflnvoi(itori(i.—T\w  Araucanian  mode  of  declaring  war;  namely,  by  sending  from  town  to  town 
an  arrow  cleiiclied  in  a  (load  man's  iiaiid.] 

Copal.  ( Copulif'ott. ) — A  resin  or  gum,  extracted  by  incision  from  a  large  trci',  whose  Ic.ives  are  long, 
broad,  and  pointed,  with  a  fruit  resembling  tiie  (juince.  This  gum  is  hard,  yellow,  i)nglit,  and  transpa- 
rent ;  and,  when  exposed  to  the  fire,  exiiales  an  odour  like  that  ot'  olivan  :  it  is  ea>ily  li(|uetied.  and  is 
one  of  the  best  varnishes.      I'lic  wood  is  greatly  esteemed,  and  is  i  lade  into  tables,  eliuirs.  writing-dc^ks, 


.  ft"  i 


a  It  IS 

ligoslion. 

which 

siiop'*  in 


to  town 

art'  long, 

tninspa- 

•d.  and  i'^ 

ntv-do^ks, 


APPENDIX. 


57 


&c.     The  tree  is  found  in  Mexico,  in  the  province  of  Esmeraldait  in  Quito,  ami  in  itcvcrul  othrr 
places. 

[Copui  is  used  by  the  Indians,  in  ihe  W.  Indies,  to  burn  before  their  gods;  it  is  (rood  against 
cold  distempers  in  the  head.  In  the  Indian  tongue,  it  signihes  all  sorts  of  resins  distilling  froiii  any 
trees.  See  Ray's  Hist.  Plant,  p.  t84(i.  Monardes  says  it  is  lint  in  the  second  degree,  and  moist  in  the 
first ;  also  laxative,  as  having  some  watery  parts.  Accost,  in  his  Nat.  Hist,  of  W.  Indies,  only  says, 
it  is  very  medicinal,  and  an  excellent  perfume  Inniit,  p.  '.'uG] 

Copi-. — See  Naphta. 

Copei. — A  .sort  of  fossil  pitch,  found  in  the  district  of  St.  Helena,  in  the  province  of  Guayaquil  in 
Quito,     it  is  mixed  with  tar  to  careen  ships. 

Coral. — A  snake  of  a  very  beautiful  apjirarancc,  and  active  poi'son;  it  is  generally  a  yard  long,  and 
an  inch  in  diameter.  The  skin  is  beautifully  diversified  with  liill'erent  colours;  it  nas  one  ring  of  a 
perfect  dark  red,  another  of  a  very  lively  yellow,  and  a  third  of  a  fine  jet  black  colour,  in  regular  suc- 
cession, all  the  length  of  the  body  ;  the  head  is  Hat,  and  the  jaws  are  furnished  with  very  sharp  grinders. 
Near  these  the  venom  is  deposited  in  small  bladders,  which  burst  when  it  bites,  and  the  malignant 
venom  is  introduced  into  the  wuuiul.  Tlie  elVect  is  so  instantaneous  that  th(;  person  who  is  bitten  im- 
mediately swells  and  begins  to  shed  blood  from  every  part  of  his  body,  all  his  veins  having  burst,  and 
lie  expires  in  an  instant  drowned  in  his  own  blood,  'I'liere  are  very  few  who  are  cured  of  the  bite  of 
this  a-iimal ;  and  if  it  happens  to  be  in  a  vein  it  is  absolutely  impracticable,  because  the  activity  of  the 
poison  does  not  allow  time  to  apply  the  proper  remedies.  This  serpent  is  very  frequiMit  in  every  part 
of  America.  Bomarc  confounus  it  with  the  yacumana  of  las  Amazoniis  ;  but  the  dill'crence  between 
them  is  very  great. 

Corita, — A  wooden  tray  containing  two  fanegas  of  maize,  in  which  the  Indians,  in  the  province  of 
California,  carry  their  fruits  from  one  coast  to  another.  They  are  accustomed  to  tlnow  themselves  into 
the  water ;  and  thus,  by  means  of  swimming,  to  push  the  burthen  before  them.  [These  trays  are, 
sometimes,  sufficiently  large  to  hold  a  hundred  weight  of  maize.] 

Corozo. — A  sort  of  wiltl  pain),  whose  trunk  grows  to  the  height  of  two  or  three  fathoms,  of  the  thick- 
ness of  a  man's  body,  covered  with  an  immense  number  of  long  slender  pricks;  the  leaves  and  nuts  are 
covered  in  the  same  manner.  When  the  palm  is  cut  and  the  leaves  boiUMi,  tluTe  appears  a  cavity  near 
the  nut,  from  which  there  distils  a  vinous  liquid  which  remains  sweet  '24  linms,  and  as  many  more 
between  sweet  and  sour.  By  wa.shing  the  cavity  every  tlay  the  distillation  continues  as  long  as  anv 
juice  remains.  This  wine  is  taken  the  first  thing  in  the  morning  for  the  course  of  15  days,  or  more  if 
necessary;  promotes  fecundity  in  women  who  are  barren,  helps  their  courses,  and  cures  consumptive 
diseases.  The  fruit  is  of  an  irregular  size  and  shape,  not  very  round  ;  it  is  never  eaten  excei>»  -.vliil.  t 
it  is  very  tender  and  nearly  of  the  harihiess  of  cocoa;  it  is  very  sweet  and  agreeable  to  the  taste,  and 
when  ripe  resembles  ivory.  The  Indians  make  of  it  small  statues,  images  ot  saints,  and  other  curious 
articles.     The  coro/os  are  divided  into  five  different  s[)ccies. 

Corpitio. — A  sort  of  jacket  tied  in  front  with  ribband,  and  worn  by  the  women  of  Peru. 

[^Corregidor. — One  of  the  chuf  of  the  police  of  the  Indians, a  person  thai  is  paiticnlarly  charge«l  with 
their  protection,  who  can  remonstrate  in  tlieir  favour  witli  the  1  )cal  govfrninent  ;  but,  if  redress  is 
not  granted,  he  appeals  to  a  superior  jurisdiction.  He  is  always  a  Spaniard,  and  nbligeil  to  reside 
amongst  them.  This  oHice  lias  been  round  to  be  extremely  nei'cssaiy,  from  the  particular  disposition 
the  Indian  chiefs  have  to  domineer  over  ilieir  own  fellow-beings,  and  tlieir  propensity  to  those  vices 
t!ie\  are  enjoined  to  correct  in  their  own  clans,  pariicularly  drunkenness.  It  is  this  concsiulor  who 
also  receives,  in  the  iiamf  of  the  king,  l!u:  capitation  tax,  or  iribiiU'  exacted  frciin  ilic  Indians,  the 
mode  by  wliich  the  Spani.irds  establish  their  census  of  liulian  population.  Wlicic  there  are  mission- 
aries,  the  duties  oi  \.\\c  corvef^idor  are  generally  added  to  the  pastoral  functions. 

Crimes,  amongst  ilie  Indians,  are  pnnislicd  with  gri'ater  severity  than  when  committed  by  whites. 
The  attornevs-general  are,  bv  the  rules  of  iheir  o'lice,  their  iei.'.al  patrmis,  ami  in  all  the  courts  are 
obliged  to  plead  their  raii.-cs  gr.itis,  etjually  with  those  of  the  governniciit  for  whom  thev  act.  One 
of  tlieir  privileges  is,  that  thev  are  considered  minors  in  all  civil  tr.uisattioiis,  and  thev  arc  not  bound 


^^1 


>  •    r* 
' ' '!  %. 
I 


■r 


mi 


f  h 


•     ft,  , 

Ml 


38 


APPENDIX. 


|i'^ 


In  tlic  execution  of  any  contract  that  is  not  formally  pasted  before  a  Spanish  niagihtrutc.  'i'hcy  i  an 
(lisposr  of  MO  landed  property  liiit  at  public  auction. 

The  Indians  arc!  exempt  from  the  duty  of  a/ravula,  wliicli  is  in)p(>iied  on  every  tiling  sold.  Their 
annual  c.ipituiion  tax  is  rated  at  two  doliari  per  head  on  the  males  only,  from  the  age  of  IH  to  H) ;  hut 
it  is  very  ulien  dispensed  with  hy  the  corre/(itJor,  purticularlv  if  any  ureat  or  puhlic  ntisfortune  luxa 
hnpiiened  amon|rst  them  ^  and  many  of  them,  when  tiie  time  of  the  collecliun  comes  round,  abscond 
into  the  woods. 

The  In(iuisition,  by  a  particular  and  express  dispensation,  is  deprived  of  ail  authority  over  the 
Indians  ;  their  heresies  are  only  noticed  by  tlie  bishops,  and  their  magical  spells  and  incantations  come 
muler  the  consideration  of  the  secidur  and  civil  jjroverimient,  but  persuasion  only  is  used.  Uy  a  par- 
ticular act  of  the  ecclesiastical  couticil  of  Lima,  the  reprimands  of  tlie  church  do  not  reach  them  ;  llicir 
Ignorance  acts  as  a  paraccnsiire. 

The  greatest  punishment  that  can  be  inHictcd  on  an  Indian,  is  the  depriving  him  of  his  hair,  which 
also  forms  the  gr'jat  pride  of  the  Africans.] 

[Coner  hui/rcs. — The  chase  of  the  condor,  to  which  the  Spaniards  give  the  second  place  in  their 
amusements,  after  the  bull-fight.] 

[Corrector. — Inspector.] 

[Corngimiento. — The  district  and  jurihdiction  of  the  correj^idor,  or  chief  magistrate.] 

Cotila, — A  synonymous  term  for  Mary,  used  in  tiiost  part  of  S.  America. 

Coto. — A  large  tumour  rising  in  the  throat,  which  is  an  endcmical  disease  in  some  towns.  It  is  attri- 
buted, with  a  great  deal  of  foundation,  to  the  water  impregnated  with  mineral  particles;  hence  it  is 
very  pievaleni  in  all  the  towns  situated  on  the  river  Gnali,  in  the  new  kin<.;dom  of  Granada,  because 
the  inhabitants  drink  the  water  of  that  river,  which  flows  through  mines  of  silver. 

Cotopriz,  or  Cocopri's. — A  fruit  which  grows  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  and  is  called  by  the  natives 
cuspiritu  ;  it  is  the  size  and  shape  of  a  cherry ;  after  the  skm  is  taken  oB',  the  inside  appears  of  a  whitish 
colour,  resembling  in  taste  and  consistency  a  Muscadine  grape.  The  tree  which  produces  it  is  very 
high,  full  of  leaves,  and  always  green. 

[Cou/,'tir. — 'IMie  body  of  this  animal  is  about  five  feet  long ;  his  legs  longer  in  proportion  to  his  body, 
than  those  of  the  common  cat ;  his  colour  is  a  dark  sallow  *,  in  his  habits  and  manners  he  resembles  the 
rest  of  tlic  family.     He  is  found  in  the  southern  states,  and  there  called  the  tiger.] 

Cflija. — A  venomous  insect,  generated  in  hot  countries,  such  as  the  province  of  San  Juan  de  los  I.lanos, 
and  particularly  in  the  plains  of  Aciva.  It  is  the  same  shape  and  size  as  that  which  is  known  in 
Europe  by  the  name  of  cocliinilla  de  San  Anton,  or  cochineal  of  St.  Anthony.  It  neither  stings  nor 
bites,  but  if  it  happens  to  burst  and  its  blood  touch  any  part  of  the  body,  except  the  soles  of  the  feet 
and  the  palms  of  the  hand,  it  causes  immediate  death,  attended  by  violent  convulsions.  As  this  is  the 
eflect  of  a  sudden  coagulation  of  the  blood,  the  only  remedy  is  to  make;  a  fire  of  straw,  and  two  men 
must  take  the  patient  by  the  hands  and  feet  and  draw  him  repeatedly  through  the  flame.  The  instinct 
ill  animals  which  are  pasturing  and  see  one  of  these  insects  near  them  is  very  singular,  they  instantly 
snort  and  gallop  off  in  another  direction. 

ICoj/aha. — The  elysium  of  the  Araucaniansi.] 

Coyote. — A  generical  term  applied  to  the  product  of  the  earth  or  country  of  New  Spain,  as  an  Indian 
coyote,  a  wolf  coyote,  and  cider  coyote. 

Crane. — A  scii-water  fowl,  very  common  in  the  Bermuda  Islands,  and  remarkable  for  building  its 
nest  ill  holes  excavated  in  the  earth.  This,  perhaps,  may  be  the  cra-cra  of  the  Dictionary  of  Arts 
and  Sciences. 

Criznrja. — A  strong,  pliant  cane,  growing  in  great  abundance  in  Peru,  of  which  the  Indians  make 
bridges  over  the  nnfordable  rivers. 

[CrKzada. — The  cruzada,  being  indulgences  formerly  granted  by  Popes  to  those  who  went  to  the 
wars  against  infidels,  so  called  from  the  cross  they  wore.  Also  a  hull  now  granting  such  privileges 
to  them  that  give  a  small  alms  for  c  rrying  on  the  war  against  infidels.] 


1 


APPEIVDIX. 


nf» 


i»s 


make 


It  to  the 
Irivileges 


Cucararha.--\n  insert  of  n  dnik,  dispiiMinjj  Bppfnraiuo  and  vcrv  nauspon*  snu-U  ;  it  ii  n  kind  of 
l)cetlc,  wiili  winjjs  oC  a  brown  ami  sometimes  of  u  « Imisii  » oionr.  It  is  prinripallv  I'onnd  in  |)la<  os 
wliiMc  provisions  arc  kept,  in  corners,  and  on  the  widis  hehnid  pictures,  ami  is  the  most  uhiimlant  ni 
iihips  and  wet  countries:  it  is  wry  (K-stmetive  to  cloth  and  provisions, 

\(.Uihe. —  A  lish  pecuhar  to  S.  America.] 

[Ciukow.  (Cuculits  Ciiivliniinsu.) — Of  N.  America.  These  hirds  are  said  not  to  pair,  like  the  rest 
of  the  feathered  tribes.  When  the  female  appears  on  the  wing  she  is  ol'ten  attended  l>y  'wo  or  three 
males,  l^nlikc  all  other  birds,  she  does  not  build  a  nest  of  her  own,  but  takc-s  the  opportnnitv,  while 
the  hetlge  sparrow  (probably  they  make  use  of  other  nests)  is  laving  her  eggs,  to  depo>it  )»er  egg 
among  the  rest,  leaving  tlie  future  rare  of  it  entirely  to  the  hedge  spnrrow.  'I'he  cuckow's  egg  re- 
fjuires  no  longer  incubation  than  her  own.  When  the  hedge  sparrow  has  sat  her  usual  lime,  and 
disengaged  the  young  cuckow  and  some  of  her  own  offspring  from  their  shells,  the  yoimg  cuekow, 
astonishing  as  it  may  seem,  immediately  sets  about  clearing  thi-  nest  of  the  young  sparrows  and  the 
remaining  unhatched  eggs,  and  with  surprising  expertness  soon  iicrom|)lishes  the  business,  and  remains 
sole  possessor  of  the  nest,  and  the  oidy  object  of  tlie  sparrow's  future  care.] 

Cucfima. — A  sort  of  bread,  different  from  the  cazave,  made  of  a  root  resembling  the  yuca,  in  the 
town  of  Tama,  in  the  province  of  San  Juan. 

[Cudcsscrn. — The  Araueanian  term  for  an  old  maid,  meaning  idle,  old,  good  for  nothing.] 

Cuja. — A  matrimonial  couch,  very  elegantly  wrought,  is  culled  by  this  name  in  the  kingdoms  of 
Peru  and  Tierra  Firmc. 

Culebrilla. — A  disease  peculiar  to  hot  climates,  and  more  particularly  prevalent  in  the  Island  of  Cuba. 
It  begins  with  a  fever  and  decay  of  strength ;  it  afterwards  makes  its  appearance  in  the  form  of  a 
thread,  which  appears  of  a  whitish  colour  through  the  skin  of  tlie  leg,  and  increases  till  it  has  gone 
round  the  leg.  1  he  best  method  of  curing  it  is  by  opening  the  skin  with  a  lance,  at  one  extr«-mity  of 
the  worm,  aud  after  some  time  the  insect  puts  forth  its  head ;  this  they  innnediatcly  wind  on  a  small 
stick,  taking  the  greatest  care  to  hinder  it  from  breaking.  Having  pidled  it  as  far  as  they  can,  it  is 
tied  up  with  a  bandage,  and  the  operation  is  contiiuied  daily  till  the  whole  is  extracted.  Great  care 
must  l)c  taken  not  to  wet  the  sore  part,  for  fear  of  convulsions,  and  the  rags  which  have  been  used  to 
wipe  the  matter  must  be  immediately  burnt ;  for  this  disease  is  so  contagious,  that  it  is  easily  imparted 
by  contact.  If,  unfortunately,  the  worm  breaks  before  the  whole  has  lieen  got  out,  the  infection  causes 
an  increase  of  the  disease,  and  it  will  require  a  long  time  to  effect  a  cure.  The  Negroes  are  the  most 
snliject  to  it,  and  were  the  first  who  brought  it  from  the  coast  of  CJuinea  and  introduced  it  into  America. 
Some  entertain  doubts  whether  it  be  any  animated  being,  or  no  more  than  a  malignant  humour  which 
assumes  this  form. 

Culm,  {Psosulta  (Handidosa,)  or  yJlbahaquilla. — A  shrub  peculiar  to  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  where  it 
grows  sjiontaneuusly.  The  leaf,  in  point  of  odour,  resembles  that  of  sweet  basd,  and  contains  a  balsam 
which  IS  very  good  for  wounds,  as  Abbot  Molina  assures  us  from  experience.  The  (lower  is  long, 
shaped  like  an  ear  of  corn,  white,  aud  may  be  included  amongst  legumes.  Sometimes  the  culcn  grows 
to  the  height  of  a  moderate  sized  tree.  An  infusion  of  the  dry  leaves  in  the  method  of  tea,  is  said  to 
possess  speciRc  virtue  in  cases  of  'udigestion  and  in  expelling  worms,  and  is  now  use<l  by  some  people 
in  Europe.  There  is  also  another  species  of  culen  which  grows  iu  tlie  same  kingdom,  and  is  called 
amarvlo. 

C'umhcs. — A  sort  of  woollen  cloth,  manufactured  in  the  province  of  Pariiiacochas,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Peru. 

Cuiiaguaro,  {Feliz  Onza.) — A  quadruped,  in  the  province  of  Giiayana  ;  it  is  a  species  of  tiger,  to 
which  it  bears  a  near  resemblance  in  its  shape,  actions,  and  dispositions,  and  can  only  be  distinguished 
from  it  in  the  size  which  is  less,  and  in  the  difference  of  the  ground  brown  colour  of  the  spots.  It  is 
also  called  eat,  and  lobo  cerbal,  or  hart-wolf;  it  is  very  like  the  wild  cat,  and  of  the  size  of  a  common 
dog  ;  it  feeds  on  prey  like  the  tiger,  and  may  be  tamed  if  taken  young,  but  it  is  always  necessary  to 
have  it  chained  during  the  night,  or  it  would  destroy  all  the  hens  and  turkius  that  may  come  in  its  way. 

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APPENDIX. 


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V    ■. 


Curhimta. — A  fish  found  in  the  rivers  and  lakes  in  America,  remarkable  on  account  of  its  having 
above  each  eye  a  white  transparent  slone,  of  the  size  of  an  olive  stone,  which  possesses  very  great  virtue 
in  urinary  complaints  and  in  dissolving  stones  which  have  concreted  in  the  bladder ;  hence  it  is  much 
sought  after  and  held  in  great  esteem.  In  the  new  kingdom  of  Grenada  this  fish  is  culled  pavon  and 
tiacamichin,  by  Hernandez. 

Curimullimbo. — See  TigrilJa. 

CiDtquinqui,  or  Beteado  de  Oro. — Likewise  called  ave  del  Inca,  or  the  Inca's  bird.  In  Peru  it  is  larger 
than  a  hen,  and  the  wings  and  tail  are  also  much  longer  ;  it  is  of  a  bright  brown  colour,  variegated 
with  shades  of  a  deep  yellow,  or  gold  colour,  from  which  it  has  derived  its  name.  This  bird  is  almost 
as  domestic  as  the  hen,  is  seldom  seen  alone,  takes  a  very  short  fly  in  the  morning  when  roused  from 
the  perch,  and  assembles  in  large  bodies  in  the  fields  or  meadows,  where  they  incessantly  run  about 
clearing  the  fields  of  insects  til  they  return  home  to  sleep  at  night.  It  is  a  mortal  enemy  to  the  snake, 
whic!i  it  attacks  opposing  its  vi'ing  as  a  shield  to  guard  igainst  the  sting;  and  having  killed  the  snake, 
it  separates  the  head  from  the  body  and  eats  it.  The  inhabitants  of  Quito  says,  that  if  the  snake  hap- 
pens to  bite  the  bird  it  runs  immediately  in  quest  of  a  herb  which  is  a  secure  remedy  for  the  poison. 

Ciirrucal, — A  tree  of  a  very  hard  wood,  and  greatly  esteemed,  which  grows  in  the  province  of  San 
Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  They  extract  from  this  tree  a  sort  of  balsam, 
M'hich  is  held  in  great  esteem  in  the  forementioned  country. 

Cusicun.  [Diddphis  Miirsupialis.) — A  quadruped,  in  Guayana,  in  New  Andalusia.  Its  size  is  about 
that  of  a  cat,  and  it  is  covered  with  thick,  smooth  hair,  of  a  brown  colour.  Father  Gumilla  says,  that 
this  animal  has  got  no  tail,  but  he  must  either  have  been  in  a  mistake  or  can  never  have  seen  one,  for 
it  certainly  has  a  very  long  and  brushy  taii.  It  lives  retired  during  the  day,  and  comes  out  in  quest 
of  foou  from  sunset  till  day-break.  It  is  brought  up  in  the  house  like  a  cat,  and  leaves  no  corner  in 
the  house,  walls,  or  ceiling  which  it  does  not  scrutinize  to  steal  all  the  provisions  which  it  can  find. 
In  >iew  Spain  it  is  called  claquari. 

Cuy.  {Mus  Poicellus.) — A  sort  of  small  rabbit,  which  some  have  confounded  with  the  Indian  hedge- 
hog, notwithstanding  the  ditTerence  in  their  figure  as  well  as  generical  characteristics ;  it  is  something 
bigger  than  the  large  field-mole;  the  body  is  nearly  of  a  conic  shape;  the  ears  small,  covered  with 
hair,  and  pointed;  the  snout  long,  and  the  teeth  like  those  of  the  rabbit  or  hare;  the  fore  feet  are 
about  four  iiiches  long,  and  the  hind  feet  .learly  an  inch  longer ;  and  the  tail  so  very  short,  that  it  is 
scarcely  visible  at  first  sight.  As  this  animal  is  frequently  kept  in  a  domestic  state,  it  is  very  subject 
to  change  colour ;  hence  we  see  white,  black,  grey,  ash-coloured,  and  some  diversified  with  spots  of 
different  colours.  The  hair  is  extremely  fine,  but  so  very  short  that  it  cannot  be  spun,  and  the  flesh 
is  very  white  and  good.  The  female  biings  forth  young  once  every  month,  generally  five  or  six  each 
time.  Notwithstanding  the  resemblance  which  there  is  betwixt  the  cuy,  or  cavy,  and  the  rabbit,  they 
avoid  each  other's  company,  and  are  never  seen  together.  The  cuy  is  very  much  afraid  of  cats  and 
rats,  which  persecute  and  destroy  them. 

[Cj/giius/erus. — The  swan  is  the  largest  of  the  aquatic  tribe  of  birds  which  is  seen  in  N.  America. 
One  of  them  iias  been  known  to  weigh  36  pounds,  and  to  be  six  feet  in  length  from  the  bill  to  the  feet, 
when  stretched.  It  mak^s  a  sound  resembling  that  of  a  trumpet,  both  when  in  the  water  and  on  the 
wing. — Belknap.] 

D. 

Daconia. — An  establishment  in  the  Dutch  settlements  of  Surinam  for  the  reception  of  ♦■he  poor. 

Daino.-  X  small  fallow  deer,  in  N.  Amtrica.  This  animal  is  very  prolific,  and  abounds  in  Canada. 
The  Indians  take  great  quantities  of  this  kind  of  deer  by  hunting.  It  is  esteemed  chiefly  on  account 
of  its  skin,  of  which  is  made  fine  chamois,  or  shammy  leather.  Great  quantities  of  the  chamois  are 
exported  to  England  and  France. 

Duma, — A  fish  which  swarms  in  the  bay  and  river  of  Guayaquil,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 

[Deer. — The  red  deer  has  round  branching  horns.  Of  this  species  there  are  three  or  four  different 
kinds  or  varieties ;  one  of  which,  found  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  in  its  vicinity,  is  very  large,  and  there 


r 


if 


APPENDIX. 


41 


diflferent 
lUid  tlieie 


commonly  called  the  elk.  The  fallow  deer  has  branching,  palmated  horns.  In  the  United  States 
these  animals  are  larger  than  the  European,  of  a  different  colour,  and  supposed  by  some  to  be  of  a 
different  species.     In  the  S.  States  are  several  animals  supposed  to  be  varieties  of  the  roe  deer.] 

[Depositario  General. — Receiver  General.] 

Deuca.  [Fn'ngilla  Deuca.) — A  small  bird,  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile.  This  bird  is  of  the  same 
species  with  the  goldfinch,  but  somewhat  larger ;  its  plumage  is  of  a  beautiful  dark-blue  colour;  its 
note,  especially  at  day-break,  sweet  and  soft.  The  deuca  is  generally  seated  upon  the  house-top, 
after  the  example  of  the  sparrow,  which  it  resembles  in  many  particular  qualities.  Abbot  Molina  is  of 
opinion,  that  this  is  the  blue  sparrow  of  New  Zealand,  of  which  Cook  has  given  us  a  description. 

Dictamo  real.  {Dictamus  albus.) — A  plant  of  the  class  decandria  monogynia;  the  calix  consists  of 
five  leaves,  and  the  corolla  of  an  equal  number  of  open  petals ;  the  filaments  have  some  glandular 
points,  and  five  capsules  united.  As  this  plant  is  very  well  known  in  Europe,  an  elaborate  description 
of  its  different  properties  would  be  tedious  and  fruitless  ;  we  shall  therefore  content  ourselves  with  ob- 
serving, that  the  deer  and  vacunas  are  very  partial  to  this  plant,  and  that  when  eaten  it  produces  in 
them  very  large  bizoar  stones. 

[Difinidor,  Difinitor,  ot  Judge  of  Appeals. — An  assessor,  or  counsellor  of  a  general  or  provincial, 
among  the  clergy.] 

[District,  or  Partido. — Signifies  a  military  division.] 

Dividivi. — A  tree,  growing  in  the  province  of  Venezuela,  which  produces  sheaths  similar  to  those 
of  the  tamarind,  from  the  which  a  very  black  die  is  produced.  The  company  of  the  Caracas  have, 
at  different  times,  sent  great  quantities  of  these  sheaths  to  Spain  to  be  employed  in  the  composition  of 
dye.     The  Paron  of  Valbroxa  published  a  treatise  on  the  mode  of  using  that  composition. 

[Doctoral. — Belonging  to  a  doctor.] 

Dominico.  {Musa  Sapientiuni.) — A  species  of  small  plantain.  This  plantain  is  not  more  than  half 
the  size  of  the  banana,  or  common  plantain,  but  the  pulp  of  the  former  is  more  tender,  juicy,  and 
delicate  than  that  of  the  latter.  The  fruit  of  this  plantain  is  near  a  span  in  length,  and  an  inch  and  half 
in  diameter ;  its  outward  peel  is  not  quite  so  thick  as  that  of  the  banana. 

Dormilona. — A  plant,  growing  in  the  settlemei.t  of  Surinam  and  other  parts  of  America.  It  was 
first  discovered  by  Maria  Sabila  Merian,  a  celebrate  naturalist  in  Germany,  who, — from  the  singular 
property  which  this  plant  possesses  of  placing  its  leaves  one  upon  another  every  night,  and  keeping 
them  perfectly  close  till  day-break,  when  they  are  expanded  with  the  dew, — gave  it  the  name  of  dor- 
milona, or  great  sleeper.  We  are  also  indebted  to  this  gentleman  for  the  discovery  of  the  vulnerary 
powers  which  are  inherent  in  the  leaves  of  this  extraordinary  plant.  There  is  a  tree  now  in  the  garden 
of  his  Excellency  the  Count  of  Campo  Alanje. 

Drago.  [Croton  sanguinium.) — A  tree  of  the  class  monoetia,  with  a  calix.  The  corolla  consists  of 
five  petals,  and  the  pip  contains  small  seeds.  There  are  five  species  of  this  tree,  all  of  which  are 
peculiar  to  America.  This  tree  produces  a  very  valuable  gum,  and  is  exceedingly  useful  in  phar- 
macy, and  is  generally  called  dragon's  blood.  This  gum  is  transported  into  Europe,  sometimes  in 
drops  of  an  oval  figure,  wrapped  up  in  leaves,  and  sometimes  in  solid  masses,  forr  -ed  by  its  oozing, 
which,  reduced  to  powder,  assumes  a  beautiful  crimson  colour.  The  gum  may  be  dissolved  either  in 
spirits  of  wine,  or  oils,  when  it  yields  a  great  quantity  of  liquid.  It  is  esteemed  a  powerful  astringent, 
and  is  given  to  those  who  labour  under  fluxes.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  cut  into  small  pieces,  about 
the  thickness  of  a  finger,  with  one  end  parted  into  fibres.  Thus  prepared  it  is  much  used  as  a  tooth- 
brush.   Fernandez  calls  it  esquahutil. 

Drago. — There  are  several  different  species  of  dragon's  blood.  For  these  we  refer  the  reader  to  the 
dictionary  of  Valmont  and  Bomare,  where  lie  will  find  that  the  first  species  is  dracona ;  or,  as  Lin- 
naeus calls  it,  draco.  This  is  a  tree  which  abounds  in  every  part  of  the  Canary  Islands,  and  produces 
an  excellent  resin. 

Durazno.  {Prunus  Armeniaca.) — A  tall  and  bulky  biferous  fruit-tree,  whose  genus  seems  to  be  that 
of  the  peach.  Its  fruit,  though  considerably  larger,  resembles  the  European  apricot.  The  tree  has 
been  propagated  to  such  a  degree  in  Buenos  Ayres,  that,  although  it  be  the  only  wood  used  in  ordi- 
nary consumption,  its  diminution  is  still  imperceptible. 

VOL.  V.  f 


11 


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m 

n 

Wi 

48 


APPENDIX. 


f 


1  t: 


E, 
Eletni.  {Amyi  -s  Elemifera.) — A  sort  of  resin  which  some  very  improperly  call  gum.  There  are 
two  sorts  of  elemi,  the  one  genuine,  and  the  other  spurious ;  the  former  is  the  produce  of  ^Ethiopia, 
the  latter  of  America.  Theappepranceof  the  jEthiopian  elemi  is  yellow,  intermixed  with  green  and 
white  particles.  It  has  a  most  agreeable  odour,  and  a  pungent,  bitter  taste.  It  is  inflammable,  and 
dissolves  with  the  greatest  facility  in  oleaginous  liquors.  These  two  latter  properties  distinguish  it 
from  gum.  Tiie  elemi  of  Ethiopia  is  an  article  extremely  rare  in  Europe,  but  the  elemi  of  America 
is  more  abundant.  The  colour  of  ihe  American  borders  on  white,  and  is  extracted  from  a  large  tree, 
whose  leaves  are  not  unlike  those  of  the  pear.  These  leaves  are  in  some  degree  pellucid,  and  exhale 
a  fragrant  odour.  Tiiis  resin,  applied  exteriorly,  is  very  serviceable  in  resolving  tumours  and 
cleansing  wounds. 

[Encomienda, — A  subdivision  into  which  the  governments  in  S.  America  are  portioned.  The  ap- 
plication of  the  cncomiendas  was  by  putting  a  certain  quantity  of  Indian  population,  contained  in  de- 
fined boundaries,  immediately  under  the  charge  of  a  respectable  Spaniard,  who  lived  in  the  midst  of 
them,  and  whose  province  it  was  to  settle  their  family  disputes,  and  to  sup^^ort  their  rights  against  civil 
oppression;  to  see  their  children  baptized,  to  unite  and  retain  them  in  clans  or  villages,  to  instruct 
tnem  in  the  principles  of  morality  atid  the  Christian  religion,  to  train  them  in  the  arts  of  civil  life,  to 
suppress  irregularities  in  their  females,  and  to  destroy  in  them  the  fanaticism  of  their  old  modes  of 
worship  and  superstitious  customs.  For  the  whole  observance  of  these  cares  and  duties,  they  made 
him  presents  of  poult'  ■  or  appropriated  to  his  use  annually  some  days  of  labour ;  nevertheless  that 
influence  which  the  enci.  nienderos  acquired,  sometimes  became  too  productive  of  abuses,  and  the 
office  was  often  solicited  by  persons  at  court,  who  had  their  agents  there,  as  a  distinguished  species  of 
sovereignty,  which  reduced  the  Indians  to  vassals,  and  in  some  cases  became  hereditary.  This  system 
'/as  afterwards  superseded  by  the  plan  of  the  missionaries.] 

Equis. — A  serj-r^nt  in  the  country  of  the  Amazonas,  so  called  from  its  having  the  figure  of  an  x. 
it  is  of  a  dark  colour,  and  spotted  upon  the  loins. 

[Ermine. — This  animal  does  not  differ  materially  from  the  weasel  in  size,  form,  or  habits;  even 
his  colour  is  the  same  in  summer,  except  that  the  end  of  his  tail  is  black,  and  the  edges  of  hia 
ears  and  toes  are  white.  In  winter  he  is  entirely  white,  except  the  tip  of  the  tail :  he  is  generally 
considered  as  forming  a  species  distinct  from  the  weasel;  but  Linnaeus  makes  them  the  same.  They 
are  said  to  be  found  in  Canada;  and  Dr.  Belknap  mentions,  that  a  few  have  been  seen  in  New 
Hampshire. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding,  there  is  another  variety  of  this  family.  It  appears  to  differ  from  the 
weasel  in  no  respect,  except  its  colour,  which  is  perfectly  white,  both  in  summer  and  winter.] 

Esponga. — Of  cocoa.   See  Coco. 

Esponjilla.  {Mormordia  opeicuhtta.) — A  fruit  which  grows  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  city  of 
Barinas,  in  the  province  of  Venezuela,  in  New  Granada.  Its  shape  is  that  of  a  hen's-egg,  but  some- 
what larger.  It  is  full  of  fibres,  interwoven  with  a  substance  resembling  the  esponja,  or  spunge.  The 
esponjilla  serves  as  a  sweet  and  gentle  emetic,  and  in  infusion  is  an  efficacious  purge.  The  esponjilla 
is  the  fruit  of  a  small  plant,  which  climbs  up  and  sustains  itself  by  the  aid  of  large  shrubs  which  happen 
to  be  in  its  way.  This  piant  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  province  of  Loxa,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito. 

Estancia. — A  term  which  corresponds  with  tlie  English  word  farm,  chiefly  used  in  the  kingdom  of 
Peru.     Chacra  is  used  as  a  teini  synonymous  with  that  of  estancia. 

Estoraque.  {Storax.) — Tiie  estoraque  is  a  solid,  dry  resin,  of  a  red  colour,  and  possesse  n  rouliar 
fragrance.  There  are  two  kinds,  the  calamita,  or  storax  in  tears,  and  the  common  storax.  nie  for- 
mer is  more  pure  and  fine  tiian  the  latter.  The  calamita  is  transported  either  in  small  grains,  i  r  in 
solid  masses  composed  of  these  grains.  Formerly  it  was  prepared  in  canes  for  transp  >rtation.  The 
common  storax  is  also  pure  and  fine,  but  in  a  less  degree  than  the  calamita.  It  is  not  prepared  like 
the  other  in  grains,  but  in  large  consistent  masses.  Both  of  these  are  distinct  from  the  storax  sold 
by  apothecaries,  which  is  a  composition  of  different   substances,  mixed  with  small  quantities  of  the 


I     \ 


■f>m 


n 


APPENDIX. 


43 


the 


city  of 
Lit  some- 
The 
ponjilla 
liappen 
irdom  of 


iouliar 
xiie  for- 
ns,  <  r  iu 
The 
aied  like 

rax  sold 
es  of  the 


n 


calamita  or  penuine  storax  ;  whence  arises  a  composition  which  so  much  resembles  the  calamita,  that 
it  requires  great  experience  and  precaution  to  discover  the  fraud.  The  only  difference  botwcen  the 
two  kinds  of  the  real  storax  is,  that  the  one  which  is  brought  in  grains  or  tears  is  the  natural  sudorific 
drops  which  ooze  spontaneousty  through  the  pores  of  the  tree,  which  is  called  storax  afficinaiis,  and 
is  very  large.  The  other  is  extracted  by  an  incision  made  in  the  tree,  particularly  in  the  province 
of  Moxas,  in  Quito,  and  in  Tunja,  in  the  kingdom  of  Granada.,  In  both  these  places  it  is  used  for 
incense  in  the  churches.  In  medicine  the  storax  is  esteemed  both  as  an  astringcmt  and  balsrunaticin 
pectoral  diseases,  and  it  is  given  as  a  cordial  in  case  of  giddiness  or  pains  in  the  head,  Tlier.^  is  also 
another  storax  used  by  apothecaries,  and  a  very  different  thing  from  these  two,  which  are  properly 
called  the  real  storax. 

Estrella  del  Mar.     {Asterias.) — Sea-star,  an  insect,  the  body  of  which  is  inclosed  in  a  ductile  crus- 
tation,  covered  with  dentated  points,  with  the  entrance  in  the  centre  of  five  valves.    This  crustation 
has  the  figure  of  a  star,  and  is  well  known  to  the  investigators  of  natural  history.     Some  writers  rank 
it  among  the  lithophites.     There  are  16  species.    They  swarm  in  the  island  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and 
some  other  parts  of  the  coasts  of  \merica. 

[Exchange  and  coin. — As  »'iie  exchange  and  coin  of  Brasil  are  very  complex  to  the  unaccustomed 
traveller,  a  table  of  each  is  annexed,  premising  that  the  imaginary  rea  is  used  as  well  in  Brasil  as 
Portugal,  and  that  the  table  of  exchange  is  calculated  at  the  rate  of  6'7|,  or  55. 1^.  sterling  for  the  mihea. 

TABLE  OF  EXCHANGE. 
Reas. 
10 

20 

50 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

800 

900 

♦1,000 

2,000 

3,000 

It  thus  appears  that  the  Portuguese  imaginary  rea  is  used  merely  to  express  their  cash  by  round 
numbers,  while  we  employ  three  terms  of  figures  for  that  purpose  i  viz.  pounds,shillings,and  pence. 

TABLE  OF  COIN. 


£.  s.   d. 

Reas. 

£.  s.  d. 

£.     s.d. 

Reas. 

£.s. 

d. 

Reas. 

0     0     0| 

4,000 

-     1      2      6 

1,000  0  0     . 

3,556,000 

6      0 

0 

■    21,336 

0    0    H 

5,000 

-     1      8      li 

500  0  0- 

1 .778,000 

5    0 

0 

-    17,780 

0     0     3| 

6,000 

-     1    13     9 

400  0  0     - 

1     22,400 

4     0 

0 

-     14,224 

0     0     61 

7,000 

-     1    19     44 

300  0  0     - 

1,006,800 

3     0 

0 

-     10,668 

0     1      U 

8,000 

-     2     5     0 

200  0  0     - 

711,200 

2     0 

0 

-      7,112 

0     1      8i 

9,000 

-     2   10     7 

100  0  0     - 

355,600 

1      0 

0 

-       3,556 

0     2     3 

10,000 

-     2   16     3 

bO  0  0     - 

177,800 

0   10 

0 

-       1,778 

0     2     9| 

20,000 

•     5   12     6 

40  0  0     - 

142,240 

0     5 

0 

-       889 

0     3     4| 

30,000 

-839 

30  0  0     - 

106,680 

0     4 

0 

-       711 

0     3   1^ 

40,000 

-   11      5     0 

20  0  0     - 

71,120 

0     3 

0 

-       533 

0     4     6 

50,000 

-  14      1      3 

10  0  0     - 

35,560 

0     2 

0 

356 

0     5     C| 

t  100,000 

-  28     2     6 

9  0  0- 

32,004 

0      1 

0 

-        178 

0     5     14 

500,000 

140    12     6 

8  0  0- 

23,448 

0     0 

6 

89 

0  113 

|l, 000  000 

281      5     0 

7  0  0- 

24,892 

0     0 

1 

15 

0    16    104. 

Gold. 


Reas. 

£.  s. 

d. 

A  dobloon  is  40  patackas  or 

12,800 

-  3   12 

0 

Half  ditto    -     20       .     -     - 

6,400 

-  1    16 

0 

Gold  piece  of  124^    -    -     - 

4,000 

-   1      2 

6 

Ditto      -    -      6^    -    -    . 

2,000 

-Oil 

3 

Ditto      -    -      3  and  2  vintins 

1,000 

-  0     5 

^i 

Silver. 


Reas.     £. 
Two  patackas  is  16  vintins      or  640    -    0 
A  patack     .     .     8    -     -     -     -  320    -    0 
Half  ditto  -     -     4    -     -     -         160  say  0 

s. 
3 

1 
0 

d. 

9 
11 

Copper. 
Two  vintins    -.-is--     40-0 
One  ditto 20-0 

0 
0 

The  Spanish  dollar  circulates  universally  in  Brasil;  but,  by  a  singular  custom,  if  paid  by 
strangers,  it  passes  at  from  720  (4s.  ^d.)  to  750  (45.  2id.)  reas  only,  while  its  value,  if  received 
tVom  the  Portuguese,  is  estimated  at  800  reas,  or  45.  6</.  ;  making  a  difference  of  10  per  cent,  loss 
to  fureigneis. 

lE.ris. — A  description  of  snake,  found  in  S.  America.] 

*  Say  a  mill,  or  thousund  reas ;  two  mill,  three  mill,  Sec.  f  A  cem  mill,  or  hundred  thouModa 

4  CoDti  des  rea>,  or  a  million. 


1 


mWk 


44 


APPENDIX. 


it ' : 


FalldeUin. — A  sort  of  upper  petticoat,  worn  by  the  ladies  of  Pf.ru,  which,  for  the  greatest  part,  ia 
made  of  wonllen,  and  adorned  from  the  bottom  lialf  a  yard  upwards,  with  v.irious  rich  stulTs,  fine  lace 
and  t'mbroidi-ry.  It  is  made  with  such  elopjaucc  and  taste,  that  it  has  a  very  beautiful  appearance,  and 
is  fitted  10  the  body  like  the  petticoat  of  a  Gallician  lady. 

Famacosio.  (Filez  Farnacosius.) — A  ferocious  quadruped,  in  the  province  of  Paraguay,  in  Peru. 
In  figure  and  bulk  it  resembles  the  mastilV,  and  its  head  is  like  that  of  a  tiger :  it  has  no  tail  :  in  swift- 
ness and  ferocity  it  is  matchless.  If  any  person  comes  within  view  of  tiiis  animal,  he  may  reckon  him- 
self as  become  a  secure  prey  to  it,  unless  he  have  the  opportunity  of  climbing  into  a  tree  to  evade  us 
pursuit.  When  thus  disappointed  the  animal  rears  his  fore  feet  against  the  tree,  and  roars  hideously 
till  others  come  to  his  assistance  ;  then  tliey  gnaw  the  tree  about  the  root  till  it  falls  to  the  ground.  If 
the  distressed  fugitive  has  no  arms  to  kill  them,  his  death  is  inevitable.  To  diminish  them  the  Ma- 
rl icicas  Indians,  whore  they  are  the  most  abundant,  inclose  themselves  in  a  circumvailation  of  pallisa- 
does,  and  begin  to  bellow  till  these  animals,  attracted  by  their  cries,  crowd  to  them,  and  begin  to 
gnaw  the  stakes  to  find  an  entrance.  Whilst  they  are  thus  employed,  the  Indians  shower  their  arrows 
upon  them  with  such  skdl  and  dexterity  that  they  never  let  one  escape.  In  this  manner  they  kill 
great  numbers. 

[Fanaga,  or  Spanish  Bushel. — Equal  to  nearly  3  bushels  or  150  pounds  weight  English.] 

Fiira. — A  name  which  in  New  Granadp,  and  on  the  river  Orinoco,  they  apply  to  the  oppossum.— 
See  Mochiloa, 

{Field  Mouse. — Of  N.  America.  This  species  in  England  is  called  the  short-tailed  field  mouse.  It 
has  a  general  resemblance  to  the  common  house  mouse;  but  both  its  body  and  tail  are  larger,  and  his 
hair  has  a  slight  reddish  tint.  Its  food  depends  very  much  on  its  situuiion.  In  gardens  it  often  de- 
stroys young  fruit  trees  by  eating  their  bark;  in  fields  and  meadows  it  feeds  on  the  roots  of  grass,  some- 
times leaving  a  groove  in  the  sward,  which  appears  as  if  it  had  been  cut  out  with  a  gouge.  In  woods 
they  are  said  to  feed  on  acorns,  and  to  lay  up  a  large  store  of  tliem  in  their  burrows.] 

Figuera. — A  larfje  compact  tree,  growing  in  the  province  of  Guayaquil,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito, 
and  used  in  the  building  of  ships. 

[Fillippi. — A  coin  of  the  value  of  five  francs.] 

[^Fiscul. — In  strict  sense  cannot  be  rendered  into  English;  sometimes  tie  king's-soliciior,  and  some- 
times acting  like  the  attorney-general ;  also  any  thing  belonging  to  the  Exchequer  ;  also  a  censurer.] 

[Fiscal,  Procurador, — Tlie  king's  solicitor-general,  the  solicitor  of  the  Exchequer.] 

[Fisher. — An  animal,  in  Canada  called  pekan:  in  the  United  States  frequently  the  black  cat,  but 
improperly,  as  he  does  not  belong  to  the  class  of  cats.  He  has  a  general  resemblance  to  the  martin, 
but  is  considerably  larger,  being  from  20  to  24  inches  in  length,  and  12  in  circumference.  His  tail  is 
a  little  more  than  half  his  length  ;  its  hair  long  and  bushy :  his  fore  legs  about  4|  inches  long,  his  hin- 
der legs  six  incher  :  his  ears  short  and  round  ;  his  colour  is  black,  except  the  head,  neck,  and  shoulders, 
which  are  a  dark  grey.  He  lives  by  hunting,  and  occasionally  pursues  his  prey  in  the  water.  Found 
in  the  N.  States  of  America.] 

[Flemish. — Ell,  a  measure  containing  27  inches.] 

Flibustiers. — A  body  of  cruizers  or  pirates,  which  assembled  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  and 
took  the  name  of  buccaniers,  fixing  their  residence  in  the  island  of  St.  Domingo.  See  Buccanters. 
Such  as  Mere  not  content  with  the  situation  of  life  in  that  island,  united  in  bodies  of  40  or  50  men, 
and  having  a  vessel,  put  to  sea  to  rob  and  plunder  evei3'  ship  that  fell  in  their  way.  As  this  mode  of 
life  opened  to  them  an  easy  course  of  aggrandizing  their  property,  and  indulging  their  passions  to 
ex  "ess,  their  numbers  were,  in  a  short  time,  considerably  increased.  Having  made  themselves 
masters  of  the  island  of  Tortuga,  and  their  naval  force  being  considerably  strong,  they  began  to 
infest  the  co.ists  of  the  Spanish  settlements,  and  committed  the  most  cruel  atrocities.  This  numerous 
gang  of  abandoned  wretches,  subject  neither  to  law  nor  religion,  greatly  annoyed  the  Spaniards. 
The  French  government  brought  them  over  to  its  interest,  and  induced  them  to  fight  its  battles. 


im 


APPENDIX. 


45 


cat,  but 

martin, 

lis  tail  is 

his  liin- 

Ihoulders, 

Found 


lobe,  and 

\iccanier-s. 

50  men, 

mode  of 

wsions  to 
litimselves 
Ibegan  to 
Inunierous 

Spaniards. 

ts  battles. 


Pursuing  tins  conduct  they  continued  to  be  the  scourge  of  America  till  the  year  nii,  when  the  Count 
of  Blunai,  governor  of  the  French  colony  in  St.  Domingo,  constrained  them  to  desist  from  their 
piracy,  and  submit  to  denization;  and  thus  the  sea  became  free  from  their  depredations. 

[  ■'  '.r. — Of  foxes  there  are  a  great  variety;  such  as  the  silver  fox,  red  fox,  grey  fox,  cross  fox, 
brant  fox,  and  sever«<.l  others.  Naturalists  have  generally  supposed  that  there  is  more  than  one  species 
of  foxes,  but  they  differ  very  much  in  their  mode  of  arranging  them.  It  is  highly  probable,  how> 
ever,  that  there  is  but  one  specii^s  of  these  animals,  as  they  are  found  in  all  their  varieties  of  size, 
and  of  shades  variously  intermixed,  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  Foxes  and  other  animals 
furnished  with  fur,  of  the  N.  States,  are  Inrger  than  those  of  theS.] 

Fragata.  {Prncellosa  Fragata.) — A  sea  fowl,  found  always  between  the  tropics.  It  takes  higher, 
lonQ;er,  and  more  rapid  flights  than  any  other  bird  whatever,  and  departs  farthest  from  laud,  though 
it  i?  reported  it  cannot  support  itself  on  tlie  surface  of  the  water.  It  owes  its  name  to  the  rapidity  of 
its  flight,  and  is  sometimes  seen  at  the  distance  of  300  leagues  from  land.  Its  feet  are  a  little  pal- 
mated,  and  furnished  with  long  sharp  claws:  its  wings  are  large,  and  measure  about  nine  feet  from 
tip  to  tip,  and  seem  quite  motionless  when  it  is  in  the  air.  From  the  ease  with  which  it  flies,  and  the 
grea*.  length  of  its  wings,  it  is  enabled  to  support  itself  a  long  time  ;  and  to  avoid  the  difficulty  of 
rising  from  the  ground,  it  always  seeks  an  elevation,  or  lights  upon  trees.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a 
hen,  and  the  neck  and  head  are  in  proportion  ;  the  beak  is  long  and  thick,  and  the  upper  part 
arched  ;  the  plumage  about  the  shoulders  and  wings  is  of  2  'larkish  colour  ;  that  of  the  hen  is  grey. 
The  cock  has  a  red  crest  like  the  turkey,  which  hangs  half  way  down  its  neck,  and  the  tail  is  forked. 
It  always  makes  use  of  its  beak  and  talons  to  take  the  flying  fisli  and  others  which  follow  tiic  gilt-head. 
It  pounces  with  great  rapidity  in  pursuit  of  its  prey,  skims  above  the  surface  of  the  water  with  great 
case,  and  strikes  with  such  dexterity,  that  it  never  misses  its  aim.  It  pursues  other  sea-fowls  for  the  sake 
of  the  fish  which  it  takes  out  of  their  bellies.  Fatiier  Lobat  says,  that  its  flesh  is  rank  ;  it  is  very 
nourishing,  and  tastes  something  like  the  water-hen.  Its  grease,  applied  as  an  ointment,  alleviates 
rheumatic  pains.  As  it  always  follows  ships,  the  appearance  of  this  bird  is  looked  upon  as  a  certain 
sign  that  some  vessel  is  at  no  great  distance.  There  is  a  small  island  not  far  from  Guadaloupe,  called 
the  island  of  Fragatas,  from  the  <j;reat  numbers  which  resort  thither  to  pass  the  night  and  to  build  their 
nests.  This  is  not  now  very  frequent ;  the  dmnnution  of  their  species  is  owing  to  the  great  quantities 
that  have  been  killed  for  the  sake  of  their  grease.  The  hunters  strike  them  on  the  head  with  thick 
sticks,  and  they  fall  stunned  to  the  ground.  Two  or  three  fishes  of  the  size  of  herrings  have  been  taken 
half  digested  out  of  their  stomachs. 

[Franc-alni. — In  Canada,  is  a  freehold  estate,  held  subject  to  no  seigniorial  rights  or  duties  ;  acknow- 
ledging no  lord  but  the  king.] 

[Fray. — The  title  given  to  friars  in  naming  them ;  as  Fray  Juan,  Brother  John.] 

FrayJecillo.  {Ftiphorhia  species.) — A  plant  with  long  narrow  leaves,  which  makes  an  excellent 
salad.  It  is  genetally  siid,  that  if  any  person  wishes  a  purge,  he  must  strip  from  the  bottom  of  the 
stem,  as  many  loaves  as  he  would  wish  evacuations;  if  he  should  wish  a  vomit,  he  must  observe  the 
same  method,  hut  the  leaves  near  the  too  of  the  stem  must  be  chosen.  Father  Gumilla  has  ascribed 
to  this  plant  the  same  singulnrijATectin  his  Orinoco. 

Fraylejon. — A  plant  in  the  province  of  ancient  Guaca,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  which  burns  those 
who  tread  on  it  with  tiieir  bare  leet.  It  is  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  white  friar;  the  leaves  arc 
long,  broad,  lannginous,  and  very  hot  ;  the  flouer  is  very  beautiful,  of  a  yellow  colour,  but  has  a 
nauseous  smell.  The  resin  of  this  platit  hiis  the  property  of  relaxing  contracted  nerves.  The  plant 
grows  in  cold  mountains,  amongst  snow. 

[Frisudas. — Coarse  woollen  manufactures  of  S.  America.] 

Ffuta  de  Mono,  or  Monkey's  Fruit. — A  species  of  wild  grape,  which  grows  in  Tierra  Firme,  upon 
a  large  bushy  shrub,  with  small  leaves.  In  shape  and  colour  it  very  much  resembles  the  sloe  of  St. 
John  ;  Its  taste  is  acid,  but  very  agreeable.  The  monkey  prefers  it  to  all  other  fruits;  a  circum- 
stance wliich  has  given  it  the  name  of  monkey's  bread. 

Frutii  de  Pava,  or  Turkey's  Fruit. — A  small  fruit  in  Tierra  Firme,  resembling  the  orange-tree  in  its 
leaves,  and  on  the  seeds  of  which  the  bustards  feed. 


1 

'^1 

1 

■  > 

'I 

Si 

■!  :<  ' 

1 

(.1' 


f ! 


-i  H 


>,:    .«   <i 

1  .     i 

f  h 


11 


Hi 


APPENDIX. 


Fuslan  [or,  more  probably,  Fustian.] — A  white  under  petticoat  worn  by  the  ladies  of  Peru. 

Fustele,  or  Fuslic,  [Cotinus  Coraria.) — A  small  tree  which  grows  in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  St.  Do- 
mingo, and  some  of  the  Antilles;  it  is  also  found  in  Italy  and  the  s.  provinces  of  France.  The 
leaves  are  oval  and  round  towards  the  extremities,  the  flower  is  of  a  dark  green  colour,  and  springs 
from  the  middle  of  a  number  of  branching  filaments.  The  wood  is  of  a  beautiful  yellow  colour  cu- 
riously variegated,  and  much  used  by  the  workers  in  ebony.  Before  the  bark  is  taken  off,  it  gives  a 
very  good  yellow  dye,  but  it  is  not  permanent.     Tanners  use  the  leaves  for  the  same  purpose. 


i":  •). 


m^^^ri 


G. 

Gacha. — An  earthen  vessel  used  by  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  New  Granada  to  boil  and  purify 
tlieir  salt. 

Gallinaza. — A  precioua  stone  found  in  New  Granada.  It  is  a  kind  of  basilites,  and  is  probably  the 
stone  which,  according  to  Fernandez,  the  inhabitants  of  New  Spain  call  istle.  It  is  of  a  dark  colour, 
heavy,  hard,  and  admits  of  a  very  fine  polish.  The  Indians  of  Peru  call  it  guanucuma  culgui.  i.  e. 
the  silver  of  the  dead,  because  it  is  interred  with  the  deceased.  Great  quantities  have  been  dug 
out  of  their  graves,  which  were  in  the  form  of  a  paten,  some  convex  others  concave,  with  a  little  hole 
through  each  by  which  they  hung  them  round  their  necks.  There  is  a  mine  of  this  kind  of  fossil  in 
New  Spain,  and  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  near  the  settlement  of  Quiiiche.  These  plates  are  gene- 
rally kept  by  naturalists,  in  their  collections  of  curiosities.  After  mature  deliberation,  naturalists  are 
inclined  to  think  that  this  fossil  is  the  vitrification  of  the  burning  mountains,  and  this  conjecture  ap- 
pears well  grounded,  for  it  is  as  brittle  as  glass,  and  cannot  be  polished  but  by  friction. 

[Gallinazo.  [Vidtur  Anreum.) — A  fowl  of  the  size  of  the  Turkey  hen, and  very  common  in  every  par*, 
of  America.  The  tip  ol  ihe  beak  is  black,  and  all  the  other  part  of  an  ash-colour.  The  plumage  of 
the  wing  is  brown,  all  the  rest  of  the  body  black.  The  head  is  bare,  and  covered  with  a  skin  full  of 
wrinkles.  The  iris  and  feet  are  brown,  but  it  does  not  acquire  these  colours  till  a  considerable  time 
after  it  is  hatched.  Whilst  it  is  very  young  it  is  entirely  while.  A  considerable  time  after  it  has  aban- 
doned its  nest  a  black  spot  like  a  mole  rises  betwixt  its  shoulders,  which  extends  by  degrees  over  every 
part  of  the  body.  Though  it  is  very  strong  and  powerful,  and  has  the  advantage  of  a  crooked  bill  and 
very  strong  talons,  yet  it  is  never  known  to  attack  the  smaller  birds,  but  always  feeds  on  carrion,  rep- 
tiles, and  the  filth  which  it  finds  in  the  streets.  On  account  of  its  stupidity  and  sluggishness,  it  has 
been  called  the  feathered  ass.  It  is  no  unsual  sight  to  see  it  whole  hours  together  entirely  motionless 
upon  the  top  of  a  tree,  on  a  rock,  or  the  roof  of  a  house,  with  its  wings  displayed  to  the  sun.  When 
unmolested  it  is  never  heard  to  make  any  noise,  but  when  pursued  it  flies  from  place  to  place, 
shrieking  like  a  mouse,  and  vomits  up  all  that  it  has  eaten.  To  these  peculiarities  may  likewise  be 
added,  that  of  emitting  a  most  nauseous  smell  from  every  part  of  its  body.  The  negligent  construc- 
tion of  the  nest,  bespeaks  the  natural  indolent  disposition  of  the  builder.  All  its  artifice  in  building  is 
reduced  to  heaping  together  a  quantity  of  dry  leaves  and  feathers,  without  any  order  or  regularity,  in 
a  cliff  or  in  the  open  field,  on  which  it  lays  two,  nearly  white,  eggs.  The  flight  of  this  bird  is  heavy 
and  slow,  but,  when  it  once  rises,  it  goes  so  high  that  it  is  nearly  lost  to  sight  in  the  clouds.  If  it  see  a 
beast  grazing  which  has  a  sore  on  its  back  it  alights  on  it  and  begins  to  tear  the  flesh  out  of  the  wound. 
The  hen,  which  in  Tierra  Firme  is  called  noneia,  differs  from  the  cock  in  the  diminutiveness  of  her 
body,  the  lightness  of  her  colour,  and  the  pale  red  of  her  crest.  The  organ  of  scent  in  this  bird 
is  said  to  be  so  acute  that  it  can  smell  any  thing  at  the  distance  of  three  leagues.  In  the  kingdom 
of  Chile  they  call  it  joie  ;  in  New^  Spain,  sopilote.  There  is  another  species  of  this  bird,  called  the 
king  of  the  Gallenayos  [vultur  papa) ,  which  is  very  rare;  the  colour  of  the  latter  is  a  mixture  of 
white,  black,  and  grej'.  If  this  sees  any  thing  dead,  it  observes  it  a  long  time  from  the  top  of  some 
tree  ;  nor  dare  the  other  birds  come  down  in  the  presence  of  the  king  before  he  has  eaten  the  eyes 
and  heart  of  the  dead  animal,  and  returned  to  his  former  situation.  As  soon  as  he  has  retired,  whole 
flocks  descend  from  the  neighbouring  trees,  and  devour  the  prey  in  an  instant. 

Gamalota. — A  herb  greatly  resembling  the  clover  of  Valencia,  which  the  inhabitants  of  Tierra  Firme 
give  green  to  their  horses  and  mules.  The  leaf  is  about  a  yard  long  and  an  inch  broad,  similar  to 
the  leaf  of  the  Indian  wheat.     It  bears  some  likeness  to  barley,  but  the  leaves  are  something  longer, 


u 


11 


rt  111 


APPENDIX. 


rity,  in 
hs  heavy 
[fit  see  a 

( wound. 
■s  of  her 
Ithis  bird 
Ikiiigdom 

lUed  the 

Ixture  of 

of  some 

Ithe  eyes 

Id,  whole 

\ra  Firme 
Imilar  to 
longer, 


47 


broader,  and  thicker,  and  of  a  very  dark  colour.  The  stem  is  strong,  and  the  root  of  each  leaf  is  about 
the  thickness  of  two  fingers.  It  grows  to  the  height  of  two  yards.  When  it  happens  to  be  covered 
by  inundations  it  is  then  fit  to  eat,  but  as  soon  as  the  waters  subside  it  returns  to  its  arid  state  in  a 
few  hours.  Don  Antonio  Ullua  has  observed,  that  this  plant  is  as  advantageous  to  the  cattle  which 
feed  on  the  plains,  as  it  is  pernicious  to  those  which  feed  oti  the  mountains. 

[Ganado  Mayor. — The  Spanish  term  "or  the  larger  cattle  j  or,  in  English,  black  cattle.] 

[Garbanzos. — A  sort  of  peas  used  much  in  Spain  and  S.  America,  but  whereof  none  in  England.] 

Garua. — A  term  in  Peru,  signifying  small  rain  like  the  Scotch  mist,  from  which  they  sufi'er  no  in- 
convenience. 

Gegenes. — A  little  round  fly,  which,  both  from  its  biting  and  noise,  is  very  molesting.  It  is  very 
common  throughout  America,  particularly  in  the  hot  countries  and  on  the  banks  of  tlic  rivers. 

[Genepa,  Sablier,  or  Sand  Box-tree. — Is  a  native  of  St.  Domingo,  its  wood  is  thorny,  it  gives  a 
good  shade,  and  is  used  for  hedges.  The  fruit  resembles  a  perfect  sand  box.  The  traveller  is  some- 
times startled  in  riding  under  them,  by  a  noise  from  the  burstinij  of  the  fruit,  which  resembles  the  dis- 
charge of  a  pistol.     The  sap  is  of  a  singularly  acrid  nature,  and  caught  in  the  eye  produces  blindness.] 

Getudo,  or  Patalo. — A  species  of  gilt-head  of  a  very  delicious  taste,  which  abounds  in  the  river 
Curica  in  New  Granada,  and  great  quantities  are  taken  in  the  city  of  Carthage. 

Gicama. — A  root  resembling  the  yuca,  which  arrows  in  California,  of  which  the  Indians  make 
bread. 

Giguilite,  or  Huiquilitl. — A  term  which  in  New  Spain  is  applied  to  the  plant  from  which  anil  is 
extracted.     See  Anil. 

Girasol,  {Solis  Gemma.)— \  precious  stone  found  in  New  Granada,  partly  transparent  and  partly 
opaque.  It  has  a  milky  look,  emits  a  weak  lustre  blended  with  blue  and  yellow,  and  it  sometimes 
has  the  colour  of  the  rainbow,  or  a  gilt  colour.  When  cut  in  the  form  of  a  sphere  or  semi-sphere,  it 
reflects  the  rays  of  light  every  way,  but  not  so  well  as  the  opal.  It  is  as  yet  uncertain  whether  this 
stone  be  a  species  of  the  opal  or  Caledonia.  The  most  beautiful  are  of  a  milk-white  colour  shaded  with 
blue  and  yeiiow  beautifully  intermixed.  '^I'his  stone,  which  is  harder  than  the  opal,  is  brought  from 
the  east,  hut  those  of  a  softer  nature  from  the  west.  They  are  to  be  met  with  in  the  islaml  of  Cy- 
prus,  Galacia,  Hungary,  Bohemia,  and  in  several  parts  of  America.  Sometimes  they  are  found  to- 
gether, with  the  opal  inclosed  in  another  red,  tender  stone  clouded  with  black.  The  name  girasol  was 
given  to  this  stone  by  the  Italians. 

[Glass-Snake. — See  Serpents."] 

[Gramina. — The  Latin  term  for  grasses.] 

Grana. — See  Cochinilla. 

Granadilla,  {Possejlora). — A  broad  leaved  plant  which  climbs  up  trees,  and  bears  a  fruit  of  about 
the  size  and  shape  of  a  lemon.  The  colour  of  the  peei  is  a  mixture  of  green  and  yellow.  Under 
this  is  a  white  corrosive  skin,  and  the  inside  is  full  of  a  delicious  water,  and  small  flat  seeds  covered 
with  a  sweet,  delicate,  fleshy  substance.  This  is  the  fruit  of  the  celebrated  passion-flower,  of  which 
there  are  several  species. 

[Grenadillos. — See  Granadillos.'] 

Gnaha,  {Mimosa  liiga.) — A  fruit  contained  in  a  seed-case,  about  half  a  yard  long,  three  inches 
broad,  and  half  an  inch  thick.  When  opened  at  one  end  with  a  knife,  it  discovers  a  kind  of  large 
almond  about  an  incli  long,  placed  in  cartilagenoui>  divisions,  and  covered  with  a  white  fibrous  sub- 
stance of  a  sweet  taste,  which  very  much  resembles  cotton.  By  pressing  the  pulp  between  the 
tongue  and  the  roof  of  the  mouth  we  easily  find  a  brown  smooth  pip  of  an  eliptical  figure.  There 
are  two  species  of  giiabas ;  the  one  is  called  lanuginous,  because  it  is  covered  with  a  soft  down 
of  an  orange  colour;  the  other  is  smooth,  and  less  esteemed  than  the  former.  The  tree  which  bears 
the  guaba  is  very  like  the  carobe  tree. 

Guacamayo,  (Psilacus  Araracangua.)^-The  beak  of  this  bird  is  curved,  and  it  moves  the  upper 
mandible.    The  nostrils  are  placed  in  the  base  of  the  bill,  the  tongue  is  fleshy  and  round,  and  the 


m 


1- 


I.  !• 


If!  I 


VJ- 


4» 


APPENDIX. 


feet  are  made  in  such  a  manner  as  to  assist  it  in  hopping.  NdturaUsts  enumerate  47  species  of  this 
bird,  distinguished  by  the  colour  and  length  of  tlieir  tails.  They  are  all  very  beuiuifully  udurned  with 
very  fitie  plumage.  They  are,  however,  very  troublesome,  for  in  their  mont  silent  fits  they  ticafen  all 
who  are  near  them  with  their  croaking.     These  birdsi  are  very  common  in  every  part  of  America. 

Guucarito. — A  fish  which  is  very  plentifid  in  the  river  Orinoco.  The  most  striking  circumstance  in 
the  character  of  the  which  is,  that  if  it  sees  blood  on  any  animal,  it  instantly  surrounds  the  same  in 
great  numbers  and  devours  it,  leaving  nothing  but  the  bones.  They  do  the  same  by  men,  and  even 
assault  the  canoe  in  which  he  sails,  if  they  hap|>en  to  see  a  drop  of  blood  any  where  about  it. 

Gmchapdi, — A  tree  growing  in  the  province  of  Gimya(iuil,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  whose  wood  is 
very  hard  and  solid.  It  is  of  a  dark  colour,  and  held  in  great  estimation,  and  is  preferred  to  all  other 
wood  for  building  ships,  and  is  principally  used  for  the  keel  and  ribs,  because  it  is  incorruptible,  proof 
against  the  ship-worm  and  easy  to  work. 

Guacharaca. — A  bird  in  the  province  of  Guayana  or  New  Ai  dalucia. 

Guadua. — A  sort  of  cane,  about  10  yards  long,  and  half  a  span  in  diameter.  The  geniculi  are  about 
half  a  yard  distant  from  each  olier.  The  inside  is  full  of  a  delightful  crystalline  water,  which  is  a 
refreshing  draught  in  excessive  heats  for  those  Avho  perform  Siig  voyages.  It  is  very  abundant  in 
Guayaquil.  < 

Guamache. — A  wild  fruit  growing  in  the  province  of  Guayana. 

Guamanga. — The  Guamanga  stone  is  a  concretion  of  water,  near  the  city  of  Guamanga,  from  which 
it  derives  its  name.  It  is  as  white  as  alabaster,  and  very  transparent.  Artists  make  of  it  statues,  orna- 
ments  for  bougies,  and  church>windows,  and  apply  it  to  several  other  purposes,  from  which  they  derive 
great  profit. 

[Guana. — See  Guanaco.'] 

Gudnahana,  {Annona  Muricata.) — A  fruit  of  the  size  of  a  melon,  whose  peel  is  of  the  consistence 
of  a  dried  orange,  of  a  deep  green  colour,  and  covered  with  dark  specks.  The  pulp  consists  of  several 
slices  about  an  inch  long,  the  substance  of  which  resembles  that  of  the  orange,  but  is  as  white  as 
snow,  and  very  sweet.  Each  slice  has  a  stone  of  a  brilliant  dark  colour,  which  resembles  the  sloe,  but 
has  no  point. 

[Guanaco,  or  Huanaco. — See  /tlpaca.] 

[Guapala. — The  small  insect,  so  called  by  the  Spaniards,  but  by  the  Indians,  peche,  which  penetrates 
into  the  skin,  and  occasions  a  very  smart  pain.] 

Guarango. — A  sort  of  timber  used  for  ship-building  in  the  harbours  of  Guayaquil. 

Guarapo, — A  beverage  used  throughout  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme  and  in  several  other  conn- 
tries,  where  it  is  the  usual  drink  of  the  Negroes  and  of  the  lower  class  of  people.  It  is  made  of  the 
juice  of  the  sweet  cane  put  into  water  and  left  to  ferment.  The  consumption  of  this  drink  is  as  great 
as  that  of  the  pulque  in  New  Spain.  When  very  strong  it  is  capable  of  producing  intoxication.  Some- 
times it  is  made  of  maize,  and  is  the  same  with  that  used  in  Peru. 

[Guare. — A  kind  of  rudder  used  in  the  boats  which  navigate  the  river  Guayaquil.  It  is  composed 
of  boards  three  or  four  yards  long  and  half  a  yard  broad,  which  they  let  down  and  draw  up  vertically 
at  the  poop  and  by  the  prow,  to  the  number  of  four,  five,  or  six,  according  to  the  direction  they 
would  give  the  vessel. 

[Guava. — See  Guayala.'] 

Guauaba,  ( Psidimn  Pyriferum). — A  fruit  which  grows  in  great  abundance  in  every  part  of  America. 
As  a  plant  springs  up  wherever  a  seed  is  dropped,  the  country  is  overrun  with  trees  of  this  kind. 
This  fruit  very  much  resembles  the  rennet-apple,  excepting  that  it  has  a  little  crown.  The  rind  is 
rough  and  uneven,  the  pulp  consistent,  like  that  of  the  pear,  full  of  seed,  and  the  taste  is  a  mixture  of 
sweet  and  sour,  but  very  agreeable.  The  tree  is  of  a  common  size,  blooms  twice  a  year,  like  the 
orange,  and  has  an  odoriferous  smell.  It  is  an  astringent,  and  the  decoction  of  the  seeds  is  given  to 
those  who  labour  under  diarrhoeas  and  bloody  fluxes.  There  are  two  kinds  which  differ  from  each 
other  in  the  colour  of  the  pulp,  the  one  being  red,  the  other  white. 


:^'  \ 


:l  ' 


)'  il) 


APPENDIX. 


10 


(Juayacan.  {Guayacanium  Offuhale.) — A  gcmiH  of  the  class  dccaiuliia  monogyiiia.  The  cnlyx  con- 
sistH  ot'  live  une(|iiarseEmeiitH,  t'u!  pclaliv  are  inserted  in  the  calyx,  the  capsuin-  are  angular,  and  liave 
from  three  to  five  cellimr.  Tlit,...'  are  three  snecien  of  gnayaran,  all  peculiar  to  America.  The  wood 
is  very  ponderous,  a!<d  the  texture  soliil  and  compact  ;  the  outside  \s  yellow,  but  the  lieart  is  green 
variegated  with  black,  pale  green,  and  a  dark  colour.  The  bark  is  thin,  smooth,  and  of  a  grey  colour, 
and  has,  as  well  as  the  wood,  a  l>itt«»r  pungent  aromatic  taste.  Freijuent  experience  has  proved,  that, 
after  mi-rcury,  this  is  the  best  reiiiedy  tor  nil  vi-nereal  ctnn|.laints,  providing  the  disease  he  not  inveterate, 
but  it  must  be  taken  with  the  greatest  precaution,  and  for  the  space  of  40  days.  The  patient  must  take 
it  in  (loses  at  the  rate  of  one  potind  per  diem,  using  for  his  ortlinnry  drink  a  weaker  potion  of  the  same 
decoction.  It  has  been  used  with  wonderful  success  by  those  who  have  been  afllicted  with  the  rheu- 
matism, gout,  and  (laralytic  distempers.  Physicians  recommend  it  as  a  cure  for  chronical  distempers  of 
the  skin,  and  in  obstructions  ;  ii  helps  asthmas,  and  cures  the  whites  in  women.  It  must  be  observed 
that  the  glla^  acan  on  all  occasit)ns  is  prelerable  to  bark  or  sarsaparilla.  When  it  is  prepared  in  doses, 
each  one  ought  not  to  have  less  than  a  half,  nor  more  than  a  whole  scruple,  but  it  is  usually  taken  in 
decoctions.  Three  ounces  of  the  residue  of  the  wood,  is  adetjuate  to  six  pounds  of  water.  When 
thus  mixed,  it  must  stand  2\  hours  to  steep,  and  must  afterwards  be  boiled  till  half  the  water  is  con- 
sumed. In  venereal  distem|HM's,  a  double  (piaiitity  of  the  substance  must  be  added  to  the  same  quan- 
tity of  water.  The  bark  of  the  tree  possesses  the  same  virtues  in  a  less  degree.  Apothecaries  have  u 
resin,  by  some  improperly  called  the  gum  of  guayaco  ;  this  gum  is  extracted  from  the  wood,  by  means 
of  spirits  of  wine,  or  from  an  incision  made  in  the  tree.  This  gum  is  said  to  possess  the  same  virtues  as 
the  tree ;  it  may  be  taken  from  eight  grains  to  a  scruple  in  each  dose,  dissolved  in  brandy  ;  it  is  an  effec- 
tual remedy  against  the  gout,  but  if  it  be  very  .strong  it  laxes  the  bowels  too  much.  Another  decoction 
is  prepared  for  scorbutic  distempers  in  the  mouth,  inflammations  in  the  almonds,  or  tonsils,  a>id  the 
parts  contiguous  to  the  gloths.  The  celebrated  oil  of  guayacan  is  also  extracted  from  the  same  tree  by 
distillation  ;  it  is  an  excellent  remedy  for  the  tooth-acli,  applied  exteriorly  ;  is  a  wonderful  cure  for 
malignant  ulcers,  and  immediately  checks  the  cariosity  of  bones.  Boerhave  and  Fernel  have  bestowed 
the  highest  encomiums  on  the  guayacan,  and  say  it  will  perfect  a  cure  which  mercury  cannot  efl'ect. 

[Guayaco. — See  Guayacan."] 

Guaj/zalc. — The  tulcan  is  so  called  in  Tierra  Firme.     See  Tulcan. 

Guembe. — A  kind  of  fruit  in  the  province  of  Gaira,  in  the  government  of  Paraguay.  This  fruit  is  of 
an  oblong  figure,  pointed  at  tlie  extremities,  and  full  of  small  yellow  seeos,  which  when  sucked  are  sweet, 
but  if  burst  with  the  teeth,  they  fill  the  mouth  with  an  insupportable  acid  juice.  The  plant  which  pro- 
duces it  is  a  kind  of  reed  which  adheres  to  the  trees,  and  climbs  to  a  great  height.  The  natives  ot  the 
countries  where  it  grows,  say,  that  if  the  seed  falls  on  any  rotten  bark,  it  immediately  strikes  root,  and 
produces  plants  of  ine  same  species. 

Guepil. — A  cotton  vest  used  by  the  natives  of  New  Spain  ;  there  is  also  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  it  in  Villaita. 

Guinea.  {Alusa  Species.) — The  least  and  most  delicate  species  of  plantain.  It  is  about  five  inches 
high,  and  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter ;  the  peel  is  smoother,  and  more  yellow  than  tiiat  of  the  others ; 
the  fruit  is  extr  -M^iy  hot  and  prejudicai  if  liquor  be  taken  after  it ;  the  bunches  are  of  an  incredible 
length.    This  plai.c  abounds  in  every  part  of  America. 


I 


H. 

Habillas. — ^The  timber  of  Guayana. 

Hacana. — A  hard  ponderous  wood  in  the  island  of  St.  Doiuingo. 

Hacer  las  once. — An  expression  which  arose  from  a  prevalent  custom  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Americ;i, 
of  offering  rosolio  to  visitors,  when  they  are  grown  languid  with  heat  and  perspiration;  in  the  same 
manner  as  they  take  the  refresca  in  the  evening. 

[Hacienda. — An  estate.] 

[Hagm.—A  pulse  found  in  some  parts  of  S.  America.] 

Hamaca. — A  sort  of  swinging  bed,  first  used  by  the  Indians  and  nfterwarils  iuloptcd  by  the  inhii!>i- 
VOL.  V.  g 


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APPENDIX, 


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tnnts  of  America,  particularly  to  take  the  siesta,  or  nap  aftt-r  dinner.  It  generally  consists  of  a  piece  of 
strong  cotton,  six  or  seven  t'wt  broad  and  twelve  loll^J.  At  each  end  the  warp  is  very  stronjj,  and  un- 
woven for  the  length  of  about  two  feet ;  through  iliesc;  ends  of  the  warp,  well  twisted  and  doubled,  a 
cord  passes,  atid  keeps  the  hannnock  suspendea  at  both  ends  to  two  trees ;  or  if  within  doors,  to  beams  or 
nails  fixed  in  the  wall  for  that  purpose.  These  beds  are  very  useful  and  convenient,  being  removed 
from  place  to  place  with  very  little  trouble.  It  is  very  cool  to  sleep  on,  and  the  vibration  of  the  uir, 
which  is  caused  by  the  constant  motion  of  the  bed,  afl'ords  a  continual  refreshing  breeze ;  and  as  neither 
linen  nor  mattresses  arc  used,  there  is  little  danger  of  being  troubled  with  bugs.  The  people  of  I'ierra 
Firme  make  the  hammock  of  the  threads  of  the  pita;  the  threads  are  interwoven  with  dyed  straw,  and 
worked  in  the  manner  of  a  net,  to  make  it  the  more  cool.  In  Darieu  and  Quito  the  Indians  make 
them  of  cotton.  They  arc  sometimes  used  for  travelling,  carried  on  the  shoulders  of  two  Indians;  for 
this  purpose  they  put  two  poles  lengthways  through  the  folding  of  the  warp  at  each  corner,  and  to  the 
poles  are  fixed  others  transversely,  and  the  person  is  shaded  from  the  sun  by  a  curtain  in  the  form  of  a 
canopy. 

[J fare. — Of  this  animal  there  arc  two  kinds,  which  appear  to  be  different  species ;  the  one  is 
commonly  called  the  white  rabbit,  or  coney  ;  the  other  simply  the  rabbit ;  but  from  the  proportional 
length  of  their  hinder  legs,  and  other  specific  marks,  they  both  belong  to  the  family  of  the  hare.  The 
former  has  a  covering  of  coarse  white  nair,  which  comes  on  before  winter,  and  falls  off  the  ensuing 
spring.  He  is  about  lialf  the  size  of  a  large  European  hare,  and  twice  as  large  as  the  other  kind.  The 
latter  burrows  in  the  ground  like  a  rabbit.  They  are  both  found  in  the  same  tract  of  country,  but 
have  not  been  known  to  associate.  The  former  is  found  in  the  N.  States,  and  appears  to  be  the 
same  as  the  hare  of  the  N.  part  of  Europe  ;  the  litter  is  found  in  all  the  States,  and  is  probably  a  species 
peculiar  to  America.] 

Ilaj/o, — Cacoa  is  so  called  in  Santa  Martha  and  New  Granada.     See  Coco. 

[Herniano  Mayor. — First  brother.] 

Hicacos.  (Crj/sobalanus  Ilicaco),  or  Giacos. — A  fruit  about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  having  also  its  coat 
divided  into  small  superficies  ;  some  arc  a  mixture  of  white  and  brown,  others  are  entirely  white.  The 
pulp  is  of  the  same  colour  as  the  rind,  and  of  the  same  consistency  as  the  blancmanger,  but  very  insipid 
and  unsavoury,  and  is  covered  with  a  thin  skin.  It  grows  on  low  bushy  shrubs.  The  hicacos  is 
only  used  in  making  sweetmeats,  and  for  this  purpose  is  sometimes  transported  from  Havannah  to 
Europe. 

IJlidalgo,  or  J/ijo  dalgo. — The  son  of  something,  properly  a  gentleman.] 

[Higuano. — See  I/igueron.] 

Iliguerilla.  [Riccinus  minor  et  major. ) — A  plant  which  resembles  the  fig-tree,  but  is  somewhat  less. 
The  'foliage  differs  in  very  few  respects  from  that  of  the  fig.  It  produces  a  fruit  covered  with  a  thick 
rough  husk,  and  a  kind  of  small,  glossy,  striped  almonds.  When  prepared,  they  are  harmless  and 
solutive,  but  unprepared,  they  are  very  dangerous,  and  an  infallible  poison  to  dogs. 

Higneron,  (Ficus  radicans.) — A  very  hard  wood,  much  used  in  the  dock-yards  of  Guayaquil,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Quito,  for  building  vessels. 

Hilo  de  Caracol. — A  cotton  thread  manufactured  in  Guyaquil,  and  in  the  province  of  Veragua  in 
Tierra  Firme,  and  several  other  parts.  It  is  of  a  lively  permanent  purple  colour,  without  undergoing 
any  operation  in  the  dye, except  that  it  is  dipped  in  a  liquor  which  is  the  spontaneous  emission  of  a  peri- 
wink  ie,  which  the  natives  of  those  countries  find  in  their  respective  strands.  The  thread  is  afterwards 
manufactured  into  cloths  of  different  kinds,  which  are  held  in  great  esteem,  as  they  never  lose  their 
colour  in  the  wash.     Tiiis  testaceous  animal  is,  without  doubt,  the  mUrex  of  the  antients. 

[Tlippnpotayniis. — -That  this  animal  ever  existed  in  America  was  not  supposed  till  a  few  years  ago. 
The  ingenious  Dr.  Mitchell  says,  "  That  in  the  year  ITSS,  some  teeth  were  dug  up  in  Long  Island, 
which,  from  their  shape,  size,  and  consistence,  beyond  a  doubt,  belong  to  the  hippopotamus.  They 
agree  exactly  with  those  of  the  same  animal,  which  arc  to  be  seen  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at 
Oxford,  and  in  the  Leveriun  Collection  at  London.  They  moreover  correspond,  precisely,  with  the 
plate  and  description  of  that  animal's  skull  and  jaws,  as  given  by  Dr.  Grew,  in  Museo  Regalis  Societatis ; 


m 


APPENDIX. 


51 


ragua  m 
lergoing 
^f  a  peri- 
terwarcls 
jse  their 


ears  ago. 
Island, 
They 
kseum  at 
[with  the 
IcieUtis ; 


ami  printed  at  London  in  folio,  ir.8 1.     Tie  is,  therefore,  worthy  of  a  place  in  our  history  us  well  as  the 
maniMioth."] 

J  uaca.—TUi'.  interment  of  the  Indians  in  their  state  of  hurbarity  :  they  hea|)cd  up  a  great  mound 
of  oarlh  in  the  shape  of  a  cone,  and  placed  the  dead  hody  within  in  a  sittini;  posture,  wiih  all  his 
viches  ahoul  him.  After  the  conquest,  the  Spaniards  liegan  to  covet  the  riches  that  were  buried  in 
these  mounds,  and  opened  them.  The  Indians,  in  order  to  deceive  them,  made  frequent  nu>uiids  of  tin* 
like  nature,  without  putting  into  them  either  gold  or  silver.  Finding  themselves  tiius  deceived  and 
impoverisiied,  with  pulling  down  the  empty  mounds,  the  Spaniards  were  coinpollcd  to  abandon  their 
pursuit.     Some,  however,  were  so  fortunate  as  to  enrich  themselves  by  this  nieans. 

Iluaipurii. — A  wild  fruit  of  Santa  Cruz,  in  the  sierra  of  Peru.  Contrary  to  all  others,  this  fruit  is 
attached  to  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  instead  of  the  branches.  In  colour,  shape,  and  taste,  it  resembles  the 
European  cherry.  It  is  the  usual  aliment  of  birds  and  monkeys,  and  is  seldom  applied  to  any  other 
purpose. 

JIuanaco. — See  Alpaca. 

lluano. — It  was  the  prevalent  opinion  that  huano  was  nothing  but  the  dung  of  a  bird,  called  huanal, 
and  bred  in  the  small  islands  situated  in  the  S.  Sea,  on  the  coasts  of  Peru,  and  that  it  was  incredibly 
multiplied  ;  iuit  naturalists  have  incontcstibly  proved,  that  it  is  fossil  earth.  In  the  province  and  corre- 
gidorship  of  Costa  it  is  used  to  fertilize  the  land.  One  handful  of  this  earth,  strewed  about  the  roots 
of  a  jdant  of  Indian  wheat,  makes  it  grow  with  such  vigour,  that  it  produces  200  fold.  In  this  manner 
an  incredible  quantity  of  this  fossil  is  consumed.  The  province  of  Chancay  alone  draws  from  thesi* 
islands  annually  liO,000  bushels  of  huano,  and  others  consume  as  much  in  proportion. 

Huembe.—K  very  strong  kind  of  willow,  growing  in  the  province  of  Santa  Crnz  de  la  Sierra.  It 
is  very  scr  iccable  to  hang  the  bells  of  churches,  and  in  other  cases  where  great  strength  is  required. 

I. 

Icotia. — A  quadruped  with  shv.rt  legs  and  flat  feet,  resembling  the  tortoise.  The  shell  is  arched  like 
the  lid  of  a  trunk,  is  very  thin  and  transparent,  and  is  very  beautifully  iidaid.  I'hc  flesh  is  esculent  and 
delicious,  and  the  eggs  are  likewise  very  good  meat.  They  may  be  kept  in  the  shops  alive  a  long  time 
after  they  are  caught.     It  usually  resides  in  woods  under  ground,  and  feeds  on  leaves. 

Ichu. — A  sort  of  grass  growing  in  Peru,  and  a  new  genus  amongst  botanists.  It  is  used  in  the 
mines  instead  of  wood,  to  separate  the  mercury  from  the  metals,  and  is  very  serviceable  to  the  natives. 

Iguana.  {Laceria  Iguana.) — An  amphibious  animal  of  the  lizard  species.  It  is  about  a  yard 
long,  of  a  green  colour,  diversified  with  specks  of  various  colours.  Like  the  caima,  it  is  furnished 
with  a  row  of  sharp  pricks  on  the  loins.  The  flesh  of  the  iguana  is  very  sweet  and  savoury,  differing 
little  from  chicken,  but  it  is  very  hard  to  boil.  It  al)ounds  in  every  part  of  Atncrica.  When  it 
finds  itself  closely  pursued,  it  betakes  itself  to  the  water,  and  runs  witn  astonishing  velocity.  The 
female  lays  a  great  number  of  eggs,  about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  the  whole  of  'viiich  is  yelk,  covp'ed 
with  a  membrane  instead  of  a  shell.  These  eggs,  when  cooked,  are  as  palatable  as  those  of  a  hen.  In 
some  of  these  animals  there  is  found  a  stone  of  the  size  of  a  small  turkey's  egg  ;  this  stone  is  of  a  pale 
ash-colour,  bordering  on  white,  and  is  composed  of  different  coats  or  laminie,  like  an  onion.  Ucduccd 
to  a  powder  and  taken  in  warm  water,  it  is  a  most  cfHcacious  remedy  for  the  stone.  The  common 
people  usually  eat  the  eggs  of  the  iguana  dried  in  the  sun. 

[/«fa. — The  antient  emperor  of  the  native  Indians  of  Mexico  and  Peru.] 

Intij/uyu. — A  large  and  formidable  snake  in  the  country  of  the  Amazonas. 

Imeniadero. — The  chains  of  mountains  and  elevated  situations  in  the  provi.ice  of  Guayaquil  are 
called  invernaderos,  where  they  feed  their  cattle,  whilst  tiie  low  lands  and  summer  pastures  arc 
inundated. 

Ipecacuana.  {Viola  Ipecacuana.) — A  root  about  the  thickness  of  a  quill,  well  known  in  Europe  for 
its  emetic  virtues.  There  are  two  species,  distinguished  by  the  colour,  both  of  w  hich  are  indigenous 
to  America.    The  one  which  is  grey,  is  of  the  best  quality,  and  grows  in  Peru  ;  the  other  is  dark,  and 

g2 


n 


\  ? 


!« 


W 


i)    i'. 


r 


^::r  >  ■■}■■  (n 


At 


APPEM)1\. 


uio"siii  Hrasil.  Some  \\n\v  imajimrii,  wuhom  iiny  loiiiuljitioii,  iliut  llioy  aiv  two  tliitmct  sinvios.. 
I(s  t'lluMi  V  in  i-niinj;  IS  vnv  si.u|ii  ismj; ;  its  ouu-iu-  viitiws  aiv  o«mij  to  tlu-iosin  \vln»l»  it  contains  ;  it 
is  laki'  I  in  »losi-s  trom  I  J  to  :U>  grains  t\uli,  in  biotli,  waioi.  wino,  or  [uvsoivos.  In  Spain  it  i-  inipro- 
jioi ly  oalloil  l>oiiu|iiilli>,  or  »'|U'ia>  nanlia, 

I  /»•■  miwhi,  or  Hiruk-^ur.  [:^iuihra  Hm/nv.) — A  tivf  ot"  St.  l>v>i«iiiii;o,  a  .s|H"ci«'s  of  linnuui  vit«\ 
It  liastiio  sms'ular  |iio|)or«y  ot"  luvonung  |H'tritiekl  wlu'ii  siiiok  in  llio  ilainp  gioniiil.] 

//(/.—  \  tiv«"  wliirli  rosjMnliU's  the  ain>U'-ni><«,  an»l  ijrows  in  tin*  proviiu-o  ol"  laiva  in  IVrn.  II' u  lUf- 
son  pass  noar  tins  tn-i',  ho  ininio»liatoly  limls  liimsolf"  hogm  to  Moat  aniJ  swoll.  Tlu'  oiJhivia  wliuli  ii 
onuis,  has  siii-h  an  olVivt  khx  tlio  hlood.  that  it  ivniU-iN  nivossary  the  applicntion  o(  lanstirs.  Not  onlv 
inoii.  hilt  also  ainmals  ot"  i-vory  ilcsi-iiptu.n  ,'v  iVoni  ilio  itil. 


ill} 


i»i! 


u 


'iU'dd. 


J. 

\  tivo  ol'  tlio  i>!a!u!  ot'  St.  l)i)mm«;o,  whu'h  proiliu-i's  a  ili'lu'ato  iVnit  whoso  iuico  is  oloai' 


as  wator,  yot  itio  stain  on  htion  is  oi'  an  iiulolihu 
ami  stnn^lit,  tho  wotvl  rum,  luit  snpplo.] 


jot,  ami  sorvis  lor  ilyo  or  nitirkiiig.      iho  iroo  is  t.ill 


»A;/.j,".».     1  .l/>V.i/>i//.v  ./ii/.j/ni.)  — or  tlu'  conns  ami  ol.iss  pontaiulria  luonojjynia ;  tiio  oorolia  is  in  &,*> 
liapo  ol  a  lunm-l,  ami  tho  oaly\  is  plaootl  lulow  tho  iVuit,  ami  tho  noctarino  is  i^lohniar,  imhulinu  tho 


>iOin\. 


riio 


ro  art' 


throo  sons  ot  this  root,  all  poonliar  to  Aiuoiioa.     TonrnorvU't  aiul  l,i 


nnipiis  ai\'  ol 


opinion  that  this  jalapa  is  tho  sanio  with  that  ot'tho  apoihooarios,  hut  Houston  says  it  is  a  spoius  ultlio 
i-i>iivi 'villous  rovH.  Its  lijjnro  is  ohloni;,  in  tho  shapo  ot"  a  Sp.uiisii  turnip.  It  is  soliil.  lioavv,  ami  out 
iraiisv»-rsolv ,  ahm>st  hl.iok  «itliin  ami  hro«  n  witlumt,  rosinons,  liaril  to  niastioato,  ami  aoid  to  tho  tasii-. 
It  oiMUams  a  i;voat  ili-al  ot"  pnngont  salt,  with  a  mixtnro  of  aoivlity,  insloail  of  oarth  ami  hriiiistono ;  it  is 
a  i^ooil  oathariio,  ospi'Oially  fiM  tho  Nouroos.  'rhoiij;h  at  t!vo  prosont  tlav,  tho  j.vlapa  is  prv^pajjaioil  in 
o\ory   p.iri  i'>t   Aniorioa,  yot   ;'       igin.illy   oamo  Iroiii  tho  oity   of  \alapa,  frmn  whuh  it  iloriviil  its 


nanio. 


'C'lllPll- 


h 


f'lU'in 


ufn  Xi'i.vtl't-r  ^--  .K  plant  j^Towing  ahiuit  throo  foot  liigh  ;  tho  loavos  aro  lone  ami 
poiiuoil  ;  tho   roi>t   smooth,  hroail.  ami  hranohinc  out  into  various  tigiins.     Tho  pool  is  thin,  llosh- 


oorod  hoforo  it  is  out,  aiuf 


I  wlu  11  ilry,  groy.  1  lioro  aro  small  lihios  arising  from  tho  hottom  of  tho 
plant.  «hn.h  oxtoml  m  ovory  dirootion  thronglunit  tho  wholo,  like  vt>ins  m  tho  human  l>«ulv.  Those 
voiiis  aro  \nipi\'gnatoil  with  a  vorv  pnngont  iiiioo,  uuioh  stroiigor  than  any  other  pan  of  tlu'  plant,  \  ot 
nuuh  swootor  l>ol\>ro  it  isarnvotl  at  maturity.  The  lonjihu',  whon  out  groon,  makes oxoollont  preserves. 
Taken  whilst   toiulor.  it  helps  iligost ion,  oloars  tho  stomaoli  ol  phloem,  promotes  evaoviations.  oroates 


ippetno,  mstig.uos  ui 


mo,  ami  srivos  a  ilolmhtfnl  llavour  to  fooil  of  every  ilosoriptio 


Hut 


^ts  It  Is  an 


aolive  stimnlaiit,  it  must  boused  very  sjKiringly. 

Jcn\'u<)i. — A  sliruh  iii  the  kiot^ilom  o(  I'liilo,  whioh  resomhles  hemp,  and  is  vised  for  tho  same  pni- 
pv^so.  It  IS  maiu'.faoturod  ami  sent  in  ooiisulorahlo  quantities  to  CUiayaquil,  to  rig  those  vessels  wliioh 
aro  t'mod  out  in  that  Ii.oIk  ur,  and  to  lav  in  reserve  lor  others.  It  is  probably  the  same  with  that  which 
the  l.ughsh  have  disoovoivd  m  Uotany  IViy. 

.//iiJf.i;.'. —  .\n  evpn-ssion  whioh  signilies  the  same  as  to  present  a  person  with  a  enp  of  olmoolate  ;  it 
is  very  oommon  in  C>iiatem.iLi. 

Jof\K  ^A/H'/ii/ 1;..  Mi^rithn).) — A  fruit  whioh  the  Indians  oall  marapa.  It  has  a  vi  ry  strong  smell,  ami 
i.s  veiiow  both  uitlim  ami  without,  ami  in  puiiit  o(  shape  and  si/e,  may  bo  eoniKtroil  with  tho  iiliim  of 
St.  .li'hn       lis  t.ist-  iNs«eot,  with  a  mivt'iro  of  sourness.     'The  Imlians  lay  up  .stores  of  thistrnit  lor 


th 


vvlmaiv  li'Oi 


V,  I 


1011  II  IS   piVSsOl 


It  staiuls  somotii\io  ti>  aei)mro  ao 


ilitv 


The  b.-.r!,  oi  the  tn 


in  dooi-oiuMi.  IS  .111  .isiimgviu.  and  .-.ii  ivoollont  lotion  for  olcansing  ami  healing  invoierato  wounds. 


[./.'»'»)/- 


-'.M'o  Sc-ip<-n! 


J:,i:.!iu\  —  .\  i  aid.  durable  timber,  miuli  used  m  the  dockyards  o(  Guayanml  for  ship  bniUling. 
Julffk-. —  I'ho  Turopoans  have  giNon  this  name  to  the  Indian  tig  ;  whioh  when  ripe  ks  swoet,  and  h.i 


ry  viol 


loious  taste, 


t. 


APPEXniX. 


S3 


[Kiiittiiou. — Th:  •  aniiuat  is  lVi'((iuMilly  coHlomuli'd  witli  tlic  iMronjuii,  tlnnigh  lio  v»>siMnl>lts  him  in 
iiullung  l>»it  ilic  numo.  llo  belongs  to  tlu"  t'uiiiily  oli-uts  ;  ,u  Irast  lit'  vny  wnwU  n-soiuhlt's  tliom.  lie 
is  al)out  us  hr^v  as  u  common  vut,  «iul  is  hotU'r  lormril  lor  iigiliiy  uiul  s|H-oil,  tli.iii  tin-  siivn^tli.  His 
tiiil  i;r.uliivilly  1.»|ums  ti>  tlio  onil.iuul  is  aslonu  lus  liis  wliolo  lioily.  His  lolour  is  vvllow.  lU-tworn  liim 
ami  tlic  ("o)v  iluMo  is  poipotual  war.  Ho  limits  in  tlio  sauio  niaiinoi'  as  ilw  otlici'  animals  ot'  that 
vlass  ;  but  boiiijj  ablo  to  siisjuiul  liinisoltby  twining  llio  tMiil  of  bis  tail  loiiml  tlic  limb  of  a  tiof,  or 
tin-  liki',  111-  lan  puiMU"  bis  proy  wbori-  other  I'ais  vaiinot  ;  aiul  « lion  ho  attaoks  a  l.ujjo  animal,  bis  tail 
on.iblos  him  to  soomo  liis  hoM  till  bo  oan  opon  iho  blood  vossols  of  tlu"  nook.  In  sonio  parts  of  ranatlu 
tlioso  animals  aro  >ory  mimorons,  ami  maki-  o.ro.it  bavoo  anioii^  tlio  lUor,  ami  tlo  not  sparo  ovoii  tho 
tuMt  oaftlo.  Hut  wo  have  hoanl  of  noiio  m  those  States,  oxeopt  a  few  m  ilio  ».  \iarts  of  Now 
llumpsbiro. 

L. 

I,iih(ulf>v. —  A  mctlioil  of  soparating  tho  g;oUI  from  the  ourth,  puiMU'il  by  llioso  who  aro  nnablo  to 
dofray  tlio  oxponsos  of  oxoava  ion.  Thov  feather  sai\il  frt>m  tho  rivoiN  ami  ri\iilois,  or  earth  imp^^•JJnnto^^ 
with  maroasito  or  pvritos  of  k-ohl,  whiob  is  put  inio  a  horn  vessel,  ami  immerseil  m  the  i-nrrent  of  a 
rivulet,  when-  it  is  oontinnallv  ai^itatoil.  till  all  the  earth  bo  oairieil  away  by  tho  siroam,  ami  lite  maroa- 
sito  remains  in  the  bonou;  ot  the  vessel.  .Vrtor  this  operation  the  i;oUl  pyrites  is  ahllo^l  jniro,  baviiij; 
on\y  a  small  nuxtino  of  ferrngimnis  satul  :  it  is  allerwarils  put  iiiio  a  larv;i>  wvioiloii  trough,  wliiob 
>winis  in  a  vai  of  water,  ami  ajjilatod  till  all  the  ferruginous  earth  is  washoil  out,  ami  the  gold  romauis 
111  partioios,  of  ililVerent  shapes  and  sizes,  at  the  bottom.  The  earth  thus  proeured  renuiifs  no  farther 
pivp.uatiiiii  before  it  is  put  into  the  oruoiblo. 

1 1  iiititu-.  ^/./iiiM/.»-.^--()|  those  tlieie  are  man  v  spooii's.  Tho  alligator,  or.Vmorioanoroeodilo,  is  a  vi-ry 
large,  ugly,  torriblo  oioatuio,  of  proiligious  strength,  aotivity,  and  swiftness  in  the  water.  They  an- 
from  U  to  .':i  foot  in  leiigih  ;  their  bodies  are  as  Targe  as  that  i.^(  a  lioiso,  ami  are  oovorod  with  horny 
plates  or  seales,  saiil  to  bo  imponotiablo  to  a  rille  ball,  o\oiM)l  about  itiiir  hoaiK  and  just  behind  their 
♦ore  legs,  where  thov  are  vulnerable  ;  ii,  shape  they  ies»>iiibio  iho  li/ard.  The  luad  oi'  a  fiill-giowii 
alligator  is  about  throe  feet  long,  and  the  mouth  opens  nearly  the  same  length  ;  the  eyes  are  eoiiipa- 
ratively  small,  and  tlie  whole  hoail  in  the  water  appears,  at  a  ilistaiioe,  like  a  piece  i>f  rotten,  lloalni;.; 
*vood  ;  the  upper  jaw  iv-l^  moves,  and  this  tiny  I'liiso  sii  as  to  form  a  right  angle  with  the  lowir  one. 
Thev  open  their  mouths  while  they  lie  basking  in  the  sun,  on  the  banks  of  nvoiN  and  ereeks,  ami  when 
filled  with  thes,  iiiuskoioes,  ami  other  iiiseits,  they  sudilenly  let  fall  their  upper  jaw,  with  surpri.sing 
noise,  and  thus  secure  '.lU'ir  pr«-v  'riiov  li.ivo  two  huge,  strong,  conical  tusks,  as  while  as  ivorv,  which 
are  not  oovered  wiih  any  skin  or  lips,  and  whioli  give  tho  animal  a  frightful  appearance.  In  the  spring. 
>«liioh  is  their  season  for  brooiling,  thov  make  a  most  hideous  and  ti-rrifying  roar,  resembling  tho  soiimi 
of  distant  ihumler.  The  alligator  is  an  oviparous  animal ;  their  nests,  which  aro  ooiiiinonly  built  on 
the  margin  of  some  creek  or  river,  at  the  distance  i>f  1,>  or  .H)  yanis  from  the  water,  are  in  the  form  of 
an  o'-.:.ise  cono,  ab'uit  four  feet  high,  and  four  vr  five  in  diameter  at  their  basis.  Tlioy  aro  construotcd 
with  a  sort  of  imu'iar,  muilo  of  a  mixture  of  mud,  grass,  and  lierlmge ;  first,  they  lay  a  iloor  of 
this  oompositiiiii,  on  w  liioli  ilio\'  iloposit  a  layer  of  eggs,  and  iipi>n  this  .i  stiatiim  of  llioir  mortar,  seven 
or  eight  inches  thick,  aiiil  then  aiioihcr  layer  of  eggs  ;  and  ni  tins  m. inner,  one  stiMimii  upon  aiiiuhcr, 
nearly  to  tho  top  ol  tbi>  nest.  They  lay  iVom  one  to  JOii  I'ggs  in  ;:  iiosl  ;  tlioso  aro  hatched,  it  is  sup- 
posed, bv  tho  heat  of  the  sun,  assistovl,  perhaps,  bv  the  feriiiontatiou  of  the  vegetable  nioriar  in  wliioh 
tluy  aro  deposited.  The  female,  it  is  s.iiti,  larcfiillv  watches  her  nvii  nest  of  eggs  till  ilii>v  are  all 
batchoil ;  siie  then  t.ikos  her  brooil  under  horc.iro,  ami  leads  them  about  the  shores  like  as  a  hen  does 
her  chickens,  and  is  oipiallv  eouiagooiis  in  (loft'iuling  them  in  time  of  d.ingor.  NS'lu-ii  she  lies  basking 
upon  warm  tmiiks  with  her  bri>i>vl  aroiiml  her,  the  \  oiiiig  ones  may  bo  heard  whinieg  and  barking  like 
young  puppies.  The  olil  feiil  on  the  young  allinators,  till  they  get  so  largo  as  that  they  c.innot  make 
a  jircy  of  them;  so  that,  happily,  but  few  of  a  brood  survive  the  ago  of  a  yivir.  Thev  are  fond  of 
tho  itosh  o(  dogs  and  hogs,  whieh  thev  devour  w  heiievor  they  have  an  opportunity  :  their  principal 
food  IS  tisli.  In  Carolina  and  luMrgia  they  retire  into  their  iieiis,  whieh  they  form  by  burrowing  far 
under  groumi,  commencing  under  water  and  working  upwards,  and  there  remain  in  a  torpid  .state 


A 


\m 


.  »» 


i'(t 


t    r 


1  ^.: 


n 


4 


•I    ^' 


54 


APPENDIX. 


during  the  winter.  Further  s.,  in  warmer  climates,  they  are  more  numerous,  and  more  fierce  and 
ravenous,  and  will  boldly  attack  u  man.  In  S.  America,  the  carrion  vulture  is  the  instiumeiit  of 
Providence  to  destroy  multitudes  of  young  alligators,  which  would  otherwise  render  the  country 
uninhabitable. 

Besides  the  alligator,  they  have  of  this  species  of  amphibious  reptiles,  the  brown  lizard  (Lacerta 
punctata.) — Swift  (Lacerta  fusciata.) — Green  lizard,  or  little  green  cameleon  of  Carolina,  about  six 
or  seven  inches  long ;  it  has  a  large  red  gill  under  its  throat,  and,  lik?  the  cameleou,  has  the  faculty  of 
changing  its  colour. — The  striped  lizard  or  scorpion. — Blue-bellied,  sc^uamous  lizards,  several  varie- 
ties.— Large  copper-coloured  lizard. — Swift,  slender,  blue  lizaid,  with  a  .'ong  slender  tail,  as  brittle  as 
that  of  the  glass  snake.  The  two  last  are  rarely  seen,  but  are  sometimes  (ound  about  old  log  buildings 
in  the  S.  States.] 

[Lamprey. — The  lamprey  frequents  most  of  the  rivers  in  the  New  England  States,  N,  America, 
especially  where  the  passage  is  not  interrupted  by  dams.  That  part  of  the  lamprey  which  is  below 
the  air  holes  is  salted  and  dried  for  food.  After  the  spawning  season  is  over,  and  the  young  fry  have 
gone  down  to  the  sea,  the  old  fishes  attach  themselves  to  the  roots  and  limbs  of  trees,  which  have 
tallen  or  run  into  the  water,  and  there  perish.  A  mortification  begins  at  the  tail,  and  proceeds  up> 
wards  to  the  vital  part.  Fish  of  this  kind  have  been  found  at  Plymouth,  in  New  Hampshire,  in  dif- 
ferei;t  stages  of  putrefaction.    (Belknap's  History  of  New  Hampshire,  vol.  iii.  p.  ITe.)  ] 

Lanudo. — A  term  expressive  of  rusticity,  usually  applied,  at  Carthagcna,  to  the  inland  Creoles  who 
visit  that  port  on  commercial  business. 

Lapa. — An  amphibious  animal,  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  called  by  the  Indians  timenii.  It  is 
about  the  size  of  a  common  dog,  with  red  hair  diversified  with  white  spots ;  it  makes  a  noise  like  the 
large  Brasilian  rabbit ;  tiic  flesh  is  very  tender,  and  resembles  that  of  a  sucking  pig.  It  lives  on  the 
banks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  m  here  it  feeds  on  herbs  and  fruits ;  and  betakes  itself  to  the  water,  to  hide 
in  its  caverns,  on  the  least  noise. 

Latino. — A  tall  bulky  tree,  which  grows  in  the  island  of  Granada,  one  of  the  Antilles.  Instead  of 
branches,  it  is  covered  with  large  leaves  like  fans,  which  serve  instead  of  tiles  to  cover  the  houses. 

[Zofflrftfros.— Washing.places,  where  they  separate  the  metallic  particles  from  the  earthen,  or,  as  it  is 
called  in  Brasil,  cascalhao,  and  in  Spanish  America,  cascalotc.  Sometimes  spelt  Za^offe/'o  ;  which  see.] 

Lechc  Miel. — ^The  fruit  of  a  tree,  which  grows  in  the  district  of  Santiago  de  las  Atalayas,  in  t!ie 
jurisdiction  of  San  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the  New  Kingdom  of  Grenada.  It  is  of  the  size  and  shape 
of  a  large  grape,  divided  in  the  middle  by  a  thin  pellicle,  one  side  of  which  is  filled  with  u  liquid  like 
milk,  and  the  other  with  a  very  delicious  honey-like  substance. 

Lengua  de  Vaca.  (Rumiscis  species.) — A  plant,  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme,  witii  long  broad 
leaves,  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  cow's  tongue,  whence  it  has  derived  its  name.  It  is  of  a  clear  green 
colour,  hairy  on  the  under  side ;  it  is  usually  steeped  in  water,  to  communicate  to  it  a  diuretic  and 
stomachic  virtue  ;  it  has  a  saccharine  taste. 

Leho  Blanco.  (Begnonia  Leucoxylum.) — A  large  tree^,  whose  wood  is  white,  much  used  by  t!ie 
English  in  siiip-buiiding,  on  account  of  its  excellent  property  of  not  being  subject  to  the  destructive 
effects  of  the  wood-louse. 

Leiio  Jabon. — See  Palo  Manteca. 

Leon  Marino.  (Phoca  Leonina.) — The  body  is  more  active,  beautiful,  and  better  shaped  than  the 
other  phocat,  though  of  a  roundish  *^orm,  and  covered  with  a  dark  brown  hair;  its  back,  from  the 
shoulders  to  t,  e  tail,  is  very  short;  the  neck  and  head  are  long,  like  those  of  the  goat;  its  mane  is 
very  conspicuous,  and  tives  it  something  of  the  outward  appearance  of  the  African  lion,  and  an  ex- 
clusive right  to  be  called  the  lion-marino,  or  sea-lion.  The  name  which  Admiral  Anson  gave  it, 
and  which  Linnccus  aftei  wards  adopted,  is  certainly  very  improper.  The  Indian  natives  of  Chile, 
being  unacquainted  with  the  lion,  gave  it  the  name  of  thopel-lame,  or  the  hairy-Iamc.  It  also 
bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  African  lion,  in  the  shape  of  its  head  and  in  the  nose,  which  is  long 
and  flat,  and  bare  from  half  the  length  to  the  end ;  the  ears,  which  are  nearly  circular,  arise  about 
..even  or  eight  lines  above  the  cranium  \  their  eyes  are  lively  and  pleasant,  and  the  pupils  ^rc  of  a 


h 


APPENDIX. 


66 


as  It  IS 


than  tlie 

fiom  the. 

|s  inane  is 

id  an  ex- 

gavc  it, 

[of  Chile, 

It  also 

ch  is  long 

[•ise  about 

»rc  of  a 


liv;ly,  bright,  green  colour;  the  upper  lip  i^  adorned  with  long  white  whiskers,  resembling  those  of 
the  tiger,  and  all  the  other  species  of  phoc.^^ ;  the  mouth,  whicli  is  very  wide,  is  furnished  with  Si 
teeth,  as  white  as  ivory,  very  large  and  solid,  which  are  nearly  hidden  in  the  gums  ;  the  incisors  are 
four  inches  long,  and  about  18  lines  in  diameter;  the  grinders  do  not  project  like  those  of  the  lama, 
and  the  distribution  of  the  teeth  differs  in  no  respect  from  those  of  the  urines ;  the  hind  feet  are  webbed, 
and  have  the  same  shape  and  number  of  toe=  as  the  last-mentioned  ;  the  fore  feet  are  webbed,  short  in 
comparison  with  the  bulk  of  the  body,  divided  near  the  extremity  into  five  toes,  which  are  furnished 
with  nails,  and  united  by  a  membrane  like  those  of  the  phoca  elephantina ;  lastly,  the  tail  is  black  and 
round,  and  is  little  more  than  a  hand  in  length.  The  female  is  much  less  than  the  male,  and  devoid  of 
the  mane,  like  the  lioness;  she  likewise  resembles  the  latter  in  having  two  dugs,  and  brings  forth  one 

J^oung  one  at  each  birth,  which  she  suckles  with  affection.  Some  say  these  animals  are  25  feet  in 
ength  ;  they  are  very  fat  and  full  of  blood,  and  as  soon  as  they  perceive  themselves  wounded,  they 
betake  themselves  to  the  water,  leaving  behind  them,  ou  the  surface,  large  streams  of  blood  which  are 
seen  at  a  distance,  and  serve  as  a  mark  to  direct  the  lamas  and  urinas  to  pursue  and  destroy  them, 
which  seldom  happens  to  the  latter  in  like  circumstances. 

Lere. — A  name  given  by  the  natives  of  Darien,  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme,  to  their  priests,  who 
are  held  in  the  greatest  veneration  by  tliose  barbarians ;  they  persuade  the  people  that  they  enjoy 
familiar  conversation  with  the  devil,  and  impose  upon  them  a  thousand  such  errors.  The  priests  are 
painted  with  black  and  red,  which  gives  them  a  most  hideous  appec\rance. 

[Libra. — A  Spanish  pound,  equal  to  100  pounds  English.] 

Lt'co. — This  name  is  applied  to  soda  or  barilla,  in  'ne  province  of  Sana  in  Peru,  where  it  is  found  in 
great  abundance. 

Lignum  Vita.  (Thuya  Bom.) — Or  tree  of  life,  which  grows  in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  and  is  com- 
prehended in  the  class  moncecia  monadelphia:  neither  gender  have  the  corolla.  There  are  three 
species  of  this  tree,  all  suited  to  hot  climates.  It  came  originally  from  Canada ;  is  of  a  moderate 
height ;  the  trunk  very  hard,  knotty,  and  covered  with  a  dark  red  bark ;  the  branches  spread  out  like 
wings,  and  the  leaves,  which  resemble  those  of  the  cypress,  only  appear  on  the  young  branches,  laid 
over  each  other  like  scales  united  by  flat  stalks.  In  the  beginning  of  spring  it  produces  (lowers,  male 
and  female,  on  the  same  stem  ;  the  fruit  is  long,  or  a  kind  of  long  cone,  composed  of  scales.  The 
leaves  have  a  bitter  taste,  and,  when  passed  through  the  hand,  exhale  a  strong  resinous  odour.  The 
wood,  though  not  the  hardest,  is  incorruptible ;  and,  for  this  reason,  is  much  used  in  Canada  for 
palisadoes :  when  it  is  worked  it  emits  an  offensive  smell.  It  has  obtained  the  name  of  ligimm  vitae,  or 
tree  of  life,  because  it  is  always  green.     There  are  three  species ;  one  of  which  is  found  in  China. 

Liguira. — A  small  square  cloth,  which  the  Indian  women,  of  the  New  Kingdom  of  Grenada,  wore 
on  their  shoulders  during  their  state  of  paganism. 

Limeta. — A  synonymous  term  with  bottle,  used  in  many  parts  of  America. 

Limpia  OJos. — A  small  stone,  shaped  like  a  lentil,  found  in  the  sand  on  the  shore  of  the  island  of 
Dominica,  one  of  the  Antilles.  It  is  put  under  the  eyelid,  and,  by  the  motion  of  the  eye,  goes  round 
the  ball,  extracting  any  body  cr  matter  which  it  may  contain,  and  afterwards  comes  out  of  its  own 
accord.     It  may,  perhaps,  be  the  lapis  lenticularis  which  naturalists  esteem. 

Limpion. — A  small  roll  of  tobacco  leaves,  and  a  piece  of  wood,  four  inches  long  and  one  in  diameter, 
covered  with  silver,  gold,  or  silken  thread,  and  sometimes  with  small  pearls,  which  ladies  have  con- 
stantly in  their  mouths,  to  cleanse  and  preserve  their  teeth. 

Linches. — A  name  given,  in  the  province  of  Guayaquil  and  kingdom  of  Quito,  to  a  sort  of  wallet,  or 
saddle-bags,  made,  in  the  district  of  Puerto  Viejo,  of  the  fibres  which  are  drawn  from  the  stalks  of  the 
maguey. 

Liquid  ambar.  (Liquid  ambar  stiracifluum.) — A  plant  and  species  of  the  class  moncecia  polyandria. 
The  cup  consists  of  four  leaves,  without  a  corolla,  and  having  a  great  number  of  fibres.  The  male  is 
also  formed  of  four  leaves,  in  a  globular  shape,  likewise  destitute  of  a  corolla ;  but  the  styles  are  united, 
and  the  pods  are  very  numerous,  with  a  double  valve,  and  contain  a  great  number  of  seeds :  there  are 
two  species,  both  natives  of  America.    From  the  tree  is  extracted  a  fragrant  gum,  which  bears  the 


\k 


V 


;  ■  ■  ,  t' 
!    ■  i'  ! 


•1  \^ 


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■t  \.  [t . 


^1^:: 


!  1 


56 


APPENDIX. 


;f 


w 


name  of  the  tree,  greatly  esteemed  as  a  remedy  for  obstructions,  and  may  be  had  at  the  shops  of 
chemists  and  drnggists. 

Liron  Aquatil.  (Didelphis  Murena.) — An  amphibijus  quadruped,  which  inhabits  rivers  and  de- 
clivities; it  is  small,  very  beautiful,  and  resembles,  in  shape,  the  aormouse;  it  is  covered  with  a  very 
smooth  hair  of  extraordinary  beauty,  of  a  black  and  white  colour,  arranged  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form 
alternate  waves  of  either  from  the  head  to  the  tail ;  the  head  resemmes  that  of  the  dormouse,  with 
whiskei-s  like  a  cat ;  the  feet  are  membraneous,  and  the  tail  is  entirely  void  of  hair  from  the  middle  to 
the  end.  The  greatest  singularity  respecting  this  animal  is,  that  its  belly  is  divided  into  two  skins, 
which  it  opens  and  shuts  at  pleasure,  like  a  doublet,  pressing  the  sides  together  with  such  force,  that 
the  juncture  is  scarcely  perceptible.  These  two  skins  are  fined,  interiorly,  with  a  soft  and  almost 
imperceptible  fur.  Within  these  skins  the  female  carries  six  young  ones,  attached  to  the  umbilical 
gut  and  to  a  small  twisted  nipple,  which  each  young  one  holds  in  its  mouth,  from  its  first  formation 
till  it  is  brought  to  light.  Hence  if  you  catch  a  female  15  or  20  days  gone  with  young,  on  opening 
the  belly,  you  may  discover  the  six  young  of  the  size  of  small  mice,  in  the  surprising  and  unnatural 
state  in  which  they  are  engendered  and  supported,  which  is  so  singular  as  to  cause  universal  admira- 
tion.    In  the  province  of  Venezuela  it  is  called  the  little  water  dog. 

[Lisa,  or  Liza. — The  skate  fish.] 

Listadillo. — A  sort  of  cotton  manufacture,  with  black  and  white  stripes,  which  is  very  common  in 
America,  and  chiefly  used  for  clothing  by  the  indigent  and  slaves. 

Llaccho. — A  sort  of  strong  high  grass,  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  and  lakes  in  the  province  of 
Chucuito,  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru,  which  affords  very  good  pasture  for  cattle. 

Llama. — A  species  of  camel  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru.     See  Alpaca. 

[Llanos. — Plains  in  S.  America,  many  of  which  form  the  tract  of  country  called  llanura.] 

[Llanuras.-— In  S.  America,  arc  bare  level  tracts  of  country,  sometimes  many  leagues  in  extent.] 

LlicUa. — A  sort  of  very  fine  woollen  cloth,  manufactured  in  several  provinces  of  Pern,  particularly 
in  Parinacochas,  and  worn  by  the  Indian  women  on  their  shoulders. 

Lobo  Marino.  (Phoca  Lupina.) — And,  in  the  language  of  Chile,  urine,  '''.ITcrs  very  little  from  the 
phoca,  or  sea-calf  in  Europe.  No  fixed  rule  can  be  given  for  their  size  or  colour ;  for  they  are  found 
from  three  to  eight  feet  in  length,  some  of  a  brown,  others  of  a  grey,  and  others  of  a  whitish  colour. 
The  body,  which  is  very  large  towards  the  he-^d,  diminishes  gradually,  like  that  of  u  fish,  to  the  hind 
feet,  which  constitutes  the  extremity  of  the  body,  and  are  united  in  one  hard  skin,  covered  with  two 
different  sorts  of  hair,  the  one  soft  and  short,  like  that  of  an  ox,  the  other  somevviiat  longer  and  more 
stiff';  the  head  is  large,  and  of  a  roundish  shape  like  that  of  a  dog,  whose  ears  have  been  cut  close  to 
its  head,  and  the  defect  of  the  ears  is  supplied  by  two  holes  in  the  side  of  the  head,  which  serve  as 
conductors  to  the  organ  of  hearing ;  its  eyes  are  very  large,  of  a  spherical  form,  and  adorned  witli  eye- 
brov;s  and  a  few  eye-lashes ;  the  nose  greatly  resembles  that  of  a  calf;  the  snout  long  and  obtuse,  with 
huge  whiskers  on  the  upper  side;  thelips  of  an  equal  length,  but  the  upper  one  something  split,  like 
that  of  the  lion  ;  the  mouth  is  well  set  with  34  teeth,  that  is  to  say,  10  incisors,  six  above  and  four 
below,  four  canine  teeth  and  20  grinders,  all  of  which  are  remarkable  for  being  hollow  in  the  part 
which  enters  the  gum,  and  are  only  solid  at  the  point  of  the  tooth  which  is  in  the  mouth  ;  the  tongue 
resembles  that  of  the  calf;  the  two  fore  feet,  which  might  more  properly  be  called  fins,  liave  two 
visible  joints,  the  artoides,  or  joint  of  the  shoulder  with  the  shoulder  blade,  and  that  of  the  elbow  with 
the  metacarpus.  The  bones  in  the  metacarpus  and  those  of  the  toes  are  cartilaginous,  and  are 
inserted,  as  it  were,  in  a  glove  of  a  very  strong,  hard  membrane,  serving  the  purpose  of  bands,  or  fore 
feet.  These  feet  consist  of  four  toes,  covered  in  the  manner  already  mentioned,  and  constitute  the 
principal  distinction  between  the  urina  and  the  other  species  of  phocsD  ;  the  body,  as  has  already  been 
mentioned,  diminishes  gradually  towards  the  extremity,  is  divided  into  two  very  short  parts,  which  are 
the  hind  legs.  The  joints  of  these  are  also  visible,  and  the  feet  consist  of  five  toes  of  unequal  lengths, 
wliic'.-  differ  very  little  from  those  of  the  fore  feet.  A  rough  membrane  unites  these  toes  from  the 
first  to  the  third  joint,  where  it  separates  and  surrounds  the  '.oes,  going  a  little  farther  than  the  claws : 
betwixt  these  feet  the  tail  is  situated,  and  does  not  exceed  three  inches  in  length.  Tiie  females  bring 
forth  in  spring,  generally,  one  or  two  at  a  time  and  very  seldom  three,  are  much  better  shaped  than 


n 


\^ 


ops  of 

nd  de- 
avery 
to  form 
se,  with 
iddle  to 
■o  skins, 
rce,  that 
1  almost 
imbilical 
ormation 
opening 
innatural 
I  admira- 


immon  in 
rovince  of 


ctent.] 
larticularly 

le  from  the 
arc  found 
tish  colour, 
to  the  hind 
d  with  two 
•  and  more 
;ut  close  to 
h  serve  as 
„  with  eye- 
Ibtnse,  with 
g  split,  hke 
|ve  and  fom- 
in  the  part 
the  tongue 
,,  liave  two 
elbow  with 
AS,  and  are 
.ids,  or  fore 
Institute  the 
llready  been 
[s,  which  arc 
jual  lengths, 
les  from  the 
\\  the  claws : 
•males  bring 
isbaped  than 


APPENDIX. 


ai 


the  males,  and  have  a  longer  and  more  graceful  neck.  Betwixt  the  skin  and  flesh  of  this,  as  well  as 
most  other  aquatic  animals,  there  is  a  soft  fatty  substance,  very  readily  dissolved  into  oil ;  tliey  are 
likewise  very  full  of  blood,  and,  when  wounded,  the  quantity  which  issues  is  very  great.  Notwith- 
standing the  disadvantageous  const. uction  of  their  feet,  they  climb  with  ease  the  highest  coasts,  and 
seem  to  take  a  singular  gratificatiou  in  basking  upon  tiiem ;  but  on  land  their  progressive  motion  is 
attended  with  such  diihculty,  that  tiiey  seem  rather  to  creep  than  walk.  Mowcver,  any  person  who 
might  approach  too  near  one  of  them,  would  be  in  very  great  danger  of  being  severed  in  two  at  one 
bile,  from  the  agility  with  wiiicli  they  bend  their  necks  from  one  side  to  the  other.  When  these  ani- 
mals see  any  person  pass  near  them,  they  open  their  months  wide  enough  to  admit  a  ball  a  foot  in 
dianieter.  In  the  sea  they  swim  with  an  amazing  velocity,  using  for  tliis  purpose  their  hind  feet, 
which  they  extend  longitudinally,  and  which  seen  ut  a  distance  have  ihe  appearance  of  a  flsirstail.  They 
are  averse  to  remaining  a  long  time  under  water,  and  fre()uently  lift  up  their  heads,  as  well  foi  the  sake 
of  respiration  as  to  see  if  there  is  wiihin  reach  any  penguin  or  other  water  fo.vl,  of  which  tliev  are 
extremely  fond.  The  large  urines  niake  a  noise  like  the  bellowing  of  a  bull,  the  small  ones  snmetimes 
bleat  like  lambs,  and  sometimes  roar  like  calves.  They  are  found  in  girat  abundance  on  all  the  S. 
Sea  coasts,  and  the  natives  of  Chile  destroy  every  year  a  great  number ;  they  kill  them  l)y  a  l)low  on 
the  snout,  which  is  the  most  tender  part.  The  skin  is  applied  to  various  purposes,  but  is  more  par- 
ticularly  used  in  making  a  kind  of  boat,  in  which  they  pass  rivers,  and  tish  in  the  sea,  which  consists  ol' 
two  large  balloons  of  this  skin,  eight  or  ten  feet  long,  well  pitched  and  full  of  air,  and  fastened  to  two 
or  three  strong  pieces  of  wood.  When  well  tanned,  it  has  a  small  grain,  like  Morocco  leather,  so  that 
it  makes  very  good  boots  and  shoes,  which  are  water  proof  if  properly  tanned.  The  oil  which  is  ex- 
tracted from  tliis  animal  by  the  natives  of  the  Archipelago  of  Cl.iloe,  and  by  them  exp»)sed  to  sale  in 
dirterent  cities,  is  very  good,  if  properly  cleaned,  for  tanning  and  for  the  la.iip  ;  is  preferable  to  whale 
oil,  because  it  always  remains  clear,  and  is  sometimes  used  by  sailors  in  preparing  their  victuals. 
There  are  sometimes  found  in  their  bellies  stones  of  two  or  three  pounds  weight,  which  they  swallow 
to  assist  digestion. 

[Lodsct  rentes. — In  Canada,  are  fines  of  alienation,  being  one-twelfth  part  of  the  purchase-money.] 

Loro.  (Psitaciis.) — A  bird  of  the  pie  kind,  somcwiiat  less  than  a  hen;  the  bill  is  curved,  the  upper 
mandible  loose,  and  the  apertures  of  the  nostrils  are  placed  in  the  base  of  the  bill ;  the  tongue  is  fleshy 
and  black  ;  the  feet  consist  of  three  toes,  armed  with  claws,  and  placed  two  before  and  one  behind  ; 
the  colour  of  the  body  is  a  very  beautiful  green,  and  the  neck  is  of  a  ver)*  fine  yellow.  'I'hcre  are 
nine  species  of  loios,  distinguished  by  the  diflferent  colours  of  their  plumage.  They  can  pronounce, 
very  clearly,  any  words  which  they  are  taught.     They  are  very  common  in  every  part  of  America. 

Lucvia. — .\  very  large  tree,  with  a  round  fruit,  four  or  five  inches  in  diameter;  the  pulp  is  mealy, 
dry,  and  nt*  very  sweet,  with  a  yellow  rind,  and  large,  round,  bright  seeds. 

Luciima.  {Jchras  Mavmwsa.) — A  plant  of  the  class  ieosandria  dyginia.  There  are  five  species, 
distinguished  i)y  their  respective  peculiarities,  which  are  all  trees  of  a  moderate  size,  covered  with  leaves 
wliici)  are  always  green,  much  resembling  those  of  the  laurel,  and  producing  flowers  of  a  woolly  nature. 
The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  the  melocoton,  covered  with  a  yellow  skin,  which  contains  a  pidpof  a 
whitish  colour  and  sweet  taste,  with  one  or  two  small  stones.  Of  the  five  species,  two  only  arc  culti- 
vated, the  lucnma  bifcra  and  the  lucuma  turbinata;  the  former  benrs  fruit  twice  in  the  year,  that  i>. 
to  sav,  in  the  beginning  of  summer  and  in  autumn ;  but  those  which  bear  in  autumn,  alone  have  stones, 
which  are  always  two  in  number,  and  very  much  like  the  chesmit.  1  he  shape  of  these  is  round,  ami 
something  sloping,  dilVeriiig  in  this  particular  from  those  of  the  turbinata,  which  arcshapeil  like  a  top. 
Though  these  fruits  obtain  perfect  maturity  on  the  trees,  yet  it  is  necessary  to  keep  tiiein  for  some  tinu' 
in  straw  in  order  that  they  may  lose  a  certain  sourness  natural  to  them,  and  acquire  that  agreeable 
taste  und  odour  for  which  they  are  so  well  known.  The  other  species,  which  are  wild,  rtre  called  in 
the  kingdom  of  Chile  by  the  liaines  of  bellota,  keule,  and  chafiar.  The  first,  called  also  lucuma  valpa- 
radisia,  because  it  particularly  abounds  in  llie  vicinity  of  Valparadiso,  dilVers  from  the  others  in  no 
respect,  except  that  the  leaves  are  opposite  ;  the  fruit  is  roui.d,  oval,  or  long,  ntw|  generally  has  :i 
very  hitler  taste;  the  keule  grows  above  100  feet  high,  and  the  leaves  are  ovul,  six  or  seven  inches 
long,  and  of  a  brilliant  green  colour  ;  the  fruit  is  round,  of  a  beautiful  yellow  colour,  and  as  they  are 
very  large  and  numerous,  they  give  an  additional  beauty  to  the  verdure  of  the  tree.     Lastly,  the 

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«8 


APPENDIX. 


chanarliiciiniaespinesa,  whose  trunk  is  about  30  feet  liigli,  beset  witli  thorny  branches,  and  leaves  of 
nearly  an  oval  shape,  without  any  stalk.  The  fruit  is  round,  like  that  of  the'keule,  soft,  and  of  a  very 
agioeable  taste  ;  and  the  wood  of  the  tree  is  solid  aii<l  yellow,  and  in  great  esteem  amongst  cabinet, 
makers. 

[Zj/H.r.— Of  the  lynx  t!  ere  are  three  kinds,  each  probably  forming  a  distinct  species.  The  first, 
(lupus  cervarius,  Linn.  3(1  edit.)  is  called  by  the  French  and  Englisii  Americans,  loup  cervier.  He 
is  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  i'eet  in  length;  iiis  tail  is  about  five  inches;  his  hair  is  long,  of  a  light- 
grey  colour,  forming,  in  some  places,  small,  irregular,  dark  shades  ;  the  end  of  his  tail  is  black  ;  his 
fur  is  fine  and  thick.  He  is  the  lynx  of  Siberia,  and  some  of  the  n.  parts  of  Europe.  A  few 
may  be  found  in  the  71.  e.  parts  of  the  district  of  Main ;  but  in  the  higher  latitudes  they  are  more 
numerous. 

The  second,  (catus  ccrvarius,  Linn.)  is  called  by  the  French  Americans,  chat  corvier;  and  in  New 
England,  the  wild  cat.  He  is  considerably  less  than  the  former,  or  the  loup  cervier;  he  is  from  two 
to  two  and  a  half  fiet  long  ;  his  tail  is  proportionably  shorter,  about  three  inches  long,  and  wants  the 
tuft  of  black  hair  on  the  end  of  it ;  his  hair  is  shorter,  particularly  on  his  legs  and  feet ;  is  of  a  darker 
colour,  brownj  dark  sallow,  and  grey,  variously  intermixed  ;  his  fur  is  said  to  l)e  of  a  very  difterent 
quality ;  his  ears  are  shorter,  and  he  has  very  little  of  the  pencil  of  black  hairs  on  the  tips  of  them, 
which  is  so  remarkable  in  the  former  kind.  This  animal  destroyed  many  of  the  cattle  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  New  England. 

The  third  species  is  about  the  size  of  a  common  cat :  the  colour  of  the  male  is  a  bright  brown,  or 
bay,  with  black  spots  on  his  legs  ;  his  tail  is  about  four  inches  long,  and  encircled  by  eight  white  rings ; 
the  female  is  of  a  reddish  grey.     Found  in  the  Middle  and  S.  States.] 


,  H 


M. 

Macagua. — A  venomous  serpent,  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  or  New  Andalucia. 

Miicana. — A  sort  of  weapon  used  by  the  Indians,  particularly  the  Caribees ;  it  is  a  club  of  very  heavy 
wood,  two  feet  and  a  half  in  length,  smooth,  and  about  two  inches  thick,  except  at  the  handle,  which 
is  somewhat  thinner.  As  they  keep  the  edges  or  corners  very  sharp,  a  blov/  from  one  of  these  clubs  is 
so  terrible,  that  it  will  take  off  an  arm  or  separate  the  head  from  the  shoulders.  The  Indians  manage 
this  weapon  with  great  dexterity.  The  tree  of  which  the  macana  is  made  is  as  hard  as  iron,  and  is 
called  by  the  same  name  as  the  club. 

Machete. — A  hunter's  cutlass,  or  a  sword  half  a  yard  long,  four  i  iches  broad,  and  half  an  inch  thick 
at  the  back,  used  by  the  Indians  in  cutting  branches,  opening  roads,  and  for  several  other  purposes. 

Macn>. — The  cochineal  is  called  by  this  name  in  Peru. 

Macitqidna. — Silver:  the  small  reals  and  half  reals  of  .silver  and  reals  de  vellon,  not  stamped  round 
the  edges,  which  are  current  in  commerce,  with  a  trifling  loss  on  account  of  the  facility  of  coining 
them. 

Madi.  [Madia  Gen.  Nov.  Mol.) — A  plant  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  from  whose  seed  they  extract 
a  kind  of  very  good  eating  oil.  There  are  two  species,  the  madi  proper,  which  is  cultivated,  and  the 
wild  madiviloum,  or  melosa.  The  shoots  of  the  first  are  hairy,  bushy,  and  five  feet  high;  the  leaves 
grow  three  together,  and  arc  covered  with  a  sort  of  wool,  they  are  about  four  inches  long  and  six  lines 
broad,  of  a  clear  green  colour,  resembling  jn  shape  those  of  the  bay -rose ;  the  flowers  are  striped  with 
yellow,  and  the  seed  is  inclosed  in  a  pod  of  nearly  a  spherical  figure,  eight  or  ten  lines  in  diameter; 
the  seed  is  convex  on  one  side,  it  is  about  four  or  five  lines  in  length,  and  are  covered  with  a  thin  dark- 
grey  pellicle.  The  cultivatoi;-  extract  from  this  seed,  by  expression  or  decoction,  an  oil  of  an  jjgree- 
able  taste,  clear,  similar  in  colour  to  the  oil  of  olives,  and  by  Father  Feviilee  preferred  to  all  other 
kinds  of  oil.  The  wild  madi  differs  from  the  last  in  no  respect  except  that  the  leaves  stick  to  the 
tree,  and  are  so  glutinous,  that  they  seem  besmeared  with  honey. 

[Maestre  de  Cavipo. — A  military  rank  corresponding,  at  the  present  day,  to  that  of  Colonel.] 

[Mages. — See  Maguci.] 

\  Magistral. — Master.  ] 


11 


APPENDIX. 


H9 


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jl.] 


[Magistral  Colegial. — Principal  of  the  College.] 

[^Magnificat. — The  canticle  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.] 

Magiiei.  {Agave  Americana.) — A  plant  which  is  very  abundant  in  every  part  of  America,  and  at 
the  same  time  the  most  useful  and  most  esteemed  by  the  Indians,  because  it  supplies  them  with  water, 
wine,  vinegar,  oil,  balsam,  honey,  beams  for  buildmg  houses,  tiles,  thread  for  sewing  and  weaving, 
needles,  and  with  its  shoots  for  victuals.  This  plant  may  be  classed  with  the  aloes.  The  leaves, 
when  half  roasted,  afford  a  quantity  of  liquor  something  sweet,  which  when  boiled  to  a  syrup  is  an 
excellent  remedy  for  cleansing  old  wounds.  It  may  also  be  taken  in  the  quantity  of  half  or  a  whole 
drachm,  in  warm  water,  to  dislodge  any  crudity  from  the  stomach,  and  to  expel  bile  or  extravacated 
blood.  This  plant  thrives  in  any  part,  and  is  therefore  so  abundant ;  but  the  principal  use  to  which  it 
is  applied,  besides  those  already  enumerated,  is  in  making  a  sort  of  liquor  called  pulque,  of  whic'.i  wc 
shall  give  an  account  under  its  name. 

[Magueges. — See  Maguei.] 

[Mahogany,  or  Swietenia. — Generally  classed  with  the  decandria,  is  a  tall,  straight,  beautiful  tree,  with 
flowers  of  a  reddish  or  saffron  colour,  the  fruit  oval,  of  the  size  of  a  lemon,  and  resembling  galls, 
but  of  no  use.  The  tree,  when  grown  in  a  barren  soil,  is  hard,  of  a  close  grain,  and  more  finely 
variegated  than  when  it  proceeds  from  low  damp  lands;  it  is  then  more  porous,  pale,  and  open 
grained.] 

Maiten.  {Maitenus  Boaria.) — A  tree  of  the  class  dycandria  monogynia,  very  large,  beautiful,  and 
evergreen,  and  grows  spontaneously  in  every  part  of  the  kingdon  of  Chile ;  tiic  body  of  the  tree  is 
seldom  more  than  30  feet  high,  but  the  numerous  branches  whicr  it  shoots  out,  eight  or  ten  yards 
from  the  top,  form  a  most  beautiful  bower ;  the  leaves,  sometimes  opposite  and  sometimes  alternate, 
are  denticulated  and  pointed  at  both  extremities,  very  thick,  of  a  brilliant  green  colour,  and  about  two 
inches  long  ;  the  flowers  are  monopetalous,  companiform,  and  of  a  purple  colour,  but  so  small,  that  at 
a  sliort  distance  they  arc  not  discernible.  These  flowers  cover  all  the  young  branches,  and  give  place 
to  a  capsule,  which  contains  a  black  seed.  The  wood  of  the  maiten  is  hard,  and  of  an  orange  colour, 
with  red  and  green  veins.  Black  cattle  are  so  partial  to  the  leaves  of  this  tree,  that  they  leave  every 
other  sort  of  pasture  when  they  find  one,  and  were  it  not  for  the  fences  and  ditches  with  which  these 
trees  are  enclosed  by  the  gentry,  the  species  would  long  ago  have  become  extinct.  The  maiten  is  a 
most  effective  antidote  aganist  the  lithy. 

Maiz,  or  Indian  Wheat.  {Zca  Mayzt/um.) — A  genus  of  the  monoecia  triandrya.  The  cup  of  the  male 
consists  of  a  double  skin  without  any  cover,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  corolla,  each  consisting 
of  two  valves;  the  style  is  filiform  and  pendulous,  and  the  seeds  are  arranged  singly  in  an  oblong  case. 
This  plant  is  one  single  stalk,  whicli  shoots  out  leaves  more  than  a  yard  in  length,  and  three  inches  in 
breadth,  and  the  fruit  is  a  sort  of  cone  about  a  span  in  length,  set  very  closely  with  grains,  which  are 
frequently  of  different  colours:  the  general  colours  are  white  and  yellow.  They  reckon  five  species, 
or  rather  varieties  of  maiz,  which  differ  very  little  from  each  other.  The  method  of  sowing  it,  is  to 
make  a  hole,  throw  in  a  few  seeds,  and  cover  them,  and  without  any  further  trouble,  it  soon  appears 
above  ground,  and  is  fit  for  reaping  at  the  end  of  five  months  at  latest:  hence  they  easily  obtain 
two  crops  in  one  year.  The  wheat  is  made  into  flower,  and  serves  for  bread  for  all  the  Indians  and 
common  people;  and  on  this  account  the  consumption  is  very  great  in  America.  It  is  also  used  in  tlie 
composition  of  several  dishes,  and  to  feed  cattle,  pigs,  domestic  animals,  and  poultry.  Some  think  the 
maiz  came  originally  from  Asia,  and  that  the  Spaniards  carried  it  to  America  ;  but  this  is  false,  for  it  is 
evidently  a  native  of  the  New  World. 

Malagueta. — See  Pimienta  de  Tabasco. 

Mamei.  {Mammea  Americana.) — A  fragrant  and  delicious  fruit,  whose  pulp  is  of  tlie  consistency 
and  colour  of  the  melocoton ;  the  rind  is  fibrous  and  flexible,  and  about  two  lines  in  thickness.  In 
preserves,  "iliis  fruit  is  a  great  delicacy.  It  generally  contains  one  or  two  rough  seeds,  as  large  as  the 
kidneys  of  a  sheep.    The  tree  hears  a  near  resemblance  to  the  laurel. 

Mamon. — A  fruit  growing  on  a  large,  beautiful,  evergreen  tree ;  it  is  of  the  size  and  slmpe  of  a  small 
cherry,  and  when  divested  of  the  skin,  which  is  green  and  hard,  the  inside  appears  of  a  white  colour, 
watery,  and  similar  in  taste  to  the  muscadine  grape. 

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[Mauimoth. — Tliis  iianio  lias  betn  given  to  an  unknown  animal,  whose  bones  are  found  in  the  «, 
parts  ol  both  die  old  and  new  world.  From  the  fonn  of  their  teeth,  they  are  su|>po!>ed  to  have 
lieen  carnivorous.  Like  the  elephant  they  were  armed  with  tusks  of  ivory  ;  but  they  obviously  diO'ered 
from  the  elephant  in  size;  their  bones  prove  them  to  iiave  been  five  or  six  times  as  large.  These 
enormous  bones  are  found  in  several  parts  of  N.  Ainorica,  partieularly  about  the  salt  licks  or  springs, 
ne.r  the  Ohio  river.  'Ihese  licks  were  formerly  frequented  by  a  vast  number  of  graminivorous  ani- 
mals, on  account  of  the  salt,  of  which  they  arc  excessively  fond.  From  the  appei'.rance  of  these  bones, 
some  of  which  a'e  entirely  iibove  ground,  others  wholly  buried,  it  is  probable  that  the  animals  died  at 
dill'erent  periods,  some  peihaps  as  lately  as  the  first  settlement  of  this  country  by  the  Europeans. 

Mr.  Jelfurson  informs  us,  that  a  late  Governor  of  Virginia,  having  asked  some  delegates  of  the  Dela- 
wares  what  they  knew  or  had  heard  respecting  this  animal,  the  chief  speaker  immediately  put  himself 
into  an  oratorial  attitude,  and  with  a  pomp  suited  t!)  the  supposed  elevation  of  his  subject,  informed 
him  that  it  was  a  tradition  handed  dowi.  from  their  fathers,  "  '^I'liat  in  ancient  times  a  herd  of  them 
came  to  the  Big-bone  iicks,  and  began  an  universal  destruction  of  the  bears,  deer,  elks,  buffaloes,  and 
other  animals  which  had  been  created  for  the  use  of  the  Indians:  that  the  Great  Man  above,  looking 
down  and  seeing  tl\is,  was  so  enraged  that  he  seized  his  lightning,  desceiuleil  to  the  earth,  seated  him- 
self upon  a  neighbouring  mountain,  on  a  rock,  on  which  his  scat  and  the  print  of  his  feet  are  still  to  be 
seen,  and  hurled  his  bolts  among  them  till  the  whole  were  slaughtered,  except  the  big  bull,  who,  pre- 
senting his  forehead  to  the  shatts,  shook  them  off  as  they  fell;  but  at  length  missing  one,  it  wounded 
him  in  the  side,  whereon,  springing  round,  he  bounded  over  the  Ohio,  the  Wabash,  the  Illinois,  and, 
finally,  over  tlie  great  lakes,  where  he  is  living  at  this  day."] 

Mauares. — A  name  given  to  a  kind  of  sieves  of  superior  quality,  made  of  palin,  in  the  town  of  Casa- 
uare,  in  the  province  of  Sc.ti  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada. 

ManatifOt  Sea  Cow.  (Tric/iecus Maualis.) — A  large ampliibious  animal,  which  seems  to  correspond 
with  <]u.idrupeds  by  the  junction  of  the  fore  feet  at  the  breast,  and  with  the  cetaceous  as  being 
destitute  of  hind  legs  and  feet,  and  has  only  in  place  of  these  a  very  large  tail,  which  it  spreads  like  a 
fan  horizontally  ;  the  head  is  larger  than  that  of  an  ox,  the  eyes  small,  and  is  without  an  iris,  and  the 
holes  which  conduct  to  the  organs  of  hearing  only  a  line  in  diameter;  it  has  no  teeth  in  front,  but  a 
hard  callous  substance  which  serves  to  cut  the  grass,  and  32  grinders  ;  it  is  also  destitute  of  a  tongue ; 
it  has  two  fins  placed  near  the  head  ;  the  skin  is  an  inch  thick,  and  is  covered  with  hair  of  an  ash  colour. 
Their  size  is  various,  some  have  been  seen  30  feet  long  ;  the  hind  part  of  the  body  is  more  slender 
than  the  fore  part,  and  always  tapers  off  towjirds  the  tail.  The  female  has  two  dugs,  and  generally 
brings  forth  one  at  each  birth,  which  she  carries  in  her  arms  and  suckles  during  a  year.  This  animal 
is  of  a  very  quiet  disposition  :  it  goes  up  the  riveis  swimming  or;  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  pastures 
along  the  banks  uiiiiout  going  on  land.  When  the  Indians  wish  to  kill  one,  they  approach  as  near  as 
they  can,  and  strike  it  with  a  liarpoou  tied  to  a  long  rope,  to  which  they  fasten  a  piece  of  cork,  to  serve 
as  a  buoy,  and  when  the  manati  has  lost  mucli  blood  and  exhausted  its  strength,  it  returns  to  land; 
they  then  fold  up  the  rope  within  a  few  fathoms  and  draw  it  out  by  degrees,  or  kill  it  in  the  water 
with  their  lances.  The  usual  weight  is  from  five  to  800  pounus.  The  flesli  is  very  good,  and  when 
fresh,  has  more  the  taste  of  veal  than  of  fish,  and  is  still  more  esteemed  when  dried  or  pickled  ;  the 
fat  is  as  swi.vt  as  butter,  and  the  skin  is  made  into  thongs,  shoes,  whips,  and  slicks.  It  is  fonder  of 
living  in  fresh  water  than  in  the  sea,  and  for  this  reason  they  are  very  abundant  in  the  river  Marafion, 
and  those  which  How  into  it,  in  the  OrinocO;  on  the  coasts  of  Guayana,  p'vJ  in  several  other  places. 
Though  deformed  in  their  outward  appearance,  they  are  well  organized  mteriorly  ;  and  we  mav  hence 
judge,  tliit  both  from  their  natural  dispositions  and  their  own  custom-,  they  have  some  sociable  quali- 
ties. Tliey  are  not  daunted  at  the  appearance  of  a  man  ;  on  the  contrary,  they  endeavour  to  approach 
and  follow  iiim  with  security  and  confidence,  and  this  instinct  in  them  is  far  superior  to  that  in  any 
other  animal.  They  always  swim  in  large  bodies,  strongly  attached  to  each  other.  The  young  ones 
arc  placet*  in  the  middle,  to  be  free  from  danger,  and  if  they  are  attacked  they  assist  each  other  ;  and 
there  have  been  instances  in  which  they  attempted  to  draw  the  harpoon  out  of  the  one  which  had  been 
struck,  and  of  tlie  young  following  the  mother  to  the  banks  of  the  river,  where  they  are  ensnared  by 
the  fishermen.  They  are  as  faithful  in  their  love  as  they  are  in  society,  the  male  having  only  one 
female,  whom  he  constantly  attends  both  before  and  after  copulation,  which  takes  place  in  the  water, 


APPENDIX. 


Hr 


as  llicy  niivcr  come  on  lanil.     There  are  fouror  five  difTercnt  species,  which  are  distingnished  by  few  par- 
ticularities :  hut,  in  all,  the  parts  of  generation  rcscnihlc  the  human  more  than  those  of  any  otiier  animal. 

[Manchinecl. — A  tree  of  the  Island  of  St.  Domingo,  which  affords  a  wood  of  a  hfautiful  appearance 
for  furniture,  shaded  like  marble  with  gieen  and  yellow  veins  ;  but  in  consequence  of  its  cont.iining  a 
kind  of  white  acrid  juice,  with  which  the  Indians  used  to  poison  their  arrows,  it  is  dangerous  to  cut 
it  down,  or  saw  it  into  planks,  for  the  smallest  particle  of  wet,  dust,  or  juice  tailing  into  the  eye,  pro- 
duces  inflanimat'on,  which  often  ends  in  blindness.  The  fruit,  reseml)lin!T  an  apple,  is  poisonous,  and 
the  antidote  is  salt,  to  which  even  cattle  have  been  noticed  to  recur  from  instinct.] 

Mandioca. — See  Yuca. 

Mangle.  {Rhicoplwria  Mangle.) — A  tall,  bulky  tree,  which  grows  spontaneously  near  the  sea-coast  ; 
the  wood  is  very  strung  and  straight,  and  lor  this  reason  is  much  used  in  buililing  houses,  particularly 
for  beams  and  pillows.  Lcmori  says  there  ;ire  three  species  :  the  first  called  cernii)a,  which  is  the  white 
mangle,  somelhiug  like  the  sauce  or  willow.  The  leaves  of  this  species  are  opposed,  and  have  a  shining 
appearance  in  the  smi,  being  covered  with  a  very  white  salt,  formed  by  the  sea  vajtours,  dried  by  the 
heat  of  the  sun,  and  easily  dissolved  in  rain  ;  the  Howor  is  yellow,  and  smells  like  honey.  The  second 
species  is  called  cereibuna :  it  is  a  small  tree  with  a  round  thick  leaf,  of  a  beautiful  green  ;  the  Hower 
is  white;  and  the  fruit  about  the  size  of  a  hazel  nut,  and  very  bitter.  The  third  species,  which  the 
Indians  call  guapareiba,  and  the  Portuguese  mangue  vcrdadero,  or  real  man<)ue,  is  the  black  mangle, 
a  much  larger  and  more  bushy  tree  than  th'-  former,  about  25  feet  higl),  and  20  inches  in  diameter; 
the  bark  is  of  a  dark-grey  colour.  The  mu:.ucr  in  which  this  tree  grows  is  very  iistonishing:  from  the 
branches,  which  are  flexible,  high,  and  long,  there  issue  small  bunches  of  filaments,  which  reach  the 
ground,  spread,  and  strike,  and  in  a  short  time  become  as  large  as  the  tree  fruiii  which  they  proceeded  ; 
ill  this  manner  they  encrcase  in  such  a  degree,  that  whole  woods  sprinjj;  from  a  single  tree ;  and 
Frazer,  in  the  account  of  his  voyage,  says,  that  in  the  Island  of  Cayenne,  the  creeks  are  grown  over  with 
mangles,  and  that  the  oysters  axhere  to  the  trunks  and  tu  the  branches  which  hang  downward  and  arc 
covered  by  the  tide,  and  there  breed.  The  wood  of  the  mangle  is  solid,  heavy,  and  has  very  long, 
close  grains,  and  is  used  in  making  boats;  the  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  p.-'ar-tree;  the  (lowers  are 
small,  and  are  succeeded  by  berries  similar  in  outward  appearance  to  those  ol  the  cassia.  These  ber- 
ries are  filled  with  a  pulp  like  marrow,  of  a  hitter  taste  :  some  Indians  cat  it,  when  they  cannot  procure 
better  food.  The  root  is  soft,  and  is  used  by  fishermen  to  cure  the  bites  of  venomous  animals.  These 
trees  are  so  thick  Jind  their  roots  so  interwoven,  that  in  many  places  yon  may  walk  20  leagues  without 
touching  the  ground.  The  roots  are  a  great  hindrance  to  fishermens'  boats,  and  afford  a  safe  asylum 
to  fisli. 

Mani.  {Arrachis  ITi/pogea.) — And  in  the  language  of  Q,uecliua,  Indiic,  is  a  froiulifcrous  plant  with 
white  flowers  ;  the  fruit  consists  of  several  long,  round  pods,  fasteiieii  to  the  roots  under  ground.  The 
seeds  of  this  plant  are  something  opened  at  the  ends,  and  covered  with  a  thin,  reddish  pellicle,  easily 
taken  off  by  (ire  or  hot  water,  like  almonds.  It  bears  a  near  resemblance  to  tiie  best  almonds,  is  very 
agreeable  to  the  taste,  and  very  useful  in  many  cases,  particularly  if  eaten  roasted.  Mr.  de  la  Condamine 
always  carried  some  in  his  pockets.     In  New  Spain  it  is  called  cacahuate. 

[Manioc  Hoot. — The  manioc  root,  to  which  the  Brazilians  are  indebted  for  the  chief  part  of  their 
subsistence,  is  a  shrub  which  abounds  every  where,  and  is  termed  by  the  natives  maniiba,  and  the  root 
mandioka  {Jathropha  maninot,  I..)     It  rises  to  the  height  of  about  seven  feet,  and  from  its  knotted  stem 

I)roceed  branches,  producing  smaller  stalks,  which  bear  clusters,  resembling  stars,  of  small  green  oblong 
eaves,  pointed  at  the  apex.  The  flowers  are  of  a  pale  yellow  colour,  and  the  root  is  of  the  shape  of  a 
parsnip.] 

Mania,  {.^qualus  sqiiatina.) — A  fish  found  in  the  S.  Sea,  and  particularly  abundant  in  the  district 
of  Puerto  Viejo,  in  the  province  of  Guayaquil  and  kingdom  of  Quito,  and  on  this  account  gives  name 
to  the  Port  of  Manta.  It  is  very  large,  resembling  the  sole,  and  the  body  is  surrounded  with  a  mem- 
brane of  an  oblong  figure,  three  or  four  yards  long  and  two  broad,  and  nearly  a  band  in  thickness. 
With  this  skill  it  seizes  a  man,  of  whom  it  is  the  mortal  enemy,  and  s(jiieezes  him  till  he  is  drowned. 
F'or  this  reason  the  divers  carry  with  tliem  a  knife  with  two  edges,  and  as  soon  as  they  perceive  the 
fish  begin  to  cover  them,  before  they  press  them  tight,  they  take  tlie  knife  and  cut  all  round.     From 


.<  i  i 


,• 


I 


! 


I    V 


\   ' 


^Ih 


n 


3 


'§' 


0*2 


APPENDIX. 


a  ( 


I' 


1  ii 


its  shape  and  the  particulur  citciiiPRtance  of  \vru])piiig  men  up  in  its  fin,  it  lias  obtained  llic  name  of 
maiitu,  or  blanket.     Il  may,  purhapn,  be  the  same  with  the  an>^ulote,  or  angeUfish,  in  Europe. 

Manzanillo.  {Ilippomane  Mancinella.) — A  tree,  very  hke  the  apple-tree,  whose  fruit  is  also  similar, 
though  something  less,  and  so  extremely  poisonous,  that  if  any  one  inadvertently  cats  of  it,  he  instantly 
swells  and  dies.  Nor  dues  a  less  terrible  fate  await  him  who  has  luin  some  time  under  its  shade,  the 
effluvia  being  extremely  prejudicial.  It  is  very  common  in  every  part  of  America,  particularly  in  the 
hot  parts  and  sea-ports;  and  in  the  port  of  llavannah,  in  the  Island  of  Cuba,  they  know  from  expe- 
ricnce,  that  whoever  eats  a  fish  which  has  eaten  any  of  the  fruit  of  this  tree,  immediately  becomes 
mad,  or  as  they  say,  is  seized  with  the  jaundice  ;  and  the  fruit  ihey  call  zigucato,  or  jaundice.  Tho 
Carii)ee  Indians  poison  their  arrows  with  the  juice  of  this  tree. 

Mapamc. — A  poisonous  serpent,  in  the  province  of  Guayaquil,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito. 

Mapuld. — A  precious  stone,  found  in  a  mine  in  the  province  of  Anserma,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Granada. 

Mapuriti.  [Vivera  Putorius.) — A  small  quadruped,  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  of  the  shape  of 
a  cur-dog,  coloured  with  black  and  white.  Father  Gumilla,  in  his  Orinoco  Illustrado,  says,  that  it 
defends  itself  from  those  who  wish  to  catch  it  by  emitting  a  vapour,  which  is  so  suffocating  that  it  de- 
prives its  pursuer  of  his  senses.  But  his  information  could  not  have  been  correct,  for  wherever  it 
goes  it  leaves  belli nd  an  insupportable  stench,  and  if  any  one  approach,  it  discharges  a  yellow  liquor, 
pungent,  like  pimiento,  in  the  same  manner  as  milk  Hies  from  a  woman's  breast  when  hard  pressed. 
This  liquor  comes  from  a  small  glandulous  tube,  situated  in  the  upper  part  of  the  anus,  which  it  swells, 
keeping  the  tail  erect,  over  its  back,  as  long  as  the  person  who  wishes  to  molest  it  is  present.  The  tlesh 
is  very  good  and  tender,  but  the  stinking  gland  must  be  cut  out  as  soon  as  it  is  killed,  or  otherwise 
the  whole  body  becomes  tainted  with  a  bad  smell. 

Maqui. — A  tree,  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  similar  in  every  respect  to  the  sanguno. 

MaraTion.  [Anacardium  Occidcntalc.) — A  tree  very  common  in  every  part  of  America,  M-hich  pro- 
duces the  fruit  called  by  the  same  name  ;  it  is  nearly  of  the  size  of  the  apple-tree  ;  the  leaves  round, 
five  inches  long  and  three  broad,  with  a  very  short  stalk,  smooth  on  both  sides,  stiff,  like  parchment, 
of  a  bright  green  colour,  with  fibres  running  parallel  to  each  other.  The  tree  grows  to  such  a  size, 
that  furniture  is  sometimes  made  of  it ;  the  fruit  is  oblong,  covered  with  a  thin,  smooth  skin,  of  a  yellow 
colour,  striped  with  red  ;  the  pulp  is  tibrous,  very  acid,  and  is  not  masticated,  but  extracted  by  suction, 
because  when  the  juice  has  been  extracted,  the  remainder  looks  like  tow;  the  stone  is  in  the  shape  of  a 
kidney,  of  a  lead  colour,  and  about  as  large  as  half  a  chesnut,  and  is  united  to  the  fruit  at  the  part 
where  the  fruit  joins  the  branch  ;  the  kernel,  contained  within  the  rind,  which  is  about  a  line  in  thick- 
ness, is  covered  with  a  thin  pellicle,  and  resembles  the  chesnut  both  in  taste  and  colour.  When  pre- 
pared by  the  confectioner,  like  almonds,  it  is  excellent;  nor  are  the  sweet-meats  made  of  the  fruit 
less  agreeable  to  the  taste.  The  trt;o  distils  a  clear,  transparent,  solid  gum,  like  gum-arabic,  but  more 
soluble.     In  Guayana,  it  is  called  mercy,  and  by  the  French  acajore. 

[Margaij. — This  animal  very  much  resembles  the  European  wild  eat,  both  in  form  and  size  ;  his 
colour  is  like  that  of  some  oi  our  tabby  cats,  having  dark  waving  streaks,  on  a  sallow  ground.  Found 
in  the  S.  States  of  America.] 

Maria. — A  tree,  whose  wood  is  very  heavy  and  in  great  request,  particularly  in  the  province  of 
Guayana,  where  they  use  it  for  masts,  top-masts,  and  yards  for  the  vessels  which  they  build  in  the 
dock-yards  in  that  country.  It  is  of  the  same  colour,  but  much  stronger  and  better  than  the  north 
pine.  This  tree  grows  to  such  a  woiulerful  size,  that  without  penetrating  the  interior  parts  of  the 
woods,  some  have  been  cut,  in  the  above-mentioned  province,  108  geometrical  feet  long'.  The  gum 
of  this  tree,  known  by  the  name  of  oil  of  Maria,  bears  a  high  reputation  in  medicine  for  fortifying  the 
stomach. 

[^Alariscal  de  Campo. — Major-General.]  , 

Mark. — (Spanisii)  is  eight  ounces. 

Marquesotc. — A  name  given  in  New  Spain  to  the  sugar  of  roses. 


APPENDIX. 


09 


mc  ol' 

imilar, 
itantly 
le,  tlie 
ill  the 
I  expe- 
ucoiucs 
.    Tho 


dotn  of 

ihape  of 
,  that  it 
lat  it  de- 
lerever  it 
w  liquor, 
pressed, 
it  swells, 
The  flesh 
otherwise 


ihich  pro- 
ves round, 
archment, 
ich  a  size, 
pf  a  yellow 
)y  suction, 
hape  of  a 
at  the  part 
e  in  thick- 
ly hen  pre- 
f  the  fiu»t 
,  but  more 

d  size  ;  his 
d.     Found 

province  of 
Lild  in  tho 
I  the  north 
(larts  of  the 
1   The  gum 

Uifying  the 


[Martin. — This  animal  is  called  the  martin  (marte)  by  M.  de  Btiffon.  In  Kiigia  id,  the  pine«martin, 
fir-nmrtin,  yellow-breasted  martin,  pine-weasel,  and  yclluw.brcastcd  weasel.  In  New  kngland  the 
Hahle;  and  by  the  Indians,  WauppiMiaiigli.  He  is  formed  like  the  weasel ;  is  gcnitrully  about  16  in- 
ches long,  and  is  of  a  sallow  colour ;  but  his  size,  and  the  shades  of  his  colour,  vary  in  diHerent  parts 
of  the  country.  Some  have  spots  of  yellow  on  the  breast,  others  of  white,  and  others  have  none. 
He  keeps  in  forests,  chiefly  on  trees,  and  lives  by  hunting.  He  is  found  in  the  N.  States  of 
America.]  •  p  .,,  ■ 

Mala-palo,  (Clutia.) — A  tree  which  in  the  beginning  is  only  a  shrub  or  twig,  always  growing  near 
some  other  tree,  round  which  it  entwines,  and  by  its  malignant  influence  deprives  it  of  all  its  sap, 
and  prevents  it  from  receiving  any  mure  front  the  earth,  and  in  time  dries  it  up  however  strong  it 
may  have  been  ;  whilst  itself  continues  to  increase  till  it  becomes  a  large  tree.  Some  are  20  geome- 
trical feet  in  circumference,  and  arc  made  into  canoes.  This  tree,  in  Guayaquil,  distils  a  kind  of 
gum,  possessing  great  virtues  for  healing  ruptures.  There  are  five  species  of  mata-palos,  which 
bear  a  near  resemblance  to  each  other. 

Mala-sarno. — A  large  tree  growing  in  the  provin,-;  of  Guayaquil  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  whose 
wood  is  higlily  valued  in  ship-building.  It  has  ubtiined  this  name  from  the  experienced  virtue  which 
it  possesse:>  in  decoction  for  curing  the  itch. 

Matt.— A  kind  of  drink  taken  in  Peru,  like  tea,  at  all  hours  of  the  day.  It  is  made  by  putting  a 
handful  of  the  herb  paraguay,  and  a  small  quantity  of  sugar  into  a  pumpkin  of  the  size  of  a  mo- 
derate cup,  edged  with  silver  or  gold,  with  handles  of  the  suiiie  metal,  and  llatteiied  at  the  edgec  :  a 
red-hot  coal  is  put  into  the  cup  to  burn  the  herb,  during  which  it  is  covered  with  a  linen  cloth. 
They  then  put  in  hot  water,  and  without  any  further  preparation  begin  to  drinU  it.  The  instrument 
used  for  this  purpose  is  a  small  pipe,  which  they  call  boinbilla,  made  of  silver  or  gold  as  thick  as  a 
common  quill,  terminating  in  the  shape  of  an  almond,  full  of  small  perforations,  like  a  pouncet-box, 
to  prevcnutlie  herb  from  rising.  This  herb  is  a  good  stomachic,  and  is  taken  to  excess  in  Peru,  there 
being  no  house,  either  rich  or  poor,  where  the  mute  is  not  constantly  upon  the  table.  Nor  is  it  less 
astonishing  to  behold  the  luxury  displayed  by  ladies  in  their  utensils  for  drinking  the  mat^-.  The 
word  matfc  is  taken  from  the  small  cup  in  which  it  is  made. 

Matlazahua. — A  disease,  or  epidemic,  peculiar  to  New  Spain.  It  is  a  kind  of  pleurisy,  and  when 
prevalent  commits  great  ravages  amongst  the  Indians. 

Maure. — See  Chuiube. 

Maya. — A  very  abundant  fruit  in  the  province  of  Guayana.  The  tree  whicli  produces  it  is  a  spe- 
cies of  savila,  but  the  leaves  are  much  longer,  and  shaped  like  a  broad-sword.  Each  branch  produces 
one  bunch,  consisting  of  thrcii  or  four  dozen  or  more  particles  of  fruit,  in  the  shape  of  a  hen's  egg. 
The  rind  is  yellow  and  rough,  and  the  pulp  white  and  sweet.  It  is  eaten  roasted  or  boiled,  and  is 
somewhat  purgative.  The  Indians  apply  the  name  of  this  fruit  to  the  pleiades,  by  which  they  direct 
their  course  during  the  night.  This  fruit  lasts  four  or  five  months,  during  which  time  the  Spaniards, 
as  well  as  the  Indians,  use  no  other  food.  It  is  eaten  roasted  or  boiled,  because  in  a  crude  state  it  is 
apt  to  cause  dysenteries. 

\^Maynr. — Head,  principal,  or  chief.] 

Mazata. — A  sort  of  food  used  by  the  people  of  Darien  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme.  It  is  the 
plantain  in  its  ripe  state  pounded  and  left  to  grow  sour. 

[Mazizo. — A  metal  so  named  by  the  Spaniards,  in  their  mines  in  the  province  of  Carangas,  S. 
America.] 

[Mazo. — ^Tlie  Spanish  title  for  a  bundle  or  roll  of  any  indefinite  length  and  size.] 

Mechoacan,  {Convolvulus  Mechoacan.) — The  root  of  a  plant  to  whicli  Hernandez  gave  the  name  of 
taquach,  and  says,  erroneouslj-,  that  it  is  a  species  of  brionya.  It  derived  its  appellation  from  the  name 
of  the  province  in  N.  America  where  it  was  first  discovered  and  preserved ;  but  it  Ims  since  been 
found  in  some  parts  of  S.  \merica,  as  Nicaragua,  Quito,  and  Brazil.  Its  virtue  in  purging  watery 
humours  is  very  great,  and  for  this  reason      used  \-y  medicine  for  the  dropsy,  jaundice,  and  rheu- 


I 


w 


•tl; 


(U 


ArPKNDIX. 


iiiutUm.     It  is  uIho  (Tooil  iifvuinnt  an  invctonite  coti((li,  tl>e  gout,  nnd  chulic,  nnJ  U  taken  in  povvdor^ 
t'ruiii  a  Kcru|>iu  lu  u  gniiii ;  or  u  double  ({iiaiiiity  it'.idiuitii^tlcrud  in  uu  inltision  ui  wtnu. 

[Midanos, — Monntuins  of  Mind,  fuuiid  in  S.  America,  particularly  on  tliu  coast  of  Peru.] 
Meli'is,  (Minnecop/iaffti  Tridaclijl(i.)—\  sort  of'boar,  very  improperly  plnccd  in  the  cliiss  in  which  it 
now  NtaniU.  I'he  I'nnianngitos  liidinii!'  call  it  iriierichi ;  the  Cnnlies,  (ruuriri;  and  in  Yucatan,  the  less 
Innianna,  tn  distinguish  it  iVnni  the  ant-eater,  which  it  resenililes  in  shape  and  disposition,  except 
in  the  tail,  that  of  ihe  former  hcinj;  lonp;  and  husliy.  The  tail,  from  the  middle  to  the  extrenniy,  is 
entirely  void  of  hair,  and  pliant  like  that  of  the  monkey,  and  l>y  it,  like  this  animal,  it  fretpientiv  han);son 
the  tiees  lo  si-aich  with  greater  I'ase  its  lood,  which  consists  of  wood-lice  and  other  dirty  insects; 
hut  its  favourite  food  is  honey,  which  it  searches  for  in  the  cavities  of  trees  with  its  tongue,  which  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  ant-eater.  It  has  on  the  fore  feet  four  lonjr,  crooked  claws,  which  are  its 
principal  defence  against  wild  animals.  It  likewise  ditVerit  from  the  ant-i-ater  in  its  hair,  which  is 
shorter,  more  smooth,  aiul  of  a  brown  colour.     The  llesh  is  eaten  by  the  natives  of  Guayana. 

[Mtlocolon. — 'I'he  melocotoii  peach.] 

Menmnistas. — A  sect  of  heretics  which  had  its  rise  in  Holland,  called  by  this  name  from  Mcnnon, 
the  founder,  a  native  of  Fric/e!und,  who  lived  in  the  Uitli  century,  'I'hese  sectaries  believe  that  the 
only  rule  of  faith  is  the  New  Testament,  that  the  terms  IVisoii  and  Trinity  ought  not  to  be  used  in 
.speaking  of  the  Father,  Sun.  and  Holy  Cihost;  that  the  fust  man  was  not  created  just:  that  it  is  not 
lawful  to  take  oaths,  nor  lo  carry  on  war,  on  any  account ;  that  inlants  arc  not  the  proper  objects  uf 
baptism  ;  and  that  the  ministers  of  the  gos|>cl  should  receive  no  salary. 

Merced. — The  religiouu  order  of  the  Mercenarians,  first  instituted  in  Aragoii  by  King  James,  for  re- 
demption of  captives  ;  who,  like  the  Trinitarians,  wear  a  white  habit;  but  on  their  breast,  as  the  others 
have  the  cross,  so  the^e  wear  an  e.scutclieoii  with  the  arms  ul  Aragon,  and  u  white  cross  over  them  iit 
a  tield  gules. 

Merei 'I'he  Marnilon  is  called  by  this  name  in  the  province  of  Guayana.     See  Maranon. 

Mestizos,  or  Mustees. — The  name  of  an  indigenous  cast  of  America,  produced  by  the  union  of  an 
Indian  woman  and  Knrnpean  man,  or  vice  versa.  'I'hey  began  to  exist  at  the  entrance  of  the  .Spaniards, 
and  have  since  that  time  encreased  lo  such  a  degree,  that  they  form,  at  the  present  day,  a  much  more 
considerable  part  of  the  population  than  the  Indians  themselves,  the  diminution  of  the  latter  being  thus 
very  natuially  accounted  for.  Tlie  Me>.tizos,  or  Mustees,  are  of  a  much  clearer  colour,  and  their  skiti 
ana  features  resemble  those  of  tiie  Kuropeaii ;  but  in  contradisiinctiun  to  these  advantages  which  they 
possess  above  the  Indians,  they  have  other  iptalilies  and  customs  greatly  to  liieir  discredit:  they  are 
for  the  most  part  given  to  litigation,  robbery,  sensuality,  and  inebriety,  and  are,  moreover,  addicted  to 
the  greatest  cunning  and  meanness,  but  their  abilities  are  great,  and  they  have  a  disposition  and  faci- 
lity to  learn  whatever  they  wish,  and  thus  it  is  that,  in  all  the  towns  of  N'.  and  S.  America,  they  are 
found  to  be  of  the  most  ingenious  and  excellent  of  all  artiticers :  also,  in  most  of  the  commotions 
which  have  existed  in  the  various  p'ovinces,  it  has  been  found  that  these  people  were  the  instigators", 
being  themselves  ecjually  inimical  as  well  to  the  Indians,  as  to  the  Spaniards,  and  all  the  other  casts. 

Metedur. — A  term  used  in  the  kingdom  of  Tieria  Firmc,  signifying  a  smuggler. 

Mezcal. — A  name  given  in  the  province  of  Cinaloa  to  the  Maguey.     See  Maguei/. 

Mezquite. — A  small  species  of  wild  carobe,  whose  proper  name  is  mezquitl.  It  is  a  species  of  true 
acacia.  I'he  tree  is  prickly  and  the  leaves  are  like  small  feathers.  It  produces  a  small  fruit,  of  the 
kernel  of  which  the  Chichimecos  Indians  made  bread.  It  grows  in  great  abundance  in  temperate  cli- 
mates, i>articularly  Ciiialoa. 

l^Afica. — Muscovy  grass.] 

[Mini7iis. — A  religious  order  instituted  by  Francis  de  Paula.] 

[Mild-. — The  mink,  an  animal  about  as  large  as  a  martin,  and  of  the  same  form.  The  hair  on  its 
tail  is  shorter;  its  colour  is  generally  black  ;  some  have  a  white  spot  under  their  throats  ;  oiheis  l\.»c 
none.  They  burrow  in  the  ground,  and  pursue  their  prey  both  in  fresh  and  salt  water.  Those  which 
frequent  the  salt  water  are  of  a  larger  size,  lighter  colour,  and  have  inferior  fur.  They  are  found  in 
considerable  numbers,  both  in  the  S.  and  N.  Slates  of  America  ] 

[Misioctt. — A  fine  sort  of  cochineal.]  ^ 


APPENmX 


0.1 


I  Mi.ilofe, — A  tree  found  in  H.  America,  not  dcHcribt-d  by  hotaiiists.] 

Mita. — A  tiMin  in  Vvrw,  si^niifvitij;  tlio  iiontriliiitioii  of  Iiuiiims  for  workinj;  llu;  uiud'h  of  l',)tosi  and 
(fuauciiliclicu.  'I'lii!  niitu  wu*  instituted  in  the  year  I.5T5,  i)y  tlif.  ViciTov  Don  Kranrisio  dc;  Toledo, 
with  tlu!  consiMit  of  the  cai(|ncs  of  the  (lllluicnt  towns,  to  ^ivc  employ  to  the  Indiana,  'i'hi*  nuinher 
was  estahliHhed  at  l'^,!)()0  men,  17  out  of  u  hundred  in  the  provnu-es  nearest  the  nnnes,  Iti  from  those 
not  <|iiite  so  near,  and  llfruni  thoise  at  llic  greatest  distanec.  This  tuimher  was  divided  into  three 
parts,  which  laboured  alternately  during  a  week  each,  oidy  one  body  at  the  same  time,  so  that  the  other 
two  were  always  at  liberty.  From  that  time  the  number  has  been  continually  uii  the  decrease,  from  the 
great  d'uiinution  of  the  Indians. 

M'lto/c. — A  dance  amongst  the  Indians  of  New  Spain. 

Mi.te. — A  sort  of  wild  tol)acco  difl'ure>..  ♦Vom  the  species  already  known,  which  grows  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Villalia  in  New  Spain. 

Miztltipiauc. — A  small  delicious  fish  rcsmbling  the  gilt-hcad,  about  the  length  of  a  man's  fivigcr,  and 
very  abinulant  in  the  lake  of  Mexico. 

[}foaimuca. — An  animal  found  in  S.  America,  not  described  by  botanists.] 

[A/occassin,  Snake. — See  Serpents.] 

Moeoa.—TUv  gum  of  a  tiec  mi  the  province  of  Mocoa  in  (ho  kingdom  of  Quito,  from  which  it  de- 
rives its  name,  i'he  Indians  call  it  niopa-niopa,  and  of  it  make  all  sorts  of  varnishes,  which  arc  ex- 
tremely beautiful,  and  so  permanent  that  neither  water  will  soften  nor  acids  dissolve  them.  The  man- 
ner ill  wliuh  they  use  it  is  to  t)ut  a  piece  of  the  gum  into  the  mouth,  and  when  diluted  they 
dip  the  pencil  in  it,  after  w  hieh  tney  take  the  colour  tney  wish  to  a|)ply  and  lay  it  on,  and  it  remains 
fnm,  lively,  and  glossy,  like  the  Chinese  ma(|ue.  It  possesses  the  singular  property  of  not  decaying, 
nor  of  contracting  any  humidity,  i-ven  when  water  is  applied  to  it.  The  furniture  wrought  and  var- 
nished in  this  manner,  is  conveyed  by  the  Indians  to  Quito  and  other  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  is 
held  in  great  repute. 

Movhilera,  (J)i(hlphi.i  Mursiipiali.i.) — A  genus  of  quadrupeds,  pertaining  to  the  order  of  wild  beasts, 
whose  peculiarities  are  cliieHy  these  :  they  nave  ten  fore  teeth  in  the  upper  mandible,  and  eight  in  the 
lower;  the  grinders  are  large,  the  tongue  grained  ;  niid  it  has  a  pouch  formed  by  a  folding  of  the  skin 
of  the  belly,  in  wliich  it  preserves  its  young,  and  oprns.ind  shuts  at  pleasure!  by  means  of  the  union 
of  several  muscles,  and  of  two  bones  sitnatcti  l)efore  tUa  piihis.  The  interior  of  this  pouch  is  filled 
with  small  glands  containing  a  yellow  substance,  which  gives  ihe  whole  body  a  fetid  siik-II,  but  when 
taken  out  and  dried  loses  the  nauseous  odour  and  acquires  that  of  musk.  This  animal  is  a  native  of 
S.  America.  It  is  said  that  the  female  brings  forth  live,  six,  or  seven,  at  a  birth,  and  that  as  soon 
as  they  are  born  she  deposits  t!iem  in  her  pouch,  and  continues  to  suckle  them  in  it  till  they  can  walk. 
When  the  young  are  friglitened,  they  instantly  shut  tlieniselves  in  the  pouch.  The  motion  of  this 
animal  is  so  slow  that  a  nuiii  may  easily  catch  it  without  runniii'r ;  but  they  climb  trees  with  great 
i'acility,  and  hide  themselves  in  the  leaves,  or  hang  by  the  tail  from  the  branches.  Though  it  is  a 
carnivorous  animal  it  feeds  on  fruit,  sugar-canes,  and  leaves.  There  are  live  species,  which  differ  from 
each  other  merely  in  point  of  size;;  they  arc  found  in  almost  every  part  of  America. 

[Mole. — The  pH>-ple  mole  is  found  in  Virginia ;  the  black  mole  in  New  England;  he  lives  in  and 
about  the  water;  they  dif}(.*r  from  one  another,  and  both  from  the  European.] 

Mo/le,  (.S't7//"«M,?  il/o//t'.)— A  tree  of  a  moderate  height,  very  busily  and  corpulent,  vs'hich  thrives  in 
an  astonishing  manner.  It  is  of  an  agreeable  light  green  colour;  the  leaf  long,  very  narrow,  and  if 
the  linger  be  applied  will  adhere  to  it,  on  account  of  the  great  quantity  of  balsam  which  it  contains. 
The  smell  is  pungent,  and  the  fruit,  which  grows  in  large  bunches,  is  round  and  red  ;  but  in  its  ma- 
ture state  black,  and  tastes  like  piniienta.  'I'he  trunk  of  it  emits  some  drops  of  gum  or  resin,  and 
if  an  incision  be  made  a  greater  quantity  is  produced.  This  gum  is  of  a  dark  green  colour,  and  is 
with  difficulty  consolidated.  This  tree  was  more  esteemed  by  the  Pagan  Indians  than  any  other,  be- 
cause it  served  as  a  remedy  in  divers  complaints,  particularly  such  as  proceeded  from  colds.  The 
fruit  they  applied  to  no  other  purpose  than  to  give  strength  to  their  drinks.  It  is  very  common  in 
high  land,  temperate,  and  cold  climates,  particularly  in  Ambato,  Loxa,  and  Riobamba,  in  the  kin<j- 

VOL.  V.  i 


•        I 


-.1 


I  Ub> 


II- 


m 


APPENDIX. 


imi 


i.i'i 


'  S 


dum  of  Quito.     Charles  Clusius  says,  it  is  a  species  of  mustich-trec,  and  gives  it  the  epithet  Peruvian, 
because  it  was  brought  from  Peru,  and  has  since  been  naturalized  in  Anduuicia. 

Moniato. — A  root  of  which  they  make  a  kind  of  bread  \n  the  province  of  Carthagena,  in  the  new 
kuigdom  of  Granada. 

[Montaqui. — A  kind  of  nine  found  in  S.America,  the  leaves  of  which  are  used  for  covering  the 
houses  of  the  poor,  the  snoots  or  buds  for  making  an  agreeable  salad,  and  the  heart,  upon  being 
reduced  to  a  |)uip,  for  bread.] 

[Moose. — Of  t'lese  animals  there  are  two  kinds,  the  black  and  the  grey.  The  black  are  said  to 
have  been  frouj  eight  to  twelve  feet  high  ;  at  present  they  are  very  rarely  seen.  The  grey  moose  are 
generally  as  tall  as  a  horse,  .ind  some  are  much  taller  ;  both  have  spreading  palmated  horns,  weigh- 
ing from  30  to  40  pounds.  Tliese  are  shed  annually,  in  the  month  of  February.  They  never  run, 
but  trot  with  amazing  speed.  In  summer  they  feed  on  wild  grasses,  and  the  leaves  of  the  most 
mucilaginous  shrubs.  In  winter  they  form  herds ;  and  when  the  snow  falls,  by  moving  constantly 
in  a  small  circle,  they  tread  the  snow  iiard,  and  form  what  is  called  a  pen.  While  the  snow  is  deep 
and  will  not  bear  Jiem,  they  are  conHned  within  this  |)en,  and  eat  all  the  bark  and  twigs  within 
their  reach.  They  are  considered  as  of  the  same  species  with  the  elk  of  the  eastern  continent.  They 
are  found  in  New  England,  N.  Aiiierica.] 

Mopa-Mopa. — See  Mocoa. 

Moquingmia. — A  sort  of  honeycomb  made  by  the  bees  in  the  district  of  Punta  de  Santa  Helena, 
in  the  province  of  Guayaquil  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  where  it  hangs  on  the  branches  of  the  trees. 
The  honey  has  a  delicious  taste,  and  they  procure  from  it  a  great  quantity  of  wax,  which  they  purify. 

Moradc. — See  Nasareno. 

Moravitas,  or  Moravians.— \  sect  of  Protestants  established  formerly  in  Hernhuth,  a  city  in  Germany, 
and  afterwards  in  the  English  colonies,  now  United  States  of  America,  and  in  various  parts  of  England, 
having  obtained  an  act  of  parliament  for  that  purpose.  They  have  a  kind  of  ecclesiastical  government 
peculiar  to  themselves,  and  are  generally  known  by  the  name  of  Society  of  Brothers.  They  profess 
the  greatest  veneration  for  our  Saviour,  whom  they  look  upon  as  their  head  and  director.  They  ob- 
serve the  most  implicit  obedience  to  the  establishments  of  the  church,  and  practise  the  most  fraternal 
conduct  towards  each  otiier. 

[Morciealago A  bat  found  in  S.  America.] 

Moriche. — A  sort  of  palm  very  common  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  and  still  more  frequent  in  that 
of  Barcelona,  It  is  very  much  like  the  date-tree  ;  but  its  principal  distinguishing  quality  is,  that  each 
tree  of  this  species  has  a  beautiful  crystalline  stream  of  water,  which  forms  a  river  where  there  arc  many. 
This  arises  from  the  attractive  power  of  this  tree,  which  sucks  up  and  absorbs  all  humidity  from  the 
earth.     In  Quito  it  is  called  aguashi. 

Morocoi. — See  Icotea. 

Moron. — A  sort  of  wild  noxious  herb  growing  in  the  small  islands  called  Alacranes  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  where  there  are  immense  numbers  of  moles. 

[Morrocoj/es. — See  Icotea.^ 

[Morros. — Mountains  with  round  heads  or  tops.] 

[Morse,  or  Sea  Cow — More  properly  called  the  Sea  Elephant,  has  two  large  ivory  tusks,  which 
shoot  from  the  upper  jaw :  its  head  also  is  formed  l-'-"  that  of  the  elephant,  and  would  entirely  resem- 
ble it  m  that  part,  if  it  had  a  trunk;  but  the  morsi-  .s  deprived  of  that  instrument  which  serves  the 
elc|)hant  in  place  of  an  arm  an. I  hand,  and  has  real  arms.  These  members,  like  those  of  the  seal,  are 
shut  up  witiiin  the  skin,  so  that  nothing  appears  outwardly  but  its  hands  and  feet.  Its  body  is  long 
and  tapering,  thickest  towards  the  neck ;  the  toes  and  the  hands  or  feet,  are  covered  with  a  mem- 
brane, and  terminated  by  short  and  sharp-pointed  claws.  Exceptitig  the  two  great  tusks,  and  the 
cutting  teeth,  the  morse  perfectly  resembles  the  seal;  it  is  only  much  larger  and  stronger,  the  morse 
being  commonly  from  12  to  16  feet  in  length,  and  eight  or  nine  in  circumference;  whereas  the  largest 
seals  are  no  more  than  seven  or  eight  feet  long.   The  morses  and  seals  frequent  the  same  places.  Tliey 


IT 


APPENDIX. 


m 


Gulf  of 


which 
resem- 
tves  the 
teal,  are 
is  long 
la  mem- 
lunil  the 
le  morse 
Ic  largest 
Is.  They 


have  the  siime  luibits  in  every  respect,  except  that  titcre  nre  fewer  varieties  of  the  morse  tlian  of  the 
seal;  they  are  likewise  more  attachcil  tu  one  particular  climate,  and  arc  rarely  found,  except  in  the 
N.  Seas.] 

Mosquito  tie  Gus(i>io.—.\  species  of  gnat  in  the  province  of  San  .Juan  de  los  l.lanos,  in  tl\e  new  king- 
dom of  Granada,  and  several  other  parts  of  America.  It  is  of  a  green  colour,  and  wlien  it  l)itcs  it 
leaves  behind  it  the  seed  of  a  small  grub,  which  increases  daily  in  magnitude.  At  first  it  is  cover"? 
over  witlj  tlie  skin,  and  causes  very  intense  pain.  It  afterwards  breaks  out  into  a  wound,  and  if  u'/t 
properly  attended  to  ends  in  a  gangrene,  wiiich  puts  an  end  to  the  existence  of  the  unfortunate  suf- 
ferer. This  insect  has  been  extended  to  several  provinces  in  which  it  was  not  formerly  found,  by  means 
of  the  cattle. 

Motaqui, — A  sort  of  palm-trej  in  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  in  Peru.  The  leaves  are  used  by  the 
poor  people  to  cover  their  houses  instead  of  tiles.  The  apple  or  fruit  makes  a  very  good  salad,  and 
from  the  inside  they  extract  a  flour  of  which  they  make  sweet  cakes  to  supply  the  want  of  bread. 
For  this  reason  they  hold  in  the  highest  esteem  this  plant,  from  which  they  derive  such  advantages. 

Motete. — A  name  given  to  a  sort  of  basket  in  Tierra  Firme,  resembling  the  cuevano  of  the  Pasiegas, 
in  the  mountains  of  Burgos.  It  has  two  handles  in  which  the  arms  are  inserted,  and  serves  for  the 
conveyance  of  letters  and  other  articles  in  narrow  paths  and  rough  roads  in  which  it  is  impossible 
for  a  horse  to  go. 

[Mountain  Cat,  {Pardalis,  Linn.  Ocelot,  de  BufVon.) — The  length  of  his  body  is  from  'i\  to  four 
feet;  his  tail  about  two  feet.  His  colour  is  a  sallow  {rjound,  with  black  spots  and  strij)es.  'I'ho  male 
has  a  black  list  along  his  back,  and  is  the  most  beautiful  animal  of  the  cat  kind.  He  is  exceedingly 
iierce,  but  will  seldom  attack  a  man.     Found  in  the  S.  States.] 

[Mountain  Crab. — Uespccting  the  mountain  crab,  which  still  survives  in  the  larger  of  the  VV.  India 
islands,  though  its  final  extinction  is  probably  at  hand,  its  history  is  so  wonderful,  that  we  choose 
rather  to  give  it  in  the  language  of  others,  than  in  any  recital  of  our  own.  The  authors  from  whom 
we  transcribe  are  Du  Tertre  and  Brown  ;  they  both  wrote  from  their  own  knowledge  and  personal  ob- 
servation, and  the  facts  which  they  relate  have  been  well  corroborated  by  others.  "  These  animals," 
says  Du  Tertre,  "  live  not  only  in  a  kind  of  orderly  society  in  their  retreats  in  the  mountains,  but 
regularly,  once  a  year,  march  down  to  the  sea-side  in  a  body  of  some  millions  at  a  time.  As  they 
multiply  in  great  numbers,  they  choose  the  months  of  April  or  May  tt)  begin  their  expedition;  and 
then  sally  out  from  the  stumps  of  hollow  trees,  from  the  clefts  of  rocks,  and  from  the  holes  which 
they  dig  for  themselves  under  the  surface  of  the  earth.  At  that  time  the  whole  ground  is  covered  with 
this  band  of  adventurers;  there  is  no  setting  down  one's  foot  without  treading  upon  them.  The  sea  is 
their  place  of  destination,  and  to  that  they  direct  their  marcli  with  right-lined  precision.  No  geome- 
trician could  send  them  to  their  destined  station  by  a  shorter  course;  they  neither  turn  to  the  right 
nor  to  the  left  whatever  obstacles  intervene  ;  and  even  if  they  meet  with  a  house,  they  will  attemi>t 
to  scale  the  walls  to  keep  the  unbroken  tenor  of  their  way.  But  though  this  be  the  general  order  of 
their  route,  they,  upon  other  occasions,  are  compelled  to  conform  to  the  face  of  the  country,  and 
if  it  be  intersected  by  rivers,  they  are  seen  to  wind  along  the  course  of  the  stream.  The  procession 
sets  forward  from  the  mountains  with  the  regularity  ot  an  army  under  the  guidance  of  an  experi- 
enced commander.  They  are  commonly  divided  into  battalions,  of  which  the  first  consists  of  the 
strongest  and  boldest  males,  that,  like  pioneers,  march  forward  to  clear  the  route  and  face  the 
greatest  dangers.  The  night  is  their  chief  time  of  proceeding,  but  if  it  rains  by  day  ihey  do  not 
fail  to  |>rolit  by  the  occasion,  and  they  continue  to  move  forward  in  their  slow  uniform  manner. 
When  the  sun  shines  and  is  hot  upon  the  surface  of  the  ground,  they  make  an  universal  halt,  and 
wait  till  the  cool  of  the  eveiing.  When  they  are  terrified,  they  march  back  in  a  confused  disorderly 
manner,  holding  up  their  niiipers,  with  which  they  sometimes  tear  otf  a  piece  of  the  skin,  and  leave  the 
weapon  where  they  inflicted  the  wound. 

"  When,  after  a  fatiguing  marc'i,  and  escaping  a  thousand  dangers,  for  they  are  sometimes  three 
months  in  getting  to  the  shore,  tliey  hrtve  anived  at  their  destined  port,  they  prepare  to  cast  tlieir 
spawn.  For  this  purpose  the  crab  has  no  sooner  reachetl  the  shi<re,  than  it  eagerly  goes  to  the  edge 
of  the  water,  and  lets  the  wavjs  wash  over  its  body  two  or  thr-e  times  to  wash  olV  the  spawn.     Tiie 

i  2 


f .  f 


: 


ill!' 


;  i- 


•  ,  .1 


m  \ 


|i|!'--: 


68 


APPENDIX. 


eggs  i'-'e  hutched  under  tlie  sand ;  and  soon  after,  millions  at  a  time  of  the  new-born  crabs,  are  seen 
quitting  tiie  shore,  and  slowly  travelling  up  to  the  mountains." 

So  far  Du  Tertre,  as  copied  by  Goldsmith.  What  tbilows  is  from  Brown's  History  of  Jamaica. 
"  The  old  crabs  having  disburthened  themselves  (as  above)  generally  regain  their  habitations  in  the 
mountains  by  the  latter  end  of  June.  In  August  tiu-y  begin  to  fatten,  and  prepare  for  moulting  ;  fill- 
ing  up  their  burrows  with  dry  grass,  leaves,  and  abundance  of  other  materials.  AVheii  the  proper 
period  comes,  each  retires  to  his  hole,  shuts  up  tlie  passage,  and  remains  quite  inactive  until  he  gets 
rid  of  his  old  shell,  and  is  fully  provided  with  a  new  one.  H.<w  long  they  continue  in  this  state  is 
uncertain,  but  the  shell  is  first  observe;!  to  burst  at  the  back  and  the  sides,  to  give  a  passage  to  the 
body,  and  the  animal  extracts  its  limbs  from  ail  the  other  parts  gnulually  afterwards.  At  this  time  the 
flesh  is  in  the  richest  state,  and  covered  only  with  a  tender  membraneous  skin,  variegated  with  a  multi- 
tude of  reddish  veins,  but  this  hardens  gradually,  uiid  soon  becomes  a  perfect  shell  like  the  former.  It 
is  however  remarkable  that,  during  this  cliange,  there  are  some  ston\'  concretions  always  formed  in  the 
bag,  which  waste  and  dissolve  as  the  creature  forms  antl  ncrfpcts  its  new  crust." 

To  these  full  and  particular  accounts,  Bryan  Edwaidb  adds,  "  that  many  people,  in  order  to  eat  of 
this  singular  animal  in  the  highest  perfe  Mmi,  cause  them  to  be  dug  out  of  the  earth  in  the  mcvdtiiig 
state ;  but  they  are  usually  taken  from  the  timi-  ;hoy  begin  m  move  of  themselves,  till  they  reach  the 
sea  as  already  related."  During  all  this  time  -ley  are  mi  spawn,  and  the  same  author,  who  had  often 
tasted  them,  pronounces  them  one  of  th-  chijicest  niorr.ils  in  uacure.  The  observation  therefore  of  Du 
Tertre,  is  neither  hyperbolical,  nor  extravagant.  Sjieaking  of  the  various  species  of  this  animal,  he 
terms  them  "  a  living  and  peioetual  s  ipply  of  m;::ina  ni  rlie  wilderiuiss;  equalled  only  by  the  miracu- 
lous bounty  of  Providence  to  he  children  of  Israel  when  wandering  in  lue  desert.  They  are  a 
resource,"  continues  he,  "  to  w'lich  the  India.is  have  at  all  times  resort ;  for  when  all  other  provisions 
are  scarce,  this  never  fails  them.' 

Moya.— An  earthern  vessel  made  m  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  for  the  purpose  of  boiling  salt. 

J/Mta-JI/at'a.'— The  mochilera,  or  opossum,  is  called  by  li.-s  name  in  Peru.  SeeMochiiera.  They 
also  give  the  same  name  to  a  species  of  laiuel. 

MulatOy  ox  Mulata. — The  offspring  of  a  white  man  and  black  woman,  or  the  reverse. 

Muliia,  or  Mtdilla.  [Dasyphus  Undecimcinctus). — A  species  of  armadillo,  .iomething  larger  than  the 
common  one,  with  1 1  bands  and  very  long  ears,  from  which  it  has  obtained  its  name.     See  Armadillo. 

Murtilla.  {Mirttis  Baccifolia.) — A  shrub  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  three  or  four  ftet  high,  whose 
branches  grow  two  by  two  and  are  opposed;  the  leaves  are  in  the  same  order,  and  ijreatly  resemble 
those  of  tlie  myrtle  of  Trent.  The  Bowers  are  white,  and  consist  of  five  leaves.  The  cup  is  turned 
into  the  fruit,  which  is  a  berry  about  the  size  of  a  cherry,  sometimes  circular  and  sometimes  oval,  of  a 
red  colour,  decorated  with  four  green  spots,  like  the  pomegranate,  and  exhales  a  fragrant  smell,  which 
may  be  perceived  at  the  distance  of  200  paces.  The  seeds  are  of  a  brownish  colour,  and  flat.  The 
natives  make  of  the  berry  an  agreeable  stomachic  wine,  wliich  excites  appetite,  and  is  preferred  by 
strangers  to  the  most  delicious  muscadine  wine.  This  liquor  recjuires  a  long  time  to  ferment ;  but  as 
soon  as  it  has  settled  it  becomes  clear  and  bright,  and  has  a  very  agreeable  smell,  and  is  an  excellent 
antiscorbutic. 

[Alusqmsh,  or  Musk  Rat. — This  animal  is  about  15  inches  in  length,  and  a  foot  in  circumference. 
His  tail  is  nearly  a  foot  long,  his  hair  very  short;  the  colour  on  his  back,  dark  ;  on  his  sides,  generally 
reddish  ;  his  head  and  tail  very  much  resemble  those  of  a  rat.  He  is  furnished  with  glands,  which 
separate  a  substance  that  has  the  smell  of  musk.  In  his  mode  of  living,  he  is  a  distant  imitator  of  the 
Jieaver ;  builds  a  rude  cabin  in  shallow  water,  and  feeds  on  vegetables;  found  in  the  N.  and  Middle 
States.] 

[Muslee. — See  Meztizo.] 

Muzo. — A  kind  of  wood  of  a  very  large  tree  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  It  is  spotted  with  red 
and  black,  very  strong  and  pliable,  and  makes  very  beautiful  mrniture. 


1 


APPENDIX. 


m 


N. 

Name,  oi  Imme.-^S.  root  found  in  every  part  of  America,  and  eaten,  roasted  or  boiled,  by  all  classes 
of  people.     It  grows  in  proportion  to  the  goodness  of  the  soil,  which  ought  to  be  rich  and  good.     Tiie 

t)eel  is  thick,  rough  and  uneven,  covered  with  long  hairs,  and  is  of  a  purple  colour,  approaching  to 
>lack.  The  pulp  is  about  of  the  consistency  of  the  sweet  potatou,  of  a  dusky  white,  and  sometimes 
flesh  colour.  It  is  easily  boiled,  is  a  light  food  of  easy  digestion,  and  at  the  same  time  very  nutritive. 
It  is  eaten  at  table  instead  of  the  Cassavi  bread,  or  boiled  in  water  w^..i  salt  and  pepper.  In  planting 
it,  they  divide  tie  he.id  into  four  parts,  which  are  planted  at  the  distance  of  three  or  tour  feet  from  each 
other,  and  wit'  out  any  farther  trouble  they  immediately  take  root,  and  in  less  than  six  months  tiie 
fruit  is  ripe  ai  d  ready  for  eating.  The  stem  twines  round  other  bodies  and  puts  forth  tilaments  witii 
roots.  If  any  ,>ee  or  shrub  grow  near,  it  fastens  on  it  and  grows  till  it  has  entirely  covered  it.  The 
leaves  are  thick  and  double,  and  by  their  withering  give  a  sure  indication  that  the  fruit  is  ripe  and  at  its 
full  growth.  As  soon  as  the  fruit  is  taken  out  of  the  earth,  it  is  laid  in  ''■■-  =un  to  dry,  and  kept  for 
daily  use. 

In  the  Canary  Islands  and  other  parts,  they  apply  the  term  name  to  the  root  arum  colocassia, 
which  we  know  by  the  name  of  Manta  de  Santa  Maria. 

[Napolera. — See  Nopal.] 

Naptha. — A  mineral  of  a  liquid  consistency',  clear,  pellucid,  of  a  strong  scent,  and  very  inflammable, 
and  when  pure,  burns  without  leaving  any  r  isiduum.  It  is  found  in  large  qi  antities  on  the  surface  of 
fountains,  at  the  foot  of  some  mountains  in  Persia,  Tartary,  and  China ;  and  if  a  light  be  applied  to  the 
surface  of  the  water,  it  burns  for  a  considerable  time,  emitting  a  very  olfensive  smell.  Genuine  naphta 
is  very  scarce  in  Europe,  and  we  are  as  yet  ignorant  whether  it  be  found  in  any  part  of  it,  that  which  we 
have  being  counterfeit.  In  America  it  is  found  in  the  province  of  Piura  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru. 
When  distilled  in  the  alembic  it  gives  an  oil,  more  liquid  than  the  substance,  and  of  a  weaker  smell. 
What  remains  after  distillation  is  very  much  like  amber,  and  Doctor  Hill  supposes  it  has  the  same  prin- 
ciple. He  also  says,  that  witli  an  acid  extracted  from  crude  marcasite,  he  has  made  of  this  (Uiid  a 
pellucid  and  ductile  substance,  which  had  ull  the  properties  of  amber,  except  consistency  and  bright- 
ness, which  produced  by  distillation  true  salt  ana  oil  of  amber.  The  medicinal  virtues  of  naptlui  are 
the  same  us  those  of  the  common  petroleum,  but  less  active.  The  Persians  use  it  both  interiorly  and 
exteriorly,  taking  a  few  drops  for  the  colic  ;  but  its  chief  use  is  for  the  lamp. 

Nuzareno. — A  tree  whose  wood  is  of  a  beautiful  purple  colour,  with  veins  of  different  shades,  of 
which  writmg-desks  and  other  furniture  of  great  value  are  made.  It  grows  in  several  parts,  us  in 
Guayana  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  ana  in  the  province  of  Muxes  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito.  In 
some  places  it  is  called  Morado. 

[Neofite. — Neophyte,  or  new  convert.] 

Nigua.  [Pulex  penetrans.) — A  very  small  kind  of  flea,  which  easily  penetrates  the  stockings,  and 
.introduces  it.self  under  the  nails  and  into  the  joints  and  top  of  the  toes.  The  pain  which  it  causes  on 
piercing  the  skin  is  like  the  bite  of  a  common  flea.  As  soon  as  it  has  fixed  its  situation  it  begins  to 
corrode  the  flesh  around  it,  and  causes  a  slight  itching.  In  this  state  it  attains  the  size  of  a  small  pea  and 
lays  itsejrgs,  which  are  so  many  other  young  niguas,  which  settle  near  the  mother,  and  live  in  the  same 
manner,  increasing  withsuch  wonderful  celerity  that  if  care  is  not  taken  to  pull  them  out,  they  corrupt  all 
the  flesh  near  them,  and  cause  malignant  ulcers  and  frequently  gangrenes.  When  the  bite  of  the  nigua  is 
felt,  any  bad  uiTi-cts  may  be  easily  prevented,  by  breaking  the  skin  where  the  insect  is  situated,  which  is 
readily  known  by  the  colour  ;  and  gently  removing  the  skin,  it  may  be  extracted  with  the  point  of  a 
needle,  putting  a  pinch  of  snufi"  or  ashes  out  of  a  tobacco  pipe  into  the  wound.  The  greatest  care  is 
necessary  to  prevent  any  wet  from  entering  the  sore  part,  as  it  would  inlallibly  occasion  the  spasm. 
The  Negroes  and  other  people  of  colour,  who  are  very  dirty,  frequently  lose  the  use  of  their  feet  for 
want  of  pulling  these  insects  out  at  the  proper  time,  and  many  have  been  obliged  to  submit  to  amputa- 
tion of  the  leg.  Pigs  are  also  very  subject  to  this  disease,  and  their  feet  are  always  full  of  this  iiisoci. 
This  insect  in  Peru  is  called  pique. 

Nispero.  (Achras  Sapola.J — A  plant  of  the  class  hexandria.  It  is  very  frequent  in  America,  aiul 
the  fruit  is  one  of  the  best  which  that  country  produces;  it  is  of  the  size  of  an  apple,  and  of  an  oval 
figure;  the  rind  is  brown  and  L^.ucwhat  rough,  and  the  pulp  is  white,  very  sweet,  and  resembles  iix 


y 


V 


if 


k 


I. 


V:;, 


.«t.f 


m 


« 

r 


70 


APPENDIX. 


taste  the  ber^amot  pear,  with  only  three  long  seeds.  Tiiis  fruit  is  so  wholesome,  that  ic  is  usually  given 
to  the  sick  to  procure  appetite.  It  is  reckoned  amongst  the  astringents.  Ti.j  tree  is  large  and  bushy, 
and  bears  fruit  during  the  whole  year.  The  wood  is  held  in  great  esteem,  and  is  of  a  tobacco  colour, 
inclining  to  purple.  It  is  capable  of  receiving  a  very  good  polish,  and  is  so  hard,  that  they  usually  make 
of  it  pegs  to  fasten  boxes,  instead  of  nails.  It  is  also  made  into  rulers  for  drawing  lines  and  yard-Mands. 
The  leaves  of  the  nispero  are  also  astringent  and  detersive,  and  the  decoction  is  given  for  inflamma- 
tions in  the  throat.     In  New  Spain  they  call  this  tree  chico  zapote. 

Noneca. — See  Gallinrzo. 

[Nopal. — A  sort  of  fig-tree,  in  the  kingdom  of  Mexico.] 

Nopo. — A  name,  in  Peru,  given  to  jin  European  Spaniard. 

Noibo.     {Passi/iom  punctata.) — A  flower  very  like  the  passionaria,  or  passion  flower,  but  something 
less,  and  of  a  very  fragrant  smell. 


'i      f 


'    ■'; 


) 


o. 

[Oak. — This  tree,  of  N.  America,  though  of  the  same  species  as  that  of  England,  differs  in  appear- 
ance, is  not  found  so  frequently  as  the  mahogany,  but  is  more  lofty,  though  not  so  thick.  It  is,  how- 
ever, more  solid,  and  better  suited  for  rafters  of  buildings,  mill  timber,  keels,  &c.  as  it  furnishes  beams 
from  60  to  70  feet  long.  The  hacana  resembles  the  oak,  but  is  preferable  in  many  cases,  from  being 
less  corruptible.] 

Oaxdca. — Powders  of,  greatly  esteemed  for  their  fragrance  and  agreeable  taste  in  chocolate.  They 
are  composed  of  cocoa,  sugar,  vavinilla,  and  cinnamon,  of  which  the  most  considerable  part  is  sugar, 
well  pounded,  and  wrapped  up  in  linen  bags  tiiat  they  may  not  be  scattered  abroad.  They  have 
derived  their  name  from  tlie  province  where  the  aromatic  composition  is  made. 

Ohraje. — A  manufactory  of  coarse  cloths,  baize,  and  other  woollen  stufi^s,  instituted  in  several  pro- 
vinces in  Peru.  There  were  formerly  establishments  of  the  same  nature  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito, 
whicii  had  obtained  such  celebrity  that  the  natives  carried  on  a  considerable  trade,  and  supplied  all  S. 
America  witii  these  articles,  but  they  were  prohibited  by  a  royal  decree  in  the  ministry  of  the  Marquis 
de  la  Sanora. 

Oca.  {Oralis  Oca.) — A  moderate  sized  plant,  resembling  the  acetous  trefoil.  It  produces,  at  the 
roots,  a  yellow  fruit,  with  several  very  brilliant  eyes,  five  or  six  inches  long,  very  sweet,  with  a  pecu- 
liar taste,  similar  to  the  chesnut;  it  is  eaten  fresh  or  dried,  eitlier  raw  or  boiled  ;  it  is  peculiar  to  cold 
climates,  and  requires  cultivation;  it  is  sometimes  preserved  like  the  sweet  potatoe  of  Malago,  and 
is  reckoned  a  grea'.  delicacy. 

Ocote. — A  tree  in  New  Spain,  similar  to  the  pine  ;  the  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  cedar ;  the  tree 
exudes  a  great  quantity  of  gum  or  resin,  and  the  Indians  use  the  branches  for  torches.  There  are 
woods  of  this  tree,  which  are  called  ocatales. 

\Ocrt  Almagre. — ^ Bitter  ocre,  an  earth  of  a  rough  and  r.aturally  dusty  surface,  composed  of  fine  and 
soft  argillaceous  particles,  slightly  coherent  in  its  texture,  and  readily  ditiusible  in  water.] 
[Oidor. — Judge.] 
[Oidor  Dtcano. — Ecclesiastical  Judge.] 

Olec.cazan. — A  plant,  very  conmion  iji  the  territory  of  New  Spain,  and  likewise  found  in  some  other 
parts,  oreatly  celebrated  for  its  virtues  in  restoring  lost  strength,  and  a  sure  specific  against  nil  sorts  of 
venom,  by  applying  tiie  leaves  to  the  wounded  part ;  the  eftecls  are  known  from  the  leaves  adhering, 
or  refusing  lo  adlieio,  to  the  skin  of  their  own  accord. 

Onianto. —  A  fish  found  in  the  lake  of  Chucuito,  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru. 

[Opc'')ius. — \  species  of  bees,  without  stings,  so  named  in  S.  America.] 

[Opossum. — This  animal  is  about  afoot  and  a  half  long,  lias  a  long  pointed  nose,  furnished  with  long 
stiff  hairs;  cars  thin  and  naked;  tail  naked,  nearl}'  as  long  as  the  body,  and  capable  of  holding  the 
animal  suspended  ;  legs  short ;  foet  small  and  naked  ;  he  uses  his  fore  paws  like  a  monkey  ;  his  body 
is  well  covered  with  a  \M)olly  fur,  white  at  the  roots,  and  black  at  the  ends  ;  bis  hair  is  long,  thin,  and 


V?' 


1 


m 


APPENDIX. 


71 


at  tlie 
a  pecu- 
to  cold 
gro,  and 


[  fine  and 


Ae  otlier 
sorts  of 
Idhering, 


litli  long 
Itling  the 
liiis  body 
Ihin,  and 


coarse ;  its  colour  black  and  white,  forming  a  grey  of  various  shades,  and  these  different  shades  are 
often  so  intermixed  as  to  give  a  spotted  or  variegated  appearance  ;  but  the  most  singular  part  of  this 
animal  is  a  kind  of  false  belly  or  poucli,  with  which  the  female  is  furnished  ;  it  is  formed  by  a  dupli- 
catureof  the  skin  ;  is  so  placed  as  to  include  her  teats,  and  has  an  apeiture  which  she  can  open  and 
shut  at  pleasure.  She  brings  forth  her  young  from  four  to  six  at  a  time,  while  they  are  not  bigger 
than  a  beuu  ;  incloses  them  in  this  pouch,  and  they,  from  a  priiici[)le  of  instinct,  atRx  themselves  to  her 
teats ;  here  they  remp.in  and  are  nourished  till  they  are  able  to  run  about,  and  are  afterwards  taken  in 
occasioiiallv,  partici'lariy  in  time  of  danger.  The  opossum  feeds  on  vegetables,  particularly  fruit ;  he 
lik>-wise  kills  poult'v ,  sucks  their  blood,  and  eats  tneir  eggs  :  his  fat  is  used  instead  of  lurd  or  butter. 
Found  in  the  S.  and  Middle  Sates.] 

Organo. — A  singing  bird,  in  the  province  of  Moxos,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  which  has  obtained  this 
name  from  tiie  accuracy  with  which  it  imitates  the  organ. 

[Oropimente,  Orpimente. — A  foliaceous  fossil,  of  a  fine  and  pure  texture,  remarkably  heavy,  of  a 
bright  and  beautiful  yellow  colour,  like  gold.] 

Oso  Ilonniguero.  [Mynnccophaga  vianihus  Dydactilis.) — A  quadruped,  peculiar  to  S.  America. 
There  are  three  species,  singular  for  their  shape  and  manner  of  living,  subsisting  eutirely  on  ants ;  the 
snout  is  long  ;  the  mouth  narrow,  and  destitute  of  teeth  ;  the  tongue  is  long,  circular,  sheathed  in  the 
snout  like  a  tuck  in  a  cane  ;  it  has  the  power  of  shooting  out  its  tongue  and  thrusts  it  into  ant>holes, 
and  as  soon  as  it  is  covered,  draws  it  into  its  mouth  and  swallows.  The  Brazilians  call  the  first  species 
the  large  tamandua ;  the  second,  tamandua ;  and  the  third,  which  is  the  least,  hormiguero,  or  ant-eater, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  other  species.  This  last  is  not  more  than  six  or  seven  inches  long  from  the  ex- 
treuiity  of  the  snout  to  the  tip  of  the  tail ;  the  head  is  two  inches  long,  and  becoming  gradually  slender 
towards  the  snout ;  the  tail  is  very  long  in  proportion,  turned  upwards, and  naked  towards  the  extremity ; 
the  tongue  is  uiirrow,  a  little  fl  .ttened,  and  of  a  moderate  length ;  the  neck  extremely  short,  and  the  head 
of  a  magnitude  proportionate  to  the  size  of  the  body  ;  the  eyes  are  sunk,  and  not  far  from  the  corner  of 
the  mouth;  the  ears  are  small,  and  hidden  in  the  fur  ;  the  legs  arc  only  three  inches  long,  and  the  fore 
feet  have  only  two  toes,  the  outward  much  longer  than  tiie  inward  one  ;  the  hind  legs  have  four  ;  the 
skin  is  soft,  of  a  red,  shining  colour,  mixed  with  a  lively  yellow  ;  the  feet  are  more  disposed  for  climbing 
and  fastening  to  any  thing  than  for  running  ;  it  climbs  trees,  and  hangs  from  the  branches  by  the  ex- 
tremity of  its  tail.  These  three  species  have  all  the  same  natural  dispositions :  they  feed  on  ants,  and 
take  a  singular  gratificat.on  in  dipping  their  tongues  in  honey  and  other  viscous  substances ;  they  snatch 
with  great  agility  crumbs  of  bread  and  small  nieces  of  meat,  and  are  easilj*  lamed  and  domesticated  ; 
they  can  support  life  a  long  time  without  nourishment,  and  when  they  drink  they  do  not  swallow  all, 
but  leave  some  part  in  the  nostrils ;  they  usually  sleep  during  the  day,  and  change  their  situation  by 
night ;  their  motion  is  so  slow,  that  any  person  may  catch  them  in  the  open  field.  The  savage  Indians 
eat  the  flesh,  but  it  has  a  disagreeable  taste.  The  female  brings  forth  only  one  at  a  birth.  They  are 
natives  of  the  hottest  parts  of  America,  and  do  not  inhabit  the  colder  climates  of  that  continent. 

Otoe. — A  fruit,  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme.  It  grows  wild  with- 
out culture,  and  is  one  ot  the  kinds  of  food  used  by  the  natives,  as  it  costs  them  no  trouble. 

Otoia. — A  tree,  in  the  province  of  San  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada :  it  is 
particularly  abundant  in  the  town  of  Potute,  whose  inhabitants  extract  from  it  an  excellent  balsam, 
which  is  held  in  great  esteem. 

[Otter. — An  animal  which  very  much  resembles  the  mink  in  its  form  and  habits  ;  its  colour  is  not  so 
dark;  its  size  much  larger,  being  about  three  feet  long  and  15  inches  in  circumference:  it  lives  in 
holes  in  banks  near  the  water,  and  feeds  on  fish  and  amphibious  animals.  Found  in  all  the  States  of 
N.  America.] 

P. 

Pabon. — See  Curhinata. 

Pacha. — An  abbreviation  of  Francisco. 

Pachae,  or  Pacae. — A  term  of  the  language  of  Quechua,  which  the  Peruvians  apply  to  the  Guaba. 
See  Guaba. 


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APPENDIX. 


Paco.  [Camelus  Paco.) — A  species  of  llama,  in  Pern,  iVoin  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  rounder 
figure  of  its  head,  vvliich  bears  a  nearer  resemblance  to  that  of  the  camel ;  the  legs  are  also  thicker, 
and  the  belly  more  plump;  its  skin  is  likewise  for  the  most  part  of  a  darkish  colour,  and  ihe  hair  is 
more  coarse  than  that  of  the  llama.  The  paco  is  also  stronger  and  more  adapted  to  carry  burdens, 
and  like  the  other  species,  has  got  the  singular  custom  of  falling  on  its  knees,  or  lying  down,  when 
the  burden  is  too  heavy. 

[Pagi. — An  animal  denominated  by  the  Spaniards  a  lion;  it  may,  however,  be  considered  as  an 
intermediate  species  between  that  and  the  tiger ;  it  inhabits  the  thickest  forests  and  the  most  inaccessi- 
ble moimtains,  from  whence  it  makes  incursions  into  the  plains  to  attack  domestic  animals,  particu- 
larly horses,  whose  flesh  it  prefers  to  that  of  any  other.  Notwithstanding  his  ferocity,  the  pagi  never 
ventures  to  attack  a  man,  although  he  is  continually  hunted  and  persecuted  by  the  latter.  He  is  natu- 
rally a  coward,  and  a  woman  or  child  will  make  him  fly  and  abandon  his  prey.  He  is  hunted  with 
dogs,  trained  for  the  purpose,  and  when  hard  pressed  by  them,  either  leaps  upon  a  tree,  seeks  an 
asylum  upon  a  rock,  or,  placing  himself  against  the  trunk  of  some  large  tree,  defends  himself  in  a  furious 
manner,  killing  many  of  his  enemies,  until  the  hunter,  watching  his  opportunity,  slips  a  noose  around 
his  neck.  The  skin  serves  for  various  uses  ;  good  leather  for  boots  or  shoes  is  manufactured  from  it, 
and  the  fat  is  considered  as  a  specific  in  the  sciatica.] 

Pqjaro  Boho. — A  small  tree  or  shrub,  of  a  new  kind,  which  sometimes  grows  to  the  thickness  of  a 
man's  arm  ;  the  wood  is  soft  and  porous,  like  that  of  the  maguey.  In  the  province  of  Copiapo,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Chile,  the  natives  plant  and  cultivate  it  at  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  for  the  sake  of  a  resin 
which  it  distils.  When  prepared  at  the  fire,  it  serves  instead  of  pitch  to  line  the  inside  of  the  vessels 
in  which  they  preserve  their  wines;  it  is  used  for  this  purpose  in  every  part  of  the  kingdom,  and  for 
this  reason  the  quantity  consumed  is  very  great. 

Pajaro  Mono. — A  bird  found  in  the  province  of  Maynas,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  and  in  other 
places.  It  is  of  a  small  size  and  of  a  brown  colour;  in  its  warbling,  it  changes  its  notes  a  thousand 
times,  and  has  the  power  of  imitating  men,  dogs,  and  all  other  animals;  but  what  is  still  more  singu- 
lar is,  that  not  possessing  the  means  of  defending  itself  from  its  enemies,  on  account  of  the  short- 
ness of  its  beak  and  claws,  it  searches  protection  in  the  company  of  wasps,  with  whom  it  lives  in  the 
strictest  union,  and  builds  its  nest  in  such  a  manner,  that  they  may  defend  it.  This  bird  may,  per- 
haps, be  the  same  with  the  cuchucho  of  the  Portuguese,  of  which  species  there  is  at  present  one  in 
the  street  of  Carmen  in  Madrid. 

Pajaro,  Nino.  {Diomedea  dimersa.) — Ti)is  bird,  which  in  other  parts  is  called  penguin,  is  the  link 
or  chain  which  unites  birds  and  fishes,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  flying  fish  forms  the  connection 
between  fishes  and  aquatic  birds;  it  has  also  got  a  beak  and  webbed  feet  like  the  aquatic  birds,  and 
feathers,  though  so  fine,  as  to  appear  rather  like  hair;  it  has  likewise  two  pinions,  instead  of  wings, 
hanging  down,  and  covered  on  the  upper  side  with  small  feathers,  which  at  first  sight  have  the 
appearance  of  scales;  but  as  these  pinions  are  so  very  small,  they  serve  as  fitis,  but  do  not  enable 
it  to  rise  from  the  ground ;  it  is  about  the  size  of  tht;  duck,  but  its  neck  is  longer ;  tlie  head  is 
flattened  on  both  sides,  and  is  small,  in  comparison  with  the  bulk  of  the  body ;  the  bill  is  slender, 
and  curved  towards  the  point;  the  featliers  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body  are  of  a  grey  colour, 
mixed  with  a  deep  blue,  and  those  on  the  breast  and  belly  are  white;  the  tail  is  only  a  prolonga- 
tion of  the  croup;  and  as  the  legs  are  placed  near  the  anus,  it  always  walks  very  erect,  carrying  its 
head  in  an  upright  position,  like  that  of  a  man,  and  inclining  it  first  to  one  side  and  then  to  the 
other,  to  preserve  equilibrium,  which  gave  rise  to  its  being  called  pajaro  nino,  or  childish  bird,  ap- 
pearing at  a  distance  like  a  child  that  just  begins  to  walk.  It  has  only  three  toes  on  each  foot;  and 
there  have  been  some  who  have  confoinided  it  with  the  aica  ;  but  not  the  least  doubt  can  be  enter- 
tained, on  reflecting  on  the  shape  of  the  bill  and  nostrils,  but  it  belongs  to  the  species  of  diomedeaa. 
Though  this  bill  swims  very  well,  yet  it  cannot  resist  the  force  of  the  waves  when  the  sea  is  rough  ; 
hence  wc  find  so  many  dining  the  winter  drowned  and  thrown  upon  the  coast.  Travellers  heap  en- 
comiums on  the  flesh  of  the  penguin.  Th-'  skin  is  nearly  as  thick  as  that  of  a  pig,  and  may  be  easily 
separated  from  the  flesh  ;  it  makes  its  nest  in  the  sand,  and  lays  six  or  seven  eggs,  speckled  with  black. 
The  quethu  diomcdea,  alls  in  penibus  pedibus  compedibus  tetradactylis  palmatis  corporc  lanuginoso, 
cinereo,  is  of  th3  same  genus,  and  nearly  of  the  same  size  and  shape  with  the  penguin,  from  which  it 


ijt  <: 


APPENDIX. 


73 


can  be  distinguisheil  only  by  bavinp  no  clown  whiitcver  on  its  wings;  l)y  its  feet,whicb  mo  divitled  into 
foin-  toes,  and  likewise  \>  ebbed  ;  and  bv  b.iving  its  body  covered  with  ii  aort  of  lonfj,  tiiiciv  feathers,  of 
an  ash  colour,  and  so  curled  and  soft,  tfiut  they  seem  like  wool.  The  inhabitants  of  tiic  Arehipelago  i' 
Chiloe,  where  this  bird  is  found  in  the  greatest  abundance,  spin  the  feathers,  and  make  of  tiieni 
very  valuable  eoimterpanes. 

Pajon. — A  tall,  luxuriant  plant,  eaten  by  black  cattle,  and  very  abundant  on  the  heaths  and  bleak 
parts  of  the  Cordillera  of  Peru,  and  more  particularly  in  the  territory  of  Chimborazo,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Quito.  It  is  a  species  of  straw,  resciubling  the  sedge,  but  more  llexible,  and  half  a  yard  hig!'. 
Sec  Jehu. 

Palavia, — See  Sasa/ras, 

Palo  Borrac/io. — A  large  tree,  growing  in  the  province  of  Chaco,  in  Peru,  of  which  the  Indians  make 
canoes.  It  grows  to  a  great  licight,  and  is  shaped  like  a  jar;  that  is  t  .  say,  narrow  towards  the  bot- 
tom, very  thick  iii  the  middle,  and  again  more  slender  towards  the  top;  it  is  covered  with  very  sharp 
pricks,  and  the  inside  is  soft  and  easily  wrought;  the  fruit  is  somewhat  larger  than  an  almond,  and 
opens  of  its  own  accord,  and  discovers  with  the  seed  very  white  tufts  of  cotton  ;  it  generally  grows  at 
a  considerable  distance  from  any  water,  and  tlie  greater  the  distance  the  larger  will  be  the  tree. 

Palo  lie  Luz, — A  plant  which  grows  on  the  iieathy,  bleak  parts  of  the  cordillera  of  Peru  ;  it  is  about 
two  feet  high,  and  each  briinch  grows  perpendicular  and  naked  till  near  the  top,  from  which  there 

ftrcceed  other  small  branches  with  two  leaves  each.  If  cut  soon  after  it  has  attained  its  full  size,  and 
iglited  whilst  green,  it  serves  as  a  light  for  the  Indians,  and  burns  like  a  candle  till  the  whole  stick  is 
consumed.  Mr.  Valmont  dc  Bomare,  in  his  Dictionary  of  Natural  History,  says  that  this  tree  takes 
fire  on  being  cut,  and  endeavours  to  account  for  it  by  physical  demonstrations;  but  he  must  have  been 
misinformed,  since  this  certaiidy  is  not  the  case.  See  the  true  account  of  Don  Antonio  Ulloa,  and 
Don  Carlos  de  la  Condamine. 
Palo  Jahon. — See  Palo  Manteca. 

Palo  Manteca. — A  tree,  which  grows  to  the  height  of  a  man,  in  the  province  of  Santa  Marta,  in  the 
new  kingdom  of  Granada;  it  is  of  a  moderate  thickness,  very  bushy,  and  well  covered  with  leaves, 
which  arc  something  iarger  than  the  palm  of  the  hand,  rough,  and  of  a  glossy  appearince,  as  iT  the} 
had  been  smeared  with  butter,  from  which  circumstance  the  tree  obtained  its  name.  The  women  use 
the  leaves  in  washing  their  linen,  and  it  makes  a  froth  like  soap,  and  gives  to  the  linen  the  smell  of 
mastick.  A  decoction  of  the  bark  of  this  tree  is  the  most  powerful  febrifuge  that  is  known,  and  its 
effects  can  only  seem  credible  to  one  who  has  witnessed  them ;  it  is  hot,  dry,  and  bitter. 

Palo  Santo. — See  Guaj/acan. 

Palillo.    {Psidi  species.) — A  fruit,  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru. 

Palmito.  {Palma  dactilifera  latifoUa,  Sloan.) — The  heart,  or  middle  of  a  species  of  palm,  very  com- 
mon in  the  Antilles  and  on  the  sea-coast ;  the  tree  grows  to  the  height  of  30  feet,  and  the  wood  is  of 
a  dark  colour,  very  heavy,  solid,  aiul  so  hard,  that  the  hatchet  scarcely  makes  any  impression  on  it; 
It  has  only  one  root,  of  a  moderate  size,  wliich  grows  into  the  ground,  and  would  not  support  the 
tree  if  it|\vere  not  assisted  by  an  infinite  number  of  smaller  ones,  which  are  united  to  it  out  of  the  ground  ; 
the  branches  are  long,  and  shoot  from  the  top  of  the  tree,  having  two  rows  of  long,  slender  leaves; 
at  the  bottom  of  the  trunk  there  is  a  kind  of  ease,  out  of  which  there  grows  a  bunch  of  small  flowers, 
from  which  proceeds  the  fruit  of  the  size  of  a  little  ball,  of  which  they  make  a  very  good  oil :  the  nut 
is  likewise  applied  to  the  same  purpose.  When  the  trunk  is  cut  a  little  more  than  the  distance  of  two 
feet  from  the  place  where  the  leaves  begin,  the  bark  is  removed,  and  the  cogoUo,  or  heart,  is  found, 
consisting  of  white,  tender,  and  thin  teguments,  of  a  very  agreeable  taste,  and  when  washed,  is  eateti 
in  salad  or  boiled  with  salt,  and  makes  a  very  pleasant  food,  of  easy  digestion.  The  tree  is  made  inio 
tubes  for  various  purposes.  There  are  several  species  of  palmitos  :  the  best  is  that  of  the  pricklj-  palm, 
of  a  yellow  colour,  but  it  is  necessary  to  burn  the  pricks  before  it  be  cut  I'he  leaves  of  the  ])alm- 
trees  are  used  by  the  Indians  to  cover  their  houses. 

Palta. — See  Jguacate.  ' 

Pampa,  or  Large  Plain. — A  term  in  the  language  of  Q.uechua,  applied  lo  the  luige  plains  in  Bueiio- 
Ayres,  upwards  of  300  leagues  in  extent, 
voi,.  V.  k 


1^ 


71 


APPENDIX. 


■%l  fi 


Pampano.  [Spams  Salpa,)-^S.  fish  very  like  the  hesugo,  or  sea-bream  of  Laredo  ;  and  if  it  be  the 
same  as  the  one  of  Europe,  it  ought  to  be  distinguislied  witli  th<;  lati.i  name,  which  precedes  it  and  be- 
long!! to  tlie  pargos  kind. 

Pampero. — A  strong,  brisk  wind,  blowing  from  ihc  west  tosonth>cast,  and  coming  from  the  pampas, 
or  plains  of  Buenos  Ayres,  from  which  it  derives  its  name.  In  the  Kiver  de  la  Plata,  it  is  very  dan- 
gerous, being  a  sort  of  hurricane  which  has  caused  a  great  number  of  vessels  to  suffer  shipwreck  on 
the  coast  anrl  shoals  of  that  river. 

Panclu. — The  inhabitants  of  the  town  Mogotcs,  and  several  others  in  the  province  of  Tunja,  in  the 
new  kingdom  of  Granada,  give  this  name  to  the  sweetmeats  and  preserved  fruits  which  they  make  to 
great  perfection,  and  are  held  in  much  esteem  in  every  part  of  the  kingdom. 

Panequiri. — A  kind  of  short  petticoat,  worn  by  the  Indian  women  of  Darien,  consisting  of  two 
yards  of  baize,  or  other  cloth,  which  they  wrap  round  the  waste  and  tie  with  a  string. 

Pancte, — The  name  given  to  the  coarse  cloths  made  in  the  manufactories  iii  Peru. 

PaTio  de  Cortc.—A  kind  of  tapestry  of  superior  quality,  manufactured  in  the  city  and  province  of 
C'uenca,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  and  held  in  great  esteem. 

Pantaura. — A  precious  stone,  found  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  of  the  colour  of  a  bright  anie- 
tliyst,  and  variegated  in  the  inside  with  several  streaks  of  a  very  dark  red. 

Pamdra. — The  ilamant  is  known  by  this  name,  in  the  province  of  Parinacochas,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Peru. 

Papas,  [Solanum  Tuberosum.) — Potatoes  :  a  root  common  in  every  part  of  America,  and  the  usual 
food  of  the  Indians,  Negroes,and  even  of  the  people  of  distinction,  for  there  is  scarcely  any  dish  without 
it,  and  in  which  it  does  not  taste  well ;  it  is  from  two  to  five  inches  long,  of  a  round,  oval,  and  various 
other  shapes  ;  the  peel  is  thin,  smooth,  and  brown,  and  is  easily  loosened  in  hot  water  ;  the  pulp  is  for 
the  most  part  white,  though  in  some  it  is  red  nearly,  and  very  savoury.  It  is  a  light  food,  of  very  easy 
digestion,  and  very  nutritive,  but  at  the  same  time  very  windy.  There  are  two  distinct  species,  and 
more  than  30  varieties  or  different  sorts.  Mr.  Bomarc  says,  they  came  originally  from  Chile ;  but  this 
would  be  very  difficult  to  prove,  since  the  Spaniards  found  them  in  almost  every  province.  In  Ireland, 
they  are  so  plentiful  that  the  poor  people  feed  entirely  on  them  ;  and  in  Spain,  the}'  are  be- 
come very  frequent  in  Asturias,  la  Mancha,  and  several  other  parts.  Mr,  de  Parmentier,  Intendant 
of  the  Corn  to  the  King  of  France,  has  written  a  treatise  on  this  root,  and  has  found  out  a  means  of 
making  it  into  light,  white  bread  ;  but  this  had  already  bei:n  practised  in  Gallicia.  It  is  reckoned  one 
of  the  principal  productions  of  America. 

Papaya.  [Car ica  Papaya.) — A  fruit  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  moderate  sized  melon,  at  first  of  a 
green  colour,  but  yellow  when  arrived  at  full  maturity;  the  pulp  is  perfectly  similar  to  that  of  the 
melon,  very  good  and  full  of  small  seeds  of  the  magnitude  and  shape  of  a  pepper-corn  ;  it  is  very  re- 
freshing, and  is  generally  taken  about  eleven  in  the  morning,  for  this  purpose.  The  tree  is  about  25 
feet  high,  of  the  thickness  of  a  man's  tliigh,  hollow,  and  spungy  in  the  inside,  and  so  soft,  that  it 
may  bo  severed  transversely  at  one  blow.  The  tree  is  covered  all  the  year  with  blossom  and  fruit, 
which  is  attached  to  the  tree  by  long  pedicles,  growing  out  of  the  tree  where  the  leaves  begin  to 
appear ;  the  flower  is  very  large,  consisting  of  five  yellow  leaves,  and  resembles  the  lily  in  point  of 
odour. 

Paramo. — A  very  high  part  of  the  cordillera,  constantly  covered  with  snow,  where  it  is  always  ex- 
ircmely  cold. 

[Parcha. — The  passion-flower.] 

PariliUo. — A  valuable,  strong  wood,  which  grows  to  a  great  size  in  the  Island  of  Trinidad. 

Pareida  Braba.  [Cisampilos  Pareira.)— Bastard  or  wild  vine  :  a  root  growing  in  Brazil,  usually  of 
the  thickness  of  the  finger,  but  sometimes  much  thicker;  it  is  woody,  crooked,  of  a  cinnamon  colour, 
and  full  of  longitudinal  and  circular  grooves,  like  the  root  thimclea,  and  the  interior  is  of  a  darkish 
yellow  colour,  consisting  of  fibres  interwoven  with  each  other;  it  has  no  smell,  but  a  sweet  taste 
niJNcd  with  an  agreeable  bitter;  it  is  the  most  powerful  diuretic  in  medicine,  and  prodigies  have 
hcoii  pinfoimcd  by  the  decoction  of  this  root  in  nephritic  complaints  in  dissolving  stones,  nor  are  its 


' ;  -i 


APPENDIX. 


7.5 


[ays  ex- 


kially  of 
1  colour, 
1  darkish 
let  taste 
is  have 
are  its 


effects  less  wonderful  in  pleurisies  and  quinsies.  Mr.  Gcofroy  has  practised  with  great  success  this  root 
in  curing  ulcers  in  the  kidneys  and  bladder ;  and  conceiving  that  it  iniglit  prove  useful  foi'  the  asthma, 
he  made  the  experiment  on  an  old  man,  12  years  of  age,  almost  stiHed  by  a  viscous  phlegm,  which  In 
could  not  eject,  and  wrought  a  perfect  cure  :  the  same  happened  to  an  old  woman  afflicted  with  an 
universal  jaundice.  Mr.  Chomel  says,  that  he  cured  an  edimatose  innammation  with  pareira  lirahit : 
and  Lanoni  asserts,  that  the  Indians  take  it  in  powders,  dissolved  in  milk  and  water,  for  interior  and 
exterior  abscesses,  and  for  the  hsemorrages.  We  have  witnessed  a  case  where,  after  giving  a  draught 
of  the  infusion  in  a  nephritic  pain,  the  patient  discharged  nine  small  stones,  and  a  quantity  of  sand. 
The  method  of  using  it  in  the  Brasilsand  Portugal,  as  related  by  (lulvctius,  is,  to  boil  the  root,  well 
pounded  and  bruised,  with  one  grain  of  sal  amoniac,  in  a  pint  of  water;  and  after  boiling  it  Bve  oi 
six  times,  set  it  aside  to  cool  :  it  is  afterwards  strained,  and  a  glass  taken  every  four  hours.  It  is  some- 
times taken  dry,  in  doses  of  half  a  scruple,  with  15  grains  of  sal  amoniac,  at  intervals  of  four  hours. 
Father  M.  Sarmiento  speaks  of  its  virtues  in  a  letter  which  he  wrote  to  Don  Francisco  Antonio  Arias. 

Parotani. — A  tree  which  grows  in  the  island  of  St.  Bartholomew,  one  of  the  Antilles,  whose  branches 
grow  first  towards  the  earth,  and  afterwards  rise  upwards. 

[Pasala. — A  root  found  in  S.  America.] 

Pasmo. — A  disease  peculiar  to  the  hot  parts  of  America,  particularly  prevalent  on  the  coasts  of 
Tierra  Firme.  It  is  a  general  convulsion  of  the  nerves,  and  begins  with  the  compression  of  the  jaws, 
almost  taking  away  the  power  of  opening  the  mouth,  and  kills  the  patient  with  inexpressible  pains, 
without  any  remedy  hitherto  invented  to  prevent  it.  The  Negroes  are  most  subject  to  it ;  and  it 
usually  happens  on  wetting  any  sore  or  wound. 

Pastuxo. — A  name  applied  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito  to  the  varnished  and  painted  writing-desks, 
made  iti  the  province  of  Pasto. 

[Pafalo. — A  delicious  fish,  found  in  the  rivers  of  S.  America.] 

Patilla. — The  water  melon,  is  called  by  this  name  in  the  province  of  Carthagena. 

Patisaranda. — See  Apogomatli.  A  sort  of  rush,  according  to  Hernandez.  Monardcs  likewise  knew 
it  under  the  name  of  llaiz  de  Santa  Elena,  or  St.  Helen's  root. 

Pauji. — A  bird  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru,  resembling  a  young  pea-hen.  It  is  very  delicious,  and 
like  the  pheasant,  and  for  this  reason  is  held  in  great  esteem. 

[Paxaro. — See  Pajaro.] 

Pebetero. — A  sort  of  small  pillar,  made  in  the  mines  of  Peru,  of  n;itive  silver,  mixed  with  mercury, 
which  is  separated  from  the  silver  by  fire  before  fusion.  There  are  likewise  little  lions  and  other  images 
made  of  the  same  matter. 

[Pecary. — The  pecary,  which  was  not  known  in  the  larger  islands,  has  been  honoured  with  no  less 
variety  of  names  than  the  agouti.  According  to  Rochefort  it  was  also  called  javafi  and  pacquire. 
By  Dampier  it  is  named  pelas.  By  Acosta  saim  and  zaino.  It  is  the  sus  tajacu  of  Linnaeus,  and  the 
pecary  and  Mexican  musk-hog  of  our  English  naturalists.  Of  this  animal  a  very  full  and  particular 
accoiint  has  been  given  by  Mons.  Buffon  in  his  Natural  History,  and  by  Dr.  Tyson  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions.  It  still  is  said  to  abound  in  many  of  the  provinces  of  Mexino;  but  in  the  W.  Indian 
Islands  the  breed  has  been  long  since  almost  exterminated.  They  differ  from  the  European  hog  prin- 
cipally in  the  singular  but  well-known  circumstance  of  their  having  a  musky  discharge  from  an  aper- 
ture or  gland  on  the  back,  erroneously  supposed  to  be  the  navel,  and  in  the  colour  of  their  bristles, 
which  are  of  pale  blue,  tipt  with  white  ;  it  is  also  related  of  this  animal,  that  it  possesses  far  greater 
courage  than  the  hog  of  Europe ;  and  when  hunted  by  dogs,  will  frequently  turn  and  compel  its 
enemy  to  retreat.  Tnus  its  native  bravery  bringing  it  within  the  reach  of  fire-arms,  contributed  doubt- 
less to  its  destruction  in  the  islands.] 

[Pejereyes. — Fish  of  fine  flavour,  found  in  the  rivers  of  S.  America.] 

Pellon. — The  skin  of  a  sheep,  with  very  long  fine  wool,  painted  different  colours,  and  used  in  the 
kingdom  of  Peru  and  Tierra  Firme,  to  cover  the  saddles  of  their  horses,  so  that  the  vider  sits  as  it 
were  on  a  pillow,  and  in  the  field  uses  it  for  his  bed.  In  Buenos  Ayres  thoy  weave  textures  of  the  same 
sort. 

k2 


fi 


1' 

iil^ 

70 


APPENDIX. 


'.'S 


^    ii 


[Paiitenciario. — Penitentlai'y,  one  that  im[)oses  penances.] 

[Peiiolaria,  MontaTias  de. — Certain  strong  posts  in  the  mountains,  or  mountains  so  called.} 

Pei'ico  Ligero,  or  Sloth.  {Bradijpus  Trmliiclilis.) — A  name  applied  to  it  on  account  of  the  slowness 
of  its  motion,  and  the  difficulty  with  which  it  is  altciuicd.  A  quadruped  whose  misery  proceeds  from 
the  singular  construction  of  its  hody.  1  he  eyes  are  hhick,  and  covered;  tiie  hair  rough,  rcsemhiing 
dried  grass;  the  thighs  are  ill  sliapi:<l  ;  the  legs  arc  short  and  clumsy,  without  a  sole  in  the  feet;  and 
the  toes  united,  and  furnished  with  two  or  three  excessively  long  claws  heut  downwards,  and  only 
movcahle  together,  which  serve  rather  to  hinder  than  assist  motion.  All  these  circumstances  give  us 
the  picture  of  a  deformed  animal.  Slowness,  insensibility,  wretchedness,  and  even  continual  pain, 
seem  to  result  from  this  strange  formation.  The  ai  and  the  unau,  its  equals,  have  no  arms  to  attack 
another,  or  repel  the  assault  of  an  enemy  ;  no  means  of  security,  nor  resource  in  flight:  conliiicd  to 
the  earth  and  tree  in  which  they  had  birth,  it  is  with  great  pain  and  difficulty  that  they  crawl  a  fathom 
in  an  hour;  and  in  their  painful  march  during  the  night,  they  utter  the  most  lamentable  cries.  Every 
thing  in  this  animal  seems  to  display  misery,  and  tends  to  place  it  in  the  lowest  degree  of  quadrupeds, 
being  obliged  to  live  on  leaves  and  wild  fruit.  It  requires  a  long  time  to  arrive  at  the  foot  of  a  tree, 
and  still  longer  to  climb  up  to  the  branches  :  and  in  this  slow  and  painful  task,  which  sometimes  lasts 
several  days,  it  is  obliged  to  suffer  hunger;  but  having  once  got  into  a  tree  it  docs  not  conic  down, 
hut  hangs  at  the  branches,  and  strips  them  successively  during  several  weeks,  without  any  drink  to 
digest  this  dry  food.  When  the  tree  is  entirely  bare,  it  still  remains  on  it  on  account  of  the  impos- 
sibility of  descending,  till  forced  by  necessity,  it  rolls  itself  into  a  ball,  and  falls  to  the  ground  like 
a  lifeless  mass,  not  having  time  to  extend  its  unwieldy  legs  to  break  the  fall.  Notwithstanding  this 
their  misery  is  only  apparent ;  for  these  animals  are  hard,  strong,  and  tenacious  of  life  :  they  can 
support  want  of  food  for  a  long  time,  being  covered  with  a  dry  thick  skin,  and  prevented  from  taking 
any  violent  exercise.  They  consume  very  little,  and  grow  tolerably  fat,  notwithstanding  the 
scantiness  of  their  provisions  :  and  though  they  have  neither  horns  on  their  iieads,  nor  hoofs  on  their 
feet,  nor  incisors  in  the  under  jaw,  they  are  nevertheless  of  the  number  of  ruminating  animals ;  and 
have,  like  them,  several  stomachs  :  they  can  consequently  compensate  for  the  quality  of  their  meat, 
by  the  quantity  they  are  enabled  to  take  at  each  time.  What  is  the  most  astonishing  is,  that  instead 
of  having  the  intestines  very  long,  like  other  ruminating  animals,  they  are  on  the  coiitrary  even 
shorter  than  those  of  carnivorous  animals.  They  also  appear  to  be  little  capable  of  sensibility  ;  their 
])itiful  appearance,  their  heavy  look,  and  the  sluggish  resistance  which  they  oppose  to  blows,  all 
serve  to  prove  their  insensibility  :  and  a  still  stronger  may  be  had  in  making  them  undergo  the  cruel 
operation  of  the  scapel  by  drawing  out  the  heart  and  entrails,  which  still  does  not  immediately  de- 

Crive  them  of  life.  Both  the  above-mentioned  species  are  found  in  the  southern  parts  of  America, 
ut  inhabit  no  part  of  Europe.  They  cannot  support  cold,  and  are  greatly  afraid  of  rain,  and  the 
changes  from  wet  to  dry  :  they  change  their  coat,  which  appears  more  like  ill-dressed  hemp  than  hair 
or  wool.  The  entrails  are  a  poison  to  the  dogs  wliich  eat  them,  though  the  flesh  is  very  palatable,  but 
only  eaten  by  the  common  pcojjlc.  Another  singularity  attending  the  same  animals  is,  that  instead  of 
having  two  exterior  apertures,  one  for  urine,  and  the  other  for  the  emission  of  excrements  ;  and 
instead  of  h.iving  a  distinct  exterior  orifice  for  the  genitals,  they  have  only  one  in  the  fundament, 
from  which  there  is  a  common  sewer  as  in  birds.  These  two  species  of  animals  are  not  very  nu- 
merous, as  the  female  only  brings  forth  one  at  each  time,  which  she  carries  on  her  back.  They 
sometimes  hang  from  branches  over  rivers,  and  then  it  is  very  easy  to  cut  the  branch,  and  make  them 
fall  into  the  water,  but  they  never  quit  their  hold  with  the  fore  feet.  In  ascending  a  tree,  they  stretch 
out  one  of  their  fore  feet  as  far  as  they  can  on  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  and  fasten  it  with  the  long 
claw;  they  then  raise  up  the  body,  with  great  difficulty,  and  fix  the  other  foot,  and  in  this  manner 
creep  along.  All  these  movements  are  made  with  a  slowness  scarcely  conceivable.  In  a  state  of  do- 
mestication they  climb  up  the  beams  and  doors,  ai.d  are  never  easy  on  the  ground.  If  a  pole  is  given 
them,  they  immediately  seize  it,  and  creep  to  the  summit,  where  they  fix  themselves  with  their  fore 
feet,  and  embrace  the  pole  with  all  their  body.  Though  the  two  above-mentioned  animals  bear  so 
near  a  resemblance  to  each  other,  and  have  the  same  natural  dispositions,  yet  they  have  some  such 
distinguishing  qualities  as  leave  no  room  to  doubt  that  they  are  two  distinct  species.  The  ai  is  smaller 
than  the  unau  ;  its  snout  is  shorter,  the  front  not  so  deep,  and  the  ears  less  visible,  with  only  23  ribs, 
whilst  the  unau  has  46.     The  tail  is  short,  it  has  three  claws  on  each  foot,  and  the   hair  is  spotted 


APPENDIX. 


77 


spotted 


V  ith  l)lack  ;  all  wliicli  circiitnstanccs  arc  waiitin^r  in  the  un.iu.  The  ai  is  the  ignasus  of  Chisiu!),  of 
Marc(!;ravo  and  Pisoii ;  tiie  pigiilia  of  Nircniberf,-,  liie  arcopithecus  of  Gesncr,  the  pvrico  hgei(»  of 
Ovicdo,  tardigradus  of  Brisson,  and  bradypiis  tiydactyhs  of  Linno-us. 

Pcrkotc.—\  name  given  to  the  large  liouse-rats  in  every  part  of  America. 

[Perigtiana. — A  bird  found  in  S.  America.] 

Pcriquito.  [Psilacus  Passcrinus.) — A  bird  resembling  the  parrot  in  every  respect  except  in  size, 
being  only  four  inches  long.  There  arc  several  which  arc  distinguished  by  their  colours:  they  fly  in 
large  flocks,  and  make  a  very  great  noise,  but  do  not  talk  like  [)arrots  when  domesticated.  'I  heir 
flcsli  is  eaten  in  many  parts,  and  is  very  good. 

{Peroque. — Sec  Piragua.] 

[Peno  de  Mar. — See  Liron  /Igtiatico,] 

[Pesita. — A  coin  worth  two  reals  of  silver.] 

[Pesos  flier  Us. — Hard  dollars.] 

Petaca. — An  oblong  square  basket  made  of  canes,  and  covered  with  ox  hides,  inside  and  out ;  a 
chain  is  fastened  in  the  middle  of  one  of  the  sides,  and,  descending,  a  link  passes  through  a  ring  on  the 
opposite  side,  and  is  there  made  fust  by  a  padlock.  These  baskets  arc  generally  made  of  such  a  si/e, 
that  one  beast  may  carry  two  of  them.  Some  are  ornamented  with  covers,  which  they  paint  with 
different  colours,  and  make  images  in  the  skin  itself.     They  are  of  various  sizes. 

Petate. — A  mat  made  of  palm,  very  fine  and  well  woven,  which  is  generally  laid  on  the  beds  in  hot 
countries,  to  render  them  more  cool. 

Peioregui. — The  wood  of  a  large  tree,  which  grows  in  the  province  of  Paraguay. 

Pexe  Buey. — The  name  given  to  the  manati,  in  the  province  of  tlie  Amazonas. 

Pexe  Judio. — Another  name  for  the  manati,  used  in  the  province  of  Honduras. 

Pexe  Rey.  {^Ciprinus  Regius.) — A  fish  which  is  very  abundant  in  every  part  of  America,  and  has  a 
very  agreeable  taste.  Its  usual  length  is  six  or  seven  inches :  it  is  of  the  same  species  with  those  caught 
in  the  rivers  in  Spain  ;  but  in  America  it  is  only  found  in  the  sea.  Those  caught  on  the  coast  of  the 
province  of  Buenos  Ayres  are  the  most  delicious,  and  sometimes  grow  to  the  length  of  a  yard. 

Picajlor.  {Trochilus  Colibri.) — A  bird  known  in  other  countries  bv  the  names  colibri,  baxaro 
mosca,  and  mellisuga,  there  being  no  animal  with  such  a  multiplicity  o(  names  as  this  Wttle  curious 
bird.  Linnaeus  has  formed  of  these  a  distinct  genus  under  the  denomination  trociiilus,  to  which  he 
refers  22  species.  They  are  in  general  extremely  small,  the  neck  short,  the  head  in  proportion;  the 
eyes  black,  and  very  lively ;  the  bill  as  slender  as  a  pin,  and  equal  in  length  to  the  whole  body  ;  the 
tongue  is  forked,  the  feet  short,  with  four  toes ;  the  tail  composed  of  eight  or  nine  feathers,  and  as 
long  as  the  body  ;  and  the  wings  are  of  such  a  length  that  the  leading  feathers  reach  to  the  third  part 
of  the  wing.  The  colour  is  various  in  the  different  species;  but  in  general  it  is  the  most  beautiful 
that  can  be  conceived,  combining  not  only  the  splenaor  of  gems  and  gold,  but  also  the  lustre  of  the 
most  beautiful  hues  in  nature.  Tne  brilliancy  and  deepness  of  the  colours  arc  greater  or  less,  accord- 
ing to  the  reflection  of  light,  or  the  position  of  the  observer,  possessing  the  privilege  of  retaining  tiic 
hue,  even  after  avulsion,  so  long  as  the  feathers  are  kept  dry.  In  spring  these  birds  arc  seen  like  butter- 
flics  flying  round  flov/ers,  from  which  they  procure  their  food,  though  they  seldom  settle  upon  them, 
generally  supporting  themselves  on  the  wing  as  if  they  were  at  rest.  When  they  fly  they  make  a 
sort  of  humming  noise,  similar  to  that  made  by  a  large  gadfly.  Its  note  is  a  sort  of  distinct  nnnmur, 
weak,  and  proportioned  to  the  organ  from  which  it  proceeds.  The  males  are  distinguished  from  the 
females  by  the  colour  of  their  heads,  which  is  so  lively  an  orange,  that  it  sparkles  like  fire.  They  build 
their  nests,  which  are  extremely  small,  in  trees,  and  make  the  outside  of  straw,  and  lining  it  with 
very  soft  feathers ;  they  lay  only  two  small  eggs,  of  the  size  of  a  large  pea,  of  a  whitish  colour, 
speckled  with  yellow,  and  the  male  and  female  alternately  perform  the  oftice  of  incubation.  Their 
time  of  breeding  is  summer;  and  when  winter  approaches,  they  attach  themselves  by  the  bill  to  a 
small  branch,  and  remain  in  this  state,  immoveable,  till  the  return  of  spring.    During  this  time,  in. 


it     / 


-^^ 


7C 


APPENDIX. 


■^ 


which  they  are  in  a  total  Ictharjfy,  tlioy  fall  into  the  hands  of  those  who  scorch  for  tliom,  which  seU 
(loin  happens  when  tlu>y  are  in  an  active  state,  and  exercise  the  functions  and  fucuhieb  o(  life. 

Pico  Feo. — Sec  Tulcdn. 

Picdra  de  Cruz.  {Lapis  Crucifer.) — A  stone  rescmhling  green  marhlc,  found  in  the  new  kingdom 
of  Granada.  In  whatever  direction  this  stone  lie  broken,  it  displavs  a  black  cross  perfectly  drawn, 
and  it  is  said  by  the  natives  to  possess  a  singular  virtue  in  curing  the  rheum  and  fevers,  't'lie  great 
•ibundancu  of  this  stone  makes  it  very  common,  and  of  little  value.  Mr.  Bomare  says  that  it  ap- 
pears  to  be  a  sort  of  madrepore  fossil,  whose  veins  cross  each  other  in  such  a  manner,  that  whether 
they  are  cut  hori/.ontally  or  vertically,  there  is  the  figure  of  a  cross,  nature  filling  up  the  spaces  with 
a  hard  argillaceous  eartn.  Tiie  same  author  asserts,  that  tlie  same  stone  is  found  in  Portugal,  San- 
toignc,  Normandy,  and  Guicnne,  and  particularly  near  Santiago  in  Galiciu ;  and  that  the  Spanish 
silversmiths  enchase  them  in  gold  and  silver,  to  make  people  believe  they  are  found  in  a  polished 
state. 

[Piguen.—A  bird  found  in  S.  America.] 

Pilco.  (Lawnis  caustica.) — A  sort  of  laurel  of  a  moderate  size,  whose  leaves  are  alternate,  oval, 
and  wrinkled,  little  more  than  an  inch  long,  and  of  an  obscure  green  colour.  The  fruit  is  in  every 
rcs|^)ect  like  that  of  the  common  laurel  ;  the  effluvia  of  this  tree,  particularly  in  summer,  cause  swell- 
ing and  pustules  on  the  naked  part  of  the  body  of  any  one  who  remains  under  its  shade.  I'hts  eHTect, 
which  is  not  mortal,  is  as  various  as  the  different  temperature  of  body  in  difl'ereiit  people.  Some  ex- 
perience from  it  little  harm,  others  none,  and  some  oy  merely  passing  under  the  tree  are  entirely 
covered  with  pustules.  Notwithstanding  the  viscous  and  caustic  juice  with  which  the  tree  is  impreg- 
nated,the  natives  use  the  wood  in  building,  taking  the  precaution  of  makinga  fire  at  the  bottom  of  the 
tree  whilst  they  are  cutting  it ;  for  as  soon  as  it  is  dry,  it  loses  its  mahgnant  juice,  and  acquires  a 
beautiful  red  colour,  striped  with  veins  of  brown  and  yellow.  It  is  incorruptible  in  water,  and,  im- 
mersed in  it,  becomes  as  hard  as  iron,  and  on  this  account  it  is  preferable  to  any  other  for  building 
vessels.  In  Chile  it  is  called  lithy,  and  in  Quito  capsicara.ncha,  which  means  the  tree  which  gives  the 
itch. 

Piloncillo. — The  crusted  sugar,  which  remains  at  the  bottom  of  the  boiler,  is  caiicd  by  this  name  in 
New  Spain. 

{Pimento. — See  Pimienta.] 

Pimienta.  [Myrtus  Pimenta.) — Of  Tabasco,  or  Malagueta,  called  also  pimienta  of  Jamaica  and 
Chiapa.  It  is  a  small  fruit  or-  oval  berry,  very  nearly  round,  like  the  berries  of  the  myrtle,  of  a 
darkish  red  colour,  not  so  deep  as  that  of  the  black  pepper.  The  calyx  is  divided  into  four  or  five 
parts  ;  it  has  a  strong  aromatic  smell  and  taste,  which  partake  of  the  aromatic  and  pungent  qualities 
of  pepper,  cinnamon,  and  cloves,  surpassing  these  in  such  a  manner  that  whatever  meats  are  sea- 
sonea  with  it,  have  an  agreeable  taste  of  all  sorts  of  spices.  Each  berry  is  divided  interiorly  into 
two,  three,  and  even  four  parts,  each  of  which  contains  one  or  two  small  black  seeds  of  the  shape 
of  a  kidney,  and  of  a  taste  considerably  less  active  than  the  berry.  The  tree  which  bears  it  is  large, 
and  the  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  orange-tree ;  the  flower  is  red  like  that  of  the  pomegranate,  and 
the  smell  like  that  of  the  orange  flower,  but  much  more  sweet  and  agreeable,  and  even  the  leaves 
surpass  that  of  the  latter ;  the  fruit  is  round,  and  hangs  in  bunches.  At  first  it  is  green ;  it  after- 
wards becomes  of  a  darkish  red,  and  finally  assumes  a  colour  inclining  to  black.  This  fruit  is  very 
useful,  and  possesses  many  virtues,  which  may  be  learnt  in  the  treatise  published  on  this  subject  by 
Doctor  Don  Casimiro  Gomez  Ortega,  professor  of  Botany  and  Natural  History. 

Pina.  {Bromelia  Aimanas.) — One  of  the  best  fruits  in  the  world,  peculiar  to  America,  and  very 
abundant  in  every  part  of  it.  Its  pleasant  taste  and  fragrance  are  only  equalled  by  the  beauty  of  the 
fruit.  At  the  top  there  is  a  small  crown,  consisting  of  small  leaves  of  the  same  nature  as  the  leaves  of 
the  plant,  but  much  thinner,  and  more  delicate  ;  and  when  this  crown  is  cut  and  set  in  the  ground,  it 
produces  fruit  the  same  year.  The  smell  is  something  similar  to  that  of  the  muscadine  grape,  and  of 
the  pear  good  christian  (buen  christiano) :  and  when  eaten  with  red  wine  and  sugar,  it  tastes  like 
strawberries.    There  are  three  kinds  of  pinas  ;  the  first  is  white,  10  inches  in  diameter,  and  from  13 


\' 


APPENDIX. 


70 


|te,  and 

leaves 

after- 

Ks  very 

hect  by 

Id  very 
r  of  tlie 
laves  of 
T)und,  it 
J  and  of 
Ites  like 
Irom  iS 


to  18  Indies  long.  Tlic  rind  of  this  fruit,  when  arrived  at  maturity,  is  yellow,  consisting  of  pro- 
minent lioxagonul  figures,  the  |)ul|)  is  whiti:  and  fihrons,  but  cainiot  chum  tliu  liist  place  on  account 
of  its  acidity.  The  mccoiuI  species  is  in  the  sliapu  of  a  sugar-loaf  or  roiiical  pyruund,  and  is  belter 
than  the  fust.  The  third  species  is  red, and  is  without  coui|)arisi)n  ;  of  the  best  of  tiiis  fruit  ihev  niako 

S reserves,  which  are  very  common  in  every  pari  of  America,  and  are  sometimes  brought  into  f'.urope. 
ly  boiling  ihe  lind  24  hours,  they  make  a  sort  of  ciiler,  of  a  very  agieealjlc  ta^le,  cillcd  chicba  do 
pirta,  which  is  very  sweet  and  refreshing,  and  is  used  as  a  cooling  (liaui;lit  at  1 1  o'clock.  It  is  al.o 
taken  with  very  good  elfeet  in  several  diseases,  such  as  ihe  putrid  fever  and  black  vomit.  'I'lie 
Peruvians  give  the  name  pifia  de  jilala  to  native  silver  afier  it  has  been  separated  from  the  inorcuiy 
with  which  it  was  mixed,  of  which  tliey  make  small  square  pillarsj  called  pcbeioros,  young  lions, 
and  other  images,  like  those  of  w.ix  for  ornament. 

[Pine,  or  Bii/l  Snake. — See  Serpents.  J 

Pinipkhi. — A  small  tree  peculiar  to  America,  much  rcsemljlinj^  the  apnle-tree.  It  gives  after 
incision  a  milky  viscous  juice,  which  purges  very  violently  the  bile  andsurou^  luiuioiirs,  on  taking  two 
or  three  drops  in  a  small  quantity  of  wine.  Lcmery  aflirms,  that  if  during  its  operation  the  patient 
takes  brolh,  or  any  other  beverage,  the  efl'ccts  are  biispendcd,  and  that  whilst  it  continues  to  act  it 
is  necessary  to  abstain  from  sleep. 

Pinoncs.  {C/«//rt  e/«/erfrt.)— The  fruit  of  a  shrub  called  mata-pi nones,  which  grows  to  the  thick- 
ness of  a  man's  leg,  and  upwards  of  six  feet  high.  The  bark  is  of  a  palish  green  colour,  and  thi 
leaves  something  like  those  of  the  vine  ;  the  fruit  grows  in  small  bunches,  of  from  four  to  six  cap- 
sules, of  the  size  of  galls,  each  of  which  ';ontains  three  nuts,  with  black  shells  and  white  kernels, 
having  always  an  unecjual  number  of  nine  or  fewer  bunches,  according  to  the  age  and  strength  of 
the  tree.  It  is  a  purgative  hydragogue  when  prepared  with  a  corrective,  because  it  causes  acute 
pains  in  the  prima  via,  and  violent  vomits,  which  ccasic  on  drinking  cold  water.  The  oil  extracted 
from  the  fruit  is  good  against  the  dropsy,  and  is  applied  as  an  unguent  on  the  stomach  and  belly ; 
and  a  few  drops  taken  in  wine  are  very  efficacious  in  curing  contractions  of  the  members,  the  car- 
ache,  and  deafness,  and  in  dissolving  obstructions.  Father  Caulin  calls  it  palma  christi,  and  it  may 
be  seen  in  the  botanical  garden  at  Madrid. 

PihucUt. — The  wood  of  a  very  large  tree,  which  grows  in  the  province  of  Guayaquil,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Quito,  and  much  used  in  ship-building  in  the  dock-yards  of  that  country. 

Piojo  (k  Sabana. — A  small  and  almost  imperceptible  insect  with  which  the  fields  and  plains  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme  are  covered.  They  iienetrate  the  clothes,  and  make  holes  in  the  legs, 
causing  a  curious  itching,  which  is  cured  by  killing  the  insect,  and  washing  the  wound  with  an 
infusion  of  tobacco  leaves  in  brandy  or  wine. 

Pipiaii. — A  sort  of  food  used  in  Peru  and  Tierra  Firme. 

Pique, — A  name  given  in  the  different  provinces  of  Peru  to  the  Nigua. — See  Nigua.  The  natives 
of  the  same  kingdom  likewise  apply  this  term  to  a  very  strict  friendship,  approaching  nearly  to  court- 
ship.   The  term  is  likewise  used  in  Spain. 

Piragua. — A  large  canoe,  managed  with  oars,  about  30  feet  long,  and  four  broad  in  the  middle, 
tcrniifiatiiig  in  a  point  at  each  extremity,  and  about  15  inches  higher  at  the  ends  than  in  the  middle. 
It  is  divided  by  nine  benches,  at  the  distance  of  eight  inches  from  each  other;  and  a  little  higher 
than  the  benches  there  are  pieces  of  wood,  nailed  on  the  sides,  to  support  the  ribs.  Each  piragua 
has  two  masts  and  two  square  sails.  When  the  Indians  go  to  ser,  in  these  boats,  on  any  warlike  ex- 
pedition, they  only  take  one  or  two  women  in  each  to  cook  the  victuals;  but  when  they  travel  they  take 
on  board  ail  their  family. 

Piritu. — A  species  of  palm  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada  and  province  of  Piritu,  from  which  it 
derives  its  name.  It  is  a  sort  of  cane,  covered  with  pricks,  and  very  black,  and  so  strong  and  smooth 
that  it  is  made  into  tobacco  pipes,  and  stands  the  fire  very  well.  These  pipes  are  very  common  in 
the  above-mentioned  kingdom  whilst  the  plant  is  unripe.     The  fruit  iiangs  in  bunches  like  grapes. 

{Pissipini. — A  plant  found  in  S.  America,  particularly  in  the  province  of  Cumaui^,  often  used  as 
an  emetic] 

Pita.     (/Jgtive /lmerica)ia.)— A  genus  of  the  cla^r.  'ue.>J3ndria  n.onogynia.     It  grows  to  a  great 


I    ( 


:.v 


\h 


I 


^  !  :iv, 


l^' 


V  i 


■■i^  f  i? 


80 


APPENDIX. 


height,  and  has  large  leaves  full  of  a  thick  solid  substance,  denticulated,  eight  palms  long,  and  differing 
very  little  from  those  of  Europe.  From  these  they  extract  a  sort  of  hemp,  more  fine  and  strong  than 
the  common  sort,  of  it  they  make  tiiread  for  sewing  tiie  more  ordinary  things,  such  as  sacks  and  bags 
for  money,  and  it  is  made  into  ropes  of  all  sizes.  Hence  the  quantity  consumed  is  very  great,  and 
they  have  considerable  traffic  in  this  article. 

Pitallaya.  {Cactus  Pitahaya.) — Alarge  curious  tree,  whose  branches  are  so  grooved  as  to  havetheap- 
poanmceof  long  candles,  shooting  perpendicularly  upwards  from  the  trunk.  Tlicy  have  not  a  single  leaf, 
and  the  fruit  grows  fast  attached  to  the  branch  itself.  The  peel  of  the  fruit  is  covered  with  pricks,aiid 
is  something  similar  to  the  tuna,  or  Indian  fig,  but  the  pulp  is  whiter  and  more  delicious.  Some  are 
yellow,  others  red;  they  are  likewise  distinguished  by  the  appellations  of  sweet,  and  a  compounti  of 
f)itter  and  sweet,  but  very  agreeable  to  the  taste.  Monardes  gives  it  the  name  of  cardin,  and  it  is  very 
abundant  in  the  botanical  garden  of  Madrid. 

[Pitaj'aj/a. — See  Pita  Haya.'] 

Pito  Real. — A  name  applied  in  New  Spain  to  the  bird  tulcan.  See  Tulcan.  Mr.  Bomare  in  his 
description  of  this  bird,  confounds  it  with  tlie  carpintero,  which  is  a  different  bird. 

Piuquen.  (Otis  Chileiisis.) — A  species  of  bustard  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  larger  th«-.;  ll:t  European, 
and  of  a  white  colour.  The  head  and  primary  quills  of  both  wings  are  of  an  ash-r>iour,  the  jiinions 
bhitk,  and  the  tail  short,  consisting  of  eighteen  white  feathers.  It  has  no  excrescency  either  on  the  head 
or  throat.  The  bill  is  of  a  moderate  size,  resembling  that  of  the  bustard.  The  feet  consist  of  four 
large  toes,  and  the  heel  is  situated  a  little  higher  than  these.  This  bird  takes  great  delight  in  run- 
ning aboui  the  fields  with,  others  of  its  species,  and  its 'food  consists  chiefly  of  lierbs.  It  does  not 
begin  to  breed  till  it  is  two  years  old,  and  then  the  female  lays  six  eggs,  larger  than  '.hose  of  the  goose ; 
the  flesh  is  better  tasted  than  ihat  of  the  turkey. 

[Piitre. — A  testaceous  fish  found  in  S.  America.] 

Pi.vbae. — A  fruit  conmion  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme.  It  is  of  a  conical  shape,  almost  like  the 
fig,  and  of  a  darkish  yellow  colour,  covered  with  a  rind  of  orange.  The  pulp  is  mealy,  and  is  eaten 
boiled  or  roasted,  and  the  natives  of  the  province  of  Guaimi  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firme,  formerly 
used  no  other  food  than  this  fruit,  nor  beverage,  except  the  liquor  made  of  it  with  water.  The  tree 
which  prodrces  it  is  like  the  date  palm-tree,  but  taller,  and  only  produces  six  or  seven  bunches,  each 
consisting  of  fifty  or  sixty  pixba^s.  It  is  wild,  and  grows  without  any  trouble  or  expense  ;  monkies 
are  very  fond  of  this  fruit. 

Plantd  Universal. — A  plant  in  the  province  and  country  of  tiie  Iroquese  Indians  in  New  France,  or 
Canada,  in  N.  America.  The  French  missionaries  of  the  society  of  Jesus,  gave  it  this  name  on 
account  of  its  sovereign  virtue  in  curing  all  sorts  of  wounds.  The  leaves  are  as  large  as  a  man's  hand, 
and  of  the  shape  of  the  leaves  of  a  lily. 

Platano.  (Musa.) — A  genus  of  the  class  moncecia  polyandria.  The  cup  of  the  male  is  destitute  of 
a  corolla,  and  that  of  the  female  consists  of  some  leaves  ;  the  stygma  is  bent  downwards,  and  the  seed 
is  circular.  The  fruit  is  generally  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  10  or  12  in  length, 
something  curved.  It  is  not  circular,  but  rather  an  hexagon,  with  the  angles  made  round  and  terminat- 
ing in  hexagonal  points.  The  skin,  which  is  smooth,  and  of  a  green  colour  before  it  is  ripe,  afterwards 
becomes  yellow,  and  contains  a  substance  resembling  cheese,  without  seeds,  and  oidy  a  few  large 
fibres.  After  the  jilantain  is  past  maturity,  the  rind  turns  black,  aiKV  die  pulp  becomes  sour.  Its 
taste  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  pear.  It  is  tl";  best  food  which  the  Negroes  have,  and  all  classes  of 
animals  are  very  fond  of  it  ;  which  is  an  incontestable  proof  of  its  goodness.  The  tree,  or  rather  the 
plant  which  bears  the  plantain,  gives  fruit  only  once,  in  large  bunclies,  and  is  immediately  cut,  or  if 
left,  it  withers  and  falls  ;  but  the  root,  which  is  large,  round,  and  solid,  produces  fresh  supplies,  which 
in  I'J  or  \\  months  yielil  fruit  and  decay,  and  the  roots  shoot  forth  again  without  there  being  any 
necessity  for  planting  them.  The  [ilunt  is  not  woody,  nor  has  it  any  l)ark,  but  isa  thick  cylindrical  body, 
consisting  of  a  great  nu-nber  of  long  broad  leaves,  wrapped  round  each  other,  the  outer  ones  serving 
as  a  rind  to  the  others.  It  arrives  at  its  full  height  in  about  nine  months,  and  is  then  about  10  or  12 
inehes  in  diameter,  which  docs  not  render  it  any  harder,  or  more  diliicult  to  cut.  This  plant  requires 
a  moist,  rich  and  solid  land,  as  it  needs  much  nourishment,  and  if  any  of  these  be  wanting  it  ceases  to 


differing 
ing  tliiin 
and  bugs 
reat,  and 


e  the  ap- 
ngle  leaf, 
rici<s,aiid 
>ome  are 
pound  of 
it  is  very 


ive  in  his 

European, 
e  jiinions 
1  tlie  head 
St  of  four 
lit  in  run- 
:  does  not 
lie  goose ; 


St  like  the 
1  is  eaten 
,  formerly 
The  tree 
ches,  each 
;  monkies 

France,  or 
1  name  on 
lan'a  hand, 

lestitute  of 
id  the  seed 
I  in  length, 

I  terniinat- 
afterwards 
,  few  large 
i  sour.     Its 

II  classes  of 
•  rather  the 
y  cut,  or  if 
ilies,  which 

being  any 
iricalbody, 
mes  serving 
lit  10  or  12 
int  requires 

it  ceases  to 


APPENDIX. 

prosper,  and  gives  an  inferior  kind  of  fruit.     Before  it  is 


make.  'There  are  four  s^e^le  "^  p  al  .^i  s    cli    iU^"  ,1,"",:  ?!  '''«  '-^^  preserves  which  the  Creoles' 
and  camhures.     See  these  articles.  '  ""^'"S"'s'>ed  by  the  names  bananas,  guineas,  dominicos, 

[Plai/o„.~.The  same  as  playa,  which  is  the  shore,  or  ea-coast  ] 

beauliful  oniamcm,  ^  ""'""  °'  Guayaquil,  i„  tlic  earrings,  and  are  a  very 

2;X77''Ta°,"T' '°™  ""''  r  '■  '"^'''"  '•"""=  °"''^°"  P">-«'  "'o™  '■/'".".on. 

a„d;si-tes?:rnitv^''JT.»''i„^°i:S,r:  ;^,«-  ----  «X.tLv  ■,.  Pe™ 

Po7igo.—A  strait  or  narrow  passage. 

orE^'s^tS;;^!'"'  ''"'"'  "^  ^™"  ^"  "^^'  ^^^^^^^  °f -'-^--r  dimensions,  except  men  of  war, 

At  Pernambuco  and  Bahia. 
Pilotage,  entrance  and  departure  ^''"'''-     £■  ^-     d. 

For  entrance  into,  and  departure  from  the  ports   ' ^^^     ^    '»     'i 

Anchorage  per  diem      -     -     .     .      ""'*^P''''^ 4,000     1     2     6 

Patri-mor,  or  iiarbour-niaster,  per  diem"     '     " -     -     -     .     2,000    On     3 

Lmguister  (total)       ---J.  --- ,  ^j^y     ^     ^     ^^ 

Six  custom-house  guards,  at  three  niti^nl,.^«  ^'n.l."  ..2    T     "     "  ■ "     '     T     "     -'"°°    "  '  I     3 
o«n  cost  whilst  on  board      -    -    '''^•'"='''"  ^'^^''  1"^'^  ''^e"'.  eatnig  at  their 

Guard  deMor,  of  tobacco  (total)        "    " '     '     "     ^'"^'''^     1    12     5 

Ditto  of  Alfandego,  or  custom-house      - ^'^^"     "  1'*     0 

'""""- 1,280     072 

Forming  a  total  fust  expense  of    -     -    . 

Additional  daily  one     ....  -----------  17,4S0     4  18     4 

"'■.""■"* S,760     2     y      3j 

r  ^  ,  At  Rio  Janeiro. 

J".ntrance  and  exit,  including  piiotafre     - 

Lmguister,  daily       ---.."  25, GOO     740 

Anchorage,  ditto  -     -..."."'"'' --     J. 000  0     .5     7f 

Two  guards,  ditto    ----.'.""""■" "     -     '.(JOO  0     ^     7i 

\,02o  0   10     <i| 

First  expense      ---_... '- 

Daily  r,nc   -.-.. ---------  25, ('OO  7     4     0 

or  mountain  hrttrf.h^S|:^;;^;^S;">-  1  h"  ""  '''%^^'  ""'''''''  "'«  "'^''-^  callia,,,,, 

maize,  pumpkins  potatoes,     nd  X   I  u  t    con  minVi        *"';      ""'  '^''''^  '^  "'^'  ''^'^^^'  '""'  "^^^'^^  "' 
VOL.  V.  '  '      "  °'"^'  """"'  committing  great  ravages  on  the  cultivated  lands.     On 


N 


.<i 


W- 


'J  I 


^^ 


U2 


APPENDIX. 


I 


m 


this  account  tliey  are  constantly  pursued  by  the  farmers,  who  set  guards  to  preserve  their  crops  from 
their  depredations. 

[Praire. — An  open  meadow  country.] 

[Precentor. — PrjectMiter  :  he  that  leads  the  choir.] 

Predicador. — See  Tulcan. 

Premdilhi. — A  small  delicious  fish  in  the  lake  Cuicocha,  in  the  province  of  Otavalo,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Quito.  It  is  about  an  inch  long,  and  entirely  destitute  of  scales.  They  are  so  much  esteemed, 
tliat  great  quantities  are  daily  cau<;lit  and  pickled  for  exportation  ;  from  which  source  the  Indians  de- 
rive great  gain.     It  is  a  species  of  boguilla,  and  is,  perhaps,  the  cuitlapeth  of  Hernandez. 

Presbytrrianos. — A  sect  ol'Protestanis  who  dedvc  their  name  from  the  opinion  to  which  they  adhere, 
that  thf  government  of  the  cliurch,  as  pointed  out  in  the  New  Testament,  ought  to  be  vested  in  the 
hands  of  presbitLTs,  orpriests ;  that  there  is  no  order  in  the  church  established  by  Jesus  Christ  and  his 
Apostles,  superior  to  priesthood,  and  that  all  ministers,  being  Christ's  ambassadors,  have  equal  com> 
missions,  and  therefore  bishops  and  priests  arc  on  the  same  footing.  The  only  difference  between  the 
Presbyterians  and  Protestants  of  England  is  relative  to  the  discipline  and  government  of  the  church. 

[Presidio. — A  garrison.] 

Prieto. — A  word  signifying  the  same  as  black. 

[Provisor. — An  ecclesiastical  judge,  to  whom  the  bishop  delegates  his  authority  in  causes  belonging 
to  his  forum.] 

[Piovincial. — The  superior  of  a  convent  of  monks.] 

Puchugchu. — A  plant  growing  in  the  cold  parts  of  tiie  mountains  of  the  Andes.  It  is  of  the  shape 
of  a  loaf,  the  leaves  are  round,  and  appear  like  a  musk  rose.  The  roots  of  this  plant  interweave  with 
each  other  in  such  a  manner  that  thev  form  a  solid  mass  in  the  earth,  two  feet  thick,  and  so  very  hard 
that  the  force  of  a  man  cannot  separate  them. 

Puelche. — A  name  given  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile  to  the  south  wind,  which  comes  from  the  Cordillera, 
and  is  very  troublesome  and  disagreeable.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  Puelches  Indians,  from  whence 
it  proceeds. 

Pulperia. — This  name  is  given  in  almost  every  part  of  America  to  the  chandler's  shops,  where 
oil,  vinegar,  and  other  ordinary  provisions  are  sold.  The  persons  who  keep  the  siiops  are  called 
pulpero. 

Pulque. — A  liquor  very  cominon  in  New  Spain.  It  is  the  juice  of  the  maguey,  after  fermentation, 
and  is  prepared  in  the  following  manner ;  when  the  plant  is  six  or  seven  years  old,  they  cut  off  the 
head,  and  with  an  instrument  resemblin<>  a  spoon,  made  of  steel,  and  sharpened  at  the  edges,  culled  by 
tbem  ocascle,  they  make  a  hole  in  the  plant,  which  distds  a  sweet  water,  very  clear  and  of  a  taste  tiot 
disagreeable,  which  they  collect  twice  a  d.iy,  at  morning  and  at  night,  in  the  quantity  of  about  a  quart 
at  each  time.  They  then  put  it  into  jars,  and  thro\v  in  a  few  herbs  and  s  nail  fruits,  which  cause  it  to 
ferment,  and  it  is  then  readv  for  drinking  ;  but  if  preserved  more  than  onu  or  two  days,  it  grows  stale. 
This  liquor  produces  intoxication,  and  supplies  the  place  of  wine,  and  was  used  by  the  Indians  before 
the  conquest.  Eighty  or  ninety  thousand  pints  of  tliis  liquor  are  brought  into  Mexico  every  morning 
and  two  in  the  afternoon ;  it  is  always  found  in  two  out  of  the  forty-two  shops  in  which  it  is  sold,  and  in 
these  it  is  ordered  to  be  kept,  lest  it  should  be  wanted  as  a  remedy  for  several  diseases,  for  which  they 
use  it.  For  every  load  they  pay  a  real,  import  duty  ;  and  the  product  which  hence  accrues  to  the  royal 
treasury  is  very  considerable. 

Puma.  {^Felis  Onza  sive  Jamara.) — A  quadruped  which  has  obtained  this  name  in  Peru,  and  is  iin- 
properly  called  by  Europeans  the  lion,  having  no  likeness  to  those  of  Africa,  either  in  size,  fierceness, 
colour,  nor  mane.  Its  head,  indeed,  has  some  resemblance  to  that  of  the  lion  and  tiger.  The  tail  is 
shorter  than  that  of  either  of  the  two  last-mentioned  animals  ;  it  climbs  trees,  and  is  at  the  same  time 
both  ti:;iid  and  cowardly,  and  flies  at  the  si<>ht  of  a  man,  so  that  it  does  not  differ  less  from  the  real 
lion  in  its  natural  dispositions,  than  in  the  shape  of  its  body  in  odier  respects ;  we  have  not  a  complete 
description  of  this  animal.  Modern  naturalists  place  it  in  the  genus  ol  the  felixs,  and  in  the  species 
of  jaguara,  which  they  believe  is  the  ounce  of  the  antients. 


!!lt  I 


APPENDIX. 


83 


^«n<7.~The  high  cold  parts  of  any  p,  vince  or  conn. 
.Pupitiri.^  itu^gnia  ^T/./..0-A'^sh,g,"rbiri7n  r  '"  '.'^^'"^"'^''^^  '^V  this  name  in  Peru. 

is  about  the  size  of  the  ^o12n..I   „J"  i!'"^  Province  of  Piritu  in  the  new  kingdom  of 


I  Mantima.—A  linnm-  n>.«n....»j  f_ .....  ^ 


p  M  "  "  "i"c  uurvea.  -  ---- ,  W.W  "■-■•I  joints  or  the  wings 

tft.:..-Tbe  „a„.e  „hicl.  U.c  ,„ive.  gi„  .„  .„e  rive.  Cuchigara.] 

Spain, 

[2Marf;-«p^rf^._American,  or  of  the  New  W^AA 

cclx.x  o/Me  Introduction.     TherefeZJi  '  ^'T^V'^^'^ond  Edition  of  his  Arctic  7nnln 
;>MW«A^rf  in  1792.  »€/^'^«c.*  are  /.  (he  Second  Edition  o/his  jS^  oft&r^': 


[genus 


II.  Sheep, 


TABLE  OF  QUADRUPEDS. 

HOOFED. 

HIST.  QUADRtrpHDS.       ,  OLD  WORLD. 


NEW  WORLD. 


No.  9. 


No.  6.  In  parts  of  Lithuania,  andlTo  the  «,  nfn        i 

about    Mount    Caucasus        \  ,    ^  .^''"^^a.  ""d  as 

except   there,  unS  vl    Mexico  0?!^""    '"i'^'^ 
domesticated.  ^     k?  1      ' .°"  '''^  "'•  "'de  of 

JN.  America. 

To  the  n.  of  Hudson's  Bay. 
fiom  Churcliili  River,  to 
lilt  730,  and  among  the 
Uiristmaux,  and  in  New 
Mexico. 

Suspected  to  be  found  in  Ca- 
lifornia ;  but  not  on  the 
beat  authorities. 


in.  Deer. 


Moose,    -     .    No.  42 


p.  36.[Sardmia.  Corsica.  Crete 
N.ot  India.  Persian  Alps. 
About  the  Onon  and  Ar 
gun,  in  Siberia.  Monea. 
ha,  to  lat.  (jo°  e.  of  fhe 
Lena,  and  quite  to  Kanits 

""RS'S^^^^t^^HtS"?^-^-'-  No- 

lat.530.    AsfarVasLak:     In.f^!!!:':..^^.^^^  ^^"g'-''> 
Baikal ;  and  in  the  w.  o[ 
China  to  the  n.  of  Coiea. 
lat.  45°. 

1   2 


and  near  the  «.  part  of  the 
river  Oiiio.  J 


I 


I  f. 


'    U 


1! 


I 


i  \ 


:^ 


84 


[(iENUS. 


APPENDIX. 

HIST.  QUADRUPEDS.  OLD  WORLD. 


Rein, 


No.  43 


Stag.     -    - 
Great  Stag, 


No.  45 


Virginian,     -     No.  46 


Mexican  Roe,     No.  52, 
Roe,    -    -    -    No.  5 1 . 


Lapland.  Norway.  Samoi- 
edea.  Along  the  Arctic 
coasts,  to  Kamtschatka 
In  tiie  Urallian  mountains 
to  Kiingur,  in  lat.  51°  10'. 
About  Lake  Baikal.  Spitz 
bergen.    Greenland. 

Norwa}',  and  most  part  ot 
Europe  to  the  s.  In  the 
n.  of  Asia.  China.  Bar 
bary,  E. 

In  various  parts  of  N.  Ame- 
rica ;  from  New  England, 
to  the  Allegany  Chain  be 
hind  Pennsylvania.  It  is 
in  America  usually  called 
the  round-horned  elk.  See 
Jefferson,  p.  88.  This  as 
yet  has  never  been  fully 
described.  Communicat- 
ed by  Mr.  Pennant  from 
his  IViS.  notes. 


I 


Norway.  Sweden.  Most  part 
of  Europe,  except  Russia 
Scotland. 


NEW  WORLD. 


Hudson's  Bay.  N.  partr  of 
Canada.  Labrador.  Island 
of  Newfoundland. 


From  Canada,  over  all  parts 
of  N.  America.  Mexico. 


From  the  provinces  s.  of  Ca- 
nada to  Florida.  Perhaps 
in  Guayana. 

Interior  n.  w.  parts  of  Ame- 
rica.   Mexico. 

According  to  Charlevoix,  in 
Canada. 


DIGITATED. 


IV.  Dog. 


Wolf,     -    -     No.  137. 


Arctic  Fox,      No.  1 40. 


Common  Fox,  No.  139. 


DIVISION  I. 

From  the  Arctic  circle  to  the 
most  s.  part  of  Europe.  In 
Asia,  from  the  circle  to 
Persia.  Kamtschatka.  All 
parts  of  Africa. 

Within  the  whole  Arctic  cir- 
cle. Iceland.  .Spitzber- 
gen.  Greenland.  Finmark. 
N.  of  Siberia.  Kamts- 
chatka, and  its  isles. 

In  all  parts  of  Europe,  and 
the  told  and  temperate 
parts  of  Asia.  Kaints- 
cliatka,  and  its  furthest 
isles.     Iceland. 


From  Hudson's  Bay  to  the 
most  s,  parts  of  N.Ame- 
rica. 


Hudson's  Bay.  The  isles  in 
the  high  latitudes  on  the 
w.  side  of  America. 


From  Hudson's  Bay,  cross 
the  continent  to  the  Fox 
Isles.  Labrador.  New- 
foundland. Canada.  Not 
further  s. :  a  variety  only, 
the  brandt  fox,  in  Penn- 
sylvania.] 


APPENDIX. 


86 


[genus. 


V.  Cat. 


VI.  Be.\r. 


VII.  Badgeu, 


HIST.  QUADRUPEDS. 


Grey, 

Silvery, 
Puma, 


Lynx, 


No.  142 

No.  143 
No.  160. 


-     No.  170 


OLD  WORLD. 


NEW   WORLD. 


Bay  Lynx, 
Mountain, 

Polar,     - 


Black,    . 
Brown,    - 


No.  ni 

No.  168 
No.  175, 


No.  174 
ibid. 


Forests  of  the  «.  of  Europe, 
and  many  of  tiie  s.    Spain. 
N.  of  Asia,  and  the  moun 
tains  in  the  7i.  of  India. 


Wolverene,      No.  176 


Raccoon,     -    No.  i78 


Common,    -     No.  179 


Within  the  whole  polar  cir- 
cle of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Jeso  Masima,  »j.  of  Japan ; 

perhaps  in  Japan. 
In  most  parts  of  Europe,  n. 

and  s.    The  same  in  Asia, 

even  as  far  as  Arabia.  Bar 

bary.     Ceylon.      Kanits- 

chatka. 
N.   of   Norway.      Lapland 

N.   of    Siberia.      Kamts- 

chatka. 


From  New  England  to  the 
s.  end  of  N.America. 

In  Louisiana. 

From  Canada  to  Florida; 
thence  through  Mexico, 
quite  to  Quito  in  Peru. 

From  Canada,  over  most 
parts  of  N.  America. 


VIII.  Opossum.       Virginian,    -  No.  181 

IX.  Weazle.          Common,    -  No.  192 
Stoat,    -     -  No.  193 

Pine  Martin,  No.  200 


In  the  s.  of  Norway,  and  all 
the  more  s.  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. In  the  temperate 
parts  of  Asia,  as  far  as 
China  eastward.    E. 


Pckan,    - 
Vison,     - 
Sable,    - 


No.  204 
No.  205, 
No.  201. 


Most  parts  of  Europe.  Si- 
beria. Kamtschatka.  Bar- 
bary.   E. 

All  the  «.  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia;  and  as  far  as 
Kamtschatka  and  the  Ku- 
ril isles.    E. 

N.  of  Europe.  Rare  in 
France.  Only  in  tiie  u\ 
of  Siberia.    In  China.  E. 


In  the  province  of  New  York. 
Carolina,  and  perhaps  other 

parts  of  N.America. 
The  same  in  America;  also 

as  low  as   Hudson's  Bay 

and  Labrador, 
In  all  parts  of  N.  America. 

To  the  n.  w.  of  Hudson's 
Bay,  and  on  tlie  w.  side  of 
America.  About  Nootka 
Sound.  On  the  Andes  of 
Peru. 

As  far  V.  as  the  Copper  River, 
and  *.  as  the  country  be- 
tween Lake  Huron  and 
Superior.  On  the  w.  side 
of  N.  America. 

From  New  England  to  Flo- 
rida. Mexico.  Isles  of 
Maria,  near  Cape  Corri- 
entes,  in  the  S.  Sea. 

In  the  neiohbouriiood  of 
Hudson's  Bay.  Terra  de 
Labrador,  and  as  low  as 
Pennsylvania, 

As  far  71.  as  Canada,  and  from 
thence  to  the  Brasils  and 
Peru. 

Hudson's  Bay.  Newfound- 
land. As  far  s.  as  Caro- 
lina. 

Hudson's  Bay,  and  as  low  as 
Newfoundland  and  Ca- 
nada. 

N.  p;irts  of  N.  America,  quite 
to  tiie  S.  Sea. 


Siberia.   Kamtschatka.    Ku. 
ril  isles. 


Hudson's  Bay.     Canada. 

Canada. 

Canada.] 


)H- 


P 

If  Iff 

?      !> 
Pi 

NO 


4     ■■ 

m 


86 


APPENDIX. 


i 


[genus. 

HIST.   QUADRUPFDS. 

.   OLD  WORLD. 

NEW  WORLD. 

Fislier,     - 

-     No.  202. 

Hudson's  Bay.  New  Eng- 
land.    Pennsylvania. 

Striated,   - 

-  No.  217. 

Pennsylvania  to  Louisiana. 

Skunk,     - 

-    No.  218. 

From  Hudson's  Bay  to  Peru. 

X.  Otter. 

Coniiiioii, 

-     No.  220. 

N.  Europe  and  Asia.  Kamts- 
chatka.    E. 

From  Hudson's  Bay  to  Loui- 
siana. 

Lesser,    - 

-    No.  228. 

About  the  banks  of  the  Yaik. 
Poland.  Lithuania.  Fin- 
land. 

From  New  Jersey  to  Caro- 
lina. 

• 

Sea,    -    - 

-   No.  2:jo. 

Kamtschatka.    Kuril  isles. 

W.  coasts  of  America. 

DIVISION   II. 


11 


t  1« 
1' 


•^  >  w 


I 


XI.  Hare. 


Varying,      -    No,  242 


XII.  Beaver. 

XIII.  Porcupine. 

XIV.  Marmot. 


XV.  Squirrel. 


XVI.  Dormouse. 

XVII.  Rat. 


American, 
Alpine,  - 


No.  243 
No.  248, 


Castor,    -    -    No.  251 


Musk,    - 

Canada, 

Quebec, 
Mar)!  land, 

Hoary,   - 
Tail-less, 
Ear-less,  - 


Hudson,  ■    - 
Grey,    -     - 

Black,    -    - 

Flying,    -    - 

Hooded, 
Severn  River. 
Striped, 
English, 


No.  252, 

No.  257 

No.  259 
No.  260 

No.  261, 
No.  265 

No.  263 


No.  274 
No.  272, 

No.  273 
No.  283 

No.  284 
No.  282 
No  236 
No.  289 


Black,     -    -    No.  '7')7 


Scandinavia.  Russia.  Sibe- 
ria. Kamtschatka.  Green- 
land. £. 


From  the  Altaic  chain  to 
Lake  Baikal;  thence  to 
Kamtschatka. 

Scandinavia.  About  the  Je- 
nesel  and  Konda.  In  Ca- 
san,  and  about  the  Yaik. 


Bohemia.      Austria.     Hun 
gary.      From   the    Occa, 
over  the  temperate  parts 
of  Siberia.    About  Jakutz 
Kamtschatka. 


Siberia,  as  high  as  lat.  65° 
Sweden,  and  all  Europe 

E.  Carolina. 
All   Europe.     Many  of  the 

S.  Sea  islands.  E. 


Hudson's  Bay.  About  Cook's 
River. 

I'rom  Hudson's  Bay  to  the 
extremity  of  N.  America. 

/..leutian  Isles.  Possibly  the 
w.  of  N.  America. 

t 

From  Hudson's  Bay  to  Loui- 
siana. 

From  Hudson's  Bay  to  Loui- 
siana. 

From  Hudson's  Bay  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

Canada. 

From  Pennsylvania  to  the 
Bahama  Isles. 

N.  of  N.  .America. 

Hudson's  Bay. 

W.  side  of  N.  America. 


Hudson's  Bay.     Labrador. 
New  England  to  Peru  and 

Chile. 

New  England  to  Mexico. 
From  the  s.  part  of  Hudson's 

Bay  to  Mexico. 
Virginia. 
Hudson's  Bay. 
Hudson's  Bay  to  Louisiana. 


The  rocks  among  the  Blue 
Mountains.] 


APPENDIX. 


[GENUS. 


XVIII.  Shrew. 

XIX.  Mole. 


87 


HIST.   QUADnUPEDS. 


OLD   WORLD. 


American, 
Water,    - 


Mouse,   - 

iField,    - 

Virginian, 
Labrador, 
Hudson's, 
Meadow, 


Hare-tailed, 
Foetid,     .    . 


-  No.  290 

-  No.  300, 

-     No.  201. 

No,  302. 

•     No.  307. 
No.  295 
No.  319. 
No.  322 


Radiated,     - 
Brown,  -    - 


Mongolia. 

From  Lapland  to  the  s. 
of  Europe.  From  Peters- 
burgh  to  Kamtschatka, 
and  as  low  as  the  Caspian 
Sea,  and  Persia.   E. 

Universal.  E. 

All  Europe.  Not  beyond  the 
Urallian  ciiain.    E. 


NEW   WORLD. 


N.  America. 

From  Canada  to  Carolina. 


No,  320 
No.  341 


Long-tailed,      No.  352, 


No.  351 
No.  353, 


Sweden.  All  temperate  Rus- 
sia. In  Siberia  only  to  the 
Irtisch.    E. 

Siberia. 

Europe.      Siberia,      Kamts 
chatka,     E. 


Among  the  rocks,  with  the 

Black  Rat. 
Hudson's  Bay,    New  York, 

Virginia, 

Hudson's  Bay,    Labrador. 
Same  places. 

Hudson's   Bay.     Newfound- 
land. 

Hudson's  Bav. 
Hudson's  Bay.    Carolina. 

New  York.     Interior  parts 

of  Hudson's  Bay. 
New  York. 
New  York. 


u 


w 


"Li'i 


XX.  ^VALRUS, 


XXI,  Seal. 


XXII.  Manati. 


Arctic,    -    -    No.  373 


Hubbon, 
Great, 


Hooded, 
Harp,    - 


Rough,    - 
Ursine,  - 


DIVISION   in. 


Common,     .     No.  372, 


No.  380 
No.  382, 


Leporine,     -    No.  331 


No.  285, 
No.  385, 


No.  283, 
No.  387, 


Spitzhergen.  Greenland.  No- 
va Zeinbla.  The  coast  of 
the  Frozen  Sea.  And  on 
the  Asiatic  sidu,  to  the  s. 
of  Behring's  Straits,  as  low 
as  lat.  62°  50'. 

All  the  European  and  fi. 
Asiatic  seas,  even  to  the 
farthest  n.  Kamtschatka. 

The  Kuril  isles. 

Greenland  and  Kamtschatka 
E. 

White  Sea.  Iceland.  Spitz- 
bergen.   Kamtschatka, 

Spitzbergen.  Greenland.  Ice- 
land. White  Sea,  Kamts- 
chatka. 


Hudson's  Bay.  Gulf  of  St. 
Laurence, "  On  the  w.  side 
of  America,  as  low  as  lat. 

58°  42'. 


N.  seas  of  America. 


W.  of  N.  yVmerica. 

(There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  every  species  of 
Seal  is  found  on  the 
American  coast.) 


Leonine,     -    No.  389. 


Whale-tailed, 
Sea  Ape,    - 


No.  390, 
■  p.  392. 


Kamtschatka. 
land. 

Kamtschatka. 


New    Zea- 


Behrins's  Isle,  and  near  the 
isle  of  St.  Mauritius. 


vV.   of  America,   and  from 

tlie   Isle  of  GaMipagos  to 

New  Georgia. 
\V.     of    America.       Straits 

of  Magciiiiii,     Stateuland. 

Falkland  Is'es, 
\V.  of  America. 


W.  of  Amcrica.J 


M 


li\ 


ill! 


88 


f 


li 


(!) 


APPENDIX. 

[DIVISION    IV. 


GENUS. 


XXIII.  Bat. 


HIST.   QUADRUPEDS. 


New  York,  •  No.  403 
Loiig-liaired,  No.  83 
Nodule,      -     No.  407 


OLD   WORLD. 

NEW   WORLD. 

New  Zealand. 
France.     E. 

New  York. 
Carolina. 
Hudson's  Bay.] 

Snapaxde. — A  fragrant  aromatic  lierb  growing  in  New  Spain,  which  the  natives  cultivate,  particularly 
in  the  jurisdiction  of  Malinaico,  and  carry  it  to  Mexico  and  other  places. 

2uar(cr6n. — The  oftspring  of  a  M-hite  man  and  Mulatto  woman,  or  vice  versa. 

2uartillo. — An  eflcclive  silver  coin,  current  only  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  It  is  half  of  the 
lialf  real,  or  the  Spanish  real  de  vellon.  In  the  other  provinces  of  America  it  is  only  an  imaginary 
•oin. 

[2uebrada. — A  ravine.] 

Suebracho,  or  Sniebra  Hatha. — A  hard  heavy  wood  Vrowing  in  several  provinces  of  S.  America.  It 
has  obtained  this  name  because  its  hardness  is  so  excessive,  that  it  breaks  the  hatchets  when  they  cut  it. 
Tliere  arc  two  species,  red  and  white.  In  Buenos  Ayres  they  make  of  this  wood  axle-trees  for  the 
carts,  which,  in  Tucuman,  sometimes  cost  1800  or  2000  piastres,  on  account  of  the  great  difficulty  and 
expense  of  the  carriage  ;  but  they  last  for  ever,  and  the  expense  wliich  has  once  been  made  need  never 
be  renewed. 

Qucbranla-huesos.  [Falco  Ossifragus.) — A  bird  in  S.  America,  generally  found  in  the  company  of  the 
gallinazos.  They  are  of  tiie  same  size  as  the  last-mentioned  bird,  and  eciually  carnivorous,  but  better 
shaped  and  cleaner.  The  head  and  neck  in  some  are  red,  in  others  white,  and  in  some  a  mixture  of 
both  colours.  They  have  a  collar  of  feathers  a  little  above  the  lower  part  of  the  neck,  and  a  very 
beautiful  crest  on  the  head.  They  are  more  nimble  than  the  gallinazos.  Lagnna  calls  this  bird 
aguilucho  marino  ;  but  we  arc  at  a  loss  to  judtijc  why  he  gave  it  this  name,  since  it  is  not  a  sea-fowl, 

Succ/iue. — A  fruit  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  or  New  Andalusia,  which  always  preserves  its  green 
colour.  It  is  of  a  sweet  taste,  resembling  the  European  mulberry,  but  is  of  very  short  continuance, 
for  as  soon  as  it  grows  ripe  it  falls  from  the  tree,  rots,  and  grows  sour. 

Suesadillo. — A  very  white  and  excellent  sort  of  biscuit,  made  in  the  district  of  Ambato  in  the  king- 
dom of  Quito.  They  are  so  much  esteemed,  that  the  natives  carry  them  to  many  distant  ports,  witli- 
out  any  one  hitherto  having  discovered  the  secret  of  imitating  them,  though  they  carry  from  Ambato 
water  and  (lour,  and  procure  from  thence  a  baker  ;  the  climate,  without  doubt,  contributing  in  a  par- 
ticular manner  to  their  excellency. 

2ucj/api, — The  name  by  which  tiic  Abipones  Indians  in  Peru  call  the  garment  worn  by  the  women, 
wliicli  is  made  of  the  skins  of  animals  well  dressed,  resemblin;j;  the  hide  of  the  bulFalo. 

Suiiigiiiqueuoto.  {Mates formicarum.) — A  snake  which  feeds  on  ants,  very  abundant  in  the  province 
of  Piritu  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Grar:ada,  where  it  is  known  by  the  above  name.  It  is  not  more  sin- 
gular for  the  choice  of  its  food,  than  for  the  symmetrical  distribution  of  black  and  white  spots  on  its 
body.  It  is  about  14  feet  long  and  four  or  five  inches  in  diameter.  It  permits  people  to  approach  and 
take  hold  of  it,  like  tlie  most  inotfcnsive  animal,  without  doing  them  the  least  injury,  and  for  this  reason 
some  Intlians  pay  it  divine  homage. 

Siiimi.  {Cinchona  Offlcinalis.) — A  genus  of  the  class  pentandria  monogynia.  The  corolla  is  cam- 
paniiUir,  and  the  pod  is  under  the  flower  and  open  at  the  base.  The  quina  is  the  bark  of  a  tree,  grow- 
ing in  great  aliiiiulance  in  the  province  of  Loxa  and  kingdom  of  Quito,  and  in  several  other  places. 
The  tree  is  about  two  fatlioms  and  a  half  higii.  The  incomparable  virtue  of  thequina,  as  a  vermifuge, 
was  first  made  known  by  an  Indian  to  the  corregidor  of  the  province  of  Loxa,  and  by  him  to  the 
Jesuits,  uiio  lirst  used  it  in  a  violent  tertian  ague  which  afflicted  the  Countess  of  Chinchon,  lady  of  the 
Vicerov  of  Peru,  from  wliose  title,  wiili  very  small  alterations,  botanists  have  hitherto  called  it,  esteeni- 
itig  the  line  very  wonderfiil.  The  baik  was  first  useil  in  powders  called,  from  the  abovc-meiiiioued 
lady,  couiilcss  powders.     In  Peru  and  Europe  they  gave  it  the  name  of  Jesuits  bark,  because  these  first 


I'  f 


APPENDIX. 


89 


iculaily 


f  of  the 
naginavy 


jrica.  It 
ey  cut  it. 
es  for  the 
cuUy  aiul 
eed  never 

iny  of  the 
but  better 
fixture  of 
lul  a  very 
,  this  bird 
;a-fowl. 

s  its  green 
ntinuancc, 

the  kinq;- 
jrts,  witii- 
n  Anibato 

in  a  par- 

le  women, 


e  province 
more  sin- 
Ipots  on  its 
broach  and 
Ithis  reason 

Ilia  is  cani- 

Irce,  giow- 

|her  places. 

rorniifuge, 

Lim   to  the 

|l:uly  of  tlic 

lit,estecm- 

Imeniioned 

these  first 


brought  it  into  Spain  and  to  Rome  in  the  year  164!),  and  it  still  retains  this  name  in  England.  In  Rome 
it  had  a  longtime  the  name  of  Cardinal  de  Lugo,  who  first  received  it  from  the  .Icsuits,  and  distributed 
it  to  all  who  stood  in  need  of  it.  Experience  has  corrected  the  abuse  and  the  bad  manner  in  which  it 
was  prescribed  in  tlic  beginning,  and  Mr.  Robert  Talbot,  an  Englisii  gentleman,  discovered  a  secure 
method  in  the  year  1GT9.  This  bark  resembles  cinnamon  in  appearance,  and  is  very  bitter,  and  on  this 
account  is  a  very  good  stomachic,  fortifies  the  stomach,  restores  appetite,  expels  wind,  destroy  worms, 
and  is  an  emcnugogue  and  diuretic.  All  the  most  celebrated  doctors,  such  as  Boerhave,  Sidenhnni, 
Baglivio,  Morton,  Buchan,  and  others,  have  made  wonderftd  use  of  this  biirk,  which  ought  to  be  looked 
upon  by  the  human  race,  as  the  greatest  treasure  which  America  lias  produced.  Its  virtue  in  stopping 
gangrenes  is  not  less  wonderful  than  in  fevers,  and  it  is  the  most  efficacious  preservative  against  putrid 
diseases;  for  having  made  the  experiment  of  putting  a  piece  of  putrid  flesh  into  a  decoction  of  bark, 
the  flesh  lost  its  stench  and  all  signs  of  putrefaction.  To  give  a  complete  knowledge  of  the  virtues, 
qualities,  and  method  of  prescribing  this  bark,  would  require  a  volume  ;  and  wiio  wishes  to  be  fully  in- 
structed in  these  points,  may  consult  the  article  Peruvian  Bark,  in  James's  large  Medical  Dictionary. 

Suinaquina. — See  Cascarilla. 

Quinchimali.  ( 2uincham  alium :  MoL) — A  plant  growing  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  about  nine  inches 
high,  and  puts  forth  a  great  number  of  sprouts,  covered  with  leaves,  which  are  alternate,  and  resemble 
those  of  tnc  linaria  aurca  tragi,  with  tubular  flowers  divided  into  five  oval  parts,  like  those  of  the  jas- 
TTiin,  and  placed  in  pods,  which  have  the  shape  of  a  parasol  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  The  seeds  are 
lenticular  and  black,  and  enclosed  in  a  spheroidal  capsule,  divided  into  tliree  parts.  When  a  peasant 
receives  a  violent  fall,  he  drinks  the  juice  of  the  quinchamali,  extracted  by  expression  or  decoction  ; 
for  frequent  experiments  evince,  that  it  has  a  wonderful  virtue  in  dissolving  and  expelling  stagnant 
and  exlriivasated  blood,  and  even  in  healing  internal  wounds. 

[Quintal. — A  measure  containing  100  Spanish  pounds;  but  it  is  of  100  pounds  bare.  Four  arrobas 
make  one  quintal ;  and  each  arroba  is  25  pounds. 

Suinte. — A  species  of  fallow  deer,  though  something  smaller,  found  in  New  Spain,  particularly  in  the 
province  of  Tabasco. 

Suinteron. — The  oflspring  of  a  white  man  and  a  Quarterona,  or  vice  versa. 

[2uinua. — See  Suina.l 

[2uiriquinchos. — Supposed  to  be  ipjects  found  in  various  parts  of  S.  America.] 

[Siiisco. — A  tree  found  in  S.  America,  particularly  in  the  province  of  Coquimbo,  The  thorns  of  it, 
which  are  eight  inches  long,  are  used  by  the  natives  for  nitting  needles.] 

R. 

JRabo  Pelado. — A  quadruped  in  the  province  of  Guayana,  where  it  is  very  roundant,  and  likewise 
found  in  some  other  places.  It  is  of  the  vulpine  species,  and  about  the  size  of  a  small  fox,  which  it 
resembles  in  the  snout  and  mouth  ;  the  skin  is  of  a  dark  chesnut  colour,  and  the  tail,  from  the  half  wa}- 
to  the  extremity,  quite  smooth  and  naked;  for  which  reason  they  give  it  the  name  of  rabo  pelado,  or 
naked  tail.  The  females  have  under  the  belly  a  sort  of  pouch,  hairy  in  the  inside  and  close,  in  which 
they  nurse  and  carry  their  young,  which  are  generally  attached  to  the  paps,  inclosed  within  the  pouch, 
and  do  not  quit  their  hold  till  they  can  follow  the  mother.  This  animal  is  naturally  ferocious, 
and  feeds  on  birds,  which  it  surprises  at  midnight,  which  is  its  only  time  for  a|)pearing  abroad, 
leaving  the  day  for  repose.  The  tail,  when  reduced  to  a  powder  anu  given  in  a  quantity  of  about  two 
scruples,  possesses  great  virtue  in  destroying  viscosities  in  the  bladder  and  kidneys.  Acoonlini"  to 
William  Pison,  there  are  two  other  species,  less  than  the  one  described.  The  most  rare  species  is 
about  the  size  of  a  young  cat  of  two  months  old,  which  has  a  bag  at  the  bottom  of  the  neck,  which  it 
fills  with  maize.  They  are  employed  during  the  light  in  procuring  provisions  for  the  day,  tuning 
which  they  remain  hidden  in  their  holes.    The  other  species  is  amphibious. 

[Raccoon. — The  raccoon,  in  the  form  and  size  of  its  body,  resembles  the  fox  ;  his  legs  are  larger  and 
shorter.     His  toes  are  long,  and  armed  with  short  claws.     His  body  is  grey  ;  his  tail  aniiulated  with 
VOL.  V.  m 


r 


M 


'  I  ■ 


n 


'li 

if. 

( 
\  ■ 

:    is    ^ 


yu 


APPENDIX. 


I  ! 


'i, 


*        , 


alternate  ringn  of  blnck  und  brown.  In  iiis'nfTiiiners  lie  resembles  the  Hi]iurrel;  like  him  lie  lives  on 
trees,  feeds  on  Indian  corn,  acorns,  &c.  and  serves  himself  w  ith  his  fore  paws.  His  Hesli  is  gmxl  meat, 
and  his  fur  is  valued  by  the  halters.  He  is  found  in  all  the  elimates  of  the  temperate  zone  in  N. 
America.] 

Jiancheria. — Or  a  place  where  several  people  assemble  to  eat  together  ;  houses  or  huts  situate  on  the 
roads,  like  our  inns  in  Kurupe,  for  the  accommodation  of  travellers. 

\^Ranchos  dc  labor. — Temjiorary  habitations  for  the  convenience  of  workmen.] 

Jtapudura,  or  Raspadura. — Black  encrusted  sugar,  which  remains  in  the  boiler  after  the  finer  sugar 
has  been  made  in  t*ie  sugar>mills,  and  is  a  sweet  under  diiferent  names,  frequently  used  by  the  common 
people  in  almost  all  the  provinces  of  America.  It  is  made  in  two  separate  pieces,  which  are  formed 
in  a  small  cup,  in  the  shape  of  two  segments  of  a  sphere,  which  are  placed  together  and  wrapped  in 
le.ives,  and  sold  in  all  the  pulperias,  or  chandler's  shops,  and  the  quantity  consued  almost  exceeds  be* 
lief.     In  New  Spain  it  is  called  piloncillo. 

Raton. — A  fish  in  the  river  Guayaquil. 

\ Rattlesnake. — .Sec  Serpents.] 

[Raudales.--'l\ic  name  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  the  windings  of  rivers.] 

[Rial  dc  Minus, — The  place  where  the  duties  of  the  mines  are  paid.] 

[Real  de  rvllan. — A  Spanish  coin,  in  which  invoices  arc  usually  made  out.] 

[Realde  Pla/a. — The  coin  most  commonly  used  in  invoices  in  S.  America.  Eight  of  them  form  the 
value  of  tiie  dolla",  or  12|  cents.     Five  reals  amount  only  to  25.  8i</.] 

[Reduccion. — A  settlement  composed  of  Indians  civilized  and  instructed  in  the  articles  of  the  Chrstiati 

faitli.] 

[Repartimiento. — One  of  the  original  subdivisions  of  the  governments  in  .S.  America,  or  a  kind  of 
fiefs,  being  a  system  that  was  attended  with  great  abuses.  The  repartimiettto  seemed  entirely  intended 
for  the  protection  of  tfie  Indians,  excluding  all  conditions  relating  to  their  instruction  and  civilization, 
or  but  partially  bringing  them  into  view.  This  system  was  followed  by  the  encomienda,  and  afterwards 
by  the  plan  of  the  missionaries.] 

[Reuli, — A  tree  found  in  S.  America.] 

Rej/eque,—A  fish  which  is  'ery  abundant  in  the  rivers  of  Chile. 

[Rincon. — A  corner.] 

[Robalo. — A  sort  of  fish  as  big  as  a  large  trout,  and  sometimes  so  designated  in  this  Dictionary, 
tliougli  not  exactly  siniiliar  to  that  species  of  fish  found  in  England.] 

Rodadores. — Small  round  flies  which  are  always  on  the  wing,  and  fly  continually  round  a  person, 
and  giving  a  great  deal  of  trouble  by  their  buzzing  and  bites.  The  number  of  these  flies  is  extremely 
great. 

Rogereenes. — A  sect  of  English,  who  have  a  place  of  worship  in  the  province  of  New  Jersey,  in  the 
Unit(;d  States  of  America. 

Rosario. — De  Santa  Elena.     See  Apoyomatli. 

[Rfft'o. — An  earth  found  in  S.  America,  particularly  in  Chile,  producing  an  excellent  black  dye, 
and  represented  by  Feuilleand  Frazier  as  superior  to  the  best  European  black.] 

Ruana. — A  sort  of  woollen  cloth  made  in  the  manufactories  of  Peru,  with  which  the  common  people 
are  principally  clothed. 

s. 

Sahana. — A  plain  even  country,  without  hills  or  inequalities. 

Sabunilla. — A  sort  of  woollen  cloth  manufactured  by  the  Indians  of  the  Archipelago  of  Chiloe 

{Sola  de  Annas. — Armory.] 

Salado. — See  Charquecillo. 


'*^1 


APPENDIX. 


01 


[Sah'nax, — Salt  notuls,  or  rather  tracts  of  country,  which  at  times  being  covered  with  water,  and  tiicii 
dried  hy  ihu  sun,  leave  a  sediment  of  salt  upon  the  earth  so  exuded.] 

Saldt  /llfiis. — Tliu  oll'spritig  of  a  Quarteron  man  and  Mulatto  woman,  or  vice  versa,  called  so  be- 
cause instead  of  approaching  nearer  the  white  colour  and  complexion  of  an  European,  they  go  farther 
from  it.     In  New  Spain  they  are  called  Torna  Atras. 

[Siipa/'ou,  or  Safioin, — There  arc  various  species  of  animals  said  to  inhabit  the  country  on  the  lower 

Earl  of  the  Mississippi,  called  Sa|)aious  and  Sagoins.     The  former  arc  capable  of  suspending  themselves 
y  their  tails ;  the  latter  are  not.    They  have  a  general  resemblance  to  monkies ;  but  arc  not  sulficiently 
known,  to  be  particularly  described.] 

Saramicues, — A  large  formidable  venomous  serpent  in  the  province  and  country  of  the  Amazonas. 

Sargazo.  {Fucus  Nutans.) — A  sort  of  sea  weed,  which  grows  to  about  the  height  of  a  span.  It  has 
no  visible  roots,  but  there  may  be  seen  in  the  leaves  some  small  white  fibres,  by  which  it  apparently 
fastens  itself  to  the  rocks  aiul  cliffs.  The  leaves  are  narrow  and  serrated,  something  similar  to  those  of 
the  oak.  At  the  stoni  and  extremity  of  each  leaf  there  are  little  blisters  of  the  size  of  a  peppercorn, 
full  of  water,  and  easily  burst  by  squeezinjr  them  between  the  fingers.     The  plant  has  a  whitish  colour, 

1)articiilarly  under  water.  Instead  of  shoots,  they  have  small  pliant  branches,  and  the  leaves  are 
astened  to  ea(:li  other  in  such  a  manner,  that  by  taking  hold  of  a  few  leaves  and  pulling,  you  may 
draw  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea  a  long  string  of  herbs  fastened  together.  It  is  usually  found  on  the 
surface  of  the  water,  and  at  low  water  may  be  seen  very  well,  particularly  where  it  is  not  deep,  and  at 
first  sight  appears  like  heaps  of  weed,  carried  along  by  the  current.  It  is  of  a  darkish  green,  sometimes 
nppruaciiing  to  the  colour  of  dried  roses ;  its  taste  is  insipid  and  a  little  bitter,  whijh  is  only  perceived 
on  chewing.  According  to  Doctor  Lardizobal,  who  has  written  a  dissertation  on  this  plant,  it  is 
diuretic  and  antiscorbutic. 

[^Sargenio  Mayor. — A  major.] 

[Sarsaparilla. — Sec  Zarsaparilla.] 

Sasafrasy  or  Salsifras.  (Laurus  Sasafras.)—A  plant  of  the  laurel  species,  whose  flowers  hang  in 
bunches,  and  are  divided  into  five  parts,  and  are  succeeded  by  berries  like  those  of  the  laurel.  The 
leaves  are  tricleft,  like  those  of  the  fig-tree,  green  on  the  upper  side  and  white  under,  'i'he  stem  is 
naked,  straight  and  short,  and  the  branches  slioot  upwards,  like  tliose  of  the  fir-tree.  The  root  is  of  a 
pale  red  coluurj  very  light,  porous,  with  a  mixture  of  bitter  and  sweet  aromatic  taste,  like  the  iris.  This 
root  possesses  the  same  virtues,  though  in  a  less  degree,  with  the  sarsaparilla,  and  is  therefore  a  cleans- 
ing sudorific,  tonic,  and  diuretic,  and  very  efficacious  in  rheumatic  and  arthritic  pains,  in  cachexies, 
scurvy,  asthma,  and  cutaneous  diseases.  It  fortifies  the  stomach,  and  is  given  in  a  light  decoction 
of  from  two  drachms  to  half  an  ounce,  and  in  powders,  from  a  scruple  to  a  drachm  ;  but  it  is  seldom 
prescribed  in  the  latter  form.    The  bark  is  preferable  to  the  wood. 

[Savila,  or  rather  Saljina,--Thc  savine  tree.] 

[Seal. — ^The  seal,  of  which  there  are  several  species,  is  an  amphibious  animal,  living  the  greater  part 
of  the  time  in  the  sea,  and  feeds  on  marine  plants.  These  animals  formerly  frequented  the  n.  shores  ; 
but  at  present  have  nearly  forsaken  them.] 

[S'eiba,  or  Cotton-tree. — Is  the  largest  of  all  the  vegetable  productions  of  St.  Domingo;  and  the 
lightest  and  most  sizeable  canoes  are  made  of  its  trunk.  It  ulrords  a  species  of  down  that  resembles 
cotton  of  a  sitort  staple,  and  is  used  by  the  Spaniards  for  beds  ;  it  has  also  been  tried  with  success  in 
the  making  of  hats.] 

Sena. — A  leaden  coin  with  a  particular  mark  or  seal,  which  tl>e  owners  of  the  pulperias,  or  chandler's 
shops,  give  for  adjusting  the  payment  of  anv  trifling  sum,  and  is  received  by  them  for  the  same  pur- 
pose ;  on  which  account  each  pulpero  has  about  five  or  six  of  them,  to  supply  the  want  of  maravedies, 
quartos,  and  ochavos. 

Sensitiva. — See  Vcrgonzosa. 

Separatists. — A  sect  in  England,  composed  of  those  who  difler  from  the  established  church  in  some 
particular. 

ni  2 


M  'i 


!  ,1,: 

I         I.    I 


:^ 


0*2 


APPENDIX. 


[Serpents. — Tlie  r&it\e-ina\ie,  {Crolalus  horridus),  is  the  largest  scrpont  yet  known  to  exist  in  N. 
Amorica.  Tlicy  arc  froii)  tour  to  upwards  of  six  I'eet  in  length,  uuil  from  four  to  six  inches  in  diaino. 
ter.  Formerly,  it  is  said,  they  were  much  larger.  Their  rutties  consist  of  several  articulnted,  crustii- 
ceous,  or  rutlicr  horny  hags,  forming  their  tails,  which,  when  they  move,  mako  a  rattling  noise,  warning 
people  of  their  approach.  It  is  said,  they  will  not  attack  a  person  unless  previously  provoked.  When 
molested  or  irritated,  thev  erect  their  rattles,  and  hy  intervals  give  the  warning  alarm.  If  pursued  and 
overtaken,  they  instantly  throw  themselves  into  the  spiral  coil;  their  whole  hody  swells  through  rage, 
conlinuallv  risnig  and  falling  like  a  bellows;  their  beautiful  particoloured  skin  becomes  speckled  and 
rough  hy  dilatation  ;  their  head  and  neck  are  flattened,  their  cheeks  swollen,  and  their  lips  constricted, 
discovering  their  fatal  iangs ;  their  eyes  red  as  burning  coals,  and  their  brandishing  forked  tongues  of 
the  colour  of  the  hottest  flame,  menace  a  horrid  death.  They  never  strike  unless  sure  of  their  murk. 
They  are  supposed  to  have  the  power  of  fascination  in  an  eminent  degree;  and  it  is  generullv  believed 
that  thev  charm  birds,  rabbits,  squirrels,  and  other  animals,  in  suc-li  a  manner  as  tha^  they  lose  tiie 
power  ot  resistance,  and  Hutter  and  move  slowly,  but  reluctantly,  towards  the  yawning  jaws  of  their 
uevourers,  and  either  creep  into  their  mouths,  or  lie  down  and  suffer  themselves  to  be  taken  and  swal- 
lowed. This  dreaded  reptile  is  easily  killed.  One  well-directed  stroke  on  the  head  oracrossthe  back 
with  a  stick  not  larger  than  a  man's  thumb,  is  sufficient  to  kill  the  largest ;  and  they  are  so  slow  of 
motion  tliat  they  cannot  make  their  escape,  nor  do  they  attempt  it  when  attacked.  Many  ditferent 
remedies  for  the  bite  of  a  rattle-snake  have  been  prescribed  and  used  with  diiVerent  success  ;  the  follow- 
ing, received  from  good  authority,  is  recommended  as  a  cure  for  the  bite  of  all  venomous  snakes: 
"  Bind  a  ligature  tight  round  the  leg  or  thigh,  above  the  part  bitten,  so  as  to  interrupt  the  circulation  ; 
then  open  or  scarify  the  wound  with  a  lancet,  knife,  or  flint,  and  suck  the  wound  or  let  a  friend  do  it, 
then  rub  it  with  any  unctuous  matter,  either  animal  or  vegetable ;  or  if  that  cannot  he  procured, 
make  use  of  salt.  Take  care  to  keep  the  bowels  open  and  free  by  drinking  sweet  oil  and  milk  or 
cream.  If  pure  honey  be  at  hand  apply  it  to  the  wound,  after  opening  and  sucking  it,  in  preference 
to  any  other  thing,  and  cat  plentifully  of  honey  and  milk." 

The  bastard  rattle-snake  is  of  the  nature  of  the  asp  or  adder  of  the  e.  continent ;  in  form  and  colour 
they  resemble  the  rattle-snake;  are  eight  or  ten  inches  long,  and  very  spiteful  and  venomous.  Like 
the  rattle-snake  they  throw  themselves  into  a  coil,  swell  and  flatten  their  bodies,  continually  darting  out 
their  heads,  and  seem  capable  of  springing  beyond  their  length.     Found  in  llie  S.  Slates. 

The  moccasin-snake  is  from  three  to  five  feet  in  length,  and  as  tliick  as  a  man's  leg.  When 
disturbed  by  an  enemy  they  throw  themselves  into  a  coil,  and  tiieii  gradually  raise  their  upper  jaw  till 
it  falls  back,  nearly  touciiing  the  neck,  at  the  same  time  vibrating  tlieir  long  purple  forked  tongue, 
and  directing  their  crooked  poisonous  fangs  towards  their  enemy.  In  this  attitude  the  creature  has  a 
most  terrifying  appearance.  It  is  said  their  bite  is  incurable  ;  but  the  probability  is,  that  it  '  ot.  Like 
the  ratrle-snake  they  are  slow  in  their  motion,  and  never  bite  a  person  unless  provoke  ound  in 

abundance  in  the  swamps  and  low  grounds  in  the  S.  States. 

The  oilier  nioccasin-snake  is  aljoiit  five  or  six  feiit  long,  and  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  oi  a  pale  grey 
sky-eoloiired  grocnd,  with  brown  uiulnlatory  ringlets.  The\'  are  said  not  to  be  venomous,  have  no 
poisonous  fangs,  are  very  swift  and  active,  and  flee  from  an  cnemv.  Found  in  tlie  S.  States,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  a  species  of  tiie  wampum  snake  of  Pennsylvania,  if  not  the  same  snake,  though  larger  and 
deeper  coloured. 

The  black  snake  is  of  various  lengths  from  three  to  six  feet,  all  over  of  a  shining  black  ;  it  is  not 
venomous  ;  is  useful  in  destroying  rats,  and  pursues  its  prey  with  wonderful  agility.  It  is  said  that  it 
will  destroy  the  rattle-snake  by  twisting  round  it  and  whipping  it  to  death.  It  has  been  reported  also 
that  they  have  sometimes  twined  themselves  round  the  bodies  of  children,  squeezing  them  till  they  die. 
Tlieyare  found  in  all  the  States. 

The  coach-whip  snake  is  of  various  and  beautiful  colours,  some  parts  brown,  or  chocolate,  others 
black  and  others  white ;  it  is  six  or  seven  feet  long,  and  very  slender  and  active  ;  it  runs  swiftly,  and  is 
quite  inolVeiisive  ;  but  the  Indians  imagine  that  it  is  able  to  cut  a  man  in  two  with  a  jerk  of  its  tail.  Like 
the  black  snake,  it  will  run  upon  its  tail,  with  his  head  .ind  hody  erect. 

The  pine  or  bull-snake,  called  also  the  horn-snake,  is  the  largest  of  the  serpent  kind  known  in  N. 
America,  except  the  rattle-snake,  and  perhaps  exceeds  him  in  length.  They  are  pied,  black  and 
wliite  ;  arc  inoU'ensive  witii  respect  to  mankind,  but  devour  scjuirrels,  rabbits,  and  every  other  creature] 


1    f ! 


Ill 


^n- 


APPENDIX. 


!)3 


Wlieii 

jaw  till 

tongue, 

re  lias  a 

Like 

bund  in 


[they  can  take  as  food.  Tliuir  t.iils  tcrniinuti-  wiiliii  lianl  liorny  Rpnr,  which  tluy  viiirafo  very  quick 
wIkm)  ilistmhcd,  liui  ihtiy  never  atti:ni|)t  lo  strike  willi  it.  Flit^  liuve  dens  in  the  earth  lo  which  they 
retre.it  in  timi;  <it"  danger. 

'I"he  ^lils^-snake  has  u  very  snudi  head;  the  upper  part  of  its  botiy  is  of  a  colour  blended  hrown  and 
preen,  most  regularly  and  elegantly  spotted  witlj  yellow.  Its  skin  is  very  >.nuu)th  and  shining,  with 
small  sc.iles,  more  closely  comiected  tliun  those  of  t)i'ierser|)enis,  md  ol  a  (lilVereni  structure.  A  small 
blow  with  a  stick  will  separate  the  body,  not  only  at  the  place  stnick,  but  at  two  or  tlu'ite  other  places, 
the  muscles  being  articulated  in  a  >ingidar  maimer  (|uii»!  through  to  tlie  vertebra.  They  appear  earlier 
in  the  spring  than  any  other  serpent,  and  are  i.umerous  in  the  sandy  woods  of  the  C'arohnas  and 
Georgia,  and  hannless. 

'The  joint-snake,  if  we  may  credit  Carver's  account  of  it,  is  a  great  curiosity.  Its  skin  is  as 
liard  as  parchment,  and  as  smooth  as  glas.s.  It  is  beautifully  streaked  with  black  and  white.  It  is  so 
stid',  and  has  so  lew  joints,  and  those  so  unyielding,  that  it  can  hardly  bend  itself  into  the  form  of  a 
hoop.  When  it  is  struck  it  hreakb  like  a  pipe  stem  ;  and  vou  may,  with  a  whip,  brc.ik  it  from  the  tail 
to  the  bowels  into  pieces  not  an  inch  long,  and  not  produce  the  least  tincture  of  blood.  It  is  not 
venomous. 

The  two-headed  snake  has  generally  been  considered  as  a  monstrous  production.  \Vc  are  disposed 
to  believe,  however,  that  it  is  a  distinct  species  of  serpents.  Some  few  have  been  found  in  diderent  parts 
of  the  United  States.  One  of  these  was  about  eight  inches  long,  and  botli  heads,  as  (o  every  outward 
appearance,  were  equally  perfect,  and  branching  out  from  the  neck  at  an  acute  angle. 

'I'he  snakes  are  not  so  numerous  nor  so  venomous  in  the  N.  as  in  the  S  States.  In  the  latter,  how- 
ever, tlie  inhabitants  are  furnished  w ith  a  much  greater  variety  of  plants  and  herbs,  which  alVord  iiume- 
diate  relief  to  persons  bitten  by  these  venomous  creatures.  It  is  an  observation  won  by  of  perpetual  and 
grateful  remembrance,  that,  wherever  venomous  animals  arc  found,  the  God  of  nature  has  kindly  pro- 
vided sutficient  antidotes  against  their  poison.] 

[•Serranid. — A  mountainous  country.] 

[Shrav  Mouse. — This  is  tlie  smallest  of  quadrupeds,  and  holds  nearly  the  sattie  place  among  them  as 
the  humming  bird  does  among  the  feathered  race.  Some  of  the  Kuropeaii  shrew  mice  are  three  inches 
long  :  we  have  seen  but  two  or  three  of  the  American,  and  those  dried  ,  but  should  not  judge  that 
those  ever  exceeded  two  inches.  Their  head,  which  constitutes  about  one  third  of  their  whole  length, 
has  some  resemblance  to  that  of  a  mole;  the  ears  are  wanting;  their  eyes  scarcely  visible;  the  nose 
very  long,  pointed,  and  furnished  with  long  hairs.  In  other  respects  these  resemble  the  common 
mouse.  They  live  in  woods,  and  ;ui"  supposed  to  feed  on  grain  and  insects.  Found  in  New 
England.] 

Sierpe  f'olunte,  or  Fft/ini;  Snake.  (Coluber  Jaculatrix.) — A  snake  (icculiar  to  the  province  of 
Guayaquil,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  where  it  is  widi  great  reason  more  feared  than  any  other.  It  is 
about  three  palms  in  jeuglh,  slender,  of  a  dark  colour,  and  very  venomous.  The  vulgar  persuade 
themselves  that  it  has  hidden  wings,  which  it  expands  when  it  wishes  tody;  but  its  thglit  is  nothing 
mure  than  a  contraction  of  the  body,  and  flying  olVlikc  an  arrow,  taking  incredible  large  jumps.  This 
snake  is  the  Chinchinton  of  Guatemala. 

[Sierra. — A  craggy  chain  of  mountains,  so  called  from  the  tops  resembling  so  many  teeth  of  a  saw.] 

[Silvestre.—\YM.] 

[Simarauba. — A  beautiful  tree  of  the  Island  of  St.  Domingo.  Its  leaves  are  numerous  and  alternate, 
their  upper  surface  of  a  deep  green,  the  under  part  white.  It.s  flowers  are  yellow,  anil  placed  u;t  spikes 
beautifully  branched.  Its  jiroperties  are  antiseptic  and  febrifuge,  but  it  does  not  enter  into  the  maieria 
medica  of  the  island.] 

Siote. — A  singing  bird  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  It  is  small,  of  a  black  colour,  with  feathers 
tipped  with  a  briglit  yellow,  and  has  a  swiiet  note. 

[Skunk. — This  animal  is  about  a  foot  and  a  half  long,  of  a  moderate  height  and  si/e.  His  tail  is 
long  and  bushy  ;  his  hair  long  and  chiefly  black  ;  hut  on  his  head,  nCik,  and  buck,  is  found  more  or 
le>s  of  white,  without  any  regularity  or  uniformity.  He  ajipears  to  see  but  iudiiVeremly  when  t!ie  sun 
shines;  and  therefore  in  the  Jay-time  keeps  close  to  his  burrow.     As  soon  as  the  twilight  commences, 


.   * 


If 


I 


I 


111! 


:^ 


m 


i 


.kl 


ju 


APPENDIX. 


h(  goes  in  quest  of  liis  food,  which  is  principiilly  b.-etles  and  other  insects ;  he  is  also  vcrv  fond  of  cgc;s 
and  young  chickens.  His  llesh  is  said  to  be  tolerably  good,  and  his  I'at  is  soinetinios  used  as  an  enu»l- 
Uent,  But  what  renders  this  animal  remarkable  is,  his  being  furnisiied  with  organs  for  secreting  and 
retaining  u  liquor,  volatile  and  ftctid  beyond  any  thing  known,  and  which  he  has  the  power  of  emitting 
to  the  distance  of  a  rod  or  more,  when  necessar-  for  liis  defence.  When  this  anununition  is  expended 
he  is  quite  harmless.     Tliis  volatile  fcetor  is  a  powerful  antispasmodic.     Found  in  jill  the  States, 

Anotlier  stinkard,  called  the  <-quash,  is  said  by  ButVon  to  be  found  in  some  of  the  S.  States,  He  is  of 
A  chcsnnt  colour,  climbs  trees,  and  kills  poultry. 

Concerning  the  American  skunk,  Dr.  Mitchell,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Post,  17SS,  writes  thus  ;  "  Not  long 
since  I  had  an  opportunity  to  dissect  tiie  American  skunk  {I'irerra  pr.toiius;  I. inn.)  The  most  remark- 
able  appearances,  on  examination,  were  the  following :  the  skin  was  exceedingly  lax,  insomuch  that 
when  pulled  away  from  the  8ubj<icent  membrane,  the  nairs,  in  many  places  dr.iwn  through  it,  were  left 
rooted  in  the  fat ;  the  urine  possessed  no  more  ficter  than  is  common  to  that  excrementitious  fluid  in 
many  other  animals  :  but  the  peculiar  odoriferous  substance,  which  the  creature  emits  when  pursued, 
proceeds  from  two  sacks,  each  capable  of  containing  about  half  an  ounce,  situated  at  the  extremity  of 
the  in'cstiitum  rectum,  and  surrounded  by  large  and  strong  circular  muscles,  which  contracting  by 
a  voluntary  excu  .)n,  force  out  the  thick  yellowish  liquor  thronjjh  two  duos,  opening  near  the  verge 
of  the  anus.  As  the  animal  is  neither  swift  nor  strong,  this  seems  to  have  been  given  it  as  a  defence 
agiiinst  itsVnemies,  on  whose  approach  the  volatile  matter  is  discharged  with  considerable  force,  iind 
to  no  small  distance.  P'rom  its  analogy  to  musk,  ambergris,  civet,  and  castor,  I  am  strongly  inclined 
to  think  it  might  be  with  advantage  ranked  among  the  antispasmodics  of  the  materia  medica,  or  classed 
will)  drugs  in  the  shops  of  perfumers."] 

[^Snake. — See  Serpents,  also  Sierpe,  Taj/a,  Tigrilla,  &c.] 

^V()(/^/. — A  coinnion  dish  in  the  city  of  I'alma,  in  the  new  kingJom  of  Granada,  and  the  ordinary 
breakfast  of  all  classes  of  people.     It  is  made  of  maize  and  leaves  ol  iiyama  boiled. 

SopUotc. — A  name  given  in  New  Spain  to  the  gallinazos. — See  Gallinazos. 

[Hquin'els. — The  fox  squirrel.  Of  this  animal  t.iore  are  several  \  .irieties,  black,  red,  and  grey.  It  is 
nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  common  grey  squirrel,  and  is  found  in  the  S.  States,  and  is  peculiar  to  this 
continont. 

Tiie  grey  squirrel  of  America  does  not  agree  exactly  with  that  of  Europe,  but  is  generally  con- 
sideretl  as  of  the  same  species.  Its  name  indicates  its  general  colour ;  but  some  are  black,  and  others 
black  on  the  back,  and  grey  on  the  sides  They  make  a  nest  of  moss  in  a  hollow  tree,  and  here  they 
deposit  tlicir  provision  of  nuts  and  acorns  ;  this  is  the  place  of  their  residence  during  the  winter,  and 
here  they  bring  forth  their  young.  Their  summer  house,  which  is  built  of  sticks  and  leaves,  is  placed 
near  the  top  of  the  tree.  Tiiey  sometimes  ungrate  in  considerable  numbers.  If  in  their  course  they 
meet  \v»,h  a  river,  each  of  them  takes  a  shiuijle,  piece  of  bark,  or  the  like,  and  carries  it  to  the  water. 
Thus  eijuipped,  tiiey  embark,  and  erect  their  tails  to  the  gentle  breeze,  which  soon  wafts  them  over  in 
safety  ;  but  a  siulden  flaw  of  wind  sometimes  produces  a  destructive  shipwreck.  The  greater  part  ot 
the  males  of  this  r  occies  are  found  castrated. 

A  grey  squirrel  s  fc.nul  in  Virginia,  nearly  twice  as  large  as  this.  Whether  it  be  the  same,  or  a  difle- 
rent  species,  is  uncertain. 

The  red  sipiirrel  is  less  than  the  grey  scpiirrel.  It  has  a  red  list  along  its  back,  grey  on  its  sides,  and 
white  under  the  belly.  Itdifl'ersin  some  respects  from  the  common  Kuropcan  squirrel;  hut  .M.  de 
Bufl'on  considers  it  as  the  same  species,  lis  food  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  grey  squirrel,  I'xcept  tliat  it 
sometimes  feeds  on  tlie  seeds  of  the  jiiiie  and  other  evergreens  ;  hence  it  is  sonutimes  calle<l  the  pine 
sijuirrel,  and  is  found  farther  to  the  n.  than  the  grey  squirrel.  !t  sjiends  part  of  its  time  on  trees  in 
(,  lest  of  foi.d  ;  but  consiilers  its  hole,  uiuler  some  rock  or  log,  as  its  home. 

Tlie  striped  scjiiirrel  is  still  less  than  tlie  last -mentioned.  Its  colour  is  red.  It  has  a  narrow  stripe  of 
black  along  its  back  ;  at  the  distance  of  .ihout  half  an  inch,  on  each  side,  is  a  slri|)e  of  w!<'ti",  l)ordered 
with  very  narrow  stripes  of  black.  Its  belly  is  white.  In  the  males,  the  colours  are  brighter  and  better 
defined  than  in  the  female.  It  is  sometimes calletl  a  mouse  squirrel,  and  ground  squirrel,  liom  its  fminiiig 
a  burrovv  in  loor-e  ground.  LiiniKUS  cont'oundsit  with  a  striped  nioiiNe  scpiirrel,  loiin.l  in  iliew  ot  Asia  ; 
l)ut  that  animal  is  represented  as  in  some  measure  resembling  the  mouse  ;  whereas  this  is  a  genuine 


Tli 


APPENDIX. 


or, 


squiricl.  In  tlie summer  it  feeds  on  apples,  peaches,  and  various  kinds  of  fruit  and  seeds;  and  for  its 
winter  store  lays  up  nuts,  acowis,  and  grain.  It  sometimes  ascends  trees  in  uiiest  of  food,  liut  always 
descends  on  ilie  appearance  of  danger;  nor  does  it  feel  secure  but  in  its  hole,  a  stone  wall,  or  some 
covert  place.     Found  in  the  N.  anil  Middle  States. 

I'lyincf  squirrel.  This  is  the  least  and  most  singular  of  the  class  of  squirrels.  A  duplicatuic  of  the 
skin  connects  the  fore  and  hinder  legs  together ;  by  extending  this  membrane,  it  is  able  to  leap  much 
farther,  and  to  alight  with  more  safety  than  other  sciuinels.  It  lives  in  the  hoics  of  trees,  and  feeds  on 
seeds.     Is  found  in  all  the  States.] 

Siiihe.  [Pluvieria.) — An  odoriferous  yellow,  consisting  of  five  somewhat  lleshy  leaves,  generally 
worn  by  ladies  in  Peru. 

There  is  likewise  a  fish  of  the  same  name  found  in  the  Lake  of  Chucuito,  and  several  others  in  Peru. 

A  sort  of  shell  work  with  which  the  Indian  women  of  the  nation  of  Muzos,  in  the  new  kingdom  of 
Graiiada,  adorned  their  clothes.  The  garments  which  were  ornamented  with  these  shells,  were  the 
pledge  presented  by  the  husband  to  the  bride  in  the  act  of  marriage. 

Suelda  Consudda.  (Atnphishana  J'uliginosa.) — A  snake  with  two  heads,  one  at  each  end ;  a  little 
more  than  a  span  in  length,  and  of  the  thickness  of  a  finger.  It  is  of  a  black  colour,  and  very  singular 
on  account  of  its  peculiarity  in  uniting  again,  after  it  has  been  cut  into  several  pieces ;  the  parts 
attached  to  the  head  seeking  the  others,  to  which  it  applies  a  small  herb.  The  method  of  killing  them 
is  to  hang  them  in  the  smoke  of  the  chimney  till  they  are  dry ;  and  then  bruising  the  body  into  a  pow- 
der, and  applying  it  in  a  plaster  to  a  fractured  bone,  it  unites  it  in  a  short  time.  This  sovereign  virtue 
has  been  esiablished  by  frequent  experiments  in  the  kingdom  of  Ticrra  Firme. 

Stistos. — Sec  Faldellin. 


%\ 


\i 


T. 


a  diftV- 

ics,  and 

.M.  de 

that  it 

he  pine 

rees  in 

tripe  of 
iriU'rod 
il  better 
oiuiing 
if  Asia  ; 
>eiuiii\e 


Tabacco.  {Xkoliana  Tahacum.) — A  plant  of  the  order  pentandria  monogynia.  'Jhe  corolla  is 
shaped  like  a  funnel,  with  a  double  edge.  The  fibres  are  inclined,  and  the  capsule  has  two  valves  and 
two  cells,  it  is  a'  \o  ealleti  queen's  herb,  because  presented  to  Catharine  de  Medicis;  and  embassador's 
herb,  because  .lol.  Nieot,  who  then  lield  tliatem|iloyment  at  Lisbon,  first  sent  it  in  the  year  IT'tiO.  It 
was  introduced  into  Spaiti  soon  after  the  discovery  of  America.  There  are  several  species;  the  stem 
of  the  first  is  five  or  six  feet  high,  and  about  an  inch  thick,  downy  and  full  of  white  pith  The  leaves 
are  long  and  broad,  without  a  stem,  alternate,  pellucid,  and  pointed,  of  a  pale  green  colour,  and  gluti- 
nous to  the  loucli.  The  root  is  white,  librous,  of  an  acrid  taste,  and  the  wliole  plant  has  a  very 
.strong  smell.  In  Furope  it  is  a  summer  plant,  and  grows  like  the  other  Nicotiana  in  .Inly  and  August ; 
but  in  America,  it  grows  during  the  whole  year.  The  plant  lives  10  or  12  years,  the  seed  retains  its 
fecundity  six,  and  the  leaves  preserve  their  full  strength  five  years.  The  quantity  produced  in 
America  is  very  great,  partienl.irlv  in  the  Antilles,  and  still  more  in  the  Islands  of  Cuba  and  St. 
Dominj^o  ;  in  t'nmana,  Virginia,  Brasil,  and  several  other  provinces.  'I'he  culture  of  this  plant  is  pro- 
liihited  in  Sp;iin  and  France,  and  only  a  lew  plants  are  permitted  to  grow  in  ihe  gardens.  It  requires 
a  rich,  wet  soil,  open  to  the  ,s-.  and  well  ploughed  and  manured.  The  first  kind  is  generally  used  for 
siiiilV,  fumigation,  cither  in  the  pipe  or  cigar,  and  for  diirerent  purposes  in  medicine.  Some  attribute 
to  it  an  infinite  num'jer  of  virtues;  and  there  are  some  who  call  it,  the  universal  panacea,  or  remedy 
for  all  compl.iints ;  but  the  most  skilful  observers  '-av  no  more  than  that  it  is  a  violent  purge,  which 
with  the  caustic  and  acrid  pur<^ative  virtue,  has  a  narcotic  principle,  which  intoxicates,  and  a  nauseous 
fetid  smell,  like  the  thorn-apple,  nightshade,  and  other  soporific  herbs.  On  this  account,  they  will  not 
alii",  it  ever  to  he  given  interiorly,  not  even  in  apoplexies,  as  some  doctors  have  prescribed  ;  for 
having  a  deti-rniinate  action  on  the  nerves,  as  being  a  narcotic,  it  would  increase  the  evil.  The  custom 
of  using  the  ilecoction  of  tobacco  for  injections,  has  also  its  opponents  ;  and  Mr.  Chonul,  in  his  Trea- 
tise on  common  Plants,  says,  that  it  is  sometimes  productive  of  fatal  conseciiiences.  All  are  acquainted 
with  tobacco  in  the  state  of  smifi",  to  be  taken  up  the  nose,  and  as  it  excites  a  strong  titillatioii  on  the 
pituitary  membrane,  it  makes  the  glands  with  which  this  organ  is  filled  coiiiriict,  and  faciliiates  an 
abunilatit  evacnat  on  of  serous  humours;  and  from  tiiis  mechanism,  it  produces  tiie  same  elUcts  on  the 
glands  of  the  mouth  when  smoked  or  chewed,  which  makes  those  who  smoke  drink  frequently.     The 


If 


1     * 


i 

■ 


I 


^ 


96 


APPENDIX. 


i  t  'g 


bad  efifects  of  immoderate  smoking  are  very  obvious,  particularly  in  those  who  are  of  a  bilious  dispo- 
sition-,  for,  besides  the  contraction  of  the  fibres,  authors  are  full  of  instances  of  giddinesses  and 
apoplexies,  caused  by  the  excessive  use  of  tobacco  in  this  way.  Some  people  are  so  attached  to  it, 
that  they  would  sooner  forsake  their  bread,  than  be  deprived  of  it.  It  is  true  that  in  every  country 
labourers  and  the  wretched  use  something  to  occupy  their  thoughts,  and  uiake  their  situation  more 
supportable.  For  this  reason,  the  Tm'Hs,  who  are  forbidden  by  their  law  the  use  of  any  liquors,  intoxi- 
cate  themselves  with  opium.  The  leaves  of  the  tobacco,  whilst  fresh,  applied  externally ,  are  vulnerary 
and  dctensive,  even  in  inveterate  ulcers,  which  they  finally  heal.  They  ought  to  be  applied  after  beitig 
pounded  and  steeped  in  wine,  or  in  infusion  or  decoction  of  oil.  The  oil  extracted  from  tobacco,  by 
means  of  distillation,  is  very  useful  in  curing  the  itch,  but  requires  much  prudence  in  the  application, 
for  the  residue  of  the  plant,  after  passing  through  the  fire,  retains  in  such  a  degree  the  narcotic  virtue 
and  acrimony,  that,  according  to  Redi,  a  few  drops  of  this  oil  given  to  animals,  or  injected  into  their 
bodies,  have  caused  death.  A  decoction  of  dried  leaves  is  frequently  used  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing lice  in  children  ;  but  it  is  preferable  to  make  use  of  staphysagria,  or  delphinium  platant  folio, 
which  has  the  same  virtue  unattended  by  any  inconvenience.  They  fikewise  make  from  the  juice  of 
the  tobacco,  hydromel  and  oxymel  simple,  commonly  distinguished  by  the  name  of  nicotian  sirrup, 
very  serviceable  in  the  humid  asthma.  The  tobacco  leaves  enter  into  the  compositions  of  vulnerary 
water,  tranquil  balsam,  nicotian  ungent,  mundicative  of  ache,  and  the  juice  in  the  plaister  of  opodeldoc. 

\Tacamaca, — See  Tacamahaca.'\ 

Tacamahaca.  {Populus  Balsamifera.) — A  solid  resin  improperly  called  gum,  for  it  is  entirely 
dissolved  in  spirits  of  wine.  It  is  a  resinous  substance,  dry,  and  of  a  pungent  smell.  The  tree  which 
distils  it,  cither  naturally,  or  from  an  incision  made  in  the  bark,  is  called,  arbor  populo  similis  resinosa 
altera  taca-muhaca  foliis  crenatis.  It  is  very  abundant  in  New  Spain.  The  wood  is  resmous,  the  leaves 
small,  round,  and  denticulated  ;  the  fruit  of  the  size  of  a  nut,  of  a  red  colour,  resinous,  and  fragrant, 
and  the  stone  is  similar  to  that  of  the  melocoton.  There  are  two  species  of  tacamahaca  in  the  shops  of 
apothecaries  and  druggists.  The  first,  wivich  is  the  best,  and  is  commonly  called  tacamahaca  sublime, 
was  formerly  preserved  in  small  pumpkins,  and  is  that  v>  Inch  exudes  spontaneously  from  the  tree. 
This  kind  ought  to  be  dry,  transparent,  and  of  a  reddish  colour,  of  a  strong  and  agreeable  smell, 
resembling  water,  labanda  and  ambar.  7^h(*  second  is  the  most  common,  and  is  procured  from  incision. 
It  is  susceptible  of  various  colours,  according  as  the  bark  on  which  it  happens  to  fall  contains  a  greater 
or  less  quantity  of  dirt.  The  best  of  this  kind  is  that  which  approaches  nearest  to  the  colour  of  the  for- 
mer. The  tacamahaca  ought  seldom  to  be  given  interiorly,  but  is  frequently  applied  externally  to 
alleviate  pains,  particularly  such  as  proceed  from  cold  humours  ;  it  likewise  collects  and  ripens  tumours. 
When  applied  to  the  navel,  it  prevents  histeric  fits  and  sufibcation  in  the  womb.  When  laid  on  the 
stomach,  it  fortifies  it  and  assists  digestion ;  and  a  small  patch  on  the  temples  alleviates  the  pain  of  the 
tooth-ache.  It  is  likewise  used  in  several  compositions,  as  in  the  odoriferous  cephalic  plaster  of 
Cliaras,  and  in  the  plaster  of  the  stomachic  diabotanum  and  fioravantis  balsam. 

Tache. — A  delicious  fish  in  the  province  of  Coquimbo  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile. 

Tajibo.—  A  hard  wood  in  the  province  of  Paraguay. 

Tainal,  or  Pastel  de  hoja. — A  sort  of  pie  made  in  S;  America,  of  Indian  wheat  flour,  in  which  they 
put  pigeons,  bacon,  chickpeas,  cayenne  pepper,  and  other  things,  wrapped  up  in  leaves,  which  are  tied 
and  covered  with  paste,  and,  boiled  in  a  pot,  make  a  very  agreeable  breakfast,  taken  by  all  classes  of 
people. 

Tamarindo.  {Tamarindus  Indica.)—\  large  bushy  tufted  tree,  about  the  size  of  that  of  the  walnut. 
The  leaves  are  like  the  ash,  but  not  quite  so  large,  very  hard  and  strong,  and  placed  two  by  two  on 
each  side.  The  flowers  are  white,  and  united  in  bunches  of  eight  or  ten,  like  those  of  the  orange.  It 
generally  flowers  in  .\ugust  and  September,  during  which  months  it  likewise  produces  fruit,  contained 
in  a  capsule  three  or  four  inches  in  length.  The  outer  rind  is  of  a  moss  colour,  dry  and  brittle.  It  has 
also  an  interior  rind,  covered  with  a  dark  red  pulp,  interwoven  with  fibres,  or  small  threads,  and  of  an 
agreeable  iicid  taste.  This  pulp  is  preserved  in  jars,  and  is  taken  in  decoction  or  infusion,  in  the  quan- 
tity of  two  or  three  ounces,  and  is  very  good  in  abating  the  acrimony  of  the  bile,  and  the  rising  of  the 
blood.  For  this  reason  it  is  given  in  acute  fevers,  jaundice,  and  burning  in  the  stomach  and  bowels. 
It  (juenchcs  thirst,  prevents  scurvy,  and  is  a  gentle  purge. 


-■  V 


APPENDIX. 


«r 


Icontamed 
It  has 
Aud  of  an 
[the  quaii- 
llljr  of  tlie 
lul  bowels. 


Tambo. — A  honse  or  hut  on  the  roads,  wticre  travellers  sleep  and  dine,  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru,  which 
existed  before  tire  discovery  of  America,  mid  were  u^jpiicd  lo  the  same  purposes  as  the  caravanseras 
in  Turkey. 

[Tapia. — A  mortar,  'vith  which  they  rover  their  waiU  in  S.  America.] 

[7flp<>ye5.— Close  gowns,  reach.'  down  to  tiie  ground,  worn  by  the  women  of  the  Chiquitos  Indians 
in  S.  America.] 

Taravila.—\  strong  thick  rope  i.cd  to  two  trees  on  the  opposite  sides  of  a  river,  to  which  they 
attach,  with  two  iron  rings,  a  basket  or  box  made  of  ie.ithcr,  whicli  they  draw  with  ropes  from  one  side 
to  the  other,  by  means  of  horses.  These  baskits  serve  for  conveying  persons  and  all  sorts  of  goods 
over  the  large  rivers  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  which  arc  too  rapiu  for  boats  or  bridges.  There  are 
taravitas  over  the  rivers  Guaitara,  Jnanamlm,  and  several  others,  which  the  inhabitants  of  the  nearest 
village  take  care  of,  and  on  this  account  they  are  free  from  tributes  and  contributions. 

Tarai,  or  Tamariz. — A  valuable  wood  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  greatly  esteemed  for  the 

Eurpose  of  making  vessels.     It  is  likewise  applied  to  the  same  use  in  Spain,  and  the  water  which  has 
een  in  these  vessels  has  a  medicinal  virtue. 

Tasajo. — Slices  of  beef  about  four  inches  long,  and  dried  in  the  sun.  They  are  made  into  bundles 
a  yard  long,  three  quarters  broad,  and  two  deep,  weighing  about  four  arrobas.  This  is  the  usual  food 
of  the  common  people,  and  supplies  ships  with  provisions. 

[Tasca. — A  much  esteemed  sort  of  shell-fish  found  in  S.  America,  particularly  in  the  river  Chuapa, 
of  the  kingdom  of  Chile.] 

[Taspa. — A  species  of  the  Jesuit's  bark.] 

Taya. — A  snake  which  is  very  common  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  and  one  of  the  most  formid- 
able, from  its  poison,  fierceness,  and  agility.  It  is  of  a  brown  colour,  with  dark  stripes,  and  is  the 
only  one  which  attacks  man  without  being  provoked. 

Taye. — An  animal  which  inhabits  the  woods  in  the  province  of  California,  in  N.  America.  It  is  of 
the  size  of  a  calf  of  a  year  and  a  half  old,  and  very  similar  to  it.  The  head  and  hair  are  like  those  of 
the  deer,  and  its  horns  very  'ong  and  of  the  same  nature  with  those  of  the  sheep.  The  hoof  is  very 
large,  round,  and  divided  like  that  of  the  ox,  the  tail  short,  and  the  flesh  very  sweet  and  tender. 

[Tat/s. — The  Indian  chief  of  the  island  of  Nootka.] 

Teanguis. — A  name  given  in  New  Spain  to  the  market-place. 

Tecolate. — In  New  Spain  the  buho,  or  owl,  is  called  by  this  name. 

Temhlttdera, — A  silver  drinking  vessel  with  two  handles  is  called  by  this  name  in  S.  America ;  it  has 
likewise  the  same  appellation  in  Spain. 

Tembladorcs. — See^Suacaros. 

Temepechin. — A  delicious  tender  fish  caught  in  the  rivers  of  the  department  of  Suchitepeque  in  New 
Spain. 

Tente  en  el  Ayre. — The  children  of  a  Quarteron  and  Quarterona,  and  of  a  Mulatto  man  or  woman, 
are  called  by  this  name,  because  they  make  no  advance  towards  u  white  colour  either  on  the  father  or 
mother's  sidie. 

Tepeiscuntli. — A  species  of  wild  dog  in  the  province  of  Tabasco  in  New  Spain. 

Tepexihle. — A  small  fruit  in  New  Spain,  called  also  coatecos.  It  resembles  small  hazle-nuts,  is 
very  hard,  and  made  into  beads,  with  inscriptions  and  words  from  the  Magnificat,  which  last  so  long, 
that  many  have  thought  the  words  were  thus  naturally  produced  by  the  trees. 

\Tetrao  lagopus.  The  Plarmtgan. — Ordinarily  inhabits  the  colder  climates  about  Hudson's  Bay, 
but  is  sometimes  driven,  through  want  of  food,  to  the  more  s.  latitudes.  In  the  winter  of  1788  these 
birds  were  taken  plentifully  about  Quebec.  Whenever  the  winter  of  the  Arctic  region  sets  in  with 
rain,  so  as  to  cover  the  branches  and  leaves  of  trees  with  a  glaze  of  ice,  they  are  deprived  of  thoir  food, 
and  obliged  to  fly  to  the  *.  to  a  milder  climate,  where  it  can  be  procured,    llence  they  frequently  visit 

VOL.  V.  n 


''I 


^fi 


i 


'\] 


'•'t 


98 


APPENDIX. 


tlic  United  States.     Their  feathers  are  mostly  white,  covered  with  down  nnite  to  the  nails,  and  their 
flesh  hiack,  and  of  an  exquisite  relish. 

Probably  this  is  a  different  bird  fioin  Bartram's  mountain  cock  or  grous,  though  both  have  the  same 
Linn;ian  name.] 

[  Tertrcio  minor,  s.  cohirnix. — The  quail  or  partridge.  This  bird  is  the  (juail  of  New  England,  and  the 
jiartridge  of  tiie  S.  States ;  but  is  properly  neither.  It  is  a  bird  peculiar  to  America.  The  partridge 
of  New  England  [tetrao  tyntpanus)  is  the  pheasant  of  IVnnsylvania,  l)ut  is  miscalled  in  both  places.  It 
is  a  species  of  the  grous.     Neither  the  pheasant,  partridge,  or  quail,  are  found  in  America.] 

Tigrilla. — A  snake  which  has  obtained  this  name  from  the  similarity  bcu'ccii  the  spots  on  its  skin 
and  those  of  the  tiger.  These  spots  are  for  the  most  part  of  a  rhomboidal  figure,  joined  at  the  angles, 
and  make  a  sort  of  chain  of  a  dark  colour  on  a  white  ground.  In  the  country  of  the  Amazonas,  they 
are  very  abundant,  and  are  venomous  and  formidable. 

Ti)wjero. — A  sort  of  press,  a  jard  broad  and  two  yards  high,  made  with  small  ornamented  pillars  of 
valuable  wood,  in  order  that  tlie  air  may  pass  through  every  quarter.  It  is  divided  crosswise  into 
three  parts.  The  bottom  one  contains  a  red  earthcrn  jar,  which  receives  the  water  liltrated  from  a  stone, 
in  shape  of  a  crucible,  and  from  a  pumice-stone  on  the  second  stage,  to  which  it  passes,  distilled  from 
another  stone  of  the  same  nature,  in  the  shape  of  a  trough,  on  the  first  stage,  into  which  the  water  for 
filtration  is  poured.  The  second  and  third  stories  arc  set  around  with  tables  of  the  same  wood,  half  a 
span  in  brei.dtli,  on  which  they  place  alcarazas,  and  vessels  of  various  makes,  filled  with  water,  and  pots 
with  flowers  and  sweet-scented  herbs.  In  Carthagena  a  window  in  the  hall  which  is  near  the  stairs,  and 
made  in  the  same  manner  with  that  mentioned,  supplies  the  place  of  the  press. 

Tipa. — A  large  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  very  strong  and  greatly  esteemed :  it  grows  in  the  province 
of  I'ucuman  in  the  kingdom  of  Peru. 

Titadcra. — A  sort  of  dart,  made  of  very  light  small  sticks  pointed,  which  the  Moscas  Indians,  before 
the  conquest,  threw  from  the  hand  with  great  force  and  dexterity. 

Till. — A  gcnerical  term,  signifying  little,  applied  in  America  to  all  the  small  monkies.  Their  spe- 
cies are  innumerable,  and  are  distinguished  by  their  shape,  colour,  and  dispositions. 

There  is  also  a  little  delicious  fish  in  the  river  Chagre  which  bears  this  name.  It  is  about  as  large  as 
a  connnon  pin,  and  so  abundant  in  the  season,  that  if  yon  put  a  basket  into  the  water  you  may  draw  it 
out  full.  It  is  fried,  and  preserved  a  long  time  in  flasks,  and  eaten  in  omelets.  It  is  probably  the  young 
«f  some  larger  fish. 

\jrobacco. — See  Ttibiuco.] 

Tockc. — A  small  bird  of  a  black  and  yellow  colour,  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  greatly  esteemed 
for  its  sweet  and  soft  note. 

[Tolfo. — A  species  of  cod-fish,  found  in  S.  America.] 

Tola.  {TolviJ'era  Ihthamum.) — A  balsam  so  called,  because  produced  in  the  town  of  this  name 
in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  It  is  a  resinous,  dry,  soliil  gum  of  a  bright  yellow  colour.  It  is  of 
an  agreeable  scent  and  good  taste,  in  which  last  ])artieular  it  difl'ers  from  other  balsams,  which  are  sour 
and  bitter.  It  is  ]n-ocnred  by  in(-ision  from  a  tree  reseinhling  the  small  fir,  whose  leaves  are  always 
green.  Thisbulsani  is  greatly  esteemed,  and  isbroui^ht  into  Europe  in  small  cocoa-nut  sliells,  about  tiie 
size  of  a  li  mon,  and  po  ,>,e»e-,  tiie  same  virtues  as  tiie  Iwlsani  of  (Jilead.  In  the  pliaruiacopo-ia  ol  Eon- 
don  it  enters  inio  the  couiposition  of  balsams ;  i)ut  its  principal  virtue  consists  in  curing  the  greatest 
wounds  with  \vonderfnl  celerny,  of  wiiich  we  have  witnessed  frequent  proofs. 

['J'o(jui. — The  hii^hest  of  the  tline  orders  of  nobdily  of  the  Araucanian  Stale.] 

Tortutia.  ("rrs/ndo  Mi/da^.J — This  species  is  distinguished  from  the  laud  tortoise  by  its  size,  defor- 
mity, and  feet,  winch  are  adanied  for  swinnning,  and  resemble  the  fins  ol  a  fish.  I'he  Indians  take 
them  in  i>reat  <iii;;n.  iiies.  Eor  this  pmpose  i  ley  wait  till  they  come  out  to  l.iy  ilicir  eggs  ni  tlie  sinid, 
and  then  gi.'ii;^  on  one  i>ide,  turn  iheiii  on  their  hacks  without  a  possibility  of  liieir  being  able  to  rectify 
tiieuiselves,  on  aceouni  of  the  liiiMt.  >s  el'  their  shell.  They  are  from  two  to  four  (eet  ioiig,  two  ov 
.lirec  broad,  and  some  weigh  iOO  [iounds.     One  of  these  tortoises  lays  300  eggs  of  the  size  of  a  hand 


1' 

i 


APPENDIX. 


09 


il'i 


ball,  round,  and  of  a  yellow  colour.  The  sliull  is  like  wet  parchment,  and  there  is  always  a  white 
substance,  which  nyver  grows  hard,  but  the  yelk  after  boiling  is  like  thiit  of  a  hen's  eg<;,  and  very 
good.  The  green  tortoise  is  the  only  one  which  is  brought  to  tid)le,  and  its  shell  is  very  thin  and  of 
no  value.  It  feeds  on  gr;iss  whi  Ii  grows  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea  wheie  it  is  shallow,  and  in  a  calm 
cjuiet  sea  they  niiiy  1)0  seen  pasturing  at  the  bottom.  There  is  so  much  flush  on  a  tortoise,  that  80  per- 
sons may  dine  on  one,  and  the  flesh  is  as  good  as  veal.  When  it  is  raw,  the  flesh  is  mixed  with  a  fat 
substance,  which  after  being  boiled,  assumes  a  greenish  yellow  colour.  The  jjroper  time  for  catching 
tortoises  is  during  the  months  of  February,  March,  April,  and  May.  They  sometimes  turn  them  on 
their  backs  with  the  oar,  when  thev  are  swimming  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  best  part  of  the 
tortoise  is  that  called  kalpe,  or  calapee,  left  in  the  shell  and  steeped  during  a  nigiit  in  tlie  juice  of 
lemon,  and  baked  in  the  oven  in  the  shell,  with  a  sauce  made  of  the  fat  and  entrails.  There  arc  several 
species  of  tortoises,  which  difter  little  from  each  other.     See  Carey. 

Toto. — A  small  bird  in  the  province  of  Chiapa  in  the  kingdom  of  Guatemala.  It  is  something  less 
than  a  pigeon,  anl  of  a  yellow  colour  ;  but  the  feathers  of  the  wings  are  of  a  beautiful  green,  and  so 
highly  esteemed  l»y  the  Indians  as  an  ornament  in  their  dress,  which  they  interweave  very  curiously, 
that  they  frequcnti  •  catch  the  bird  for  no  other  purpose  than  to  rob  it  of  those  feathers,  and  let  it  go 
that  it  may  product  more,  and  it  is  reckoned  a  capital  crime  to  destroy  one. 

Totora.  {Ipha  latifoUa.) — A  sort  of  cat's  tail  growing  in  the  lake  of  Chucuito  in  the  kingdom 
of  Peru,  and  is  in  some  parts  a  yard  and  a  half  high.  It  is  generally  so  dense  that  it  is  necessary  to 
open  a  way  through  with  the  hands.  Of  t'us  the  Indians  make  a  sort  of  raft,  on  which  they  sail,  and 
bring  to  land  their  flocks  and  fruits. 

Trillis.  {Tiirdus  Plnmbeus.) — A  species  of  thrush  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile,  where  it  is  properly 
called  thili  or  Chile.  The  colour  of  the  female  is  ash,  but  the  male  entirely  black,  except  a  beautiful 
yellow  spot  under  the  wings.  Its  make  is  the  same  with  that  of  the  common  thrush,  with  the  exception 
of  the  tail,  which  is  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge.  It  makes  its  nest  of  mud,  like  most  of  its  species,  iu 
trees  near  rivers  ;  and  never  lays  more  than  three  eggs.  Its  note  is  sweet,  harmonious,  and  constant, 
but  it  is  impossible  to  keep  them  in  a  cage  ;  their  flesh  exhales  a  disagreeable  smell ;  and  as  these  two 
circumstances  make  them  little  sought  after,  they  are  extremely  abundant. 

[Trochihts  Odubris, — The  humming  bird ;  is  the  smallest  of  all  the  feathered  inhabitants  of  N. 
America.  Its  plumage  surpasses  description.  On  its  head  is  a  small  tuft  of  jetty  black  ;  its  breast  is 
red;  its  belly  white;  its  back,  wings,  and  tail  of  the  finest  pale  green;  small  specks  of  gold  are 
scattered  over  it  with  inexpressible  grace  ;  and  to  crown  the  whole,  an  almost  imperceptible  down 
softens  the  several  colours,  and  produces  the  most  pleasing  shades.] 

Trompetero.  {Ifidrocoras.) — A  bird  which  is  called  by  this  name  because  it  imitates  tiie  sound  of  a 
trumpet,  according  to  the  common  opinion,  not  by  its  voice  but  by  the  aims,  having  for  this  purpose  a 
sort  of  bellows,  with  two  conduits,  one  for  the  admission  and  the  other  for  the  expulsion  of  air.  It  is 
entirely  black,  of  the  size  of  a  cock,  and  nearly  of  the  same  shape.  The  feathers  of  the  neck  ne 
streaked  with  yellow.  This  bird  may  be  tamed,  and  will  follow  its  master,  sounding  its  trumpet ;  its 
flesh  is  very  good  eating. 

Tropica.  [Phaeton  Mthercus.) — A  bird  which  inhabits  the  torrid  zone,  or  space  between  tiie 
tropics.  P'ather  Labat  says,  it  is  of  the  size  of  a  pigeon  ;  the  head  small  and  well  shaped,  the  hill  three 
inches  long,  thick,  strong,  pointed,  and  a  little  bent,  denticulated,  and  of  a  red  colour.  The  feot  are 
likewise  red,  webbed,  and  the  four  toes  united  by  one  membrane.  The  length  and  breadth  of  the 
wings  bear  a  just  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  body.  The  plumapc  is  white,  diversiticd  with  a  few  black 
spots  ;  the  tail-consists  of  from  12  to  IS  feathers,  from  the  middle  of  which  there  proceed  two  of  1.5  or 
16  inches  long,  which  seem  united.  Its  cry  is  shrill;  it  flies  with  great  ease,  and  soars  as  high  as  the 
bird  called  fragrota,  or  frigate,  but  its  flight  is  slow.  It  rests  on  the  water  like  a  duck,  feeds  on  fisli,  and 
lays  and  brings  up  its  young  on  desert  islands.  The  Indians  esteem  very  nnuh  the  long  feathers  in 
the  tail,  with  which  they  adorn  their  heads,  and  thrust  them  through  the  cartilage  of  the  nose,  to  rcsem- 
bl,'  mustachoes. 

[  Tualiia. — A  plant  found  in  S.  America,  with  qualities  more  purgative  than  jalap.] 
Tuca. — See  Tukati, 

n  2 


:  V 


',1 
■  1 


I 


100 


APPENDIX. 


[Tticuragua, — A  plant  of  S.  America,  which  has  a  fine  smell,  but,  being  eaten,  causes  fevers.] 

Tucuyo. — A  cotton  cloth  of  a  coarse  texture,  manufacuired  in  the  provinces  in  the  kinmlom  of 
Quito  and  Peru.  It  is  the  common  elotliinjr  of  the  lower  class  of  people,  and  for  this  reason  the  con- 
sumption is  very  great,  and  a  cijnsideiable  trade  is  carried  on  in  this  line. 

Tulian.  (Rhamphastos  Tuainus  ) — A  bird  very  remarkable  for  the  excessive  size  of  its  beak,  which 
is  twice  as  large  as  its  body.  Tiie  bill  is  eight  inciies  long,  the  upper  niandiolc  broad,  and  a  little  bent 
with  a  cavity  exactly  equal  to  the  lower,  and  of  a  red,  black  and  yellow  colour.  The  tongue  is  like  a 
very  thin  fie.ither,  and  has  been  said  ro  be  very  efficacious  in  several  complaints,  particularly  the  water 
in  which  the  tongue  has  been  steeped  has  a  verv  good  eHect  in  the  falling  sickness.  The  head,  neck, 
shoulders,  and  wings  are  of  a  whitish  colour,  the  breast  of  u  silver,  with  profiles  ot  vermilion,  and  the 
other  parts  black.  It  is  very  common  in  every  part  of  America,  and  bears  a  variety  of  names  in  the 
different  provinces.  In  Peru  it  is  called  predicad«)r;  in  Tierra  Firme,  pico  feo;  in  New  Spain,  pito  real; 
in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  guazale  ;  in  the  country  of  the  Amazonas,  tulcan;  and  in  Guayana, 
tuca.  It  is  in  some  places  called  predicador,  or  preacher,  because  in  its  actions  and  gestures  it  imitates 
a  person  preaching,  taking  short  majestic  strides ;  its  flesh  is  very  good. 

Turicha. — A  bird  in  the  province  of  Piritu  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  It  is  something  smaller 
than  the  thrush  :  the  wings  and  breast  are  black  and  white,  and  the  rest  of  the  body  yellow.  It  is  easily 
tamed,  comes  to  the  hand  and  accompanies  its  master  at  table.  It  sing*'  !T<uch,  and  will  fight  with  the 
cock. 

[  Turkey  Stone. — See  Turquesa."] 

Turma. — A  root  which  is  very  common  in  every  part  of  America,  resembling  the  yuca,  and  eaten 
roasted. 

TwpiaL—The  same  as  Turicha. 

Turquesa. — A  precious  stone  found  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada.  According  to  naturalists  it  is 
nothing  more  than  the  bones  of  animals  laid  near  some  copper  mine,  which  imparts  to  them  a  beautiful 
blue  colour. 

Tutuma.  {Crescentia  Cujefe.) — A  sort  of  pumpkin  very  abundant  in  America,  which  cut  in  the 
middle,  and  the  seeds  and  inside  being  taken  out,  and  the  skin  dried,  makes  two  segments,  usually  a 
foot  in  diameter,  and  three  lines  thick  ;  they  are  likewise  called  tutumas. 

[Two- headed  Snake. — ^e  Serpents. 1 


V,  u. 

Vaca-Marina. — See  Manati. 

Vandurria. — A  bird  in  the  kingdom  of  Chile.     In  Peru  it  is  called  canelon.     See  Canelon. 

[Vanilla. — See  Bainilla.] 

[Fara. — A  Spanish  yard  measure  of  33  inches;  lOS  varas  are  equal  to  100  yards  English  ;  and  140 
to  100  English  ells.  Flemish  ells  multiply  by  80,  and  divide  by  100  to  make  Spanish  varas.  All  piece 
goods  measured  are  sold  by  this  vara  in  S.America.  The  castilian  vara,  according  to  the  classical 
work  of  M.  Ciscar  (Sobre  los  nuevos  pesos  y  medidas  decimales),  is  to  the  toise  =  0,5130:  J,iy63, 
and  a  toise  =  2,33  IG  varas.  Don  .forge  Juan  estimated  a  Castilian  vara  at  three  feet  of  Burgos,  and 
every  foot  of  Burgos  contains  123  lines  two  thirds  of  the  pied  du  roi.  The  court  of  Madrid  ordered 
in  1783  the  corps  of  sea  artillery  to  make  use  of  the  measure  of  varas,  and  the  corps  of  land  artillery 
the  French  toise,  a  dilTerence  of  whicii  it  would  be  difHcult  to  point  out  the  utility.  Compendio  de 
Matematicas  de  Don  Francisco  Xavier  Kovira,  torn.  iv.  p.  57  and  63.  The  Mexican  vara  is  equal  to 
Oni,  839.] 

IFaiipa. — The  devil,  or  the  great  spirit  amongst  the  Indians  of  Guayana.] 
[I'aynilla. — See  Bainilla.'] 

Ubaque. — A  name  given  in  Santa  F6,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Granada,  to  the  south  wind,  because 
it  proceeds  from  a  town  of  this  name,  situate  in  that  direction,  on  the  top  of  a  mountain.     It  is  sharp, 


V  I 


APPENDIX. 


101 


■id  140 
piece 
^assical 
iy63, 
,  and 
ilered 
tillery 
io  de 
ual  to 


lecausc 
Isliaip, 


cold  and  wholesome,  and  the  natives  sav  it  should  he  received  w:  !i  open  mouth,  and  that  the 
nioiitii  should  he  (iiiefiilly  shut  wnen  the  north  wn,d  blows,  because  it  is  there  tempestuous,  liamp 
and  ur)wh(<li'  niije. 

Vevfianzosu  {Mininsn  Pudica.) — A  peiius  of  the  class  polygamia  monfEcia.  The  calyx  consists  of 
fivi*  deiiiiil",,  :iiui  lit-  co.oilji  of  an  fqiial  numhir  of  se^nient.->,  with  a  few  more  threads  and  a  pistile. 
The  fniit  is  long  and  full  of  si-eds.  There  are  41  s|M'(ics,  .dl  pecii'iar  to  Amorica  ;  it  is  likewise  called 
thi'  sen.'.itiu'  plani,  fnnn  tlie  singular  pruperty  of  comraciing  its  L  ives  and  branches  on  being  touched. 
This  movement  is  produced  by  throe  dift'ereiit  l)endini>s  of  cmcIi  leaf  to  the  branch,  and  the  iiranch  to 
the  body  tif  the  tr«'e.  In  the  (ir>t  place  the  leaf  bends  on  one  side,  or  donblos,  and  next  bends  to  the 
branch  ;  nnd  if  the  touch  is  sufficiently  strong,  the  branch  bends  to  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  which  is  then 
of  a  cvlindrica:  form.  Some  li  ve  cndoa\oured  to  explain  this  phenomenon  on  mechdnical  principles, 
but  without  success  ;  and  some  assi-it  thai  this  contraction  does  not  take  place  when  it  is  touched  by  an 
irrational  creatuie.     Li  several  provinces  it  is  called,  cierrate,  cii'rrate,  or  shut  thyself,  shut  thyself. 

Vicuna,  {Camehis  Vicintt.) — According  to  Count  Ballon,  it  is  the  wild  paco,  or  the  paco  in  its 
free,  nucural  state;  b»i  this  is  a  mistake,  for  the  vicniia,  paco,  and  alpaca  are  animals  of  the  same 
genus,  but  of  ditfcrent  species;  for  although  tiicv  inhabit  the  san»e  njountains,  they  arc  never  foimd 
III  each  other's  company.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the  goat,  to  which  it  bears  a  great  resemblance  in 
the  shape  of  its  shoiil  Icr,  hoofs,  and  tail,  but  dilfers  from  it  in  the  neck,  which  is  20  inches  long ;  in 
its  head,  which  is  round  and  dt-stilute  of  horns;  in  the  smallness  of  its  ears,  which  are  straight  and 
pricked;  in  the  snout,  which  is  short  anti  without  beard;  and  in  its  legs,  which  are  twice  as  long  as 
those  of  the  goat ;  the  body  is  covrred  wiih  a  very  fine  wool,  of  the  colour  of  dried  roses,  capable  of 
receiving  very  well  all  kinds  of  artificial  dyes,  tind  in  the  provinces  of  Peru  is  made  into  pocket 
handkerchiefs,  gloves,  hats,  &c.  This  wool  is  now  well  known,  and  greatly  esteemed  in  Europe,  and 
is  made  into  very  line  cloth.  The  vicunas  are  very  abundant  in  the  cordillera  of  the  Andes,  and  live 
on  the  most  steep,  cragi^y  parts  of  those  mountains;  and  instead  of  receiving  any  injury  from  rain  and 
snow,  ihcy,  on  the  contrary,  seem  to  derive  much  benefit  from  them;  for  if  thoy  be  brought  into  the 
plains,  they  ver\  soon  grow  lean,  and  areco\eied  with  a  sort  of  ring- worm,  which  kills  them  in  a  short 
time.  Hence  it  hap;)ens,  that  they  have  not  been  able  to  establish  them  in  any  part  of  Europe.  Tliej' 
feed  in  flocks,  like  goats,  and  they  no  sooner  see  a  man  than  they  esc.ipe  wi'li  great  velocity,  driving 
their  young  before  liicm.  Tlie  hunters  join  in  large  bodies,  and  surround  some  hill  on  which  they  arc 
known  to  leed,  and  following  iliem  gently,  they  drive  them  towards  some  nirrow  passage,  over  which 
they  have  previously  drawn  a  ope,  on  which  they  hang  bunches  of  old  rags  :  as  soon  as  the  vicunas, 
which  arc  naturally  timid,  see  these,  they  are  so  frightened,  that  not  daring  to  proceed  any  further, 
and  hutldling  together,  they  permit  the  hunters  to  catch,  sheer,  and  kill  them.  Notwithsanding  the 
great  numbers  whicli  are  daily  killed  for  the  sake  of  the  meat,  which  is  exi  client,  from  the  time  of  the 
conquest  f)f  America,  their  abundance  is  such,  that  it  is  probable  they  must  have  more  than  one  at 
each  birth.  It  is  reported,  that  a  slice  of  the  flesh  is  an  effective  remedy  for  an  inflammation  of  the 
eyes.  There  are  found  in  their  stomachs  very  fine  bezoar  stones.  This  is  one  of  the  species  not  yet 
fully  determined. 

V(jao.  {xMiisa  Bihai.) — A  very  common  plant  with  leaves  a  yard  long,  and  half  a  yard  broad, 
which  serve  to  wrap  up  parcels  instead  of  paper.  After  they  have  been  dried,  a  little  wet  makes 
them  produce  white  spots,  which  afterwards  turn  into  powder,  and  is  said  to  be  very  injurious  to  the 
lungs. 

Vira-vira.  [Gnaphalium  Viravira.) — A  sort  of  house-leek  of  great  aromatic  virtue,  and  very  bene- 
ficial in  intermittent  fevers.  VV^hen  taken  in  decoction,  like  tea,  it  produces  very  copious  perspiration, 
and  on  this  account  is  nmch  used  in  colds.  The  le;aves  are  so  very  hairy,  that  to  ilie  sight  and  touch 
they  appear  covered  with  cotton.  The  flowers,  which  never  exceed  four  in  number,  consist  of  filaments 
of  a  gold  colour,  and  are  situated  at  the  tops  of  the  branches;  the  seeds  are  like  those  of  the  stocchas 
citrina. 

Firiili. — A  small  cane,  like  those  generally  used  for  walking>sticks,  of  the  thickness  of  the  little  finger 
and  very  smooth  and  light,  of  which  the  ii;.tive>  of  Darien  miiKe  arrows. 

fizcacha.  (Lepus  Brasiliensis,  Marrg.) — A  small  animal  in  Peru,  resembling  the  hare,  whose  tail  is 
as  long  as  that  of  tiie  cat.     it  is  very  tame,  covered  with  hair  as  soft  as  silk,  of  a  white  and  ash  colour, 


1 


102 


APPENDIX. 


and  inhabits  the  mountains  covered  witli  snow.     In  the  time  of  the  Incas  the  Indians  spun  the  hair, 
and  made  of  it  very  beautiful  cloth. 

[fUniru. — Till'  <liic'f  person  of  mery  village  or  tribe  of  tliu  Aracaiiians.] 

Umivi. — A  larjf  tree,  in  the.  |)r(nince  of  Parti,  grr-atly  esteemed  for  the  beauty  of  its  wood,  and 
a  sweet-scented  balsam  uhicii  it  distils. 

[I'olo — A  bird  foimd  in  S.  America.] 

Voiiiilo  Xtffro. — An  endemical  disease  in  the  sea-ports  and  hot  parts  of  America.  It  is  of  a  putrid 
nature,  inasuinch  as  it  dissolves  and  corrupts  the  blood  :  it  grnerally  attacks  Kuropeans  who  have 
lati'ly  arrived  ;  aiul  has  sometimes  been  so  destructive  that  the  gidleons  have  l)eeii  obliged  to  remain 
at  Portovelo  during  the;  winter,  nearly  tlie  wholi;  of  their  crew  having  been  swept  olV  i)v  this  disease. 
Tlie  same  has  ha|}pcned  at  V^era  Cruz,  Caracas  and  Cartliagena,  for  at  that  time  very  i'cw  survived 
it,  but  it  is  now  cmud  like  any  other  disease.  Some  attribute  the  good  effects  which  are  experienced 
at  Havaimaii  to  the  use  of  wine.  This  disease  did  , not  make  its  appearance  from  the  time  of  the 
conquest  till  the  ye.ir  1730,  when  it  began  to  commit  its  ravages  in  the  Custom-House  cutters,  under 
the  command  of  Don  Domingo  Justiniani,  and  in  Guayarjuil  in  1740.  Amongst  the  numerous  ob- 
servations which  have  i>een  made  on  the  symptoms  of  this  evil,  it  has  been  remarked,  that  vviioever 
escapes  the  first  time  he  goes  to  America,  is  never  afterwards  attacked  by  it.  Dr.  Don  Joseph  de 
Gastclbando,  a  Mulatto  doctor  inC?rthagcna,  was  the  first  in  this  country  who  wrote  on  and  pul)lislied 
the  manner  of  curintr  this  disease,  in  the  year  1734. 

[Urchin. — An  animal  of  N.  America.  The  urchin,  or  urson,  is  about  two  feet  in  length,  and  Wiien 
fat  the  same  in  circimiference.  He  is  commonly  called  iiedgc-hog  or  porcu|)ine,  but  diiVers  from 
both  those  animals  in  every  characteristic  mark,  excei)ting  his  being  armed  with  (juills  on  liis  back  and 
sides.  These  (juilis  are  nearly  as  large  as  a  wiieat  straw,  from  three  to  four  inclu-s  lonir  ;  and,  unless 
erected,  nearly  covere;!  i)y  the  ainmal's  hair.  Their  points  are  very  hard,  and  filled  with  innumerable 
very  small  barbs  or  scales,  whose  points  are  raised  froiu  the  body  of  the  quill.  When  tiie  urchin  is 
attacked  by  a  dog,  wolf,  or  other  beast  of  prey,  he  throws  himself  into  a  posture  of  defence  bv 
shortening  his  body,  elevating  his  back,  and  erecting  his  quills.  The  assailant  soon  finils  some  of 
those  weapons  stuck  into  his  mouth,  or  other  part  of  his  body,  and  every  eft'ort  which  he  makes  ta 
free  himself  causes  them  to  penetrate  the  farther;  they  have  been  known  to  bury  themselves  entirely 
in  a  few  minutes.  Sometimes  they  prove  fatal ;  at  other  times  they  make  their  way  out  again  through 
the  skin  from  various  parts  of  the  body.  If  not  molested,  the  urchin  is  an  inoffensive  animal:  he  finds 
a  hole  or  hollow,  which  he  makes  his  residence,  and  feeds  on  the  bark  and  roots  of  vegetables : 
his  flesh,  in  the  opinion  of  hunters,  is  equal  to  that  of  a  sucking  pig.  It  is  found  in  the  N. 
States.] 

Urundei. — A  large  tree  in  the  province  of  Paraguay,  whose  wood  is  very  strong  and  valuable. 

Ufa. — A  i)uttcrfly  in  Paraguay,  which  bites  like  the  mosquitos,  and  leaves  in  the  wound  a  sort  of 
gum,  which  corru|)ts  the  part  affected,  and  produces  a  little  grub  ;  and  although  the  insect  be  drawn 
out,  it  leaves  a  wound,  wliich  increases  daily,  and  requires  a  ver}'  long  time  to  effect  a  cure. 

Uyama. — A  sort  of  pumpkin  in  the  province  of  Gnayana. 


w. 

[JVdkon. — A  bird  of  N.  America;  it  is  probably  of  the  same  species  with  the  bird  of  Paradise,  and 
receives  its  name  from  tlie  idi;as  tlie  Indians  have  of  its  superior  excellence;  the  wakon  bird  being  in 
their  language  tlie  bird  of  the  Great  Spirit.  It  is  nearly  the  size  of  a  swallow,  of  a  brown  colour, 
shaded  al)out  the  neck  with  a  bright  green  :  the  wings  are  of  a  darker  brown  than  the  body ;  its  tail  is 
composed  of  four  or  five  feathers,  which  are  three  times  as  long  as  its  body,  and  which  are  beautifully 
shaded  with  green  and  purple.  It  carries  this  fine  length  of  plumage  in  the  same  manner  as  the  pea- 
cock does  his,  but  it  is  not  known  whether,  like  him,  it  ever  raises  it  to  an  erect  position.] 

[jrcasel. — An  aninml  of  N.  America,  about  nine  inches  in  length;  his  body  is  remarkably  round 
and  slender;  his  tail  long  and  well  furnished  with  hair;  his  legs  very  short,  and  his  toes  armed  with 
harp  claws  :  his  hair  is  short  and  thick,  and  of  a  pale  yellowish  colour,  except  about  the  breast,  where 


APPENDIX. 


103 


111(1 


it  is  white.  This  is  a  very  sprightly  nnimal ;  notwithstuiuling  the  sliortness  of  its  legs,  it  seems  to  dart 
rather  than  to  run.  He  kills  and  eats  rats,  striped  squirrels,  and  other  small  quadrupeds:  he  likewise 
kills  fowls,  sucks  their  hloud,  and  esteems  their  eggs  a  delicacy. 

[fVewakish. — A  very  large  stag,  found  in  N.  America.] 

[jnietsaw. — A  bird  of  N.  America,  of  the  cuckow  kind,  lieing,  like  that,  a  solitary  bird,  and 
scarcely  ever  seen.  In  the  summer  months  it  is  heard  in  tiie  groves,  where  it  makes  a  noise  like  the 
filing  of  a  saw,  from  which  circumstance  it  has  received  its  name. — Carter.] 

[IVol/. — Of  this  animal,  which  is  of  the  dog  kind,  or  rather  of  the  dog  himself  in  his  savage  state, 
there  are  great  numbers  in  N.  America,  and  a  considerable  variety  in  size  and  colour.  The 
colour  of  these  animals  in  the  N.  States  is  generally  a  light  dirty  sallow,  witii  a  list  of  black 
along  their  back.  In  some  the  black  is  extended  dov^n  their  sides,  and  sometimes  forms  waving 
streaks ;  others  are  said  to  be  spotted  ;  some  of  them,  particularly  in  the  S.  Slates,  are  entirely 
black,  and  considerably  smaller.  The  Indians  are  said  to  have  so  far  tamed  some  of  these  animals 
before  their  acquaintance  with  the  Kurojieans,  as  to  have  used  tliem  in  hunting.  They  next  made 
use  of  European  dogs,  and  afterwards  of  mongrels,  the  olVspring  of  the  wolf  and  dog,  as  being  more 
docile  than  the  former,  and  more  eager  in  the  chase  than  the  latter.  The  appearance  of  many  of 
the  dogs,  in  the  newly-settled  parts  of  the  country,  indicate  their  relation  to  the  wolf.  Found  in 
all  the  States  ] 

[ /I WirjvHf.— Called  in  Canada  the  carcniou,  and  by  hunters  the  beaver  eater,  seems  to  be  a  grade 
between  the  bear  and  the  woodehuck.  I  e  agrees  exactly  with  the  badger  of  Europe  :  his  length  is 
1{  feet  and  upwards  ;  his  circumference  nearly  two  feel ;  his  head  and  ears  resemble  a  woodchuck's; 
his  legs  short ;  feet  and  paws  large  and  strong ;  tail  about  seven  inches  long,  black,  and  very  bushy 
or  shuggy  ;  hair  about  two  inciies  long,  and  very  coarse  ;  his  head,  sallow  grey  ;  back  almost  black  ; 
breast,  spotted  with  white  ;  belly,  dark  brown  ;  sides  and  rump,  light  reddish  brown.  This  animal 
lives  in  holes,  cannot  run  fast,  and  has  a  clumsy  appearance.  He  is  very  mischievous  to  hunters, 
following  them  when  selling  their  traps,  and  destroying  their  game,  particularly  the  beaver.  Found 
in  the  N.  States  of  Anterica.] 

[IVooilchuck.  {Monax,  de  BufTon.) — An  animal  of  N.  America.  His  body  is  about  16  inches 
long,  and  nearly  the  same  in  circumference;  his  tail  is  moderately  long,  and  full  of  hair:  his  colour 
is  a  mixture  of  sallow  and  grey  :  he  digs  a  burrow  in  or  near  some  cultivated  field,  and  feeds  on  pulse, 
the  tops  of  cultivated  clover,  &c. :  he  is  generally  very  lat,  excepting  in  the  spring.  Tiie  )'oung  are 
good  meat ;  the  old  are  rather  rank  and  disagreeable.  In  the  beginning  of  October  they  retire  to 
their  burrows,  anil  live  in  a  torpid  state  about  six  months.  In  many  respects  he  agrees  with  the 
marmot  of  the  Alps  ;  in  others  he  diil'ers,  and  on  the  whole  is  probably  not  the  same. 

An  animal  resenibling  the  woodehuck  is  found  in  the  8.  Slates,  which  is  supposed  lo  form  another 
species.]  ^ 

[Hood  Bat. — *  This  is  a  very  curious  animal,  not  half  the  size  of  the  domestic  rat,  of  a  dark  brown 
or  b.iicli  colour  ;  their  tails  sleiuler  and  short  in  proportion,  and  covered  thinly  with  short  hair  :  liiey 
are  singular  with  respect  to  their  ingemiity  and  great  labour  in  constructing  their  habitations,  which 
are  conical  pyramids,  about  three  or  four  feet  high,  formed  of  dry  branches,  which  they  colled 
■with  great  labour  and  perseverance,  and  pile  up  without  any  apparent  order ;  yet  they  are  so 
interwoven  witii  one  anotlier,  that  it  would  take  a  bear  or  wild  cat  some  lime  to  pull  one  of  tlic.su 
castles  to  pieces,  and  allow  the  animals  sutticient  time  to  retreat  with  their  young.  Habitat  in  N. 
America. 

'  Tlieie  is  likewise  a  grouiul  rat,  twice  as  large  as  the  common  rat,  which  burrows  in  the  ground/ 
— Biu  I  rani's  Tra-uls.  ] 


i 


Xacal,  or  Xacule. — The  cottage  of  an  Indian,  is  so  called  in  New  Spain. 

Xagtici. — An  artificial  well,  made  in  a  field,  lo  catcii  rain  water. 

Xicara. — A  name  given  in  Now  Spain  to  a  sort  of  pumpkin,  which  they  use  for  cliocolaie  cups. 


t 


104 


APPENDIX. 


Xtichkopdl. — A  large  tree,  whose  wood  is  very  hard  and  valuable.     It  g 
Vera  Paz,  in  the  iiingdom  of  Guiiteinalu,  and  yields  spontaneously  an  odoril« 


rows  ill  the  province  of 


idorilerous  guui  or  resin. 


Yacumaina. — A  name  given  in  the  province  of  the  Amazoims  to  the  bulio. — St-e  Buho. 

Yanacona.—Or  more  properly  Yanacuna.  A  name  given  in  Peru  to  those  Indians  who  are  destined 
for  personal  attendance. 

Ycrba  tk  Mate. — See  the  following  article. 

l\rba  del  Parasuay.  {Cagsiie  Paraguay.) — ^The  leaf  of  an  odoriferous  shrub,  of  which  there  is  an 
incredible  consumjuion  throughout  tiie  kingdom  uf  Peru,  being  the  herb  of  which  lliey  make  their 
mate.  It  has  obtained  the  name  of  Paraguay  from  the  province  of  tliut  name,  which  is  the  only 
part  in  America  where  it  grows,  and  it  enjoys  a  very  considerable  commerce  in  this  article.  The 
trees  whiili  form  very  thick  woods  are  more  than  100  leagues  from  tlit;  capital,  and  in  the  midst  of 
intidel  warlike  Indians,  yet  they  never  fail  to  go  and  pluck  the  leaves.  The  neighbouring  people 
are  all  engiiged  in  this  lucrative  commerce  and  employment,  which  consists  in  laying  the  leaves  on 
plates  to  be  dried  bv  iire,  and  in  rubbing  them  with  the  hands  till  they  are  nearly  as  small  as  steel- 
Hiings ;  and  without  any  further  preparation  they  pack  it  up  in  bugs,  of  seven  or  eight  arrobas, 
to  send  it  to  Peru  and  Chile,  embarking  it  on  the  river  Puragmiy  and  la  Plata,  for  Buenos 
Ayres.  According  to  the  cosmographcr,  Don  Casme  Bueno,  the  quantity  gathered  annually  exceeds 
12,000  arrobus.  The  herb  is  ot  two  kinds  ;  one  which  is  the  most  tender  part  of  the  leaf,  and  falls 
off  first,  which  is  the  finest  and  most  esteemed,  and  is  called  camini  :  the  other  contains  the  fibres 
and  stalks  of  the  leaves,  and  is  somewhat  coarser,  and  is  culled  yerba  de  palos,  or  the  herb  with 
sticks.  Whoever  has  been  in  Peru,  and  has  observed  the  continual  use  of  the  mate,  is  alone  com- 
petent to  judge  of  the  riches  which  must  have  accrued,  and  daily  do  accrue  to  the  province  of  Para- 
guay from  this  commodity,  even  allowing  it  to  be  sold  at  the  low  price  of  six  piastres  each 
arroba. 

[Ffio.— Gypsum.] 

Vuca.  [Tatropha  Manihot.) — A  plant  of  the  moncecia  order.  It  is  very  large,  with  branches  and 
a  pointed  broad  leaf:  the  root  is  the  most  useful  of  anv  found  in  America,  and  grows  moderately  in 
temperate,  and  to  profusion  in  hot,  climates;  the  root  if  white,  and  of  two  kinds,  distinguished  by  the 
epithets  of  sweet  and  bitter.  The  former  is  eaten  boiled  or  roasted;  but  the  latter,  which  is  the  most 
useful,  is  made  into  a  sort  of  cakes,  as  red  cuzabe,  which  is  almost  the  only  bread  used  in  every 
part  of  .\jnerica,  and  for  its  good  taste  is  preferred  by  many  Europeans  to  wheaten  bread.  They 
also  make  of  it  a  sort  of  starch,  of  excellent  quality,  which  is  in  general  use  in  America. 

l^l'ucal. — See  Ytua.] 

z. 

Zambo. — The  offspring  of  a  black  man  and  mulatto  woman,  or  vice  versa,  which  is  the  most  despi- 
<"abie  class,  on  account  of  their  general  depravity  of  manners.  When  the  offspring  is  of  an  Indian 
man  ami  negro  woman,  era  negro  man  and  Indian  woman,  it  is  called  zambo  ae  Indio.  The  latter 
in  New  Spain  is  called  cambujo. 

Zancudo. — A  sort  of  gnat  with  very  long  shanks,  whose  bite  is  very  painful.  It  is  very  common, 
and  extremely  troublesome. 

Ziipti'jo. — A  general  term  for  several  species  of  pumpkins,  particularly  one  large  red  kind,  which 
is  tlie  usual  food  of  the  common  people  when  boiled  with  butter  and  sugar. 

Ziipolc.  [Achras  Stipote.) — A  round  fruit,  five  inches  in  diameter,  whose  rind  is  soft  and  of  a  straw 
colour.  The  pulp  is  yellow,  resembling  that  of  a  peach,  with  a  large  stone,  covered  with  a  soft 
woolly  skin,  and  serving  for  a  sand-box  when  the  kernel  is  taken  out.    The  tree  is  very  tall  and  bulky. 


APPENDIX. 


10,') 


species,  which  are  distinguished  by  the  words  yellow,  white,  black,  and  doy 


There  are  several 
zupotes. 

of  ^h^"-  p'T''"  "^^'^  *'"'^''  '''^  Indians  of  the  province  of  Tunja  gave  their  king  or  lord  in  the  time, 

Zarzaparilla.     (Smulax  SarsapariUa.)—\  plant  of  the  class  dioecia  hexandria.    Tlic  calyx  of  the 

mule  as  well  as  female  consists  of  six  leaves,  and  both  are  destitute  of  a  corolla.     The  stylus  of  tlic 

emale  is  divided  into  three  parts,  and  the  kernel  has  three  cells,  containing  two  seeds:  tliey  number 

1 J  or  more  species.     It  is  a  plant  or  shoot  resembling  the  bramble,  whose  leaves  are  alternate  and 

long    The  root  shoots  forth  a  great  number  of  long,  pliant,  smooth  sprouts,  of  a  dark  colour  on  tlie 

outside  and  ash  within,  of  a  porous  nature  and  sweet  taste.     It  is  very  common  in  every    part  of 

hnJlWM'  f      ^'T  °",^'^  ^""i'"."'"  '■'''^"'  '"  "'^'  «'■""'•''  ""'l  "'  P'''ces  wiiere  the  rays  of  the  sun 

r.l„n  .t     ?T'     V''i''*'"'*''!™'^''  ""T  "]  ''"'■'"e  'i'e  venereal  disease,  rheumatism,  histeric  alVectioiis, 

ITIT\         "7?."     "■■  """P. '  ?V''  *"H?'  '"  '"f""'"".  ""d  sometimes  in  powders,  makes  all  justly 

esteem  it  one  of  the  most  valuable  articles  which  America  produces.     There  is  a  species  of  this 

plant  growing  m  Spain,  but  its  virtue  is  not  so  great.  ' 

tl.mT'"n"'i'~/  "'"^i"'^  }'"'^  '."  ^^"^  ^'^P"'"'  ••e''«''nbling  the  nightingale.     It   is  of  the  si/e  of  the 
thev  h?.vrL°.ht"r  •"■=  '•''  T"  "•  '""•y/*^«"  a'"!  ''armonious,  with  a  number  of  variations,  and 

80  votl!  ^'°"  ^'''°"  "  ^^^  "'''"*'  of  2e"=""'''' "•'I'C''.  in  the  Mexican  language,  signifies 

Zipa.~\  name  given  to  their  kings  by  the  Moscas  Indians  of  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada. 
[ZopiisU'.—A  bird  so  called  in  Nueva  Espaiia.] 

vertfiru^iJfhr^^''?"  "'•  ^°«f  .°f  Nejv  England  in  the  United  States  of  America,  which  is 
very  singular  tor  the  monstrous  size  of  its  head  in  respect  of  the  body. 

Zuhc— The  natives  of  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada  call  the  sun  by  this  name, 
stupiffes  a  prnin  "°""""»">'  »'«»'-'l  '»  ^he  night,  making  a  sort  of  humming  noise,  \vhich  almost 

of  ^JeTlll'jefirin  "^  ''?  ?r  '""i"'-  ^  ^'''i'"  '^"Sth.  and  half  a  yard  broad,  sewed  with  thongs 
commodities         ''      '  "''^  ^''"^  '°  ^"'^P^'  "°'^""'  ^'^'■"^'""  ^■■''^'  '^^'^'^'  <=°"'.  ^"d  o^''^'' 


fl 


FfNIS. 


11 


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'A 


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30.  CORRUPTION  AND  INTOLEUXNCE. 

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HISTORY  OF  IIINDOSTAN, 

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MODERN  HISTORY  OF  HINDOSTAN, 

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INDIAN  ANTIQUITIES. 

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