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Sciences 
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33  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

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(716)872-4503 


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<. 


"9. 


..■fe 


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1 

2 

■ 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

mnms) 


MANUAL 


<>i    Tin, 


FAMlLlE.s  AXI)  GKISKUA 


«)K 


North  Amekican  Dipti^ka 


SKCOXI)  KDITION 


HKWUITTKX    AM)    KNLAKCiKD 


BV 


SAMUEL  W.  WILLISTOX 

I>R()Kl:sS()|{    ,„•    l-vr.KOXTOL.XiV    ANI.    anaiomv 
IXIVlOKSirv    (H-    KANSAS 


NEW  HAVEN 
.JAMES    T.    HATHAWAY 

287  CROWN  8T.  NEAR  YALE  COLLKGF 

1  M!M1 


Entomological  Branch 

DEPARTMENT  Of  AGRICULTURE 
OTTAWA    -       -    CANADA 


mm^ 


Ivatercd  :iccor(liiijf  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  ycu-  1S96, 

Bv  JAMKS  T.  HATHAWAY, 

In  the  ofilce  of  tlie  I^ihiari.-in  of  Congress,  at  Washin'^on. 


103 


'iH»ilip.mfPHtH*t*mftHt*rfl9tmf^.H' 


.!j^jfi»ivi; 


P  R  E  F  A  (;  K 


Kii,'lit  yoars  ai,'o  llic  author  of  tlic  pri'smt  worl;  juiblislu"! 
a  small  voluint^  in  wliit-li  lit-  att('iiiiilc(l  to  tal)tilat('  tlic  laiuilifs 
aiitl    more   imi)ortant   i^MMu-ra   of    the  Wiptfra   of    tin*   rnitfd 
vStatos.     From  tlu'  use  that  has   l»eeii   maile  of  that  work  by 
entomolo;^Mcal    students,    lie   has   been   eneoiira;4e'l    to   believe 
that  the  labor  of  its  preparation  was  not  in  vain.     The  extra- 
ordinary aetivity  in  the  investigation   of  o\ir    dipt('rolo,i,Meal 
fauna  within  the  past  few  years  has.  however,  lar-'i'ly  <lestroy- 
ed  its  usefulness,  and  it  is  hoped  that  this  new  edition,  or 
rather  this  lU'w  work,  will   jtrove  as  servin-able  as  has  been 
the  former  one.      In  the   present   work   there  has  l)een   an  at- 
tem])t  to   include  all  the  j^enera  now  known   from   north  (d' 
South  Ameriea.     While  the  Central  and  West  Indian  faiuias 
are  preeminently  of  the  South  American  type,  thei'e  are  (h)ubt- 
less  many  forms  oecurrin;,'  in  the  southern  states  th.it  are  at 
present  knowti  only  from  more  southern  ret,dons. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  work  the  author  has  iieeii  aith'd 
by  the  examination,  so  far  as  he  was  aide,  of  extensive  eol- 
leetions  from  the  West  Indies  and  Central  Ameriea  submitted 
to  him  for  study  by  Dr.  I).  Sharp  of  <'aml)rid;4e.  England. 
and  Messrs.  (lodman  and  Salviu  of  London.  to,i,M'ther  with  the 
extensive  collections  of  the  University  of  Kansas  and  those 
from  Scmth  America  in  the  author's  private  cabinet,  alto- 
jj;etlier  formiiii;  ju'obably  the  lar<,'est  collection  oi   AmericiiU 


■t^f'if^iiUi 


IV 


I'KKFACi;. 


nipt.'iM  rv.T  hnu.^^l.t  tu.^vMirr.  For  tl,,.  .l.-s.Mipt  io„s  ..r  tl... 
.•arly  st:.i;(.,s  ivlian....  l.as  ...M-.-ssurily  Immmi  ,.]ar.Ml  ,.hi,.Hv  upon 
the  n-ritin^s  of  Uraun-.  As  u-Jll  h.  s.-.n.  ass.stanre  has 
been  .leriv.-.l  from  tlu-  u„rks  of  Srhinrr.  Ost,.,,  Sa.-k.M,, 
Lo,MV.  \Vul|,  To\vr.s,.,..I  a.i.i  otlirrs.  alrho,,,.-!,  l.ut  v.-rv  f.-u- 
••rtlio  \orth  Ai.„'ricaH-,Mu.pa,  ,,,i,i„  f,„„,  ^,,,,^,.  ^^j.  ti„.'Tacl.- 
iiiida'  aiK    Di'xiidai.  arc  unknown  to  the  writer. 

Tlie  author  owes  his  sincercst  tlianks  to  l»rof.  J.  M.  Ahlrieli 
tor  the  family  characters  and  tahh'  of  the  J>oli,;hopo,li,ia.  ;  to 
Prof.  V.  L.  KcUog-  for  the  paragraphs  on  the  internal  anat- 
omy of  Diptera;  to  l»rof.  ,1.  H.  Sn.ith  for  kin,!  favors;  and  to 
I'rof.  W.  A.  Snow  for  the  table  of  the  Ortalida'. 

I-AwijKNci;,  Kans.,  June  10,  IH'.lfl. 


roHHKiKXDA. 
Vixgv  viii,  lino  0,  for  'writer'  rra.l  student. 

X,  lino  10,  for 'hcrnispliericai'  rea.l  splu-rical 


xix,  line  o from  bottom,  for  'Cyc-lorrhapha'  read  Orthorrhapha 

IS.  l.ne.fromhotton,,  insert  not  before    'forke.l'   and    delete' fron, 
the  tollowinjr  Hik.. 

•il.  lino  4  fron.  bottom,  for  'anal  eell  elose.r  read  diseal  eell  open 

•IV    i:;;:  U  7  '    -""T"  '''""'^''"'  ""'  ■>— -^  <»^ten  Saeken. 
•>•»,  line  14,  tor  o   read  •!. 

40,  line  I.I  from  bottom,  insert  flattened  before    •evlindriear     and 
three  lines  below,  read 'tibia,  with  MP  vi;ti.,>„f _    . 


•>,  last  line,  for 'Sihi'i.a  () 


or  without  spurs 


i')H.  line  l;{,  for  'OuTiKtMa 


MYi.v,  nom.  nov.'  read  .\vi 


KOMVIA    WillistDI 


OMVIA  b'ondani. 


HH,  line  17  from  bottom,  for  '(14'  read  07  ;  line  0  fn 

read  0"). 
ft^,  line  1.')  from  bottom,  for  'K 


1    read  I'silociuus  Loe' 


om  bottom  for  '07' 


from  bottom,  for  'Sehizoph 
140,  line.-!,  for 'with'  read  witlnuit. 


umyida''  read    llolonietopa  ;   line    11 


ora    read  Kunividav 


r:f,;,^ii^i, 


TABLE  OK  ('()NTK:sTS. 


iN"n{(ti)i("i'i()\,  . 
ii'.ii.i. 

Moutli-piirts, 

Tlionix, 

AltiioiiK'n,  . 

Cliii'totaxy, 

Wings, 

ItitiTriiil  Anatomy, 

('olli'ftioii  and  I'n'siTvation  of  Dipt 

Classification,      .... 

HIHMOCWAl'IIV 

TAHLK  OF  FAMILIES, 

('KriDO.MVID.*;,       . 

.Mycktoi'hu.id.k, 

Lii'oNKiMuii.i:,  Hr.i:i'iiAi{<Ki;ifii».i;. 

("ri.R'ID.K,  . 
ClIlKO.VO.MID.K,      . 
OUPIINEI'HILID.I;, 

I'sYciioinii.i:, 

DiXID.K, 

TiiTMit/j;, 
HiiiioxiM.r;, 

Sl.Mir.IID.K, 

KiiviMiiD.i;, 

StHATIO.MVIK.i.;,   . 
AcANTIlO.MKHin.K, 

Taiianid.k, 
AsiMo.i:,     . 

Al'IOOKniD.K, 
NEMISTKINin.K, 
MvhAID.K,    . 


Hum 


llVM||»/lv 


ra. 


\  II 

X 

XIII 

X  \  1 1 

XIX 

XX 

XX 

XXIII 

X  X  V  I 

XXVIII 

X  \  X  I 

XXXIII 


l.{ 

10 
20 

2(; 
2r. 

28 
2!» 

;w 

40 
41 
44 
40 
40 
02 
i'M 

n2 


VI 


rAIil.K  (tK  CON  TKNTS. 


'riiKi{i:vii).i:, 

SCKNOIIMD.I;, 

A<  i{(i(i;uii».];, 

L<)N(  lloi'TKKID.i;, 

K.Mi'iiUD.i:,    . 

DOI.K  IKH'ODIh.K, 

SvKi'iiio.i:,     . 
CoNOi'iK.i;,     . 
I'lri  NCI  Liii.i:, 
l'i,Arvi'i;/.ii».i;, 
I'lioKii)  i:, 

Ml'SCIDKA, 
H()nitoi;ii).i;, 
AfiiiOM  v/ii).i;, 
Gko.mv/id.i;, 
OstiNiD.i;, 
DiiosiU'niMD.i:, 

Kl'lIVDUID.K, 
DlOl'SID.K. 

SErsiD.i:, 

-MlCUOl'K/ID.K, 

i'sii.in.i;, 

OltTAI.lD.K,      . 
TUYPKTID.K, 

Sai'kom  v/,ii).i:, 

HlIOPAI.OMKUID.i:, 

IIklomvzid.i;, 
IIktkuonkiuiij.k, 
sciomy/id.k, 
Phvcodromid.k,  . 

ScATO.i.V/ID.K, 

Antiiomyid.i:, 
nKSTKin.i;,    . 
Sakcophacid.k,    . 
MisciD.i:, 
TAriiiMi)^;, 
Dkxud.k, 
IIii'roBoscm.K, 
NvcTKKYiiiin.i:, 

APPENDIX, 

INDEX, 


70 


7(1 

!»l 

;»:; 

<M 

!t.') 

!t(i 
li»l 

KM 
KC) 
1(17 
lOS 
III 
ill 
11:! 
114 
114 
ll'.t 

ii>;] 

l-_'4 

1-J.-. 
iL>t; 

127 

12.S 
128 

i:!(i 

1:58 

140 

144 

144 

lol 

lo2 

ir,o 


'•it*f»ftif;f-tiipwn'i»i'iwrr'1il'ti'itfvi'rr'ii'r.<ttv'*tt:'i 


7u 


7(1 
HI 


L\Tia)I)L'(JTlC)K 


TiiK  onU'v  (.»■  t\v(.-wi„-,.,l  insi'cts.  kn,,wn  us  Hies  or  Dipt.-ra 
includes  nearly  Icrty  tl.uusan.l  known  species   Iron,   .lirtermt 
regions  of  the  world.      Since  many  of  the  speeies  are  vrv  small 
or  minute,  and  inconspicu.Mis,  and  as  the  order  has  ri-ceivcd 
only  a  small  share  of  the  attention  of  collectors  and  students 
there  certainly  remain  very  many  more  to  be  vet  made  known' 
From  North  America  not  far  from  four  tiiousand  sju-cirs  have 
been  studied,  and  we  probably   have  as  many  more  awaitin.^ 
discovery.     Our  knowlcl.^^e  of  the  dipterological    fauna    has 
progressed  with   in.Mvased    rapidity   during    tin-    j.ast    ten   or 
twenty  years,  but  vast  H.dds   for  profitable  studv  vet  remain 
open    for  the  serious  investigator.       In  Xorth   Ai'nerica   the 
results  to  be  obtained  are  almo/,t  inexhaustible.     Nearly  every 
family  yet  awaits  the  conscientious  monograj.her.     The  des- 
cription of  new  species  is  the  much   b-ss  ^interesting  of  the 
work  to  be  (h)ne.  and   perhaps    the  less  profitable.  ^  At   the 
present  time  the  rapidly   increasing  number  of  short  papers 
descriptive    of  new   forms  is  rendering  the  determination  of 
species  more  and  more  dimcult. 

To  the  student  beginning  the  study  of  this  interesting  group 
of  insects,  some  words  of  advice  or  caution  may  be  of  "senice 
The  present  work  can  make  no  pretensions  to  completeness 
in  the  characterization  of  genera,  and  lie  should  never  depend 
upon  mere  tables  in  the  absence  of  other  information.  Doubt 
of  the  right  generic  location  of  a  specimen  may  often  be  surest 
dissipated  by  attempting  to  refer  it  to  some  species.  Until  the 
student  has  accpiir.-d  a  sort  of  intuitive  acrpiaintance  with  the 
different  families  the  work  may  be  somewhat  tedious,  but  by 


t,t*f^-H*- 


1 


VIII 


INTKODrciIoN 


jxTsevcraiicf  he  ciin  not  liiil  td  ()\  cicdiiif  w  li;iti'Vi'i' dlistaclcs 
families  and  i^nuTa  may  pn'sciit.  lit-  will  ln'  very  much 
aided  at  tlio  bt.'jfiTUiiii.':;  liy  having'  a  loleralily  larije  (Mjllrct  ion 
at  liis  command  by  which  to  make  eomiiarisons.  Dillicnlties 
will  often  disapjx'ar  with  positive  evidence  licfore  him,  where 
neirative  characters  are  ]in//.lii  „'.  With  ea(di  ijfenns  in  a 
family  positively  determiiu'd  the  dillicnlties  and  uncertainties 
of  others  will  gra<lnally  disappear. 

To  determine  his  sj»ecies  the  stndent  will  need  access  to  a 
large  nuiuher  of  [>apers,  lists  of  whi(di  to  the  present  time  will 
be  found  in  the  catalogue  of  Osten  Sacken.  and  on  page 
XXXI 11  of  the  i)resent  work.  There  are  a  lew  masters  of  dip- 
terology,  and  tlu'  stmlent  will  lu'ver  err  in  considting  their 
writings,  no  uiatter  upon  what  subjects  they  may  be.  Df 
these  I  would  especially  nu'ution  .Meigen,  AViedt'inann,  W'iw- 
nertz,  Loew,  Schiner,  Usten  Sa(;ken.  \Vuli)aiHl  J^)rauer.  Other 
writers  whose  works  are  imlisj)ensable.  but  who  are  not  to  l»e 
trusted  as  guides,  are  Desvoidy,  .Mac(iuart,  Walkei-,  Komlani. 
l>igot,  etc.  Of  the  contemporaiy  writers  whose  works  will 
be  found  useful,  and  in  most  cases  valuable,  may  be  mentioned 
Austen,  Eaton,  ^Meade  and  Verraii  of  England;  liergenstamm, 
Kowarz,  Mik  and  Strobl  of  Austria  ;  lU'cker,  Girscdmer.  lioeder 
and  KuebsanuMi  of  Geimany  ;  Dziedzicki  and  S(dinabl  of  l*o- 
land ;  l^ezzi  and  Giglio-Tos  of  Italy;  l^ergroth  of  Finland; 
Skuse  of  Australia;  tiie  Lymdis  of  >>otith  Anu'rica;  Aldri(di, 
lianks,  Cofjuillett,  Johnson,  Scudder,  .Sm)W,  Town,  "ml  atid 
Wheeler  of  this  country.  I'robably  the  most  useful  single 
work  that  the  student  will  find  after  Osten  Sacken's  Gatalogue 
(Smithsonian  Ins,  1.S7S)  is  Stdiiner's  Fauna  Austriaca.  and 
the  most  useful  toreign  ])eriodical  the  Wiener  Entomologiscdie 
Zeitung,  of  whi(di  the  accom})lished  ]\Iik  is  one  of  the  editors. 
The  Zo(>logical  lieeord  will  be  almost  in(lisi)ensable  in  ascer- 
taining what  has  betMi  done  during  the  i)ast  thirty-six  years. 
For  the  beginner  I  would  es])i'cially  recommend  Comstock's 
Mantial  lor  use  in  conjunction  with  this  work. 


SfM**»»««C.Tf*«»'»tAt!««tr*««'S'»'t»«''»J^»n".»nR»-T»M*?»f»?J'. 


■  *:'*t^4fi»^*. 


iNri;<»i)r(  ri(,\ 


i\ 


I>i|!tri';i  111,1V  alwavs    In- 


''     ivcn--iiiz,.,i     l,v    111."     j. ITS. Mil-   of    Lilt 
'""'   I'''"'"'    ^^'"-■^:    'I"'    ^•■'•'•n.i     |.,W    nl     ntlirr   lllSM.ts   IS   ivMlv 

'•'■['■•.•si.nt..,i  l.y  w  siiKiIl  .,i-,n,  ,.,i  .•;;rli  si, I,,  lu,..,  ,,|  ,,,r  ini",. 
win-s.  .•.,i,si>iin-.,l  a  short.  s1,.,:i1it  >t..iu  will.  ;,  kii,,l,-l  Jk,-  t.,- 
"""^"'""-  '•^'"•'•1  '1"'  ''■■'It.Mvs  .„•  pni^.Ts.  Tlirir  Imirnon  ,s 
'i"t  known:  tlnit  tliry  liav,.  son,.,  lunnioii  sr-Miis  riMiain.  :,s 
llicy  aiv  always  in  vii.i'at n-n  ,iii,.ii,M-  ijj,^],,.  _\,,,  .,]i  ,||,.^  ,^^,^^ 
win-.Ml:  in  siun."  .l.--ra,:ru  io,au>.  Inali  anion-  tlir  low.>t  ami 
lii.^lM'st  -roniis  of  tl...  on!,.r.  il,..y  may  1„.  ..ntiivlv  wantin-.  as 
:ilsn  till-  lialf  ivs.  S,.mrtim..s  tli.'  malr.s  will  ha'v..  win.^s  ami 
>'"■  f''iiial..s  1,..  wii,.;l..ss.  Dm  till-  numiKM-of  win-lrss  to,  nis 
is  very  small. 

In  till-  ;uli.Itsraf'tli.>lial.itsof  Hi.'s  an- vry  various.     .S,,nl.^ 

1-ut   not  a   vrry  kn-v   proportion,  an-   prnia.'.ous  upon   otl,..r 

iiisrcts.  suckiu-  llirir  jui.vs.    S.-mr  aiv  wry  anno\  in-  t..  man 

anil  orii-r  wanu-hloodr.l  animals.  siickinLT  tii..ir  Mo'imI  ;  ..f  tli,.sr 

may  1...  imMiriiUHMJ  th,.  mos.piito.-s.   l.lack-tli,.s.   lior>r-(li..s.  sla- 

'•1<'  anil  In.rn  tii.>s.  tin.  X<,.ty.v  Hy.  ..f,-..  as  w.-ll  as  all  tin-  pupipara. 

wliich    aiv   parasitic   upon   l-ir.is  ami   mammals.      I'.v    tar   the 

lai-..st  nunil-cr  of  TiipKua.  howcvi-r.  Inil  up.m    ve-.taMc  sub- 

st.m.M.s,    ..itiuM'    trrsh    or  .l.cayin-    tk,.   p,,ll,.n   ami   Jmmh.v   .,r 

tlow<"rs.  ..tc.      Som..   I..,m1   upon   onluiv  am!  .l.vayin-  matrrial 

nl  whatever  imturc  it  mav  he. 

In  the  larval  sta-es.  tlu-  iaihits  a..'  y.-t  more  .liverse.     Uriel' 
'■'■tV-rences  to  the  larval  lial.its   will   1„.  louml  in  the  lollowin- 
I'a-es.      Suffice  here  to  say  tiait   the   lai-er  part  an"  v-ctahir 
l''<'<i"i's.  hut  not  a  lew  live  upon   .lecompi.sin-  aniuuil  matl.r. 
<'!•  m  the  livin-  l,o,Ii,.s  oi'  oth.-r  insects,  snails,  replih-s.  hinls. 
nnnunuils.   etc.      While  some   meml.ers  of  th.-  .uder  mav   i)e 
v.M-y    annoyin-  or   prcjmlicial   to   mairs  economv.   tin-    onler 
npontlm  whole,  isa   henejicial   one.  whether  in'tla-  kirval   or 
mature  sta-es.  whether  as  parasites  upon  other,  ami  injurious 
or-anism.  oi-  as  sca\-cn,n-ers. 

In  the  lollowin-  pa-..s  1   .  ml.  avor  to  -ive  such  .letinitions 
"n<l  .les,.ripti.,Ps,,l  tk,"  matur..   ins.'ct    as   will   .  nal.l..  1  h.-  slu- 


'tigiifyi/S.'. 


X 


ixTKonrfTiox. 


(lent  to  undev!jtaii(l  and  a])preciatp,  not  only  the  present  ^vork, 
but  all  other  systematic  ^vorks  iii)on  diptera.  I  have  not 
thought  it  desirable  to  consider  at  length  many  interest- 
ing subjects  connected  with  them,  such  as  the  internal  anato- 
my, embryology,  etc.,  as  being  rather  ajiart  from  the  object  of 
the  work, — an  introduction  or,  aid  to  the  study  of  systemati(^ 
di{)terology. 

HEAD. 

The  head  in  diptera  is  extremely  variable  in  shape,  reach- 
ing its  most  remarkalde  development  in  tlie  Diopsida'  and 
Nycteribiidte.  It  is  frefpieiitly  more  or  less  hemispherical,  l)ut 
more  often  the  jiosterior  surface  or  ocrljtiif,  is  flattened  or 
even  concave,  giving  a  more  liemispherical  form.  Often  it  is 
flattened  and  widened  transversely  as  wide  or  wider  than  the 
thorax.  In  the  Xycteribiiihe  it  may  be  folded  back  into  a 
groove  on  the  dorsum  of  the  thorax,  but  with  those  exceptions, 
it  is  always  attached  to  the  thorax  by  a  freely  movable  neck. 
Next  to  the  wings,  the  head  otters  the  most  important  cliar- 
acters  for  classification. 

Eyes.  The  large  compound  eyes  are  present  in  all  diptera 
save  some  I'upijjara.  In  the  gn^it  majority  of  males  they  are 
contiguous  on  the  upper  side  of  the  head  for  a  greater  or  less 
distance;  in  such  cases  the  insects  arc^  called  liohiptic  In 
many  males,  however,  (all  the  Acalyptratu'  and  several  fami- 
lies of  the  Orthorrhaj)ha.  as  well  as  in  inimerous  genera  of 
other  families)  and  in  all  females  Avitii  but  few  exceptions 
(some  Acrocerida%  Blepharoceriche.  lUnnbyliida'  and  riatyi)e- 
/idte,  etc.)  th(»  eyes  are  separated  more  or  less  broadly  by  the 
front;  such  inserts  are  called  dir/ioptlr.  Rarely  tlie  eyes  may 
be  contiguous  below  the  antenna'  or  both  above  and  Ixdow 
them,  as  in  the  Acroceridfe.  In  not  a,  few  flies,  esjH'cially 
those  of  the  aerial  eremocluetous  kinds,  the  u]»])er  facets  of  the 
eyes  are  larger  and  more  cons])icuous  than  the  lower  ones, 
sometimes  separated  by  a  distinct  liiu\  or  even  entirely  di- 
vided.     In    tliese  flies   especiallv.  the  eves   in  life  are  often 


iXTi{()i)r(  riox. 


XI 


brilliantly   and    bcautilnlly    coloird   with    i^' 


in; 


irkinJ,^s.    SoniPtinics  the  cnlar 


rccn   and    jmrjdo 


anterior  portion  and  connnon  tf)  botl 
The  larger  nunibiM-  of  Hies  have  rl 
only  when  seen  nnd<']'  hig] 
ever,  tlie  whole  or  part  of  tl 
or  hair,   which   alw 


remeiit  of  tlie  facets  is  on  tli 
1  sex»'s.  as  in  the  Asilida 


le  eves  l)art'.  (>r 


pnlifscciit 


1  nuiLTnitication. 


erv  olten. 


hdw 


le    I'Ves   IS  r(iV( 


IVS 


ill 


■red  with  ei'ect  pile 
ids  its  greatest  development  in  the 


male  sex.     The  ].il()sity  may  1.'  sparse  or  ,h-nse.  short 
Ore/li     On  the  npper  part  of  the   licad.   1 


ee  simoh 


I  onnd  eyes  there  are  thi 

diptera,  and  called  the  ocelli.    Thev  are  1 


amoiiir 


all  tl 


le  gen(!ra  of  some  fan 


or  long. 

H'tween  the  coiii- 

ple.  snuill  v\i'^.  ). resent  in  most 

>y  no  means  constant 


species  of  some  genera.     Th 


or  even  among  all  rh 


of  a  triaii'de   wli 


y  are  nsually  situated  in  the  I'orn 


located  in  a  neai'lv  straiudit  1 


os(>   apex   IS    in    front;   sometii 


nes    thev 


ii-e 


one  may  be  al)sent.  and  the   other  t 
side  close  to  the  eomiiound  eves. 


ine  transverselv,  oi',  the   middh 


wo  situated  oiu'  oi 


I   eacli 


.l/ifr>nnt:     Xo  other  ori>'ans  t 


urnish  so  nuinv  or  so  in: 


l)ortant 


eharacters  in  the  elassiiication  of  the  dij-tera  as  ,lo  the  anten- 


na' or  fetders,  as  thev  have  1 


l»er 


shape 


ind 


leeu  sometimes  called.    The 


nnm- 


speeitic  and  generic  cl 


arrangement  cd'    the  joints    offer,    not    (ud' 


laraetei's.  l)ut  in 


acters  as  well.     Onlv  in  excei.tional 


^han  thi 


ee,  and  there  mav 


Through  all  the  Cyj-lorrl 

with  th"  exce])tion  of  the  lMiori(he.  and  the  1 


Nematoeorous  Orthorrliai)ha  tl 
to  sixteen,  the  first  t^ 


some  eases  fannly  char- 
cases  is  the  nundier  less 
lie  as  many  as  thirty-six.  it  is  sai(L 
lapha  the  nund)er  three   is  constant, 

'npipnra.     In  the 


le  number  is  usuallv  iron 


1  ei'dit 


are 


ahvavs   more  o 


wo  of   wideh    b»rm   the 


r  1 


s>-'i//i\  and  which 


ess  ( 


erentiate(l    froiu   the  rcmaimh'r 


which  constitutes  t\H^_t/af/f'//in)i.     Osten  Sacken  ].,.. 
to  call  tliose  flies  whi(di  have  the  antenna-  lor.- and  1 


bearing  whorls   of   haii 


N 


s,    esjx'c 


•iallv 


las  proposed 
re([uentl\- 


in    the   nml(>s,   the   / 


oinatocera.  in  distinction  i 


f/ff 


in  which  the  anten 


roin  the  aiKunnlotis  Nematocera. 


ai 


TUB  are  shorter,  destitute  of  whorls  of  1 


id  vvitii  the  joints  j)r:'ssed  o,h)se  together,     rnon  tl 


Kill's 


le  antenm 


■  '-'tt.',  illicit} 


xn 


xruoDrcTioN. 


character  alone,  however,  the  t>rou]>  can  not  !)(>  satisfactorily 
separated  from  the  amnimloiis  IJrachycera.  in  \vhich  the  anten- 
na; are  more  usually  three-jointed,  with  the  tliird  joint  divided 
into  segments.     Nor  can  the  latter  he  clearly  separated  from 
the  tru>'  lirnchycera.  in  wlileli  the  third  joint  is  not  annnlate-d. 
Sometimes  the  third  joint  appears  to  reseiuhle  that  joint  in 
the  ti'Ki'  ]U-achycera,  but  will   be  found  uj.on  close  insi)ection 
to  be  composed  of  a  number  of  closely  united  segments  or 
annvdi,  and  it  is  in  these  cases  that  the  term  nnHjih'.r  is  applied. 
This  character   will  be  easily  understood  by  examining  the 
third  antennal  joint  of  a  common  horse-fly.     Either  the  com- 
plex or  the  simide  third   joint  may  terminate   in    a   bristle, 
usually  called  an  arista,  or  in  a  style,  that  is  a  more  slender 
portion,  which  is,  however,  not  bristle-like.     It  is  very  evident 
that  both  the  style  and  the  arista  represent  only  the  more  (>'• 
less  attenuated  distal  joints  of  the  flagellum,  becai.se  in  all 
cases  a  close  examination   will  show  them  to  be  composed  of 
from  two  to  five  segments.     The  arista  or  style  is  frequently 
entirely  wanting   in  the  ()rthorrhai)ha.  but  only  rarely  is  it 
atrophied  among  the  C'yclorrhapha.     The  style  is  always  ter- 
minal, because  it  is  less  differentiated  from  the  flagfdlum.  but 
ihe  arista  may  be  either  terminal  or  dorsal,  and  it  may  be 
inserted  close  to  the  base  of  the  third  joint.      It  is  also  evi- 
dent here  that  the  change  of  ])osition   is  more  ap]>arent  than 
real,  because  it  is  in  reality   due  to  the  greater  develoi)ment 
of  the  umler  side  of  the  third  joint.      In  sonu'  cases  the  third 
joint  has  developed  into  nu  st  singular  stnu-tures,  as  for  t'x- 
ample  in  Xi-orlKtiiiKi  and  lihiston-ni  among  the  Stratiomyidu', 
or     Tiihiroccvit,     SrlilxoturJiiini,     Dlr/ionfti     and     Dhjlossixrva, 
among  the  Tachinida'. 

FrecpuMitly  the  arista  has  short  hairs  growing  from  its  u])- 
])er  and  lower  sides,  in  which  cases  it  is  called  />ii/ir,srriit  ;  when 
tlie  hairs  are  longer  and  more  feather-like,  the  arista  is  said 
to  be  (,h(iiios,' :  or,  if  the  hairs  are  fewer  and  stronger,  prrt',- 
tiiifril.  Tilt!  jdumosity  or  ])ect,ination  is  always  stronger  on 
the  iip|)er  side  of  the  arista. 


'"'thiti^it^'^^ 


IXTIJODrci'lON. 


Xll 


Front.  The  sp:i('.' between  the  .'xcs  in  all  (liclioptic  tiies. 
limited  hy  the  upper  niar-in  of  the  head  and  rhe  line  drawn 
thr()u.L,di  tlie  ro^t  of  the  antenna-  is  called  the  Irunt.  It  niav 
be  wide  or  narrow,  excavated  or  convex,  etc. 

/V/'A',r.  The  ujipcrniost  part  of  the  front,  near  the  niarn-in 
of  the  occiput,  which  is  here  , -ailed  the  miiml  nnn-i/ni. 

Vrrfinil  ti'hiiujJ,'.  The  trian-le  at  Uie  upper  part  of  the 
liead.  between  the  eyes  in  holoptic  flics.  It  bears  the  oe.(dli, 
whi(di  when  placed  on  a  triangle  indicated  l)y  grooves  or  de- 
I)ressions  is  called  the  nrcl/dr  frinn<ih\ 

Front, il  tr'nnifjie.  In  holoptic  flies,  the  triangle  betw(HMi 
the  eyes  and  the  root  of  the  anteniue,  the  a]»ex  of  which  is 
Jibove. 

FfUhnnn.  In  the  Cycl()rrhai)ha  an  inflatable  organ  cajiable 
(»f  l)eing  thrust  out  through  the  frontal  suture  just  above  th.^ 
root  of  the  antenme.  and  which  is  used  by  the  imago  in  s])ring- 
mg  off  the  eai)tothe  puj)arium  when  about  to  extricate  itself. 
Frontal  Itinnlc.  An  oval  or  cri'scentie  s])ace  just  above  the 
root  of  the  antenna"  in  Cy(dorrha].hous  files,  b(")unded  by  the 
frontal  sutuie. 

Fpistoina  or  Frn'sfoma.  The  oial  margin  and  an  inih'finite 
space  imiui'diately  contiguous  thereto. 

Jnfrnna/  f'.ref/.  A  groove  or  grooves  in  the  middle  of  the 
IV,ce,  as  though  for  the  lodgment  of  the  antenna-,  bound.-d  on 
the  sides  by  the /tn-iat  ri,h/cs. 

(7H'r/,'s.  The  si)ac.e  back  of  the  face  ami  below  the  eyes. 
Or/u'ts.  The  sjjace  immediately  contiguous  to  the  eyes, 
sometimes  indicated  by  structural  characters,  at  other  times 
imleHnite.  It  is  called  facial,  frontal,  etc.,  from  the  position. 
Ch/prns.  A  part  of  the  mouth  stru(-ture.  often  visible  be- 
low the  margin  of  the  mouth  in  front  as  a  mon-  (.r  h-ss  visor- 
shaped  piece. 

MOITU-I'AIJIS. 

The    mouth-jiarts    of  diptera   an-    wholly  suctorial.     They 
<liffer  not  a  little  in   the  different   tli.-s.  as'mighl  be  supposed 


XIV 


INTIiODrCTIOX. 


from  the  diverse  habits.  Jn  some  tliey  are  achipted  for  ]iiere- 
iiig  animal  or  veL,'eta\jh'  sul)staiK;es  and  are,  in  consequence, 
firmer  and  more  sUnih'r:  in  otliers,  and  ))y  far  tlie  .greater 
number,  tliey  are  adai)ted  only  for  sucking'  up  juices  oi' 
such  substances  as  may  be  dissolved  by  the  aid  of  tlie  saliva. 
Grains  of  pollen  have  been  observed  in  tlie  di.i^estive  organs 
of  the  Syr})hiihe  and  other  flower  flies,  ))ut,  as  a  rule,  fhiids 
only  serve  as  food.  jMany  have  the  proboscis  wholly  retrac- 
tile into  the  oral  cavitv.  and  furnished  with  one  or  even  two 
hinges,  by  which  when  at  rest  it  nuiy  be  folded  \'p.  In  others 
the  proboscis  is  not  retra(;tile,  and  projects  either  in  front,  or 
downward  or  backward,  beneath  the  body.  While  it  is  usuallv 
short,  it  may  be  much  longer  than  the  body.  Finally  a  few 
species  have  the  mouth-] )arts  rudimentary  and  take  no  nour- 
ishment in  the  adult  state. 

As  regards  the  different  parts  of  which  the  mouth-organs 
are  comjjosed,  there  is  a  strong  contention  on  the  part  of  Prof. 
John  B.  Smith  that  the  homologies  previously  and  generally 
accepted  by  entomologists  are  not  the  correct  ones.  I  have 
followed  his  argunu^nts  as  carefully  and  as  fully  as  1  am  al)le, 
but  I  will  not  pretend  to  assert  any  authoritative  opinion  in 
the  nuitter,  as  that  would  presupi)ose  a  thorough  acquaintance 
with  the  mouth-structure  in  other  insects  than  the  diptera, 
which  I  do  not  possess. 

The  more  commonly  acceptcMl  homologies  are  as  follows: 
labium,  nuixilhe,  maxillary  ])alj)i,  mandibles,  hy]ioi)harynx, 
and  labrum  or  labrum-epii)harynx.  The  labial  palpi  are 
thought  to  be  whollv  wanting,  or  represented  bv  the  labella. 
The  labium  is  always  ])resent,  more  or  less  fleshy  and  provided 
with  muscles.  It,  is  grooved  or  clianneled  on  the  ui)i)er  side 
to  receive  the  other  ]>arts.  with  the  exception  of  -lie  palpi. 
which  are  free.  This  sheath  is  often  nearly  completi^,  the 
thin  margins  touching  each  other  above.  At  its  t\[)  are  the 
]»air  of  joints  of  variable  si/e  called  the  "lips"  or  labella. 
The  mnxilhe  and  mandibh>s  are  sonu'times  absent,  the  nuindi- 


i 


■»»»»«»«.. 


IXTlJoDrCTION, 


x^• 


blf'S  most  fi-f^quently;   wlipii   present  tlicy  ure  always  slender 
and  tirm.     The  hypopharynx  is  unpaired  and  slender,  .grooved 
on  the  uj)per  side  and  sometimes  converted  into  a  nearly  eom- 
])lete  tube.     The  labriim,  also  unj.aired,   is  usually  elon-ate 
and   .Ljrooved  on  the  under  side,    forniin,!,^  by  apposition  with 
the  ])harynx  a  eomplete  tube.      The  mandihles  are  Ire.puMitly 
absent;   in  tact  I  do  not  know  oi'  their  oeeurreiice  in  anv  tlies 
with  a  simple  third  antennal  joint,  and  they  may  l)e  absent  in 
the  male    when  present  in  the  female,  as   in  tJie   Tabanida'. 
They  are  always  ])ierein<;'  organs,   thin.    iirm.  ehitinous  aiul 
usually  slender.     The  two  maxilhe,   likewise  pierein-  or-ans. 
find  their  hio-hest  d<'veloi.ment  in  sueh  ].redaee()us  flies  as  the 
AsilidiH.     Like  the  numdibles  they  ar-  ehitinous  and  slemler. 
Jn  some  they  are  more  or  less  flattened,  and  may  have  euri- 
(msly  sliaped  projections  at  the  tip ;  usually  they  are  brisrle- 
like.     They  lie  witli  the  maxilhe   within    tiie  sheath  of  the 
labium,  at  either  side  of  the  labrum  and  hypoi.harynx.    In  sonu' 
cases  the  labi-um  is  short,  and  serves  only  as  a'C(.ver  for  the 
proximal  ])art  of  th(>  hypopharynx,  but  usually  it  is  as  lonn'  as 
<'!•  longer  than  the  hypopharynx  and  has  a  simple  groove  on 
the  under  side.     The  hypoplmrynx   is  always   present  in  Hies 
in  which  the  mouth-parts  are  functional.      It  is,  nion-  often  a 
.slender,  tirm  organ,  grooved  n])im  the  upper  side.   whi(di   by 
ai)position  with  the  labr.m  forms  a,  distinct  tube.      In  sonu>, 
however,  it  ma,y  form  almost  a  coini)lete  tube  in  itstdf. 
^  Leaving  out  of  account  the  d<\gra(hMK  but  highly  sjMMMalized 
l'ui)ij.ara.  the  labium  is  always  a  sheath  for  all  tlu-  other  or- 
gans except  the  palj)i,  but  is  separable  at  the  will  of  the  ins.'ct. 
It  is  not  used  in  piercing;  it  is  eitlier  bent  l)ackward  in   the 
niiddh>.  as  in  the  mos(pr>o,  or  the  ])iercing  parts  are  thrust 
out  at  the  e.xtremity  as  in  most  of  tlu"   predaceous  Hies.     To 
facilitate  this  protrusion  of  the  ].iercing  i)arts.  the  proximal 
portion   is  )nore  or  h'ss  membranous  and  retractile;  or,  the 
inner    organs    may    be    capable    of    (dongation.    being   coiled 
'ip   in   s,,m(>   cases,    as    in    l'aH,in,n<,,    within   the   j.harvngeal 


XVI 


iNIIJODlCriOX. 


cavity.  The  pair  of  organs  at  \\w  cxtrcinitv.  tlic  lips  or  la- 
Ix'lla.  arc  very  variable  in  shape,  position  and  function,  in 
tlio  inoS(piito,  for  instance,  they  serve  iiicrcly  as  a  pair  of 
finirers  to  iruide  the  i)iercin'''  iiarts.  In  nianv  of  the  tjowei-- 
flies  with  lon.i^'  proboscis,  they  are  small,  oval,  divaricable 
()r<,^xns,  that  seem  to  l)e  cliicHy  sense-organs,  as  they  are 
usually  ])i'ovi(le(l  witli  hairs  inserted  into  small,  semi-translu- 
cent spots  on  the  outer  sides  and  nuiryins.  in  the  s^reatcr 
number  of  flies,  however,  the  labella  are  of  considerable  si/c. 
and  are  provided  with  radiatin;^'  ridj^es  on  the  iinu'r.  opposable 
sides.  These  iiseudotrachea'.  as  they  are  called,  serve  as  means 
of  attrition,  by  which  tlie  insects  rub  off  particles  of  food 
from  Mrm  substtinces.  Sometiuu'S  the  labidla  are  Ioul;;  and 
slender  and  folded  back  under  the  labium  when  at  rest.  In 
the  Asilida'  and  sonu'  others,  they  are  rigid  and  horny. 

Perhaps  the  most  imjiortant  of  all  the  m()uth-i)arts,  from 
the  systematic  stand[)oint.  are  the  maxillary  ])ali)i.  Tliey  are 
always  inserted  at  the  inferior  basal  i)art  oi  the  proboscis,  on 
a  thin  plat(>  wliich  bears  tlie  maxilhe,  and  are  always  extri- 
cated. Their  study  has  been  much  neglected,  and  doubtless 
thorough  comparative  researches  will  reveal  not  a  few  charac- 
ters of  value  in  (dassificition.  They  are  variously  described  as 
being  composed  of  from  one  to  live  joints.  Probably  there 
is  never  more  than  four  articulated  joints,  th(>  basal  joint 
being  merely  a  process  of  the  plate  bearing  the  maxilhe. 
The  tendency  in  diptera  is  toward  their  entire  loss,  and  in  the 
most  highly  specialized  families  there  is  never  more  than  one 
articulated  joint.  Thev  may  be  reduced  to  the  merest  rudi- 
ments,  even  in  flies  whicdi  are  more  or  less  i)redaceous  in  ^  ab- 
its  and  wliich  have  the  mouth-]tarts  with  the  excei)tion  of  the 
mandibles,  otherwise  well-develoi)(Ml.  They  are  never  greatly 
(dongated,  save  among  some  of  the  Xematocera. 

Without  going  into  Pi  of.  Smith's  arguments,  he  shows  with 
what  seems  to  be  much  force,  that  the  I'cal  homologies  of  thi' 
dipterous  moulli-[>ai'ts  are  as  follows: 


1 


INTIJODICTION. 


xvir 


Labruni.  . 

Ilypypliarynx. 

Mandihlos. 

Mii.xillio. 

Maxillary  palpi. 

Laltium. 


I'araylossa. 

M^iiia. 

Lacinia. 

I'alpiftTs. 

Maxillary  palpi. 

(talca. 


TIlOItAX. 

Tlie  thorax  is  composed,  as  in  otlier  insects,  of  tlire(>  parts, 
tlie  y>;v>tliorax,  the  7M('.s7;-thorax  and  tlie  mefo-thoviw,  but  tlie 
first  and  the  hist  arc  so  abort,  d  as  to  present  Imt  few  ana- 
tonii(;al  cnaracters.  The  prothorax  is  perhaps  most  readily 
distinguislied  in  the  Ncmatocerous  flics,  formin-  a  rounded 
ro//ar  l)ack  of  the  n.M-k.  The  metathorax  is  not  se.'u  at  all 
from  above;  the  .satfellum.  cut  off  by  an  impressed  line,  usu- 
ally a  semi-oval  body,  really  belon-s  to  the  mesothorax,  the 
dorsum  of  which  is  often  called  the  nn-sonofiiin. 

Transm-se  siffure,  an  impressed  line  usually  running 
straight  across  the  mesonotum  and  terminating  a  little  in  front 
of  tlie  root  of  the  wings.  It  is  mor.'  or  less  incomplete  in 
the  middle. 

HumrrKs  or  humeral  raJh,.^  the  anterior  superior  angles  of 
the  mesothorax,  usually  a  more  or  less  rounded  callus. ' 

Post-alar  ra/hts,  a  more  or  less  distinct  rounded  sw.dling. 
situated  between  the  root  of  the  wing  and  the  scutellum. 

Pre-alar  m/las,  a  similar,  but  usually  less  prominent,  pro- 
jection situated  liefore  the  root  of  the  wings  on  the  sides  of  the 
inesonotum,  just  back  of  the  outer  emls  of  the  transverse  suture. 

Scufellar  hrUhje,  a  snuiU  ridge  on  either  side  of  the  scutel- 
lum, connecting  it  with  the  mesonotum. 

Pn'sufarul  drpression,  a  depression,  usually  triangular  in 
shape,  at  the  outer  emls  of  the  transverse  suture,  near  the 
dorsopleural  suture. 

Supra-alar  f/roorr,  a  groove  on  the  mesothorax  immediately 
above  the  root  of  the  wings,  along  the  inner  margin  of  whic'h 
there  are,  usually,  characteristic  bristles. 


xvm 


IN'I'HODrCriON. 


DiH-sup/t'itrn/  stffiirr,  the  sutiu-'  running;  Iroiu  tlic  huiiiorus  to 
the  root  of  tlic  wiu'^'s,  scparatiiiLj  the  inesoiiotum  from  the 
])leura.     .Mik  ]»r(.»{)o.s('.s  for  it  tlic  ratlicr  more  ajipropriate  term 

oi    /lofit/i/riii'tf/  Slitiiri'. 

Strnidpleitrol  siitiin-,  the  suture  l)eh)\v  the  (h)rso]>h'ural 
suture,  nearly  iJaraUel  with  it  and  s<'i)arating  the  nu'soiJeura 
from  the  steruoi)k'ura. 

sMcsopliiiirdl  sKfiire,  tlie  suture  ruiiniui^'  from  the  root  of  the 
wini^s  downward  and  sei>aratinL,^  the  mesoph'ura  from  tlie 
pterophnira. 

Mt'sojt/rin'K,  tlie  space  situated  in  front  of  the  root  of  the 
winiics,  between  the  dorsojdeural  and  sternopleural  sutures. 

l'fcr(>i>leui'<i,  situated  below  the  root  of  tlie  wings,  baek  of 
the  mesopleural  suture. 

Sfrnid/t/ritni,  the  lower  j)art  of  the  ]>leura,  bidow  the  sterno- 
pleural suture  and  abovt'  the  front  eoxu'. 

IIi//)(>j)leiin(,  the  space  over  the  middle  and  hind  eoxie,  be- 
low the  metapleura  and  {)teroi)leura. 

MetaftJrin'u,  t\w  «' sides  of  the  metanotum",  a  more  or  less 
swollen  space  at  the  outside  of  the  metanotum  and  ln'tween  it 
and  the  pteropleura  and  hypopleura. 

AfctduntuHi,  the  oval,  arched  portion  behind,  beneath  the 
scutellum.  It  is  frecpiently  the  best  developed  in  the  Hies 
with  long,  slender  abdomen,  as  the  Ti[)ulidte. 

Ildltt'vi's,  balancers  or  poisers,  rudimentary  ])osterior  wings, 
a  slender  organ  with  a  dilated  head,  situated  below  eatdi 
metapleura. 

Tei/ubt'  or  d/ii/a',  a  i)air  of  nuMubranous  scales  situated 
above  the  halteres  and  back  of  the  root  of  the  wings,  one 
above  the  other.  The  lower  one  or  both  may  be  rudimentary 
or  absent;  the  u))[)ev  one  nujves  with  the  wings  and  is  called 
tlie  antitegula  by  Osten  Sacken.  Comstoek,  however,  objects 
to  this  use  of  tegula,  saying  that  the  term  was  first  useil 
for  the  cui)-like  scale  above  the  root  of  the  wing  in  certain 
hynu-'iu)ptera.  and  shcmld  be  reserved  lor  that  organ. 


i  ,  ■!  '.i 


INTlJODrCTloX 


XIX 


LK(;s. 
Tlie  three  puirs  of  legs  arc  attuclicd  to  tho  prothonix,  iiioso- 
tliorax  and  metatliorax,  and  arc  called.  rcs])cctivcly  the  front, 
middle  and  liind  pairs.  Wiicn  the  front  and  middle  i)airs  are 
spoken  of  together  they  should  be  called,  for  the  sake  of  ex- 
actness, the  anterior  legs;  wh  i  the  middle  and  hind  ]>airs 
are  collectively  meant,  tiie  posterior  legs.  The  legs  are  com- 
I)Osed  of  five  parts: 

Cit.i'd.  the  part  attaching  the  legs  ])roper  to  the  thorax. 
Trorhdntei',  the  short,  small,   ring-like  portion  lu'tween  t!ie 
femur  and  coxa. 

Fi'iinir,  almost  invariably  the  longest  and  stoutest  portion 
of  the  legs,  often  provided  with  tul)ercles.  spines  or  projec- 
tions or  sometimes  gr  'atly  thickened  ;  usually  slender. 

Tlhid,  the  next  pare  succeeding  the  femur,  iind  like  it  often 
with  various  ornamenttitions  or  })r(»jections.  When  it  ter- 
minates in  one  or  more  distinct,  short  bristly  spines,  it  is 
said  to  be  spurred. 

Tfu-sKs,  the  distal  division  of  the  legs,  comixised  (exccjit  in 
some  abnormal  forms)  of  five  joints,  of  which  the  first,  that 
lu^xt  to  the  tibia,  is  called  the  metatarsus.  On  the  terminal, 
(U-  fifth  joint,  are  the 

rnt/ui's  or  citnrs,  usually  two,  curved  moval)le  booklets  on 
the  umler  side  of  the  last  tarsal  joint,  at  the  base  of  which 
below,  are  a  pair  of 

rulrilJl,  two  i)ad-like,  fleshy  cushions  attached  to  the  last 
joint  of  the  tarsus  below  the  claws,  usually  i)resent.  but  olten 
absent  among  the  Orthorrhai)lia  and  often  much  larger  and 
better  developed  in  the  male  than  the  female,  lietween  them, 
among  a  number  of  the  families  of  the  Cyclorrliai)ha,  is  the 

J'Jinpodlnni,  a  median  aiii)endage  on  the  under  side  of  and 
between  the  claws,  either  in  the  form  of  a  pad,  like  the  i)ul- 
villi,  when  it  is  called  jmlvilliform,  or  like  a  bristle  or  spine; 
rarely  it  is  alone  present  and  the  pulvilli  wanting. 


XX 


INTHODICTION. 


AISDOMKN. 

The  abdomen  is  coniposed  of  ;i  v;uial>l<'  iiumbcr  of  s(\ii:inf'nts. 
more  or  l(\ss  closely  fused  togetlicM".  The  normal  mimher  for 
insects,  nine,  are  r;ir(dy  all  visii)le  (the  Tipulida'  are  exam- 
ples). They  are  counted  from  the  base  on  the  upper  side.  In 
not  a  few  cases  the  first  two  are  so  (dosely  fused  together,  and 
the  first  one  abbreviated,  that  the  nonuMudature  leaves  some 
doubt  in  tiie  mind  of  tlie  student.  Tlie  uj)per  jiai't  of  the  ab- 
donnMi  may  be  esi)e(dally  indicated  by  the  word  ihn-stiin,  but 
in  general,  the  reiitiT  or  under  part  is  alone  thus  contradistin- 
guished. The  male  genitalia,  whitdi  in  many  cases  are  of 
complicated  structure,  and  of  nnich  value  in  classification,  are 
known  collectively  as  tiie  liopoinj^junit,  though  IJergroth  has 
])roposed  the  name  projii/'iium  for  them.  The  on'jiositoroi  the 
female  abdomen  very  fre(piently  projects  from  the  abdomen, 
and  is  sometimes  extremely  long;  its  structure  is  oftiMi  char- 
acteristics of  geiu'ra  or  families.  The  more  detailed  descrij)- 
tion  of  .lie  parts  of  both  these  organs  it  is  unnecessary  to  go 
into  here;  they  may  be  studied  in  the  different  families,  where 
they  often  find  useful  application  in  tlie  sejjaration  of  sj)ecies. 

cii/i:tota.\v. 

Until  within  recent  vears  but  little  attentitm  had  been  j)aid 
by  writers  on  systematic  dipterology  to  the  nund)er  and  ar- 
rangement of  the  bristles  among  flies.  Osten  Sacken,  who 
proposed  the  term  cltii'totaxif,  to  designate  the  .■icience  of  their 
arrangement,  published  an  e])ochmaking  paper  on  the  subject 
in  ISSI.  Since  that  time  their  use  has  steadily  increased 
with  the  most  hap])y  results.  That  they  will  become  more 
and  more  useful  as  their  study  in  different  families  ])rogresses, 
there  can  seem  to  be  no  doubt.  For  that  reason,  it  behooves 
the  student  to  become  familiar  with  tlie  nomenclature  already 
in  use.     The  following  are  the  most  im])ortant  terms  : 

Cki'IIamc   Hkisti.ks. 

I'l'i-tinil.  two  pairs,  inner  and  outer,  inserted   more  or  less 


M 


IXTKHDrcTION. 


\  X I 


hcliiiid  the  upper  iiiul   iimcr  corii'V  of  the  t-yc,  civet,  or  tlie 
iiiiH'i-  jiair  coiivt'i^m'ut,  tlir  outrr  paii'  (livci-Lrciit. 

I'nsfrrrf'ii-(il,  in  the  middle  u[  the  upi)er  part  oT  tiie  oeeiput. 
mcneraily  small  or  ahseiit. 

(h;ll,n\  situated  (dose  to  tlie  oetdli,  usually  directed  I'oi'- 
wiird  ;  often  absent. 

Fnnifo-orhitdl  bristles,  placed  on  (>ach  side  of  the  front,  near 
the  orbit,  immediately  below  the  vertical  bristles.  There 
may  l»e  oww  two  or  none  on  caeh  side. 

Loirt'r friHitn-orh'ttiil,  situated  on  the  lower  parted'  the  front, 
above  the  antcniue,  alonj;  the  orl)it.  and  not  (juite  in  liiu'  with 
the  fronto-orbital  l)ristles.  They  are  not  of  frc(|uent  occur- 
rence. 

I'ihrissii,  a  stout  bristle  situated  near  the  oral  margin  on 
ea(di  side.  Of  imi)ortant  use  in  the  (dassitication  of  the 
A(;alyptrat{e. 

Fiir'tiil,  A  series  of  bristles  on  either  side  of  the  middle  por- 
tion of  the  face,  above  the  vibrissas  esi)ecially  conspicuous 
anu)ng  many  genera  of  the  Tachinida'.  but  usually  absent  in 
tlie  Acalyptratie. 

TlIOUACIC     1)(»|{SAI,     nuiSTI.KS. 

llumi'i'fil,  om^  or  nu)re  bristles  inserted  on  the  humeral 
callus. 

I'nst-hinin>j-nJ,  usually  two.  inserted  immediately  above  the 
dorso-jdeural  suture,  between  the  humeral  eallus  and  the  root 
of  the  wing,  on  the  i)ottom  of  the  jire-sutural  depression. 

I'rc-siitiinil.  one  or  more  bri.Ntles  situated  immediately  in 
front  of  the  transverse  suture,  above  the  i)re-sutural  depression. 

Stiprd-tilu,',  usually  three  l)risth"S.  one  on  the  ])ost-alar  cal- 
lus, one  on  tiu^  alar  freuum  and  tlu'  dnrd  in  iront  of  the  second 
on  the  edge  of  the  sui)ra-alar  depression. 

Intni-dlar,  a  row  of  two  or  three  bristles  between  the  supra- 
alar  grouj)  and  the  dorso-central  bristle^". 

DorHo-reiifrol,  two  or  four  longitudinal  rows  on  the  inner 
part  of  the  dorsum,  sometimes  represent  by  the 


XXII 


INTKODrCTIOX. 


Pri'sriifilhir,  a  traiisvorso  rf)\v  of  l)ristl(\s  in   front   of  the 
scutcllum. 


I   i  . 


TllOKACIC    I'MCrKAr,     I'UISTI-KS. 

Prnphiiinil,  bristU's  inserted  immediately  above  the  front 
cox;e. 

jlfi'so/jlen/'(iI,  bristles  inserted  on  the  mesoi)leurie,  in  the 
angle  formed  by  the  dorso-pleural  and  mesopleural  sutures. 

Sferno/zfeiini/,  one  or  several  bristles  situated  on  the  sterno- 
pleura,  below  the  sternopleural  suture. 

FteropleurdI,  bristles  inserted  on  the  pteropleune.  rarely 
present  and  ditticult  to  distinguish. 

Mi'fapli'urdl,  bristles  inserted  on  the  metapleura;,  espeeially 
conspicuous  in  the  Asiliihe,  and  named  by  Lynch  the 

Tn'rhosfmt/  bristles,  a  fan-like  row  on  the  meta})leura',  con- 
spicuous in  some  families. 

Hi/popli'iirnJ  bristles,  a  row  or  tuft  of  bristles  on  the  hypo- 
I)leura,  occurring  in  the  Calyi)trata'. 

Abdominal  Rristi.ks. 

Marfjinal  bristles,  bristles  inserted  on  the  j)OSterior  marucin 
of  the  segments,  especially  conspicuous  in  many  Tachinidu'. 

Dlscdl  bristles,  bristles,  usually  one  or  more  pairs,  inserted 
on  the  middle  of  the  segments  before  the  hind  margin. 

Lateral  bristles,  one  or  more  bristles  situated  on  or  near 
the  lateral  margins  of  the  segments. 

In  addition,  a  number  of  terms  are  used  to  designate  the 
inclination  of  the  bristles,  often  important  in  describing  the 
cephalic  bristles.  The  more  important  of  these  are  erect,  when 
standing  vertically,  or  nearly  so;  proel'mate,  when  directed 
forward;  rerHnate,  when  directed  backward;  dlrarkate  or 
di(!er(jent  when  directed  outward  from  the  middle  line ;  con- 
rer(/eiit  when  directed  inwardly  ;  dentssate  or  mirlatf  when 
crossing  each  other. 


lNTl{(H)r(  "IION. 


X  X 1 1 1 


I'ront 


\VIN<iS. 

To  titulerstaiid  lln'   iniirdfloii   or  rrn,'f')i,,\  df  tlic  winus  t lie 

student   may   select    a   eoiinuon    lar.Lre    li(»ise-llv    (TahaiiiiLe). 

Observe  Ileal'  the  middle  of  rlie  wiii;^'  directed  t raiisverstd \ .  a 

large,  oblong,  five  or  six  siiled  e(dl.  surrounded  on  all  sides  liv 

other  oells.     This  is  the  (Hsnil  ccdl   and   is   jiresent  in  lu'arlv 

all  flies.      Somewhere  on  the  vidn    (fourth   loiniitinlinul).  that 

hounds  this  cell  in  front,  will  he  seen  a  short  conneetiiiL,''  vein. 

directed    anteriorly,   the  mifi-rlnr  or  siiml!    rrnss-n'm.    wl:i(di 

affords,  in  most  cases,  a  key  to  tlie  iieuratioii.  no  matter  how 

intricate.      It   always   connects  the   foui'th    longitudinal   vein 

behind  witli  tiie  third  longitudinal  vein  in  Iroiit  (in  a  few  rare 

cises  the  second  longitudinal  vein);   the  ctdl   l)ehinii  it   is  the 

discal.   in   front,   between  the  second  and   third   loiigitmlinal 

veins,  the  mihimi i'<i'ninl  ;  on  the   outer  side  the  Jirst  imsfrrin-  : 

on  the  inner  side  t\\i\tirsf  hnsni.     Just  l)a(d<  of  the  first  basal 

cell  and  separated  from  it  by  the  fourth   longitudinal  vein,  is 

the  second  hnsaJ  n'lJ  :  l)ack  of  the  si'cond   basal  ami  se]»arated 

by  the  fifth  longitudinal  vtdu.   is  the  third  basal  or  (i/m/  crll. 

JJaek  of  th<>  aiuil  cell  and  iiKduding  the  free  posterior  proximal 

l)ortion  of  the  wing  is  the  axUhn'ii  crll.      In  the   horse-Hv  the 

anal  cell  is  seen  to  run  back  oltli(piely  to  near  the  posterior 

margin  of  the  wing,  where  it  termiiuites  acut<dy.  that  is.  the 

anal  c(dl   is  closed  near  the   border  of  the   wing;  should  the 

two  veins  that  clos;'  it  run  se])ai'ately  into  the  margin  of  the 

wing,  then  the  cell   is  said  to  lie  open.     Counting  from  the 

third  longitudinal  v(Mn  (posterior  branch)  backward  along  the 

l)Osterior  bordt-r  of  the  wing,  to  the   vein  that  closes  the  aiuil 

cell  outwardly,  the  student  will  count  five  different  cells,  the 

first  of  which,  as  already  said,  borders  on   the  first  basal  e(dl. 

the    second  and  third  on  the  discal   cell,  the  lourth  on    the 

discal  and  second  basal  cell,  and  the  fifth  on  the  second  basal 

and  anal  cells;  these  cells  are  called  the  j,nst,r}nr  rrlls.  and 

are  numbered  from  before  back:  the   first  is  bounded  by  the 

third  and  fourth  longitudimil  and  the  anterior  cross-vein  :   the 


XXIV 


IXTliODUCTION. 


second  by  the  fourth  longitudiTial  in  front,  the  anterior  inter- 
cahary  vein  behind,  and  the  posterior  cross-vein  at  the  outer 
side  of  the  discal  cell ;  the  third  is  bounded  by  the  anterior 
intercalary,  and  the  fifth  longitudinal  vein  and  the  posterior 
cross-vein;  the  fourtli  is  bounded  by  the  iifth  longitudinal 
vein  in  front  and  the  posterior  intercalary  vein  behind ;  the 
fifth  by  the  posterior  intercalary,  the  fifth  longitudinal  at  the 
outer  end  of  the  second  basal  cell,  and  the  posterior  hasal  rross- 
re'in  at  the  outer  end  of  the  anal  cell.  The  short  vein  which 
separates  the  second  basal  cell  from  the  discal  cell  is  known 
as  the  anh'rlor  hasid  cross-ve'm.  Now,  following  the  third 
longitudinal  vein  outwardly  it  will  be  found  to  give  off  an  an- 
terior branch  whicli  runs  forward  to  terminate  in  the  anterior 
border  of  .the  wing,  or  ro.sYf/ ;  the  cell  included  between  this 
fork  and  the  vein  itself  behind  is  the  scvond  si/hmarf/lnal  rrll. 
The  second  longitudinal  vein  borders  the  first  subnuarginal 
cell  in  front  and  terminates  in  the  costa;  between  it  and  the 
first  longitudinal  vein  which  has  a  similar  course  and  termi- 
nation is  the  vmr'jinal  cell ;  between  the  first  longitudinal 
vein  and  the  costa  there  is  another  parallel  vein  with  nar- 
row cells  on  each  side  of  it,  the  vein  is  the  (ni.rill<tri/,  and  tlie 
cell  before  it  the  costal,  behind  it  the  KubcotytuJ.  Finally,  ne;ir 
the  root  of  the  wing  there  is  a  short  cross-vein  connecting  the 
auxiliary  vein  with  the  costa;  it  is  known  as  the  humrr<il 
cross-rriii. 


The  student  is  urged  to  i»vocure  a  cojty  of  Comstock's  IMan- 
ual  of  Insects  for  use  in  coniu'ction  with  this  work.  The 
figures  there  given  of  the  various  parts  of  the  exteinal  anato- 
my of  di])tera  and  especially  of  the  neuration,  are  the  truest 
to  nature  that  I  have  ever  seen.  The  nomenclature  of  the 
wing-neuration  there  adopted,  or  some  modihcation  of  it,  is 
destined  to  supplant  the  Meigenian  or  Schinerian  terjuinolo- 
gies  now  almost  exclusively  used.  I  have  not  adopted  it  in 
this  work  for  two  reasons  :  first,  that  it  has  not  vet  been  fidly 


iNTii(H)r('Ti()N. 


XXV 


or  inter- 
le  outer 
anterior 
)Osterior 
itudinal 
lul;  the 
il  at  the 
\(d  cross- 
u  which 
5  known 
le  third 
ft'  an  an- 
anterior 
pen  this 
'nal  rc/L 
iiarginal 
and  tlie 
d  ternii- 
;itudiniil 
ith  nar- 
and  tli(^ 
lly,  near 
'tinj^'  the 


!v*s  jNIan- 
k.  The 
il  anato- 
le  truest 
e  oi'  the 
of  it,  is 
rminolo- 
:ed  it  in 
een  fullv 


J 


'■•■ 


crvstallized  into  a  permanent  sliape ;  second,  because  nearly- 
all  the  existing  literature  has  the  nomenclature  here  employed 
and  to  use  a  new  out-  would  largely  defeat  tlie  object  of  the 
work  in  thehamls  of  the  i)egiiiner.  1  give  below  the  ter- 
minology used  by  Coiustock,  together  with  the  Cfjuivalent 
terms  here  used  and  the  e([uivalent  ones  in  the  terminologv 
of  Schiner,  for  the  horsi'-Hv. 


Auxiliary  vt'iii 

II 

Mediastinal 

First  l()ii{,ntu(liiiiil     . 

nil 

Subcostal 

Si'coih!  longitudinal 

i!i-_>,.*;   . 

Ka.lial 

Tliinl  loiijjitudiiial   . 

iii.j 

Cubital 

Fourtli  l()n<rituilinal 

Vl' 

Discoidal 

Fifth  lonjritiKiiiial    . 

v;! 

I'ostical 

Sixth  loriuitudiiial    . 

IX 

Anal 

Anterior  hrant-h  of  thin! 

vein                    1 114 

Anterior  intiTcalary 

Vli 

I'osterior  intercalary 

VIII 

Costal  cell 

•Judl 

Costal 

Subcostal  cell  . 

II 

.Me(iiastinal 

Maru'inal  cell   . 

nil 

Subcostal 

First  sul)niar,uinal  cell 

in:; 

Cubital 

Second  suhmaruiiial  cell 

nit 

First  basal  cell 

L'ndin 

Second  basal  cell 

\' 

Anal  cell 

vin 

Axillary  cell     . 

IX 

First  posterior  cell  . 

IIIo 

Second  i)()sterior  cell 

VI 

Third  posterior  cell 

•ImW-l 

Fourth  i)osterior  cell 

\:\ 

Fit'th  posterior  cell   . 

VIII 

Discal  vvW 

lstVL> 

Flies  differ  very  much  in  the  nature  of  tjicir  covering. 
Many  are  nearly  or  (piitc  bare;  otiiers  have  a  thick,  woolly 
covering  of  (dosely  set,  long  liiu'  hair;  while  others  still  have 
an  abunihmt  covering  of  h.ng  stout,  heavy  bristles  ov  „>,„■,;,- 
<-li<rf,i:     Undoubtedly  the  kind  of  covering  lias  much  ivlation 


XXVI 


IXrUODUCTlON. 


witl.  the  liabits  of  the  iiuiture  insects,  yet  just  what  tiie  rehi- 
tions  are  is  not  yet  well  understood.  Osten  Saeken  lias  ob- 
served that  the  eremoeluetous  Hies  (i.  e.  diptera  in  winch 
there  is  a  general  absence  of  bristles,  as  for  example  the 
Stratioiuyidoe,  LepticUe,  ami  Tabanida^)  are  for  the  most  part 
holoptic  in  the  male  sex  and  at  the  same  time  are  principally 
aerial  tlies,  flying  swiftly  and  with  the  liabit  of  hovering, 
using  their  legs  oidy  for  alighting.  On  the  contrary  the 
cluetophorous  flies  (as  the  Muscidcb,  sens,  lat.,  Thorida',  Doli- 
chopodida^,  AsilidcC,  etc.)  use  tiieir  legs  as  much  as,  sometimi^s 
nu)re,  than  the  wings  for  locomotion,  and  rarely  have  the  eyes 
contiguous  in  the  male  sex.  Probably  the  development  of  the 
macrochteta^  reaches  its  highest  extent  among  the  Tachinida-, 
as  for  instance  in  Ih'jeania,  Saunders  la,  etc.,  and  the  Dexiida^ 
(Ili/sfrlsljihona,  etc.),  where  the  abdomen  may  be  almf)st 
wholly  covered  with  long  and  erect,  very  rigid  spines. 

As  concerns  other  forms  of  covering,  the  usage  of  writers 
is  not  very  exact;  the  terms  /itiii:  jii/c  piilx'sn'iice  and  tnmen- 
titm,  are  used  with  a  wide  degree  of  latitude.  In  general,  how- 
ever, pile  should  be  restri(^ted  to  indicate  close,  thickly  s''t, 
flue  hair,  as  in  the  pile  of  velvet,  while  hair  may  mean  longer. 
and  less  abundant.  Pubescence  should  mean  very  short,  tine 
hairs,  while  tomentum  can  only  be  correctly  ai)plied  to  recum- 
bent, flattened  scale-like  or  stubble-like  hairs,  whicdi  gradually 
merge  into  dn.st  or  pollen,  which  is  so  generally  present  in 
flies,  and  upon  wliich  the  determination  of  nuiny  species  must 
largely  de])en(l. 

I X  T  K  H  X .  V  T.    A  X  A  T  O  M  V . 

For  the  following  brief  accdunt  of  the  internal  anatomy  of 
Diptera  I  am  imlebted  to  Prof.  V.  L.  Kellogg. 

The  special  features  of  the  internal  structure  of  the  l)ii)t(M'a 
are  the  high  degree  of  comnuitration  of  the  nervous  system 
attained  in  some  of  the  members  of  the  order,  the  expansion 
of  the  two  main  tracheal  trunks  in  the  base  of  the  abdomen 


■ 


^      \ 


INTKODICTIOX. 


X  X  \'  1 1 


to  form  air  sans,  tlio  presence  of  a  sucking  stomacli  as  in  tli(> 
Le|)i(lo])tera,  tlie  constant  number  (lour,  rarely  live)  of  the 
]\[alp]iigian  tubes,  aiul  the  aljseuce  of  ;i  l,iit'!«i  mpulntr'tx  in  the 
females. 

The  alimentary  canal  presents  behind  the  (esophagus  an 
expansion  which  is  a  crop  or  sucking  stomach.  The  ventri- 
culus,  or  true  stomach,  lying  behind  it,  has  usually  two  ('(eca; 
and  the  long,  slender,  .Malpighiaii  vessels  are,  in  almost  all 
S[)ecies,  four  in  number,  a  surprising  constancy  compared  with 
the  condition  in  other  groups  of  si)ecialized  insects.  The  ves- 
sels open  singly  into  the  alimentary  canal  in  some  flies  and  in 
others  they  unite  in  piiirs  before  reaching  the  canal  and  open 
into  it  by  two  ducts. 

The  lieart  is  of  the  usual  type,  with  two  chambers  in  the 
more  si)ecialized  families,  owing  to  the  concentration  of  the 
body.  In  the  larva  of  Corcthra  the  heart  is  a  simple,  elongate 
tube  without  cliambers. 

The  two  main  tracheal  trunks  expand  at  the  base  of  tlie 
abdomen  into  conspicuous  air  sacs  similar  to  tjiose  found 
among  Hymenoptera,  Lepidojjtera.  the  lanu^licorn  beetles  and 
some  other  insects.  The  two  ])airs  of  spiracles  of  th(>  thorax 
are  provided  with  ''vocal  cords",  and  a  considerable  i)art  of 
the  humming  sound  is  i)roduced  by  Micse  structun's.  The 
abdominal  si)iracles  of  some  Hies  are  as  primitive  ;is  are  to  be 
louud  among  insects,  being  sim])]y  unlijjped  openings. 

The  condition  of  the  m>rvous  system  varies  greatr-  within 
the  order.  In  the  elongale.  more  generalized  Xematocerous 
forms  there  are  five  or  six  abdoiuimil  g;iugli;i,  and  three  dis- 
tinct thoracic  ganglia.  From  this  condition  to  that  shown  i)y 
the  Mus(.ida',  where  all  the  thoracic;  and  abdominal  ganglia 
are  united  into  one  large  ganglion  in  the  thonix.  a,  most  in- 
structive series  of  gra(iatory  forms  is  ]iresent<'d.  In  the 
Empidida',  which  stand  intcrmediatcdy  as  regards  the  concen- 
tration of  the  ventral  cord,  the  two  anterior  thoracic  ganglia 
are  fused  into  (uu' ;  this  condition   is  radically  different  from 


XXVIIl 


INTRODUCTION. 


tliat  shown  l)y  insects  of  other  orders,  ;is  the  Coleoptera, 
Lepidoptera  and  llyiaenoptera,  \vhi(^li  liave  ])ut  two  thoracic 
gan^^dia.  In  tlicse  insects,  however,  it  is  the  two  posterior 
ganglia  (nieso  and  nietathoraei(t)  which  are  t'nsed  into  one. 

The  careful  studies  of  Chihl  on  the  so-caUed  Johnston's 
organ,  an  ekiborate  structure  of  tine  chitin  rods  connected 
with  speinal  nerve  cells  and  these  connected  by  fine  nerves 
with  the  main  antennal  nerve,  the  whole  organ  (which  is  lo- 
cated in  the  second  antennal  joint)  seem  to  u-cribe  definitely 
an  auditory  function  to  t!ie  antennae.  Child's  studies  were 
mostly  made  on  the  Nematocerous  forms. 

Special  nerve  structures  are  present  at  the  base  of  the  lial- 
teres,  and  orienting,  auditory  and  other  sense  functions  have 
been  ascribed  to  them  by  various  morphologists.  Flies  from 
whi(!h  these  organs  have  been  removed  are  utterly  unable 
properly  to  direct  their  flight. 

The  internal  organs  of  the  re])roductive  system  present 
some  interesting  peculiarities.  The  ovaries  of  the  fenuile 
consists  of  an  exceptionally  large  number  of  egg-tubes,  there 
are  three  rcceptucull  seinlii<(h'i<,  paired  accessory  glands,  and 
no  true  burfia  ('(rpuldfrli'.  The  males  have  two  oval  testes  with 
short  vasa  differentia.  The  testes  are  not  infrecpiently  color- 
ed, possessing  a  pigment  layer.  There  is  a  well  develo[)ed 
penis  with  accessory  copulatory  organs. 

Olassii<mcatiox  of  Dh'TKKA. 
The  flrst  real  attempt  at  the  subdivision  of  the  order  of 
Diptera  was  made  by  Latreille  in  iSdL'.  when  he  distinguished 
between  the  Nenuitocerous  and  Uraciiycerous  forms.  The 
term  Nemocera  was  introduced  by  him  in  1817,  and  the  (diar- 
acters  upon  which  lie  based  the  grouj)  are  yet  employed.  The 
name  Brachycera  was  applied  to  the  renuiining  dijitera  by 
Mactpiart  in  ISlio.  The  (characters  he  used,  following  La- 
treille, wei'e : 


I 


A    '.t'niiio  at  li'iist  six-joiiitcd  ;  ])ulpi  four  or  livc-jointi'il, 
Aiiti'iuiii'  tlii'i'i'-joiiiti'd  ;  i)tili)i  oiio  or  two-joiiitril. 


NkMO(  iMJA. 
TJltACllVCKliA. 


INTKonrcTlON. 


XXIX 


This  attoin?)t  iit  subdivision,  based  ui.oii  tlie  aiitcinia'  and 
])alj)i,  was  all  that  hail  Iteeu  uv.ulo  until  a  coniparativcly  recent 
date.  It  is  the  classification  followed  by  Loew  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  ^Fonographs  published  as  late  as  1<S(!(>.  h, 
ISflo  Brauer  ])roj)osed  a  more  rational  division  of  the  dij.tera 
into  the  two  suborders.  Orthorrlia].ha  and  Cyclorrhapha,  based 
chiefly  u[)OU  larval  and  pup;d  characters.  Their  cliaracters 
in  a  later  puldication  he  gives  as  follows: 

Liirvii'  witli  a  "  jaw-capsulc "  (Kioffrkapsel)  or  a  (liCtVrciitiate.l  \w:u]. 
Vu]y.v  tVff  or  eiu'luj^ed  in  tlic  larval  skin;  in  cither  case  the  larval  skin 
hursts  for  the  extrication  of  the  pupa  or  inm-o  in  a  T-shai.ed  (.|.enin<r  on 
the  l)ack  of  the  anterior  eiiil,  or  rarely  in  a  transverse  rent  hetween  the 
eighth  and  ninth  abdominal  rin-s.     The  itnago  lacks  the  frontal  lunule 

=""'  I'tilinun. OKTMOUKHACilA. 

Larva'  without  dilYerentiated  iiead.  I'upa'  always  enclosed  in  the  hard- 
ened larval  skin  (forinin.ir  the  so-called  pupariuin);  the  in.auo  alwavs 
escaping:  from  the  anterior  end  throu.^di  a  circular  oritiee.  Frontal  lunule 
present;  ptilinum  usually  present ('vci,(m;i:m.vi'iia. 

More  recently  Hraucu-  has  jjroposed  a  further  sulxlivision  of 
the  suborders  into  tribes  and  grcuips  as  follows: 

Sl'HOIiDKlt    OliTllOUItHAPHA. 
Section  I.     Nematocera. 

Trihe  1.      Kucephala.     Families  Mycetophilida",    Hil.ionida-,  Chiro- 
nomida>,  Culicidu',   Hlepharocerid;.',  Simuliida>,   I'sychodida',   I'ty- 
chopterida',  I{hoi)hida-. 
Tril)e  2.     Olij-oneura.     Family  (Vcidoinyiihe. 
Trihe.'!.      I'olyneura.     Tipulida',  Linniohiida". 
Section  II.      Brachycera. 

Triljc  4.     Acroptcra.     Family  Loiicliopterida'. 
Trihe  ').      I'laty-icnya. 

(Jrou))  1.     llomodactyla. 

Superfamily  1,     Xot:icantha.     Families  Stratomyidas  Xvlo- 
phayida'. 

Sui)erfannly  2.     Tanyston.a.      Families   Tahanida..    Acan- 
thromerida^  Lei)tida'. 

Superfanuly  ."J.     Hombylimorpha.      Families  Xcnustrinida', 
Acrocerithi'. 


XXX 


INTKODl'CTION. 


(iroup  2.     HottTodactyla. 

Superfamily  1.     I'roccphala.     Faniilics  Mydaiihi',  Asiliihi', 
BomhyWuhv. 
Tribe  (5.     Ortliofjonya.     Fainilii's  Kiiipi(li(la>,  Dolichopodidu,'. 

SUBOUDKU  CYCLOHKHAPIIA. 
Section  I.     Aschiza. 

Tribe  1.     Syrphidiu.     Families  Syrpliida\  Pipnnculida\ 
Tribe  2.     Ilypocera.     Families  Phorida',  IMatypezidie. 
Seetion  II.     Schizopliora. 

Tribe  3.     Eumyidic.     Muscidea  of  tlie  present  work'. 

Superfamily  Sciiizometopa.     (^alyptrat:e  of  the  i)resent  work. 
Superfamily  llolometopa.     Acalyptratte  of  tiie  pt-esent  work. 
Tri])e  4.     Pupipara.     Pupipara  of  authors. 


Osten  Sacken,  however,  objeots  to  this  ehissificiition  and 
offers  valid  reason  to  suiitain  his  objections,  at  least  so  far  as 
the  Orthorrliapha  are  concerned.  He  insists  that  the  Neniato- 
eera  and  Krachycera  are  natural  divisions  and  bases  their 
distinction  ultimately  upon  tlie  piilpal  characters.  He  says 
that  for  some  unex}>lained  reason  later  authors  have  neglected 
these  characters  and  have  concentrated  their  attention  upon 
tlie  antennae.  In  this  statement,  however,  T  think  tliat  Osten 
Sacken  is  somewhat  unjust.  The  cliariicters  of  the  paljii 
have  been  used  by  both  Schiner  and  Brauer,  as  well  as  in  my 
own  classitication,  and  stress  has  been  placed  u[)on  tliciii. 
Schiner  states  exi)licitly  that  NemlstruKt  lias  three-jointed  pal- 
pi, and  it  is  known  that  Aedes,  as  well  as  scmic  jj^eiun'a  of  C'e- 
cidomyidte,  have  but  a  single  palpal  joint.  This  being  the  case, 
it  is  seen  that  the  character  oi'  the  palpi  is  nof  the  ultimate 
distinction  between  the  two  groui)S.  As  I  have  already  said, 
there  are  never  more  than  four  articulated  joints  among  the 
dijitera  in  the  palpi,  and  the  great  majority  of  the  Cyclorrha- 
])ha  have  none,  the  basal  process  or  i)rojection  being  all  that 
is  presenic,  and  this  will  usually  it'  not  always  be  found,  albeit 
often  in  a  rudiment  condition,  among  all  forms  of  the  order. 

I  give  Osten  Sacken's  classification  at  length,  as  follows : 


INTKODITTIOX. 


XXXI 


OltTIIOKUIIAI'HA. 

Xtmnrrni  wrtx.  No  holoptic  lua.i  in  tlic  male  sex;  no  }.is(.cti„n  nr  hie, I- 
oration  of  tlie  cyi's.  Antriitiic  jirovidcd  with  scnsiti'  liairs  nr- 
ranjrc-d  synmictrically  on  tin-  llaiiiiiiini  in  verticils  or  jtencils  of 
hairs  (exet-ption  .Mycetophili.la').  X<»  ocelli  (exceiition  Mycetoplii- 
Ii(ia>anil  I.estrernina').  No  piilvilli;  enipoiiia  often  hut  n(it  always 
present. 
A.  I.arvii'  perii.neiistic*  always  terrestrial.  Kainilies  Cecidoniyida', 
Mycetoi»liiii(ia'. 

R.  I^arv;L'nietapneiisticoraini)hipnenstic,a(iiiati(\suha(iuatic.  sometimes 
terrcNtrial.  Families,  Ciilicida-,  ('lnro!iomida",  r.sychodida%  ('| 
Dixida',  Tipulida'. 

Xrmonrn  anomala.  Diptera  with  liomolouc.ns  joints  to  the  lla-ellum, 
usually  four-jointed  i.ali)i.  .Males  fre(iuentiy  holoptic,  sometimes 
the  females  also.  I'ulvilli  usually  i)resent.  Antenna-  without  sensi- 
tive hairs.  Ocelli  usually  present.  Families  F.ihionidu',  Siinuliida", 
Hlepharocerida-,  Uliyphida',  Orphnephilida'. 

nnir/if/a-m.  I'alpi  one  or  two-jointed,  not  pendulous,  |)orrect.  the  second 
joint  more  or  less  clavate,  lar.yer  than  the  first.  Joints  of  the  Ha-rel- 
lum  usually  not  homolo<j;ous. 

Xo  niacroclui'tii'.  Tliree  well  developed  pulvilli.  Males  predcmiineiitly 
holoptic,  the  eyes  often  hisectcd.  Antenna!  Haiiellum  polymorphous. 
Axillary  incision, alula  and  antite<.;ula  in  most  cases  distinct!:-  devel- 
oped. Discal  cell  usually  present;  usually  five  posterior  cells. 
Lc-is  ratlier  smootli.  Fanulies  Stratioinyida-,  Tal)anida',  Acantlio- 
mvrUhv,  Leptida- Kim:mo.  u.i;ta. 

COLLKCTIOX    AM)     rUESKUV ATIOX    OK    ])lI'TEUA. 

Flies  imist  be  ('ollectcd  with  iinich  moiv  caiv  tli;i]i  can  1m> 
safely  used  with  such  insects  us  colcopttM-a.  .Moisture  oC  all 
kinds  injures  or  ruins  them,  and  sinvinirns  collected  in  alcohol 
are  worthless.  For  this  reason  the  ('(dlectiTii,'  bottle  should  1)(> 
lined  throughout  with  blottin-  paix'r.  ;uid  the  eyaiiide  placed 
in  the  cork;  a  very  little  poison  sulKees  to  kill  th.-ni.  Nor 
should  they  be  allowed  to  become  too  dry  Ixd'ore  pinniiio-. 
The  pin  should  be  thrust  throu-h  the  middle  of  the  thorax, 
and  the  specimen  jdaeed  just  so  as  to  enable  the  head  of  the 
pin  to  be  grasped  by  th.e  tluuub  and  lit 


*  .1  mp/i 


iger  safely.    \vv\  small 
mpluirnvrntir  hirva^  are  those  in  which  tlie  si)iracles  arc^tTm fined  to  tlie 


first  and  last  seuinent 


posterior 


'l<i/„i(usli<'  tliose  in  whicdi  tliev  are  confined  to  tl 


meilian  riiu 


sc.unients;   /„  nj^iKKslir   those  in   whicli  they  are   iil)sent  on    th 


\  X  X 1 1 


i.\'i"K()i)r(  rioN. 


sitf'ciincns  should  ncvci-  be  L^diu'd  to  card  ])oiiits.  as  is  ('din- 
moidy  done  with  ('(th'fjptci'a  :  they  shdidd  always  be  )»iiin('(l. 
Somctiint's  six'ciiiicns  may  ln'  ('(ilIcctxMl  and  jjackcd  in  some 
very  line,  light  sawdust,  iui])r('g"aUMl  with  (•ai'])()lic  acid,  whcro 
it  is  ineoMvonit'iit  or  iin])ossihlc  to  i)iii  thcni.  Such  specimens 
heiny  gently  se])arated  h'om  the  sawdust  ai'e  allowed  to  re- 
main for  some  hours,  over,  hut  not  touching,  damj)  sand  hefoi'e 
])inning.  To  ])in  the  siuiill  specimens,  use  narrow  strips  of  good 
card-hoard  or  bi'istol-board,  thrusting  a  slender  jnn  through  oiu' 
eiul  and  allowing  it  to  protrude  just  a  little  above  thi^  vd'^c  ami 
cdi])ping  off  the  longer  end  witii  a  pair  of  pliers.  Thrust  the 
I)oint  of  tlie  pin  as  ludd  in  the  card-board,  into  the  under  side 
of  the  insect,  but  not  entirely  through  it,  and  a  stronger  i)in 
in  the  reverse  direction  through  the  otlier  end  of  the  snudl 
strip.  The  pins  are  to  be  thrust  through  the  card-board  from 
edge  to  edge,  and  in  conse(pieuce  a  good  ({uality  is  to  be  se- 
lected that  will  not  split  too  readily.  The  wings  should  never 
be  spread,  but  should  be  turned  aside  so  as  not  to  conceal  the 
abdomen.  In  the  early  part  of  the  season  nuiny  interesting 
species  will  be  (iaught  with  the  beating-net.  The  pointed  end 
of  the  beating-net  nuiy  be  thrust,  with  its  contents,  into  a 
bottle  containing  a  little  eliloroform,  or  into  a  cyanide  bottle, 
for  a  short  time,  when  the  specimens  nuiy  be  leisurely  re- 
moved. Later  in  the  season,  flower-flies  will  be  collected  from 
a  great  variety  of  nudliferous  blossoms,  and  it  is  better  to 
wait  for  the  sp(>cimens  to  (ome  to  such  blossoms  tluin  to  go 
hastily  about  looking  for  them.  I  have  collected  from  a  sin- 
gle j)at(?h  of  elderbei'ry  blossoms,  not  a  rod  in  diameter,  more 
than  forty  species  of  Syrjil.idu'  within  ten  days.  Not  nuui}- 
sjx'cies  an'  to  be  found  in  shady  woods,  but  those  species  must 
be  sought  for  there.  To  preserve  flies  in  the  cabijiet  from 
tluur  insect  enemies,  I  use  naphthaline.  The  head  of  ordinary 
])ins,  when  heated  red-hot,  may  be  thrust  into  the  eonnnon 
moth-balls  sold  by  the  drnggists.  Avhich  when  thus  nu)unted 
serve  all  jiurjtoses. 


OTTAWA  ^^^^^'ULiURE 

^^^  -    CANADA 


4 
f. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY,  1878-1805. 


1.     ALDRICn.  JOHN   MKKTOX. 
Psyche,  CAMnRiiKJi;,  Mass. 

1.  A  New  Genus  and  Species  of  r.-iltiinidje,  vi,  '>:\i>,  l>:',7,  240,  fi<,'s.   1^02. 

2.  The  Dolieliopodid  (ieiius  Lianeulus,  vi,  uOO-oTl,  \X92. 

■i.  The  Tipuiid  Genera  Hittacoinorpha  and  IVdieia,  vii,  200-202,  1804. 
Kansas  Univkhsitv  Qiaktkulv,  Lawkem  e,  Kansas. 

4.  A  Ue,  ision  of  tlie  Genera  Doiieliopu.s  ami  Ily^'roeeieuthus,  ii,  1-20, '$);). 

5.  New  Genera  and  Species  of  l'sih,piii;i',  ij,  47-.'»0,  Ks<>;5. 

(>.   New  Genera  anci  Species  of  l)()licliopodi(he,  ii,  irjl-l.'>7,  ]S9t. 
Canadian  ENxoMor.ofjisT,  London,  Ontakio. 
7.   New  Species  of  Pliora,  xxiv,  142-140,  lWt2. 

2.     AUSTEN,  EUNEST  K. 
Pkoceedings  of  the  Zoological  Sociktv  of  London,  England. 

L  Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Dipterous  Insects  of  the  Family  Svr- 
phidw  in  the  Collection  of  the  British  Museum,  with  Notes  on  SpeJies 
described  by  the  late  Francis  Walker,  I'art  I,  Maechini  and  Brachv- 
opini,  18{);5,  l.']2-l(;4,  pis.  iv,  v. 

Annals  and  Magazine  op  Natikal  Histouv,  London,  England. 
2.  On  the  Specimens  of  the  Genus  Cutiterel)ra  and  its  Allies  (Family 
()estrida')  in  the  collection  of  tlie  British  Museum,  with  the  Descrip- 
tion of  a  New  Genus  aiul  Three  New  Species,  ((i)  .\v,  :177-4!I(J,   i)l. 
xiii,  1705. 

'I   Further  Notes   on  Cutiterelmi  :    On   the  identity  of   certain   species 
described  by  the  late  P,racy  Clark,  {{>)  xvi,  147-lo.J,  1800. 

;].     BANKS,  NATHAN. 
Canadian  Entomologist,  London,  Ontario. 

1.  Concerninjr  Calotarsa  ornatipes  Townsend,  xxvi,  88,  1804. 

2.  Some  Psychodidie  from  Lonjr  Island,  N.  Y.  xxvi,  ;J2!»-:j;J.J,  1804. 
••).  Notes  on  Psydioda,  xxvii,  324,  ISOo. 

4.     BEUGIJOril,  EVALD. 
WiENEu  Entomologisciie  Zeiting,  Vienna,  Aistuia. 

1.   L\'ber  einige  nordamerikanische  Tipulideii,  vii,  l!t.j-201,  1888. 


2.  Z 


wei  neue 


Dipt 


eren,  viii,  205-208,  1880;  xi,  102,  1802. 


5.     BEUTENMUELLEK,  WILLIAM. 


XXXIV 


lUP.LKXJKArilV 


(1.     P.ICOT,  JA((in:s,  F.  M. 
Annai.ks  I)K  i.k  SoriKiK  KM()M()i.()«.it;i'i-;   i>i;  KitANci;,  1'akis,  Kk.vnc'i:. 
DiptiTL's  Nouvciiux  oil  j)cu  C'oiiinis. 

1.  XII.  (lomis  I'liumosia,  ryrcllia,  ( 'osmiiia,  <  )clir(>iiiyiii,  ct  Curtoiicura, 

pj).  .">1-10,  1.S7>^. 

2.  XIII.   (k'Irtc's  Ocyptora  (I.atr.)  Ocyptiiiila,   Exo-iastiT  (IJoiul.)  \)\). 

40-47,  1S78. 
;;.    XIV.    Notes  I't  Mi'laii.ucs  !>■ -IS,  1S7H. 
4.   XV.  Tribu  dcs  Asilidi.     Curii's  lU's  Lapliriiia'  c'  Diisyjuifjonidii',  i)p. 

2;!1,  1IS7H. 

XV.  (Suite.)     Trihu  des  Asilidi,  etc.  pp.  401-t4r,,  1S7S. 

XVI.  Ciiriii*  Xyloiihaiiidanuii  et  Stratioiiiydarum  (IJij-ot),  i)p.  \<<-'>- 
2:54,  lH7ii. 

XVII.  Notes  et  Melariues,  ].p.  2.T),  2:!(5,  1H70. 

XVIII.  (ieiires  IMa.uioci-ra  (Maiui),  Formosia  ((iuerin,)  et  Uiitilia 
(Kol).— Desv.)  i)p.  Hti-W»,  im). 

XXI.  Syrphida'  (iiiilii.)— Genre  Eristalis  (Fa])r.)  pp.  ^Vr.-^-.li),  ISSO. 
X.XIII.  Tribus  Neinistriiiidorum,  pp.  l;>-24,  IHSl. 

XXVII.  Notes  et  Corrections,  pp.  ;}72-:l74,  IWl. 

XXVIII.  Acantlionierida' (Wiedeniaiiii,  Dipt.  Kxot.)  pp.  45:5-I(;0, 'S-J. 

XXIX.  Genres  K(i:seiia,  Actia,  Meiia,  I'liytoniyptera,  et  Tribu  dcs 
Antlioniyzida>  (Scliiner,  IJondani,  Meade)  j»p.  5-22,  18S2. 

XXXI.  Genres  Volucella  ((ieollr.  Hist,  des  Insectes,  17(14)  et  IMiaia- 
croinyia  (Uondani,  Ksanie  d.  var.  spec.  d'Insett.  Ditteri  lirasiliani, 
Torino,  1H48.)  pp.  t;i-88,  1888. 

XXXII.  Syrplii.li  (lere  partie)  pp.  221-258,  1F8:1,  (2e  partic)  F^sj-eces 
nouveiles  No.  ler.  pp.  :!15-'!5(),  18S:):  (2e  partie)  Fsjieces  nouvelles 
No.  II  (2),  pp.  5:](i-5i''i,  1884:  2e  panic)  Especes  nouveiles,  No.  Ill 
(2),  PI).  7:M  1(1,  1885. 

XXXIII.  Antlioniyzides  nouveiles,  i)p.  2(t:;-;in4,   1885. 

XXXV.  F'aniillc  dcs  Anonialocerati  (niihi).  Coriaca\  Fujiipara,  Nyc- 
terihidae  Auctor  )  ji)).  225-240,  18<s5. 

XXXVI.  Syrpliidi,  Addcmla  au  nicnioire  public  dans  les  Annales  de 
la  Societecnt()niol()<ii(iue  de  France  (  Annees  188;»-4)  pj).  247-252,  'S5. 

XXXVII.  Essai  d'une  Classitication  Synopticiue  du  Groupe  dcs  Tan- 
yjjczidi  (niilii.)et  Descriptions  de  Genres  et  d'Especes  inedits,  pp. 
287-;]02,  1885;  :;0i)-31)2,  1800. 

XXXVIII.  Liste  Synoitti(iueiles  espcccs  appartenant  au  Genre  Lox- 
ocera  (Mei.uen,  etc.)  Fain,  des  Aiironiyzidie,  Stirps  24e  Chylizinie 
(Hondani,  Prodr.  vol.  i,  1850).  Psilina'  (Scliiner). 

XXXIX.  Descriptions  de    Nouveiles    Especes  de   Stratoniydi   et    de 


<), 
0 

7- 
8 

f) 
10 
11 
12 
V) 

14 


10. 
17, 

18, 

19, 

20 

21 


C()n()i)sidi,  pp.  20-40,  188", 
22.   XL.    Descrijitions  de  nouveiles  especes  de  Myopidi,  pp.  203-208,  1887, 


1 


r.ir.LKxii.'Ai'iiv 


N  \  X  \' 


1 


L'."..    XLI.   'riicliiniilii',  I)f.\i;i(lii',  pji,  77-lni,  isss. 

1'4.    XI. II,    DiiiuiKiscs  (If  iKiiivrllcs  csiu'cc-i,  |i|i.  -J.Vl-^Tn,  ISSS. 

L'-'i.    XMII.   Cyrtidi  (•!.  Uiuot).  pp.  :;i.",-;L'0,  iss'.i. 

L'tl.    XM\'.   'I'luTcvidi  (.1.  I5ii,r<)t)   pj).  ;l-_'|-.".-_'S.  isMt. 

L'7.    XLX'I.    i>(iiii!(_vliili  (niilii),  pp.  .'LM— 'ITtl.  jsnij. 
.Mi:moiui:s  dk  r.A  Sik  ii:ti:  '/.ooi.oauii  \:  i.i;  Fi!an(  i:,   I'ak-is,  Ki.-.wci;. 

L'S   Description  df  Diptcrcs  imiivi'anx.  iv,  KIS,  1S!»1  ;  v,  (Kl-J-CUl,  1S!)2. 
Hti.i.KTiN  1)1-:  i.A  S()(  iicTK  Zo(.i.(K.ic>ri;  i.k  Fk.wci;,  I'aios,  Kham  i:. 
I)ij)tt'rcs  Xoiivfiiiix  (111  i)i'U  Coniiiis. 

•_'!>.    Li'iitidi  (.1.  H  )  xii,  [ifi.  \--s.].  Iss?. 

."10.   Miiscidi  (J.  I').)  xii,  pp.  o(;i-r)17,  1SS7. 

."51.   (ioiirc  Il!iMiiiil(){)ota,  xvi,  74-70,  1S!)1. 

r>ri.M;TiN  i)i;  i.a  Soc  ii.ti;  Knto.moi.ouk.h  k  hi:  Ki{>n<  i:,  I'.ahis,  I-'k.anc  k. 
'•V2.    (MtTiipioidii.*  viliosus,  <j:vn.  t-t  sp.  nov.)  I,s7<.l,  ]).  04. 
.'>).   (riirii.syiiiiiiictiis,  uiii.  nov.)  ls7il,  p.  ,S(>. 
o4.   ((iiutops,  Arthropc-as,)  1870,  ji.  1(;4. 

;>•').   (.Mc'Kalomyia  aruyropasta,  uiii.  tt  sji.  nov.;  Acaiithorncra,  sp.   nov) 
is,si>,  p.  r,. 

'•]<}.  (I'iiylloniydns,  Knoitloinius,  Ma,«iafytariiis,)  ISSO,  p.  (;l>. 

;;7.  (Xi'w  (iciu-ra  of  Syrpliida'.)  iMSi*,  p.  7H. 

:5S.  (MxHdaplms,  Knopii'nipis,)  1Wl>,  p.  112. 

o!'.  (r.ycastrirliyncdia,  Styloinyia,)  1.S82,  i>.  l'(». 

40.  (Syrphidio,)  18S-J.  p.  4. 

41.  (Kurliiniyia,)  IHK},  p.  ;].5. 

42.  (Ciioioniyia,  jren.  i-t  sp.  nov.)  1884,  p.  42. 

4."!.  (Ancylotjastcrornatiis,  uvn.  i-t  sp.  nov.)  1884,  p.  !l"). 
44.  (New  (u'iKTa  of  Dc^'xiida-.)  188.'),  si'iiaratiun,  j).  1-7. 
4-').   (Xi.\v  Cfnera  and  Spia-it-s  of  <  )rtali(Ia'  and  Tachinida")  188:,,  separatum 

p.  1-4. 
40.   Diagnoses  do  noiiveaux  Genres  et  nouvelles   Ksjjeces  de  Dijiteres  et 

Observations  di verses,  se))aratuni,  pj).  1-4,  188(>,  p.  eiii. 

47.  (On  the  Acantlioinerida-  of  the  Hioiogia  Ceiitrali-Atnerieana,)  1880, 

I>p.  clwii.  cixviii. 

48.  (On  E(;linius,  Kpihates  and  Tlieveneniyia,)  1887,  p.  Ix. 

40.  Observations  siir  ies  Hiiapbidi  et  les  DolidioiHtdi,  1888,  p.  xxiv. 

50.  Kspcees  nouvelles  de  Dolicbojxxli,  1888,  pp.  xxix,  xxx. 

ol.  (New  Museida',)  1887,  pp.  elxii-el.xxiv. 

52.  (Errata,)  1888,  cvi,  evii. 

'>].  (I'semlarchilcstcs.)  1880,  p.  clxxxiii. 

llAVK  I>'KNTOM()LO(iIi;,  1'aris.   Ki{ A\(  k. 


')4.    Dexida-,  Sareopliaj-ida".     Kssai  d' 


tique 


uno  classification  gonorale  i^t  synop 


des  .genres assi<,Mies  preseiiterneiite  aces  deux  }j;r()upes  d'in.sectes 


(liptores,  1885,  pp.  2uo-2oO. 


m 


XXXVl 


IUI5M<)(;HAriIV 


MKM<>iUh>  i>i;  I. A  Socii  TI-;  '/An>\.t)i,iin  K  UK  Ki;am  i..  I'auis,  Fkanci;. 
")').    l)('scTii»ti(>iis  lit'  Diptcris  iioiiTiaux,  v,  pp.  ()()2-<»01,  ISll'J. 

7.     injAlKK,  KUIKDIMCII. 
WiKNKU  Entomoi.ocisciik  Zkitiv-;,  N'ikxna,  Ai  stkia. 

1.  Ut'ht-r  (lit' Vcrwaiidtsc'liiift  mid  svsttiiiatisclK'  Sti'llun<r  diT  Hk-pliiiro- 

ct'ridi'ii,  i,  i)j).  14,  lS!-iii. 

VEnUANDHNCiKN     1>I;K    KA  ISKUI.H  HEN    /OOr.oG  IS(  ll-UOTANISCII  EN    (JeSEI-F-S- 
('HAE«'  /I    WlEN,   Al  SlUIA. 

2.  ruber  die  SDj^t'tiannti'ii  Stihstadioti  in  dtT  Kntwickt'lunji  iKt  ( )i'striiliii- 

Larven,  pp.  7U-M4,  IS!"-'. 

DeNKSCIIKIETEN     DEU    .MATllKMATISCII-NATI   I!\\  ISSENS(   IIAETI.ICIIEN     Ti.ASSE 
DER  KAISEUEICIIEN  ACAPEMIE    l>EK   U'iSSENSCII  A  FTEN ,    ViENNA,   A  IS. 

Die  ZwiertiU'jjk'r  di'S  kaist'riiclit'ri  Musfiitiis  z.u  Wion. 

3.  I.   1.   Die  kaLserliflu',  Wiiitlu'in'selu',  Wiodeiiianii'sciie  mid  Ku;_H'r's(ln' 

Saniinlun<i.     2.  Sy.<ti'iiiatisflie  I'elii'r.-iirlit,  .\iii,  jij).  lOo-US,  IS^O. 

4.  II.  Versucli  eiiier  Cliaraeteristik  (Ut  (iattmiucii  di-r  Xotacaiitlifn  (I-tr.) 

init  Uiii'ek.*ieht  auf  die  iiii  kai.>*erlielieii  .Museum  hetiudliclieii  von 
Dr.  J.  K.  Seliiner  auf^estellteii  neueu  Gattuntreii.  .">.  Cliaraeteristik 
dor  iiiit  Scenoims  verwandten  Dipteren-Faiiiilieii,  xliv,  jij).  i")!)-<l(), 
98-111, 1882. 

5.  III.  Systematisehe  Studien  auf  Gruudlajje  tier  Dijjtereii-Larveii  iiebst 

einer  Zusamineiistellmii:  voii  Beis])ielen  aus  tier  .iteratur  ueber 
dieselbeii  uiitl  Heselireibuuften  neuer  Ft)riiien.  xlvii,  j)]).  1-100,  jils. 
i-v,  188:}. 

SlTZINGSHEmcHTE     UEIt     KAISERE.     AkaDEMIE     DEK      WlXSKNSCIlAFTEX     IN 

WiEN,  Vienna,  Aistvia. 
<i.   Ansichten  ueber  ilie  (Jattuntr  raeliystylum  Maetj.  ei,  oiKJ-CiOT,  1802. 
7.  Systenuitiseh-zotilofiische  Studien  xci,  2.>7-41;j,  1885. 

8.     liUAUKK,  FlUKDUiril.  and  HKKGKXSTA.MM,  J.  KDI>i:X  VOX. 

DeNKSCHKIETEN     DEU     MATIIEMATISCII-NAIUKWISSENSC  !!AETLUIIEN     CeASSE 
DER    KaISEKEICIIEN    AcADE.MIE    DER    WlSSENSCIlA  ETEN,  VlENNA,  Al  ST. 

Die  Zweitluejiler  ties  Kaiserlielien  Mufeuiiis  zu  Wien. 

1.  Vt)rarbeiten  zu  einer  Moiiofirapliie  tier  Musearia  sehizttnietopa  (exelii- 
siv  Anthoniyida',)  Tars  I,  Ivi,  pp.  ()0-18l),  pi.  i-xi,  1880.  Tars  II, 
Iviii,  pp.  ;5o"o-44(),  1891.  I'ars  III,  Ix,  pp.  80-240,  189:].  Pars  IV, 
Ixi,  5:]7-«i44,  1894. 

9.     lU'RGKSS,  KDWAIil). 

United  States  AtiRitLi.Ti  uai,  Hei-okt,  WASiiiNcTtiN,  D.  C. 

1.   (Xew  Speeies  t)f  Oseiiiis  in)  Report  of  tbe  Kntoniolosfist,  201,202,  '92. 


HI15MO(iKAl'IIV. 


WWII 


in.     CnCKKlMlLI,,  TliKt »!)(  UJK  I).   A. 
rsvcilK,  r.\Mlii!llKii;,  Mass. 

1.  riitliiria  sulplmna  Loi'w.  IMt.'t,  ISS. 

Amkiucan  Xaim  liAi.isT,  riiii,\i)i;i.i'iiiA.  l'i;\\. 

2.  ('t'ciilonivia  atriplicis,  iH't.'t,  TfiC). 

Tm;  Kn  roMoi.of.isT,  London,  Kn<;i,axi>. 

'•'>.    A  Cfcid  hrctl  from  C'occida'.  Aunust,  1^!':.',  I'Sd 
4.   Notes  on  some  spi-cii-s  of  (iall  (iiiats.  ISOO,  -JT.s. 

KxTOMOLoiiisrs'  M(»NTiii.v  Macjazink,  London,  Kn(,i.a\d. 
;').  The  Hiiilovia  Ci'cid,  IS'.io,  lO'.i. 
(i.  'rry{ti'ta  hitrc'Iovia',  II.  sp.  IsiM),  :i24. 

Canaihax  KxTo.Moi.oiiisT,  London,  Ontakio. 

7.   'IVypota,  ("lisi(>cami)a  ami  Amni;ilo,  x.w,  112,  IS!);!. 

«.  TIk' Tac'liiiiiil  I'arasitc  of  ( 'imlu'.v  aiuiTifaiiii,  IS'.tu,  7<!. 
I'i:oci:Kni\(is  Acadkmv  or  Nvri  I!ai,  Sciknci:  or  riiii.Ai»i;i.niiA    l'i:\\. 

1>.   Siipi)ifiiR'iitary  Note  to  .Mr  .Joliii.son'.s  Li.st  of  Jamaican  Dijjti'ra   1S!)4 
411). 

Wkst  AmKKICAN  SriKNTIST,  Los  AxflKLKS,  CALirOliMA. 

10.  Coiitrihntion  toward  a  kiio\vlcdi.H.  of  tlu.    Faima  and   Flora  of  Wet 

Moiiniain  Valley,  Colorado,  Scpti'mhiT,  1SW>,  10(5. 

COLOHADO   I?I01.0(;i(AL  ASSOCIATION,  Coi.OliADo  Sl'UINfiS.   f'oi,. 

11.  The  HiitTuIo  Gnat,  Seeoiid  Report,  Deeemlx-r,  ISSS. 

12.  Tliistle  Insects,  Sixth  Hejinrt,  18!S!»,, January. 
Institutk  of  Jamak  a,  Jamaica.  W.  I. 

lo.  The  riirysanthemiim  Fly,  Notes  from  the  Museum  No.  17,  July,  1802. 
14.   Additions  to  the  Fauna  ami  F'lora  of  Jamaica,  Journal,  IM!*:!,  2.')0. 

TUAXSACTIOXS  AmKRICAX  KntOMOI.OOICAL  SocIKTV,   I'llII.ADKI.lMlIA,  I'a. 

I'j.   The  Kntomolojry  of  the  Mitl-alpine  Zone  of  Custer  countv,  Colorado 
1H!«,  ;JU.3-;570. 

n.     COMSTOCK,  JOHN  IIENHY. 
Maniai.  ior  the  Stcdv  ok  Ixskcts,  Itiia(  a,  N.  V. 

L  Chapter  xix,  Diptera,  41;J-4WI,  IS!);'). 
Unitki)  Statks  A<;ui(  ri/ri  1!ai,  Hki-okt,  Wasiiin<.to\,  1).  C. 
2.   (Notes  on  various  Dijjtera  in)  Report  of  Kntomolofrist,  for  ISSO,  1<I0- 

202,  204,  2<i(;. 
•'].   (Diptera  in)  Report  upon  Cotton  Insects,  1«7!),  200-211. 

12.     COQCILLETT,  DANIKL  WILLIAM. 
Kntomoi.ooica  Ami-.hicana,  Ruooki.vn,  N.  Y. 


1.  The  North  A 


in 


erican  Sjjecies  of  Toxophora,  i,  221,  222.  1880 


Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Species  of  Lordotus,  iii,  115,  110,  '88. 


XXX  vm 


HIRLIOGIiAl'lIV. 


-11. 


MIL'. 


120, 


'!»;). 


I'svoPK,  rA.Mi!Hii»<;i;,  Mass. 
;).   On  till-  Validity  of  tin-  Tachiiiid  rjciuis  C'l'latorin.  vii,  2-")1,  IS!).'). 

4.  On  the  Tacliiiiid  Ijeuus  Acro.ylossa  Wiliistoii,  vii,  2('A.  IS'.'.'). 
•').   On  till.'  SystiMiiatic  rosition  of  Apioccra,  iv,  i!4:]-244.  l^S"). 
(!.   TIk-  Honibylid  j,n'iiiis  Acivotryclius  in  AMicrica,  vii.  27',',,  IS!).'). 

Canadian  Kntomoi.ooist.  London,  Ontaisk). 

7.   Monograph  of  tiic  Loniatina  of  Xortli  America,  xviii,  S1-S7,  ISSC) 

5.  The  Xorth  Aniiriean  fu'iiera  of  Anthracina,  .wiii,  l.J7-l.".{>,  1SS(). 
0.   Xotcs  on  tlie  Genus  K.\oproso])a,  xix,  l'J-14,  1SS7. 

10.  Kevision  of  til"  Uond)\iid  Oeiiiis   Kiiaenius  (I.eptoehiliis)  wiv,  I 

isn2. 

11.  Notes  and  Descriptions  of  Bomhyiida',  xxiv,  ^i;J-l-_'(!,  1S!)2. 

12.  A  Xew  (.enns  of  Diptera  allied  to  Kliapiiioniidas,  xxiv,  ;114-.'!l.j,  1 
I.").   Synopsis  of  tlie  Asilid  (ieniis  AnisopoLioii,  xxv,  20-22,  ISOo. 

14.  Synopsis  of  the  Asilid  (ienus  Ulacodes,  xxv,  :V.]-:]i},  IS!);}. 

15.  Synopsis  of  the  Asilid  (ieiiiis  Dioctria,  xxv,  SO,  IS!).'!. 
K).  Synopsis  of  tiie  Asilid  (ieiiera  Mallophora  and  Nicocles,  xxv,  llS- 

18!);{. 

17.  A  Ni>\v  Asilid  Genus  rehited  to  Erax,  xxv,  175-177,  180.'). 

18.  Synopsis  of  the  ])ii)ter()us  Genus  Thereva,  xxv,  107-201,  ISO.'!. 

19.  Synojisis  of  the  Dijiterous  Genus  I'siloceiihala,  xxv,  222-220,  200, 

20.  New  Xorth  Anierican  'rrypetida\  xxvi,  71-75,  1S04. 

21.  Synopsis  of  tlie  Dijiterous  Genus  IMiora,  xxvii,  10:{-107,  1S05, 

22.  Xew  Tachinidie  with  a  Slender  I'rohoscis,  xxvii,  125-128,  1805. 
2.'].   Xew  Xortii  Anierii'an  .Mycetiphilida",  xxvii,  l!l!)-200,  1805. 

"Wkstkrn  Ameuk'an  Scientist,   Los  Anoki.ks,  Gal. 

24.  A  Xow  Rhaphioniidas  from  California,  vii,  S4-S(),  ISOl. 

25.  Kevision  of  the  Bombylid  Genus  Aphoeliantus,  vii,  254-204,  1801. 
2().   Xew  Jiombylidie  of  the  Group  Paracosmus,  vii,  21!)-222,  1801. 

27.  Xew  Bombylithe  from  California,   vii,  l!t7-20(),  1801. 

JOIHNAL   Ol'    TlIK    XkW   YoKlv    KxTOMOLOd  IC  A  I.    SoCIKTV,    Xi:W   VoUlv   ("iTV. 

28.  Syno])sis  of  the  Dipterous  (ienus  Syniphoromyia,  ii,  5;!-5(i,  1S!)4, 
20.   Hevision  of  the  Dipterous  Family  'I'lierevida',  ii,  07-101,  18<)4. 
oO.  A  Xew  Antiirax  from  California,  ii,  101-102,  1S!)4. 

31.  Xotes  and  Descriptions  of  Tachinida',  iii,  4i)-58,  1805. 

32.  New  Genera  and  Species  of  Tachinida',  iii,  !!i-l()l,  1805. 

PHOrKEDINCS  OF  AcADlC.MV  OK  NaTI  UAI,  SciKNCK  OK   PlIlI.A  DIOM'II  I  A,  Ta. 

•'];].   See  Johnson,  C.  W. 

TRAN.SACriONS  AmKIUC'AN   KNTOMOUXilOAF,  SoCIK.TV,   I'llI  I.AnKM'IlIA,   PkNN. 

34.  Moiio'-raiili    of  the  S.^cios  hidongin^'  to  the   (ienus  Anthrax,  from 
America  north  of  Mexico,  xiv,  l."i!l-172,  1S87. 


BIRLKXiliAl'IIV, 


XXXIX 


-120, 


;).■).    Revision  of  tlu' Sju'cics  of  Amlinix   from  AtiiiTifa,  nortli  of  Mcxii-o 
xix,  1(;^!-1H7,  l.S!)2 

;)().   Notes  and  Descriptions  of  X.  American  IJoinhylidjc,  xxi,S!)-nL>,  1S94. 
Entomologkal  Xi;\vs,   I'liiLADKr  i-ni a,    i'l.w. 
'■I'.  A  New  Dalmannia  from  California,  iii,  ].')0-].")l,  l,si)2. 
oH.   An  Anomalous  Kmj)i(|,  iv,  'JOS-lMo,  1,s!);). 
;!().   Two  Interestin<r  Xew  Diptera  from  \Vasliin,t-ton,  v,  l-J.Vl'JC,  IS'.M. 

40.  Iiracliyconia  Davidsoni,  n.  sj).  v,  172,  ]su\, 

41.  A  Xew  \'oIiicelIa  from  Wasliin<rton,  vi,  l:!l-i;;2,  IS!);"). 

42.  On   tlie  (►ccurrence  of  the  Tacdiinid  (ieiuis   lleterojiterina  Macq.  in 

North  America,  vi,  207-20S,  l,s<i;"). 

IisKCT  Lite,  WAsniNf/roN,  I).  C. 
4;).  The  Corn  Worm  or  Boll  Worm  in  California,  i,  ;;:}]-:{;52,  ISSO. 

44.  The  Dipterous  Parasite  of  Diabrotica  soror,  ii,  2n;!-2;;(i,  IS(H). 

4.).   Ts  Cyrtoneura  ciesia  an  rnjurious  Insect,  vii,  ;):;«-:{;)!),  IHOo. 

4(5.   A  Cecidomyid  that  lives  on  I'oisoii  Oak,  vii,  :!4S,  IW);"). 

47.  The  Dipterous  Parasite  of  Meianopus  devastator  in  California   v  '»- 
24,  180;5.  '    ' 

45.  Two  Dipterous  Leaf-miners  on  Ganleii  W'l-etahles,  vii,  :j,Sl-;)84,  IS!)."). 
4;).   Two  Dipterous  Insects  Injurious  to  Cultivateil   Flowers,  vii    .';!)ll-40'> 

1895. 

i;{.     DAY,  LOUKX  TKUK. 
CAXAtnAN  Entomologist,  London,  Ontario. 

1.  Notes  on  Sciomyzida",  with  Descriptions  of  New  Species,  xiii,  85-80,  '81 

PU0(Ki:i>lN(;s   ACADKAfV  NaTI-KAL  SCIKNCKS,  PlMLADI-I.lMlIA,   PknN. 

2.  The  Sjtecies  of  Odontomyia  found  in  the  Lnited  States,  1882,  74-88, 

14.     DCOLS,  ALKKLDO. 
La  Nati!kaij:/a,  Mi:xu:o  Citv,  Mkxico. 

1").     KMEHT(>X,  JAMES  II. 
Psvciu;,  CAMi'.inDfii;,  Mass. 

1.   An  Internal  Dipterous  Parasite  of  Sjuders,  v,  404,  18! 

10.     FVLKS,  T.    W. 


K). 


Canaihan  Entomoi.ocist,  London,  Ontakk 
1.   Description  of  a  Dipterous  Parasite  of  Phvll 
2;!0,  1882;   xv,  84,  188:1. 


)xera  vastatrix,  xiv.  2.' 


He 


17.     (JKiLIO-TOS,  EKMANNO. 


iMJCTTINO    DKI     MvH\.\     Dl    Zooi.oGIA     i:i>     An 

Hkalk  1'nivi;i!sita  di  Torino,  Tiimn   I 

1.  N 

2.  N 


ATO.MIA    COMPAUATA    DI'.M.A 


TAI,V 

uove  Specie  di  Ditteri  del  Mus,  Zool.  di  'I 
novo  Specie  ili  Ditteri  del  .Mus.  Zool.  di  '| 


'orino,  vi.  No.  102,  1802. 
onno,  vi,  Xo.  84,  1800. 


XL 


r.inLIOGHAlMIY. 


;].   Diajinosi  di  (luattro  niiovi  Gcnori  di  Dittcri,  vi,  No.  lOS,  18(M. 

4.   Ua  iiuovo  (iuiKTo  (ii  Sirfidi,  vii,  No.  117,  18!>2. 

0.  Sui  due  Gencri  di  Sirfidi  liiiopiilosviphus  ed  Orncgasyrplius,  vii,  No. 

118,  March,  1892. 
V>.  Diagnosi  di  nuovo  specie  di  Dittcri,  vii.  Xo.  12:5,  Jmif,  1802. 

7.  DiuLfnosi  di  iiuove  sjiccic  di  Dittcri,  vii,  Xo.  l.';2,  Oct.  1802. 

8.  Dia<,ni()si  di  nuove  geiicri  ed  di  iiuove  specie  di  Ditteri,  viii,  No.  147 

158,  180;{. 

0.  Diagnosi  di  nuove  gcucre  ed  di  nuove  s])ecie  di  Ditteri,  viii,  158,  180;i- 

10.  Nuove  specie  di  Ditteri  del  Museo  Zoologico  di  'rorino,  vi.  No.  102. 
Mkmokik  dklla  Acaoemia  DKt-r-A  Scii;n/ik  i>i  Torino,  Tukin,  Italy. 

11.  Ditteri  del  Messico,  I'  rte  I,  Strationiyidii',  Syprliidic,   (2),  xliii,  00- 

108  (1-70),  xl.  i,  1802;  Parte  II,  Syrjiliidic,  l'ipunculida>,  Conopidiie, 
(2),  xliii,  ;]5-;]08,  pi.  180;J;  I'arte  III,  Muscidte  Calyptratic,  (2),  xliv, 
1-70,  pi.  1804,  I'arte  IV,  Muscidic  Calii)trate,  Muscina?,  Antlioinyina', 
Muscidai  Acalyptrata?,  Scatopliagina',  Ilcloniyzinje,  Tctanocerinic, 
()rtalinina>,  Ulidinse,  Haproniyzina',  Trypetinai,  Sepsina^  Tanypezina*, 
Psiiina\  Chloropina;,  Epliydrinai,  Drosopliilina'  '2),  xlv,  1-74,  pi. 
1805. 

18.     GILLETTE,  C.  V. 
Psyche,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

1.  A  New  Cecidoniyid  infesting  Box  Elder,  v,  :]02,  OO.",,  fig.  1800. 

10.     HAGEN,  HERMANN  A. 
Boston  Society  of  Natlrai.  History,  Boston,  Mass. 

1.  New   species  of  Siniuiiuin,  with   a  reniarkahle  Nynipha  Case,  xxx, 

;J55-;107,  1870. 

Canadian  Entomologist,  London,  Ontario. 

2.  The  typical  Collections  of  tiie  Diptera  of  North  America  in  the  Mu- 

seum of  Cambridge,  Mass.  xi,  l;J2-i;);],  1870. 
;J.   List  of  Nortii  American  Antliomyida  examined  by  B.  11.  Meade,  Esq., 
Bradford,  England,  xiii,  140-150,  1881. 

4.  List  of  Nortli  American  Sarcopiiagida  examined  by  K.   H.  Meade, 

Esq.,  Bradford,  England,  xiii,  4:>-51,  1881. 

5.  On  Simulium,  xiii,  150-151,  1881. 

<i.   Entomological  Notes,  xiii,  ;i7,  1881. 

7.  Coelopa  frigida,  xvi,  140,  188(1. 

S,  On  Cecidomyia  lirioilendri,  xviii,  150.  KIO,  188(!, 


20.     HART,  CHARLES  A. 
Bulletin  ok  Illino8  State  Laii.  ok  Natural  History,  Urbana,  III. 
1.  On  tlie  Entomology  of  the  Illinois  River  and  adjacent  waters.     First 
Paper,  Diptera,  184-270;  pis.  v-\iv.  18i)5. 


P.ini.KXiKAl'IIV. 


XLI 


•-M.      HOOD,   I.KWIS   K. 

I'SVCIIK,    CAMHUIIXiK.     MaSS. 

1.   TIr'  Li'ptidii' ati(i  I'.oriihylida"  from  the  Wliitc  MDimtaiiis    vi    •'S:;-->s.l 

22.     IIOPKIXS,  A.   I). 
ri;<)('i;i;i)iN(;s  of  tiik  KNTOMoiociicAi,  Soc  ii;tv,  Wasiiinc tun,  I).  C. 

I.   Xoti's  oil  tin-  llal)its  of  certain  M vcc'toi)liili.ls,   willi   Description!;  of 
Kpidapus  scabei,  ii.  sp.  iii,  l-Hl-liV.I,  ],S!)o. 

2.!.     I  IOWA  HI),  L.  (). 
Inse(  T  Liii.,    \Vasiii\(;t<)n,  1).   (". 

1.  Notes  on  a  Siniiiiiiiin  coinmon  at  Ithaca,  \.  V.  i,  !»!>-l()l,  fiirs.  1KH8. 

2.  Tile  Meet-leaf  (IVjromyia  vicina  Lintii.)  viii,  .•;7<)-;5,S],  fjos.  \^Uo. 

24.     JOHNSON,  CHAKLES  W. 


Tkansactions  Amkhican  Kntomoi 


1.   A   Review  of  the  St 


OCKAI,    SOCIKTV,   rilll.AIiKI.I'IIIA,   I'l 


NN. 


ratioiiiyiio  and  Odontoinvia'  of  North  A 


inerica. 


xxii,  227-271^,  pis.  iii,  iv,  lS!).j. 
Puoci:i:inx(is  Acadkmv  oi-   Natlhai.  Scikncks  ov  Vi 
2.    Dijitera  of  Florida,  with  Additional    De; 


Species  hy  1),  W.  ("(xiuillett,  IWt,"),  ;JO;;-;;40. 


iii.adkli'iiia,  Tknn. 
Tipti(jns  of  New  Genera  and 


List  of  Diptera  of  Jamaica  with  1) 


271-281. 


escriptioiis  of  New  Sjx'cies,  18!)4, 


25.     KARSCII,  FEUDINAXn. 


ZeIT.SOHUIIT    I)EK    BkRI.INKU     K.NTO.MOMKilSfHKN'    { 

Gkk.many. 

1.  Dii' Spaltuncr  der  Diptcren-Cattiui},'  Systropus  Wiedemann   (lot- 


1881. 


Je.seli.schait,   Hioui.in, 


-(158. 


2(5.     KEKXK,  EICJEXE 


Canadian  ENTo.Moi.ofiisT,  London,  Ontakio. 

1.  Spiiyracepliala  brevicoriii.s,  xv,  2(10,  188;!. 

2.  List  of  Syrphida'  taken  in  Fairmount  Park,  Philadelpliia,  Pa.,  il 

the  summer  of  1884,  \vi,  145-147,  1884. 


uriiif; 


o.   List  of  Diptera  taken  in  the  V 


1884,  inclusive,  xvii,  51-65,  188 


icinity  of  Piiiladelphia,  from  1882  to 


27.     LIXTNER,  JOSEPH. 


Hkpohts  ok  the  State  Entomoi.og 


8ITT  OK  THE  StATE  OK    NkW  YoKK.  At. 

1.  First  Report,  1(J8-227,  1882. 

2.  Second  Kejiort,  111-125,  188;" 


1ST    TO    THE    ltE<ii:NTS  OK  THE    I'nIVE 


HAW,  X,    Y 


XLII 


UIHLIOGKAI'IIV 


•■].  Foiirtli  IJcport,  r.0-80,  1888. 

4.  Fifth  Report,  220-227,  188!>. 

u.  Sixtli  Hoi)()rt,  1 1 1-1 1<;,  1890. 

<>.  Seventh  Ki'port,  228,  245,  ;l07-;;0!),  :];;2,  1801. 

7.  Kiglitli  Report,  140-151.  172,  l')2-l!)(5,  181);!. 

8.  Niiitli  Rei)ort,  ;]09-;;i4,  189:]. 

Ann'lal  Repokt,  \k\v  Yokk  Static  AGRKir.TiKAL  Sociirrv,  Albany. 

9.  In.seets  of  tlie  (Mover  I'hint,  1880. 

("aNADIAN   E.NTOMOLOCilST,  LoNDON,  OxTAltlO. 

10.   On  Cecidoniyia  lej'umiiicula,  n.  sp.  .\i,  44,  121,  122,  1879. 

28.     i.OEW,  HERMAN. 
Vkuiiaxi)m:\<;kn     dkk     ZooLO<iisciiK-Bt)TAXiscHKN     Gksski.lsciiai-t    zi; 

WlKN,  Vli;XNA,  A  (ST. 

1.  Table  for  Deterniininf;  tlie  North  American  Species   of  tiie   Genus 
I'achyrliina,  1879,  51o-51(). 

29.     LYNCH,  ARRIHALZAGA  ENRIQUE. 

BOLKTIX    I)K   LA    ACADK.MIA    NaCIOXAL  I)K    CiKNCIAS    I)K    CoRDOHA,    BlEXOS 
AlKES,    AK(ii:XTlXA. 

1.  Catahit>()  (le  los  Dipteros  liasta  aiiora  doscritos  que  so  encuentan  en 
las  Repul)iicas  del  Rio  de  hi  I'hita.  1883,  110-152. 

:]0.     LYNCH,  ARRIBALZAGA  FELLX. 
Revista  del  MrsEo  de  la  Plata,  Buexos  Aires,  Argentina. 

1.   l)ipteroh)<ria  Arsjentina,  Culicidiu,  i,  :145-417,  pLs.  i-iv,  1891. 
Axales  de  la  SOCIKI 


CiEXTiFK'A  Argentina,  Bi  exos  A 


IRKS,  / 


\n(i 


2.   I)iiiteroh)gia   Arirentina,   Syrpliidie,  xxxii.  80-99,    118-1:51,    194-202 


248-:U4,  xxxiii,  51-58,  111-121,    188-199,  2:{7-2 
242-270,91,1891. 


0-),     •>■) 


;-4(!,   17;]-192, 


;>.  El  Genero  Saproinyza  en  America,  xx 


XIV,   '-'O-i 


K,?.    .'^1 


01,  189: 


B 


o 


LETIN   DE   LA  ACADE.MIA  NaCIOXAL  I>E  CiKNCIAS,  BuEXOS  AlRES,  AltG. 

4.   I)ipterolo!j:ia  Ar<rentina,  Mycetophilidie,  xii,  ;577,  4:1(1,  471-48;J,  1892. 

■■'>].     -MARLATT,  C.   M. 
IxsEOT  Life,  Wasiiinv/iox,  I),  C. 

1.  The  Xanthium  Ti yi)eta  (Trypeta  a'(iualis  Loew),  iii,  :J12-:li:5,  1891. 

;52.     MARTEN,  JOHN. 


1*SV(MIE,   CAMIIIMlMiE,   Ma^ 

1.  Description  of  Asphondyiia  helii.nthi-globulus,  v,  102-10;J,  1 
Canakian  Extomologist,  Londox,  Ontario. 

2.  New 'I'ahanida',  xv,  1 10-I12,  1S8:!. 


888. 


lilDLlOdlJAl'IIY 


XLIll 


15i  i.KKTis  oi-  Tin:  Omo  Agimci  i.tiuai.   F,xim:kimi;nt  Si  ati<>n,  Ti: 


<   IINIC  M, 


Ski!Ii;s,  Nokwai.k,  Ohio. 

DosL'riiitioii  ot'  ;i  iii'W  s|)ocics  (if  (iall-niakin;^'  Diptcr 


I,  i,  l-"»-"),  l.")('..  IS'.i: 


-MIK.  .loSKF 


\  KRHANI)I.UX«ii;K  IiKK   /<)OUt(i  ISCII-liOTAN  iscii  i;\    ( i  i;si:i.i>(  n  A  I  T  zi     \Vii;\, 
Vii;.NNA,  AiisniiA. 

1.  llypoi'harassiis  j^dadiator.  v\nv  lU'iic  DolicliiiiicM-Art  aus  Nordaiiicrika, 

(>17-fi;!-_',  pi.  x,  1S7S. 

2.  DipttToloaLsclu'  Hc-iiRTkuiiucii,  1S2,  l!t2,  IWi;!. 

;>.   I'l'ht'r  (lit' Artri'ciito  von  'I'rocliohola  caesani'  ( ).   S.   ami  Crvtopoucn 
Meyer- Diu'i-ii  .Mik. 

WiKXKU  E\T<>M()L()r;is(  in;  Zkiti  nc.  Viknna.  ArsriiiA. 
4.   Dipturolo-risfJi"  Miscelleii,  v.  2T(;-27'.I,  IS^iC;   .',,  x,   l-o,  ISii]  ;  (!,  xi,  :>;'), 
oC),  1892;   7,  xiii,  22,  2:].  IW'4;  H,  xiii,  lOl,  1S!»4. 

0.  Tc'Irt 'rac'liiniik'ii  (U'l-iMi  (Iritte.-!  FiicliKTulied  yespalteii   ist,  xiv,   101- 

10;l,  18!).-). 

1(1.    Beiiicrkiuiiifn    zu    den    l)ii)teren    (lattiinsicii    releeucera   Macii.    und 
Hliopaloniyia  Wied.  xiv,  l;5:!-l;!r),  ],S')-"). 

:i4.     OSI'KX  SACKKX,  CII.VRI.KS  K. 
Bkrliner  Ent().m(>i.()i;isoiik  Zkitsciikiit,  I?i;i!i.i\.  (Ikkmanv. 

1.  On  Professor  Haiier's  paper:    Versueli  eiiier  Cliaraeteristik   dc    (iat- 

tiinuen  der  Xotaeantlien,  xxvi,  ;l(l;!-:;8(l,  I8!t-J. 

2.  On  the  Genus  Apioeera,  xxvii,  287-2!l4,  189."!. 

:!.   Synonymiea  eoneerniiij,'  exotic  Dijiteroloiiv,  xxvii,  251.')-2'.'8,  188:5. 
4.   A  Sintjular  Nortli  Aiiierieaii  Flv,  xxvii,  209,  oOO,  18«;5. 


o.   Correction  to  niv  artick 


)ii  A])iocera,  xxx,  |;5!»,  1880. 


<!.   Studies  on 'Pipiiiiihe,  I'art  I,  Tii)ulida'  hmuiiiaiiti,  xxx,  l.'):)-188,  188t'». 

7.  Studies  on  Tii>ulida',  I'art  II,  Tipuliila'  hrevii)ali)i,  xxxi,  18;J-242,  1887. 

8.  Ililariinorplia  Scliiner  is  a  Lei)tiil,  xxxv,  :>0;{,  ;5()4,  I8;i0. 

!».    Synopsis  of  the  Described  genera  and  a  species  of  the  Hieiiharocerida', 
xxxvi,  407-412,  1801. 

10.  Second  notice  on  the  Ai)iocerinn,  xxxvi,  ;!11-.".1(!,  I8itl. 

11.  Addition;,   and  Corrections   to  tlie  Catalo<iue  of  tlu'   Descrihed  Spe- 

cies of  South  American  A<i!ida',  liy  S.   \V.  Wiliiston,  in  the  'I'rans. 
Knt.  Soe.,  vol.  xviii,  1801,  xxxvi,  417-428,  1801. 

12.  I{ej(»inder  to  Professor  liraiier's  Thatsachliclie   l5erichtiL;iin,u-,  etc.,  in 

the  Herl,  Kntoiii.  Zeitschrift,  p.  4S7-48!t,  1802;  xxx  viii,  ;578,  ;l7il, 'O.'!. 
lo.  Two  critical  riniarks  about  the  recently  jiuliiished  third  jiart  of  the 


Muscaria  Schizoinetojia  of  M.  Hiauer  and  Merueiistamin  ;  also  a 
tice  of  Koliineau-Desvoidv,  xxxviii,  ;>80-;;8(;,  180;'>. 


no- 


14.   On  the  character  of  the  three  divisions  of  Diptera,  Nenioeera  vera, 
Xeniocera  anomala  and  Fremochaeta,   xxx vii,  417-40*!. 


XLI\' 


niBLIOCiUAl'IIV 


15.   Synonyniicii  about  Tipulida',  xxxiv,  240-2(i;},  1804. 
If).  Oil  tlic  atavic  iiidox  cliaracti-rs  witli  soim-  remarks  a1)out  tlio  classifi- 
cation of  the  I)i])tc'ra,  xxxix,  ()!)-7(!,  181I4. 

17.  Kristaiis  tenta.x  in  Cliiiicsc  and  .lapancsc  literature,  xl,  142-147,  1894. 

18.  Contributions  to  the  study  of  tlie  Liponeurida?  (Hlepliarocerida;  Loew, 

olini),  xl,  148-101),  18!t4. 

19.  Midas  or  ]Mydas,  a  contribution  to  entomological  nomenclature,  xl, 

;J4(;-;]r>o,  189:,. 

20.  Su])plement  to  my  recent  paper  on  Liponeurida>,  xl,  ;}51-ou5,  1895. 

J.  IIkumnc;,  lIi:ii>i:i,i!KK(i,  Ge!;manv  (H.  II.  Poktkk,  18  I'kin(  k's  Sthket, 
London,  En(;land). 

21.  On  the  Oxen-born  Bees  of  the  Ancients  (IJugonia)  and  their  relation 

to  Eristalis  tentax,  a  two-winiied  insect.  Enlarged  edition  of  the 
Essay,  on  the  so-called  Hujionia  of  the  Ancients,  etc.,  published  in 
the  Bullet.  Soc.  Ent.  Itai.  189;}.    99.  i-xiv,  1-80,1894. 

22.  Additional  Notes  of  the  Bu,u:onia-lore  of  the  Ancients,  j)]).  l-2;>,  1895. 

BULLETINO  I>EI.I.A  SOCIKTA  EnTOMOLOGU'A    ItAI.IAXA,  ElOKENCE,  ItALV. 

2;}.  On  the  so-called  Bugonia  of  the  Ancients,  and  its  relation  to  Eristalis 
tentax,  a  two-winged  insect,  xxv,  180-277;  Separatum,  pp.  l-:}4,  with 
Corrigenda,  189;], 

Entomologist's  Monthi.v  Magazine,  London,  Engeand. 

24.  Explanatory  Xotice  of  my  views  of  the  Sub-orders  of  Diptera   (2), 

iv,  149-151,  189:]. 

Canadian  Entomologist,  London,  Ontaiuo. 

25.  Some  North  American  'raciiinidic,  xix,  Kil-lOO,  1887. 
I'SYoiiE,  Camhkidge,  Mass. 

20.   Western  lVlicia>,  Bittacomorphio  and  Trichocerie,  vii,  229-231,  1895. 
BiOLO(iiA  Centrali  Ameuicana,  London,  ENCiLAND. 
■''"    Diptera,  vol.  i,  1-210,  pis.  i-iii,  1880,  1887. 

rUANSACTIONS  OF  THI,   ENTOMOLOGICAL  SociETV  OI'  LoNDON,   EnG. 

28.  Facts  concerning  the  imiiortatioii  or  noii-importiUion  of  Diptera  in 
foreign  countries,  489-490,  1884. 
Insect  Like,  WAsnmciToN,  D.  C. 
2!t.  On  IltLMiiatobia  serrata,  ii,  191,  1889. 

35.     lULEY,  CIIAIJLES  VALENTINE. 

C'NADIAN  ENTOMOLO(iIST,  LONDON,  OnTAKIO. 

1.  Parasites  of  the  Cotton  Worm,  xi,  101,  102,  1879. 

2.  Dipterous  Enemies  of  riiylloxera  vastatrix,  xv,  39,  1893. 

United  States  Agkici  ltikal  Bei'out,  Washington,  D.  C. 
•"..   Rejiort  for  1884,  322. 

4.  Beport  for  1880,  512,  513. 

5,  Keport  for  1895. 


- 1 


r,ii5Li()(ii:Ariiv 


XL\' 


Inskct  LiiK,  WASHiN(;r()\,  1).  C. 

(i.   TliL'  More-los  <)r:iii,m'  Fruit  Worm,  i,  4.')-47,  fi.us.  ISSS. 
7.  'I'liL'  Ox  Hot  in  the  I  iiitc-d  Stati'.x,  iv,  :\U2--]\~ ,  tius.  IMH. 

.'50.     KILEY,  CIIAIU.KS  V.   ani.  HOWAHI),  LKLAND  O. 
Inskct  Like,  Washington,  I).  C. 

1.  On  the  CMiiascuIatin<r  IJot-tly,  i,  -Jl-'),  2KJ,  l.S,Sl>. 

•2.  The  Texas  Heel-fly,  i,  ;!18,  :51<>,  imi 

;l.    Ilernietia  nmeeiis  (sic.)  infestiiii--  Hec-hives,  i,  ;;'):],  ;].')4,  1^!H9. 

4.  Lestophonus  or  Cry{)t()eha'tiini,  ii,  Ul,  1^S^>!). 

5.  Tlie  Horn-fly,  ii,  4:),  104,  fli^s.  1,S8U. 

(i.  The  Tulip  tree  Leaf  Gall-fly,  ii,  :]V>-2,  of.;!,  \m). 
7.  The  true  male  of  I'oeota  Ljrandis,  iv,  W!,  IHOL 

;>7.     KOKDEK,  VICTOH   VOX. 
Entomolo(;isciik  Xaciiuiciitex,  Berlin,  Geh.manv. 

1.  Ueber   die   Zuzanimengehoerigkeit   der   beideii    Arteii    der   Guttunj,' 

Spheconiyia  Latreille,  1«89,  ()(W)8. 

2.  Ueber  drei  neue  Gattungen  der  Xotaeaiitlien,  xii,  l:"!7-140,  1880. 

StettInek  Entomomhiisciie  Zeiti  \g,  Stettin,  Gehmanv. 

3.  Dipteren  von  der  Insel  Porturieo,  1885,  ;];;7-;349. 


Wiener  ENTOMOi.OdiscnE  Zkiting,  Vienna,  Ars 


ruiA. 


4.   Ueber  die  Nordamerikanischen  Lomat 


ina  von  Mr.   ('(xiuillett  in  dem 


"Canadian  Entomologist,"  v,  20:5-20'),  1880 

5.  Asynduluni  montanum,  n.  sj)ec.  vi,  110,  1887. 

0.  Ueber  eine  neue  Art  der  Gattung  (inoriste  Mg.  vi,  loo-loO,  1887. 

7.  Ueber  die  Dipteren-Gattung,  Stylogastcr  Meq.  xi,  280-288,  181)2. 

8.  Ueber  'J'rypeta  amabilis  Loew,  xiii,  07-100,  1804. 
0.  Ueber  Mydas  fnlvipes  Walsh,  xiii,  100,  170,  18!)4. 

10.  Ueber  Myopa  clausa  L\v.  viii,  o,  1880. 

11.  Ueber  Taeliina  florum  Walk,  viii,  4,  1880. 

12.  Zwei  neue  nordamerikanisehe  ])ii)teren,  ix,  2;)0-2;52,  1800. 

Berliner  ENTOMOLotiisc  he  Zeitsciirikt,  Beiilin,  Ger.manv. 
l;5.  l)ij)terologische  Xotizen,  .\.\v,  210-210. 

rrHLISIlED  BY  AlTIIOR. 

14.  Alls  der  L^is  \'on  Oken,  1.  1888. 


;58.     lUEBSAMEX,  E.   H. 
Berliner  Ent()molo<iisciie  Zeitsciirikt,  Berlin,  Germany. 

1.   Die    Aiissereuropiuische   Trauerinuecken   des   kuiiigliehen  Museums 
fuer  Naturkunde  zu  Berlin,  xxxix,  17-42;  i)ls.  i,  ii,  1804. 


XLVI 


r.inLior.ijAiMiv 


:i!».     Sf'L'DDKK,  SAMIKL   lU'nBAlM).     (Fossil  Diptcra.) 
liKi'oitr  OK  THK  (JKOi,0(;irAi,  Si  uvKV  ok  C.\nai>a,  Ottawa.  Canada. 

1.  The  IiiSL'L'ts  of  till-  Tertiary  Hods  at  QiU'sni'l,  Keport  for  IMTo-TO,  2(i<!- 

2.  Ailditions  to  the  Insect  Fauna  of  tlie  Tertiary  Beds  at  (iiiesnel,  Re- 

port for  l^lTd-TT,  4.')7-4»)4,  l.«7^!. 
o.  The  Fossil  In.sects  eoUeeted  in  1877  hy  Mr.  G.  M.   Dawso,  in  the  inte- 
rior of  British  Columbia,  Heport  for  1S77-7H,  170-1H7,  187!». 

Bui.r,KTINM)r-  TlIK     UnITKI)    StATKS    C.KOMXiKAL    ANM)    ( JKCXi  UAl'UK'A  L    Si  I£- 

vi;v  or  THE  Tkuritouiks,  Wasmixutox.  1).  C. 

4.  The  first  discovered  traces  of  fossil  insects  in  the  American  Tertiaries, 

iii,  741-702,  1877. 

5.  An  account  of  some  in.sects  of  unusual  interest  from    the  Tertiary 

rocks  of  Colorado  and  Wyominu-,  iv,  r)ir»-545,  1878. 
<>.  The  fossil  insects  of  the  Green  River  shales,  iv,  747-77«),  1878. 

7.  The  Tertiary  lake  basin  at   Florissant,  Colorado,  between  South  anil 

Ilayden  Parks,  vi,  279-800,  inaj),  1878. 

Bii.LETix  OK  THE  rxiTKi)  Statks  Gkologicai,  SruvEv,  Wasmixgtox,  D.C. 

8.  Systematic  IJeview  of  our  present  knowledjjc  of  fossil  insects.     Bul- 

letin .']1,  ])ii)tera,  85-94,  1880. 

9.  Inde.x  to  the  known  fossil  insects  of  the  world,  including  Myriopods 

and  Arachnids,  Bulletin  71,  Diptera,  221-227,  o9r)-071,  189l'. 

10.  Some  insects  of  special  interest  from  Florissant,  Colorado,  and  other 

points  in  the  Tertiaries  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  Bulletin  9;],  :J6  pp.  o 
pis.  1892. 

Billetix  ok  THE  rxiTKi)  States  Xationaf.  Musei:m,  Washixoton,  1).  C. 

11.  Xomenclator  Zoologicus,  Bulletin  19,  Supplemental  List,  l-;]70,  Uni- 

versal Intlex,  l-:!40,  1882. 

Zittel's  riAXDnieii  dek  Pai-eontoloijie,  Mcnkh  Gkioiany. 

12.  Svst 


enwitische  Uebersicht  der  fossileii  Myrioixxlen,  Arachnoidea  und 
Insekten,  1  Abtheil,  ii,  721-8;!1,  ti>is.  1885. 


Re 


I'OUTS  OF  THE  UxrrEi)  States  Geoi 


\VASHIN(iTOX.  I).   C 


OtilCAl,  SiKVEV  OK  THE  TeRKITOKIES 


m 


erica,  vol.  xiii,  7;]4,  ])p.  28  pis.  40, 


lo.  The  Tertiary  Insects  of  North  A 
1890. 

I'UOOEEi  iX(iS  OK   A.MEHICAX    I'niEOSOI'HICAE    SoCIETV,    PlIIEA  OEMMIIA,  Pa. 

14.  Tertiary  Tipulidse,  with  si)ecial  reference  to  those  of  Florissant,  Col- 


orado, xxii,  10;5-24r,,  pis.  i-i.x,  1894. 


Anxial  Rei'out  UxiTEi)  States  Geo 


I.O(il(  AL  AND  (JEOOltAl'HICAE  SURVEY 


OK  THE  TeUHITOKIES,     WASHIN(iTOX,  I).  C. 

15.    (Rej)rint  but  little  chaii^red  of  No.  7)  !2th  Rep.  271-29:],  188." 


l?IRLI()Gl{AriIV. 


XKVII 


40.     SMITH,  JOHN  T5. 
Tkansactions  Amkkican    Kmomoi.ochai,   Suciktv,   rmr.ADKi.iMiiA,   Pa. 
1.  A  c()iitril)uti()ii  towanl  u  kiKiwlcdgv  of  ilu-  iiniutli-iiarts  ul'  tlie  DijitiTa 
xxii,  i\V.I-.V.]U,  1^00. 

41.     SXOW,   WILLIAM   Al'l'LK'I'oN. 
Kansas  rsivKHSiTV  Qlaktkki.y,  LAWitDNci.,  Kansas. 

1.  Notes  and  Di-scriptioiis  of  Syrpliida-.  i,  ;j:]-:J,s,  pi.  ISUi*. 

2.  l)oscTii)tioiis  of  North  AiiuTicaii  TryiJi-tichp,  with   Notes,  ii,  ].')0-]74, 

pis.  vi,  vii,  1804. 
.'5.   Aineriean  I'latyjiezida',  iii.  14:]-1.">2,  pi    1804. 
4.   American  lMatyj)ezid;e,  Second  Taper,  iii,  2O.V207,  180."i. 
T).   Diptera  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  iii.  22r)--_>47,  iSOo. 
<).  Supplementary  List  of  North  American  Syrphidiu,  iii,  240-2(!2,  IHOo. 

7.  Cneplialia  and  its  Allies,  iii,  178-l8(;,  I80o. 

8.  A  New  Species  of  Pelecocera,  iii,  187,  I80;j. 

0.  On  Toxotrypana  of  Gerstit'cker,  iv,  jt.  117,  180.J. 
Canadian  ENTOMoi-ociisr,  London,  Ontauio. 

10.  The  Moose  Fly,  A  new  Hiematol.ia,  xxiii,  87-89,  1801. 

42.     SLOSSON,  ANNIE  TKUMBULL. 
Entomologtcai,  Nkws,  I'liii.AitKi.i'iiiA,  Thnn. 

1.  List  of  Insects  taken  in  the  Alpine  Region  of  Mt.  Washin-jton,  v  0 

1804. 

2.  Additional  List  of  Insects  taken  in  the  Alpine  Ke{,M<)n  of  Mt.  Wash- 

in^jton,  vi,  6,  :510-:]20,  180o. 
:>.  Mesogrumma  politum,  i,  5,  ii,  11"). 

4.;.     SCHWARTZ,  K.  A. 
Insect  Liik,  Washington,  I).  C. 

1.  The  Ilippelates  I'ia<>ue  in  Flo'-ida,  vii,  ;;70,  .i^rs.  180'>. 

44.     TOWNSKNI).  C.   H.  TVLKK. 

I'SVCHE,  CAMnRIDCK,   MaSS. 

1.  Two  New  Tachinida>,  vi,  8:}-85,  1801. 

2.  A  New  Simulium  from  Southern  New  Mexico,  vi,  10(5,  107,  1802. 
•I  A  Parasite  of  tlie  Kail  Weh-worm,  vi,  17(!,  177,  1802. 

4.  A  Tachinld  Parasite  of  the  Oak  Inicorn  Prominent,  vi,  187,  188,  1801. 

o.   A  New  Genus  of  Tachiniihe,  vi,  247,  248,  1802. 

0.   Description  of  a  Sarcopha,u:id  bred  from  Helix,  vi,  220,  221,  1802. 

7.  Tachinid  Parasite  of  Eucetervia  variaria  Grote,  and  other  Notes,  vi, 

258,  250,  1802. 

8.  An  Aporia  hred  from  Limacodes  sj).  vi,  275,  27<),  1802. 

0.  An  Interestinjj  Hlooil-suckin<r  Gnat  of  the  Eamilv  Chironomida',  vi, 
:iOO-;;72,  pi.  viii,  I80:l. 


XLVIII 


r.iHLi()(;HArnY. 


10.  Description  of  a  now  and  intcrcstini:  I'iiasiid-Iike  (ii'inis  of  'raciiinitia', 

s.  str.  vi,  42!>,  4;50,  lH!»;i. 

11.  Note  on  Atn)i)liarista  jiiriniodes  Towns,  vi,  W>\,  180:J. 

12.  A  Caltha^ri-likt.  Cccidoinyidous  Gall  on  Bij,dovia,  vi,  401,  LSO.'}. 
l;i.   Hosts  of  Nortli  American  TachinidiL',  vi,  4<i(i-408,  180:!. 

Canadian  Entomoi.ocist,   London,  Ontakio. 

14.  Description  of  a  Miiscid  bred   from  Swine-diiii}:,  witii  Notes  on   two 

Muscid  (Jenera,  x.xiii,  ITrJ-lAo,  1801. 

15.  A  Tacliinid  bred  from  a  Chrysalis,  x.xiii,  'JOli,  207,  1801. 

10.   Notes  on  Nortli  American  Tachinida>,  with  Descriptions  of  New  Gen- 
era and  S{)ecies,  Pai)er  V,  xxiv,  <i4-70.  77-82,  1802. 

17.  A  Sarcoi)lia<rid  Parasite  of  Cimhex  americana,  xxiv,  12(5,  127,  1802. 

18.  Notes  on  Nortli  American  'Pachinidje,  with  Descriptions  of  New  Gen- 

era and  Species,  I'aper  VI,  xxiv,  100-172,  1802. 
10.   A  Preliminary  Groupinjr  of  the  Described  Sjjecies  of  Sapromyza  of 
North  America,  with  one  New  Sjiecies,  xxiv,  ;;ui-'J04,  18!t2. 

20.  A  Trypetid  bred  from  Galls  of  Hijrlovia,  xxv,  48-52,  180;>. 

21.  Comments  on  Mr.  van  der  \Vuli)'s  Diajrnoses  of  New  Species  of  Mex- 

ican   Phasiida;,  Gyninosomatida!,  ( )cypterid;e,  and   Plianiidaj,   xxv, 
1(;5-108,  180;]. 

22.  A  very  Remarkable  and  Anomalous  Syri)liid  witli  Peculiarly  Devel- 

oped Hind  Tarsi,  xxvi,  50-52,  1804. 
2:).  Note  on  the  Proposed  New  Genus  Calotarsa,  xxvi,  102,  1804. 

Ento.mologkal  Nkws,  Philadelphia,  Pknn. 

24.  New  North  American  Tachinida',  iii,  80-81,  120-l;Jl,  1802. 

25.  Notes  on  North  American  Taehinida>,  sens.  str.  with  Descriptions  of 

New  Genera  and  Species,  Paper  IV^. 
2(5.   An  Exorista  Parasite  of  Lagoa  opercularis,  iii,  150,  1(50,  1801. 

27.  A  Tacliinid  Parasite  on  Chrysophanes  dione,  Exorista  chrvsoplianaj, 

n.  sp.  ii,  107,  108,  1801. 

28.  A  Kemarkable  New  Hippoboscid  from  Mexico,  ii,  105,  10(5,  1801. 
20.  New  Jamaica  Tacluiiidtt>,  I,  iii,  14(5,  147,  1802. 

30.  Note  on  Trichobius  dugesii  Towns,  iii,  177,  178,  1802. 

31.  On  the  So-called  Throat  Bot,  iii,  227,  228,  1802. 

32.  Some  Deformities  in  the  Abdominal  Segments  of  Tachinidie,  iii.  160, 

167,  1802. 

33.  On  the  Geographical  Range  and  Distribution  of  tlie  Genus  Trichopo- 

da,  iv,  60-71,  1803. 

TUANSACT.ONS  AMERICAN  ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETV,   PHILADELPHIA,  PeNN. 

34.  Notes  on  North  American  Tacliinida?,  sens.  str.  with  Descriptions  of 

New  Genera  and  Species,  Pai)er  1 1,  340-382,  1802,  Paper  III;  xxix, 
88-132,  1802. 


nii'.LiocKwi'iiv. 


XLIX 


1').  The  Xortli  AriKTiciin  ( 


ctKTii  of  Calyptratr  Muscida-.   I'ajHT  II,  x 


i:W-l(iO;  Taper  III,  L'T.'J-L'TS;  Taper  I\'.  l'7<»--j.s4;  i 


IX, 


ISO: 
'•)<).   Notes  on  North  A 


apcr  \',  2'.H)--J'M, 


III 


cii's.  Taper  \'II,  xix,  l'S4-2S0,  1,s<i 


erican  Tacliiiiida',  witli    Descriptions  of  New  Sr 


Thi'  North  Aineriean  ( 


I'nera  of  Nenioeerous   Dijttera,  xix,   1  Jt-KiO. 


■■»8.  Contriliutions  to  the  Dijiteroloyy  of  Xortii  A 


'5-Oi');  II,  Tahaniila',  (;onoj)i(la',  Tachin 


rnerica,  I,  S\Tj)hi(l 


a",  xxii. 


•'10.   On  a  Species  of  Simuliuni  from  tlie  (irami  (' 

xix,4r)-48,  my.]. 

Tr.\nsa<  TioNs  OK  Tin:  Kansas  Acadkmv  oi-  Scikm  k   i 


ilia',  etc.,  ."i.Vso.  Isii." 


iinoii  of  tlie  Colorado. 


40.  On  tlie  Horseflies  of  New  .M( 


'oi-KKA,   Kan- 


sas. 


■xico  and  Arizona,  1 ;}.'{- 1. "I.")   1S!)4 


41.   Note  on  a  Peeuliar  Aealyj.trate  Museid  found  near  'I'lirkev  'j'ankr 


Ariz.  i;{.'),  i;;*;,  ks<i4. 


Annaj.s  of  thi:  Ni;\v  Yokk  Acai.kmv  or  8(  iknci:,  Ni;\v  Vuhk  ( 


42.  Cataloj-iie  of  the  Described  South  American  S 
Muscida",  vii,  1-44,  1S92. 


ITV 


ipt'cies  of  Calyptrate 


Inskct  LiiK,  Washington,  I).  C. 

4:J.   Further  notes  on  the  Cotton-tail  T.ot,  with  the  hreedin- and  id» 

cation  of  the  Fly. 
41.   Some  Michigan  Notes  1^'corded,  ii,  42-H,  ISS'.t. 
4.j.   Laphria  canis  Will,  ii,  1(32,  188!). 


iititi- 


Tk 


ciiNicAi-  Bir.r.KTiN,  Ohio  Kxi-i; 


UMKNT  Station,  Noi;\valk,  Oiii 


o. 


4(1.   A  Tachinid  reared  from  the  cells  of  a  mud-dauher  Wasp,  i,  I.sii;). 
Z«»i;,  San  Fkascisco,  Cal. 

47.  A  New  Tryi)etid  from  Chacaltian.iruis,  Mexico,  with   Note  on   Ilcxa- 

cliaeta  amabilis  Loew,  iv,  l.J-ld,  ISii;;, 

TuocEEiuN(is  or  California  Acadk.mv  ok  Sciknci:,  San  Fuancisc.  Cm 

48.  On  the  DijUera  of  Baja,  California,  inciu.lin-  a  few  from  the  adjacent 

regiims  of  California  and  Mexico  (2),  iv,  5!i;5-(;2,  I8(t;i. 

JOIKNALOKTIIE    Nk«-  YoRK    En  TOMOM.OMAI.    SOCIKTV,    NkW   V(.I!K   CiTV. 

4!).   A  Nycterihid  from  a  New  Mt'xico  Hat,  i,  79-80,  1,S9.{. 

00.  Some  New  Santo  Domingo  Tachinida',  ii,  78~7!>,  18!)4. 

Joi'RNAL  Jamaica  Institi;tk,  Jamaica,  West  Ini>ii;s. 

01.  A  Tachinid  bred  from  a  larva  of   Trotoparce  jamaicencis   Hutler,  in 

Jamaica. 
•">2.   A  scorj)ion  Tarasite,  Dec.  18!)2. 

".;!.   Notes  on  some  Jamaica  Muscida',  with  hrief  anonymous  dcs<Tiptions 
of  doubtful  forms. 


L 


IJIHI.KJGRAl'llV. 


o4.  (K'C'uctii  furi'iis  in  Jiunaica. 
55.   A  hot-like  parasite  of  a  hinl. 

I'uncKKDiNi.s  OF  TiiK  Ex n.M()i,0(iicAL  SocrivTV  OF  Wasiiixgtox,  D.  C. 
5<5.   Notes  on  Certain  (Vridoniyidous  (Jails  on  Cornus,  ii,  .".nO,  ;]!»],  ISO:]. 
57.  The  Xortli  American  Genera  of  Calvptrate  Miiscidio,  Taper  I   ii  «!)- 

100,  1891. 
5S.  Notes  on  North  American  Tachiniilas,  sens.  lat.,  with  Descriptions  of 

New  Species,  Paper  I,  ii,  i;J4-14n,  ISDl. 

50.   Notes  on  the  Genera  Tripiotriciia  hw.  and  Afrnotomvia  Will    ii   117- 
110,   1801. 

45.     VVKHSTEH,  F.   M. 

BULLKTIX  OF  THE  OlIIO  A(;IUCULTURAL    Exi'KKI.MKNT  StaTIOX,    TkCHXICAL 

Seimf.s,  Norwalk,  Ohio. 

1.  Methods  of  Ovijxjsition  in  the  Tepulidie,  i,  151-154,  1803. 

2.  A  Dipterous  Gall-maker  and  its  Associates,  i,   1.34,  180;]. 

Inskct  Life,  WASniXdiox,  I).  C. 
;}.  Notes  on  a  Species  of  Necrophagous  Diptera,  ii,  ;]5()-358,  1800. 

40.     WIIEELEK,  WILLIAM  MORTON. 

PSVCHE,  CAMBRIDliE,   MaSS. 

1.  Description  of  some  new  North  American  Dolicliopodida?,  v,  ;}.']7-:)43 

355-302,  373-370,  1800, 

2.  The  supposed  Bot-fly  Parasite  of  the  Bo.x-turtlc,  v,  403,  1800. 

PROCEEinxos  WiscoxsiN  Natural  Histohy  Society,  Mimvaukie,  Wis. 

3.  On  two  new  species  of  Cecidomyid  producing  galls  on  Antenuaria 

plantagini  folia,  April,  1880,  200-210. 

47.     WHITNEY,  C.   P. 
Caxadian  Entomologist,  Loxdon,  Ontario. 

1.  Descriptions  of  some  New  Species  of  Tahanidje,  xi,  35-38,  1870. 

48.     WILLISTON,  SAMUEL  WENDELL. 
Bi  i.letix  Brooklyn  Ento.mologkal  Society,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

1.  On  the  Classification  of  tlie  Nortli  American  Diptera,  First  Paper  vii 

129-130,  1885. 

Extomologica  Americana,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

2.  On  the  Classification  of  Nortli  American  Diptera,  Second  Paper,  i,  10- 

13,  1885. 

3.  On  the  Classification  of  Nortli  Ameri 


118,  152-155,  1886. 


Diptt 


iper,  i,  114- 


4.  On  two  interesting  new  Genera  of  LepticL-e,  ii,  105-108,  1880 


r.IIU.KXiUAIMIV. 


•J.  Additions  an.!  Com-ctioiis  ti)  tin-  ("atain^ru..  ..f  s,,iitii  Am. Tic 

])iii(la'. 
(!.  'I'Ih'  Horn-fly,  v,  ISO,  isi,  l.ss't. 

Hkui.ixku  Kmumolugimuk  Zkiis.  111,11  t,  Bi;i!i.i\,  {,i:uyi\s\. 
7.    L\'I)CT  Mallotacinihiciforniis  Kaiji'ii,  x.wi,  171,  i7-j,  i,s«(). 

EvroMOr.<»<;:s(iiK  NAcnRiciiiKN,  Hkki.in.  (Jkimiavv. 

H.   UfhcT  c-ini!,^'  lA'ittiiifn-CiiaraotiTcn.  Ixvi,  too,  ],S8."). 

JSci  i»i>kk's  Hi  ttkiomks  of  tmk   Kastlun   T 
CAMiiiMiKii;,  Mass 


M 
in  Svr- 


■.MTIW*    StaTKS    and    ( 


IS.  iss:;. 


it.   Till'  DiptiTous  I'arasiti's  of  Xortl.  American   liuttcrflics    lOl 
pi.  x.xxix,  IHSO. 

I'svciiE,  CAMni!ir)<;K,  Mass. 

lit.  On  tin-  ("ollcftion  and  rn-scrvation  of  Diptcra,  1. SO- 1. •!•_',  ISSJ. 

11.  Notes  on  Asilida',  2').')-L'r)!t,  liSM' 

li'.  Hiiariniorplia  and  Apiocera,  '.»'.t-102,  Lsss. 

1:5.  Tile  StTew-worni  Fly,  Coniijsoniyia  maceilaria,  |:!lI-||,s 

14.  On  tlie  Uliopalonierida',  vii,  l.S.'J-lST,  isHiJ. 

1">.  HI)oi)aIomera  .\antlioei)s,  n.  sp.  vii,  Marcli,  IS'i.'). 

]<!.  Xotes  on  Taeiiinidii",  vi,  40<),  410,  ISO,;. 

Standako  Xatui!ai.  Ilisrouv,  CAMnuiix.!:,  Mass. 

17.  Vol.  v.,  Diptera,  40;!-4;;;i,  1S84. 

Kansas  rxivKusixY  QuAitTKiii.Y,   Lawkdnci:,  Kansas. 

18.  Diptera  Hrasiliana,  Part  II,  i,  4:\~U>,  JSOJ. 

10.   On  the  Apioeerida-  and  tlieir  Allies,  i.  ]01-l  is,  ,,ls.  iv,  x    IS'l.'l 
•^It.    Diptera  Hrasiliana,  Tart  III,  i,  ]\<)-]-J2,  is'.i.;. 


ANA  DA, 

J-lit->4. 


-'I.   New  or  Little  K 


nown 


Dipt 


era,  u,  rv,»_7o,  iMii; 


On  the  Genus  Dolictioinyia,  with  the   \h 


from  Colorad 


o,  iii,  41-4.•^  lS!t4. 


■^cription  of  a   Xi 


w  S 


[lecie: 


•>;' 


Xew  Genera  of  Homhvlid; 


24.  Two  Hemarkahle  Xew  G 


25.  Triptotricha  a  nil  Dialvs 


I',  iii,  1S!»4. 
enera  of  Diptera,  iv.  |S!I." 


Hior.oGiA  Ckntham-A.mi: 


ysis,  iii,  1S!»'). 

Klf'ANA,   I.ONIMtN,    I'.Ni.l,  \NI 


*'.   Diptera,  vol.  iii,  1-SO,  j)is.  i,  ii,   |S!)i>. 


CaNAI>IAN     ENTOM()r,()(;iST,     LoN 

27.   An  anomalous  Homhvlid, 


2S.   Eristalis  tenta.x,  xiii,  17(),  18H1. 


DON,  Ontahio. 
xii,  215-210,  ]S7!». 


20.   New  or  Little  Known  (ie 

S2,  1SS2. 


nora  of  Xorth'American  Syrpliidi 


»',  xiv. 


JO.   Drosophila  ampelophila,  xiv,  l;;8,  1882. 


II.   Tile  Xortli  Ameri 


an  Spoeies  of  Xemistrinida",  xv,  70-7l'    1 


8s;: 


Lll 


P.inLKXilfAIMIV. 


>2.   Notes  and  Descriptions  of  North  A\ 


otnyidii",  xvii.  1-Jl-l-JiH,  188."), 
!•'!.  North  Aiiieriean  Taehiiiidio,  ( 
'A.   A  N 


iierican  Xy'  ipiiaj'idjL'  and  Strati- 


ionia,  xix,  (»-12,  1881 


ew  Soutii  Anieriean  Genus  of  Coiuipina',  xix,  l(U-l(i(),  188'; 


•'>.   A  List  of  S 


peeies  ,)f  Dipiera  from  Sar.   Doinio'^),  xxv,  170,  171,  180;' 


OMOLOOK  AI,     LaHOIJATOKV,      LaNSIXO 


NoTKS    ON     InJI  1!I()I  s    Insix'ts,     Kxi 

Mich. 

■'!().   Scopoiia  st'(juax,  n.  sj).   figs.   j).  o,  <;,  l,s^;4. 

TkAXSAI  TIONS     OK    TIIK    CoNXKCTK  LT    ACADKMV     OF     A 

Ni;\v  Havkx,  Conn. 
•'!7.   Some  Interesting  New  Dijit.ra.  iv,  21:]-lM(;.  1880. 


UTS    AM>    S 


(  iioxeKS, 


!8.   'I'lie  North  Ai 


oO.   Nortli   A 


iieriean  Species  of  (\inops,  iv,  ."rJ.'-iU-J.  188: 


merican   Conopidie:   Stylogaster,  Dalmannia,  Oncom 


via.  VI. 


icir  use  as 


87-04,  1884. 

40.  Dipterous  Larva-  from  tlie  V.\stern  Alkaline  Lakes  and  t 

Human  Food,  vi,  8.'!-8(),  188:>. 

41.  North  American  Conopicia-;  Conclusion,  vi,  ;]77-;]04,  xli,  01,  188o. 

J.  T.  IIatiiawav,  Nkw  IIavkn,  Conn. 

42.  Synopsis  of  tlie  Families  and  (ieneru  of  North  American  Diptera,  j)p. 

1-84,  1888. 

HlM.KTIX    OK    THK    Olllo    ExKKKIMKNT    StaTIOX,    TkCIINK'AL    SkUIES,    NoR- 

WAi.K,  Ohio. 
4:).    Description  of  a  Species  of  Ciilorops  reared  from  galls  on  Muhlen- 
hergia  mexicana  hy  F.  M.  Wehster,  i,  100-157,  180;}. 

1'ko(  Ki:i)iN<is  Ami;i!I('ax   I'iiilosoi'iiicai.  Sociktv,   l'nii,Ai>KM'iiiA,   Pi:x\. 

44.  Coiitrihutions  to  a  .Monograpli  of  the  North  American  Svrphidie   xx 

200-:;:!l>,  188'J. 

Amkuican  NATiuAr.isr,  I'iiii.adkmmiia,  I'knn. 

45.  A  New  Cattle  I'est,  1880,  \)\.  xxx. 

TUAXSACTIONS    OK    TMi;     AmKKICAX    KNTOMOLO<iIC  A  I,    SoCIKTY,     rilll.AlU:  I,- 
I'llIA,   1'kXX. 

40.  On  the  North  American  Asilida«;  Dasyi)ogonina',  Laplirina>,  with  a 
new  (ienus  of  Syri)hiila',  xi,  I-'IO,  jjIs.   i-iii,  188:]. 

47.  On  the  Nortli  Anieriean  Asilida',  Tart  U,  xii,  5;]-7(i,  1885. 

48.  Dipterological  Notes  and  Descrijitions,  xiii,  :J87-;507,  188:1. 


40.   Catalogue  of  the  Dcscrihed  Species  of  South  A 


:{08-;]24,  1880. 
oO.   Diptera   Hrasiliana,  ab   II.   II.  Smith 
Syrphida",  xv,  •J4:)-'J0l',  1888. 


merican  Syrphiihe,  xii, 


eoUecta,  I'art   I,  Stratonividio. 


15inLl()(;i{Al'l!Y. 


LI  1 1 


ol.   Ciital(),triu'  of  the  DcscTibL'd  Siiocits  of  South  A 
07-91,  IWH. 

ExTOMOi.oGiCAi.  Xkws,  Til  I  i.A  di;  i.i'ii  I  A,  1'i:n\. 


iiicrifaii  Atiili(hi',  xviii. 


'j2.  C 


A  N 


)pt'^tylum  mar-inatiini  and  Voliicelhi  fasciata,  ii,  K^  1W)2. 


(.'w  Si)L'cii.'ti  of  C'riorrhiiia  ami  Xott'S  on  S\ 


i>i.  On  tlif  Genus  Erax,  v,  l:l(5-i;!7.  ism. 


vvnonyuiy,  iii,  ]S<); 


O.J.  The  Xortli  Ainerit-aii  I'svchodid 


oC.   The  A 


i\  iv,  ll;]-]14,  ISO: 


merican  (Jenera  of  Saproinyzin;e,  v,  1!»()-1!)7,  1894. 

eiiiKi',  vi,  '29-:]2,  ISO.J. 


57.   A  New  Taclunid  with  Keniarkal)le  Ant 

Tkansactio.ns  of  Tin;  Kansas  Acadk.mv  ok  Sr 

08.  Table  o':  tlie  Families  of  Diptera,  x,  li'J-]-JS,  1 

09.  Notes  and  Descriptions  of  North  A 


iKNci;,  Toi'KKA,  Kansas. 

ISSS. 


in 


(iO.    Hihio  tristis,  n.  sp.  in  Kello<>>,^'s  Inseet  Not 
WiKXKK  ENTOMorxxiisciiE  Zkitin<;,  \'ii:n 


erican  Tahaniche,  x,  l-_'!»-M2,  1888. 


es,  xiii,  ]];}.  189; 


na, 


Ai 


STIilA. 


01.    Kine  Merkwuerdijve  neue  Syri)hiden-(;at 
ISSKCT    LiFi;,    WaSI1IN(.TOX,    1).  ('. 
()2.   An  Australian  Parasite  of  leerya  purehasi,  i,  LM-2:i   1 


tuiiji',  iii,  18")-1S0,  fi<r.  1884. 


0;5.   Note  on  the  ( 


8S9. 


en  us  Lestoj)lu)nus,  i,  ."i-JS-IvlO,  188!>. 


04.   Leucopis  bellula,  n.  sp.  i,  '2'u.  1889. 


05.   IJelvosia — A  studi 


IV 


Hijm.i:tin  Umtki)  Statks  N 
00.   No.  ;!1,  Synoi)sis  of  the  North  Am 
pis.  i-xii,  1880. 

NOUTH  AmKIMCAN-  FaTNA,  WASIIIViTON,  1).   C 

07.   Diptera  of  the  Death  Valley  Iv\!)ed 
.1.  T.  IIatiiawav,  Nkw  Havkn,  Conn. 


i7-ii40,  pis.  189:1. 

ATIONAI.   Ml  SKIM,    WasIIINctoN,    D.   C. 


eriean  Syrphida-,  pp.   i-xxx,  l-:!:{5, 


ition,  vii,  25;)-i'59.  189; 


«ilS.  Manual  of  the  Families  and  ( 


ieiiera  of  Nortli  American   Di'  tt'ra. 


Hici'OKT  OF  Tin:  Stati:  KxroMor-oiiiST  of  I 
09,    I  ourteenth  Report,  p.  05,  1885. 


M.INOIS. 


Psyche,  Camhiudgi;,  M 


49.    wooDwoirni,  ciiakles  \v 


ASS. 


1.  Gonia  senilis,  Williston,  v,  4:1,  1889. 


50.     WULP,  F.  M.  VAN  DKi{. 
Ti.rDscnuiFT  vooii  Entomolo(;ik,  Haui  i:,  1Ioi,i,am>. 

1.  Amerikaanische  Diptera  xiv,  141-108,  pi.  xv,  1881 

pis,  ix,  X,  1881';  xxvi,  pp.  i,  ij,  l-O'i,  pis.  j,  ij,  188:{. 

2.  Nalezinji:  over  Anierikaansche  Dij»tera,  xxvii,  pp.  1-4,  1884. 


xxv,  pji.  77-i;]0, 


Diamiosis  of  New  Mexican  Muscid 


n\  xxxv,  18;!-195.  189:1 


LIV 


BIBLIOGUAPIIV 


Notes  from  the  Li:yi>kx  Muskim,  Ha<;i:e,  Holland. 
4.   Remarks  on  certain  American  Diptera  from  tlie  Leyden  Museum  and 
Descriptions  of  Nine  New  Species,  iv,  pp.  73-S):>,  1892. 

Co.MPTES     KeNDIS     I>E     LA      SOCIETK     EnTOMOLOG  IQIK      1)K     LA      HliLOigi  E, 

Belcium. 

6.  Quelquus  Dipteres  Exotiques,  1881. 

Weiner  Entomologische  ZEiTUN(i,  Vienna,  Aistiua. 
0.  Chrysops  geminata  Wied.  und  Macq.  iii,  i»p.  i;{9-141,  1884. 

Biologia  Centrali  Americana,  London,  England. 

7.  l)ii)tera,  vol.  ii,  l-2ti4,  i)ls.  i-vi.  1888-189(1. 


and 


Qi  K, 


II'!' 


:^OUTII   A.AEEIMCAX    DIP^IM^HA 


^ 


TAI'.LK  OF  THE   FAMILIi:s  OF   DIF'IFK'A. 

1.  Klii'S  of  n  Icntlicry  or  lioriiy  stnictiirc,  livinu'  ])iiriisiti('iilly  in  tlic  mlult 

stiiti'  ui)()ii  \viirm-l)l(K)(]i'il  vertfhriiti'S ;  lu'ii<l  siiiall,  fitlicr  closi'ly 
unitc'fl  to  tilt'  cMuariiiniiti'  iititcnor  ]i;irt  of  tlir  tlmrax  or  foldiiiu-  luick 
into  a  iiToovi'  u]>oii  tlu'  dortoiiii ;  luoutli-part  iiicoriiiiii'tc,  tlii'  paljti 
wantiiiii' ;  Icjis  si'])arat<.'il  hy  tlic  broad  .■itiTiium  ;  ahdouu'ii  indistinctly 
sogMiontati'd ;  claws  wi'li  (k'vc'lo|)i'd.  /'iijiij'iini.  .  .  .  A'.] 
Flit's  of  softer  structurt',  never  living  i>ai'a>iti('ally  in  the  adult  state 
upon  vertebrates;  head  se])arated  from  the  tiioi'ax  by  a  free  iieek.  2 

2.  Antenna'   many-jointed,  often  longer    than  tlu'  thorax,  the    two    basal 

Joints,  ((Illy,  differentiati'd,  the  remainin;i'  joints  usually  ilistinet  ; 
l)al])i  composed  of  three  or  four  joints,  usually  elongate;  anal  cell 
rarely  closi'd  or  narrowed  in  tlu' marsiin.     \iiihihici  ni.  .         .'! 

Antenna'  rarely  as  loiiu'  as  the  thorax,  composed  jirinuirily  of  three 
joints,  the  third  of  which  may  be  sinipK'  or  eoni]dex  (that  is  com- 
])ose(l  of  more  or  less  distinct  annuli  or  sejinients,)*  with  or  without 


a  terminal  or  dorsal  arista  or  ternunal  siv 


anal  cell  (dosed  before 


the  border,  or,  distinctly  narrowed  in  the  border,  oi',  if  of  other 
structure,  the  antenna'  comjtosed  of  three  simjile  joints  with  or  with- 
out an  arista    or  styli';   i)al|)i    rarely  much   elongate,  composed  of 


from  one  to  three  joints,  or  rudinieiitarv, 


hi 


*  To  the  beuinner  there  will  be  several  families  here  which  wil 


cause 


doubt;  they  are  especially  the  Siiiiii/iiln ,  lllhiiinlilii ,  Oiji/iik  /i/iiiii/n  ,  and 
some  of  the  Xi/loplini/inii'.  The  Siniiiiidn  are  small,  thi(d<-set  flies,  with 
the  antenna'  not  longer  than  the  liead,  composed  of  ten  joints,  the  veins  of 
the  winns  weak  and  the  neuration  incomplete'.  In  the  /llliinnii/n  the  anten- 
na'have  from  nine  to  thirteen  joints  closely  united,  altouetlu'r  no  longer 
than  the  thorax ;  there  is  no  discal  cidl.  Oriilim  jiliiln  is  composed  of  s])eeies 
not  more  than  three  or  four  millimeters  in  length;  the  antenna'  are  appar- 
ently three-jointed  with  a  terminal  arista;  ui.der  close  exannnation.  how- 
ever, the  third  Joint  will  be  found  to  be  <'omposed  of  three  segments  and 
the  arista  of  seven.  The  A'///"/'/"'///'/"  will  be  best  distinguisheil  by  the 
comi)lete  neuration  and  the  closed  or  narmwt'd  amil  cell.  In  all  cases 
where  the  \y,\\\)\  are  found  to  bi  comiiosed  of  four  joints  the  species  may  l»e 
unhesitatingly  placed  among  the  \<  indtoci  ra. 

1 


2 


XOIJTH  A.MKKICAN   DIl'TKlJA. 


:;.   Dorsum  of  thorax  with  ii  compli'ti'  V-shapiMl  suturt' ;*  wiiius  (waiitinti- 

rarely)  inany-voiiu'd,  ot'tuii  with  a  coiniilctt'  discal  ci'll;  oci'ili  watit- 

iiiff  (prc'som  in  a  few  forms);  often  hir^'e  tlies.     .  TirrLiD.i;. 

Dorsum   of   tiiorax    without    a  V-sliaped    suture,   or   rarely    witli    any 

transverse  suture,        .....;...  t 

4.   A  coini)Iete  discal  cell  i)resent ;  em])oilia  develoi)ed  pulvilliforni,  the 

pulvilli  rudimentary. Uhvimiid.k. 

No  discal  cell.  ..........         5 

•^>.   Antennio  composed  a])parently  of  three  joints  with  a  terminal  arista; 

small  species,  three  or  four  millimeters  in  lenj^th.     ()i!1'I1ni;i'iiimi).i:. 

Antemiiu   not   ajiparently  conqjosed   of  tliree   joints   and   a    terminal 

arista. .0 

0.  Wiiigs  witli  only  a  few  lonjiitudinal  veins,  and  no  cross-veins;  coxa>  not 
clonjiate,  tihiiu  witliout  terminal  spurs,  leys  not  thicki'ued;  ocelli 
present  or  absent ;  small  or  minute,  ilelicate,  mostly  nall-jjroducin.u,' 

flies. ('KriDoMviD.K. 

Not  such  flies;  winj^s  usually  many-veined.  ....  7 

7.  Ocelli  present 8 

Ocelli  wanting' (compare  J///rr/r)/*/(/7/r/").      .....         10 

8.  \Vin<fs  broad,  bare,  characteristically  marked  by  numerous  folds  be- 

tween the  veins,  jrivinff  a  netted,  spiderweb-like  api)earanco. 

LlI'ONKUKID.i:. 

Wings  not  so  marked  ;  no  entire  transverse  suture.     ...  0 

J).  Coxtv  much  elonjj;ated  (moderately  so  in  Sn'dn'wt);  antenniv  often  elon- 
gate, the  joints  constricted ;  three  or  two  ocelli  present  (in  the  lattiT 
case  one  situated  near  each  eye  and  often  perceptible  with  diftic\ilty); 
all  the  tibiae  with  spurs Mvcitoimiilid.k. 

Coxa;  short,  the  thorax  rounded,  not  humped  above;  antenna>  shorter 
than  the  thorax,  thickened,  tlie  joints  closely  united  withi,,it  marked 
(H)nstrictions  ;  legs  strong,  the  front  femora  often  thickeiuil ;  empodia 
pulvilliforni,  tile  pulvilli  sometimes  absent ;  eyes  of  5  large. 

lillUONlD.lO. 

10.  The  costal  or  marginal  vein  docs  not  extend  beyond  tlie  tip  of  the 

wing. 11 

Tlie  marginal  vein  encompasses  the  entire  wing.  ...         12 

11.  Antenna)  slender,  the  joints  more  or  less  constricted,  and  often  bushy 

plumose;  legs  slender,  hind  tibia^  and  metatarsi  never  dilated  ;  abdo- 
men slender;  wings  narrow.  ....         CniuoNOMiD.i;. 


*  Biltacomorplut ,  Pti/rlioptcm  and  Idiopltista  may  cause  doubt  here.    They 
have  the  suture  incomi)letely  V-shaped  and  sinuous.     Compare  Iilii/iihidc . 


TABLE  OF  TIIK  FAMILIES. 


a 


Aliti'iiiiii'  sliortcr  tliun  tlic  tliorax,  tlic  Joints  hroinllv  iind  closely  uiiilccl, 
witliout  niarkc'd  coiistrictioii.  and  never  hairy  or  jiilose;  h'us  stronu', 
liintl  pair  more  or  less  dilated  ;  liody  tliiek-set,  alidoinen  ovate;  winus 
broad,  bari',  the  anterior  veins  stouter,  the  jiosterior  weak.  I'lack- 
Hies,  nulValo-jinats.     .......         Simii.mk.k. 

V2.  WinjJTs  ovate,  tlistaliy  witli  ten  loMuitiulinal  veins  and  witliout  cross- 
veins;  vi'ins  strongly  luiiry  ;  tibia'  without  terminal  sjiurs  ;  small, 
lepidopter-like  flies,  the  winj^s  when  at  ri'st  folded  root'-sli;iped. 

1*S^(I|,)I)1I>.K. 

Win<,^s  with  cross-veins  near  the  middle.       .....         l;> 

I'-].   Win^^s  hairy,  frin<;ed  on  the  hind  marnin;  mosijuitoes.  ('ii.icin  :,. 

Winj,rs  bare;  the  second  vein  arises  near  the  miildle  of  the  \\\\\<s. 

DlXIIIl.K. 

14.  Third  joint  of  the  anteniKO  complex  ;  basal  cells  of  wintr  lont;'.  lo 

Antenna'  comjxjsed  of  three  simi)le  joints,  the  third  not  annulated  or 

se}.nnentateil,  with  or  without  a  dorsal  arista  or  ternuiuil  style   or 

arista IS 

lo.  Empodia  undeveloped  or  liristle-likt' ;  antenna'  elongate,  composed  of 
four  or  five  joints,  without  difft'rentiated  style  or  arista  ;  vertex  and 
front   hollowed   out  transversely  between    the  eyes;  eyes  of  male 
never  contiguous.       .........         2o 

Empodia  develojied  pulvilliform  ;  third  antennal  Joint  more  or  less  dis- 


tinctly sepjmentated  or  annulated;  body  not  bristly, 


!(} 


10.  Tejiuliv  rather  lari,a';  third  lonsj^itudinal  vein  furcate;  five  jiosti'rior 
cells  always  j)resent ;  the  costal  vein  ('ncompasses  the  whole  margin 
of  the  wiu^;  proboscis  of  the  female  ailajited  for  jiiercinu  ;  third  Joint 
of  the  antenna'  with  from  three  to  eiuht  annuli,  never  with  stvie  or 


bristle.     Horseflies.   ...... 

Teguhe  small  or  rudimentary;  mostly  flower-flies. 


Tahamii.i:. 
17 


17.  Tibia>  wholly  without  spurs;  hmgitudinal  veins  of  the  wiii^s  usually 

crowded  anteriorly,*  the  posterior  ones  often  weak;  the  costal  veii\ 

does  not  reach  beyond  the  tip  of  tiie  winu';  antenna'  lon;adr  short, 

with  or  without  a  terminal  or  dorsal  arista  or  terminal  style. 

Stk.vtkim  VIli.V.. 

The  middle  tibia',  at  least,  with  distinct  spurs;  the  costal  vein  encoin- 

j)asses  the  entire  wing;  third  longitudinal  vi'in  always  furcate  and 

live  posterior  cells  always  present.  .         .  Li.rriD.i:. 

IH.   AntenUcX'  apparently  single-jointi'd,  with  a  longbristh';  wings  with  sev- 
eral stout  veins  anteriorly,  and  other  weaker  oiu's  api)arently  con- 


necteil   with   them;  femora  HatteiU'd,  the  hind  leys  loiu 


antenna' 


situated  near  the  mouth;  small,  (luick-ruiming,  hunchba(kt'd  Ww. 


I'llOlMIMO 


Not  such  Mies. 


I'.t 


If  very  large  tlii's  from  (^entral  America,  compare  ArAXTn().Mi;i!ii>.T. 


'!■ 


XOHTII  AMHinCAX  DIITKHA. 


10.   Knipodiii  (U'velopcd  i.ulvilliforiii,  tliiit  is  three  neiirly  eqiiiil  iiicinlinmniis 

iipi»i'ii(la<ios  (in  till' uikUt  side  of  till' claws.       ....-•* 

Kniliodiii   wantiiisj:,  rudimentary  or   linear,   never   develoiied  like   tlie 

1     Ml-  ''2 

pulvilli. 

20.  Teuuho  very  lar.ue;  tliorax  ami  abdomen  inllated  ;   head    sniall,  eyes 

hirf,^';  neiiration  varied Acii'x'intin.K. 

To.uuhi'  of  moderate  size  or  rudimentary -1^ 

21.  Middle  tibia-  at  least  with  spurs;  no  bristles  on  femora  or  tibia';  third 

lons^ntudinal  vein  furcate;  five  posterior  cells  jireseiit  (four  in 
J)l(ili/sis);  anterior  cross-vein  always  distinct ;  third  joint  of  the  an- 
tenine  with  a  bristle  or  slender  style,  usually  terminal.  Lki'TID.i,. 

Xot  such  flies 

Third  lonj.ntudinal  vein  of  the  wings  not  furcate.         .         .         .         ^U 
Third    lonuitudinal    vein    furcate,    two    or    more    snbmarninal    cells 

jirescnt -" 

Arista  or  style  of  antennii?  when  present  always  terminal.   .         .         2t 

Arista  dorsal,  always  present •^'' 

Vertex  and  front  distinctly  hollowed  out  between  the  eyes;  eyes  of 
male  never  contiguous;  ))asal  cells  large;  mostly  large  flies.   .         25 

Front  and  vertex  plane  or  convex 2(5 

Proboscis   with   flesliy  labella  at  the  tip;  neuration  complicated,  the 
fourth  vein  at  least  curves  forward  to  terminate  before  the  tij)  of  the 

wing;  palpi  rudimentary  or  wanting Mvdaid.t.. 

Proboscis  without  Heshy  labella  at  tij),  the  under  part  forming  a  horny 
sheath;  five  posterior  cells  always  present;  ])alpi  usually  prominent. 

ASIMD.K. 

20.   Five  i)osterior  cells  in  the  wing;  basal  cells  large.        .         .         .         2!) 
Never  more  than  four  jiosterior  cells  in  the  wing.         ...         27 

27.  Third  antonnal  joint  without  bristle  or  style  ;  three  posterior  cells  ;  first 

^    posterior  cell  narrowed  or  closed,  the  fourth  longitudinal  vein  termi- 
nating at  or  before  the  tip  of  the  wing.  .         .         Scenoimnid.e. 
Third  aiitennal  joint  usually  with  terminal  style;  four  or  three  jioste- 
rior  cells;  the  fourth  vein  terminates  beyond  the  tip  of  the  wing.  21S 

28.  Anal  cell  narrowly  open,  or  closed  near  the  margin;  discal  cell  jires- 

ent.  .......••         PoMnvi.iiD.K. 

Anal  cell  closed  remote  from  the  border,  sometimes  wanting;  if  I'loseil 
near  the  border  {/Illanmorpha),  the  discal  cell  wanting.         Emimo.k. 

2U.  Xeiiration  intricate,  the  anterior  cross-vein  wanting  or  rudimentary, 
owing  to  the  coalescence  of  the  third  and  fourth  veins  for  a  longer 
or  shorter  distance  ;  tibia>  without  terminal  spurs;  em])oilia  ami  jtiil- 
villi  memliranous,  but  frequently  minute.    .  Nkmistkinidk. 


09 


on 


24. 


20. 


:jn 


■10, 


TAl'.LK  OK  TlIK  FA.MILIKS. 


Xeuration  not  iiitricato :  Jiiiti' 
I)n>h().><cis  flrsliv. 


nor  cross-vein  always  dislinct;  lahclla  of 


JO.  TIk'  fourtli   vein  UTiiiiriatcs  lut'i 


orjiaiis  proiiiiiK'iit. 


'tv  thf  tip  of  tiic 


eriiiinatcs  l)cv( 


The  fourth  v<.'iii  t 
ortjans  small. 


11.   Aiitoiiiia>  with  a  dorsal  arist: 


wiii.-i';  male  so.xiial 
Ari(»(i;i;ir)  1.. 


Ill' 


.\iial 


(he  tip  of  tlK'  winy;  male  si 

'riiKi;i;vii».i: 


Anti 


muL'  witli  a  terminal  arista  or  stvh 


W 


ni.!^s  pointed,  no  cross-veins  in  the  middle,  the  fonrlh  lon-itndinal 
vein  lurcate  and  arising  from  the  fifth  ;  small 


Win<>> 


rounded  at  tlie  tij),  not  lancet-1 


species. 


CIIOITKUin.K 


iKe, 


second  hasal  cell  continent  with  the  diseal  cell 
le  au.xiliary  vein  does  not  terminate  in  tli 


brilliant-colored,  jiredaceoiis  fl 


les. 


Second  hasal  cell  separated  from  the  diseal  cell  1 


not  separati'dhy  a  vein, 
c  cosia  ;  small,  mostly 
Doi.n  iioi'ii).]:. 


>y  a  vem. 


>4.  Antennio  with  a  terminal  style, 
Antenna3  with  a  terminal  hristl 


'i'J 


e. 


First 


posteri(n- c '1  closed  (Connpi,!,,  pt.,  S>fr/,/,i>/.i ,  pt.) 


First  i)osterior  cell  open. 

>().   Head  coini)aratively  small,  the  ])ro) 
of  wiiii-s  usmilly  rudimentarv. 


!•: 


10 

MI'Ili.K. 


loscis  more  or  less  elonyated  •  al 


II  la 


Head  as  ))ro,ad  as  the  tl 


lorax;  proboscis  flesliy;  alula  distinct. 


I-: 


MriD.i;. 


Trol 


I'l.ATVj'Kzin.i: 


mscis  rudimentary,  paljii  wantin<x;  first  post 


rowed;  tegula;  usuallv  I 


I  rue. 


Proboscis  not  rudiment 


IJotrt 


posterior  cell  usuallv  nar- 


les. 


irv 


palpi  { 


(i:sT 


KID.K 


•  resent. 


;JS.   Second  basal  cell  confluent  with  the  diseal 


small  vein;  small,  mostly  brilliant-colored 
never  broad  and  convex. 
Second  basal  cell  separated  from  the  d:  .cal  cell  b 


cell,  not  sejtarated  l)y  a 


(if  not, 


not  brilliant-colored  predaceo  .s  flies). 


liredaci'ons  Hies  ;    face 

l)()Mcin)i'ii).i:. 

y  a  small  cntss-vein 


0.   Basal  cells  of  wini?  elony-ate    tl 


first  jiosterior  cell  closed 
/'ipinirii/i(/(i). 


or  I 


I'osterior  basal  cell  small,  the  anal  cell  ah 


niaryin. 


le  an:;,  cell  closed  toward  the  maruin  ; 
nuch  narrowed  (cxcejit  sometimes  in 

40 

ays  closed  remote  from  the 


■10.   Face  witli  subantcnnal  vertical 


V 


firooves  or  dejiressioi 


ICO  convex  transversely  or  with  a  ineilian  ridi 
tennal  dejtression. 


•c;  tiever  with  a  sul 


42 

»aii- 

41 


6 


NOllTII  AMERICAN  DUTEKA. 


41.  Between  tlie  third  iind  fourth  loiijritudinal  veins  :i,id  siih-imrallel  witli 

tlieni,  crossins,'  the  anterior  eross-vein,  a  si)nrio(Js  h)ii,untiidiiial  vein, 
or,  when  rarely  not  i>resent,  tlie  first  postorior  cell  elosid  a  eonsid- 

enihle  distance  from  the  border Svi!i>iiii>vi;. 

Spurious  vein  never  i)rescnt;  first  posterior  cell  not  closed  before  the 
margin;  eyes  very  larjic;  small  species.  I'ln  n<  ri.in.i:. 

42.  Troboscis  horny  and  elon.^ate,  often  f(ddinji  back  near  the  middle;  ab- 

domen never  with  bristles;  tibia'  without  trrnunal  si)urs  or  if  with 
spurs,  the  face  with  a  median  ri<l;ie,  and  the  probo.scis  foldinj;;  first 

posterior  cell  closed  or  narrowed Conoi'id.i:. 

Proboscis  fleshy  and  not  elongate;  if  elongate  and  slender,  with  or  with- 
out a  median  hinge,  the  body  with  distinct  bristles,  or  the  bristle 
of  the  antenna;  plumose 'SU.-hcukv.  sois:  Int. 

43.  Wingless  flies,  parasitic  upon  bats;  head  not  flattened,  folding  l)ack 

upon  the  dorsum  of  the  thorax  ;  first  joint  of  tarsi  not  abbreviated. 

NvcTEKiniiM:. 
Winged  or  wingless  flies,  parasitic  upon  l)irds  or  mammals ;  head  flat- 
tened, sunk  into  a  shallow  emargination  of  the  thorax;  first  joint  of 
the  four  anterior  or  of  all  the  tarsi  abbreviated.     .     IIii'poijosciu.k. 


("KCIDOMVIDJ.. 


oirnioinjiiAPiiA 


1.    ('I':ci])()Mvii»j:. 

SiiKill.  sloiidrr  Hies  willi  hi'oiul  wiiii^'s.  and  l<»ii,i,'  anIciiiiM'  and 
I'cot.  Head  small ,  eyes  round  or  rt'inionu.  sonictiincs  iKilop- 
tie:  ()('(dli  usiiallv  wantini'':  antenna-  Ioul;'.  cvlindvical  or  Ix'ad- 
like,  (.'oiuposed  ol'  a  lar_L,n'  innuhcr  of  joints  ten  to  thirty-six; 
in  many  species  the  joints  beaded  or  jx'tiolate  and  vcrticillatc, 
especially  in  tlu'  $;  proboscis  short,  elon^'ated  in  one  .i^cnns 
oidy  ;  [)alpi  usually  with  four  joints.  Thorax  ovate;  more  or 
less  convex,  without  transverse  suture;  abdomen  composed  oi' 
eight  scifinents;  hypopygium  composed  of  a  j»air  of  pi'ojccting 
liooklets ;  ovipositor  sometinu's  much  elongated.  Legs  long 
and  slender;  coxie  not  very  long;  tibia'  without  terminal 
s[)urs  ;  the  first  joint  of  tarsi  sometinu'S  very  short.  Wings 
large,  usually  hairy,  mirrowed  at  the  root,  without  alula ;  at 
tiie  most  with  five,  usually  with  but  three,  longituilinal  veins, 
viz:  the  first,  the  third,  and  the  tilth;  the  i'ourtli  and  tlie  sixth 
sometimes  present;  tiie  humeral  cross-vein  indistinct,  or  want- 
ing; costal  vein  enclosing  the  entire  wing;  veins  all  weak; 
the  fif'tli  usually  furcate  ;  antei'ior  cross-vein  very  near  the 
root  of  the  wing,  often  aj)i)earing  as  the  beginning  of  the  third 
vein,  the  real  origin  of  the  third  vein  having  the  ajtpearance 
of  a  short  cross-vein  ;  only  one  basal  cell  present. 

The  family  CecidomyiiUe  includes  a  very  large  number  of 
frail,  delicate,  often  vei-y  minute  Hies,  but  is  of  the  gi'eatest 
interest  to  the  biologist  as  well  as  the  econonne  (-ntomologist. 
At  present  about  000  or  700  species  are  known. 

The  egg  of  the  Cecidomyida'  is  souiewhat  elongated,  roumled 
at  both  ends,  orange  yellow  or  white  in  color.  The  time  re- 
(piired  for  hatching  is  very  variable  and  depends  upon  the 
weather,  sometimes  retpiiring  a  very  few  hours,  but  more  gen- 


% 

'  I 

I  '  r 

;  I' 


era 


lly  a  f 


ew 


lavs  or  even   weeks 


k^ 


Th(»  larval  food  is  almost 


NOW  111   ami;  II  KAN    DII'IKKA. 


w 


hell 


V  V('<4'('t;it 


il'ol 


II    (It'CilVllI'''    w 


Tin-  larvn"  ol  soiiu-  siu'cics  have  lit'cii  lii'cil 
(»()(!  .111(1  lmll)s.  otlit'i's  liiMii  uiuii'i'  the  liark  of 
trees,  or  from  t'uiiLji.  lliit  tlic  Lirfit  iiiajoritv  |ti't'l'<'r  living;'  plants. 
uttiicking  the  soi't  and  ,nreeii  [larts.  Most,  of  the  hirva'  are 
inonc^phajjjous.  livin.i^  almost  exehisivelv  on  a  single  kind  of 
])hint,  or  at  h'asl  ehiselv  allie(l  phmts;  hut  1  here  are  certain 
exeei)tions.  such  as  ('.  sisi/inhi'li.  which  is  said  to  iorni  the  ,u;all 
in  spriii<;' on  the  harherry,  and  hiter  in  the  season  on  a  nastur- 
tinni.  There  are  certain  others  which  are  impiilinous.  that  is 
•fuests  or  jiarasites  in  galls  formed  hy  other  Cecidomyids. 
Finiill'  ,  some  live  panisitic^iilly  in  the  society  (d'  plant  lice. 
Not  a  iV'W.  such  as  the  Jlessian  Hy,  live  upon  the  surface  of 
jdants,  or  in  the  axils  of  their  leaves;  but  the  gr'-ater  numher 
]ienetrate  inside  the  }»lant,  iiroducing  the  so-called  galls. 
Every  part  of  the  })lant  from  the  I'oot  to  the  Hower  and  the 
fruit  is  liable  to  such  attacks.  With  a  few  rare  excejitions, 
eaeli  species  attacks  the  same  jiart  of  the  jilaiit  and  deforms  it 
in  the  sanu^  manner.  The  galls  cause  deformations  and  excre- 
scences attached  to  the  stalks,  stems,  or  flowers,  destroying 
tlio  ])lant-tissue.  When  first  hatched  the  larva'  are  colorless 
and  translucent,  witli  the  alimentary  canal  showing  tlirough 
the  skin  greenish.  Later  in  life  they  assume  diffei'cnt  shades 
of  red  or  yellow.  They  have  the  extraordinarv  number  of 
fourteen  segnunits,  thus  forming  an  a})parent  exception  to  the 
larv[«  of  all  other  insects,  which,  as  a  general  rule,  j)ave  thir- 
teen. The  supernumerary  segment  is  placed  between  the  head 
and  first  thoracic;  segment.  The  larva'  have  nine  ])airs  of 
stigmata  along  the  sides  of  the  body  ajiparent  as  more  or  less 
nil>ple-shaped  projections.  The  head  is  not  ditferentiated;  the 
jaws  are  rudimentary  and  there  are  large  two-jointed  palpi  oi- 
antennte.  The  last  alxloniinal  segment  is  smooth  and  rounded, 
sometimes  with  tuoercles  or  a  i)air  of  horny  processes  which 
are  said  to  be  used  by  the  larva-  in  leaping.  On  the  under 
side  of  the  body  at  the  jtmction  of  the  first  thoraeic  with  the 
sui)ernumerary  segnuMit  there  is  a  horny,  more  or  less  elon- 


ri:('ii)().MVii)<K 


of 
,ttu' 
liir- 
K'iul 

of 

il'SS 

Itho 
or 
lo.l, 
,ich 
idcr 
till' 
On- 


.l;;i1.('(1  iiitjit'iidn^i'  wliosc  use  or  lioiiiolo^'V  is  iiiiI\iio\vii.  1 1 
varit^s  in  sli;i])t'  in  ditfi'i't'iir  si^'cics.  l;]ii'  fn-c  end  souiftinit's 
tcnniiiat  iiiL;'  in  two  joints,  sonictiincs  in  one.  some t  inn 's  toot  In m I 


and  scrratrd 


Ins  or^an.  disi-ov) 


ivd  1 


i\'   von    l.acr 


na; 


H'cn 


called  l)v  ( )st('n   Sackm   the   ■•  l)rt'ast  lioiif  ";   in    I'ji'^land  it  is 


Known  as  tin 


th 


anclioi 


)l'OC('SS 


r.v  some  it  is  tlionnld.  to  lie 


a  i»s('ndo|)od  ;  l)y  others  the  nu-ntnin;  and  Miss  ( )nnerod  Ue- 
licves  its  funotioii  is  tliat  of  a  scraper  or  diu-Ljcr  in  olitaininn 
food  from  the  stems.  ^lore  proliahly  its  nse  is  for  h>coniotion, 
or  for  (duumanL' the  iiositioii  of  the  hirva  in   its  cocoon  or  case. 


I 

The  motions  of  the  Lirva^  are  usnalh    si 


ow.   excei)t  iliL;'  thost 


which  live  on  the  surface  of  leave 


T] 


lose  winch  change 


tl 


len- 


abode    Ixd'ore  assuming  the  pnpa   state  beconu'    very    active 


about  the  jieriod  of  metamor[)hosi; 


A    vei'v   u'l't'iit  activity 


was  observed  by  Winnertz  in  some?  such  lai'va'  altera  thnnder 
storm.  They  left  their  hiding  ]ilaces  nndcr  gronnd  and 
crawled  about  restlessly  for  some  tinu' ;  repeating  these  actions 
after  every  thunder  storm,  some  even  two  months  after  h'av- 


ins 


th 


en-  s. 


:alls. 


Owing  to  their  rudimentary  moutli-i)arts  it  seems  evident 
that  the  larvie  must  feed  \ij)on  jnices  only,  and  that  they  need 
very  little  m)urishment  is  shown  bv  the  fact  that  thev  attain 
their  full  growth  and  develojiment  in  a  gall  just  lai'ge  enough 
to  enclose  them,  ai)pareutly  hermetically  sealed  and  for  the 
nuist  i)art  with  hard  walls.  It  is  probable  that  they  absorb 
nourishment  in  a  (piieseent  state.  As  nmny  as  sixty  individ- 
uals have  been  known  to  live  in  a  single  gall.  What  causes 
the  galls  is  not  easy  to  say  ;  i)robably  sonu'  ])eculiar  irrita- 
tion produced  by  the  insect.  It  is  {jrobable  that  the  larva' 
of  ('(>ri(/o>tif/i(f  do  not  undergo  nH)ultings  like  most  di[)ter()ns 
larva'.  P.efore  assuming  the  iiu})a  state  seme  larva/  leave 
their  galls  and  conceal  themselves  undei-  ground,  in  dry  leaves 
ami  moss  or  under  the  bark  of  trees  ;  while  others,  on  the  con- 
trary, complete  their  transformation  within  the  gall  its(df. 
The  pupa^  an^  generally,  but  not  always,  encdosed  in  the  cocoon, 


I     ! 


10 


NOllTII  AMKKICAN  TIIITEKA. 


wliicli  AViiinortz  says  is  id'odiiccd  hy  ;iii  exudation  or  excretion 
from  tlie  larva'  and  is  not  spun.  Larva'  wliieli  liad  fastened 
themselves  to  the  leaf  were  surnmnded  in  twenty-i'our  houi's 
by  a  wliite  halo  of  threa(l-li]<"  particles  like  spicules  of  crystals, 
the  larvte  remaininj^^  ahnost  wholly  motionless.  The  cocoon 
is  completed  within  a  few  days  but  even  then  shows  no  traces 
of  the  i^enuine  web.  There  seems  to  he  no  doulit,  however, 
but  that  they  do  in  some  eases  actually  s[)in  a  cocoon,  as  is 
so  frequently  the  case  auuuiL,'  the  funj^us-j^-nats.  Tlu'  ('han,u;e 
to  the  pujja  state  is  marked  by  an  alteration  of  color,  the  ante- 
rior segments  of  the  larva'  become  distended,  and  tlie  legs. 
wings,  and  antenna'  develo[»ing  and  ra[)idiy  attaining  their 
full  jmpal  dimensicms. 

The  p(n'iod  of  ])U[)ation  is  very  variable,  depending  npon 
warmth  and  moisture.  The  (leveloi»ment  is  retarded  hy 
cold,  though  they  are  cai)able  of  withstanding  a  very  low  ile- 
gree  of  temjierature. 

One  ot  the  most  remarkable  tilings  in  the  biology  of  these 
or  any  other  insects  was  discovered  by  AN'agner  in  ISOv).  Ac- 
cording to  this  scientist,  the  larva'  of  certain  species  belonging 
to  the  genus  Midxtor,  ;nul  which  live  under  the  hark  of  trees, 
l)roduce  from  ovary-like  organs  a  number  of  eggs  which  liatidi 
witliin  the  abdominal  cavity  of  tlie  parent  and  there  remain, 
ftH'ding  npon  the  abdominal  tissues  which  surround  them, 
"intil  they  are  consmned.  They  then  escape  to  iiu'rease  in 
size  and  produce  another  generation  in  the  sanu'  remarkable 
manner.  These  series  of  as"xual  reprodnctions  are  I'cpeated 
until  finally,  from  the  last  brood,  pupa'  are  devidoped  which 
undergo  their  transl'ornuition  into  imagines,  and  h'oiu  which 
a  new  series  of  eggs,  agamic  broods  of  larva'  anil  pupa'  in 
their  turn  result.  There  are  other  instances  of  pa'dogenetic 
rei)roductiou  among  diptera,  hut  noiu'  so  iutci'csting  as 
this. 

This  fanuly  contains  sonu'  of  the  nn»st  destructive  of  all  in- 
s(M'ts  in  nuin's  economy,  and   perli;i])S  the   most  iui])ortant  of 


CKCIDOMYID.K 


11 


these  is  d'cidiiiii ii'ui  {( Hiijofrnjih us)  ilcsfrmiitr,  coiiiUHnily  enl.- 
0(1  1,he  iressian  Fly,  trdiii  the  heliet'.  ]irol)al»ly  err(>iuM»iis.  that 
it  was  hrsl,  iiit  roiiueed  iiwo  this  country  in  straw  hrou^h" 
hy  Hessian  ti'oojis  durinL;'  tlie  llevdlution. 

The  fly  is  very  small,  hut  little  more  than  an  eighth  of  an 
inch  in  len,L;th,  of  a  prevailiui;,'  lihick  eoh)i',  with  the  alHlonieii 
pinkish  ^)V  hnjwnish.  There  are  two  hroods,  in  sjumiil;'  and 
autumn.  Tlu^  female  deposits  her  e^'^s,  oiu'  or  two  at  a  time, 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaves  of  wheat,  to  the  iiund)er  of 
from  eighty  to  a  huiulred,  or  even  nuu'e.  nateinnn'  in  from 
four  to  eiij^ht  days,  if  the  weather  is  favorable,  tlie  y(dh)wisli 
red  larva*  crawl  downward  on  the  le.ucs  until  they  insert 
themselves  between  the  leaf  and  the  stalk.  Here  they  remain 
([uieseent,  y'rowinj;'  by  nu'ans  of  ind)il)itioii  or  absorption  of 
the  juiees  of  the  i)lant,  until  they  vo\u-\\  the  size  of  a  small 
,i;-rain  of  rice.  The  larva'  that  are  hatci;ed  in  April  in  a  few 
weeks  assume  the  i)Upa  state,  called  the  tlax-seed  sta.g-e.  In 
August  the  second  brood  appears,  the  feimde  of  which  (h'jiosits 


her  etj:;;'s  m  yt'^v.-'^  \\ 
\\v  soon   hat(di  and 


inter  wheat  or  other  ;grain,  where  the  lar- 
aeiiuire  the   iiax-st'cd  condition   in  a,   few 


weeks,  or  by  November,  in  which  condition  they  pass  the 
wiutei'.  In  ICnj^-land  there  is  but  one  brood,  that  of  early 
summer,  ami  the  Hv  is  not  luvirlv  so  injurious  to  iirrowinu'  <jrain. 


tn 


hie 


Ded 


TAnLK  OF  (iKNKKA. 


Fourth  loiiLiitiKlinul  vein  waiitiiij: 
Fourth  loii;;ituiliiiiil  vein  prcsi'iU. 


("l.CinO.M  VIN.l 

Lkstkkmiin.i 


(-11 


Icli 

in 

Itie 


as 


in- 


CKCIDOMVINMO. 

1.   Fifth  loiiuitudinnl  vein  i'lirciiti',  \\\v  lir.^t  JoiiU  of  the  tarsi  usually  shorti  *■ 

than  the  i'ollowiiii;-.      ,....,.,.- 

Fiftli  h)n^itutliual  viiii  not  furcate,  the  initatarsi  louniT  than  the  follow- 

iiiii'  joint,  the  last  two  joints  vitv  small.  ,  ...  14 

-'.   First  and  tliird  lonii'ituilinal  veins  <listinetly  se])arated  from  each  other 

ami  from  the  eosta  ;  costa  not  tomeiilose.  > 

First  and  third  veins  closely  appro.NimatiMl  to  the  costa  and  ilillicult  to 

distiun'uish,  tlie  costa  ajtpareiuly  tliicki'Mcd.  1".' 


12 


XOKTII  AMKHICAX  DH'TEIJA. 


.■).   Antctiiia'  l)('!i(l-liki',  tlic  joints  virticillaU'.     .....         4 

Aiitciiiiu!  cvliiidrical,  tliu  joints  ii])i)r<).\iMiiit((l,  not  pi'tiohitc,  and  jjro- 
vidud  witii  siiort,  close  liair.  11 

4.  'I'liL'  third  longitudinal  vein  tt-rniinatcs  in  tiu'  cosla  before  the  ti])  of  tlie 


winji. 


(!>' 


(isi/iKuni)  CiociKo.-M vi.\  I.oew  (iion  Meiii'en). 


The  third  vein  ternunates  at  or  l)eyoMd  the  tip  of  tlie  u 


mu' 


1) 


T).   Thora.x  hiuhly  arciied,  hood-like,  over  tlu'  head.        IloitMo.M^  ia  Lot'W. 
Thorax  only  moderately  i  relied ;  winjrs  irridescent. 

0.   Win<i'.s  with  but  three  lonu'itudinal  veins,  tlu'  first,  third  and  fifth.        7 

Winers  apparently  with  four  lonuituilinal  veins,  the  first,  third  and  two 

in  ])laee  of  the  fiftii,  the  furcation  takini;'  ]ilace  so  near  tiie  root  of 

the  winjjf  a.s  to  i.nve  the  appi'arance  of  two  lonjiitudinal  veins.  10 

7.  The  anterior  cross-vein,  that  is  tlie  vein  arisinu;  at  the  root  of  the  winu,- 
and  conneetin^i;' with  ttie  tinrd  nearly  wiiere  it  arises  from  tlii' first,  is 
curved  /-shaped.  .........         S 

The  anterior  cross- vein  is  lU'arly  strai.ylit,  a])i)earinji'  as  the  begiuinng 
of  the  third  vein. !> 

S.   Wings  vcrv  lon<'' and  narrow.  .         .         .         Coi.i'oniA  Winnertz. 

Wings  !i()t  more  than  three  times  as  long  as  wide.  Ki-inosis  Loew. 

0.  Joints  of  the  antenna'  })etiolate,  in  the  male  usually  with  two  bead-like 
swellings  on  each  joint. 

{(Jcclddiii'ilii  Meigen  non  Loew)  Diri.osis  Loew. 
Joints  not  j>etiolate<l,  or  at  the  most  tlie  n\ales  with  a  single  bead  like 


swelling  on  eatdi  joint. 


l)ll!III/A   I. 


oew. 


10.  Palpi  large,  with  the  last  joint  elongate;  anterior  cross-vein  /-shajjed. 

AsvNAl'TA    Loew. 

Palpi  small,  the  last  joint  but  little  or  not  at  all  longer  I'lati  the  jxnul- 

timate;  anti'rior  cross-vein  but  little  curved.    \Vi\n"i;i!tzia  Hondani. 

11.  The  third  longitudinal  viin  terminates  before  tlii'  tip  of  the  wing;  fifth 

vein  not  furcate.  .....      SrANi()(i;i!A  Winnertz. 

Till'  third  vein  termiiiatts  at  or  beyond  the  lip  of  the  wing;  liftli  vein 
furcate,         .......         Asi'Iion'dvi.ia  Lmw. 

VI.    Proboscis  much  elongated,  direeied  downward.     ( 'i.iNoiin  vnciia  Lot'W. 
Proboscis  short.     ..........         1-i 

1.'].   jMctatarsi  shoi-ter  than  the  following  joint.     .         Lasioi'ti;ka  Meigen. 
Metatarsi  longer  thai    tlie  foUowiiig  joint.  .  Diomv/.a  Stephens. 

1  \.    Wings  with  luit  two  longitudinal  veins,  the  first  aiid  lifth,  the  latter  not 
furcate,  and  neither  reaching  beyond  the  niiddli'  of  tlie  wing. 

lli.Ti;i;()i'i;ZA    Wiiinertz. 
Wings  with  three  longitudinal  veins,  the  first,  third  and  lil'lli,  the  third 
reaching  to  the  lijiol'  llu'  wing,  the  lifth  not  furcate. 

MiASToi;  Meinerl 


f 


MYCiyroriiiLin.K. 


13 


iii:sTiM:.MiN.i:. 

1.  Fourth  loiiiritiiiliiial  vein  i'lircati'.     ..,....;> 
Fourtli  louuitiidiual  •■(.•in  not  t'urciitc.       ......         2 

2.  Aiiti'iiiKL'    ('()iiii>osc'(l  of  from   11    to  ■_'■'>   joints,  jictiolatc   in  tlii'  $. 

( '.vMi'vi.oM  vz.\  .Miiurn. 
i\nii'nna' c'onijiost'd  of  11   {$)  or  H  ( 9)  joints,  jHtiolali' in  luitlur  sv\. 

Miciio.M vi.v  iJondani. 

;!.  ncolli  absi'nt  or  indistinct.        ........         4 

Ocelli  distinct. 5 

4.   Antenna' 1 1-jointcil  in  both  s('.\(s.         .         .         .       Ckcihooona  Loiw. 
Antenna-  I'i-jointcd  in  the  $,  11  or  iii-Jointed  in  tlie  9' 

1  j;stki;mi.v   .M;iC(iuart. 

•".  The  anti'rior  branch  of  the  fourth  lonuitudinal   vt'iii  /-shaiud,  tlie  jios- 
terior  branch  in  a  strai;.dit  line  witli  the  jirefurca.     Tiirro/voA  I.oew. 
'I'lie  anti'rior  ])ranch  oidy  lightly  curved  ;  antenna'  of  9   •'•-.jointed. 

C.VKHiiA  ilalidav. 


>\v.    - 

ce 
■\v. 

d. 
■\v. 
nil- 
mi. 

il'ili 
rtz. 
,H'in 
lew. 

lew. 

i;". 

;en. 

"IS. 

not 

•rtz. 
bird 

•rt 


2.     MYCKTOl'llILID.K. 

^Fostly  siniill,  delicate,  slender  Hies,  with  more  or  les.s  cloii- 
fjjated  coxie.  Head  .siiuiU.  rounded  or  s'lmcwliat  elon,u;'ate. 
Eyes  round,  somewliat  jtroininent ;  ocelli  two  or  three  in  nniu- 
lier,  wlien  only  tv.'o,  placed  one  on  each  orhital  niar^in  ;  when 
three  in  nnniher,  placi'd  tran.sversely  in  the  form  of  a  sliallow 
triano-l(>.  Front  broiid  in  hotii  si'.xe.s.  Antenme  eloni^ated, 
curved,  twelve  to  si.xteen  jointed,  the  two  liasal  joiids  dilfi f- 
entiatcd,  the  remainder  cylind./ical,  flattened  or  iictiohite<h 
l'rolK)scis  rar(dy  elon,i,^ated  ;  ]ial)ii  three  or  four  jointed,  usu- 
ally inflected,  the  first  joint  sni;;ll.  Thorax  more  or  less, 
sometinu's  hin'lily  arcdied.  without  transverse  suture;  nietano- 
tunilaro't";  scutellinn  small.  Alidomen  clon;.;ate(l,  c(ni|iose(i 
of  six  or  seven  seo'ments,  cyliiulrical  or  compressed,  sonu'timcs 
narrowed  at  the  base;  male  ^cintalia  project  in;.;'  t'orcepsdike  ; 
ovipositor  ])ointed,  usually  with  two  ternnnal  laiiKdlic.      L(\o\s 


more  or  less  elotn^ated.  the  coxa'  nior 
at 


e  (M'  less,  s 


( met  imes  much 


clono'ated;  leiuora  more  or  less  dilated,  tiliue  with  sjiurs. 
Wings  laro^e  (wanting'  in  the  $  of  I'.)i!i/ii/ins)[  auxiliary  \eiu 
present,  thou.nii  sometimes  riidimeniary  ;  second   lonoitudinal 


14 


XOIMII   A.MKIJK'AN    DIPTKRA 


vf'in  \Viiiitiii,%^;  the  third  vein  arises  Iroin  tlio  lirst  nsu;illy  at 
such  an  aii,:4"le  that  its  tii'st  section  (to  the  anteri(n'  ('r()^^s-veill) 
iias  tlie  appearance  of  a  er(jss-vein  ;  fourth  vein  al\v;iys,  the 
third  and  fifth  eitlier  furcate  or  not;  sixth  vein  never  fiu'cate, 
.sometimes  rudiment, irv :  seventli  vein  usually  short,  often 
rudiniontary  or  entirely  wanting  ;  diseal  and  posterior  basal 
cells  always  waiitinj,'. 

The  family  ^Mycetophilida",  commonly  known  as  fun,L;ris- 
t^niats,  comprises  seven  oi'  ei.^'ht  hundred  known  sjjecies  of 
small  or  minute  flies,  the  best  known  of  whicdi  are,  perhaps, 
the  various  dark-winged  species  of  Sri'ira  so  common  about 
gardens.  In  the  iollowing  description  of  the  immature  stages 
1  draw  largely  from  Osten  Sacken. 

The  larva'  have  a  distinct  lun-ny  head;  horny,  liat,  lanudli- 
lorm  mandibles ;  maxilhe  with  a  large  coria(,'eous  inner  lobe 
and  a  horny  outside  piece,  with  a  circular  excisit)n  at  the  tip. 
the  labium  small,  horny,  almost  laidimentary ;  the  antenna' 
are  usually  small  or  rudimentary,  the  ocelli  arc  either  wanting 
or  seen  in  a  small  pellucid  spot  belo\v  each  antenna'.  The 
body  is  subcylindrical,  more  or  less  elongated,  fleshy,  whitish 
or  yellowish,  and  composed  of  twelve  segments.  It  is  smooth, 
without  hairs  or  bristles,  except  those  on  the  ventral  side.  It 
is  generally  transi)arent,  showing  distinctly  the  intestinal 
canal  arid  the  tracliea.  Tlu're  are  eight  i)airs  of  stigmata,  one 
on  the  first  segnuMit,  and  seven  on  the  first  seven  abdominal 
segments,  the  last  two  having  none.  The  loconujtory  organs 
consist  of  more  or  less  api)arent  transverse  swellings  on  tlu' 
under  side  of  the  ventral  segments,  sometinu'S  furnished  with 
minute  bristles  or  spines. 

The  larva'  present  some  of  the  most  singular  habits  among- 
all  dii)tera.  Tlu-y  are  gregarious,  and  live  in  or  upon  decaying 
matter.  Most  of  the  species  seem  to  prefer  fungus  or  fungoid 
substance's,  wlu'uce  comes  the  common  name  of  i'ungus-gnats 
applied  to  the  matun'  insect.  The  larva'  of  Srhira  are  found 
among  decaying  leaves,  in  vegetable  mold,  in  cow-dung,  under 


.MYr!:'n»iMiiLii),i: 


It, 


iiiii 


us 


ith 


lats 


h\(l 


U'f 


tilt'  hark  of  (It'ad  ti'ct'S,  etc.  Tin'  larvjc  arc  said  to  iiiniilt  scn- 
crul  tiint'S  hi'lorc  puiiatini;'.  The  larva'  of  many  species  spin, 
delicate  webs  ovei-  the  surface  (d'  fuie^'i-  and  on  this  weh  they 
live  until  ready  to  ])U]iate,  when  they  spin  a  dense  cocoon  in 
sheltered  sjjots ;  others  live  within  the  decaying-  tun^i.  i'ei'- 
haps  the  most  singular  habits  of  all  are  those  of  species  ol' 
Sc'inrd,  whi(di  are  even  more  gregarious  than  other  mendu'rs 
of  this  family.  They  have  the  singular  ])i'opensity  of  sticking 
together  in  (huise  pat(dies.  and  will  form  ]irocessions  some- 
tiuH'S  twelve  oi'  fourteen  I'ct't  in  length,  and  two  or  three  inches 
broad.  'I'he  ])henomenon  has  lieeii  observed  fi-e(|uently  both  in 
Europe  and  America,  bur,  the  I'cason  therefor  is  not  yet  well 
umh'rstood,  though  the  object  of  the  migration  seems  to  be 
the  search  for  better  feeding  grounds.  iJecause  of  this  hal)it, 
the  nanu>  of  "army  worm"'  has  been  given  to  them.  \'et 
m(U'e  singidar  is  the  pliosphorescent  character  of  the  larva'  of 
some  sj)ecies.  The  hi  'va'.  [trobably  of  SciDjilnln.  were  obserNcd 
by  Hudson  to  be  so  luminous  that  ••the  light  of  a  single  indi- 
vidual kept  in  a  caterpillar  cage  may  be  seen  streaming  old. 
of  the  ventilators  at  a  distam-e  of  several  i'eet." 

The  pupa'  of  Myceto[)hili(he  are  free, — that  is  they  are  not 


contaiiu'd  within  the  larval   skii 


1.   as  IS  so  common 


Iv  tl 


le  caS( 


with  diptera.  They  are  usually  smooth,  with  the  legsapi»lied 
to  the  breast  and  venter,  tin'  antcume  bent  around  the  eyes, 
and  tlu'ir  remaining  ]iortion  ajiplicd  to  the  breast  between  the 
wings  and  tlu;  h'gs.  The  [)upa'  of  not  a  b'W  are  enclosed  in  a 
cocoon  of  more  or  less  density,  si)un  by  the  larva';  othi'rs 
enclose  themselves  in  earthy  cases. 

The  study  of  the  mature  insect  re(pures  some  care.  I'sually 
a  compouml  microscope  is  lu'cessary  for  the  detection  (d'  m  icv 
characters,  t'sixn-ially  of  the  more  minute  species,  and  geiici- 
ally,  when  there  is  doubt  of  the  identity,  it  is  best  to  mount, 
the  whole  insect  or  the  nn)re  imiKU'tant  ])arts  under  a  cover 
glass. 

Ill  .Vmei'ica.  as  elsewhere,  but  little  stud\'  has  lieen  -jivcn  to 


16 


NORTH  AMKIilCAX  DirTKllA. 


this  f'liinily.  and.  lit'iu^c  tluM'e  arc  doubtless  not  a  I'cw  ^ciicim 
that  liave  liitluu'to  osea}»ed  di'tcction.  The  followiii,^;' table  has 
been  mostly  (!oiU[)iled  from  V.  d.  Widp,  Winiiert/  and  Seliiner, 
and  nompai'cd  with  representatives  of  most  <d'  the  ,L!,'enera. 

f'jjt'Khijtits  srdhh's  has  I'eeentlv  been  shown  by  Hopkins  to  be 
a  cause  of  the  potato  scab.  Various  species  of  Sritiro  have 
also  been  bred  from  ])()tatoes  and  other  vegetables.  The  lar- 
va; of  Srhu'd  uKill  ''destroy  the  interior  of  ap})les  by  burrow- 
ing througli  them,  whih^  the  fair  exterior  shows  no  indication 
of  concealed  attack."  The  larvu'  of  a  species  of  Excrhln  have 
been  found  by  Lintner  very  tlestructive  to  mushrooms. 

TABLE  OF  GENERA. 

1.  Coxiu  Muxlcrati'ly  lotii?;  anterior  (Toss-vcin  in  tlic  Sfino  rifjflit  lino  with 

the  second  section  of  tlie  tiiird  vein;  furcation  of  tiie  fiftii  ami  sixtli 

veins  near  the  base  of  the  winji'.  ....         Sciahi.v.k. 

Coxa>  nmch  elonj^ated;  aiUerior  cross-vein  not  in  the  same  rij^lit  line 

with  the  second  section  of  the  thin!  vein.  ....         2 

2.  Oritjin  of  the  fourth  vein  near  the  base  of  the  win^-;  seventh  vein  more 

or  less  incomjtlete.       .,.......■"> 

Orijiin  of  the  fourth  vein  at  or  near  the  middle  of  the  win<f;  seventh 
vein  \isually  complete.        ........        4 

n.   Third  lonji'itudinal  vein  furcate,  the  anterior  branch  usually  so  near  the 
origin  and  so  transverse  in  i)osition  that  it  resembles  a  sui)eniume- 
rary  cross- vein ;  three  ocelli  jtresent       .         .         .         Scioi'iiim.n.k. 
Third  loiifiitudinal  vein  not  furcate;  two  or  three  ocelli  i)resent. 

^Mvci.Toriiii.ix.i;, 

4.   Anterior  branch  of  the  third  vein  very  lon<;',  ternnnatin<;'  in  the  costii 
and  arisinji  very  close  to  or  at  the  beginning  of  tiie  second  section  of 

the  third  vein MvcKToniiXyi:. 

Anterior  branch  of  the  third  vein  short,  nu)re  transverse,  usuall}'  ending 
in  the  first  vein.  .........         o 

•').   The  ])refurca  of  the  fourth  vein  arises  from  the  third  vein  beyond  the 

apparent  cross-vein,  i.  e.   the  cross-vein  is  really  wanting  and  the 

third  and  fourth  veins  are  coalescent  for  a  short  distance.         .         (I 

The  fourth  vein  contin\U'S  in  the  same  line  before  the  cross-vein  to  its 

origin  from  the  fifth.  .         {/hilild/ililliiKi)  Bomtoimiii.a   Mi'igen. 

(i.   Antenna'  short  and  tinck-set,  often  flattened.     . 
Antenna'  long  and  slender,  longer  than  the  bodv. 


('ia!Ori..\TiN.K 


(Miuriin  rinit)  Macuochua  Meigei; 


-MVCKroi'IlIMD.K 


I.    WiDys  and  liiiltiTi's  wlioll 


lAIMX.K 


y  want  my. 


m  t!ic  tliini  at  tlic  ani;! 


WiiiM-s  and  lialtcrcs  as  usual 
'I'lic  fdiirtli  vi'iii  sprinir.s  tro 

cross-vi'in  is  ohsolftc 
Anterior  cross-Vfin  not  ol.solcti'. 
Antenna]  Joints  of  the  male  pedieiljated  and  witi 


Kr 


ii'vi'is  9  lialidav. 


e,  i.  e.  the  ant 


ermr 


Kni 


AIM>    $ 


1  whorls  of  h 


iiiv 


Ant 


I.    ^V 


fiiiial  Joints  not  pedicillateii  ;  b 
ings  very  distinctly  hairy, 
injrs  liare  or  hut  sliglitlv  hairv. 


Z 


V<.»)SKt   K.\    .\I, 


men. 


ire  or  with  short  hair,- 


4 


TitMiiosiA  Winiiertz. 
SciAK.v  Meiiicn. 


MVCKTfilJl.v.K. 

1.   Auxiliary  vein  eoniplete  ;    the  anterior  hranch  of  the  third  vein  aris..s 
at  the  lu.int  where  the  third   vein  an.l  the  anterior  c.-oss-vein  unite'. 

.       .,.            .  Mycktohia  Meiucn 

Auxd.ary  vent   rudi.nertary.  not  tern.inatinj,-  in   the  eosta  ;  the  fork  of 
the  tlnrd  vein  i)eti()late 

■2.   Fork  <.f  the  tlurd  vein  slmrter  than  the  fork  of  the  fourth  vein. 

i>     ,      <•  .,       ,  .    ,       .  l'i.i:siASTiNA  Winnertz. 

1  <.ik  ot  the  third  vein  lon-er  than  that  of  the  fourth. 

DiTOMViA  Winnertz. 
<'KKOI'L.\TrNM:. 
1.    Ka.'e  an.l  ,,rol.os<ds  proionoed,  snout-like.         .        As,N,.r,.,;M  Latreille 
l-aee  and  prol)oseis  not  i)rodueed.     ...  ., 

-'.   Antenna,  shorter  than  the  liea<l  and  thora.v,  flattened  ;  palpi  short. 

Antenna,  usually  more  elon-ate,  eyiindrieal  ;  palpi  moderatelv  Ion-. 

I'l.ATVii.'A  .Meiytii. 

S<  lOl'MILlX.K. 

i.    Anterior  eros.s-vein  more  than  twi<.e  the  len,utli  of  the  first  seetion  of  the 

third  vein,  iormii.o' apparently  the  l.eoinninK  ..f  the  thini  vein. 

.    ,     .  'l"i;rUA<i()\Ki  itA  Winnertz. 

Anterior  cross-vein  l.ut  littl..  longer  or  shorter  than  the  first  section  of 

the  third  vein,  and  forminyadi.stinetan,i,le  with  thesecmdseeti.m.  2 

-'.  'Ihe  costal  vein  terminates  at  the  tip  of  the  third  vein.   Sciornii.A  Mei-^en 

n.e  costal  vein  continues  a  short  distance  beyond   the  end  of  the  tldnl 

vein.    , 

•         •         •         .         .  •* 

••!.   Fork  of  the  fourth  vein  very  short  pc'thdate,  th..  prefurea  shorter  than 
tile  anterior  cross-vein. 
''''^''■"■•'■'  "•'  <!"■  ''•""•th  vein  much  longer  than  the  anterior  cniss-vein.     0 


18 


NOKTII   AMKKICAN  DIITKHA. 


4.   Kiftli  vi'in  furcate. 
Kil'tli  veil!  not  I'lircatt 


I.AsiosoMA  Wimurtz. 
St.iii.kima  \'.  il.  Will]). 


;').    rro.xiinal  eml  of  tlic  jiostiTior  fork  (tiftli  vein)  ln'fon    or  ojjpositr  tin 

N'l  oK.Mi'iiKiiiA  ( •••itiii  Sackiii 


anterior  cross-vt'iii. 


I'ro.xinial  end  of  tlie  posterior  fork  heyond  tiu'  anterior  ero^s-vein. 

I'lil.VI.MTA   WiniuTtz. 


MYCKTOl'mLIX.i:. 


1.  Tliree  ocelli  i)resent.  ....... 

Only  two  ocelli,  one  .situated  near  tiie  niaruin  of  each  eyi-. 

2.  Tlie  costal  vein  is  continued  ln-yond  the  tip  of  thi-  third  ve 


in. 


KUKK   KANA     LoeW. 


The  costal  vi'in  ri'atdies  only  to  the  tip  of  the  third  vein. 


M YCKToi'iiii.A  .Miiiicn. 


The  costal  vein  is  continued  beyond  the  tij)  of  the  third  vein 
The  co.stal  vein  reaches  only  to  the  tip  of  the  third  vein. 


11 


4.  Fifth  lonu'itudinal  vein  not  furcate,  the  fourth  furcate, 


AcNKMiA  WinniTtz. 


Fifth  vi'in  furcate 


5.   Furcation  of    the  fifth   vein    before   or  o])])ositi'    the  furcation  of  the 

fourth.  . (J 

Furcation  of  the  fifth  vein  tlistinctly  more  distal  than  that  of  the  fourth. 

J'liTiiiMA  Wiiinertz. 


('».   IVolioscis  elonifate. 
I'rolio.scis  not  eloiiiiate, 


Gnouistk  .Mi'ijicn. 


7.   Au.xiliary  vein  connected  with  the  first  lonuitudinal  vein  by  a  cross- 
vein. .         iS 

Auxiliary  vein  not  connected  with  the  first  vein  by  a  cross-vein.  !> 

H.  Ocelli  of  nearly  equal  size;  the  au.xiliary  vein  tiTininates  in  the  cross- 
vein  connectinu' it  with  the  first  loiifjitudinal.     Svntkmsa  WiniU'rtz. 
Ocelli  of  unequal  size;  the  auxiliary  continuous  beyond  the  cross- vein, 

terminating- in  the  costa Hoi.ktina  Staeuer. 

!).   First  basal  cell  very  long-,  reaching  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wint:';  the 

beginning  of  the  iipjier  branch  of  the  forks  obsoleti'.      Li:ia  Mi'igeii. 

'        First    basal  cell  of  moderate  length,  not  reaching  the  inid<ne  of  the 

wing;   forks  comjjlete.         ........        10 

10.  Anterior  forked  ceil  acute  j)r<)ximally,  tlii' bramdies  luit  little  (livergent. 

Eri('\  I'TA  Wiiiiierlz. 
Anti-rior  forked  cell  less  acute,  Uie  l)ranciies  strongly  divergent. 

l)()('(>>iiA  Winnertz. 

11.  Fiftii  longitudinal  vein  forked.        .  .         Zvciomma  Winnertz. 
Fifth  vein  not  forked.     .,......•!- 


LiroNKriJID.K 


It) 


I'J.    Auxiliary  vein  viTV  loiiu',  tcrmiiiatiiiu  in  the  cn^ta. 

NE(Mji,Ariivi!()iTi;i;A  Ostiii  Sacktti. 
Auxiliiiry  vi'iii  sliort,  or,  it"  ioiiii-,  fiidiiiLr  in  the  tir>t  vein.  .  1;'. 

l;'..    Furcation  of  tlu'  fit'tli  vein  oj'jiositi'  or  It  tore  llif  anterior  (•ro>?.-v(iii, 

and  more  proximal  tlian  tliat  of  the  foiirlli  vein.  \\ 

Furcation  of  till' tiftli  vein  nioi'c  ili>tal   than  the  anterior  <'ro>s-vciii  or 

tlie  furcation  of  the  fourth  vein.        ......  l-'i 

14.    Au.xiliary  vein  reacliinj;  lieyoml  the  niidille  of  tlie  first  lia>al  cell. 

'I'ltiiHONi  A    WiiMiertz. 

Auxiliary  vein  sometimes  rudimentary,  or  not  nacliin^-  to  the  nuddle 

of  the  first  hasal  cell 1<» 

!•').    Furcation  of  the  fourth  vein  opposite  or  before  the  first  section  of  the 
third  vein;  jiosterior  forked  cell  ionu'  ami  narrow. 

IJiivMosiA  Winnertz. 
P'urcation  l)ey()nd  the  first  section  of  tlu-  tliinl  vein.    A  i.i.odi  a  Winnertz. 

1<).    Posterior  forked  cell  narrow.  .       M vcoriiKitA  Wimiertz. 

Posterior  forked  cell  l»road.  the  hranches  diver<ient.   Kxi.cniA  WimuTtz. 


.3.    Lii'oNEriniKK. 

Moderate  sized,  elonifate.  bare  spccifs  with  broad  wiiiLjs  iiiid 


es- 


long  leg.s.  P)oth  sexes  liolojitic  or  diclioptic  ;  tiiree  ocelli  pr 
eiit:  ))roboseis  elongated;  anteiniie  slender,  eoiuiiosed  of  from 
.six  to  sixteen  joints,  clothed  with  short  ))id)escence.  Thorax 
with  a  distinct,  broadly  interrupted,  transverse  suture.  Ilyjio- 
])ygiuni  projecting;  ovipositor  with  two  short,  ratlier  obtuse, 
lamella.  Legs  niodertitely  slender,  the  hind  pair  niueh  longer 
than  the  anterior  ones.  Einpodiuni  wry  small,  almost  rudi- 
mentary ;  pulvill 


1  wanting;  wings  broad,  l)are.  with  a  mark- 
edly ])rojecting  atial  angle;  peculiarly  characterized  from  all 
other  files  by  a  secondary,  extrenudy  tine,  spider-like  network. 
The  family  I^)lepharoceri(la'  or  Liponetirida'  was  established 
by  Loew  in  1<S()0  to  imdude  a  half  dozen  specit's,  whicdi  could 
not  well  b^  located  in  any  of  the  existing  lamilies.  Since  that 
time  the  number  in  the  family  has  l)een  in  'reased  to  about  sev- 
enteen known  forms,  distributed  in  nine  genera.  Six  of  these 
species  are  found  in  Europe,  one  in  Asia,  six  in  North  America, 
one  in  the  West   Indies,   and   three  in   South    America.      The 


i    (i 


L'(» 


NolM'll   AMKItlCAN   DIl'TKWA. 


hal)its  (tl'  only  a  ifw  ar«!  known;  one  species,  descriljed  Iiy 
Fritz  MuUer,  tVoni  Sonth  America  is  sii'nl  to  he  (liniori)liic  in 
the  9.  one  I'orni  heini;'  san|nuisn,!j;ons,  tlie  otlier  niellisngons. 
The  hu'VM'  live  in  rnnninij;  water.  The  head  has  a  jiairof  slen- 
der anteinue :  the  cej)halothorax  and  the  iollowinLf  segments. 
each  with  a  conical  process  hearinjf  a  bnnch  (»t'  bristles;  pnjta 
tlatteiH'd,  inactive  and  tree,  enclosed  in  a  senuoval.  shell-like 
skin,  the  antei'ior  eml  with  horny  erect  breathing  tnhes.  On 
the  nnder  side  the  skin  is  soCt  and  transparent,  and  ])ro\ided 
with  three  pairs  of  suckers  by  which  the  creature  clings 
most  tii'ndy.  The  flies  are  found  dancing  in  the  spray  of 
waterfalls,  or  resting  upon  the  foliage  near  the  margin  of  clea)' 
running  brooks. 

TABLE  OF  (iKNKHA. 

1.  All  iiicomplcti' loiiffitudiiial  vein  niiiiiiiiu;  into  tlic  jjostcrior  margin.      '1 
No  itK'onii)ii'ti'  vein  running  into  tlu'  ])()ist('rior  niaryin  ;  i)rol)()scis  niucli 

t'lonj;ati'(l ;  liinil    tibia'  witii    spurs;  claws  sinijtii' ;  cyt-s  entire,   not 
bisi'ctc'il  ($).     ({'antral  and  Soutli  America  and  West  Indies.) 

l'Ai/n»sTo\iA  .Sciiiiier. 

2.  Second  lonj^itudinal  vein  furcate '•) 

Si'c'ond  ion^ntudinal  vein  not  furcate.       ......         4 

."».  Orijrin  of  tiie  anterior  Itrancli  of  the  seei)nd  vein  coincidiMU   witli  the 
origin  of  tlie  tiiird  vein;  front  tihiu.'  curved  in   $. 

BiiuocKi'MALA  Osten  .'^acken. 

Origin  of  anterior  hrancli  of  second  vein  more  distal  tlian  the  origin  of 

tlie  third  vein;  front  tibist'  straight  in  the  $.  A(;atik)n  Uoeiler. 

4.   Eves  holoptic,  bisected  by  an  unfaceted  cross  band  or  by  a  siin])le  groove. 

Hi,i,1'iiai((h;ki{a  Macquart. 
Eyes  broadly  ilichojjtic  and  not  bisected.      .       '.         Ln'oMcruA  I.oew. 


4.     CULICIIU:. 

Slemler  Hies,  characterized  by  the  projecting  ])rol)()seis  ;ind 
by  the  jilumose  anteniue  of  tlie  male.  He;i(l  small,  round; 
eyes  reniform;  ocelli  wanting.  Antenme  thre;ul-like,  coni- 
]M)sed  of  fifteen  joints;  the  first  joint  thick,  the  following 
joints  small,  round;  and  beset  with  whorls  of  hiiir.  forming  in 


(  ri.iciD.T.. 


'J\ 


the  malt'  a  hn\'j;  dciisr  jiliinnisity  :  last  tun  juiiits  >lriii!cr  ami 
hare,  or  nearly  sn.  Thorax  ovatf,  arciuMl.  Imt  not  projt'ci  in,Lj 
over  llic  head,  without  transverse  suture;  scutellum  narrow; 
metanotiim  arehe(l.  Alidomeii  Ioiil;'  and  narrow.  s(>mewhat 
tlatteiied.  composed  of  ei^;ht  segments  :  male  .u'eidialia  pi'omi- 
m-nt;  ovipositor  short.  Lett's  hmi,'' ami  slender  :  themxirnot 
(don.nati'd  ;  the  tarsi  Ioiil;-.  Win^s  while  at  rest  lyin^-  tlat  o\ei' 
the  alxhnnen  ;  lon,n'  and  narrow,  with  numerous  veins;  the 
hind  mar,L;"in  t'rin!.jed.  and  the  costal  \tMn  encircles  the  entire 
win,n';  auxiliary  vein  distinct,  teiiuinatini;  near  the  middle  ol' 
the  anterior  border;  second  and  t'ourlh  longitudinal  \cins  fur- 
cate ;  third  vein  simple,  arisinn'  heyond  the  middle  ol'  the  wing-; 
Hfth  vein  sim})le  ;  sixth  and  seventh  reaching- to  the  marijin 
ol' the  win^;  anteri(/r  cioss-vtMii  situated  heyond  the  middle  of 
the  win<4-.  rectant^nilar ;  two  Itasal  c(dls  pi'eseiit.  elon,L;ate. 

The  family  Ciilicida'.   or  mosipiitoes.  comprises  neai'ly  two 


hundr 


ed  km)wn  species,  distributed  in   all  parts  of  the  woi'h 


They  ^vill  be  l)est  distini^'uished  from  the  nearly  related  Chiro- 
noniida^  by  the  (donyate  proboscis,  and  by  the  wini^s  having'  a 
vein  along'    the   jiosterior  border,     'i'l 


le    name   mosiiuito  is  a 


S[)anish  and  I'ortuguese  diminutive  of  JIdsch,  ;ind  is  sometimes 
a[)plie(l  to  members  of  the  Simuliida'.  but  it  is  better  restricted, 
to  this  family. 

The  female  moscjuito  de])osits   her  eggs  to  the  niuuber  of 
between  two  and  three  luindred  in  little  boat-shaped  mass 


on 


the  surface  of  still  water.     The  larva'  are  hat(died  in  a  f 


es 


ew 


days  and  eseai)e  from  the  lower  end;  here  thev  grow  raiiidh'. 
at  times  moving  (juickly,  at  other  times  resting  ([uietly  near 
the  surface,  breathing  through  the  stignuitic  tidie  at  the  tail, 
which  tube  has  at  its  eml  a  fringe  of  hairs  that  serves  to  close 
the  opening  when  under  water,  ami  to  suspeml  the  hirva-  Irom 
the  surfaee  while  breathing.  They  are  usually  known  as 
'•wrigglers"'.  The  head  in  the  larva  is  fully  differentiated 
and  usually  has  eyes  ;  the  jaws  are  thickly  ciliated  ami  fringed 
with  hairs,  by  im^ans  (d'  which  a   current  ol'  water  is  produced 


'SJ  NiUM'ir  AMKIJICAN  DIl'TKIJA. 

that  ltriii;;s  little  ]i;ii'liclfs  of  t'(»(»(l  within  reach  of  the  immth. 
Alter  chau'-in''-  their  skin  two  <»r  three;  times  thev  assume  a 
more  cliilj-sliaped  apiiearaiiee.  in  which  the  parts  of  the  adult 
insect  are  indistinctlv  seen.  The  alidomeu  teiauinates  in  two 
leaf-like  appen(hi.n"('s  tiiat  act  as  proptdlcrs:  hut  in  general 
these  pupa'  remain  near  the  sui'face.  excejit  when  disturlx'd, 
and  take  no  foitd.  The  l)reathinn'  origans  are  no  lon.^'cr  a  tul)e 
at  the  ti[»,  hut  there  are  now  two  that  spriui,^  from  the  sides  of 
the  thoracic  se.gments.  Finally  when  the  jierfect  mos(piito  is 
ri'ady  to  cnu'r^c  fi'om  the  jaipa,  the  hack  of  the  skin.  whi(di 
has  now  come  to  the  surface  and  isexjiosed.  splits,  and  the  tly 
carefully  and  i,n'adually  extricates  itself  from  the  uuMuhrane 
which  thus  serves  the  place  of  a  raft  till  the  let^s  and  win,i;s 
are  sutHciently  firm.  JJut  rii,dit  now  is  the  period  of  the  uh)S- 
quito's  life  most  frau<,dit  with  danger;  a  wavtdet,  a  breath  of 
air,  or  a  raindrop,  hoi)elessly  shi[)wrecks  the  frail  Ijark.  This 
is  why  running  watei's  are  free  from  these  insects. 


TABLE  OF  GKXKUA. 

1.  I'robosL'is  sliort.  not  longer  tliini  tiic  licad  ;  metatarsi  lonj'cr  tlian  tlie  fol- 

lowing joint.  ......         ("oHETUitA   .Mcijicn. 

I'roboscis  nuicli  clonyatcil,  lonjivr  than  the  lirad  and  thorax  together.     2 

2.  Proboscis  strongly  cinvcd,  jjaljii  of  tlu-  male  very  long,  of  the  female 

short.  ......         Mr.dAKUiiiMs  Koi).  Desv. 

Proboscis  straight.    ...  ......'■) 


."».   Pali)i  in  both  sexes  of  ecuml  length. 
Palpi  in  the  male  long,  short  in  female. 

4.   Paljji  longer  than  the  antenna'. 
Palpi  shorter  than  the  anti-nnu'. 


.    ('i;m;x  Limie. 

Axornia.Ks  .Miigen. 
..Kdks  .Meigen. 


n.     CHIIJOXOMIIVE. 

Gnatlike  iiies  of  slender  form,  the  males  conspicuous  for 
their  ])lumose  anteinue,  seldom  reaching  ten  millimeters  in 
length.  Head  small,  spheroidal,  more  or  less  concealed  by  a 
l)rojecting.  hoodlike  thorax.     Anteniui'  threadlike  or  beadlike, 


(  HIUoNoMID.K 


with  not  Ifss  tliiiii  six  luir  iiinrc  tliiiii  tiltcfH  jdints:  in  the 
limit'  usually  with  a  ion'.;' dense  |iluni<isity  :  in  ti.e  ieinale  with 
inc(ins])i('U()US  haii's  and  sniuetinies  with  a  smaller  nninlier  id 
jnints  :  the  lirst  jnint  slmi't  and  t  hiek.  K\i->  reni  Innn  or  dval  ; 
ocidli  wanlin^;'  nr  laidinientaiw  :  [iroiiosids  simil  :  jialpi  Inur- 
jdinttMl;  Vhe  last  usually  ehm^ateil.  Thorax  osate.  very  eon- 
vex,  usually  iinijeet  ini;'  alxAc  in  trout  more  or  le<s  over  the 
head;  without  transverse  suture:  seutellum  small,  hemispher- 
ical. Ahdonieii  irsually  tiarrow  and  lowj;.  composed  (d  eiL^l.t 
sei^aneiits  ;  hy pojiynium  project inu;'  loi'cep-like  ;  ovipositoi'  very 
short,  hut  little  deV(dope(l  :  Ic'^s  usually  slender  and  Ioiil;'; 
espe(d;illy  the  front  pair;  coxa-  of  mctderate  len;^th.  'I'aisi  oiten 
nnudi  td()n!4'ate(l.  Wium's  narrow  and  lon,n';  hare  oruidloianly 
hairy;  anterior  veins  stroii,L;cr  and  darker  colored  than  the 
others;  auxiliary  vtdn  com|ilete.  hut  usually  weak  and  slender; 
second  loiij.,dtiuliiial  vidii  us\udly  wantiiiL;';  third  \fin  some- 
times forked  (dose  to  its  origin,  t  he  uppt f  hrauidi  oiten  rectaii- 
i;'uhir  and  havin,^-  the  ;ippearance  ot  a  supernumerary  cross- 
vt'iu;  fourth  vein  sonu'times.  the  liitii  usually,  furcate;  poste- 
rior cross-vein  often  wantin,!^-;  the  costal  vidii  terminates  near 
the  tij)  of  the  \vin,i,^  at  the  termination  of  the  thirtl  vein. 

This  family  comprises  a  larL^e  innnher  of  vei'y  (hdicatc  often 
minute  flies,  whi(di  have  not  heen  nundi  studied  hy  entomolo- 
gists; about  one  thousand  specie's  are  known  throughout  the 
world.  Thev  will  he  (listiu'^uished  from  the  mosiiuitocs.  u  hich 
thev  resemble  very  nuudi.  bv  the  costal  veil  not  litdni;-  contin- 
uous   oil   the  posterior  side  of   the   wIiil;'.     'I'he  anleiiiue  are 


eousjiieuous,  especially  in  the  nudes.  altiiouuJi  :i;;reein!4- in  tins 
I'espect  with  male  mos(iuitoes.  The  larv;e  are  sol t-skiiined. 
worm-like,  often  bhxjd-red  in  cohir  and  usually  aipiatic.  as  are 


also  the  active  pupie.  though  some  live  in  decom]iosin,n-  veu- 
etabh'  matt;'r,  or  in  the  e;irth.  These  mid.u'i  s  are  often  seen. 
es])ecially  in  the  early  sprinn'  or  in  the  autumn,  in  immense 
swarms,  daneing  in  the  air.  and  lia\t'  <loiibtless  in  many  cases 
given  rise  to  ex:iggerated  stories  of  mos(piitoes.      <  >ver  mead- 


24 


.sDirril   A.MKKICAX  DIITKIJA. 


ows  ill  llic  Kocky  Mountains  tlie  writer  li;is  seen  tlicm  I'isc  at 
nightt'nll  111  the  most  iiicrodiblt'  miinbers,  pro(lu('iii<,f  a  liuin- 
iiiiiit;  noise  like  that  of  a  distant  waterfall,  -and  .audible  for  a 
considerable  distance.  While  at  rest  they  usually  raise  their 
forelegs  in  the  air  and  keej)  them  constantly  vibrating. 
Afpiatic  larva'  may  be  i'recjuently  met  with  in  standing  watiM', 
oftt'ii  extremely  delicate  little  creatures,  so  transparent  as  t(j 
be  hardly  distinguishable;  tliey  havt'  been  dredged  from 
nearly  one  thousand  fe(^t  below  the  surface  of  Lake  lSu})erior. 

Most  of  tlie  sjx'cies  are  inolfeiisive,  or  actually  beneiicial  as 
scavengers.  There  are  some,  however,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Cei'atojKxiDii.  and  its  allies,  and  known  generally  as  midges, 
or  })Uiikies,  which  have  the  power  td'  sucking  blood  and  are 
extremely  annoying.  In  the  ^Vhite  ^Mountains,  at  the  sea- 
shore, along  mountain  streams  generally,  and  in  the  West 
Indies  they  are  es[)ecially  troublesome.  The  larvu'  live  in  the 
flowing  saj)  (d'  trees,  in  decaying  vegetation  or  nnder  fallen 
leaves. 

The  following  table,  largely  adojited  from  V.  d.  \\'uli), 
cont".ins  many  genera  heretofore  known  only  as  exotic,  not  a 
few  of  which  will  doubtless  be  found  in  the  United  States 
when  the  fandlv  lias  received  more  attention  with  us. 


TAHLK  OF  (iKXKKA. 

1.  Anti'iiiia' ()'' llic  $  lonu-pluiiiosc  or  pt'iiicilliitc. 

Antenna'  of  tlu'  $  with  sliort  Imirs.  .... 

2.  Sci'ond  posterior  ceil  wantinji'  and  licncc  no  sccom!  basal  cell. 
Si'cond  posterior  ci'll  ]ircscnt,  tlii'  second  liasal  cell  c(viuplcte. 

'•).   Foiirtf  loiiiiitndinal  vi'in  I'urcati'.  ..... 


2 

i:; 

•  t 
o 

V2. 


Fourtl  l,"i!;itiidinal  vein  not  furcate;  antenna'  with  an  nniMian!  lUiin- 
her  of  joints  in  the  two  se.xes  ;  antcnnal  joints  of  tin'  $  iilurnose  to 
thi  tip;   thorax  ])rojertin,u' in  front  o"    "  the  head.     .  .  .         o 

•I.  "  l'a'i)i  composed  of  tJMH'c  joints".  Ti:i!Si;srni:s '{"ownsi-nd. 

I'alpi    eonijiosi'd    of    four   joints  ;    antenna'    of    the    male    peincillatc, 

1  o\(r  till' 
'V  Meiu'cn. 


tile  last    juini   hap';   dorsiiiii  of  the  thorax  not   pr 


]:! 


It 


in. 


(Klncei 


Head 


( 'ia;.v  IOC' 


<'1IIU<»X()M!!)J,; 


_.) 


Anal  iiiiuU'  of  tl 


ic  wiiiLis  (ilisolcn 


Anal  aiiyk'  prniiiinciit. 

'».    Win^s  l)an'. 
Winys  liairv. 

7.    Front  inctatar-i  as  lonn'  or  1 


>uvs()m;i  i{\  Wiiiiicrtz. 


ID 


Front 


onucr  llian  the  tiliia'.   CiiiituN 


metatarsi  distinctlv  shorter  than  their  til 


<>MI  S   .Meincii 


»ia'. 


>^.    Leii's  black  and   whit 


e  annnlate 


Leu 


('l!I 


s  nnieolorons  or  with  jx.rtions  darli 


eoion  s 


d.  Wulp 


er. 


{>.    Posterior  l)raneh  of  the  posterior  f 


iireatie.n  sinnon> 


Posterior  1 


( 


A  M  1 


•ranch  ol  the  iiosterior  t'nrcation  straight. 


TOCLAlms   V,    (I.    \V 


nip 


OiMiKx  i.Ai.irs  \\  d.  Wnlp. 
<»■    Fn.nt  n.etatarsi  longer  than  their  til.ia..  Tanvtaks.s  V.  d.  Wnin 


Front  metatarsi  shortir  than  their  t 


lime 


11 

11-   Thorax  produced  conieally  in  front  over  the  head:  hind   til.ia>  dilated 

I  iH.rax  moderately  produced  ;  hind  tihia.  n.,t  dilated. 

.Mi;ti;i()(m;m(  s  \'.  d.  Wulp. 
12.    Antenna,  with  an  un...|ual  nu.nher  of  joints  in  the  two  sexes  (^  14    07,. 
penultimate  joint  of  the  front  tarsi  usually  short  and  hroad. 

.  ,  l>iAMi:sA  .Meiucn. 

Antenna,  with  an  e.,ual   numlK.r  of  joints   in   the  two  sexes  (i:.)-  iIh- 

''''""''""'•"'•.'"'"'  "•'  ""■  '■'•••"t  tarsi  lon.uer  than  the  ultin.ate  joint. 

'!"an^  its   .Meincii. 

!••!.    IVoho.scis  and  palpi  ru.limentary  :  ahdonien  shorter  tlu.n  the  thorax. 

1,    ,        .         ,       ,    .  Cmnk,   llalidav. 

I  n.ho.scs  and  ,.alp,  as  usual;  ahdonien  at  least  as  lonu'  as  the  thorax.    11 


U.    I'all)i  thri.c-jointed. 
I'iilpi  foiir-jointeil. 


'i"i:iisi;sTni;s  Townsend. 


1-.   Antenna,  with  the  same  numher  n(  joints  in  hoth  se.xes  1,; 

Antenna,  with  an   unenual   numl,..r  of  joints  in    $   an.l    9;  h-s  uuu\- 

;'>-"tylylon,,the   front   tarsi   the  longest;  thorax   produce.l  ov.t  the 

'"■"'  '   "'"-^  ^'""■'*''-  ''I'""  '!"■  Mhdo.nen.  .        Ih  ..uun.KN.s  Fries. 

I'i.    AnteniKi' with  seven  joints  in   $  and  9, 
Anienna.  with  fifteen  joints  in    ^  ;,„,!   9. 

IT.    \\'in,us  hyaline. 

^Vin.^•s  sp(,tted  (West    Indies)^ 

1 


<  'llASMATdSOTCS    I. (lew. 
17 

.    .M  \t  r!<>|.|;/A  Mein(  n. 
.     (Fcxcr.v    I'oev. 


'JV> 


XOirni  AMElilCAX  DIITKIJA. 


('..     Oltl'IlXErHILlD.i:. 

Snuill,  obscurely  rcddisli  yellow,  bare  Hies  of  peculiur  appear- 
anee.  Head  small,  round;  eyes  I'ouiul,  contig'uous  in  front ; 
ocelli  \vantin<,';  proboscis  sliort;  palpi  lonj^er  than  the  antenna', 
live-jointed,  the  first  joint  short,  the  seccjiul  the  thickest ; 
antenna'  situated  near  the  oral  nuirgin,  apparently  consistin,i,^ 
of  a  small    first  joint,    an  oval    second  joint   and  a   terminal 


arista 


th 


le  second  lomt  and  tiie  arista  ai 


th 


however,  complex, 
th(!  first  composed  of  three  and  the  latter  of  seven  segments, 
the  last  )f  winch  terminates  in  a  biistle.  Thorax  strongly 
convex,  ro])Ust,  without  transverse  suture,  somewhat  imj)ress(Ml 
befori^  the  scutellum.  Scutellum  rather  large,  obtusely  three 
cornered  ;  metanotum  arched.  Abdomen  narrower  than  tiie 
thonix,  cylindriital,  com[)osed  of  seven  segments ;  male  geni- 
talia thick,  the  basal  ])iece  swollen,  bladder-like  ;  ovipositor 


with    lu'oa*!.   rounded   lamelUe, 


Legs   simple,   compar 


ativel' 


short;  coxa;  not  elongated;  til)ia'  without  spurs;  tarsi  mod- 
ei'ately  long;  the  front  ])air  longer  than  the  tibia',  tlu^  penul- 


U'S 


timate  joint  short;  chiws  sm.dl;  jjulvilli  distinct.  Win 
longer  than  the  abdomen  ;  auxiliary  vein  short,  terminating 
in  the  costa ;  second  longitudinal  vein  sinuouH;  third  and 
fourth  veins  not  furcate  ;  anal  angle  rounded;  basal  cells  shoi't. 
I>ut  two  or  three  species  of  this  singular  family  are  known, 
and  of  them  even,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  the  larval  habits  ari^ 
yet  unknown.  The  s[)ecies  all  belong  to  one  genus,  Ofplnir- 
j)}nl(t  Ilaliday.     The  small  fly  is  found  on  the  banks  of  streams. 


7.      I'SVCIIODID.K. 

\'ery  thickly  haired,  niiinite  flies,  in  ajjpearancc  lepidopt(M'a- 
like.  Headsnudl;  ocelli  wanting.  Antenna'  as  long  as  the 
head  and  thorax  together,  bead-like;  thickly  ".  aired,  composed 
of  from  twelve  to  sixteen  joints;  the  two  basal  joints  thicker 
and  short-cyliiidric.  I'roboscis  usually  short;  in  some  exotic 
genera    { /'/t/r/infminis)    elongated    and    horny;   ]ialpi    incur\t'd 


rSYCIloDID.T. 


^( 


mil    hairy;  coiniiosrd  of   four  joints  of  nearly  tMnial    Irwj^i 


T] 


lorax    not    vci'v    convex,     without   transvt^i'so    sutui'e;    seu- 


11(1 

irt. 

n, 


liir 


Ins. 


Ira- 


Reti 


;er 
It  if 


(Ml 


telluni  r()un(h'(h  Ab(h)men  cylindrical,  composed  of  from 
six  to  oiglit  joints;  male  ,i.;'enitalia  prominent.  Ii(\^s  Nciy 
short,  dens(dy  hairy;  (daws  small;  pulvilli  rudimentary. 
^^'iIlL;•s  lari;'e,  o\ate  in  shape;  when  at  rest  lyiii^-  roof-shaped 
<iver  the  abdomen;  densely  covered  uith  loni;'  hairs  oi"  tomen- 
tum,  whi(di  also  forms  a  fringe  around  tludr  mai-,nin  ;  the 
costal  vtdn  continuous  ar(!niid  the  wiiii;':  veins  stroiij^',  I'or 
the  most  part  concciiled  beneath  the  hair;  neuration 
formed  almost  whollv  bv  lonijitudinal  veins;  tlu'  anterior 
cro.ss-vein  is  very  short,  and  lies  very  near  the  root  of  the 
wini^';  auxiliary  vein  weak  or  indistinct;  iirst  lonL,Mtudiual 
\eiii  very  near  the  costa  ;  second  loui^itudinal  vein  arises  \-erv 
near  the  oriyiu  of  the  fii'st,  and  is  usually  twice  torked.  that 
is.  the  upper  bran(di  of  the  furcation  is  a'^'ain  furcate  ;  third 
vein  simj)le,  terminating'  at  or  l)eyond  the  tip  ol'  the  wIul;-; 
fourth  vein  furcate;  tifth  ami  sixth  terminatiui;-  in  the  border 
of  the  wing;  seventh  vein  usually  distimd,  rea(diiuL;- to  the 
margin  oi' the  wing,  sometimes  wanting. 

The  members  of  this  family  are  often  very  min\ite.  rar(dy 
exceeding  the  length  of  four  millimeters:  they  occur  in  shady 
places,  on  wimlows.  alxiut  outhouses,  and  will  i)e  readily  recog- 
in/.ed  from  their  peculiar  nuith-like  a|)peaiance;  they  run 
ai)out  nimbly,  but  their  flight  is  weak.  'I'he  larva'  live  in 
I'otting  vegt'table  material,  or  in  watei-,  especially  stagnant 
water;  they  are  cylindrical,  with  the  posterior  end  termi- 
nating in  a  short,  usually  tii'inly  (dntini/.ed.  stigmatic  tube; 
the  m  .xilhe  are  imperfectly  (leV(doped.  there  are  eye-spots  on 
the  head,  and  the  segnuMit  bidnml  the  head  ai'c  without  ieet. 
The  i)Upa'  are  inactive,  witii  two  long  tnlie-like.  anterior 
stigiiKita. 

I'.iit,  two  genera  are  known  to  occur  in  North  America; 
J'si/c/nx/d  ami  J'crlrni/i'i.  which  may  be  distinguished  I'rom 
e;c  h  other  bv  the  termination   ol    the   third  xcin  of   the  wing, 


I'S 


NOirill  AMEllICAX  DIITEIJA. 


wliicli  is  at  or  ht-forc  tlic  tij)  in  P.-^i/cluxhi.  and  distinctly  Ix^' 
hind  it  in  l'<-ricniiiii.  In  their  study,  one  sliouhl  use  prciVi'- 
ably 


11  compound  niU'roscope,  and  it  Uiay  t)e  ncct'ssary  cither 
to  mount  a  winu'.  oi-  at  least  to  remove  the  scales.     Attention 


should  he  paid  to  the  shape  (d'  the  antenna'  and  })al])i,  as  w( 


■11 


as 


th 


le  ".'•(-nitalia,  lean's  aiu 


I   wind's.      I'si/rlitxlit  (ilti'ni  itii    Sav  is 


our  most  C(»niiii()n   ,s])ecies,   aj'parently   extending;'  over  all  the 
United  States. 


s.    j)ixiiu<: 


Ilatlier  small,  slender,  nearly  bare  species.  Proboscis  some- 
what ])roje(;tini;' ;  i)alpi  tour-jointed;  antenna'  Ion;.;;,  the  basal 
joints  thick,  thosi'  oi'  the  tla<.;elliim  hair-like,  and  thi'  joints 
indistinctly  distin<;uishable.  Eyes  round,  dicho])tic;  no  ocelli. 
Thorax  strongly  eiin\'ex.  without  transverse  suture;  scutellum 
transvi'i'se  :  metanotum  arcdied.  Abdomen  Ioul;"  and  slendei'. 
com|i(ised  of  si'ven  or  eight  segments,  thiidvcned  ])osteriorly  in 
the  male.  j)ointed  in  the  fenuile.  Tj(\gs  hmg  >  '1  sleiKh'r; 
coxa'    somewhat    ehmgated;    tibia'    without    terminal    spui's. 


W 


ings  compiirarively   large;   auxiliary   vein   ])resent.  teriuina- 


Imgiii   the  costa   heloi'c  the   middle  ol   tlie   wiiiu' 


tl 


le  secoiM 


vein  arises  t'roiii  the  Hrst  near  tin-  middle  id'  tlu'  wing  and 
apjx'ars  to  be  the  beginning  of  the  tliird  vein,  which  continues 
its  direction  while  the  second  arches  suddenly  idrward  at  the 
anterior  crtiss-vein  and  is  furcate  ;  fourth  vein  furcate;  I'our 
])osterior  cells  present;  the  two  basal  cells  very  large;  the 
anterior  ci'oss-\-ein  is  placed  at  the  beginning  (d'  the  third 
\'ein.  where  the  second  vein  curves  forward. 

The  family  l)ixi(he  cmnprises  al>out  a  score  ol'  known  s])ecie,-; 
bclongingto  tiie  single  genus  /)!.ni.  it  has  been  placed  among 
t  'le  'l'i|tulida'  and  ( 'udci; 


a',  but  seems  best  isolated  into  a  se 


arate  family.  The  larva-  are  a<piatic.  rescndiling  those  of  the 
nios(piitoes.  The  Hies  are  found  in  bushy,  moi^t  ])laccs  about 
forests,  and  have    been    o',)ser\'ed    b\    W'innertz   daiiciu'''  in  the 


air  in  swai'ins. 


'I'irrLiD.K 


'".» 


i>.     TIPrLID.K 


I 


AiV<^o  to  iiKxlcratt'lv  siiiwll.  s]( 


•  'LTS. 


Mead 


iidcr  Hies,  witl 


»r(»(luc('(l    siiout-likc.      ] 


[•(int. 


iisiiallv    waiitui; 


I    lniin-.  slciidci' 

;    lace  ot'tf'ii 

'V.-s    roM.ii,!.    scj.arat.'d    l.v    the    Im.ad 


spherical,  occiput  st roii-ly  dcv.dop 


soiuctinics   appi'oxiiiiatcd    iM-htw    tl 
Aiitt'iiiKi'    rarely    siiort 
K'f.'ix    to-cthcr:     Ik 


It'   iintcmia':    ( 


M'Clll 


tliau   the    head    and    tl 
coiuposed     of    fnMii    six     to    iiiiiet 
Ha.ii'ell 


''!•.    iisuallv 


I  Oliver 


ad    or    rhread-lil' 


('I'll     mints  ;     t 


lie 


mil    never    plumose,     but    usually    witl 


joint 


<'ons}.icuous.    bristly    hairs;    the    i.unt 


1    more    or 


\e 


S      OI 


less 


I'rol 


K)S(us  more  or  les 


S    projectlll;;-.   in   ;i 


clo 


loiigated;   palpi  tour  .u-  live  j.unte.l;  the  terminal 
n<,Mted,  whijilash-like.     Tl 


■^    ■sometimes   serrated. 
"<'\v  ,i,^(Miera  verv  much 


joint  often 


distinct  silt 


niv  in  the  fori 


distinct.  c(dlar-lil 


HU'ax  convex,  usually  with  a  v 
n  of  a  shallow  \' ;    pro-tl 


erv 


ly   devtdoped.     Abd 


i^t' ;  scinelliim  half  roui 


lorax  usually 
d  :  inetanotum  stroiii'-- 


iu'ht 


"iiien  cyiiiidrh'al.   conipcsed   (d' 


S('.i,nnents  ;   -■eiiitalia  ju'omiip'iit.   in  t 


seven    (ii- 


iMt'  m  structure;   in  the  female  t\ 
<»'■  lony.  horny,  pointed    valves.      I 
the  tibiic  sometiaies  with   t 
comparatiyely   narrow  ;    in    ivst 


le  male    very  v.iria- 
ic  ovipositor  with  two  pairs 


iC.U's  Very  loii'j-  ai 


in  slemier 


crmmal  sour; 


^\ 


lIl;^^s    jdiit^-.    but 


alhd  ov.u-the  abdomen;  always  six  Ion- 

"    >'<nnplel.e   discal   cell;    b,,th    basal    cells   1 


spread    apart    ^r  Ivin 


par- 


sually    o])en  ;    seventh     yeii 


irudiiial  veins;  usually 
"ii,^^;   the  anal  cell 


t>-rhi<r)  and  of  yariabl 


1   distinct   (save   in    tli<'    I'h/r/, 


f/rliiijt- 


Tl 


u'  lamily  Tij 


*'  lorm  ;   alulets  rounded,  rarely  an-ul; 


>llll(he  comprises  the    lari^'est  of   the   X 


••croiis  Hies,  some  of  wlii 


eluato- 


'•n  exceed  t  Wo  inches  in  leni;lh.      'I' 


l"M's  are  very  elon-at,.  ami  deli<  ate.  s„  .lelu-ate.  imh-cl.  that  one 
sd.l.m,  succeeds  in  .■apturin;.;  the  Hies  without  the  Inss  of  ,me 
'•••moiv.  Fli.'s  of  this  description  with  a  distinctly  impressed 
\-shapeds.ituivon  tin-  .hu'sum  of  the  thorax  v.Hl  be  imme.li- 
ately  reco-nized  as  beh.u.rin-  to  this  family.  The  fenr.b" 
'I'll.Ts  from  most  other  Hies  in  havmo-  t  he  ovipositor  olien 
•"'•M'<'''1  Inr  deposit  in;;.  ,.;.,^s   within   the  ground  or<.tlH.| 


siihstance 


W 


it'n  the    went 


IS    fa\'orable   th 


irm 
I'  ''M'M's   hatch 


;;(> 


Xoiri'il  AMKKICAN  DIITKKA. 


nut  ill  ;i  littli'  more  than  .i  wim-U.  Tlic  larva*  arc  as]i-,uray  (a- 
Ui'owiiisli  in  color,  more  or  less  transparent,  com  posed  of  t\\'els<' 
sei^'iuents.  The  head  is  incompletelv  dilTereiitiated  and  re- 
tractile, and  has  the  niaxilhe  and  mandibles  more  or  less  horny 
and  stout:    tluMn^  are  short  Hesliv  antenna'.      Tlu*  orirajis  of 


1( 


ocouKJtion  generally  consist  ol  transverse  swelliULi's  on  th(_' 
under  side  of  the  Ixxly.  ])rovi(h'd  with  very  minute,  stiff  bris- 
tles.   The  anal  end  of  the  body  is  truncate,  with  a  sinijle  pair  of 


suiraeies 


aiu 


I  tl 


le  mar'jins  ol 


the  t 


riiiicature  are  for  the  most, 


])art  })r()vi(led  with  fleshy  reti'actile  processes  of  variable  size 
andsha|ie.  1  n  the  a(piatic  larva'  there  is  a  loni,^  tube  at  the 
end  of  the  bodv  which  serves  for  breathiuLT  when  raised  to  the 
surface  of  the  water. 

Most  of  the  larva'  live  in  the  earth  or  in  s(»il-like,  decom- 
posing wood,  in  fun^i,  or  in  water.  ( )thers  live  on  the  leaves 
of  plants  and  are  like  caterpillars  in  aiipearance,  t he  resem- 
blance to  which  is  yet  nnu'e  hei.n'htened  by  the  yreeii  color, 
with  a  crest  of  tul»ercles  on  the  back. 

The  pupa',  like  those  of  many  of  the  members  of  this  sub- 
order are  free.  Tiie  thora::  has  two  horn-like  ])rocesses  \vhi(d) 
re})resent  the  thoracic  spivaides,  one  of  which  may  ac<jviire  a 
vei'V  n'reat  length,  for  the  purpose  of  breathing  from  the  sur- 
face while  under  water.  The  abdondnal  segments  have  trans- 
v(M'se  rows  of  hairs,  bristh^s  or  sj)ines,  which  enable  the  puj)a 
to  escape  from  its  place  of  concealment  when  about  to  com- 
plete its  metamorphosis. 

The  adult  tlies  are  conimonly  seen  in  the  late  sunimer 
and  autumn.  They  will  lie  most  usuall}'  met,  with  in  niea<h)\\- 
landsand  forests,  flying  awkwardly  for  a  b'w  steps,  close  to 
tJie  i',rouiid  till  they  become  entangled  i.i  the  grass  or  twigs, 
and  then,  extricating  themselves,  rising  again  to  repeat  the 
same  aimless,  clumsy  tliglit. 

The  nami'  of  '■daddy-long-legs"  is  the  one  most  usually 
a])plie(l  to  members  of  this  family  in  ICnghuKh  but  in  America 
this  term  is  coiiiiiioiih'    u--e(l   to   de-iunate   the    IMialaicjithe  (U- 


TirrijDj-: 


OJ 


liiirvost  si)i(lors.    The  Eu<.-lisl 


1  name  o 


ill)] 


e.     C.)iniiioii]y  they  aiv   liariiiless    1 


1'  ••'(•raiH'-Hics  "'  is  [.refer- 


in  the  hirval  stat 


(ler  njotlets  of  isv, 


0  are  very  .lestnietive,  feed 


)Ut  some  of  the  speei 


es 


iss  and  grain,  and 


mi,'  upon  tlie  ten 


ail 


;•('    suriaces    to  witlier    and   die.     'J 


•  •ausiii.o-  tlie  ].lants  over 


hundred  species  know 


'•■re  are  about  twidve 


In  tliis  faiuil 


with  the  wii 


y  are  j.laeed  several   winoloss   I 


li^s  more  or  less  rudimenti 


onus,  or  those 


is  C/i'oura,  the  si)e('ies  of   which   are  found 
the  coldest  weather. 

('  family  Tipuliche  is  easily  divided  inte 


iiy.      One  of  the  forj 


ner 


on   snov  .  often  in 


Th 


w 


liich    I   prefer  to  call  the  rtycl! 
Tii)ul 


three  suhfamili 


cs. 


oi)terina.',  Limnobiii 


pulnue,  and  which  correspoiul  i.re.-iselv  with  the   I»tycl 
torina,  Tij.ulidie  longipalpi  and  Tipulhhe  hn-vipalpi  of 


ue  and 


lOl)- 


Sack 


en. 


palpi  ol  Osten 


J.  S 


TARLK  OF  (ii:\F]JA. 


I'V 


ciitli  lonj-itiiilinal  vi'in    prcsciir.  tliat 


vi'iiis  liftween  tlic  tiftl 


is  tluTf  arc  two  limuitiKlinal 


1  vein  anil  tlic  posterior  iiiaruin  of  t| 


vventh    loM.uitu.linal    vein   al.sent;    no   .li.tinct     V-sl,ane.l 


nicsonotiini. 


ic  winy.     -2 
suture    on 


Last 


••int  of  tlu'i.alpi  sliortcr  or  not  nnicli  lonuvr  tl 


ni.i^-   toyctlicr;  tlic  auxilia 


"rVCIIOl'TKltlN.K 


lan  t!ie  two  prcced- 


ry   vein  usually  end.s  i„   tj,,.  ,.,,sta  and    i> 


.    ,      .  ,      ,  ' ^■'"■^   •'■    Mu-  lusia  anil    is 

'•"""-•-i  ^vul.  the  first  lonnitudinal   vein  hv  a  dis.inrt  eross-vein  • 

anteniKosiv  to  sixteen  Jointed LiMNunnv..,.:.' 

I'...>'t  jomt  ol  the  palpi   whiplasl-like,   murh   longer  than   the  three  pre- 

1'c.l.nj.touether;  atitenna-  compos,.,!  of  not  more  than  thirteen  j ts  • 

the  auxiliary  vein  ends  in  the  first  iouKitudinal  vein  l.v  an  ahrupt* 
'•urvatureat  the  tip,   not  .■omiected   with   the  first   vein"hv  a  eross- 


vein. 


OTMN.V  . 


r-IMNoiUIN.i;. 

1.    \Vin,iiless.  siiidcr-Iike  in  .•ij.pearaiice. 
Win-ied.    . 


CnioNi.A  Dalma 


-'.   Antenna,  composed  „f  apparently  2H  joints,  lonu  ;  anal  eell  elos., 
cinpodia  or  siuirs  (\V..st  Indifs,  .South  America), 


an. 


il  :  no 


Ant 


Ant(  Mua.  not  apparently  eomposed  of  more  than  10  joints 


I'onMiou.v  W'ieili-mann 


32 


Noirril  A.MEWICAN  DllTKlfA. 


PostoriDF  cross-vein  si 


tiiiitcd  before  tlu-  miilille  of  thewiii^-;  tiiree  ]> 


terior  cells  jireseiit  (West  Imlies). 


'riiAMr.KT.v  Willistoii. 


I'osterior  eross-vi  in  no 


t  sitnati'il  ln'fore  the  middle  of  tlii'  will!. 


I 


4.    A  siii<rle  siibmiiruiiial  cell  ])resent. 
Two  subinariiiiiiil  cells  jiri'sent. 

">.   AiiteniKr   1 4-Joiiited. 
Aiitt'iiiiio  Ifi-Jointed. 


LiMNoniiM. 


<).   Tibia- with  sjiiirs  iit  tlie  tip;  the  first   Iminitiidinal  vein   usually  ends  in 

the  second Cvi.iNnitoTo.MiM. 

Tibiio  without  s])urs  ;  tlu'  first  vi'in  v\u\ri  in  tlu'  costa.         .      Antociiini. 


7.   'I'ibiic  without  s])iirs  at  the  tip. 
'l"il)ia'  with  sjiurs  at  the  tip. 


.        ElMOlTKIilM. 


8.  The  subcostal  cross-vein  is  beyond  the  ori.u'in  of  the  si'coud  lonuitudi- 

1       •                                       '  't 

nal  vein •         • 

The  subcostal  cross-vein  is  before  the  oriiiin  of  the  si'cond  lonuiludinal 
vein.      .....•••••        A.M.vi.oriM. 

0.    Antenna'  c()ni])osed  of  sixtei'ii  joints.  .  Limnoimiimni. 

Aiitenuiu  conipose(l  of  from  si.\  to  ten  Joints,  often  much  elongated. 

AxiSOMKItlNr. 


L  I  M  N  ( <  r.  I  I  N  I  , 


1.   Proboscis  lonirer  than  the  head  and  thorax  toiii'tluT. 


tii:uAM)M  VIA  I  lahda\ 


Proboscis 


•ihorter  than  the  head  and  thorax  toLS'tther. 


Antenna'  pectinate  or  sub]H'ctinate,  at  least,  in  the  ma! 


Antenna'  not  pectinate. 
A  su])ernunierary  cross- v 


KiiiriDiA  Meiu'en. 


eiii  lietweeii  the  sixth  and  seventh  veins. 

TllI!()('Il<>l!i>I.A  <  !stlil   Siii  kv 


<o  cross 


vein  connectini''  the  sixth  and  >eventh  vein,- 


■\.   Tij)  of  the  auxiliary   vein   ii 


Mially  oi)i>osite,  or  l)efore,  or  only  a  short 
the   second    vein  ;    niaruinal    cross- 


distance    beyond  the    ori.uin  o 

vein  always  at  the  tip  of  the  lirst  lon.uitudiiial  vun  ;   iejis  slender. 

1)|(  KANO.MVIA  Stel)hens. 
Ti}>  of  the  auxiliary   vein   usually  far  beyond  the  oriu'ii  of  the  second 
vein;   inar.uinai  cross-vein  sometiines  at   the  tip  but  often  some  dis- 
tance before  the  tip  (d'  the  lirst  vein;   h\i>s  com]iarativi'ly  stout. 

LniNoitiA  Mci^'cn. 


TIIH'LID.l.; 


:i:i 


1.   IJostniiii  at  least 


A\'l()(  liiM. 

lis  \(>u<x  as  tlic  licail.  sniiuti 


LTOSS-VCin. 


iiics  vcn  loiij^-;   iKi  II 


iari;iiial 


IJostriiiii  shorter  tliaii  tin-  lieail. 

2.   Wiiiii-s  without  siiliiiKiruiiial  cell. 
\Viii.i.rs  with  u  suhiiiariiiiia!  cell. 


I 


'i"o\<)i:i:ni\A  I.ocw. 


••:.    IJc.stnun  not  n,i.,.h  h.n.uvr  than  the  head.  .  1{„..m.m,u„  v  Mei.M.i 

Kostruni  tiie  length  of  tiie  wliole  ho.iy.     K..K,.nANn.M  via  Osten  Saekeii 

■}.    Diseal  cell  open 

Discal  fell  closeil.     .  . 


^..   Se.-on.l  l.asal  eell  roiisi.lerahly  shorter  than  the   first,   the  ..reat  cross 
vein    more    jiroxinial    than   llie    ..ri.ii,    of    the    secon.l    vein-    three 

^     I»'-\^''-i'"-  '-^'ll-s I),<.T,M.:niA   Osten  Sa.-ken 

hecoiKl  hasal  cell  of  about  the  same  lem-tli  as  the  first. 


(>.   Xo  maruinal  cross-vein  whatever. 
Miii-iiinal  cross-vein  jireseut.     . 


Ki-r.n-n:itA  Schiner. 
AfAHiiA  Osten  Sacken. 


7.  First  longitudinal   vein  ends  in   the  costa  nearly  opposite  the  inner  end 

of  the  suhmaruinal  cell. 
The  first  vein  emls  in  the  costa  far  beyond  tiie  inner  ind  of  tlie  subniar^ 
""'"''''■" ni'iiANoi'TvciiA  Osten  Sacken. 

8.  Submai-inal  cell  as  Ion-  or  but  little  lon-er  than  th..  ti,>t  posterior  cell. 

Tkk  iioi.Aiiis  Osten  Sacki'ii. 
Submaro-malcell  much  lon.uvr  than  th..  first  posf.rior  cell. 

Antociia  ( )sten  Sacken. 


1.    Five  ]»osterior  cells. 
Four  jtosterior  cidls. 


EIIIOPTKUIM, 


Cr.AiUMtA  (^stcn  Sacken. 


:i.   'I'he  inner  mui-inal  cell  has  .Iniost  the  shape  of  an  enuilaterul  trianu!.,. 

r  .  Cuvi'TOLAitis  Osten  Sackiii 

Inner  maruuial  coll  of  the  usual  shane  ■  -i 

•■!.    Whi^s  conspicuously  hairy  on  the  whole  surface  or  aloii-,  the  veins        -| 
\\  in-s  not  conspicuously  hairy,  veins  bare  or  nearly  so.*         .         .         ,; 

•f.    AVings  hairy  on  the  whole  surface. 
Willys  hairy  aiony  the  veins  onlv. 


Hiivi'iior.oi'iir.s  Kolenati. 


*  Antenna!  joints  subreniform  and  nodose;  the  eves  iieiudv  contij^uous 
iihove  and  below  '"  "  .  ^ 


(Central  America). 


i.MATOMKitA  Oslen  Sa(d<eii. 


34 


NOKTII  AMEUK'AX  DIITEKA. 


5.  Second  subniarfiinal  cc'l  loiificr  tlian  tlu-  first.  Eimoi-tkra  Mcitron. 

First  subiiiarffiiial  cell  loiiticr  than  the  second.        Moi.oi'iiins  Curtis. 

Ci.   First  subniarfiinal  cell  short,  not  more   than  half  the  lentith   of  the 

second.         ....•••••■  ' 

J'irst  suhinarjiinal  ci'll  more  than  lialf  the  len<:th  of  the  secontl.  10 


7.   Marginal  cross-vein  ])reseiit. 
Marginal  cross-vein  absent. 


(loNOMViA  Osteii  Sacken. 


8.  Second  subniaririnal  cell  in  contact   with  the  discal  cell,  the  anterior 
cross-vein  obsolete.       ......-•••' 

Anterior  cross-vein  jiresent,  the  first  ])osterior  cell  intervenin<j;  between 
the  siil)niar^nnal  and  the  discal  cells.       .         Kmi'kda  Osteii  Sacken. 

0.  Anal  cell  closed;  no  enipodia  (Asia,  Africa  and  West  Indies). 

M()N(;(>MA  West  wood. 
Anal  cell  open;  enipodia  present  (Central  and  South  America). 

rAKATKorKSA  Scliiucr. 

10.  Seventh  loniritudinal  vein  cons])icuo>isly])isinuate,  Sv.mi'm:cta  Mei.uen. 
Seventh  louKitndinal  vein  straight. H 

11.  Lentrth  of  the  auxiliary  vein  l)eyond  the  cross-vein  at  least  twice  that 

of  the  posterior  cross-vein.  .         .  'rui.MicuA  ( »sten  Sacken. 

The  cross-vein  situated  near  the  end  of  the  auxiliary  vein. 

(iNoi'iioMviA  Osten  Sacken. 


LTMXOnilLlXI. 

1.  Discal  cell  open;  antenna'  apparently  2S-jointed  in  the  $. 

I'oLYMKiiA  Wiedemann. 


Discal  cell  closed.     . 

2.  Marginal  cross-vein  wantintr. 
Marjiinal  cross-vein  present. 

;].  Win<?s  pubescent.     . 

Wings  bare.      .... 


I'uYM.oi.Ar.is  Osten  Sacken. 


Ui.omoui'ha  Osten  Sacken. 
4 


4.  Seventh  vein  very  short,  abrujitly  incurved  toward  the  anal  an.u:le. 

TuHiiocKUA   Meis.^en. 

Seventh  vein  not  unusual.         . " 

5.  A  supernumerary  cross-vein  between  the  auxiliary  vein  and  the  costa. 

Ei'iiMiKA<iMA  Osten  Sacken. 
No  such  supernumerary  cross-vein.       .         .         Limnoi-hii.a  Maciiuart. 


TIIMLID.K 


AMSOMKKI.M. 

1.   Tl,m.,,ost..ri.,rrvlls;  tuo  sulmia.-inal  •■.■lis.  An,s„m,k^  MH....,, 

I-..ur..rMv.  pns„.riur  ...lis;  nuuuu:.  n(  ,1,.    $    s.uu.uuu:  unuh  ^.u- 


uatcd. 


-.    1  lu.  st.-,Ma  ,.,.,.„pies  iH.arly  fl,,.  whol..  spa.v  hrtw...,,  ,1,..  tip  of  ihc  n.x- 
-l.ary  v..n,  a,„l  tl„.  M,a.-inal  cToss-vn,,.      .     .     K.no.KUA  Mann.art 
Ilu'  sti.u-.na  ...•.•npivs  l.ut  a  sM.all  portion  of  ,1,.  spa.v  lu^tw...,:  thr  tip  of 
tlH'  ^lux.i.arv  v.in  an.!  marginal  rross-vin.      1',:n  ,,„„., ku  v  Sd.in.T 


2 

rior 


AMAI.oi'l.VI. 

1.  Antenna' coiiiposcd  of  tliirtcfii  Joints. 
AntHiniu  coniposcMl  of  sixteen  or  si'vcMiicn  joints.  ' 

2.  Two    eros.s-veins    between   tl,e  first   lon.i-itM.iinai   vein  and   the  ante 

liraiicli  ot  tile  second  vein  lu  ■, 

OnK.  •         '"  '^'"-  ■  •     '>i«itAN()TA  /t'tterstedt. 

<>nh  one  eross-veiii  between   tliese  veins. 

•■).   Five  posterior  eeli.s,  both  brandies  of  the  fourth  vein  fi.vate. 

■       ,  .  l{".vi'iiii)()i..\i!].s  (Jsteii  Sac  ken 

lM)ur  posterior  eeils,  the  jxistermr  liraneh  fiireate. 


I'l.KCTiioMviA  Osteii  Sa(  ke 


II. 


I'l.A  Halidav. 


4.   Four  posterior  cells;  win.irs  puliesceiit. 

Five  posterior  ceils  ;  win<rs  bare. 

•) 

0.  AntcTior  cross-vein  nearly  at  ri^ht  angles  with  the  longitudinal  axis  of 

the  win<i'.  '  ■ 

A.MAi.oi'is  Halidav. 

Antmor  cross-vein  at  a  very  oblique  an^le  with  the  longitudinal  avis  of 
tlie  wing  and  parallel  with  the  posterior  cros>-vein. 

l'i;i)iciA  Latreille. 
CYLIXDItOTOMINI. 

1.  Five  posterior  cells;  colors  yellow  and  black. 


V 


our  posterior  cells. 


Cvi.iNHitOTOMA  >rac(|iiart. 


-'.   Aiitennal  joints  subcvlind 


Anteiinal  j((intssubylol 


ncal    elonuated, 


Hilar; 


Colors  yellow  and  l)Iack. 
Colors  lirownish  and  yravish 


liead  and  thorax  conspicuously  punctul; 

'I'liltXiMA    Scllilll 


ti 


ler. 


I 


LiooMA  Osti'ii  Sacken. 

'llAI,A(  UOCKKA   Schiller. 


I.   First  suliinartrinal  cell  iinich 


I'TVCIIOI'TKIMX.K. 


Iiorter  than  the  second. 


i-irst  subniai-inal  cell  much  longer  than  the  second. 


Idmu'I.asta  Osteii  Sacken 


mi 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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k 


A 


1.0 


145 


■M    1 2.5 

|50     ■^"       ■■■ 

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1.6 


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NOK'III  A.MKIMCAN   DII'TKIJA. 


'I'hrcc  pdstcrinr  eel 
Fiiur  jin>tcri(>r  ci-ll 


HiTTArMMORI'll  A    WcstWDdd. 

l'r^<  iiui'i  i;ijA  Mri"!  :i. 


TNMMN.i:. 

1.  I,«'j.''s    loiiLT  mill  sliinliT,  fspcciiiUv   tlii'  tar>i  ;    iintciinr  hraiicli  (if   the 

.sfcitiid   vi'iii  absent,    i>l)S(iU'tc   (»r    iicrpiiKlicular,  tin-  ilidinlioid  cell 
more  or  li'ss  si|iiare.      .........         J 

Lei's  not  unusually  slender,  anterior  liranidi  of  second  vein  jiresent  I'nd 
o)di(|ue.  ...........         fi 

2.  Anteiiiiic  tliirteenjointeil  ;  male  forceps  coinjdex. 

Doi.K  Mui'i:/A  ("iirtis. 
Antenna'  witli  less  than  thirteen  Joints;  mah-  forceps  small,  sinijdi'.     ."1 


Kiftli  jiosterior  cell  not  in  contact  with  discal  cell. 


Mi;(iiST«)(  i;i!A  Weclemanii 


Fifth  posterior  ci'll  in  contact  with  discal  cell. 


4 


'1.    Head  on  a  neck-like  proloniialion  of  the  thora.\  ;  seventh  vein  short, 


running;  into  the  anal  anule 


HiiA(  II vruKMXA  Osten  Sacken. 


Head  more  closel\-  ajiplicd  to  the  thorax  ;  seventh  vein  ternntiates  in  tin- 
margin  at  some  di>'.ance  from  the  anal  an^le. 


'I'ANVi-iti  MXA  Hsten  Sacken 


r*.   Antemia'  of  $  pectinate  or  suh-pectinatt 
Antenna'  not  pectinate. 


«l.  Ovijiositor  ot   9  l<»n,ir,  sword-like. 

Ovijtositor  of  9  lonji' hut  not  sw(ird-like 


XiriintA  l^rulle. 
("tknoI'IIoka  .Mei'ien. 


Tliri'e    posterior  veins  arising'  from  thi'  discal  cell,  the    two  anterior 
sometimi's  arisinji  together  liut  the  petiole  always  short. 

I'a»  MVuiiiiixA  .Maciiuart. 
Two  posterior  veins  arise  from  the  discal  cell  thi'  anti-rior  one  furcate, 


petiole  always  (tf  consiilerahle  U'lifith. 

H.   Anti'tiiia' serrate  ;  northern  species. 
Antenna' not  .sirrate  lielow. 


SlVoKliui'iS    Loew. 


<t 


llii 


!l.   .Martxinal  vi'in  wantinn,  hut  one  nniryinal  cell,  anienniil  joints  short  with 


Munuti'  bristles 
'I'wo  nuir{;inal  ci'l 


loi.oitrsiA   l.ocw. 


10 


1(1.   Alidonien  slender,  very  lonu;  anteima' composed  (d' twelve  Joints. 


I,(»N<il  IMA    I-oew. 

Alidonien  less  (doiiLratt' ;  antenna'  with  thirteen  joints.     'i'lrn.A  Liniie. 


HIlJinMD.K 


witli 

,1>1'\V. 


.IH'VV. 
,111111' 


10.    r.iiJioN II ).!•:, 

M(.(lt'rat<'l_v  slt'iidci'  Hirs.  of  IVdiii  thrti'  to  ifn  luillinirtrrs  in 
It'iiL'-lli.  Hf'atl  usually  soiuculiat  tlattrinMl;  linnt  iutlu  Uialf 
vcrv  narrow,  or  till'  fvt's  cont  iL;iious  :  face  short:  ryes  round 
or  riMiitorni.  oltcn  dt'iiscly  hairy  in  the  niah' ;  ocrlli  larL;»'. 
(listiiict.  Antt-nna'  with  troin  iiinr  to  twrlvc  joints,  cylindri- 
<'al.  not  loii^'t-r  than  the  head  and  thorax  toL^t't  her.  the  joints 
closfdv    united.      I'rohosris   not    loip'-.    with    t  hickfiii'd.    hairv 


laht'Ua;  paipi  varialih'.  sonit'tinirs  lon,l,^  with  tour  or  tivc  dis- 
tinct joints,  at  otht'r  times  shoi't.  Thorax  without  stituie; 
.scutclluiii  hair  round.  Ahdoiueii  edniiiosed  oi'  seven  or  eiL,dit. 
.sc'^nieiils,  Mot  short.      Lei^s   inoderatidv  loni;'  and   strong,  the 


hin<l 


jiair  more  or  less  elon^atecj.  the  Iront   tcmora  thirkeiie 


front  tiliia'  usually  with  a  >tout  hook  or  coronet  of  spines  at 
tiu'tip:  pulvilli  and  empodiuni  distinct,  the  latter  idteii  piil- 
villiform.  \\'iii,i;s  lar,-;!'.  the  anti'rior  veins  stouter  than  the 
jiosterior  ones ;  costa  not  exten 'iiii,'  on  the  jtosterior  niaiL;in  ; 
.second  lon,uit\i(liiial  Ncin  waiitin;^.  the  third  arisinn'  Irom  the 
first;  third  vein  sometimes  furcate;  fourth  usually  fiireate; 
first  basal  and  sometimes  the  second  l)asal  cell  present  ;  no 
(liscal  cell. 

This  family  comprises  ahout  three  hundred  described  species 
ami  is  of  wi(l»»  distribution.  The  larva'  are  cylindrical,  foot- 
h'ss,  with  transverse  rows  of  liristles.  usually  with  eyes;  they 
feed  on  cxcreiiu'iital  or  viretalile  siilistauccs.  es|ierially  on  the 
roots  of  "iTass.  The  jmpa'  are  inactive,  imotty  free,  livini,^ 
in  excavated,  smooth,  oval  cavities  near  the  Mirlace  of  the 
.H'roimd.  wliicii  the  larva-  have  prepared  btd'ore  underndin;^ 
their  nu'tamorphosis.  and  where  the  pupa-  remain  liefore 
«'nier!4;in<j[  in  the  i»erfect  form.  In  some  species  the  males 
differ  very  nmrkedly  in  coloration  irom  tin  females,  so  much 
so  that  they  are  commonly  mist;ikeii  for  different  species; 
they  are  easily  dist inL-uished  foi-  their  very  lai'iu'e  eyes  which 
comprise  nearly  the  whole  head   and   are  covered  with  hairs. 


One  ol'  the   most  common  sjiecies   is    Hili'n)  ulliii 


II- nil  IS   w 


hich 


iwr^ 


T 


NOinil   A.MKIMVAN   DII'I  KK  A, 


occui's  early  in  llic  spriiiu'.  in  ,i;r<'at  imiulx'rs.  <'SiKM'iall_v  alxtiit 
willows,  ami  in  ^ardfiis.  It  is  (MtiisiticiKiiis  lor  its  white  wiiin's 
and  black  color,  ami  like  nio.  '  other  mi'iuliei's  ol'  the  taiiiilv  is 


slow  111  Its  iiioveiiieii 


ts.    tl 


WW- 


lieavilN 


/'•  ./ 


f/Hii/'i 


Itil. 


a   coin- 


liioii  species,  is  ol  a  (lee|»  red  color  with  black  wilii;s.  /.'.  tristls 
has  been  observed  in  larn'e  nuiiiliers  in  many  l\an>as  wlieat- 
titdds.  duriii.LC  the  last  week  of  A|tril.  a|i|iareiit,ly  without 
car.siiii;  daniai^e. 

1.    Sccoinl  lijisjil  cell  jiroi'iit.  ........         "1 

Sfcond  Itiisiil  cfll  want  ill''.         ........         -i 


'1.  'I'liiril  Imejiliidinal  vein  t'lmati 


'hii 


il  vein  not  I'lircalf 


4 


I'alpi  t'oiir-jdiiittil  ;  rn>t  antiniial  joint  liuiiiiate.      IIkspkuini  s  Walker. 


I'alpi  livi'- joiiitiMl. 


I'i,i:ei\  W'iiiii'iiiann 


I.    !• 


Hint  Iirtia'  witli  a  stoiit,  siiiiic-li 


ke  II 


niccss  at  till'  tip 


ll-S. 


IJiiiio  (iciilVfcy. 
Dn.oriii  s  .Miiiii'ii. 

Asi'i>TKs  Mtiiicii. 

Knmt  tiliia' (it  tlif  iiMial  strnctiirt' ;  tliinl  vi'iii  not   fiircatt':  liiiiii  meta- 
tarsi shorter  tiiaii  llie  reiiiainiii''  joints  tom'tlier.  S(  atoi'sk  (icolTicv. 


Front  tiliiu'  wiiii  a  tcriiiinal  coronet  of  spii 
•).   Kroiit  tihia-  cndini:  in  a  s|»iiic-like  i»roci'i 


11.   siMrLiiiM-:. 

Small  Mies,  troin  tlirei'  to  six  mm.  in  leiio;th.  with  tlii(d<. 
eom]iressed.  short  leos.  Head  hemispherieal ;  face  short; 
eyes  round  or  ri'iiit'orm.  holoptic  in  the  male;  no  ocelli. 
Antenna'  searccdy  longer  than  the  head,  cylindrical,  ten- 
jointed;  the  two  basal  joints  dilTerentiatt'd.  the  others  (dosely 
uniteil.  j'roboscis  not  elongated,  with  small,  horny  laltelia ; 
palpi  ineiirviite.  I'oui'-jointed  ;  the  tirst  joint  short- and  the  two 
lollowinij;  of  ('([ual  length;  the  last  one  lonovr  ;nid  nutre  slen- 
der than  the  preeediiiu;'.  Thora.x  ovale,  without  suture;  the 
seiittdlum  small.  Abdomen  cylindrical,  composed  of  seven  or 
eio;ht  seouH'iits;  jLjenitalia  concealed;  leos  stron<;  and  not.  eloii- 
.H'ated ;  femor;i  broad  and  flat ;  tibia'  without  terminal  spurs  ; 
lirst  joint  of  the  tarsi   loii';er  than   the  loUowino' and  usually 


mnioMD.i: 


cly 

la; 

\V(» 

fii- 
tiit' 
\  nr 
oll- 
irs  ; 
allv 


dilated  ill  the  iiialf;  llir  last,  jiiiiit  vcrv  small.  \\'iiiL,'s  laru't' 
and  liroad,  with  distinct  alula-,  antnidr  veins  lliickfiit'il.  the 
others  slindtT :  auxiliary  vein  teriuinatiie^-  in  the  cnsta  alxmt. 
the  middle  (d  thewiiiLf;  humeral  erns>-vein  presmt  ;  srcdiid 
l(»ii.L,Mtudinal  vein  wanting',  the  tirst  and  third  l\inn'  ehise  hy 
ea,(di  other ;  the  t  hird  arisin;^  from  the  ti!>t  reetaiiL^nlarly  he- 
lore  the  end  of  the  auxiliary  vein;  anterior  eross-\ein  very 
short;  fourth  vein  eur\f(l.  ini'ked  nearly  opiiosite  the  anterior 
eross-vidn  ;   the  forks  terminating;  near  the  tiji  ot  the  wiii'^'. 

'Idle  family  Simuliida'.  ('om])risin!.;- about  seventy-tive  known 
sjteeies.  is  one  (d  the  liest  kiiowii  iiopularly  amoii:.,^  dipteii,  on 
aeeount  of  the  trouhlesome  eharaeter  of  the  tlies.  which  ar<' 
s<'arc(dy  less  annoying;'  than  the  trui'  mos(|uito;  they  rarely 
exceed  iive  or  six  mm.  in  len^Mli.  usually  not  more  than  three 
or  i'oii.',  and  will  he  imniediatidy  dist in.i;nished  from  the  mos- 
(jiiito  1  y  tlndr  thick-set  appearance,  their  shorter  le.i^s,  their 
shortei'  prol)os(Ms.  and  less  slemler  antenme.  In  the  southern 
States  they  are  known  as  "duiffalo  Ljnats"'  and  •■turkey  ^nats", 
and  sometimes  occur  in  almost  iiicre(lihle  numhers;  cattle 
when  attacked  hy  lar^'e  mimi)ers  are  driven  almost  frantic, 
and  will  setdv  to  «'vade  them  hy  roUiui,^  in  the  dust.  rushiiiLf 
ahout.  or  K*''"n  •"t"  the  water.  \\  ln'ii  the  tlies  are  numerous 
they  will  almost  literally  cover  the  cattle,  especially  seekini,' 
the  ()peiiin,u;s  (d'  the  body,  eiiteriiiL;-  the  nost  rils  and  t  he  ears, 
the  mart^ins  of  the  eyes,  where  they  will  actually  lie  pile(l 
upon  ea(di  other.  When  very  numerous  they  will  produce  an 
inHaiiimat(»ry  h'ver.  frequently  tei minatiiiLj  in  death.  The 
\V(dl  known  ICiiropean  speides  is  S.  rn/iniifiur.-.riisr.  which  diiriiit^' 
some  seasons  in  the  regions  ot  the  Daiiuhe  costs  the  death  id 
many  cattle. 

The  larva'  are  very  interestiii'.;'  ci'eatures  ;  they  are  aipiatic, 
liviiij,'  most  freipieiilly  in  mountain  streams,  on  stems  of 
plant.s.  (»i*  stones,   where   they    form    f(U'   themstdves  elon,!.':ated 

cocoons,  opened   ahove.      In  the  i  pen  end  <d'   tlies icooiistlie 

pupa'  ensconce  thellisehi  s  with  the  aiiteriiU'  part   (d'  the    body 


10 


Xoinil   AMKIMCAN  DIITKKA. 


ii;ik('(l  iiiid  Ircc.  Iroiii  wliidi  t'xtciid  cinlil  or  sixtcoii  very  Ihiil,'. 
s'.t'iidcr,  tlirt'iidlikt'  Itrt'at Idii^y;  tuln-s.  Tlit'  jicidfct  iiisrct  cs- 
(•;i])('S  under  water  ami   comes  to  the  siii't'aee.     Tlie  larva-  are 


S( 


Jt-sk 


Km  lied 


tl 


iiekeiied   at  the   extremities.  With  a  e\liiidrieal 


head.  tW(»  j>airs  of  eyespots;  on  the  tirst  thoraeie  se<fment 
there  is  a  loot  ])rotul»ei'anee  with  bristly  hooklets;  and  the 
(Mid  of  the  altdomen  has  sev.'ral  ai"itenda,L;<'s  for  attaidimeiit. 
r>ut  one  ^cnus  is  known  in  the  tamily.  S!iiiii/!iiih.  which 
will  l»e  recon-ni/ed  from  the  characters  alreadv  sjiven. 


VJ.     RHVPIIIDJ:. 

Head  nea!'ly  hemisjihei'ical  ;  eyes  rounded,  liolojific.  or 
nearly  so  in  the  niah' :  broadly  sej»aratcd  by  the  front  in  the 
female:  oc(dli  present,  .\ntenna'  about  as  loni,' as  tlu' thorax, 
composed  of  sixteen  joints,  cylindrical,  the  two  basal  joints 
distinctly  dilfereniiated  ;  those  (d'  the  tla<;tdlun\  cl(*s(dy  unite(l, 
shoi't-haii'cd.  gradually  decri-asing-  in  size  toward  the  end. 
Proboscis  moderately  ]>roniinent.  with  small  hibcHa  ;  ])alpi 
very  \i)\\\j;.  four-jointed:  the  second  joint  lonj^er  and  broader 
than  the  others.  Thorax  convex,  without  transverse  suture; 
scutcdlum  semicircular,  shcu't  and  broad;  metanotum  stroiij^ly 
develope(l.  .Vbdomen  cylindrical,  composed  cd'  seven  sedi- 
ments; n'cnitalia  concealed  or  nearly  S(».  Ijchs  slender,  with- 
out spines;  the  coxa',  especially  the  I'ront  jiair.  more  oi'  less 
(donj^'ated  ;  metatarsi  idon.fated ;  tibia'  without  spui's  or  the 
liind  pair  with  minuto  ones;  empodia  pad-like,  the  pulvilli 
absent.  Winj^s  hirn-e,  in  rest  lyin;.;'  tiat  upon  the  abdomen  : 
auxiliary  vein  present:  the  costal  vein  reachini,^  to  the  tip 
(d'  the  third  vein.  Hiscal  cell  i»resent,  from  which  three 
veins  orii^inate.  and  a  fourth  arises  from  the  posterior  basal 
e(dl ;  five  posterior  cells  ami  two  elongated  basal  cells  pr;'sent  : 
a  distinct  sti,e;ma. 

But  very  few  species  ol'  this  family  are  kntiwn.  belon,<,Mn;^^ 
to  but  two  or  three  y-enera.     The  typical  i^enus   Jt/if//>/iiis  c(Ui- 


i.i'.i'TiD.r.. 


41 


tMinsanun.lK.r,.r  s,M.ri..s  of  u  i,|..  .jist  rll-ut  in,,.  s,hv,„u.„s  nf 

'''"'''"^'■•'    ''■'"I".-Mtly    tn,„„l    ;,1 ,    ,1„.    ui,„ious   of  .iurllni.^ 

I'-Hsrs.  Tin-  ,..,n.s  Ull.h>,,.,st.r  l,;,s  ,v,..M,tlv  Imt,,  .Irsr.-j  Im.-I 
'••'•>'.  .M.-X.ru.  ••It.;itrr,-st,.n,„  //A///./.  ...  i„  t  l.r  st  ,•,..•(  ,MV  of  t  Im- 
'"■"'    "■•'"'^    S.,.;,,,,tr.l     l,v    a    luna.l     t,....!     i„     l.ntll     S-X^s,    a.l.l 

";''■•'""'""    '"'•'   '■'''"'  ''-"'"I-l).  ot     tiM.  a„t..„„;..   (s..a,.ns 

sl.-.rf.  Haovll,,,,,  nf  n.al..  lilit„nn.  .•!,■.).  of  ,1...  ,l,n,.ax  a,„l  alwln- 
i'"'".  as  alsn  ,11  the  V. ■nation."'      (O.^tcii  Sackci.) 

'Hm'  larva-  of  //A,v/./...s-  an-   un,-„,-l,k...   l,.,.l,,ss.  „ak.-,l.  n.o,-o 
<"•  l<'ss  t,-a,Kspa,.,.„t.  with  ,s„ak..-lik,.  .Mov,-,n.„t s  ;  ,1,,.,...  ,,v  two 
;^1.<'M  tl.'sliy  i,oi,„,sat,  tl.r   ,.ost,-,-in,-  ,.„.|.      Thr  papa-  a,v  t,-..- 
n.a<-t,ivr.  \v,ll,  two  p,'oj..,.tio„.s  ai,t,-,-io,-I v  :   tl„-v  liv.-  i„  ^s-^Wy 
l-n'oks.  pooks.o,.  p„,|,il,.s.  o,-   i„  n.ttii,,^-  woo.l.  hollow  tn-.-.s 
iiiai,,ii-<'. 


(•!• 


I-:.    m:ptii).i:. 

'"^l"''''''""''  • '<''''t ■   l-"-,i4V   siz,-.    „io,-,.   ..,•  l.-ss  ,-lo,|..-at(-.I 

usually  tl„„ly  pilo.s..  o,-  „.-arly  l.a.v.  without  ,listi,i.-t  l.tisth-s 
-Mal.-slM.lopti,.or,!irhoptir.  Ki..p.Mlia.!.-v.-lop,.,!p„lvillito,-,„ 
""'l'"lv,lli    pn..s,.„t.     T.-,u-,.la-  s,.,all   o,-   ,„,li,„.-„ta,-v       T 


|"int  of  tjic  ante, II 


II  I'll 


ttTiiiiiial  oi-  (l(),-sa]  arist 


i;»-  coniph-x  (.,•   siini.h".   with   o,-  wifhoiif 


a 


a  •"■  tt',',i,iiial  stylt'.     \',.i,is  of  il 


'lisliiict,  not  cn.wdcd  aiitci-ioi-ily  ;   thii-d  ] 
••ate;   hasal  cells  larijc;   (iv, 


K'  wi,il;s 


"iiL;itii(li,ial   vt-i. 


I  liii- 


As   (h'liiu'd    ahovr.    t 


Lt'plida-  and  Cociioiiiyida-  of  authofs.      I 


pusft'i-io,-  cells  us,ially  pn-scnf. 
lis    family    iiichidrs   the    Xyh  plia-id: 


t    may  he  a  (picst  ion 


wlH-th.M-  this  union  is  jii.stifiahl.-.   l.nt.  on  tlh-  whol 
I'at.  tJi,.  s,d..<.liara.-t..,-  wl.i.-h   ran   1..-  ns,-d  to  di.st  in..„ish  tl 


<'.   Il    seem.' 


amilit's-   the  sfi-,ict,ii','  of  the   t 


tlH'  ^M'oup  unnaturally,  throwin-  with  the  Xvl 


lii'd   antt'inial  Joi-it  divid 


t'S 


whose 


opliauida-  lorms 


itlinities  are  n;,vatest   with  the    I.eptida-.  iiotwithstaml- 


iii.n'  th<'  antennal  (haraetoi 


ri«'    Xylopha-ina'  inelude   les.s  than   one   humh-.-d    \ 


l'<»i'ms,  and  manv  of  tl 


"'111   .'iiv   iv,,iai'kal.le   for  tl 


\i,()wn 


nil'   ,L;e,,eral 


I'l 


'iilii 


VJ 


Xoirni  AMKKK  \X  DII'TKHA. 


rrsciiihhiiicc  to  ccrtaiii  liyinciioiitcictiis  insects.  SjH'cics  (»t' 
I!/itir/i!rfnis  I'oni!  ;i  cuniicctini,'  link  with  tln'  Nciiiatofcni,  and 
lire  apt  to  he  ('oiiioiiiidtMl  witli  tin'  l{liy|tlii<la',  hut  the  jtn'sciicc 
ol'  the  j)ulvilli  will  (listin<,Miish  them.  'I'hc  lar\M'  ar*'  louml 
in  (h'cayiiii^f  wcxtd  or  under  the  hark  ot  trees  and  are  carnivor- 
ous and   predaceous,   feedinj;  upon   tlie   larva-  o 


net 


■tl 


es 


and 


other  wood  insects.  The  skin  is  pardinientdike.  the  hody 
cylindrical.  'I'hc  niouth-paits  and  antenna'  arc  very  small, 
the  uiaxillij'  short  and  hook-like.  The  first  or  the  tirst  three 
seirnu'iit;    back  oi   the  lu'ad  are  chitinized  ahove;   the  last  sc-'- 


iiieu 


t  ah 


)ve  with  a  chit)ni/ed  plate  terminating,'  jfostcriorly  in 
two  hooks.  The  fourth  to  the  ninth  se,<,Mnents  have  hristly 
pseudojxuls  below.      The  pupa'  are  tree. 

The  Leptiiia!  comjirise  soinethiui,'  over  two  hundred  known 
sjH'cies.  They  are  usually  of  moderate  size  and  not  very  active 
in  their  habits.  The  larger  species  are  commonly  found  in 
meadows  and  woodlands,  restiii,;.,'  ui>on  stems  or  trunks  of  trees 
with  their  head  downward.  They  are  sometinu's  ])redace()us 
upon  other  insects  and  the  spe»'ies  of  Si/iti/i/iorttini/iti   have  a 


habit  of  suckiii"''  blood  as  do  the  horsetlie; 


The  larva'  are 


])redaceous,  liviiii,'  in  the  earth,  in  decayiiii^  wood  or  in  pas- 


sa<'es  imu 


U'  1 


)V   woodboriiiLC 


net 


■tl 


es. 


( )thers  live  in  moss,  in 


sand  or  in  water.  The  e^'u^s  of  Athrrir  are  deposited  in  dense 
masses  attached  to  dry  branches  overhanging!:  water.  Not  only 
do  numerous  femah's  contribute  to  the  formation  of  these 
masses,  but  they  remain  there  themselves  and  die.  The  lavva* 
hat(rning,  esca])e  into  the  water.  The  flies  of  species  of  I'rr- 
inUe»  deposit  their  eggs  in  sand,  and  the  larva'  form  conical 
pitfalls  in  which  to  ensnare  small  insects.  The  te>)th  seg- 
ment of  these  larva'  l)ears  above  at  its  tip  a  transverse  row  of 
long  booklets  directed  backward,  but  with  tlu'  hooks  bent, 
forward;  the  eleventh  segment  has  a  similar  row  directed 
forward,  the  hooks  of  which  are  turned  backward.  On  the 
fifth  segment  below  there  is  a  simple  unitairetl  grasping  foot 
whieli  is  capable  of  being  jtrotriuh'd   forward  and  downward; 


M'.ri'ID.K. 


4;{ 


at   ''•;';i'tl..'.v:nvlunina.,^M,]:,r.  sharp,  flaf.. . hi, innush.M.ks 

■""i    '"■l"^^-    tlH'I.l    snuw    stiff    hHsllrs.       Thr    huokh-ts    smv     .s 

■•'His  ui  iM.nn-  in  the  san.l  an.lt..  lix  t h..nis.-] v.-s  ;  th.-o.-.n  ... 
tl'"  l.tth  s..,^nHM.,  rnahh.sth..  harva  t..  s.-i/r  an.l  h.-hl  its^„vv 
='>..!  als.Mn.-.Mistru.'lin.L;-  thr  pitfalls.  Th.  h.rva-  ..f  t  h.-  I  ,.p- 
">"-  =>.  .^vn.M'al  a.v  ..ylin.lri..al.  with  ..,•  uith.mt  th.shvah,h,n,- 
H'all.-u^s.  'n.nasts..^nH.nthasatransv,.rs..,.h.ft.th,.p,.rt,i„n 
al.ov..  wh,..h  is  pruvi.h-.l  uith  tw...  „f,..,.  l,a.-k\var.i-l...nt  points 
"'•I»-o.-.vss..s;  th.-nn.h.rpart  is..i,,Ms,..  wit  h  t  h.-  t  wo  sti-nnata 
iH'twt't'n  th.'iii. 

TAI5LK  OF  (iKNKIJA, 

five  [)(  stcrinr  cells  iiri'sciit. 
A.if.MMa.  slu.rt  .„•  hut  littl..  Ho,,^;.,.',],  ,Ih.  .hinl  J„i„t  si,Mph,\vitl.  h  U-v- 

""•■"'--"-alaris.aora   ...nuinai   s, vl.  .   ,an.  ., I,  ..x..avaU..I  • 

I"-..l...Ma>  slmrt ;  s,,,,,..  ..r  all  .,f  .1,..  til.ia.  s,M.m..|.       .  I.,,,.n.v,,.' 

-•    A'l  tiu'  tihia'  witli  snurs  ,. 

I.- •,  .  .  ,  ■  •  •  •  •  A  >  i.oi'ii  \<;i\.i: 

iTOIlt    tlhlU'    WllllOUt    SPIIIN.  . 

'  •  •  •  •  •       AlMlllJ.M   l.li.VTIN.i;. 


-\VI,(»|'IIA(;|\.i.:. 


I.   Alirn„r,.osU.ri,.r  veins  (i.  ...   .I-  vIms  ..para.in.  ,1,..  pnsn.nor  ....|N) 
i.nsctrnM.  ti,e,l>s,.aleell:  lua.l  small ;  s.-ufll,,,,,  ui,h  spiiU. 


I  !>.•  last  post.TM.rvnn  arises   fr.....   ti.e  son.,,.!   hasal  cell,  il,e 
terior  cell   lu'iice  not  c.)nti-n 


tit'tli  pos- 


sfutelluin  vvitlidiit  spini 


iti-uoiis  at    its  t.ase  with    the   .iiscal    cell 


Third  joint  of  the  ant 
Third 


I'liiia'  acute  at  tip, 


J.'iiit  ol  antenna-  not  acute  at  tip 
Fourth  posterior  cell  close.!;  the  tliir.l 


A  I! 


tiii!<)|'i;as  I 


oew. 


iite, composed  of  n 


utnerous,  distinct  .1 


joint  of  the  anieiina'  much  el 


on- 


fiiiarj-inate  near  the  anteniiiv. 

Koiirth  posterior  cell  open;  thir.l 

iinnuli,  indistinctly  separate.l. 


.visions,  often  pectinate  ;  ev: 


wiA(  iiicMM  s  Ilali.lav 


loiiit   .il   antenna'  composed  of  eiuht 

.\  VI.I>l'l|.A<il  s   .Mei;r..„. 


1.    Fourth  p.)sterior  cell 


A  urn KO( ' r; i;.\  r I  \.K 


'}ieii. 


F.iiirth  posterior  cell  closed.    ( 


'>iihii/,i  preoc.)    SiHi  i..\  Omvia 


iioin.  nov, 


71-  '■ 


44 


Noirni  AMKUICAX  DIITKKA. 


2.    Face  projfctiiiti  on  cicli  side  in  ii  roumlcd,  conical  jirotnhcrancc,  tliicl  iy 
covered  with  liair.     ......         (Ji.i  roi's  Uiiru'css. 

Face  witli  two  (Iicp  tlivcr^riiij,'  furrows,  runninj;  froiii  the  hasc  of  tiic 
antenna' to  tlic  oral  niariiin.  Aimmkoci-kas  Wilii^ton. 

LKl'TIN.i:. 

1.  Front  tiltia' witli  terminal  .xpurs *J 

Front  til)ia'  without  terminal  sjmrs.  ........"'. 

2.  Front  tibia*  with  u  .sin<rle  spur;  sometimi's  only  four  jxisterior  ctils  prt  s- 

ent  in  the  winff. l)i.\i,vsis  Walker. 

Front  til»ia'  with  two  spurs;  fivi'  posterior  cells  as  usual. 

Tkii'TOtimciia  I.oew. 

I).  Third  joint  of  tiu'  antenna*  rouml,  oval  or  pear-shaped,  its  hristle  dis- 
tinctly terminal. \ 

Tliird  joint  of  the  antemia-  kidiiey-shaj)ed,  the  arista  jnore  dorsal.  <• 


Anal  cell  ojten  ;  hin<l  tiliia*  with  two  sjuirs. 
Anal  cell  closed.        ..... 


Lki'Tis  Faliricius. 


Third  joint  of  the  antenna'  with  a  slender  arcuate  bristle;  hind  tibia' 

with  one  sjjur. C'liitYsoi'ii.A  .Maciiuart. 

Tiiird  antenmil  joint  witii  a  shorter,  slender  style. 

I  Si'ANMA  Mei<:en. 

(  I'noMNA  Zetterstedt. 

Hind  tibia'  with  two  spurs;  anal  cell  closed.  .         Atiikkix  Meij^en. 

Hind  tibia'  with  a  single  spur;  anal  cell  o])en. 

Symi'Iiokomvia  Frauenfeld. 


14.     STlJATIOMYIIXIv 

Small  to  modoratclv  lar«ft'.  iiearlv  l)ar('  or  tliiiilv  pilose,  bris- 
tleless  spccit'S.  Head  shoi-t,  heiiiisphorical  or  Hattciiod,  ii.s 
broad  as  the  thorjix.  Ocelli  present.  Eyes  eoiitii,ni()iis  or 
separated  by  the  front  in  the  male.  Antenna-  porreet.  apj)rox- 
imated  at  the  base,  three-jointed,  the  third  joint  always  eom- 
]»lex,  usually  with  a  terminal  styh^  or  an  iirista.  Prolxiseis 
never  elongated ;  ])alj)i  two  or  three-jointed,  sometimes  rudi- 
mentary. Thorax  never  strongly  convex ;  scutellum  ot'tiMi 
with  tiibertdes,  si)ines  or  projection  on  its  margin.  Abdomen 
eom[)osed  of  from   live  to  seven  segments,  iisii;illy  flattened. 


srijA'i'ioMviD.r, 


'(It. 


ten. 


is- 
:is 
or 

)X- 

111- 

cis 

(li- 

tcll 

ItMl 


nltt'ii  cloii^Mlfil.     ],i'j:<  iit'VtT  t  liirkly  pilosi';    willinnt  hristlis. 
t  lie  t  ilii;i'  wit  liDiit  sii  irs  (i'\('('|it  in  sdiiii-  Ili'iiiliiiii');  piiKilli  ;iim1 


•  'in|H)ili:i    |), Ill-Ilk) 


lit-    (•n>tai 


vfiii    i)t    t 


II'     Willis    ilnrs     nut 


ri'iii'li  to  till'  ti|i  lit'  tilt'  wiiiL;';   \riiis  olti'ii   {tmu  ilnl  iiiiti'iinriv 
aiiil  tlinst'  ])n>t;'i'inrly    wrak  :   discal    ct'll    pri'M'iit  :    tniir  or  ti\- 


I  H  IS 


l.t'riiir  (M'lls.  ;iiiil  oiir   ur   t 


wii  siiliiiiiii'Ljiiial  rrlls  iirrsnit.  tin 


aiittTiiir  liraiii'li  ui  tlic  tliinl  \i'iii  > 


linl't 


aiiil  iitti'ii  iiiilist  iiict, 


'I'lic  I'aiiiily  St  rat  ioiiiyiihi'  is  one  oi'  consiilrralili'  si/c  in- 
cluiiini:,'  nearly  one  tliousaml  known  species,  'i'lie  tlies  are 
invarialily  flower  insects,  seliloin  with  any  niarkeii  |iower>  ol' 
Hi;.^'lit  anil  never  liaviiiLj  the  hahil  of  hovrriie^-  in  the  air.  Not 
a  lew  species  are  eaii;4lit  in  lieatiii'^  nets  or  on  the  window  s  of 
ilwellini,'  liouses.  Many  of  the  species  lia\t'  in  liie  hri^ht  yel- 
low or  <,'reen  iiiarkinu;s.  Their  eL,^!4's  are  laid  on  the  Lrronnd.on 
plants  about  water,  or  perhaps  on  the  siirtace  of  the  water 
itself.  The  larva'  are  carnivorous,  or  Iced  upon  decayiii;,'  ve;;- 
etalije  material.  The  larv;e  ol  < '/n-i/sintii/iu  have  heeii  toiind 
in  cow-duiiLC.  and  under  stones  ;  those  of  Sifr;/iis  in  the  llowiii'^ 
sap  (d'  elm  trees  ;  those  of  llirnn  fin  in  pri\  its  ;  t  hose  of  rnrh  ij- 
iiostci-  in  tleeayilii,' W(>otl  ;  those  of  Hiris  in  iiioss  ;  those  of 
Sfnifiiiiiii/ld.  ( h/niifoim/io.  Xciinitfl IIS,  etc..  ill  water.  'I'lie  lar- 
v;i'  of  Strntiimi ii'tii  liavt'  been  found  in  salt  and  alkaline  water. 
The  body  is  smooth  and  tlatteiicil.  th"  last  se^^nient  often  pm- 
lon<;t''d  into  an  eloii.^'uted  breathiiiLT  tiiiu'  aiitl  with  a  teruiiiial 
transverse  cleft.  The  jnipie  are  inactive,  reiiiainiii;^  within 
the  larval  skin,  the  pupal  skin  reiiiainini;-  within,  or  partially 
within,  the  larval  skin  when  the  lly  escapes  through  a  ltui,L;i- 
tiiilinul  rent. 


TAHLK  HF  cr.NKKA. 

1.    Atitlnmcii  willi  seven  visilili' sciiiiuiils. 
Aliiltmieii  witii  five  itr  six  visiiilc  scmiieiits. 


l»r.i!ii>iN.i.. 


:.'.   'I'hree  posterior  veins,*  all  arisiiiu-  I'roiii  tlie  tliscal  cell.   r.\iiiV(i.\STi!iN.K. 
Four  posterior  veins,  the  anterior  oius  soiiKtiines  rutlinuiUary.      .  '•'> 

*  \\\  posterior  veins  is  nu'aiit  those  separatinji'  the  posterior  cells. 


10 


XOKTII  AMKUIOAX  DirTKlIA. 


.'!.   All  the  pDstcrinr  v(ii\s  arise  fruni  tlic  iliscal  cell,  tlir  fiftli  postcrinr  ctll 
liciH'f  cniitiL-Miuus  with  till'  ili^i'ai  cell.  .....  I 

'I'lic  last  posterior  vein  aris(  s  t'roin  tlie  second  l>asal  cell.  .  •'» 

I.   'i'liinl  joint  of  tile  antenna' wiili  a  lony,  ilelieatelv  trinueij,  lain.  Iliforni 
stvle  ;   nsnallv  larjie.  more  or  less  elon<:ateil  >pi'eies  ;  males  dielioptic 
(llerinetiiiia').        ......  Iii;i:Mi;riA  Latnille. 

Third  aiitennal  joint  not  with  such  a  stvle;  alidomeii  short. 

('i.rn:i.i.,\i!iN.K. 

'».    Antenna'  with  a  slender  ilorsal  or  terminal,  hare  or  piiheseent  arista. 

SAlttilN.K. 

Antenna'  never  with  a  sUiider  or  lonii  arista.       .         .      Stkatiom^  i.v.K. 


I'.KKFIMV.K. 

1.  Three  j>osterior  veins,  all  arising  from  the  discal  cell.*            .          .  2 
Four  posterior  veins,  all  arising'  from  the  discal  cill;  scutellum  with 

spines.          ...........  (5 

2.  Scutellum  without  spines.         ........         J! 

Scutellum  with  ispines 4 

."I.   Short,  small  species. 

Klonirate,  lar;;t'r  species;  head  sometimes  small.     (Central  and   South 
America). ('iiiuo.my/.a  VVcidcinann. 


Ai.i.oiiNosTA  Osten  Sacken. 


4.   Scutellum  with  ti'U  spines  (("I'utral  and  Sotith  Anu'rica). 


Scuti'Uum  with  not  more  than  si.\  si>inei 
;").   llea<l  lu-mispherical. 


IIktkuacantiia  Scliiner. 


Rkims  Latreille 


Head  not  henusi)herical,  the  front  much  flattened  ami  eloiijiate  (Central 


America). 


liiiRisMviA  (fi};lio-Tos 


i>.  ()ccij)ut    flattened;    hind    femora  .simple;    the  last  two  a1)doininal  seg- 


ments small. 


Scoi.ioi'Ki.TA  Willistoii. 


Occijuit  excavated  ;  liind  femora  thickened  at  the  extremity. 


Ni:i)KXAiki;ta  Osten  Sacken. 


S.\K(iIN.K 


1.   Antenna'  elontrate,  with  a  terminal,  puhesctiit  styU'  (Central  and  S(,  itli 


Anu'rica). 


AiKocH.KTA  Wii'demann. 


Antenna'  short  with  an  ai>ical  or  preapical  arista.     . 
Scutellum  with  two  spiiu's  (Central  and  South  America). t 


HiiAi'iiiocKKA  Wiedemann- 


Scutellum  without  sjjines. 


*  Variable  in  lin-is. 

t  If  hut  a  .single  sul»niarj>:inal  cell  ])resent,  comjiare   Xot/ninn/iii  (Stra- 
tiomyina'  ?)• 


sriiA'noMviD.i:. 


iiiiii- 


hr.i- 


'.).   Anterior  (><'<lliis  more  wiilcly  s(]i;iriit(il  tliiin  llw  ntliiT  two;  iii:il<-i  li 
Ii>]iti('  (ir  (licliipptic.     ......... 

ncflli  fi|iiiili>iinit,  iiiiirf  ai)pri>.Tiiriiit(ii.    ...... 

•I.    .Miildiiuii  <'iiiitriicti'(l  lu'iir  tlif  Kasc,  clavalc  <ir  jn dicillatc. 


M 


Aliilniiu'ii  not  ]ic(li<'illati'  or  clavatr 


I'.i.rnt. 


(•Ill- 


').   SfCdiid  aiitiiiiial  joint   |iroion;,'((!  on   tlic  iiitnr  >iil(',  ixtciulint;  on  ami 


closfiy  \y\\\'^  npon  tiic  tiiirtl  Joint. 
SiToiid  antciniai  Joint  not  with  siicli  a  projection 


1*1  irrici  s  Loiw. 


(i.    Iliml  fi'inora  nioilcratiiy  thickfncil  on  tiic  proximal  portion  ;  oriirin  of 
till'   si'coml    vein  near  tiu'  anterior  cro.-^s  vein   (Ci'ntral   ami   South 


Ami'rica). 


MKUOSAItlil  s   I 


Iliml  ffinoia  slcinliT,  or  the  secoml  vein  ninotc  from  tlu'  anterior  c 


■oew. 
ross- 


vcin. 


7.   Third  Joint  of  the  antenna'  pointeil,  the  arista  somewhat  thickeiieil ;  first 
anti'nnal  Joint  moderately  ioni:  (('eiitral  and  South  America). 

llisM<»iiui>M.\  Schiller. 
Third  anteiiinil  Joint  oval,  the  arista  sUii'ier.    .....         S 

S.    IChnijiati'  species  [('/iri/sniiKtns  preoc.)        .       Ciiitvsoi  iiitoMA,  mtin.  nov. 

Dei'p  metallic  sjiecies ;   ahdomeii  short;  eyes  of  male  with  an  ana  of 

eulartred  facets  ahove;  front  of  female  hroad.     .Mi('U<m  muvsa  Loew. 

STKATK)MVIN.K. 

1.  Third  lony:itudinal  vein  with  an  anterior  hramdi ;  third  Joint  of  antenmc 

elongate.      ...........         "J 

Third  lonj,ntudinal  vein  without  anterior  hraiich.    ....<! 

2.  St'Utelluni  without  s{)ines  ;  first  two  Joints  of  thi'  antenna'  short  (Central 


and  South  America). 


("noHDONOTA  (Jersta'cker, 


Scutelhim  with  sjiines,  rarely  wantint;  in  (filiiutum'/in.     ....'! 

.").  Third  joint  of  the  antenna'  eomixised  of  from  three  to  five  annuli.  I 

Third  joint  c()m]tosed  of  seven  or  ei^ht  annuli.         ....') 

J.   I'Mrst  antenuiil  joint  three  or  four  tinu's  the  lenj^th  of  the  second. 

STitATioMvrA  ( JeofTroy. 
First  antenuiil  joint  less  than  three  times  the  leiijith  of  the  sicoml. 

Okoxtomma  Meijfi'U. 

•">.   Tliird  imtennal  joint  elon<rate,  termimitinjr  in  a  i)oint  ;  first  joint  two  or 
three  times  the  lenuth  of  the  si'cond  (Central  ami  South  America  ami 


West  Indies). 


Cvriio.M VIA   Wiedemann. 


Tliird  antennal  joint  torniinatin^r  in  a  hristle;  first  Joint  hut  little  loiigiT 
than  the  second  (Central  and  South  America). 

Nkokon-oania  Osten  Sacken. 


4S 


NOIJTII  AMKlMf'AN  DIITKIJA. 


<i.    Fiicf  ])ri)iliiccil  {■(iiii<'iilly  ilownwanls;  anti'iiii!i' C'lonjriitc. 

.M vx(»s.\i{<.i  s  Hriiucr. 
Face  nut  prDilin'til  coiiically  ;  tliinl  antcmial  joint  oval  witli  a  tiTiniiial 


arista. 


NoTIIO.MVIA   L( 


)l'\V. 


(LITKI.LAIMN'.K 


1.  SciitcUuii:  uitlioiit  spines. 

Sciitt'lluin  with  spini's.      .... 

2.  Antenna'  short,  with  a  suhtiTniinai  arista. 
Antenna-  nw.Te  or  h'ss  eioii'Mti'. 


<  )xv<  i;uA  Mtiiit  II. 


Antenna'  situated  near  the  oral   margin  ;    thiril  joint  composed  of  si.x 


ajuuili  (("eiitral  and  Smitli  Anii-rica). 


I'll  uvm:i  i!A  Scliiner, 


Antenna'  situated  near  or  a  little  helow  the  niiddh'  of  the  head  in  jiro- 


file, 


4 


4.    Antenna' niueh  eion^ati'd  ;  style  not  dilTen'ntiated  ;  eyes  bare  ;  snialliT 


sptc'ies.        ...... 

Antenna'  niodi'rately  elonuiited. 

5.   Style  of  anteinia'  not  dilTerentiated. 

Style  of  antenna-  distinetly  ditVeri'iitiatt-d. 

<>.    Kyes  jtilose;  antenna-  with  a  slemU-r  styli-. 

ICyes  hare;  style  not  slender  (Central  America). 


Ki'i'AiJHVini  s  (iersta'cker. 


Sroi.ioi'Ki.TA  Willist 


on. 


C'l.iTKM.AiiiA  Meimn. 


Faci-  conically  produced  downward. 
Face  not  conically  j>roduced. 


AocHi.KTi  s  Osteii  Sackeii 
Nk.motklus  (u'offrov 


H.   Third  antennal  joint  with  a  Ioii<r  slender  arista,  Innf^er  than  the  antenna- ; 
eyes  hare  (Ci-ntral  and  South  America  and  the  West  Indies). 

(^Hijvsocii I.OKA  .Macquart. 
Fyes  ]>ilosi-;  antenna-  with  a  short,  thickened,  divaricate,  hairy  style,  ti-r- 
niinatin;4'  in  a  short  slender  Itristle;  second   joint   of   antennae   not 
with  a  tinjier-like  ]»rojection  over  the  third  joint  (West  Indies). 

I'ki.aoomvia  Williston. 
l'.\('IIV(J.\STUIN.K. 


1.  Antenna*  situated  near  tin- oral  inar^ 


in. 


Antenna'  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  head  in  proflU-.         .         .        ;'. 

2.  Third  joint  of  tin-  antenna-  forked,  ctimitlicated  in  structure  {('iKtniin 

preoc.  West  Indies),  ....         Niooc  iiAi  na,  num.  nov. 

Third  joint  of  the  anti'iina-  eloiifiate,  with  a   distinct  style,  not  forktd 

(Central  and  South  America).       .  Acantiiina  Wiedemann. 

o.   Scutellum  ending-  in  a  stout  spine  ((^entral  and  South  Anii'rica). 


S(-utellum  without  sj)ine,  simpli- 


CvNii'i.MoiM-iiA  i?rauer. 
rACiivoASTiiU  Meiuiii. 


lAI'.AXID.K. 


4!) 


ir..    acaxthomkuidj:. 

Very   larov.    tlu-  lar^.-st  ai„.,n,^-  Wipt.-ra.  stent,    hristlrlrss 
".'arly  l.aiv  rii.s.     Ky.s  lar;;..  ....nti^uous  in  tlu-  ,aal..     O.-Hli 

Pn's.-nt.     Tlnr.l  joint  of  tlH.ant<.nna.u>n.,.l.-x.   nnn,.os,.,l  oi' 
s^-v.M.  scKn.rnts.  with  a  t.-nninal,   oltm   in  tin-  n.al.  srtirom, 
sty!,.       l>,ol,osr,s  short,  not  a.lapt.Ml   in,-  pi^rrinn-,  with  th-shv 
l=ilH-na.     T.-nh.  ru.linu.ntary.     Tii,iaMvithont  spnrs  ;   ,a.lvilli 
=""1  ^''»I..Hha  ]>a,l-lik,..     \Vin,s  w,th  two  snhn>ar,inal  an.l  fiv. 
posterior  (m-Hs,  the  fourth  posterior  .-ell  an.l  the  anal  eell  eh.se.l 
I'Ut  two  genera  are  known   in   this    I'an.ilv.   inelu.lin^  aito- 
^.■ther  only  about  fifteen   or  .ixte-n   sp^.-ies!  all  of  whi'eh  are 
n.li.  Intants  of  Central  and   South    An.eriea.      The  speeies  are 
n'.narkahle  for  their  extraor.inu.ry  sixe.  son.e  reaehn.^  nearly 
tu-o  .nehes  in  len;,th.     The  spe.-ies  of  J...^;).,,,,,,  are  found 
:"    ion.sts,   ah-htm-   on    trunks   of    tr.^es.   aee,.r.liun.   to    Mr 
Chanipu.n;   otherwise  their   hal.its.   whether  of  tlie'^a.lult  or 
m.mature  stages,  are   l>ut  little   k.iown.      IJrauer  has   thn.re.I 
H.Hl  cesenhed  the  larva-  of  J.  Fnn,ruf.l.ni.     Thev  are  evlin- 
'  n<-al,  th.ek  and  short.     The  la>t  se,nuent  is  fir.nU"  ehitinixed 
alH.ve  with  two  series  of  I.ookh-ts,   the  two  proj^-tin-  haek- 
wanls m   the   middle   heino^  stout  and   enrved  ;' indow   these 
there  is  a  deep,  transverse  ,deft.  on  the  under  side  of  whi.-h  is 
a  rounded  lip. 

In  both  Arnnthonwra  an.l  Uhn i,hh>rlnjnrhu.  the  face  may  he 
pi-odueed  eonieally  or  not  at  all.      The  two  genera  are  di;tin- 
j,nushed  hy  the  strueture  of  the  palpi,  in  Arauth.nu-rn  slender 
m    IUn,pJuo>'h!,„r/n,s  stout  and    pointe,!.     Arantl,.u„rn,    mav 
liave  sitines  on  the  hind  femora. 


Hi.     TAIJAXIIMv 

Head   larg..,  transvers.-,  somewhat  flattened  ami   with   tli.' 
ooeiput  Hat  or  eoneave.    Antenna^  j.orreet,  the  thir.l  joint  eom- 
posed  of  from  five  to  ei.^d.t  annuli  or  se^vm.nts.      Kyes  hu-e 
pnlH'seent  or  hare,  eontigu..us  above  in  the  male  ami  with  tl.e 


r»(» 


NOirni  AMKKHAN   DIPTKKA. 


upix'V  I'accts  lai'un'i'  tJiai-  uc  lower  (Hics;  in  life  usually  with 
i,M'('('n  and  pui'jtlt-  iiiarkin.ijs.  Ocelli  absent  or  ju-esent.  Tro- 
bosj'is  ]irojeetiii!^'.  sonietiuies  uiueli  elon^aleil ;  ])ali»i  two- 
jointed,  the  second  joint  elon_i,Mte  oi-  thickened.      Thoi-ix  no". 


very  convex  aliov( 


•utelluni  never  with  tubercles  or  sjiii 


nes 


on  its  border.  AbdonuMi  bi'oaih  moderately  elon.fate  or  short. 
never  slender  or  constricted;  composed  of  st'ven  se^iiients: 
genitalia  nevii-  {irominent.  TiC.us  moderately  stout,  the 
tibia'  sonii'times  nuudi  dilated;  middle  tibia*  always  with 
si)ui's  at  the  tijt;  tarsi  with  thrt'«>  meml)ranous  ])a(ls  at  the 
ti[)    (the    empodia    developed    pulvillirorm).    'Ferula'  always 


of    eonsidei'able   si/i 


Tl 


\o    marginal   vein    encom])asses   tlu 


entire  wing;  two  submarginal  ind  five  posterior  cells  prestuit ; 
basal  cells  all  elongate,  the  anal  cell  (doseil  at  or  near  the 
uuirgin  of  tlie  wing.  S})eeies  never  viu'v  snuill,  often  among 
the  larg"st  of  the  order,  never  thickly  pilose,  and  wholly 
without  bristles  on  liodv  or  legs. 

This  family  includes  the  flies  commonly  k!U)wn  as  horse- 
flies, and  is  widely  distributed  over  tlie  wt)rld.  About  four- 
teen  hundred  species  are  known,  of  whicdi  more  than  one 
hundred  and  filty  are  from  North  America.  ^lauy  of  the 
s])ecies  are  eonspicnious  for  their  large  size,  though  the  greater 
number  are  of  moderate  size,  but  iu)iu'  are  small.  Most  of 
them  love  the  bright  sunshine,  though  the  smaller  fV)rms  are 
more  usually    found  about  shailv   idaces  near  the  border  of 


d 


woods,  apj)earing    on  sunslimy  days 


The  femab^    alone    i.^ 


blood-sucking  in  habit ;  the  males  are  much  more  rartdy  met 
with,  and  will  be  caught  usually  in  sweepings  of  meadow- 
lamls,  on  flowers,  etc.  Their  power  of  flight  is  remarkabl(\ 
moving  as  rapidly  as  can  a   horse 


Tl 


leir  i)ite^.  thougli  pan 


rh 


ful  enough,  do  n(»t  seem  to  cause  the  same  irritation  as  those 
of  the  mos(putoes  and  midges.  ^Vilen  no  better  food  olfei'S. 
the  females  will,  like  the  males,  seek  the  juices  of  plants  and 
th)wei's. 

Tiu"  spindle-shajied  brown  or  black  eggs  of  the  Tabanida' 


TAHAMD.K. 


.•)! 


arc  t( 


tlie 


nni.l  attacluMl  tn  the  st.-iii  of  plants  ..r  on  l.-avs.  tl 

iuiuatic  forms  are   found  atta.-lH..l  to  rushes.     Th, '  Ian" 


lost'  ol 


ire  carnivorous,  fccdin-'  upon  snails.  <  tl 
':ivc   a   distinct    head.      The    hody    is   ,d 
encircled  witii  retractile  flesl 


1 


ler  larva',   "tc.     Tl 


lev 


t'vcn-jointt'd.    olten 


velojK'd  only  on  the  ventral  side,  tlie  1 


i.v   I»rotul>ei'ances,  soinetiiiies  dt 


tical  ])reatl 


St 


iiiiL,'  openin.LT,  or  the  last  t\v 


igmatic  tube.      l'uj)a  free,  1 


^t  se.L^nitMit  with  a  ver- 
o  se_i,rinents  foriuin-r  a 


iviii.i,^  in   the  e;;rth  or  in 


water. 


1.    Hiixl  tiltiii"  will 


TAHI,K  (IK  (iK.NKHA. 


1  s 


Hind  til) 


purs  at  tlic  tip.  soiiictiiii 


H'  witliout  .«;{>urs  (Tii/„niin,i ). 


\vs 


small  {l\in<i,,ulti„). 


Til 


ird  .joint  of  tlu'  antirin 


IS  o 


Tl 


Illy  a  littk'  lonj,^i'r  tiian  the  t 


•'  '•"•i'.i.ommI  „f  ,.i,i.|it  annul!,  tlu-  first  ..f  which 


Oiiowillcr  oil,. 


"Hi  joint  foniimstMl  of  five-  an.u.ii,  the  first  of  whitl 
than  the  f()Ilowinjr,„K,s;  oeelli  jtrcscnt. 


1  IS  niiu'h  lonircr 


Kront  of  female  broad,  witi 
Front  of  tVnial 


1  a  lar^-c  ( 


e  narrow,  ocelli  present  or  al.seiit 


ieiiiided  caihis;  occ^lli  present. 


4.   First  and  fourth  jjoste 


rior  cells  cl„,sed  (Central  and  South  America). 


Fourtli  posterior  cell,  at  1 


least,  open. 


DiCMSA  Schiller. 


*l» 


5-    Fyes  iifutely  an«,'ulated  ahove;    II 


I*A\(;()MA  Latreill 


ippohoscid-liki'  spec 


les. 


'•es  not  acutely  angulated  al 


)ove;  not   Ilippohoscid-likt 


(io.,ioi's  Aldricli, 


0.   Second  joint  of  tl 


Ai'AT(>i.i;,STi;s  Willist 


on. 


wit! 
Seoon^ 


leanterna'  ahoiit  half  as  V 


1  numerous  sman  dots. 
J  joint  of   the  antenna'  as  I 


•iiL'  as  till' first 


eyes  in  life 


joint;   wiiijrs    with  a  dark  pictur 


Sii.vii  s  Meineii. 
onu-  or  hut  little  shorter  than  the  first 


SJ)Ot> 

7.  Third  joint  of  the  ant 


'e:  eyes  in  life  with   few 


er,  lar}.ri'r 


cess. 


Ciiuvsoi's  Meij 

ennu'  withoui,  or  with  a  rudinieiitarv  basal 


ii'ii. 


Thi 


s.  Tl 


rd  joint  of  anie.uia.  with  a  well-develoi.ed  basal 
lorax   and  abdomen  with  irrid 


process. 


l)ro- 


1(1 


(Central  and  South  A 


'hon 


nui 


X  and  ubdoinen  without  toinent 


esceiit  toineiitum;  all  the  tibia-  dilated 
rica  and  West  Imlies).  IIalim  s  JVrtv. 


um 


*  Inclusive  of  Crhunnm,  and  hmlumln.um  Hon.lani 


S'PT^ 


r>'2 


XOirni  AMKIUCAN  DllTKlJA. 


'.•.   Front  of  fciiialf  us  hrnad  as  loiii^,  tlu'  callus  transwrsc. 

II.KMATUIOTA    .MciL'cn. 

Front  of  fftnalc  iiiirrow.         .  Di  Acni.oitus  ( )stiii  Sacki  ii. 

10.  Front  tiliia' niiicli  ililati'il ;  process  of   tin-  third  Joint  niiicli  fioniii'li  il 

(Ct'Mtral  and  South  Anu'rica).     .         .         .  Stiuaso.ma  Schiiur. 

Front  tihijL'  not  dilati'd.  .  .11 

11.  Fir.st    antcnnal   Joint   I'lonuatc;    l»ody   clonfiati-    ((\'ntral    and    South 

America) l)irni:i,A('i;KA  .Macquart. 

First  antcnnal  joint  short  ;  hodv  not  cloniratc.       ....       12 

12.  A  small  occlli,t;crous  tiihcrclc  jircscnt  in  the  male;  eves  puhescetit. 

'I'llKiMoiM.Eci  i;s  Zidler. 
No  oct'lliucrous  tuhc  rcle.         ........       l-'J 


1.'].    V.ycs  ])uljescent. 
l''.vcs  hare. 


Atvi.otl'S  Osten  Sacken. 
Taiiani  s  Linne. 


1 


ASILIILK 


S})('(Mes  of  iiiodt'i'utc  to  lai'i^M'  size,  usually  more  or  less  cloii- 
i^ate  ill  t'oriu.  soinctiiiu's  tliicklv  liairv  ;  alwavs  liristlv.  tlu' 
bristles  usually  conspicuously  strong;  highly  })re(la('cous  in 
habit.  Head  tiatteiu'd.  broad  .md  short,  sej)ar;ited  from  the 
thorax  by  a  freely  movable  ne(;k.  Front  excavated  between 
the  eyes,  the  eyes  iu  l)oth  sexes  se])arated.  Three  ocelli  ])res- 
ent,  usually  situtited  ui)ou  a.  rouiuled  tubercle;  front  with 
bristles.  Antenna'  j)orr(M't,  sini})le,  conijtosed  of  three  joints. 
the  tliird  usually  nu)re  or  less  elongated,  and  with  or  without 
a  terminal  style  or  bristle,  the  style  sometimes  thickeiu'd  and 
forming  one  or  two  apparent  antennal  joints.  Proboscis 
never  elong;ited,  firm  aiul  horny,  adapted  for  ])iercing,  directctl 
forwtird,  or  forward  and  downward;  ])alpi  composed  of  one  or 
two  joints;  labella  not  Heshy.  Al)domen  composed  of  eight 
segments,  the  hyi)()pygium  or  oviduct  usually  prdinineiit. 
Legs  strong,  l)rist]y  of  moderatei  length,  rartdy  somewhat 
elongated;  tarsi  strong;  empodia  bristle-like,  the  'atlvilli 
rarely  rudimentary.  Teguhe  small.  \\'ings  when  at  rest 
lying  parallel    over   the  abchunen  ;  basal   cells    h)ng:  twn   or 


ASILID.K 


>).) 


'V\\ 


■ith 
uts. 
.ut 
liuul 
scis 

•tea 

|i'  or 

o-ht 
i'i\t. 
•hat 


Ivi 


Hi 


Vl'ST 
)     Of 


tliri'c  siil)iiiar,niiial  and  iivi'  iiostciior  cells  alwaxs  p'.sciit; 
tir.st  and  I'oiirtii  pdstcrior  cflls  and  the  anal  cidl  (ipni  or  •  loscd. 
The  family  Asilida*  oi'  lJolil)rr-tlics  is  oni'  (d'  tiir  lar.ncst  and 
lii'st  known  anion;^  dijitcra.  intdudin;^'  nearly  tliree  tli'insand 
s]>e(des.  disti'ihuted  anion;^^  aliont  one  Imndred  ;ind  tii'ty  .genera. 
Many  of  the  speides  arc  coiispicuons  fdi'  their  larL,M'  si/e.  the 
hirj^^est  inL'asnrin_ij  ncaidy  two  iiudics  in  len,L;tli.  while  the  small- 
est known  sjicidcs  arc  seldom  los  than  a  third  of  an  in(di. 
Tiioy  arc  the  most  jtrcdaecons  of  all  flics  in  tludr  hal)its.  The 
j^'roatcr  jiart  of  them  rest  upon  the  ground,  and  fly  up  when 
disturbed,  with  a  ([ui(d<  l»u/./in;^'  sound  to  alii^ht  a.u'ain  a  short 
distance  beyond.  S(tme  of  the  I/iplirinu'  have  a  strikin;,;' 
resemblance  to  lariie   luunblc  bees,  and  are  usuallv  observed 


restin'":  noon  folia'-rc  about  the  borders  ol'  bu'cst.- 


All  t 


icir 


food,  which  consists  ^vholly   of  other  insects,   is  caught  upon 


tl 


le   wiiii^f;   their 


Inckl 


ess  victims   when   once  seized   in 


tl 


leir 


strouii: 


fev't    are     ] 


)OWerlcss     to     escape 


Otl 


ler 


tl 


H'S 


am 


Hymenojjteia  arc  usually  their  food,  but  Hyin^j  licetlcs.  es- 
])eeially  the  Cieindelida'  ai'c  often  cauijjht  and  they  arc  kn<twn 
to  seize  and  (h'stroy  larnc  dra.i^on  flies.  In  an  instance  that 
the  writer  observed,  a  female  seized  a  )»air  of  hei'own  species, 
and,  thrustiui,'  lier  jiroboscis  into  the  th(»vax  of  the  male,  cai-- 
ried  them  botii  (jff  toLicther. 

Tlie  hirviu  live  (diiefly  in  rotten  wood,  under  bark,  or  in  soil 
containing  decomposing  vegetable  matter,  under  l(>avcs,  etc. 
and  feed  upon  grubs  and  »ther  larva'.  The  larva' arc  cylin- 
drical in  sha})e,  with  parcnment-like  skin,  the  al»doniinal  seg- 
ments st)nu'tinies  girdled  v.ith  I'ounded  tnbcr(des,  or  with 
abdominal  i)r()tuborances  for  locomotion.  The  pupie  arc  fi'cc, 
with  strong  booklets  at  the  ant<'rior  end,  and  the  alidomen  is 
provided  with  spiny  girdles,  mi.xcd  with  hairs  al>ove  and  be- 
low ;  the  last  segment  has  two  short  divaricate  booklets  and 
several  smaller  projections. 

The  young  larva'  sometimes  bore  their  way  completely 
within  the  bodies  of  other  lai'\ie,   re)»'ainin''  there   till   their 


r,4 


NOKTH  AMKHICAN  DIITKKA. 


food  is  wholly  fonsuiiuMl.  Frequently  the  hirvie  are  i'ouiul 
fr(M'  in  the  earth,  however,  where  their  traiisforniation  takes 
place.  The  ej^j^s  are  laid  about  grass  stems,  or  iu  the  crevices 
ol'  decay  in*,'  trees  infested  l)y  larvij'  of  otlier  insects. 


TAHLH  OK  (JKNKUA. 


1.   Marjrin.'il  cell  of  wiii^rs  open. 

.Miir<;iiial  Cfll  closed.       ......... 

'1.  Tliinl  joint  of  iuitcimii'  with  an  ari.sta  or  ari.stiforni  style;  alxlonu'i 


sit'ndrr;  ])ulvilli  wantinii. 


I. E I'l o< i A sr K u  iM i- i ji t'li . 


Antttina'not  with  an  arista;  usuallv  witli  a  thicki-ntd  stvk-. 


;5.  Antenna^  with  a  tiTniinal  hristie. 
Anti'iuia'  not  with  a  tiTniinal  hristlc. 


l).vsYro(if>N'iN.i;, 

ASIMN.IC. 
li.VrilKIX.K. 


i)Asypo(;oNix.K 


Front  tihiu'  not  with  a  tcrniinai,  ciaw-liiii'  spur. 


AlM.AlTl'S   Loi'W, 


1.  Front  tihi.i'  with  a  terminal,  daw-like  spur.  .         .         .         .       2S 
Front  tihiu'  not  with  a  terminal, 

2.  I'ulvilli  rudimentary  or  wanting 
Pulvilli  normal '•'> 

■5.   Head  narrow,  about  as  high  as  broad  ;  face  narrow  above,  broader  and 
swollen   below,    in  large   i)art   covered  with    hair;   large,   elongate 

species 4 

Head  very  obviously  broader  than  high (> 

4.   Antenna*  with  a  terminal  style o 

Third  joint  of  antenna-  long,  without  style;  fourth  i)osterior  cell  closed 
before  the  iiorder  of  the  wing;  black  sj)eeies,  with  or  without  red  on 


the  abdomen. 


Osi'KiocKULS  Loew. 


5.  Style  about  luilf  the  length  of  the  third  anteunal  joint. 

Sci.KROi'OGON  Loew 
Style  about  a  sixth  or  an  eighth  of  tlic  length  of  the  elongated  third 


ji)iiU. 


STESOrOCiON  Loew. 


<).   Fourth  posterior  cell  closed  before  the  border  of  the  wing.  .         7 

Fourth  i)osterior  cell  wide  opi'ii,  rarely  nearly  closed.    .         .  .       l-'J 

7.   Antenna'  much  elongate,  appan'iitly  com))osed  of  five  joints.  .       14 

AiUenna'   not     longate,  comjxised  of  three  joints,  without  terminal 


style. 

H.  Face  bare,  except  on  oral  margin. 
Face  pilose  or  hairy,  more  convex. 


10 


ASILID.K. 


>>•> 


0.   Anterior  iiitiTcaliirv  vi'in  cimtiiUKiiis  or  iirarlv  so  witli  the  t'oiirtli  v 


cm. 


tile  lust  section  of  tlu-  latter  olilii|iie,  cloriiiii-  or  niueli  iiarrowini:  tlie 


liroail  first  posterior  eili. 


MnuosTYi.rM  .Mae(|tiart. 


Last  section  of  tiii'  fourtli  vein  eontiiuicuis  witli  the  ])reei'(lino-  section, 
tile  first  i)()ster;or  cell  not  closiii  or  narrowed   (('intra!  ami  Soutli 


America). 


Ainiiii.i;sTK!s  (Scliiiier)  I.oe 


10.    AbilomcM  cylindrical,  not  narrow  at  the  tip,  eloniratc  ;  near  thi' ]iroxi- 
mal  mar<;in  of  the  si'cond  and  thinl  sei;:ments  with  a  white-])ollin()se 


i-maryinate  cross-hand  :  winus  dark. 


I) 


i/oNiAs  Loew. 


Alxlomen  less  elonj^ate,  with  five  or  six  white-jiollinose  (interriipti'd  or 


entire)  cros.s-hands 


U 


11.   Scutelluin  with   hristl 
fourth  posterior  eel 


veins    at   the   outer  ends  of   the    discal    and 


j)aral 


(  >|{Tii(»m:i  ROM  VIA  Williston. 


Scutellum  without  bristles ;  veins  at   the  ontiT  ends  of  the  iliscal  and 


fourth  jxisterior  cells  not  jtarallei 


lli 


\'2.    l-'irst  i)()sterior  ctdl  open,  scarcely  narrowed;  face  broad. 


First  jiosterior  ctdl  closed  or  much  narrowed. 


1-AIMIVSTIA    LoiW. 

Tkici-is  Schiller. 


l-'5.   Antenna' elon,irate,  composed  (d'  live  joints;  ni'arly  bare  sjn'cie 


14 


Antenna'  less  elon<i;ate  or  short,  composeil  of  three  joints  with  or  with 


out  a  short  or  sU'iidir  stvie, 


i; 


II.   First  and  second  joints  of  tlu'  antenna' (d' nearly  i'(|ual  len!.Mh,  the  third 
elonsfate,  the  fourth  short,  fifth  eloufjrate  and  densi'ly    pubescent  ; 


third  and  fourth  not  lobed  at  ti|). 


('KUATiUfiis  Wiedeinant 


First  joint  about  three  times  the  leiiji'th  of  the  si'cond,  third  elongate, 
the  fourth  and  fifth  of  nearly  etiual  K'Hirth;  third  anil  fourth  joints 
at  the  tip  with  two  lobes  or  processes,  reachin;;-  to  about  the  middle 


of  tlie  followinjr  joint. 


.Mvi; 


.Ai'in  s  niuot. 


1").   Style  of  antenna'  short,  thick,  obtuse,  not  easily  distinjrtiishable  from 
the  third  joint,  or  if  so  fornuii";-  ajipareiit  joints;  antenna' more  or 


less  elonjrate, 


IC. 


Terminal  styli' small,  more  slendi-r  than  the  joint,  api)arent ;  antei\na' 


short 


er. 


IS 


i:; 

14 
liinal 

8 

0 

10 


1(5    Nearly    bare  s])ecies ;   face   flattened,  bari',   I'xcept    below.     Small    or 
rather  small  species,  shininji  or  metallic  black,  with  narrow  or  cylin- 


drical abdomen  and  lar<re  wii 


ms. 


1^ 


II U- 


Thickly  ]»ilose  species,  the  bristles  )\'w  and  hair-like;  antenna'  s|»ri 
'u\iX  from  a  convexity,  the  facial  ])ro(ile  thence  recediti;,''  to  the  facial 
tubercle,  which  is  situated  ujion  thi'  lower  i)art  of  the  face;  alxlo- 


nu'ii  short ;  head  narrow. 


l)i(  <>i,(»M  s  I,oew. 


r»() 


NOUTII  AMKinCAN  DIP'l'KKA. 


17. 

18. 
10. 


All  the  tiliiii'  iind  tlif  liiiid  femora  witli  sliort,  stroiii:  seta-. 

K<i  iioiioi'A  Loi'w. 
Hind  fi'iiiora  witliont  siicli  sita'.  Dumtkia  Miiiitn. 


Face  ilistiiu'tly  swdUcii  in  prolilc,  jriMiosc 
Faff  tlattiMU'd  or  ycntlv  convex.     . 


■JO 


20. 


21 


22. 


2n. 


24. 


2o. 


20. 
27. 


Tliickly  i)ilo.>;e  ^<pecies;  tiie  jiihhosity  of  tlie  face  readies  to  tlie  base  of 
tlie  antenna-;  anal  ceil  nsually  open.  ('vitroi-ixioN  Loew. 

Thinly  i)ilose,  Jiiore  jMillinose  specii's,  the  convexity  of  the  face  eon- 
fined  to  the  lower  \r.\vt ;  anal  cell  usually  closed.     L.\sii>c()<i<)X  Loew. 

Ahdonien  elonuute;  front  hroail  anti-riorly,  narrow  hehiml. 

I'l.KsioMMA  Mac(iuart. 
Front  not  narrowed  liehind 21 

Hind  tibia'  towaril  the  tipiind  the  hind  metatarsi  much  thickened.     22 

Hind  tibia'  not,  or  but  slijihtly,  thickened  toward  tiie  tiji ;  metatarsi  not 

thickened 2;; 

Head  much  broader  than  high,  transverse,  "u^oirirle-like  ";  abdomen 
short,  win<is  larjre.      ....         Hol»  ch  ei'IIai.a  Jaennieke. 

Head  only  moderately  broader  than  hijih,  not  at  all  sjjectacle-like  in 
ap])earuiice.         .......      Hoi.oi'ixiON  Loew. 

Abdomen    with  thick,  recumbent  jiile  above;  thickly  ])ilose  species*; 
antenna'  slender.         ......    I'vcxoi'Ouon  Loew. 

Abdomen  without  such  pile  above 24 

Slender,  nearly  bare  sj)ecies  ;  face  ])eri)endicular,  straijrht  or  jiently 
concave,  narrowed  above  and  bare,  excej)!  on  oral  nnirjiin.        .       '2o 

Face  fiently  rounded,  not  jtrondnent  below,  in  larj^e  part  hairy  ami  not 
or  but  slijjflitly  narrowed  above.  ......       2(i 

Thickly  whitish  pollinose;  abdomen  flattened,  usually  reflected  up- 
ward ;  tidrd  joint  of  antenna.'  and  the  style  both  .slender. 

SxicHOPOfiON  Loew. 
Less  thickly  pollinose;  abdomen  cylindrical,  a  little  broatler  at    tlu' 
base;  third  joint  of  antenna.'  short  and  broad,  the  style  minute. 

See  IlAiuioi'OGON  himxeati'S  AVill. 

Larjre,  elonjjate  species,  the  style  of  antenna'  short.    Cam.inici :s  Loew. 
Moderately  large,  and  not  much  elongate  species.         ...       27 

Abdomen  broailer  at  the  base,  dejiressed :  thorax  much  convex  above; 
antenna'  slender,  the  style  long  and  slender  (compare  also  sjjecies  of 
Cyrtojxjgon) HETEiun'OiiOX  Loew. 

Abdomen  sliort.  cylindrical;  black,  with  bright  golden  opaque  pollin- 
ose markings  on  tiiorux  and  abdcmien. 

See  LArAKiTs  i'ictitahsus  Higot. 


Asir,ii).K. 


•  •i 


'■i^^.    V:icv  hare  with  Kristlfs  on   tin-  oral 


•■avf,  the  oral  iiiarj,nii  most  promiiuiit. 


maryiri,  in  profile  straiiilit 


act'  coiivi'X  Ik-Iow,  tli 
iTi'd  with  hair, 


I'  oral  iiiar-iin  nut  prominent,  more  or  I 


or  con- 


i'ss  cov 


20.    Fourth  posterior  eell  closed 
of  the  wiiij,'. 


ii  consi(leral)le  ilistance  ln-|'ore  tl 


Fourth  posterior  cell  open  or  closed  in  tl 


;!l).    Hind  i)ulvilli  much  shorter  than  tli 


H'  marj;in 

oil 

ic  niarfi:in.     S akai-cjov  Lo,.w. 


tnicted  t<.war.l  the  hase  (Central  and  South  A 


c      ontratiMJ  claws;   ahdon 


leii  con- 


nierica). 


Hind  pulvilli  n(.t  much  sln.rterthan  the  claws;  al.d 


toward  tlie  l)a> 


11.   Third  joint  of  tl 


Hm:imiai!i;imi  M  Kondani. 
omen  not  contracted 
Dkko.mvia  riiilippi. 


he  antenna-  more  or  less  dilated   the  stvl 


'hird 


joint  of  antennjo  slender,  el 


e  very  short. 
Lksto.mvia  Willisto',. 


oimate 


Head  broad  and  flat,  the  f 


ICC  not  ''1111)0 


loose 


ice  convex,  .len.sely  covered  with   hair;   thickly  pilose  sp 


tral  and  South  Aineric 

."i.'J.   Ahdomen  tincdy  i)unctiilate 

Ahdomen  smooth,  not  putictiilate. 
;'.4.   Mind  tibia,  at  the  tip  and  their  tarsi  thickened. 


•cies  (Cen- 
Lastai  i<(  s  Loew. 

Tahacticis  Loew. 


Hind  tibia'  at  the  tip  and  their  t 
cell  wide  open  (Mexico). 


irs 


i  not  thickened;  fourth  posterioi 


Coj'ni;i!A  Osten  Sack 


!.').   Fourth  posterior  cell  wide  open;  abd 


en. 


broader  beyond  the  niiddl 


omen  flattened,  in  the  9  a  littk 


c ;  in  the  $  near  the  tip,  the  last  t 


nents  of  which  are  consjiicuouslv  silverv  al 


wo  seg- 


)ove 


Fourth  posterior  cell 
{lilacodis  preoc.) 


Nkoci.ks  Jaennicke. 
narrowed  ;  abdomen  of  male  not  silverv  above 


LoK 


wiKLLA,  nom.  nov 


1.  Front  tibiio  with  a  t 


Front  tibiit'  without  claw  lik 


LAl'UKIX.E. 

crminal  claw-like  sj)ur. 


e  s 


pur. 


Hind  tibia;  thickened,  club-like  at  the  e.xt 

ened  and  eIon<rate 

Hind  tibia'  not  clubbed  ;  hind  metatarsi  of  the  usual 


and  South  America) 


mnity;  hind  metatarsi  thick- 


structure  (Central 


Mkgai'oda  Macquart. 


rhorax  projecting  prominently  in  front  over  the  hea.l  (Central  and 


South  America) 


Tliora: 


FsEL'Doui  s  Walker. 


not  projoclinfT  prominently  in  front  (Central  and  S.  America). 

DoRvcM  .s  .)aennicke 


58 


NOUTII  AMKIJICAN  DIITKK'A. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


V('in,«  at  tlic  distal  cud  of  tin-  discal  and  fourtli  posterior  cells  parallel 
or  coritimious  in  the  same  strai^Mit  line.      .....'> 

Veins  at  the  distal  end  of  the  diseal  and  fourth  posterior  cells  not  jt.ir- 
alU'l  or  (•ontinuous,      .,..-....        s 

Tliird  joint  of  the  antenna*  with  a  terminal  style,  in  len<,'th  greater 
than  the  first  two  t(!;,'etlier ;  eyi's  not  or  hut  very  slitihtly  emar^rinate 
on  the  sides  of  tlie  front,  the  front  miidi  wider  ahove  ;  scutiilum 
without  bristles,  or  with  hair-like  ones  (West  Indies  and  S.America.) 

Atoma  Williston. 

Tliird  joint  of  antennse  witliout  terminal  style r» 

Tliird  joint  of  the  antennjp  at  least  three  times  as  lonix  as  the  first  tw<» 
tojjether;  larj^e  species  (Central  and  South  America). 

AriiKSTi.v  Schiner. 

'I'hird  antennal  joint  less  than  twice  the  leiifith  of  the  first  two  to- 
^H'ther 7 

First  joint  of  the  antenniK  about  as  lonj;  as  the  third ;  front  much 
widened  altove,  the  eyes  disciform  and  with  enlarj^ed  facets  in  front ; 
scutellum  with  weak  bristles  ;  body  jiunctulate.  Ceuotaixia  Schiner. 

Third  joint  of  the  antennae  lonj^er  than  the  first  two  to<j;etlier;  eyes  on 
the  sides  of  the  front  emar^inate,  the  front  not  widened  above;  .scu- 
tellum with  bristles;  first  posterior  cell  usually  narrowed;  body 
l)unctulate Ato.mosia  Schiner. 

First  posterior  cell  narrowed  or  closed.  .....         it 

First  jiostertor  cell  wide  open.         . 11 

Three  submarfjinal  cells  present,  i.  e.  the  upper  branch  of  the  third 
vein  is  connected  with  the  second  vein  by  a  cross- vein. 

PoGoNo.soMA  T{ondani. 
Two  submar^inal  cells.  . 10 

Ilind  femora  of  nearly  equal  thickness  throughout;  antennie  with  a 
distinct  terminal  style;  very  larf^e,  robust,  thickly  jiilose  species. 

IIvi'KKKCiiiA  Schiner. 

Ilind  femora  thickened  toward  the  end;  antcnnie  with- "it  terminal 
style;  more  elonfj^ate,  less  pilose  species.         .         .       Nisa  Walker. 

Thorax  and  abdomen  nearly  or  quite  bare;  hind  femora  with  spinous 
tubercles  below.    ......         Lami'kia  Macquart. 

Thorax  and  abdomen  pilose;  lar<rer  species  usually.    ...        12 

Densely  pilose  si)ecies;   the  abdomen  short,  broad,  usually  broader 

beyon<l  the  middle;  proboscis  thick.  .         .         Dasvlms  Loew. 

Less  pilose,  more  eloufjate  species  ;  jirobo.scis  more  elonfjate  and  slender. 

liAiMiiiiA  Meificn. 


ASII.ID.K, 


r>\\ 


I.    Bristle  of  ant 


asimnm:. 


IJristl 


t'luia'  iilutiiosi-, 


».'  not    IlllllllDSl'. 

1'.   'riu-  veins  closirijr   tlie  .liscal  an. I    fmirtli 


"MMATM  S   Willi 


eniann. 


Tl 


straiK)it  line  or  parallel  (Central.  S,  A 


le  V 


I'iiis  closin-r  the  discal  ami  foiirtl 


posterinr  cells    in  the  sanu 
nierica).   Athactia  .Mae(|nart. 


Tl 


1  l)i).'teri()r  cells  not  jiarallel. 


Tl 


10  posterior  branch  of  the  third 

iK'fore  the  tip  of  the  \vinJ,^ 

u-  posterior  branch  of  tlii'  third 


win"-. 


veil  curves  forward  to  meet  the  /-ost; 

4 

vein  terminates  I.evond  the  tip  of  th. 


4.   Oviduct  cylindrical,  witl 


1  a  terminal  circlet  of  spine 


'I 


iduct  laterally  flattened,  without 


I'lux  TACANTiirs  Macquart. 


>.    1  \v(»  suhmarfrina!  cells  (Asilus 


circlet  of  spines.    Kkax  Mj, 


c(|uart. 


Tl 


iree  suhmaruinal  cells 


sens.  lat). 


ti.   Ahdo 


men  shorter  than  the  winj^s;  ho,ly  thickly  ,,iIose.  .laws  ol 


)tuse 


Abdomen 


lorifrer  than  the  uinffs;  body  thinlv  pilo.se.  1 


MAi.t.oi-iioijA  .Mac(|uart. 


7.  Oviduct  laterally  compres.sed. 
Oviduct  conical. 

><.   Face  without  fiil)l)ositv.  n 


'UO.MACIHJS  Ia'VW. 


inysta.v  composed  of  a  few  lon<r  I 


arrow  throui^'hout,  not  at  all 


carinate,  the 


Face  with  ^nl)bositv,  or  not 


lairs 


Sti;noi'|{<)s<)i-ls  I 


oew 


n.    Fiid  lamella>  of  the  oviduct  wedded 


(•annate  or  unusual  I  v  nam 


)W 


Knd  lameihi'  free,  stvle-liki 


in. 


Ku 


Toi.Mi  s  r.( 


K'W. 


10.     1 


'osterior  border  of   the  last 


10 


wirlen 


c'd 


ventral  set.rment  in  the   $   more  or  ]> 


Posterior  border  (^)  not  widened. 
11.   Lefrs  prevailiufT  shiniufr  yellow  in  color. 


I 


e^'s  prevailinjjT  black,  or  lij,Hit  and 
12.  Abdomen  shinin-r  black  above  and  1 


ojiaque  ctdored. 


.Machimls  L(  ew. 
11 
Hemo.moximua  Hifrot. 
12 


Abdomen  not  si 


)elow, 


liuiiij,'-  above  and  below, 


Stim'no(.astkr  r. 


oew, 


l-'X  Male  jrenitalia  club-likt 


Mai 


I- ^H'nitalia  not  club-like;  the  si.xth  and  seventl 
I>art  in  the  formation  of  the  oviduct. 


)e\v. 


Nkoita.ml's  L( 
I  Mi,Miients  take  no 


14,  Abdominal 


se<,Mnents  with  l)ristles  before  tl 


«)i..Mi;i{is. 


K  incisures. 


Abd.miinal  segments  without  bristles  bef 


I'liir.oDicrs  L( 


M'W, 


1-').  Brifrlit  colored  large  spt 
Small,  ash-gray  spec.-iei 


ore  the  incisure: 


eies. 


AsiLi  s  Linne 
HiiAi>ii'i((;i  s  Loew. 


r.ii 


Nnirrn  amkkican  dutkha. 


IS.     ArioCKKID.K. 

Katlicr  hir.^n-.  cloiiiLjatc,  clia'toplioroiis,  tliijily  pilosr  tlifs. 
Antcjiiiii'  with  a  siniplt',  .-"liort  style  l''i(»iit  not  cxcavattMl. 
hroadcr  ill  tilt'  I'l'iiialc.  Ocelli  im'sciit.  Face  short.  Probos- 
cis with  jiscudo-traclicatc  lalx'lla.  Third  loiii^itndiiial  vein  (»!' 
the  wing  usually  lurcatc;  basal  c»dls  larijc  :  live  jiostciior  cells 
present.      Kiiijiodia  wantin^r.      Male  forceps  enlarLfed. 

Less  than  a  dozen  species  of  this  family  are  known  throuj^li- 
out  the  world,  six  of  which  have  been  described  from  North 
America.  The  Hies  have  much  the  apix'arance  of  larLfe  The- 
revids  or  Asilids.  from  which  thev  will  be  at  once  distin-'uish- 
ed  by  the  anterior  cnrvatun?  of  the  outer  veins  of  the  win,^^s. 
Tlu!  larvie  are  wholly  unknown.  For  a  discussion  of  the  rcda- 
tionships  of  the  family,  as  also  a  bibliograj)hical  list,  see 
Kansas  University  (Quarterly  i,  101. 


TABLE  OF  GK\H1{A. 

1.   Piili*!  t\v()-jointc(l,  liirjie;  the  second  vrin  from  the  discal  vein  tcriiii- 

imtes  lu'vontl  the  tij)  of  the  will},'.  .         Aimockua  Westwooii. 

Palpi  oiic'-jointoi],  siiiiill;  tlic  second  vein  from  tiie  diseal  cell  tiTiiiiiiatcs 

before  the  tip  of  the  wint^.  .......         '2 


2.  Anal  cell  closed. 
Anal  cell  open. 


UiiAiMiOMiDAS  Osten  Sacketi. 
Ai'oMiOAS  ("oquilU'tt. 


1<).     NEMISTRINIIXE. 

Species  of  moderate  size,  not  elonjj;ate,  thinly  or  densely 
pilose.  Xeuration  eomj)licated,  the  fourth  and  fifth  veins  are 
curved  forward  to  terminate  before  the  tip  of  tlie  winij,  the 
anterior  cross-vein  is  obsolete,  that  is  the  third  and  fourth 
veins  coalesce  for  a  short  distance ;  basal  (iells  long.  Antenna' 
small,  short;  third  joint  simple,  wnth  a  terminal,  slender, 
jointed  style.  I'roboscis  sometimes  elongate.  Ovipositor  of 
the   female    elongate,    often  slender.     Tibiie  without   spurs ; 


NKMISTIJINID.K. 


♦;i 


('mjiitdia  dcvfldiMMl   {(uhillitorui.   l.iit.   witlitlic  iiiihilli  ntti'U 
minute. 

'I'hfoii^flinut  the  world  iiltout  mie  Imiitlrt'd  s]»t'('ir'S  (if  this 
t'aiiiily  arc  kiKiwn,  tin*  lari,'t'r  part  n\'  whidi  arc  trum  South 
Aiiicrica  and  Australia.  ()nly  six  sjiccics  arc  known  Irnin 
North  America  and  two  or  thicc  from  all  Kurojic.  Sonic  of 
the  .species  have  the  win,>;s  with  numerous  cross-veins,  almost 
r«'cticulate  in  api^'arancc.  Miij'ixtnrliiinrhiis  /i>/ii/ir<>sfn's  from 
Africa,  though  only  about  two-tliirds  of  an  incii  in  lenuth  has 
a  proboscis  nearly  three  inches  Ioult.  The  flies  are  Mower 
flies.  rcscmblin'-T  in  their  hal)iis  the  Uombvliida". 


lUit  little  is  kn(»wn  of  the  larva-.     The  fcmiilcs  of   // 


inilnll- 


I'lii'd  ohsriii'ii  have  liecn  obscrveil  layinj^  tlicir  cLj!L,fs  deeply 
within  the  burrows  of  Jiif/ia.ria.  a  wood-l»orin,i,'  insect,  in  the 
pine  rails  of  t'enc»'s.  The  c^-^s  were  found  in  clusters  and  the 
vouu"'  larva'  hatched  Irom  them  differed  verv  sini,Mdarlv  from 
those  of  a  nu)re  mature  sj^rowth.  They  are  more  slender,  Itut 
differ  chiefly  in  haviu.i;  each  of  the  abdominal  segments  from 
the  sixth  to  tho  twelfth  juovidcd  with  a  ])air  (»f  false  legs 
beariuir  a  siu'de  elouLrate  seta  at  the  tin.  the  hooks  iiointinir 


backward;  on  the  thirteenth  segment  there  are  two  ]>airs  of 
similar  seta',  the  hooks  of  which,  however,  point  forwards, 
thus  enabling  the  larva  to  attaidi   itself  tirmlv  and  raise  itself 


erect. 


Tl 


u'se  voun 


«'  larva'  issued  in   ''reat  innnbers  from  the 


burrows  in  which  they  wt're  hatidu'd  and.  {)lacing  themselves 
erect,  were  blown  away  by  the  wind.  I  fere  for  a  time  they 
liave  not  been  followed,  but  it  is  probable  that  they  atta(di 
themselves  by  the  aid  of  the  ventral  hooks  to  the  bodies  of 
large-sized  beetles,  by  whicdi  they  are  carried  into  the  ground 
when  the  female  enters  to  deposit  her  eggs.  This  is  probable 
from  the  fact  that  hnndreds  of  pu[);t'  and  jmpa  skins  were 
observi'd  near  the  fence.  On  searching  below  these  the  larval 
skins  were  found  at  a  dejith  of  about  two  inches  and  still 
dee})er  were  found  the  renuiins  of  the  beetles,  lihizotvoipis 
xnUtlt'iiiliH,  in  some  instances  with  the  larva'  vet  within  them. 


iVJ 


«; 


XOirni   AMKKICAX  DIITKHA. 


TAIiLE  OF  GKNKKA. 

1.    Proboscis  sliort,  protniiliiij,'  but  little  from  tlic  oral  opcnini:;  i-ycs  bari' 
or  i)ilosi';  two  or  tliri'c  subiiiar^iinal  cells.  HiUMONKiitA  Meijieii. 

Proboscis  loiijf,  directed  backwards;  aiiteiiiia-  Itroadly  separated;  eyes 
Imre ;  ovipositor  of  the  9  L'omp**^*^'"'  "'  ^^^'*  "^It'iider  lamella';  three 
sultmar^iiial  cells  present.  KiiYNciiocKi'iiAi.rs  Fischer. 


20.    mydaid.t:. 

Rather  lariic  tf)  vei-y  large,  tliinly  elotlied  or  bare,  elongate 
tlies.  Xouratiou  eoniplieated,  the  basal  cells  long;  tlie  fourth 
vein  always  terminating  at  or  liefore  the  tij)  of  tlie  wing. 
Antennie  elongate,  the  third  joint  flattened,  witii  a  terminal 
lamella.  Front  exeavated  between  the  eyes,  (h-elli  wanting. 
Proboscis  short,  with  Heshy  labella  and  without  palpi  (in  otir 
species).     Empodia  very  little  devidojted,  not  pulvilliform. 

The  family  Mydaidje  comprises  only  about  one  hundred 
known  species,  but  anujng  them  are  the  largest  of  the  order, 
a  few  measuring  two  inches  in  length  and  rivaled  only  by  the 
Acanthomeridie  among  the  other  families  of  diptera.  Tlie 
larvie  of  species  of  Mi/i/as  live  in  decaying  wood,  and  it  is 
probable  that  all  the  members  of  the  family  have  similar 
habits.  They  are  known  to  be  predaci'ous  in  some  cases  njjon 
the  larvje  of  beetles.  The  larvie  of  J/i  fuJripes  are  nearly 
two  inches  in  lengtli,  with  swellings  below  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments for  locomotion  ;  the  body  is  de]»ressed  and  somewhat 
widened,  with  tlie  posterior  extremity  broader  and  obtuse. 
The  ])upa  of  M.  r/arofiis  has  as  its  anterior  end  two  strong, 
sharp,  outwardly  curved  hooks  ;  the  first  abdominal  segment 
has,  on  its  anterior  border  above,  a  row  of  very  long,  erect 
spines  curved  backward  at  the  tip.  Another  series  of  spines 
is  situated  on  t\w  anterior  border  of  the  last  segment,  and,  on 
the  same  segment  thei'c  is  a  pair  of  hooks  at  the  tip  curved 
downward. 


MVDAir  .:. 


»;;; 


TA15LK  OF  GKNKUA. 

1.  Tcnninal  si"<r„u.„t  ..f  tin-  9  alxloiMcn  with  a  rircirt  of  spines.  2 
Terminal  sejjnu-nt  witliont  cirfie  of  spiius.*          .         Mvoas  Fahricins^ 

2.  A  small  cross-vein  runs  into  tl.e  liin.l  maruin  of  tlie  win^r  l.^ween  tlie 

unal  eeil  ami  tlie  tip;  liimi  til.ia'  of  9  with  spurs. 

KcTvi'iii  s  Gerstaeeker. 
No  sueh  small  cross-vein;  hind  til.ia'  of  9  without  spurs  at  the  tip. 

Livi'TOMVDAs  (lerstaeekir. 


21.     HOMKYLIIIXE. 

Medium  .sizod  to  small  Hies;  oi'tcii  with  almndiuit,  hnv^,  del- 
icate pile.  Head  a.s  broad  or  narrower  than  the  tliorax,"oiteii 
spherical  in  shape,  (dosely  apj.lied  to  the  thorax.  Eyes  larov, 
often  eonti<(uous  above  in  the    $   and  rarely  also  in  the  "9' 

joint 
isiinct   and    sometimes 


Antennte  porrect,  usually  of  but  moderate  len.iL^tli ;  third 
simjde;   style    usually  small    and  ind 
Avholly  wantiu!.;-.     Ocelli   present.     ]*rol 
ing  from  the  oral  eavitv.  and  slend 


at  other  times  short,  with  broad  labella.     Al)d 
of  from  six  to  eight  segments,  slender  in  a  fe 


)0scis  usually  projeet- 
er;  sometimes  elonirate: 


.omen  composed 


w  L'enera  on 


Legs    mod(n-ately   long,   weak,  witii  s.iort,   weak    bristl 
spines.     Tulvilli  scmietinu^s  rudimentary,  th 
always  so,  the  tarsi  and  claws  small.     Te<--ul 


es   or 


often  with  dark  markings;  tw 
fo 


e  empodia  almost 

;e  snuill.     Wings 

o  or  more  sul)marginal,  three  or 


ir  posterior  cells  present;  discal  cell  present  in  all  our 
genera;  anal  cell  closed  in  or  near  tlie  border  of  the  wing,  or 
narrowly  open. 

The    family  Bombyliidje  comprises  about  hiteen  huiulred 


known  species.     Afost  of  tl 


lem  are  swi 


ft  ay 


ing  insects,  often 


*  "Generis  /'>/>,/,/,;  proximum,  ditTert:  antennis  ehmjratis,  se^mento  pe- 
•Hiltimo  eylin.lrieo,  ultimo,  9,  eireiter  .luplo  l.mKiore,  eon.presso,  hasi 
parum  dilatato,  apiee  ol.tuse  acuminate  9,duplo  l)reviore,  ohtusiore.  al.do- 
ininis  sejrmento  ultimo  inermi,  cyathifonni,  utrinciue,  j.arum  dilatato. 
Louff.  e-Jo  mm.  undiiiue  iiiKer,  ahdomine  nitente,  alls  violaceo  micanti- 
hiis,  extremoapice  ali)idis— I',  phylloeeriis,  Kocky  Mts." 

I'm  I.I.O.MIDAS   Hiirot. 


(M 


NOirril  AMKKICAX  1)IITKI{A. 


hdvcriiiiLj  motionless  in  tli"  air  lor  a  tiiac  and  dartint;  away 
like  a  Hash.  Tlu-y  seek  sunny  places  in  woodland  I'oads. 
about  blossoms  oi-  on  rank  ve^'etation.  The  Anthiacinu'  ai'e 
a  L,M'ouj)  esjK'cialiy  characteristic  of  ai'id  regions.  Inj^'cneral 
the  members  of  tlie  family  are  prettify  and  delicately  markc  .1, 
and  their  life  histories  ai'e  often  very  interestin<jf.  In  the 
adult  state  they  are  Hower  files,  fetding  ujxm  the  pollen  and 
iioiu'v  deeit  within  the  blossoms,  extracted  bv  aid  of  their  Ioiili- 
])roboscis.  The  larva'  of  species  of  AjilitilKiKtus  and  Si/sfirc/itts, 
occurring  in  western  America,  are  found  in  the  egg-pods  of 
the  locust,  ('(i/i)/)f('iiiis  spi'ctiis.  ••Tlu'  larva'  begin  to  trans- 
form themselves  into  tiie  pupa  state  early  in  the  summer,  and 
the  ))Upa  ])ushes  itscdf  half  way  out  of  the  grouml  in  order  to 
dis(dose  the  tiy.  'iicy  contimie  to  issue  during  tlie  summer 
months.  As  a  rule  but  one  year  is  n'([uired  for  full  develoji- 
nu'ut.  Aplxebantus  is  first  observed  as  a  yellowish  white 
grub,  about  half  an  inch  long  when  extended,  it  being  usually 
curved  so  that  the  head  and  tail  nearlv  nuH't.  It  is  usually 
fouiul  in  a  case  of  locust  eggs  which  it  has  devmired,  pushing 
the  empty  shells  aside,  and  at  last  occupying  the  space  whei-e 
were  twenty-one  to  thirty-six  eggs.  Often  it  is  found  in  a 
littler  si)ace  below  a  number  of  egg-cases,  as  though  it  had 
feasted  off  the  contents  of  several  nests"  (Kiley).  The  larva- 
of  Anthrax  have  been  found  parasitic  upon  Mi'f/oc/n'/r,  Osniin, 
(h/i/ni'i'iis,  MtntH'sfni,  Xnrttttt  and  ^li/mfis  ;  those  of  Aiyi/rti- 
mirfxi  upon  Prlopaiis,  Mft/fir/ii/c,  CeiiionKS,  Osiiiin  and  ('tt/lcn- 
(/nuKf  \  those  of  /loftiiti/Zlits  \i\Hm  AikIi'i'iki  and  ('ollctcs  :  those 
of  Toj-opJiDi'd  u[)(»n  /'Jiniii'iH's  ;  those  of  i'allostoiiKi  in  the  egg- 
cases  of  Ca/itjttniii.s  Ifatird"^  those  of  Si/sfro/tus  \\\Hn\  Liitia- 
nx/rs,  etc. 


I'AHLH  OK  (iKNKIJA. 

The  bifurcation  of  the  socorui  ami  tliinl  vi'ins  taki's  place  opposite  or 
m-ariy  oit|)ositi'  tlie  anterior  ero.ss-veiii,  the  tiistaiiee  n(»t  ixeee(nn}^ 
the  lenji'tli  of  tlie  eross-vein;  the  second  vi'in  forms  a  knee  at  its 
origin,  the  tliinl  vi'iii  in  a  straijiht  line  with  the  pret'iu'ca.  .         - 


r.OMP.YLIIDvE. 


<;r> 


The  l.iriircniici.    .f  tlic  s».c(.n.l  aii.l  tl.ir.l   veins  ti.kis  |.l:icc  at  a  -ivatir 

(listaiici-  t'nii  i  ilu-  (.Toss-vciii.  iisiiallv  at  an  aciitf  aimlc.     .  I;; 

2.    A.iU.ni.al  style  .hstinct.  that  is  it   is  scparatvl   fn.ni  tlu'  tliinl  joint  ..r 

tn.in  tin.  styiilorni  i)n.i()n,uati(.ii  ..f  ilie  J,,int  I.y  ji  .iisiinct  suture.     :! 

Tlie  thin!  joint  lu.t  witli  a  .listii.et  style  separated  I.y  a  suture,  tlie  stvie 

when  present  very  minute.  ...  "   s 

■-'.  Antenna!  style  with  a  pencil  of  iiairs  at  the  tip;  pul villi  (H.^tinet ;    front 
tihiae  with  bristles.      .....  i 

Antennal  style  not  terminating  in  a  pencil  of  hairs;  three  or  four  suh- 
martiinal  cells  jiresent. 

\.   Outer  sul.mar-inal  cell  l,ise<.te.l  I.y  a  (•ross-vein   {S/,n.,„sl, , hun  (UhiuU- 

Ictt  non  .Macquart) t  o-..  lu.Krn.v,  nov. 

Outer  suhmar-inal  cell  not  l.i.secte.l  l,y  a  cross-vein,  the  anterior  hranch 
of  tile  third   vein  sometimes  connected  with  tlu-  second  l.v  a  cross- 
vein  (ArKyramu'lm  Schiner).         .         .         vSi.o(;..siv,.,  m  .Mac.iuart. 
h.   I'ulvilli  distinct.    .         .  \  r  ■. ...<....  f         n     , 

•  •  •  •  •  i\M)KI(HI.V   (  0(JUllU'tt. 

I'ulvilli  rudimentarv  or  wantiri"-  ,. 

*•  ^^     ••••...         I) 

<i.  The  outer  sul.maruinal  cell  divided  l.y  a  cross-vein,  makin- four  sul.- 

,     '""•■-'"'^' '^^^"'^ Hvi...;.<.vi.,.N,A  IJondani. 

Ihe  outer  suhmar-iinal  cell  not  divided  l.y  a  cross-vi^in.     .  7 

7.    First  posterior  cell  bisected  near  its  middle  l.y  :i  cr(..ss-vein. 

I'-^oi'TAT.v  ('o(|uillett. 
I'lrst  posterior  cell  not  bisected  ;  i.o.sterior  claws  with  a  basal  tooth. 

K.\(»i-i!()S(.i"A  .Mac(iuart. 

K   l\ves  (.f  male  C(.nti.v:uous  at  the  vi'rte.x;  anal  cell  (dosed. 

AsTKoi'iiANKs  Osti'ii  Saidvcn. 
\vcs  of  nuile  not  contiiiuous  at  the  vertex;  anal  cell  open.   .         .         •) 

0.  Ansil  cell  widest  at  its  middle i() 

Anal  cell  widest  at  the  margin MANc.ACo.iuillett. 

10.  The  .sec<.nd  vein  stn.njily  contorte.I  at  the  end  in  the  shape  (.f  a  recum- 

bent letter  S  ;  three  submarfiinal  cells  j. resent. 

Dii'Ai.TA  Osteii  r'ltki.n. 
Ihe  second  vein  not  sironjily  contorted  at  the  eml.       .         .         .11 

11.  Three  submarginal  cells  normally  iresent;  proboscis  eloti-ate. 

f^roNv.x  Osten  Sacki'ti. 

I  wo  siibmarjjinal  cells  normally  j.resent i^' 

1-'.  The  contact  (.f  the  discal  cell  with  the  third  i..,,teri(.r  n..t  much  l-.n^er 
tlian  its  contact  with  tlie  fourth  p(.^teri(.r;  i.rob(.,scis  Ion-' ;  si.les  ..f 
the  abdomen  with  fringe  of  .scales  and  not  with  hairs  (.nly. 

Lki'Ii.antiikax  Osti'U  Sacken. 


(k; 


Noirril  AMKHICAN  DirTKUA. 


Till'  contact  of  tlic  discal  ci'll  witli  tlu>  tliinl  ]iostt'rior  at  least  twice  as 
Iniif,'  as  its  contact  witli  tlie  fourth  posterior,  the  hitter  contact  often 

A.NTllUAX  Scojioli. 


merely  jiunctilorni.  ..... 

l-"!.    Wintrs  with  thri'c  jiosterior  cells.  ..... 

Willis  with  four  posterior  cells.   ...... 

14.   Kirst  posterior  cell  closed.     ....... 

First  p()steri<tr  cell  open.       ....... 

1").   Three  suhTuarjfinal  cells  ])reseiit.  ..... 

Two  suhniarfrinal  cells.  ....... 

ITi.   Ileail  hroailer  than  the  thorax  ;  posteri)r  orhits  not  excised. 


II 


rANTAiciii:s  Ostiii  Sackeii. 


Mead  narrower  than  the  thorax  ;  posterior  orhits  iwcised. 


Titii'i.A   .IS   Loe 


L'l 


17.   First  hasal  cell  lonjicr  than  the  secMnd.         ..... 

First  hasal  cell  not  loii^icr  than  the  second  .... 

IS.   I'rohoscis  very  short,  not  jirotrndinn  hi'voiid  the  oral  iuar.Lrin  ;  anal  ctll 

usually  closed  ;  lariic  species  (('en.  America).  Amsota.mia  Macquart. 

Frolmscis  more  or  less  eloDirate  ;  anal  ci-ll  open.  .         .         .  Ill 

10.   Fir.-t  ])osteri()r  cell  closi'd  at   some  distanci-  from    the  Imrder  of   the 


v.iim'. 


L'(t 


First  posterior  cell  mirrowed,  or  closed  in  or  near  the  maruin  of  the 


the  win^  ;  snnill  species  (.V(>  mm.) 


'I'll  1,1 1'socASTKK  Hondani. 


20.   Ili'ad  com])aratively  small  ;  the  emarfiination  of  the  occijia!  orhits  al- 


most imiterceptihle, 


lioMHvi.ii  s  Liiiiie 


Head  hroad  ;  emar^nnation  of  the  occipital  orhit.s  distinct. 


!1.  Faci'  thickly  clothed  with  pile. 
Face  sparsely  clothed  with  jiile 


IIktkhostvi.u.m  Mac(|uart. 

Anastikciii  s  Osten  Sackeii. 
SvsT<i:<iirs  Loew. 


0'> 


'):! 


Two  suhmariiinal  cells  present.     . 

three  suhmarginal  cells  present. 

15are  s])ocies;  tibiii' without  hristies. 

-More  or. less  pilose  sjiecies;   til)iii'  with  hristh'i 


AMriiicosMis  Cofiuilh'tt. 


II.   Antenna' as  loiifi  as  till' he!i<(,  the  third  Joint  not  lonticr  than  the  first 
two  tof,^'ther.     ..........         2'i 

Antenna'  shorter  than  the  head,  the  third  Joint  twice  as  Ion;;- as  the  first 


two  tojjether 

;"».   First  antemial  Joint  not  thickeiu'd. 


'irst  antennal  Joint  extraordinarily  tliickeiu'il. 


Fi.\i;i'A(  Mil's  ('(xjuillett. 
I'l.oAS  Latri'illc. 


liti.  "Scutellum  deeply  sulcate  lon<;itudinally  ".         (iK.minakia  Cotiuilh'tt. 


Scutelliim  convex,  not  sulcattv 


LoiiDDTi  s  I.oew. 


RoMliVLIID.K. 


r.: 


-T.    Anal  vvl\  open. 

Anal  cell  cliiscd. 
28.    l'r.)l)()Sfi><  sliort. 


I'roli 


osc'is  I'lonyatt 


<  >Ntoi.<»rKi{A  .Ma((|uart. 


20.   'I'liinl  joint  of  tilt'  antiTiiia.  with  lotiy  l.ii.stiv  li 


Third 


lirs  ;  faci'  with  lonir  hair. 
\<i!K()Tui(  HI  s  .Ma((|uart. 


joint  of  till' antt-nnu"  without  or  with  .>.liort  l.ri.stiv  1 
")arc'  or  .shortly  pilose. 


f!'    c  1 


!(>.    Body  clotlu'd  with  iii 


lair.x  a  I 


lltOV*' 


I'lmiiun  .M 


fmcn. 


first 


ori'  sfahs  than  hairs,  urihi. 


joint  unusually  lony. 


<>si' ;  antenna'  lony;,  the 


Body  elothed  chieHv  with  h 


I-i:i>!i>(>i'ii()i!.v  Westwootl. 


:iir,  or  else  nearlv  ha 


re 


!1.    Rody  more  or  le.s.s  pilose;  til.ia'  usually  1 


!1 


Httdy  hare;  tihia'  1 


iristiv, 


tare  or  feehlv  hri.^tlv 


!2.    Hoth  hasal  cells  of  etiual  lermth 


First  hasal  eell  lonyer  than  ti 
11 


Si-.AKNoi'oin  s  I 


oew. 


le  si'eoiKl 


lird  antennal  joint  l)ut  little   lonj-cr  than  the  (1 
male  sonietinies  rnuriaeate  and  the  costa  .leiitieulate.  V 
'I'hird  joint  of  the  antenna'  more  tli 


rst ;   niesonotum   ui 
<i.i.Mi  s  Loew, 


>ous  at  the  hase, 


in  twice  the  leiioth  of  the  first,  hul- 


!t.   Till'  origin  of  the  .second  vein   taki 


A 


the  discal  cell  at 


Th 


an  acute  aiiule, 


place  hefore  the  proximal  end  of 


origin  (»f  the  secoml  vein  is  Ixvoiid  tl 


ce 


and 


IS  rectani>ular. 


le  pro.ximal  end  of  the  discal 


l)i: 


S.M.AT(»m;i  |;a    Willistoi 


'I'll 

Tl 


in 


1  antential  joint  scarcely  lonucr  than  wide.      I 


!().    I 


I'll 


lird  antennal  joint  much  loiimr  than  wiih 
K-e  projectinj,'-  in  jtrofilo. 


rcKssiA  ('(Kiuillett. 


ce  retreatiim-. 


Ocellar  tuhercle  situated  near  the  hind  (diiv  of  tl 
cellar  tuhercle  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  f 


() 


Ant 


Ki'ACMi  sOsten  Sacken 

Al'll(i:i!AN Tl  s   J,oeW. 

ic  front.     .         .        ;;,s 
ront. 
.Mi;ta( osMi  .s  ('o(|uil!ett. 


en 


iii'M'lonnate,  third  join!   (lattened,   the  style  flatt..ned  and 


posed  (d'  two  distinct  set-nieiits. 
Antenna'  not  elonj-ated  and  with  a  distinct  1 


con 


l)i.sMAi<>\n  lA  U'illiston. 
tisemiieiitateil  stvle. 


!!l   Slender,  elonuate  sj 


I 'a  I! 


AcosMis  (>»teti  Sack 


)ecies. 


Shorter,  more  thick-set 
■JO.    Ki'Uiales  holoptic  like  tl 


en. 

40 

^pecii's,  the  ahdomeii  never  cylindrical.  \\ 

le  males;  al.iloim.n  ».nlarged  at  its  c.viremitv. 


S^sTU(.|■^■s  Wieileinuiit 


•enialcs  dichoptic;  abdomen  cylindrical,  not  eiilari^ed  at  tl 


le  (■xtremity, 
Doi.ii  iioAn  lA  Wiiileniann. 


w 


^li 


i 


GS 


NOirni  AMEUICAX  DIITEKA. 


11.  Tlini'  sultni;ir<jinal  cells. 
Two  suliiiiiir'Miial  c"i'll.>;. 


4-J 
(Jkkon  Mciijcn. 


4"J.   I5()(ly  flotlicd  with  iiKirc  scjiUs  than  hairs;  aliiloiiicii  (U-cimihcrit ;  an- 

ti'iiiui'  loiij;:. To.xoi'iioKA  -Nkijitii. 

HdiIv  cldtluMl  cliiflly  with  hair;  abiloiii'ii  not  (U'cunihcnt. 

KllAI!I>01>Si;i,AI  III  .s  I'iudt. 


22.     TIIEIlEVIIVi:. 

Rather  small  or  nuxlerate  sized,  eloni^ato,  Ijristly,  soiiietiiiies 
]»ilose,  predaceoiis  flies.  Eyes  of  the  male  eoiiti.t,aious ;  front 
ill  the  female  not  excavated.  Aiiteiiiiu'  composed  of  three 
joints,  the  third  simple,  with  a  terminal  style,  sometimes 
wantiiiL;'.  I'rohoscis  ])rojectin,i;',  the  lahella  bro;ul.  Ocelli 
I)resent.  Abdomen  elon^'ate ;  genitalia  moderately  or  hut  lit- 
tle prominent.  Legs  with  bristles;  emjjodia  wanting.  Third 
longitnciinal  vein  of  the  wings  furcate,  the  posterior  braneh 
terminating  beyond  the  tip  cf  the  wing;  five  posterior  cells, 
anal  cell  closed  towarti  the  margin  of  the  wing. 

This  family  comj)rises  only  about  two  hundred  known  s])e- 
cies,  with  but  few  genera  broadly  distributed  over  the  world. 
The  flies  resemble  the  Asiliche  somewhat,  and  have  habits 
not  dissimilar,  though  much  less  active.  The  proboscis  has 
fleshy  labella,  instead  of  the  horny  tij)  of  the  Asilidte,  and  the 
legs  are  less  stout — in  many  species  they  are  easily  broken  ofl' 
when  captured.  Their  food  is  chiefly  other  di})tera,  for  which 
they  lie  in  wait  ui)on  leaves  and  bushes,  or  upon  the  bare 
ground.  The  larvte  have  a  short,  eyeless,  nonretractile  liead, 
the  anteniue  small  and  short.  The  body  is  sleiuler  and  snake- 
like, showing  a])parently  nineteen  segments.  Anterior  spira- 
cles situated  at  the  end  of  the  flrst  segment  behind  the  head  ; 
posterior  s])iracles  on  the  apparently  seventeenth  segment. 
The  larvie  live  in  the  earth  and  decom})osing  wood,  or  in  sand, 
feeding  upon  other  insects  or  upon  vegetable  matter,  ordure, 
etc.  The  pupie  are  free;  they  have  in  front  laterally  project- 
ing siiinous  j)oints. 


SC^KXOl'INID.i:. 


(Ill 


'I'AI5LK    OF  (JKNKKA. 

1.  First  jiostiTior  rvW  I'litiri',  not  iiitiTSfcti'.l  l.y  a  ((nxs-vciii.       .         .         -2 
'•  First  postiTiorci'll  divido.l  l.y  a  cross-Vfiii  into  two  cells  ;  first  antcnnal 

joint  unusually  larj-v."        .         .         .         .MKr.vruitA.i.MA  Cociuilli'tt. 

2.  Head  much  broader  than  lontr ;. 

"  Head  not  as  broad  as  lon.u,   vertical  ilianieter  ot"  eyes  e(|uaun,Lr  their 

horizontal  diameter;  first  Joint  ot'  antenna-  unusually  larir,.  and  ]h>]- 

'**''^'''" Ni:i!iMTLs  ('(Miuillett. 

••;.   'I'hird  joint  of  antenna'  short,  the  first  thickened.     .       TAitii.A  Walker. 

Third  joint  of  antenna'  as  Um^r  ,„•  i„it  little  shorter  than  tlie  usually 

slender  first  joint "i 

4.    r ace  bare  or  i)ubescent ]'sn.<)ci;|.,iAi.A  Zetterstedt. 

Face  pilose.  .         .  < 

'  ■'••••..  4 

r..   Fourth  posterior  cell  close.l Tmkukva  Latrcille. 

Fourth  i)o,sterior  cell  oiK'U Diamnki  ha  Kondani. 


2.S.     SCENOl'IXnVE. 

Flies  of  inotlerate  or  small  size,  black  in  color  and  bare. 
Front  not  excavated;  face  bare,  short  and  broad.  Anteniue 
approximated  at  the  base,  the  iirst  two  joints  short,  tlie  third 
elongated,  simple,  without  style  or  arista.  Proboscis  coneetd- 
ed  ;  palpi  cylindrical,  bristly  tit  the  tip.  Ocelli  present.  Males 
usually    holoptic.      Thorax  nither  lon<,',   moderately    convex, 

ow  position  of  the  head, 
spines  or  tubercles.     Ab- 


thou<.,di  apparently  nnich  so  from  the  1 
8cutellnm  broad  and  short,  without 


domen  fliittened,  more  or  less  elon«,Mtcd,  composed  of  seven 
segments.     Teguhe  small.     Empoditi  wanting.     Third  longi- 


ong,  the  first 


tudinal  vein  of  the  wing  furcate ;  basal  cells  1 

much  longer  than  tlie  second  ;  three  posterior  cells,  the  first 


narrowed  in,  or  closed  before  tl 


le  margin  :  anal  cell  closed. 


ev 


ai 


The  larvie  resemble  closely  tiiose  of  the  Therevida".     Tli 
e  very  long  and  slender,  having  apparently  nineteen  seg- 


ments, due  to  each  of  the  abdominal 


being  divided  by  a  strong  constrict 


segments  except  the  last 


ion.     The  larva'  liavt^  i)een 


70 


xcnrni  amkuicax  DiiTKiiA. 


found  in  decaying  iungi  and  wood  and  under  earpets  or  in 
furniture,  and  are  supposed  to  be  carnivorous.  The  Hies  are 
not  very  activ(!  in  tlieir  habits,  and  because  of  the  fre(|ueney 
with  which  they  are  observeil  on  winih>w-panes  are  usually 
called   window-tlies. 

TAIJLK  OF  (JKNEIJA. 

First  postiTior  ci'll  iiiirrowi'd  ;  Icj^s  nitliiT  stout.  Scknoimnis  Latn-ilk  . 

First    posterior  cell   ciosf,.  lu'lon-  the  iiiar>;iii  of  the  wiiij;-;  ii-ifs    sU'IkUt 

(Mexico).  .....  I'SKI   DATKIrUIA  Ostfll   SiK'kcll. 


24.     A("K()('EK11),K. 

Small  to  larin'c.  nevei-  elon|L!:ate.  pilose  or  nearly  bare  Hies. 
Head  small  or  verv  small.  chieHv  occupied  bv  the  lar''e  eves, 
which  are  usually  contiguous  in  both  se.xes  above  (tr  below,  or 
above  and  below  the  antenna';  two.  three  or  no  ocelli  present; 
antenna'  composed  of  two  or  three  joints,  with  or  without  a 
terminal  arista  or  style.  Proboscis  rudimentary  or  long, 
sometinu's  very  long.  Thorax  large,  sjiherical;  teguhe  very 
large  and  iuHated;  scutellum  large,  Abdonu'u  closely  united 
to  the  thorax,  large  and  iuHated.  Legs  rather  stout ;  the  tarsi 
with  three  membranous  i)ads  undt-r  the  claws.  Neuration 
variable,  the  veins  sometimes  weak  and  indistinct. 

This  family,  the  Acroceriche  or  Cyrtiihe,  comprises  a  small 
number  of  curious  Hies  with  curious  habits.  They  are  easily 
recognizable  by  their  small  head  and  large,  iuHati'd  t<'gula'. 
No  family  characters  can  be  drawn  from  the  neuration,  owing 
to  the  great  differences  often  existing  between  forms  other- 
wise  related.  In  the  lew  forms  in  which  the  larva' are  known 
they  are  all  parasitic  ujion  spiders  or  their  cocoons.  '•  In 
the  spring  of  1S.S7,  while  hunting  for  spiders,  I  found  hanging 
in  cobwebs  several  soft  white  maggots  and  }»npa'.  The  webs 
were  generally  old  and  out  (d'  repair,  and  a  closer  examinati(Ui 
showed  that  tiuM-e  no  living  sjjider  was  in  them,  but  almost 


every  fine  had  an  empty  skin  ol'  a  c( 


nnnion  sini 


iler  J 


tn((iiv(th'nis 


AcnoCKHID.lv 


71 


ini- 


s>/n-rs/ns.  i.rurly  full  o,,,un.     Tlu"  skin  ,.t  tlu-  ]v^^s  mul  tln.rax 
wn.  n,.t  dran  like  u  inoultrd  skin.   Imt  dirtv  an.I  n,,a.,nc.  as 
tlxm-h  cutrn  (nit,  and  the  skin  ..r  tli..  alxlcnm  when  pivsenl, 
WHS  torn  and  sl.riv.d.'d.     From  this  I  (.(,ncln<l..,l  that  the  nia--- 
Kots  cam.,  ont  ot  tho  sj.i,hM-s,  an.I   Ir.mi   th.'ir  si/.-  mnst  haN^- 
iH'arly  lilh.l  them.     The  nia-.-ots   vari.-d  .•onsi,h.ral)lv  in  si/,- 
th..  larg.^st  h.dng  a  .inart.^r  ..f  an  in.-h  l.,n-  whih-  ..th.-rs  w.mv 
not  mor..  tlian  half  as  lar-.'.     Th.'  hin.h-r  half  .,f  tlu-  1,.m1v  was 
tiiick.'r  than  th.'  fr.mt  half  and  n.-arly  sph.M'i.'al.     Thoy'lnm-r 
lu'ad  downwar.l,  holdin-  to  th.-   w.d,  by   th.dr  jaws  and  w.mv 
also   partly  snpp..rte.l  l.y  tlnvads  nn.l.-r  an.I  an.nn.l  th.nn  "' 
Tlu'  auth.)r  :)f  the  fore-oin-  J.  H.  Emerton,  reared  fr.,ni  ..th.M- 
sp.'.-inuMis  .d'  these  larva-  a  tiy  l)el.,n.^M„>,.  to  the  i,r,,nis  Jrrormr 
The  larvje  .,f  Asf..,»r//a  J/uHhlJi  a.ror.lin-  t..   F.ran.'r.  are  s.. 
hulged  in  the  alulomen  of  the  spi.l.M-  that  th..  post.'ri.,r  t.-r.... 
nal  stigmata  are  in  relation  with  the  Inn-.tnl.es  .>f  th..  spid,.,- 
The  .'ggs  are  said  to  be  deposited  .)n  dri.'.l  twi-s. 

TAHLK   OF  GKNKUA. 

1.  Anti'MiiaMvitli  a  UTtiiiiial  l.ri>*tlc 

Aiitoiiiiiu  without  U-rniiiiiil  hristli' or  stvli'.       .  "    .  '         '., 

2.  Antfinne  short,  thinl  joint  roinui..,!,  witli  t.-rininal  hristlv  hairs  '[\ 
Anti'iuia'  I'loiijiati' 

n.  Anti'iiriio  inscrti'.l  noar  the  nioiitli. 

Antoniia.  insortt-.l  toward  the  viTtix.  r 

4.   Wings  with  a  stout  .-..stal  s,,ur  near  the  tip  of  the  auxiliary  vin. 

,.r.  .  ,  I'tkijodontia  (irav. 

n  nifrs  without  such  spur;  anal  cell  absiMit. 

o.  Proboscis  rudinicntarv.     .         .  (k-.^«,...  i    .      n 

,,„,  1        •      ,  ' ().N(oi)i;s  Latrcillc. 

1  rol.os,-,s  cl.,n,uatc,  .hrccti-d  l,a<.kwanls  ((',,,tral  and  South  AMu.ri,.,,). 

..    ,.       ..                ,                                                          Piiii.oi'OTA  Wii'dcniaiin. 
«..   ^  cnat.on  ..ompl.tc;  ..yes  pilose ,  ,,,„„,,  (,„,,,, 

\  cnatH.n  n.orc  .,r  loss  ohsolet..;  oy..s  hare.  .  .  A.uockua  .M..ioen. 
..   I'rohoscis  rudinientarv. 

IVohoscis  elonjiate      ...  ( 

8.   Eyes  bare  (Mexico). 


Kyes  pubescent, 
n.  Ocelli  want 


Ai'i'Ki.r.iA  Hellardi. 


O 


.'n.i;a 


Kri.l 


iiiji';  lar<re  flies. 
Ocelli  present  ;  moderately  laruv  fl 


ison. 


les. 


.    Lasia  Wi.'deinann. 
;.  i.oNciiA  (iersta-cker. 


72 


NORTH  AMKIJIC'AX   DIITKWA. 


'jn. 


LONCnol'TKKIJU-; 


Small  (2-4  iiiin.)  slciidci',  l)r(»\\iiisli  oi-  ycllowisli  tlics.  Aii- 
tcima;  short,  porrcct ;  third  joint  siiiiplc,  circular  in  shajit'. 
with  a  torniinal  bristle.  Ocelli  present.  Seiit"lluin  with  two 
bristles,  fjeifs  long,  lu'istly ;  ))ulvilli  very  small:  empoilia. 
wanting.  Wings  lanci^t-like,  pointed;  the  thi'e«'  basal  (^ells  of 
moderate  size  and  of  nearly  erpial  length  ;  fourth  longitudinal 
vein  funtate  and  united  with  the  fifth  near  the  base  ;  first 
longitudinal  vein  short,  second  and  third  not  !'urcate ;  the 
anterior  cross-vein  lies  near  the  base  of  the  wing,  in  fi'ont  of 
the  middle  of  the  second  basal  cell  and  is  oblicpie  in  })osition. 

There  is  but  one  genus  in  this  family,  Loin'Inijifi'i'ii,  the 
members  of  which  are  found,  often  in  abundance,  in  the  grass 


or 


^n 


)on 


stones  alon<'  the  nuir<nns  of  shadv  brooks.     The  lar- 


vie  are  flat  with  long  bristles  on  the  iirst.  second  and  last  seg- 
ments;  posterior  sj)ira(des  broadly  separated  on  the  last 
segment,  short  and  tubiUar.  Head  not  differentiated,  the 
body  comi»osed  of  ten  segments,  the  last  one  api)arently  com- 
posed of  two.     I'upu^  enclosed  in  a  i)uparium.  orthorr!iai;h(ius. 


20.     EMPIDID.E. 

Small  to  moderately  large,  (dongated.  predaceous  flies. 
Head  small,  more  or  less  SDherieal,  not  (doj.ely  ajtjdied  to  the 
thorax.  Males  hol()})tic  or  di(dio}tti(',  the  front  never  exca- 
vated. Antennae  porrect,  approximated  at  the  base,  compose<l 
of  three  simide  joints,  the  iirst  two  of  whi(di  are  often  snudl  : 
third  joint  variable  in  sha}>e,  with  or  without  a  terminal  arista 
or  style.  Face  without  mystax.  Proboscis  short  or  long, 
projeeting  forward,  downward  or  backward,  Octdli  j)resent. 
Abdomen  composed  of  from  five  to  seven  segments,  male  gen- 
italia prominent  and  of  eom])lieated  and  variable  structure  ; 
ovipositor  projecting,  pointed.  Teguhe  small.  Legs  oi'ten 
with  peculiar  structural  characters — the  coxa'  or  femora  elon- 
gated, the  femora  thickened  and  with  spines  below,  the  meta- 


KMriDID.K 


7.J 


tars.  tlartriu-I.  ,4,..;  pulvilli  pn-s.-nt.  tl,.-  .Mni.o,li;,  „su;.llv 
J'K'inl.nina.MMMis  aii.l  lin.-ar.  N.Mirati.m  variaWIr:  tlu-  .liscal 
•••■lls.mu-tiiiM.sal.s.-nt.  tl,..  rliir.l  l(.ii-it„,Ii„al  v.-i„  tuivat..  ..,• 
s.iii|,l,.;   thuM' ..r  iour  ,„,st..ri..r  .•.■lis   pivs-nt  :  anal  .tII  ,,|trn 

shorter  than  tl..'  svmud  l.asal  .•.-11.  .-l.-sr.!  hri.-n-  t  hr  niaruin  .-f 

tlic  win.L,'*;  s(jiiictiiii('s  wholly  wanting,'. 

The  fuiuily  Kmi.i.li.la'  is  a  h.i-v  ui,,..  in.-Iu.lin-  luaiiv  '^mrr^t 

and  siM-ci,.s.      Most  Hirs  lu-lon-in-  h.Mv  will  lu-  at  ..n.'-c" 

ni/i'd.  l.ut  tli.'rc  arc  some.   csiuMMallv   tl 

Tachydromina',  whicl 

arc  apt  to  lead  the  stndcnt  asti 


I'fCO'J'- 


tl 


)!■  anion--  tin-  smaller  Muscids.     The  tl 


SI'   of  the  suhlaniily 

1  hiive  snch  pcculiai'  nciiratioii  that  thev 

ly  :   soiiit'  may  e\(Mi   Ix-  somdit 


inu-li  ohtainm-  part  of    their  I'oo.l  at   times   fi 


it's  are  all  predaeeoiis. 


Many   sneeu'S.  espeeiallv  those   of    A 
often  fl 


roiii   flowers. 


Ill 


y  in  swarms,  danein,^-  up  and  down  ov 


/>is   and    lUiiiiniiliDiiiii 


III 


rr  ruiiniii'j'  i)r( 


in  tlie  shade  of  trees  or  ahoiit  shrnl.hery.     V.-ry  raivlv  d 
speeies  reatdi  the  len<,4li  of  ten   mill 


)OKS, 


<»  aiiv 


more  than  three  in  leie'tli 


mieters,  and  some  are  not 


rhe  larv;e  are  eylindri.-al.  with  small  swellin^rs  ,,n  the  under 


side,  from  the  niesotl 


loraeic  seunnents.  for  loeoiiiotioii.     T 


ire  {)r()baltly  carnivorous  and   live   in   th 


lev 


or  othiM'  deeavii 


1''  earth,  under  leav 


es 


two  pt)rreet  points  at  the  anteri 


ig  ve--etai)le  matter.      The  pupa'  are  fn 


with 


or  end 


1.    Anal  cell  closed  In  the  \mx\\ 

cllH'til'. 


rAi'.M-:  OF  (;i;\Ki{.\. 


cr  or  iiarrowlv  (ipcii;  hoilv  witlioiit   iiui 


Anal  ceil  closed  lu'forc  the  liordrr  wl 
Anal  cell  wantini^-;  wlici 
longer  than  their  cox; 
Anal  ceil  present;  front  t' 


cro- 
Hii.Ai;iMOi!i'iii\.i:. 


uTi  |)riscnt. 


I  present   tlic  front   fcii 


lora  shorter  or  hut  iitt 


cniora  much  lon<:er  than  tlieir 


.\<llVIH!OMI\.K. 

coxii'.      .        ;; 


*  M.iifu 


iii:il<',iy  Jicnus  of  douhtful  relationship,  has  the  anal  c.  II 


In   //iiiirimiir/Ji(i   it   is  closed  in  tl 


other  Knii)idid!L'  in   heiiiL;-   d 


le  inarjiin.      HotJi  ocnera   ah 


lilTer 


open. 
tVoui 


Schiller  locate  the  latt 


cstitute    ot    inacrocha'ta'.     Osteii    Sackeii  and 


•■<'I)teil,  .\/,,f/n 


cr  fieniis  ;iinoim-  the   Leptida-.      if  that 


•iii/ZKi  should  prol»aI)l 


view   IS  ac- 


y  accompany  it. 


74 


NOirni  AMKHICAN  DIITKIIA. 


Posterior  Imsal  transverse  vein,  i.  e.   tlie  vein  wliicli  limits  tlie  anal  cell, 
jiiinilk'l  or  nearly  jiarallel  witii  the  hind  bonier  of  the  winy. 

Kmi'IKIn.i;. 
Posterior  hasal  transverse  vein  not  parallel  with  the  himl  bonier  of  the 


winfi-. 


I!  VIIOTIN.1-:. 


IIILAIMMOKl'HIN.K. 

1.   Secoml  vein  very  short,  terininatiii<f  ii>  tiie  first;  iliseal  cell  present. 

.MvTilicoMViA  C'oquillett. 
The  second  vein  terminates  in  the  costa ;  discal  cell  wantinj;. 

IIii,AUiMoi:i>iiA  Schiner. 

HY]50TIX.i:. 

1.  Third  lonyitiidinal  vi'in  furcate;  first  submarfxinal  cell  closed. 

Iii.KriiAi!<>ri{ocn;si  Loew. 
Third  lon{,ntudinal  vein  simple 2 

2.  Anal  cell  shorter  than  the  second  basal  cell.  ....*» 
Anal  cell  as  lonji  or  lonjier  than  the  second  basal  cell.    ...         4 

o.  Third  antennal  joint  conical;  l>ristle  ternnnal.       Lki'Toi'k/a  Mac(iuart. 
Third  antennal  joint  ovate;  bristle  subdorsal.  Ocvkuomia  Mei<ien. 

4.  Orijiin  of  tlie  second  lonjjitudinal  vein  nearer  the  humeral  than  the  an- 

terior cross-vein ;  wings  usually  spotted.        .         Svnkciies  Walker. 
Orifiin  not  nearer  the  humeral  cross-vein  ;  winj^s  not  spotted.         .         o 

5.  Vein  between  the  first  and  second  basal  cells  indistinct.   Svndvas  Loew. 
Vein  between  the  first  and  second  l)asul  cells  distinct.     Hyi-.os  I.teigeii. 


KMPII)INM<: 


1.  Third  longitudinal  vein  furcate, 
Tliinl  vein  simjile.    . 


IJiiAMi'noMviA  Meigen. 


2.  No  discal  cell.  ..... 

A  discal  cell  present.        .... 

;].   Proboscis  distinctly  longer  than  the  head. 
Proboscis  not  loimer  than  the  head. 


CvKTOMA  Meigei 


m 


4.  All  the  legs  of  nearly  equal  length;  hind  femora  much  thickened. 

I'acuvmkkia  Stephe 


lis. 


Hind  legs  longer  than  the  others,  their  fi-moni  but  little  or  not  at  all 


thickened 

'').  Proboscis  slender,  directed  backward  or  downward. 


Kmi'IS  Linne. 


Proboscis  tnoderatelv  thickened,  directed  forward. 


Itkai'iim.a  Zetterstedt. 


KMI'IDII),!:. 


I  •» 


<..   ^^'•''■■-v.'rvslM..^  apparently  two-jointul,,IuMl.irW  joint, .n.npr....,, 
w..h  a  short.   . hick.  „,,ioi„,..l  stvl...        .        Uou^.v...  z.,LuU 
A„„.n,.u.   nut   v.ry  short.   .listitK-tly  ,h,w,ioi„,„.I  ;  th.nl    join,  avl    or 
I";>r    .hapnl    or   s,,h..ri..al,    with    a    tuo-joitm-l    t.r.ninal    Mvh-    or 
iirisiii'.  .        _  • 

7.   lTol.o..is  as  lon^  as  th.  h.a,!.  v.-rti.-al ;  anterior  nutatarsi  nsualiv  thi.k- 
iiumI  111  the  2  ■      ■  .  .'""IK 

u      i>„    1  •        1  lIlLAItA   Alt'iifi'ii 

S.    1  roUsns  s   orter  t   an   the  hea,l,   horizontal;  anterior  n.etatar.i  of  the 
6  not  thiL'kfiied.         .  ,.  .. 

(ii.oMA  Meiyen. 


1.  Tln'rd  lon-ritiulinal  vein  f 


clonuate. 


TACllVDljd.MI.N.i;. 

urcate;  diseal  cell  jiresent;  anterior 


«  oxa'  niiieh 


Third  loiiiiitndinal 


vein  siini)Ie;  diseal  cell   wantinjr. 


Front  femora  iniudi  thiekeiied 


eell. 


two  posterior  veins  arise  from  the  diseal 


Front  femora  not  mueli  tliickeiied ;  tl 


Hkmkhodkomia  .M 


eitri'ii. 


•lisea!  eell. 


;  three  i)()sterior  veins  arise  from  tii 


Anteii 


na>  witli  a  lonfj;  terminal  hristh 


Antenna*  with  a  short  terminal  1 


)ristie  or  stvle 


Akim>i>tki£a  Mae(|uart. 


■i.   Sixth  vein  olisolete  l.ef 


•Sixth  vein  not  obsolete   bet 
very  sliort  terminal  stvk 


)re  reachin-i-  the  niart;iii.         ( 


•re  reaehinfT  the  niarj,'in  ;  ant 


r.i\(Ri:UA  Mei' 


ren. 


o.   Anal  eell,  or  at  least  the  posteri,.r  basal 
with  a  lon-r  terminal  l)ristle. 


emia'  with  a 
SVXAMPHOTERA  Loew . 

cross-vein,  ftresent ;  anteniiie 


Anal  cell  wholly  wantiiiff. 

0.   Front  femora  thickened. 
Front  femora  not  tliiekened. 

<.  Arista  terminal. 
Arista  subdorsal.      . 

H-  Arista  terminal. 
Arista  dorsal. 


T 


Acin  DKOMiA  Mei 


ucn. 


TAcin  I'KZA  Meiyen. 

I'ifONM  TISCA    Loew. 

Dhai'Ktis  Meitren. 


^.   Proboscis  short, 
I'rolioscis  slcnd 


vertical;  palpi  broad. 


er; 


pal] 


)i  narrow,  slender. 


Srir.i'oN  Loew. 


I'llONKITISCA    L 


()l\V 


1 1) 


\(>]{TII  AMKIMCAN  DII'TKIJA. 


l)OLI("I[()P()])II)J-: 


IIV     ritor.     .1.     M.    AI.DKK   II. 


Small  tlics.  never  excccdiii'^'  7  iinii.  in  Ifiij^tli.  aliudsi  always 
<^n'(MMi  in  L;i'()un(l  color,  usnallv  sliininj;'.  more  rarely  dusted 
with  '^Viiy  or  hrown,  soinetinies  j)ure  ycdlow  cr  almost.  Itlack. 
As  a  i'amilv  tliev  are  distinijriiislied  from  their  nearest  allies 
by  the  absence  ol'  the  cross-vein  between  the  discal  and  second 
basal  cells,  these  nniting  to  form  a  single  cell. 

Head  about  as  with'  as  the  thorax  (iuu(di  wider  only  in 
rsilopinu'),  usually  a  little  wider  than  lii,L;h  ;  the  face  hare. 
verv  wide  to  verv  narrow,  or  the  eves  ('(.nti'nious  Ixdow  tJie 
antenna';  i'roiit  i^'enerally  widenin;^'  rapiiUy  above  (in  J>i(t- 
plioi'Ks  the   eyes   sometimes   conti;-;"uous    above),    with   bi'istles 


on   the  vertex  onlv 


J 


osterior  orbit   with  a  wi'll  defined  row 


of  shore,  erect  bi'istles  (toward  the  mouth  indistinct  in  llvdro 


Heshv 


J  ' 


short, 


plioniue    and    some    other    i^cnera);    jjrohoscis 

retracted,  rarely  a  little  protruding-;  antenna'  thret^-join.ed, 


inserted  more  or  le 


s  al)ove 


tl 


u^  mu 


Idle   of  the  eves,  the  first 


two  joints  never  miudi  elongated,  the  third  commonly  oval, 
out  in  several  genera  lengthened;  arista  dorsal,  subapical.  or 
completely  ai)ical.  Thorax  higher  and  longer  than  wide,  witii 
regularly  arranged  bristles  on  the  dorsum;  in  some  genei-a  a 
well-marked  flattened  or  concave  area  beb.re  the  scutellum. 
Abdomen  tapering,  coidcal  or  a  little  compressed  (i)i  ////<//v/- 
ji/ii>riis  and  Sci'llns  sometimes  pecidiarly  small  and  retracte(l), 
without  iu)tict'al)le  bristle.',  in  most  genera  ;  the  male  hypo])y- 
gium  usually  i)r()minent.  varying  greiitly  in  form,  and  in  the 
degree  in  whi(di  it  is  concealed  in  the  abdomen.  Coxa'  gen- 
erally short,  legs  in  most  genera  of  medium  length,  sometiii.es 
elongated,  those  of  the  male  fretpiently  developed  into  soi/" 
ornanuMital  structure;  the  front  femora  art'  thickened  in  a  lew 
genera.  Wings  usnallv  hvaline.  vet  often  with  dark  mark- 
ings,  whi>'h  may  take  the  iV)rm  of  a  deiinite  patt;'rn.  or  may 
folh.w  tlie  veins  indistinetlv,  oi'  mav   be  evenlv  dilVused;   in 


Dnijciloi'nDiD.i:. 


i  < 


soiiM-  cases  the  inal.'s  liave  small   siicw-wliin"  spots  iii  tlu-  tip 
of  the  win-      Anal  crll  always  vrrv  short. 

This  fainilv  pcrhai-s  surpasses  any  other  natural  -roup  of 
i'liinials  in  the  variety  of  sexual  oriiani.'nts  possess.'.!  l.v  the 
males.  T.'-ese  are  para.l.-.l  helor.-  tlie  females,  as  are  similar 
"n.aments  in  the  ),eae.,ek  ami  turk.-y-.-o.'k.  S.h'  -Courtship 
Amonn-  the  Flies".  Am.'ri.-ai,  Naturalist.  .Jan.  'IM.  p.  ;;.->. 
They  may  occur  m  alm..st  any  external  j)ortion  of  the  ho.lv. 
In  a  careful  examination  of  a  lar-e  numl.er  of  species.  I  have 
iH'ver  found  any  two  in  whi.-h  they  are  i.l.Miti.-al.  1  am  a.'- 
(luainte.l  with  at  least  iifty  diff.-rent  iorms  of  tarsal  m...lin.M- 
tion  al.)ne.  everv  oiu'  of  wl 


N 


Hch    IS    .iistllictive   oi'   it 


s    species. 


evertiieless  some  sjK'cies    seeui    to    off. 


(liffereic-es    Ix'vond   t 


le    pres-nce    oi    th 


'1'  no  tiotieealih'  sexual 
e  liypopy-ium   in   the 


male  :  even  this  is  in  s.iine  (\i^,  s  hut  little  visilih 


111    adult    life    all 


are    i)reda.'eous.    eapturin-    chieHv    l! 


minuter  soft  l.odied  flies,  which  thev  end 


lalxdla.  while  extractinv  tl 


ose  within  their  solt 


ic    jui.-es;    the    larv 


known,  feeders  on  decaxin-  ve-.'tation 


f  are.  as  tar  a> 


The  following-  tahl 


e  IS   (iesi-ue.l    s(,lelv  t 


to  determine  the  -enera  .)i'  tl 


<)  eiiaijh'  he-inner: 


fore  indicat."  anythin-  al).)iit  the  natural   ivj, 
era  to  each  other.      It  is  based  on   mal 


"'II'  s] linens  :   it  (h)es  n.it.  there- 

d'ions  of  the  -en- 


otherwise  it  must  hav.'  included  many  ol 
characters. 


t'  specimens  only,  since 
scnre  and  dillicult 


1.   Foiirtli  lonuitudiiml 


TAHLK  (»F  (iKNMK'A. 

vein  with  a  wi.i.jy  .liviTn-eiit  t'lirk  on  the  t'r.nit 

i.'c  wiijc,  anil  the  f 


er  i(  not,  the  hciiil   wiiU-r  tluiti  tiie  thorax,  I' 
ilcfpiy  excavate.!  (I'sijoiiiiue). 
Fourth  vein  simple  or  iniTcly  ]>rnkvu  ,  front  not  excavated. 


-III.'; 
rout 


Konrtli  h)n<iitii(iina! 


vein  not  forke.I. 


Fourth  h)nyitH(iinal   vein  t'.uki.i. 
'I'eguhir  cilia  lihick.  tliir.l  l..imiiu.linal 


scuti'lluni  with  lour  larue  1; 


Ai'ToiM  111  s  Al.iri.li. 


vein  cni'vci   ■>.  iul\   iiai'k  at  tip, 


nstif 


'I'e.uular  cilia  |.ale,  ihinl  vein  .listinclly  ciu've.l  forwar.i  at  tl 
teliuni  with  two  hirye  an.i  iisiiallv  tw..  ^niall  liristh 


I'sii.oi'i  "i  Mcii 


(11. 


"I 


I'  IU>,  »cu- 


7S 


xoirni  AMKiufwx  diitkwa. 


■1.    Faci'  wide,  front  (Ifcjily  cxcavatiMl. 
Faci-  narrow,  front  scari'olv  I'xcavati'd. 


(i.NA.Mi'Toi'sii.oi'i  s  Aldricli. 
LKi'ToKiiEriir.M  Aldricli. 


r>.   Koiirtli  loniiituilinal  vi-in  bent  forward,  forniiiifi'  an  ajtii-al  tros^ji-vciii : 
l)()sttrior  cTosfi-vi'in  vitv  obli(iiR',  jiaralk'l  to  tin-  niaryin  of  tlu'  winu. 

ri.AGioNKruus  LofW. 
I'osti'rior  crossvi'in  nearly  transverse,  usually  no  apical  cross-vein.       (I 

(i.    Hind  metatarsi  with  lar^U'  bristles  above.  .....  7 

Hind  metatarsi  without  lar<;('  ])ristles  above.   .....         8 

7.   Face  in  male  reaching  the  lower  corner  of  the  eye. 

1Iygi«»ci:i.i:utiii  s  Loew. 
F^ice  in  the  male  not  reachinii'  the  lower  corner  of  the  eye. 

Doi.iciioiTs  Latreille. 


H.   Ilypopyjriiim  loiijj;,  cxtendiiiL  forward  iiniler  the  ventiT. 
IIypo<iy<,nnm  short,  n 

9.   Arista  shortplumose, 


<» 


IIypo<iy<,nnm  short,  not  extending  forward  under  the  venter. 


Arista  ]»ubesctiit  or  bare 


U 


10.   Fourth    veiti   bi-yond   the   ])osterior   cross-vein    gradually    convergent 


toward  the  third. 


l'i)Kcii.<»''vriii{i;s  Mik. 


Fourth    vein  shortly  before  the  tip  quite  suddi'iiiy    bi'iit    toward   the 


third.* 


n 


11.  IIyi)o])ygiuin  pedunculate,  slender,  without  long,  braiu'hing  appendages 

I ' i;  I, A  s  r<  >N  !•;  i •  u L' s  I.c )e w . 
IIyj)()pygiuni  sessile,  with  long,  Itranching  ai)i)endages. 

Mktapklastonkikus  Aldrich. 

12.  Hefore  the  scutellum  the  posterior  third  of  the  thoracic  dorsum  is  hol- 

l:5 
1(1 


lowed  out,  or  at  least  Hatteiied  down  to  a  jdane, 


Before  the  scutellum  convex  a 


s  usual 


l.">.    Ilyixipygium  '  ,.ig,  jn-dunculated. 

lIyi»oi)ygium  short,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 


14.  Hristles  of  the  thorax  yelhtw. 
Bristles  black. 

15.  Color  of  bodv  vellow,  sometimes  with  a  little  black 


14 

ir, 

\i'MANTOTi.Mi  »  Wheeler. 


M KDKTKUi'S  F'isdier. 


Neiirkiona  Rondani. 
Color  of  liody  chiefly  metallic,  sometimes  dusted;  legs  very  long. 

Dactvi.omyia  Aldricli. 


*  If  witii  a  mar'  ;m1  concavity  toward  the  apex,  see  I'araclius,  in  wliicli 
the  jiubescence  (n  the  arista  is  rather  strong. 


l^OLICHOl'ODIDJ.:. 


71 » 


1»;.  Til,,  fac.  .,f  tlu.  ,nal,.  .xtci-Is  hcUny  tla-  fv.s.  hanuino-  .l,nv„  IhT,.,-.  tli. 

iiioutli,  aproii-liki'.  I'.m  vmi-,>,.v  <  i  .       c;     i 

,  '  ■         •  •  '  <"-^  MKDON  ( (stiri  Sackcii. 

llK"  ian.  <,f  tlio  male  naclu.s  as  far  .Icwii  as  tlu-  Unsvr  vib-v  ,.f  th," 

eye.  .....  '"  _ 

The  face  <.f  tlR.  niak.  .Lu's  net  reael,  s„  far  as  tlie  lourr 'r.l-M.'ot   tlu' 
eve, 

.         IS 

]/.  Tl.ini  ai.tcnnal  j..int  cf  tlir  male  r...li..u.nlarv,  tlu-  h.ntr  arista  with  •, 

,f^"^^^^"'' ■        .MAr,.:..,.o.K,nsMik. 

Antenna,  of  snnple  strurl.nv.  .         .  TArnvTKKcn,  s  Stanniws. 

18.  Thinl  and  fourth  voins  towar.I.s  th..  tij.  paraih'l  or  ncarlv  so. 


Third  and  fourth  veins  toward  tlu-  tii)  d 


10.   First  aiitennal  joint  l)are  ahovc,  th 


J)  distinctly  convcr-icnt. 
ird  joint  elon<;atf  in  tlu-  niali 


1!» 


P'irst  joint  hairy  above. 
20.   Till'  last  sefrnieiit  of  the  foiirtl 


ri;i.oi;<»ri;()i)Ks   Wheeler. 


iV.MNOl'TKIJM  S    I, 


oi'W. 


1   vein  .uradnally  ajjproaehiiij,'  the  third. 


Last 


Hi:  II 


seufinen 


<'<>ST()Mi;s    I 


oew. 


t  near  the  ini<ldle  abruptly  eurvin.ur  forward,  then  orad- 


ually  resuiniiiii- Its  former  course,  iiiak 


concavity  outward.s,  and  eiidii 


ini:  a  scLrmeiit  of  a  circle,  th 


lii'  near  the  third  veil 


M.   Costal  vein  e.xten-lin-r  to  tip  of  tl 


vein  evanescent  or  partially  so. 


I'AitAci.iis  Hiuot. 
J)  of  third  vc'in,  the  latter  i)art  of  the  fourth 


Costal  vein  exfendiuK  to  the  tip  of  the  fourth   vein,   wl 


\svMii:ii  s  L 


usual  stren<'tli. 


lii'ii  is  of  the 


22.  Si.xth  vein  wantinjr  (minute  species,  not  shinin-r,  tl 


on 
Si.xtl 


ly  a  fifth  of  the  lenf^th  of  the  winj-). 
1  vein  jiresent,  at  least  for  a  short  dist 
2.I.   First  antennal  joint  hairy  above. 
First  antennal  joint  bare  above. 

.'4.  Second   antennal  joint  with  a  thunib-lik 


le  first  vein  reachiiijr 


A(  ii.vi.ci  s  I 


nice. 


oew . 


inner  side  of  the  thinl. 
Second  antennal  joint  without 

■'..   Fourth  vein  before  the  tip   sharply  curved  toward  tl 


e    jirojection  fittiiit-'  into  th 


.SVNroli.MON    I 


such  proji'ction. 


oew, 


::;) 


reachintr  it  at  the  nia 


r^in. 


Fourth  vein  near  the  end  parallel  with  the  third 


le  tliird,  nearly 
.Mi;TAi>i;i..\sTuM,i;iiis  Aldrich. 


convei-jTent. 


2(5.  Arista  dorsal,  tliird  antennal  joint  of  usual 


or  only  nioderatily 
lit; 


face  wide, 
Arista  dorsal,  i)alpi  small,  f 
Arista  nearly  or  quite  at  the  end  of  tl 


^i/e,   palpi  of  male  hirue, 


DiOSTI.   .(IS   I 


oew. 


ace  very  ii;irrow. 


Anki'sii;s  l.oe 


e  larye,  pointed  third  joint.       -'7 


'^pp 


!»: 


SO 


XOKTII  AMEinCAN  DIlTKliA. 


lliiul  ('(txii' witwout  iTi'C't  liJiirs  on  tlic  outer  !<\t\v,  tliird  and  fourtli  vi'iii 


wnr  the  tip  eoiiverjicnt. 


Ilvi'iK  irAKAssrs  Nick 


Hind  coxii'  with  one  or  more  eri-et  liairs,  third  and  fourth  veins  i»arai 


ltd.  winirs  wiih' 


IjS 


2H.   Seuteliuin  witli  smaller  hairs  oi^  tlie  ilisk  besides  the  mar<jfinal  hristles 

J.ASIA  l!(iVK,\   Mik 


Scutellum  hare,  e.xcejjt  for  the  bristle; 


AuciYKA  Maeiiuarl. 


2!>.   Posterior  third  of  thoracic  dorsum,  l)efore  ♦he  scutcdlinii,  concave  or 

at  least  distinctly  flattened.        .         - .K) 

Dorsum  rounded  as  usual.     ........         -".^ 

;!(!.    Hristles  of  thorax  veHow 

Hristles  l)lack,  rarelv  hrownis.  .    . 


CiiKVSoriMrs  Loe 


:51.   Fourth  vein  parallel  with  the  third  heyond  the  cross-vein,  or  nearly  so. 

Xaxtiiooii.oui  s  Tvoew. 
Fourth  vein  conver^iny  toward  the  third  hev<(tid  the  crctss-vein,  either 


irraduallv  or  hv  a  double  curve, 


(io  back  to  b 


•  ■  inji's  elonjj;ate,  the  posterior  cross-vei.;  considerably  beyond  ihe  mid- 
dle, less  than  its  length  from  the  ajH'X  of  the  fifth  vein  (Ilydrojjho- 
rinie) ;!:> 

\Vin,i>s  not  elon^rate,  cross-vein  scarcely  beyond  the  ndddle,  more  than 
its  leniith  from  the  end  of  the  fifth  vein  (if  less,  the  hind  metatarsus 
shorter  than  the  foUowlnjf  joint) '•)'> 

Fore  femora  slender I.iancai,us  I 

Fore  femora  more  or  less  incrassated,  with  spines  l)elow.     . 


tOl'W. 


'•'A.  Sj)ines  of  fore  femora  very  short,  thoracic  dorsum  without  well  marked 


])()llin()so  lines. 


II vDHoi-noms  Falle 


S])inos  of  fore  femora  long,  dorsuni  with  pollinose  lines.   Scki.ms  I.oiw. 
''V>.  <  )utor  appendajics  of  the  hypopyjiium  lony,  filiform. 


Nkmatophocti's  TiOew 


Outer  ai)i)enda{res  not  loufj  and  filiform. 


)»'. 


."•(!.   Second  antennal  joint  with  a  tinnnb-like   })rojection  alonjj  the  inner 

side  of  the  third  (Synarthrus  Loew).  .         .         .         Svntokmon. 

Not  with  stu'h  ])roIon,uation •"57 

;!7.  Eyes  contiguous  or  nearly  so  Ix'low  the  antemia>.  .  .  ,  ;>>< 
Eyes  contiguous  above  thi'  antenna'.  .  .  Diaimiouis  Meigeii. 
Eyes  closest  together  at  the  level  of  the  antennio,  divcging  above  ami 

Cami'sknkmiis  Walker. 


below  ;  middle  legs  of  male  distorted. 
Eyes  not  ap|)roximati'd. 


I)<)LK'li()i>(H)ii)j/ 


SI 


'''^.   rulvilli  of  male  fore  t, 


Pulvilli  of  iiiak-  not 


irsi  coii^iiicuoiisly  I'tilar^r,.,].       Ki  tausts  I. 

.      CiiiMsoTrs  i)t.  Mii'Ufii. 


t'lilarytMl. 


ocw. 


JO.  Tl 


lorax  l)riy:lit  u 


rcc'ii,  alxloiin'ii  vi'li 


liii. 


<>\v,  witli  a  u'ood  (li-il  of  i<il 


Not 


>i)  niarkccl. 


I. 


VlTV  pol- 


i;i cosToi-A  I. 


40 


40.   Faci'  l)r()a(I,  tlio  ])u\]n  ]. 


si)t'C'if.s,  witli  Vfllow  aiiti'ii 


ir<:c,  ivposingon  tlu'  proboscis ;  small,  jk)!! 


HIOSO 


nav 


Talj)!  of  onlinarv 


T 


iiiNOi'iiii.rs  Wahllirri 


prol 


XtSC'lS. 


sizt'  or  clso  projwtin.iT  lainellifonii,   free  from  tli 


41 


41.   The  third  lon.tritudiiial  vein  (in  the  male)  k 


near  the  tip  of  tlii'  latter,  tl 


tiiinl  and  fourtl 


1   V 


)  keeps  close  to  the  second  till 
leri  makes  a  wide  curve  hackward  ;  the 


Winns  of  ord 


ems  farther  apart  than  usual.   I. 


mary  structure. 


yiu»m;i  K(  s  I. 


oew, 


42 


42.  Third 


"■'•;   .l""'t  <.<  antenna,  in  the  nuile  conspicuously  lonj,.  awl-shape.l   not 

wider  at  the  base  than  the  first  joint,         .         .      K„a,.,.,u.m  M,.i.en 

I'M-d  jomt  long,  lancet-shaped,  wider  at  the  base  than  the  first  joint'. 

rp,  .    ]  .   .        ,  I'oiu'iiYnops  .Meiyeii. 

J  hird  jomt  short,  the  tip  sonietinus  .Irawn  out  into  a  point.         .         4;; 

4:5.  Arista  nearly  or  quite  aj.ical ;   fore  pulvilli  of  n.ale  not  enlarged. 

»    •  .     1         ,  CiiKvsori  ,s,  pt. 

Arista  dorsal  or  subapical ;   fore  pulvilli  of  u.ale  elon-ated. 

A      »     1        1   .  DiAi'iicmi  s,  ,  t. 

An.sta  dorsal   inserted  quite  near  the  base  of  the  joint ;  pulvilli  plain  ■ 
ulMlomen  of  male  slender,  comi)ressed. 


P 
.SVMI'VCXIS  Locw. 


10 


S*J 


XOirni  AMFJIICAX  DIITKUA. 


te' 


CYCLOllPJIAPITA. 


us.     SYUIMIID.K. 

Siiiall  to  nitluT  large  Hies.  Head  l»eiiiisj)li(»ri('al.  often  elon- 
gated or  ])rodu(u^d  in  tlie  lower  })art;  as  broad  or  a  little  broader 
than  the  thorax.  Face  moderately  broad,  bare  or  clothed  witli 
dust  or  short  )»ile;  excasated  in  j»roHle  tinder  the  antennai 
and  projecting  b(do\v.  or  with  a  distinct  convexity  near  the 
middle  part,  never  witii  longitudinal  {Vrrows  or  lateral  ridges, 
usually  convex  transviM'sely,  sonietiiMv'>i  with  a  median  ridge. 
Oral  opening  large ;  proboscis  rarely  mucli  elongated.  l''ront 
never  excavated.  Anteniue  usually  porrect  and  approximated 
at  their  base,  tiiree-jointed.  usually  with  a  dorsal  arista. 
Eyes  large,  bare  or  pilose  ;  in  the  male  usually  contiguous 
above.  Ocudli  always  piTsent.  Thoriix  comparatively  large 
and  robust,  moderat<dy  arched  above.  Teguhe  of  moderate 
size.  Abdomen  composed  of  five  or  six  visible  segments,  rarely 
with  only  four,  llypopygium  usually  not  prominent.  Legs 
usually  of  moderate  strength.  .Macrocluetie  rarely  ])resent  in 
anv  part  of  the  bodv  :  the  bodv  generally  thinly  ])ilose  or  bare, 
but  sometim(\s  clothed  with  thick  pile.  Wings  comparatiyely 
large;  third  longitudinal  yein  never  forked;  marginal  cell 
o])en  or  closed;  the  fourth  yein  terminates  in  the  third  at  or 
before  the  ti]> ;  three  ])osterior  cells;  basal  cells  large;  anal 
cell  always  (dosed  before  the  border  of  the  wing;  between  the 
third  and  fourth  'oi.gitudinal  yein  and  nearly  ])arallel  with 
them,  a  false  or  s])urious  vein,  nearly  always  present  and 
rliarncteristtr  of  tlif  fdiiill i/. 

The  family  Syr])hidie  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the 
order.  Xearly  twenty-five  hundred  species  are  known  through- 
out the  world  and  many  new  forms  are  constantly  being  added. 
They  contain  among  them  many  of  the  brightest-colored  flics, 


SYlMMIID.i:. 


s;; 


111(1 


iiuiiicrous  speciiiu'iis  aiv  sure  to  aiiin-ar  in  aiiv 


irt'iicra 


colU'ctioii  of  iiist'cts.  Nont'  arc  injurious  in  tlicir  lial)its  io 
iiuiirs  economy  and  many  arc  very  licnciicial.  In  llicir  adult, 
liahits  tiicy  all  show  a  ^-rcat  unii'ormitv.     Tiicv  art'  H 

n 


u's   ai 


suiisliim 


id    I't'cd    upon   lioncy    and    pollen,    1 


ower 


oviiiL;-    the    Itri^ht 


The  larva'  are  usuallv  not,   very   eloii'^ate.   with   t 


irm,  some- 


times tough  skin,,  the  head-segments  small  and  extensile,  the 
liead  not  distinctly  differentiated.  The  external  mouth-i)arts 
are  either  wholly  wanting,  with  only  a  soft  fleshy  oj)einng.  or 


tl 


lere  are  two  or  four  outwardly  directed  hooklets.     Ant 
short,  small,  one  or  two  jointed  and  fleshv.     liodv 


smooth  oi 


cnna' 
th 


])rovided   with    soft    conical   i)r()jections    and  bristles;  below 
usually  with  seven  i)airs  of  abdominal  feet.      At  tl 


end  the  bodv  terminat 


le  ])osterior 


?le  or  double,  the  stigmata.     Tins  tul 


es  m  a  more  or  less  eloii-^Mte  tube,  sin- 


)('  sometimes  forms  a 
short,  almost  chitinized,  tubercular  i)rojection  on  the  dorsal 
l)art  of  the  last  segment;  at  other  times  it  is  very  long,  longer 
than  the  body,  slender  and  composed  of  two  joints,  the  one 


j;  witliin  the  other,  like  the  joints  of  a  tel 


escoi)( 


slidin 

changing  to  the  pupal  condition,  the  larval  sk 

form  the  pupal  envelojje,  and  the  body  l)ecomes  shorter, 

oval  and  of  a  darker  color,  the  el(Mi«rated 


n 


111   contracts  to 


more 


res])iratorv  tube,  in 


the  ''rat-tailed  "  species,  being  curved  over  the  back.  Unlik< 
all  the  other  Cyclorrhaplia,  except  the  l»ipunculidu',  the  fron- 
tal lunule  is  not  used  in  springing  ofl'  the  cap  to  the  pui»arium. 


The  habits  of  the  larva'  ai 


e  more  varial)le  than  th 


ose  o 


f  th 


adult  flies.     A  large  number  live  in  decaying  wood,  or  other 
vegetation,    or  in    ordure,  or    decomposin; 
Some  live  in  the  stems  of 
larv 


inimal    remains, 
various  plants,  some  in  fungi.     The 


e    of  many  species  of  the  Syrpliini  are  aphidoj)! 


lairous. 


crawling  about  on  the  st 


nis  of  jilants   frecpiented  by  ])lant- 


lice  and  destroying  them.     Some  live 

be  parasiti(^ ;  otliers  in  the  nests  of  iinnible  I 

On  account  of  the  large  nnmlier  of  genera  and  the  conse 


in  ant's  nests  and  mav 


lees. 


8'^ 


S4 


NOlJ'ill   AMKinCAN  DII'TF-KA. 


(lut'iit  l('ii.t,'tli  M  ^)h*  tablt;  of  the  North  Aiiu'ricaii  genera,  I 
liave  introdueed  at  tlie  close  uii  auxiliary  tahle  or  ,nr(»ui»iiii;-  of 
a  eoiisideralile  nuiiiher  of  tlie  genei'a  which  can  be  defined  hy 
deeisive  characters. 


•'^■ 


TAULK  (tK  (IKNKKA. 


1.  Anti'iiiiii'  witli  a  tiriniiiiil  style 

Aiiti'iiiiji'  with  !i  (l()i>iil  arista.  ..... 

2.  Antciiiiii'  fyliiulrical,  tlu'  first  two  joints  i'loiij;atiMl  {d  rln). 


SiMiv.\iMc)i;i'ii.v  Ikoiidaiii. 


ri;i,i:('<>('i:i!.v  .Mciucii 


(".M.I.ICKKA    I' 


First  two  Joints  of  tlio  antcima'  sliort. 

i).   Kyt's  bare,  small  spi'cics.  .... 

Kyt'S  i»ilosi',  lariii-r  spi-cii-s.        .... 

4.   Mar},Mnal  cell  of  tlit'  wiiiu:s  cIosimI  and  petioiati'. 

Marginal  ct'il  o])C'n.  ..-......•"> 

o.    Anterior  eross-vein  of  the  wiims  distinetlv  hefori'  the  niidille  of  the 


iiiizer. 


4K 


discal  cell,  rectanjiular. 


(') 


Anterior  cross-vi'in  near  or  heyoiid  the  middle  of  the  discal  cell,  ofli'ii 
o))li(lue.  ...........       o'l 


('».   Antenna'  elotigatc 
Antenna'  short. 


KJ 


7.    Dorsum  of  thorax  with  yellow  lateral  stripes;  large  species,  the  abdo- 


men alwavs  with  distinct  vellow  hand:- 


CiiKYSOToxr.M  .Meigen. 


Dorsum  of  thora.x  without  yellow  lateral  stripes  or  margins.         .         S 

8.  Face  rounded,  i)il()se,  not  tuherculato;  oral  margin  not  i)rojecting.      t> 
Face  not  evenly  arched,  tuherculate  or  the  oral  margin  projecting.     14 

*.).   Moderately  large  to  I  irge  species;  scutellum  flattened,  usually   with 
spines  or  tubercles  on  its  margin  ;  a  stumj)  of  a  vein  in  the  first  pos- 


terior cell  from  the  third  longitudinal  vein. 


10 


^mall  species;  scutellum  without  s])ines  or  tubercles;   no  sucli  stumj) 


of  a  vein  jjresent. 


I'iPiZA  Fallen. 


10.   Abdomen  much  narrowed  near  the  base  (Central  and  S.  America).     11 


Abdomen  not  or  but  little  narrowed  near  tlii'  base. 


VI 


11.   Face  swollen  and  i)rominent  below. 
Face  not  swollen  and  prominent  below. 


lIiioi'.xLosYui'iirs  (iiglio-Tos. 
MiXixi.vsTKit  Macquart. 


12.   Second  segment  of  the  abdomen  with  tlu'  lateral  margins  inflated. 


Se<'ond  segment  of  the  abdomen  normal. 


( )MK(iA>*Yi{i'iir.s  (iiglio-'ros 
i: 


SYI!I'|III),K 


I-".,    lliinl  iiu-t;itarf;i  imicli  diliitt 


lliiKi 


iiictiitarsi  not  eonsiiiciioiislv  dil.iti 


t'mj 


•ri:s  Walker. 


M 


14.    lioilv    clotlud  with 


KKDixts  .Mcimr) 


«liai>f  IdinciitiMi 


witli  .-^pinnn.s  bristles  lu'iow  ((Vwitrai  aixl 
Iiidifs) 


lioil 


y  not  with  thiftfinMl  tDiiicnti 


nil. 


Face  tuhcrculati- l.idow,  jiartiy  nr  wholly   veil 
face  and  front  not  wrinkled. 


tlie  f( mora  thickened  and 

South    America  ami  West 

I.i.i'ii.(»sr<n,.\  .Mik. 

1.-) 


ow  ;  epistouia  receiliiiir; 


Kjiist 


oina  projectinus  front  and   face  hlack. 


I'AitAoi  s  Lat 


]<!.   Face  black  ii 


1  lifoimd-cojor. 


ace  more  or  K'ss  yellow  in  f-roiind-co|or. 


17.    Abdomen  with  oidv  f 


temia,'  very  short,  third 
arista. 


(tur  visilde  seotnents;  first   two  joints  of  tl 


reille. 
-'1 


•Jii 


le  an- 


ar-e,  siil„iuadrate,  with  a  short,  siibterminal 


Ab 


loniei)  with  more  than  four  visibl 


N 


ALsioASTKi:  Williston. 


c  seirnii  Ills. 


IS.    Hind  femora  distinctiv  thickened. 


I! 


ind  femora  but  little  or  not  at  all  thickened. 


V.\  Scntelhim  niiusiiallv  h 


iruc,  nearly  .scjiiare;  males  di(dioi)tic 


Sctitelliim  not  miiisuallv  I 


('IIAI.(  OMVIA   Willist 


on. 


)i()l 


optic  and  with  a  facial  tubcrck 


iruc,  considerably  broader  at  the  has 


ISC  ;  male; 


MVIOI.KI'TA   N 


cwinaii. 


20.   F 


ace  rounded,  nut  tubcrculatc,  tl 


K'  oral  margin  not  projcctii 


lii'. 


•"iicc  tul)erciilate  or  the  oral 


I'lci/.A  Fal 


margin  [irojec  (im 


n.   Kjtistoma  projoc 


leii. 
L'l 


Face  tubcrculatc,  the  oral 


iinjj:;  small,  black  specic^ 


maroin  not  projectin> 


2-2.  Front  in  the  female  and  usually  tlio  face  in  botl 


wrinkles;  vena  spuria  olisolete. 
■  ront  and  face  not  wrinkled  ;  face  pilose  and  not  tul 


1  se.xcs  with  transver 
('iii{vs()<iAsrKi{  Meiycn 
•erculate. 
I'sii.KTA  Meiiicn 


se 


'):l 


Metallic  <rrcen,  nictall 


ic  <; 


separated  l)y  ji  .slender  parallel 


reen  and  black,  or  Idack  species  ;  facial  orbit> 


Ulacdv  with  ii 


liroi/ve. 


lore  or  le 


ss  metallic  <;reeii  or  blue,  with  veil 


CiiiiosjA  .Meiain. 


eross-ljutids  on  the  al)doineii ;  face  without  parall 


ow  or  vellowish 


lei  groove; 


24.   Winjir  not  Um^vr  tlian  the  abd 


(lei)ressed,  lonfr-ellii)tical,  somewhat 
niarkiufrs  ferruufirious  or  oraime  vidlow. 


omen;  ocellar  tubercle  lar^e;  alxh 


24 


)meii 


arrowed  toward  the  base,  tl 


le 


Winys  lonw'er  than    the  abd( 


I'VRC 


>i'it.«\A  Schiner. 


y(dlow  or  shiiii 


)men ;  abdomen  with    veil 


ny-  metallic  cross-band 


ow  or  iiTeeiiish 
s;   u.sually  elonuate  sj)ecies.   lio 


* 


SC) 


X<U{TII  AMKKK'AX  DII'TKIIA. 


2'».    Fnmt  tihiu'  distally  iiiiil   tarsi  of  the    $   diluted,  tlmsc  of  tlic  fctiuilc 


sliylitlv  widi'iicd. 


I'l.ATVciiiiti  s  St.  Karmau  and  Sirv 


Front  tihiii'  and  tarsi  sitiidrr  in  both  scxi's. 


.Mi:t,ANOS|(>M.\    ScililKT. 


"J*'>.   AlMlonu-n  narrowi'ij    toward    tin-   hasi-,  in    outline  spatulale   or   eliii)- 
sliaped.        ...........         "JT 

Abdomen  oval  or  slender,  not  elul)-sliaj)ed  or  sjKitiilate.  mI 

27.  Third  longitndinal  vein  deejdy  eurved  into  the  first  posti'rior  cell  (Cen- 

tral and  South  Anieriea).     .         .  .         S.M.iMMiOdASTKK  Sehiner. 

Tiiiril  lon<;ituilinal  vein  straiylit  or  p-ntly  eurved.       .         .         .         "JS 

28.  Ilind  femora  slender;  front  of  female  lon<r,  nurroweil  above.       .         L".t 
Hind   femora  thickened;  abdomen   less  elonuate;  front   not   lonir  and 


narrow  aliovi 


1>a((;hina  Williston,  nov 


2!>.   Alulii'  rudimentary  or  wantinjr. 

Aluhe  well  developed.     .... 

."•0.    Kpistoma  proihu'cd  anteriorly,  the  face  in  profile  dee])ly  concave  from 


Hacciia  Fabriciuf 


anti-nnu'  to  tip;  third  Joint  of  the  anteiinii*  rounded. 


Sl'HKlMNA 


M 


emin. 


F^pistonni  produced  more  downvard,  in  jirofili'  jri.ntly  t-oncave;  third 


joint  of  the  antenme  not  rounded. 


Ni:OAS(  lA  Williston 


.'51.   Front  lonjf,  much  narrowed  above  in  the  female;  clu'eks  very  narro\ 
the  eyes  a|)i)roachiii<i'  each  other  at  the  lower  j)art  of  the  head  ;  wii 


lUS 


usually  with  a  dark  jdcture;  abdoTuen  more  or  less  elonuate 


OcviTAMi  s  .Mac(iuart. 


Spi'cie.s  witliout  the  above  cliaracters. 


M2.   Dorsum  of  the  thorax  with  yellow  lateral  marjjins.      .  .         .")'.> 

Dorsum  of  thorax  not  with  yellow  lateral  margins.       .         .         .         .'1;! 

;];).   Abdomen  with  definite  yidlow  cross-bands.   .....        o4 

Abdonu'ii  not  with  detiniti'  yellow  cross-bands.     .         ...        42 

.">4.  Ilind  femora  extraordinarily  thickened.  Svritta  St.  Farj>'.  and  Serv. 
Ilind  femora  slender.     .........:'>•"> 

.'55.  Sixth  abdomimil  seiimeiit  in  the  $  as  lon^f  as  the  two  ]»recedinji'  to- 
jrether,  cylindrical  ;  fifth  se<j'ment  in  the    9   oni'-half  as  lonjf  as  the 


precedinfj. 


El  I'KODKS  Oston  Sackei 


Sixth  segment  not  peculiar,  the  fifth  sej;nient  of  the  9  one-third  oront' 

fourth  as  l(»nj,' as  the  i»recediny: -"Si 

'•'>().   Front  very  convex;  eyes  of  $  with  an  area  of  enlar<;ed  faci'ts  above 

k-n 


("atabo.mha  Osteii  Sack-n 


Front  not  remarknblv  convex. 


.'57.  Third  lonjjitudimil  vein  with  a  distinct  curvature  into  the  first  posterior 
cell;  third  Joint  of  the  antenmi' elongate  oval.        Dii>i;a  Maciiuart. 
Third  lor.;.>itii<linal   vein  straight  or  gently  curved  ;  epistonwi  not  pro- 
duced (if  produced  snout-like,  liliiiniid).  ....         .5^ 


SYIM'IIIDJ;. 


s. 


•X.   .Mali.s  iH.lnptic SvKn.rs  Kal.riri.is. 

MaU-sl.n.a.Ily.iiclM.ptic.  ....      CiMMouinn  s  Mik. 

•".0.    l).,rs,nn  ,,{  tliurax  witl.  a  i.ii-.lian  ruwrvous  Wuv.  ...•dli  u<.ially  ivuH.t,. 

.Mi:s<>(.i!\.\r.MA  I.iifw. 


f'niiii  tlic  vertex. 


DorMiin  i>{  tlnirax  witliout  .such  line 


Id 


■to.    i;y(.s„f  ^  witl.  an  area  of  cnlaruv,!   facets  al...ve:  futirtl.  semiiei.t  ,.f 

uw  stripes  and  oiiliiine  .side-sjiofs. 


the  abdomen  with  two  Miediiiri  veil 


ICyes  of  $  not  witli  a 


Ai,i.()<;ii.\i'iA  (»sten  Sa(  i< 


en. 


n  area  of  eniarsieil   facets  al 


41.    F 


ina!  sei;inent  not  so  marked, 
■f  projectin^r  l)i-iow  ;  slender  sp: 


Face  recedinn-;  ahd 


litove;    fourth  ahdon 


n 

Scii.KKoi'iioijiA  Mac(|uart. 


otneTi  oval 


X 


AM  M(>(i|tAMMA  .Schiner. 


'1-J.   Thickly   pilose  species.-  alidonien  idiick.   the  hasal 


)red. 


portion     Ii<rJit-col- 


Thinl 


Iil,l  <(>/()NA    Scl 


y  pdosi-  spi'cies,  not  so  marked. 


4:'),    Mind  femora  thickened. 


Hind  f 


emora  slendi-r. 


liner. 
4;; 

44 


44.   Species  wholly  or  chiefly  reddish  or  lutescent. 


IJIack  species,  sometimes  with  hit 


antxles  of  the  ahdom 


en. 


4.'t.   Scutellum  unusually  larj-e,  nearly  .stiuare  in  oufl 


Scuttdluiu  oval;  males  holoptii 
IC.   Face  carinate;  ahdomen  oval. 

Face  tuberculate.    . 
47.   Kpist 


4(1 
e(.us  spots  on  face,  humeri,  and  basal 

ine;  males  diidioptic. 
on. 


ClIAI.COMVIA   Willist 


n 


Mvioi.KiTA  Newman. 
Hkaciivopa  Mei^n'ii. 

V.M.MKKS(  HMIKTIA    ScllUIIlinel. 


{tistonia  produced  into  a  lonu  porrected  snout.  1 

Kpistoma  not  produced.  .... 


{in.N(iiA  Seopoli. 


(iiii.xsiA  .Mei< 


yn. 


48.  Third  longitudinal  vein  bent  <leeply  into  the  ti 


'I'hin 


rst  posterior  cell. 


lonjritudinal  vein  not  bent  deeply  into  the  first  posterior  cell 


antenna'  elongate 
4i).  Arista  very  densely  plumose,  apj 

Arista  feathery  i>luinose. 

00.  Males  dichoptic.     . 
Males  lioloptic. 

01.  Hind  femora  witli  a  sliarit  tooth  lik 


4H 


learing  as  a  solid  mas.>i 


("oi'KSTVUM  .Mac(iuart. 


.".(» 


Ml 


end.  •         .         .         . 

Hind  femora  without  such  tootli 


(iA.MKTAI'ON    (;ijr|io-'|'os, 

\'ni.ici;i,F,A  (ieolTroy. 

ce  projection  below  near  the  distal 

Mii.KsiA  Latreille, 


ss 


Noirril  AMKIJH'AN  DII'TKKA. 


0"J.   Frontal  triaiiirlt'  i)t"  $  stroii^iy  jn'utuhiTaiit  {/'iilinsi/r/i/nts  liijidt,  Central 

and  Sontli  AnHrica).  ....         I'kiomkki  s  Macciuart. 

Fntiital  trianjili'  not  jtroinini'nt.  ......         .').■; 

oo.    Kpistonia  proiliici'ii  into  a  lonj,^  porri-ctfil  snout    (Ci-ntral  anil  South 
America).  .....  Lv<'astkikiiyn<  iia  lii;fot. 

Kpistoina  not  proiluceil.         ........         .")4 

o4.  Thorax  with  distinct  vellow  inarkiii;_rs ;  femora  tiiickeneil ;  hyi)o<iyiiium 

i-nlar^ed  (I'tcroiililo).         ....         Mekomacuis  Kondani. 

Thora.\    without    distinct   yellow   markinjrs;    hind    femora   somi'tinus 

tiiickeneil;  hypopyirium  not  j)romini'nt.         .       Kuistalls  Latreille. 


57. 
08. 

m. 
m. 

01. 
(12. 


Arista  plumose. 

Arista  l)are  or  pubescent. 

Antenna'  elongated. 
Antenna-  short. 


•  >(> 
OS 

.    riiAi.ACKOMYiA  IJonilani. 

i')7 


Skkk OMYiA  Meiiren. 
AiicToi'iiii.A  Schiner. 


04. 
Oo. 


Thiidy  pilose;  aliilomen  with  yellow  bands. 
Thickly  i)ilose;  abdomen  without  yellow. 

Third  lon^ntudinal  vein  bent  deej)ly  into  the  first  jiosterior  cell;  hind 
femora  thickened.      .........         oD 

Third  vein  only  j^ently  curved.     .......         <i4 

Face  carinate;  hind  femora  with  an  ansjrular  protuberance  l)elow  near 
tlic  outer  end.  ......       Tiit)i'ii»iA  Mei<;en. 

Face  tuberculatc  or  arched,  not  carinate <i<> 

Abdomen  much  narrowed  at  the  base  (Central  and  South  America). 

Ceuiocastku  Williston. 
Abdomen  not  narrowed  at  tlie  base 01 

Antenna^  elongate  (Mexico  and  Kurope).  I'i.atyxoch.ktis  Wiedemann. 
Antenntu  short 02 

Thorax  and  scutellum  densely  pollinose  above       Pterallastks  Loew. 
Thorax  and  scutellum  not  densely  pollinose  above.     .         .         .         O:! 

Third  joint  of  the  antenna?  broad  ;  thorax  not  vittate.  .         .         07 

Third  joint  of  the  antenuiu  oval;  thorax  usually  vittate.     .         .        04 

AsKMOSYiu'urs  Bigot. 
IIkloi'iiilus  Meigen. 

riiickly  pilose  s])ecies. Mai.lota  ^^eigen. 

Thinly  pilose.  ..........         <'><• 


Ocelli  remote  from  each  other. 
Ocelli  not  remote  from  eacli  other 


SVniMIID.K 


89 


)il'>, 


()7 


i)S. 


(il>. 


Iliii.l  tiliii.'  of  till,  male  witli  ,ui  iiit.Tiial  riHMliaii  ^j.iir.    (S...  alsn  M„l/ni„ 

'"''■■' 'l'^:' 'iKx'NKMix  Osttii  Sai'kcTi. 

Ilin.l  til.ii."  of  $  not  with  such  a  sjnir.  I'c.i.vi.ommm via  Wiliistoii. 

Hind  fiMiK.ra  thicl<ciuMl  and  with  a  l)itid  simr  l.t  low  ('\„rth  AnuTica). 

,  Skmh.astkh  Macciiiart. 

Hind  tcniora  without  sucli  si»ur.     .....  .j^ 

Slt-ndiT  spccii's:  ahdonu'ii  narrowed  Itasally.     (Sec -JH.) 

Ahdoini'ti  in  no  wise  cIiilt-sliaiHMi.  ....  (JO 

Thora.x  with  distiiirt  yi-liow  niarkin-s  other  than  on  fl:o  humeri  7S 

Tliora.x  not  with  distinct  yeihnv  nwirkin-s  of  the  jjn.und  eoh.r  <.ther 

tlian  rarely  on  the  liunieri. 


7(» 


1*0.    Face  transv«'rsidv  arched  or 


M 


ahdonien  more  or  less  elonjrate  ami  nearlv  l>a 


irinati',  not  produci'd,  not  tuherculatt 


re, 


ore 


or  less  thickly  jdlose  species,  often  1 


'1 


ULfe 


71.    Hind  femora  e.xtraordinarilv  thickened 


lar. 
Hind  f 


emora  more  or  less  thickened: 


72.    Face  sharply  carinate. 
Faci'  transversely  arched. 

7;].   Scutellum,  martiin  of  the  tl 


anterior  cross-vein  rectani,Mi- 
SviMTTA  St.  Far-r.  and  Serville. 
cross-vein  ol)li((Ue.     .  ~2 

Tiioi'iDFA  Meijren. 
Xv I.OTA  Meiiren. 


lora.x  and  pleura-  with  hristlv  1 


lairs. 


Tl 


lorax  wholly  without  hristh 


('iii{VS(M'iii,AMvs  K'ondi 


(III. 


♦ 


74.   Face  short,  not  produced, 
himi  femora  thickened 
Face  produced,  lonu'. 

7').   Ahdomoii  elongate. 


concave  from  antenna'  to  tij),  not  tuherculati 


Abd 


oil) 


vciivi'Ai.iMs  .Mac(|iiart. 


en  very  hroa<I ;  thorax  densely  pilose;  middle  femora  of  the  $ 


with  an  inferior  basal  sjnir 
"(i.    Face  produced  forward,  })o!nted, 


F 


tuberciilate;  hind  femora  thickened 
lice  not  evenly  concave,  but  tuberculat 


Hakhomvia  Williston. 
concave  from    antenna'  to  tij),   not 


CkioI'Iioha  <  »^tell  Sack 


en. 


e  or  convex. 


Th 


Tl 


ird  Joint  of  the  antennae  produced  above  int 

minatinjr  in  the  thickened  arista. 

urd  joint  of  the  antennae  obli(|wely  oval;  hin<l  f 


eneii 


7^<.    Hind  femora  witl 
di.stal  end. 


o  a  conical  ])rocess,  ter- 
.Mi:iiAiM<)ii>i  s  Hiii'ot. 
emora  rarely  thick- 
f'liioRMiNA  Mac(iuart. 


1  a  conical,  tooth-like  jirotulnraiice  Ixd 


Hind  femora  without  such  ]>rotiil 


ow  near  the 
Si'ii.oMviA  .Mei<reii. 


•enince 


11 


Qi 


00 


XOIJTH  AMKlUf'AN  DII'TKHA. 


rO.   Antcniiii'  inscrtt'd  low  down,  near  the  middle  of  the  head  in  profile 


faee  not  longer  than  the  front. 


Tkmnostoma  St.  Farg.  and  Serv. 


Antenna*  situated  high  up,  on  a  conical  process  ;  fro-     short,  face  much 
produced  downward;  antennie  long  or  short.  Simifxomvia  Latreille. 


AUXII.IAUY  TAHLK 


1.   Marginal  cell  closed 
(,'opcstylum,  4,  6 


H. 


Milesia,  2,  7. 
Meromacrus,  2. 
Lycastrirhyncha,  2,  (5. 


Megametapon,  4,  o,  8,  10. 
I'riomerus,  2,  8. 
Eristalis,2,  5,8. 
Volucella,  4,  5,  8. 


Third  vein  hent  deeply  into  the  first  posterior  eel 


Didea,  8. 
Milesia,  1,  7. 
Meromacrus,  1 . 
Lycastrirhyiu'ha,  1,  (!. 
Ceriogaster,  1,  1*. 
llelophilus,  10. 
Mallota,  8,  10. 
I'olydontoniyia,  7. 
IMatynocha'tus,  4. 


Salpingogaster,  0. 
I'riomerus,  1,  5,  8. 
Kristaiis,  1,  T*.  8. 
Tropidia,  7. 
I'terallastes. 
Asem()syr])hus,  10. 
Teuchocnemis. 
Senogaster,  7,  0. 


O.  First  posterior  cell  with  a  stump  of  a  vein  from  the  third  longitudinal 


Mi.xogaster,  4,  9. 
Klu)palosyrphus,  4,  0, 
ritristes,  1(». 

4.   Antenna*  elongate: 

Si)hyxiniori)ha.  0. 
I'ipiza,  8. 

Onu'gasyrphus,  'A,  8. 
Microdon,  ;],  8. 
I'hristes,  .",,  10. 
I'aragus,  pt.  8. 
.Megametajjon,  T),  10. 
I'latynocha'tus,  2. 
Sphecomyia,  i»t. 

r».  Arista  plumose : 
(.'hilosia,  pt.  8. 
Kristalis,  pt.  1,  2,  8. 
Arctophila. 
Megametapon,  4,  10. 
Copestylum,  1,  4,  8. 

0.   K])istoma  produced  into  a  long  |)orrected  snout; 


Omegasyrphus,  4,  8. 
Microdon,  4,  8. 


riirysotoxum,  8. 


Mi.xogaster,  :'.,  0. 
Khoi)alo.><yrphus,  .">,  9. 
Lei)idost()la. 
Chrysogaster,  pv 
Volucelhi,  1,  ij,  8. 
Spilomyia,  i)t.  7. 
CoiK'stylum,  1,  5,  8. 
I'halacromvia,  0. 


lirachyojia  pt. 
Sericomyia. 
Volucella,  1,  4,  8. 
I'halacromvia,  4. 


n\ 


imgia. 


Lvcastrirhvncha,  1,  2. 


coxoi'IDj:. 


;n 


7.   Hind  fomora  w;:'.!  a  i)rojt'ctir»ii  lu 
SenopisttT,  2,  0. 
Spiloinvia,  4. 
l'f)l\<l()iit()iiiyia,  2,  l(t. 

><.   Kyi's  ))u)ii'si't'nt  : 
Syrplnis,  pt. 
Microdon,  pt.  4. 
Mc'<.'aiin'taj)oii,  14. 
Mallota,  pt.  2,  10. 
I'ipiza,  4. 
Lt'ucozoria. 
Kristalis,  pt.  1,4. 
rojR'.styluiii,  1,  4,  5. 
('Iirysochlaiiiy.x. 

v.  Alxloiiu'ii  spatulatt'  or  naiTowLMl  c 
Spliyxiinorplia,  4. 
Hli<)j)al().syrplius,  :],  4. 
Sfiiojra.stcr,  2,  7. 
Hacclia. 
Spejrjiia. 
Ceria. 

10.   Males  flklioptic: 
IVIecoc'i'ra. 

Hli()j)al()syrphus,  :),  4,  0. 
Mi.xouastt'r,  ;!,  4,  0. 
<)iiu'>>asyrplnis,  ;J,  4. 
ritristc's,  .'5,  4. 
Microdon,  ;!,  4,  8. 
Clialcomvia. 


lou  : 


Tropidia,  2. 
-MiU'sia,   1,  2. 


Didca,  j)t.  2. 
Clnlo.sia,  pt.  ;"». 
Clirysoto.xuni,  4. 
I'silota. 
I'aragus,  4. 
Catalioinha. 
Voliic'flla,  pt.  1,  4,  f). 
I'riouierus,  2.  I. 

oiispiciioti.vly  at  the  hnsv  : 
Mi-XoiiastiT,  4,  ;;. 
(A'riofrasttT,  1,  2. 
Salpinffopister,  2. 
Haccliina. 
N('(»ascia. 


M('Kiinu'taj»oii,  1,  4,  o,  8. 
Asiiiiosyopliiis,  2. 
Ili'lopliiliis,  2. 
Mallota,  i)t.  2,  H. 
I'olydontoiiiyia,  2,  7. 
riianio.>iyrpliiis. 


2j).    c()X()j>ii)j<:. 

Thinly  pil<)S(>  or  nearly  bare,  more  or  less  elongated  species. 
Jiead  broad;  front  broad  in  both  sexes;  ocelli  present  or 
absent.  Anteniue  porreet,  composed  of  three  simple  joints, 
the  third  with  a  dorsal  arista  or  terminal  style.  Oral  opening 
large;  proboseis  slender.  Abdomen  more  or  less  elongated'^ 
<.ft.Mi  eonstrieted  toward  the  base.  Basal  eells  of  wing  nsnally 
large,  the  third  (anal)  closed;  three  i)osteri(.r  cells/ the  first 
closed  or  nnich  narrowed;   no  spnrioiis  vein. 


i\'J 


NitKIFI  A.MKIMCAN   DII'TKIJA. 


Al)()ut  forty  sjx'cics  of  this  t'uniily  art^  known  from  North 
Aiiieri(;;i.  They  iin*  all  flower-flios,  not  very  (]uick  in  flight. 
Flics  of  .so;!i('  of  the  genera  (Cotioj^s.  Phi/sori'phdld  and  Tropah)- 
iiii/iii)  liave  a  carious  resenibhmee  to  certain  was])s,  and  yet 
more  to  the  sj)ccies  of  <\'i''ia  among  the  Syrphidu*.  Tiie  genus 
Sfi//(ifjasfi'r  is  remarkable  for  the  very  h)ng  ovi[)Ositor  of  the 
femah)  and  the  elongate  ])rol)oscis  in  both  sexes.  The  four 
known  specic.s  art'  from  Africa,  Xorth  and  South  America. 

So  far  as  known,  the  larvie  of  this  family  are  ])arasitic  u])on 
adult  hymeno[)tera  (wa,s})S  and  humble-bees)  and  orthojttera. 
The  eggs  of  the  female  are  laid  directly  u[)on  the  bodies  of 
the  bees  or  wasps  during  flight.  The  yoinig  larxie  burrow 
within  the  abdominal  cavity  of  their  host,  and  there  remain, 
the  posterior  end  directed  toward  the  base  of  the  abdomen, 
feedin!"-  upon  the  non-vital   '.lortions.  until  readv  to  transform 


into  the  nuiture  fly.  when  they  escape  from  between  the 
abdominal  rings  of  the  insect.  The  larva'  of  Con(){)ida' 
are  oval  or  pear-shaped,  with  distinctly  differentiated  seg- 
ments, which  are  cajjable  of  extension  or  contraction.  The 
antenna'  are  wart-like,  with  two  chitinous,  ocellus-like  rings  at 
th(?  extremity.  The  mouth-hooklets  are  strongly  bent.  On 
the  last  segment  there  are  two,  large,  round  or  kidney-sha])ed 
stigmatic  jtlates.  arched  like  a  watch  crystal.  The  pu])arium 
is  oval,  with  button-like,  slightly  projecting  anterior  stignuita 
and  the  posterior  i)air  as  in  the  larva".  They  remain  within 
the  body  ol  tlieii-  host  during  the  winter. 


l^Mr: 


TAIW.K  OF  GHNKKA. 

1.   Aiiti'iina'  with  a  tcrniiiiiil  styk';  prohoscis  ilircctcd  forward,  without  iiic- 

ilian  iiiiiui' ;  alxioiiu'ii  coiistricU'il  toward  the  liasc.  .         .         '_' 

.AiitiMiiia'  witli  a  dorsal  or  sulKh)rsal  arista.      .....         4 

'2.    Fact'  with  a  iiu'ilian  riiliii',  without  ^t^-sliapcd  yroovi's  ((\'iitrai  and  Soutli 
America.)   .......     'ritoi'ii«»MVi.\  Williston. 

Face  Willi  a  wcll-nuirked  ,\-shai)e'il  uroovc •"> 

:1.    Femora  and  tihia-  not  tliicki'ued  or  dihiti'd,  or,  if  so,  thi'  tlii('l<t'?iin,n'  rcu- 
ular;  small  ci-oss-vi'in  of  the  winjis  nearly  opposite  tlu'  tip  of  the 


au.siliiirv  vein,  and  near  the  middle  of  the  diseal 


("ONOI'S  I.ilUU' 


rii'r.\(  rijD.K 


Fon.ora  imjrularly  tl.ic-kn.r.l  tuwar.l  tlu-  l.asf,  tlu' til.i:,.  witl.  im-„i,r 
"Ulliru.s  ;  small  cro.ss-vrin  of  winus  uvur  thr  oiitrr  tl.inl  nf  .iiscarcH. 

l'iiVsori,i-iiAi..\  Scliiiicr. 
4.   I'n.l.oscis  .lin.c'tc'.l  forward,  not  Iktu  near  tl.c  luUUUv.  /o,„„v  Latrnll,. 
Proboscis  Lent  near  the-  mi.ldlr,  the  distal  part  foldin-  Lack.  r, 

A.    Vertex  with  bristles;  til.iu' spurred  ;  face  carinate.  not  -roovi-l  ■  ovipo<- 
.tor  of  fen.aio  very  lonjr.  .  .  Stv,.o..as,  ,,k  .Ma,..,„art 

\  ertex  and  tibiie  without  bristles;  face  with  A-slmiU'd  -roove.        .         .i 
a   Anal  cell  short;  ovipositor  eh.n-ate  and  folded  beneath  the  abdomen. 

Halmanma  h'obineau-Dc.svoidv 
Anal  ceil  elonu;ate,  acuti'. 

7.   Cheeks  not  as  broad  as  the  vertical  diameter  of  tin.  eye. 

<'N<  o.MViA    Hobineau-Desvoidv. 
(  heeks  as  broad  or  broader  than  the  v.'rtical  diameter  of  the  eye. 

.M  voi'A  Kabricius. 


•50-     IMrrXClLID.K. 

SinalK  tliii.ly  ].ilos.'  or  lu'arly  l.aiv  tii.'.s.  11,m.1  n.-arlv  sidi.-r- 
H-al.  broader  tlian  the  tliorax,  (•lii..Hy  c(.i,iim.,s,mI  „C  th,.  lai-v 
eyes.  Eyes  in  tl.e  male  coi.ti-uoii.s  alM»ve.  separate.!  l,v  the 
"am.u-  front  in  tl.e  ieniah..  Fa,e  narnnv.  Anteiu.a' s'tuall. 
sliori.  three-jointed,  the  third    i(.int  oval 


<h)rs;il  arista,  oft 


cess   o 


n   ti 


en  with  a  inorc  or  less  el 


<»r  renifonn,  with  a 


oiiL'^ate 


le    under    side.     Ocelli    ). resent.      Prol 


j)oint 


eoneealed.     Abihtmen    composed   of 
small,  cylindrical;  hyi)o|)y,-iiini   thieken.-d 


ed  t)ro- 


)oseis    smal 


sn 


;iped 


ahd 


si.\    or   seven    sennients. 
niore  or  less  eluh- 
ovipositor    usually  elon-ate    ;ind   fc.hh'd    under    the 


omen.      Le^'s    simple;    m.-tatarsi    tdon-ated.    tarsi    I 


iroad 


tibia'  without  s[)urs;   pidvilli   pres.-nt.     Ti'-id 

Win«rs   miu'h  longer  than  the   abdomen;    third 

vein    not   furc;ite;    basal   e.'lls   well   .h.velop.MJ.   the  amd    .•..!] 

elongate,  reaching  to.  or  nejirlv  to.  tl 


e  rudimentary 
longitudinal 


cidl   narrowed  in  the   i 
diseal  c(dl  present  in  t!ie  1 


le  margin  ;  iirst  jMtstfrior 
iiargin:   three   post-rior  cells   p'lesf-nt  ; 


Tiu'  Hies  of  tl 
ti 


vuown  Anu'rican  sjieci 


es. 


lis  small  family  are  most  eommoulv  met 


Wltil 


on  riowers  or  m  sweenin! 


and  are   readilv  distinu'uished  1 


i\- 


WF 


'J4 


Nnirni   AMKIJICAN   DU'l'KWA. 


their  larj,'f',  splicrical  heads.  Th<\v  are  not  active  in  Hi,!j;lit. 
.uhI  are  easily  captured.  Tlie  hirva'  of  tliis  family  are  ]»ara- 
sitic  so  far  as  is  known,  those  of  I'ijnnini/ns  fuscijn's  liaviii!.' 
been  observed  by  Fxiiienian  in  the  alxlornen  of  Thdnniofffiir 
(Clroddfa)  riri'sn'tis.  They  are  elli])tical,  thick,  depressed, 
narrowed  at  either  end,  naked.  al)out  three  millimeters  in 
length,  and  somewhat  broader  in  tlie  middle.  The  ])Uparia 
are  somewhat  smaller,  oval,  obtuse  at  either  end,  shining, 
pitchy  black. 

But  a  single  genus,   /'ijiinini/i/s  Latreille.  is  known  to  in- 
habit North  America. 


ni.     l^LATYPEZID^K. 

Small,  thinly  pilose  or  bare  flies,  espeidally  (diai-acterized 
by  the  ornamentation  or  enlargement  of  the  liind  tarsi.  Head 
hemispherical,  as  broad  or  broader  than  the  thorax  and  (dosely 
ap]»lied  to  it.  Face  usually  short  and  broad.  Eyes  bar(^  con- 
tiguous in  the  male,  ami  in  some  genera  in  the  female  also. 
Ocelli  present.  Antenna^  ])orreot,  the  iirst  two  joints  short, 
the  third  somewhat  elongate,  circular,  ])(\ir-shai)ed  or  conical, 
with  a  terminal  arista.  Scutellum  without  bristles.  Abdo- 
men comi)aratively  short,  the  male  genitalia  i)r()jecting  in 
('<if/nmt/i(t  only.  Legs  short  and  strong;  hind  legs  more  or 
less  thickened  ami  tiie  hind  metatarsi  thickened  or  variously 
ornamented,  the  following  joints  often  partaking  in  the  pecu- 
liar structure.  Wings  rather  large;  third  longitudinal  vein 
simple,  the  fourth  sometimes  furcate;  basal  cells  small,  the 
anal  usually  reaching  to  the  margin;  discal  c(dl  sometimes 
wanting. 

The  flies  of  this  small  family  are  olten  fouiul  dancing  in 
the  air  in  small  swarms  or  running  about  (Ui  the  leaves  of 
underbrusli.  The  most  remarkable  thing  connected  with 
them  is  the  extraordinary  ornamentation  sometimes  seen  in 
the  liiud  tarsi  of  the  males,  which  are  always  different  in 
structure  from  those  of  the   females.     The  flies  arc^  not  often 


IMloiilD.i:. 


m 


met  witli  and  may  be  entirely  wantin-  even  in  (M.nsi.lcn.l.le 
f'olleetion.s  of  .liptera.  Tl.e  larva'  liv  in  mushnu.n.s  (  /,/.,./- 
n>s,  Lrplot.,).  They  are  flat,  oval,  with  ioint.'.l.  threa.j'-likr 
processes  on  the  shies  of  the  se-ni.-nts.  The  pnparia  are  not 
very  different  from  the  larvte. 

TAHLK  OF  (JKXKHA. 

1.  Disc'iil  t'l'll  j)rc'sfnt. 

Disciil  cull  wjiiitiiifr;  fourth  lori.<ritii(lin;il  vein  fiircat(>. 

I'l.ATVCNKMA  ZftttTlStlMl t. 

2.  Fourth  lotiKitiuliiial  vfin  sinii)l(..  .  Cai  i  <.mv,  .  \i  • 

iourtii  lorifjitudiual  vein  furcate.       .  I>r  itv...  y*  \r  • 

I  i-Ar>i'i-./A  .»ii'i<>;»'ii. 


.•>2. 


PHORIIVK. 

Small  Ininehbaek-like,  nearly  bare  speci.-s.  Hea.l  small 
flattened;  face  very  short,  oral  openin-  lar-e.  Front  broad* 
in  ooth  sexes;  oeelli  present.  Ant.Mnue  apparentlv  one  or 
two-jomted,  the  terminal  joint  roiin.j.  with  a  dorsal'or  api<-al 
bristle.  Abdomen  rather  sliort.  narrow<'<l  posteriorly;  ^inx\- 
talia  of  the  male  often  prominent,   in   the  female  pr«\iectin..' 


(■oxie  elomrate,  the  fe 


mora  more  or  less,  the  hind  i)air  oft 


extraordinarily  widened  and  flattened.     \Mn<'s  1 


en 


anterior  part  with  two  strons 


n-L'e;  on  the 


yond  the  middle,  from  which  thre.>  to  fi 
ently  arise  and  run  obli(iuel 


veins,  reaehin,^:  only  ii  little  b 


ve  weak  veins  ni 


The  small  Hies  of  thi 


pieiy  across  tlic  win<'' 


)liar- 


back 


ai)j)earance 


and 


■s  small  family  have  a  iieculiar.  hunch 


leaves,  windows,  etc.     The  1; 
i'ront  than  behind,  and  live  in  ( 


are   observed   runni 


w^  about  on    fallen 


rva'  are  cylindrical,  thi 


nner  m 


lead 


1' 


u 


n,i4-i.  veo'ctal)les.  etc..  and  possiblv  in  1 


snails.    ins(M'ts.  decavin 


\y\\\<^  iiist'cts. 


1.    F 
V 


ront  ciuircly  without  hri.stlc; 
ront  with  loiiu-  hristh 


TAHLK  OK  (;i:nki{a. 


<iVM\(H'I|(»|!A    .Ma( 


'(|uart. 


Miildlc  tibia-  hcsct  with  hri.stlcs  aloim-  tl 


Middle  til 


•ia'  with  few  or  no  luistli 


If  OMIfrsidc.    '{•lIINKIliA    .Mtiocil. 


Ill  tl 


(■outer  side.     I'jioifA  l.atreill 


fl 


<m; 


NOirni  AMKUTCAN  DII'TKUA. 


'M 


■:^l   ! 


M  use  I  ]).K 

( 111  the  widest  sense). 

Tliis  very  larL,'e  jj^roui),  ooiniiioiily  known  as  the  Museidti' 
sens.  lat.  has  been  divided  into  numerous  minor  groups,  wliieh 
by  many  di^ttendogists  liave  been  accredited  with  family  rank. 
The  number  and  limits  of  these  groujis  are  the  subjects  of 
more  or  less  difference  of  opinion  among  systematists.  The 
(H)nstant  tendency,  not  only  in  dijiterology,  but  in  all  ento- 
mology, is  to  raise  the  rank  of  minor  divisions  with  the  in- 
crease of  new  forms,  and  most  writers  on  diptera  nowadays 
give  the  family  termination  of  idti'.  to  most  of  the  groups 
of  this  faniilv  or  sui)erfamilv.  This  tcndencv  has,  however, 
been  carried  to  an  extreme  by  some  recent  wi'iters.  Whether 
or  not  they  be  (considered  as  families  or  subfamilies,  matters 
little  so  long  as  it  is  remembered  that  the  distinctive  charac- 
ters have,  in  general,  less  morphological  signiticance  than 
among  the  groups  of  the  Orthorrhapha. 

Brauer  divides  the  group,  which  he  calls  Schizojdiora,  after 
lU'cher,  into  the  Eumyiche  and  Schizometopa,  which  correspond 
l»retty  well  to  the  old  and  well  established  Caly])tratie  and 
Acalyptratie,  terms  whicii  should  not,  in  my  ojiinion  be  dis- 
})laoed  at  the  option  of  any  systenuitist  who  (diooses  to  offer 
new  terms.  Nor  can  I  accept  the  name  Schizophora,  the  well 
established  name  of  ^luscidas  or  ]Muscidea,  if  one  wisucs  a 
distiiK^tive  ending,  is  (jiiite  as  good  and  more  ai)i)ropriate. 
That  the  change  of  limitations  in  a  higher  group  gives  the 
changer  the  right  to  change  the  names  also,  has  no  more  force- 
ful a])])lication  here  than  among  the  lower  grou])S.  No  one  is 
sustained  in  rejecting  generic  names  because  he  modifies  the 
delinitioii  of  the  genus,  as  must  necessarily  be  the  case  with 
nearly  every  added  new  sjiecies. 

Tlie  following  characters  will  a])ply  to  the  family  or  supcr- 
familv  ill  its  eiitiretv  : 


-MISCIDKA. 


97 


.l/.,,svvVAv/.-^l'n.lH,s,.is  fnnctim.al  or  nuli.n.'iitnrv.  ii,  th^  lor 
^'K'r  easo  usnully  sl.ort  and   wit).   p8eua<.tra..lH.at.."  lah.lla   l.ut 
so,n,.tnn,.s  Hnn^at..  an.l  a-lapt.-d  Inr  piorM,.^  :  pal,,i  sonH.tinu-s 
■■-li.n.M.tarv,   n.vcr  jnint.d.      Anr.nna.  ahvavs  thr-.-juint..] 
tl.otlunl  joint  simple,    roun.l,  oval  <.r  .lon^at...  ..nn.pn.ssc.i; 
HiH    always  (,.x,.,.pt  Cr-jptorhniun,.  u-here  it  is  rntin-lv  ahsn.t) 
with  a  iKuv.  puhese.Mit  or  phnnos..  dorsal  or  sul.api.-jil  arista 
Auxiliary   nviu   sometimes    nulim.-ntarv,  oltcn  more   or    l,>ss 
coalescent  with  the  tirst  longitudinal  vein,  distinet  in  its  entire 
course;  never  more  than  one  sul.mar,inal  an.l  three  posterior 
oolls  present,  the  marginal  and  suhmarginal  eells  awavs  open  • 
l.asaleells  never  large,  the  second  hasal  eell   sonu-tinies  eo- 
aleseent  with  the  diseal  eelh   the  anal  eell   present  <.r  ahs.nt  • 
posterior  cross-vein   ra.vly  absent.      I'ulvilli   ahvavs   present' 
empodm  wanting;  elaws  of  the  mah-  often  large,,  than  those 
ot  the  female. 

Tlu>  largest  flies  are  f.mnd  among  ihe  Calvptrata-.  espeeiallv 
the  iaehmnUe  and  Sairoi-hagidu",  hut  the  largest  <lo  not  eoua'l 
the  largest  of  the  Orthorrhapha.  Commonlv  tl...  Hies  l.-lon-.- 
ingtothe  Acalyptratie  are  of  mo.h.rate  sixe  or  small  oft,'^, 
indeed  minute.  The  habits  are  ,.f  course  verv  diverse,  but  bv 
iar  tne  largest  number  live  among  rank  vegetation/and  an- 
generally  (;aught  in  sweepings. 

The  larvce  in  a  few  forms  are  hatchd  from  the  ,..n,s  in  tlu> 
body  ot  the  parent  fly;  the  ])U]..'e  are  al 


contracted,  hardened,  larval  skin,  k 
toj)  of  whi(di  is  s 


Ivll 


ways  inclosed  in  the 
own  as  the  puparium.  tlx" 


pning  off  like  a  Ihl  ]>y  the  aid  of  the  nfll 


an    inflatable  organ   jmshed  out  through  tl 


/>tiinnnii, 


which    is  charaeteristii;  of   tl 
u'ger    part  of  those  of  the  Calyptrat 


II'  frontal 


>utur( 


I 


other    insects,    the    (Estridi 
Mi 


'c  group,     in   their  habits,    the 

ic    are    parasitic    upon 

c    upon    warm-blooded    animals. 


my  of  the  larva'  of  the  Sarcophagi.la'.  Mus.d.he  and 


thorny idu'  live  in  d 


or  d 


ccomposmg   animal    matter  or    in    1 


ecom 


Aoalyptiatie. 


posing  vegetable  matter  as  do  al 


An- 

iviiig 


so  nearly  all  of  tin 


12 


1)S 


XOIM'H  AMKKICAN  DITTEUA. 


In  the  iirraiigemc'iit  of  the  families,  it  will  be  observed  that 
I  liave  ohaiif^ed  the  order,  plaein,<;  the  Calyptratie  last,  an 
arrangement  which  1  believe  coincides  better  with  tlie  degree 
of  specialization  of  the  insects. 

Very  much  remains  to  be  done  in  the  study  of  this  wide 
group,  not  only  in  America,  but  throughout  the  world.  As 
throughout  the  order,  especial  care  should  be  taken  in  the 
identihcation  of  East  Indian,  Australian  and  African  genera 
among  the  forms  occurring  in  Central  and  South  America  and 
the  West  Indies.  In  the  study  of  the  Calyptratu',  esiiecially 
the  Tachinida^,  there  has  been  an  extraordinary  activity  during 
the  past  few  years.  I  convss  myself  unable  to  straighten 
out  the  maze  in  which  they  seem  to  be.  Professor  Townsend 
has  given  to  them  the  most  and  best  study  and  is  the  best 
i|uthority  we  have  on  their  classification. 


TABLE  OK  FAMILIES. 

1.  Toffiilii'  larfff;  first  postt'rior  cell   narrowed  or  closed;  front  of  male 

always  narrower  than  that  of  tlie  female.  .         .         .         .        '2 

Flics  without  all  the  above  characters. d 


2.  Mouth-parts  rudimentary  or  wantinj;. 

Mouth-parts  functional 

:>.  Arista  of  antenna;  bare  or  very  slijjchtly  pubescent. 
Arista  plumose  or  distinct!}'  pubescent, 


CJiSTRioj;. 


Taciiinid.t:. 


1 


4.  Arista  bare  on  the  distal  part;  dorsum  of  abdomen  rarely  bristly-  on  the 

anterior  part SAitcoiMiAGin.K. 

Arista  plumose  or  puliescent  to  the  tip *") 

T).  Dorsum  of  abdomen  bristly;  third  joint  of  antenna)  usually  not  elon- 
gated; legs  usually  lon^r. Dkxiid.i:. 

Abdominal  setfments  without  l)ristles,  except  more  or  less  near  the  tij) ; 
legs  not  elongated. Miscid.k  sens.  str. 

0.  Tegulit'  large;  thorax  with  a  complete  transverse  suture;  first  posterior 
cell*iu'ver  narrowed  ;  front  of  male  narrower  than  that  of  the  female. 

AxTnO.MYID.Ti. 


*In  Gasfro/i/u'lns  (^/v.sVnVA/),  the  first  posterior  cell  is  not  narrowed  and  the 
teguliu  are  rather  sn)all;  the  genus  will  be  distinguished  by  the  rudimen- 
tary mouth-parts, 


i!-#i 


MUSriDKA. 


'.»!> 


9. 

10. 


I(-uI:r  small;  eves  of  inalo  not  n,oR.  approximate.!  tliai.  those  of  tlie 
fc-male,  or,  if  so  the  narrowing  js  ,]ue  to  the  less  wi.Itl.  „f  the  me-lian 
stripe,  the  honk-rs  remainiiifr  the  same  (MnsrI,!,,  aruh/pirah, ,  //n/o>,n  - 
'n/Ki  ]5raaer).        ... 

.  Au.xiliary  vein  j.resent,  .listinetly  separate.!  from  the  first  l..m.Mtu.linal 
vom,  terminatinj;  separately  in  the  eosta ;  the  first  I.,nKitiininal  vein 
usually  terminates  at  or  l)eyon.I  the  mi.l.lle  of  the  wing.  h 

Auxiliary  vein  absent,  rudimentary  or  i  e.-mplete  ;  the  tirlt  lonKitu.iinal 
vein  usually  terminates  l)efore  the  mi.l.Ui.  of  the  wiiiir.     .         .         22 

A  .lislinct  bristle  on  either  si.le  of  the  face  near  the  oral 


maruin,  i.  e. 

10 
12 


11 


12. 


i:}. 


14. 


oral  vibrissiu  i)resent. 
No  oral  vibrissa.' 

Front  on  tlie  sides  an.!  the  vertex  with  lonjr  l)ristles. 
Bristles  confine.!  to  the  vertex  or  the  fr.)iit  ))are. 

The  .hstanee  between  the  anterior  a.i.!  posterior  cross-veins  (on  the 
fourth  lonoitu.linal  vein)  very  much  less  than  from  the  latter  to  the 
margin  of  the  wing*  i.  e.  the  cross-veins  approximated. 

r,  I1kT|;I{()NEIUII).«. 

(ross-veins  not  approximated ^j 

Tliorax  flattened;  hea.l  small;  cheeks  broad  and  bristlv,  the  oral 
vllirissaj  in  consequence  not  marke.liy  .lilTerentiate.! ;   l.ristly  flies. 

1  horax  convex ;  licad  as  broa.!  or  nearly  as  broa.!  as  the  thorax ;  cheeks 
not  markedly  bristly ScATo.Mv/m.K 

Ab.lomen  elongate,  narrowe.l  at  the  base,  usuallv  cvlindrical  an.!  ,le- 
curved  posteriorly ;  male  genitalia  usuallv  prominent.  Si-v^ivv 

Abdomen  comparatively  short  and  broad;  male  genitalia  but  little  or 
not  at  all  prominent;  costa  of  tiie  wings  usually  bristly. 

IIki,omyzid/T.;. 

Anteniue  elongate  and  porrect;  secon.l  joint  as  long  or  longer  than  tlie 
third,  the  latter  usually  with  an  angulated  upi)er  corner.  H 

Antennae  not  elongated,  or,  if  so,  not  porrect,  tlie  secon.l  joint  alwav. 
shorter  than  the  tliird,  tlie  latter  usually  roun.led  at  tlie  end.  ]■, 

Hoad  in  profile  triangular,  the  face  remarkably  retreating;  hind  tibia' 
with  or  without  a  preapical  bristle.        .        .  OKrviinr 

Head  not  triangular  in  profile,  the  face  ,erpen.!icular  or  but  little  re- 
treating; front  with  two  lateral  orbital  bristles;  hind  tibia'  witli  a 
preapical  bristle  (rf^,;<omvW).       ....         SciOMvziDr 


*  The  A;;rou,ii,ina-  have  the  cross-vein  approximate.!,  but  the  auxiliary 
vein  IS  wantinii. 


w 


loo 


NOirril  AMHUICAN  J)nTKUA. 


IS 

l'> 

SAl'Ifd.MYZIH.K. 

Scio.Mvzio.i:. 


1').   Kciiiora  tliifkciU'il ;  liiiid  tihiii'  iisimlly  iiiucli  ililatcil  jinil  with  tiilpcrclcs 

oil    outer  side;  hasal  cells  larf,'e  ;  first  jiosterior  cell  narrowed;  all 

tile  tibia'  witli  jireajiical  bristle.  .         .         .       Riioi'Ai.omkimd.k. 

Flies  without  the  above  characters Id 

I'i.   Front  bristly  on  the  sides  and  at  tin- vertex 17 

Front  bristly  at  the  viTtex  only  ;  tiic  auxiliary  vein  is  not  steejily  in- 
clined where  it  joins  the  costa. 

17.   Hind  tibia',  at  least,  with  a  iireajiical  bristle. 
Hind  til)iiL'  without  jireapical  bristle.     . 

IH.  Basal  cells  of  winjis  small.         ..... 

IJasal  cells  of  wiiijjs  of  moderate  size  ami  ilistinct. 

1!>.   Tosterior   basal    cells  of  wiiiirs   sniall,  the   anal    eel!   never   i)rodiieed 
acutely;  a  single  bristle  on  each  side  of  the  front  (/.unclni  in<i). 

Sai'uomvzid.i;. 

I'osterior  basal  cells  of  wini,'s  of  moderate  size,  the  third  (anal)  often 

produced  into  an  acute  point.        .....     'I'kvi'ETID/K. 

20.  Le<is  elon,u:ate,  often  vi'ry  loni^ ;  abdomen  narrow  and  lonj:',  often  niueli 

narrowed  at  the  base.  . lil 

Lejjs  not  el()n<,^ated ;  abdomen  coniparativel\-  short,  or,  if  Ioiilt,  not  nar- 
rowed at  the  base Oktai  id.i;. 

21.  First  ])osterior  cell  narrowed  in  the  niaririn  or  closed.       MicKOi'ioziD.r.. 
F^irst  posterior  cell  not  narrowed  in  the  marjiin,  or  but  slightly  so;* 

jialpi  rudimentary  or  wantinjj.         .....         Ski'sid.k. 

22.  Eyes  inserted  at  the  tiji  of  lateral  processes.         .         .         .   Dioi'sid.k. 
Head  not  prolonj^'ed  into  lateral  processes.  .....         2;J 

2;5.   Hind  metatarsi  shorter  than  the  followinu'  joint,  incrassate.  Boanoain.i:. 
Hind  metatarsi  lonj^er  than  tlie  following  joint,  not  incrassate.  .         24 

24.  Discal  and  second  basal  cells  united,  the  separating  cross-vein  rudimen- 

tary or  wanting;  jiosterior  cross-vein  present.!         .        .         .         2.") 
Discal  cell  separated  from  the  second  basal  cell  by  a  distinct  cross- 
vein,  or,  if  not,  the  posterior  cross-vein  also  wanting.      .        .        20 

25,  Legs  long  and  slender;  abdomen  elongate  and  narrow.    Mickopkzid.k. 
Legs   of  moderate  length,  often  strong;  abdomen  ovate  or   elongate 

elliptical 2<> 

2(1.   F'ront  bare,  or,  at  the  most,  bristly  at  the  vertex;  third  antennal  joint 

rounded,  or,  if  elongate,  the  head  triangular  in  profile.       Oscimh.i;. 

Front  bristly  at  least  as  far  as  the  middle;  head  never  triangular  in 

profile -         ....        27 

*  Compare  here  the  I'sih'dd  when  there  is  doubt  regarding  the  auxiliary 
vein.  t  The  jiosterior  cross-vein  is  wanting  in  Antiiu  {/Jroso/iliiliilc), 

Ellipum-ura  {Osrlnidn),  J^/ii/lotm/za  (Atinniit/ridd). 


MrsCIDKA— IJORP.OItlD.lv 


III 


!'S 


•20. 


Anal    ..,.11  wholly  wMutinj,;  fac.  u»,al!y   hu-.   an,l  anlu,!.  wi,|,  „,, 

niouth  oixTiinj;-  lar^ic.         ...  F  . 

Ff.cc'  n„t  arrlu.,1.  a.i.l  the  ,M.,utl,  ..,K.,nn^  iu.'vct  ■vn,arl<al,iy'lar!rr"':!s 
i\rista  loosely  and  I()iii,r  J, hill), )si.. 
Arista  riot  jiliiiiiosc,  or  waiitintr. 


l)|;u<.o|'ilII,I|..i; 
A(ii;o.Mvzii).i: 


S.-.iu.llmu  .lon^.,t..,  trian.uM.lar,  with  prof.h..nnH...s  or  spines  on  it.  nnr- 

J,^in;  leiMora  tliickc  iici.  ,, 

i'  lies  Without  Loth  the  alx.vc  characters. 


•10.  Oral  vibrissa,' present. 


Oral  vibrissa)  want 


in<r. 


•"il.   Front  bare  or  liristly  at  tl 
Front  l)ristly  at  least  as  f; 


•n 


•Jo 


le  V( 


■rtl'X  only  {/';,./,/n'/i,i,,  ). 


'csterior  cro> 


-V( 


(.•ross-vems  !ij)i)ro.\iniateiI. 


\r  as  the  middle 


in  situated  before  the  middle  of  tl 


Ski'Siii.t: 


le  wiiiL'. 


tl 


U'  two 


Post 


erior  cross-veins  situated  1 


cross-veins  not  nuu-li  ai)pro.\iniated. 


cyoiid  the  middU'  of  tl 


A(;i 


<>M  VZlD.i; 


I''  win.i;-,  the  two 


!•■'.  Arista  liare;  body  short  ami  bn.ad  ( 
Arista  pubescent  or  j 


•'^4.  Arista  witl 


Milirhhiu).  .  .\i\\U 

dumose,  or,  if  bare,  the  alxlomen  elon'^at 


>Mv/ii»,i: 


M 


1  a  few  lomr  hair 


Arista  tliicklv  short 


•s.  mostly  on  the  up{)ersi(!e.    1) 


jdumose,  i)ul>escent  or  bare 


Posterior  basal  and  the  anal  cell  of  consid 


ItOSOI'llII.lD.K 

(iiX).Mv/n).i; 


I'oste 


rior  basal  and  the  anal  cell  small  and  ind 


crable  size,  distinct. 


o(i.  Front  bristly  on  the  sid( 

Front  bristly  at  the  vertex  only,  or  1 
•57.  Silvery   white  or  whitisl 


istinct. 


ItVI'KTrO.K. 


)are 


Psi 


I.ID.K 


1  ^Tay  sjiecies,   with 


antennal  joint  usually  an<rulated  on  th 


unspotted  wiii<;s;    third 


Ileddish   veil 


ow  or  l)rownish  red  species,  oft 


uj)i)er  anjrie.   Ac.uomvzid.k. 


third  antennal  joint  rounded  at  tl 


en    with   spotted   wi 


le  tij) 


( 


mjfs 


ii:OMV/II»,K 


33.     ]U)K]5()1MI\t:. 

Moderately  large  to  small,  black,  l.rowii  or  ol.soi.roly  yel- 
lowish flies,  having  a  quick,  short  flight.  Ifea.l  heinisi.herieal  • 
face  obtusely  earinate  in  the  middle;  vibriss.-e  present;  front 
broad,  usually  bristly.  Antennte  short;  third  j<,int  rounded 
the  arista  bare  or  ].ubeseent.  Second  segment  of  the  abdomen 
with  a  transverse  depre.ssion:  genitalia  sometimes  moderately 


Hrj 


SOUTH  AMKKICAN  DII'THKA. 


l>r()iiiiuL'iit.  Willie's  absent  in  Apti-rinn ;  auxiliary  vein  al)S('nt  ; 
all  throe  i)asal  cells  ('oin})lete.  Le.ijs  iiuxleratt'ly  long  and 
strong;  liind  metatarsi  dilated  and  ablni'viated. 

The  flies  of  this  family  are  almost  invariably  i'ound  aliowl 
decomposing  oi-ganic  matter.  Those  Ixdonging  to  the  gen- 
era Unr/ioriis  and  Sjiliiiriii'i'rn  are  observed  often  in  ch mds 
about  dung  and  sewage,  where  their  larva;  live.  The  small 
flies  of  the  genus  Llnujsinti  are  observed  about  marshy  places 
in  company  with  P^phydrids. 

The  hirvie  of  J!orhonis  are  cvlindrical  and  conical,  with 
the  skin  roughened  by  erect,  minute  bristles;  the  antenme  are 
two-jointed,  the  mouth-hooklets  developed.  The  posterior 
end  has  (r  nical  processes  near  the  anus,  and  smaller  tubendes 
about  the  spir.'icles  ;  in  Lhtio.sina  the  hind  stigmata  are  elon- 
gated into  a  tube.  The  hirvie  of  Limosinu  live  in  alga',  fungi, 
diseased  ])otatoes,  etc. 


TABLE   OF  r.KNKllA. 


1.   Winploss  species. 

Wind's  fully  developed. 


ArTEiMNA  Macquart. 


2.  Fourth  and  fifth  longitudinal  veins  incomplete  heyond  the  discal  cell, 

not  reaching  the  l)order Li.mosina  Macquart. 

F\)urth  vein  at  least,  fully  developed o 

;}.  Scutelluni  with  well-developed  bristles;  the  fifth  vein  incomplete  heyond 

the  discal  cell li  kuoki  s  Meigen. 

Scutelluni  without  l)ristles  ;  fifth  vein  complete.  Si'u.kkoceu.*  Latreille. 


34.     AGROMYZID.E. 

Front  broad,  with  or  without  bristles.  Antenna^  sh()rt.  the 
third  joint  usually  rounded,  sometimes  moderately  (don gate, 
or  subquadrate ;  oral  vibrissa;  })resent,  or  absent.  Arista 
wholly  wanting  {Cvijptorhivtuvt)  or,  when  present,  bare  or  pu- 
bescent; never  distinctly  plumose.  Genitalia  rarely  promi- 
nent. Wings  broad;  auxiliary  vein  rudimentar}'  or  indistinct. 
never  distinctly  separated  in  its  whole  length  from  the  first 


A(Jl{()MVZn)vK. 


'o; 


■^"IDCtillK 


•■s   <'oii(lii»'iir    with    th 


I'tii'^Mtu.liiial    vein;   (lisc;il   (-(.11 

.liscal  ,...11    (rn,j.f„rh„fu,„.    AularU/asfn'),    l^.s^-rinr  .niss- vriu 

s<UlH.t,nu^s^^^uUiI.u•(/7.y.,y,_y;;,,);  ;n,;n..,.n  iuvs.nr:  ,.rnss-vr 
olt(.ii  imi(.li  ai.[.r<)xiiiiatc(i  (A-n.iiiy/ina.). 

Tl.is  la. .lily  .,f  small  or  luinul."  Hirs,.  as  hwv  .Irtiur,].  in..lu.los 

tli."  A-n.i.iyzma.,  Mili.-lii,,;,- and  O.-rhiphili,,;,.  of  Scliin..,-   tl... 

A:.n.inyzi.lu.    aii.l    I'hyt.miy/i.la'    ,.1'     \.ov^v.       Tlu-    ..roup    is 

suim.u-hat  .litlicult  to  .iHin.  i..  su.-l,  u  uav  tl.at  the  ncvi...  will 

always  U-A  sun-  of  his  d.-t.-nninatinns.      Fnuu   th..   Dn^sophi- 

l><la'(<.ratl,.astt.lu'  known   American  si-ccirs)  it  will  h,.  .Hs- 

tin-„ish..,l  In-  the  non-pluincs,.  arista.      From  tlu-  Kphylrid.. 

Aulm-ijasf.'r-.xua   Cn/ptorhui,,,,,  will    Ih-   distin-uislnMl "  hv   tin' 

pivscn,.,.  of  a  distinct  anal  cell.      Fn.m   tlu-  O..Mn,v/ida."  it  is 

.limcult  to  di.stin^niish  ,s,m...  of  th,"  o,.n..ra,  csjKriallv  of  th.. 

Mili(dnn;eand  O.-hthiphilina'.     The  student  wouhl   hest  eon 

suit  the  table  of  that  family  in  eas..s  of  douht.     JUnmor.^. 

Loew  IS  not  included  in  the  table:   ]  can  not  d.dine  it. 

The  larvib  of  J'h>jf.n,>i/r:n  are  usually  leaf  miners.     TJie  hir- 


»'i(ro 


vtes  of  L 


have  been  found  in  tl 
of  ./ 


qiis  feed  upon  plant-li 
M'  1,'alls  of  Trlt 


'/vow!/r:n  are  elliptical  in  slia])e,  the  liind  sti 


;   those   of    (h-l,t/,!j,/r,la 
iri/w  ri'jinis.     The  larva' 


upon  snuill,  rounded  plates  on  the  under  side  of  the  1 


niata  situated 


ment :    tl 


le 


foun 
abdomen 


8t.<' 


bristles.     The  larvae  of  L 


IS    })rovided    with   false    1 


(..us, 


ist 


witliout 


euro 


>pis  are  eylindrieal.  thicker  j 


teriorly,  the  skin  roughened  with  short  hairs-  1 


lOS- 


ongate,  tube-like  and  widely  separated;  th 


like,  or  like  the  geometric!  1 


nnd  stigmata 
•y  creep  leech- 


irva' 


TAIJLE  OF  GKXEKA 

1.   Posterior  cross-vein  absent;  oral  vibrissa^  j.rcscnt  (/'Ayo,..:/..). 

TV,.*     •  .  PiiVTOMVZA  Fallen 

I  osterior  cross-vein  present. 

2.    Posterior  cross-vein  situate.!   before   the  n.i.ldle  of  the  win.^,   the  two 
cross-venis  approximate.!. 
Posterior  cross-vein  at  or  !.eyon,l  the  n.i.MIe  .'.f  the  win.s  the  two'c.s,'.' 
veins  not  approxiiiKite.l  ;  arista  iiare. 


w 


I 


in 


104 


NC'jril  AMERICAN  DH'TKRA. 


':l-f 


St'coiiil  liiisiil  ci'Il  as  loiiff  or  but  littlu  sliortiT  tlum  llu'  first. 


l*iiVT(»\iv/A  Fallen 


Sccoiid  hasal  cell  distinctly  sliorttT  tliaii  tln'  first  {A'/iyjimr-i"")- 


\ 


\.    First  i)oste'ri()r  cell  iiarrowoil  at  tlu'  iiiarj:iii. 


Li;i<iMv/.A  .Mi'iuc: 


F'irst  posterior  <'cil  not  narrowed  at  the  inaiuin,  tlie  third  and  t'oiirth 
longitudinal  veins  nearly  parallel.       ......'> 


i").  Third  antennal  joint  terniinatiiiu' in  a  spiny  jioiiit. 


Ckwatomvz.v  Scliiiier. 
Third  antennal  Joint  does  not  ti'rniinate  in  a  spiny  point.     .         .         li 

').   Third  anteinial  joint  roundeil,  of  moderate  size.*       Aouo.mv/.a  F'allen. 
Third  antennal  joint  very  larjxe,  sulKpiadrate  in  shajie. 

I'livi.i.oMV/.A  Fallen. 

7.  Second  basal  cell  united  with  tiu>  discal  cell s 

Second  basal  cell  sei)aratcd  from  the  discal  cell  l)y  a  sm;>.!!  t  ross-vi'in.  1' 


H.   Arista  wliollv  wantiuLr. 


CiiYi'iorii.KTi  M  Ronda 


m. 


Arista  pri'sent,  bare;  cross-veins  ri'mote,  the  antt'rior  oiu' situated  inai 


the  basi'  of  thi'  w 


iiu 


Ari.ACKi.iSTKK  .Mac(iuart. 


0.  Oral  vibrissa'  present;  abdomen  short  and  broad  {MilirliiiKt). 


1(1 


Oral  vibrissa'  waiitinj;-;  the  abdomen  elonfrate  oval  (< h-liiliiplillimi).      1: 


10.  Costa  with  a  ileep  ii'  ision  before  the  tip  of  the  first  ve 


in. 


Costa  not  with  such  an  incisioi 


Lonioi'TDKA  Waldbera'. 
11 


1 1.   Kyes  round  ;  niesonotum  witli  bristles  in  the  middle.   Mii.ichia  Meipeii. 
Eyes  oval;  inesonotum  with  bristles  on  the  sides  only. 

(^ACOXENtS   Loi'W. 

OciiTiiiriiii.A  Meiiren. 
Li-L'coiMs  Meiifcn. 


12.   Front  with  lonix  bristles  on  the  sides. 
F'n'iit  witiiout  bnstU's  on  the  sides. 


;jr..    GKoMYznvE. 

Ifoiul  ronndod ;  face  usually  with  vihrissti';  front  broad, 
bristly  bolow  tho  vertex.  Antenna'  sh-  I't,  the  third  joint 
round  or  a  little  elongated,  with  a  b;ire.  ])iibes(!ent  o)'  j)lnniose 
arist;i.  Wings  comparatively  long;  anxiliary  vein  nidinien- 
ttiry  ;  ])osterior  basal  cell  and  tlu'  anal  cell  present. 


* 'I'hc  penus  J>i snnniichiiKi  Loow  has  never  bi'cn  described,  but  will  be 
iiu'luded  in  Ai/r<iiiii/:(i ;  I  do  not  know  it. 


(JKOMYZIIM:— OSCIXIDyTv 


10") 


1(1 


Tliis-n.ui..  as  Iht,.  .iHi.u'.l,   includes  the   (i.M„nv/i.la.  an.l 
OpoinyzKlH.  an.l  a  j.art  cf  tlu'  }[et,T..n,Miri,la.  ..f   L.hmv       Tl,,. 
■nsrrts  in,-lu,lr,l  in  it  an-  always  small,  and  Mmu-tin.rs  minut. 
1  iH'  larva'  ni  tlu.s,-  r,.\\-  sp.M-irs  o.  whicli  t),,.  hiilnts  arc  known 
live  ,n  the  sterns  of  various  plants.     Tlic  Hn's  are  almost  al- 
ways canj^lit  witli  the  heatin,-,'  net. 

TAHI.K  OF  (iKXKHA. 
1.   Orni  viliriss;i>  iircsciit. 

<  >ral  x\hv\ss:v  wniitii.^r  ..r  indistinctly  (Jitrcn.ntii.tci  from  hairs.      '.         7 

^.   WiM^switl,..ris,K.sainn.tlK.n.sta:  l.ristlcs  of  antcnm.  plun.os. ;  sc- 
ond  hasal  cell  confliu.nt  with  the  iliscal  ci'll. 

,M.  ,       .  <^'' "TONOTi  M*  Mac'duart 

i' lies  not  iiavin^r  thi- ahovc  characters.     .         .  .'. 

;;■   ('"stai  vein  contirn.ous  al,o„t  the  win^s;  winjis  uith  n.arkini^s ;  posterior 
ero.ss-y..,n  very  ohli.iue:  arista  puhes<.ent.       IIktkko.mhoa  S.^hiner 
I'Ues  not  iiavinu-  the  above  characters  '. 

4 

4.   Mesonotn.n  l.ristly   in  the  tniddle  on  the  ,.osterior  part  oniv 

-Mesonot.un  hristly  in  the  n.iddh.  on  the  front;  arista  pe,.th,ate  on  the 
upl)er  .side.  .         .  ,    '  ' 

nAi.nn'Ti.K.v  I.oew. 

A.   rnder  side  of  the  front  femora  with  l.risth-iike.spines  or  str.mj,  hristh..  • 

arista  pubescent 

Front  femora  vvit:„M,t  snch  bristh^s ; 'front  with  onJ  proHimUe  ami  onl! 
-l.var.cate  bristle  ,m  each  si.le.         .         .         .         I),.,stata  Meiod. 
•!.   Secotid  lonoitadi.ial  vein  He.xuou.s.  .         .         .    Uvusumv,,  Loew 

SccoiHl  lon.>tndinal  vein  not  fle.xno,.,..        .         .         Av,„<>,,v/...  Falle.K 

7.   Oeeiput  flattened  ;win.s  spotted (  )..omv/..  Fallen 

'''••••put  ...nvcx;  win.us  not  spotted.         .  S,.vP,M.:,,r.A  I{.  IVsvohlv.' 


oO.     OSCIXID^E. 

Small,  bare  species.  Head  h,>mispherical.  luce  usually  yrv- 
|"-^1  ".  profile;  oral  lumler  usually  without  vihris.sa- ; 'fronf 
''■•<.a,.l.  fl  ,t,  ,sometim,.s  with  l.risth-s  at  the  vertr.x.  Ant.^nn.- 
usually  short:  thir.l  joint  usually  round,«d.     Ab.lon.en  ovate 

eratelv  or   verv 


"1-   Hliptical;    genitalia  hidden.     Wim-s  mod 


This  yeiiiis  belont 


more  properly  witli  the  Drosophilid! 
1;] 


mt 


w 


106 


NOKTII  AMKUICAN  DIITERA. 


fit 


sliort;  no  iiuxiliary  vein ;  third  and  t'ourtli  lons^-itudinal  voiiis 
parallel  or  divei'i^ont;  posterior  basa'  united  with  the  diseal 
eell ;  anal  cell  wholly  wanting  or  rudimentary.  Legs  short; 
I'eniora  sometimes  thi(tkened ;  tibiie  without  preapical  bvi.tle. 
This  group  of  flies  is  always  sure  to  be  represented  by  nu- 
nun-ous  specimens  and  spe<'ies  in  any  collection  of  diptera. 
The  tlies  are  very  common  and  are  collected  in  large  numbers 
by  the  sweei)-net,  from  rank  growing  grass  and  mead(jwlands. 
Tlie  larvt,e  of  several  species  of  Osclnis  have  been  bred  from 
wheat,  barley,  oats,  rye  and  grass  stems  and  FJinirj mites  : 
those  of  Osritits  have  similar  habits;  larvte  of  Sij)hon<;lln  from 
('irniiini,  etc.  The  larva'  are  thick,  cylindrical,  with  stout 
mouth-ho(jklets ;  abdomen  with  fleshy  protuberances  for  loco- 
motion ;  the  anteiuue  two-jointed. 

TAHLE  OF  GENKKA. 

1.  Ili'iid  protluci'd  t'onicnlly  in  front,  the  aiiti'iiiia'  I'lonfrato. 

ECTKCEI'IIALA  Miic(iuart. 
Head  not  produced  (!onically  ;  antt'nn,T  not  oloIl<,^'^to,       ...        2 

2.  The  co.stal  vein  roaclu'!*  to  the  tip  of  tlic  third  lonixitiulinal  vein.    .         :'. 
'I'ho  costal  vein  reaches  to  the  tij)  of  tiie  fourth  h)nffitudinal  vein.         '» 

;i.  No  posterior  cross-vein;  first  three  lonjiitudinal  veins  recurved. 

Ef.mi'Onki  KA  Loew. 
Posterior  cross-vein  present.  4 

4.  Hind  feujora  niucli  tliickened Mkhomv/a  Mei^cn. 

Hind  femora  not  thickened;  niesonotiun  usually  with  stri;;;  ;. 

Ciii.oHoi'S  Meitj;en. 

T).  Ovipositor  liorny,  suhulate Oi-ktioimkiua  Loew. 

Ovipositor  not  horny  and  suhulate 0 

(i.  Antenna'  with  a  thickened,  i)orrect.  style  like  arista. 

Ei.Acnn'TKHA  .Macqunrt. 
Antennit'  with  the  usual  hare,  jjuhescent  or  rarely  jduinose  arista.  7 

7.  Oral  niarfjin  of  the  face  i)roduci'd ;  proboscis  often  elonifate  and  fohh'd 
l)ack.  ......     Sii'MONKM.A  Maccjuart. 

Oral  marfrin  not  produced.        ........        X 

H,  Third  joint  of  the  antenna'  renifonn,  with  a  subterniinal,  short-])luMi()se 

arista.  ,        .  Gai  uax  I,(  ew. 

Third  antennal  joint  rounded  or  oval '.• 


DKOSOI'IIIIJD.K. 


1«>7 


!».    Hind  til.ia>  with  a?i  clonuatrd,  curved  sdu 
i^iitcd  and  folded  Iiac'k. 
Hind  tihia'  uitlidiit  sjmr. 


pur:  i)r()l)i)scii5  sonictinics  dnn- 

Hii'PKi.vris  Locw. 

"-^•'iNis  Latrcilk.. 


10 
1 


.•57.     ])I{()S()]>}riLIl).K. 

Eyos  not,  prominent;   Uwv  vrrtiml  in   profil,-.  witi,  vihri.s-,. 
at  tho  oral  nnu-in,  s.nn.'tinn.s  uvak.      Front  with   bristles  ,t 
the    vertex,  not  reaching  l.eyon.l  the  nmhlh.;  nsuallv    hu.- 
linrd  joint  of  the  anteinnu  oval  or  ronn.le.I.  the  arista  „ln. 
.nose  or  pectinated*     Alxlouieii  usn;,l]y  short  and  hroa.l,  the 

l^'onitaha  not  prominent.     Auxiliary  vein   riulini.'ntary  ;   first 
on.^ntu.linal  vein  short,  not  reaching  more  than  a  third  of  the 

length  of  the  wing;  posterior  l.asal  cell  united  or  not  with  tl. 

•liscal    cell;  anal    cell    usually  present;    posterior   eross-veii 

sometimes  wanting. 

The  species  in  this  family  are  invarial.lv  small,  of  rather  a 
P  nnip  app.virance,  giving  a  feeling  of  eohlmss  to  th.-  hirers 
when  grasped;  the  bristles  of  th."  head  and  legs  are  general]  v 
conspicuous,  but  the  liies  are  without  pile.    The  Hies  are  often 
c^aughtin  beating  and  some  species  are  es„eciallv  abundant 
about  decomposing,  fermenting  fruit,  often  observeil  in  clouds 
iMdlowmg  Scdiiner,  I  include  in  this  family  J,fria  and  AVy.^ 
/o.sm,  which  are  consider..!  as  representatives  of  a  distii.ct 
tamily  by  Loew.     The  student  will  sometimes  have  diJHculty 
m  deculmg  whether  his  specimens  .should  be  located  \wvo  or 
among   the   Ephydrida.    so  closely  do  the  two  familic-s    run 
together, 

TABLE  OF  (iMNKUA. 
I.  Discal  and  second  hasal  celts 
Diseal  and  seeond  basal  eell^ 


unite(l. 
separated 


\ 


2.   Posterior  tr 


Tost 


iuisverse  vein  wantnitr, 


eri( 


)r  transverse  vein  j.resent. 


AsTr.iA   .Miiuen 


*  The  plumose  or  peetinated  arista  is  eharaetcristir  of  the  known  Atnori- 
<'an  Ki'nera  hut  is  not  a  farniiv  <haraet,.r. 


w^ 


1(»S 


NOIM'II   AMKinCAN   DUTKKA. 


;J.   Anal  roll  jtri'Sfiit. 
Anal  cell  wanting. 


Si(;.\i,()i:ss.\  Locw. 


t.    I'!v('s  proininciit ;  \vin.ifs  strai,uht.     ....     riiouTicA  SchiiuT. 

I\vi's   not  jtntiiiini'nt ;  wiiiys  usually  appearing;  as  tlHUiuli  hrcikiii  ami 

bent  (lownwanl  ;  larger  si/,cil  spi'cics.         .  Stkcana  Mciuin. 

.").  Costa  ilistinctly  hiistly  ;  aii.\iliary  vi'in  distinct  in  its  jtro.xiinal  i)art. 

('i;i;t()\<)Tim  .Mactiuart. 
Costa  not  l»ristiv .         Diiusoi-iiii.A  Kalkii. 


I .'. 


;!s.    KriivDiUD-i:. 

Faco   more    or  less,  oi'ton    ri'iiiark:il)lv  coiivi^x.      AiitciniiP 


>hort 


first  joint  sill 


all 


ai 


iteiuial  arista  hare  or  ))iil)('S('eiit  or 


pectinated  on  the  upper  side.  Oral  eavity  rounded,  usually 
large;  cly])eus  distinet,  in  some  eases  retraete(l  into  the  or;il 
cavity,  in  others  prominent.     Ahdonien  of  variahle  Torm,  com- 


|)ose( 


1   of 


six  segments  in  the  males,  seven  in  the  females, 
sexual  organs  usually  retracted.  Auxiliary  vein  coalescent 
for  tiie  most  part  with  the  first  longitudinal  vein,  distinct 
only  at  its  proximal  end;  second  basal  cell  confluent  with  tlie 
discal  cell,  the  small  vein  separating  them  entirelv  absent,  or 
scarcely  visible  ([)resent  in  ('(intnw  Hal.  only);  anal  (ell  im- 
perfect and  small  (distinct  in  Cnndccy^  aluhe  snudl. 

The  Hies  of  this  family  are  never  large,  often  small  or  even 
minute.  The  greater  number  of  the  species  are  itduibitants 
of  wet  places,  about  marshy  ground,  meadows,  etc.  They  are 
always  thinly  pilose  or  i)are  spi'cies,  and  never  with  bright 
cudors.  Tlie  exceedingly  large  head  and  mouth  of  some  spe- 
cies are  very  ohtiracteristic,  but  in  others  this  character  is  not 
so  apparent  and  there  is  sometimes  difficulty  in  sejiarating  the 
genera  from  those  of  the  I)roso])hilidie.  The  hirvie  of  many 
forms  are  very  peoidiar.  resiunbling  tlie  rat-tailed  larva' of  the 
Syrphida'  in  many  cast's.  Thi^  mouth,  however,  always  lias 
hooklets  and  the  "tail"  is  i'orked  at  the  end.  The  larvie  of 
species  of  Niitipliiht  have  been  found  in  the  stems  of  water 
plants;  those  of  lli/<h'i'H}<i   in   the  saji  u{  trees,  in  the  jiaren- 


KriivDinD.K 


I  ( >!) 


el 


iviiia  () 


ftl 


10  l(  avt's  () 


1'  Z 


I'm  II 


of  r>'/;„a,   Piii'iiili'd   and    Enliiiil 


'I.  on  .\Hs)H(i  jildiifiiij,,,  v\v.:  tl 


(ISC 


t<>ivst  arc  the  lialiits  of  the  hirva'  of 


l>/ii/(lrii   111    water.      Of  especial  iii- 


f 


various  /'JjiJii/ilnr.  as  tli 


oilow 


iii,L,^  account  related  to  the  writci'  hy  Ti-of.  AV.  11.  1 


^vill  shdw  :   -The  waters  of  Lake  Moi 

liave  a  nauseous  taste,   and   when   si  ill  th"  lake  1 


>rewer 


lo  ai-e  clcai', 


riri/  neavv 


of  oil  and  is  not  easilv  disturlx-d.     Tj 


uis  a 


look 


as 


le  water  f<'el  slippery  to 


the  touch,  and  will  wash  -rease  from  the  haiuls  or  from  clo'tl 


cold, 


les 


more  rcadilv  than  comi 


lion  soap-suds  will  wlien  hot.      It 

swarms  with 


IS  said  that  no  fish  or  reptile  lives   in   it.  hut  it 
countless  millions  of  larva'  that  dev(dop  int 
upon  the  surface  of  tli 
the  immedicte  shore. 


p  into  flies  which  rest 


e  water,  as  well  as  cover  evervtl 


11  U'j'  on 


Th 


le  nuiiihers  and  (piantities  of  the 


Hies  and  larva-  are  absolutely  incredihle.      They  drif 
la'aps  alon- the  shore  and   InuHlmls  »f  hiishrlsvinM   1 


se 


lectcd.      Tliev  onlv 


t  up  in 


)e  col 


then  Indians  come  fi'iuii  f; 


^row  at  certain   seasons  of  the  v 


The  1 


ear.  and 
r  and  near  to  i^'athei'  them  for  food. 


irva'  o 


r  jaipa-  are  dried  in  the  sun.  the  sludl  ruhbed  off  1 


hand,  when  a  ytdh-wish   keriad  (pupa)  like  a 
grain  of  rice  app-ars.     This  i-'  oil 


)V 


unpleasant  to  the  taste,  and  under  tl 

(so  pronounced)  forms  a  very  important  articdc  of  ln,,d.     Th 


small  yellowish 

y.   very  nutritious,  and  not 

le  name    ol'   Icoit-rJnih-livi' 


India 


lis  -ave  me  some  of  it;   it  does  not  tast( 


c   oadlv.  and.  il 


one  were  ignorant  of  its  origin,  it  would  nial 


vc  nice  sou]i.  ' 

Another  species,  Eph,j,Jra  hinns.  is  found  in  e(pially  girat 
quantities  in  Lake  Texcoco,  near  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  Pro- 
less(u- Penafiel  has  given  the  writer  the  following  not.'s  con- 
cerning them  : 

^'It  is  of  the  eggs  of  this  insect  that  the  greater  i)art  <.f 
what  is  known  as  Aliuatle  is  composed  and  which  is  now  used 
by  the  nativ.'s.  who  have  preserved  the  customs  of  the  anci-ut 
Azt(>cs.  Th(>  eggs  are  (deaned  and  ground  into  Hour,  and  are 
P'vpared  i,y  mixing  with  luurs  eggs  and  fried  with  fat  int., 
small  cakes.  The  larva'  are  also  used  for  b.od  under  the 
name  of  I'u.ri." 


no 


XOirril  AMEKICAN  DirTERA. 


Ml: 


TAliLE  OF  GKNEHA. 
Second  joint  of  the  antennic  with  a  short  spinous  hristlo  at  the  anterior 

upper  end .         .         .         li 

Second  joint  of  antenna?  without  a  s{»inous  bristle  at  the  anterior  end.  s 


The  costal  vein  reaches  to  the  tip  of  the  third  lonuntudinal  vein. 
The  costal  vein  reaches  to  tlie  tip  of  the  fourth  lonffituilinal  vein. 


4 


;).  Tip  of  the  abdomen  in  the  male  with  eIon<;ated  bristles. 

Dicii-KTA  Mei^'^en. 
Tip  of  the  abdomen  in  the  male  without  elonj^ated  1)ristles. 

NoTiriiii.A  Fallen. 

4.  Abdomen  broad.       ......  Discomy/a  Mii^en. 

Abdomen  not  l)road.        .....,...;') 

T).  Face  on  the  uijjter  jtart  tlat  or  trently  convex,  not  carinate;  third  joint 
of  the  antennie  oval.   ......         I'siLOfA  Falhn. 

Face  distinctly  carinated  above.     .......(! 

(>.  Cheeks  ii;'.rrow ;  eyes  long.     ....     Cr.ASioi'.v  Stenhanuner. 
Cheeks  broad,  eyes  round.      ........         7 

7.  Clypeus  i)rominent.         .....      Aktiivkogi.ossa  Loew. 

(^lypeus  projectinjf  but  little  beyond  the  oral  marj^in. 

Hkcamkdk  Ilalliday. 

8.  Middle  tibite  with  several  long  bristles  e.xteriorlv.       I'akammxa  Loew. 
Middle  tibije  without  lon<f  bristles  I'Xteriorly.         ....!) 

0.  Oral  openinjr  small;  eyes  usually  pubescent  (////</(7 ///»").    .         .       10 
Oral  opening  large  {Kiihudrinn) -         .         .       Id 

10.  J  .'ont  femora  thickened .11 

Front  femora  not  thickened. 1:.' 

11.  Front  femora  much  thickened;  first  posterior  cell  narrowed  attlu'  bor- 

der of  the  wing.  ......    0(  Tiii:uA  Latreilh'. 

Front  femora  moderately  thickened;  third  and  fourth   veins  j)aralK'l 
(West  Indies) Ociitiikkoidka  Williston. 

12.  Eyes  thickly  but  short  pubescent.  Hyduki-lia  Desvoidy. 
Eyes  sparsely  i)ul)escent  or  bare.   .......       b") 

1.'5.  Sides  of  the  face  wholly  without  bristles.                     IIvadina  Ilalliday. 
Sides  of  the  face  with  ])ristles It 

14.  Eyes  wiiolly  bare .         .         .       lo 

Eyes  sjmrsel^  pubescent;  clypeus  hidden.     rniLnvciUiA  Stcnhammer. 

15,  Clyj)eus  jn-ojecting;  anterior  i)art  of  mesonotum  without  l)ristles. 

I'Ki.iNA  Ilalliday. 
Clypeus  liidden;  anterior  part  of  the  mesonotum  with  bristles. 

1'ki.omyia  Williston. 


4 


111 

17 
IH 


DIOI'SID.K—SKI'SID.K. 

1'!.   <"ly])(Mis  jironiiiu'iit. 
C'lypi'us  liiddfti. 

17.   TlH-  ostal  vein  r,,icl.,.s  to  fhr  tl.ir.l  I..n.t,ntu.Iinal  wm. 

ItH.  costal  vc.M  r.a.hosto  tl.c  tip  of  tlu.  fourth  lon.uitu.Iinal  v.i„. 

I'AinnuA  Sti'iiliaiimior. 
IS.   Claws  almost  straight  ;  p„lviiii  i.ulisti.u.t.    .  .  K,„,„„,  ,.,„^,,, 

Claws  curvtMl ;  pulvilli  .iistiiict.     .  / 

1!>.  Oral  hor.liT  quite  l.art'.  ,.,.  ,,,,., 

n„„i  II,,..  H.VTiiKA  Hal    (  av. 

Oral  l)or(kT  with  bristles. 

-0.   Arista  puheseeiit.  c 

Arista  iH'ctinateil. 

(  .i:.\iA  Desvoidv. 


SPS 
) 


.'51).    i)r()]»sriKK. 

Small  spoo.ics.     TTead  pn.]„„n-o,l  into  two  lateral  pro.oss.. 
l)eat.n.,.thooyos;   frot.t  bristly  on  tho  uppor  part  onlv;    nc 
vibrissa"  on  the  bor.Ier  of  the  month.     Front  femora  thiekene.l 
Auxiliary  vein  much  approximated  to  the  first  h.nmtu.linal 
vein. 

_I5ut  a  single  species  of  this  family,  Sp/n/nnrjMa  /^rrnror- 
ms  Say,  ,s  known  from  Xorth   America,  an.l  it  will  be  easily 
onongh  reeognized  by  the  singular    eve-stalks.     The  habits 
whether  of  the  adult  or  larval  stage  are  not  known,  nor  are 
they  known  of  any  other  memlnM-  of  the  family,  so   far  as  I 
am  aware. 


40.    ,sp:psiix/1{ 


littl 


Head  rounded;  front  bristly  above-  f 


e  retreating;  border  of  tl 


;  tiiee  perpendienlar  or 


or  without  vibrissa-  prol 
usually  short.     Abd 


)osei 


prominent.     Auxiliary  vein  present  or  al 


le  mouth  more  or  less  hairy,  with 
s    short;  antenme  not  porreet, 
)ase;   hypojiygiuni 


omen  narrow(Ml  at  the  1 


cells  distinct.     Middle  til 
out  preai)ical  biisth 


)ia'  with 


).st'iit;  all  the  basal 


spurs;  tibia'  usuallv  with 


The  flies  Ix-h 


'iiging  to  this  family 


■■uv  usually  small,  black 


112 


Xnirni  AMKIIICAN  DIITEKA. 


%■ 


iuid  t'longatcd,  with  tlic  alxloiiicn  narrowed  at  the  l)as('.  thick- 
ened and  curved  downward  tow.ird  the  cxtroniity  ;  with  trans- 
]»arent,  irrich'sccnt  wing,  \isually  liyaline.  Init  oltcn  with  a  s]iot 
or  sjtots  toward  tin*  eiuh  and  are  usually  ohscrvcd  about  decay- 
ing vegetabh'S,  excrement,  (dieese.  ham.  etc..  often  in  swarms. 
The  flies  fur  the  greater  part,  run  aliout  activtdy  and  are  (|uick 
in  fliglit.     Tlie  best  known  are  the  sixM-ies  of  I'lopJiUii.  the 


L 


irva^  o 


f  wl 


ncli  are  so  wt 


dl  k 


nown  as   ''(dieese-mites 


Tl 


lesc 


larvte  live  in  cliee.se,  in  ham  or  bacon,  or  in  general  in  any 
fatty  material,  and  often  do  nuudi  damage,  being  esjx'cially 
troublesome  in  ))ork-packing  establisliments.  From  the  jiecu- 
liar  power  of  leaping  possessed  by  the  maggots  they  are  often 
called  "ski2)pers";  the  act  is  ])erformed  by  the  larvie  seizing 
with  its  extended  mouth-hooklets  the  edge  of  the  i)osterior 
truncature  of  tlie  body  and  then  suddenly  releasing  it  while 
pulling  hard.  The  larva»  are  sonnnvhat  conical.  pointe(l 
anteriorly,  truncated  behind,  and  about  Ave  millimeters  in 
length.  They  are  shining  and  smooth  ;  the  antenna-  composed 
of  two  equally  long  joints;  the  nu)uth  booklets  separated, 
short  and  divergent;  the  anterior  spiracles  whitish,  the  ab- 
dominal legs  i'ou!>-iiened,  the  anal  seirment  with  four  fleshy 


})rotTil 


)erances. 


r 


u])arium  e 


llil)ti 


c,  ruijose. 


TAHLK  OF  (iKNEHA. 


1.  Head  (loprosscd  ;  antenna'  elongate. 2 

Head  not  dejjressed;  aiUennap  not  reacliing  bevond  the  oral  inaruin.      o 

2,  Second  joint  of  anteniue  elongate,  third  oval.  I'rociivmza  Walker. 


Second  joint  short,  third  elongate. 


Tvi.oMViA  (iiglio-'I'os. 


•"5.  Auxiliary  vein  distinct;  i)ali)i  rudimentary  (Nry.s/'/K').     . 
Auxiliary  vein  indistinct  or  wanting  (I'liijihiUntt).  . 

4.   Front  tVniora  of  the  males  with  lultiTcles  on  the  lowirside, 


Front  femora  of  male  withoiU  tuhiTc'es  l»elo\ 


Ski'sis  Fallen 
Nkmoi'od.v  Desvoidv 


0    Face  elongate  and  truncate;  ant-like  in  ai)i)earance.  ("'kimiama  Meigen. 
Face  not  elongate  and  truncate,  but  rounded.  ....         'I 


MICIIOI'KZID.K, 


113 


<!.    Winjrs  with  a  l.ln.-kish  spot  at  tlu.  tip;  antenna,  rcarlm,.-  ,u,„Iv   to  tl)e 
oral  iiiaririii.  .  ,,     '  " 


Winn's  whollv  livalinc. 


MVCKTAII.I  S   Lo(.\v. 


..      rohoscis  lonj:  an.!  .W;uUt,  tl..  lahdla  fol,!,.,]  hack.         Ma,„/v  FalK... 
Irohosc.is  short.  tl>e  iah.lla   not  l-oi,!..!   hackwanl;   .Toss-vdt.s    of    .h. 
"'""^■'''•'•'■"■^'""'""' I'M.n.u.v  Kalh.n 


41.     MK'IIOI'KZIJLK. 

Front  br<.a<l,  bristly  „„  the  upi.er  j.art.  Fa.-e  retr.-atin<^  in 
])rolile.  sometimes  very  much  so.  Ai.tenme  sliort  or  elon-ate 
porrect.  Ab.lcmen  elongate  ;  genitalia  in  the  male  somet^n.es 
very  large  and  comi.lieated.  Wings  large;  auxiliary  vein 
present  or  not;  anal  eell  always  present:  second  bas^al  eell 
closed,  exeei,t  in  Jl/n-oj.,,,,.  Logs  long;  tibia-  without  nreaoi- 
eal  bristh>,  ' 

The  larva-  and  their  habits  of  this  group  are  unkt.own. 
ilu'  llies  are  usually  of  eonsiderable  size  and  slender  or  very 
slendfM-.  Avith  very  long  legs. 


'I'ABLK  OK  GI:NK1{A. 

l.TI.inlan,!  fourth  v.ins  parallel 'JVPANruA  FaUcn. 

i  I'.n   an.i  fourth  veins  not  parallel,  th.  first  i.ostc-rior  cdl  narrowul  or 


I'losod. 


'■i.  Third  antcnnal  joint  more  or  less  elongated. 
'I'liinl  arui'unal  joint  rounded. 

■■:.  AiUennal  arista  aj.ieal  and  hare  (West  In. lies,  ( 


Ant 


I'lmal  arista  dorsal  and  jdiiniose  (CVn 


•i-  Anxiiiarv 


«'ntral  and  S.  Aineriea). 
Xi;i:iis  Sehiner. 
tral  and  South  America). 
('aim)I.\<  KpiiALA  Mac«niart. 


ven.  wantin-;  second  hasal  cell  and  tlie  «liscal  cell  united. 


Au.xil 


lary  ve^u  jires.nt  ;  second  hasal  eell 


Mi<'i;<>i'i;/A  Mei 


tren. 


complete 


rit 


lit 


inuUe  atul  penultimate  sections  of  the  fourtl 
li'ii,t;th;  aiuil  cell  larye.    . 


muite  section  of  the  fourtl 
M'ction;  anal  cell  smal 


1     ein  of  nearly  e(|ual 
Caloiiata  Meiireti. 


1  vein  twice  the  len.ytli  of  the  penultimate 

'I"anvi'i:/a  Fallen. 
14 


w 


i 


14 


Noinil   AMKIMCAN  DIl'IKi; A. 


41'.    i'silidj:. 

Front  bristly  on  tlic  iii)i»('r  [tart  ;  broad,  l-'acc  jtrriii'iKtica- 
lar  or  sonu'what  retreatini.,'  in  profile,  witliont  vibrissa'.  An- 
tenna' niodcratt'lv  or  verv  lon.u;'.  dccunibcnt.  Abdonit-n  rather 
slender;  male  i;'enitalia  bnt  little  jironiinent,  the  oviduct 
usually  elonti-ate.  \\'in,!^s  hn\Lj«' :  iiuxiliary  vein  alisent;  third 
and  iourth  lonL,dtudinal  veins  ])arall(d  :  all  three  basal  etdls 
distinct.      Lej^'s  »doni;ate ;  no  i)r<'ai)ical  bristle  on  tln'  tibia'. 

The  Hies  of  this  fainilv  are  ol'  moderate  si/e  and  eloniiate. 
Tile  larva'  in  those  few  sjiecdes  in  which  they  are  known  live 
in  the  roots  or  tj^alls  of  different  ])lants.  The  larva*  of  J'sihi 
are  slender,  cylindrical,  pale  yellow,  l)are  ;  the  ])osterior  stig- 
mata are  small,   ronnded  or  button-like  i)roeesses  of  a  black 


COlOl 


TAIU.K  OF  (iKNKUA. 


1.  Aiitcniiii'  imicli  i-loiiffiiti'd,  tlie  tliinl  Joint  sU'iiiler.        Loxoceua  Mi'iireii. 
AntcMinse  shorter  tliaii  tlie  I'aci",  the  tliird  joint  oval  or  rounili<i.     .         i' 

2.  Face  nearly  peri)en(]icular  in  profile ;  anal  cell  noticeably  shorter  than 


the  seeonii  l»a.<al  ce 


("iivi.iZA  Fallen. 


Face  retreating' in  profile:  anal  cell  as  lonu;  or  lonjier  than  the  seeoml 


l.asal  cell. 


I'sii.A  Meiiiii 


4;].     OllTALIlhE. 

Jlather  small  to  moderately  large  flies.  Front  broad  in  both 
sexes,  jiever  with  lower  fronto-orbital  bristles.  Vibrissa'  want- 
ing. Olypeus  distinet.  usually  well  developed;  ])r()boscis 
more  or  less  stout;  pa.l])i  broad,  seldom  narrow.  Abdomen 
with  five  segnuMits  in  the  male,  six  in  the  female,  the  first  two 
in  both  sexes  more  or  less  coalescent;  male  with  a  rolled-u]), 
long  ])enis;  female  witli  a  three-jointed,  horny  ovijiositor. 
Legs  usuallv  stout  and  short,  never  verv  slender.  Venation 
of  wings  complete;  auxiliary  vein  completely  separated  irom 
tht^  first  longitudinal  ve'in,  though  often  much  approximated 
to  it :  it  runs  into  the  costa  at  a  more  or  less  acute  angle,  with- 
out becoming  indistinct  at  its  eml :   ])osterior  basal  and  anal 


<>n'i".\i,ii),K, 


115 


evil  ot  oonsulemhl.  si/.,  th.  h.tt.-r  ..x..,.ptinn:,llv  indistinct 
3Ii.I(ll(.  til.ia.  alone  pn.vi.lcl   with   s,,nrs:   n,.nr  ..I   tlir  til.i  p 
with  an  erect  l.ristle  l)efoiv  tlie  tip  exteriorly. 

The  present  laniily  ineludes  ;.  hu-e  nuiuh.-r  <>[  species  „f 
Hies  that  are  sure  to  he  represents  in  evcrv  col]ecti<,n  of  ,iip- 
teni  Many  of  the  species  hn^,  the  win,,-s  prettilv  marked. 
Ih..  ianiily  by  many  entonudo-ists  is  divi.h-.l  into  several 
i"<l''l.endent  .^n-oups.  as  the  Doryceri.la-  or  I'vr.^otina-.  the 
JMatystomidas  Ulidiida-,  etc  The  Hies  are  usnallv  found 
ahout  mea.lows  or  among  luxuriantly  .^rowin.g  ^rass.  T!  e 
larva'  are  liut  j)oorly  known. 


TAHLK    OK  (iKNKRA. 

I!V     I'liOr-.    W.    A.     SNOW. 

1.  First  lon-it.i.linal  vimm  W^vt  vvitli  small  J.ristles. 

I'lrst  loiijritudiiial  vein  J.arc.     .         .         .         ,  '         '         '         Z 

2.  Ovipositor  f1attciu-(l;  (.colli  j)r(.soiit.         ...  ., 
Hvipositornot  flattc'iifd;  no  ocelli.           .         ,         [                I'vi-<  ,r     ■    ' 

••'■  Thin!  antennal  joint  round  or  short  ovate;  ends  of  auxiliarV  ami 'fir^t 
longitudinal  veins  widely  separated.  .         .  Vn^unru.  ,v  k 

I  lurd  antennal  .|oint  not  round  or  short  ovate.*  "  j 

4.   Neither   pro-pleural  or  sterno-pleural  l.ristles  j.resent:    third   ant..,M,al 
.JOMit  elonJ,^•lte.      .         ,  ., 

A  sternopleural  l.ut  no  propleural  l.ristle  j.resent. '  'vHrnxnlst 

o.   Posterior  angle  of  anal  cell  drawn  out  into  a  loh.,  or  at  least,  n.ore  or 

less  acute;  teniora  never  aimed  i- 

Posterior  angle  of  anal  cell  ohtuse,  rounded  or  retracted  ;  iVmon;' armed 

m  most  of  the  genera.  „  ''■""" 

lUCIlAHMllV.i:. 

rvuriOTT.v.K. 
Front  strongly  projecting;  face  retreating;  oral  opcung  small  •  prol.os- 

pi:.;::  hHrTM'-'""c'"  "^'^ "^■^■^''"'-'=  oceinahsent; : :. 

I'lcuoil  hnstle;  hrst  long.tu.Iinal  vein  hairy;  ovipositornot  flattened. 

I'viif.oTA  \\'iederii;inii. 
I'LArvsToMix.i;. 
Oral  opernng  very  large;  clypeus  generally  v.-rv  n.u,d>  develope.l    .,nd 
thc.prol..sc.  pn,portionateh-^n.tMhinl  an.ennal  joint  elongate)  me;o! 

*  Tetropismenus  Loew  has  the  third  '.iu^^^^^^i^^^^^'^^ 
stigma  or  subcostal  cell  locates  it 


among  the  Ortalin; 


11(5 


N'ninil   AMKIMCAN    DII'TKK'A. 


notuiii  bristly  on  tlir  liiii<l  j»iirt  only;  proplciiral  atid  stiTiKjpKiiral  ltri>tl(>^ 
ahscrit ;  ffinalc  ahdomi'ii  witli  tiv«'  siuiiunts:  (tvijxtsitnr  Hattfiii'tl ;  first 
longitudinal  vi-in  liristly. 

1.  'I'lu' i)ictiire  of  the*  win<rs  consist  ciiiifly  of  a  dark  bordiT  alonjr  tlic  cdsIii. 
from  thi-  basi-  of  tin-  stitMua  to  tlif  tip  of  tlic  winir.  with  the  first 
basal  ctdl  and  tlu-  posterior  cross-vein  (doudeii ;  anterior  cross-vein 
oiiliiiue.         ..........         i'l 

Flies  not  liiivin<;  the  altove  characters.     ......         )i 

■_'.    I'osterior  an^le  of  the  anal  cell  ilrawn  our  into  a  sharj)  point  (Mexico). 

( )sritAC<»<<Ki.iA  (iiijlio-'ro--, 
I'osterior  an^le  of  the  anal  cell  routuh'd.  .....'■', 

.'J.   Picture  of  the  winj^s  dark,  varied  with  transparent  spots  and  bars.  I 

Winjrs  not  so  marked.       .........'» 

4.   Scutellum  larifc,  flat ;  occiput  but  little  swollen  ;  veins  of  winjis  straiuiil 

and  markedly  diveriii'iit.    ....         Amimiicnki'iiks  Lot  \v. 

Scutelhiin   ,?maller,    not    flattened;    occiput     much    smaller:    epistimia 

stronj^ly    projectin;.s  third   and    fourth     longitudinal   veins    nearly 

parallel,  sinuous  (Mexico  and  South  America*.  I'i.atvstoma  Meinen. 

•">.  'I'he  picture  of  the  winjis  consists  of  four  blackish  v^ross-bands,  of  which 
th  :'un\  is  nearly  peri)endicular,  an<l  the  fourth  lies  alon<i  the  costa 
at  the  ajiex  of  the  winjf ;  scutellum  with  four  bristles. 

IviVKi.LiA  Desvoidy. 
\Vinjr.<<  withotit  bainls;  scutellum  with  two  bristles;  ant-like  flies. 

MviiMKCOMViA  Desvoidy, 

<■».    I'osterior  cross-vein  ]iroloiH^ed  beyond  the  fourth  vein  (Cuba). 

Ui.MKiior.ss A  Loew. 
I'osterior  cross-vein  not  ])rol()n.ii'ed.  ......         7 


7.    Fifth  lonjjitudinal  vein  bristly  (Mexii-o). 
Fifth  lotmitudinal  vein  not  bristlv.* 


HkK  IMKI.I.A  (iiulio- Tos. 
Stknoi'tkhina  Mac(|uari. 


ti^l 


(  Ki'll.VbllN  K. 
<>ral  opcninji  very  larjic;  clypi'us  and  proboscis  <:reatly  devtdoped;  pio- 
plcural  bristle  absent ;  "ternojjleural  bristle  j)resent  ;  sixth  seuineiit  of  tin- 
abdomen    in    the  female  distitu-tly   devtdoped   ;  ovipositor  tlatteiu'd  ;   tir»l 
loiifiitudinal  vein  bristly. 

1.    Slender.  Sepsis-like  flies,  resembling'  Myrmecomyia,  with  win<:s  ;ilniosi 
hyaline,  except  for  a  small  infuscation  at  the  stijiina  ami  at  tlii'  tip. 

(  "kcmai.ia  Meiticn. 
Winii's  with  a  consi)icii()us  picture. ■        - 

*  1  can  not  see  wherein   /In'ciimin   Walker,  to  which  ni^lio-Tos  refers  a 
Mexican  species,  differs  from  .'<h  im/iti  riim. 


"iriAI.ID.K 


117 


•-'.    Wiiijr,^  (lark,  with  tlirt-t'  ol 


t'  ol)li(nit',   inon.  (ir  [ 


«'ss  iirciiiitcil.   hviilii 


ic    r|'(i« 


l.an.is;  first  l.a.al  cHl  .xp.Mi.lr.i  iH.tor..  its  .,„|,  T.nn.x  v  I.n..w' 

»\  iiiiis  not  with  such  iiiarkiinrs. 

::.    Wii.Ks  l,n.a.i.  with  a  mark.,!  ..xnsi.,„  o„  tlu-  ....sta  n.ar  ,h..  .,ni  of  th- 
auxiliary  vein;  src.,,,.!  vn,,  sinu-us.  Ca  v..t..nk,  „  v  .Ma...,nar, 

Mii's  IK  t  havm<r  such  wiiiys. 

4 

•1.    Posterior  au-j..  of  the  anal  (vll  rctractcl.  |„^^.^  ,  „,,^^. 

I'..sti-rior  an-le  of  tlic  anal  cHl  .Jniw.,  out  int.,  a  loi.ir  loh,.. 

I>|  v<  iin  \  (icr^ta'ckrr, 
<»i;rAM.\.i:. 
TlK.  Ortaiina.  .iillVr  fron,  the  I'latysto.nina.  a.„i  ( VphailitKc  in  the  sn,all 
oral  opemn.r.  the  less  .levelope.i  elypeus.  tnore  slen.ler  pn.hosei.  an,l  >n,aller 
palp.  I  he  n.esonotun.  is  son.etinies  l.ri>tly  in  the  n.i.i.iie  anteriorlv  the 
P'-'.pl.ural  an.l  n.esopleural  bristles  l.oth  j.resent.  Ken.ale  alnion.en  with 
SIX  sejxiiients. 

1.  Face  sharply  earinate.      ... 

Face  not  shari)ly  tarinate.  ~ 

2.  Thinl  antennal  joint  ciiruiar:   hairy  spe.-ies.         Tktko.-.smkm  s  i.ocw' 
I  li>'-.l  antennal  joint  en.iin.y-  in  a  sharp  point ;  pollinose  Hies. 

ri;i'iii«»NorA  I.oew 
->.   Mesonotuml.ri.stlyinthen.i.hlleinfront:  thinl  antenna!    joint  ex,.iM.,I 

ulxive  and  with  a  pointid  tip.  ('.-....vi     \i 

.,  ,    .     '  ■         ■         ,         »  i-.ii<»\^ »  .\lac(|uarl. 

Mesonotuni  not  hristly  in  the  nii.hlle  in  front.         .         .         .  , 

4.   Thinl  antennal  joint  .iistinetly  exc-ise.l  ahove.  pointcl  at  the  tip  ;  fourth 
l..njr,tu.linal   vein    with  a  niarke.i  anterior  curvature    on    its  distal 

,p,  .    ,  .  Anai'ami'T  V  I,oew 

Ihinl    antennal  joint  not  excise,!  above:  fourth   vein    no,   >„    curve.!  • 
body  n.Nirly  destitute  of  bristles  ..r  hairs.  Ti-rvv.o.s  K..1I....' 


VNoi's  l-allen. 


I'TKI.'oc.M.i.ix.i.; 


I 


rypeta-like:   color! 


ii.ii-  noiinietallic:    head   rather  bn.  id.  Imh    low.  uiih 


i-ather  pn.tuberant  eyes:  face  short,  perpendieii! 
die:  elyjieus  l)ut  little  develojied  ;  thin!  a. 
mesonotuni  bristly  upon  the  post 


sir.   excavated  in  tl 


le  nmi 


leiinal  joint  round  or  short  oval 


airy:  tip  of  the  first  loiiyitiidinal 


erior  part  only:  thinl   lonyitudin 


il   vein 


ea(di  otiier:  jiosterior  an^de  of  tl 


vein  and  auxiliary   vein  remote  fmiii 
anal  cell   usually  .Irawn  out  into  a  Ion--' 


1.    I'osterior  aiiule  of  anal  c.dl  drawi 


vein  verv  ol 


I'osi 


olilKjiie, 


1  out  into  a  lolly-  lobe  :   posterior  en 


t'rior  anixle  ,,f  ana!  cell  not  ^.n-eatl 


y  produced. 


IIP 


\m 


lis 


NOiri'II   AMKKICAN  DIl'IKF} A. 


Wings  very  narrow  in  {)r(>p<irti((n  to  their  Icngtii,  of  o<}nal  widtli,  Ix'oaii- 


ly  r  )un(k'(l  at  basi-  and  tij). 


rrKKocAi.LA  IJondani. 


Wing.-  witii  an  unusually  convi'x  jjostcrior  margin,   ("ai.i.oi'istkia  L( 


)l'\V. 


Anterior   and   posterior    cross-veins    very    oldiiiue,    not   a})proxiinatf(l 


(Mexico). 


M  VKNMS   l)l'>V(dllv 


l»()ste 


nor  eross-vein  rectangular  or  nearlv  so. 


4 


4.   Second  longitudinal  vein  straight  or  ni-arly  so,  anterior  cross- vein  not 
ol(li(lue.  ............'» 

Second  longitudinal  vein   markedly  siniKMis  ;  cross-veins  ap[troxiMiated 
and  tlie  anterior  one  very  ohlifjue.*  I'AUAcioiiciori.s  (Jiglio-Tos. 

•").  Cheeks  rather  liroad;  jjosterior  angle  of  anal  cell  acute. 

SiKTOCKi'iiAi.A  Loew. 
Cheeks  and  face   extremely  short;    eyes   transversely    oval;  posterior 


single  of  anal  cell  rectangular  (New  Mi'xico).       I'sAiitorrKitA  I. 


oew. 


■^'■Ji 


I'LIDIIX.K. 
Head  large,  hemisplierical  ;  proljoscis  stout,  with  brojul  labella  ;  front 
broad;  anteniue  short;  mesonotum  bristly  in  the  middle  behind  only;  first 
and  tliird  longitudinal  veins  of  the  wings  bare,  tlie  third  and  fourth  con- 
vergent distally ;  posterior  Jingle  of  the  anal  cell  acute,  sometimes  drawn 
out  into  a  long  lobe. 

1.    Head  c')nspicuous!y  large  :  front  unusually  l»road  and  the  antenna'  very 
'•  idely  separated.         .........         2 

Head  iu)t  conspicuously  large,  the  antenna'  more  a])proximate(l  at  their 


r<»ot. 


(Kkoi'a  Loe 


2.  Third  ar'ennal  Joint  round;  front  punctulate. 

'I'hird  ai.teimal  Joint  elongate;  upper  i)art  of  front  rugose. 

K I  u  \v  K  I'll  A  LA  Ku'der. 

;'».    Posterior  angit' of  aiiiil  cell  acute,  but  scarcely  i)rolonged  lobe-like.      S 
Posterior  angle  <d"  anal  ccdl  distiiu'tly  drawn  out  into  a  lobe.  .         4 

4.   Front  ])m!Ctati' or  scrobiculate.         ......."> 

Front  smooth.  ...........         7 

•").   Scutellum  flat,  with   sharp    edges;    fourth  longitudinal   vein   stronuly 


curve  1  forward  at  its  end  ;  front  coarselv  rugose. 


Scutellum  ccnvex,  roundeil  on  its  eilges. 

(».   Stigma  not  unusually  elongate. 

Stignm  elongate,  about  as  long  as  the  <'ostal  c^ 


^'oTO(:KA.^!^.  .  liOew, 


ll.H  lA  Meigeti. 
AciiosTicTA  I.oew. 


*  This  genus  is  lociited  here  as  deflnitidy  as  the  characters  given  will 
permit. 


OK  rALiD.i:. 


I  1!) 


0 


Si:<'i-i  i:i;a  I\iiliv 


:.    Fa.v,listiiHily,,n.J,.rtii,i,r  hdow:  third  ai.trnnal    joint   n.,,,,,!..!  at   tlu- 

I'lKi. '  j,.|.   .    .^., 

I'.'uv  ivtivatin-;  thini  aritennal  J,.ii,t  witli  a  sharp  a.itmur  an-lc. 

<  'ii.i;t(ii-sis  I,(hu. 
S.    I5()(ly  cxtrrmcly  sinuicr. 

I'otiy  not  sifiKiiT;  t'acc  rariiiatc 

!»■    '•''•o'lt  ..niy  sli-htiy  i.rojvctin-in  profil,.;  face  oh!i,|ii,.. 

^ti;n().\!\  ia  I.ocw. 

.'•ront  ve.ry  n.urh  i.rojrctin,.:,  so  tiiat  the  head   is  (■o.,icai  an.l  tiir  ftre" 

lu-arly  horizontal.     .  k,  „,,.   .       m 

'•'  MI.  ioi«iA  M;i((|iiart. 

1M(  Il.\K'I)|[N-.l.:. 

M.sonotMn,  witi,  hristk.  in  tlu-  .niddl.  posteriorly  oniv;  funora  often 
=.nnc.,lan,  uK.rassate;  first  h,nj.itu.iinai  vein  l,are  ;  postenor  ant^h- of  the 
anal  eell  ol.twse;  eostal  v..in  nsnally  hn-ken  Just  iK.fore  the  tern>ination  of 
theau.x.hary  ven,;  au.xiliary  and  first  lon.uitndinal  veins  .loselv  approx- 
iiiiatcd.  their  tijis  near  together,  " 

1.   Ffinora  all  armed  with  spines. 

Femora  unarmed 

1'.    Ilea,!  shaped  like  a  lon.u',  .somewhat  Mattened  eone.  ("nN„.K,.s  L,„.w" 

Head  not  so  shaped. 

■'•    ^'''f  y  '""'■  ''-velop.d  ;  anal  ..ell  wanting.  Sn.y^uKr,^,  LuJ 

Anal  cell  i)resent.  .         ,  j.-  ,   ,     .,  ,     i 

1.    Sniteilum  with  two  l,ris:les:  third  and  fourth  lon:,itndinal  veins  ne^Hv 
parallel 

S'utellum  with  four  l.ristles:  oeelli  remote  fnim  the  venex;  last  ...tion 
of  the  fourth   vein  cMu.verneni  toward  the  third    (West    Indi.s  ,,nd 

^"""'  '^""■'•'■^■"> (^..:....M..To,.,A  .Mae.iua-, 

•••   <»c.eIl,moreapproxi,natedto  the  verfx  :  front  not  narrowed  anteriorlv 

,,        .^7^   '";'7,>  •         ■         •         •  NKon.K.TV..A..srenSa.keM. 

''••■Il>  ahout  halt  way  between  the  vertex  and  the  antenna.;  front  sonu- 

whaf  narrowed  anteriorly  (West  Indies).  .         .         .s,  knmma.  i;  v. 


II-     TKVl'KTIDJ.:. 

Hou.l  lieiiii.splu'rical;   la,-.,  m-.u-lv  iHTpcinliciil; 


<»!•    simicwhat    ivtivatiiio-,    witli.ait 


l»r<'a<l.  hri.stly  on   tlic  sides.  1.1 


1'  in    jifdiilc 
ilisfiiict    vilirissa'.      I^diit 


sittiati'd  eldsc  f.i  )1|,.  luirdcf  of  tl 


K'   lower   li'oiito-oihital    hrisr 


es 


IC  ('V<'S, 


.\llt, 


t'liiiii'  (IceiUlilMMif. 


w 


1L'(> 


NOirril  AMKIMCAX   DIl'TKUA, 


^  ■  -4 


siiort,  rarely  elongated.  Abdomen  composed  of  four  or  ii\c 
segments;  genitalia  of  the  male.s  but  little  exjxjsed;  the  ovi- 
positor jointed,  more  or  less  prt)jecting.  AVings  rather  large  : 
auxiliary  vein  present,  ending  steeply  and  obsenndy  in  oi- 
near  the  border;  ])Osterior  basal  eidl  and  the  anal  ctdl  distinct, 
tlie  latter  often  drawn  out  into  an  acute,  often  prolonged, 
point.  Wings  usually  with  dark  markings.  T^egs  r.ioderately 
long;  tibia'  without  ])reapical  bi-istle.  I'roboscis  moderately 
long,  usuali}'  with  broad  laUdla.  sometiities  long,  and  the  n;ir- 
row  labella  folding  backwards. 

This  family  comprises  a  hirg(!  number  of  rather  small  flies 
usually  with  ])rettilv  marked  win<j:s.  Tlu^  larvu'  are  not  (don- 
gate,  conical  and  round;  the  ])osterior  stigmata  lie  free  in  tw(t 
sejjarated  snuill,  chitinous  ])latidets,  forming  three  radiating 
de}>ressions ;  antennte  short,  two-jointed;  mouth  booklets 
separated,  thick  and  strong;  anal  end  somewhat  im})ressed, 
often  in  the  middle  with  six,  sn^all.  fleshy  p'unts.  l'u])aria 
(dliptical.  the  anterior  stigmata  projecting  sonu'what  button- 
like. The  larva'  ol'  Cfratifi^  live  in  tlie  flesh  of  oranges  ami 
lemons,  those  of  Ariiirt;  have  been  found  at  the  l»ase  of  the 
flower  stems  of  riilomis.  those  of  A<i<l(i  mining  in  the  leaves 
of  Ikiiiiif.i-,  those  of  Spiloi/rtijilKi  mining  in  the  leaves  of 
Sri/rrli).  or  Ari'f/'inii  or  bred  frou)  the  berries  of  So/aiii/m 
c(i I'oli iK'iisis,  ill  the  fruit  of  I'nunis  and  Lnnicrra.  etc.;  tlu'Se 
of  /'J/isii/n,  in  the  blossoms  (d'  Sr/ir/nfs:  those  ot  Ti'jih i'it is 
in  the  blossoms  and  galls  o[  the  stems  or  roots  of  various  coiii- 
])osita';  those  of  ('nr/ilKit riflm  in  the  galls  and  roots  ol' 
Arhilhii,  the  flo\>'ers  of  11  Icrni'} ii in .  etc.  those  (d'  Triijichi  in 
tlie  heads  of  ('!rshii/i.  <  'riitnurcn .  etc..  and  in  steuis  of  plants. 

lAIil.K  OF  (JKNKliA. 

1.   ()vi|tri>it()r  (if  t'ciiialt'  rciiinrkiilily  cloti^iatcii  urnl  curviMl;  sccoinl  Icmui- 

tudinal  vein  usuallv  witli  nil  aiitiiinr  luiiiicli.     'I'oxotkvi-ana  (iri>l. 

( )vip()Mtnr  tidi  ri'iiiarkahly  fl(iii|i!iti'il  and  curvi'd.    ....         2 

'2.    KiMiiit  nil  cacli  >iilf\viili  a  Inisllc  liaviiiii  a  tcriiiiiial,  leaf  like  ai)]U'lida;iV, 

('M!ATrii>  .Macli'a.v, 
Front  witliiuil  «.iicli  liri^llcs.        ........'•'< 


'rin-i'KTin.K 


121 


5.   Winys  with  colon'il  markiii<_rs  not  rot 


W 


iciilntc. 


iii<;s  hy.'iiiiie  or  with  the  iiiark 


4.   Scutiliiim  with  six  l)ristlcs. 
Scuti'lhim  not  with  six  hristit 


ni.ixs  rcticuhitc  or  spotti'd. 


IS 


IIkxacii.kta  L 


•").    Fourth  hjii-iitiidiiial 


voiii  C(.iisi)icuoiislv  curved  forward  at  its  t 


ip. 


Fourth  h)riuitiidiiial 


AcitOTOXA    I.IH' 


vi'in  not  conspicuously  curved  forward  at 


<!.    Distal  ])ortion  of  tl 


Its  tip.  (! 


a  curved  or  arclied  1 


It'  win^  with  two  iiyaline  indent 


band 


irown  jn-ojection  frotu   the  1 


itioiis,  separatee!  i)\- 


iro 


or 


«pot   lietr)re  it,  tlie  anterior  indent; 


wn  ohii(|Me  cro 


Iiostenor  one  (in  the  second  i)osterior  cell, 
vein)  tnort' trianjridar  in  shaiie.*- 
iiiU's  not  so  marked.     - 


ition  more  slender,   tl 


crossing-  or  not  the  fourth 


W 


7.    i]o<ly  elonj,:ate;  alxl 


10 


omen  narrowi^r  than  the  thor 


IX. 


B 


ody  short;  abdomen  as  broad  as  tl 


SriiAissiA  Desvoidv. 


ic  thorax. 


^i.    Horizontal  diameter  of  tli 


11 


on/ 


I'  eyi's  remarkably  short.         Stknoi'a  I. 


""tal  .hameter  of  the  eyes  not  shorter  than  usual. 


oew. 


!l    Anti'penultiniai 


iVnt 


c  section  of  the  fourth  v 


cpetiultimate  section  (d'  tl 


em  straii;ht.         Acidia  I, 


oew. 


le  fourih  Vein  curved.     !• 


1^!.   Colorintr  of  t!ie  hod 


i''><  iii;oA  Lo 


y  .uvnerally  liuht,  never  black. 


1   two  cross-band> 


converLiinu-  toward   the 


i;; 


Coloriiii;-  of  the  Ixxly  Ithick 

11     Winys  lu'ar  the  middle  witi 
posterior  margin. 
Wiuus  not  with  such  cross- bands. 

1-'.  The  third  l.moitu.linal  vein  is  o,..,tly  curve.l  l,a,d<ward  toward  the  tip 
head  not  swollen.  .  v.  ..  , 

r,,,   .  ,  I   ,..,.,         .  ■  •  •  •  M'M.()lil!AI>IIA    Loew, 

"""'  '""^"'""'""1  vnn  strain-h,  ,o  the  tip:  h..ad  distin.'tly  swollen. 

<Kin('Ai!i:\A  Loew. 
1^!.    Win^.  with  four  very  obli,|ue  cross-bands  ;  cross-veins  verv  oblinue 
(Toss-ba.,ds  nearly  trausverse.  or  dissolved  into  spots;  cross-veins  1, 
little  obli((Ue.     .         .  .,  ,,    . 

'  I  UVI'I.TA   .Memcn. 

II.   •'^•'iitellum  tumid,  biiubi.rculate.  .         .  I',,...vvv,.   i 

V   .  .    11  ..    ,  •  •  I  i.i.'ON^  .MA  Loew. 

■^.utellum  .,(  the  usual  structure,  not  swollen,  thouuh  convex. 

I'i.A<.i(ir(i.MA  Loew. 

*  In  sou.e  varieties  of  ,</,.„..;„  /o.,//,,.,,;,.  ,|,e  distal  hvaline  indent 
tiolls  are  ohsolete. 


II 
lit 


IP 


19<> 


NOHTII  AMKinCAX  DIITKIfA. 


Cross-veins  conspicuously  iijiproxiiniitcfi.     . 
Cross-veins  not  iijiproxiinatcd. 


in 

17 


l!il . 


1("). 


17. 


18. 

in. 

20. 

21. 


2  J. 


25. 


VVinffs  with  hyaline  indentations  and  a  suhapicai,  arcuate,  hyaline 
cross-hand;  seutelluni  l)lack.         .  I'olvmoui'iiom via  Snow. 

Winffs  with  .hree  hrown  liands  or  projections,  connected  anteriorly, 
the  distal  one  t'ollowinii'  the  costa,  the  middle  one  l)eyoiid  the  niiddle 
of  th<   winji,  the  proximal  one  toward  the  hase.  (KoAfU'is  I.oew. 

Seutelluni  with  lour  hristles,  yellow  ;  wini;s  with  hlaek  cross-hands. 

KiiAr.or.ETis  Lotw. 

Scutellum  with  two  l)ristles,  l)lack;   winas  with  hyaline  indentations 

along  the  marjjin .         A(  ii  ua   Desvoidy. 

Fifth  vein  stroniily  hristly  ;  scutellum  with  six  bristles. 

ni.Ki'ii.r Kovi-MHA  Loew. 
Fifth  vein  not  hristly  ;  scutellum  with  four  or  two  hri.vtii's.         .         IH 

Winirs  handed  on  the  apex.  ....       Acuot.knia  Loew. 

Winjrs  not  handed  on  the  apex.    .         .         .         .  .         .         2tl 

Face  spotted •         .         21 

Face  not  spotted. 22 

Winers  very  miich  dilated;  pattern  of  picture  not  radiatint,'. 

K- TijKTA  Loew. 
Win^-s  not  dilated  ;  with  radiatintj  markinj^s  alonj:  the  margin. 

CAuriioritK'iiA  Loew. 

Front  very  liroad.  .........         2.1 

Front  not  very  broad.   .........         2.") 

Third  antennal  joint  elouLjate,  with  a  sharj)  anterior  anjile;  ovipositor 
tlatti'Ued.        ........       AciixxiONA  Loew. 

Third  antennal  joint  short 21 

Winiis  with  numerous  small  spots  and  laru'crones  alonj,''  thedist.al  mar- 
tiin ;  ovipositor  conical.        .....  LriiisfA  Loew. 

Wings  with  large,  irregular,  brown  spots  and  iiyaline  sj)aces. 

.Xknocu.kta  Snow. 

Wings  without  markings,  or,  on  the  ai>ical  half  only  with  a  reticulation 

dissolved  into  cross-bands.         .  Nko.vsimi.oia  < 'sten  Sackiii. 

Flies  not  having  the  above  cli.'iraeters.  .....         2<i 

Wings  of  an  evenly  broad  shape,  and  with  an  unusually  blunt  apex. 

k'TKRiCA  Loew. 
Wings  of  the  usual  shajx-,  or  dilati'd 27 

Labella  very  much  i)rolonged Fi.vsiNA  Desvoidy. 

Laliella  not  or  Init  little  elonuated 2H 


SArnoMVZIDvE. 


10 
17 


■21 


L'-) 


)iil\' 


•'S 


2H.   W i II <r- markings  railiatirii;-. 

Winj,-,Markinj:s  not  raciiati,.^.       .'.'.'.  TKPMK.ns  LatrHIl!!! 

2!».  TlK.  whole- or  nearly  (h.  uhui..  surfa.-c  nC  the  win,.  .  itl,  uniruiorous 
rctu'iilatioii.        .  ,. 

A  .tar-,.ha,K.d  black  pir.ur.at  tl,.  apex  n(  th.  wi„o,  ,|„  r,„„i„i„.,  ,„,. 

tacc.n,m.a,-ulatr,„ruitl,  a   v.ry   U■^y  ,s,,o,s,  or  at   thr  most   with  an 

"'""'^•'^' •■"'"'•"'""••" l-.M.:,.,.,A  I)..svoi.ly. 

4.-,.     SAPHoMVZlJXi:. 

Small  .s].('("i(.s.  seldom  uu>vv  than  7  millim.  in  h-ii-th.  H.-ad 
as  broad  (,r  a  little  broader  than  the  thorax;  front  with  one 
or  two  bristles  (m  each  side  ant.'riorly  to  those  of  the  vertex 
Antenna'  usnally  short  t.nd  jnu-n-et.  s.mietinies  tlu-  thir<l  joint 
elongated.  Face  without  vibrissa-  on  the  oral  mar-in.  Ab<lo- 
men  short-ovate.  Legs  never  elongate.  Aiixiliarv  vein  .d" 
the  wings  j.resent;  eross-veii.s  iM'v,-r  approximated ;  basal 
eells  small,  l)iit  eomplete. 

I  iiHdmle  in  this  iamily  tlu-  S;.pr„n.v/ida"  a.i.l   L.meha-i.la' 
of  Loew.  tlH.ugh  the  ehara.-ters   ;uv    perhaps  sufHeient  to  jus- 
tify their  separatiom     Th<"  larva-  .d'  S;,promv/a  live  in  .leeav- 
ii.g    vegetable  nr  tter;   they  are  slend.-r.    with   two    distini-t 
mouth  booklets,  the  entire  body,  except  the  anterior  seo-n.ents 
roughened  by  very  small  bristles.     The  segments  are  distinctly 
ooli  ;trieted,  the  penultimate  segment  with    four  eonmal   jiro- 
wsses  in  a   transverse  row,  the  terminal   segment   with   two 
three  jointed  processes,  between  which  is  the  cvlindrical.  sti'- 
iiiatie  tube.    In  Lonr/nra  there  are  no  conical  processes  <m  tin- 
I)enultimate  segment,  and  the  stigmatie  tubes  or  processes  are 
small  and  wart-like. 

TAHI.K  OF  (iKNKKA. 
1.  Tihia^  without  proapical  In-istle;  Iro.u  -vith  a  si„oi..  fronto-orl.ital  hri.- 
tie;  ovijiosuor  Hattciici  and  horny  {/j,„r/nnnn ).         .  ., 

Til.ia>  with  a  .listii.ct  prcai.ical  hristle;  two  fronto-orhita'  hristles";  ovi" 
IXKsitor  not  horny,  cndinj:  tiihc-like  {S„pr,>,u^/zina 


■)■ 


*  f  'III!  torn  11(1    (i 


iinal  ctl!  nidinicntarv 


li" Tos  (Mexico)  has  tlircc  I' 


i«M,;,:(irhifal  tiristlcs,  th 


ansta  imlxscciit,  the  face  si 


I'lrl,  (lai   and   vertical. 


124 


NOirni  AMEHIPAX  DII'TKUA, 


2.   Mt'tallic  black  six'cii's  ;  front  narrow.     . 
Yellow  or  yt'Uowisli  si)t't'ic's;  front  broail. 


L()NCII.T.A    Killlcll. 

rAi.i.orTiciiA  Kaiifti. 


.'5.  Arista  with  a  short,  ('amsi'  pluinosity ;  face  with  a  stroiij:'   <ril)bosity   in 

the  middle I'aciivckuina  Mac(iuar',. 

Arista  slender,  bare,  jnilxscent  or  pliiinosc,  not  havinj;-  an  appearance 
of  solidity.  ..........         4 

4.  Face  very  l)road,  in  i)rofile  stronyly  convex  l)elow. 

I'livsoGDNiA  Mac(|nart. 
Face  receding,',  flattened  or  ireiitly  arched.         .....•"> 

5.  First  posterior  cell  much   narrowed  in  the  niarjiin   (Central  and  South 

America) (iitii'iioNKi  i;a  Schiner. 

First  posterior  cell  not  or  but  sliirhtly  narrowed  in  the  margin.       .         ti 

n.   Shininfj black  species;  third  joint  of  antenna'  inori'  or  less  eion<fate. 

Lai  XAMA  Fallen. 

More  or  less  yellow  s))ecies ;  third  joint  of  antenna'  not  more  than  three 

times  as  lontj  as  wide.     .         .         .         .         •         Sai'kom vza  KalUri. 


4().      KHOPALO^IEKIILK. 

Front  broad,  oxoavated,  with  or  without  sliort  liristh's. 
AnteniUL'  short,  tiiinl  joint  rounded  or  oval,  the  arista  hare  or 
])hiinose.  Faeo  brotid,  carinatc.  tubercidate  or  the  oral  inari.,dn 
prominent;  cheeks  l)road;  elypeus  projectin<:f ;  vibrissa'  want- 
ing; ])roboscis  short ;  {)al[)i  slender  or  dilati'd.  Thorax  elon- 
gate, arched,  niesonotuni  nearly  bare;  sciitcdliun  ol'teii  ])ronii- 
nent  and  grooved.  Abdomen  sliorter  than  the  wings,  flattened; 
ovipositor  projecting,  t(deseoi)ic;  hy])opygiuni  largely  con- 
cealed. Femora  thickened,  the  hind  ti'oiie  t)l'ten  dilated. 
Auxiliary  vein  i)resent  or  ai)sent;  basal  cells  widl  developed. 

This  group  comprises  a  small  number  of  files  Irom  six 
to  twelve  millimeters  in  length,  of  ])eculiar  asjx'ct.  iiaving  a 
general  resemblance  to  some  of  the  Ejthytii'ida' or  Ort.ilida'. 
I  know  nothing  of  their  lii'.bits.  wln^ther  in  tiie  adult  or  imma- 
ture stages,  though  1  sus]icct  tiiat  they  are  deni/.ens  of  wet  or 


No  mention  is  made  of  tibial  bristh's,  and  the  a\ithor  is  in    some  doulit 
whetiier  or  not  it  siiould  lie  located  willi  the  Tiiiinliilii . 


KHOl'ALOMKHID.K-IIKLOMYZID.K 


1  LT) 


(laini)  plaf'os.     Tlic  known  species 
South  America. 


are  confiniMl  to  (Vntral  and 


Tl 


>o    -roup  is    ovi.lently  sharply   .livi,I,>(I    ijito  tw 


groups,  l»y  the  presence  or 


o    minor 


tiie  h-ni,'t!i  oi  the  Hrst  lon-itudinal 


ibsence  of  the  auxiliary  v 


em  and 


vein. 


1.   Auxiliarv  v 


cm 


cell  of  the  w 


TABLK  OF  (iKNKIiA. 

waiitin-r,  the  first  loii^itudinal  vfin  sliort;  fi 
in.u-s  not  narrowed;  jialiu  slender  (/.'A 


All 


and  South  America) 

xiiiary  \\.\u  wtdl-di'Vilopci,   the  first 

Jiosterior  cell  much  narrowed  in  tl 


oiiuriiKi  ). 
2.    ScutelluiM  oval 


rst  posterior 

iiii<fiiii)/ti ,  Cintral 

KiiiNOTOKA  Schiller. 

lenuitudinal   vein  lonp-r;  ^T'-st 

le  maruin;  palj.i  dilated  (/^/„>,„i/- 


irista  ))lumose 


Scutellum    pyramidal,   directed   ol 


arc  (Central  and  South  America).       .      I 


'li(!iielv  uj)wanl;   arista    jdur 


nose    or 


ii<>1'ai,<)mi;i;a  Wirdci 


Front  witli  hristles;  {. 


nann. 


(Central  and  South  America) 


"■•'  '•■•irinate;  hind  tibi:e  dihitcl  an.l  with  tul.erck 


ront  without  hr 


W 


O.MSTONIKI.I.A  .Mik. 


istles;  face  tuherculatc ;   hind  til.Ja'  slen.h.r  (S.  An.er.) 


Ai'ocii(>i{iiVN(  III  s  Will 


iston. 


47.  IIELOMVZIIU:. 
Face  msually  nearly  perpendicular,  with  vibrissa' •  front 
hnstly  (m  the  posterior  h:,lf  only;  antenna,  short.  .M.domen 
rather  broad  and  Ion-  m.,re  or  less  Hatt.'ued.  c(mipo,sed  .d'  si.x 
segments;  male  Genitalia  .somewhat  pr.uninent:  c.ista  of  the 
wings  bristly;  first  longitmlinal  vein  bare.  Win.^s  compara- 
tively hirge;  all  the  basal  cells  distinct.  Tibia-' with  spurs 
and  a  ])reai)ieal  bristle. 

The  larvm  of  Lrn.  hav  been  bred  from  bat  and  rabbit 
<un,-  those  of  //r/u,n/,a  from  truitles,  decavino-  wnc.d.  etc 
llu'yare  cylindrical,  obtuse  behind,  more  pointed  inlVont- 
the  antenme  situated  upon  hm,-.  conical  pro.vsses ;  numth 
i.ooklets  la.-e  tu.d  pointed;  the  s,-ven  abdominal  s.-^^menls 
«•"  each  side  m  front  widened,  beh.w  with  bristlv  pseudopods 
^Many  of  the  species  ,d'  this  family  live   in   caves  or  burrows 


igrw 


■9 


12(; 


XOirni  AMERICAN  DN'TKUA. 


TAI}I>1':  OF  (iKNKRA. 


I-     \ 


1.   A  luini'Tiil  hristk' present. 
No  liuiiitTJil  bristle  jireseiit. 


Hki-omyza  Fallen. 


Am.oi'Iiyi.a  Loew. 


2.  No  bristle  above  the  l)ase  of  the  front  eo.\;e.    . 

A  bristle  above  the  front  coxa- i)resent.     ......:'> 

;>.   Spurs  of  the  middle  tibia*  ctirveil ;  hair  of  the  l)ody  eoinparatively  lont,' 
and  soft.       .......         Scoi.iockntka  Loew, 

Spurs  of  the  middle  tii)iiu  strai^dit  ;   liair  neither  lonjr  nor  soft.        .         4 

4.  Anterior  oral  border  obliterated.       .  .  Anouostoma  Loew. 
Anterior  oral  border  distinetly  developed.        .....  o 

5.  Eyes  remarkably  small.  .....        (Ecotiika  Loew. 

Eyes  not  remarkably  small.     ........         b 

0.   Four  bristles  in  the  median  dorsal  thoraeic  rows.    ....         7 
J5ut  three  bristles  in  the  median  dorsal  rows.   .     'rKiMiKociihAMVs  Loew. 

7.  Costal  border  of  the  wiiifr  very  noticeably  bristly  ;  front  broad. 

Lehia  R.  Desvoidy. 
Costal  border  with  extremely  small  bristles;   front  narrow. 

11i:ti.U(),mv/,a  Fallen. 


r^. 


4S.     IlF/rER()NEUini).1C. 

Tload  lai'<j^o,  litMiii,s})lHn'ic'al.  Face  short,  nearly  ptM-pendic- 
ular.  Vibrissal  bristles  ])reseiit.  Front  broad,  bristly  to  the 
root  of  the  antennae.  Antenna^  porri'ct,  short.  Abdomen 
elongate,  narrow,  sonnnvhat  eoni[)r(\ssed  ;  g'enitalia  but  little 
j)roniinent.  Wint^s  broad  and  rather  haig;  all  three  basal 
cells  distinct;  cross-veins  much  approxin-ated.  L'■l,^s  lon,u'; 
til)iai  with  or  without  a  j)reapical  bristle. 

Larvte  of  this  iamily  have  been  found  in  dpcayin;;-  wood, 
under  bark  of  trees,  etc.  They  are  slender,  cylindi  ical.  sli,u-ht- 
ly  thickened  posteriorly,  white  in  color.  The  morth  booklets 
are  very  small,  the  body  segments  not  distinctly  separated  ; 
abdominal  segments  with  a  transverse  swelling  for  locomotion. 
The  larva;  have  the  ])ower  of  lea})ing,  as  do  those  of 
riopliilti.  The  act  is  j)erl'ormed  by  fixing  the  month  booklets 
in  the  two  (diitinous,  straight  or  curved  booklets  on  tlu'  upper 


SnOMYZID.K 


11'7 


Icn. 


ow. 


side  of  tlie  last  so.frnieiit  and  tl 


Tl 


icn  siiddenlv  rt'le 


le 


puparia  are  yellowish,  ellipsoidal  and  with  two  1 


tsinj;  theni. 


the  last  se<niient 


1.  A  1( 


as  in  the  hirva'. 

TAHLK  OF  (iEXEKA. 


lorns  on 


'Iijj:  prcapR-iil  hristk-  on  the  liiiul  til 


No  such  itniipiciil  l)ristk'  on  tlic  liiiiil  til 


)iii> 


)ii«> 


Hi;tki!o\i:i  KA  Fal 


Icn. 


Cm  siA  Halliilav 


c\v. 


c\v. 


I'W. 


Iv, 


en. 


icn 


41).     SCroMVZIIXE: 

Head  rounded,*  short,  as  l)r(.ad  or  l.roader  than  the  tl 
face  more  or  less  retreatin-;   mouth   without  vil 
horder,  sharp.     Abdomen  composed  (»f 
long  and  narrow.     Win^-s  Ion 


lorax 


trissa'  at  its 


si.\  segments,  rather 


^^er  than  the  ai>(h)me 


vein 


n  ;  auxihai'v 


present,  distinctly  separat.'d  from  the  first  longitudinal 

le  anal  cell  complete.     Le 


veiTi;  i)osterior  basal  cell  and  tl 
ratluu-  long  ;  preapical  tibi;il  l)ristl 


il( 


Th,'  members  of  this  familv  ar 


e  j)resent. 
e  usually  found  in  meadows. 
Hong  the  l)anks  (,f  small  streams,  etc.,  wherever  it  is  moist. 

yellow  in 


Tl 


lev   are 


<»wn   or  browiMsl 


for  the  most  j)art,   br 
f(dor,  oftentimes    with   pictured 
their  habits.    The  larvae  are  slen.h-r,  cvlind 


win  ITS. 


Iv,  the  last 


T 


I'K 


ley   are    slow    in 


■al,  tl 


Tl 


segment  with  six  or  ei-ht 


im  anterior- 


ci 


lev  ai'e 


aquatic. 


)nical,  fleshy  tubercle; 


1.   Antcnnfp  sliort. 


TAHI.K  OF  (iKXKKA. 


Aiu 


ciin. 


loiiyatc. 


Face  excavated,  tlio  oral 


F 


iiiarain  in-otiiherant. 


ace  retrcat!iif>'  m  iirofile,  l.iu  litti 
not  at  all  prominent. 


e  or  not  at  ail  excavateil: 


oral  inarj 


ScioMvzA  Fallen 


Tl 


10  .ucnns  '/'rif/onomfto/iiis  Mac(|uart,  lias  1 


//"  l)y  Scliiner,  to  tlie  //>t 


)cen  assiirncd  to  the  /' 


laniily  by  the  student,  and  I  heli 


■tinniritrniii  liy  Locw.      It  \vij|  I 


:r//iiti. 


ve  that  it  rightfully  1 


he  recognize.!  I.y  its  cnicMliy   projecting  head,  and  Jtrongl 
u  row  of  well  developed  bristles  sMuat.^l 


)('  sought  for  in  this 
•elongs  here.   It  will 


Tlu'  checks  hav 


scenduig  troni  the  front  near  ti 


y  receding  face 
on  a   ridue  de- 


le  eye  and  extending  hack   to  tl 


tlie  third  antennal  joint  is  roun.led  or  a  little  elonga'ted 


le  occiput 


12S 


NOirni  AMKinCAN  DirTKUA. 


;!.   riu'cks  broiiilcT  tlinii  tlic  loiiu'  diaiiiftcT  of  tJic  I'ves  ;  oral  Ijonlcr  moil- 

(.Tiiti'ly  ])r()tuliiTiuit ;  cdstu  soiiu'wliat  spiiioso.     .       Actoka  Mii^icii. 

Clu'i'ks  not  hroailcr  than  llic  loiij;  diaiiR'tcr  of  tlit-  I'vcs  ;  oral  itiarLriii 

very  proininciit ;  costa  hare.  ....         Duvomv/a  rallcii. 

4.   Iliml  f'ciiiora  lonir :  .second  aiiti'iinal  Joint  nnudi  clonffati-d,  loiimr  tliaii 
tlu'  third.      ..........."> 

Hind  femora  only  moderately  eloiif^ated  an<l  but  little  thickened  ;  si'coiul 
antennal  joint  a,<  lonj:  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  third. 

'rKTANOCEKA    Latri'illc. 

T).   Hind  femora  thickened;  face  not  produced  downward. 

Si:i'i;ii()N  Latreille. 

Hind  femora  not  thickene«l;  face  nuudi  iiroiluced  downward  (Central  i 

and  South  America).  .....     'i  iieiomvia   Terty. 


;-)().      l?HVCOl)llO.Mri)/lv 

I'lpiint',  soutclluni  and  abdomen  flat.  Front  bristly  ;  clicoks 
and  face  bristly,  tlie  vibrissas  indistinctly  diU'erentiatcd.  Le^Lis 
stont.  all  the  til)iaf  spurred  and  with  ;i  ]irea])ieal  bristle  on  the 
outer  side;  nn^tatarsi  not  aV)breviated  ;  terminal  joint  of  all 
the  tarsi  incrassate  and  without  claws.  Neuration  of  wings 
(!om{)lete;  auxiliary  vein  distinct  in  its  entire  course;  costa 
without  bristles ;  basal  cells  not  small. 

V>\\\j  a  single  genns  of  this  family  is  known  to  occur  in 
North  Jmerica,  CnU^ni  Meigcn.  Members  of  it  arc  found  in 
great  abundance  among  sea-weed  and  other  alga'  thrown  up 
bv  the  wavt^s  along  the  sea-shore. 


51.     SCATOMYZlJUv 

Tegula'  small,  the  upper  one  concealing  the  lower  one. 
Plead  rounded,  eyes  round,  bare,  broadly  separated  by  the 
front  in  both  sexes.  Wings  large;  auxiliary  vein  always  ])res- 
ent,  the  (H)sta  never  with  bristles  at  its  termination,  three 
basal  cells  always  jiresent;  first  posterior  cell  never  narrowed 
or  closed.     Abdomeit  with  more  than  four  segments. 

The    Hies  of  this    group  are   easily  coitfotmded    with    the 


srATOMVZID.K 


1L".> 


Aiitlioiiiviila',    hut   the    el 
oas.'s   render  the  diffeivntiati^ 


lanicters  almv 


<'    M'i'^<'ii   \vii 


III    liidst 


Still,  it  i 


s  evident  that  the  two   t 


'"   :•    iiiattfi'  <d"  little  dilticult 


and  the  student 


iiiiilii's   run  closfdv  touvthei' 


will  sonietmicy   Iw   ii 


lere  aeeepted  is  that  of  1 


I    ilouht. 


Th 


annlv  as 


exl 


x'cKci'.    Who   Jia.- 


laustivc  study  to  the  l' 


rcccntlv  L;i\- 


a  considerable  number  of 


urop.au  to)'ins.     II, ■  h;,s  rst; 


en  an 


iltlishcd 


new 


douhtedlv    be  found  t 


jeiicra.  nuiny  of  which  will 


un- 


<>  ('ccui'   in    North    A 


reason,    I   have  thou-lit   it  best  t. 

tables  of  tlie  genera,  with  butsli-ht  luo.Iilirat 
tions 
Th 


'"'■'I'ifa.      For  that 


ive  a  translation   of  Ins 
"US  or  abl)i't'\ia- 


('  geiu^ra  so  far  rceo'^r,,,;;,,.,]   j,,    v,,ith  A 


J'/"';/",    ////// 
their  wider  set 


/■'>/////,-.■/■/, 


A' 


nu'riea  are  ,SVv//, 


/•'■///)/.     Ciii'iliil iii'ii  and    CI 


IS 


Tl 


e.      Fiirrllhi,  r.ec) 


ri'/iisf r<i    in 


\i 


le   s 


])eeies  of  Snif,,j,/, 


rrclers  to  the  A,  tl 


lOIUV 


brown  in  eolor,  the  males  of 


",'/"   are   for  the   most   part  v.dlowish 


ten   wit 


are  frequently  found  about 


I   wool\-  hair, 


'Y 


11 


It's 


otl 
CI 


excrement.  ])ut  theva 


so  Iced  upon 


ler  inse..ts.  which  they  capture.      Species  of   ('nr<h,h.ra  and 
'if/dstra  are  mostly  slender  and  cvl 


erately  large  size.     Tl 
other  moist  places.     The  1 
tl 


ley  ar-  usuallv 


iiidrical.   and  of  mod- 
l'<»iind   in    meadows  or 


arva_'  are  cylindrical,  thin-sl 


le   mouth  liooklets  short   and   thi(dv,   tl 
irge.   projecting,   reniform  in  shaj.e,  tli 


Kinne<-| 


situated  on  rounded 


It'   anterior  stigmata 
e  i)osterior  stigmata 


eminences.      The  larva-  of  Xnn'JI 


ninna   have    been   found    in    the    stems  of    h 
Cordi/Jnra  conniJhirhr  in  the  stems   of    (' 
species    of   riru/astn,   in   stems  of   h 
and  irom  the  hirvje  of  Xorf 
Xiijiluir. 


I 'I  sjii  II  I- 


i  II  m  ex 


tl 
nnuill  ,'ln  :  tl 


lose   ot 


lose  ol 


iiniir.r,   from   swine-duie"- 


IK/ 


tl 


lose   of    //,/t/ 


i/f/rottif/ryr    li'oiu 


1.   I'rotlioracic  .■ind  st 


TABLE  OF  (JKXKIfA. 


iymatic  liristli's  want 


III"' 


cut,  .SDiiu'tiiiifs  wantiiiir.     Tl 


a  stiTiioplcural  hristlc  iirc; 


\t  fewer,   tlie  i)alj)i   hroaii.     Scutell 


lorax  with  five  dors. .central  l.ristles  or 


W 


iiiiis  usually  l.mu'. 


mil  with   at    least    four    l.rist 


I'S. 


^- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


Li  128 

us 

m 


I.I 


■  2.2 

U£    1 2.0 


m  mu  11.6 


'^  in^  11^ 


% 


ij. 


4% 


:/. 


% 


« 


^■1 


V] 


A> 


^W  x1 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WMSTIR.N.Y.  M5S0 

(716)  a;3-4S09 


|\ 


iV 


4 


^ 
^ 


o 


6^ 


->  4L^ 


6^ 


ii 


5'i 


\?A) 


XOirni  AMERICAN  DirTEHA. 


I'rothorjicic  and  sti<jMi.'itii'  bristles  usually  prosoiit;  whi'ii  \vantin<f  tiic 
thorax  nearly  bristleless.  One  to  three  sternojtieura!  l>ristles  i)resent. 
Thorax  with  one  to  five  dorsocentral  bristles;  the  scutellum  with 
two  to  four.     Win<;s  usually  short '■) 

2.   Ileadbroad;  palj)i  sj)oon-sliai)ed  or  leaf-like.  .         II  vi>u<»Mv/.i\.i:. 

Head  round  not  especially  broad;  jtalpi    linear   or   rarely    ribbon-liki- 

ScATOI'IIAdA. 


{.Scnlo/)/iii(/w(i).         ....... 

Front  femora  on  the  inner  side  with  a  double  row  of  bristle 


XOKKI.I.IN.i;. 

Front  femora  and  tibiic  at  the  most  with  a  single  row  of  bristles.  4 

4.   Face  short ;  palpi  small,  linear,  never  with  lonj^  hairs  or  bristles.     An- 
tennjK  short ;  the  arista  bare  or  i)ubescent.  .         Ci.KniAsriiiN.K. 

Face  lonj;  ;  })alpi  linear,  sometimes  flattened,  with  or  without  long,  ter- 
minal bristles.     Antenna'  variable;  arista  bare  or  plumose.     Species 


usually  l)ristlv 


CoitDVI.IlMN.K 


CORDYLUKIN^": 


1.  I'alpi  small,  linear 2 

I'alpi  lonjj;,  widened  leaf-like.  .......       14 

2.  I'alpi  with  a  lonu:  terminal  bristle;  Ji  single  sterno-pleural  brist'e  pres- 

ent  ;! 

Palpi  without  long  tertninal  bristle;  one  to  three  sterno-pleural  bristles 
present. <» 

.'].  Third  antennal  joint  short;   second  more  or   less  projecting  over  the 

third.  4 

Third  antennal  joint  long,  as  long  as  the  face,  the  second  joint  not  i)ro- 
jecting;  arista  long,  plumose;  shining  black  species. 

IMiKosiA   \\.  Desvoidy. 

4.   Arista  plumose  in  the  mifldle  or  pubescent;  costa  hairy  or  eiliate;  third 

longitudinal  vein  straight  or  gently  curved o 

Arista  bare;  costa  but  slightly  hairy;  third  longitudinal   vein  curved 


S-shaped. 


Scoi.iAi'iii.Krs  Meeker 


O.  Arista  thickened  at  the  base,  plumose  to  its  miildle;  femora  and  tibia< 
with  strong  bristles;  thorax  with  five  dorsoceiitral  bristles;  lace 
narrowed  at  the  antenna*;  usually  shining  black  species. 

("ounvMiKA  Fallen. 
Arista  scarcely  thieken'jtl  at  the  base,  i)lumose;  femora  andtibia'  slen- 
der and  long  but  little  bristly;    one  to  three  dorsocentral  bristles 
present;  face  and  front  of  e(|ual  width;  yellow  and  black  sitecii's, 

rAi{Ai.i.Ki.oM.MA  llecker. 


SCATOMVZID.K. 


'».  Oiic  storn()i)k'ural  liristlc. 

Two  stcnioplcural  liristli's. 

Three  .sterri()i)Ieuriil  bristles 
7.   Ev 


Kyc^nearlytw,ceaslHj:I.asIo„.:  front  e,.nv..x  ;  antenna-  slu.rt,  situ- 
ate.l  low -lown:  pale  yellow  .p,.H..s.  .  ,,,,,,,,,  Zetterste.lt. 

I-cshut  httle  iH.her  than  Ion,;  ant..nna.  as  Ion.  as  the  laee;  oral 
l>')r(ler  with  a  sin-le,  anteriorly  directed  l.ristle.         .  ,s 

H.  TlMHl  antennal  joint  l.roa.l ;  front  eonvex;  arista  disth.ctlv  plun.o.e- 
five  .iorsoeentral  l.ristles  present;    .Moderate   sixed,  shinin,.  vellou' 


species. 
Thin 


spec 
(io.VATMKiMs  Hoiidani. 

II 

12 


,■..',        ■         •         ■         ■         -Ml  •■oi-nriiAi.MA  Heckt'i-. 

■>  antennal  jo.nt  Ion,,  and  slender,  arista  naked  ;  four  dorsoeentral 

l.n.tles;  shunn.  hlaek  speeies.      .         .         M.euoes,.:,,..,-,,..  Heeker 

•I   Antenna,  a.  Ion,-  as  the  faee,  third  joint  roundc.!.  stron,rlv  pnheseen,  • 

our  dorsoeentrai,  two  seutellar  l.ristles;  hin.I  tihia.  with  two  pairs 

of  extenor  hnstles;  shinin,  l.h.ek.         .         I.K.XAM.TorKu.v  I>.e<  ker 

Antenna.  Ion,  as  the  face,  third  jo.nt  with  a  sharp  upper  corn.. ;  arista 

l^l'mcu  ate  .n  both  sexes;  tive  dorsoeentrai,  tour  seutellar  bristles; 

l'"..l  t.bia.  w,th  three  pairs  of  bristles  ;  sn.all.  ,.rayish  duste.l  species. 

10.  Male  arista  distinctb    ueniculate. 
Arista  geniculate  in  neither  sex. 

11.  Thin!  antennal  joint  lonj:  and  br<..d,  with  an  acute  upper  nn,le;  arista 

«I.ort,  bare;  four  .seutellar  bristle^  ;  dark  ,ray-dusted,  bristly  species. 
rp,  .    ,  ...  ("ONAKCTici  s  Heckir 

ll.^rd  antennal  jonu  h.n-r  and  narrow  with  roun.Ied  upperan.le;  arista 
finely  plun.ose;  two  seutellar  bristles;  shinin,  black,  bristly  specie.. 
,.,     .    .        ,.  Cnkmoi'cm.un  K'ondani. 

1-   Anstad.sttnctly  hairy;  four  ..cutellar  bristles;  hind  tibia,  with  three 
.a.r.s  of  extertor  bristles.     ....         („,,„Aen.K,.  Hecker 
A.Kst.   bare,  antenna,  ion,^  third  joint  usually  an,ulated  above;  two 
^        seutellar,  two  pairs  of  tibial  bristles.         .         A.m.x.uosoma  Becker 
I-   Kves  circular;  .M.Uenna.  Ion,.,  roun.le.i  at  tip;  palpi  of  usual    len,th 
soM.c.whut  broadened  distaliy  ;  abdon.en  very  short. 

T.'.„  ,  ,         ,  ."^i-ATHii'iivLMs  Hecker. 

L^  s  .nnewhat  e  on^ate;  antenna.  Ion,,  an.ulate.l  at  tip;  palpi  much 
'lilated  Its  whole  len,th  ;  ab.lonien  not  remarkably  short. 

rHKi.Al.|i(.i'iiii,A  Becker. 
iivdkomvzinm;. 
I.   Kyes  and  head  round ;  thor.ax  with  five  dorsoeentrai  bristle. 

Kvcs  ami  hea.l  oval,  hi,lier  than  Ion,;  one  dorsoeentrai  bristle-  an"' 
t^'>'»a.  short ;  abdomen  Hat  ;  third  and  fourth  longitudinal  veins  con- 
vergent; lar,e,  bare  ^r^yhh  dusted  .species.        IIv...u,mv/a  Fallen 


I 


tr" 


^:vJ 


Noinii  AM:;i{:rAN  DirriciJA. 


Olio  sternopU'ural  bristle ;  \viii<.'s  witliout  sjxits.     ....:'. 
No  sttTMoplLMiral  hristli';   wiiij^s  with  round,  brown  sjtots. 

Krxonkiu.v  Bi'ckcr. 

Front  tibije  with  .1  torniinul,  short  roctantjiihiriy  si)inc  (in  addition  to 

tlitM)rdinary  '  •itics).  ....    Acaxtiikcnkma  l»ici<ir. 

Front  tibiiu  without  .**u(.ii  spini>.       .......  t 


Ilypojn'jriuni  with  h)nu;  tufts  of  hairs.    . 
llypopy^Muni  without  h)n<i  tufts  of  hairs. 


S 


Tliird  unti'inial  joint  somewhat  idoni^ati",  aniruhiti'd  at  tlio  tip;  oral 
border  with  nutnerous,  closely  placed  bristles.  ...('• 

Third  antennal  joint  short,  rounded  at  tij);  oral  border  with  two  remote 
bristles.  Ii«)sTKUi!<)i'V(iA  liecker. 

Wintjs  with  two  sujternumerary  cross-vi-ins.         IVxiONinA  Zetterstedt. 
Winfi;s  not  with  supernumerary  cross-veins.  Okkma  Zetterstedt. 

First  posterior  (til  closed Lasiksckhs  Becker. 

First  p().sterior  cell  oi)en  or  but  little  narrowed ^( 

Much  clonj^ated  species.  . 0 

Short  or  but  little  elonj^ated  species 10 

Middle  and  hind  femora  of  the  male  stromrlv  thickcJied. 


All  the  femora  slender. 


St.kckkia  Kondani. 
CosMKToiMS  liecker. 


10.  Third  antennal  joint  rounded  distally.         .         Mickoi'keski'a  Becker 
Third  antennal  joint  an<;ulated  distally 

11.  Mesonotum  and  lejrs  thickly  hairy.    .        .        Si-atiikumioka  Uondani 
Mesonotuin  and  legs  thinly  and  not  lontr  hairy 1l 

12.  Anter.nif  small,  abuulated  at  tip;  arista  thickened  at  base;  small,  short 


11 


{jray  species. 


TmcorAi.rLs  Kondani. 


Antenna'  larjje,  broad,  rounded  at  tip;  arista  tMckencd  to  near  the  tip. 


AciMtorNKMA  Becker. 


CLKIOASTIJIX-I'; 


1.    Five  dorsocentral,   tw(»  scutellar,    one    posthiimeral   bristles;    black 

species Ci.KKiASi  ha  Macciiiart. 

Two  or  three  dorsoci'iitral,  front  scutellar  and  two  post-hunu'ral  bris- 
tles; honey-yellow  species.  .         .        Gimxomhua  liondani. 


noukllix.t:. 


1.   Front  femora  with  two  rows  of  stronfj;  bristles,  the  outer  ones  lonj;  and 


stronji',  the  inner  ones  short. 


Noi{i:i,i,iA  H.  Desvoidv 


Front  femora  with  four  spines,  bristles  on  the  outer  side  only, 


AciiANTiKtLKNA  Hoiidaiii. 


I 


AXTIlo.MVlDJ.; 


."il?. 


AXTII(>M\|J),i:. 

Si.Killt..  ni(..l.'r:itvly  lai-v  Hirs.  ,,ltrn  ivs.-inLlin-  tlu-  .■•ui,- 
"lOH  li(ms,.-Hy.  usually  uoii-nictalli,.  in  ruh>v.  AntfUiial  arista 
pluuH.s...  i.ulH.s.MM.tcrl^aiv;  ..yrs  l,airy  or  l,;nv:  nialrs  ..tt.n 
lioloptic.  sonu'tiiu.'s  hn.a.lly  .li.-hopti,..  tlu'  tVuialcs  always 
<li<-li<)I.ti(';  abdomen  coiuiM.scd  ..f  i,,nr  or  iivr  sr-.,„.nts ;  tiic 
male  -..nitalia  oftrn  with  sul.anal  api.en.la-es  ;  first  ,,osteri,u' 
(Vll  of  win-s  broadly  <,,„.»;  l,ody  olten  without  bristles;  te- 
ula'  usually  of  considerable  size. 

The   above  detinition   wilL   in   in<.st  eases,  distinguish   the 
inen.l,ers  of  this  lai-o  family  of  in.-onspi.MH.uslv  colored  Hies 
Itshmits,  however,  are  not  sharp;   with  the   .rue  muscids  it 
IS   connected   by  J/o/r///<,  and   allied   foruis.    with   the   Scato 
pl.aoi.la-  by   F.r./h'a,  etc.      When   cu.e  has   becon.e  tolerai>lv 
well  acquaint.',!  witli  the  allied   lan,ilies,   he  will  s.ddom   be 
much  m  doubt  as  to  the  proper  loeation  of  his  speein.ens  hen> 
The  0(mtiguity  <.f  the  mule  eyes,   to-ether  with  the  open  first 
po..terior  cell,  is  always  decisive.     Not  a   few  of  the  species 
are   common   about  houses,    out-buildin-s.  etc..  and   some  of 
them  are  amon-  the  worst  enemies  to  garder.  vgetables  that 
the  agriculturist  has  to  contend  against. 

In  tlie  larval  stage,  the  great  majority  of  the  speci(>s  are 
vegetable  feeders,  either  in  living  or  d,>caving  material      The 
larvae    of    species    of  Sj>i/n;/asfn;    ll,,d,;,t,rn,    ll,,le,n,h,   an.l 
Civmsni  have  been  found  in  dung  or  manure;  those  of  //y,/ro- 
Uva,  (>t/li!m>,A„fho„nj;a,  lfo,„alo,>, ,,;<,,  etc.,  in  (h-cavin- v^-- 
otable  material;  those  of  Jh,ir,„!,h,,  AHtlunn,,h,,  lhn„oll,n,h,, 
etc.,  mthe  nests  of  various  hymen<.ptera;  those  of  M,',,hvn 
from   SpermophUa   and    Minn.s.     Larva>    of   various    spVcies 
or  Phnrbia  are  very  .lestructive  to  growing  radishes,  onions, 
cabbage,  etc.,  feeding  upon  the  roots.     The  larva,  are  either 
slender  and    .-ylindrical,   or  Hat   and   (,val,    with   four   rows 
of  tlr  'ad-like  processes   on    the   segments.      ]5(,th   types   are 
n'nphipneustic,  an.l  an-  always  provided   with  two  chitinous 

It! 


it  1 


VM 


NOIM'U  AMKIJK'AN  DIl'TKKA. 


inoiitli-liooklcts.  TIh'  i)uj)iu'iuiii  is  oviil  in  tlic  siuootli  ('\  liii- 
dri(!al  forms,  or  fattened  in  tlu*  otliers. 

The  Hies  have  received  but  little  attention  in  tliis  eount"v 
and  not  a  j^'reat  deal  elsewhere.  The  t'ollowiii!^' table  has  been 
mostly  compiled  from  Meade.  Sehnabl.  Ivondaiu  and  Sehiner, 
with  the  aid  of  the  table  <dven  l)v  Townsend. 

Tegula  and  antite^jula  are  the  terms  [)roposed  by  Osten 
Saeken  to  indicate  resjx'ctively  the  lower  and  nj»per  scales. 


If- 


I  ' 


TABLK  OF  (JKNKHA. 

1.  Front  in  hotli  scxi's  wiilc,  iiicludinu:  iit  loiu  .  onc-tliini  of  tlio  width  of 

tilt'  lu'iid  of  till-  niiiie.  . 1(» 

Front  narrow  in  tlie  niiiio,  iiL'vcr  more  than  ono-tiftii  of  tiio  width  of 
the  head,  often  hoioptie  or  suh-holoi)tic.    .....         2 

2.  Tejiula  h.r<jer  tlian  the  antitejiula.  ......■'! 

'I'effuhi  an<l  antiteijfuia  of  nearly  equal  size,  neitlu'r  iiir<ii'.     .         .       14 

.'».  Front  femora  of  the  males  with  tuber.  U'.*  or  emarjrinations  helow,  or 
otherwise  peculiarly  constructed ;  front  tibia'  often  with  emartjfina- 
tlons;  hind  femora  often  arcuate;  middle  and  hind  tibi:i>  sometimes 
with  tufts  of  hairs;  arista  always  somewhat  pubescent,  sometimes 
distinctly  i)luinose;  eyes  bare  (if  hairy  (hlinitoutha  liond.);  abdo- 
men  without   maerocha'ta' ;  species   black  or  blue-black   in   color, 

sometimes  pollinose Hydrot.ka  Desvoidy, 

Front  femora  simple  in  the  male 4 

4.  Proboscis  projectinjr,  horny,  the  labella  slender  and  pointed,  turned 

backward,  hook-like;  antenna*  short,  arista  pubescent,  eyes  bare; 

moderate-si/ed,  blackish  {jray  species.  .      Dkymkia  Meigen. 

Proboscis  not  horny  and  hook-like ,         .         5 

6.  Eyes  hairy,  more  so  in  the  male;  arista  plumose;  abdomen  not  spotted, 

Hyktodksia  Uondani. 
Kyes  bare (5 


<).  Abdomen  distinctly  spotted 
Abtloinen  not  spotted.     . 


9 


7.  Arista  plumose;  hypopygium  small;  blackish  pray,  yellowish  gray  or 

reddish  yellow  sjH'cies.  Si'iM)(iAs;!;u  Macquart. 

Arista  bare H 

K.   First  posterior  cell  not  coarctate.  .  Limx«)puora  Desvoidy. 

First  posterior  cell  coarctate  in  the  margin      Li;reoMi;i.iNA  Mac(|uart. 


antiiomviim;. 


]:',:, 


"•*.   Arista  plumose 
Arista  hari*.     . 


10 
11 


10.  Sixth    voiti  of   tlK.  winjrs   ,.rolon.r(.,l  to   tlio   lu-sti-rior  mar-in  of   tl.e 

\vil|<r  ,, 

.,.,'"". lIVhKOI'IIOKIA    Disvoidv 

Sixth  vcMM  not  prolonjre.1 .Mv...ka  iHsvoi.iy. 

11.  Sixth  vein    of   tlK-   winos    very  short,  with  the  axillarv  vein   n.rv...! 

towards  it  at  the  tip "  ,., 

Sixth  vein  elongated.      ...  ,~ 

]■> 

12.  AlMlon.en  .lepressed.  nearly  hare;  hea.l  hemispherieal.  eon.posed  al- 

most  wnolly  of  the  eyes;  antenna-  shorter  than  the  face,  the  third 
J.nnt  often  elon-ate.I  ;  le-s  nio.ierately  Ion-    the  middle  pair  in  the 
male  often  with  j.eculiar  struetures  ;  Maek  or  -rav  sj.eeh's  some  of 
them  eon>m.m  in  .hveliino:  honse.s.       .         .       II<,mai.<,.mv,a  Houehe 
Ah.i<,men   narrow,  sul.,-yli„drieal ;  tnales  velvety  hiaek    with  spotted 

ahdomer.            .  \  i»         .  , 
A/i;i.iA  Desvoidy. 

r.].   Dark  metallic  black  or  l.iue-l.lack  species;  hind  tihia.  often  arcuate- 

alidomen  oval.         .         .         .  (>,.,,».. .  n         •  i    ' 

.  ••-..(  )vu\  KA  Desvoidv. 

Spec.es  otherwise  coIore<l  than  shinin-  black  or  metallic  blue-  hind 

tibi-.c  not  arcuate  (/in,r/n/o,Jufn,  Giglio-Tos).       Anthomv.a  Meigen. 

14.   Arista  plunuKse;  moderate  .sized  to  small,  ehm.-ate  species,  of  -ray  or 

blackish  color;  eyes  bare;  abdomen  usuailv  with  siib-'anal'appen- 

(liXfTva  in  the  male.       .         .  itvi  ■  «v..  i^         •  i 

.    .  •         ■         •         .         in  i.i.Mi  lA  Desvoidv. 

Arista  bare  or  slightly  pubescent.  •         .         .         .  i -, 

lo.   Kyos  hairy;  black  species  with  theabd..men  sometimes  reddish  yellow. 

....  Lasioi  s  .Meiiren. 

Lyes  bare  (inclusive  of  Pn/oin/ia  am]  PhurJ,;.,).  Viunnovmux  Kondani. 

10.   I'alpi  dilated  spoon.sha,.ed j^,,,,,   Unrvilh. 

I  alju  slender,  not  dilated.       .  i- 

17.  Arista  plumose.       .         .  r^.i,.^,.  i^        -i 

.    .        '  I  AIMCDA  Desvoidv. 

Arista  pubescent  or  bare.       .         .  ,"u 

1  c 

IH.  Tegula  larger  than  the  antitegula,  both  of  mocUTate  size. 

,p       ,         ,        .         ,       „  C.KNOsiA  Meigen. 

Icguhi  and  antitegula  of  equal  size,  both  small.* 

SciKKNoMv/A  Ilalidav. 


*  I  he  genus  Fucel/ia  Desvoidy  is  relegated  to  the  Anthomvi.he  bv  Ik-cki-r 
The  known  American  species  (/..furornm)  lives  ahmg  the  seash.lre  It  is 
rather  thickly  bristly  and  the  hind  femora  in  the  male  have  a  ron.M.icuous 
tuft  of  short  black  bristles  near  their  ba.se. 


t\1 


i.'u; 


NOKTII  AMKKirAN  DIITKRA. 


^j» 


'f-      IS 


[i  ■•<.'■: 


(h-.^ 


53.     (KSTKID.E. 

Flios  of  moderate  to  rather  lari,'('  si/o,  tliick-sct,  usually 
more  or  less  pilose.  Head  large,  the  lower  jiart  more  or  less 
swollen.  Aiiteniue  short,  three-jointed.  (ie('nml.H'nt,  and  more 
or  less  sunken  in  the  facial  groove  or  grooves ;  arista  bare  or 
plumose.  Mouth  opening  small,  the  moutli-fiarts  sometimes 
rudimentary,  never  large.  Front  broad  in  both  sexes,  in  the 
male  broader  in  front.  Eyes  comparatively  small,  bare. 
Ocelli  present.  Thorax  robust,  with  a  ilistinct  transv*'rse 
suture.  Abdomen  short,  conical  or  but  little  elongated  ;  gen- 
italia of  the  male  hidden,  the  ovipositor  sometimes  elongated. 
Legs  moderately  long,  the  hind  pair  sometimes  elongated. 
Tegulie  usually  large  ;  sonu^times  small.  Xeuration  of  the 
wings  Muscid-like,  in  most  cases  the  tirst  jiosterior  cell  nar- 
rowed or  closed;  anal  cell  small,  usually  indistinct;  discal 
cell  sometimes  absent. 

This  family,  though  of  small  size  comparatively,  is  of  the 
greatest  interest  by  reason  of  the  habits  of  the  larvie,  all  of 
which  that  are  known  are  parasitic  upon  mammals.  The  adult 
flies  often  have  rudimentary  mouth-i)arts,  and  devote  the 
whole  of  their  brief  existence  to  the  labors  of  i)roereation. 
Only  about  seventy  species  are  known,  and  they  are  generally 
called  bot-flies,  though  the  name  is  frequently  api)lied  es- 
pecially to  the  bot-fly  of  the  horse.  Parasitism  occurs  in  three 
principal  ways,  in  the  stomach  and  digestive  tubes,  in  tumors 
formed  by  the  larva*  under  the  skin,  and  in  the  pharyngeal  and 
nasal  cavities.  With  but  few  exce{)tions  each  species  is  con 
flned  to  a  single  species  of  nmmmal,  and  each  genus  or  each 
group  of  allied  species  is  parasitic  in  the  same  way  upon  sim- 
ilar animals.  Seven  species  of  Gastro^jJiilits  are  found  in  the 
stomach  and  intestines  of  the  horse  and  ass.  Thirteen  species 
of  Jft/podermti.  are  known  to  live  under  the  skin  of  the  horse, 
the  ox,  the  buffalo,  the  sheep,  the  goat,  four  species  of  an- 
telope, and  the  musk  deer.  Two  species  of  (Enfronn/ia  like- 
wise infest  the  skin  of  Lfu/omt/s  and  Ifiipmhritn.     (Eihnooijtnta 


(i:STl{Il).K 


i;!7 


tnmmri  is  parasitic  in  -reat  mniibors  in  tl.c  skin  of  the  roin- 
(leor  in  botlv  Siberia  and  bonsai  America.  Four  ..r  tive  sjuM-i.-s 
of  (Ksfn,,  live  in  the  nasal  sitnis.'s  of  slH-ep.  antelope,  an.l 
horse  {h'hhnr.trus).  One  species  of  Cri^hnhn,, ./h,  lives  in  the 
nasal  cavities  and  throat  of  the  camel  and  buffah.  Six  or 
seven  species  of  i>i>h,'nn„,,h,  have  been  found  parasitic,  in 
the  pharyngeal  cavities  of  vari,.ns  Cervids,  while  various  spe- 
cies of  Cnti'i'hm  and  h'n,jrniinf,ra  have  been  bred  from  the 
skm  or  scrotum  of  different  rodents,  and  oi.ossums  Two 
species  of  Jhnnatohh,,  from  the  skin  of  doj,rs,  cattle,  eats, 
deer,  and  i)robal)ly  apes  aiul  man. 

TABLE   OF  GI-XKHA. 

IMAOIXKS. 

1.  Moutli-parts  very  small  or  nidinu.ntarv;  arista  hare  o 
Proboscis  fronic-ulato,  insortcMl  i„  a  .i.-l-pslit;  fo.nak.  without  oxtri.ato 

ov.posuor;  first  posterior  crll  narn-wc-.l  or  closc-,1  ;  arista  I.aro  or 
plumose.      ... 

0 

2.  Face  witli  a  metlian  f^roove 

Face  witi.  a  broa.l,  jreutly  arehe.l  slm.i.l'shape.l  surface;  firit  posterior 
cell  narrowed  or  closed;  tc^M.he  iar^c.;  f.male  with  elongated  ovi- 
positor; larva)  iiypodermatic. 

-  Tl.e  fourth  lonoitudinal  vein  runs  straij^^ht  to  the  margin  of  the  win- 
te^ula.  small;  female  ovipositor  elongate;  larva-  in    ston.ach   an.l 

mtestmal  canal (J..stho..„,u;s  Leach. 

J.rs  posterior  cell  narrowed  or  closed;  te.uula.  lar^e;  ovipositor  not 
olonfiate;  larva'in  nasal  and  pharyn.ireal  cavities.     ...         4 

4.  First  posterior  cell  closed  and  petiolate;  body  nearly  bare. 

/  1 '  •  T   ' 

First  posterior  cell  narrowly  o,,en  ;  bo.ly  pilose.  Ceciknomvu  rli^Hcl 

5.  Palpi  wantinir.        .  n  , 

Palpi  present.  Ivookhma  Latroille. 

<Li)AM.\GKNA  Latreille. 

<>.  Arista  plumo.se  on  tlie  upper  side. 

Arista  bare    short  and  stout;  te^ula,  larfre;'winf;s  wiihout"  stump   at 
angle  of  fourth  vein  (Mexico) jj^,,,,,  ^^J^^,^ 

7.  TarsM^oad.  flattened CxioKKnH.  Clark. 

larsi  slender.   .  Ti  , 

l>i:HMAT<)mA  Hrauer. 


% 


l.'is 


NniMMI  AMERICAN  DIITKKA. 


:\W 


i 


LAUV-K. 
1.   Last  ahilominal  sciinient  free,  bmadly  attaclicil.     ....         -J 
Last  alxloininal  scjiriu-nt  (twdftli)  ritractih'  within  tlic  pn-ci'diiif:,  small 
and  distinctly  coiistricti-d. .         7 

'2.  LarviP  with  two  jtair.s  of  chitinizcd  jaws,  tliat  is  witii  two  outer  nioiith- 
hooklets,  and  two  iniiur,  strai>;lit,  trianuular  jjoints  (Ilorst's). 

(lASTKorniu  s. 
Larva*  with  two  or  no  mouth  liooklots .        ;) 

."».   Larvic  on  the  median  se^fnients  with  tlorsal,  spindie-shaj)i'd  tuhcrcics ; 
one  pair  of  moutli-liookiets  present.  ......         4 

Larvse  without  such  tultercles  ;  one  i)air  or  no  inoutli-iiooklets  ])risent.  ''» 

4.  Antennii' broadly  separated;  body  oval,  stroiifjly  coi.vex  aJtove,  flat  l)e- 

h)w  (Sheej*) (Kstki  s. 

Antenna!    approximated   or    contifiuous;    Ixxly    elonj.'ated,    somewhat 
l)r()ader  in  front  tlian  behind  (Deer).     .  CicriiicxoMYiA. 

5.  No  moutii-hooklets. 

Two  snuiU  inoutli-hooklets  present  (Rodents). 

0.  Bristly  coverinj;  alike  above  and  below  (Reindeer), 
liristles  stronj^er  below  than  above  (Ox,  etc;.)    . 

7.  Larvie  oval  (Rodents,  Marsujtials) 


fi 

(KSTKOMVIA. 
.      (P]l»AMA(iKNA. 

IIyi'odku.ma. 

ClTKHEHKA. 

Larviu  club-shaped,  more  slender  jjosteriorly  (Articnlactyls,  Carnivora, 


Primates). 


DKItMAToniA, 


k^ 


.*. 


Usually  thick-set,  inoilerately  large  to  ratlior  small  flios. 
Front  in  both  sexes  broad,  thoiit^h  usually  somewhat  narrower 
in  the  male.  Arista  of  the  antennae  plumose  to  the  middle  or 
a  little  beyond,  the  distal  ])()rtion  bare ;  this  last  character 
a^one  is  the  ultimate  distinctive  one  of  the  group.  Abdomen 
composed  of  four  visil:le  segments,  with  the  macroclueta' 
usually  conKned  to  the  distal  portion,  though  sometimes  occur- 
ring on  the  n)argin  of  the  second  and  following  segments  and 
very  rarely  on  the  disk ;  male  hypopygium  often  prominent. 
First  posterior  cell  of  the  wings  always  much  narrowed  or 
closed. 

This  family  of  flesh-fli(>s.  as  thev  are  often  called,  though 


SAlJCOlMlAdlDJv 


i.;<) 


»'<'ini.nsn-lMit(w.i.arativ,.l,vrr\vuvu.n,J,as;,  .4T^at.■,•,MllulM.,• 
ot  sprrirs  and  in.iivi.Iiials.  K„r  th,.  „M.st  [.art  tl...  spr.-irs  aiv 
tolrral.ly  uniform  in  (•(.](. rati.,,,,  an,!  at  ti,-st  si-l.t  s,-.-,.,  scaivc- 
ly  .Iisv,i„-„i,sl,al,l(.,  i.a,vin-a-,-avst,'ii.,.,l  tli.>,-ax  an.l  n,ain,n,Mt.. 
:il..l(.n,n,.  T!..en,oro  metallic  (•„l(Mv,ls,u.,-i..s  of  rv,,.,,,./;,,;,„.l 
(>nrs,n  aiv  cxc-i.tions.  Tl...  Hi.'s  a,v  tn,„„l  evM-vwhriv".  ahoul, 
<l<'<'ay„,,-  v.-..tati(.n,  (vsprrially  In.it.  ..x,-,vn„M,t.  .i.M.u„.p,.sin- 
furcasscs,  etc. 

TIm'  larva-  arc  ix.lyj.ha-n.is  in  liahit.  I..,'.li„i,r  ,ip„„  ,l,.,.avi„..- 
animal  or  xe^^vUMv  mattr,-.  or  livinj,^  pa,-asiticallv  in  tli."  Hrsh 
ot  dmm>ntanin,als.  in  tl.,-  „asal   cavitirs  of  man  an.l  other 
unimals,  ,n  ulcei-s,  ..tc.      Tl,.-  larva*  of  Cynn,,,.,;.,  liv,-  in  ^nvat 
numhc-s  in  tl,.  (le..<),ni.osin-  carcasses  of  vcflnate  animals. 
ihc  larva'  of   Sarmphn,/,,.   wliich   ai-c   oitcn   extruded   by  the 
l)arent  Hy  alive,  jiave  been  found  und,.r  the  skin  of  turtli's   in 
the  stomad,  of  f ^-s ;  and  most  of  th.-  cas.-s  of  mviasis  tliat 
have  been    reported,   other  than   those   due  to   the  larva-   of 
Coinpsomifia  and  Calllj,hnrn,  have  been  caused  bv  the  nia-<rots 
of  thesi,ecie.s  of  this  -enus  and  those  of  Sn,'ru,,hUn.  '^The 
larvce  of  several  species  have  be.-n   found  i„  snails,  in  beetles, 
the  jmp*  of  moths,  etc. 

The  Sareophagid  hirva^  are  roundel,  thinner  anteriorly  and 
aniphipneustic.      Ti,e  antennae  are  short,  thick,  cylin.irical, 
divergent,  wart-like  tubercles,  each  with  two  ocellus-like  chit- 
inous    rings   at   the   ti]).     The   mouth-hooklets   are   distinct, 
strongly  curved,  and  separated  from  each  other.     The  abdo- 
minal   segments    are    distinctly  differentiated    by  transverse 
svvellings,  and  are  each  provide.l  with  a  girdle  of  spines.    The 
hind  stigma-plate  is  situated  in  a  deep  cavity,  which  is  formed 
by  the  last  segment  alone.     The  anal  swelling  is  two-pointed. 
The  pu])arium  is  oval. 


TAIJLK  OK  (iKNIOKA. 

1.  First  posttTior  cell  closo.l  or  very  .auch  nam.WiMl  in  the 
First  posterior  cell  open. 


Miarj^in 


I  n> 


NOKI'II   A.MKUICAN    DII'l'Kli A 


//if    i 


c\>l':. 


Aliildiiini  witli  Ixitli  ilisral  ami  iiiar'^iriiil  inaci'd'.'liicta'  dm  tlic  >c'('i)tiil  ami 
folIowiiiLi' fciiriK'nts.       .....  1' vi;.vmim'II<>  Wiilii. 

Alxloiiiiiiiil  .»i"^fiiiciits  with  iliscal  iiiacniclia'ta',  ....;; 

Ki^^«t  l(>iij.ntu(liiial  vi'iii  liri.-<lly.  .Ioiinsunma  ('i)(|iiillct!. 

l-'irst  l(>ii<i;itu(liiial  vein  not  liristly.       SAi:(,"<>i'mi.(»i)i>  Hraucr  ami  IiiTtr. 
Aliiloiiu'ii  Idack  or  iiirtallic,  uiiicoloroiis  ami  Imt  sliirhtly  pruiiiosc.        ."> 
Ahiloiiu'ii    ,1,'ray,   i'Iiktous  or  partly  ofliract'ons,  witli  liiack   ri'llcctiii^' 
spot."*.  ...........         7 

lly]iopyiiiiiiii  vi-ry  jiromiiu'iit ;  .I'jis  more  or  Ii'S.>*  hairy.  .         (1 

llypopyyiuiii  coiu'i-alci! :  Ic^s  not  hairy;  ahiioiiR'n  iiu'tallic;  curvaturi' 
of  t'oiirth  vein  with  an  olituse  aiigk'  and  without  stutnp. 

(►nksia  Di'svoidy. 

Alxloini'ti  tisuiilly  l>hu'k ;  tiliiii*  (k-nsfly  liairy.     I'miussoi'oha  Macquart. 
Abdomen  inctallic;  tiliiii'  witli  short  hair.  C'vnomvia   Desvoidy. 

All    the  tihite  on  the  outer  side  witli  a  eoinlt-like   row  of  lonj;,  .itout 
hri.stle.>*.         ........     TiiKiiiA  Disvoidy. 

Til)ia>  without  bristle.*  or  with  irrejrularly  jilaeed  ones.    .         .         .         H 

Apical  cross-vein  more  oblique  than  the  posterior  one.   .         .         .        (• 

Apical  and  posterior  cross-veins  in  nearly  the  same  line;  two  orbital 

bristles  in  the  9.  "'••'t' i"  the  $.  SaK(  (H'iiA(iA  Meifjen. 


'.).  Two  orbital  bristles  in  each  sex. 
Two  orbital  iiristles  in  the  9(^0 


SAH('oriiA(iUi.A  Wulp. 
Helicohia  Coquillett. 


Tu).    .^[usc^).'E. 

Ratlior  small  to  ino(l«M'ately  large,  never  elon,i,'ate,  thinly 
hairy  or  bare  Hies.  Antennal  arista  plumose  to  the  tip;  some- 
times above  only,  and  rarely  bare,  in  which  cases  the  absence 
of  bristles  on  the  abdomen,  except  at  the  tip,  together  with 
the  distinctly  narrowed  tirst  jiosterior  cell,  characters  distinc- 
tive of  the  group,  will  distinguish  the  Hies  '  elonging  here 
from  its  allies.  Eyes  of  the  male  approximated  or  contigu- 
ous: front  of  female  broad.  Eves  bare  or  hairv.  Alulomen 
composed  of  four  visible  segments.     Genitalia  not  prominent. 

Like  the  Sarcophagida",  the  species  and  individuals  of  this 
family  are  common  everywhere.  The  coiiunon  hous(^-tiy,  the 
tyjie  of  the  group,  has  a  cosmoi)olitan  distribution  wherever 
man  exists.  Other  species,  which  ;ire  scar(*ely  less  common 
and  widelv  distributed,  are  the  common  lilue-bottle  and  blow- 


MlSclDj;. 


11 


ni;-s    nH.n.l.Ts  ..f  ,1...    .,,,„,,,    /^,,.;/.,  ^,„,,    ,  ,,//^^^^,^^.,,_      ^^ 
wnl.-lykn,.nn  :nv   ,1...  stal.l.-tlv  or  ..nti.-Hv.   -V,.....,..  ,\,i 

tlU-    honi-fiy.    H,l„nttnlu,,. 

'"•""^•""■'••'"'tu-illthriv..  in  alinost.nv  kind. .r  tilth.  I  1,,,;: 
•van.l  rluMn  tnuu  tlu-  .Irrayin,'  n.wtvri,.!  in  tl,..  hnUnnis'  of 
sinttonns  mini  with  tohan.o.  Tin.  ^..n.a^.lavsal,nnton..hMn- 
.ln..  and  t,ty  ....sMvhiH.  hat..h  in  on.,  or  two  ,l:.vs,  an.nnln.^ 
o  tlu-  w..atiH.r.      Th,.   larva,  attain   th.-irlnll   ,l..;-..h>,,n,..n,  in 

^■■•••''  <iv,.  to  s..v,.n  .lays,  an.l  th..n.  ..raw!in,Mnt.,  s,,nn.  s..,.lu.i...l 

l'l:u-<'.  tnu^.t.n-mint.,  ,mpa^t■r..n>  whn-htlH.v,.n,..r,v  inal t 

■s.x    .lays    as    n.atu.v    ins^.ts.   tho...    <,r    th.-    autnn.n    l.roo.ls 

.v.uainn,,M.y..rwint..rasi.u,.an:..     In  ,,artiallv  sn-lmlnl  snots 

lu.  nuttuiv  fly  will  sonu-tinn-s  surviv  tin-  winfr.     Th.-  .'ins- 

t.'r-Hy,    P..l/r>na  no/Is.   is  yt   n.o,v   n.n.arkahl,.   in    this   last 

aspect  <>;t.nin.arlys,nn,.  ,,,.. .v..n. luring  nul.l. la  vs.,,' 
the  w.nt..r  they  n.ay  h.  ohs.M-v.-.l  ....awlin.  ahout  ov.-r  tin-  m.ow 
>"  "un. hers.  Th,.y  are  stnpi.l  an.l  slow  an.l  hav.-  .v.-eiv..,!  the 
name  oi  eluster-^es  U.nn  tlu-ir  hahit  of  e.,n.„.j,atin.  in  elus- 
ers  a  K>ut  .hvellings.  They  n-sen.l.l,.  a  hlow-Hv  s.^n.^vhat. 
l»Ut  u-i  11  be  d.stn.,uish..,l  i>v  the  p.vsenee  oi  sUoH,  depresse.l 
sparse  h;,ht  colored  hairs  on  th.-  thorax.     Tin-  larva-  of  speeies 

f      "^/7>;^--<  especially  ..f  C. //.,/..  are   better  known, 

perhai>s  than  those  of  any  other  ins..,.    Th.-y  ar..  the  ..onuno,; 

Uow-Hv  niaggots  of  fresh  an.l  .h-.-aying  meats  an.l  ve,.,abl..s 

Ihe  cookn,^  of  ..orned    be.-f  or   turnips  .,r  ,-abba.vs  .lurin-^ 

warm    weath.-r  is  sure  to   attract  nnn.bers  of  thJse  insect^ 

winch  are  quite  noticeable  for  their  loud  hununin,:  an.l  hea.b 

long  flight.      In  the  ari.l   regions  oi  northern  Wvomin.^  the 

writer    luus    seen    them     in    extraor.linarv    numbers,   '^mny 

miles  from  the  nearest  human   habitation."    Either  their  ..o.; 

or  the  newly  hatched  larva-  are  .h-posite.l  upon    meats,   an.l 

"Iv  a  day  or  two  is  sutib-i.-nt  to  transb.rm  the  mass  into  a 

<  seeping  mass  ol  disgusting  maggots.     The  larva-  of  spc  .-i.-s  of 


142 


NOirni  AMEinCAN  diitkua. 


!-|fl 


m 


Kir- 


t-i: ; 


this  genus  sometiinos  have  liahits  siiiiihir  to  those  of  Cowpso- 
iiiifhi.  The  blue-bottle  and  green-bottle  flies  have  habits 
identieal  -with  those  of  CnUlplinra,  but  tlieyare  not  so  common. 
The  screw-worm  fly.  an  insect  common  over  nearly  all  of 
North  and  South  America,  is  a  bright  shining  green  or  golden 
green  in  color,  but  will  be  distinguished  from  the  blue-bottles 
by  the  presence  of  blackish  stripes  on  tlie  thorax.  It  depos- 
its eggs,  whicii  liatch  almost  immediately,  in  decomposing 
matter,  as  do  other  members  of  the  familv,  but  it  will  also  lav 
them  in  the  ulcers  of  cattle,  or  wounds,  or  at  the  orifice  of  the 
hunuin  nose,  especially  when  attracted  thereto  by  a  fetid  breath. 
The  larva'  in  these  cases  (piickly  j)enetrate  within  the  nasal 
and  frontal  sinuses,  sometimes  to  the  number  of  a  hundred  or 
more,  quickly  producing  fever,  extended  ulceration  and  in  fre- 
(pient  cases,  death.  These  cases  of  jVh'iasis,  as  the  affection 
is  called,  are  not  very  frequent  in  North  America,  but  have 
been  not  seldom  recorded  from  South  America.  Sorrophila 
Wolilfdhrti,  a  European  species,  has  similar  habits. 

The  group  of  Stomoxyime  includes  the  common  stable  or 
cattle-fl}',  the  liorn-fly  and  the  famous  tsetze  fly  of  Africa  and 
Australia,  all  of  which  lay  their  eggs  in  fresh  dung.  The 
horn-fly  is  a  recent  introduction  from  Europe,  and  has  now 
extended  ovrr  nearly  all  of  the  United  States.  An  allied  spe- 
cies, Hd'tudtohlit  aids  Snow,  lives  among  tlie  moose  of  the 
northern  woods.  The  tsetze  fly  is  ])erhaps  the  most  famous 
of  the  group.  Its  bite  is  so  poisonous  that  the  regions  which 
it  inhabits  are  reiulered  impassable  for  horses  and  dogs, 
though  it  is  less  troublesome  to  other  animals. 

The  larvie  of  Muscina  liave  been  found  in  decaying  veg- 
etables, dung,  fungi  and  the  larvie  of  various  lej)idoptera. 
The  larvfij  of  (irnphomif'm  and  Mesonhn'iKt  have  been  found 
in  cow  and  horse  dung. 

The  following  table  is  that  of  v.  d.  "Wulp  (l)iol.  Centr. 
Amer.  Dipt,  ii,  291)  with  the  addition  of  those  genera  Udt  yet 
known  from  Central  America. 


MrsciDj.:. 


It;; 


TAHLK  OF  (;KXKI{a. 

2.   Palpi  nearly  as  lon<r  as  tlu.  ,.rol,„s,.is.     .  i|  ,  mat.„u.  n         •  .    ' 

J'alpi  shorter  than  the  prohuseis.    .  Sto  .  .v     " 

.5.   Arista  pluMJOse  on  l)otli  sides. 

Arista  hare  or  plumose  al)oveonlv  •         •         •         •         .         o 

'  '         '         ■         ■  -4 

<>.  Curvature  of  fourtli  vein  auirular. 

Curvature  oi  fourth  vein  roun.le.l  or  areuat(^        .'         '         ' 
0.   Eyos  pilose.     . 

Kyesbare.       .'■.■■■■      '  ^■'<'-*^^'"  ^  v.  ,1.  Wu],,. 

7.   Mi,|.llenhhe.ithout  bristles  on  the  inner  ^i.le  (hlaekish  speeies  .,th 
e>..„H.nnH.re  or  less  yellow,  hut  always  witlunan^^^ 


12 


oration). 


•    Mi-scA  Linne 


11 
10 


Mi.idle  tihi>.  with  one  or  n.ore  hristh."  ,>n  the  inner  M.leTff  I 

n,etaine  coloration  on  the  ah.onK.n  ..r  other  ;;:;::;;t  !;;r;^-'^ 
«.    1  horacic  dorsum  usually  blaekish. 

Thorax,  scutellum  and  abdomen  bri.aht'ly  metallic. 
1'.   Dorso-central  bristles  present. 

Dorso-contral  bristles  absent;  no  bristles  above  the  vibriss^e. 

in     'PI  .      ,    ,  CULOKOI-HOC  TA  V.  (1.    Wulp. 

10.    1  horax  and  abdomen  with  depressed  hairs  amon.  the  bristles  espeei-  1 
\y  noticeable  near  the  root  of  the  winf^s.  I'o,  r  knu  I'w  .  . 

No  such  liairs  present  n        '•''''^'*  Dcsvoi.Iy. 

11     -P,  .     ,  •         ■         .         .         (  Ai.Mi.fioHA  Desvoidv. 

H.    1  horacic  .lorsum  with  rather  .listin..t  black  and  whitish  stripes 

'"'z:::  ■::;:;-'"- "-- -=~;, 

io    \\M    II  ,,.  '         ■         ■         l-ii't  ii.iA  Desvoidv. 

IJ.    \V  holly  metallic  species.  „ 

l:!.  Apic,m.r„»,  vol,,  ,Ii,,i,K.t,  I„„s,.r  ,l,„„    ,1,,^  ,..r„',i„„l'  ,,o,-,i,„.  „,  ,','' 

''™r..;r::;;i;'  "•"■■"';"";;"•"-■  '■■■"""  v,.i„  .,.„.„  „„„,„i»  ,„  it 

<  Mn  rnil.i  „„ly  ;  „,„i,,l  ,,,,||  „i,|„  „,,,„  ,„  ,i|,  „,.  „,.,^^,  j^. 


0: 


144 


NoKTiI   AMKHICAN   DirTKUA. 


'  P  lit 

'];■ 
K 


14.  Aiitcniiii'  a'  '  asc  sliulitly  sopanitcd  by  a  c-arina  (Ixxly  jiri-y  or  partly 

rufous   ivitli  a  wi-U-ik'tincd  black  pattern).     (JuvriioMViA  Disvoidy. 
Antfiiiia'  not  st-paratid  by  a  carina lo 

15.  Mitldb-  tiliiiL'  with  a  bristlt'  on  inner  side;  apical  cell  widely  opened. 

MicSKMiiiuNA  .vlacijuart. 
Mkskmukimci.i.v   (ii}>lio-Tos. 
Middle  tibia>  without  bristles  on  inner-side;  ai)ical  cell  somewhat  nar- 
rowly opened  {<'i/rl(niii(ni  pt.  i>reoc.)  Mouki.i-IA  Desvoidy. 


10.   Eyes  ])i!ose. 
Eves  bare. 


Myiosi'Ii.a  Desvoidy. 
.       17 


17.  The  first  vein  terminates  at  tip  of  costa ;   fourth  vein  witii  a  distinct 
curvature  near  tip  of  wiriff  (Ci/rlunciini  pt.  j)reoc.) 

MrsciNA  Desvoidy. 

The  first  vein  terminates  before  the  middle  of  the  eosta ;  fourth  vein 

scarcely  curveil  forward  at  its  distal  eml.        (^i,iN(ti'KUA  v.  d.  Wulp 


? 


;■  i.  tj 

I    : 


■  t\  i 


no.  TACHINU).^.      57.  DEXIIJKE. 

Katlior  small  to  rather  large,  bristly  files,  thinly  or  not  at  all 
pilose,  usually  thick-set.  Eyes  of  the  male  contiguous  or  more 
approximated  than  in  the  female,  pubescent  or  bare.  Front 
with  a  row  of  bristles  on  each  ude,  descending  to  the  anteniue, 
with  or  without  orbital  bristles.  First  joint  of  anteniue 
sliort;  second  joint  usually  shorter  than  the  third;  third  joint 
usually  nu;re  or  less  elongate,  sometimes  d'lated  or  fissured; 
decumbent;  arista  bare  (Tachinidie),  pubescent  or  ])lumose 
(Dexiidie),  sometimes  conspicuously  jointed.  Face  always 
with  a  well-marked  nuMliun  depression,  which  sonu'times  has 
a  carina  in  its  middle.  Proboscis  sometinu^s  elongate,  but 
usually  short  ami  with  broad  labella;  palpi  never  with  nu)re 
than  one  articulated  jjint,  whicli  is  sometimes  rudinuMitary. 
Ocelli  present.  Abdouuni  comjjosed  of  four  or  five  visible  seg- 
ments ;  with  marginal  and  lateral  and  usually  with  dis- 
cal  bristles;  sometimes  nearly  covered  with  strong,  erect  spini's. 
Legs  usually  rather  stout;  sonu^times  elongate  and  slender 
(J)exii(he);  always  bristly.  All  the  veins  of  the  wings  simi)le; 
basal  cells  large;  three  posterior  c. 'lis  present,  t'lie  first  of  whicli 


W 


TACIIlMDJi—DKviii).!;. 


11, 


is  ahvays  .kutow,.,!  or  cl<.se,I(s:,v.  i,.  thus.-  nnvras.-s  in  wl.i..]. 
the  (iKstal  section  of  tl...  tnu.th  is  ohlit.-ratrd):  anxiliarv  v.-in 
distinct  111  its  whole  ]en-;li.        i\  ^-uiae  lar-v 

Xo  other  ^roup  of  Hies   has   pn^ente.l   so  manv  <liniculties 
to  the  student  of  systematic  dipteruh-uT  as   has'the    present 
one.     In  Its  entirety,    with    Init  few    exceptions,    it    is   easilv 
onou.^h  dUferentiated.      Flies  in  which  the  arista   is   bare   tlu. 
tegulae  are  well  developed,  an.l  the  Hrst   posterior  cell  is  nar- 
rowed or  closed,  inayl,e  unhesitatinj^ly  referrd  to  the  Tachin- 
ida".      Ihe  Dexiida.   gradually  merge   into    that   familv.    and 
it  IS  not    always   easy  to   positively   distinguish   them'      The 
presence  however,  of  aristal  j.lunu.sity  with  the  other  charac- 
ters ot  the  more  typical  Ta.-hinids,  that  is.  those  in  whi.-h  the 
dorsum  of    the    abdomen    is    distinctly    bristlv,    will    remove 
doubt  ot  the  correct  location   of  any  species  possessing  such 
characters.      L^nfortunately  the  .lifferentiation   of  the  "..enert 
and  specues  is  vastly  more  diflicult,  and  will  require  nuu-h  pa- 
t.en    and  exhaustive  study  bebue   a   satisfac-tory   .solution    is 
reached      About    two   hundred    and    sevent^•-fiv"e   genera,    or 
one-hfth  of  all  the  dipterological  fauna,  havi^alreadv  been  ac- 
credited to   North   America.     Some   of   tin-   names ^.opo.se^l 
vv.l    unquestionably  be  re-hiced  t.  synonyms,   but   not   manv 
as  the  diaraeters  used  for  generic  distim-tions  are  often  ex.-eed; 
ingly  slight.     So  inconspicuous  are   the  <-haracters   in    many 
spccies  t.at  only  the  practice.!  eye  will  det.rt  them 

I  Iiave  not  attempted  to  define  or  tabulate  tlie  gem^ra      To 


do 


so,  even  imperfectly,  would  re.piiiv  f 


at  my  command.     The  best  that  I 


\y  complete  list  of  the 


ir  more   time   than  it 
catKionow  is  to  give  a  fair. 


with   their   bibl 


,'enera  said  to  occur  in  North  A 


student 
the 


lograpical  ref'erenc 


merica. 


IS  referred  to  th 


e  works  t)f  I 


es.      For  further  studv,  tl 


le 


>rauer  and  I5ergenstamii 


various  j.apers  of  Townsend  and  Coquillett,  an.l  the  vol 


nine  of  the  IJiologia  Ceiitrali-A 
The  liabits  of  the  mature  Hv 
membe 


rs  of  the  group.     Th.-y  will  be  found 


luericaua  by  van  der  Wulp. 
e  similar  for   nearly   all  th 


on  vegetation,  on 


ItC) 


NORTH  AMEinCAN  DIITKIJA. 


:i: 


I 


m 


loaves  or  flo'.vcrs,  in  such  places  ii'j  are  frecpieiited  hy  tlie  hosts 
whicli  they  parasitize.  Not  a  few  will  be  eaiight  with  the 
beating  net. 

Tiie  larvje  of  the  more  typical  Tachinida^  are  thickeneil, 
cylindrical  and  flattened  below,  the  segments  indistiiictly 
differentiated,  with  transverse  and  lateral  swellings,  bare  or 
provided  with  tine,  short  spines.  They  are  amphipneustic, 
the  anterior  si)iraoles  small  and  j)oint-like  or  multii)artite,  the 
posterior  stigmatie  {)lates  large,  strongly  chitinized,  and  eaeli 
with  three,  internally  convergent  grooves.  The  antennte  are 
wart-like,  with  two.  ocellus-like,  chitiiu)us  rings,  one  lying 
below  the  other.  There  but  two  mouth-lu.oklets.  porrect  and 
but  little  curved.  The  puparia  are  oval,  with  the  segments 
slightly  differentiated  ;  the  skin  is  finely  wrinkled,  and  boti' 
ends  are  rounded. 

In  Orijptrra  and  Gi/mnnsoma,  and  probably  in  allied  forms, 
the  larvje  have  a  chitinous.  anal  stigmatie  tube  ;  and  the  pu- 
paria have  six  or  two,  similar  processes.  The  larvie  of  Ifi/<il- 
nniijin  are  translucent,  smooth  and  metapneustic,  the  mouth- 
hooklets  very  large;  there  are  two,  short,  divergent,  anal  tubes. 

The  larvie  of  this  group  are  all  parasitic  in  habit,  so  far  as 
is  known,  and  the  parasitism  is  ])rol)ably  confined  to  the  early 
stages  of  other  insects.  Their  usefulness  in  kee])ing  injurious 
insects  in  check  is  immeasurable. 

By  far  the  largest  number  of  species  are  parasitic  upon 
Lepidoptera,  of  which  lujt  less  than  four  hundred  have  been 
recorded.  About  seventy  species  are  known  to  be  parasitic 
upon  Hymenoptera,  less  than  forty  upon  Coh^optera,  eigiiteen 
upon  Orthoptera,  live  U[)on  llemiptera.  and  as  inany  ui)on 
other  Diptera. 

More  particularly  the  observed  parasitism  of  some  of  the 
North  Amei!can  genera  is  as  follows: 

AriIAKTONKi;U.\,  Ctiloittt'llliS,  I)tili(t!s,  Cif/n'roilUt,  /hlftOKI, 
Pi'ixft'fiid,  Sp/iitiJ\  I'ttiK'ssa,  Atilsoftf,  .Ihtrifs,  C/isioranipd, 
Ift'/iofis,    /'ri)f/(>/ii(i,ffi\:    .Vuovuoi'iivr.AX  :     I'^in'litttrx.    Srli'ir:- 


:(■. 


TACHI\IIU:_l)i.:xill).K  14- 

T;J-;'r' '')/":'^''^'    nn,,;!.....,:    „,:ssKr.v:    I,.,,,...,,..: 

«.    (...KXO.V..:  A, J,.,;..  ^,,^^^^,  ,,,^ ^  J^^_ 

m,..«,  Sp/un.r;  CTKXoP„OKorKK.v:  r......  I)KX„i,Ks:  J.--...,  • 

I^KA:  /.,..,,;..,.,  LATHKr.u...  J./.....  r/./...;., /.,,.^,,,;  . 

KKA.  J.VV./..../..,  /.....,/,,  1>.,uakkont,.va:  A>/. /..,..  I>.vn,.x 
OKrsTA:7A./...,  ,^,,,..,,,,,  Vnouuu....:    ,W.;,/  •   i^  I  I   " 

^^....;Si^ixai.ta:P//o;...;  Thk.a.ua:  /'^./.V/ ',.  T,  k  ^ 

Tockka:  y^..../.;  Tkichopoda:  Jnasa,  I>iss.su;ra. 

LIST  OF  (JKNKHA. 


1  Aciiulona  Wulp,  7,  4. 

2  Aceiiiyia  Hond.,  Pnid. 
•5  Achanorieuru  IJ.  B.,  Ji,  ;j-j4 


IS  Atroi.hopalpus  Town.,  18. 
II'  AtropliojK.da  Town.,  ;!4,  III 


4  A( 


rooantlia  Wulp, 


20  Hi 


iiunilijinoria  Mj-n,  Svst.  W 


241  Arrof/lossa  AVill.,  9. 

5  Adniontia  B.  li:,  I,  104. 

G  AIoi)liora  IM).,  >.yo(l. 

7  Arnetloria  B.  B.,  I,  I0(j, 

S  Aniniohia  IM).,  xMyod. 

1' An^iorhina  B.  B./i,  ir.g 
10  A 


261. 
21  Bath.vd 


t'S  .vii. 


I'Xia 


Wulp, 


•)•» 


nisia  Wulp,  7, 18<; 


11  Anthraconiyia  Hiid.,  I'rod. 

12  Aphria  IM).,  Myod 

13  Araha  IM).,  Mvod. 


14  A 


raonopiis  B.  B.,  i,  ;l(li. 


1")  Arc'liytas  .); 


Id  A 


oiin.  N.  Ex.Dipt.,  ;]02.  24  i 


22  Ik'lvosia  IM)..  Mvod.,  10^ 
2;J  Hi'.skia  B.  B.,  i,  m_ 
24  BivsK-ria  IM).,  Myod, 

26  Blcpliiiridfa  Und.,  Trod. 
20  Hlt-pharipoza  Maeq.,  D.E 

27  Boloniyia  B.  B.,  II,  ;}47. 

28  noinbylioniyia  B.  B.,  I,  l.'Jl. 

2!>  Hracliyconia  Kiid.  Prod,  iii,  i>o;i 

■!OCalodf.\ia  Wulp,  7.  267 
!1  (' 


ii,;5,;)41. 


iiiiarona  Wuij),  7,  247 


r^yrapliylaA-  B.  B.,  I,  ]0;j 


>  latiirld  C 


"q.,  Ins.  Life,  ii.26.' 


17  Atac'ta  Sci 


117  Alnijiliiinuld  'I 


liiHT,  Nov.  KxikmI; 


'52  CVrotnosia  Bond.  I'rodi 


'wn.,  .•i4,  III,  HI2. 


•'  (  tiatonivit'Ila  'i'o 


wn. 


!4,  III. 


Mi 


'     ,1. 


US 


NOKTH  AMKHI('A:n  Dll'TKlJA. 


"'be 


•  ■;)*!;:; 


;14  Cestonia  Hoi"'     Dipt.  I'r.  74  Kuantlia  Wuli),  Tijd.  Knt.  xxvii. 

",'j  {^liac'tottat'dia  H.  H.,  1,  II,  •>>(').        75  Kiu'iuj.lialia  Towns.,  :!4,1(;(!. 
;5(J  Cliattoj.d()ssa  Town..  ;i4,   III,  ll'o.  7(i  Kudtxia  H.  H.  1,  I,  V2U. 


o7  Cliai'to!y<,'a  Hoiul.,  Dipt.  I'r. 
:!8  ("haetoiia  Wiiii),  7,  -J'):). 
;!»Cliai't()piaoiaCo(i.,  ;)l>,  '."S. 

40  t:iiat'topiiU'ps  ('()(!.,  ;n,  51. 

41  Cholonivia  l^iJ.^,  4'J,  xxxvii. 

42  Chrv-sotachina  B.  B.,  1,  I,  KU. 


77  Kuinacronycliia  Town.,  .■54,111,100 
7H  Kiiiasiona  Towns.,  :!4,  I!I.  10(». 
7U  Kutachina  B.  1}..  1,  I,  US. 

50  Kuiilianoptcryx  Towns.  ,.'54. 1 11,121. 

51  Knphoroc'cra  Town.s.,  ;14,    III,  l|-_'. 

52  Kiiryct'idin.via  'i"()wns.,;!4.  Ill,  II'). 


43  Cisto.i-astiT  Latr.,  An.  Hcj,'.,  v,'2n  s:}  Kiiscopidia  Towns.,  34,  111,  12;;. 

44  Clausiffiia  Uond.,  Dipt.  Br.  .S4  Kutiicra  Loi-w,  Ci'nt.  vii,  S.'),  ISCiC. 

45  Cliiiojrii'^tir  Will]),  '•>,  IHU.  S5  Kutliyprosopa  Towns.,  .')4,  III,  lot!, 
4(i  (Tinonc'ura  B.  B.,  1,  I,  110  SO  Kxorista  Mci,u-.,Iili<;vr's  .Ma,!--.  ISO:!. 

47  Clista  .Mlm-t.,  S.vst.  Bcs.,  vii,  20S.    S7  Kaltriria  H.-l).,  Myod.  1830. 

48  Clistoniorplia  Town.,  ^H,  170.  SS  Krontina  Mi.'i<;-., 
40Clytiomyia  Uond..  Dipt.  B".  iv,0.  80  tiii'diophana  B.  IJ.,  iii,  li:'.. 
40  C/j/tia  R.-D.,  Myod.  1S:50.                00  (iacdiopsis  B.  B.,  1,  I,  ;l:;ti. 

50  Coonosonia  Wulp,  7,  KUi.  01  Ginjiliinyia  Town.  34,  III,  118. 

131  Com'/ops  B.  B  ,  1.  I,  358.  02  (ionia  Moi^.,  111.  Maj--.  ii. 

61  CordylojiastiT  Mac'([.,I).E.,ii,3,60.  03  Goniacliaeta  Town.,  34,  II,  251. 

52  Cnc-phalia  K.-D.,  Myc.d.  1S:10.         04  (Jyinnocliacta  H.-D.,  Myod. 

53  Cryi)t()nKMj>i'nia  B.  IJ.,  1,  II,  311.    05  Gynniotdytia  B.  U.  1.  Ill,  157. 

54  Cryptopalpus  I\ond..  Dipt.  I'r.        0(1  Gynniodi'xia  B.  P>.  II.3(i4. 

55  Cyithoccra  .Mao(i,,Ann.  Soc.  Knt.  07  (iyinnoinina  Wulp,  7,38. 

ii,  2,  2(57,  1845.  08  Ciynmopanda  B.  IJ.,  1,  I,  103. 

50  Ctonophoroci'ra  B.  B.,  1,  II,  330.    •)!>  (iynnioprosopa  T'd.,  34,  III,  108. 

57  Cyrtoplik'bia  Bond.,  I)i])t.  Br.      100  Gyinnoi)liania  B.  B.,  1,  I,  143 

58  Dat'ocliiic'ta  Totvn.,  34,  III,  07.      101  (iyninosonia  Mt'i<r.,  111.  Ma};.,  ii. 
50  I)fg(H'riaMoi'i-.,Syst.Bi's.vii,240.   102  Gynniostylia  B.  B.,  1,  I,  128. 
OODi-xiaMi-iiT.,  Syst.  Biscdir.,  v,33.   103  Ik'niitl'rixion  B.  B.,  1,  I,  114. 
(11  Dt'xodc's  B.  B.,  1,  I,  87.  104  lU-ininiasicHia  B.  B.,  1,  f ,  87. 

02  Doxiosonia  Bond.,  Dipt.  I'r.  i,  85  105  Ilrniyda  K.-D.,  Myod.  22t). 

03  Diclioccra  Will..  57.  lOd  llesporoniyia  B.  B.,  1,  I,  114. 

04  Didyina  Wulj*,  7,  15().  107  lliniantostonia  Lw,  Gent,  iv,  87 

05  Distichona  Wulp,  7.  40.  108  llonuxk'xia  Bij;'.,  44. 

00  Dri'panofrlossaTown.,  34, 11,377.  100  llyaloniyia  IJ.-D.,  Myod.  208. 

07  Ecliinoniyia  Dunu'ril,  1708.  110  Hypantroplia;j:a  Town.,  7,  258. 

08  Klacliipalpus  Bond.  Ill  llyj)c'rtro]»liocira  Towi.  .,  34,  II, 


on  Knvoiniuii  Towns.,  34,  371. 


Ji)  I- 


U( 


i\i  r.pii.pus  uond. 

71  KpijiToniyia  Town.s. ,.34,  II,  375. 

72  Krij-ont'  K.-D.,  Myod.   ls:Jo. 

73  Ervia  K.-D.,  .Mvod.,  1830. 


300. 

112  Ilypostcna  Meig.,  Syst.  Besclir. 

vii,  280. 

113  Ilyria  K.-D.,  .Myod. 

Ill  Ilystricia  Macci-,  I).  E.,  ii,  3,  4;'.. 


TACIIIXID.K-DHXiiD.K. 


ii:> 


Zool.  I.0O  :  ; -^  .■-•'I';'lpu.M,u-,,,H.N.,,ii.H,, 

.ie  la  Nonl  .1.  France,  10!.  i,;i  Mvio,,l,a.Ma  H.  H.,  H   ;!,;- 
..  Laccoprosopa  lown.,  :J4,  II.  .K^.   m  M viol.ia  IM)..  M v-.i'   -.r 

124  Las.ona  Wul„,  7,  127.  I<i4  .M,  i..,ni,Ma  H.  H.  f  00, 

l-I^>t^.on.ura  (;o,,.,J.  X.  y.    ,.„,.  ],;■>  Mvi,.,,,,an,s  R  H    i    Kil 

!>()C.  111.  50.  uw  \i    ■  .         •     •  '  "• 

l->«  Leskionuma  H.  B..  1,  „.  872.  170  XenH.ra.a  IM)..  Mv.  1   70 


12!)  Lt'ucostola  Mon,  m.  y^.^^^  jj 
];J0  Lispidia  Coq.  :il,ol. 
l;U  Lotnvia  K<rjrer.  V.  Z.-B.  G. 
lo2  Macquartia  H.-D.,  Myod.  204 
V-i-l  Macrocliactiiia  Wiilp,  7,  240. 
l-'U  Macroineigcriia  B.  I}.,  I,  i]]i_ 
l'»o  Macrf)rii(.'t()})a  li.  H..  I.  117. 
l'>»)  Macronycliia  Hond.  Dipt.  iv. 


I'l  '^'I'l 'ilia  Kond..  I'pod. 

172  Xiotrattoci'ia  Town.,  ;{4,  III,  loj 
17;;  ()('yi>tiTa  Latr.  II.  X.  Cr.  xiv. 
174  OcypnTula  IMi,  I'rod. 

2.".  Ofi//it,nisi/>/iii  Town. 

oO  (Jts/ro/i/iiisid  H.   i}.^  ]    I    i]r^- 
170  Ok'nocliaUa  Town.,  84,  III,  1  ir,. 
1~7  Ojjsidia  ('(xj.,  ;!2,  102. 

.11. 


.;-  Macropros.,paMacq.I).K.ii,:{,H:;.  ,7s  l^udiyopl.tlLlnni;  H.  H     I 
■>H      -  optei^x  Town.    18,  170.  17.,  I'a,a.i.,i..ania  M.  H.  ,,1   I47 

i-i!' Aiasifcra  Mac.i.  II   \   l)  i;   ns    iwo  i>       i- >  .  •■.  '^.. 

140  \f.. ,„  T,    .         ±  ^     "•  '^^-  ^^^^  I'«'-a''Hlv,na  H.  H.,  H,  404. 


140  .Masip.).Ia  IJ.  H.  I,  102 

141  Masi;)hya  IJ.  B.,  II,  li.r). 

142  Mofraprosopus  Macq. 

14;]  Mi-jri-rli..,  H..]).^  ^ly^^^l  2(U], 
144  .Mojjaparia  Wulp,  7,  240. 
14o  Meitronia  H.-I),,  Myo.l. 
140  MtdanoplDi-a  Mgn,  III.  Ma.t. 

147  Mi-Ianoj)lirys  Will.,  48,  ;JO.j. 

148  Mi'laliMjca  Wulp,  7,  247. 

149  iMidanodexia  Will.,  07. 
ir/)  MosocluL'ta  li.  IJ.,  II,  ;}4i 
1''>1  Mt'taclni'ta  C.)q.,  ;J2,  08 
1')2  Mi'taplauia  Coq.,  ;i2.  102. 


1«1  I'arafrontina  B.  B.,  II!,  11"). 
1.^2  rarahypoclu.'ta  B.  B.,  II,  ;);{7. 
If^-"!  I'araiiKM)(lia.ta  B.  B.,  II,  :i4i. 
1^'4  I'araplioidfiTa  B.  B.,  I,  <;o. 
1^<-''rarapla,uia  B.  B.,  ll,;}r)4. 
180  l'ari'.\oi-ista  B.  B.,  I,  87, 
ii      l^^T  rartlicnia  IM).,  Mvod,,  ;!22, 
1«H  IVk'teria  IM).,  Myo.l.  ' 
18!»  IVntl..)sa  Wulp,  Tijd.  voor  Ent. 

xxxiv,  08,  1802, 
1!H)  I'hania  IM).,  My.,d.  2:;;|. 
lin  l*lia^io(_'li!<ta  Town.,  II.;;0!l. 
I!»2  l'iiasi..pt..iy\  B,  B,  I,  UO. 


1^1 


lilO 


NOUTII  AMKIilCAN  DIITKKA. 


Nil 

i 


l(t;j  I'horiiiitlia  IMi,  Trodr. 
1!>4  I'lioricliuitii  IMi,  I'rodr. 
]!».')  IMiorostotiui  HI).,  .Myod.,  ;L'(!. 
1!K)  IMiyto  R-1).,  21>^. 

in:  I'lioroctTii  iM).,  i;n. 

lOH  riatria  Mjrn,  S.  H.  vii,  2!>1. 

l!ll>  IMaj:i(.prosi)liory.saT.I,:;4.ii,  li:5 

2(K)  I'oilotafliina  H.  B.,  ii, 'Aoi). 

201  Pol  idea  Maccj.  Ann.  Soc.  Knt. 

K.,  ii,(;,!l2,  184S. 

202  Polyirastcr  Wiiip,  7,  1:50. 
20:5  Proriiynidiops  P..  li.,  ii,  :](;4. 

204  Prosfna  St.  F.  &  S.,  Knc.  Mi-th. 

205  Projicnoidi's  15.  B.,  ii,  :;70. 
20(!  Pr.).s()])ii'a  IMi. 

207  Prosopodos!  B.  B.,  i,  00. 

208  IV'udoclia'ta  ("«)(i.,  3:5,  000. 
200  PsLMidoL'onia  Town.,  10. 


•10  r 


ro.^ipluTysa 


Will] 


>,  I 


117. 


211  PscndojuTiiiaria,  B.  B.  ii,  or>2. 

212  Pst'udoliystricia  li.  B.,  i,  i:]2. 
2i;]  Psc'iidoniorinia  Wulp,  7.  200. 
214  Psc'udon)yiotIiyria'ro\vn.,iii,l')l, 
21o  Pst'udotractociTa  Town.,  iii,  107. 
21()  Ptilocera  IM).,  220. 

217  Ptilodc'xia  B.  B.  i,  110. 
221  Rli(nnplil)u')i(i  Bijf.  45. 

218  Pyrliosia  IMi. 

210  Hiiinophora  IM).,  258. 

220  Khonihotliyria  Wulp,  7,  250. 

221  liliyncdiodi'xia  Biji'.,  45. 

222  llilcya  B.  B.  (pruoc.) 

22;)  Sarooi.-Hsta  Town:,  ;M,  iii,  122. 

224  Sarc'odi'xia  Town.,  52. 

225  Sart'oinacTonycliia  Td,  iii.  100. 
22(5  Sarcotac'liini'lla Town. ,."i4, iii,  110 

227  Sardioc't'ra  B.  B..  i,  110. 

228  SaundiTsia  Sell.,  Nov.  Ex.  :]:',?,. 
220  Scdiizotachina  Walk.,  1).  Saund. 
2;iOSc'opolia  1M).,2(;8. 

281  Scotiptora  Macii.,  D.K.,  ii,  8,  0.')7 
2:52  Scnotainia  Mai-ci.,  1.  c  ,  Snji.  i,  Ki 


2:5:5  Sericoccra  Macci.,  II.  N.  1).  11,105. 
2:54  Slphot'lyta  Town.,  :54,  ill,  115. 
2:55  Siphoc'lytis  Town.,  :54  ill,  127. 
2:50  Sipliona  Mffn.  111.  -Ma<,'.  11. 
2:57  Sijdioplajiia  Town.,  :54,  1,  :550. 
2:58  Sipliopliyto  Town. 
2:50  Sl.syropa  B.  B.,  1,  10:5. 

240  Soniok'ia  IMi. 

241  Spallan/ania,  IMi. 

242  SpluiTina  \Vulj»,  7,  205. 
24:5  Spliixapata  IMi. 

244  Stt'iiodt'xia  Wulp,  7,  24(1. 

245  Stevonla  IM).,  220. 

24(;  Stoniatodcxla  B.  B.,  i,  125. 

247  Syiitlicsloniylii  (Si'o  Muscida'.) 

248  Tuchina  M<in,  111.  Ma,ir. 
240  Tachlnodfs  B.  B.,  i,  1:5:5. 

250  Tacliliiomyla  Town.,  :^4,  iii,  00. 

251  Tacdilnopliyto  Town.,  :54,  iii,  1:50. 

252  Telotliyrla  Wulp,  7,  107. 
25:5  Ti'trajrrapha  B.  B.,  ii,  051. 

254  Thclaira  IM).,  Myod.  214. 

255  Tiii'lairodL'S  Wulj*,  7,  254. 
25(5  TlKTC'sia  B.-D.,  Myod.,  :525. 

257  Tlioniodt^ia  Hnd.,  1).  Pr.,  i,  87. 

258  Tliryptoccra  Macq.,  II. N.I).  11,87. 
250  Thysanoniyia  B.  B.,  II,  :540. 
200  Trlcoi)h()ra  Mac(i.  I).  IC.  S.  2,  02. 
261  Tricolytia  Bud.  1).  Pr. 

2(52  Tru'ht)j)oda  Cuv.  \li.'<x.  An.  v. 
2(i:5  Trlxa  M^ni,  Syst.  Bcs.,  iv,  222. 
2(54  Trixocllsta  Town.,  :54,  III,  102. 
2()5  Tryi)lit.'ra  Mun.  Syst.  Bos. 
20(5  I'l-ainyia  K.-I).,  Myod.,  215. 
2(57  Vlviana  Bnd.,  I).  Pr. 

10  \',n„l,rinili,i,i  Town.,  -U,  II,  081. 
2(58  WahlbiTfria  Zi-tt.  I).  Scand.. 
2(10  Willistonia  B.  B.,  I,  07. 

10  W,i/i>i(i  B.  B..  44. 

270  Xantliodi'xia  Wulp,  7,  250. 

271  Xanthonu'lana  Wulj),  ;5,  187. 
272Z('lla  B.-I).,  Myod.,  i:U. 


Hii'i'onosciD.i:. 


\r,i 


•'^-     Hii'i'oiioscil)  F 

Hra.l  Hattciiod.  usually  attadu-d  l..    n,"   '.' 

"'• '|"i"---'- '-a.- tiH. .i..,.„,„,„,„„    :'""■''"' '■"■^ 

•!?""-'•-'■•'■  "■•"- .-.  t,.,. ;;;'t: '■;■'' 

^'i-™t.  Thonxrt.tt,.  .,u,.„M,„,--i,;    '"■'■"■"""• 

«l.ort;  daws  usuallv  st.oi,,  J„,  J   ,,;  "    ■^''•'■;:"'-  '-- 


Xut 


kno 


vt'i'v  inauy  .s])..cios  of  tj 


\vu. 


Tl 


or  niaiuuials.     The  L 


't\V  aiv  all  i)arasitic  in   t 


"•^  •^iii-ulai-   fainilv  of  H 


K's  ai'o 


wliole  of  this  ,st, 


ii'va'  arc 


UdUlt    Stanv    |,|„„,     l^jj 


extruded  wl 


tgc  within  the  al 


|'U])i-..r,)us.  hut  pass  i 


■ds 


icarlv  the 


But 


a  siu!j-le 


leu  nearly  ready  to  transl 


"'"'"on   (;r  the  j.an.nt.  1 


M'lnij- 


size.     The  Hies   ha 


inipariuni  is  extrudt 


"J'!ii  into  the  uiaturc  tlv. 


one  often  encounters  tl 
^.specially  the  raptorial  I 


ve  a  i)eru]iar.   lousr-li]. 


"  at  a  time  and   i 


s  o 


aPLic 


ke 


il'!'"'ai'iin('e.   and 


»e  eo 


seekin-  the  beard  or  hair  <,f  tl 

niii  nimbly,  tryino- to  hid.'.     In  A 
i-ently  lost  soon  after  tl 


;;'"/"  _'';""llin-  rr.vntly  killr.l  bird 
ave  a  quirk,  short  fli<rl,i, 


•ii'fls.     They  1 


'llect 


<'!•.  within  which  tl 


il><>l>t(')iii  the  wii 


I  1 


laye 


ie  insect  find 


li^'s  are  ai 


icy 
ipa- 


o 


united   Sfrrhin  and  its  all 


•"^  a  permanent  livin-' place 


tl 


pinion  shared  by  I'njf 


'essor  T 


les   with   this  faniib 


an 


'^'■'1  iis  a  .subfamily.     J  i„.ii,.,,.  ^] 
closer  here  than  with  the  .\ 


"\viiscnd.   but  1 


lavc  srp:ii-atcd 


yctcribiida 


i;it  their  ndationshi] 


IS  arc 


1.  Antonna-fiiijill  or  iiid 


TAHLK  OF  (JKXIOKA. 


nix;  \vii)us    1,.,^ 


■''tiiict;  lu.;„I  not  sunk 


M^'.  wuh 


Anti 


crotis-vciiis;  claws  ,sl 


''"•"'nt.   paralirl   v 


I'll  into   the  criiiiryiniitc  tli 


IlIl.T  USUllllv   111 


!."i"t.  Sillljlji. 


I'iii."'  and    distinct  on 


s'i'I^n-au-d.     lu,;,,] 


ore  eloiiyate  and   tl 


Siiji 


^iink 


'<■  .joini.s  inoi-r.  or  less  dist 


'''■^p.v;.m;;u,;;:'^,;-;;•i"'■;;:l■■»;!-^•:'"fu,,,l,,,„;«:■'■^ 


ter 


inctiv 


1    -■-■■>••  11  lllini    J 

t  le    stroiii-'  costal   vein. 

•^iK'i-t,  and  approximated 
tate  or  tridcntate. 


viins,   the  weak 
.*  outwards    and   l,a<kward 


in  us 
veins  runninii  t'rmii 


to  tile  lascof  tl 


ll 


K'    cro,- 


"■  "aij;-;  claws  la 


IS 


I! 


l"j:e,  hidei 


-Veins 


ii'i'()ii<)S('i\,i: 


152 


Noirril  AMKUICAN  DIPTKrA. 


STKKIJLIN.K. 
1.   Kyi's  small,  situated  on  the  po.sterior  aii}j;k's  of  tlie  head. 

Sthkhla  Wiedemann. 
Kyes  situated  near  the  mi<ldie  of  toe  liead  (Mexico). 

TuH  nonius  Townsend. 

iiiproBoscix.K. 

1.  Claws  tridentate 2 

Claws  hidentate :! 

2.  Wings  rudimentary  ;  ocelli  wanting.  Buachyptkkomyia  Williston. 
Wings  large,  functional;  ocelli  present.  Ounitiiomvia  Latreille. 

3.  Wings  wanting  or  rudimentary,  in  the  males  at  least.     ...        4 
Wings  present,  functional o 

4.  Eyes  very  narrow  and  situated  on  the  sides  of  the  head ;  no  ocelli. 

MEM)PiiA(iUS  Latreille. 
Eyes  larger,  oval;  ocelli  present,  but  sometimes  indistinct;  wings  ca- 
ducous in  one  or  both  sexes.         .         -  Lipoi'tena  Nitsch. 


5.  Antennjc  short,  tuberculiform. 

Antenna?  elongate,  clothed  with  hair  distally. 


Hii'PonoscA  Linne. 
Oi.PKUSiA  Leach. 


4^1 


mi 


59.     NYCTEKTBIID.^. 

Head  small,  capable  of  being  turned  backward  into  a  groove 
on  the  dorsum  of  the  thorax.  Antennte  fhort,  indistinctly 
jointed,  the  terminal  joint  oval,  with  short  hairs.  Eyes  and 
ocelli  indistinct  or  wanting.  Legs  long,  the  femora  and  tibiae 
flattened.     Tarsi  arcuate.     No  wings. 

Tliese  peculiar  flies,  like  tliose  of  the  ^oregoing  family,  are 
pu])iparous.  They  live  exclusively  on  bats.  But  little  is 
known  of  their  early  stages.  (See  Osten  Sacken.)  The  flies 
have  a  peculiar,  spider-like  appearance,  which  is  heightened 
by  the  habit  they  have  of  throwing  their  legs  up  over  their 
back  when  at  rest.  But  two  or  three  species  are  known  from 
North  America,  and  they  a^'e  rare.     I  have  never  seen  them. 

TABLE  OF  GEXEHA. 

1.    Metatarsi  eloniiate.       .....         XYrTKUiniA  Westwood. 

Metatarsi  short.    ......        Mi:(iisTopoi)A  Maequart. 


APPENDIX 


During  the  printing,' of  this  Wdrk  thorp  have  hoon  a  imiuix'r 
of  genera  added  to  the  fauna  of  the  region  incdiuU'd  within  its 
limits.  I  give  them  as  they  shouhl  he  intovcahated  in  the 
tables,  together  with  some  that  liave  been  omitted  or  over- 
looked, tlumgli  i)reviously  known.  The  student  is  recpiested 
to  make  marginal  references  wlierever  tliey  sh(>uld  bo  inter- 
calated. 

LKPTINM-;,    J).  44. 

2.  Front  tihise  with  a  sirifjle  spur. .)r^ 

Front  tibiae  witli  two  spurs,  KC-.        .  .  Tkiptotr.ciia  Loow. 

2a.   Anti'iinal  style  jointed  ;  fourth  posterior  cell  closed  (Central  America 

and  West  Indies) I'nKM:.  s  Walker. 

Antennal  style  not  jointed;  fourth  posterior  cell  open,  orwantinjr 

DiAi.Ysm  V.  alker. 
STRATI OMV I  N.K,    ]).  4S. 

0.  Antenna^  much  elonjjated, 

Third  antennal  joint  oval,  with  a  terminal  arista.         Xo-thomvia  Loew. 

7.  Face  produced  conically  downward,  .       Mv  ..)sar<;i-.s  Hrauer. 
Face  not  produced  conically  downward.  ^ 

8.  Third  joint  of  the  antenna,  composed  of  six  closely  united  annuii,  with- 

out  style  or  arista;  win-s  expanded  distallv"  (Cent.-al  and   Soutli 

„,,  /V"''"""''''^ ANALCOCKRI.sLoeW. 

liurd  antennal  joint  composed  of  seven  closely  united  annuii,  without 

style  or  arista;  wings  not  expande.l  distally  (Central  America  and 

East  Indies).         .         .        /      .        .        Ca.mpkpro.soi.a  Macquart. 

These  last  two  genera  belong  among  the  Sargina^  but  have  no  terminal 

arista. 

PACHY  fASTRI.X.I-:,    ]>.   48. 

1    Antenna?  situated  near  the  orjil  margin 2 

Antenna;  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  head  in  profile.  .       la 

la.  Arista  with  a  short,  dense  plumosity  (Central  America  and  Polynesian 

.   f*'*"'^'') LoiMioTKLEs  Loew. 

Arista  bare. 


1^ 


154 


NOKTII  AMKK'ICAX  DITTKUA. 


|).\SYl'<Mi(»MN.i:.    p.    at 


2.   rulvilli  ruiliimntiiry  or  waiiliii^'. 
I'ulvilli  noriiiiil. 


L'.l 


lii.  Claws  vrry  I()nj.\  with  an  cloii^ratiMl  tootli  at  tin-  base  of  cacli ;  larjri' 


sjK'cit'S  (Central  ami  South  America). 
Claws  normal. 


Dll'UAM  S    !,()l\V, 

Ami.m  ri  s  Loiw. 


21).  Antenna-  with  a  lonJ,^  terminal  arista  (Cen.  America  and  K.ist  Indies). 

Damams  Wiedemann. 
Antenna'  not  with  a  terminal  arista 2c 

2c.  ( hd  y  four  i)ostt'ri(»r  ceils  j)resent;  front  very  broad  ahove;  very  small 


siK'ck'S  (Mexico). 
¥ivv  jiosterior  cells  present  as  usual. 


TOWXSKXDIA  Willistt 


)n. 


Asilinm;,    i».  ny. 
4.  Oviduct  cylindrical,  with  a  terminal  circlet  of  spines. 
Oviduct  laterally  flattened,  etc.  .         .         .         . 

4a.  Abdomen  shorter  than  the  winf^s.     . 
Abdomen  longer  than  the  wings. 

7.  Oviduct  laterally  comjjressed.    . 

Oviduct  conical.  ..... 

7a.  Third  antennal  joint  unusually  hairy. 
Third  antennal  joint  not  unusually  hairy, 


4a 
Kkax  Macquart. 


Ki'CKirosiA  Schinir. 
PuocTACANTins  Mat.quart. 

7a 

\l 

Anakmostls  Loew. 


Nkoim-asta  Cot|uillett.  Proc.     Nat.  Mus.  180;'),  ;]{),",  (June,  180(5.     Same  as 

ffemerixliDniia,  but  the  discal  and  second  basal  cells  united  and  the 

second  posterior  cell  sessile. 
Emi'IMORPma  Coquillett.  1.  c.  ;J08.     "Same  as  Emjiis,  excei)t  that  the  face 

is  covered  with  long  bristly  hairs." 
Nkoc«)TA  Cociuillett,  1.  c.  4."j4.     "  Same  as  Jk/i(iiii/i/i<>wi/i(i,  v\tv])t  that  the 

face  is  thickly  covered  with  long  ])ile." 
Mi(;koi>hokis  Macfjuart,  Dipt,  du  Nord,  etc.  1827.     Sejiarated  from   I.tplo- 

fiezd  and  On/tlrnmiii  of  the  table  by  the  third  antennal  joint  being 

elongate,  with  a  terminal  style. 
MEOiiYi'Kurs  Loew,  Stett.   Knt.   Zeit.   18.")0,  oO:J.     Se])arated  from   IIiilios 

and    Si/»(/i/iis  of   the  table   by  the  fourth  longitudinal  vein  being 

furcate. 
rARAiiYDRoi'iioKiis  Wlieelcr,  Kntom.  News,  18!>(;,  185.     "Closely  allied  to 

Sci/his  and  I/i/ilro/iliorKS,  the  $  distinguishable  from  the  $  I/i/dro- 

/i/ionis  by  the  deep  notch  in  the  fore  fi'inora.  the  jiromineiit  si)ur  on 

the  hind  trochanter,  and  the  structure  of  the  liypupvgium. 


■I> 


i  iS^  J )  i:  .\ . 


Those  ,i;cMiera  added  to  the  X..rth  Aiueri.-an  laui.a  si.iee  th.- 
I.u])lieation  oi  OsWu  Saeken's  ratah-^ue  in  1S7S  aiv  lolh.we.l 
by  Ifoniaii  and  Arahie  nunil.er.s  referrin-  to  th.-  authors  and 
papers  of  the  bibliography  -ivm  in  the  Introduetion  and 
below.  The  genera  <.t  the  Taehini.ia.  and  Dexiida-  are  not 
included;  they  will  be  found  on  page  147. 

U    I%„t,  I,  Uc-v.  c-t  M-,ir,  z„„l,  iSo!.;  o,  ^nM„ns.  Arc-.  Kntouu  ii.  mH 

LII.  Mavq^um,  I.  I)ip,or.s  i:x<.t.  i,  IS.lN;  2.  i.i.  ii,  1,  184(1;  :;,  id.  ii  ■'    KSJl  • 

4    i.i.  11,  ;],   1842;  .-i.  Suppi.  i.   1844;  .),  Suppl.  2.  1840 ;  7.  S„p,,l.  ;;' 

S4-;  8   S,.ppl.4,184!);  <..,  Suppi.  .3,   l8.-,0;   10,   Dipt. -iu  Xonl.  .1.  la 
traiK'c,  182(). 

LIII.   Loc-w,  Hdtr.  iv,  18A0;  2,  V.rli.  Z.m.1.  Hot.  V.r.  }s:.r,-  :J,  Diptf.  Su.laf- 

rika.,  18.,();  Stett.  Ent.  Z.it.  1844;  o.    IUtI.   K.it.  Zoit.   1858-  <;    H,- 

nuTk.  uclKT  .iic.  Kani.  Asii.  184!) ;  7,  NV.ir  Hcitr.  ii.  l8o.-. 
LIV.  Homiani,  1,  Stu.li   K.ito.n.  1848;  2,  Holl.  Sue.  Knt.  Ital.  187.V  :5  Arcli 

per  la  Z.x.l.  I8(i:];  4,  E^an.i  .ii  var.  sp.  Ins.  Hra.s.  1848;  o,  Dip't.  Itul' 

1  rodr.  l8o(i,  I8(;i  ;  C,  Ann.  Soc-.  Knt.  Kr.  ii,  I8r,() 
LV.  Walkor,  1,  Trans.  Lon.I.  K.it.  S„e.  v,  ls.-,7;'-,  Dipt.  Saun.i.   18.34;  :; 

III!*.  Brit.  Dipt,  iii,  ISoO. 
LVI.  I'anzcr,  Fauna  Gerinanica,  civ,  18(1(1. 
I.VII.  Schinor,  I,  Wic-n.  Knt.  M.,natsclir.  iv,  1800;  2,  i,]   vi    180->.  n  Wrli 

Zool.  H.,t.  Ges.  1807  ;  4,  \ivi,v  .Ivr  Xuvaia,  Dipt.  1808;  3,  Wicn.  Knt' 

Monatsclir.  v,  1801. 
LVIIL  Ilaii.lay,  1,  Ann.  Majr.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  l8;)o;  2  i.i,  iii,  18:J0;  ;),  Linn 

Knt.  VIII,  18r);{;  4,  Ins.  Hrit.  Dipt,  f,  1851. 
LIX.  Winnortz,  1,  Linn.  Knt.  viii,  186^5;  2,  v.rii.  Z....1.  Hot.  (Jes.  xiii,  18(;:!. 

T  x^    Tn':.     '"■  ^'''^-  '■"•  ^^^"'  ^'  ^'^""-  ^^'"'^-  ^'"f-  Ili-'^t.  iii,  U-]{». 

L\.  I  liilippi,  Verli.  Zool.  Hot.  Gt'.s.  180.-). 

lA'I    Jionnic-ke.  Ne„o  Kxot.  Dipt.  Al.lian.il.  Sc-nckenLorf,  Gcs.  1807 
LX        Kobineau  IXvsvoi.ly,  Ks.^ai  sur  l.s  Mvodaircs,  18;;o. 
i.Xin.   Gt"rsta'ckor,Stc-tt.  Knt.  Zcit.  1808. 
LXIV.  Sc'liuniniel,  Okcn's.  Isis,  18;]4. 

LXV.   Wostwood,  Trans.  Lon.I.  Knt.  Soc.  1881. 


1 .")(; 


NOUTII  AMERICAN  DTPTERA. 


LXVI.  .Mi'i^ri'ii,  Illi^rer's  Majj.  180:5. 
LXV'II.  Latrcilk',  Hist.  Nat.  Crust,  et  Ins.  xiv,  1804. 
LXVIII.  Fraucnfeltl,  VtT.  Zool.  Bot.  Ges.  1807. 
LXIX.  Walilherfr,  Oofv.  k.  Akad.  Focrd.  1844. 
LXX.  WiiMlemaiin,  1,  Auss.  Zweifl.  Ins.  i,  1828;  2,  id,  ii,  18:10. 
LXXI.  Mik,  Dipt.  Untrr.suchun^en,  Jahrosb.  k.  k.  Akad.  Gynin.  zu  Wien, 
1>I».  1-24,  187S. 


Alilditliiliis,  s(>i'  Abli'utus,  04 
Aliiaiitus,  •')4 
Acanthina,  48-lx>;,  2 
Acanthoinera,  49 

AC.V.STHOMKISID.K,  4i> 

Aclialcus,  71> 
Acidia,  121 
Acidojrona,  122 
Aciura,  122 
Acnemia,  18 
Acrcotrichus,  t57-lii,  0 
AiTocora,  71 

ACKOCEUID.K,  70 

Aoroclici'ta,  4ti 
Aerostifa,  118 
Aorotsenia,  122 
AcTotoxa,  121 
Actora,  128 
Aodt's,  22 

Agatiion,  20-xxxvii,  12 
A(/>i(it(iiiii/i(i,  si'i'  Dialysis,  44 
Agroinyza,  104 
A(;i{OMV/ii).K,  102 
Aldric'liia,  (i;")-xii.  :'.(! 
Allodia,   1!) 

AUoiinosta,  40-xxNiv,  1 
All()j>ra]>ta,  ^7 
Allophyla,  12<! 
Anial()i)is.  .'••") 
Aini>liic'i)snnis,  OO-xii,  20 
Ampiiic'iu'plu's,  1 1.") 
Anataini)ta,  1 17 
AnalcociTUs,  I'l.'i-liii,  2 
Anarniostus,  liKVliii,  ."> 


Anarostonia,  12() 
Anasta'C'hus,  00 
Aiiilreiiosuinii,  sec  Niisa,  08 
Ani'i)sius,  79 
Anisoniora,  ;55 

A>ilso/>()(/i)ii,  see  llcteropojjon,  50 
Anisotaniia,  ()0 
Anopheles,  22-lii,  2 
Anthoniyia,  1:55 

AXTIlOMYID.i;,  loll 

Anthoniyza,  105 

Antho/ihi/ina,  see  Anthoinyza,  105 

Anthrax,  (50 

Antocha,  'V-\ 

Aoehletus,  48-xxiv,  27 

Apatolestes,  51-xlviii,  ."5 

Apliantotinnis,  78-xlvi,  1 

A])hestia,  58. 

Aphu'bantus,  ('>7. 

Apioeera,  00. 

Ai'iocKUin.K  00 

Aponiidas,  00-xii,  12 

Ai)oj)horhynehus,  125-xlviii,  14 

Api)eleia,  71 

Apterina,  102-lii,  8 

Ai)torthus,  77-i,  5 

Archilestris,  55 

Arctojihila,  88 

Arnyra,  80-lii,  8 

Ardoptera,  75 

Ari/i/rdinii Iki,  see  Spot^ostylnni,  05 

Arthoceras,  44-xliii,  4 

Arthropeas,  4;! 

Arlhrdsti/linn,  sie  I'heiieus,  15:1 

Artiivroalossa.  1 10 


§ 


IXDKX. 


1  T^ 


Axriii^  sec  N't'oascia,  S(i 
Asc'm()syri)liiKs,  NS-vi,  40 

ASIF.ID.K,    ')-l 

A  si  1  us,  59 
Asindulmu,  17 
Asphondylia,  12 
Aspistfs,  ;J^ 
Asyiiai)ta,  12-liii,  1 
Asyiidi'tiis,  Til 
Asteia,   107 

AstrophaiU's,  (!o-.\.\xiv,  27 
Atarha,  ;);! 
Atoniosia,  i^^ 
Atonia,  Gi'f-xlviii,  11 
Atlierix,  44 
Atractia,  oO-lii,  ;] 
A  ty  lot  us, -66^    irv 
Aulaciyastcr,  104 
Azt'lia,  l;5o 

B 

IJaccha,  W. 

Uaccliina,  80 

BalioptiTa,  105 

Beris,  40 

Berisniyia,  4(;-xviii,  ;j 

Bibio,  38 

Bibiocephala,  20 
BmioNiixi;,  ;{7 
Bittacomorplia,  30 
Jilai'odes,  soc  Locwiolla,  57 
lilux,  st'o  Lot'wic'Ua,  57 
Bicpharocora,  20 
Bi.KPirAKcx  i.;i{ii>/K,  \\\ 
Blepharoprocta,  74 
Blopliaropiuni,  57-liv,  1 
Biepharoni'ura.  122 
BojriTia,  i;!()-ii,  2 
Bolotina,  18 
Boletophila,  10 

BOMHVLIID.K,  08 
Botuhylius,  00 
Boimiouiim;,  101 


lU 


Borhorus,  102 

Brat'hydcMitra,  111 

Bracliyopa,  87 

Hracl.yopliyra,  i:;5-xvii,  8 
Brac'liypalpus,  8!» 
Rrachypritiuia,  .'JO-xxxiv,  0 
HrachypttToniyia,  152 
liriciriia,  llO-i.v 
Briciniclla,  110-xvii,  0 


Cacoxcnus,  104 

Cauiia,  111 

Ca'nosia,  135 

Callicfra,  84-\lvi 

f'allinicus,  5(! 

Callii)li()ra,  14.5 

Calloniyia,  {)5 

Callopistria,  118 

('<i//i,h,rs„,svt'  riatypcza,  i)5 

Calolmta,  113 

('<i>n>nnii„,si'i>  Volucolla,  87 
('ainpt'prosopa,  15.")-lii,  0 
('anipsicru  nius,  80 
Caniptocladius,  25 
Cainptonc'ura,  117 
(\inipyiornyza,  13 
Cardiac'cpliala,  113-!;i,  4 
Carit't'a,  135 
rarphotricha,  122 
Catahornha,  8(; 
Catocha,  13 
Ct'cido^'ona,  13 
Cct'idoinyia,  12 

rKCIlJO.MVlli^.;,    7 

tVphalia,  112,  110 
fVplicnornyia,  I3f! 
CVratitis,  120 
(Vratoiiiyza,  l«M-lvii,  2 
r'cratopo^ron,  24 
ri'raturjrus,  55 
f''n,i,  si'c  Sphyxiinorpha,  84 


lo8 


XOUTII  AMERICAN  DIPTEUA. 


'  ,-t 


reriiJjrastiT,  HH-xlviii,  00 
rei')tJiinia,  58 
Coroplatus,  17 
Coroxys,  117 
Chit'toctrlia,  l;^.'»-xvii,  0 
Chit'topsis,  llfl 
Clialconiyia,  Ho-xlviii,  1 
Clianiosyrpliiis,  87-xxiii,  10 
Chasniatonotus,  25 
CIkihiki,  si'i'  Nocoliauna,  48 
Cliilosia,  85 
Chionca,  -W 
Cliiroiiiyzu,  4(5 

ClllR<»SOMII).K.4S-  XT- 

Chiron()nius,4»r     2* 

Chloroprocta,  143 

Chlorops,  10<; 

Chordonota,  47 

Cliortopliila,  1^5 

Chrysochlaiiiys,  89 

Chrysochlora,  48 

Clirysoc'hroina,  47 

Chrysogastor,  85 

Clirysoiiiyia,  1415 

Cfiri/sonotns,  s»ei'  Clirysoc'lironia,  4^ 

Chrysopila,  44 

Chrysops,  61 

riirysotimus,  80 

Chrysotoxum,  84 

Clirysotus,  81 

Chyliza,  114 

Cladura,  ;5:J 

Clasiopa,  110 

Cliinitor,  st'i'  FiOstoniyia,  57 

Cli'igastra,  120 

Clinocora,  75 

Clinopera,  14.'> 

Clinorliynolia,  12 

Clitellaria,  48 

Clunio,  25 

Clusia,  127 

Cailoiiu'topia,  110 

ru'l<)i)a,  128 

(Vnoiiivia,  4;> 


Cii'iiosia,  l."!5 

Colpotlia,  12 

CoiiKistes,  sec  Ilctcrostyliini,  00 

Coinpsoniyia,  14.'5 

Coniccps,  110 

Conops,  02 

COXOI'ID.K,  01 

Copc'stylum,  87 

Copl'iira,  57-xxxiv,  28 

Coquilk'ttia,  05 

Coretlira,  22 

Conlylura,  20        i  ^  c 

Corizonciira,  set'  I'angonia,  51 

Corynoneura,  25 

Cnissisctfi,  see  Ehuiliiptcra,  100 

Crii:otoi)us,  25 

Crioprora,  80 

Criorhina,  80 

Cryptocliiutum,  104-liv,  2 

Cryptolabis,  'Mi 

rtenophora,  -iO 

Culex,  22 

C|-MCII>-K,  20 

Ciirtonotuni,  105,  108-lii,  ;} 

Cuterebra,  loO 

CyliiKlrotorna,  ;^5 

Cynipimorpha,  48-vii,  4 

Cynomyia,  140 

Cyphoinyia,  47 

Cyrtid.k,  see  Acrocerida?,  70 

Cyrtonia,  74 

Cffrtoneitrit,  see  Morellia,  14-'i 

ryrtopofjoM,  50 


Dactyloinyia,  78-i,  0 
Daliiiannia,  O.". 
Daiiialis,  154-lxxx,  1 
Dasyllis,  58 
Dasyiieura,  12 

lhnil()i>()ij(tn,  .see  Lasiopopon,  50 
Deromyia,  57-lx 
Derinatobia,  1<'>0 


IXDKX. 


loy 


I^c'smatoiiivia,  (IT-xlviii,  'S.', 

Dt'smatoiicura,  (i7-.\Iviii,  j:', 

Di'siiioiuotojia,  104 

Diaclilonis,  ij2 

Diacrita,  117 

l>ialiii(.'iira,  ^(l 

I)ial_\  sis,  44 

l>iaiiic'sa,  2.j 

l>iapli()riis,  ,vO 

l>iiistata,  l()."i 

/'io/omiNcur,,,  sec  Pangoiiia,  .j| 

i)iclia_>ta,  110 

Dichelacera,  02-111,  1 

Diclisa,  ol-hii,  ;1 

IMcIonus,  uo 

Dicraiioniyia,  .'{2 

Dicranota,  ;>.') 

l)icrarioi)tvflia,  ;{;J 

Dicranus,  1;j4 

Didca,  8(j 

Diloplius,  ;]H 

Dioctria,  o(l 

DioijmlU's,  see  Doroniyia,  57 

I^ioiiiyza,  12 

Dioi'sii)^:,  111 

Diostrcfus,  70 

Diotropha,  33 

Dipalta,  Go 

D!,>lucentm,  see  Curtonotuin,  108 

J>iplnsls,  12 

Dirliiza,  12 

JJisrorrrinu,  see  Clasiopa,  110 

Disconiyza,  110 

Ditornyia,  17 

Dixa,  28 

DixiD.K,  28 

Dizonias,  55 

Hocosia,  18 

Dol  idiom  via,  07 
Doliehopeza,  ;{() 
DoMc'iioi-oDii)^,  7r» 
Dolichopus,  78 
I*«llox;,r,,hus,  see  Prioiiu.rus,  88 


Diirycliis.  57-lxi 
l>rapeti>,  7.") 
I>ros()pliila,  108 
l>r()s(tj)liili(l;e,  107 
Dryintia,  l.;4 
l>n()ii)yza,  12« 


Kecritosia,  154 

Kciiiiiiis,  07-liii,  4 

Kctecepiiala,  100 

Kc'thrxiopa,  5(1 
I'^ftyphus,  04-ixii; 
J'-Jl'ild,  see   Krax,  50 
Klachiptera,  100-iii,  0 
KU'pliantoniyia,  .'5:! 
Kllipoiieura,  Hki 
Kliiptera,  .•]:) 
Knipe<ia,  ;!4 
Kmimdid.k,  72 

Kinpiiiiorpha,  154 
Etiii)is,  74 
Knsina,  122 
Kpacrims,  ()7-xxiv,  27 
yi/'i/xius,  see  Kcliiims,  07 
KpJi.vdra,  111 
l''i'iivi)uii»^,  108 
Kpieyj)ta,  18 
Kpidapus,  17-lviii,  4 
Kpidosia,  12-liii,  1 
Kpiphrajrina,  -'4 
Kpiplatea,  110 
Kpochroa,  121 
Krax,  50 
Krioeera,  ;J5 
Krioptera,  34 
Kristaiis,  88 

Krishilomum,  xvv  Kristaiis,  88 
Kiiaresta,  123 
Kucessia,  07-xii,  8 
Kudierana,  18 

^' "•/''"'" "'//'■".  see  llamniersehniidtia.  HI 
Kuhyhus,  154 


•>?*f.f-3'.-'J|.  »?»,•<,•.»;., 


1()0 


NOIMMI  AMKKICAN  DIITKUA 


I'll. 


Kuloiiclius.  71 
Kiiiiiat(>itia,  1 11' 
Kui»arliyj»!>-is.  4H 
Kupt'oiU's,  1(! 
Kurosta,  \-22 

Kuryci'pliala,  llS-xxvii,  l:J 
KuryciK'inus,  "io 
Kurytu'ura,  4S 
Kutai>\is,  HI 
KutoliiHis,  ;")<» 
Eutri'ta,  1-Jl' 
Kuxesta,  110 
Exi'chia,  l!»-lix,  2 
Kxc'pacMius,  (i(i-xii,  •'!(• 
I^x()pr()S()j)a,  H') 
Exoptata,  (io-xii,  0 


Fuci'llia,  120,  i;5o 

Q 

(iastropliilus,  l;i(> 
Gaurax,  10(5 
{leniinuria,  Ofi-xii,  .".(i 
fii:<)MV7.ii>^:,  104 
Geranomyia,  ."/J 
Goron,  (»8 
Gloiiui,  75 
Glutops,  44 

Giiamptopsilopns,  78-i,  "> 
(inophomyia,  ;'>4 
Gnorista,  18 
Goniops,  ">l-i,  1 
Goiioiiiyia,  :>4 
Graplioinyia,  144 
Griplionciira,  1'24-lvii,  4 
Gyinnopliora,  !);j 
(lyimioptiTims,  70 

H 

nal»r«)])<)f;()n,  o(» 
Iladnmiyia,  80-xlviii,  20 
llatlnis,  51 
lla>inatol)ia,  14;! 


il;riiiat{)pi)ta,  52-lxii 
IlatiiiiKTsclimidtia.  87-lxiv 
Ih'caiiK'di',  1  Ki-lviii.  2 
IIi'lic()l)ia.  14()-xii.  ••!:} 
il('li,iimnin.'iira,  5!i-li,  2 
Ik'loinyza,  12<I 
Hklomyzik.k.  125 


ss 


Ik'lopliilui- 
lU'iiiLTodroiiiia.  75 
Ik'iiiitdilora,  14:5 


//, 


(■mijifntlies 


'V  Aiiihrax,  OCi 


IIcMTOstoauis,  7!> 
Ik'riiK'tia,  4(! 
Ik'sporimis,  ;]8 
Ik'ttTacaiitiia,  4(')-lii,  7 
Ik'torocliroa,  105-lvii,  4 
J/i/t'romi/id,  SCO  Ccratopojjon,  24 
Ik'ttTomyza,  12(i 
Ik'teroiR'ura,  127 

llETKKOXKlKID.i:,  12(i 

Ik'teropt'za,  12-lix,  -l 
Ik'ttToiJOjron,  5(1 
Hi'tcrostyiuiii,  (Kt-lii,  (*» 
Ik'xachit'ta,  121 
Ilyc'Iotiiyia,  lo5-lxii 
Ililara,  75 

Hilariniorplia,  ~i],  84-lvii,  1 
IliintToiissa,  116 
llippelati's,  107 
IIil)p()l)()st'a,  152 

IIlI'l'()BOS(  ID.K,  151 

IlirmoiU'ura,  02 
Ilistiodrdina,  47-1  vH,  4 
Ik)lcM)c'i'pliala,  50 
Ilolopojion,  50 
II 


oloriisia,  ;>6 


lloinaloinyia,  i:>5 
IIoriiioiiiN  ia,  12-liii,  1 
Ik)rni()i)t'za,  75 
llyadiiia,  110 
llybos,  74 
II\drc'llia.  110 
IlydrobaMius,  25 
llydroplioria,  l;!5 


Ilydntjjlionis,  so 
llv(lri)t;i'a,  LM 
Ilvftodfsiii,  1-Ji') 
Hvirroc'cliMitlius,  78 
IlypiTaloiiia,  (;.',-!! V,  ;| 
Hypcn'diia,  oS-lvii,  ;J 

nypocliarassiis.NO-xxxlii,  I 
IlypoiiiTina,  l.id 


It'tcTica,  ]-JJ 
Maria,  117 
Mioplasta,  .T) 
Ilythi.a,  111-lviii,  2 
Ischnoiiiyia,  lOo 
Jsoprnl'irs,  see  Anthrax,  0»> 
Itcapliila,  74 


Johnsonia,  UO-xii,  ;);i 


I^anipria,  [)8 
Laparus,  ;")({ 
I.-apliria,  GH 
Laphystia,  6;', 
Lasia,  71 

I.asiarjjyra,  80 
Lasiopojron^  .-,<; 

I.asiops,  I'jo 

Lasioptora,  12 

Lasiosoina,  18 

Lastaurus,  57-Iiii,  fl 

Lauxaiiia,  124 

Leia,  18 
Lcioinyia,  104 

Lcpidantlirax,  fl')-xxxiv,  2(5 
y^c/>H/omj/ia,  see  Lepidostola,  85 
LL'j)id()pJ,()ra,  07 
Li'pidostola,  8">-xxxiii,  4 
L(pi(/osc/a;/„,  set'  Iladrus,  51 
Lr,>m>H>,ia,  svv  Lopidostola,  85 
I^KI'TIIm;,  41 


JNDKX. 

I-<'[itir>,  44 

/.i/it„r/n7i,s.  SCI'  Kpacrmis,  i>7 
lA|it()<,--a.«iti'r,  54 
^tptdiiiyrlas,  i\:\ 
lA-pt()j)('za,  74 
lA'i>t()rlu-tlMiin,  78-i,  5 
Li-ria,  I2(t-Ixii 
LL'stoiiiyia,  ■)7-xlviii,  40 
l.ist<>i,l,„nns,  ,s<c'  ('npt.M'lia'tum,  KM 
lA-.stri'iilia,  ].'!-Iii,  lo 
Leucoiriilina,  I.'i4-lii 
lA'U('of»is,  104 

L«'uc()st(»Ia,  81 
I-oiicDzona,  87 
Liaiu  aliis,  80 
Liiiiriohia,  ;J2 
Liiimoi)hila.  .14 
Linm()j)liora,  l.'i 
Liruosina,  102-lii,  0 
I^i()j,niia,  ;>5 
Lipoiu-ura,  20-liii,  4 

LlPONEUlUD.K,  10 

I^ipopti'tia,  152 
Li  spa,  i;J5 
Lohioptcra,  104 
La'wiella,  57 
Loncluoa,  124 
Lonchoptt-ra,  172 

Lo\t'||()I.||;l{I|,,K,   172 

LoDgiirio,  ;!0 
Lophotfk'is,  ]5;Miii,  5 
Lordottis,  00-1,  1 
LoxociTa,  114 
Lucilia,  144 

Lycastrirliyricha,  88 
Lyronourus,  81 

M 

Macc'lloc'orus,  70-lxxi 
Machirmis,  50 
iMaoroct-ra,  If! 

Morrnrrnnn,/s,  sot'  Xyloniyia,  43 
Macropi'za,  25 


161 


11 


162 


NORTH  AMERICAN  DITTEIIA 


HicRopezinc 


Macrosiir^iis,  47-vi,  Ci 
Mtitlizii,  ll:{ 
.Nfalloplioni,  A9 
Miillotii,  SS 
Miiiiciii,  (i'j-xii,  S 
.Miintii»t'Zii,  ir)4 
Medi'tonis,  ~H 
.Mi'<;aj)()(li>,  i>~ 
-Meifiiiiu'tapnii,  >^7-xvii,  .'! 
.Mi'uarrhimis,  '2'2 
Meffliyprrus,  154 
Moyistoc'cra,  .")(i-l.\x,  1 
McjiistoiJoda,  1-V2 
Melaiiostoiiia,  W> 
Melophaiiiis,  102 
M(  rapioidus,  W»-vl,  r!2 
Mcroniacrus,  ><7-liv,  4 
Mcromyza,  10(i 
Mcrnsar,uus,  tT-liii,  2 
Mosi'iubriiia,  144 
Mc'sc'inbriiU'Ua,  144 
Mestyniiita,  sec  Mc'So<framnia,  H7 
Mesogramnia,  87 
Mt'tacosimis,  07-xii,  2(> 
Mc'tapelastonourus,  78,  70-1,  0 
Mctapliragiiia,  ()0-xii,  20 
Metriocnoinus,  25 
Miastor,  12 
Microchrysa,  47 
Microdon,  85 
MicTonivia,  lo 
^licTopcza,  IKj  „^ 
MicT()i)liorus,  154 
MicTostylmn,  55 
Mili'sia,  87 
Milichia,  104 
MixojiastiT,  84 

J/(((7/f//('/«.s,sc'i'  Ih'li<^moiicura,  50 
Molophilus,  .{4 
Moiigoma,  :>4-lxv 
Morc'llia,  144 
Mvcc'taulus,  112 
MycL'tobia,  17 
Myt'i'topliila,  18 


Mix'KToi'iiii.iK.i;,  1;> 
Mycotliira,  10 
Myda-a,  Kio-lxii 
Mydaid.k,  (i2 
Mydas,  n:] 

Myc'laplius,  55-vi,  ;J8 
Myeniiis,  118 
Myiolc'pta,  85 
AIy()l)a,  0:i 
^IyrIm'C•()myia,  llti 
Myosjjila,  144 
Mythicoiiiyia,  7."!,  74-xii,  .'18 
Myx()sar!,Mis,  48-vii,  4 
Musca,  14:5 
Musciim:,  0(i,  140 
Miiscina,  14;i 

N 
Naiisifiastcr,  85-xlviii,  4(! 
Ncbritus,  GO-xii,  20 
Nfinatoproctus,  80 

NKMISTlUNIDi*;,  (>0 

Neinopoda,  112 

Neoclasta,  154 

Neinott'lus,  48 

Ncoscia,  80-xlviii,  00 

Neoaspilota,  122 

Ni'ochauna,  48 

Ni'oeinphoria,  18 

Nc'oexaireta,  40 

Nooylapliyroptora,  10 

Ni'oidiotypa,  110 

Xeoitainus,  50 

AVo//ior//(f'/»,s,soe  Ilclifjiiioneura, 59 

Noorondaiua,  47 

Nerius,  U-i 

Nourifiona,  78-liv,  5 

Nicocles,  57 

Norollia,  120-l\x 

Nothoniyia,  148 

Notiphila,  110 

Notojfraiiiiiia,  118 

Nusa,  58-1 V,  2 

Nvi'tiTibla.  152 


[  fi3 


INDKX. 


u;:; 


o 

Octht-ra,  110 

OctlicToidi'ji,  110 

Octliiphila,  .104 

Ociia'u,  71 

<  >cy(lr()rnia,  71 

Ocyptainus,  M(l 

Oilintucrti,  SCO  CV'ratuniyza, 

Oiloiitoniyia,  47 

Oc'cac'ta,  2;") 

Occothi'a,  121) 

Ofdaiiiagi'iia,  i;](» 
<  >e(Iasi)is,  122 
Oedicarona,  121 
Oodopa,  IIH 
Oestkiim;,  1,'{(J 
Oi'strus,  l;]6 

')ll)ioyaster,  41-xxxiv,  20 
Olfersia,  lo2 

Omegasyrplius,  84-xvii,  5 
Ominatius,  r>0 
Oiicodes,  71 
Oncodocera,  07 
Onconiyia,  03 
Onesia,  140-Ixx 
Opetiophora,  100 
Ophyra,  KJu 
Oponiyza,  105 
Opschius,  71 
Orniia,  liVJ 
Ornithoniyia,  152 
Orphnopliila,  20 

OKI'lINKl'niMD.K,  20 

Ortalid.k,  114 
Orthocladius,  25 
Orthoneura,  see  Chrysogaster,  Hi 
(Mhuneuromiiia  (Psilocurus)  55 

<)8CINII)/K,    105 

Oscinis,  107 
<  )spriocerus,  54 
Ostracocoelia,  110-xvii,  48 
Oxycera,  48 


I'acliyccriiia,  124 
I'acliy^rastiT,  ih 
I'acliyiiicria,  74 
1'acliyrliiria,  ."iO 
ralloptera,  124 
I'altojiloriia,  20-lvii,  ;) 
104     Pariiioiiia,  51 
I'aiitarhes,  0(1 
raraeliiis,  7'.» 
I'aracosinufi,  07 
I'arauorgopis,  llJ<-xvii,  8 
I'arafius,  85 
I'araliydrophorus,  154 
I'araliinna,  110 
I'araiiiiiitlio,  14(>-1,  27 
Taratropesa,  ;>5-lvii,  4 
I'arydra,  111 
I'edic'ia,  .'15 
IH'oiiiyia,  i;J5-lxiii 
Pelastoneurus,  78 
Pek'cocera,  84 
IVIagoinyia,  48 
Pelina,  liO 

IVIoinyia,  llO-xlviii,  (i7 
Poleropeodes,  79-xlvi,  1 
IViitlioptera,  85 
Pericuma,  27-1  v,  \i 
Peronyma,  121 
Phalacromyia,  88 
PlialocTocera,  o5 
Plieiieus,  15;) 
IMiilonic'Us,  50 
Pliilopota,  71 
Pliil}iyf.ria,  110 
J     Plioneutisca,  75 
Phora,  05 
Phorbia,  i;55-lxii 

PlIOHID.K,  05 

IMiortica,  lo:] 
J'lirissopoda,  140 
Phthinia,  18 

PlIVCODROMID.i;,  128 


■  'ff-t'.^-  ,,'i-. 


1(54 


xnirni  amkiiican  diptkha 


m^, 


■  ]. 

*i 

I-.; 

■f 

'If 

"  i 

1 

1 

1 

riiyil()liii)is,  ;;4 

IMiyllomitlas,  r>;!-vi,  olJ 

IMitliiri.'i,  f!7 

IMiyloniv/a,  104 

riiysoi'i'pliala,  J>:)-lvii,  (i 

I'liys()<;i'nna,  121-lii,  t> 

rhytoinyza,  lO.'J 

l*i()i)liila,  li:] 

rioi'iiii.iD.K,  sec  Scpsifhn  111 

Pipiza,  Ho 

PiiM'Nrri,ii)/K,  (>;5 

Pil)unc»ilus,  H4 

J'/titflitri'i-d,  si'i'  Mcroniacnis,  07 

IMajjioiK'iirus,  78 

Plajxiotoni.i,  121 

Platychinis,  m 

Platycnenia,  05 

I'latynocluetus,  HH-lxx,  2 

Platypoza,  05 

Platypezid/I':,  04 

Platystoma,  115 

Platyura,  17 

PU'cia,  m 

Plcctromyia,  ■% 

IMc'siastina,  17 

Plesionuua,  5(> 

Ploas,  <}6 

Pocota,  see  Hadroniyia,  80 

Pcpeilobotlirus,  7H-lxxi 

Poffonosoiua,  58 

Pollenia,  144 

Pulifdonta,  see  Polydontornyia,  80 


ISairoptcra,  I  IS 
i'scmiatricliia.  7(t 
Psciiiiorus,  ")7 
Psila,  114 

I'SIMI..!.,  114 

Psiloccpliala.  (50 

Psiiocunis  {Ortliniii  iin>mi/ifi)  55 

Psih.pa, 110 

Psilojuii^,  77 

Psyeliotla,  27 

PsYciionini:,  20 

Psilota,  85 

Pteeticus,  -?7 

Pterallasti's,  88 

Pterooalia,  118 

Pterodontia,  71 

Plenifillhi,  see  Meromacrus,  88 

Ptioiiiia,  44 

l*tyeli«)i)tera,  :{fl 

Pycnopoj,M)n,  5<! 

Pyrjrota,  115 

Pyreliia,  144 

Pyroplia'na,"H«^    >i' 


Kivellia,  110 

lilial)d()psela])hus,  08-vi,  40 
Ithaehicerus,  415 
Kliadiurfrus,  50 
Hhaiiiphoniyia,  74 
Khaniphidia,  •')•> 


I'oiydontoiiiyia,  80 

Hiiajdiiocera,  40-lii,  0 

Polylepta,  18 

Hhai)lii()riiyn('hus,  40-lxx 

Polymedoii,  70 

Uhai)iiioiniilas,  00 

Polymera,  31,  JM 

Hhapliiuin,  81 

Polymorphninyia,  122-xli,  2 

Khiciioessa,  10;> 

Porpliyrops,  HI 

Kliiiiflia,  87 

Prionierus,  87-lii,  0 

Khiiiotora,  PJiJ-lvii,  4 

Proc'hyliza,  112 

Khiphidia.  :52 

Proctacantlius,  50 

UlIOPAI.OMKKlD.K,   124 

Proniacluis,  50 

/»'/////«//"/«///(/,  see  Willistoniella,125 

Prothccus,  see  Pipunciilus,  04 

i{ii()i)al()syrplius,  84 

I-iliyiiKisi;!,  l!» 
Kliviicli()ci'i)lialiis,  (!2 
KiivniiD.i;.  40 
l{liy})liol()plnis, ;;;; 
JJliyplius.  41 


SaIpiiij-(ii:ii>ttT,  MC, 
Sai)r()myzii,  |-J4 

SaIMJOMV/.ID.i;,    \S', 

Sarapoiioii,  07 
Sarc'oplia.CT,  140 
SAKCoi'iiACiiD.i;,  1;17 
Sarcopliafriila,  140-1,  7 
Sarc()i»liilo(Ifs,  140 
Sarins,  47 
Scatella,  111 

SCATOMVZID.K   12,S 

Scat()i)liai,'-a,   12!) 
Scat()i).sc',  :]H 
Scc'llus,  HO 

SCKNOI'IMD.K,  no 

Sccnopinus,  70 
Hciara,  17 
Sciomyza,  127 

SC!()MV/ID,i;,  127 

Sciophila,  17 
SL-huiiioniyza,  loo 
ScicTopojron,  54 

Scoliocentra,  12(1 

Sc'oiiopc'lta,  4(i,  48-.\lviii,  2 

Scyplit'lla,  lOo 

Sc-noffastcT,  80-lii,  0 

Scoptora,  110 

S('j)0(l()M,  128 

Ski'sid.k,  11] 

Sepsis,  112 
Scricoiiiyia,  88 
Sijfjiloivssa,  108 
Siumatoiiicra,  i]i] 
Silviiis,  'A 
SiMUMiD.K,  ;J8 
Siiniiiium,  40 


IN')i;.\ 

^il>liiiiiflla,  IOC. 
SoiiKiiiiyia,    114 
Spiiiiia,  41 
^|»aiii()(Hra,  l2-iix,  I 
Spariiopoliiis,  07 
Sl)lia.i;H'iis 

SpIiaToccra.  102-I.\vii 
Sjihawoplioria.  S7 
Splu'coMiyia,  00 

Spll(.ni,|.,_  SO 

!^pliyracci)liala,  114 

Sphyxiiiioriilia-liv,  0 

SjiilouastiT,  l.",4 

i^pilo^raplia,  121 

i^pilotiiyia,  HO 

f**pn,uostyliuii,  (i.Vlii,  2 

Sta-jTCTia,  Ls 

Stt\«aiia,  108 

Stt'iKTc'tiiia,  110 

StciioirastiT,  sec  Sonofrjistpr,  89 

St"i)()iiia(Ta,   110 

Stcnoriiyia,  1  !!> 

f^tcnopa,  121 

Stl'IlOpOjroll,  ,04 

Sti'n()pr()S(){)us,  oO-lij^  j 
Stenoptcrina.lK; 
Stibasoriia,  o2-lvii,  :> 
Sticliopofron^  ;-)() 

Stic't()cq)liala,  118 
Stiljuiogastcr,  OO-liii,  0 
Stilp()n,7r) 

'Storiioxys,  14;] 
Stonyx,  ((') 
Stratiomyia,  47 
Stuatiomvidj.;,  44 
Straussia,  121 
Stri'hia,  102 
StyI()<rjistor,  0;J 
Styucropus,  •}(; 

'V"/"/A/,  soc  Xylomyia  (Krrata) 
i^yinpk'ota,  ;!4 
•\viiiplioroniyia,  44-lxviii 
Syiiipycmjs,  8] 


k;;. 


If* 


ific. 


NORTH  AMKRirAX  DIITKUA. 


SviiaiiiphotiTii,  7o 
Syiidviis,  74 
SyiU'C'hi'S,  74 
Syntt'iiina,  IH 
Syntlu'siomyia,  14:! 
SyntorMKtn,  HO 
Syritta,  W» 
Svui'iiiiM-:,  S2 
Syrphus,  H7 
Systtrcliijs,  (!('» 
Systropus,  (57 


Tahanus,  i)2 
TAnAXiD.t:,  49 
TabiKla,  GO 
Tachyilromyia,  75 
Tac'liypt'za,  7;") 
Tnehytrechus,  79 
Tanypoza,  US 
Tanyprennia,  :>0 
Tanypus,  2") 
Tanytarsus,  2'» 
Taracticus,  ^>~ 

Temnocn-a,  see  Voluoella,  87 
Temnostoiiia,  90 
Tephritis,  128 
Tephrochlaniys,  120 
Tephronota,  ll* 
Tetanocera,  iiJfr  \1.% 
Tetanops,  117 
Tetanura,  11:! 
Tetragoneura,  17 
Tetropisnienus,  117 
Tersethes,  24-lxiv,  9 
Teucholabis,  ;>3 
Tt  uchocneinis,  89 
7'A«/«M«,8ee  Diotrepha,  oC 
Tliecoiiiyia,  128 
Thereva,  69 

TllEKKVID.K,  (58 

Tlieria.  140-L\ii 
Theriopleetes,  52 


'J'/it-rfiiiini/id,  si'c  Ki'liniiis,  (57 

Thin()*)liilus,  81-lxix 

Tlilipsogastcr  Oti 

'I'ipula,  :!<■» 

'I'li'ci.iD.i:.  29 

'rolnuTUs,  ;')!• 

Townsi'iiilia,  104 

Toxojtliorn,  (is 

Toxorrhiiia,  .'..J 

Toxotrypana,  120 

Tri(M>])ius,  1")2 

Tric'liot'era,  ;!4 

Trichonta,  19 

Tricliosia,  17 

Trlclis,  iWliii,  (5 

Trigonoiiu'topus,  127,  128 

Triinicra,  ;54 

Trineura,  95 

Triotiites,  see  Apliu'hantus,  (57 

Triudottfii,  see  Polydontoniyia,  89 

Triogina,  ."5") 

Triplaslus,  (5()-liii,  7 

Triptotricha,  44 

Tritoxa.  117 

Tritozyga,  V>1 

Trocliobola,  32 

Tropidia,  88 

Tropidomyia,  92-xlviii,  34 

Trypeta,  121 

Trypktio.*;,  119 

Tylomyia,  112-xvii,  9 

Tyreomiua,  143 


u 


rbristes,  85 
Ula,  35 

Uiamorpha,  34 
riidia,  118 
Urellia,  123 


Volueella,  87 

Velocia,  see  llyperalonia,  04 


INDKX. 


107 


W 

WillistoiiifllH,  iLVj-xxxiii,  10 
WiniiiTtzia,  ]-J 


\v|oj,liaj,'iKs  t;! 
Xvloiiiyia,  4;]-liv,  5  ('«J1) 
Xvlota,  W) 


Xarithoc'lilonis 
Xaiithoyraimiia,  b7 
Xi'noc'liii'ta,  122-xli,  2 
X<'sloi,ii/za,  see  Thereva,  00 
Xiphura,  :J(i 

XVM»I'|IA<iU)/K,  41 


Yitix/isiti,  see  Ilyetodesia,  ].'}4 


Zoiiion,  0.'} 
Zyuoiiiyia,  18 
Zytjoneura,  17