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TM, 5. (Saflc Si Co/0 Educational Scrfee.
THE
COMMONLY OCCURFUNG
Wild Plants of Canada.
A FLORA FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS.
BY
H. B. SPOTTON, M.A., F.L.S., ,
I'RIN. HABBORD STREET COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, TORONTO.
REVISED EDITION.
W. J. GAGE & COMPANY. Limited
TOBONTO.
210741
_?T^^0
Entered Mcordlng to Act of Parllamrat of Caii.da,*in the office of the
Mlni«erof Agriculture, by W. J. G«e 4 Co., Limited, In Ihe y«rH^.
m
CQNfENTS. ^ /
Preface to the First Edition V
Preface to the Third Edition yii
Abbreviations of Names of Authors viii
How to Use the Key and the Flora Ix
Key to the Orders xii
Flora: —
Flowering or Phanerogamous Plants l
Dicotyledons 1
Angiosperms 1
Polypetalous Division l
Gamopetalous " 95
Apetalous " j82
Gymnosperms 214
Monocotyledons 217
Spadiceous Division 217
Petaloideous " 224
Glumaceous " 248
FJowerless or Cryptogamous Plants 252
Glossary 272
List of Common Cultivated Plants 280
Index 291
PREPAOE TO THE FIRST EDITIOIS.
A few words will not be out of place by way of preface to
the List of Common Canadian Plants contained in the fol-
lowing pages. It will be observed that the List is confined
to wild plants, the exclusion of cultivated Species having
been determined on, partly because of the difficulty of know-
ing where to stop when an enumeration of them has once
been entered upon, and partly because it was thought that,
on the whole, more important results would be attained by
directing attention exclusively to the denizens of our own
woods and fields. What is really desired is, to create among
our young people an interest in the Botany of Canada, and
it seems not unreasonable to hope that this end may be better
attained by placing within their reach some such handy
volume as the present, dealing only with such plants as grow
spontaneously within our limits.
The great majority of the plants described have been per-
sonally examined, and their occurrence verified, by the writer,
his observations having been directed to what may fairly be
regarded as representative districts of the older Provinces,
but special acknowledgments are also due to Prof. Macoun,
of the Geological Survey, fur the free use of his valuabi*)
notes, and other friendly assistance.
Whilst diligence has been exercised that no commonly
occurring plant should be omitted, yet it can hardly be +hat
such omissions do not occur, aiid the writer will bs most
grateful to any observers into whose harids the List may
come, if they will kindly draw his attention to any such
defects, so that they may be remedied in subsequent editions.
The Classification and •Nomenclature adopted are very
nearly those of the Sixth Edition of Dr. Gray's Manual of
VI
rilBFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
the Botany of the Northern United States, and the whcer
most gratefully acknowledges the great assistance he has
receivod from the admirable descriptions in that work.
Except in a very general way, no attempt has been mada
to define the limits of the range of the various Species, ai;
observations tend to show that the range, in many cases, i|
undergoing constant alteration from various causes. When,
however, a Species has appeared to be confined to a particulai
locality, mention has been made of that fact, but, as a rule.
Species known to be of rare occurrence have been excluded
Characters considered to be of special importance in the
determination of the various Species have been emphasized
by the use of italics, and where the Species of a Genus, or
the Genera of an Order, are numerous, a system of grouping
according to some prominent character has been adopted,
BO as to reduce the labour of determination as much as
To assist the non-classical student, names which might be
mispronounced have been divided and accentuated, the divi-
sion having no reference whatever to the etymology of the
words, but being simply based upon their sound when
properly pronounced.
It need hardly be added that the writer's Elements op
Structural Botany is designed to be the constant com-
panion of the present Flora, in the hands of the young
student, for the explanation of such technicalities as he may
not have previously mastered.
\
Barrie, November, 1883.
• ^
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
\
The greatly increased interest in Botany as a subject of
study in the schools of the Dominion has necessitated a revi-
sion and enlargement of the List of Common Canadian "Wild
Plants. The following pages now include most of the wild
plants of Manitoba and the prairie region generally, as well
as those of the older Provinces. Plants known to be pecu-
liar to the west are indicated by the addition of the letters
"N.W." to the descriptions, while the note " Atl. Prov."
sufficiently marks those peculiar to the east. No attempt
has been made to enter the plants of the Pacific coast.
In accordance with suggestions from several teachers of
Botany a short list of the commoner cultivated plants has
been added, which it is hoped will be found useful.
In connection with this revision, grateful acknowledg-
ments are due to many friends for valuable assistance, but
more particularly to Mr. Wm. Scott, B.A., Vice-Principal
of the Toronto Normal School, who has placed his splendid
herbarium at the writer's disposal and has revised all the
proofs; A. H.' MacKay, LL.D., Chief Superintendent of
Education for Nova Scotia, whose extensive acquaintance
with the flora of the Atlantic Provinces has been of the
greatest service ; Professor Brittain of the Provincial Nor-
mal School at Fredericton, who has described most of the
Nc ,7 Brunswick plants ; Professor Bryce of "Winnipeg ; and
last, but not least, Mr. Jno. Deamess of London, whose
accuracy in determination and diligence as a collector in
Western Ontario are well known.
Toronto, June, 1897.
PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF
AUTHORS CITED IN THE FLORA.
AdanH
for
Adanson.
Less,
%i
Leasing.
Ait.
ti
Alton,
L'ller.
k»
L'Hcritier.
Anders.
ti
Anderson.
Lelnn.
k »
Lchniann.
Bart.
>i
Barton.
Lindl.
i i
Lindley.
Beauv.
i»
Palisot do BeauvoiH.
Loisel.
1 1
Ix)i8eleur - Dcslong-
Benth.
tt
Ben than.
champs.
Bernli.
li
Bernhardl.
Marsli.
It
Marshall.
BiKcl.
i ft
BiKt'low.
Medic.
« 1
Mtdicus.
BoisB.
14
Boi.ssier.
Michx.
n
Michaux.
Borkh.
4.
Borkhausen.
Mill.
ti
Millor.
Britt.
44
Britton.
Mnlil.
it
Muhlenberg.
Cass.
44
Cassini.
Miirr.
U
Murray.
Carr.
44
Carri6re.
Nee.s.
it
Nee.'' von Esenbeck
Cav.
44
CavanlUc.s.
Nutt.
tb
Nuttall.
Ciiam.
44
(3liami8So.
Pall.
u
Pall. as.
Coult.
4 4
Conlter.
Per.^.
k t
Persoon.
DarliiiRt
4 4
Darlington.
Polr.
ik
Poiret.
DC.
4 4
De Candolle.
R. Br.
k t
Robert Brown.
A. DC.
44
Alphonse De Candolle.
Raf.
* »
Rafincsque.
Desf.
44
Desfontalnes.
Rich.
a
Richard.
Dill.
44
Dillcnius.
Ricliards
i t
Richardson.
Doupl.
'•
Douglas.
Ro.stk.
fc t
Rostkovius.
Eat.
44
Eaton.
Rocni.
it
Roemtrr.
Ehrh.
.4
Ehrhart.
Rotlb.
it
Rottboell
Ell.
44
Elliott.
Salish.
it
Salisbury.
Endl.
44
Endlioher.
Sav.
it
Savi.
Engelm.
44
Engclniann.
Seldecht
* i
Schlechtendal.
Gfiprt.
44
Gartner.
Schrad.
i*
Schrader,
Ginj?.
44
Gin gins de Lassaraz.
Sclircb.
ii
Schreber,
Gr
44
Gray.
Schum.
*t
Schumacher.
Grlseh.
44
Grlsebacli.
Schwein.
ii
Schweinitz.
Gronov.
44
Gronovins.
Scop.
ti
Scoi)oli.
Haussk.
44
Haussknecht.
Sibtli.
i i
Sibthorp.
Haw.
44
Haworth.
Spreng.
it
Sprengel.
Hoffm.
44
Hoffmann.
Torr.
it
Torrey.
Holl.
.4
Holleck.
Tourn.
• i
Tournefort.
Hook.
I 4
W. J. Hooker.
Tratt.
1 1
Trattenick.
Hornetn.
4 4
Hornoman.
Tuckerm
t »
Tuckerman.
H.B. K.
44
Huinholdt, Bonpland,
Vaill,
li
Vaillant.
and Kunth.
Vent.
it
Ventenat.
Huds.
<4
Hudson.
ViU.
it
Villars.
J acq.
44
Jacquin.
Wahl.
ii
Wahlenberg.
.Tubs.
tl
Jussieu.
Walt.
ti
Walter.
L.
44
Linn*u8.
Wangh.
ik
Wangenheim.
Lam.
44
Lamarck.
Willd.
* i
Willdenow.
'' i
HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA.
Assuming that the student has carefully read the Intro
ductory part of this work, and is familar with the ordinary
botanical terms, and the chief variations in plant structure
as there set forth, it should, with the aid of the accompany-
ing Key, be a very simple task to refer to its proper Family
any Canadian wild plant of common occurrence. To illustrate
the method of using this Key, let us suppose that specimens
of the following plants have been gathered, and that it is
desired to ascertain tlieir botanical names, that is, the name
of the Genus and the Species of each : — Bad Clover,
Strawberry, Blue Flag and Cat-tail Flag.
All of these produce flowers of some kind, and must
therefore be looked for under the head of Flowering, or
Phanerogamous, Plants.
With the specimen of Bed Glover in hand, and the book
open at page xii. , we find that we have first to determine
whether our plant is Dicotyledonous or not. The veining of
the leaves suggests that it is so ; and this impression is con-
firmed by the fact that the parts of the flower are in fives.
Then, is the plant an Angiosperm ? As the seed will be found
enclosed in an ovary, we answer — Yes. Has the plant both
ealyx and corolla ? Yes. Are the parts of the corolla sepa-
rate ? Here a little doubt may arise ; but suppose we answer
— Yea. Then our plant will be found somewhere in the
PoLYPETALOus DIVISION. Proceeding with the enquiries
suggested under this heading : — Are the stamens more than
twice as many as the petals ? We find that they are not.
HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA.
Turn, then, to the heading marked B, page xv, •* stamens not
more than twice as many an the petals.** Under this we find
two subordinate headings, designated by asterisks * and **.
The first of these is not applicable to our plant. Under the
second, marked thus **, we find two minor headings, desig-
nated by daggers,-l-aiid-i— 1-. The first of these, ' 'Corolla irreg-
ular " is clearly the one w^e want. We have now, therefore,
five .'amilies to select from. We cannot choose any one
of the first four, because our plant has ten stamens, but the
characters of the fifth are precisely the characters exhibited
by Clover. Our Clover, therefore, belongs to the Order
Leguminosje. Turning to page 50, and running through the
" Synopsis of the Genera " as there given, we observe that
No. 2, Trifolium, is the only Genus in which the flowers are
in heada. Clover answers the description in the other respects
also — viz. : " leaves of three leaflets," and " stamens diadel-
phous." The only question then remaining is, whichSpecies
of Trifolium have we in hand ? Turning to page 52, w^e find
we have eight Species to choose from. No. 2, Trifolium
pratentic, is the only one of them with purplish flowers.
Trifolium pratense must, consequently, be the botanical
name we are looking for.
Possibly the observer may decide that the parts of the
corolla are not separate from each other, because in some
instances it is really a doubtful question. He must then turn
to page xvii, and under II. Gamopetalous Division, he must
pursue his enquiries as before. Is the calyx superior ? Plainly
not. Proceed then to the heading B, "t'alyx Inferior.** Are
the stamens more than the lobes of the corolla ? Yes. Then
the choice of the six Orders in the section marked * is easily
made as before, and the plant is referred to Legumtnos/e.
Now let us take the Strawberry . As with Clover , w e decide
without difficulty that the plant is a Dicotyledon. The
carpels are separate, and produce achenes in fruit ; the plant
must, therefore, be an Angiosperm. And there is no doubt
that it is Polypetalous. As the stamens are very numerous it
must come under the section marked A. Under this section
P
b
f(
t]
d
V '
HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA.
XI
ire
we hare three subordinate headings, marked by one, two, and
three asterisks, respectively. Thestaroensareclearlyinserted
on the calyx, and so our plant must be found under the
heading marked **. Without hesitation, we refer it to the
Order Bosage^:. Turning to page 62, we find seventeen
Genera to select from. A very little consideration will show
us that No. 11, Fragabia, is the Genus we must fix upon.
Referring to page 69, we have to choose between two species,
Virginiana &nd vesca. and the choice is found to depend upon
such obvious characters as to furnish no difficulty.
The leaves of Blue Flag are straight- veined ; the parts of the
fiower, also, are in threes. We therefore decide that the
plant is Monocotyledonous, and on turning to page xxii, we
find three Divisions of Monocotyledons. The Flag clearly
belongs to the Petaloideous Division. Then, is the peri-
anth superior or inferior ? Clearly the former. Next, are the
flowers dioecious or perfect? Clearly perfect. And as the
flower has three stamens, it must belong to the Order
Iridacis^, described on page 235. The Genus is at once seen
to be Iris, and the Species is determined without difficulty.
The Cat- tail Flag is also manifestly Monocotyledonous, from
the veining of the leaves. But it is not Petaloideous. The
flowers are collected on a more or less fleshy axis at the top
of a scape. It therefore belongs to the Spadiceous Division,
in which there are four Orders. The only practical question
is, whether our plant belongs to Arace^ or Typhace^. On
the whole, we choose the latter, and find our decision con-
firmed on reading the fuller account of the two Orders on
pages 217 and 219. The Genus is immediately seen to be
Typiia, and the Species latifoUa.
These examples need not be extended here ; but the
beginner is recommended to run down , in the same manner, a
few plants whose names he already knows. If successful in
these attempts, he will naturally acquire confidence in his
determinations of plants previously unknown to him.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS
INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.
SERIES I. PHANEROGAMS.
T'lants producing true flowers and seeds.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.
Distinguished ordinarily by having net-veined leaves, and the
parts of the flowers in fours or fives, very rarely in sixes. Wood
growing in rings, and surrounded by a true bark. Cotyledons
of the embryo mostly two.
SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS.
, Seeds enclosed in an ovary.
L rOLYPETALOUS DIVISION.
Two distinct sets of Floral Envelopes. Parts of the corolla
separate from each other.
A. MtnmeuH more thau twice as many as the petals.
* Stamens hypogynous (inserted on the receptable).
-J- Pistil apocarpous (carpels separate from each other).
Ranunculacp:^. — Herbs. Leaves generally decompound
or much dissected 2
Anonace.e. — Small trees. Leaves entire. Petals 6, in 2
8et3 JO
Magnoliacv:^:— Trees. Leaves truncate. Fruit resem-
bling a cone 9
Menispermace E. — Woody twiners. Flowers dioecious.
Leaves peltate near the edge .... 10
Brasenia, in
Nympha:ack.e.— Aquatic. Leaves oval, peltate ; the peti-
ole attaclied to the centre 12
Malvace.*:. — Stamens nionadelphous. Calyx persistent.
Ovaries in a ring 3g
4
I
!
0
^
KEY TO THE ORDERS. xiil
Podophyllum, in
BERBERiDACEiG. — Calyx fugacious. Leaves large, peltate,
deeply lobed. Fruit a large fleshy berry, 1 -celled. 10
-1--1- Pistil syncarpous. (Stigmas, styles, placentce, or cells,
more than one).
ActSBa. in
Ranunculace^, might be -looked for here. Fruit a
many-seeded berry. Leaves compound 2
Nymph^ace^. — Aquatics. Leaves floating, large, deeply
cordate 12
Sarraoexiage^. — Bog-plants. Leaves pitcher-shaped . . 13
Papaverace^. — Juice red or yellow. Sepals 2, caducous. 14
Capparidace^. — Corolla cruciform, but pod 1-celled.
Leaves of 3 leaflets 25
Hypericace^. — Leaves transparent - dotted. Stamens
usually in 3, but sometimes in 5, clusters 30
CiSTACEiE. — Sepals 5, very unequal, or only 3. Ovary 1-
celled, with 3 parietal placentae 29
MALVACEiS. — Stamens monadelphous, connected with the
bottom of the petals. Calyx persistent. Ovaries
in a ring 38
TiLiACEiE. — Trees. Flowers yellowish, in small hanging
cymes, the peduncle with a leaf-like bract at-
tached , 39
* ♦ Stamens perigynous (inserted on the calyx J.
Portulaca, in
PoRTULACACE-«. — Low herbs, with fleshy leaves. Sepals
2, adhering to the ovary beneath. Pod opening
by a lid 37
RosAOEiC. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit apo-
carpous, or a drupe, or a pome 62
CACTACEit:. — Very fleshy (commonly prickly) plants, of
peculiar appearance ; either globose or of flattened
joints. Sepals and petals many. Stamens many,
inserted on the ti^be of sepals and petals 86
* * * Stamens epigynovs (attached to the ovary).
Nymphsea, in
Nymph^ace.«. — Aquatic. Leaves floating. Flowers
white, large, with numerous petals gradually
passing into stamens 12
xiv KEY TO THE ORDERS.
B. MtameuH not more thau twice as many as the petals.
* Stamens just as many as the petals, and one stamen in front of
each petal.
Berberidace^. — Herbs (wi\h us). Anthers opening by
uplifting valves 10
PoRTULACACE^. — Sepals 2. Styles 3-cleft. Leaves 2,
fleshy 37
ViTAOEiE. — Shrubs, climbing by tendrils. Calyx minute. 44
RiiAMNACFiE. — Shrubs, not climbing 45
PLUMBAGiNACEiE. — Herbs. Calyx plaited. Styles 5.
Ovary 1 -celled and 1-seeded 144
Lysimachia, in
pRiMUi^CE^, is occasionally polypetalous. Flowers yel-
low, in axillary spikes ; the petals sprinkled with
purplish dots 145
♦ * Stamens either just is many as the petals and alternate ivith
them, or not of exactly the samt mmher.
•I- Corolla irregular.
FuMARiACE^. — Corolla flattened and closed. Stamens 6. 15
ViOLACE^. — Corolla 1 -spurred. Stamens 5. Pod with 3
rows of seeds on the walls 26
Balsaminace^. — Corolla 1-spurred, the spur with a tail.
Stamens 5. Pod bursting elastically 42
Polygalace^. — Lower petal keel- shaped, usually fringed
at the top. Anthens 6 or 8, 1 -celled, opening at
the top. Pod 2-celled 48
LEGUMINOS.E. — Corolla mostly papilionaceous. Filaments
often united. Ovary simple, with one parietal
placenta. Leaves compound 49
•\r- -I- Corolla regular, or nearly so.
1. Calyx superior {i.e., adherent to the ovaiy, wholly or
partialh'^).
(a) Stamens perigynous (inserted on the calyx).
CratsBgfus, in
Rosace^.— Shrubs. Stamens occasionally from 5 to 10 only.
Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit drupe-like,
containing 1-5 bony nutlets 62
SAXirRAGACE^.— Leaves opposite or alternate, without
stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4.
Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. ... 76
i ■•
I
■I
5
KEY TO THE ORDERS. XV
HAMAMEiiACEiG. — Shrubs. Stamens 8 ; styles 2. Flowers
yellow, in autumn 79
Halorage^. — Aquatics. Stamens 4 or 8. Styles or ses-
sile stigmas 4 79
Onagrace^. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 2, 4, or 8.
Stigmas 2 or 4, or capitate 81
Melastomace-S!. — Anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore at
the apex. Stamens 8. Style and stigma 1. Flow-
ers purple 84
LvTHRACEiE. — Calyx apparently adherent to, but really
free from, the ovary. Stamens mostly unequal.
Leaves mostly whorled. Flowers varying as to
relative lengths of stamens and style 84
Cucurbit ACE^. — Tendril-bearing herbs. Flowers monoe-
cious .... 85
(6) Stamens epigynous (on the ovary, or on a disk which covers
the ovary J.
Euonymus, in
Celastrace^. — Shrub, with 4-sided oranchlets, not climb-
ing. Leaves simple. Pods crimson when ripe.
Calyx not minute 46
Umbellifer^. — Flowers chiefly in compound umbels.
Calyx very minute. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit
dry, 2-seeded 87
ARALiACEiE. — Umbels not compound ; but sometimes pan-
icled. Stamens 5. Styles usually more than 2.
Fruit berry-like 92
CoRNACE^. — Flowers in cymes or heads. Stamens 4. Style
1 93
2. Calyx inferior (i.e., free from the ovary),
(a) Stamens hypogynous (on the receptacle).
Crucifer>e. — Petals 4. Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod
2-celled 16
CiSTACEi«. — Petals 3. Sepals 5, very unequal ; or only 3.
Pod partly 3-celled 29
DROSERACEiE. — Leaves radical, beset with reddish glandu-
lar hairs. Flowers in a 1-sided raceme .... 30
Elodes, in
HvPERiCAOEiB. -~Leaves with transparent dots. Stamens
9, in 3 clusters 30
f
XVI
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Caryophyllace^.— Styles 2-5. Ovules in the centre or
bottom of the cell. Stem usually swollen at the
joir ts. Leaves opposite 32
LiNACEiE. —Stamens 6, united below. Pod 10-celled, 10-
seedo.d 40
Geraniace^. — Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 5 or 3, with
a common central style or axis which remains
after the ripe ovaries separate from it 41
OxALiDACE^.— Stamens 10. Pod 5-celled. Styles 5, dis-
tinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, drooping at night-fall. 42
Ericace^. — Anthers opening by pores at the top, or across
the top. Leaves mostly evergreen, sometimes
brown beneath ; but in some instances the plant
is white or tawny 137
RuTACEi«. — Shrubs, with polygamous flowers and leaves
of 3 leaflets, dotted with transparent glands.
Stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-seeded samara winged all
round 43
{h) Stamens perigynoua (plainly attached to the calyx).
SAXiFRAGACEiE. — Leaves opposite or alternate, without
stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4.
Carpels fewer than the petals 75
Crassulace^. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 10 or 8.
Leaves sometimes fleshy 78
Lythrace^. — Stamens 10, in two sets. Calyx enclosing,
but really free from, the ovary. Leaves mostly
whorled 84
(c) Stamens attached to a fleshy disk in the bottom of the calyx-tube.
Anacardiace^. — Trees, or shrubs, not prickly. Leaves
compound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupelet. 43
Celastraoe^. — Twining shrub. Leaves simple. Pods
orange when ripe 46
Saptndace*. — Shrubs, or trees. Fruit 2- winged, and leaves
palmately-veined. Or^ Fruit an inflated 3-celled
pod, and leaves of 3 leaflets. Styles 2 or 3 47
{d) Stamens attached to the petals at their very base.
Claytonia, in
Portulacace^. —Sepals 2. Leaves fleshy. Style 3-cleft. 37
Aquifoliace^.— Shrubs, with small axillary flowers, hav-
ing the parts in fours and sixes. Fruit a red berry-
like drupe. Stigma sessile. Calyx minute 146
V
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
XVll
32
40
41
42
137
43
75
78
43
46
47
37
145
II. GAMOPETALOUS DIVISION.
Corolla with the petals united together, in however slight a
degree.
A, Calyx superior (adlierent to the ovary).
* Stamens united by their anthers.
Cucurbit ACE^. — Tendril-bearing herbs 85
CoMPOSiTiE; — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre 102
LoBELiACEiC. — Flowers not in heads. Corolla split down
one side 135
* * Stamens not united together in any way.
-i- Stamens inserted on the corolla.
DiPSACEiE. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre.
Plant prickly 101
Valerianace^.. — Flowers white, in clustered cymes. Sta-
mens fewer than the lobes of the corolla 101
RuBiACEiE. — Leaves, when opposite, with stipules ; when
whorled, without stipules. Flowers, if in heads,
without an involucre 98
Caprifoliace^. — Leaves opposite, without stipules; but,
ill one genus, withappendages resembling stipules. 95
•H H- Stamens not inserted on the corolla.
CampanulacevE. — Herbs with milky juice. Stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla 136
Ericace^. — Chiefly shrubby plants or parasites. Stamens
twice as many as the lobes of the corolla 137
B. Calyx Inferior <rrec from the ovary).
♦ Stamens more than the lobes of the corolla.
LEGUMiNOSiB. — Ovary 1-celled, with 1 parietal placenta.
Stamens mostly diadelphous. . . 49
Adlumia, in
FuMARiACE.E. — Plant climbing. Corolla 2-spurred 15
M ALVACE^. — Filameuts monadelphous. Carpels in a ring. 38
Ericaceae. — Chiefly shrubby plants, with simple entire
leaves. Stamens twice as many as the lobes ct
the corolla 137
PoLYOALACiE. — Anthers 6 or 8, 1-celled, opening at the
top. Pod 2-celled. Flowers irregular ; lower petal
keel-shaped, and usually fringed at the top 48
XVIU
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
I i (
OxALiD/CEAS.— Stamens 10, 5 of them longer. Styles 5,
distinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, drooping at night'
fall
42
♦ * Stamens jusi as many as the lohes of the corolla, one in ^jront
of each lobe.
PBiMULACEiB. —Stamens on the corolla. Style 1. Ovary
1-celled, with a free central placenta rising from
the base. . 145
PlumbaginacE/E.— Styles 5. Ovary 1-celled and 1 -seeded. 144
♦ * * Stamens just as many as the lohes of the corolla, inserted on
its tube alternately with its lobes.
•I- Ovaries 2, separate.
ApocYNACEiE. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers converg-
ing round the stigmas, but not adherent to them.
Filaments distinct 179
AscLEPiADACEiE. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers ad-
hering to the stigmas. Filaments monadelphous.
Flowers in umbels 179
•I- -{- Ovary 4-lobed around the base of the style.
Mentha, in
Labiate. — Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic 160
BoRRAGiNACEiE. — Stamens 5. Leaves alternate . . 167
4- -i- Hh Ovary 1-celled ; the seeds on the walls.
Hydrophyllace.*;. — Stamens 5, usually exserted. Style
2-cleft. Leaves lobed and sometimes cut-toothed. 171
Gentianace^. — Leaves entire and opposite ; or (in Men-
yaathes) of 3 leaflets .... 176
-I- -H -H -I- Ovary with 2 or more cells.
Aquifoliace^. — Shrubs. Corolla almost polypetalous.
Calyx minute. Fruit a red berry-like drupe.
Parts of the flower chiefly in fours or sixes 145
Plantaginace.«. — Stamens 4. Pod 2-celled. Flowers in
a close spike 148
Verbascum, in
ScROPHULARiAOEiE.— Corolla nearly regular. Flowers in a
long terminal spike. Stamens 5 ; the filaments,
or some of them, woolly 151
PoLEMONiACE^.— Style 3-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped,
with a long tube. Pod 3-.3elled, few-seeded ;
seeds small , 172
I
!
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
XIX
CoNvoLVULACB^. —Style 2-cleft. Pod 2-celled, generally
4-8eeded ; seeds large. Chiefly twining or trailing
plants ,, 113
SoLANACEiE. — Style single. Pod or berry 2-celled, many-
seeded 174
* * ♦ ♦ Stamens feioer than the lobes of the corolla ; the
corolla mostly irregular or ^-lipped.
LAB1AT.C. — Ovary 4-lobed around the base of the style.
Stamens 4 and didynamous, or occasionally only
2 with anthers. Stem square 160
VERBENACEiE. — Ovary 4-celled, but ; ot lobed ; the style
rising from the apex. Or, Ovary 1-ceIledand 1-
seeded. Stamens didynamous 158
LENTiBULARiACEiE. — Aquatics. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-
celled, witli a free central placenta 149
OROBANCHACEiE — Parasitic herbs, without green foliage.
Ovary 1 -celled, with many seeds on the walls.
Stamens didynamous 150
ScROPHULARiACEiE.— Ovary 2-celled, with many seeds.
Stamens didynamous, or only 2 151
AcANTHACEiE. — Stamens 2, the anther-cells separated.
Ovary flat, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Aquatics 159
III. APETALOUS DIVISION.
Corolla (and sometimes calyx also) wanting.
A. Flowers not In catkins*
* Calyx and corolla both wanting.
PiPERAOE^. — Flowers white, in a dense terminal spike,
nodding at the end. Carpels 6 or 4, nearly separ-
ate 182
Oeratophyllace^. — Immersed aquatics, with whorled
finely dissected leaves. Flowers monoecious 213
* * Calyx superior (i. e. , adherent to the ovary).
Saxifraoace^. — Small, smooth herbs, with inconspicuous '
greenish-yellow flowers. Stamens twice as many
as the calyx-lobes, on a conspicuous disk 75
HALJRAOEiG. — Aquatics. Leaves finely dissected or linear.
Stamens 1-8. Ovary 3-4-lobed or (Hippuris)! -celled. 79
OsKQRAGEM. — Herbs, in ditches. Stamens 4. Ovary 4-
celled, 4sided 81
x:: . t^Tit TO Tnu onDEHS,
A^.iSTOLOCHiACEiii:.— Calyx 3-lobed, dull purple insid-i.
Ovary 6-celled.... 185?
Santalace^. — Low plants with greenish-white flowers iu
terminal clusters. Calyx-tube prolonged, an«^
forming a neck to the 1-celled nut-like fruit . i95
ELiEAONACEiE. — Shrubs with scurfy leaves. Flowers per-
fect or dioecious. Calyx 4-parted, in the fertile
flowers apparently adherent to the ovary, and
becoming fleshy in fruit 194
♦ * * Calyx inferior (plainly free from the ovary J.
H- Ovaries more than one and separate from each other.
Ranunculace^e. — Calyx present, coloured and petal-like.
Achenes containing several seeds, or only one. ... 2
RuTACEiE. — Prickly shrubs, with compound transparent-
dotted leaves, and dioecious flowers 43
•I- -H Ovary only one, but with more than one cell (except in
Glaux).
CRASSULACEiE. — Herbs, in wet places. Pod 5-celled and
5-horned 78
PHYTOLACCACEiE.— Herbs. Ovary 10-celled and lO-seeded 183
EuPHORBiACE.E.— Herbs. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed, pro-
truded on a long pedicel. Juice milky 195
Sapindace^.— Trees. Ovary 2-celled and 2-lobed. Fruit
two 1-seeded samaras joined together. Flowers
polygamous 47
Rhamnace^. —Shrubs. Ovary 3-celled and 3-8eeded ;
forming a berry 45
FicoiDEJB. — Prostrate herbs with whorled leaves. Ovary
3-celled, many-seeded 86
Urticace^. — Trees. Leaves simple. Ovary 2-celled, but
fruit a 1-seeded samara winged all round. Stig-
mas 2 198
Empetrace^. — Low shrubby evergreens with heath-like
leaves , 213
Glaux, in
PRiMULACEiE.— Herbs. Ovary l-celled, the placenta cen-
tral U.^
-K Hh- -K Ovary only one, 1-celled and 1-seeded.
Polyoonace^.— Herbs. Stipules sheathing the stem a
the noaes . , i^jj
KEY TO THE OKDER8.
XXI
Ubticacea:. — Herbs. Stigma 1. Flowers inonrecious or
dioecious, in spikes or racemes. No chaff-like bracts
among the flowers. C/r, iSligmas 2 ; leaves pal-
mately-compound 198
Illecebkace^:. —Herbs, small, tufted. Flowers greenish
or whitish, terminal. Stamens as many as the
divisions of the 5-parted calyx and opposite them,
or fewer, perigynous. Sepals hooded at the top
and bristle- pointed. Style 2-cleft 1S3
AMARANTACEiC. — Herbs. Flowers greenish or reddish, in
BT^ikeByWith chaff-like bracts interspersed. Stigmas 2. 187
Chenopodiace.«. — Herbs. Flowers greenish, in spikes.
No cha^-like bracts. Stigmas 2 184
Oleace^. — Trees. Leaves pinnately compound. Fruit a I-
seeded samara 181
URTICACE.E. — Trees. Leaves simple. Fruit a 1 -seeded sa-
mara winged all round, or a drupe 198
Laurace^ — Trees or shrubs. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6,
petal-like. Stamens 9, opening by uplifting valves. 193
TiiYMELEACEiE. — Shrubs with leather-like bark, and jointed
branchlets. Flowers perfect, preceding the leaves.
Style thread-like 194
5
5
6
8
3
B. Flowers tu catkins.
* Steri'e or staminate flowers only in catkins. •
JuGLANDACEiE. — Trees with pinnate leaves. Fruit a nut
with a liusk 202
CuPULiFER^. — Trees with simple leaves. Fruit one or
more nuts surrounded by an involucre which
forms a scaly cup or bur , . 204
* * Both sterile or fertile flowers in catkins, or catkin- like heads.
Salicace^. — Shrubs or low trees. Ovary 1-celled, many-
seeded ; seeds tufted with down at one end 209
PLATANACEiE. — Large trees. Stipules sheathing the branch-
lets. The flowers in heads 201
Myricace^. — Shrubs with resinous-dotted, usually fra-
grant, leaves. Fertile flowers one under each
scale. Nutlets usually coated with waxy grains . . 203
Betulace^. — Trees or shrubs. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under
each scale of the catkin. Stigmas 2, long and
slender 207
XXll
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
SUB-CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS.
Ovules and seeds naked, on the inner face of an open scale ;
or, in Taxua, without any scale, but surrounded by a ring-like
disk which becomes red and berry-like in fruit,
CoNiFERiE. — Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, and
mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves. Fruit
a cone, or occasionally berry-like 214
CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Distinguished ordinarily by having straight-veined leaves
(though occasionally net-veined ones), and the parts of the
Howers in threes, never in fives. Wood never forming rings,
but interspersed in separate bundles throughout the stem.
Cotyledon only 1.
L SPADICEOUS DIVISION.
Flowers collected on a spadix, wi^h or without a spathe or
uheathing bract. Leaves sometimes net-veined.
Aracb^. — Herbs (either flag-like marsh-plants, or terres-
trial,) with pungent juice, andsimple or compound
leaves, these sometimes net-veined. Spadix usu-
ally (but not always) accompanied by a spathe.
Flowers either without a perianth of any kind,
or with 4-6 sepals 217
TyPHACEiE. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with linear straight-
veined leaves erect or floating, and monoecious
flowers. Heads of flowers cylindrical or globular,
no spathe, and no floral envelopes 219
LEMNACEiE. —Small aquatics, freely floating about 218
Naiadace^. — Immersed aquatics. Stems branching and
leafy. Flowers perfect, in spikes, generally on the
surface 221
IL PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION.
Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with a corolla-
like, or occasionally herbaceous, perianth.
KEY TO THE ORDERS. XXIU
4. Perianth unperlor (adherent to the ovary).
* FLwers dioecious or polygamous, regular.
Hydrocharidace^. — Aquatics. Pistillate flowers only
above water ; perianth of 6 pieces . 226
DioscoR£ACEiE. — Twiners, from knotted rootstocks. Leaves
heart-shaped, net-veined. Pod with 3 large wings. 236
* ♦ Flowers perfect.
ORCHiDACEiE. — Stamens 1 or 2, gynandrous. Flowers irreg-
ular 226
iRiDACEiE. —Stamens 3 235
AMARYLLiDACEiG. — Stamens 6. Flowers on a scape from a
bulb 236
B. Perianth Inferior <r^e from the ovary).
ALiSMACEiS. — Pistil apocarpous : carpels in a ring or head,
leaves with distinct petiole and blade 224
Smilace^. — Climbing plants, with alternate ribbed and
net- veined petioled leaves. Flowers dioecious .. . 237
Trigrloehin, in
Alismace^. — Rush-like marsh herbs. Flowers in a spike
or raceme. Carpels when ripe splitting away
from a persistent axis 224
Liliage^. — Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly
6, but in one case 4. One stamen in front of each
division, the stamens similar 237
Trillium, in
LiLiACEiE. — Perianth of 3 green sepals and three coloured
petals 2.37
PoNTEDERiACEiE. — Stamens 6, 3 long and 3 short. Perianth
(blue or yellow) tubular, of 6 lobes. Aquatics. . 247
JuNCACEiE. — Perianth wholly glumaceous, of similar pieces. 243
Xyridace^. — Perianth partly glumaceous I inner set of 3
yellow petals. Flowers in dense heads, perfect . 247
ERiocAULONACEiE. — In shallow water. Flowers monoecious
or dioecious, in a small woolly head, at the sum-
mit of a 7-angled scape. Leaves in a tuft at the
base 247
XXIV
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
III. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION.
Flowers without a true perianth, but subtended by thin
scales called glumes.
CYPEBACE.E. — Sheaths of the leaves not split 248
Gramine^. — Sheaths of the leaves split on the side away
from the blade 251
SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMS.
Plants without stamens and pistils, reproducing themselves
by spores instead of seeds.
CLASS III. PTERIDOPHYTES.
Stem containing vascular as well as cellular tissue.
FiLiCES. — Spores produced on the fronds 257
Equisetace^ — Spores produced on the under side of the
shield-shaped scales of a terminal spike or cone. 267
Lycopodiace^. — Low, long-stemmed, moss-like ever-
greens. Spores-cases produced in the axils of
the simple leaves or bracts. Spores of Jne kind
only . 269
i::?ELAGiNELLACE^. — Spores of two kinds, large and small.
Spore-cases solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked
leaves, or at the bases of linear radical leaves. . . . 270
Salviniace^. — Sporocarps beneath the stem. Floating *
aquatics, pinnately branched, with minute imbri-
cated leaves 27?
in
18
51
THE COMMONLY OCCURRING
WILD PLANTS OF CANADA.
es
>7
J7 .
i9
0
SEEIES I.
FLOWERING OR PHANEROG'AMOUS
PLANTS.
Plants producing flowers (that is to say, stamens and
pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind), and
seeds containing an embryo.
Class I. DICOTYLEDONS.
Embryo having at least two cotyledons. Parts of the
flower usually in fours or fives. Leaves net-veined.
Wood in circular layers between the pith and the bark.
Sub-class I. AN'GIOSPERMS.
Seeds enclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp.
I. POLYPET'ALOUS DIVISION.
Plants with flowers having both calyx and corolla, the
latter consisting of petals entirely separate from each
other. (In some genera and species, however, petals are
absent.) -
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Order I. RANUNCULA'CE^. (Crowfoot Family.)
Herbs or woody climbers, with an acrid colourless jaice.
Parts of the flower separate from each other. Coroi'la some-
times wanting. Stamens numerous. Pistil (with one or
two exceptions) apocarpous. Fruit an achene, follicle, or
berry. Leaves exstipulate, with the blades usually dis-
sected, and petioles spreading at the base.
Synopsis of the Cieiicra.
1. Cleiii'atis* Real petals none or stamen -like. Coloured sepals 4 or
more, valvate in the bud. Fruit an achene. with the lon^ and
feathery style attached. Leaves all opposite. Plant climbing by
the bending of the petioles.
2. Auenio'ue. Petals none or stamen-liice. Coloured sepals imbri-
cated in tlie bud. Achenes many, in a liead, pointed or tailed,
not ribbed. Stem-leaves opposite or wliorled, forming an invo-
Iticre remote from the flower.
3. Hepat'ica. Petals none. Coloured sepals ft-12, whitish or bluish.
Achenes many, not ribbed. Leaves all radical. An involucre of
8 leaves close to the flower, and liable to be mistaken for a calyx.
4. Thalic'triiin. Petals none. Coloured sepals 4 or more, greenisli.
Achenes several, angled or grooved. No involucre. Stem-leaves
alternate, decompound. Flowers in panicles or corymbs, mostly
dioecious.
5. llIyoHU'ri^!«. Petals 5, white, with slender claws. Sepals 5, spurred
at the base. Achenes in a long slender spike. Small plants with
tufted narrow root-leaves, and 1-flowered scapes.
6. Kaiiuu'cnlus. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals generally 5, each with
a pit or little scale on the inside of the claw. Achenes many, in
he..ds, short-pointed. Stem-leuves alternate. Flowers solitary
or corymbed, mostly yellow, rarely white.
7. Cal'tlin. Petals none. Sepals .'i-'J, yellow. Fruit a many-seeded
follicle. Leaves large, glabrous, heart-shaped or kidney-shaped,
mostly crenate. Stem hollow and furrowed.
8. €op'tl»». Sepals .')-7, white, deciduous. Petals 5-7, yellow with
slender claws, and somewhat tubular at the apex. Carpels 3-7.
on slender stalks. Fruit a follicle. Flowers on naked scapes.
Leaves radical, shining, divided into three wedge-shaped leaflets,
sharply toothed. Root fibrous, golden yellow.
9. Aqulle gla. Sepals Ti, coloured. Petals T), each a long hollow spur.
Carpels h. Follicles erect, many-seeded. Flowers very showy,
terminating the branches. Leaves decompound.
RANUNCULACEiE.
10. Delphln'lnm. Sepals 5, unequal, petal-like, the upper one pro-
duced backward into a spur. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair
spurred, and projecting backward into the spur of the upper sepal
(rarely only 2). Flowers blue or whitish, in terminal racemes.
Leaves palmately dissected.
11. Actse'a. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals 4-10, with slender claws.
Stamens many, with long filaments. .Fruit a many-seeded
berry. Flowers in a short thick raceme. Leaves decompound,
leaflets sharply toothed.
12. Clmlcifaga. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals several, small, two-
horned at the apex. Cai-pels 1-8, becomiuR' pods. Flowers in
long plume-like racemes.
13. Hydras'tis. Petals none. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like,
greenish-white. Carpels 12 or more, forming a head of crimson
1-2-seeded berries in fruit. Stem low, from a knotted yellow root-
stock. Leaves simple, lobed.
1. CLEM'ATIS, L. Virgin's Bower.
1. C. Virginia'na, L. (Common Virgin's Bower.) A
woody-stemmed climber. Flowers in panicled clusters, often
dioecious, white. Leaves of 3 ovate leaflets, which are cut
or lobed. Feathery tails of the achenes very conspicuous
in the autumn. — Along streams and in swamps.
2. C. ligUSticifo'lia, Nutt. Very much like the last,
but the leaves have usually 5 leaflets. — X. W.
3. C. vertieilla'ris, DC. Shrubby climber. Peduncles
bearing single large flowers, with thin, wide-spreading,
bluish-purple sepals. Tails of the achenes plumose. Leaves
of three leaflets, which are entire, or sparingly toothed or
lobed. — Rocky places.
2. AKENO'NE, L. Anem'ONE.
* styles long and hairy, forming feathery tails in fruit.
1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttallia'na, Gray. (Prairie A.
OR Pasque Flower.) Villous with long silk^' hairs. Flower
erect, appearing before the leaves. Sepals 5-7, purplish or
white, an inch or more in length, spreading at maturity.
Involucre sessile, its lobes numerous, all united at the base
to form a shallow cup. Leaves radical, the blades deeply
out into 3 well-marked divisions, the middle one stalked,
-■■■* .f
4 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
and all again dissected into narrow lobes. Featherj'' tails
of the carpels 2 inches long. A low plant, flowering in
early spring. — N. W.
** Styles short, not plumose.
2. A. parviflo'ra, Mlchx. (Small-flowered A.) Stem
8-12 inches high, one-flowered. Sepals 5 or 6, white. Invo-
lucre 2-3-leaved far below the flower. Head of carpels
wooUy, globular. Eoot^-leaves small, 3-parted, their divi-
sions crenately lobed. — Rocky river-margins.
3. A. multif ida, DC. (Many-cleft A.) Silky-hairy.
Principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one
or two 2-leaved peduncles. Leaves of the involucre short-
petioled, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions
linear. Sepals red, greenish-yellow, or whitish. Head of
carpels spherical or oval, woolly. — Rocky river-margins, etc.
4. A. eylin'driea, Gray. (Long-fkuited A.) Carpels
very numerous, in an oblong woolly head about an inch
long. Peduncles 2-6, long, upright, leafless. Stem-leaves
in a whorl, twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, long-
petioled. Sepals 5, greenish-white. Plant about two feet
high, clothed with silky hairs. — Dry woods.
5. A. Virginia' na, L. (Virginian A.) Very much like
the last, but larger. Also, the central peduncle only is
naked, the others having each a pair of leaves about the
middle, from whose axils other peduncles occasionally
spring. Sepals greenish. Head of carpels oval or oblong.
— Dry rocky woods and river banks.
6. A. Pennsylvan'ica, L. (A.dichotoma, L., inMacoun's
Catalogue.) (Pennsylvanian A.) Carpels fewer and the
head not woolly, but pubescent and spherical. Stem-leaves
sessile, primary ones 3 in a whorl, but only a pair of smallei
ones on each side of the flowering branches. Radical leaves
5-7-parted. Sepals 5, obovate, large and white. Plant
hairy, scarcely a foot high. — Low meadows.
7. A. nemoro'sa, L. (Wood A. Wind-flower.) Plant
not more than six inches high, nearly smooth, one-flowered.
«
' RANUNCULACEiE. 0
Stem-leaves in a whorl of 3, long-petioled, 3-5-parted. Sepals
4-7, oval, white, or often purplish on the back. — Moist
j)laces.
3. HEPAT'ICA, Dill. LrvER-LEAF. Hepatica.
1. H. acutil'oba, DC. (Sharp-lobed H.) Leaves with 3
(sometimes 5) acute lobes, appearing after the flowers.
Petioles silky-hairy.— Woods in spring.
2. H. tril'Oba, Chaix. (RouND-LOBED H.) Leaves with 3
rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Dry
rich woods in spring.
(The two species just described are included under Anemone in
Macoun's Catalogue, the first named being A. acutiloba, Lawson, and
the second A. Hepatica, L.)
4. THALIC'TRUM, Tourn. Meadow-Rue.
1. T. anemonoi'des, Michx. (^Anemonella thalictroiden,
Spach.) (Rue- Anemone.) Stem low. Stem-leaves all in a
whorl at the top. Hoots tuberous. Flowers several in an
umbel, by which character this plant is easily distinguished
from "Wood Anemone, which it otherwise resembles. — South-
westward, in spring.
2. T. dioi'CUm, L. (Early M.) Stem smooth, pale and
glaucous. 1-2 feet high. Flowers dioecious, in ample panicles,
purplish or greenish ; the yellow anthers drooping and very
conspicuous. Leaves alternate, decompound ; leaflets with
5-7 rounded lobes. — Woods.
3. T. polyg'amum, Muhl. {T. Comuti, L.) (Tall M.)
Stem smooth or nearly so, 2-6 feet high. Leaves sessile;
leaflets very much like No. 2. Flowers white, in compound
panicles ; anthers not drooping ; filaments club-shaped. —
Low wet meadows, and along streams.
4. T. purpuras' cens, L. (Purplish M.) Stem mostly
purplish, 2-4 feet high. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so ;
leaflets veiny beneath, often glandular-pubescent , and so
distinguished from No. 3. Flowers resfmbling those of
No. 2.
!
6 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
5. M¥08U'RIIS, Dill. Mousetail.
1. M. min'imus, L. Scapes 2-6 inches high. Leaves
linear-spathulate. Achenes blunt, in a spike 1-2 inches,
long when ripe.
2. M. arista'tUS, Benth., is easily distinguished from the
above by the persistent style nearly as long as the achene. —
N.W.
6. RAWrN'CUILlIS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.
1. R. aquat'illS, L., var. trichophyl'lus, Gray. (White
Water-Crowfoot.) Foliage under water, filiform, usually
collapsing when withdrawn from the water. Flowers white,
floating, each petal with a little pit on the inside of the
claw. — Stagnant pools and slow-flowing streams.
2. R. eireina'tUS, Sibth. Much like No. 1, but the
immersed leaves are mostly sessile, and do not collapse when
withdrawn from the water. — Toronto harbour ; and abund-
ant in N. W.
3. R. Cymbala'ria, Pursh. (Sea-Side Crowfoot.) Low,
smooth, spreading by runners which take root at the joints.
Leaves long-petioled, roundish, crenate, rather fleshy. Pet-
als 5-8, yellow. Carpels striate, in an oblong head. — Sea-
shore, and beside brackish streams and springs.
4. R. multif idus, Pursh. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.)
Like No. 1, but larger, and with yellow flowers, sometimes
creeping in the mud ; the le^jves round kidney-shaped, and
more or less deeply lobed and toothed. — Ponds and ditches.
5. R. Flam'mula, L., var. reptans, Meyer. (Creeping
Spearwort.) Stem reclining, rooting at the joints, only 3-6
inches long. Leaves linear, entire, remote. Flowers yellow,
\ of an inch broad. — Sandy and gravelly shores of ponds
and rivers.
6. R. rhomboi'deus, Goldie. stem erect, low (3-8 inches),
hairy ; root-leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, mostly cre-
nate ; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3-5-lobed, the upper
nearly sessile and deeply cut into linear lobes. Petals large,
exceeding the calyx ; achenes orbicular, with in minute beak,
in a globular head. — Dry plains, in early summer.
I*
tl
RANUNCULACE^.
4 **
k
I:
7. R. affl'nis, R. Br. (Rough-fruited C.) Taller than
No. 6, more or less pubescent. Root-leaves petioled, usually
pedately multifid ; stem-leaves nearly sessile, with broadly
linear lobes. Petals light-yellow, about half an inch long.
Achenes, with recurved beaks, forming an oblong head. —
N. W. ^
8. R, aborti'VUS, L. (Smaix-floweredC.) Petals shorter
than the reflexed calyx. Stem erect, very smooth, slender.
Radical leaves roundish, crenate, petiolate ; stem-leaves 3-5-
parted, sessile. Carpels in a globular head, each with a
minute curved beak. — Shady hill-sides and wet pastures.
Var. micranthus, Gray, is pubescent, with more slender
peduncles and fewer achenes.
9. R. seelera'tus, L. (Cursed C.) Petals about the same
length as the calyx. Stem thick, hollow, smooth. Radical
leaves 3-lobed ; stem-leaves 3-parted, uppermost almost
sessile. Head of carpels oblong. — Wet ditches.
10. R. reeurva'tUS, Poir. (Hooked C.) Petals shorter
than the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute, with stiff spreading
hairs. Radical and cauline leaves about alike, long-petioled.
Head of carpels globular, each with a long recurved beak. —
Woods.
11. R. Pennsylvanleus, L. (Bristly C.) Petals not
longer than the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute. Leaves ter-
nately divided, divisions of the leaves stalked, unequally
3-cleft. Head of carpels oblong, achenes with straight beaks,
and so easily distinguished from No. 10. — Wet places.
12. R. his'pidus, Michx. Resembling the last species,
but with few-leaved ascending or reclining stems, not always
hirsute. Root a cluster of stout fibres. Calyx hardly
reflexed, soon deciduous, much shorter than the petals.
Achenes strongly margined, with straight beaks ; in a
globular or oval head. — Wesley Park, Niagara.
13. R. septentriona'lis, Poir. Petals much longer than
the calyx. Early-flowering stems ascending, putting forth
long runners during the summer. Leaves ternate, divisions
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
generally stalked, deeply and sharply lobed, petioles ap-
pressed-pubescent. Achenes large, compressed, strongly mar-
gined, in globular heads, and with long flat beaks. Peduncles
furrowed. — "Wet places.
14. R. repens, L. Much resembling the last in habit,
but smaller, and the leaves not so deeply and sharply cut.
Flowering later. Leaves often blotched with white. The
style shorter than in No. 13, and stigmatic along the whole
inner side, persistent. — Low ground, chiefly eastward.
15. R. bulbo'SUS, L. (Bulbous C. or Buttercup.) Petals
much longer than the calyx. Sten erect, from a bulb-like
base. Flowers an inch broad, on furrowed peduncles. —
Pastures. Eather rare.
16. R. a'cris, L. (Tall C. or Buttercup.) Much taller
than No. 15. Petals much longer than the calyx. Stem
upright, no bulb at the base. Peduncles not Jurrowed.
17. R. faseieula'ris, Muhl. (Early C.) Petals much
longer than the calyx. Plant 5-9 inches high, erect, pubes-
cent with silky hairs. Eadical leaves appearing pinnate,
the terminal division long-stalked, the lateral ones sessile.
Root a bundle of thickened fleshy fibres. — Eocky woods and
fields in spring.
7. CAL'THA, L. MarSH-MarIGOLD.
C. palustris, L. (Marsh- Marigold.) Stem about a foot
high, hollow, round, forking, very glabrous. Flowers golden
yellow, 1-lJ inches broad. — Swamps and wot meadows. A
very conspicuous plant in early spring.
8, COP'TIS, Salisb. Goldthread.
C. trifolia, Salisb. (Three-leaved Goldthread.) Low
and stemless. Scapes 1-flowered, with a single bract above
the middle. Petals much smaller than the sepals. — On logs
and about stumps in cedar swamps.
9. AQiriLE'GIA, Tourn. Columbine.
1. A. Canadensis, L. (Wild Columbine.) Stem branch-
ing, a foot or more in height, smooth. Leaves decompound ;
leaflets in threes. Flowers nodding, scarlet outside, yellow
within. — Eocky woods and thickets.
[
RANUNCULACEiE, MAGNOLIACE.E. f
2. A. vulga'ris, L. (Garden Columbine.) This species
has escaped from cultivation in some places. Spurs hooked.
Flowers blue, purple, or whitish.
10. DELPHINIUM, L. LARKSPUR.
1. D. azu'reum, Michx. (Prairie Larkspur.) Carpels 5,
the pods erect. Lobes of the leaves numerous, narrowly
linear. Raceme strict, but not dense. Spur usually curved
upwards. — N.W.
2. D. Consol'ida, L. (Field L.) Has escaped from gar-
dens in a few places. The pistil is single, and the flowers
are scattered on the spreading branches. Petals 2, united.
11. ACT^'A, L. Baneberry.
1. A. spiea'ta, L., var. rubra, Ait. (Red B.) Raceme
short, breadth and length being about the same. Pedicels
slender. Berries red. — Rich woods.
2. A. alba, Bigel. (White B.) Raceme longer than broad.
Pedicels thickened in fruit, cherry-coloured. Berries white.
— Same localities as No. 1.
18. CIMICirilGA, L. BUGBANE.
C. raeemo'sa, Ell, (Black Snakeroot.) stem 3-6 feet
high. Resembling a tall Actaea, but easily distinguished
by its plume-like raceme of white flowers. — South-western
Ontario.
13. H¥DRA§'TIS, L. ORANGEROOT. YelLOW PuCCOON.
H. Canadensis, L. A low plant, bearing a single radi-
cal leaf, and a pair of cauline ones near the summit of the
simple stem. Leaves rounded, cordate, 5-7-lobed, very large
when fully grown.— Wet meadows, in earlj- summer, south-
westward.
Order II. MAGNOLIA' CE^. (Magnolia Family.)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed (not ser-
rate) leaves. Sepals 3, coloured, deciduous. Petals 6-9,
deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, indefinite, separate ;
anthers adnate. Carpels numerous, in many rows on an
elongated receptacle. Fruic resembling a cone.
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
IM
1. LIRIODEN'DRON, L. Tulip-Tree.
L. Tulipif era, L. A large and stately tree, growing to
a great height in many parts of the western peninsula of
Ontario. Leaves large, truncate, or with a shallow notch
at the end. Flowers large, showy, solitary ; petals greenish-
yollow, marked with orange. Fruit a dry cone, which, at
maturity, separates into dry winged indehiscent carpels.
Order III. ANONA'CE-Sl. (Custard- Apple Family.)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate and entire leaves, and
solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3.
Petals 6, in two sets, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Car-
pels few or many, fleshy in fruit.
1. ASIM'I^A, Adans. North American Papaw.
A. tril'Dba, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Found only in
the Niagara Peninsula. A small tree, not unlike a young
beech in appearance, and forming thickets near Queenston
Heights. Flowers purple, appearing before the leaves; the
three outer petals much larger than the three inner ones.
Fruit 2 to 3 inches long, edible.
OiiDER IV. MFTISPERMA'CEiE. (Moonseed Family.)
Woody twiners, with peltate alternate leaves and small
dioecious flowers. Sepals and petals yellowish-white, usually
six of each, the petals in front of the sepals. Stamens
numerous. Fruit a drupe, in appearance something like
a small grape, with moon-shaped seeds.
1. niENISPEK'MVDI, L. MoONSEED.
M. Canadense, L, (Canadlvn Moonseed.) A twining
plant, found, though not abundantly, in low grounds in
rich woods. It may be pretty easily recognized by its
usually 7-angled thin leaves, which are peltate near the edge.
Fruit bluish-black.
Order V. BERBERIDA'CE^. (Barberry Family.)
Herbs (or shrubs), with alternate petiolate leaves. Sepals
and petals in fours, sixes, or eights (except in the genus
BERBERIDACEJE.
II
Podophyllum), with the petals in front of the sepals. Sta-
mens (except in Podophyllum) as many as the petals, one
before each. Anthers usually opening by a valve at the
top. Fruit berry-like, or a pod.
HynoptiiN of the 4>enera.
* Petals and stamens 6.
1. Ber'beriM. Shrub, with yellow wood and yellow flowers in droop-
iiif? racemes. Stamens irritable. Petals 6, obovate, concave,
each with two glandular spots inside at the base. Fruit a sour
berry, oblong, scarlet.
2. Caulopbyl'Ium. A purplish herb, flowering in early spring.
Petals thick, much shorter than the sepals. Leaves decompound.
* *Petals 6-9. Stamens 8-18.
3. Podoptayl'luin. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. Anthers not opening
by uplifting valves. Fruit a large berry. Leaves peltate.
4. JefTerso'iiia. Petals and stamens mostly 8. Anthers opening by
uplifting valves. Pod opening by a lid. Leaves divided in two.
1. BER'BERIS, L. BarBEBRY.
B. VUlga'ris, L. (Common Barberry.) Shrub. Leaves
on the fresh shoots of the season mostly reduced to branched
spines, from whose axils proceed the next year close clus-
ters of obovate-oblong, bristly-toothed leaves, with short,
jointed petioles, and many-flowered racemes. Sepals, petals
and stamens 6 each. Outside of sepals are 2-6 bractlets.
Petals yellow. Fruit an oblong, sour, scarlet berry. — Cul-
tivated grounds. •
2. CAIILOPHYL'LCM, Michz. BLUE COHOSH.
C. thalictPOi'des, Michx. (Blue Cohosh.) Plant 1-2
feet high, very glaucous and dull purple when young.
Flowers yellowish-green, in a terminal small raceme, ap-
pearing in spring before the decompound leaves are developed.
Sepals 6, with 3 little bractlets at their base. Petals 6, thick
and somewhat kidney-shaped, much smaller than the sepals.
Stamens 6, one before each petal. Ovary bursting soon
after the flowering, and leaving the two drupe-like seeds
naKcd on their rather thick stalks. Fruit bluish, ^ oi an
inch across. — Rich woods.
12
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. PODOPHYL'Ll'M, L. May Apple. Mandrake.
P. pelta'tum, L. stem about 1 foot high. Flowerless stems
with one large 7-9-lobed umbrella-like leaf, peltate in the
centre ; the flowering ones with two loaves, peltate near the
edge, the flower nodding from the fork. Sepals 6, caducous.
Petals 6-9, large and white. Stamens 12-18. Fruit large,
oval, yellowish, not poisonous. — Found in patches in rich
woods. The leaves and roots are poisonous.
5. JEFFERSO'NIA, Barton. Twin-leaf.
J. diphylla, Pers. A low plant, flowe 'ng in early spring ;
the solitary white flowers on naked scapes. Sepals 4, fuga-
cious. Petals 8. Stamens 8. Ovary pointed. Stigma
2-lobed. Pod pear-shaped, the top forming a lid. Leaves
radical, long-petioled ; the blades divided into two leaflets
with the outer margins lobed. — Woods, chiefly in the western
peninsula of Ontario.
\
Order VI. NYMPH.ff:A'CE.ff:. (Water-Lily Family.)
Aquatic herbs with cordate or peltate, usually floating,
leaves. Floating flowers on long immersed peduncles.
Petals and stamens generally numerous.
Synopsis of tbe Genera.
1. Brase'uia. Sepals and petals each 3 (occasionally 4), Jtamens
12-24. Leaves oval, peltate.
2. Nymptaw'a. Sepals 4-6. Petals numerous, white, imbricated in
many rows, f^radually passing into stamens, hypogynous, orepi-
gynous. Stamens epigynous. Stigmas radiating as in a Poppy-
head.
3. Hii'phar. Sepals 5-6, yellow. Petals many, small and stamen-
like. Stamens under the ovary.
1. BKASE'NIA, Schreber. WATER-SmELD.
B. pelta'ta, Pursh. stems and under surface of the
leaves coated with jelly. Leaves oval, two inches across,
peltate. Flowers small, purplish.— Pouds and slow-flowing
streams.
NYMPHiEACEiE, PAPAVERACE.E.
13
•i, KYMPHJE'A, Tourn. WATER- Lily.
1. N. Odora'ta, Ait. (Sweet - scented Water-Lily.)
Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the petiole, 5-9 inches
wide, often crimson underneath. Flower very sweet-scented.
Ponds and slow streams.
Var. minor, Sims, has much smaller leaves and flowers,
and the latter are often pink-tinted.
2. N. tubero'sa, Paine. (Tuber-bearing W.) Leaves
larger and more prominently ribbed than in No. 1, reni-
form-orbicular, green on both sides. Flower not at all, or
only slightly, sweet-scented. Root-stocks producing tubers,
which come off spontaneously.— Mostly in slow waters
opening into Lake Ontario.
3. NUPHAtt, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily.
1. N. ad'vena, Ait. (Common Y. P.) Leaves floating, or
emersed and erect, thickish, roundish or oblong, cordate.
Sepals 6. — Stagnant water. Var. minus is more slender,
and has smaller leaves and flowers. Probably a hybrid
between this and the next.
2. N. Kalmia'num, Ait. (Small Y. P.) {N. luteum, var.
pumilum, Gray.) Floating leaves usually not more than two
inches across, the sinus very narrow or closed ; the radical
ones very thin and with a wide obtuse sinus. Flowers hardly
an inch across. Sepals 5. — Northward, in slow waters.
Order VII. SARRACENIA'CEiE. (Pitcher-Plant F.)
Bog-plants, easily distinguished by their pitcher-shaped
leaves, all radical.
1. SARRACE'NIA, Tourn. Side-Saddle Flower.
S. purpu'rea, L. (Purple S. Huntsman's Cup.) Leaves
hollow, with a wing on one side, purple- veined, curved, with
the hood erect and open. Sepals 5, coloured, with 3 small
bractlets at the base. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, curved over
the centre of the flower, deep purple. Ovary 5-celled, glo-
bose, the short style expanding above into a 5-angled
umbrella, with a hooked stigma at each angle. Flowers on
naked scapes, nodding. — Bogs.
u
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
'•■ 1
Order VIII. PAPAVERA'CEiE. (Poppy Family.)
Herbs, with milky or coloured juice and alternate leaves
without stipules. Flowers polyandrous, hypogynous. Sepals
,2, caducous. Petals 4-12. Stamens numerous, anthers in-
trorse. Fruit a 1-celled pod (in Poppy imperfectly many-
celled), with numerous seeds.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Chelfdo'ninin. Juice yellow. Petals 4, crumpled in the bud,
yellow.
2. SauKuIna'rla. Juice red. Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud,
while.
3. Papa'ver. Juice milky. Petals mostly 4. Ovary imperfectly
many-celled. Stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown,
1. CHELIDO'KIIIIII, L. CELANDINE.
C. majUS, L. Petals 4, deciduous, crumpled in the bud.
Juice of the plant yellow. Flower-buds nodding. Flowers
small, yellow, in a kind of umbel. Fruit a smooth 1-celled
slender pod, from which the two valves fall away, leaving
the pariel.al placentas as a slender framework, with the
seeds attached. — Waste places.
2. SANGIJINA'RIA, Dill. Blood-root.
S. Canadensis, L. Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud.
Flower-buds not nodding. A stemless plant, with a thick
rhizome which emits a red Juice when cut, and sends up in
early spring a single rounded, 5-7-lobed, thickish leaf, and
a 1-flowered scape. Flowers white. — Bich woods.
3. PAPA'VER, Tourn. Popi'y.
1. P. SOmnif erum, L. (Common Poppy. ^ Smooth and
glaucous. Leaves clasping, wavy, cut-toothed. Pod globose.
Petals white or purple, the buds nodding.— Waste places
and old gardens.
2. P. RhOB'as, L. (Corn Poppy.) Sparingly hispid.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the lobes cut- toothed. Pod
globular, smooth. Corolla 2-4 inches in diameter, scarlet,
often with a dark centre.— Waste-heaps, Atl. Prov.
PUMARIACE^.
15
3. P. dubium, L. Smaller than the last, and the lobes
of the leaves narrower. Pod oblong, narrowed at the base.
Corolla a paler red. — Ballast-heaps, Atl, Prov.
%
Order IX. FUMARIA'CE^. (Fumitory Family.)
Smooth herbs, with brittle stems, watery juice, dissected
leaves, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, very small. Corolla
flattened and closed, of 4 petals, the two inner united by
their tips over the anthers of the 6 stamens. Stamens in
two sets of 3 each ; filaments often united ; the middle
anther of each set 2-celled, the others 1-celled. Fruit a
1-celled pod.
Synopsis of the Cieuera.
1. Adlu'iulii. Corolla 2-spurred. Petals all permanently united. Plant
climbing.
2. Dlceii'tra. Corolla 2-spurred. Petals slightly united, easily sepa-
rated. Not climbing.
3. Coryd'alis. Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a slender pod, many-seeded.
4. Fnina'rla. Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a globular l-seeded nutlet,
indehiscent.
1. ADLU'MIA, Raf. CLIMBING FuMrroRY.
A. CirrhO'Sa, Kaf. A smooth vine, climbing by the peti-
oles of its decompound leaves. Flowers in axillary pendu-
lous clusters, pale pink. — Low and shady grounds, and rocky
woods.
a. DICEN'TRA, Borkh. Dutchman's Breeches.
1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Leaves
all radical, multilid ; these and the slender scapes rising
from a bulb-like rhizome of coarse grains. Flowers several
in a raceme, whitish, spurs divergent, elongated, acute,
straight, — Rich woods.
2. D. Canadensis, DC. (Squirrel Corn.) Underground
shoots bearing small yellow tubers, something like grains
of corn. Leaves very much as in No. 1. Corolla merely
heart-shaped ; sjiurs ver?/ short and rounded. Flowers green-
ish-white, fragrant. —Rich woods.
16
COMMON CAXADIAN WILD PLANTS.
3. €ORYD'AlI8, Vent. Corydalis.
1. C. au'rea, Willd. (Golden Corvdalis.) Sterna low
and spreading. Leaves dissected. Flou-ers in simple racemes,
golden yellon\ the outer petals keeled, but not crested on the
back. Pods pendulous.— Rocky river-margins and burnt
woods.
2. C. flav'ula, DC. (Yello\vC.) Stems low and spread-
ing. Flowers pale yellow, the outer petals wing-crested on
the back ; crest 3-4-toothed.— South-western Ontario.
3. C. glauca, Pursh. (Pale Corydalis.) Stems upright,
1_4 feet high. Flowers in com pound racemes^ purplish tipped
with yellow. Pods erect. — Rocky woods.
4. FUMA'RIA, Tourn. FiiMlTORY.
F. Offlcina'lis, L. (Common Fumitory.) Corolla flesh-
coloured, tipped with crimson. Flowers small, in dense
racemes or spikes. — Waste placet! near dwellings.
Order X. CRUCIF'ER^. (Cress Family.)
Herbs with a pungent watery juice, alternate leaves with-
out stipules, and regular hypogynous flowers in racemes or
corymbs. Pedicels without bractlets. Sepals 4, deciduous.
Petals 4, forming a cross-sliaped corolla. Stamens 6, two
of them shorter. Fruit a silique or silicle. (See Chap. IV.,
Part I. for dissection of typical flower.) The genera are
distinguished by the pods and seeds, the flowers in all cases
being much alike. The seeds are exalbuminous, consisting
entirely of the embryo, which is folded up in a variety of
ways. The radicle may be bent so as to lie against the
edge of the cotyledons, and the seed wlien cut through cross-
wise shows this section : o© ; the cotyledons are then said
to \)Q accumhent. Or the radicle may be folded against the
hack of the cotyledon, showing this cross-section : '^^ , in
which case the cotyledons are said to be incumbent ; and if,
besides being incumbent, the cotyledons are doubled round
the radicle, thus : ^^ , they are then conduplicate.
9
1
CRUCIFERiE.
17
Synopsis of the Cieiiera.
* Pod dehiscent hy 2 valves^ usually viuch longer than broad.
1. Nastur'tiiini. Flowers white or yellow. Pod terete, oblong'-linear
or ellipsoid. Seeds in tivo rows in each cell, globular, without a
wing. Cotyledons accumbent.
2. Barburc'a. Flowers yellow. Pod somewhat 4-sided, the valves
strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in one roio in each cell. Cotyledons
accumbent.
3. Yeslca'riu. Flowers yellow. Plant densely hoary with stellate
hairs. Pods ovate or globose. Seeds flattened, in two roivs in
each cell. Cotyledons accumbent.
4. Denta'ria* Flowers white or pale purple. Pod lanceolate, flat.
Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem-leaves 2 or 3 in a
whorl ; stem naked below. Root-stock toothed or tuberous.
Cotyledons accumbent.
5. Carclani'liie. Flowers white or rose-coloured. Pod linear or lance-
olate, flat, the valves nerveless. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-
stalks. Stem leafy below. Cotyledons accumbent.
G. Ar'abls. Flowers white or whitish. Pod linear or elongated, flat-
tened, the valves usually with a distinct mid-rib. Stem leafy.
Cotyledons accumbent.
7. Erys'iiuHiii. Flowers yellow (or creamy). Pod linear, distinctly
4-sided. Stigma broadly 2-lobed. Pedicels of the pods diverging
from the stem. Leaves simple, not clasping. Pubescent with
appressed hairs. Cotyledons incumbent.
8. Slsyiii'briniii. Flowers yellow, small. Pods awl-shaped or 4-6-
sided, the valves 1-3-nerved, Stigma small. Cotyledons incum-
bent.
9. HeN'peris* Flowers large, purple. Pod terete, elongated. Stigma-
lobes narrow, erect. Cotyledons incumbent.
10. Bras'sica* Flowers yellow. Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete,
or l-sided, with a distinct beak extending beyond the end of the
valves. Seeds usually in one row. Cotyledons conduplicate.
11. Diplotax'ls. Sepals, petals, and stamens almost as in Brassica.
Pods slender, on slender spreading pedicels. Beak conical,
usually short. Seeds in two rows.
* * Pod dehiscent by 2 valves, comparatively short.
■*- Silicic compressed parallel tvith the broad partition or globular.
12. Draba. Flowers white. Pod flat ; seeds several or many, 2 rows
in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Low herbs.
13. Aly.s'Muiii. Flowers pale yellow or white. Pod orbicular, flat,
2-l-seeded.
14. Cainnrina. Flowers yellow. Pud pear-shaped, pointed; valve*
1-nerved. Cotyledons incumbent.
18
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
15. N<-M'lia. Flowers very much as in the last. Tod nearly glcbulai-^
hardly one-twelfth of an inch across, usually only 1-celled and
1-seeded, wrinkled, tipped with the slender style.
-t- -t-Silicle compressed contrary to the narroto partitioti.
16. Capst'I'Ia. Flowers white. Pod oboordate-triangular ', valves
boat-shaped, tcingless. Sejds mimerous. Cotyledons incumbent.
17. Tlila»«'|>i. Flowers white. Podobovateorobcordate,t«?en.<7e<i. Seeds
several. Cotyledons accunibent.
18. Lcpiiriiim. Flowers white or whitish. Pod roundish, very flat;
the valves boat-shaped and winged. Seeds solitary.
19. Seucbic'ni. Flowers greenish-white, very small. Pod 2-seeded,
the valves wrinkled and separating at maturity us 2 closed one-
seeded nutlets. Prostrate diffuse herbs, with a disagreeable char-
acteristic odour.
* * * Pod indehiscent, fleshy, jointed.
20. Cakl'le. Flowers purplish. Pod 2-jointed, fleshy. Leaves fleshy.
Cotyledons accumbent.
21. Baph'aiiim. Flowers yellow, turning whitish or purplish. Pod
elongated, several-seeded, mostly constricted between the seeds.
Cotyledons conduplicate.
1, NASTUR'TIiriM, R. Br. Watkr-Cress.
1. N. officinale, E,. Br. (Water-Cress.) Flowers white.
Stem spreading and rooting. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 8-11,
roundish or oblong, nearly entire. Pods oblong-linear. —
Ditches and streamlets.
2. N. palus'tre, DC (Marsh Cress.) Flowers yellow.
Stem erect. Leaves pinnately parted, the lobes cut-toothed.
Pods ovoid. — Wet places.
3. N. laeus'tre, Gray. (Lake Cress.) Flowers white.
An aquatic plant, with the submerged leaves finely dissected ;
the leaves out of the water oblong, and either entire, serrate,
or piunatifid. Pods ovoid, 1-celled.
4. N. Armora'eia, Fries. (Horseradish.) Has escaped
from gardens in many places. Flowers white. Eoot-leaves
very large, oblong, and generally crenate ; stem-leaves
lanceolate. Pods globular. Roots very large.
5. N. trachyear'pum, Gray. Flowers white. Stem
nearly ^^labrous, erect, branching. Leaves lyrate-pin-
natifid. Pods oblong-linear, somewhat roughened, soon
#
CRUCIFER.E.
19
recurved, shorter than the awl-shaped style. — N. W., iu
beds of pools and streams.
6. N. amphib'ium, R. Br. Flowers white. Stem tall,
erect, branching above, sparingly pubescent. Leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid, rough-pubescent, the lobes coarsely toothed.
Pods several times longer than the style, but much shorter
than the pedicels. — Wet places.
2. BARBARE'A, R. Br. Winter Cress.
B. VUlga'riS, R. Br. (Yellow Rocket.) Stem smooth,
1-3 feet high. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division
round and generally large, and 1-5 pairs of lateral ones (the
latter sometimes absent) ; upper leaves obovate, more or less
pinnatifid at the base. Pods linear, erect, or slightly
spreading. In var. stricta, a common form in the North-
West, the pods are appressed. — Low grounds.
3. YESICA'RIA, Lam. Bladder-pod.
V. Ludovieia'na, DC (Western Bladder-pod.) {Lesque-
rella Ludoviciana, Watson, var. arenoaa, Watson.) Stem
low^, simple, or somewhat branched above. Flowers large.
Radical leaves spathulate, entire ; stem-leaves linear. Pods
hairy, globose, rather longer than the style. — N. W.
4. DENTA'KIA, L. Toothwort. Pepper-root.
1. D. diphyl'l^, L. (Two-leaved T.) Flowers white.
Stem-leaves 2, nearly opposite, ternately divided. Root-stock
toothed, pleasantly pungent to the taste. — Rich woods.
2. D. laeinia'ta, Muhl. (LaciniateT.) Flowers purplish.
Stem-leaves 3, in a whorl. Root-stock jointed, scarcely
toothed. — Rich woods.
5. CARDAM'INi:, L. Bitter Cress.
1. C. rhombol'dea, DC. (Spring Cress.) Flowers white
or (in var. purpurea) rose-purple. Stem tuberous at the
base. Lower leaves round-cordate; upper nearly lance-
olate ; all somewhat angled or toothed. — Wet meadows.
2. C. pratensis, L. (Cuckoo-Flower. Ladies' Smock.)
Flowers white or rose-colour, showy. Stem from a short
I
20
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
root-.?tock. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 7-15, those of the lower
leaves rounded and stalked, entire or nearly so. — Bogs.
3. C. hirsu'ta, L. (Small Bitter Cress.) Tlowers white,
small. Eoot fibrous. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11, the
terminal leaflets largest. Pods erect, slender. — Wet places.
6. AK'ABIS, L. Rock Cress.
* Seeds in one row in each cell, nearly as hroad as the partition.
1. A. lyra'ta, L. (Low B.) Flcv/ers white, petals twice
as long as the calyx. Stem branching from the base. Radi-
cal leaves clustered, pinnatifid, the terminal lobe largest ;
stem-leaves scattered, linear, with tapering base. Pods
slender, erect, and spreading. — Kocky or sandy shores.
2. A. hirsu'ta, Scop. (Hairy R.) Flowers greenish-
white, small, petals slightly longer than the calyx. Stem-
leaves many, rough, sagittate ; often a dense rosette at the
base of the stem. Pods erect, straight. Stems 1-2 feet high,
2 or 3 from the same root. — Rocky shores and dry plains.
. A. Iseviga'ta, DC. (Smooth R.) Flowers white, ~ather
small. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed,
sagittate, clasping. Pods long and narrow, recurved-spread-
ing. Stem glaucous, 1-2 feet high. — Dry hill-sides. Easily
recognized by the pods.
4. A. Canadensis, L. (Sickle-pod.) Flowers whitish,
with linear petals, about twice the length of the calyx.
Stem-leaves pointed at both ends, downy, the lower ones
toothed. Pods 2-3 inches long, scythe-shaped, hanging.
Stem 2 3 feet high. A striking plant v/hen the pods are
fully formed. — Dry woods and ravines.
5. A. petrSB'a, Lam. Petals rose-colour or whitish. Pods
shorter and less flat than A. lyrata. Leaves spathulate
or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed. — Rocks ; reported
from New Brunswick.
* * Seeds in two distinct rows in each cell, narrower than the partition.
6. A. perfolia'ta, Lam. (Tower Mustard). Flowers
yellow' h-white. Petals scarcely longer than the calyx.
CRUCIFER^.
21
M-
Stem 2-4 feet high, glaucous. C.auline leaves ovate-lance-
olate or oblong, clasping with sagittate base. Pods long
and very narrow, on erect pedicels. — Meadows and old fields.
Pretty easily recognized by its strict habit.
7. A. COnfi'niS, Watson. {A. Drummondii, Gray.) Flow-
ers white or rose-colour. Petals twice as long as the
calyx. Stem 1-2 feet high, smooth above, Cauline leaves
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with sagittate base ; lowest
leaves spathulate and toothed. Pods long and flat; the
pedicels not so strictly erect as in the last species. — Rocky
banks of streams.
8. A. HolbCBl'lii, Hornem. Petals white or rose-colour,
occasionally purplish, becoming reflexed, twice as long as
the sepals. Stem 6-24 inches high, usually simple, more or
less hairy. Lowest leaves small, spathulate, somewhat
toothed, with margined petioles; upper sessile, sagittate,
linear-lanceolate. Pods reflexed. Style none. — N. W.
7. ERYS'IMIJM, L. Treacle Mustard.
1. E. cheirantllol'des, L. (Worm-seed Mustard.) Flow-
ers yellow, inconspicuous. Stem slender, branching. Leaves
lanceolate, scarcely toothed, roughish with appressed pubes-
cence. Pods small and short, on slender diverging pedicels.
— Waste wet places.
2. E. as'perum, DC. (Prairie Rocket.) Flowers «/totoy,
bright orange-yellow, rarely purple. Stem stout, 1-2 feet
high, simple, hoary, with minute appressed hairs. Leaves
oblanceolate. Pods long, ascending on stout spreading pedi-
cels.— Dry soil, N. W.
3. E. parviflO'PUm, Nutt. Stem low and simple, hoary.
Leaves all linear, densely clustered at the base of the stem.
Flowers small, sulphur-yellow. Pods long, narrow, ascend-
ing, on short pedicels. — N> W.
4. E. orienta'le, R.Br, stem slender and branching,
1-2 feet high. Leaves grayish-green, oblong to oval, slightly
clasping ; radical ones spathulate. Flowers pale yellow or
oream-ooloured, small. — N. W. and Atl. Prov.
22
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
8. slSYM'BRIvm, L. Hedge Mustard.
i. S. Offleina'le, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Flowers yel-
low, small. Leaves runcinate. Stem 1-2 feet high, with
spreading branches. Podn awl-shaped, dose pressed to the
stem. — A very common roadside weed.
■ 2. S. canes'cens, Nutt. (Tansy-Mustard.) Flowers yel-
lowish, very small. Leaves twice pinnatifid, hoary with
short branching hairs, the divisions toothed. Pods acute at
each end, shorter than the slender spreading pedicels. —
N. W.
3. S. Soph'ia, L. Hoary. Leaves dissected into very
numerous small leaflets. Pods very slender, about an inch
long, ascending. — Scarce.
4. S. Sinapistrum, Crantz. Tall, branching. Loosely
pubescent below, smooth above. Leaves deeply pinnatifid,
the lobes narrowly linear. Pods very long (3-4 inches) and
slender, spreading. — An introduced weed which has now
become a pest in the North- West. '
5. S. inei'sum, Engelm., var. Hartwegria'num, Watson,
has pinnate leaves, the leaflets narrowly oblong and toothed.
Pods only one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, in a
crowded raceme. — N.W.
9. HES'PEKIS, Tourn. Rocket.
H. matrona'lis, L. (Garden Eocket.) Tall, leaves lance-
olate, acuminate, serrate, usually petiolate. Flowers large,
purple. Pods 2-4 inches long, spreading. — Waste places.
10. BRA8'SI€A, Tourn. Cabbage, Mustard, Etc.
1. B. Sinapis'trum, Bois. (Charlock.) Flowers bright
yellow. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, it and the leaves
hairy. — Too common in our grain fields.
2. B. ni'gra. (Black Mustard.) Flowers sulphur-yel-
low. Stem 3-6 feet high, round, smooth and branchino-.
Lower leaves lyrate. — Fields and waste places.
2. B. earapes'triS, L. stem tall and erect, it and the
leaves smooth. Lower leaves ovate or elliptical, coarsely
t1
t
CRUCIFER^.
23
rht
rel-
bhe
3iy
toothed, on long petioles; upper ones narrow and sessile.
Pods an inch long or nioro, on ascending pedicels; beak
about J the length of the pod. —A common weed in Mani-
toba.
11. DIFLOTAXI^, DC.
1. D. mura'lis, i)C Branching from near the base.
Smooth or sparingly hispid. Leaves oblanceolato, shallowly
and bluntly toothed or pinuatifid. Petals pale ycHow.
Pods over an inch long, on slender spreading pedicels half
as long as the pods. Valves 1-nerved. — Ballast-heaps,
Atl. Prov.
2. D. tenuifo'lia, DC. Like the last, but the leaves are
deeply sinuate- pinnatifid^ with narrow lobes. Pedicels of
the pods over an inch long. — Ballast-heaps, Atl. Prov.
13. DRABA, DC. WmiLOW-GRASS.
1. D. inea'-na, L. Hoary - pubescent. Flowers white.
Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate to ovate, entire or spa-
ringly toothed. Pods oblong to lanceolate, usually straight^
on short erect pedicels. Style short or none. — Dry rocks.
Var. arab'isans, Watson, has the pod glabrous, twisted,
and tipped with a distinct style. — Rocks.
2. D. nemoro'sa, L. A small slender plant with leaves
about ^ of an inch long. Flowers white. Leaves oblong,
or somewhat lanceolate, hairy, sessile, serrate. Racemes
elongated. Pods elliptical-oblong, half as long as the wide-
spreading pedicels, pubescent or smooth. Style none. —
N.W.
3. D. Carolinia'na, Walt. Flowers white. Seem 1-5
inches high. Leaves obovate, entire. Raceme very short.
Pods broadly linear, smooth, longer than the ascending
pedicels. Style none. — Rocks ; Southern Ontario.
13. ALlfS'SUM, Tourn. Alyssum.
A. calyci'num, L. A dwarf hoary annual, with linear-
spathulate leaves. Calyx persistent. Pod 4-seeded, sharp-
edged. — Rather rare ; abundant at Queenston Heights.
% :.
24
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
14. €41MEL'INA, Crantz. False Flax.
C. sati'va, Crantz. (Common F. Flax.) Flowers yellow-
ish. Stem 1-2 feet high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves
lanceolate, sagittate. Pods pear-shaped, large, margined ;
style slender. — In flax fields.
15. NESLIA, L. Ball Mustard.
N. panieula'ta, Desv. Flowers yellow, in small pan-
icles.— A troublesome weed in Manitoba.
16. CAPSEL'LA, Vent. Shepherd's Purse,
C. Bursa-paStO'riS, Moench. Flowers small, white. Eoot-
leaves clustered, pinnatifid ; stem-leaves clasping, sagittate.
— A very common weed.
17. THLASPI, Tourn. Fknnycress.
T. arvense, L. (Field Pennycress. French Weed.) A
low smooth plant, with undivided radical leaves, and stem-
leaves sagittate and clasping. Pods half an inch broad,
deeply notched at the top. — Waste places : common N.W.
18. LEPID'IVIII, L. Peppergrass.
1. L. Virgin'icum, L. (Wild P.) Flowers small; petals
present, white. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, the
upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower toothed or
pinnatifid, tapering towards the base. Pods marginless or
nearly so, oval or orbicular. — Railways and roadsides.
2. L. interme'dium, Gray. Distinguished from No. 1 by
having the cotyledons incumbent instead of accumbent, and
the pods minutely winged at the top. — Dry sandy fields.
3. L. rudera'le, L. Petals always absent. More branched
than the preceding.
4. L. campestre, L. Well distinguished from other spe-
cies by its sagittate, clasping leaves. Pods ovate, winged.
— Rather rare.
5. L. sati'vum, L., has leaves variously divided and cut,
with numerous roundish winged pods, and flowers white or
rose-coloured. — Escaped from cultivation in some places.
6. L. Draba, L. An obscurely hoary perennial. Upper
leaves auricled, lower sessile, oblong. Pods heart-shaped,
the style conspicuous. — Abundant about Clifton, Ont.
■4
OAPPARIDACEiE.
25
19. 8EKEBI£'RA, DC. WaRT-CrH88. SWINE CreSS.
1. S. did'yma, Pors. Pods notched at the apex. — Atl. Prov.
2. S. COrono'puS, DC. Pods not notched.— Atl. Prov.
ao. €AKI'LE, Tourn, Sea-Rocket.
C. America'na, Nutt. TAmerican S.) Flowers purplish.
Leaves obovate, fleshy, wavy-toothed. Pod fleshy, 2-jointed.
— Seashore, and borders of the Great Lakes.
21. RAPH'ANE'S, Toiirn. Radish.
R. Raphanis'trum, L. (Wild Radish.) Pods linear or
oblong, tapering, indehiscent, long-beaked, necklace-form
when ripe. Style long. Cotyledons conduplicate. Leaves
rough, lyrate. Petals yellow, veiny, turning whitish or
purplish. — An introduced weed ; chiefly eastward.
jed.
Order XT. CAPPARIDA'CE^. Caper Family.
Herbs (in Canada), with an acrid watery juice, and alter-
nate palmately compound leaves. Flowers cruciform. Sta-
mens 8 or more. Pod like that of a crucifer, but only 1-celled,
Synopsis of the Ciencra.
1. Polaiiis'la. Stamens 8 or more. PoA sessile or nearly so.
2. Cleo'uie. Stamens (). FoA long-stalked.
I. FOLAWIS'IA, Raf. POLANISIA.
1. P. grave' olens, E,af. A strong-scented herb, with a vis-
cid hairy stem. Leaflets 3. Flowers in terminal racemes.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, yellowish-white, narrowed below into
long claws. Stamens 8-12, exserted. Pod glandular-pubes-
cent, 2 inches long, linear, with a very short stalk. — Shore
of Lake Ontario, Hamilton to Niagara.
2. P. traehysper'ma, Torr. and Gray, lias larger flowers
and strongly exserted stamens, and a sessile pod. — N.W.
2. CLEO'ME, L.
C. integrifO'lia, Torr. and Gray. Stem 2-3 feet high,
glabrous. Flowers showy, rose-coloured or white, in leafy-
bracted racemes. Leaves of 3 lanceolate or oblong leaflets.
Stipe of the pod as long as the pedicel of the flower. — Dry
clay soil; N.W.
26
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Order XII. VIOLA'CEiE. (Violet Family.)
Herbs, with alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers irregular,
the lower of the 5 petals being spurred. Sepals 5, persis-
tent. Stamens 5, the anthers more or less coherent, and
surrounding the pistil. Fruit a 1-celled pod, splitting into
3 valves. Seeds in three rows on the walls of the ovary.
Synopsis of (he Genera.
1. Vl'ola. Sepals aurieled at the baae. Lower petal distinctly
spurred. Stamens only slightly, If at all, coherent ; the 2 lower
ones spurred.
'i. §o'lea> Sepals 7iot aurieled. Lower petal saccate at the base. Sta-
mens completely united and sheathing the ovary. Plant 1-2 feet
high.
1. YI'OL4, L. Violet.
* Stemless Violets ; leaves and scapes all from root-stocks.
-t- Flowers white.
1. V. blanda, Willd. (Sweet White V.) Lower petal
streaked with purple. Leaves round-heart-shaped or reni-
form. Petals beardless. Flower sweet-scented. — Swamps
and wet meadows, in spring.
Var. renifo'lia, Gray, has leaves much larger and more
imbescent than those of the preceding. — Dry cedar swamps,
and ravines in rich woods.
2. V. lanceola'ta, L. (Lance-leaved V.) Flowers
white. Petals beardless. Leaves lanceolate, erect, tapering
into a long, margined petiole, neafly entire. — Damp ground,
mostly eastward.
3. V. primulsefo'lia, L. (Primrose-leaved V.) Flowers
white, lateral petals usually somewhat bearded. Leaves
ovate or oblong, heart-shaped, or abrupt at the base.— Damp
or dry ground ; Atl. Prov.
•*-■*- Flowers blue or purple.
4. V. peda'ta,L. (Bird-foot V.) Nearly smooth. Eoot-
stock short, thick and erect. Leaves all deeply cut into 3-5
segments, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted. Flower about
an inch across ; stigma large and not beaked. — N W.
VIOLACE^.
27
5. V. pedatifida, G. Don. Very much like the last, but
the flowers are smaller and of a deeper blue, and the stigma
is beaked. — Prairies, N. W.
6. V. Selkirk' ii, Pursh. (Great-spurred V.) A small
and delicate plant, distinguished by the slender root-stock,
and the very large spur, thickened at the end. The pale
violet petals also are beardless. — Damp, shady places.
7. V. palustris, L. (Marsh V.) Very similar in foliage,
etc., to No. 1, but the flowers are pale lilac, and the root-
stock is jointed. — Wet swamps amongst moss.
8. V. palma'ta, L. (Common Blue V.) Leaves on very
long petioles, cordate or reniform, the sides folded inwards
when young, the later ones variously lohed or parted. Lateral
petals bearded. Spur short and thick — Low grounds every-
where.
Var. CUCUlla'ta, Gray, has the later leaves merely cre-
nate.
9. V. odora'ta, L. (English Sweet V.) has escaped from
gardens in some places. Flowers very fragrant.
10. V. sagltta'ta, Ait. (Arrow-leaved V.) Smoothish.
Leaves cordate, halberd-shaped, or sagittate, slightly
toothed, the first ones on short and margined oetioles. Side-
petals bearded. — Dry hill-sides and old pastures.
-t- -t- -^ Flowers yellow.
11. V. rotundifo'lia, Michx. (Round-leaved V.) Leaves
round-ovate, cordate, repand-crenulate, about an inch wide
at flowering, increasing later to 3 or 4 inches, and then flat
on the ground, shining above. Lateral petals bearded and
marked with brown lines. Spur very short. — Cold woods,
chiefly eastward.
* * Leafy -stemmed Violets.
■*- Flowers yellow.
12. V. pubes'cens, Ait. (Downy Yellow V.) Plant
downy, 6-12 inches high. Leaves broadly cordate, coarsely
serrate ; stipules large, entire. Lower petals veined with
purple. Spur very short. — Bich woods.
a-'
^8
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Var seabriuscula, Torr. and Gray, is smaller, and less
pubescent, often nearly smooth.
13. V. Nuttal'lii, Pursh. Low, densely pubescent, or
sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong-ovate or oblong;
obtuse, entire or obscurely sinuate, decurrent on the petiole;
stipules mostly narrow, entire. — Dry soil, N.W.
-t--^ Flowers not yelloio.
14. V. Canadensis, L. (Canada v.) Tall, ofter. a foot
high. Leaves large, cordate, serrate, pointed. Petals white
inside, purplish outside. Spur very short. — Flowering all
summer.
15. V. cani'na, L., var. sylvestris, Kegel. (Dog V.)
Low, spreading by runner:^- Leaves broadly cordate or
reniform, ivith f ringed-toothed stipules. Spur cylindrical,
half as long us the petals, which are pale purple. — Wet
places.
Var. lon'gipes, Watson, of the N. W. plains, has ovate
leaves, obscurely crenate. Spur as long as the sepals, stout,
obtuse, and nearly straight.
16. V. stria' ta, Ait. (PaleV.) Stem '^ti ovular, 6-10 inches
high. Leaves cordate, finely serrate ; stipules fringed-
toothed. Spur thickish, much shorter thp,n the cream-
coloured or white petals. — Low grounds.
17. V. rostra'ta, Pursh. (Long-spurred V.) Distin-
guished at once by its extremely long straight spur. Petals
violet-coloured.
18. V. tri color, L., var. arvensis, DC. TPansy.^ Stip-
ules large, leaf-like and I grate- pinnatifid. Stem angled and
branched. Loaves roundish. Petals variable in colour,
about as long as the sepals. — Dr\' soil.
1*. $0 LEA. Spreng , in part. Grken Violet.
S. con ' color, Gin 2r. A homely herb with oblong entire
leaves pointed at each end, and 1-3 small greenish-Avhite
iinwors in the axil-^. on slmrt recurved pedicels. Pod an inch
long.— Rare; Niagara Eiver and the banks of the Thames.
ClSTACEiE.
29
all
Order XIII. CISTA'CEiE. (Rock-rose Family.)
Herbs or low shrubs, with simple entire leaves and regular
polyandrous flowers. Calyx persistent, usually of 3 large
and 2 smaller sepals. Petals 5 or 3, convolute in the bud.
Stamens 3-20. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds on 3 parietal
projections.
SynopslH of the Cieueru.
1. HeUan'tlieniam. Petals 5, fugacious. Style none.
2. Hadso'nla* Petals 5, fugacious. Style long and slender.
3. Lecli'ea* Petals .'!, persistent. Style none.
1. HELlASi'THEMVIM, Tourn. RocK-RoSK.
H. Canadense, Michx. (Frost- weed.) Flowers of two
sorts, some solitary, with large yellow corolla and many
stamens, the petals lasting but one day after the flower
opens ; others small, clustered in the axils of the leaves,
and apetalous. Leaves lanceolate, downy beneath. — Sandy
places.
2, HIIDSO'NIA, L. HunsoNlA.
1. H. tomento'sa, Nutt. (Downy H.) Hoary. Leaves
oval or narrowly oblong, short, close-pressed, or imbricated.
Flowers small, sessile, yellow, very numerous. — A little heath-
like shrub, on the shores of the Great Lakes and the Biver
St. Lawrence.
2. H. erieoi'des, L. Downy, hnt greenish. Leaves sleis*
der, awl-shaped. Flov/ers on slender naked stalks. — Dry soii
Atl. coast.
.3. LECH'EA, L. Pinweed.
1. L. minor, Lam. (Smaller P.) Flowers inconspicuous,
puxplish, loosely racemose, on distinct pedicels. Stem
slender, rough witlx appressed scattered hairs, producing
radical shoots. Leaves scattered, linear. Pods the size of a
pin's head. — Dry soil.
2. L. major, Michx. Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, very
leafy, villous with spreadiufj hairs, j^roducing prostr^'te
})raiiches at the base. Leaves elliptical, mucronate. Flowers
denselji crowded, on very short pedicels, — Dry soil, B. W.
Ontario.
30
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Order XIV. DROSERAXE^. (Sundew Family.)
Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted
radical leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers borne on a
naked scape. Sepals, petals, and stamens, 5 each ; anthers
turned outwards. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted. Pod 1-celled,
3-valved. The only genus with us is
DROS'ERA, L. SuNDEW.
1. D. rotundifo'Iia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew.) Flowers
small, white, in a 1-sided raceme. Leaves orbicular, ab-
ruptly narrowed into the hairy petiole, clothed with reddish
glandular hairs. — Bogs.
2. D. longifo'lia, L. (Longer-leaved S.) has oblong-
spathulate leaves gradually narrowed into erect naked
petioles. — Bogs ; not common.
Order XV. HYPERICA'CE^. (St. John's-wort F.)
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves^ and no
stipules. Flowers regular, hypogynous, mostly yellow.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens mostly
numerous, and usually in 3 or more clusters. Styles 8-5,
sometimes united. Pod 1-5-celled. Seeds numerous.
Synopsis of the €enera.
1. Hyper'Icuni. Petals 5, unequal-sided^ convolute in the hvA, yellow,
2. Klo'des. Petals 5, equal-sided, Imbricated in the bud, purplish.
1. HYPER'ICUM, L. St. John's- wort.
* Pod S-celled. Styles 3, separate. Petals with black dots.
1. H. perf era' turn, L. (Common St. John's-wort.) Stem
much branched, producing runners at the base, slightly 2-
edged. Leaves linear-oblong, with transparent dots, easily
observed by holding the leaf up to the light. Petals deep
yellow. Flowers in open leafy cymes.— Fields.
2. H. COrymbo'sum, Muhl. (CorymbedS.) {H. macula-
turn, Walt.) Stem rounded, not so branching as No. 1.
Leaves with both black and transparent dots^ oblong, somewhat
4
HYPERICACE.?5.
31
i
clasping. Flowers small, pale yellow, crowded, corj/mdfia.'^
Damp woods and wet places generally.
**Pod 5-celled. Styles more or less united. Stamens very many, in 6
clusters, if clustered at all.
3. H. pyramida'tum, Ait. (Great St. John's-wort.)
Stem 3-5 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, somewhat
clasping. Flowers very large, the petals about an inch long,
and narrowly ohovate. Stamens showy. Pod conical,
large. — Along streams ; not common.
4. H. Kalmia'num, L. (Kalm's S.) Shrubby, a foot or
more in height ; leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded, revolute
on the margins, thickly punctate, and sessile. Flowers
about 1 inch across, in clusters. — Niagara Falls and west-
ward.
* * * Pod i-celled, purple.
5. H. ellip'tieum, Hook. (Ellipti. \l-leaved S.) Stem
about 1 foot high , not branched. Leaves spreading, elliptical-
oblong, obtuse, thin. Flowers rather few, showy, in a nearly
naked cyme. Pod purple, ovoid, obtuse. Petals pale yel-
low.— Banks of streams, eastward.
6. H. mu'tilum, L. (Small S.) Stem slender, branching
above, hardly a foot high. Leaves 5-nerved. Cymes leafy
at the base. Flowers small, not ^ of an inch across. — ^Low
grounds.
7. H. Canadense, L. (Canada S.} Stem upright, 6-15
inches high, with branches erect. Leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, 3-nerved at tlio base, the upper ones acute, sessile.
Cymes naked. Pod miich longer than the calyx. Flowers
small, deep yellow. — Wet, sandy places.
2. ELO'DE8. Adans. Maksii St. John's- WORT.
E. Virgcin'iea, Nutt. {E. campanulata, Pursh.) Stem
smooth. Loaves oblong or oval, clasping, often pui -veined,
obtuse, conspicuously dotted beneath. Flowers flesh-
coloured, in the axils, and at the summit of the stem. The
whole })lant is of a purplish hue. — Marshes.
m
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Order XVI. CARYOPHYLLA'CE^. (Pink Family.)
Herbs with opposite (occasionally whorled) and entire
ieaves, the stems swollen at the Joints. Flowers regular, with
the parts mostly in fives, occasionally in fours. Stamens
not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles 2-5,
sti^matic along the inner side. Pod usually 1-celled, with
the seeds attached to the base, or to a column which rises
from the centre of the cell. (Part I., Fig. 194,)
Synopsis of the Genera*
* Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals and stauens borne on the
stalk of the ovary ; petals with long narrow claws.
1. Sapona'rla. Calyx cylindrical or 5-angled. Styles 2.
2. Sile'uc. Calyx 6-toothed. Styles 3.
3. tych'nls. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 5.
* * Sepals separate to the base or nearly so. Petals without claws, they
and the stamens inserted at the bane of the sessile ovary.
Loiv herbs.
t- Stipules none.
4. Arena'ria. Petals not cleft at the apex. Styles usually 3. Pod
splitting into 3 or 6 valves.
5. Stella'ria. Petals 2-eleft at the apex. Pod splitting to the base into
twice as many valves as there are styles. Styles generally 3.
B. Ceran'ttHni. Petals 2-cleft, or notched. Styles 5. Pod opening at
the apex by 10 teetli.
7. Satsl'ua. Petals 4 or fi, entire. Stamens as many or twice as many.
Styles 4 or ."i. I'od 1-5-valved.
•+- -t- Stipules present.
8. Bii«la. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved, short. Leaves filiform or linear,
opposite.
9. Sper'Kiila. Styles 5. Valvesof the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves
thread-like, whorled.
1. HAPONARIA. L. SoAi'WORT.
1. S. Oflftcina'lis, L. (Bouncino Bet.) A stout perennial,
with rose-coloured or pinkish flowers clustered in corymbs.
Leaves 8-5-ribbed, the lower ovato, upper lanceolate. Pod
raised on a short stalk. Styles 2.— Old gardens and road-
sides.
2. S. vacca'ria, L. (Common Cow- herb.) Annual, gla-
brous. Flowers pale rod. in corymbed cymes. Calyx 6-
angled, wing-angled in fruit.— Waste places.
CARYOPHYLLACEiE.
33
8. SIIiE'NE, L. Catchfly, Campion.
1. S. infla'ta, Smith. (Bladder Campion.) {S. Cucubalus,
Wibel.) Pale or glaucous, very smooth. Stem erect, a foot
high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Calyx much inflated^ pur-
ple-veined. Stamens and styles exserted. — Not common
westward.
2. S. antirrhi'na, L. (Sleepy C.) Stem slender, simple
or slightly branching above, a portion of the upper inter-
nodes sticky. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers small,
pink or purplish, opening only for a short time in sunshine.
Calyx ovoid, shining. — Dry soil.
3. S. noctiflo'ra, L. (Night-flowering Catchfly.) Stems
very sticky^ pubescent. Lower leaves spathulate, upper
lanceolate. Flowers few, peduncled. Calyx- tube with awl-
shaped teeth. Petals white or whitish, 2-parted. Opening
only at night or in cloudy weather. — A very common weed
in cultivated grounds.
4. S. Arme'ria, L. (Sweet- William Catchfly.) Glau-
cous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flowers pink, in fiat cymes.
Calyx club-shaped. — Escaped from gardens in some places.
5. S. Virgin'ica, L. (Fire Pink.) Occurs in south-
western Ontario, and may be recognized by its crimson petals^
and bell-shaped calyx, nodding in fruit.
6. S. aeau'lis, L. (Moss Campion.) A very small tufted
moss-like perennial, 1-2 inches high, with linear crowded
leaves. Petals purple or rarely white. — Atl. Prov.
3. LVCH'NIS, Tourn. Cockle.
1. L. Githa'gro, Lam. (Corn Cockle.) Plant clothed
with long soft appressed hairs. Calyx-lobes extremely long,
very much like the upper leaves, surpassing the purple petals.
— Wheat-fields.
2. L. vesperti'na, Sibth. (Evening L.) Viscid- pubescent.
Flowers commonly dioecious, white or pinkish, opening at
evening. — Waste grounds in a few localities.
3. L. diurna, sibth., resembles the last, but has red
flowers, opening in the morning. — Rare.
t"s
34
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
4. ARENA' III A, L. SANDWORT.
1. A. serpyllifo'lia, L. (ThyxMe - leaved S.) Much
branched, 2-6 inches high, roughish-pubescent. Leaves
small, ovate, acute. Petals white, hardly as long as the
sepals. Sepals pointed, 3-5-nerved. Pod pointed, 6- toothed,
— Sandy fields.
2. A. stricta, Michx. {A. MichauxU, Hook., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Stem erect, or diffusely spreading from a small
root. Leaves awl shaped or bristle-form, the upper one?
reduced to 1-nerved bracts, crowded in the axils. Cyme
diffuse, many- flowered. Sepals pointed, 3-ribbed, half as
long as the white petals. — Rocky fields.
3. A. lateriflo'ra, L. Stem erect, slender, minutely
pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, ^-1 inch long. Peduncles
usually three-flowered. Sepals obtuse. Petals white, large,
twice as long as the s-pals. Flower ^ of an inch across
when fully expanded. — Gravelly shores.
4. A. GrCBnlan'diea, Spreng., is densely tufted, with fjoft
filiform-linear leaves. Flowering stems erect, smooth, 2-4
inches high, few-flowered. Sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless.
— Atl. sea-coast.
5. A. peploi'des, L., with very fleshy stems and leaves, the
latter somewhat clasping, occurs eastward towards the sea-
coast.
5. STELLA' Kl A, L. CmcKWKED. Starwort.
1. S. media, Smith. (Common Chickweed.) Stems
branching, decumbent, soft and brittle, marked lengthwise
with one or two pubescent lines. Lower leaves on hairy-
petioles, ovate. Flowers small, white. Petals shorter than
the sepals. — Extremely common in damp grounds and old
gardens.
2. S. longifo'lia, Muhl. (Long -leaved Stitchwort.)
Stems branching, very weak and brittle, supporting them-
selves on other plants. Leaves linear. Pedicels of the
flowers long, slender, and spreading, reflexed. Petals white,
longer than the 3-nerved sepals. — Low grassy banks of
streams.
1 1
CARYOPHYLLACEiE.
35
3. S. lon'gipes, Goldie. (Long - STALKED Stitchwort.)
Leaves somewhat rigid, ascending, lanceolate, acute,
broadest at the base. Cyme terminal, few-flowered, the
long pedicels erect, scaly-bracted. Petals longer than the
sepals. Seeds smooth.
4. S. gramin'ea, L. Like the last, but the leaves broadest
above the base, the pedicels widely spreading, and the seeds
strongly but finely rugose. (Int. from Eu.)
5. S. uligrino'sa, Murr. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, de-
cumbent or diffuse. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny.
Petals and ripe pods as long as the sepals. Seeds roughened.
Cymes naked, becoming lateral. — Swamps and rills, eastward.
6. S. erassifo'lia, Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, weak.
Leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate to oblong, those of flowering
branches smaller and thinner. Petals longer than sepals or
wanting. Seeds r gose-roughened. Flowers terminal or in
the forks of stem, or branches. — Wet places.
7. S. borea'lis, Bigelow. (Northern S.) Stem erect or
spreading, w^eak, forking. Leaves broadly-lanceolate to
ovate-oblong. Petals 2-5, shorter than the sepals or want-
ing. Cyme leafy. Seeds smooth. — Wet places.
8. S. humifu'sa, Eottb. Low, spreading or creeping.
Leaves^es^2/> ovar.e or oblong. Pedicels axillary or terminal,
on leafy stems or branches. Petals a little longer than the
sepals. Seeds smooth. — Atl. Prov.
'¥
6. CERAS'TIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
1. C. viseo'SUm, L. (Larger M.) Stem ascending, hairy
and somewhat clammy. Leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse.
Flowers in close clusters. Pedicels not longer than the
sepals. Petals shorter than the calyx. — Not common, some-
times confounded with No. 2.
2. C. VUlga'tum, L. (Common M.) Stems hairy, viscid,
spreading. Leaves lanceolate-oblong , rather acute. Flowers
in loose cymes. Pedicels longer than the sepals. Petals
equalling the calyx. — Fields and copses ; common.
1
• ! 'if
■ ,1,1!'
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
8. C. arven'se, L. (Field Chickweed.) Stem decumbent
at the base, pubescent, slender, 4-8 inches high. Leaves
linear, or linear-lanceolate, often fa acid edin the axils ^ longer
than the lower internodes. Petals obcordate, more than
twice as long as the calyx. Pod scarcely longer than the
calyx. Cyme few-flowered.
Var. Oblongifolium, Holl. and Britt. Taller, pubescent.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Pod twice as long as
the calyx. — S. W. Ontario.
4. C. iiu'tans, Eaf. Stems very clammy-pubescent and
branching diffusely. The loose and open cymes many-
flowered. Leaves lance-oblong. Pods nodding on the stalks^
curved upwards t thrice the length of the calyx. — In place?
where water lies in spring.
T. SAGI'NA, L. Pearlwort.
1. S. procum'bens, L. (Pearlwort.) A low, matted
herb with narrowly linear leaves. Flowers small, terminal,
with their parts in fours, rarely in fives. Petals shorter than
the ovate, obtuse sejmls, or none. Pod many-seeded, 4-5-
valved Top of peduncle often bent into a hook, — Damp
places, Atl. Prov.
2. S. nodo'sa, Fenzl. A low, tufted herb. Lower leaves
thread-form ; the upper short, awl-shaped, ivith clusters of
minute ones in their axils. Parts of flower in fives, the
stamens sometimes ten. Petals much ^longer than sepals.
Flowers terminal. Pods as in S. procumbens. — Wet sandy
shores, Atl. Prov.
8. BUOA, Adans. Sand-Spurrey.
1. B. ru'bra, Dumort. {Spergula'ria ru'bra, Presl.)
Leaves linear, flat, hardly fleshy. Stipules lanceolate.
Stems usually glandular-pubescent near the summit. Calyjs
rather longer than the pink-red corolla, and small pod.
Seeds rough with projecting points. — Dry sandy ground
Atl. Prov.
2. B. mari'na, Dumort. {Spergularia sali'na, Presl.;
More fleshy than B. rubra-, usually pubescent. Stipules
I
PORTULAOACEiE.
a7
ovate. Leaves terete. Sepals a little shorter than the pod.
Petals pale. Seeds usually roughened with points. — Sea-
coast, Atl. Prov.
3. B. borea'lis, Watson. {Spergularia me'dia, Presl.)
Much branched, glabrous. Petals white. Pod about twice
as long as the sepals, nearly or quite smooth. — Sea-coast,
and N. W.
9. SPER'GIJLA, L. Spuruey.
S. arven'sis, L. (Corn Spurrey.) An annual herb re-
sembling a Buda, with numerous thread-like leaves in
whorls. Flowers white in panicled cymes. Pod 5-valved.
— Grain fields, Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.)
Order XVII. PORTULACA'CE^. (Purslane F.)
Herbs with fleshy entire exstipulate leaves, and regular
hypogynous or perigynous flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 5.
Stamens 5-20. Styles 3-8, united below. Pod 1-celled, few
or many-seeded.
Synopsis of tbe Genera.
1. Portula'ca. Stamens 8-20. Pod opening by a lid (Fig. 207, Part I.),
many-seeded.
2. Clay to' Ilia. Stamens 5. Pod 3-valved, 3-6-seeded.
3. JWon'tia. Stamens usually .S. Petals 5, three of them somewhat
smaller. Pod 3-valved and 3-seeded.
1. PORTULA'CA, Tourn. PURSLANE.
P. Olera'cea, L. (Common Purslane.) A low fleshy herb,
very smooth, with obovate or wedge-shaped leaves. Calyx
2-cleft, the sepals keeled. Petals yellow, fugacious. — A
common pest in gardens.
8. CLA¥TO'XIA, L. Spring-Beauty.
1. C. Virgin' iea, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-6 inches
long.
2. C. Carolinia'na, Michx. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong, tapering at the base. In both species the corolla is
rose-coloured, with dark veins. The stem springs from a
small tuber and bears two opposite leaves and a loose raceme
of flowers. — Eich woods in early spring.
1
38
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
3. MOX'TIA, L.
M. fonta'na, L. A small, spreading, somewhat fleshy
herb, with opposite, spathulate leaves. Sepals 2. Petals 5,
three of them soiiewhat smaller. Stamens usuolly 3, borne
on the claws of the smaller petals. Pod 3-valved and 3-
soeded. — Wet places, Atl. Prov.
Order XVIII. MALVA'CE^. (Mallow Family.)
Herbs, with palmately-veined alterzxato stipulate leaves.
Flowers regular. Calyx valvate. Corolla convolute in the
bud. Sepals 5, united at the base, Petals 5, hypogynous.
Stamens numerous, monadelphous, hypogynous : anthers 1-
celled. Carpels united in a ring, separating after ripening.
Seeds kidney-shaped.
Synoi)»(l!« of the Geuera.
1. Mulva. Carpels without beaks, l-seeded. A circle of 3 bractletg ait
the base of the calyx. Stigmas occupying the inner face of the
style.
2. MalvaM'truni. Carpel « without beaks, l-seeded. Involucel of 3
bractlets, or none. Stigvias terminal, capitate. Low hoary herbs.
3. Abu'tilon. Carpels 2-beaked, 1-6-seeded. No circle of bractlets.
4. Hibis'cus. Column of stamens naked and 5-touthed at the apex.
Pod .')-celled, many-seeded. Involucel of many bractlets.
1. MALYA, L. Mallow.
1. M. rotundifo'lia, L, (Round-leaved Mallow.) Stems
several, procumbent, from a stout tap-root. Leaves long-
petioled, round-heart-shaped, crenate, crenately - lobed.
Petals obcordate, whitish, streaked with purple, twice as
long as the sepals. — Waysides and cultivated fields.
2. M. sylves'tris, L. (High M.) Stem erect, 2 feet high.
Leaves sharply 5-7 -lobed. Petals purple, 3 times as long as
the sepals. — Near dwellings.
3. M. erls'pa, L. (Curled M.) A tall erect annual, with
round and angled toothed and crisped leaves, and small
sessile flowers crowded in the axils. — Escaped from old
gardens.
4. M. moscha'ta, L. (Musk M.) Stem erect, 1 foot high.
Stem leaves 5-parted^ the divisions cleft. Flowers large and
TILIACEiE.
hancisome, rose-coloured or white, on short peduncles,
crowded on the stem and branches in the upper axils. —
Roadsides near gardens.
2. MALVAS'TKlllM, Gray. False Mallow.
M. COecin'eum, Gray. (Prairie Mallow.) A low hoary
perennial, with rose-pink flowers in spikes or racemes.
Leaves 5-parted or pedate. Petals much larger than the
sepals. — N. W.
3. ABIJ'TILON, Tourn. Indian MALLOW.
A, Avicen'nSB, Gsertn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Stem 2-5 feet
high, branching. Leaves velvety, round-cordate, long-
pointed. (Jorolla yellow. — Near gardens ; not common.
4. HIBIS'CIIS, L. Rose-Mallow.
1. H. Moseheu'tOS, L. (Swamp Rose-Mallow.) A tall
perennial, with very large and showy pink or white flowers,
in late summer. Calyx not inflated. Leaves ovate, pointed,
toothed ; the lower 3-lobed, all white-downy beneath. — S.W.
Ontario, in marshes.
2. H. Trio'num, L. (Bladder Ketmia.) A low hairy
annual. Calyx inflated in fruit, and 5-winged. Corolla
sulphur-yellow, with dark centre.— Escaped from gardens.
m
Order XIX. TILIA'CE^flE. (Linden Family.)
Trees with fibrous bark, soft and white wood, and heart-
shaped and serrate leaves, with deciduous stipules. Flowers
in small cymes hanging on an axillary peduncle, to which
is attached a leaf-like bract. Sepals deciduous. The only
Canadian genus is
TILIA, L. Basswood. Whitewood.
1. T. America' na, L. (Basswood.) A fine tree, in rich
woods. Flowers yellow or cream-coloured, very fragrant.
Leaves smooth and green on both sides, obliquely cordate or
truncate at the base, sharply serrate. Sepals 5. Petals 5.
Fruit a globular nut, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded
'1^
?.M
\ ';■,
\ "
40
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
th
2. T. EuropSB'a, L. The European Linden is planted as
a shade tree in some places. It is easily distinguished by
the absence of petal-like scales among the stamens^ which are
present in the native Linden.
Order XX. LINAGES. i^Flax Family.)
Herbs Avith entire exstipulate leaves (but sometimes with
glands in place of stipules), and regular hypogynous flowers.
Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles, 5 each. Filaments
united at ti.e base. Pod 10-celled, 10-seeded. Our only
genus is
LINIJM, L. Flax.
1. L. Vir^nia'num, L. (Virginia F.) Flowers yellow,
sviall (I of an inch long), scattered. Stem erect, it and the
spreading branches terete. Leaves lanceolate and acute,
the lower obtuse and opposite. No glands, styles distinct. —
Dry soil.
2. L. Stria'tum, Walt., has the branches wing-angled,
broader leaves and more crowded flowers than No. 1. The
whole plant is stouter, — Shores of the Great Lakes.
3. L. SUlca'tum, Riddell, has yellow flowers twice as large
as the preceding, wing-angled branches, and a pair of dark
glands in place of stipules. Sepals strongly 3-nerved, with
rough bristly margins. Styles united to the middle. — Dry
soil, rare.
4. L. rig'idum, Pursh. Glaucous. Flowers yellow, large.
Sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate. Branches rigid,
angled. Stipular glands usually present. Styles united. —
N.W.
5. L. peren'ne, L., var. Lewisii, Eat. and Wright.
Flowers blue, on long peduncles. Perennial, glabrous and
glaucous, leaves linear, acute. Styles distinct. Pod ovate.
—N.W.
6. L. USitatiS'Simum, L. (Common F.) Annual. Flowers
blue, the sepals ciliate. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceoiate,
acute, 3- veined. — Cultivated grounds.
GERANIACE^.
41
„■,'
Order XXI. GERANIAXE^. (Geranium Family.)
Herbs (often strong-scented) with symmetrical flowers,
having the parts in fives or threes, the filaments usually
united at the base, and glands on the receptacle alternate
with the petals. Stigmas 5 or 3. Carpels 5 or 3, each 1-2-
ovuled, they and the lower part of the styles attached to an
axis which rises from the receptacle. In the fruit the styles
split away from the axis, carrying the carpels with them.
Syuopiiilii of the Ciciiern.
1. Cieraiiiiiiii. Stamens 10, all with anthers.
2. Ero'diuiii. Stamens with anthers, only 5.
3. Flcerk'ea. Stamens 6. Sepals, petals, ami ovaries 3.
1. CiERANirM, L. CRANEsniLL.
1. G. maeula'tum, L. (Wild C.) Perennial. Stem erect,
hairy, about a foot high. Leaves 5-7-parted, the wedge-
shaped divisions lobed and cut. Flowers purple, an inch
across. Petals entire, bearded on the claw, much longer than
the long-pointed sepals. — Open woods and fields.
2. G. inci'SUm, Nutt. Perennial. Villous and glandular-
pubescent. Leaves 5-7-cIeft nearly to the base, the lobes cut
into narrow divisions. Petals deep purple. — N. W.
3. G. Carolinia'num, L. (Carolina C.) Not perennial.
Stem usually decumbent, hairy. Sepals aion-pointed^ as
long as the notched rose-coloured petals. — Waste places.
4. G. Robertia'num, L. (Herb Egbert.) Not perennial.
Stems reddish, spreading, pubescent; branches weak.
Leaves 3-divided, or pedately 5-divided, the divisions twice
pinnatifid. Sepals awned, shorter than the reddish-purple
petals. Plant with a very strong odour.— Shaded ravines
and moist woods.
4. G. pusil'lum, L. (Small-flowered C.) Not perennial.
Stem procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent. Leaves
rounded, kidney-shaped, deeply 5-7-cleft, the divisions
wedge-shaped. Sepals awnless, about the same length as the
purplish petals. — Waste places.
I »
,'ii
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42
COMMON CANADIAX WILD PLANTS.
!il ;
't
I
2. EBO'DIIJN, L'Her. Storksbill.
E. eleuta'rium, L'Her. Stem low and spreading, hairy.
Leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, pinnatifid. Peduncles
several-flowered. Styles when they separate from the beak
bearded on the inside. — Not common.
3. FL<ERK'EA, Willd. False Mermaid.
F. proserpinaeoi'des, Willd. A low tender annual with
very small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves
alternate, pinnate, of 3-5 lanceolate leaflets. — Marshes and
river-banks.
Order XXIL OXALIDA'CE^. ^Wood-Sorrel F.)
Low herbs with an acid juice and alternate compound
leaves, the 3 leaflets obcordate and drooping in the evening.
Flowers very much the same in structure as in the preced-
ing Order, but the fruit is a 5-celled pod, each cell opening
in the middle of the back (loculicidal), and the valvos per-
sistent. Styles 5, separate. The only genus is
OX'4LI>S, L. WOOD-SOHREL.
1. 0. AcetOSeVla, L. (White Wood-Sorrel.) Scape 1-
flowered. Petals ivhite, with reddish veins, — Cold woods.
2. 0. eornicula'ta, L. (Yellow W.) Annual, or peren-
nial by running undergrotnid shoots. Stipules present.
Peduncles 2-G-flowered, longer than the leaves. Petals
yellow. Pod elongated, erect in fruit. — Rare.
Var. Strieta, Sav. (0. stricta, L.), is less pubescent, has
an ereob stem, and is without stipules. — Coriimon
Order XXIII. BALSAMINA'CEiE. (Balsam Family.)
Smooth herbs, Avith succulent stems and simple exstipu-
late leaves. Flower^ invgular, the sepals and petals
coloured alike, one of the coloured sepals spurred, the spur
with a tail. Stamens 5, c herent above. Pod bursting
elastically, and discharging its seeds with considerable force.
The only {jcnus is
EUTACEiE, ANACARDIACEiE.
iniPA'TIENSf L. Touch-me-not. Jewel-weed.
t. I. fulva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers
crange-coloured, spotted with reddish brown. Sac longer than
broad, conical, tapering into a long recurved spur. — Cedar
swamps and along streams.
2. I. pal'lida, Nutt. (Pale T.) Flowers pale yellow, spar-
ingly dotted with brown. Sac dilated, broader than long,
ending in a short spur. — Wet placei^.
Order XXIV. RUTA'CE^. (Eue Family.)
Shrubs, with compound transparently -dotted leaves, and
an acrid taste. Flowers (with us) dioecious or polygamous,
appearing before the leavjs. Stamens hypogynous, as
many as the petals.
Synopi^is of the Genera*
Flowers dioecious. Ovaries separate, forming pods.
1. Xanthox'ylnm
Leaflets more than 3.
2. Ptel'ea* Flowers polygamous
Leaflets 3.
Fruit a samara, winged all round.
1. XANTIIOX'YLIIM, L. PRICKLY ASH.
X. America' num, Mill. (Northern Prickly Ash.
Toothache Tree.) A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green
flowers in dense umbels in the axils. Sepals obsolete or
none. Petals 5. Stamens in the sterile flowers 5. Carpels
8-5, forming fleshy 1-2-seeded pods. Fruit very pungent
and aromatic. Leaves pinnate, 4-5 pairs, with an odd one
at the end. — Forming thickets in low grounds along streams.
a. PTE'IiEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree.
P. trifolia'ta, L. A tall shrub with greenish-white
small polygamous flowers in compound terminal cymes.
Sepals 3-5. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2.
Fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded samara, winged all round.
Leaves of 3 ovate pointed leaflets. — S. W. Ontario.
Order XXV. ANACARDIA'CE^. (C askew Family.)
Trees or shrubs, with a milky or resinous juice, and
alternate leaves without dots or stipules. Sepals, petals and
L; ;■(.■;!;'
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44
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
stamens, each 5. Fruit a 1-seeded drupelet. The petals
and stamens inserted under the edge of a disk which sur-
rounds the base of the ovary. The only genus is
BHVS, L. Sumach.
1. R. typh'ina, L. (Staghoen Sumach.) A small tree,
10-30 feet high, with densely soft-hairy branches and stalks.
Flowers greenish-white, polygamous, forming a terminal
thyrse. Fruit globular, covered with crimson hairs. Leaves
pinnate, leaflets 11-31, oblong, lanceolate, serrate, pointed.
— Dry hill-sides.
2. R. glabra, L., (Smooth S.) is smooth, and seldom ex-
ceeds 5 feet in height.
3. R. Toxieoden'dron, L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.)
Shrub about a foot high, smooth, often climbing by rootlets.
Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets rhombic-ovate, notched irregu-
larly. Flowers polygamous, in slender axillary panicles.
Plant poisonous to the touch. Var. radi'cans, L., has the
leaves entire^ and climbs high.
4. R. venena'ta, DC. (Poison Elder.) A. tall shrub,
smooth or nearly so. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 7-13,
obovate-oblong, entire. Greenish- white flowers as in No. 3.
— Swamps.
5. R. Canadensis, Marsh. (Fragrant S.) {R. aromat-
ica, Ait.) A shrub 2-3 feet high, or more, with 3-foliolate
leaves, sweet-scented when crushed, and catkin-like spikes
il pale yellow flowers appearing before the leaves. — Dry
rocky banks. Var. triloba' ta, with small leaflets and an
unpleasant odour, is rather common in the North- West.
Order XXVI. VITA CE^. (Vine Family.)
Shrubs climbing by tendrils, with small greenish flowers
in jjanicled clusters opposite the leaves. Stamens as many
a? the petals and opposite them. Calyx minute. Petals 4
or 5, hy]iogyiious or perigynous, very deciduous. Fruit a
berry, 1-4-seeded. Leaves palmately-veined, or comi^ound.
RHAMNACEiE.
46
Syuopsls of Ihe Genera.
1. Titix. Leaves simple, heart-shaped, and variously lohed.
2. Aiupelop'sls. Leaves compound-digitate, of 5 serrate leaflets.
1. YITIS, Touru. Grape.
1. C. sestiva'lis, Michx. (Northern Fox-Grape.) Leaves
and branches woolly. Berries large, dark purple or amber-
coloured. — Moist thickets.
2. C. COrdifO'lia, Michx. (Frost Grape.) Leaves smooth
or nearly so, bright green on both sides, heart-shaped,
sharply serrate. Berries small, blue or black. Var. ripa'ria,
Michx., has broader cut-lobed leaves. — Banks of streams.
2. illllPELOP'SIS, Michx. Virginia Creeper.
A. quinquefo'lia, Michx. A common woody vine in low
grounds. Leaves digitate, of 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets.
Tendrils with sucker-like disks at the end, by which they
cling to walls, trunks of trees, etc. Fruit a small black
berry.
Order XXVII. RHAMNA'CEiE. (Buckthorn Family.)
Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular
pei'igynous greenish or whitish flowers. Stamens opposite
the petals, and with them inserted on the margin of a fleshy
disk which lines the calyx-tube. Fruit a berry-like drupe,
or a pod.
§yuopHls of tCic Genera*
1 . llbaut'nn,s. Petals minute, or none. Drupe berry-like. Calyx and
disk free from the ovary.
2. f^enno'thiis. Petals white, long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, dehis-
cent. Calyx and disk adherent to the base of the ovary.
1. RPAM'XUS, Tourn. Buckthorn.
R. alnifo'lia, L'Her. A low erect shrub, not thorny,
with oval, acute, serrate leaves, and apetalous flowers.
Fruit a 3-seeded berry. — Swamps.
2. €EAXO'TIH S, L. New Jersey Tea.
1. C. America' nUS, L. A shrubby plant with downy
branches, and ovate, 8-ribbed, serrate leaves. Flowers in
wnite clusters at the summit of the naked flower-bvanohes.
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Sepals and petals white, the latter hoodod, and with slender
claws. Pedicels aUo white.— Dry hill-sides.
2. C. OVa'tUS, Desf. [C. ovalis, Bigel.), has the leaves nar-
rowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely serrate, and gla-
brous or nearly so. The flowers, also, are larger than in
No. 1. — South-western Ontario. . <
Order XXVIII. CELASTRA'CEiE. (Staff-tree F.)
Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, alternate or opposite,
and small regular flowers, the sepals and petals both imbri-
cated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the petals,
and inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx.
Pods orange or crimson Avhen ripe.
Mynop.sis or the <i;i'iioi'a.
1. Enon'yniii.s. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or f), united at the base.
iuul I'ormiiig a ,flut calyx. Branchlets 4-si(led ', leaves opposite.
Flowers axillary.
2. CelaN'triiM. Flowers polygamous. Petals and stamens 5. Calyx
cup-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes.
1. KrON'¥MUS, Tourn. Spindle-tree.
1. E. America'nus, L., var. obOVatUS, Torr. and Gray.
(Strawberry Bush.) A low, rather straggling shrub, with
short-petioled or sessile leaves, the latter ovate or obovate,
pointed. Flowers greenish, with the parts generally in
fives. Pods rough-wart<j/, depressed, crimson when ripe. —
Wooded river-banks and low grounds.
2. E. atropurpu'reus, Jacq., (Burning Bush) occurs at
Toronto and westward in Ontario, and may be distinguished
from No. 1 by its greater size (4-8 feet high) its long j^Holed
leaves, purplish flowers, and smooth pods.
2. i'ELAi^'TRlj'S, L. Staff TREE.
C. SCandens, L. (Wax-work. Climbino Bitter-sweet.)
A twining smooth shrub, with oblong-ovato, serrate, pointed
leaves. Flowers small, greenish, in terminal racemes.
Pods orange-coloured. These burst in autumn and display
a scarlet pulpy aril, presenting a higlily ornamental appear-
ance.— TAvining over bushes on river-banks and in thickets.
SAPINDACEiE.
47
ender
OkderXXIX. SAPINDA'CEiE. (Soapberry Family.)
Trees or shrubs, with compound or lobed leaves, and
usually unsymmeMcal and often irregular flowers. Sepals
and petals 4-5, both imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10,
inserted on a fleshy disk which fills the bottom of the calyx-
tube. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell.
Synopsis of the <;euera.
1. Stapliyle'a. Mowers perfect. Lobes of the coloured calyx, the
petals, and the stamens, each 5. Fntit a 3-celled, 3-lobed, inflated
pod. Leaves pinnately compound.
2. Acer.. Flowers polygamoxis. Leaves simple, variously lobed, op-
posiite. Calyx coloured, usually n-lobed. Petals none, or as many
as the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Fruit two l-n^ried samaras joined
together, at length separating.
3. NegniL'do. Flowers dicecious. Leaves pinnate, of .3 or 5 leaflets.
Fruit a double samara, as in Acer.
1. STAPHYLE'A, L. Bladder-Nct.
S. trifo'lia, L. (American Bladder-Nut.) Shrub, 4-6
feet high. Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. Flowers white, in
drooping racemes, at the ends of the branchlets. — Thickets
and hill-sides.
3. ACER, Tourn. Maple.
1. A. Pennsylvan'ieum, L. (Striped ^Iaple.) a small
tree, 10-20 feet high, with light-green bark striped with
dark lines. Leaves S-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply
doubly-serrate, the lobes taper-pointed. Flowers greenish,
in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves. Samaras
large, with divergent wings. — Rich woods.
2. A. spica'tum, Lam. (Moitxtain Maple.) A shrub or
small tree, 4-8 feet high, growing in clumps in low grounds.
Leaves 3-lobod, coarsely serrate, tlie lobes taper-pointed.
Flowers greenish, appearing after the leaves, in dense up-
right racemes. Fruit with small widely-diverging wings.
8. A. sacchari'num, Wang. {A. naccharum, Marsliall,)
(Sur.AR Mapi-e.) a fine tree, with 3-5-lobod leaves, breadth
and hmgth the same, dull above, a paler green underneath,
the rather narrow ainusen rounded^ and the lobes sparingly
1 * M
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48
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
I' I
sinuate-toothed^ the petioles imthovt stipules. Flowers green-
ish-yellow, drooping on slender hairy pedicels^ appearing at
the saine time as the leaves. Calyx fringed on the margin..
Var. barbatum, Michx., has rather glossy leaves, mostly
hroadcr than long, 3-lobed, with very open rounded sinuses,
and no stipules. Var. nigrum, Torr. and firay, may be
distinguished from the ordinary form by its paler and more
pubescent leaves, the petioles with adnata foliaceo us stipules.
— Rich woods.
4. A. dasyear'pum, Ehrhart. {A. saccharinum L.)
(Whitj; or Silver M.) Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the sinuses
rather acute, silvery-wliite underneath, the divisions nar-
row, sharjiU'- toothed. Flowers in erect clusters, greenish-
yellow, appearing much before the leaves ; petals none.
Samara very large, ivoolly icheu young. River-banks and
low grounds.
5. A. ru'brum, L. (RedM.) Le i.es 3-5- lobed. the sin uses
acute. Floorers red^ appearing much before the leaves.
Petals linear-ohlong. Samara small and smooth^ on drooping
pedicels. A smaller tree than No. 4, with reddish twigs,
and turning bright crimson in the autumn. — Swamps.
2. .>IE(i;|':M'BO, Moench. Asii-lkavkd Mai'LE. Box-Eldku.
N. aceroi'des, M(jench. Calyx minute, 4-5-cleft. Petals
none. Staminate flowers in rather dense clusters on slender
pedicels, the pistillate ones in drooping racemes. Wings of
the samaras incurved. — N. W., common. Also, Don valley
near Toronto, and planted as a shade-tree.
Order XXX. POLYGALA CE^. (Milkwort Family.)
Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypo-
gynous flowers. Stamens 6 or 8. monadeli)hous or diadelph-
ous, the anthers 1-celled, and opening at the top by a pore.
Pod 2-celled and 2-seedod. flattened contrary to the partition.
The only genus with us is
l»OLV<;'.iL.i, Touni. Milk-wokt.
Sepals 5, the upper one and the two lower ones small and
LEGUMINOSiE.
49
often greenish, the 2 lateral ones (called wings) larger and
coloured like petals. Petals 3, connected with each other
and with the tube of filaments, the lower one keel-ahaped,
and usually fringed or crested at the top. Style prolonged
and curved.
1. P. vertieilla'ta, L. Flowers small, greenish- white, in
slender spikes. Stems 4-8 inches high, much branched.
Stem-leaves linear, 4-5 in a whorl, the upper ones scattered.
— Dry soil.
2. P. Sen'ega, L. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Flowers green-
ish white, in a solitary cylindrical close spike. Stems
several, from a hard knotty rootstock, 6-12 inches high.
Leaves lanceolate, with rough margins, 'alternate. — Dry
hill-sides and thickets.
3. P. polyg'ama, Walt. Flowers rose-purple, showy,
fringed, in a many-flowered raceme. Stems 5-8 inches
high, tufted and very leafy, the leaves linear-oblong or
oblanceolate. Whitish fertile flowers on underground
runners. — Dry soil.
4. P. paucifo'lia, Willd. (Fringed P.) Flowers rose-
purple' very showy, fringed, only 1-3 in number. Stems 1-4
inches high, from long underground runners, which also
bear concealed fertile flowers. Leaves ovate, crowded at the
top of stem. — Dry woods.
5. P. sanguin'ea, L. Flowers usually bright red-purple,
but sometimes pale. Corolla inconspicuously crested.
Flowers in dense globular heads, at length oblong. True
petals mostly shorter than the wing^, the latter broadly
ovate, closely sessile. Stem leafy to the top ; leaves oblong-
linear. — Sandy and moist places.
Order XXXI. LEGUMINO'SiE. (Pulse Family.)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, mostly with compound alternate
stipulate leaves, and papilionaceous corollas. (For descrip-
tion of a typical flower, see Part I. , cap. v.) Stamens usually
10 (rarely 5), monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Fruit
a legume.
.; :(;'
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50
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
SyiiopMis of the Cieiicrii.
* Flowers panilionacemis . Sta mens monadelphous or diadelphous.
•*- Not climbing or twininp. Pod not jointed.
1. Lupl'iiua. Leaves palmatelii-compoiind. leaflets 7-9. Flowers in
lennin;il racemes. Stamens monadelphous.
2. Ti'ifo'Iliiiii. Leaves of 3 leaflets. Flowers in heads. Stamens
diadelphous.
3. Modica'go. Leaves pinnate, of ;} leaflets. Flowers in axillary spikes
or raeemes. Pod curved 'V coiled Sti mens diadelphous.
4. iU( lilo'tu!^* Leaves pinii: . < . .eaflets, the leaflets toothed.
Flowers in slender axillas ;. i ' • "■.v^s. Pod wrinkled, 1-2-seeded.
Stamens diadelphous.
f). HoMnvk'ia. Leaves pinnate, of 1-3 i, ts, stiptdes gland-like.,
minute. Flowers yellow, often turning Xk^ilfWsh, solitary on axil-
lai'y peduncles hearing each a leafyhract. Pod linear, several-
.seeded, partitioned hetween the seeds.— N. Wi only.
0. lloliiii'ia. Trees. Leaveaodd-piimate,<<ften with spines for stipules,
and the leaflets with small stipules. Flowers in hanging axillary
racemes. Pod marginedon one edge. Stamens diadelphous.
7. AMtrag'aluH. Leaves odd-pinna,te, leaflets numerous. Flowers in
dense axillary spikes. Corolla long and narrow, the "keel not
tipped with a sharp point. Pod turgid, one or both sidures (see
Part I., section 217) projecting into the cell., thus partially or
loholly dividing the cavity. Stamens diadelphous.
8. OxyfropLs. Low perennials witii very sliort tufted stems from a
hard rootstock, covered with scaly stipules. Flowers nearly as in
Astragalus, but the keel is tipped with a sharp appendage.
Peduncles scape-like.
9. Glycyrrlil'za. Leaves odd - pinnate, glandular -viscid. Flowers
whitisli, in axillary spikes, like those of Astragalus. Root long,
perennial, sweet. Pods few-seeded, clothed with rough glands or
short hooked jjrickles.—'S . W. chiefly.
10. Topliro'sla. Hoary perennials. Stem simple. Flowers yellowish-
white marked with purple, in a terminal dense ohlong raceme.
Wings coherent with tlie keel. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded.
11. P.4ora'l«a. Leaves palmate, of 3-5 leaflets. Stamens diadelphous
(sometimes monadelphous). Flowers spiked or racemed, mostly
hluish, sometimes white. Pod as long as the calyx, l-seeded.
Calyx, pods, &c., usually glaiuhdar-dotted.—^.W. only.
12. Amor'plia. Leaves odd-pinnate, of many leaflets, gland idar-dotted.
Corolla of one petal only, the standard, enfolding the stamens and
style. Flowers violet or purple, in dense terminal spikes.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base only, distinct above.—
N. W. only.
20.
21.
22.
LEGUMINOSiE.
51
ua.
16
17
18,
13. PctaloHte'moii. Leaves odd-pinnate, crowded, gland.tdar-dotted .
Flowers small, In dense terminal heads or spikes. Corolla hardly
papilionaceous, titamens only 5. Petals on thread-like claws, 4
of them on the tube of filaments, the fifth on the bottom of the
calyx. Podl-2-seeded.— N.W. only.
-t- t- Climbing by tendrils at the ends of the leaves.
14. Ytcla. Leaves abruptly piiniate, the leaf stalk prolan <ied into a ten-
dril. Flowers axillary. Style Jiiif or m, hairy at the apex. Pod
2-several-seeded. Stamens diadelphous.
Ih. Latli'yrus. Leaves as in Vicia. Style Jtattish^ flattened above,
and hairy down the side opposite the free stamen. Stamens
diadelphous.
-»- -t- 1- Ttoining herbs.
A'plo.s. A twining herb, leaves 2)innate, of 5-7 leaflets. Keel of the
flower slender and coiled inward. Flowers brown-purple, in
dense racemes. Stamens diadelphous.
Slropho^ty'les. A tioining herb. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets.
Keel long, strongly Incurved. Standard recurved-spreading.
Style bearded along the upper side. Pod terete. Seeds oblong-,
pubescent. Stamens diadelphous.
Aniphicnrpie'a. Alow and slender twiner, the stem clothed with
brownish hairs. Leaves pinnate, of 8 leaflets. Flowers polyg ^-
ous. those of the upper racemes perfect, those near the base fertue,
with the corolla inconspicuous or none. Stamens diadelphous.
■^ .^ t~ ■*- Pods transversely jointed, the joints reticulated.
19. Dc!4iuo'dtuin. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Calyx 2-lipped.
Flowers purple or purplish, in axillary or terminal racemes.
Pod flat, the lower margin deeply lobed, thus making the pod
jointed, roughened with hooked hairs, causing the pods to adhere
to the clothing, etc. Stamens diadelphous.
20. Hedys'aruDi. Leaves pinnate, of numerous leaflets. Calyx5-cleft.
Pod flat, several-jointed, the joints roundish, reticulated, not
rough. Flowers purple, deflexed, In racemes. Stamens dia-
delphous.
21. Le^pede'za. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Calyx 5- cleft. Pod flat,
oval or vo\x\\A\^\\, occasionally 2-jointed. but only 1-seeded. Flowers
sometimes polygamous. Stamens diadelphous.
* * Flowers papilionaceous. Stamens all separate.
BaptiH'ia. Leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets. Flowers yellow. Stamens
all separate. The keel-petals nearly separate. Racemes termin-
ating the bushy branches. Pods inflated.
Tlicrniop'slH. Leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets, and with broad leaf-
like stipules. Stamens all separate. Flowers yellow. Pod flat.,
linear, curverf.— N.W. only.
22
23
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52
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
* * * Flowers not papilinnaceous ; polygammis. Trees.
24. 4«lo<llt'i4rliin. Thorny trees, with abruptly once- or twice-pinnate
leaves. Flowers j^reenisli, inconspicuous, in small spikes.
Stamens separate, 3-iO.
25. «;yinno(*/ladii8. Not thorny. Large trees with doubly pinnate
leaves, the leaflets vertical. Pod very long and broad. Stamens
10. Petals on the summit of the long calyx-tube, whitish.
1. HiPI'Nrs, Tourn. Lupine.
1. L. peren'nis, L. (Wild Lupine.) Stem erect, some-
what hair3^ Leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate. Calyx deeply
2-lip])ecl. Pods hairy. — Sandy soil.
2. L. argen'teus, Pursh., var. argophyl'lUS, Watson,
.)ccurs in the far west. The petals are blue or cream-
iioloured, and the calyx is decidedly spurred at the base.
Plant hoary-pubescent. ■ '
3. L. King"ii, Watson (L. pusillus, Pursh.), is also a
N.W. species. Seeds only 2 or 3. Plant low, villous with
white soft hairs. Racemes short, few-flowered, on long
slender peduncles.
2. TKIFO'LIIIM, L. CLOVER. TREFOIL.
1. T. arvense, L. (Eabbit-foot or Stone Clover.) Stem
erect, 4-12 inches high, branching. Heads of whitish
flowers oblong, very silky and soft. Calyx- teeth fringed
with long silky hairs. — Dry fields.
2. T. pratense, L. (Eed C.^ stems and leaves some-
what hairy, the latter marked with a pale spot on the upper
side. Flowers purplish, in dense sessile heads. — Pastures.
3. T. medium, L. (ZmzAa C.) Like the last, but
smoother, and the leaves without the pale spot. Heads
mostly stalked. — Atl. Prov.
4. T. repens, L. (White C.) Smooth, creeping. Heads
of white flowers rather loose. — Fields everywhere.
5. T. hy'bridum, L. (Alsike C.) Resembles the last, but
the flowers are rose-tinted, and the stems erecf, or ascending.
6. T. reflexum, L. (Buffalo C.) Only in south-western
Ontario, in the neighbourhood of the Detroit river. Heads
wl
lo]
LEGUMINOSvE.
S3
large, dn naked peduncles; standard rose-red, wings and
keel whitish. Flowers reflexed when old.
7. T. agrarium, L. (Yellow or Hop-C.) Flowers yellow,
reflexed when old. Leaflets obovate-oblong, all 3 from the
same point. Stem 6-12 inches high. — Sandy fields.
8. T. proeumbens, L. (Low Hop-C.) Flowers yellow,
reflexed when old. Leaflets loedge-obovate, the lateral ones
at a short distance from the terminal one. Stem smaller
than in No. 6, spreading. — Sandy fields.
3. MEDICA'CO, L. Mkdick.
1. M. lupuli'na, L. (Black Medick.) ^tem procumhent,
downy. Leaflets obovate, toothed at the apex. Flowers
yellow. Pods kidney-shaped. — Waste pjaces.
2. M. sati'va, L., (Lucerne) is upright, has purple
flowers in a long raceme, and spirally-twisted pods. — Culti-
vated fields.
3. M. macula'ta, Willd. (Spotted M.) Spreading or
procumbent. Leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot. Ped-
uncles 3-5-flowered. Pods compactly spiral, furrowed on the
thick edge, bristly. — Atl. sea-coast.
4. M. denticula'ta, Willd. Pods loosely spiral, deeply
reticulated, with a thin keeled edge ; otherwise like the last.
— At], sea-coast.
4. MELIIiO'TIJS, Toiira. Sweet CLO^'ER.
1. M. Offlcina' lis, Willd. (Yellow Melilot.) Stem erect,
2-4 feet high. Leaflets obovate-oblong. Flowers yellow.
Pod drooping, 1-2-seeded. — Waste places.
2. M. alba, Lam., (White M.)is much like No. 1, but has
white flowers. — Escaped from gardens.
5. HOSACK'IA, Douglas.
H. Purshia'na, Benth. A low annual, more or less silky-
villous, sometimes glabrous. Leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets
varying from ovate to lanceolate. Calyx-teeth linear, much
longer than the tube. — N.W.
I
i
54
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
6. ROBIN'IA, L. Locust-tree.
1. R. Pseudaea'cia, L. (Common Locust.) Racemes sleu'
aer, loose. Flowers white, fragrant. A large tree.
2. R. visCO'sa, Vent. (Clammy L.) Racemes crowded.
Flowers white, with a reddish tinge. Branchlets and leaf-
stalks clammy. Smaller than No. 1.
7. ASTRAG'AHiS, Tourn. Milk-Vetch.
Note. — All the following species except Nos. 2, 7, 8 and
10 belong to the North- West.
» Pod completely 2-celle(l, being divided lenfcthwlse by the intrusion
of one or botli sutures.
(a) Pod thick and fleshy, sessile.
1. A. earyoear'pus, Ker. (Ground Plum.) A pale per-
ennial, with low leafy stems, and minutely pubescent.
Flowers violet, large, in short spike-like racemes. Leaflets
about 21, elliptical-oblong.
(b) Pod coriaceotts or cartilaginous.
■*- Pod sessile.
2. A. Canadensis, L. (Canadian Milk- Vetch.) Stem
erect, 1-4 feet high, somewhat pubescent (or glabrous).
Leaflets 21-27, linear-oblong, comparatively large. Flowers
greenish -j^ellow, in long dense spikes. Pod and ovary
glabrous. — Common from Quebec to the Rocky Mountains.
3. A. adsur'gens, Pall. Stem 4-18 inches high, ascend-
ing or decumbent, grayish with appressed pubescence.
Leaflets about 21, narrowly oblong. Flowers purplish,
medium-sized, in dense short spikes. Pod finely pubescent,
triangular-compressed, with a dorsal furrow.
■*- -t- Pod icith a very short stalk.
4. A. hypoglot'tis, li. Stem slender, 6-24 inches long,
diffusely procumbent or ascending, sparingly pubescent.
Leaflets 15-21. Flowers violet, in capitate clusters. Calyx
copiously pubescent. Pod silky- villous, with a dorsal furrow.
LEGUMINOS-ffi.
5y
**Pod incompletely 2>cell(s]«
■*- Pod 'sessile.
5. A. MiSSOUrien'sis, Nutt. Stevi very short, -prostcsibQ or
matted, hoary -silky -pubescent. Leaflets 5-15 or more.
Flowers large, violet or purplish, in few-flowered heads on
scape-like peduncles. Pod obcom pressed (flattened contrary
to the usual way), nearly straight, pubescent.
-1- -*- Pod with a very short stalk.
6. A, IptiflO'rus, Hook. Stems very short, hoary with
close pubescence. Leaflets 7-13. Flowers yellowish, in
few-flowered heads. Pod oblong-ovate, acute at the base,
hoary. — Rare.
7. A. oroboi'des, Hornem., var. Amerieanus, Gray.
stems 12-18 inches high, grayish-puberulent. Leaflets 11-
15, oval to linear-oblong. Flowers in a long 1-sided raceme.
Pod lens-shaped, gray-pubescent, grooved on the back. —
Atl. Prov.
■*-■*-•¥- Pod long-stalked.
8. A. alpi'nus, L. Stems di^wse, 6-12 inches high, smooth
or hairy-pubescent. Leaflets 13-25, oval or oblong. Racemes
short, many-flowered, the flowers violet-purple. Pod nar-
rowly oblong, black - pubescent , triangular- turgid, deeply
grooved on the back, pendent. — Atl. Prov.
*** Pod strictly 1-ceIled, coriaceou<« or cartilaginous*
A. Leaves pinnate, of many leaflets.
-t- Pod sessile.
9. A. pectina'tus, Dougl. stem a foot high, grayish-
pubescent, the branches striate and angled. Leaflets
nnmerons, nearly Jiliform. 'Flowers la,rge, white. Tod short,
thick-cartilaginous, pendulous, cuspidate, smooth, with a very
thick dorsal suture.
■^■^~ . 'od with a very short stalk.
' 10. A. COO'peri, (Iray. stem erect, nearly smooth, 1-2
feet high. Leaflets 11 21, comparatively large, minutely
hoary beneath. Flowers white, in short spikes. Pod
inflated, smooth, slightly furrowed on both sides. — Ontario
and Quebec.
H\
^ i
06
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
11. A. flexuo'SUS, Dougl. Stom 1-2 feet high, ascending,
grayish-pubescent. Leaflets numerous, narrow. Flower?
white or purplish, small, in loose racetnes. Pod very finely
pubescent, not furrowed.
-t-H-*- Pod exserted on its stalk.
12. A. bisulea'tus, Gray. stem stout, a foot or more
high, with short rigid pubescence. Leaflets numerous.
Flowers violet, in dense spike-like racemes. Pod straight,
narrowly oblong, the furrow of the ventral surface '^ivided
lenythvnse into two hy the projecting suture.
13. A, multiflo'rus, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat
glabrous. Leaflets 13-21, rather narrow. Flowers yellowish-
white, tinged with purple, in loosely feio-fiowered racemes^ the
peduncles not exceeding the leaves. Stipules mostly connate.
Pod 7-20-seeded, reflexed,
14. A. abOFlg'inum, Eich. Stems slender, rigid, clus-
tered, hoary, pubescent or somewhat villous. Leaflets 7-13.
Flowers white or bluish, the keel violet, in short spike-like
racemes. Pod with h straight dorsal edge {not ftrrowed),
and a rounded ventral edge,
B. Leaves apparently palmate, mostly of S leaflets.
15. A. triphyl'lus, Pursh. A low stemless glossy-silky
perennial, with crowded long-petioled leaves, mostly having
3 lanceolate leaflets, and whitish crowded sessile flowers. Pod
conical-ovate, villous.
8, OXVTROFIS, DO.
* Leaves simply pinnate.
1. 0. eampes'tris, DC, var. cseru'lea, Koch. Flowers
white or yellowish, often tinged with purple or violet, in
short spikes on naked scapes. Pods ovate or oblong, of a
thin or papery texture. Leaves pinnate, of many leaflets.
Gravelly river-margins. — N. W. and Atl. Prov.
* * Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles of 3 or U along the axis.
2. 0. Lambert'!, Pursh. Silvery-silky-pubescent. Flow-
ers large, purple, violet, or white. Scapes often a foot high.
A#A-
LEQUMINOSiE.
&7
Pods silky- pubescent^ cartilaginous^ about half an inch long,
imperfectly 2-celled. — N. W.
3. 0. montie'Ola, Gray, is reported as common in the
prairie region. It is smaller than No. 2, and has denser
spikes, usually smaller iiowers, and less downy leaves.
4. 0. Splendens, Dougl. Silvery-silky-villous, 6-l2inch"s
high. Flowers erect-spreading. Pod erect, hardly surpas-
sing the villous calyx. — N. W.
9. «L¥€¥RRHI'ZA, Tourn. Liquorice.
G. lepido'ta, Nutt. (Wild Liquoriot.) Two to three
feet high. Leaflets 15-19, sprinkled with little scales when
young. — Fort Erie and N. "W.
10. TEPHRO'SIA, Pers. Hoary Pea.
T. Virginia'na, Pers. (Goat's Rue. Catgut.) Stem 1-2
feet high, simple, leafy to the top. Leaflets 17-29, linear-
oblong. Roots long and slender and tough. — Sandy soil.
Lake Erie coast.
11. PSORA'LEA, L.
1. P. argophyl'la, Pursh. Silvery-silky all over. Leaves
of 3-5 leaflets, the latter elliptical- lanceolate. Spikes of
flowers interrupted. Roots not tuberous. — N. W. prairies.
2. P. lanceola'ta, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so. Leaf-
lets 3. Flowers small, in short spikes. Roots not tuberous.
— N. W.
3. P. esculen'ta, Pursh. Bough-hairy all over. Leaf-
lets 5, obovate or lance-oblong. Spikes dense. Boots tuber-
ous.—1^. W.
12. AMOR'PHA, L. FALSE INDIGO.
1. A. canes'eens, Nutt. (Lead-Plant.) White-downy
all over, 1-3 feet high. Leaflets less than half an inch
long, crowded. Spikes generally clustered. Pods 1-seeded,
-N. W.
2. A. mierophyl'la, Pur^h, diffors from the last in
being lower and nearly smooth. Spikes usually solitary-
-N.W.
n
i'^'
1
I
•11 1
■i &
58
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
3. A. frutieo'sa, L. A tall shruh. Leaflets larger and
not so crowded as in the other species. Pods 2-seeded. —
Eiver-hanks, N. W.
lii. l»ET4LOSTE'MO.\, Michx. Prairie Clover.
1. P. viola' ceus, Michx. Leaflets 5, very narrow. Calyx
silky-hoary. Corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, N. W.
2. P. can'didus, Michx. Leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or
linear-oblong. Calyx smooth or nearly so. Corolla white.
— Dry prairies, N. W.
14. YICIA, Tourn. Vetcii. Tare.
1. V. sati'va, L. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Stem simple,
somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 10-14, varying from obovate-
oblong to linear. Floivers purjole, large, one or tioo together,
sessile in the axils, or nearly so. — Cultivated fields and waste
grounds.
2. V. tetrasper'ma, L. Peduncles long and slender,
1-2-flowered. Flowers small. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla
whitish. Pod 4-seeded, smooth. Leaflets about 4 pairs. —
Atl. Prov. ; also at Ottawa and opposite Montreal.
3. V. Cracca, L. (Tufted V.) Downy-pubescent. Leaf-
lets 20 24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate. Peduncles
long, bearing a dense one-sided raceme of blue flowers, bent
downward in the spike, and turning purple before withering.
— Borders of thickets, and pastures. Chiefly eastward.
4. V. Carolinia'na, AValt. Smooth. Leaflets 8-12, ob-
long. Peduncles bearing a rather loose raceme of irhitish
flon^ers, the keel tipped ivith blue. — Low grounds and river-
banks.
5. V. America' na, Muhl. Smooth. Leaflets 10-14, oval
or ovate-oblong, very veiny. Peduncles 4-8-flowered , flowers
purple. — ]\Ioist places.
Var. linearis, Watson, a low form, with linear leaflets, is
common in the N.W. prairie region.
<i. V. hirsu'ta, Koch, stem weak. Leaflets 12-16, linear.
ireduncies 3-()-fli^werod. Pods hairy, 2-seeded. — Chiefly oast-
ward.
Le;
':I\TP:'
LEGUMINOSiE.
59
15. LATH'YRIJ^, L. Everlasting Pka.
1. L. marit'imuSjBigel. (Beach Pea.) Stem stout, about
a foot high. Leaflets 8-16, oval or obovate. Stipules broad-
ly halberd-shaped, about as large as the leaflets. Flowers
large, purple. — Sea-coast, and shores of the Great Lakes.
2. L. veno'SUS, Muhl. (Veiny E.) Stem 2-3 feet high.
Leaflets 10-14. Stipules very small, slender, half arrow-
shaped. Flowers numerous. — Shady banks, chiefly west-
ward and southward.
3. L. oehroleu'CUS, Hook. (Pale E.) Stem slender.
Leaflets 6-8, smooth and glaucous. Stipules half heart-
shaped, large. Corolla yellowish-ivhite. — Chiefly northward.
4. L. palus'triS, L. (Marsh E.) Stem slender, wing-
margined. Leaflets 4-8, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly
oblong, sharply mucronate. Stipules small, half arrow-
shaped. Corolla blue-purple. — Moist places. Var. myrti-
foliushas oblong-lanceolate leaflets, and pale purple flowers.
Upper stipules much larger than the lower ones.
16. A'PIO^, Boerhaave. Ground-Nut. Wild Bean.
A. tubero'sa, Mcjench. Flowers brown-purple. — A com-
mon twining plant in low grounds.
17. STROFIIO^TY'LES, Ell.
5. angulo'sa, Ell. {Phase' olus diver sifolius, Pers.) An-
nual. Stems 1-6 feet long. Leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate,
often with a rounded lobe at the base. Flowers greenish-
white and purplish, few, sessile, clustered on the long
peduncles. — S. W. Ontario chiefly.
18. A.1IPHI€AKP.1i:'A, Ell. HoG Pea-NiJT.
A. mono'ica, Nutt. Flowers white or purplish. — Moist
ihickets and river-banks.
19. l»E»iiMO'DI|[llI, DC. Tick-Trefoil.
• Pod raised on a .italic much unrpnusing the calyx, the latter slightly
toothad. Stipules bristle-/ nn.
1. D. nudiflo'rum, DC Stem smooth, 4-8 inches high.
Leaves crowded at the summit o*" sterile stems. Flowers m
m'
CO>SMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
a teic .?•'.. i laceniG or panicle, on a scape which rises from
therojt. Leaflets broadly ovate.
2. D. acumina'tum, DC. Stem pubescent. Leaves all
crowded at the summit of the stem,/roHi which the raceme
or panicle arises. Leaflets conspi^^uously pointed. — Rich
woods.
3. D. paueiflO'rum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low
ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, rather blunt.
Racemes few-flowered, terminal. — Rich woods, western
Ontario.
* * Porf raised on a stalk hardly surpassing the calyx, the latter deeply
cleft. Stipules ovate, taper-pointed.
4. D. rotundifo'lium, DC. Stem prostrate, soft-hairy.
Leaflets orbicular'. Flowers purple. Pods indented on both
edges. — Dry sandy woods, western Ontario. Also at Queens-
ton Heights.
* * * Pod hardly, if at all, stalked.
5. D. CUSpida'tum, Torr. and Gray. Stem tall, erect,
rory smooth. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, very
large, green on both sides. Flowers and bracts large. Pod
4-6-jointed. — Thickets.
6. D. Illinoen'se, Gray, has been found in the Thames
valley. Leaflets obtuse and roughish, grayish V '^'^ath, with
prominent veins. Pod about an inch loxg, H 5- jointed,
indented on both margins. Otherwise nearly .like the last.
7. D. panieula'tum, DC. stem slender, nearly smooth,
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point.
Flowers medium-sized. Pod 3-5- jointed, the joints trian-
gular. Racemes panicled. — Rich wood«.
8. D. Dille'nii, Darlingt. Distinguished* from the last by
the pubescent stem and finely pubescent leaflets, the latter
oblong r<v oblong-ovate. — Dry ajid open thickets.
9. JJ}. ilanadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy^ tall, !' ivrowed.
Leaflets oblong-laiu- .olate (U-8 inches long), wu/i many
straightif'h veivs. Flowers lui'ge, rbout ^ 'inch long, in dense
racemes. Joint' of the pod roun.lish. — Dry woods.
LEGUMINOS^.
61
10. D. cilia're, DC. Stem ascending, slender, hairy. Leaf-
lets round-ovate (A-1 inch long). Flowers small, in loose
racemes. — Dry thickets, south-western Ontario,,
SO. HEDfS' AKIJM.
H. borea'le, Nutt. Leaflets 13-2i, oblong or lanceolate.
Stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole. Calyx 5-cleft,
the awl-shaped lobes nearly equal. Pod of 3-4 flattened
roundish joints, easily separated. — Rocky banks, Atl. Prov.
and N. W. prairies.
•31. LESPEDE'ZA. Bush-Clover.
* Flowers of tioo sorts ; the larger perfect, the smaller pistillate and
usually apetalous, miimled with the others.
1. L. viola' cea, Pers. (L. reticulata^ Pers., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Stems upright, branched. Leaflets varying
from oblong to linear, downy underneath. Flowers violet-
purple. — Dry borders of woods, western Ontario. Also at
Queenston Heights.
* * All the flowers perfect, in close spikes or heads.
2. L. hirta, L. Stem erect, wand-like, tall, pubescent.
Leaflets roundish or oval, pubescent. Spikes dense, on
peduncles longer than the leaves. Corolla yellowish-white^ with
a purple spot on the standard.
3. L. capita' ta, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short.
Leaflets varying from oblong to linear, silky underneath.
Flowers in dense heads ; corolla as in No. 1. Calyx much
longer than the pod. — Both species are found in dry soil.
2S. UAPTIS'IA, Vent. Falhk Indigo.
B. tincto'ria, E. Br. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slen-
der, 2-3 feet high, branching. Leaves nearly sessile. Leaf-
lets wedge-obovate, turning black on drying. Flowers yel-
low.— Dry soil, Lake Erie coast and Thames valley.
23. THERMOP'imS, R. Br.
T. rhombifO lia, Ilich. A low perennial, with short,
few-flowered racemes turminatiiig the branches. Stipules
a;^ long as the petioles. Pods recurved, lU-i-l-seeded. — N.
W. prairies.
i
62
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
«4. GLEDIT'SCHIA, L. HoNEY-LoCQST.
2. Gn triaean'thos, L. Thorns stout, often triple or
compound. Pods linear, often inore than a foot long, with
pulp between the flat seeds. — Common in cultivation, and
established on Point Pelee.
25. GY]II.\OC'IiADVS, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree.
G. Canadensis, Lam. Leaves 2-3 feet long, without
stipules ; leaflets ovate. Pod 6-10 inches long and 2 inches
broad. — Established in a few localities.
Order XXXII. ROSACEA. (Eose Family.)
Herbs, ^ihrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves,
and regular flowers. The petals (mostly 5) and stamens
(mostlj' more than 10) inserted on the edge of a disk which
lines the calyx-tube. (See Part I., sections 48 to 57, for
tyjaical flowers.)
Syiiop.sis of the Cieuera.
SuB;.RDER AMYGDALE^.
Carpel solitary, beconung a dmipe, entirely free from the
calyx, the latter deciduous.. Ovules 2, but seed solitary as
ii, rule. Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and deciduous
stipules.
1. Prii'iiiis. Flowers ])eifect- i'etals and calyx-lobes 5. ' Fruit a
druj>e.
Suborder ROSACEiE.
Cai^pels few or many, free from the persistent calyx, be-
coming achenes, follicles-, or drupe-like in fruit.
2. Splriv'n. Carpels Mio.«tly 5. i .i-miiit? follicles in fruit. Calyx .')-cleft,
short. Petals oi.ovi'tf,.shi)'J,->r.
.'i. lailc'iiin. Carpel i Mud fruit a." in Spinxia. Calyx elong'ated, 5-
t>i()tlu'd. Petals slender, ••issiuiilar.
4. AKrliiiu'iilu. Carpels 2, forniiiii. ehenes enclosed in the hardened
ealyx-tuhe. Calyx aimod with hooked bristles. Flowers yellow,
ill slender spikes.
5. Alvlicniil la. v cpels 1-4, /orniinpr itehenes enclosed In the persis-
ts oalyx-ti'.tje. retain voue. Stunicns 1-4. Calyx-tube inver-
sely conical, the liral, 4-parted, with 1 alternathiK bractlets. Low
herbs, witl' paiiuately-lobed leaves.
ROSACEiE.
63
6. Pote'rinm. Carpels 1-3. Achene (mostly solitary) enclosed in the
dry 4-angled closed calyx-tube. Petals none. Lobes of the top-
shaped calyx 4, petal-like, spreading. Stigma tufted. Tall herbs,
with pinnate leaves and a dense white spike of small flowers, often
polygamous or dioecious.
7. Geani'. Carpels numerous, one-ovuled, becoming dry achenes, the
persistent stylos becoming tails, plumose or naked, and straight
or jointed. Calyx-lobes with 5 alternating bractlets.
8. Waldstei'iiia. Carpels 2-6, forming achenes. Leaves radical, of 3
wedge-form leaflets. Bractlets of tlie calyx minute and deciduous.
Flowers yellow, on bracted scapes.
9. Potentil'la. Carpels numerous, forming achenes heaped on a dry
receptacle, tbe styles not forming tails. Lobes of the calyx with
5 alternating bractlets.
10. Chaniiv'rtaodo!^. Carpels 5-10, on a dry receptacle. Petals white,
obovate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Calyx campanulate, 5-
cleft. Small glandular-pubescent herbs with flowers in forked
cymes, and many-cleft leaves.
Fra^a'ria. Flowers as in Potentilla, but receptacle becoming
fleshy or pulpy and scarlet in fruit. (See Part I., sec. 23").) Leaves
all radical, of 3 leaflets. Low plants, producing runners.
Dalibar'da, Carpels 5-10, each 2-ovuled, forming nearly dry
drupelets. Calyx 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger than the
others, and toothed. Ciilyx without hracts, persistent, enclosing
the fruit. Leaves radical, round heart-shaped. Flowers white,
on scapes.
RiibuH, Carpels numerous, -J-ovuled, forming drupelets heaped on
the receptacle. (See Part I., section 234.) Fruit edible. Calyx
without bracts,
Uosa. Cariiels !iumerous, 1-ovuled, forming achenes enclosed in
the fleshy calyx-tube. (See Part I., section 49.)
11
13
14
I
Suborder POME.ffi.
Carpels enclosed in and adnate to the fleshy calyx- tube,
forming a pome iu fruit. Styles often united below. Trees
or shrubs.
15. rrat»e'gii!«. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy in
fruit, enclosing and combined with the 2-.'. carpels. Fruit a pome,
but drupe-like, containing 2-5 bony nutlets. Thorny sh^ntbs.
Flowers generally white.
16. PyruH. Fruit a v)ome or berry-like, the 2-5 carpels or cells of a
papery or cartilaginous ti;xture isee'Part L, sections 52 and 232),
each 2-3eeded. Shrubs or trees.
64
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
17. Aniclaii'chicr. Pome berry-like, 10-celled, i.e., with twice as many
felLs as styles. I'ct.ils narrow. Otherwise as in Pyrus. Shrubs
or small trees, not thorny.
1. PKi;xi:s, Tourn. Plum. Cherry.
1. P. America' na, Marshall. (Wild Plum.) A thorny
tree 8-10 feet high, with orange or red drupes half an inch
or more in diameter ; and ovate, conspicuousl?/ 29oi?i/^r?,
coarsely or douhhj serrate, veiny leaves. Flowers white,
aijpeariji. , b.jfori? the leaves, in umbel-like lateral clusters.
— Woods and rivc^'-banks.
2. P. pu'mila, L. fDwARF Cherry.) A small trailing
shrub, G-18 inches high. Leaves obovate-Ianceolate, tapering
to the base, toothed near the apex, pale beneath. Flowers in
umbels of 2-4, appearing with the leaves. Fruit ovoid,
dark red, as large as a good-sized pea. — Crevices of rocks,
and sand-beaches and plains.
3. P. Pennsylvan'iea, L. (Wild Red Cherry.) A tree
20-30 feet high, or shrubby. Leaves oblong -lanceolate,
sharply serrate^ green both sides. Flowers (appearing with
the leaves) in large clusters, the pedicels- elongated. Fruit
globular, as large as a red currant, ver v' sour. — Rocky
thickets, and in c'l windfalls.
4. P. Virg-inia'na, L. (Choke-Cherry.) A good-sized
shrub, 3-10 feet high. Leaves oval.^ oblong, or obovate, finely
and sharply serrate, ahruptly pointed. Flowers in short
erect racemes, appv^aring after the leaves. Fruit red, becom-
ing darker, very astringent. — Woods and thickets.
5. P. sere tina, Ehrhart. (Wild Black Cherry.) A
large tree, with reddish-brown branches. Leaves smooth,
varying from oval to ovate-lanceolate, taper- pointed, serrate,
until short and blunt iiicurvcd teeth, shining above. Flowers
in long racemes. Fruit purplish-black, edible. — Woods and
thickets.
2. MPiR.tr.i, L. MkadowSweet.
1. S. OpUlifO'lia, L. j Phy.sorarpn.i o pull f ol i n s, yi&xim.)
(NiNE-BARK.j Shrub 3-7 feet high, the old bark separating
ROSACEvE.
65
in thin layers. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed,
doubly crenate, smooth. Flowers white, in umbel-like
corymbs terminating the branches. Folicles 2-5, inflated,
purplish. — River-banks.
2. S. salicifo'lia, L. (Common Meadow-Sweet.) Shrub
2-3 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves wedge-lanceolate,
doublj'- serrate. Flowers white or rose-coloured, in a dense
terminal panicle. — Low grounds along streams.
3. S. tomentO'sa, L. (Downy M.), with deep rose-coloured
flowers, and the stems and under surface of the leaves
densely woolly, occurs eastward toward the sea-coast, and
in the northern counties of Ontario.
3. GILLK'NIA, Moench. Indian Physic.
G. trifolia'ta, Moench. (Bowman's Root.) Herb witL
3-foliolate leaves ; the leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, rafjier
coarsely serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. Flow-
ers white or rose-coloured, in loose few-flowered corymbs. —
Rich woods, chiefly south-westward.
4. AGKENO'NIA, Tourn. Agrimony.
1. A. Eupato'ria, L. (Common Agrimony.) Stem herba-
ceous, hairy, 2-3 feet high. Leaves interruptedly pinnate,
larger leaflets 5-7, oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate. Petals
yellow, twice as long as the calyx. — Borders of woods.
2. A. parviflo'ra, Ait. (Small • flow^ered A.), has
crowded lanceolate leaflets, 11-19, with smaller ones inter-
mixed, and small petals. — S. W. Ontario.
5. ALCHEMIL'LA, Tourn. Lady's Mantlh.
A. VUlg^a'ris, L. Leaves large, several-lobed, serrate.
Flowers small, yellowish- green, in corymbose terminal
clusters. — Atl. sea-coast.
«. POTE'KIIIN, L. Burnet.
P. Canadense. stamens 4, long-exse^^ted, white. Stem
8-6 feet liigh. Leaflets numerous, heart-shaped, ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate. — Bogs and wet mea-
dows, Atl. Prov.
4
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66
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
7. GEI'M, L. AVKNS.
1. G. album, (Jmelin. (White AvENS.) Stem 2 feet high,
slender, branching, smoothish or downy. Root-leaves pin-
nate, the cauline ones 3-divided, lobed, or only toothed.
Petals white, as long as the calyx. Achenes bristly, tipped
with the hooked lower joint of the style, the upper joint
falling away. Beceptacle of the fruit hristJy. — Low rich
woods and thickets.
2. G. Virginia' num, L. 8tem stout, bristly - hairy.
Leaves nearly as in No. 1. Petals white, shorter than the
calyx. Receptacle of the fruit nearly smooth. — Meadows and
thickets; not common.
3. G. maerophyl'lum.Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout. Boot-
leaves interruptedly pinnate, with a very large round-heart-
shaped terminalleajiet. Stem-leaves with 2-4 minute lateral
leaflets, the terminal B-cleft, with wedfje-fonn rounded lobes.
Petals yellow^ longer than the calyx. Receptacle nearly
naked. — Atl. Prov. chiefly.
4. G. Strictum, Ait. (Yellow A.) Stem 2-3 feet high,
rather hairy. Root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; stem-
leaves S-o-foliolate, leaflets obovate or ovate. Petals yellow^
longer than the calyx. Receptacle of the fruit downy.
Achenes tipped with the hooked style. — Dry thickets.
5. G. riva'le, L. (Water or Purple Avens.) Petals pur-
plish-yelloiv ; calyx hroivn-purple. Flowers nodding, but the
fruiting heads upright. The upper joint of the style feathery,
persistent. Stem simple, 2 feet high. Root-leaves lyrate ;
stem-l^ves few, 3-foliolate, lobed. — Bogs and wet places.
f). G. triflo'rum, Pursh. Stem about a foot high, soft-
hairy. Flowers 3 or more, on long peduncles, purple.
Styles not jointed, feathery, at least 2 inches long ioi the fruit.
— Dry hills and thickets. Not common.
8. IVALWSTErxiA, Willd. Barren Strawberry.
W. fragarioi'des, Tratt. A low plant, 4-6 inches high.
Leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, crenately toothed. Scapes
several-flowered. Petals yellow, longer than the calyx. —
Dry woods and hill-sides.
ROSACEA.
67
9. POTENTILLA, h. ClNyUE-FOiL. FiVF-FINGEU.
* Styles thickened and gland tdar toioards the base. In florescence
cymose.
■*- Style arising from near the base of the carpel.
1. P. argu'ta, Parsh. stem stout, 1-2 feet high, brown-
ish-hairy. Leaves pinnate, of 7-1 L oval serrate leaflets,
iowny underneath. Flowers in dense cymose clusters.
Petals yellowish or cream-coloured, deciduous. Stamens
about 30. Plant clammy above. — Dry thickets.
-^ -^ Style arising from the top of the carpel.
2. P. Norve'gica, L. (Norway Cinque-foil.) Stemerec^,
hairy, branching above. Leaves jtalviate, of 3 leaflets ; leaf-
lets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate. Flowers in cymose
clusters. Calyx Large. Petals pale yellow, small, not longer
than the sepals. Stamens about 15. — Fields and low grounds.
3. P. riva'lis, Nutt., var. millegra'na, Watson. More
slender and branching than the last, softly villous. Leaves
all of 3 serrate leaflets. Cymes loose. Calyx small. Petals
yellow, minute. Stamens 10-20, rarely 5. — N.W.
4. P. paradOX'a, Nutt., (P. supi'na, L.) a plant of
spreading or decumbent habit, with pinnate leaves of 5-11
leaflets, loose leafy cymes, small petals, as long as the sepals,
and achenes wi :h an appendage at the base, occurs along
the western shcre of Lake Ontario.
5. P. Pennsylvan'iea, L. Perennial ; more or less white-
woolly. Leaflets 5-9, lohite-woolly beneath, less so above,
cut-pinnatifid, the segments linear. Stamens about 25. —
Chiefly eastward and N.W.
Var. StrigO'Sa, Pursh, is silky-woolly throughout, 6-12
inches high. Leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the
narrow lobes revolute. Cyme short and close. — N.W.
6. P. recta, L. Perennial, tall, sparingly villous, glandu-
lar-puberulent. Leaves palviate, of 5-7 leaflets, the latter
cut-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, large, in a broad cyme. —
Not common.
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
* * Styles filiform, not glandular at the base. Inflorescence
cymose.
■*- Style arising from the top of the carpel.
7. P. Hippia'na,Lehm. Densely white-tomentose through-
out. Stem slender. Leaves pinnate, of 5-11 leaflets, dimin-
ishing regularly down tlie petiole. Leaflets sharply toothed
at least at the apex. Stamens 20. — N.W.
Var. pulcher'rima, Watson, has the upper surfaces of the
crowded leaflets green and pubescent. — N.W.
8. P. effu'sa, Dougl. Tonientose throughout, with scat-
tered villous hairs. Stems diffusely branched above, 4-12
inches high. Leaflets 5-11, interruptedly pinnate. Carpels
10.— N.W.
9. P. Platten'Sis, Nutt. Stems decumbent. Pubescence
appressed silky-villous throughout. Leaflets 7-13, crowded,
deeply cut-pinnatifid into linear segments. Flowers few.
Carpels many. — N.W.
10. P. gfra'cilis, Dougl. Stems 2-3 feet high. Leaves
palmate, of about 7 leaflets, the latter serrate, tomentose
beneath, green above. Carpels many. — N.W.
Var. flabellifor'miS, Torr. and Gray, has very deeply
pinna tifid leaflets. — N.W.
Var. rig'ida, Watson, is villous but not tomentose, and
usually tall and stout. — N.W.
11. P. pilo'Sa, Willd. , is distinguished from the preceding
species by its tall rigid stems and light yellow flowers. —
Niagara Falls, not common.
12. P. argen'tea, L. (Silvery C.) Stem ascending,
branched at the summit, white-icoolly. Leaves palmate, of
5 leaflets, the latter deeply serrate towards the apex, with
revolute margins, and woolly beneath. Petals yellow, longer
than the sepals.— Dry fields and roadsides.
13. P. humifu'sa, Nutt. Stems decumbent, 2-4 inches
long, slender. Densely white-tomentose. Leaflets 5, serrate
at the rounded or truncate apex with 3 or 5 teeth.— N.W.
ROSACEiE.
69
Lding,
ite, of
, with
onger >
-^ t- Style arising from the side of the carpel.
14. P. frutiCO'sa, L. (Shrubby C.) Stem erect, s/truMy,
1-3 feet high, much branched. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 leaf-
lets, closely crowded, entire, silky, especially beneath.
Flowers numerous, large, yellow, terminating the branches.
— Bogs.
15. P. trident a' ta, Ait., (Three-toothed C.) is common
eastward towards the sea-coast. Stem 4-6 inches high.
Leaves rigid, palmate, of 3 wedge-shaped leaflets, 3-toothed
at the apex. Petals white.
16. P. palustris, Scop. (Marsh Five-finger.) Stem
ascending. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate, crowded,
deeply serrate leaflets, whitish beneath. Calyx an inch
broad, dark purple inside. Petals purple. — B( gs.
* * * Styles filiform, lateral. Peduncles axillary, solitary, i-flowered.
17. P. Anseri'na, L. (Silver- weed.) A low plant,
creeping with slender runners. Leaves all radical, interrupt-
edly pinnate ; leaflets 9-19, serrate, green above, silvery-silk i/
beneath. Flowers solitary, on long scape-like peduncles, bright
yellow. — River and lake margins.
18. P. Canaden'sis, L. (Canada C.) Stem prostrate or
ascending, silky-hairy. Leaves palmate, of 5 leaflets, the
latter serrate towards the apex. Flowers solitary. Petals
yellow, larger than the sepals. — Dry soil.
10. CHAMiE'RHODOg, Bunge.
C. erecta, Bunge. stem slender, 2-12 inches high,
branching above. Radical leaves many-cleft, forming a
rosette ; cauline ones 3-5-cleft. — N. W. prairies.
11. FBAGA'RIA, Tourn. Stkawherry.
1. F. ViPgfinia'na, Ehrhart. Achenes deeply iruffedded in
pits on the surface of the fleshy receptacle ; calyx erect
after flowering. Leaflets firm.
2. F. ves'ca, L. Achenes not sunk in pits, but merely on
the surface of the receptacle ; calyx spreading. Leaflets
thin.
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
I, If
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n. DALIBAB'UA, L. Dalibariu.
D. repens, L. {Rubus Daliharda, L., in Macoun's Cata-
logue.) vStems tufted, downy. Whole plant with something
of the aspect of a violet. — Low woods.
1.3. RIIBIIH, Tnurii. Bramrle.
1. R. Odora'tus, L. (PrKPLE Flowering -Easpberry.)
Shrubby 3-5 feet high. Branches, peduncles, and calyx
clanimy with glandular hairn. Floivers large and handsome^
rose-purple. Leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-5-lobed, the
lobes acute, minutely toothed. Fr ait flat.
2. R. Nutka'nus, Mocino, is distinguished from No. 1 by
its oval white petals, and its 5-lobed coarsely toothed leaves.
— N.W.
3. R. Chamsemo'rus, L. (( loud-berry. Baked-apple
Berry.) A low herb with dicecions flowers. Stem, simple,
without prickles, 2-3-leavod, bearing one large white flower.
Leaves simple, kidney-form, 5-lobed, serrate. — Sphagnous
swamps, chiefly eastward.
4. R. triflo'rus, Richardson. (Dwarf Easpberry.) Stems
ascending or trailing, a foot high, not prickly. Leaflets
3-5, nearly smooth, rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends,
doubly serrate. Peduncle usually 3-flowered. Petals white;
sepals rcflexed. Fruit red. — Cedar-swamps.
5. R. strigfO'SUS, Michx. (WiLi) Ekd Easpberry.) Stems
upright, beset tcith stiff straight bristles. Leaflets 3-5, ob-
long-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish beneath. Fruit
light red. — Hillsides and thickots. •»
f). R. OCCidenta'lis, T . (Black Easpberry.) Stem glau-
cous, recurved, armed with hooked prickles. I^eaflets 3, ovate,
pointed, coarsely serrate, white-downy beneath. Fruit
purplish-black. — Borders of fields, especially where the
ground has been burned over.
7. R. villo'sas, Ait. (Hkjh Blackberry.) Stem shrubby,
furrowed, erect or reclining, armed with hooked prickles.
Leaflets 3-5, unequally serrate, the terminal one conspiou-
ROSACEiE.
ously stalked. Lower surface of the leaflets hairy and glan-
dular. Flowers racemed, numerous, large and white. Fruit
oblong, black. Var. frOTdOSUS is smoother and less glandu-
lar. Var. humifuSUS is trailing and smaller, and the flowers
are less numerous. — Borders of thickets.
8. R. Canaden'sis, L. (Low Blackberry. Dewberry.)
Stem shrubby, extennively trailing, slightly prickly. Leaflets
chiefly H, oval or ovate-lanceolate, nearly smooth, sharply
serrate- Flowers in racemes. — Thickets and rocky hills.
9. R. his'pidus, L. , (Running Swamp- Bi^vckberry) occurs
occasionally in low meadows. Stem prostrate, with small
reflexed prickles, sending up at intervals the short flowering
shoots. Leaflets mostly 3, smooth and shining. Fruit of
few grains, red or purple.
14. IIOHA, Tourii. Rose! \
• Styles cohering in a protruding colutnu, as long as the stamens.
1. R. setisr'era, Michx. Stem climbing. Prickles nearly
straight. Leaflets 3 5, ovato. Petals deep rose-coloured,
changing to white. — Borders of thickets and along fences;
south-western Ontario.
** Styles separate, incUuled within the cnlyx-tube; sepals spreading
after Jtotoeringy and deciduous.
2. R. Caroli'na, L. (Swamp Rose.) Stem i-7 feet high,
erect, armed with stout straight or somewhat curved prickles.
Leaflets 5-9, very finely serrate, mostly narrowly oblong.
Stipules long and very narrow. Flowers in corymbs, numer-
ous. Calyx and globular calyx-tube beset with glandular
bristles. — Wet places, Ontario.
3. R. lu'cida, Ehrhart. Stem l-d feet high, armed with
stout more or less hooked prickles. Leaflets 5-9, coarsely
serrate, smooth and often shining above, rather thick. Ped-
uncles l-.'i-flotoered. — Dry soil, or borders of swamps, chiefly
eastward.
4. R. hu' mills, Marsh. Low, more slender and less leafy
than the last, with straight slender spines. Stipules nar'
row. Leaflets thin and pale. Outer se^jals always more or
less lobed. — Mostly in sandy soil.
•Br"
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72
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
I
\
5. R. nit'iCia, Willd. Low. Stem and branches usually
thickly covered with prickles interspersed with straight
dender spines. Stipules mostly dilated. Leaflets bright
green and shining, mostly narrowly oblong. Flowers gen-
erally solitary. Sepals entire. — Margin^ of swamps, Atl,
Prov.
6. R. rubigfino'sa, L. (Sweet - Brier.) Stem tall.
Prickles numerous, the larger hooked, the smaller awl-
shaped. Leaflets 5-7, doul)ly serrate, glandular beneath,
aromatic. Flotvers mostly solitary. Fruit pear-shaped or
obovate. — Roadsides and fields.
* * * Styles separate ; sepals erect and connivent after flotoering,
perisiatent,
•*~ Fruit globose.
7. R. blanda, Ait. (Early Wild Rose.) Stem 1-3 feet
high. Prickles (if &ny) few and scattered, straight. Leaflets
5-7, mostly oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, not
resinous, simply serrate. Sepals hispid, not lobed. Ped-
uncles 1-3-fiovoered. — Bocks and rooky shores, mostly east-
ward.
8. R. Say'i, Schwein. Stems 1-2 feet high, very prickly.
Leaflets 3-7, broadly elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, resinous,
the teeth serrulate. Flowers large, mostly solitary. Outer
sepals usually lobed, not hispid. — Our most northern rose.
9. R. Arkansa'na, Porter. Stems low, very prickly.
Stipules narrow. Leaflets 7-11, broadly el iptical to oblong-
lanceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, simply serrate, not
resinous. Outer sepals lobed, rarely hispid. — N.W. prairies.
•*- Fruit oblong-ovate to oblong.
10. R. Engelman'ni, Watson. Stems 3-4 feet high, often
very prickly. Leaflets 6-7, the teeth ^serrulate. Flowers
solitary. Sepals not lobed. Fruit ^-1 inch long. — Shores
of Lake Superior and westward.
15. CRAT^'CiUS, L. Hawthorn.
1. C. COeein'ea, L. (Soarlkt - fruited Thorn.) A low
tree with reddish branches, and stout chestnut-brown
ROSACEA.
n
spines. Peduncles and calyx glandular. Leaves rather
thin, roundish-ovate, on slender petioles ; acutely glandular-
toothed, sometimes cut-lobed. Fruit bright red, globose or
obovate, half an inch broad. — Thickets, common.
Var. macracantha, Dudley, (C tomentosa, L. in part)
has longer spines and thicker leaves, wedge-shaped at the
base, on stout petioles and often deeply cut. The cymes
also are broader and the flowers and fruit rather large. —
Thickets.
Var. mollis, Torr. and Gray, (C. tomentosa, L., var. mollis,
Gray) has densely pubescent shoots and large slender-
petioled leaves, usually with aculie narrow lobes. Fruit
bright scarlet with a slight bloom, an inch broad. — Queens-
ton and westward along Lake Erie.
2. C. puncta'ta, Jacq. Not glandular. Branches hori-
zontal. Leaves rather small, wedge-obovate, tapering and
entire below, unequally toothed above, villous-pubescent
when young, not shining. Fruit globose, about an inch
broad.
3. C. Crus'gralli, L. (Cockspur Thorn.) A shrub or low
tree, glabrous. Leaves thick, shining above, wedge-obovate,
finely serrate. Petioles very short. Fruit globular, dull
red, i of an inch broad. Thorns very long. — Thickets,
south-western Ontario.
4. C, Douglasii, Lindl. , has few short and stout spines,
ovate thin doubly serrate leaves, and small black-purple
fruit. — N.W. prairies.
16. F¥KII8, L. Peak. Apple.
1. P. COrona'ria, L. (American Crab-Apple.) A small
tree, with ovate serrate simple leaves, tomentose beneath.
Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Styles woolly and cohering
at the base. Fri(,it a greenish apple, — Toronto and west-
ward.
2. P. arbutifO'lia, L. (Choke-berry.) A shrub, with
oblong or oblanceolate finely serrate simple leaves, tomentose
M|*«|
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74
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
beneath. Flowers in compound cymes. Fruit berry-like,
nearly globular, dark red or purple. — Swamps.
Var. melanocar' pa, Hook., is nearly smooth throughout,
and has large black fruit. — Swamps.
8. P. America'na, DC. (American Mountain- Ash.) A
small tree with odd-pinnate leaves of 13-15 leaflets^ the latter
lanceolate^ taper- pointed, sharply serrate, bright green.
Fruit scarlet, berry-like, not larger than peas. Flowers in
flat cymes. — Swamps and cool woods, northward.
4. P. sambucifo'lia, Cham, and Schlecht., differs from
the last in having oblong, oval or lance-ovate, obtuse leaf-
lets, smaller cymes, and larger flowers and berries. — N.W.
11. AMELAN'CIIIER, Medic. June-BKBRY. Saskatoon-bebry.
1. A. Canadensis, Torr. and Gray. (Shadbush, Service-
berry.) A tree 10-30 feet high, with a purplish, berrj'-like
edible fruit. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, slightly cordate,
pointed, very sharply serrate, nearly or soon glabrous.
Bracts and stipules silk^'-ciliate. Flowers large, in drooping
nearly glabrous racemes. Petals oblong. Pedicels of the
berries long. — Open woodland;*. . ,
Var. rotundifolia, Torr. and Gray, has broader leaves.
Var. Oblongrifolia, Torr. and Gray, is a small tree (6-10
feet), with the 3'oung leaves and racemes densely white-
tomentose. Leaves brooder and generally rounded at the
base. FlowL-i's in shorter and denser racemes, and pedicels
of the fruit shorter. Petals oblong -spathulate. — Low
grounds.
2. A, Oligoearp'a, E(jem. A shrub 2-4 feet high. Leaves
thin, oblong, acute at both ends. Petals oblong-obovate.
Fruit dark purjtle with a dense bloom. — Cold swamps.
3. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3-8 feet high. Leaves
mostlj' broadly elliptical and obtuse, coarsely toothed to-
wards the apex. Baceme short and rather dense. Petals
wedge-shuped-oblong. — N. W , prairies.
IL:. ■
SAXIFRAGACEiG.
75
Order XXXIII. SAXIFR AGATES. (Saxitraob F.)
Herbs or shrubs, distinguished from Rosacese chiefly in
having opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no
stipules ; stamens only as many or twice as many as the
(usually 5) petals ; and the carpels fewer than the petals
(mostly 2), and usually more or less united with each other.
Stamens and petals generally inserted on the calyx.
SynopMis of the Genera.
1. Ri'befi. Shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate and palmately-
veined and lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud. Calyx
5-lobed, the tube adherent to the ovary (superior). Petals 5, small,
inserted on the calyx. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Pruit a many-seeded
berry.
2. Parnas'Mia* Smooth herbs, with entire and chiefly radical leaves,
and solitary flowers terminating the long scapes. Petals 5, large,
veiny, each with a cluster of sterile Jilaments at the base. Proper
stamens 5. Stigmas 4. P<jd 4-valved. Calyx free from the
ovary.
3. Saxlfraga. Herbs with clustered root-leaves. Flowers in close
cymes. Calyx-lobes hardly adherent to the ovary. Petals 5,
Stamens lo. Fruit a pair of follicles^ slightly united at the base.
4. JMltel'lu. Low and slender herbs, with round-heart-shaped radical
leaves, those on the scape (if any ) opposite. Flowers in terminal
racemes. Ca lyx 5-lobed, adherent to the base of th e ovary. Petals
5, slender, pinna<i/irf. Stamens 10, flftori. Styles 2. Pod2-beaked,
but 1-celled.
6. Tlarel'la. Slender herbs, with radical heart-shaped leaves, and
leafless scapes, bearing a simple raceme of flowers. Calyx bell-
shaped, Ji-parted. Petals 6, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender.
Pod 2-valved, the valves unequal.
6. Heu'chern. Perennial herbs with round -heart -shaped radical
leaves ; those on the stem Uf any) alternate. Greenish or purple
flowers, clustered Ir a long narrow panicle. Petals 6, small,
spathulate, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Pod2-beaked.
7. ChrysoHple'iiliiiu. Small and smooth herbs, with mostly opposite
roundish leaves. Oalyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Petals none.
Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes (8-10), inserted on a
conspicuous disk. Pod 2-lobed.
1. RI'BESt L. Currant. Gooseberry.
1. R. Cynos'bati, L. ("Wild Gooseberry.) Stem with
frniall thorns at the bases of the leaves, the latter downy, on
"^W
vm
IM
H in
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
I(f
slender petioles, roundish heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, Ped-
uncles slender, 2 - 3 - flowered. Berry covered with long
prickles. — Open woods and clearings.
2. R. oxyacanthoi'des, L. {It. hirtellum, Michx.) (Small
Wild Gooseberry. ) Stems with very short thorns or none.
Peduncles very short, 1-2-flowered. Stamens shorter than
the broadly oblong calyx-lobes. Berry small, smooth. — Low
grounds.
3. R. FOtundifo'lium, Michx. Like the last, but the
stamens are longer than the narrowly ohlong-spathulate calyx-
lobes. — Chiefly eastward.
4. R, laeus'tre, Poir. (Swamp Gooseberry.) Shrubby,
Young stems prickly, and thorny at the bases of the leaves.
Leaves cordate, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes deeply cut. Racemes
4-9-flowered, slender^ nodding. Fruit bristly. — Swamps and
wet woods. ,
5. R. florldum, L. (Wild Black Currant.) Stems and
fruit without prickles or thorns. Leaves resinous -dotted,
sharply 3-5-lobed, doubly serrate. Bacemes many-flowered,
drooping. Calyx bell-shaped. Fruit black, smooth. —
Woods.
6. R. rubrum, L. (Wild Eed Currant.) A low shrub
with straggling stems. Leaves obtusely 3-5-lobed. Racemes
from lateral buds separate from the leaf-buds, drooping.
Calyx flat. Fruit red, sm joth. — Bogs and wet woods.
7. R. prostra'tum, L'Her. (Fetid Currant.) Stems re-
clined. Leaves deeply cordate, 5-7.1obed, smooth, the lobes
ovate, acute, doubly serrate. Racemes erect, slender, the
flowers greenish. Fruit pale red, glandular-bristly. — Cold
damp woods and rocks.
8. R. Hudsonia'num, Eichards. Like the last, but with
white flowers crowded in the erect raceme, and darker and
smooth fruit. — N. W. Also in central Ontario.
a, PARNAS'SIA, Toum. Gbasb op Parnassus.
1. P. Carolinia'na, Michx. Petals sessile, very veiny.
Sterile filatnents 3 in each set. Leaves ovate or roundedr
SAXIFRAGACEiE.
11
Fed-
long
usually only one loic down on the stalk. Flower an inch
across, the petals much longer than the calyx. — Bearer
meadows and wet banks.
' 2. P. palUStriS, L. Sterile filaments 9-15 in each set.
Scapes 3-10 inches high. Flower nearly an inch across, the
l)etals not much longer than the sepals. Leaves cordate. —
Sandy banks.
8. P. parviflO'ra, DC. Petals but little longer than the
sepals. Sterile filaments about 7 in each set. Leaves ovate
or oblong. — Atl. Prov. and northward.
3. !>(AX1F'RA<;a, L. Saxifragk.
1. S. Virgrinien'siS, Michx. (Eari.y Saxifrage.) Stem
4-9 inches high. Scape clammy. Leaves obovate, cronate-
ly toothed. Petals white, oblong, twice as long as the sepals.
— Bocks and hillsides.
2. S. tricuspida'ta, Eetz. stems tufted, 4-8 inches high.
Leaves alternate, oblong or spathulate, with 3 rigid sharp
teeth at the end. Petals yellow. — Chiefly N. and N.W.
3. S. Aizo'on, Jacq. Scape 5-10 inches high. Leaves
thick, spathulate^ with white finely -toothed margins. Petals
cream-colour, obovate, often spotted at the base. — Moist
rocks, Atl. sea-coast and northward.
4. NITEL'LA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Bishop's-Cap.
1. M. diphyl'la, L. (Two-leaved Mitre-wort.) Stem
hairy. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, those on the scape 2, op-
posite, nearly sessile. Flowers white, oblong. - -Rich woods.
2. M. nuda, L. (Naked-stalked M.) Stem small and
delicate. Leaves kidney-shaped, doubly crenate. Scape
leafless, few-flowered. Flowers greenish. — Deep woods, on
moss-covered logs, etc.
5. TIAREL'LA, L. False Mitre- wort.
T. eordifO'lia, L. Scapes leafless, 5-12 inches high.
Leaves heart-shaped, sharply toothed, sparsely hairy above;
downy beneath. Petals white, oblong. — Rich woods.
m
m
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78
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
II
«. HEir'CIIERA, L. Alum-root.
1. H. America' na, L. (Common Alum-root. ) Stems 2-3
feet high, glandular and short-hairy. Flowers small, in a
loose panicle. Petals not longer than the calyx-lobes.
Stamens and style exserted. — S. W. Ontario.
2. H. his'pida, Pursh, has larger flowers in a very narrow
panicle, and taller stems, with long spreading hairs. Sta-
mens short, but soon exserced. — N. W. prairies.
T. CHRYSO.SPLE'XHIM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage.
C. America' num, Schwein. A low and delicate smooth
herb, with spreading and forking stems. Flowers greenish-
yellow, inconspicuous, nearly sessile in the forks. — Shady
wet places.
Order XXXIV. CRASSULA'CE^. (Orpine Family.)
Succulent herbs (except in one genus), chiefly differing
from Saxifragaceai iu having symmetrical flowers^ the sepals,
petals and carpels being the same in number, and the
stamens either as many or twice as many.
(iynopHis of tbe CSeuera.
1. Pen'lboram. Not succulent. The carpels united, forming a 5-
celled pod.
2. Seduni. Succulent. Carpels distinct.
1. PE^'THORIJM, Groiiov. Ditch Stone-crop.
P. sedoi'des, Gronov. Not succulent. Sepals 5. Petals
5, if any ; sometimes wanting. Stamens 10. Pod o-angled,
fi-horned, and 5-relled. Leaves scattered, lanceolate, acute
at both ends. A homely weed, with greenish-yellow flowers
in a loose cyme. — Wet places. (Parts of the flowers occa-
sionally in sixes or sevens.)
2. 8EDr]II, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine.
1. S. acre, L. (Mossy Stone-crop.) Leaves very thick
and succulent, crowded, very small. Petals yellow. A
spreading moss-like plant which has esca.ped from culti-
vation in many places. — Eoadsides.
HAMAMELACEit:, HALORAOEiR
79
2. S. Tele'phium, L. (Live-for-kvek.) stems tall and
stout. Leaves oval, toothed. Flowers in compound cymes,
petals pur/ife. Sepals, petals, and carj)els 5 each. Stamen
10. (Int. from Eu.)
3. S. Rhodi'ola, DC. (Rose -root.) Stems 5-10 inches
high. Flowers di(«cious, greenish -yellow or purplish.
Stamens mostly 8, other parts in fours. — Rocky shores, Atl.
Prov.
Order XXXV. HAMAMELAXE^. (Witch-hazel F.)
Tall shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous
stipules. Flowers in clusters or heads, often moncjpcious.
Calyx 4-parted, adherent to the base of the ovary, the latter
of 2 united carpels. Fruit a 2-beaked, 2-collod, woody pod,
opening at the top. Petals 4, strap-shaped, inserted on the
calyx. Stamens 8, 4 of them anther-bearing, the remainder
reduced to scales. The only genus with us is
HAMAME'lilS L- WiTCli-iiAZEL.
H. Virgfinia'na, L. Leaves obovate or oval, crenate or
wavy- toothed, pubescent. Flowers yellow, appearing late
in the autumn. — Damp woods, chiefly west of Toronto,
Order XXXVI. HALORA'GE^. (Water-Milfoil F.)
Aquatic or marsh plants, with small inconspicuous flowers,
sessile in the axils of the leaves or bracts. Calyx-tube ad-
herent to the ovary (but calyx and corolla wanting in Calli-
triche), the latter 2— i-celled (in Hippuris of a single carpel).
Limb of the calyx minute or nrne. Petals small or none.
Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, a single seed iu each cell.
i^ynopslH of I lie (ioiiera.
1. Mjrriophyriani. Flowers moiurcious (jr polyg'amous, with the parts
iu fours. Stamens 4 or G. Immersed leaves pinnately dissected
into capillary divisions.
2. nippa'rlH. Flowers perfect. Stamen, style, and carpel only one-
Leaves etitire, linear, acute ; in whorls of 8 or 10.
I? -'I
I!
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
ti:
3. Proserpina' ca. Flowers perfect, the parts In threes. Petals none.
Stems creepiiiff at the base. Leaves alternate, the immersed ones
pinnately dissected.
4. €allit'riche« Flowers monoecious. Calyx and corolla wanting.
Leaves entire, opposite, Staminate tlower of a single stamen ;
pistillate flower a sii!j;lo 4-celled ovary. Fruit compressed, 4-
lol)ed. 4.celled. breaking up into 4 one-seeded pieces.
1. MTRIOPHYL'LVM, Vaill. Water-Milfoil.
1. M. spiea'tum, L. Stamens 8. Bracts ovate, entire,
tihorter than the floivers. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4.
Flowers greenish, in terminal spikes. Stems very long. —
Deep water.
2. M. verticilla'tum, L. Stamens 8. Leaves finelj'^ dis-
sected and whoried as in No. 1. Bracts joectinate-pinnatifid,
much longer than the flowers, and the spikes therefore
leafy. Stem 2-4 feet long. — Stagnant water.
3. M. heterophyl'lum, Michx. Stamens 4. Lower leaves
dissected, in whorls of 4 or 5. Bracts ovate or lanceolate,
finely serrate, crowded, the lower ones pinuatifid. Stem
stout. — Stagnant or slow water.
4. M. tenel'lum, Bigel. Flowering stems nearly leafless.
Bracts small, entire. Flowers alternate, mononcious.
Stamens 4. — Borders of ponds.
2. HIPPIi'RIH, L. Mare's Tail.
H. vulgaris, L. A perennial aquatic, with jointed erect
stem. — Muddy margins of ponds and streams.
3. PR08ERP1NA'€A, L. Mekmaid-weed.
p. palustris, L. (Mermaid-weed.) Low herb. Stem
creeping at base. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, sharply
serrate. Petals none. Stamens 3. Fruit nut-like, 3-seeded.
— Wet swamps.
4. CMLLITRKHR, L. Water-StARWORT.
1. C. ver'na, L. Amphibious. Floating leaves obovate,
tufted ; submersed leaves linear. Flowers monoecious,
axillary, usually between a pair of bracts. Sterile flower a
single stamen; fertile flower a single pistil with a 4-celled
ovary. Leaves beset with stellate scales.
ONAGRACE^.
81
2. C. autumna'lis. Growing under water. May be dis-
tinguislied from C. Vema by its leaves being retune and all
linear from a broader base, and its flowers without bracts.
Order XXXV II. ONAGRA'CE^. (Evening-Primrose P.)
Herbs with perfect and symmetrical flowers, the parts of
the latter in twos or fours. Calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, and usually prolonged above it. Petals and stamens
inserted on the calyx. Style 1. Stigmas 2 or 4 or capitate.
(See Part I., sections 44-47, for description of a typical
plant.)
Synopsis of the Ciencra.
1. Clrcee'a. Petals 2. obcordate. Stamens 2. Stigma capitate. Fruit
hur-like, l-2-3ee(ied, beset with lioolted bristles. Delicate low plants
with opposite leaves and very small white flowers in racemes.
2. Epilo'binin. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Calyx-tube hardly prolon(?ed
beyond the ovary. Fruit a linear pod, many-seeded, the seeds pro-
vided with tufts of downy hairs.
3. <Euothe'ra<. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed or discoid.
Flowers yellow (white in one species). Calyx-tube much pro-
longed. Pods cylindrical or club-shaped. Seeds without ttifts.
4. Gaii'ra. Petals 4, Q.l&wad and unequal. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed.
with a cup-like border. Calyx-tube much prolonged. Fruit hard
and nut-like, ribbed, indehiscent or nearly so^ few-seeded.
Flowers rose-coloured or white, turning scarlet.
5. Ludwig'ia. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4. Calyx-tube not pro-
longed. Stigma capitate.
1. CIRCiE'Ay Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade.
1. C. Lutetia'na, L. stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves oppo-
site, ovate, slightly toothed. No brarts under the jjedicels.
Fruit roundish, bristly-hairy, 2-celled. — Rich woods.
2. C. alpi'na, L. Stem low and delicate (3-8 inches).
Leaves cordate, coarsely toothed. Minute brarts under the
pedicels. Fruit club-shaped., soft-hairy., 1-celled. — Deep low
woods.
2. EPILO'BlliM, I^. Willow-herb.
1. E. angUStifO'lium, L. {E. spica'tum, Lam.) (Great
Willow-herb.) Stem B-() feet high, simple. Leaves lance-
olate, scattered. Flowers purple, very showy, in a terminal
'liJid
il *;,
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
1^1
raceme or spike. Stamens and style deflexed. Stigma of 4
long lobes. — Newly-cleared land.
Var. canescens, Wood, has white flowers and silvery pods.
2. E. hirsu'tum, L., is found about Niagara Falls. The
stem is tall, erect, and densely soft-hairy, with opposite
lance-oblong leaves. Flowers smaller than in No. 1, rose-
purple, forming a leafy short raceme. Stamens and style
erect. "
3. E. panicula'tum, Nutt. Glabrous, or pubescent
above. Stem varying from 1 to 10 feet high, branching
above. Leaves narrowly linear, mostly alternate and fasci-
cled. Flowers few, small, terminating the spreading slender
and almost leafless branches. Stamens and style erect.
Stigma club-shaped. — Colpoy's Bay, Lake Huron ; and N.W.
4. E. linea're, Muhl. (E. j^ahistre, h.^ var. J ineare, Gray.)
Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, slender, branching above, hoary-
pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire. Flowers
small, coryvibed at the ends of the branches, purplish or
white. Petals erect. Stigma club-shaped. — Bogs.
5. E. Strietum, Muhl., {E. molle, Torr.) is occasionally
met with. It differs from No. 4 chiefly in having the leaves
croAVv^ed, broader, and their points more obtuse. The petali
are rose-coloured. — Bogs.
6. E. palustre, L. stem low, slender, and simple (about
a foot high_), finely pubescent. Leaves erect or ascending,
sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, obtuse, with revolute
margins. Seeds roughened with points. — Atl. seacoast and
N.W.
7. E. eolora'tum, Muhl. stem 1-2 feet high, nearly
smooth, but with 2-4 hairy linos decurrent from the leaves,
the \atteT lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate^ serrate^ with conspic-
uous petioles. Flowers small, more or less nodding,
corymbed. Petals })ale, deeply notched. Coma of the seed
brownish. — Not so common as the next.
K. E. adenocau Ion, Tlaussk. More glandular-pubescent
^han the last. Leaves abruptly contracted into short
ONAGRACEiE.
83
petioles. Flowers erect. Coma of the seed much lighter in
colour. — Common in wet places.
3. <ENOTHE'RA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.
* Stigma-lobea linear. «
1. (E. bien'nis, L. (Common Evening Primrose.) Stem
2-4 feet high, hairy. Leaves ovate-lanoeolate. Flowers
yellow, odorous, in a leafy spike, opening in the evening or
in cloudy weather. Pods oblong, narrowing towards the
top. — Waste places.
Var. grandiflo'ra, Lindl., has petals as long as the
calyx- tube.
Var. murica'ta, Lindl. has rough-bristly stem and pods,
and petals rather longer than the stamens.
2. (E. albieau'lis, Nutt. Flowers white, changing to
rose-colour, nodding in the bud. Stem white, and common-
ly glabrous. — N. W.
3. CE. pu'mila, L. (Small E.) Stem low, 5-12 inches high,
smooth or nearly so. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate.
Pods nearly sessile, club-shaped, 4-angled. Flowers pale
yellow, opening in sunshine. — River and lake margins.
4. (E. Chrysan'tha, Michx. Distinguished from the pre-
ceding by the orange-yellow flowers, and pedicelled pods, the
latter scarcely wing-angled. — Drier ground than the pre-
ceding.
* * Stigma discoid.
5. (E. serrula'ta, Nutt., var. Douglasii, Torr. and Gray.
A low and slender plant, with linear to lanceolate leaves.
Calyx-tube broadly funnel-f or vi. Petals obovate. — N.W. ^
4. CAVRA, L.
G. eoecin'ea, Nutt. Hoary and very leafy, 6-12 inches
high. Flowers small, in simple spikes. — N. W.
5. LUDWIG'IA, L. False Loosestrife.
1. L. palustris, Ell. (Water Purslane.) Stems creep-
ing in the mud of ditches or river margins, smooth. Leaves
opposite, tapering into a slender petiole. Flowers sessile,
solitary, usually without'petals. Pod 4-sided.
A- 'Hf? ■
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51 V
84
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. L. alternifO'lia, L. (Seed-dox.) Stem hranching,
about 3 feet high, nearly smooth. Flowers i/ellow, conspicu-
ous, peduncled in the upper axils. Leaves alternate, pointed
at both ends. Capsules wing-angled. — S. W. Ontario.
3. L. polycarp'a, Short and Peter. Stem 1-3 feet high,
erect and branching, but producing runners at the base.
Flowers small, sessile in the axils, with greenish petals or
none. Leaves acute at both ends, those of the runners
oblong-spathulate. Bractlets at the base of the capsules
linear-awl-shaped. — S. W. Ontario, not common.
Order XXXVIII. MELASTOMA'CEiE. (Melastoma F.)
Low herb; with opposite 3-5-ribbed leaves. Calyx-tube
adherent to the ovary, the limb 4 cleft. Petals 4, showy,
convolute in the bud. Stamens 8, with 1-celled anthers
opening by a pore at the apex ; these and the petals inserted
on the calyx. Style and stigma 1. Pod 4-celled, many-
seeded ; seeds coiled. The only representative with us is
RHEX1A» L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beauty.
R. Virgin'ica, L. Stem square, wing-angled. Leaves
oval-lanceolate. Petals purple. — Shores of the Muskoka
Lakes. ^
Order XXXIX LYTHRA'CEAS. (Loosestrife F.)
Herbs, or slightly woody plants, with opposite or whorled
entire leaves, without stipules. Calyx enclosing, but free
from, the ovary. Petals and stamens inserted on the calyx,
Flowers axillary or whorled. Style 1. Stigma capitate.
Synopsis of the Cienera.
1. liyth'rnni. Petals mostly 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers
purple, solitary in the axils, or forminfjr an interrupted spilce.
Calyx-teeth with projections in the sinuses. Pod oblong', 2-eelled.
2. Nesw'n. Petals r» (rarely 4). Stamens twice as many, in two sets.
Pod 3-5-celied.
1. I.YTH'KIJIM, L. Loosestrife.
1. L. ala'tum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like. Flowers
solitary in the upper axils. Calyx- teeth often shorter than
CUCURBITACEiE.
85
the projections between them. Petals deep-purple. — S. W.
Ontario.
2. L. Saliea'ria, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.) More or less
downy and tall. Flowers purple, crowded, and forming an
interrupted spike. Stamens twice as many as the petals, in
two sets. — Atl. Prov. Also at Ottawa and opposite Mon-
treal.
2. NESiE'A, Commerson, Juss. Swamp Loosestrife.
N. verticilla'ta, H. B. K. {Dec'odon vertidllatus, Ell.)
Stems curving, 2-6 feet long, 4-6-sided. Leaves lanceolate,
mostly whorled. Flowers purple, in the axils of the upper
leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5-7 erect teeth, with sup-
plementary projections between them. Stamens 10, exserted,
5 longer than the rest. — Swamps.
Order XL. CUCURBIT A' CE^. (Gourd Family.)
Herbs, climbing by tendrils. Flowers monoecious. Calyx-
tube adherent to the 1-3-celled ovary. Corolla commonly
more or less gamopetalous. Stamens usually 3, united by
their tortuous anthers, and often also by the filaments.
Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined.
Synopsis of the Geiiern.
1. SI'cyoM. Flowers j^reenish- white, small ; the staminate corymbed,
the pistillate clustered in a head on a long peduncle. Corolla 5-
cleft, with a spreadinj? border. Style slender ; stigmas 3. Ovary
1-celled. Fruit dry and indehiacent, prickly, bur-like in appear-
ance.
2. Echlnocys'tls. Flowers whitish, small; the staminate in long
compound racemes, the pistillate in small clusters from the same
axils. Corolla 6-parted. Stigma broad, almost sessile. Ovary
2-celled, 4-seeded. Fruit fleshy, becoming dry, clothed with weak
prickles.
1. srcYOS, L. Star Cucumber.
S. angfUla'tUS, L. A clammy-hairy weed in damp yards.
Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed.
a. ECHINOCYS'TIS, Torr. and Gray. Wild Balsam-Apple.
E. loba'ta, Torr. and Cray. Climbing high about dwel-
lings. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed. The oval fruit
2 inches long.
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
i\
ORDEr. XLI. CACTAXE^. (Cactus Family.)
Very fleshy and commonly leafless plants; the stems
globose or columnar and angled, or of flattened joints, mostly
prickly. Flowers solitary, sessile. The numerous sepals
and petals adherent to the 1-celled ovary. Style 1, stigmas
many. Fruit a 1-celled berry with many seeds on the walls.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Manillla'rlji. Stems (globose or oval, covered with spine-bearing
tuberclea, the flowers between these.
2. Opnn'tla. Stems of flattened joints, bearing very small awl-shaped
leaves with clusters of bristles in their axils.
1. ill AMILL ARIA, Haw.
M. vivip'ara, Haw. Stems 1-5 inches high, the tubercles
bearing bundles of 5-8 reddish-brown spines, surrounded by
numerous grayish ones. Flowers purple. — N. W. plains.
9. OPUN'TIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAK.
0. Rallnes'quii, Engel. stem prostrate, deep green.
Bristles reddish -brown. Spines few. Flowers yellow, some-
times Avith reddish centre. — Point Pelee.
Order XLII. FICOI'DE^. (Ice-Plant Family.)
A miscellaneous group, embracing plants formerly in-
cluded in Caryopliyllaceae and Portulacacese ; differing,
however, from true representatives of these in having parti-
tions in the ovary. Petals wanting in our genus.
NOLLi:'<;o, L. Caupict-weed.
M. verticilla'ta, L. A prostrate much-branched herb,
growing in patches. Leaves spathulate, apparently verti-
cillate. Flowers on long axillary pedicels, clustered into a
sort of umbel Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none.
Stamens mostly 3. Styles 3. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculi-
cidal. the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded
axis. — Mostly in south-western Ontario^ .
UMBELLIPER.'E.
S7
Order XLIII. UMBELLIF'ER^. (Parsley Family.)
Herbs with small jlowers mostly in compound umbeh:
Calyx-tube grown fast to the surface of the ovary ; calyx-
teeth minute or none. The 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted
on a disk which crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit dry,
2-seeded. Stems hollow. Leaves usually much cut. (See
Part I., Chapter VII., for description of a typical flower.)
■iV-i
Synopsis of the €iienera«
§ 1. Seeds flat (not holloto) on the inner face.
1. Hy«lrocot'yle* Umbels simple, or one springing from the summit of
another, axillary. Flowera white. Stem slender and creeping.
Leaves round-kldney-shaped.
2. Saulc'nla* Umbels irregular (or compound), the greenish floioers
capitate in the umbellets. Leaves palmately lobed or parted.
Fruit globular, covered with hooked prickles.
{In the Genera which follow^ the umbels are regularly compound.)
3. Daii'ciis. Stem bristly. Jjea.ves twice or thrice-pinnate, or pinna-
tilid. Bractsof the involucre pinnatifid, very long. Fruit ribbed,
the ribs bristly.
4. Heracle'am. Stevi 3-4 feet high, wooHy and grooved. Leaves 1-2-
ternately compound. Floioers tohite, the outer corollas larger
than the others. Frtcit wing-margined at the junction of the car-
pels, very flat. Carpels 5-ribbed on the back.
5. Pastina'ca. Stem smooth, grooved. Leaves pinnate. Floioers
yelloiv, all alike. Fruit as in No. 4.
6 Penced'anum. Low acaulescent herbs, with spindle-shaped roots
and twice-pinnate leaves. No involucre ; involucels of scarious-
marglned (often purplish) lanceolate bractlets. Flowers white or
yellow. Fruit round, winged on the sides.— N. W. only.
7. Archem'ora. Stem smooth. Leaves pinnate, of 3-9 rather narrow
leaflets. Floioers white. Fruit broadly winged, flat, 5-ribbed on
the back.
8. Archaugel'lca* Stem smooth, stout, purple. Leaves 2-3-ternately
compound. Floioers greenish-ichite. Fruit smooth, flattish on
the back, double-wing-margined, each carpel with 3 ribs on the
back.
9. ConloHeirnuiii. Stem smooth. Leaves 2-3-pinnately compound, the
petioles Inflated. Flowers white. Fruit doubly wing-margined,
and with 3 narrow wings on the back of each carpel.
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
10. ThaMpiiim. Stern smooth. Leaves l-'5-tcrnately divided. Flowen
yellow. Fruit not Qatteued, 10- winged or ribbed.
11. iCttaii'Ka. Leaves twice or thrice ternately coini)ound, tlie divisions
finely dissected. Noinvohicre: involucels of long narrow bract-
lets. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globosQ, the carpels with 6
thick sharp ribs.
12. LignN' ileum. Stem smooth, from large aromatic roots. Leaves
twice ternate, coarsely toothed. Flowers white. Fruit with pi-o-
minent acute ribs, having broad spaces between them.
13. Zizia. Stem slender, smooth and glaucous. Leaves 2-3-ternately
compound. Floviers yellow. Rays of the umbel long and slender.
Friiit contracted at the junction of the carpels ; the carpels nar-
rowly 6-ribbed.
14. Cicu'ta* Stem streaked with purple, stout. Leaves thrice com-
pound. Flowers tohite. Fruit a little contracted at the sides, the
carpels strongly 6-ribbed.
lf>. Caruni. Stem erect, slender, smooth. Leaves pinnately decom-
pound, the, divisions filiform. Roots tuberous. Flowers white.
Ribs of the ovate or oblong fruit inconspicuous.
16. Slum. Stem grooved. Leaves simply pinnate. Flowers white.
Fruit as in No. 10.
17. €ryptotie'nla. Stem smooth. Leaves 8-foUolate. The umbels with
very unequal rays. Flowers white. Fruit nearly as in Nos. 10
and 11.
§2. Inner face of each seed hollowed lengthwise.
18. Bupleu'rum. Stem smooth. Leaves perfoliate, owatQ, QwtixQ. No
involucre : involucels of 5 very conspicuous ovate mucronate
bractlets. Flowers yelloiv.
19. Mnse'nlnm. Stem short, branching from the base. Flowers
yellow. Leaves twice-pinnatitid. Roots spindle-shaped. No
involucre ; involucels 1-sided, of a few narrow bractlets. Ribs of
the ovate fruit slightly prominent.— N. W. only.
20. Osniorrbl'za. Leaves large, 2-3-ternately compound. Flowers
white. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into a
stalk-like bas.e. Ribs of the carpels bristly upwards.
21. Co'riium. Leaves large, decompound. Flowers white. Fruitovate,
ilattened at the sides, 5-ribbed, the ribs wavy.
S 3. Inner face cfeach seed curved inwards at top and bottom.
22. Erlge'ula. stem low and smiwth. Leaves 2-3-ternately divided.
Fruit twin. Carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbels 3-rayed, small.
Flowers white.
UMBELLIFBRiE.
89
1. HYDROCOT'YLK, Tourn. Water Pennywort.
H. America'na, I^. Stem spreading and creeping,
very slender. Leaves kidney- shaped, crenate, slightly
lobed. Umbels 3-5-flowered, inconspicuous, in the axils of
the leaves. — Shady wet places.
2, SAJflC'lILA, Tourn. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.
S. MaPilail'diea, L. Leaves 5-7-parted. Staminate
flowers very numerous, and on slender pedicels. Styles long,
recurved. — Rich woods.
Var. Canaden'sis, L. Leaves 3-5-parted. A few stam-
inate fiowers among the perfect ones, and on very short
pedicels. Styles shorter than the prickles of the fruit. — Low
rich woods, not so common.
3. DAU'€IJS, Tourn. Carrot.
D. Caro'ta, L. (Common Carrot.) Found wild occa-
sionally in old fields. In fruit the umbel becomes hollow
like a bird's nest.
4. HERACJLE'IJM L. CowParsnip.
H. lana'tum, Michx. Umbels large and flat. Petioles
of the leaves spreading and sheathing. Leaves very large ;
leaflets broadly heart-shaped, deeply lobed. Low wet
meadows.
5. PASTIXA'CA Tourn. Parsnip.
P. sati'va, L. (Common Parsnip.) Found wild in old
fields and along roadsides. Leaflets shining above.
6. PEUCED'ANVM, L.
1. P. nudieau'le, Nutt. Pubescent. Peduncles 3-8 inches
high. Flowers white, in early spring. — N.W.
2. P. villo'sum, Nutt., has i/eWow flor/ers. — N.W.
I. ABCHEM'ORA, D.C. Oowbane.
A. Pig'ida, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Involucre almost none ;
involucels of many small bractlets.— Sandy swamps, south-
western Ontario.
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
8. ARCHANfiEF" , Hoffm. Archangelica.
1. A. atropuppu'i floffm. (Angelica atropi'vpurea^
L.) (Great Angelica.) Stem very tall (4-6 feet) and stout,
dark purple. Whole plant strong-scented. Petioles much
inflated at the base. — Marshes and low river- banks.
2. A. Gmerini, DC. Stem slightly downy at the top.
Involucels about as long as the umbellets. Plant but little
aromatic. — Rocky coasts ; AtL Prov.
9. CONIOSEH'NUM, Fischer. Hemlock-Parsley.
C. Canadense, Torr. and Gr. Stem 2-4 feet high.
Petioles much inflated. Leaflets of the involucels awl-shaped-
— Swamps.
10. TH4SPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip.
!• T. au'reum, Nutt. Stem 1-2 feet high, angular-fur-
rowed. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Flow-
ers deep yellow. Fruit with 10 winged ridges^ or in var.
apterum with 10 ribs. — Dry or rich woods.
VaP. trifoliatum, Coult. and Rose, is a far western
form. Leaflets crenate.
2. T. barbino'de, Nutt. Loosely branched, pubescent
on the joints. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate^ coarsely cut-ser-
rate. ~E\oyiQX% light yellow. — S.W.Ontario.
11. iETHU'SA, L. Fool's Parsley.
M. Cyna'pium, L. A poisonous annual, with an un-
pleasant odour, found occasionally in cultivated grounds.
12. LIGIIJ^'TICIJDI, L. LovAGE.
L. Seot'ieum, L. (Scotch Lev age.) Stem 1-2 feet high,
simple. Leaflets ovate. Fruit narrowly oblong. — Salt
marshes, Atl. sea-coast.
13. ZIZIA, DC. ZiziA.
Z. integrep'rima, DC. (Fimpinella integerrima, Benth.
and Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem slender, 1-2 feet
high, from a stout root stock. Involucels none. Plant
strong-scented. — Rocky hillsides.
UMBELLIPBR^.
9]
li. CICU'TA, L. Watek- Hemlock.
1. C. macula'ta, L. (Spotted Cow bane. Beaver
Poison.) Stem 3-6 feet high, purplish, smooth. Leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, pointed. — Swamps and low
grounds.
2. C. bulbifera, L., is easily distinguished from No. 1
by bearing chisters of hdblets in the axils of the upper leaves.
The leaflets, also, are linear. — Swamps and low grounds.
15. CABIJM, L. Caraway.
C. Car'ui, L. (Caraway.) Escaped from cultivation in
many places.
16. SIIIM, L. Watek-Parsnip.
S. linea'Pe, Michx. (S. dcutcefdlium, Gmelin, inMacoun's
Catalogue.) Stem 2-3 feet high, smooth, furrowed. Leaf-
lets varying from linear to oblong, sharply pointed and ser-
rate. Fruit oblong or ovate, with prominent ribs. — Borders
of marshes usually in the water.
■ « .
IT. CRYPTOTiE'NIA, DC. HONEWORT.
C. Canadensis, DC. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender. Leaf-
lets large, ovate, doubly serrate. No involucre. — Rich
woods and thickets.
18. BVPLErRlJllI, L. Thorough-wax.
B. rotundifo'lium, L. Ballast-heaps. — Atl. Prov.
19. MIISE'KIUM, Nutt.
M. divariea'tum, Nutt. Decumbent. Leaves glabrous
and shining, the divisions confluent with the winged rhachis.
Bather ill-smelling herbs. — N.W.
20. OSMOBRHl'ZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely.
1. 0. longis'tylis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.) Stem
reddish, nearly smooth. Leaflets sparingly pubescent,
short pointed. Styles slender, nearly as long as the ovary,
recurved. — Rich wooas.
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11 COV^MON CANADIAN tVILD PLANTS.
2. 0. bpevis'tylis, DC. (Hairy Sweet Cicely.) Whole
plant hairy. Leaflets taper-pointed. Styles very short,
conical.— Rich woods.
91. CO'NIIIM, L. Poison Hemlock.
C. macula'tum, L. Stem smooth, spotted. Leaflets
lanceolate, pinnatifid, pale green, with an offensive odour
when bruised. Involucels one-sided. Inner face of the
seed marked with a deep groove. — Waste places.
2'i. ERMSE'NIA, Nutt. Harbinger-of-Sprixq.
E. bulbo'sa, Nutt. Stem 4-6 inches high, from a tuber
deep in the ground, producing 2 leaves, the lower radical.
Leaflets much incised. Flowers few. — Alluvial soil.
Order XLIV. ARALIA'CE^. (Ginseng Family.)
Herbs (with us) differing from the last Order chiefly in
having, as a rule, more than 2 styles^ and the fruit a drupe:
The umbels, also, are either single, or corymbed, orpanicled.
Flowers often polygamous. The only Canadian genus is
ARA'LIA. Tourn. GiNSENO. Wild Sarsaparilla.
* Unibels corymbed or panicled. Petals, stamens, and styles each 5.
Fruit black or dark-purple.
1. A. raeemo'sa, L. (Spikenard.) Umbels in a large
compound panicle. Stem 2-3 feet high, widely branching.
Leaves very large and decompound ; leaflets ovate-cordate,
doubly serrate. Roots aromatic. — Rich woods.
2. A. his'pida, Michx. (Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild
Elder.) Stem 1-2 feet high, bristly, leafy, somewhat
sh.'nibby at the base. Umbels 2-7, corymbed. Leaves twice-
pinnate. Leaflets sharply serrate. Fruit black. — Rocky or
sandy woods.
3. A. nudicaulis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) True stem
^'ery short, sending up a naked scape bearing 3 or 4 long-
peduncled umbels at the summit, and one long-petioled leaf,
ternately divided, and with 5 leatiets on each division. Root
horizontal, aromatic. — Rich woods.
ARALIACEJE CORNACEiE.
93
• * Umbel single, on a long peduncle. Styles torS,
4. A. quinquefo'lia, Decaisne. (Ginseno.) Leaves in a
whorl of 3 at the summit uf the stem, the latter a foot high.
Leaflets mostly 5, long-stalked. — Rich woods.
5. A. trifo'lia, Decaisne. Stem 4-6 inches high. Leaves
in a whorl of 3 at the summit, but the leaflets usfuaUy only Sy
and sessile. — Rich woods.
Order XLV. CORNA'GE^. (Dogwood Family.)
Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs) with simple leaves. Calyx-
tube adherent to the 1-2-celled ovary, the limb of the calyx
inconspicuous. Petals and stamens all epigynous. Style 1 ,
stigma flat or capitate. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe.
Synopsis of the Cienera.
1. Cornus. Flowers perfect (the parts in fours), either forming
cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a showy involucre
resembling a corolla. Leaves mostly opposite.
2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the parts in fives.
Loaves alternate, mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets.
1. COREL'S, Toum. Cornel. Dogwood.
*Plowers in a close head, surrounded by a showy involucre of
U white braxts. Fruit red.
1. C. Canadensis, L. (Bunch- .^^kry.) Stem simple,
5 or 6 inches high. Upper leaves crowded and apparently
whorled, ovate, the lower scale-like. « Leaves of the involucre
ovate. Rich woods.
2. C. flop'ida, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) A small
tree, with opposite ovate pointed leaves. Leaves of the in-
volucre notched at the apex, very showy. — Rocky woods.
South-west Ontario.
* * Flowers {whUe) in flat cymes. No involucre. FYuU blue or white.
3. C. circina'ta, L'Her. (Round-leaved Dogwood.)
A shrub 4-6 feet high, with greenish warty dotted branches.
Leaves opposite, broadly oval^ white-woolly beneath. Fruit
light blue. — Rich woods.
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• COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
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4. C. serie'ea, L. (Silky Cornel.) A large shrub
with purplish branches. Leaves opposite, narrowly ovato
or oblong, silky beneath . Branchlets often rusty. Fruiu
light blue. Distinguished from No, 3 by the colour of the
branches and the much smaller leaves. — Low wet grounds.
5. C. stolonifera, Michx. (Red-osier Dogwood.) A
shrub forming clumps by the production of suckers or stolons,
3-6 feet high. Branches bright red-purple^ smooth. Leaves
opposite, ovate, roughish, whitish beneath. Fruit white or
whitish, — Low wet grounds.
6. C. panicula'ta, L'Her. (Pakicled Cornel.) A shrub
4-8 feet high, with erect, gray, and smooth branches.
Flowers white, very numerous. Leaves opposite, ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed. Cymes convex. Fruit white. —
Thickets and river-banks.
7. C. asperifo'lia, Michx., (Rough-leaved Dogwood)
is reported by Macoun as common on Point Pelee. Branches
brownish, the branchlets rough- pubescent. Leaves oppo.
site, rather small, oblong or ovate ; rough above, downy
beneath. Fruit bluish or white.
8. C. alternifo'lia, L. (Altbrnate-lbaved Cornel.) A
large shrub or small tree, with alternate greenish branches
streaked with white. Leaves mostly alternate, oval, acute at
each end, crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers
yellowish, in loose cymes. Fruit dedp blue, on reddisli
stalks. — Thickets.
8. XYSSA, L. Pkppkridgk. Sour-Gum Tree.
N. sylvat'ica, Marsh. A middle-sized tree with hori-
zontal branches, reported from Niagara and south-western
Ontario. Sterile flowers in dense axillary clusters, with small
calyx, and small fleshy petals or none. Stamens mostly 10, but
sometimes fewer. Fertile flowers in clusters of 3-8, at the
summit of a slender axillary peduncle, larger than the stam-
inate ones. Stylo revolute. Ovary l-celled> Drupe ovoid,
bluish-black, about half an inch long.
CAPRIPOLIACE^.
95
II. GAMOPET'ALOUS DIVISION.
Embracing plants with both calyx and corolla, the
iatter with the petals united (inr however slight a degree.)
Order XLVI. CAPRIFOLIA'CEJE. (Honeysuckle F.)
Shrubs, rarely herbs, with the calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, the corolla borne on the ovary, and the stamens on
the tube of the corolla. Leaves opposite and without
stipules, but some species of VibUP'num have appendages
J'esembling stipules. Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod.
Syuoi>:ii.s or tlie <i;eiieru.
* Corolla tubidai\ sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender.
1. Liniiae'a. A trailing,'' or creeping' herb, wiili evergreen oval crenate
leaves and slender scape-like peduncles which fork at the top into
2 pedicels, each of which hojirs a noddinf^ n.irrowiy bell-shaped
l)urplish flower. Stamens 1, 2 shorter than the others.
2. Syniphorlcar'pus. Upright branching shrubs, with oval entire
short-petioled leaves. Flowerw in interrupted spikes at the
ends of the branches, rose-coloured. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-
lobed, with as many stamens. Berries large and white, 4-celled,
but only 2-seeded.
3. Loiilce'ra. Upright or twining shrubs, with entire leaves.
Corolla funnel-form, more or less irregular, often with a pro-
jection on one side at the base. Berry several-seeded.
4. DIervil'la. Low upright shrubs with ovate pointed serrate leaves.
Calyx-tube tapering towards the top, the teeth slender. Flowers
light yellow, peduncles mostly 4-flowered. Corolla f unnei-form,
nearly regular. Pod slender-pointed.
5. Trios'teum. Coarse herbs. Lobes of the calyx leaf -like. Flowers
brownish-pnrplo, sessile in the axils of the leaves. Corolla
bulging at the base. Fruit a S-seeded orange-coloured drupe.
* * Corolla rotate or urn-shaped, regular, 5-lobed. Floxocrs
white, in broad cymes.
6. Sambu'ciis. Upright shrubs with pinnate leaves, the leaflets
serrate. Stigmas 3. Fruit purple or red, a juicy berry-like
drupe, with 3 seed -like stones.
7. VIlHip'iiuiii, Upright shrubs with simple loaves, and white
flowers in compound cymes. Fruit a 1-sceded drupe.
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96
COMiiiON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
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1. LIMN^'A, Gronov. Twin-flowkr.
L. borealis, Gronov. — Cool mossy woods and swamps.
2. SYiUPHORICAR'PVS, Dill. Snowberry.
1. S. racemo'sus, Michx. (Snowberry.) Corolla bearded
inside. Flowers in a rather loose spike. Var. pauciflo'rus,
Robbing, is low, diffusely branched, and spreading, with two
or vhree flowers only, in the axils of the uppermost leaves. —
Dry rocky hill-sides.
2. S. oeeiden talis, Hook. (Wolfberry.) Flowers in
denser spikes than the last, and with larger and more funnel-
form corolla and longer stamens. Corolla much bearded
within. — N.W.
3. LONICE'RA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine.
1. L. parviflora, Lam. (X. glancay Hiil, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) (Small Honeysuckle.) Twining shrub, 2-4 teet
high, with smooth leaves which are glaucous beneath, the
upper ones connate-perfoliate ; corolla yellowish-purple. —
Rocky banks.
2. L. hirsu'ta, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) Stem
twining high. Leaves not glaucous, very large, downy -hairy,
the upper ones connate-perfoliate. Flowers in close whorls ;
corolla greenish -yellow, clammy-pubescent. — Deep thickets.
3. L. SuUivan'tii, Gray. Tunning. At length glaucous-
whitened. Leaves oval and ovate-oblong, mostly connate on
the flowering stems. Corolla pale yellow. — N.W.
.4. L. cilla'ta, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) A branch-
ing, straggling shrub, with thin oblong-oraie ciliate leaves.
Peduncles axillary, filiform, shorter than the leaves, each
2-jiowered at the top. Corolla greenish -yellow, nlmost
spurred at the base. The twj berries separate.— Damp
woods.
5. L. cserulea, L. (Mountain F.) Smaller (1-2 feet
high), and with upright branches. Leaves oval. Ovaries
united into one berry ^ — Eastward and northward.
CAPRIFOLIACE-ffi,
yz
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6. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. (Swamp Fly- Honeysuckle).
A shrub with upright branches, and oblong Zeaves, Pedrindes
long and slender^ 2-flowered. Corolla deeply 2-lipped.
Berries united at the base. — Swamps and low grounds.
7. L involucra'ta, Banks, is at once recognized by the
involucre of four leaf-like bracts under the two flowers.
Corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent. Berries dark-purple. —
Woods and banks of streams, Atl. Prov. and N. W.
4. DIERYIL'LA, Tourn. Bush-Honeysuckle.
D. trifida, Moench. — Rocky woods and clearings.
6. TBIOS'TEUM, L. Fkver-WORT.
T. perfolia'tum, L. A coarse herb, 2-4 feet high, soft-
hairy. Leaves oval, narrowed at the base. Fruit orange-
coloured. — Old clearings and thickets.
6. SAMBIJ'CIJS, Tourn. Elder.
1. S. Canadensis, L. (Common Elder.) Shrub 6-10
feet high, in clumps. Leaflets 5-11, oblong. Cymes flat.
Fruit black-purple.— Open grounds, and along streams.
2. S. racemo'sa, L. (8. pubens, Michx.) (Red-berried
Elder^ may be distinguished from No. 1 by its warty bark,
brown pith, 5-7 leaflets, convex or pyramidal cymes, and
red berries. — Rocky woods.
7. VIBIJR'NCM, L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus.
1. V. Lenta'gO, L. (Sweet Viburnum. Sheep- berry.)
A small tree, with ovate Jlnely-serrate j^ointed leaves, with
long and margined petioles. Cyme sessile. Fruit black. —
Along streams.
2. V. cassinoides, L. (Withe-rod.) A smooth shrub
with somewhat scurfy shoots and tall straight stems. Leaves
thickish, entire or wavy-toothed, dotted beneath. Cymes
nnth short pedimcleSf about 5-rayed. Fruit black. — Cold
swamps.
3. V. pubes'cens, Pursh. (Downy Arrow-wood.) A
straggling shrub, not more than 4 feet high, with small ovate
■ fir A
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98
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
coarsely serrate leaves, the lower surfo.ce soft-downy. Cymes
small. Fruit oblong, dark-purple. — Rocky places.
4. V. aeerifo'lium, L. (Maple-leaved A. Dockmackie.)
A shrub 3-6 feet high, with greenish bark. Leaves 3-lobed,
3-ribbed, soft-downy beneath. Stipular appendages bristle-
shaped. Cymes small, on long peduncles. Fruit red, be-
coming black. — Thickets and river-banks.
6. V. Op'ulus, L. (Cranberry-tree.) An upright shrub,
5-10 feet high, with strongly 3-lobed leaves, broader than
long, the lobes spreading and pointed. Cymes peduncled.
Marginal flowers of the cyme very large and neutral.
Stipular appendages conspicuous. Fruit red, pleasantly
acid. — Low grounds.
6. V. paueiflo'rum, Pylaie. A low shrub. Leaves 5-
ribbed at the base, serrate, with 3 short lobes at the summit.
Cyme few-flowered. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Fruit
red, sour, with a very flat stone. — Cold woods, Atl. Prov.
chiefly.
7. V. lantanoi'des, Michx. (Hobble-bush.) A straggling
shrub with reclining branches. Leaves large, round-ovate,
heart-shaped at the base, serrate, many- veined, the veins
underneath and the stalks and branchlets very rusty -scurfy.
Stipular appendages conspicuous. Cymes sessile, very broad
and flat, with very conspicuous neutral flowers on the margin.
— Moist woods.
Order XL VII. RUBIA'CEJE. (Madder Family.)
Herbs or shrubs, chiefly distinguished from the preceding
Order by the presence of stipules between the opposite
entire leaves, or by the leaves being in whorls without
stipules. Calyx superior. Stamens alternate with the
(mostly 4) lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube.
Ovary 2-4-celled.
RUBIACEiE.
99
■ '■'■: S'
SynopHis of the Cleiiera.
1. Ga'liuni. Leaves in lohorls. Slender weak herbs with square
stems. Calyx-teeth inconspicuous. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-
shaped. Styles 2. Fruit twin, separating into two l-seeded
carpels.
2. Sherard'la. Leaves in whorls. Stems square, slender, procum-
bent. Corolla funnel-form, 4-o-lobed. Calyx-lobes lanceolate.
Flowers blue or pinkish, with a gamophyllous involucre.
3. €epbalan'(hU3. Leaves opposite. Shrubs toith the flowers in a
globular pedunded head. Lobes of calyx and corolla each i.
Style very slender, much protruded. Stigma capitate.
4. Mitchel'la. Leaves opposite. Shining trailing evergreen herbs,
with flowers in pairs, the ovaries united. Lobes of calyx and
corolla each 4, the corolla bearded inside. Style 1. Stigmas 4.
Fruit a red 2-eyed berry.
4. Housto'nta. Leaves opposite. Loxo and slender erect herbs, y: ■'.'
the flowers in small terminal clusters. Lobes of calyx and
corolla each 4. Style 1. Stigmas 2,
1. GALIUM, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers.
1. G. Apari'ne, L. (Cleavers. Goose-grass.) Leaves
about 8 in a whorl, lanceolate, rough-margined. Peduncles
1-2-flowered, axillary. Fruit covered ivith hooked prickles.
Low grounds.
2. G. triflo'rum, Michx. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw.)
Leaves chiefly 6 in a whorl j elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-
pointed. Peduncles S-flowei'ed, terminating the branches.
Fruit covered with hooked prickles. — Woods.
3. G. pilo'sum, Ait. Leaves in whorls of 4, luxiry^ oval.
Peduncles twice- or thrice-forked. — Southwestern Ontario.
4. G. lanceola'tum, Torr. (Wild Liquorice.) Leaves
all in whorls of 4 each, lanceolate, tapering at the apex^ more
or less 3-nerved. Peduncles mostly once-forked. Flowers
few or several, remote. Fruit covered with hooked prickles.
5. G. ciPCSe'zans, Michx., is similar to No. 4, but the
leaves are obtuse instead of tapering. — Woods.
■•■I" H
I;' it
; n
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J'
100
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
6. G. Kamtsehatlcum, Steller, has leaves orbicular to
oblong-ovate, and corolla yelloivish-white and glabrous. —
Mountain woods, Atl. Prov.
7. G. asprellum, Michx. (Rough Bedstraw.) Leaves
in whorls of 6, or 4 or 5 on the branchlets, elliptical-lanceo-
late, very rough on the edges and midrib. Stem weak, 3-5
feet high, leaning upon and clinging to bushes by its rough
edges. Flowers numerous in panicled clusters. Fruit not
rough.
Thickets.
8. G. tpif'idum, L? (Small, Bedstraw.) Leaves in
whorls of 4-6. Stem 6-18 inches high, roughened on the
edges, as are the leaves usually. Flowers few, not panicled.
Farts of the flowers generally in threes. Fruit smooth. Var.
latifolium, Torr., is easily known by its broad leaves and
widely branching stems. — Low grounds and swamps.
Var. tincto'rium, Torr. and Gray. Stem taller and
stouter, with nearly smooth angles. Peduncles 3-7-flowered.
Corolla-lobes and stamens 4.
9. G. boreale, L. (Northern Bedstraw.) Leaves in
whorls of 4i linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved. Flowers very
numerous, crowded in a narrow and compact terminal
panicle. Stem erect and rigid, 1-3 feet high. — Rocky
thickets and river-banks.
9. 8HERAK»'IA, Dill.
S. arven'sis, L. Sparingly naturalized.
3. CEPHALAN'THVS, L. BUTTON BuSH.
C. OCCidenta'lis, L. A smooth shrub growing in swamps,
with ovate petioled pointed leaves, which are opposite or in
whorls of 3. Easily recognized by the globular head of
white flowers.
4. MITCHELL 4, L. PARTRIDGE Berry.
M. repens, L. — Common in dry woods. Leaves round-
ovate, shining, sometimes with whitish lines.
VALERIANACEiE.
101
5. HOUSTO'NIA, L. HousTONlA.
1. H. purpu'rea, L. Stems tufted, 3-6 inches high.
Leaves varying from roundish- ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-
ribbed, sessile. — Woodlands.
VaP. longifolia, Gray, has thinner oblong-lanceolate to
linear leaves, and is lower. — Chiefly N. W.
2. H. cserulea, L. (Bluets. Innocence.) A slender
herb with erect stems. A single flower on each slender
peduncle. Leaves ol]\Jong-spathulate. Corolla light blue to
nearly white, with a yellowish eye and a long tube. — Moist
grassy places, Atl. Prov.
Order XL VIII. VALERIANA'CEiE. (Valerian F.)
Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and small cymose
flowers. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the latter 3-
celled, but only one of these fertile. Stamens 1-3, fewer than
the lobes of the corolla. Style slender. Stigmas 1-3. The
only common genus is
VALERIANA. Tourn. Valerian.
1. V. sylvat'iea, Banks. Not uncommon in cedar-swamps.
Boot Jibrous. Calyx-limb consisting of several bristles rolled
inwards in the floiver^ but expanding in fruit. Corolla
gibbous at the base. Stamens 3. Root-leaves ovate or
oblong, entire ; stem-leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11. Stem
erect, striate, 1-2 feet high.
2. V. ed'ulis, Nutt. Root spindle-shaped^ large. Flowers
in a long and narrow interrupted panicle, nearly dioecious.
Stem-leaves deeply pinnatifid. — Low grounds, western
Ontario.
Order XLIX. DIPSA'CE^. (Teasel Family.)
Herbs with the flowers in heads, surrounded by a many-
leaved involucre, as in the next Family, but the stamens are
distinct. Leaves opposite. Represented in Canada by the
genus
hM
I
%
If
I
-i
102
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
DIP'SACIIS, Tourn. Tkasel.
D. sylves'tris, Mill. (Wild Teasel.) A stout, coarse,
prickly plant, not unlike a thistle in appearance. Flowers
in oblong very dense heads, bluish. Corolla 4-cleft. Sta-
mens 4, on the corolla. Bracts among the flowers terminat-
ing in a long awn. Leaves generally connate. — Roadsides
and ditches. Very common in the Niagara district, but
found also elsewhere.
Order L. COMPOS'ITiE. (Composite Family.)
Flowers in a dense head on a common receptacle, and sur-
lounded by an involucre. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
its limb either obsolete or forming a pappus of few or many
bristles or chatFy rcales. Corolla either tubular or witn one
side much prolonged (strap-shaped or ligulate). Stamens
usually 5, on the tube of the corolla, their anthers united
(syngenesious). Style 2-cleft. (See Parti., sections 60-62,
for examination of a typical flower.)
The heads of flowers present some variety of structure.
All the flowers of a head may be tubular ; or only the central
ones or disk-floivers^ as they are then called, may be tubular,
whilst those around the margin, then known as ray-Jlowers,
are ligulate or strap-shaped. Or again, all the flowers may
be strap-shaped. It is not unusual also to find a mixture of
perfect and imperfect flowers in the same head. ^
The bracts which are often found growing on the common
receptacle among the florets are known as the chaff. When
these bracts are entirely absent the receptacle is said to be
naked. The leaves of the involucre are called its scales.
Artlflcinl (<iynop.siH of the Ciciiera.
Suborder I. TUBULIFLO'RiE.
Heads either altogether without strap-shaped corollas, or
the latter, if present, forming only the outer circle (the rai/).
Ray-flowers, when present, alivays without stamens^ and
often without a pistil also.
COMPOSITiE.
103
^f .■.rif
} !■?
A. Rtiy-flowers entirely absent.
Scales of the involucre in many rows, bristly-pointed, or fringed.
•*- Florets all perfect.
1. Cnl'ens* Leaves and scales of the involucre prickly. Pappus of
long plumose bristles. Receptacle with long soft bristles among
the florets. Flowers reddish-purple.
2. Car'dnus. Resembling Cnicus, but the bristles of the pappus
are not plumose. Atl. Prov.
3. Onopor'don* Leaves and scales of the involucre prickly.
Heads much as in Cnicus, but the receptacle naked, a,nd deeply
honeycombed. Pappus of long bristles, not plumose. Stem
winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves. Flowers purple.
4. Arc'tlnni. Leaves not prickly, bid the scales of the globular in-
volucre tipped with hooked bristles. Pappus of many short
rough bristles. Receptacle bristly. Flowers purple.
Verno'nla. One species has scales of the involucre somewhat
bristly. See No. 15.
^ ^Marginal florets often sterile, and much larger than the others,
forming a kind of false ray.
5. Centaure'a* Leaves not prickly. Scales of the involucre
fringed. Pappus double and bristly, or very short or none.
Receptacle bristly.
■*-■*—*- Sterile and fertile florets in separate heads, i.e., moncecious.
Fruita completely closed involucre {usually bristly) containing only
one or two florets, these heads sessile in the axils of the bracts or
upper leaves. Sterile heads with more nuinerous florets in flattish
involux:res, and forming racemes or spikes. Pappus none.
6. Xan'tlilum. Fertile florets only 2 together in biirs with hooked
prickles, clustered in the axils. Sterile heads in short spikes
above them, the scales of their involucres in one row only, but
not united together.
7. Ambro'sla. Fertile florets single, in a closed involucre armed
with a few spines at the top . Sterile heads in racemes or spikes
above, the scales of their involucres in a single row and united
into a cup,
8. Frause'ria. Inflorescence much like that of Ambrosia, but the
fruiting ir volucre is armed with a number ot long flat and thin
spines.— 'N.W.
* * Scales of the involucre without bristles of any kind.
+- Marginal Jlorets withoiit stamens.
U' \i
I'
I*
iSf' ii-
. . if.', t
** Pappus none or minute,
herbs.
Receptacle naked. Very strong -scented
104
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
9. Tauace'tum. Flowers yellow, in numerous corymbed hoad^
Scales of the involucre dry, imbricated. I'appus 5-lobed.
Leaves dissected.
10. Artemis'la. Flowers yellowish or dull purplish, in numerous
small heads which a-e panicled or racemed. Scales of the
involucre with dry and scarious margins, imbricated. Achenea
with narrow top.
****Pappus of alt the florets bristly. Receptacle naked.
11. Erechtl'teHt Flowers whitish. Scales of the involucre in a
singlerow, linear, with a few bractlets at the base. Corolla of the
marginal florets very slender. I'appus copious, of fine soft
white hairs. Heads corymbed. Erect and coarse herbs.
12. Guaptaalliim. Flowers whitish or yellowish. Scales of the
involucre yellowish-white, in many rows, dry and scarious,
woolly at the base. Outer corollas slender. Pappus a single
row of rough bristles. Flocculent- woolly herbs.
13. Antenna'rla. Very much like Gnaphaliuii™ in appearance, being
wnite- woolly, but the heads are usually dicecious, and the
bristles of the pappus thicker in * he sterile florets.
•+- -t- All thejlorets in the head perfect.
13. Antenna'rla, with dioecious heads, may bo looked for here. See
previous paragraph.
Bidens. One or two species have no rays. See No. 41.
Sene'cio. One species is without rays. See No. 19.
14. Lla'trls. Flowers handsome, rose-purple. Receptacle naked.
Pappus of long and slender bristles, plumose or rough. Achenes
slender, 10-ribbed. Lobes of the corolla slender. Stem wand-
like, leafy, from a corra or tuber. Leaves narroxo or grass-like,
15. Yerno'nla. Flowers purple. Scales of the involucre (with us)
with slender bristly tips. Receptacle naked. Pappus double,
the outer minute, the inner capillary. Branches of the style
long and slender, minutely bristly.
16. Eupato'rinm. Flowers white or purple. Receptacle naked.
Pappus of slender hair-like bristles, smooth or nearly so.
Achenea .5-ai)gled. Heads in corymbs. Leaves whorled, or
connate, or opposite.
■*-■*-■*- Marginal florets pistillate and fertile, those in the centre of
the head staminate and sterile. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus
wanting.
COMPOSITiE.
105
17. Cacn'lia. Flowers white or whitish. Heads 5-Jlowered, rather
large, Ib flat corymbs. Involuc7'e 5-leaved. Receptacle naked,
bearing a scale-like pointed appendage in the centre. Corolla
deeply 5-clef t. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.
18. Iva. Marginal pistillate florets 1-5, with very small tubular
corolla or none. Staminate florets with funnel-form 5-toothed
corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Achenes very short.
Coarse plants with small greenish-white nodding heads. N. W.
B. Bays or strap-shaped corollas round tbe margin of tbe head.
* Pappus of hair-like bristles. Receptacle naked.
19. §eiie'clo. Rays yellow, or in one species none. Scales of the
involucre in a single row, or with a few bractlets at the base.
Pappus very fine and soft. Heads corymbose. Leaves alter-
nate.
20. lu'nla. Rays yellow, numerous, very narrow, in a single row^
Outer scales of the involucre leaf -like. Anthers with two tails
at the base. Stout plants, with large alternate leaves which
are woolly beneath.
21. Chrysop'sls. Rays yellow, many. Disk yellow. Pappus dovble,
the outer of very small chaflFy bristles, the inner capillary.
Low hairy herbs.— N.W. only.
Papptts sint-
22. Aplopap'pas. Rays yellow, many. Disk yellow.
pie, of unequal bristles.— 1^. W. only.
23. Sollda'go. Rays yellow, few, as are also the disk-florets. Invol-
ucre oblong, scales of unequal lengths, appressed. Achenes
many-ribbed. Heads small in compound racemes, or corymbs.
Stems usually wand-like. Leaves alternate.
21. Ar'ulca. Rays yellow. Disk yellow. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre in two rows, lanceolate, erect. Receptacle flat, min-
utely fringed. Achenes slender. Leaves opposite. Heads
showy, with long peduncles. Stem simple.
25. TusNlIa'go. Rays yellowish, in several rows, very narrow.
Involucre nearly simple. Pappus copious, soft. A low peren-
nial, with creeping rootstocks, sending up a scaly scape in early
spring bearing one head, and producing later heart-shaped
angled or toothed leaves, woolly when young.
26. Pctasl'tes. Rays whitish or purplish. Heads in a corymb, fra-
grant. Scales of the involucre in a single row. Heads some-
what dioecious, the staminate with one row of pistillate ray-
flowers, the pistillate with ray-flowers in many rows. Woolry
herbs, with large leaves, all radical, and sheathing scaly bracts
on the scape.
i I
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i
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106
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
V. ' ilWlVi
27. Aster. Rays white, purple, or blue, never yellow, but the dtsi
generally yellow. Pnppus of numeroufl fine roughish bristles,
(in one species rfo<i6/e). Achenes flattlsh. Heads corymbed or
racemose. Flowering in late summer.
28. Erlg'oroii. "Rays Bind. disk. &9 in Anter, but f he rays very narrow,
a.ul usually in more than one row. Scales of the involucre in
one or two rows, nearly of equal length. Pappus of long
bristles with shorter ones intermixed. Heads corymbed or
solitary. Leaves generally sessile.
* * Pappus not of hair-like bristles, but either altogether wanting or
consisting of . few chaffy scales or teeth, or only a minute crown.
+- Receptacle naked.
29. Cirlnde'lin. Rays yellow, many. Disk yellow. Heads large.
Pappus of 2 or 3 rigid awns, falling off early. Scales of the
involucre with spreading tips. Coarse herbs with sessile ser-
rate leaves.— N.W. chiefly.
30. Ciaticrre'zia. Rays yellow, few. Die^k -florets 3 or 4. Heads
numerous, small, crowded. Pappus of a few short chaffy
scales. A low partly shrubby plant, with narrowly linear
entire alternate leaves. N.W. only.
31. Hele'uinm. Rays yellow, wedge-shaped, 3-5-cleft at the summit.
Scales of the involucre reflexed, awl-shaped. Pappus of 6-8
chaffy scales, 1-nerved, the nerve usually extending to a point.
Leaves alternate, decurrent on the angled stem. Heads corym-
bed, showy.
32. €hry!4nii'thrniuni. Rays white ; disk yellow. Disk -corollas
with a flattened tube. Pappus none. Heads single, or
corymbed. Involucre broad and flat, the scales with scarious
margins. Receptacle^a^iisfe.
33. Brills. Rays white or pink, numerous. Scales of the involucre
in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Low herbs with
solitary heads on scapes. Escaped from cultivation.
34. Matrica'ria. Rays white, disk yellow. Receptacle conical.
Achenes 3-5-ribbed. Pappus a short crown or border.
Receptacle chaffy.
3c'. An'theniin. Rays white. Disk yellow. Ray-florets pistillate or
neutral. Pappus none or a minute crown. Receptacle conical
more or less chaffy. Herbs with strong odour, and pinnately
dissected leaves. Heads terminal.
41.
COMPOSITJB.
107
[1
36. Rudbeck'ia. Rays yellow, usually long ; disk dark-purple, or in
one species greenish-yellow. Scales of the involucre leaf-like.
Rereptacle conical. Pappus none, or only a minute crown.
Ray-floretH neutral.
37. Hellan'thoM. Rays yellow, neutral. Receptacle flattish or
convex. Chaff persistent, and embracing the U-sided achenea.
Pappus (2ect(2uot^J>', of 2 thin scales. Stout coarse herbs.
38. Actlnoni'crlH. Rays 2-8, irregular, yellow, neutral. Receptacle
small, convex. Scales of the involucre few, soon deflexed.
Achencs flat, obovate, spreading when ripe. Pappus of 2 or 3
smooth awns, persistent. Tall branching perennials, with
mostly dccurrent leaves.
39. Coreop'fils. Rays mostly 8, yellow (sometimes brown-tinted),
neutral. Receptacle flat. Involucre double, each of about 8
scales, the outer leaf-like and spreading, the inner rather
membranaceous and appressed. Achencs flat, compressed
parallel 'with the scales of the involticre, 2-toothed or some-
times naked. Heads corymbed.
40. Gaillard'ia. Rays yellow (sometimes purplish), numerous, 3-
cleft. Receptacle convex, the chaff bristly or awl-shaped.
Achencs top-shaped, 5-ribbed. Pappus of several long thin
scales, awn-tipped. Heads showy, fragrant, terminal, on scape-
like stems.— N.W.
11. Bldens. Rays yellow, few; but 2 speoiesare without rays. Scales
of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer large and leaf-like. Ray-
florets neutral. Aohenes crowned with 2 or more stiff avms
which are barbed backward.
12. Hellop'sls. Rays yellow, 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the
involucre in 2 or 3 rows, the outer leaf -like. Receptacle coni-
cal; chaff linear, Achenes smooth, 4-angled. Pappus none.
iZ. Achllle'a. Rays white (occasionally pinkish), few. Receptacle
flattish. Pappus none. Achenes margined. Heads small, in
flat corymbs. Leaves very finely dissected.
a. Polym'nla. Rays whitish-yellow, wedge-form, shorter than the
involucre, few in number. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows,
the outer leaf-like, the inner small, and partly clasping the
achenes. Pappus none. Coarse clammy herbs with an un-
pleasant odour.
ia. gil'phium. Easily known by its stout square stem, and the
upper connate leaves forming a sort of cup. Flowers yellow.
Achenes broeul and flat.
:l
■'.'ta
M
t 1
T
h.
- e— jp+? -
^5
I!
108
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
'ffijUBI
1
1
It
t
1,
i
Suborder II. LIGIJLIFLO'RJE.
Corolla strap-shaped in all the florets of the head. All
the florets perfect. Herbs with milky juice, and alternate
leaves.
46. Krlg'la. Flowers yellow. Pappus double, the outer short, Of
many minute chaffy scales, the inner of many long capillary
bristles. Low perennials branching from the base, with single
small heads on scapes.
47. Lanip'saua. Flowers yellow, 8-12 in a head. Scales of the invol-
ucre 8, in a single row. Pappus none. Stem slender. Heads
small, in loose panicles.
48. CIclio'rIwni. Flowers bright blue, showy. Scales of the invol-
ucre in 2 rows, the outer of 5 short scales, the inner of 8-10
scales. Pappus chaffy. Heads sessile, 2 or 3 together.
49. Leon'todon. Flowers yellow. Involucre with bractlets at the
base. Pappus of plumose brnstles, these broader at the base.
Heads borne on branching scapes. Leaves radical.
50. Hlera'ciuni. Flowers yellow. Scales of the involucre more or
less imbricated. Pappus a single row of tawny hair-like rough
bristles. Heads corymbose.
61. Crepls. Like Hieracium, but the pappus is of copious Avhite
and soft capillary bristles.
52. Prenau'thc,<4. Stems leafy. Flowers yellowish or greenish- white
often tinged with purple; heads nodding. Involucre of 5-14
scales in a single row, with a few bractlets below. Pappus
copious, of brownish or yellowish rough bristles. Achenes
short, blunt.
53. LygodcH'mla. ems nearly leafless. Flowers white or cream-
colour or pi' o.ish. Involucre with bractlets below. Pappus
white. Heads erect. Achenes long, tapering.— N.W. only.
54. Trox'lmon. Flowers yellow. Head large, solitary, borne on a
scape. Leaves radical, elongated, linear, tufted. Achenes 10-
ribbed. Involucre loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows.— N.W.
only.
56. Tarax'aruiii. Flowers yellow, on slender naked hollow scapes.
Achenes prolonged into a slender thread-like beak. Leaves all
radical. (See Part I., Chapter viii.)
56. Lacf nVa. Flowers pale yellow or purplish. Florets few (about
20) in the head. Scales of the involucre in 2 or more row* of
COMPOSITafi.
109
unequal length. Achenes with long thread-form beaks, and a
pappus of very soft white bristles. Heads numerous, panicled.
Tall smooth herbs with runcinate leaves.
57. Mulge'dlum. Flowers chiefly blue. Structure of the heads and
general aspect of the plant as in Lactuca, but the beak of the
achenes short and thick, aud the pappiis tawny. Heads in a
dense panicle. ,
68. Son'chus. Flowers pale yellow. Heads many-flowered, enlarg-
ing at the base. Achenes without beaks. Pappus very soft
and white. Tall glaucous herbs with spiny-toothed leaves.
59. Tragopo'gon. Flowers yellow or purple. Heads large. Involucre
of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in one row, somewhat
united at the base, Achenes with long tapering beaks. Pappus
of plumose bristles, 5 of these longer and naked at the summit.
Leaves entire, straight- veined, clasping.
1. CNI'CUS, Tourn. Common Thistle.
1. C, lanceola'tUS, Hoff. (Cirsium lanceolatumy Scop.)
(Common Thistle.) All the scales of the involun'e prickly-
pointed. Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, the lobes prickly-
pointed, rough above, woolly with webby hairs beneath. —
Fields and roadsides everywhere.
2. C. undula'tUS, Gray. (Cirsium undnlatum, Spreng.)
White-icoolly throughout. Low and stout, leafy. Scales
tipped with short prickles. Leaves und^date-pinnatijid.
— N.W. prairies.
4. C. pu'milus, Torr. Differs from the last in being
pubescent but not woolly. The leaves, also, are not pin-
natifid. Stem 1-flowered. — Lake Huron.
5. C. altiSS'imuS, Willd., var. dis'COlor, Gray. (Cirsium
discolor y Spreng.) The inner scales of the involucre not
prickly. Stem grooved. Leaves prickly, green above,
white-woolly beneath. Flowers pale purple. Whole plant
with a whitish aspect.— Dry thickets.
3. C. mu'tieus, Pursh. (Cirsium muticnm, Michx.)
(Swamp Thistle.) Scales of the wehby involucre hardly prickiyf
4
'I
MlvJ
- ■ "^-1
no
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
and not spreading. Stem very tally and smoothish, and
s-paringly leafy. Meads single or fetv. — Swamps and low
woods.
4. C. arvensis, Hoflf. (Oirsium arvense, Scop.) (Canada
Thistle.) Scales of the involucre with reflexed points.
Leaves prickly, smooth both sides, or slightly woolly
beneath. Roots extensively creeping. Heads small and
numerous. — Fields and roadsides.
2. CAKDIIVS, Tourn. Plumbless Thistle.
1. C. nutans, L. (Musk Thistle.) Leaves decurrent,
sinuate, spiny. Heads solitary, drooping. Flowers purple.
— Atl. Prov.
3. ONOPOR'DON, VaiU. Scotch Thistle.
0. Acan'thium, L. A coarse branching herb, 2-4 feet
high, with woolly stem and leaves. Bristles of the pappus
united at the base into a ring. — Roadsides and old fields ;
not common.
4. AKC'TIimi, L. Burdock.
A. Lappa, L. {Lappa officinalisy All., var. rrajoYy Gray.)
A coarse plant with very large cordate petioled leaves, and
numerous small globular heads, of purple flowers. The in-
volucre forms a bur which clings to one's clothing, or to the
hair of animals. — Near dwellings, mostly in manured soil.
Varies somewhat as to size and pubescence of the heads.
5. €ENTAURE'A, L. Stak-Thistle.
1. C. Cy'anus, L. (Blue-Bottle.) An old garden plant,
found occasionally along roadsides. False rays very large.
Scales of the involucre fringed. Leaves linear, entire or
nearly so. Stem erect. Heads single at the ends of the
branches, the flowers bluish. Pappus very short.
2. C. ni'gra, L. (Knapweed.) No false tays. Scales
of the globular involucre black-fringed. Leaves lanceolate,
mostly entire, rough. Flowers purple. Pappus short or
none. — Waste places, chiefly eastward.
COMPOSITiE.
Ill
3. C. benedic'ta, L. (Cnicus henedicbis^ L.) Flowers
yellow. Pappus double, of 10 long outer bristles and 10
short inner ones. A low branching annual, with clasping
cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads. — Atl. Pro v.
6. XAN'TIIIIIII, Tourn. Clotbur.
1. X. Canadense, Mill.,var. echina'tum, Gray. (Com-
mon CocKLEBUR.) Stem rough, not prickly or spiny.
Leaves broadly triangular, and somewhat heart-shaped, long-
petioled. Fruit a hard 2-celled bur, nearly an inch long
clothed with stiff hooked prickles, the two beaks of the fruit
long and usually incurved. — Low river-banks and waste places.
2. X. spino'sum, L. (Spiny Clotbur.) Stem armed
with conspicuous straw-coloured triple slender spines, at the
bases of the lanceolate short-petioled leaves, the latter white-
woolly beneath. — Town of Dundas, Ontario ; the seeds having
been brought in wool from South America.
7. AlUBRO'SIA, Tourn. Ragweed.
1. A. artemisisefo'lla, L. (Hoo-weed.) Stem erect,
1-3 feet high, branching, hairy. Leaves tunce-pinnatijid, the
lobes linear, paler beneath. — Waste places everywhere, but
not so common northward.
2. A. tPlfida, L., (Great Ragweed) is found in low
grounds in the south-west of Ontario ; also at Montreal and
Ottawa. Stem stouter than No. 1, 2-4 feet high. Leaves
opposite^ deeply S-lobed, the lobes oval -lanceolate and serrate.
8. FRAN8K'KIA, Cav.
F. Hookeria'na, Nutt. Low and diffuse, hairy. Leaves
bipinnatifid, at least the lower ones. — N. W.
9. TABfACE'TlIM, L. Tansy.
1. T. vulga'pe, L. (Common Tansy.) A very strong-
scented herb, 2-4 feet hiyh, smooth. Leaves twice-pinnate,
the lobes serrate, as are also the wings of the petiole. Heads
densely corymbed. Var. crispum, DC., is easily disting-
uished by its crisper and more incised leaves. — Old gardens
and roadsides near dwellings.
m
: (I* I
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1 h.
112
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. T. Huronen'se, Nutt. Hairy when young. Heads
usually few, and much larger than in T. vulgare. Pistillate
Jioivers Jlattened, instead of terete as in T. vulgare. — River-
margins, Atl. Prov.
10. AKTEMli^'IA, L. WORMWOOD.
1. A. Canadensis, Michx. Stem smooth or sometimes
hoary with silky down, erect, usually brownish. Lower leaves
twice-pinnatifid, the lobes linear. — Shores of the Great Lakes.
2. A. cauda'ta, Michx., has the lobes of the dissected
leaves filiform^ and the heads smally in a wand-like long
panicle. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile ; marginal florets
fertile.— Atl. Prov. and N.W.
3. A. draeuneuloi'des, Pursh. Glabrous or slightly
hoary. Stems 2-4 feet high, branching. Leaves mostly
entire, linear, sometimes 3-cleft. Heads very numerous, in
a compound panicle. — N.W. plains.
4. A. glau'ca, Pall. A smaller plant than the last, of stricter
aspect. Leaves hnear to oblong-lanceolate. — N.W. plains.
5. A. vulga'ris, L. (Common Mug wort.) Stem tall, and
branching above. Leaves green and smooth above^ white-
woolly beneath, pinnatifid, the lobes linear-lanceolate.
Heads small, erect, in panicles. Flowers purplish. — Old
fields near dwellings.
6. A. Ludovicia'na, Nutt. White-woolly throughout.
Leaves lanceolate, the upper entire, the lower lobed or
toothed, the upper surface sometimes green and smoothish.
Heads small, mostly sessile in narrow panicles. — N.W.
Var. gnaphalo'des, Torr. and Gr., has the leaves
serrate at the tips. — N.W.
7. A. bien'nis, Willd. Glabrous; stem strict, 1-3 feet high.
Leaves once- or twice-pinnately parted, the lobes linear,
acute. Heads in very short axillary spikes or clusters,
crowded in a narrow leafy panicle. Florets ail fertile. —
N. W., and spreading through thc« Eastern Provinces.
2-'^
COMPOSITiE.
113
8. A. Absin'thium, L. (Cojumon Wormwood.) Some-
what shrubby. Whole plant silky hoary. Stem angular,
branched, the branches with drooping extremities. Leaves
2-2-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate. Heads nodding,
— Escaped from gardens in some places.
9. A. frigT'lda, Willd. (Pasture Sage-brush.) A low
plant, growing in tufts, white-silky. Leaves dissected into
narrowly linear divisions. Heads globose, in racemes. —
N.W.
10. A. ca'na, Pursh. (Sage-brush.) Slightly shrubby,
1-2 feet high, much branched, silvery-hoary. Leaves
narrow, tapering to both ends, small, mostly entire. Heads
clustered in a leafy narrow panicle, few-flowered. — N. W,
plains.
11. ERE€HTI'TES, Raf. Fireweed.
E. hieracifolia, Raf. Stem tall, grooved. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, cut-toothed, upper ones clasping. —
Common in places recently over-run by fire.
12. GNAPHA'LIIIH, L. Cudweed.
1. G. deeUP'pens, Ives. (Eveklasting.) Stem erect, 2
feet high, clammy-pubescent^ white-woolly on the branches.
Heads corymbed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping,
decurrent. — Fields and hillsides.
2. G. polyceph'alum, Michx. (Common Everlasting,)
Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, white-woolly. Heads corymbed.
Leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, not decurrent. —
Old pastures and woods.
3. G. uligino'sum, L. (Low Cudweed.) Stem spread-
ing, 3-6 inches high, white-woolly. Leaves linear. Heads
small in crowded terminal clusters subtended by leaves. —
Low grounds.
4. G. sylvat'icum, L. — Erect, usually 9-12 inc^.es high.
Leaves linear^ Heads axillary, nearly sessile, forming an
erect leafy spike. Scales obtuse nnth a brown bar across each
near the top. — Atl. Prov.
^1
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
13. ANTENNA'RIA, Gsertn. Everlasting.
1. A. margarita'cea, E. Brown. (Anaphalis margari-
tacea, Benth. and Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Pearly
Everlasting.) Stem in clusters, downy. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile. Scales of the involucre
pearly- white. Heads in corymbs. — Along fences and in
open woods.
2. A. plantaginifo'lia, Hook. (Plantain -leaved E.)
Stem scape-like, 4-6 inches high. Radical leaves spathulate
or obovate; stem-leaves few, linear. Heads small, in a
crowded corymb. Involucre white or purplish. — Old pas.
tures and woods.
14. L,IA'TRIS, Schreb. Blazing-Star.
1. L, cylindra'cea, Michx. Stem wand-like, 6-18 inches
high. Leaves linear, rijyld, generally 1-nerved. Heads few,
cylindrical. Scales with abruptly mucronate tips. Pappus
plumose. — Sandy fields and thickets.
2. L. spica'ta, WiUd. Stem stout and rigid, 2-5 feet high,
very leafy. Leaves linear, erect, the lowest 3-5-nerved.
Heads crowded in a long spike. Scales obtuse. Pappus not
obviously plumose. — Low grounds, south-westem Ontario.
8. L. SCario'sa, "Willd. Heads many-flovjered, large, few
or many. Pappus not obviously plumose. Stem 2-5 feet
high, stout, pubescent or hoary. Leaves lanceolate. Scales
of the involucre obovate or spathulate, often with coloured
tips or edges. — S. W. Ontario, and rather common N.W.
4. L. puncta'ta, Hook. ^eac?s4-^-/o?t'ere^?, usually many
in a dense spike. Pappus pluviose. Stem 10-30 inches high,
stout. Scales of the involucre acuminate. Leaves narrow-
ly linear. — N.W.
16. VERNO'NIA, Schreb. Iron-weed.
V. altiss'ima, Nutt. Tall. Leaves lanceolate to lance-
oblong. Heads in an pen cyme, the involucre purplish. —
Fields and roadsii )s, S. W. Onliario.
Re
COMPOSITiE.
16. EUPATO'RIUM, Tourn. Thorough\tort.
115
1. E. purpu'reum, L. (Joe-Pye weed. Trumpet-weed.)
Stem tall and simple. Leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl.
Flowers purplish or flesh-coloured. Heads in dense corymbs.
— Low grounds.
2. E. perfoli'atum, L. (Boneset.) Stem short, hairy.
Leaves rugose^ connate- perfoliate, tapering. Flowers whitish.
Corymbs very large. — Low grounds.
3. E. ageratoi'des, L. (White Snake-boot.) Stem very
smooth, commonly branching, 2-3 feet high. Leaves
opposite, petioled, broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely serrate.
Elowers white, in corymbs. — Low rich woods.
17. CACA'IilA, L. Indian Plantain.
C. tubero'sa, Nutt. stem angled and grooved, tall, from
a thick root. Leaves 5-7-nerved, the lower lance-ovate or
oval, tapering into long petioles. — Western Ontario.
18. IVA, L. Marsh Elder.
1. I. axilla'ris, Pursh. Stem 1-2 feet high,. the nodding
heads mostly solitary in the axils of the upper leaves,
licaves small, obovate to oblong-linear, entire, sessile. —
N. W.
t
2. I. xanthiifo'lia, Nutt. Stem 3-5 feet high, the nar-
row spike-like clusters of heads forming a naked panicle.
Leaves large, broadly ovate, long-petioled, serrate. — N. W.
19. SENE'CIO, L. Groundsel.
1. S. VUlga'riS, L. (Common Groundsel.) Hag-florets
wanting. Stem low, branching. Leaves pinnatifid and
toothed, clasping. Flowers yellow, terminal. — Cultivated
aiid waste grounds.
2. S. ViSCO'SUS, L. Bay-florets very minute, ^tem viscid-
jpuhescent and strong-scented. Leaves twice-pinnatifid. —
Atl. Prov.
3. S. au'reus, L. (Golden Eaowort. Squaw-weed.)
Hays 8-12, Stem smooth, or woolly when young, 1-2 feet
'■'',1
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116
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
high. Root-leaves simple, rounded, usually cordate^ crenate-
ly-toothed, long-petioled. Stem leaves sessile, lanceolate,
deeply pinnatifid. Heads in a corymb nearly like an umbel.
— Swamps, often in gardens.
Var. ObOVa'tUS, Torr. and Gr., has root-leaves round-
obovate with a cuneate or truncate base.
Var. Balsam'itSB, Torr. and Gr., has root-leaves oblong,
spathulate, or lanceolate, serrate.
Var. laneeola'tUS, Oakes, has thin lance-oblong root-
leaves on long petioles. — Atl. Prov.
4. S. integer' rimus, Nutt. Rays conspicuous. Stem
woolly-pubescent when young, soon smoothish and green.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, the upper bract-like.
Heads in a naked corymb, the scales green-tipped. — N.W.
5. S. canus, Hook. Low, persistently woolly. Leaves
small, spathulate to oblong. Rays conspicuous. — N.W.
6. S. JacObSBa, L. (Common Ragwort.) Flowers golden
yellow, the heads forming a spreading corymb. Stem erect,
2-3 feet high, branching, glabrcns or somewhat cottony.
Leaves numerous, lyrate, bipinnativd, the lower with broad
segments, the upper with linear di\isions, all glabrous.—
A troublesome weed in the Atl. Prov. Rare westward.
20. IN'ULA, L. Elecampane.
L Hele'nium, L. (Common Elecampane.) Stem stout,
2-5 feet high. Root-leaves very large, ovate, petioled.
Stem-leaves clasping. Rays numerous, narrow. — Roadsides.
ai. CHRYSOP'SIS, Nutt. Golden Aster.
C. villo'sa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent. Leaves
narrowly oblong, hoary, bristly-ciliate towards the base.
Stem branching, the branches terminating in the single
heads. — Dry plains, N.W.
88. APLOPAPPUS.Caas.
1. A. SpinuIO'SUS, DC. Low, perennial, branches very
minutely hoary-pubescent. Leaves narrow, pinnately or
tripinnately lobed, the lobes and teeth bristly, as are also
the scales of the involucre. — Dry plains, N. W.
M
COMPOSURE.
117
root-
2. A. lanceola'tus, Torr. and Gr. Stem simple, with a
turt of coriaceous radical loaves, and bearing 3 to 15 heads.
Rays 20 to 50. Scales of the involucre in 3 or 4 unequal
series, lanceolate, with greenish tips and whitish base. —
Marshy plains, N.W.
3. A. acau'lis, Gray, var. glabra'tUS, Eaton. Stems
depressed-tufted, from a woody rootstock, glabrous or nearly
so. Leaves rigid, persistent, crowded below, a few only on
the scape-like flowering stems, which occasionally branch
above and bear 2 or 3 heads. — Dry gravelly ridges, N.W.
•• 33. SOL.IDA'GO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.
* Heads clustered in the axils of the feather -veined leaves.
1. S. Squarro'sa, Muhl. stem stout, 2-5 feet high,
simple, hairy above. Scales of the involucre with reflexed
herbaceous tips. Leaves large, oblr>iig, serrate, veiny ; the
lower tapering into a long winged petiole, the upper sessile
and entire. Heads in racemose clusters, the whole forming a
dense, leafy, interrupted, compound spiTce. — Rocky woods.
2. S. bi' color, L. Stem hoary-pubescent, usually simple.
Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends ; the lower oval
and tapering into a petiole, serrate. Heads in short racemes
in the upper axils, the whole forming an interrupted spike
or compound raceme. Ray-florets whitish. The variofcy
eon'eolor has yelloio rays. — Dry banks and thickets.
3. S. latifo'lla, L. stem smooth, angled, zigzag, 1-3 feet
high. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, strongly and sharply
serrate, pointed at both ends Heads in very short axillary
clusters. Rays 3 or 4. — Cool woods.
4. S. CSe'sia, L., var. axilla'riS, Gray. Stem smooth,
terete, glaucous, slender, usually branching above Leaves
smooth, lanceolate, pointed, serrate, sessile. Heads in very
short clusters in the axils of the leaves. — Rich woods and
hillsides.
* * Racemes terminal, erect, loosely thyrsoid, not one-sided.
Leaves feather- ceined.
5. S. hU'miliS, Pursh. {S. virgaurea, L. , var. humllls,
Gray.) Stem low, 6-12 inches high, usually smooth ; the
,1
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118
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
heads, peduncles, etc. , mostly glutinous. Leaves lanceolate
or oblanceolate, serrate or entire, the radical ones petiolate,
obtuse, and serrate at the apex. — Rocky banks, not common.
6. S. maerophyl'la, Pursh. {S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer.)
Stems stout, simple, pubescent near the summit. Leaves
thin, ovate, with sharp projecting teeth, the lower ones
abruptly contracted into Jong margined petioles. Heads large,
in an oblong raceme, loose and thin, long-pointed. Rays
8-10, long. — Wooded hillsides, chiefly Atl. Prov.
*** Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at
all racemose.
7. S. Ohioen'SiS, Riddell. Very smooth thronghont. Stem
slender, reddish, leafy. Radical leaves very long (often a
foot), slightly serrate towards the apex, tapering into long
margined petioles ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire,
sessile. — Wet grassy shores of Red Bay, Lake Huron.
8. S. ri^'ida, L. Bough and rather hoary. Stem stout,
2-5 feet high, very leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. — Dry soil,
western Ontario, and N. W.
* * * * Heads in one-sided racemes, spreading or recurved. Leaves not
8-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely 3-nerved.
9. S. semper' virens, L. stem stout. Leaves long,
lanceolate, thickish, smooth, entire, obscurely 3-nerved.
Racemes short, in a terminal panicle. Heads large, showy.
— Salt marshes and sea-shores.
10. S. puber'ula, Nutt. Stem and panicle minutely hoary.
Stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, some-
what smooth, the lowermost spathulate, sparingly toothed.
Heads not large, crowded in compact short racemes, which
form a long, dense, terminal panicle. Rays 10-14. — Barren
soil, Atl. Prov.
11. S.uligrino'sa, Nutt. {S.stricta, Ait.) Smooth. Stem
simple, strict. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth, the
lower tapering into winged petioles, finely but sparingly
serrate, or entire. Racemes crowded and appressed in a
close wand-like panicle. Heads middle-sized. Rays 5-6,
COMPOSITiE.
119
small. — Pea1^bogs and wet places, Atl. Prov., westward and
northward.
12. S. Specio'sa, Nutt., somewhat resembles the last, but
the leaves are oval or ovate, and the stem is taller and
stouter (3-6 feet). The rays, also, are larger. — Copses,
Atl. Prov.
13. S. jun'cea, Ait. (5. arguta, Torr. and Gray.) "Whole
plant smooth, 1-4 feet high, rigid, branching above. Lower
leaves oval or elliptical-lanceolate, serrate with spreading
teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ;
upper ones lanceolate. Racemes very dense, naked, at
length elongated and recurved. — Woods and banks.
14. S. argu'ta, Ait. {S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. and Gray.)
Stem smooth, angled or furrowed. Leaves large and thin,
ovate ; the upper elliptical-lanceolate. Racemes much
shorter and looser than in No. 13, and the rays much
larger. — Moist woods and thickets.
15. S. rugfO'sa, Mill. {S. altissima, Torr. and Gray.)
Stem rough-hairy, less than a foot high. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, coarsely serrate, veiny, often rugose.
Racemes panicled, spreading. — Borders of fields and copses.
16. S. negflecta, Torr. and Gr. Stem smooth, 2-3 feet
high, stout. Leaves thickish, smooth both sides, the upper
oblong-lanceolate, nearly entire, the lower ovate-lanceolate
or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole. Heads
rather large. Racemes short and dense, at first erect and
scarcely one-sided, at length spreading. — Swamps.
***** Racemes one-sided and recurved, and the leaves plainly 3-ribbed.
17. S. nemora'liS, Ait. stem minutely and closely
hoary-pubescent, simple or corymbed. !^ /^aves more or less
hoary, obscurely s rrate or entire ; the lower oblanceolate,
somewhat* crenate, and tapering into a petiole. Racemes
numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a largo pani-
cle.— Dry fields.
18. S. MisSOUriensis, Nutt. stem smooth. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with rough margins.
Racemes densely crowded. — Dry prairies, N.W.
Hill
vm
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120
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
■iM\
Var. monta'na, Gray, is only 6-15 inches high, with a
small and compact panicle, not more than 2 or 3 inches long.
— N.W.
19. S. Canadensis, L. stem rough-hairy, tall and stout.
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath, rough above.
Panicle exceedingly largo. — Very common along fences
and in moist thickets.
Var. SCabra, Torr. and Gray, has the leaves very rough
above and whitish- woolly beneath. — N. "W.
20. S. SerO'tina, Ait. {S. gigantea, Torr. and Gray.)
Stem smooth, stout. Leaves lanceolate, taper- pointed,
sharply serrate, except at the base, smooth both sides, rough-
ciliate. Rays 7-14, rather long. Panicle large, pubescent.—^
Open thickets and meadows,
Var. glgante'a. Gray, is very tall and the leaves more or
less pubescent beneath. — Thickets and low grounds.
****** Inflorescence aflat-topped corymb.
21. S. laneeola'ta, L. stem pubescent above, much
branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the nerves (3-.53 and
margins rough-pubescent. Heads in dense corymbed clus-
ters, giving a decidedly characteristic aspect to this species.
— Low lake- and river-margins.
34. ARNICA. L.
1. A. ChamiSSO'niS, Less. Soft-hairy. Stem leafy to the
top, bearing 1-5 heads. Leaves thin and veiny, toothed ;
the upper ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower narrow, taper-
ing to a margined petiole. — Atl. Prov.
2. A. foliO'sa, Nutt., has lanceolate leaves, the upper
partly clasping and the lower with tapering bases connate.
Stem strict. — N.W.
3. A. alpi'na, Olin. Less leafy, low, yellowish-pubescent
or villous. Stem simple, bearing a single head as a rule.
Leaves thickish, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, the cavZine
only 1 or 2 pairs. — N. W.
COMPOSITiE.
»L. TUSSILA'GO, Tourn. Coltskout.
121
T. FaP'fara, L. Wet places, chiefly eastward, but also
in Ontario.
86. PETASI'TES, Tourn. Swket Coltsfoot.
1. P. palma'ta, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kid-
ney-shaped, palmately 5-7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.
— Cedar-swamps and bogs ; wet ban*ks of streams.
2. P. sagritta'ta, (iray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reni-
form-hastate, repand-dentate. — Swamps, N.W.
27. ASTER, L. Starwort. Aster.
* Leaves, at least the lower ojies, heart-shaped and peMoled.
1. A. eorymbo'SUS, Ait. Rays 6-9, white or nearly so.
Heads in corymbs. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, zigzag.
Leaves thin, smoothish, sharp-pointed, coarsely serrate, all
the lowe ones on slehder naked petioles. — Woodlands.
2. A. maerophyl'lus, L. Eays white or bluish. Stem
stout, 2-3 feet high. Leaves thickish, rough, finely serrate,
the lower long-petioled. Heads in closer corymbs than in
No. 1. — Woodlands.
8. A. azu'reus, Lindi. Rays 10-20, bright blue. Heads
racemed or panicled. Stem roughish, erect, racemose-com-
pound above. Leaves entire or nearly so, rough ; the lower
ovate-lanceolate, on long petioles ; the upper lanceolate or
linear, sessile. The latest flowering of our Asters. — Dry soil.
4. A. undula'tUS, L. Rays bright blue. Heads racemed
or panicled. Stem hoary with close pubescence, spreading.
Leaves with somewhat wavy margins, entire or nearly so,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, roughish above, downy beneath ;
the lowest cordate, on margined petioles; the upper with
winged short lietioles clasping at- the base, or sessile. — Dry
woods.
5. A. COrdifo'liUS, L. Rays pale blue or nearly white.
Heads small, profuse, panicled. Stem much branched.
Leaves thin, sharply serrate^ the lower on slender cilia te
;!».:):
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i
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V22
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
petioles. Scales of the inversely conical involucre all ap-
pressed, and tipped with very short green points. — Woods
and along fences.
6. A. SagittifO'liuS, "Willd. Rays pale blue or purple.
Head ^ small, in dense compound racemes or panicles. Stem
smooth or nearly so, erect, with ascending branches. Leaves
conspicuously serrate, ovatp-lanceolate, pointed, pubescent,
the lowest on long margined petioles, the upper lanceolate
or linear, pointed at both ends. Scales of the oblong invo-
lucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped, slender and loose
tips. — Thickets and along fences.
7. A. Lindleya'nus, Terr, and Gr. Rays pale violet.
Stem rather stout, smooth or sparsely pubescent. Lea\es
conspicuously serrate. Root-leaves and lowest stem-leaves
ovate, more or less cordate, with margined petiolf^s ; upper-
most sessile, and j^ointed at both ends. Heads rather small,
in a loose thyrse or panicle. Scales linear, green-tipped. —
Open barren grounds.
* * Upper leaves ^11 sessile or clasping btf a heart-shaped base ; lower
ones not heart-shaped.
8. A. IseviS, L. Rays large, sky-blue. Very smooth
throughout. Heads in a close panicle. Loaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, rough on the margins,
the upper ones clasping by an auricled base. — Dry . uods,
9. A. N0Vi0-An'gli89, L. Rays many, narrow, violet-
purple, showy ; heads large. Involucre of many slender equal
scales, a pparently in a single rov), clammy. Stem stout, 3-8
feet high, hairy, corymbed above. Leaves very numerou:,
lanceolate, entire, clasping by an auricled base, pubescent.
— River-banks and borders of woods.
10. A. puni'ceus, L. J^a?/* Zong', lilac-blue. Scales of the
involucre narrowly linear, loose, in about two rows. Stem
3-6 feet high, stout, rough-hairy, usually purple below.
Leaves oblong-lanceolato, clasping by an auricled base,
sparingly serrate in the middle, rough above, Smooth
beneath, pointed. — Swamps; usually clustered.
COMPOSITiE.
123
lower
of the
Stem
helow.
11. A, tardiflo'rus, L. Eays pale violet. Stem glabrous
or nearly so, 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, with tapering and somewhat auricled
base. Heads few, as a rule. Involucre loose, the outer
scales leaf-like. — Atl. Prov.
*** None of the leaves heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, tapering
at the base (except in No. 11 ).
12. A. rad'ula, Ait. Eays light violet. Radical leaves
all tapering into margined petioles. Stem-leaves sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle,
very rough both sides, rugose. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre oblong, appressed, with slightly spreading herb-
aceous tips. — Low grounds, Atl. Prov.
13. A. ericol'des, Ait. Eays white or nearly so. Stem
smooth or nearly so, 1-3 feet high, the branchlets or ped-
uncles racemose on the upper side of the spreading branches.
Lowest leavee oblong-spathulate, tlie others linear-lance-
olate or linear-awl-shaped. — Barren soil, and margins of
lakes and rivers. Var. villosus, Torr. and Gray, has hairy
stems and leaves.
14. A. multiflo'rus, Ait. Rays white, 10-20. Stem pale
or hoary with minute pubescence, 1 foot high, bushy.
Leaves crowded, linear^ with rough margins ; the upper
partly clasping. Heads small, crowded on the racemose
branches. Scales of the involucre with spreading green
tips. — Dry soil.
15. A. Tradesean'ti, L. {A. tenuifoHus.) Rays white or
purplish. Scales of the involucre narrowly linear, in 3 or 4
rows. Heads small, very numerous, in 1-sided close racemes
on the branches. Stem 2-4 feet high, much branched,
smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with long slender point,
the larger ones with a. few remote teeth in the middle. — Low
grounds.
16. A. diffu'SUS, Aifc. {A. wiser, L.) Rays pale blue or
whitish. Involucre nearly as in No. 15. Stem viore or leas
pubescent, much branched. Heads small, in loose 1-sided
\m
UJ
i^T^^■.
h?
124
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
It-
racemes on the spreading branches. Leaves lanceolate,
acute at each end, sharply serrate in the middle. — Low
grounds.
17. A. paniCUla'tUS, Lam. {A. simplex, Willd.) Eays
pale blue or whitish. Scales of the involucre linear-awl-
shaped. Stem stout, smooth or nearly so, with numerous
leafy branches. Heads medium-sized, scattered, loosely
paniculate. Leaves smooth, oblong to lanceolate, tapering
at both ends, the lower serrate. — Moist and shady banks.
18. A. jun'ceus, Ait. Rays light purple. Stem slender,
1-3 feet high, simple, with few small heads, or loosely
branching. Leaves narrow, entire, or the lower sparingly
denticulate. Scales of the involucre small, narrow, in 2 or
3 rows. — Bogs and wet places.
19. A. Vimin'eus, Lam. Rays white or nearly so. Stem
2-5 feet high, smooth, bushy. Leave?, linear or narrowly
lanceolate, the larger ones sparingly serrate in the middle
with fine teeth. Heads very numerous, in 1-sided racemes
on short branchlets. Scales of the involucre narrowly
linear, in 3 or 4 rows. — Moist bcnks.
20. A. nemora'lis, Ait. Rays lilac-purple, elongated.
Stem slender and leafy, the upper branches terminating in
1-flowered nearly naked peduncles. Leaves small, rigid,
narrowly lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute viargins. —
Swamps, Atl. Prov. and Muskoka.
21. A. ptarmicoi'des, Torr. and Gr. Rays pure white.
Stems clustered, generally a foot high, each bearing a flat
corymb of small heads. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
rigid, entire, mostly 1-nerved, with rough margins. — Dry or
gravelly hills. Our earliest Aster.
22. A. acumina'.tUS, Michx. Rays white or faintly
purple. Stem about a foot high, somewhat hairy, zigzag,
panicled-corymbose at the top. Leaves largo, thin, oblong-
lanceolatti, pointed, coarsely toothed towards the apex, entire
at the base. — Cool sandy woods ; mostly eastward.
23. A. umbella'tUS, Mill. {Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr.
and Gr.) Pappus double, the inner of long capillary bristles,
COMPOSITE.
125
the outer of short and rigid hristles. Raya white. Stem
smooth, leafy to the top, tall, simple. Leaves lanceolate,
long-pointed. Heads small, very numerous, in compound
flat corymbs. — Moist thickets.
88. ERIG'ERON, L. FleABANE.
1. E. Canaden'sis, L. (Horse - weed. Butter -weed.)
Rays white, but very inconspicuous, shorter than their tubes.
Heads very small, numerous, in panicked racemes. Stem
1-5 feet high, erec^ and wand-like, bristly-hairy. Leaves
linear, mostly entire. — Common in burnt woods and new
clearings.
2. E. acris, L , B-ays purplish or bluish, about the same
length as the copious simple pappus. Heads several or
many, small, at length corymbose, hirsute. Stem 10-20
inches high, pubescent or smoothish. Leaves mostly lance-
olate, entire. . 1 set of pistillate flowers within the circle of
ray-flowers. — Atl. Prov. and N. W.
3. E. bellidifo'lius, Muhl. (Eobin's Plantain.) Eays
bluish- pur pie, numerous. Heads medium-sized, few, on
slender corymbose peduncles. Stem hairy, producing offsets
from the base. Radical leaves spathulate or obovate, toothed
above the middle ; stem-leaves oblong, few, sessile or partly
clasping, entire. — Thickets.
4. E. hysSOpifO'liUS, Michx. Rays rose-purple or whitish.
Stem slightly pubescent, slender, 6-12 inches high, from
slender rootstocks. Leaves very many, short, linear. Heads
small, terminating the slender naked branches. Pappus
simple. — Atl. sea-coast and northward.
5. E. CSespitO'SUS, Nutt. Stem divarf, tufted, from a
stout rootstock, more or less hoary-pubescent. Rays white,
40-50, narrow.— N. W.
6. E. Philaderphleus ' . (Common Fleabane). Eays
rose-purple, very numerous and narroiv. Heads small, few,
in corymbs. Stem hairy, with numerous stem-leaves.
Radical leaves spathulate and toothed ; the upper ones
clasping by a heart-shaped base, entire. — Moist grounds^
4 i!
r "t
ji M 1
»). -II
'V
126
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
7. E. Strigro'SUS, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) Rays white,
conspicuous, numerous. Pappus plainly double. Stem and
leaves roughish with minute appressed hairs, or nearly
smooth. Lower leaves spathulate and sleuder-petioled,
entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered. — Dry
fields and meadows.
8. E. glabell'US, Nutt. Ray purple, very many, much
longer than the hoary-hispid involucre. Stem 6-15 inches
high, stout, smooth below, bearing 1-7 lai^ge heads on the
naked summit. Pappus double. Leaves smooth but ciliate,
the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, sessile or clasping;
the lower petiolate, spathulate. — N.W.
Var. as'p^rus, has very rough leaves and stem.
9. E, an'nuus, Pers. (Larger Daisy Fleabane.) Rays
white, tinged with purple. Pappus double. Stem rough
with spreading hairs. Leaves coarsely toothed; the lower
ovate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upper ovate-
lanceolate. Heads corymbed. — Fields and meadows.
589. GRINDEXIA, Willd.
G. Squarro'sa, Dunal. Leaves spathulate to linear-
oblong. Heads large, terminating the leafy branches. —
Dry prairies, N.W. ; also at Ottawa.
30. GUTIERRE'ZIA, Lag.
G. Eutha'mise, Torr. and Gr. Not more than 8 inches
iiigh. — Dry plains, N.W.
31. HELE'NIUM, L. Sneeze-weed.
H. autumn a' le, L. (Sneeze- weed.) Stem nearly smooth.
Leaves lanceolate, toothed. Disk globular. — Low river- and
lake margins.
.^2. CHRYSAN'THEMUM.Tourn. Oxeye DAISY.
1. C. Leucan'themum, L. (Leucanthevium vulgare, Jjam.)
(Ox-EYE Daisy. White-weed. ) Stem erect, naked above,
bearing a single large head. Leaves pinnatifid or cut-
toothed, the lowest spathulate, the other* partly clasping. —
Pastures and old fields.
COMPOSITiE.
127
2. C. Parthe'nium, Pers. (Feverfew.) Stem branch-
ing, leafy. Leaves twice-pinnately divided, the divisions
ovate, cut. Heads corymbed. — Escaped from gardens.
3. C. Balsam'itse, L. (Costmary.) A garden-escape,
smooth, with pleasant odour. Leaves pale, oblong, some-
what toothed. Heads small, pale yellow.
33. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy.
B. perennis, the true Daisy, a native of the Old World,
is a low stemless herb. It is an uncommon garden escape.
The heads are many-flowered with numerous pistillate rays.
The scales of the involucre equal, in about 2 rows, herbace-
ous. Receptacle conical. Pappus wanting.
34. MATRICA'RIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile.
M. inodo'ra, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into
very narrow lobes. Heads large, naked-peduncled, the rays
many and long. — Chiefly Atl. Prov.
35. AN'THEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.
■ 1. A. Cot'ula, DC. (MarutaCotula.) (May-weed.) Stem
branching. Leaves thrice- pinnate, finely dissected. Odour
disagreeable. Rays scon refiexed. — Roadsides everywhere.
2. A. arven'sis, L. (Corn Chamomile.) Eesembling the
last, but the leaves are not so finely dissected, and the odour
not so unpleasant, — Atl. Prov., rare.
36. RUDBECK'IA, L. CoNE-FLOWER.
1. R. lacinia'ta, L. Rays linear, 1-2 inches long, droop-
ing. Disk greenish-yellow. Stem tall, smooth, branching.
Lowest leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lobed leaflets ; upper ones 3-5-
parted, or the uppermost undivided and generally ovate.
Heads ti>rminal, long-poduncled. — Swamps.
2. R. hir'ta, L. Rays bright yellow. Disk j^urplish-
hrown. Stem very rough-hairi/, naked above, bearing
single large heads. Leaves 3-ribbed, the lowest spathulate,
narrowed into a petiole, the upper ones sessile. — Meadows.
8. R. COlumna'ris, Pursh. (Lepachys columnaris, Terr.
^\
'I hh.
128
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
and Gr.) Ra.ys yellow or purplish ; disk grayish. Recept-
acle oblong. Chaff thickened and bearded at the tip.
Pappus none or of 2 teeth. Stem branching from the base,
1-2 feet high. Leaves pinnately divided, the divisions 5-9,
narrow. Heads single, on the n^ked branches. — N.W., and
at Ottawa.
37. HELIAN'THUS, L. SUN-FLOWER.
* Annuals. Leaves alternate. Receptacle flat. Disk hroicnish.
1. H. an'nuus, L. (Common Sunflower.) Tall, rough.
Leaves 3-ribbed, ovate, serrate. Scales of the involucre
long-pointed, ciliate. — Escaped from cultivation.
2. H. petiola'ris, Nutt. More slender, 1-3 feet high.
Leaves narrow, mostly entire. Scales seldom ciliate. — N.W.
* * Perennials. Receptacle convex. Lower leaves usually opposite.
■*- Disk dark.
8. H. rig'idus, Desf . Stem tall and stout, rough. Leaves
very thick and rigid, rcugh both sides, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends, the lowest oval, 3-nerved. Rays
20-25. Pappus of 2 large, and often several small scales. —
N.W.
->~ -t- Disk yelloio.
4. H. Nuttall'ii, Torr. and Gr. Stem slender, smooth,
simple. Leaves lanceolate or linear. Pappus-scales long
and narrow. — N.W.
5. H. Strumo'SUS, L. Stem 3-6 feet high, smooth below.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, rough above a.Tidwhitish beneath,
pointed, serrate with small appressed teeth, short-petioled.
Rays about 10. — Moist copses and low grounds.
6. H. divariea'tUS, L. stem 1-4 feet high, smooth, simple
or forking above. Leaves all opposite, widely spreading,
sessile, rounded, or truncate at the base, ovate-lanceolate,
o-nerved, long-pointed, serrate, rough on both sides. Heads
few, on short peduncles. Bays about 12. — Open thickets
and dry plains.
7. H. decapet'alUS, L. Stem 3-6 feet high, branching,
smooth below, rough above. Leaves thin, green on both
gides, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed, abruptly contracted
if
COMPOSITiE.
129
into short margined petioles. Eays usually 10. — Thickets
and river-banks.
8. H. gigante'US, L. stem tall, hahy or rough, branch-
ing above. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough
above, hairj'- below, narrowed and ciliate at the base.
Heads somewhat corymbed. not large. Disk yellow; rays
pale yellow, 15-20. — Low grounds, western and south-
western Ontario.
9. H. tubero'SUS, L., (Jerusalem Artichoke) has escaped
from cultivation in some places. It is at once recognized
by its tubers.
38. ACTINOM'ERIS, Nutt.
A. Squarro'sa, Nutt. stem hairy, tall, commonly winged
above. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both
ends. — S. W. Ontario.
39. COREOP'SIS, L. TiCKSEED.
1. C. tinetO'ria, Nutt. Stem smooth, 2-3 feet high.
Leaves once- or twice-pinnately divided, the lobes narrow.
Pappus none. Achenes oblong. Rays yellow, broivn-tinted.
-N.W.
2. C. triehosperma, Michx., var. tenuilo'ba, Gray.
(TiCKSEED Sunflower.) Stem smooth, branching. Eays
golden-yellow. Leaves short-petioled, pinnately divided, the
segments serrate. Achenes narrowly wedge-oblong, 2-toothed.
— Swamps, S. W. Ontario.
3. C. vertieilla'ta. L. Glabrous. Leaves sessile, divided
into 3 sessile leaflets (appearing whorled), these pinnately
dissected into very narrow divisions. — Damp places, S. W.
Ontario.
4. C. trip'teris, L. Smooth. Stem tall , corymbed above.
Leaves petioled, pinnately divided, the divisions lanceolate,
acute, entire. Disk turning brownish. — Damp places, S.W
Ontario.
40. GAILLAKDIA, Fong".
G. arista'ta, Pursh. Rough-hairy, about 2 feet hi^h.
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire to coarsely pinnat-
ifid.— Dry soil, N. W.
m
h\
fi.
\'y 'k'
130
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
41. BIDENS, L. BriK-MARlGOLD.
1. B, f rondo' sa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks.) Rays none,
Achenes flat, -wedge-obovate, ciliate on the margins with
bristles, pointing upwards, 2-awned. Stem tall, branched.
Leaves thin, long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided, the leaf-
lets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate.
2. B. COnna'ta, Muhl. (Swamp Bisggar-ticks.) Rays
nonp. Achenes flat, narrowly Wv^dgo-shaped, 2-4-awned,
ci/iate with minute bristles, pointing downwards. Stem 1-2
feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate,
tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often 3-parted
and decurrent on the petiole. — In shallow water and low
grounds.
3. B. cer'nua, L. (Smaller Bur-Marigold. ) Rays short,
pale yellow. Aclienes flat, wedge-obovate, 4-awned, ciliate
with bristles pointing downwards. Stem nearly smooth,
5-10 inches high. Leaves all simple, lanceolate, unequally
serrate, hardly connate. Heads nodding. — Wet places.
4. B. ehrysanthemoi'des; Michx. (Large Bur- Mari-
gold.) Rays an inch long, showy, golden yellow. Achenes
wedge-shaped, 2-4-awned, bristly downwards. Stem smooth,
6-30 inches high, erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate,
tapering at both ends, connate, regularly serrate. — Swamps
and ditches.
5. B. Beck'ii, Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic. Stems
long and slender. Immersed leaves dissected into fine hair-
like divisions ; those out of water lanceolate, slightly con-
nate, toothed. Rays showy, golden yellow, larger than the
involucre. Achenes linear, bearing 4-6 very long awns barbed
'awards the apex. — Ponds and slow streams.
48. HELIOP'HIS, Pers. Ox-Eye.
1. H. l39ViS, Pers. Stem smooth, slender, branching.
Leaves ovate-lauceolate, acute, sharply serrate, on slender
petioles. Heads showy ; peduncles elongated. — Dry open
thickets ; London and westward.
!/s none,
13 with
inched,
he leaf-
Rays
-awned,
;em 1-2
serrate,
5-parted
md low
ys shorty
, ciliate
smooth,
lequally
ces.
r-Mari-
Achenes
smooth,
iceolate.
Swamps
;. Stems
ine hair-
itly con-
than the
IS barbed
inching.
I slender
)ry open
COMPOSITiE.
131
2. H. SCabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves.
Pappus of 2 or 3 teeth, or a mere chaff-like border. — Niagara
Falls and N.W. •
43. ACHIIiLE'A, L. YARROW.
1. A. millefo'lium, L. (Milfoil.) Stems simple. Leaves
dissected into fine divisions, Corymb flat- topped. Kays
only 4 or 5, short. — Fields and along fences ; very common.
2. A. Ptar'mica, L. (Sneeze- wort.) Leaves simple,
lance-linear, serrate. Corymb loose. Rays 8-12, much
longer than the involucre. — Atl. Pro v.
44. POLYM'KIA, L. Leaf-Cup.
P. Canadensis, L. A coarse clammy-hairy herb. Lower
leaves opposite, petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate,
angled or lobed. Heads small ; rays pale yellow. — Shaded
ravines; south-westward.
45. SIL'I'HIUIM, L. Rosin-Plant.
1. S. perfolia'tum, L., (Cup- Plant) is found in south-
western Ontario. Stem stout, square, 4-8 feet high. Leaves
ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper ones united by their
bases.
2. S. terebinthina'eeum, L. (Prairie Dock.) Stem
tall, round, naked above, smooth. Kadical leaves some-
times 2 feet long, rough-hairy, coarselj"^ serrate, on slender
petioles. Heads small, loosely panicled. — Open woods and
grassy banks, south-western Ontario. . '
46. li.BI€;'IA, Schreber, Dwarf DANnFiinv.
K. ample Xieau' lis, Nutt. {Cpntlda Virginica, Don.)
Roots fibrous. Stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lanceolate-spa-
thulate, clasping, mostly entire, the radical ones on short
winged petioles. Peduncles 2-5. — South-western Ontario.
47. LAMP'SANA, Tourn. Nipple-wort.
L. eommu'nis, L. Very slender and branching. Leaves
angled or toothed. Heads small, loosely panicled. — Borders
of springs ; common at Queenston Heights.
» '
m
'■■ 'i-
132
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
48, CICHO'RIIJM, Tourn. Succory. Cichory.
C. In'tybUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly-
clasping : radical ones runcinate. — Boadsides and waste
places. *
49. LEON'TODOX, L. FALL DANDELION.
L. autumna'le, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves lanceolate,
laciniate- toothed or pinnatifid. Scape branched. — Roadsides
and waste places ', not common westward.
50. UIERA'CIIIM, Tourn. Hawkweed.
1. H. Canadensis, Michx. (Canada Hawkweed.) Heads
large. Stem simple, leafy, corymbed, 1-3 feet high. Ped-
uncles dQwny, Leaves ovate-oblong, with &, few coarse teeth,
somewhat hairy, sessile, or the uppermost slightly clasping.
Achones tapering towards the bast-. — Dry banks and plains.
2. H. Seabrum, Michx. (EouaiiH.) Heads small. Stem
stout, 1-3 feet high, rough-hairy^ corymbose. Peduncles or
involucre densely clothed with dark bristles. Achenes not
tapering. — Sandy woods and thickets.
3. H. Grono'vii, L. (Hairy H.) Heads small. Stem
wand-like, leafy and very hairy below, naked above ^ forming
a long and narrow panicle. Achenes with a very taper sum-
mit.— Dry soil, western Ontario.
4. H. veno'sum, L., (Rattlesnake-weed) with a smooth
naked scape (or bearing one leaf), and a loose corymb of
very slender peduncles, is found in the Niagara region and
south-westward.
5. H. panicula'tum, L. Stem slender, leafy , diffusely
branched, hairy only below. Heads very small, in a loose
panicle, on slender diverging pedicels, 10-20 -flowered.
Achenes short, not tapering above. Leaves lanceolate,
acute at both ends. — Open woods, S.W. Ontario.
6. H. auranti'acum, L., a low hirsute species, with
clustered heads of deep-orange flowers on a simple peduncle,
leafy at the base, is reported from the neighbourhood of
Loudon, Out.
I" '';.■
COMPOSITE.
133
Stem
51. CREPIS, L.
C. runeina'ta, Torr. and Gr. stem 1-2 feet high, gla-
brous. Radical leaves obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
with short lobes or teeth. Cauline leaves absent or very-
small. Involucre pubescent, sometimes it and the upper
part of the scape glandular. — N.W.
52. PRENA\'TIIES, Vaill. Rattlesnake-root.
1. P. alba, L. {Nabalus alhus^ Hook.) (White Lettuce.)
Heads 8-12-flowered. Pappus dee ji cinnamon-coloured. Stem
2-4 feet high, smooth and glaucous, corymbose-paniculate.
Leaves triangular-halberd-shaped, or 3-5-lobed, the upper-
most oblong and undivided. — Eich woods.
2. P. altiSS'ima, L. {Nabalus altissimus.) (Tall White
Lettuce.) Heads 5-6-flowered. Pappus pale straw-coloured.
Stem taller but more slender than in No. 1, with a long^ leafy
panicle at the summit. — Rich woods.
3. P. racemo'sa, Michx., {Nabalus racemosus, Hook.)
Heads about 12-fiowered. Involucre and peduncles hairy.
Stem wand-like, smooth. Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate,
slightly toothed. Heads crowded in a long and narrow
interruptedly spiked panicle. Pappus i^traw-colour ; flowers
flesh-colour. — Shore of Lake Huron and south-westward.
4. P. Mainen'sis, Gray. Leaves as in the last, but the
radical ones ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short
petiole. Heads 8-12-flowered, persistently drooping on
slender pedicels. — Atl. Prov.
53. LVGODES'iniA. Don.
L. jun'cea, Don. Much branched from the base, the
branches closely erect and rigid, rush-like, terminating in
erect heads of pinkish flowers. Leaves small, the lower
lance-linear, the upper scale-like. — N.W. jjlains.
54. TROXIMON, Nutt.
1. T. euspida'tum, Pursh. Scape a foot high. Leaves
lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the
margins. Achenes beakless, — N.W. prairies.
-fe'r*
■fi),
^M:.
134
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. T. glau'CUm, Nutt. Scape 1-2 feet high. Leaves
varying from entire to dentate or laciuiate. Achenes long-
beaked. — N.W. prairies.
55. TARAX'AC'lini, Haller. Dandelion.
T. Offlcina'le, Weber. {T. dens-leonisy Desf.) (Common
Dandf:lion.) Outer involucre reflexod. Leaves runcinate.
— Fields everywhere.
56. LACTIJ'CA, Tourn. LETroCE.
1. L. Canaden'sis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Heads numer-
ous, in a long and narrow naked panicle. Stem stout,
smooth, hollow, 4-9 feet high. Leaves mostly runcinate,
partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper entire. Achenes
longer than their beaks. — Borders of fields and thickets.
2. L. SCari'Ola, L. (Prickly Lettuce.) Stem below
sparingly bristly. Leaves vertical, spinulose-denticulatq,
oblong or lanceolate, prickly on the midrib below. Heads
small, 6-12 flowered. — Waste places.
B. L. integrifO'lia, L. stem 3-6 feet high; leaves all
undivided, entire or slightly toothed. Flowers pale yellow,
cream-colour, or purple. — Dry soil.
4. L. hirsu'ta, Muhl. Leaves runcinate, the midrib
beneath often sparingly bristly-hairy. Flowers yellowish-
purple, rarely white. — Dry soil.
57. MIILGE'DIIIM, Cass. False or Blue Letiuce.
M. leucophse'um, DC. {Lactuca leucophcea. Gray, in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem tall and very leafy. Heads in
a dense compound panicle. — Borders of damp woods, and
along fences.
58. SON'CHIIS, L. Sow-Thistle.
1. S. Olera'eeus, L. (Common Sow -Thistle.) Stem-
leaves runcinate, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth,
clasping ; the auricles acute. — Manured soil about dwellings.
2. S. asper, Vill. (Spiny-leaved S.) Leaves hardly
lobed, fringed with soft spines, clasping; the auricles
rounded. Achenes viargined. — Same localities as No. 1.
LOBELIACEiE.
135
ves
3. S. arven'sis, L., (Field S.) with bright yellow flowers
and bristly involucres and peduncles, is found eastward.
59. TRAGOPO'C;OM, L. Goat'S Beakd. SALSIFY.
1. T. praten'sis, L. (Yellow Goat's Beard.) Spread-
ing westward along the railway lines. Flowers yellow.
Peduncle little thickened below tlie head.
2. T. porrifO'lius, L. (Salsify.) Stem 2-3 feet high.
Peduncle thickened below the head. Flowers purple.
Order LI. LOBELIA' CEiE. (Lobelia Family.)
Herbs with milky acrid juice, alternate leaves, and loosely
racemed flowers. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed, the tube split
down one side. Stamens 5, syngeuesious, and commonly
also monadelphous, free from the corolla. Calyx tube adhe-
rent to the many-seeded ovary. Style 1. The only genus is
LOBE' LI A, L. Lobelia.
1. L. eardina'lis, L. (Cardinal Flower.) Corolla large.,
deep red. Stem simple, 2-3 feet high, smooth. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed. Bracts of the flowers
leaf-like. — Low grounds.
2. L. syphilit'iea, L. (Great Lobelia.) Coroiii rather
large, light blue. Stem hairy, simple, 1-2 feet high. Leaves
thin, acute at both ends, serrate. Calyx-lobes half as long
as the corolla, the tube hemispherical. Flowers in a dense
spike or raceme. — Low grounds.
3. L. infla'ta, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Flowers small, J
of an inch long, pale blue. Stem leafy, branching, 8-18
inches high, pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, toothed.
Pods inflated. Racemes leaf y . — Dry fields.
4. L. Spica'ta, Lam. Flowers small, ^ of an inch long,
pale blue. Stem slender, erect, simple, 1-3 feet high, min-
utely pubescent below. Leaves barely toothed, the lower
spathulate or obovate, the upper reduced to linear bracts. —
Racemes long and naked. — Sandy soil.
'ii-^ni
■■■•■1
!i?
136
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
5. L. Kal'inii, L. Flowers small, J of an inch long, light
blue. Stevi low, 4-18 inches high, very slender. Pedicels
filiform, as long as the flowers, with 2 minute bractlets
above the middle. Leaves mostly linear, the radical ones
spathulate and the upper ones reduced to bristly bracts. —
Wet rocks and banks, chiefly northward.
6. L. Dortman'na, L., (Water Lobella.) with small
leaA'es, all tufted at the root, and a scape 5 or 6 inches long
with a few small light-blue pedicelled flowers at the sum-
mit, occur? in the shallow borders of ponds in Muskoka.
Order LII. CAMPANULA' CE^. (Campanula F.)
Herbs with milky juice, differing from the preceding
Order chiefly in having a regular 5-lohed corolla (bell-shaped
or wheel-shaped)^ separate stamens (5), and 2 or more {loith us,
3) stigmas,
Synopsis of the Cieiiera.
1, Canipau'ula* Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Pod short.
2. Spec»*a'ria. Calyx 5-cleft Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Pod prismatic or oblong.
1, CAMPAN'IJLA, Tourn. Bell-flower.
1. C. rotundifo'lia, L. (Harebell.) Flowers blue,
loosely panicled, on long slender peduncles, nodding. Stem
slender, branching, several-flowered. Boot-leaves round-
heart-shaped; sten) -leaves linear. Calyx-lobes awl-shaped.
— Shaded banks.
2. C. aparinoi'des, Pursh. (Marsh Bell-flower.)
Flowers white or nearly so, about ^ of an inch long. Stem
very slender and weak, few-flowered, angled, roughened back-
wards. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Calyx-lobes triangular.
— Wet places in high grass. This plant has the habit of a
Galium.
3. C. Ameriea'na, L. (Tall Bell-flower.) Flowers
light blue, about an inch across, crowded in a leafy spike.
Corolla deeply 5-lobed. Style long and curved. Stem 8-6
ERICACE^,
1 '?'7
long
feet high, simple. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, serrate.— Moist rich soil.
4. C. rapuneuloi'des, L. Flowers nodding, single in the
axils of bracts, forming a raceme. Stem-leaves pointed,
ianceolabe, serrate ; the lower cordate, long-petioled. — Atl.
Prov. ; int. from Europe.
5. C. Seheuchz'eri, Vill. Stem low, from a filiform
rootstock, hearing usually a single erect flower. Leaves 1-2
inches long, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, all more or less
dentate. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube, and ex-
ceeding the tube of the shallow reddish- pur pie corolla. —
N.W.
. 2. SPECIJLA'RIA, Heister. Venus's Looking-glass.
S. perfolia'ta, A. DC. Flowers purplish-blue, only the
latter or upper ones expanding. Stem hairy, 3-20 inches
high. Leaves roundish or ovate, clasping. Flowers solitary
or 2 or 3 together in the axils. — Sterile open ground, chiefly
south-westward.
Order LIII. ERICA' CE^. (Heath Family.)
Chiefly shrubs, distinguished hy the anthers opening, as a
rule, hy a pore at the top of each cell. Stamens (as in the two
preceding Orders) free from the corolla, as many or twice as
many as its lobes. Leaves simple and uioually alternate.
Corolla in some cases polypetalous.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Suborder I. VACCINIE^. (Whortleberry Family.)
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Fruit a berry crowned
with the calyx-teeth.
1. Gaylus8a'cla. Stamens 10, the anthers opening by a pore at the
apex. Corolla tubular, ovoid, the border r)-clet't. lierri/ M-celled^
10-seeded. Flowers wliite with a red tinge. Leaves covered with
resinous dots. Briinchlng shrubs.
2. Vnceiii liiiii. StuuK-iis 8or 10, Uie anthers prolonged upwards Into
tubes witb a pore at each ai)ex. Corolla deeply '1-partod and rcivo-
lute. or cylindrical with the limb .'i-toothed. Berry l-celled. or
more or less completely 10-celled. Flowers white or reddish, soli-
tary or in short racemes. Shrubs.
Vi
138
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
3. Chlog'enefl. Stamens 8, each anther 2-pointed at the apex. Corolla
bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft, Limb of the calyx 4-parted. Flowers
very small, nodding from the axils, with 2 bractlets under the
calyx. Berry white, 4-celled. A trailing slender evergreen.
Suborder II. ERICINE^. (Heath Family- Proper.)
Calyx free from the ovary. Shrubs or small trees. Corolla
gamopetalous, except in No. 11.
4. Arctostaph'ylos* Corolla urn-shaped, the limb 5-toothed. re volute.
Stamens 10, the anthers each with 2 reflexed awns on the back.
Fruit a berry-like drupe, 5-10-seeded. A trailing thick-leaved
evergreen, with nearly white flowerH.
5. Epigae'a. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy inside, rose-coloured. Sta-
mens 10 ; filaments slender ; anthers awnless, opening lengthwise.
Calyx of 6 pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. A trail-
ing evergreen, bristly with rusty hairs.
6. Gaulthe'ria. Corolla ovoid or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed,
nearly white. Stamens 10, the anthers 2-awned. Calyx 3-cleft,
closing the pod and becoming fleshy and berry -like in fruit. Stems
low and slender, leafy at the summit.
7. Cassan'dra. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, the
anther-cells tapering into beaks with a pore at the apex, awnless.
Calyx of 5 overlapping sepals, and 2 similar bractlets. Pod with
a double pericarp, tlie outer of 5 valves, the inner cartilaginous
and of 10 valves. A low shrub, with rather scurfy leaves, and
white flowers.
8. Audroni'eda. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Calyx of 5
nearly distinct valvate sepals, without bractlets. Stamens 10;
the filaments bearded ; the anther-cells each with a slender awn.
A low shrub, with white flowers in a terminal umbel.
9. Callu'iin. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, persistent, becoming
scarious. A low everjipreen shrub, with numerous minute oppo-
site leaves. Flowers rose-coloured or white, in mostly 1-sided
racemes.
10. Kal'niia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, with lo pouches receiving as
many anthers. Shrubs with showy rose-purple flowers.
11. Lc''lum. Calyx 6-toothed, very small. Corolla of ft obovafe and
spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5-lt>. Leaves evergreen, with
revoliite margins, covered beneath with rusty wool.
12. Kliododcu'dron. Corolla irregular Cin our species), nearly an
Inch long, 2-lipped, the ujjpcr lip 3-lobed, the lower of 2 oblong-
linear curved nearly or quite distinct petals. Stamens 10, as long
as the rose-coloured corolla. A shrub with alternate oblong
oooaewhut pubescent leaves.— Atl. Prov.
1- '.r
ERICACEiG.
139
Suborder III. PYROLE^. (Pyrola Family.)
Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. More or
leas herbaceous evergreens.
13. Py'rola. Calyx 2-parted. Petals 5, concave. Stamens 10. Stigma
5-lobed. Leaves evergreen, clustered at the base of an upright
scaly-hracted scape which bears a simple raceme of nodding
flowers.
14. Mone'ses. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10. Stigma
large, peltate, with 5 narrow radiating lobes. Plant liaving the
aspect of a Pyrola, but the scape bearing a single terminal flower.
15. Chlmaph'lla. Petals 5, concave, orbicular, spreading. Stamens
10. Stigma broad and round, the border 5-crenate. Low plants
with running underground shoots, and thick, shining, sharply
serrate, somewhat whorl ed leaves. Flowers corynibed or um
belled on a terminal peduncle.
Suborder IV. MONOTROPE.ffi. (Indian -Pipe Family.)
16. Mouot'ropa. A smooth perfectly white plant, parasitic on roots.
bearing scales instead of leaves, and a single flower at the summit
of the stem.
17. Pteros'pora. A purplish-brown clammy-pubescent plant, parasitic
on the roots of pines. Stem simple. Flotvers numerous, nodding,
white, forming a raceme.
18. Hypop'ltys. A tawny or reddish parasitic plant, with several
flowers in a scaly raceme, the terminal one generally with h
petals and 10 stamens, and the others witli 4 petals and 8 stamens.
1. «A¥HJ88A'€IA, H.B.K. Huckleberry.
1. G. resino'sa, Torr and Gr. (Black Huckleberry.)
Fruit black, without a bloom. B^acemes short, 1-sided, in
clusters. Leaves oval or oblong. Branching shrub, 1-3 feet
high. — Low grounds.
2. G. dumo'sa, Torr. and Gr. (Dwarf Huckleberry.)
Fruit black, insipid. Racemes long, with leaf-like, persis-
tent bracts. Leaves obovate, oblong, mucronate. — Sandy-
low ground, Atl. Prov.
2. VACCIN'IIJM, L. Cranberry. Bltteberry.
J. V. Oxyeoe'euS, L. {Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh, in
Macouu's Catalogue.) (Small Cranberry.) A creeping or
140
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
trailing very slender shrubby plant, with ovate acute ever-
green leaves only J of an inch long, the margins revolute.
Corolla rose-coloured, 4-parted, the lobes reflexed. Anthers
8. Stem 4-9 inches long. Berry only about J of an inch
across^ often speckled with white. — Bogs.
2. V, IIiacrOCa.r'pon, Ait. {Oxycoccus macrocarpua,
Pursh, in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Large or American Cran-
berry.) Different from No. 1 in having prolonged stems
(1-3 feet long) and the flowering branches lateral. The
leaves also are nearly twice as large, and the berry is fully J
an inch broad. — Bogs.
3. V, Vitis-Idsea, L. A low plant with erect branches
from tufted creeping stems. Leaves evergreen, obovate,
with revolute margins, shining above, dotted with blackish
bristly points beneath. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobed. An-
thers 8-10. Flowers in a short braoted raceme. — Northward
and eastward.
4. V. Pennsylvan'ieum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.)
Stem 6-15 inches high, the branches green, angled and
warty. Corolla cylindrical, bell-shaped, 5- toothed. An-
thers 10. Flowers in short racemes. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong, serrulate with bristly-pointed teeth, smooth and
shining on both sides. Berry blue or black, with a bloom.
— Dry plains and woods.
5. V. Canaden'se, Kalm. (Canadian Blueberry.) Stem
1-2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire,
doiony both sides, as are also the branchlets. — A very com-
mon Canadian species.
6. V. vacirians, SoUndei. (Low Blueberry.) Stem
1-2 feet high, glabrous, with yellowish-green branchlets.
Leaves obovate or ovul, very pile or dull and glaucous, at
least beneath. Corolla between bell-shaped and cylindra-
ceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry soil ; western
Ontario mostly.
7. V. corymbo'sum, L., (Swamp Blueberry) is a tall
shrub (3-10 feetj growing in swamps and low grounds, with
ERICACEiE.
141
leaves varying from ovate to elliptical - lanceolate, and
llowers and berries very much the same as those in No. 4,
but the berries ripen later.
Var. amCB'nuni, Gray, has the leaves bristly-cilia te,
green both sides, shining above. — S.W. Ontario.
Var. pariidum, Gray, has the leaves mostly glabrous,
pale or whitish, glaucous at least underneath, and serru-
late with bristly teeth. — Atl. Prov.; also Niagara Kiver.
Var. atrOCOC'CUm, Gray, has the leaves entire, downy,
or woolly underneath, as well as the branchlets. — Chiefly
eastward.
8. V, Stamin'f^um, L. (Deer-berry. Squaw Huckle-
berry.) Stem diffusely branching, 2-3 feet high. Leaves
ovate or oval, pale, whitish beneath. Corolla open-bell-
shaped, 5-lobed, greenish-white or purplish. Anthers 2-
awned on the back, much exserted. Flowers slender-pedi-
celled. Berries greenish or yellowish, large. — Niagara
River, above Queenston.
3. €HIOG'Ei\ES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.
C. hispid' ula, Torr. and Gr. Leaves very small, ovate
and pointed, on short petioles, the margins revolute. The
lower surface of the leaves and the branches clothed with
rusty bristles. Berries bright white. — Bogs and cool woods.
4. ARCTOSTAPn'YLOS, Adans. Bearberry.
A. Uva-ursi, Spreng, Flowers in terminal racemes.
Leaves alternate, obovate or spathulate, entire, smooth.
Berry red. — Bare hillsides.
5. EPIGiG'A, L, Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.
E. re' pens, L. (Mayflower.) Flowers in small axillary
clusters from scaly bracts. Leaves evergreen, rounded and
heart-shaped, alternate, on slender petioles. Flowers very
fragrant. — Dry woods in early spring.
«. CiAUIiTHE'RIA. Kalin. Aromatic Wintergreen.
G. procum'bens, L. (Tkabekry. Wintercjreen). Flow-
ers mostly single in the axils, nodding. Leaves obovate cr
if
mmr
"'11'
r^-f-"
:.#
r
;,V'
.J'
i I u
1
1
i
f
* '1
1;'
142
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
oval, obscurely serrate, evergreen. Berry bright red, ediblOc
— Cool woods, chiefly in the shade tf evergreens.
T. CASHAN'URA, Don. Leather-leaf.
C. ealyeula'ta, Don. Flowers in 1-sided leafy racemes.
Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. — Bogs.
8. AKDROiW'EIIA, L. ANDROMEDA.
A. polifO'lia, L. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6-18 inches
high. Leaves oblong-linear, with sti-ongly revolute mar-
gins, white beneath. — Bogs.
9. CALLD'XA, Salisb. Heather.
C. VUlga'riS, Salisb. (Heather.) A low evergreen shrub
with numerous opposite minute leaves, mostly auricled at
the base. Flowers axillaiy or terminating very short
shoots, forming close racemes mostly one-sided, rose-coloured
or white. Calyx of 4 sepals. Corolla 4-parted, bell-shaped.
Calyx "ad corolla both persistent and becoming dry. Sta-
mens 8. Capsule 4-celled. — Found sparingly in a few places
on the coast of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.
10. KAL'lfllA, L. American Laurel.
1. K. glau'ca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) A straggling shrub
about a foot high, with few-flowered terminal corymbs.
Branchlets 2-edged. Leaves opposite, oblong, the margins
revolute. Flowers J an inch across. — Bogs.
2. K. angustifo'lia, L. (Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.)
Leaves opposite or in threes, oblong, obtuse, petioled.
Corymbs lateral, many-florrer'd. Pod depressed. Pedicels
recurved in fruit. — Bogs and damp barren grounds, abun-
dant eastward.
H. LCniTN, L. Labrador Tea.
L. latifo'lium, Ait. Flowers white, in terminal umbel-
like clusters. Loaves elliptical or oblong. Stamens 5, or
occasionally G or 7. — Bogs.
12. KliODODKX'DRON, L. (R0S7i: Bay. AZALEA.)
R. Rhodo'ra, Don. Corolla irregular, nearlj' an inch
long, two-lippod ; the upper lip 3-lobed ; the lower lip of two
%
ERICACEiE.
143
oblong-linear, curved, nearly or quite distinct petals. Sta-
mens 10, as long as the rose-coloured corolla. Leaves alter-
nate, oblong, somewhat pubescent. Shrub. — Bogs and
damp barrens, from Montreal eastward.
li.<. PY'UOLA, Tourn. Winteegeeen. Shin-leaf.
* Style straight^ narrower than the 5-rayed stigma.
1. P. ml'nor, L. Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate,
thickish, usually longer than the margined petiole. Baceme
not one-sided. Flowers white or rose-colour. Style short and
included in corolla. — Cold woods, Atl. Prov. and north-
ward.
2. P. secun'da, L. Easily recognized by the flowers of
the dense raceme being all turned to one side. Leaves ovate.
Style long, protruding. — Rich woods. Var. pu'mila has
orbicular leaves, and is 3-8- flowered. — Peat - bogs and
swamps.
* * Style declined, the apex curved tipward. Stigma narrower than the
ring-like apex of the sty <e.
8. p. rotundifo'lia, L. Leaves orbicular^ thick, shining,
usually shorter than the petiole. Calyx-lobes lanceolate.
Flowers white, or in var. inearna'ta rose-purple. — ^^ist
woods.
Var. asarifo'lia, Hook., has round- reniform leave-:, and
mostly rose-coloured petals.
Var. uligino'sa, Gray, has broadly ovate calyx-lobes,
mostly obovate dull leaves, and flesh-coloured petals.
4. P. ellip'tica, Nutt. (Shin-leaf.) Leaves elliptical,
thin, dull, usually longer than the margined petiole. Flowers
greenish-white. — Kich woods.
5. P. Chloran'tha, Swartz, has small roundish dull
leaves, converging greenish-white petals, and the anther-cells
contracted below the pore into a distinct neck or horn. — Open
woods.
14. MONE'SES, Salisb. One-flowered Pyuola.
M. Uniflo'ra, Grr. {M. grandiflora, Salisb.) Leaves thin,
rounded, veiny, and sei-rate. Scape 2-4 inches high, bearing
a single white or rose-coloured flower. — Deep woods.
■';' f
<f¥
111
144
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
15. CHIMAPH'ILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA.
1. C. umbella'ta, Nutt. (Prince's Pine.) Leaves wedge-
lanceolate, acute at the base. Peduncles 4-7-llowered.
Corolla rose- or flesh-coloured. — Dry woods.
2. C. macula'ta, Pursh. (Spotted Wintergreen.) Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, the upper surface varie-
gated v'ith. white. — Dry woods.
16. MOIVOT'ROPA, L. INDIAN- PIPE. PiNE-SAP.
M urr^O'ra, L. (Indian-Pipe. Corpse Plant.) Smooth,
waA.y-wh;i turning black in drying. — Dark rich woods.
II. PTEKOiii'PORA, Nutt. PiNE-DROPS.
p. Andromede'a, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate,
urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10. Stigma
5-lobed. Pod 5-lobed, 5-celled. — Usually under pines in dry
woods.
18. HYPOP'IT¥S, Scop. PiNE-SAP.
H. lanugino'sa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent. Sepals
bract-like. Stigma ciliate. Style longer than the ovary,
hollow. Pod globular or oval. — Oak and pine woods.
Order LIV. PLUMBAGINA'CE^. (Leadwort F.)
Maritime herbs with regular pentamerous flowers, a
plaited calyx, 5 stamens opposite the lobes {or separate
petals) of the corolla, and a 1-celled and 1-seeded ovary.
STAT' ICE, Tourn.
S. Limo'nium, L. (Marsh-Eosemary.) A maritime herb,
with a thick, woody, astringent root, and oblong, spathulate
or obovate-lanceolate radical leaves, tipped with a deciduous
bristle. Flowers lavender-colour, panicled on branching
scapes. Calyx funnel-form, membranaceous. Corolla of 5
nearly or quite distinct petals, with the 5 stamens severally
borne on their bases. Ovary 1-celied and 1-ovuled. — Salt
marshes, Atl. Pro v.
■ 3
AQUIPOLIACE^, PRIMULACEiE.
145
Order LV. AQUIFOLIA'CE^. (Holly Family.)
Shrubs or small trees, with small axillary polygamous or
dioecious flowers, the parts mostly in fours or sixes. Call's:
very minute, free from the ovary. Stamens alternate wit*'
the petals, attached to their base, the corolla being almo. t
polypetalous. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigma nearly
sessile. Fruit a berry-like 4-8-seeded drupe.
1. ILEX, L. Holly.
I. vertieilla'ta, Gr. (Black Alder. Winterberry.) A
shrub with the greenish flowers in sessile clusters, or the
fertile ones solitary. Parts of the flowers mostly in sixes.
Fruit bright red. Leaves alternate -bovate, oval, or wedge-
lanceolate, pointed, veiny, serrare. Swanjps and low
grounds.
)}. NEMOPAN'THES, Raf. MOUNTAIN Holly.
N. Canadensis, DC. A branchir g shrub, with grey bark,
and alternate oblong nearly ev ire smooth leaves on slender
petioles. Flowers on long slenu^r axillary peduncles, mostly
solitary. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, distinct. Fruit light
red. — Moist woods.
Order LVI. PRIMULA'CE^. (Primrose Family.)
Herbs with regular perfect flowers, well marked by having
a stamen before each petal or lobe of the corolla and inserted
on the tube. Ovary 1-celled, the placenta rising from the
base. Style 1 ; stigma 1.
Synopsis of tlie Genera.
* Stemless. Leaves allin a cluster from the root.
1. Prlm'ula. Flowers in an umbel at the summit of a simple scape.
Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, open at the throat. Stamens
5, Included.
2. Androii'acc. Flowers very small, white, in an umbel at the summit
of a scape. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, constricted at
the throat. Stamens Included.— N.W.
S. Dodecatli'eon. Flowers showy, rose-c«loured or white, in an umbel
at the summit of a scape. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens
exserted, connivent in a slender cone.— N.W.
¥r>ri
¥ i'
* i
f
146
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
* * Stems leafy. Corolla rotate, wanting in Glaux.
4. Trleuta'lls. Leaves in a whorl at the summit of a slender erect
stem. Calyx usually 7-parted, the lobes pointed. Corolla usually
7-parted, spreading, without a tube. Filaments united in a ring
below. Flowers usually only one, white and star-shaped.
5. Lyslmnch'ia. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers yellow, axillary or in a
terminal raceme. Calyx usually 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped,
mostly 5-parted, and sometimes polypetalous.
(). Glaux. A fleshy herb with purplish and white axillary flowers.
Corolla wanting, the calyx petal-like.— Atl. Prov.
7. Anagal'lls. Low and spreading, 'jeaves opposite or whorled,
entire. Flowers variously coloured, solitary in the axils. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Filaments bearded.
8. Hain'olus. Smooth and spreading, 6-10 inches high. Corolla bell-
shaped, 5-parted, with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Calyx
partially adherent to the ovary. Flowers very small, white,
racemed. Leaves alternate.
1. PRIin'lJLA, L. Primrose. Cowslip.
1. P. farino'sa, L. (Bird's eye P.) Lower surface ot
the leaves covered with a white mealiness. Corolla lilac
with a yellow centre. — Shores of Lake Huron and north-
ward. •
2. P. Mistassin'ica, Michx. Leaves not mealy. Corolla
flesh-coloured, the lobes obcordate. — Shores of the Upper
Lakes, and northward.
2. ANDRO§'A€E, Tourn.
A. septentriona'liS, L. Almost glabrous, 2-10 inches
high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed
at the base, toothed. Bracts of the involucre awl-shaped.
— N.W.
3. DODECATH'EON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP.
D. Mead ia, L. (Shooting-Star.) Smooth. Leaves ob-
long or spathulate. Flowers nodding on slender pedicels. —
N.W.
4. TRIENTA'LIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen,
T. America' na, Pursh. (Star-Flower.) Leaves thin
and -v Anj, lanceolate, tapering towards both ends. Petals
pointed. — Moist woods.
t;;l
PRIMULACEiE.
147
ier erect
usually
n a ring
y or in a
l-shaped,
flowers.
whorled,
3. Calyx
arded.
olla bell-
Calyx
1. white,
rface ot
11a lilac
north-
Corolla
3 Upper
0 inches
arrowed
-shaped.
aves ob-
dicels. —
s^es thin
Petals
5. LYSIMACH'IAf Tourn. Loosestrife.
1. L. thyrsiflo'ra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Flowers
in spike-like clusters from the axils of a few of the upper
leaves. Petals lance-linear, purplish-dotted^ as many minute
teeth between them. Leaves scale-like below, the upper
lanceolate, opposite, sessile, dark-dotted. — Wet swamps.
2. L. Stricta, Ait. Flowers on slender pedicels in a long
terminal raceme. Petals lance-oblong, streaked with dark
lines. Leaves opposite^ lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile,
dark-dotted. — Low grounds.
3. L. quadlifo'lia, L. Flowers on long slender peduncles
from the axils of the upper leaves. Petals streaked. Leaves
in whorls of 4 oi .5, ovate-lanceolate, dark-dotted. — Sandy
soil.
4. L. eilia'ta, L. {Steironema ciliatum, Raf ., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the
upper axils. Petals not streaked or dotted. Leaves opposite,
not dotted, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cordate at the base, on
long fringed petioles. — Low grounds.
5. L. long^fo'liaj Walt. {Steironema longifolium, Gray,
in Macoun's Catalogue.) Petals not streaked or dotted.
Stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, 2-4 inches long, the
margins sometimes revolute. Stem 4-angled. — Moist soil,
western Ontario.
6. L. lanceola'ta, Walt. (Steironema lanceolatum. Gray.)
Stem erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong and
linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole, or the lowest
short and broad on long petioles, not dotted. Petals not
streaked or dotted. — S. W. Ontario.
7. L. nummula'ria, L., (Money wort), has escaped from
gardens in a few places. Stem trailing and creeping,
smooth. Leaves roundish, small, opposite. Peduncles
axillary, 1-flowered. — Damp places.
«. CiLAIJX, Tourn.
G. marit'ima, L. (Sea-Milk wort.) A fleshy herb, with
usually opposite, oblong, entire, sessile leaves. Flowers
,i!M
M
148
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
single in the axils, nearly sessile. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft,
purplish and white. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, on the
base of the calyx. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded. — Sea-shore,
Atl. Prov.
7. A.NACiAL'IiI8, Tourn. Pimpernel.
A. arven'Sls, L. (Common Pimpeknkl.) Petals obovate,
fringed with minute teeth, mostly bluish or purplish. Flowers
closing at the approach of rain. Leaves ovate, sessile. —
Sandy fields and garden soil.
8. SAM'OLIIS, L. Tourn. Water-Pimpernel. Brook-weed.
S. Valeran'di, L., var. America'nus, Gray, stem slen-
der, diffusely branched. The slender pedicels each with a
bractlet at the middle. — Wet places, not common.
Ori\er LVII. PLANTAGINAXE^. (Plantain Family.)
Herbs, with the leaves all radical, and the flowers in a
close spike at the summit of a naked scape. Calyx of 4
sepals, persistent. Corolla 4-lobed, thin and membranace-
ous, spreading. Stamens 4, usually with long filaments,
inserted on the corolla. Pod 2-celled, the top coming off
like a lid. Leaves ribbed. The principal genus is
PLANTA'GO, L. Plantain. Rib-Grass.
1. P. major, L. (Common P.) Spike long and slender.
Leaves 5-7-ribbed, ovate or slightly heart-shaped, with chan-
nelled petioles. Pod 7-16-seeded. — Moist ground about dwel-
lings.
2. P. KamtSChat'ica, Hook. (P. Bugeia, Decaisne, in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Resembling small forms of No. 1,
but pod 4- seeded.
3. P. laneeola'ta, L. (Rib-Grass. English Plantain.)
Spike thick and dense, short. Leaves 3-5-ribbed, lanceolate
or lanceolate-oblong. Scape grooved, long and slender. —
Dry fields and banks.
4. P. COrda'ta, Lam. Tall and glabrous. Bracts round-
ovate, fleshy. Pod 2-4-seeded. — South-western Ontario.
LENTIBULARIACEiE.
149
5. P. marit'lma, L., var. juneoi'des, Or., with very
narrow and slender spike, and linear fleshy leaves, is found
on the sea-coast and Lower St. Lawrence.
6. P. P/Fiop'oda, Terr. Usually a mass oi yeUowish v^ool
at the base. Leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovato, with
stout short petioles. Pod never more than 4-se» ded. — Atl.
sea-coast and N.W.
7. P. Patagon'ica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray,
White with silky wool. Leaves oblong-linear to filiform.
Spike very dense, woolly. — Dry soil, N.W.
Order LVIII. LENTIBULARIACEiE. (BL.iDDERwoRT F.)
Small aquatic or marsh herbs, with a 2-lipped calyx and
a personate corolla with a spur or sac underneath. Sta-
mens 2. Ovary as in Prim ulacese. Chiefly repref«ented by
the two following genera : —
1. UTRICIJLA'RIA, L. BLADDER WORT.
1. U. VUlga'ris, L. (Greater Bladderwort. ) Immersed
leaves crowded, finely dissected into capillary divisions,
furnished v/ith small air-bladders. Flowers yellow, several
in a racBme oPi a naked scape. Corolla closed ; the spur
conical and shorter than the lower lip. — Ponds and slow
waters.
2. U, interme'dia, Hayne. immersed leaves 4 or 5 times
forked, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-
toothed on the margin, not bladder-hearing , the bladders
being on leafless branches. Stem 3-6 inches long. Scape
very slender, 3-6 inches long, bearing few yellow flowers.
Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; the
spur closely pressed to the broad lower lip. — Shallow waters.
3. U. COrnu'ta, Michx., with an awl-shaped spur turned
downward and outward, and the lower lip of the corolla
helmet-shaped, is not uncommon in the northern parts of
Ontario. Flowers yellow. Leaves a wl-shaped.
4. U. Clandesti'na, Nutt. Stecis and scapes slender.
Leaves hair-like, bearing small bladders. Ci>roll8 yellow ;
«:.;:,
^.f,
# V
lf)0
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
lower lip S-lobed, longer than the thick, blunt spur. Sub-
merged stems bearing cleistogamous flowers. — Ponds, Atl.
Prov.
5. U. gib'ba, L. Scape only 1-3 inches high, 1-2-flowered,
with very slender short branches at the base, bearing capil-
lary root-like leaves and scattered bladders. Corolla yellow,
the lower lip with sides reflexed. Spur very thick and
blunt, conical, gibbous. — Shallow water, central and S. W.
Ontario.
2. PINtiriC'LLA, L. Btttterwort. »
P. VUlga'riS, L. A small and stemless perennial growing
on damp rocks. Scapes 1-flowered. Leaves entire, ovate or
elliptical, soft-fleshy, clustered at the root. Upper lip of
the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla violet, the lips
very unequal, the palate open, and hairy or spotted. — Shore
of Lake Huron.
Order LIX. OROBANGHA'CEiE. (Broomrape F.)
Parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage. Corolla more
or less 2-lipped. Stamens didynamous. Ovary 1-celled with
2 or 4 parietal ]ilacent8e, many-seeded.
1. EFirHE'GII^, Nutt. (Beecii-drops.)
E. Virginia'na, Bart. A yellowish-brown branching
plant, parasitic on the roots of beech-trees. Flowers race-
mose or spiked ; the upper sterile, with long corolla ; the
lower fertile, with short corolla.
«. CONOPU'OLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root.
C, America'na, Wallroth. A chestnut-coloured or yel-
low plant found in clusters in oak woods in early summer,
3-0) inciies high and rather less than an inch in thickness.
The stem covered with fleshy scales so as to resemble a cone.
Flowers under the upper scales ; stamens projecting.
:{. APIIYL'LOW, Mitchell. Naked Broom rape. Cancer-root.
1 . A. uniflo'rum, Torr. and Gr. Plant yellowish-brown.
Flower solitary at the top of a naked scape. Stem subter-
ranean or nearly so, short and scaly. Scapes 3-5 inches
SCROPHULARIACEiE.
151
high. Calyx 5-cleft, the divisions lance-awl-shaped. Corolla
with a long curved tube and 5-loV)ed border, and 2 yellow-
bearded folds in the throat. Stigma 2-lipped. — Woods, in
early summer.
2. A. fascicula'tum, Gray. Scaly stem erect, and rising
3 or 4 inches above the ground, mostly longer than the
crowded peduncles. — N.W,; parasitic on Artemisia, etc.
-f •!
Order LX. SCROPHULARIA'CE^. (Figwort E.)
Herbs distinguished by a 2-lipped or more or less irregular
corolla, stamens usually 4 and didynamous, or only 2, (or
in Verbascum 5) and a 2-celled and usually many-seeded
ovary. Style 1 ; stigma entire or 2-lobed.
Synopsis of the fieiiera.
* Corolla wheel-shaped^ and only sliffhtly irregular,
1. Verbas'cum. Stamens fwith anthers J 5. Flowers in a long- ter-
minal spike. Corolla 5-parted, nearly regular. Filaments (or
some of them) woolly.
2. Verou'ica. Stamens only 2; filaments long and slender. Corolla
mostly ^-parted, nearly or quite regular. I'od tlattish. Flowers
solitary in the axils, or forming a terminal raceme or spike.
* * Corolla 2-lipped, or tubular and irr^gidar.
-t- Upper lip of the corolla embracing the lotcer in the bud, except occa-
sionally in Mliiiuliis.
3. Liiia'rln. Corolla 2-)er8onate (Fig. 181, Parti.), with a longer spur
beneath. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, in a crowded raceme.
4. Scropliula'ria. Corolla tu])ular, somewhat inflated, .'')-Iobecl ; the 4
tipper lobes erect, the lower one spreading. Stamens with anth.-rs
4, the rudiment of a fifth in the form of a scale on the upper lip
of the corolla. Flowers .small and dingy, forming a narrow ter-
minal panicle. Stem 4-sided.
6. ColUns'la. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ;
the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the 4
declined stamens; the upp<"r lip L'-cIeft, the lobes partly turned
backward. Fiftli ,s*^'vmtMi rudinicnfary. Leaves opposite. Flow-
ers blue and white, in umbel-like clusters.
6. Chelo'iic. Corolla inflated-tubular (Fig. 180, Fart I.). Stamens 4,
with woolly lilar\ieniH and anthers, and a tilth filament without
an anther. Flowers white, in a close terminal sijike.
152
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
i: ^
-']
: !.i I
7. Peutste'mou. Corolla 2-llpped, gradually widening' upwards. Sta-
mens 4, with a fifth sterile filament, the latter yellow-bearded.
Flowers white or purplish, in a loose panicle.
8. Dllni'ulns. Calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla
erect or reflexed-spreading, the lower spi-eading, 3-lo!)ed. Stamens
4, alike ; no rudiment of a fifth. Stigma 2-lipped. Flowers blue
or yellow, solitary on axillary peduncles.
0. Cirati'ola. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Stamens with anthers
only 2, included. Flowers with a yellowish tube, on axillary
peduncles, solitary. Style dilated at the apex.
10. Ily.san'tlieH. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Stamens loith anthers
only 2, included ; also a pair of filaments tvhich are two-lohed hut
withotit anthers. Flowers purplish, axillary. Style 2-lipped at
the apex.
-t- ■+- Lower lip of the corolla embracing the \ipper in the bud.
11. Gerar'clla. Corolla funnel-form, swelling above, the 5 spreading
lobes more or less unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous,
hairy. Style long, enlarged at the apex. Flowers purple or yel-
low, solitary on axillary peduncles, or sometimes forming a
raceme.
12. Castllle'la. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped, its tube included in the
tubular and flattened calyx ; the upper lip long and narrow and
flattened laterally, the lower short and .S-lobed. Stamens 4, didy-
namous. Floral leaves scarlet (rarely yellow) in our species.
Corolla pale yellow.
13. Orthocarp'uH. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Calyx tubular-cam-
panulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla much narrower than
the inflated lower one. Flowers golden yellow, in a dense spike.
-N.W.
14. Eiiplira'sla. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, 2-lobed,
the sides turned back ; the lower spreading. Stamens 4, under the
upper lip. Very small herbs, with whitish or bluish spiked
flowers. (Chiefly on the sea-coast, and north of Lake Superior).
\^. Bart'siii. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla enitre, the sides
not turned hack. Flowers small, rose-red, in loose spikes. Small
herbs with opposite sessile leaves.— Atl. sea-coast chiefly.
10. Kliiiiaii'tliiis. Calyx flat, greatly inflated in fruit, 4-toothed.
Upper lip off he corolla arched, flat, with a uiinuto tooth on each
side below the apex. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, solitary in the
axils, nearly sessile, the wiiole fonniiig a crowded 1-sided spike.
((Chiefly on tin; sea-coast, and nortli of l^ake Superior.)
17. Pedlriila'rls. Calyx split in front, not inflated In fruit. Corolla
2-lipped, tl)e upper lip arched or hooded, incurved, flat, 2-toothcd
uhder the apex. Stamens 4. Podflat, somewhat sword-shaped.
SCROPHULARIACE^E.
153
18. NelampyViiiii. Calyx 4-cle/t, the lobes sharp-pointed. Corolla
greenish-yellow ; upper lip arched, compressed, the lower i>-lo])ed
at the apex. Stamens 4 ; anthers hairy. Pod 1— 1-seeded, flat,
oblique. Up.^er leaves larger than the lower ones and fringed
with bristly teeth at the base.
1. YERKA»'€VM, L. MuLLElN.
1. V. Thap'SUS, L. (Common Mullkin.) A tall and very
woolly herb, with the simple stem winged by the decurreut
bases of the leaves. Flowers yellow, forming a dense si^ike.
— Fields and roadsides everywhere.
2. V. Blatta'ria, L. (Moth M.) stem slender, nearly/
smooth. Lower leaves petioled, doubly serrate ; the upper
partly clasping. Flowers whitish with a purple tinge, in a
loose raceme. Filaments all violet-bearded. — Roadsides; not
common northward.
'i. VEII©X'I<;A, L. Speedwkll.
1. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (American Bkooklime.)
Flowers pale blue, in opposite axillary racemes. Leaves
viostly petioled, thickish, serrate. Pod swollen. — A common
plant in brooks and ditches.
2. V. anagal'lis, L., (Water Speedwell) is much like
No. 1, but the leaves are sessile, with a heart-shaped base.
3. V. seutella'ta, L. (Marsh S.) Flowers pale blue, in
racemes, chiefly from alternate axils. Leaves sessile, linear,
opposite, hardly toothed. Racemes 1 or 2, slender and zig-
zag. Flowers few. Pods very flat, notched at both ends. —
Bogs.
Var. pubescens, Macoun, has hairy stem and leaves.
4. V. Offlcina'lis, L. (Common S.) Flowers light blue.
Stem prostrate, rooting at the base, pubescent. Leaves
short-petioled, obovato-elliptical, serrate. Itacemes dense,
chiefly from alternate axils. Pod obovate - triangular,
strongly flattened, notchcul. — Hillsides and open wcjods.
5. V. ehamse'drys, i^. Flowers pale blue. Stem pubes-
cent, at lea : in - lines, from a creeping base. Loaves
nearly sessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate. Racemes
154
COMMON CANADIAN WiL PLAiV -S.
axillary, loosehj flowered. Pod triinguiar- obcordate. —
Chiefly eastward ; also at Niagara Falls.
6. V. serpyllifo'lia, L. (Thyme-leaved S.) Flowers
whitish or pale blue, in a loose terminal raceme. Stem
nearly smooth, branched at the creeping base. Leaves
obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled. Pud flat, notched. —
Roadsides and fields. Plant onlv 2 or 3 inches high.
7. V. peregri'na, L. (Neckweed.) Flowers whitish,
soUtai^y in the axils of the upper leaves, short- pedicelled.
Corolla shorter than the calyx. Stem 4-9 inches high, near-
ly smooth. Pod orbicular, slightly notched. — Waste places
and cultivated grounds.
8. V. arven'sis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Flowers (blue)
as in No. 7, but the stem is hairy, and the pod inversely
heart-shaped. — Cultivated soil.
9. V. agres'tis, L. (Field Speedwi:ll,) Leaves round
or ovate, crenate, petioled. Flowers small, in the axils of the
ordinary leaves, long-pedicelled. Seed.s few, cup-shaped. —
Sandy fields, Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.)
10. V. Buxbaum'ii, Tonore. Leaves as in the last.
Flowers (blue) large, long-pedicelled. in the axils of the
ordinary leaves. Calyx-lobes widely spreading in fruit.
Pod obcordate-triaugular, broadly notched, many-seeded. —
Atl. Prov.
;«. LI!\A'RIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax.
1. L. vulga'ris, Mill. (Toad-Flax. Butter- and-Eggs.)
Leaves crowded, linear, pale green. Corolla pale yellow,
with a deeper yellow or orange-coloured palate. — Boadsides.
2. L. CiWiaden'sis, Spreng. (Wild Toad-Flax.) A
slende}' herb, with linear, entire, alternate leaves. Flowers
blue, small, in a naked, terminal raceme. Spur of corolla
curved, filiform. — Sandy soil, Atl. Prov.
3. L. cymbala'ria Mill. A delicate little trailing plant,
with thickish S-o-lohid leaves on long petioles, and small
veliow and purple flowers. — A garden (fscape,
SCRCPHULARIACEiE.
155
4. 8€il(i>3'>HirLA'RIA, Tourn. FiGWORT.
S. nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gr. Stem smooth,
3-4 feet high. Leaves ovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate,
serrate. — Damp thickets. (There appear to he two formH.
one with broad leaves and greenish-brown flowers, and the
other with narrow leaves and greenish-yellow flowers.)
5. €OLLi:VS'IA, Xutt.
1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender, 6-20 inches high. Lower
leaves ovate, upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Corolla
(blue and white) twice as long as the calyx. Peduncles
long, — Western Ontario.
2. C. parviflO'ra, Dougl. Smaller. Corolla (blue) very
small, scarcely longer than the calyx. Peduncles short. —
Chiefly N.W.
6. CHELO'NE, Tourn. Turtle-head.
C. g'labra, L. stem smooth, erect and branching. Leaves
short-petioled, lance-oblong, serrate, opposite. Bractr of
the flowers concave. — Wet places.
1. PENTSTE'MON, Mitchell. Beard-TONGUE.
1. P. pubes'eens. stem 1-3 feet high, pubescent; the
panicle more or Joss clammy. Throat of the coroll? ^^Imost
closed. Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping. — Dry sc'l.
2. P. gra'eilis, Nutt. stem 1 foot high or less, r.brou^,
or nearly so, viscid-pubescent above. Corolla (i''aJa"-
funnel-form, the throat open, lilac-purple or whitish. —
N.W.
3. P. aeumina'tUS, Dougl. Stem 6-20 inches liigh, stont,
glabrous and glaucous. Leaves thick, the lower obovato or
oblong, tho upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or clasping.
Panicle narrow, leafy below.— \.W.
4. P. erista'tUS, Nutt. Pubescent, and viscid-pub-^cent
above. Leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong. Corolla
fnnnel-form, the lower lip Inng-villous within. Sterile fila
vient copiously yellow-bearded. — N.W.
I^ii
15b
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
5. P. confer' tus, Dougl., var. eseruleo - purpureus,
Gray, is at once recognized by the interrupted spike-like
panicle^ which consists oi 2 to 5 dense verticillate chisters.
Corolla narrow, the lower lip conspicuously bearded within.
— N.W.
8. MIM'ULUS, L. MONKEY-KLOWER.
1. M. ring' ens, L. Stem square, 1-2 feet high. Corolla
blue, an inch long. (A white-flowered variety is sometimes
met with.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate, clasping. — Wet
places.
2. M. Jamesii, Torr. Stem creeping at the base. Corolla
yellow, small. Leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly
sessile. Calyx inflated in fruit. — In cool springs.
». «RATI'OLA. L. Hedge-Hyssop.
1. G. Virginia'na, L. Stem 4-6 inches high, clammy
with minute pubescence above. Sterile filaments minute or
none. Leaves lanceolate. Peduncles slender. — Moist plrxes.
2. G. au'rea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous. Sterile filaments
slender, tipped with a little head. Corolla golden yellow.
10. ILYSAi\"THEH, Raf. False Pimi'ernel.
I. gratiolordes, Benth. stem 4-8 inches high, much
branched, diffusely spreading. Leaves ovate, rounded or
oblong, the upper partly clasping. — Wet places.
11. 4iERAR'DlA, L. Gerakdia.
1. G. purpu'rea, L. (Purple Gerardia.) Corolla rose-
purple. Leaves linear, acute, rough-margined. Flowers an
inch long, on short peduncles. — Low grounds.
Var. pauper'eula, Gray, is smoother, with smaller and
lighter-coloured corolla.
2. G. tenuifo'lia, Vahl. (Slender G.) Corolla rose-
pnrple. Leaves linear, acute. Flowers about ^ »» inch
lung, on long thread-like peduncles. — Dry woods.
3. G. tla'va, L. (DowxY G.) Corolla yellow, woolly
inside. Stem 3-4 feet high, /vie/?/ pubescent. Leaves oblong
or lance-shaped, the upper entire, the lowor usually more
or less pinnatifid, downy-pubescent. — Woods.
SCROPHULARIACEiE.
15)
ireus,
ke-like
listers.
vithin.
Corolla
etimes
-Wet
CoroUa
nearly
;lammy
imite or
i plr-ces.
aments
How.
I, much
mded or
Lla rose-
Qwers an
Her and
la rose-
an inch
I woolly
s oblong
ly mora
4. G. quercifo'lia, Pursh. (Smooth G.) Corolla yellow,
WO0II7 inside. Stem 3-G feet high, smooth and glaucous.
Lover leaves twice-pinnatifid, the upper pinnatiiid 01
entire, smooth. — Woods.
5. G. pedicula'ria, L. (Cut-leaved G.J Nearly smooth.
Flowers nearly as in Nos. 3 and 4. Stem 2-3 feet high, verj
leafy, much branched. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes cut and
toothed. — Thickets.
12. CASTILLE'IA, Mutis. Painted-Cup.
1. C. eoeein'ea, Spreng. (Scarlet Painted-Cup.) Calyj
2-cleft, yellowish. Stem pubescent or hairy, 1-2 feet high.
The stem-leaves nearest the flowers 3-cleft, the lobe.",
toothed, bright scarlet. (A yellow-bracted form occurs or
the shore of Lake Huron.)- -Sandy soil.
2. C. pal'lida.Kunth.jvar. septentrionalis, Gray. Cahjo-
equally cleft^ divisions 2-ch'ft. Upper lip of corolla decidedly
shorter than the tube. Lower leaves linear; upper broader,
mostly entire ; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-ichite ,
varying to yellowish, purple or red. — A.tl. Prov. and north'
ward,
3. C. Sessiliflo'ra, Pursh. Calyx more deeply cleft in
front, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft. Loaves mostly 3-5'
cleft, the floral ones similar, and not coloured. — N.W.
4. C. minia'ta, — Dougl. Calyx about eij[ually clef t before
and behind, the lobes 2-cleft. Corolla over an inch long, thn
upper lip linear, longei than the tube. Leaves lanceolate
or linear, entire, the floval ones usually bright red. — N.W.
13. ORrHO€ARP'ljS, Nutt.
0. lu'teus, Nutt. Stem about 1 foot high, pubescent
sometimes viscid. Lea\es linear to lanceolate, somc^time".
3-cleft. Bracts not colo.ired. — N.W.
14. EIFHKASIA, Tourn. Eyebkight.
E. Offleina'lis, L., is rather common on the Lower St.
Lawrence and the sea-coast. Flowers white, with purplo
veins. Lowest leaves crenate, those next the -Row am bristly-
toothed.
■ ■:|i
158
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Var. Tartar'iea, Benth., has pale purple flowers
15. BART'SIA, L.
B. Odonti'tes, Huds. Stem branching, scabrous-pubea-
cent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely
serrate. — A tl. sea-coast.
16. RHINAN'THIIS, L. Ykllow-Rattle.
R. Crista-galli, lu (Common Yellow-Eattle.) Locali-
ties much the same as those of Euphrasia. Seeds broadly
winged, rattling in the inflated calyx when ripe.
IT. PED1€1jXA'RI», Tourn. Louskwort.
1. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Lousewort. Wood Bet-
ONY.) Stems clustered, simple, hairy. Lowest leaves pin-
nately-parted. Flowers in a short spike. — Copses and
banks.
2. P, lanceola'ta, Michx., has a nearly simple, smooth,
upright stem, and oblong-lanceolate cut-toothed leaves.
Calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested. Pod ovate. — Grassy swamps.
3. P. Furbish'iSB, Watson. Leaves pinnately-parted, and
the short oblong divisions pinnately cut, or (in the upper)
serrate. Calyx-lobes 5. Upper lip of corolla straight and
beakless. — Rive' banks, Atl. Prov.
18. JIliiKLAMPY'Rl'M, Tourn. Cow-Wheat. '
M. America' num, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-
petioled ; the lower ones entire. — Open woods.
Order LXI. VERBENA' CE^. (Vervain Family.)
Herbs (with us), with opposite leaves, didynamous sta-
mens, and corolla either irregularly 5-lobed or 2-lipped.
Ovary in Verbena 4-celled (when ripe splitting into 4 nut-
lets) and in Phrj'^ma 1-celled, but in no case 4-Iobed, thus
distinguishing the plants of this Order from those of thft
next.
Synopsis of (he <iieuera.
1. Yerbe'iia. Flowers in spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed. Corolla
tulnilar, salver-forin, the border rather irregularly 5-cleft. Fruit
splitting into 4 uutlets.
ACANTHACE.E,
159
short-
2. Phry'inu. Flowers in loose slender spikes, reftexed in fruit. Calyx
cylindrical, Slipped, the upper lip of three slender teeth.
Corolla 2-lipped. Ovary 1-celled and 1-seeded.
1. YERBE'NA. L. Vkkvaix.
1. V. hasta'ta, L. (Blue Vervain.) Stem 3-5 feet high.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate. Spikes of
purple flowers dense, erect, corymbed, or panicled. — Low
meadows and fields.
2. V. urtieifo'lia, L. (Nettt.e-leaved V.) Stem tall.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate. Spikes of
small white flowers very slender, loosely panicled. — Fields
and roadsides.
3. V. angUStifO'lia, Michx. Stem low. Leaves narrowly
lanceolate, tapering at tin ■. base, sessile, rougliish, slightly
toothed. Flowers purple, in a crowded spike. — Dry soil.
4. V, braeteo'sa, Michx. Stem spreading or procum-
bent, hairy. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-
cleft. Spikes single, thick, sessile, leafy-bracted, the bracts
longer than the small purple flowers. — S. "W. Ontario.
2. PHRY'.nA, L. LorSEED.
p. LeptOStaeh'ya, L. Corolla purplish or pale rose-
coloured. Stem slender and branching, 1-2 feet high.
Leaves ovate, coarsely- toothed. — Woods &,nd thickets.
Order LXII. ACANTHA'CE^. (Acanthus Family.)
Herbs (with us), with opposite leaves, diandrous (or didy-
namous) stamens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped corolla,
and a 2-celled and several-seeded capsule. Seeds flat, sup-
ported by hooked projections of the placentas. Flowers
commonly much bracted. Calyx .5-cleft. Eepresented with
us by the single genus
DIANTHE'RA, Gronov. "^'ater-Willow.
D. America 'na, L. A perennial herb growing in water
or wet places, with entire leaves and purplish flowers in
oblong, dense, long-peduncled, axillary spikes. Corolla
16U
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
deeply 2-lipped, the upper erect, notched ; the lower spread-
ing, B-parted. Stamens 2, the anther-cells separated. Pod
obovate, flat, -d-seedcd.
Order LXIII. LABIA' T^. (Mint Family.)
Herbs with square stems, opposite leaves (mostly aroma-
tic), didynamous (or in one or two genera diandrous)
stamens, a 2-lii3ped or irregularly 4- or 5-lobed cortjUa, and
a deeply 4-lohed ovary ^ forming in fruit 4 nutlets or achenes.
(See Part I., Section 65, for description of a typical plant.)
Synopsis of the <jicuera.
* Stamens 4, curved upwards, pa'allel, exserted from a deep notch on
tlie upper side of the 5-lubed corolla.
1. Teu'crinin. Calyx r)-toothed. The four upper lobes of the corolla
nearly equal, with a deep notch beliceen the tipper 2 /the lower
lobe much larger. Flowers pale purple.
2. Isau'tliiis. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small
pale-blue corolla. Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading.
Stamens only slightly exserted.
* * Stamens 4, the outer or lower pair longer, or only 2 ivith anthers,
straight and not concerging inpairs ! Anthers 2-celled I
t- Corolla almost equally 4-lobed, quite small.
3. Meu'tlia. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Upper lobe of the corolla
rather the broadest, and sometimes notched. Stamens 4, of equal
length, not convergent. Flowers either in terminal spikes or in
head-like whorled clusters, often forming interrupted spikes.
Corolla purplish or whitish.
4. Lye' opus. Calyx-teeth 4 or 5. Stamens 2, the upper pair, if any,
without anthers. Flowers white, in dense axillary clusters.
-1- -t- Corolla evidently 2 -lipped, but the lobes nearly equal in size; the
tube not bearded inside. Stamens ivith anthers 2.
5. llcdeo'ma. Calyx L*-lipped, bulging on the lower side of the base,
hairy in the throat; 2 stamens with good anthers, and 2 sterile
Jilaments tvith false anthers. Low odorous plants, with bluish
flowers in loose axillary clusters.
.^- H- -I- Corolla 2-lipped, the loioer of the 5 lobes much larger than the
other 4 ; the tube with a bearded ring inside. Stamens 2
{occasionally 4), much exserted.
6. Colliuso'nia. Calyx ovate, enlarged and turned down in fruit, 2-
lipped. Corolla elongated, tlie lower lip toothed or fringed.
Strong-Rocnted plants witli yellowish flowers on slender pedicels
in terminal panicled racemes.
flirr.
LABIATiE. 161
-t~ ■*- -I- ■^~ Corolla evideutlji 2-lipped. Stamens tvith anthers 4.
7. lly.S8o'piis. Calyx tubular, la-nerved, eciually fj-toothcd. Corolla
blue-purple, short ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely iioteliod, tiie
lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens
exsertcd, diverj^ing. Flowers in small clusters, crowded in a
spike. Branches simple, wand-like.
8. Pycnan'themiini. Calyx short-tubular, lO-13-nerved, equally 5-
toothed. The whitish or purplish flowers in small dense heads,
forming terminal corymbs. Aromatic plants, with narrow rigid
leaves crowded and clustered in the axils.
9. Saturc'ia. Calyx bell-shaped, not hairy in the throat, equally 5-
toothed. Aromatic plants, with narrow leaves and purplish
spiked flowers.
* * * Stamens only 2, parallel ; the anthers only l-celled.
2-Upped,
Corolla
10. IMonar'da* Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed, hairy in the
throat. Corolla elong'ated, strongly L'-lipped, the upper lip narrow.
Stamens with lung protruding filaments, each bearing a linear
anther on its apex. Flowers large, in whorled heads surrounded
by bracts.
* * * * Stamens 4, the upper or inner pair longer ! Anthers approximate
in]iairs. Corolla 2-lipped.
11. Nep'eta* Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Anthers approaching each
other in pairs under the inner lip of the corolla, the cells of ea'.'h
anther divergent.
12. Dracocepli'uliiin. Calyx straight, 5-toothed, the upper tooth
much the largest. Whorls of ])luisli flowers with awn-toothed or
fringed leafy bracts, in a crowded head or spike.
13. Lopban'thus. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Stamens exserted, the
upper pair declined, the loAver ascending, so that the i)airs cross.
Anther-cells parallel. Tall herbs with small flowers in inter-
rupted terminal spikes.
***** Stamens 4.^ the loioer or outer pair longer! Anthers approxi-
mate in pairs. Corolla 2-lipped.
14. Calamlu'tha. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, often bulging below. Co-
rolla 2-lipped, the upper lip not arched, the throat inflated. Flowers
pale purple, in globular more or less dense clusters which are
crowded with linear or awl-shaped hairy bracts.
15. Mcll.^sa. Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the
lower 2-cleft. Corolla nearly white, the tube recurved-ascending.
Stamens curved and conniving under the upper lip. Flower-
cluster loose, few-flowered, one-sided, with few bracts redembling
the leaves.
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OOMMOV CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
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16. PhyMOHle'gla. Calyx not 2-lippe(l, 5-toothcd or lobcd, thin and
nrifmbranaceous, inflatcd-bell-ahapod in fruit. Anther-cells par-
allel. Flowers large and showy, rose-colour varieg'ated with pur-
ple, opposite, in terminal leafless spikes.
17. Brnnel'Ia. Calyx 2-lip2ml, flat on the upper side, closed in fruit;
the tipper lip H-tonthed. the lower 2-cleft. Filaments 2-toothed at
the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers violet, in a
close terminal spike or head, which is very leafy-brarted.
18. tiicatella'ria. Calyx 2-lipped, short, closed in fruit, the lips rounded
and entire, the upper with a projection on the hack. Corolla l)hie
or violet, the tube elongated and somewhat curved. Anthers of
the lower stamensl-celled,of the upper 2-celled. Flowers solitary
in the axils of the upper leaves, or in axillary or terminal 1-sided
racemes.
19. Marrn'bliim. Calyx lO-tnothed, the teeth spiny and recurved after
floweriiitr. Stamens 1, iticluded in the corolla ttibe. Whitish
woolly plants with small white flowers in head-like whorls.
20. daleop'Hls. Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth spiny. The middle lobe of
the lower lip of the corolla inversely lieart shaped, the palate with
2 tectU at the sinuses. Stamens 4, the anthers opening cross-wise.
Flowers purplish, in axillary whorls.
21. Starli'yH. Calyx 5-toothed, beset with stiff hairs, the teeth spiny,
diverging in fruit. SUxmcns i, the outer pair tur7ieddow7i after
discharginy their pollen. Flowers purple, crowded in whorls,
these at length forming an interrupted spike.
22. Leonu'ruH. Calyx .'^i-toothed, the teeth spiny, and spreading' when
old. The middle lobe of the lower Up of the corolla narrowly
o]tlong-oi)ovate, entire. Flowers pale purple, in close whorls in
the axils of the cut-lobed leaves. Nut lets sharply 3-angled.
23. l4i'nilnin. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal
awl-i)ointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; upper lip arched
and narrowed at the base, the middle lobe of the lower lip notched
at the apex and narrowed at the base. Herbs \*itli ])urple flowers
In few or several whorls or heatls.
24. Ballo'la. C-alyx nearly funnel-form, 10-rlbbed, with a spreading
6-tootlied l)(>rder. Whorls of purplish flowers dense. Anthers
eicserted. Plant erect, hairy (but green).
1. TRUTBIUM, I.. GkumandCR.
1. T. Canadense, L. (American Germander. "Wood
Saoe.) Stem 1-3 feet high, downy. Loaves ovate-lanceolato,
serrate, short- petioled, hoary beneath. Flowers in a long
spike. — Low grounds.
■1*
LABIAT.E.
1G3
2. T. OCCidenta'le, Or., is loosely pul)escent, and the
calyx is villous with viscid hairn. — S. W. Ontario.
2. IgAN'THi;§, Mitlix. False Pennyroyal.
I. CSBru'leus, Michx. A low, branching, clammy-pubes-
cent annual. Leaves lance-oblong, 3-nervod, nearly entire.
Peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered. — riravelly soil.
3. mEN'THA, L. Mint.
1. M. Vir'idis, L. (Spearmint.) Flowers in a narrow
terminal spike. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, wrinkled, veiny,
unequally serrate, sessile. — Wet i)laces.
2. M. piperi'ta, L. (Peppermint.) Flowers in loose inter-
rupted spikes. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, petioled.
Plant smooth. — Wet places.
8. M. Canadensis, L. (Wii,d Mint.) Flowers in axil-
lary whorled clusters^ the uppei most axils without flowers.
Stem more or less hairy, with ovale or lanceolate toothed
leaves on short petioles. Var. glabra' ta, Benth. , is smooth-
ish, and has a rather pleasanter odour. — Sandy wet places.
4. M. sati'va, L. (Whorled Mint.) Flowers in globular
clusters in the axils of leaves ; the uppermost axils not
flower- bearing. Leaves petioled, ovate, sharply seirate.
Calyx with very slender teeth. — Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.)
5. M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Flowers as in M.
sativa, but leaves smaller, obtusely-serrate, and teeth of the
calyx short and broader. — Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.)
4. LYC'OPUS, L. Watek Horkhound.
1. L. Virgln'icus, L. (Bugle -wkkd.) Cah/x-fett.h •/,
hluntiah. Stems obtusely 4-angled, (5-18 inches high, pro-
ducing slender runners from the base. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, toothed, — Moist places.
2. L. Sinua'tUS, Ell. {L. EuropcBUs, var. sinuatus, Cray.)
Calyx-teeth 5, sharp- pointed. Stem sharply -l-angled. 1-3
feet high. Loaves varying from cut-toothed to pinnatifld.
— Wot places.
}'4
1 ' ..-'
\>\v.
■<il
I..!',
164
COMMOX CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
n :
3. L. lu'cidus, Turcz., var. America'nus, Gray. Calyx-
teoth 5, very acute. Corolla hardly exceeding the calyx.
Stem strict, short, 2-3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, sharply and coarsely
serrate. — N.W.
5. HEDEO'MA, Pers. Mock Pennyuoyal.
1. H. pulegioi'des, Pers. (American Pennyroyal). Stem
5-8 inches high, branching, hairy. Leaves oblong-ovate,
jjetioledj obscurely serrate. Whorls few-flowered. Plant
with a pungent aromatic odour. — Open woods and fields.
2. H. his'pida, Pursh., has the leaves sessile, linear, and
entire^ and the calyx ciliate and hispid. — Not common.
6. COLLIXSO'XIA, L. HorSK-Balm.
C. Canaden'siS, L. (Rich-weed. Stone-root.) Stem
smooth or nearly so, 1-3 feet high. Leaves serrate, pointed,
petioled, 3-6 inches long. — Rich woods.
7. IIY^SO'PUS, Touni. Hyssop.
H. Offlcina'lis, L. Escaped from gardens in a few locali-
ties. Leaves lanceolate or linear, entire.
8. PYCNAX'THEMIJM, Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil.
1. P. lanceola'tum, Pursh. Stem 2 feet high, smoothish
or minutely pubescent. Loaves lanceolate or lance-linear,
entire. Heads downy. Calyx-teeth short. Lips of corolla
very short. — Dry soil.
2. P. mu'ticum, Pers., var. pilo'SUm, Gr. Hoary with
loose pubescence. Leaves oblong - lanceolate, denticulate.
Bracts and calyx-teeth villous-pubesceut. Heads large '
than in No. 1. — S. W. Ontario.
9. §ATIIRE'IA. L. SaVORY.
S. horten'sis, L. (Summer Savory.) Stem pubescent.
Clusters few-flowered. — Escaped from gardens in a few
localities.
10. NOXAR'DA, L. Horse-Mint.
1. M. did'yma, L. (Oswecjo Tea.) Corolla bright red,
very showy. The large outer bracts tinged with red. —
Along shaded streams.
LABIATiB.
1G5
1 '■
■ (t
few locali-
2. M. flstulo'sa, L. (Wild Berg AMOT.) Coro/la purplish,
the outer bracts somewhat purplish. Dry and rocky banks
and woods.
Var. mollis, Benth., with flesh-coloured or lilac corolla,
is common in the N.W. prairie region.
11. NEP'ETA, L. Cat- Mint.
1. N. Cata'ria, L. (Catnip.) Flowers in cymose clusters.
Stem erect, downy, branching. Leaves oblong, crenate,
whitish beneath. Corolla dotted with purple. — Eoadsidcs.
2. N. Glecho'ma, Benth. (rjRouND Ivy.) Creeping and
trailing. Leaves round-kidney-shaped, crenate, green both
sides. Corolla light blue. — Damp waste grounds.
19. DRACOCRPH'ALlJ.1I, L. DRAGONHEAD.
D. parvifio'rum, Nutt. stem erect, 8-20 inches high,
leafy. Leaves ovato-lanceolato, cut- toothed, petioled. Cor-
olla small and slender. — N.W. Ontario, in partly cleared
lands.
13. LOPHAX'TIIIIH, Benth. Giant Hyssop.
1. L. nepetoi'des, Benth. Smooth or nearly so, coarsely
orenate-toothod. Calyx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse. Corolla
greenish-yellc w. — Borders of woods.
2. L. scrophularisefo'lius, Benth., has lanceolate calyx-
teeth and a purplish corolla. — Near Queenston Heights.
3. L. anisa'tUS, Benth., has the leaves ovate, acute, and
glaucous-white underneath. — N.W. plains.
CALAMIN'THA, Maiiich. Calaminth.
1. C. Clinopo'dium, Benth. (Basil.) Stem hairy, erect,
1-2 feet high. Flower-clusters dense. Leaves ovate, nearly
entire, petioled. — Thickets and waste places.
2. C. Nuttal'Iii, Benth. Smooth, 5-9 inches high. Leaves
narrowly oblong. Clusters feir-flowered, the flowers on
slender naked pedicels. Bracts linear or oblong. — Wet lime-
stone rocks, western and south-western Ontario.
y
rt
':i
166
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
15. MELISSA, L. Balm.
M. offlcina'lis, L. (Common Balm.) Upright, branch-
ing, pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed,
lemon-scented. — Escaped from gardens in a few places.
16. PHYSOSTE'CilA, Benth. False I'uagon-head.
P. Virginia' na, Benth. Stem smooth, wand-like. Lower
loaves oblong-ovate, upper lanceolate. Corolla an inch
long, funnel-form, the throat inflated ; upper lip slightly
arching, the lower 3-parted, spreading, small. — Wet banks,
common on Toronto Island.
17. BR1J.\EL'LA, Tourn. Self-heal.
B. VUlga'riS, L. (Common Heal-all.) A low plant with
oblong-ovate petioled leaves. Clusters H-flowered, the whole
forming a close terminal elongated head. — Woods and fields;
everywhere.
18. MTTELLA'RIA, L. Skull-CAP.
1. S. galericula'ta, L. Flowers blue, | of an inch long,
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Stem nearly
smooth, 1-2 feet high. — Wet places.
2. S. par'VUla, Michx. Flowers blue, | of an inch long,
solitary in the upper axils. Stem minutely downy, 2-6
inches high. Lowest leaves round-ovate, the upper nar-
rower, all eyi^ire. Boots necklace- form. — Dry banks.
3. S. lateriflo'ra, L. Flowers blue, ^ of an inch long, in
l-si(led racemes. Stem upright, much branched, 1-2 feet
high. — Wet places.
10, MARRU'BiriH. L. HonEHOUND.
M. VUlga're, L. Leaves round-ovate, crenate-toothed.
Calyx with 5 long and 5 short teeth, recurved. — Escaped
from gardens in some places.
5}0. CiALEOP'SIS, L. Hemp-Nettle.
G. Tetra'hit, L. (Common Hemp-Nettle.) Stem briatly-
hairy, swollen below the joints. Leaves ovate, coarsely
serrate. Corolla often with a purple spot on the lower lip.
— Waste places and fields.
BORRAGINACEiE.
167
21. STACH'Y.S T(jurn. Hedge-NetI'LE.
1. S. palus'tris, L. Stem 2-3 feet high, 4-aiiglod, the
angles beset with stiff refloxcd hairs or bristles. Leaves
aessile, or the lower short-petioled, oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late, crenately serrate, downy. Calyx hispid. Upper lip
of the corolla pubescent. — Wot grounds.
2. S. as'pera, Michx. Taller than the last, the leaves
nearly all distinctly petioled. Calyx mostly glabrous.
Corolla glabrous throughout. — Wot grounds.
23. LEOXlI'RrS, L. MoTHERWonT.
L. Cardi'aca, L. (Common Motherwort.) Stem tall.
Leaves long-petioled, the lower paln^ately lobed, the upper
3-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla bearded. — Near dwellings.
23. LA'NIIJM, L. Dead-Nettle.
1. L. amplexicau'le, L. Leaves rounded, deeply oren-
ate-toothed, the upper ones clasping. In gardens in some
places.
2. L. purpu'reum, L. Leaves rounded or oblong, heart-
shaped, crenate-toothed, all petioled. — A garden escape.
3. L. macula'tum, L. Taller. Leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, often with a white spot above. Flowers rather
large, purplish, with hairs at the base inside. — A garden
escape.
24. BJLLIiO'TA, L. FETID HoREHOUND.
B. nigfra, L. (Black Horehouxd.) Leaves ovate, toothed.
Calyx- teeth longer than the tube of the corolla. — S. W.
Ontario.
Order LXIV. BORRAGINA'CE^. (Borage Family.)
Herbs, with a deeply 4-lobed ovary, forming 4 seed-like
nutlets, as in the last Order, but the corolla is regularly ti-
lobed^ with 5 stamens inserted upon its tube.
Synop^lg of the Cieuera.
* Corolla without any fcales in the throat.
1. E'chliini. Corolla with a funnel-form tube and a spreadinfr border
of !> somewhat unequdl lobes. Stamens exser ted ^ unequal. Flow-
era bright blue, with a purplish tinge, in racemed clusters. Plant
briatly.
! iW
i\
i
n ■
'%:'
168
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
i>l
• * Corolla with 5 scales completely closing the throat.
2. Syvi'phytum. Corolla tubular-funnel-form with short spreading
iobes ; scales awl-shajied. Flowers yellowish-white. In nodding
raceme-like clusters, the latter often in pairs. Nutlets smooth.
Coarse hairy herbs.
S. EchlnoHper'inani. Nutlets prirMy on the margin. Ck)rolla salver-
shaped, lobes rounded; scales short and blunt. Flowers blue^
small, in leafy -bracted racemes. Plant rough-hairy.
4, CynoKlos'Hnm. Nutlets prickly all over. Corolla funnel-form ;
scales blunt. Flowers red-purple or pale blue, in racemes which
are naked above, but usually leafy-bracted below. Strong-scented
coarse herbs.
5. liyrop'slt*. Corolla funnel-shaped, the scales in the throat bristly.
Flowers blue, in leafy raceme-like clusters. Nutlets rough-
bristly, as is the whole plant.
» * • Corolla open, the scales or folds not sufficient to completely close
the throat.
ff. Merten'sla. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, mostly with 5 small glan-
dular folds in the open throat. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Style long
and thread-form. Nutlets smooth or wrinkled. Flowers purplish-
blue or white, in l(X)3e and short raceme-like clusters, only the
lower one leafy-bracted. Pedicels slender.
1. Onoftnio'dlum. Corolla tubular, thsSlobes acute a>id erect or con-
verging. Anthers mucronate ; filaments very short. Style thread-
form, much exserted. Flowers greenish- or yellowlsh-whlte.
Rather tall stout plants, shaggy with spreading bristly hairs, or
rough with short appressed bristles. Nutlets smooth.
8. LithoHper'niain. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, the 6 lobes
of the spreading limb rounded. Anthers almost sessile. Root
mostly red. ITlowers small and almost white, or large and deep
yellow, scattered and spiked and leafy-bracted. Nutlets smooth
or tcrinkled.
©. MyoHo'tiii. Corolla salver-shaped, with a very short tube, the lobes
convolutein the bud ; scales or appendages of the throat blunt and
arching. Flowers blue, in (so-called) racemes without bracts.
Low plants, mostly soft-hairy. Nutlets smooth.
1. E'CHIIJM, Tourn. Viper's Buoloss.
E. vulga're, L. (Blue-weed.) Stem erect, 2 feet high.
Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate. Flowers showy, in lateral
clusters, the whole forming a long narrow raceme. — Road-
sides ; common in eastern Ontario and rapidly spreading
westward. .
I
BORRAGINACEie.
169
ipletely close
». SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey.
S. Offlcina'le, L. (Common Comfrey.) Stem winged
above by the decurrent bases of the leaves, branched.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate. — Moist soil ; escaped
from gardens.
«. ECHINOSPEK'MUM, Schwartz. Stickskkd.
1. E.. Lap'pula. Lehm. A very common roadside weed,
1-2 feet high, hispid, branching above. Leaves lanceolate,
rough. Nutlets warty on the back, with a double row of
prickles on the margin. Pedicels stout, not deflexed.
Calyx becoming foliaceous.
2. E. floribun'dum, Lehm. Stem strict, 2 feet high or
more, not hispid. Leaves oblong- to Lnear-lanceolate, the
lowest tapering into margined petioles. Kacemes numer-
ous, rather strict. Pedicels slender, deflexed iu fruit. Nut-
lets rough and margined with a close row of flat awl-shaped
prickles. — Chiefly N.W.
3. E. Virgfin'leuin, Lehm. (Cynoglosaum Morisoni, DC.)
(Bbgoar^s Lice.) Stem 2-4 feet high ; hispid. Lower
leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender- petioled ; upper ones
tapering at both ends. Eacemes widely spreading. Pedi-
cels slender, deflexed in fruit. Nutlets prickly all over. —
Open woods and thickets.
4. CYNOtiLOS'SlIM, Tourn. Hound's Tongue.
1. C. offlcina'le, L. (Common Hound's Tongue.) Flowers
red-purple. Upper loaves lanceolate, sessile. Stem soft-
pubescent. — Nutlets rather flat. — A common weed in fields
and along roadsides.
2. C. Virgrin'ieum, L. (Wild Comfrey.) Flotcers pale
blue. Stem roughish with spreading hairs. Leaves few,
lanceolate-oblong, clamping. Racemes corj'mbed, raised on
a long, naked peduncle. — Rich woods.
5. lYCOP'SIS, L. BuGLoss.
L. aPVen'SiS, L. (Small Buoloss.) Very rough-bristly,
1 foot high. Leaves lanceolate. — Dry or sandy fields, chiefly
eastward.
I
.mm
'^1
170
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Ih
6. MERTEN'SIA, Roth. Lungwort.
1. M. paniCUla'ta, Don. Filaments broad and short.
Nutlets wrinkled when dry. Plant more or loss hairy, erects
loosely branched. — N.W.
2. M. marit'ima, Don. (Sea-Lunowort.) Corolla white,
trumpet-shaped, conspicuously 5-lobed, throat crested.
Leaves fleshy, glaucous, ovate to spathulate. Stems spread-
ing, often decumbent. Filaments longer and narrower than
the anthers. Nutlets shining. — Atl. sea-coast.
1. ONOSMO'DIIIM, Michx. False Gromwell.
1. 0. Carolinia'num, DC. Stem stout, 8-4 feet high.
Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute. Lobes of the corolla ovate-
triangular, very hairy outside — Banks of streams.
2. 0. Virgrina'num, DC. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high.
Leaves narrowly oblong. Lobes of the corolla lanre-awl-
shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles. — Banks
and hillsides ; not common.
8. LITHOSPER'niimi, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon.
* Corolla almost white. Nutlets wrinkled^ gray,
1. L. arven'se, L. (Corn Gromwell.) Stem 6-12 inches
high, erect. Leaves lanceolate or linear. — Waste grounds
and in wheat-fields.
* * Corolla deep yellow. Nutlets smooth and shining.
2. L. hirtum, Lehm. (Hairy Puccoon.) Stem 1-2 feet
high, hispid. Stem-leave' lanceolate or linear; those of
the flowering branches ovate-oblong, ciliate. Flowers
peduncled. Corolla woolly at the base inside. — Dry woods.
3. L. canes' cens, Lehm. (Hoary Puccoon. Alkanet.)
Stem 6-15 inches high, soft-hairy . Corolla naked at the
base inside. Flowers sessile. Limb of the corolla smaller,
and the calyx shorter, than in No. 2.— Open woods and
plains.
4. L. angUStifO'lium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched
from the base, somewhat hoary. Leaves all linear. Flow-
ers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts : the earlier large
and conspicuous, the later small and pale. — N.W.
.'.;<
HTDROPHYLLACEifE.
ITl
lla ovate-
••• Corolla greeniah-white or cream -colour. Nutleta smooth and
shining, mostly white,
5. L. Offlcina'le, L. (Common Gromwell.) Much branched
above. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acute. CoroHa exceeding
the calyx. — Roadsides and fields.
6. L. latifo'lium, Michx. Loosely branched above.
Leaves ovate and ovato-laneoolate, mostly taper- pointed.
Corolla shorter than the calyx. — Borders of woods.
9. MYOAO'TIH, L. Forget-me-NOT.
1. M. palUS'tris, Withering. (For(jet-me-not.) Stem
ascending from a creeping base, about a foot high, smoothish,
loosely branched. Leaves rough-pubeacent. Calyx open in
fruit, its lobes much shorter than its tube. Corolla sky-
blue, with a yellow eye. Pedicels spreading. — Wet places.
2. M. laxa, Le. m. Stem very slender, decumbent, from
thread-like subterranean shoots. Pubescence all appressed.
Calyx open in front, its lobes as long as its tube. Corolla paler
blue. — Wet places. .
8. M. arven'sis, Hoffm. stem erect or ascending, hirsute.
Calyx closing in fruit. Corolla blue, rarely white. Pedicels
spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx.
Racemes naked at the base. — Fields.
4. M. verna, Nutt., differs from the last in having a very
small white corolla, pedicels erect in fruit, and the racemes
•leafy at the base. The calyx, also, is unequally 5- toothed
andTiispid. — Dry hills.
ii
j!
Order LXV. HYDROPHYLLA'CE^. (Waterleaf F.)
Herbs, with alternate cut-toothed or lobed leaves, and
regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers very much
like those of the last Order, but having a 1-celled ovary with
the seeds on the walls {parietal). Style 2-cleft. Flowers
mostly in 1-sided cymes which uncoil from the apex.
Synopsis or the denera.
1. Hydrophyl'lum. Stamens exserted. Calyx unchanged in fruit.
2. Ellig'la* Stamens included. Calyx enlarged in fruit.— N.W. only.
■'J.T
v f
if 'J,
m
172
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
1. HYDROPHYl'LVM, L. Waterleaf.
1. H. Virgrin'icum, L. Corolla bell-shaped, the 5 lobes
convolute in the bud ; the tube with 5 folds down the inside,
one opposite each lobe. Stamens and style exserted, the fila-
ments bearded below. Htem smoothish. Ite&ves pinnatelycleit
into 5-7 divisions, the latter ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-
toothed. Calyx-lobes very narrow^ bristly-ciliate. Flowers
white or pale blue. Peduncles longer than the petioles of
the upper leaves. Eootstocks scaly- toothed. — Moist woods.
2. H. Canaden'se, L., differs from the last in having the
leaves palmately 5-7-lobed, and rounded ; the peduncles
shorter than the petioles ; and the calyx-lobes nearly smooth,
— Bich woods.
8. H. appendicula'tum, Michx. Stem, pedicels, and
calyx hairy. Stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed and rounded,
the lowest leaves pinnately divided. Calyx with a small re-
flexed appendage in each sinus. Stamens sometimes not
exserted. — Bich woods, S. W. Ontario.
8. ELIiIS'14, L.
E. Nycte'lea, L. A delicate branching annual, minutely
or sparingly roughish-hairy. Leaves pinnately parted into
7-13 narrow sparingly cut-toothed divisions. Peduncles
1-ilowered, solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves.
Flowers small, whitish. Capsule pendulous. — N. "W.
•
Order LXVII. POLEMONIA'CE^. (Polemonium F.)
Herbs with regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers,
but a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style. Lobes of the corolla
convolute in the bud. Calyx persistent.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Leaves opposite, entire.
2. Gll'ia. Corolla tubular- funnel-form or salver-shaped, very slender.
Leaves alternate, entire.
1. PHLOX, L. Phlox.
1. P. d^Varica'ta, L. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long
tube. Stamens short, unequally inserted. Stem ascending
5i§
['if
1. f . ,i
'l';i
CONVOLVULACE.E.
173
from a prostrate base, somewhat claramy. Leaves oblong-
ovate. Flowers lilac or bluish, in a spreading loosely-fl(jwered
cyme. Lobes of the corolla vioatty obcordate. — Moist rocky
woods.
2. P. pilo'sa., L. Leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering to
a sharp point. Lobes of the pink-purple corolla obovate,
entire. — Southwestern Ontario.
3. P. SUbula'ta, L. , the Moss Pink of the gardens, has
escaped from cultivation in some places. Stem creeping
and tufted in broad mats. Flowers mostly rose-colour. — Dry
grounds.
4. P. HOOd'ii, Richards, of the North-West, forms broad,
dense mats or tufts, 2-1 inches high. Leaves awl-shaped.
2. <;IL'IA, Ruiz and Pav.
6. linea'ris, Gray. {Collo'inialinea'ris^'Nxxtt.) A branch-
ing herb with alternate, linear-lanceolate or oblong, sessile
and entire leaves. Corolla salver-form, with stamens un-
equally inserted in its narrow tube, lilac-purple to nearly
white. Ovules solitary. Found on the sands at the mouth
of Eel River, Restigouche Co. , N.B.
^
Order LXVIII. CONVOLVULA'CE^. (Convolvulus P.)
Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves and
regular flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Corolla 5-plaited or
5-lobed and convolute in the bud. Stamens 5. Ovary
2- celled.
SynopniH of the Cicnern.
1. Calyste'gla. Calyx enclosed in 2 large leafy bracts. Corolla fun-
nel-form, the border obscurely lobed. Pod 4-8eeded.
2. Convol'valas* Calyx toithout bracts.
3. Cus'cala. Leafless parasitic slender twiners, with yellowish or red-
dish stems, attaching tliemseives to tlie baric of other pianta.
Flowers small, mostly white, clustered. Corolla bell-shaped.
Stamens with a fringed appendage at their base.
1. CALYSTE'dlA, E. Br. Bhacted Bindweed.
1. C. Se'pium, R. Br. {Convolvulus sepium, L., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) (Hedge Bindweed.) Stem nutUly
'^n
%':•
m
t ';
m
174
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS-
IIP
twining. Leaves halberd - shaped. Peduncles 4 -angled.
Corolla commonly rose-coloured. — Moist banks.
2. G. SpithamSB'a, Pursh. {Convolvulus spithamceus,!!.,
in Macoun's Catalogue.) 8tem low and simple, upright or
ascending, not twining, 6-12 inches high. Leaves oblong,
lore or less heart-shaped at the base. Corolla white. — Dry-
soil.
2. CONVOL'YVLVS, L. Bindweed.
C. arven'SiS, L. (Bindweed.) Stem twining or procum-
bent and low. Leaves ovate-oblong, sagittate, the lobes
acute. Corolla white, or tinged with red.
3. CUS'CBTA, Tourn. Dodder.
1. C. GronO'vii, Willd. Stems resembling coarse thitads,
spreading themselves over herbs and low bushes. Corolla-
lobes obtuse, spreading. Capsule globose, abruptly pointed.
Flowers in loose panicled cymes. — "Wet shady places.
2. C. arven'siS, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low.
Flowers in dense clusters. Capsule dejjressed-globose. Cc-
rolla-lobes acute, with inflexed points. Stamen-scales deeply
fringed. — Dry ridges, N.W.
3. C. Epirinum, Weihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very
slender, low. Flowers sessile in dense scattered heads.
Corolla short-cylindrical, hardly exceeding the calyx, per-
sistent round the capsule. Stamen-scales short and broad.
Capsule globose, circumcissile. — Atl. Prov.; introduced.
Order LXVITI. S0LANAXK£. (Nightshade Family.)
Rank-scented herbs (or one species shrubby), with colour-
less bitter juice, alternate leaves, and regular pentamerou8
and pentandrous flowers, but a 2-celled (in Nicandra 3-5-
celled) ovary, with the placentce in the axis. Fruit a many-
seeded berry or pod.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Sola'nnm. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, the margins turned ln<
ward in the bud. Anthers conniving around the style, the celia
opening hy pores at the apex ; filaments very short. The larger
leaves often with an occompauyiug smaller cue. Fruit a berry.
' I'
!|
SOLANACEiE.
175
2. Phyf^'alls. Calyx 5-cleft, enlarging after flowering, becoming at
length much inflated, and enclosing the berry. Corolla between
wheel-shaped and funnel-form. Anthers separate, opeulnglength-
wise. Plant clammy-pubescent.
8. NIcnn'dra. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-
shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-5-
celled globular dry berry. A smooth lierb, 2-3 feet high, with pale
blue flowers.
4. Ly'viiiiii. Corolla funnel-form or tubular. Fruit u, small berry, the
calyx persistent but not inflated. A shru])l)y plant with long
drooping branches and greenish-purple flowers on slender ped-
uncles fascicled in the axils.
5. Hyoscy'anius. Fruit a pod, the top coming off like a lid. Calyx urn-
shaped, 5-lobed, porsifitent. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, the limb
5-lobed, dull-coloured and veiny. Plant clammy-pubescent.
6. Datu'ra. Fruit a large prickly naked pod. Calyx long, 5-angled,
not persistent. Corolla very large, funnel-form, strongly plaited
in the bud, with 5 pointed lobes. Stigma 2-lipped. Rank-scented
weeds, with the showy flowers in the forks of the branching stems.
7. Nlcotia'na. Fruit a pod, enclosed in the calyx. Calyx tubular-bell-
shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla dull greenish-yellow, funnel -form, plaited
in the bud. Leaves large. Flowers racemed or panicled.
1. SOLA'^'um, Tourn. Nightshade.
1. S. Dulcama'ra, L. (Bittersweet.) Stem somewhat
shrubby and climbing. Leases ovate and heart-shaped, the
upper halberd-shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes at the base.
Flowers violet-purple, in small cymes. Berries red. — Near
dwellings and in moist grounds.
2. S. nigrum, L. (Common Nightshade.) Stem low and
spreading, branched. Leaves ovate, ivavy-toothed. Flowers
small, white, drooping in umbel-like lateral clusters. Berries
black. — Fields and damp grounds. ,
8. S. rOStra'tum, Dunal, is a prickh/ herb with large yel-
low flowers and sharp anthers. — Ottawa.
, 2. PHl'S'ALIS, L. Ground Cherky.
1. P. viSCO'sa, L. {P. Virginiana, Mill, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Corolla greenish-yeUov, brownish in the centre.
Anthers yellow. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, mostly
toothed. Berry orange, sticky. — Sandy soil.
^i'
'•■8
176
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. P. grandiflo'ra, Hook. Corolla wJiite, large, with a
woolly ring in the throat. Anthers tinged with blue or
violet.
. 3. NICAN'DRA, Adans. Apple of Fkbu.
N. physaloi'des, Gaertn. Leaves ovate, sinuate- toothed
or angled. Flowers solitary on axillary and terminal ped-
uncles.— Escaped from gardens in some places.
4. LVCIUIW, L. Matrimony-Vine.
L, VUlga're, Dunal. Common about dwellings. Berry
oval, orange-red.
5. HYOSCY'AMIJS, Tourn. HENBANE.
H. niger, L. (Black Henbane.) Escaped from gardens
in some localities. Corolla dull yellowish, netted with pur-
ple veins. Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed. A strong-
scented and poisonous herb.
6. DATIJ'RA, L. Stsamonicm. Thorn-Apple.
1. D, Stramo'nium, L. (Common Thorn-Apple.) Stem
green. Corolla wJiite, 3 inches long. Leaves ovate, sinuate-
toothed. — Roadsides.
2. D. Tat'ula, L. (Purple T.) Stem purple. Corolla
l^oZe violet-purple.
6. NICOTIA'NA, L. TOBACCO.
N. ruz'tiea, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Old fields and in
gardens.
Order LXIX. GENTIANA'CE^. (Gentian Family.)
Smooth herbs, distinguished by having a l-celled ovary with
seeds on the walls, either in lines or on the whole inner surface.
Leaves mostly opposite, simple, and sessile, but in one Genus
alternate and compound. Starrieus as many as the lobes of
the regular corolla and alternate with them. Stigmas 2.
Calyx persistent. Juice colourless and bitter.
Synopsis of the €euera*
1. Fra'Ncra. Corolla wheel -shaped, 4-parteu ; a fringed glandular spo^
on each lobe. Flowers light greenish-yellow, with small purple*
brown spots.
^ ■■:h
GENTIANACEiE.
177
2. Hale'nla* Corolla 4-lobed, the lobes all spurred at the base. Flow-
ers yellowish or purplish, somewhat eyinose.
3. CSentla'na. Corolla not spurred, 4-5-lobed, mostly funnel-form or
bell-shaped, y:enerally with teeth or folds In the sinusts of the
lobes. Stigmas 2, persistent. Pf)d oblong. Seeds innumerable.
Flowers showy, in late summer and autumn.
4. Meuyan'thes. A bog-plant. Corolla short, funnel-form, 5-lobed,
densely white-bearded on the upper face. Leaves alternate, com-
pound, of 3 oval leaflets. The flotvers in a raceme at the summit
of a naked scape, white or tinged with pink.
5. Mmnan'themum. An aquatic, with simple roilnd-heart-shaped
floating leaves on long petioles. Corolla white, wheel-shaped,
5-parted, bearded at the base only. Flowers in an umbel borne on
the petiole.
1. FBA'SEB4, Walt. American Colombo.
F. Carolinien'SiS, Walt. Tall and showy. Leaves
whorled, mostly in fours. Root thick. Flowers numerous
in a pyramidal panicle. — Dry soil.
9. HALE'NIA, Bork. Spurred Gentian.
H. deflex'a, Griseb. Stem erect, 9-18 inches high. Leaves
3-5- nerved, those at the base of the stem oblong-spathulate,
petioled ; the upper acute and sessile or nearly so. Spurs
of the corolla curved. — Not common in Ontario; common
on the Lower St. Lawrence.
3'. GE9fTIA'NA, L. GENTIAN.
1. G. crini'ta, Fr^l. (Fringed Gentian.) Corolla fun-
nel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes fringed on the margins ; no plaited
folds in the sinuses. Flotvers sky-blue, solitary., on long
naked stalks, terminating the stem or simple branches.
Ovary lanceolate. Leaves lance-shaped or ovate-lanceolate.
— Low grounds.
2. G. deton'sa, Fries., {G. serrata, Gunner.) (Smaller
Fringed G.) is distinguished from No. 1 by the shorter or
almost inconspicuous fringe of the corolla, the linear or
lance-linoar leaves, and the broader ovary. — Moist grounds,
chiefly in the Niagara District.
8. G. quinqueflo'ra, Lam. (Five-flowered G.) Corolla
tubular-funnel-form, pale-blue, no folds in the sinuses.
».^i .
' i . 'i-
„..i.:
178
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
1
1
«
«>!<
Caljrx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped. Lobes of the corolla
triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed. Anthers separate. Stem
slender and branching, a foot high, the branches racemed
or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit. — Dry hill-sides.
4. G. puber'ula, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, 8-16
inches high, mimiteJy rough above. Leaves rigid, lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long. Flowers mostly clus-
tered. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell-
funnel-form open bright blue corolla. — High Park, Toronto.
5. G. alba, Muhl. (Whitish G.) Corolla inflated-club-
shaped, at length open, .5-lobed, the lobes about twice as long
as the toothed appendages in the sinuses. Flowers greenish-
white or yellowish, sessile, crowded in a terminal cluster.
Anthers usuiiUy cohering. Leaves lance -ovate, with a
clasping heart-shaped base. — Low grounds.
6. G. Andrews' 11, Griseb. (Closed G.) Corolla inflated-
club-shaped, closed at the mouth, the apparent lobes being
really the large fringed-toothed appendages. Flowers blue,
in a close sessile terminal cluster. Anthers cohering.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate from a narrower base. — Low
grounds ; common northward, flowering later than No. 3.
7. G. Amarel'la, L., var. acu'ta, Hook. Corolla some-
what funnel- form, mostly blue, its lobes entire, acute, with a
fringed crown at their base. Cal3^x-lobes (4-5) lanceolate
or linear, foliaceoup — Atl. Prov. chidfly.
Var. stricta, "Watson, has stem and branches strict, a
whitish corolla, and a less deeply cleft calyx. — N.W.
8. G. linea'ris, Froel., var. latifolia, Gray. Flowers in
a terminal cluster with a leaf}' involucre. Corolla blue,
narrow funnel-form, with roundish-ovate lobes, and broad
appendages. Leaves sessile, oblong-linear to ovate-lanceo-
late, smooth. Seeds winged. — Boggy places, Atl. Prov. and
northward.
4. MEWAW'THES, tourn. Buckbean.
G. trifolia'ta, L. A common plant in bogs and wet
places, northward. The bases of the long petioles sheathe
ii
APOCYNACEiE, ASCLEPIADACEiE.
179
the lower part of the scape, or thick rootstock, from which
they spring. Plant about a foot higli.
5. LIM5IA!V'THEM1IN, Gmelin. Floating Heart.
L. lacunos'um, (Jriseb. In shallow waters, northern
Ontario.
Order LXX. APOCYNA'CE^. (DogbaxNe Family.)
Herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with milky juice, op-
posite simple entire leaves, and regular pentamerous and
pentandrous flowers with the lobes of the corolla convolute
in the bud. Distinguished by having 2 separate ovaries, but
the 2 stigmas united. Calyx free from the ovaries. Anthers
converging round the stigmas. Seeds with a tuft of down
on the apex. Represented with us only by the Genus
APO'CYNIIM, Tourn. Dogbane.
1. A. androssemifo'lium, L. (Spreading Dogbane.) The
corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, j)ale rose-coloured, the lobes turned
back. Branches of the stevi widely forking. Flowers in loose
rather spreading cymes. Leaves ovate, petioled. Fruit 2
long and slender diverging pods. — Banks and thickets.
2. A. cannab'inum, L. (Indian Hemp.) Lobes of the
greenish-white corolla not turned back. Branches erect.
Cymes closer than in No. 1, and the flowers much smaller.
— Along streams, very variable.
Order LXXI. ASCLEPIADA'CE-S. (Milkweed F.)
Herbs with milky juice and opposite or whorled (rarely
scattered) simple entire leaves. Pods, seeds, and anthers as
in the last Order, but the anthers are more closely connected
with the stigma, the (reflexed) lobes of the corolla are valvate
in the bud, the pollen is in waxy masses, and the {monadelph-
ous) short filaments bear 5 curious hooded bodies behind the
anthers. Flowers in umbels.
Synopsis of tbe Genera.
1. Ascle'pliiH. Corolla reflexed, deeply S-parted, A crown of 5 hooded
fleshy bodies with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each
hood. Leaves mostly opposite or whorled.
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180
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. Acera'les. Corolla reflexed or merely spreadltif?. Crown as in No.
1, but no incurved horn. Leaves mostly ulternate.
1. ASCLE'PIAS, L. Milkweed.
* Flowers greenish, yellowish or white, or merely purplish-tinged.
1. A. Cornu'ti, Decaisne. (Common Milkweed.) Stem
tall and stout. Leaves oval or oblong, short-petioled, pale
green, 4-8 inches long. Flowers dull greenish-purple. Pods
ovate, soft-spiny, woolly. — Mostly in dry soil ; very common.
2. A. SpOCio'sa, Torr. Finely white- woolly or becoming
glabrous, the many-flowered umbel and calyx densely woolly.
Leaves oval to oblong, slightly cordate. Corolla-lobes pur-
plish. Hoods with a long lanceolate appendage at the sum-
mit.—N.W.
3. A. phytolaeeoi'deSjPursh. (Poke Milkweed.) Stem
tall and smooth. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at both ends,
short-petioled. Pedicels loose and nodding, very long and
slender. Corolla greenish, with the hooded appendage white.
Pods minutely downy, but not warty. — Moist thickets.
4. A. OValifo'lia, Decaisne. Low, soft-downy. Leaves
ovate to lance-oblong, acute, short-petioled, soft- pubescent
beneath. Umbels loosely 10-18-flowered. Pedicel slender.
Corolla-lobes greenish-white, slightly tinged with purple
outside. — Hoods yellowish, with a small horn, obtuse, entire.
—N.W.
5. A. quadrifo'lia, L. stem slender, 1-2 feet high,
mostly leafless below, with one or two whorls of four in the
middle, and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate
taper-pointed leaves. Corolla lobes pale pink ; hoods white.
— Not common, but abundant near Toronto.
6. A. verticilla'ta, L., has slender stems and fliforw.-
linear leaves with revolute margins, 3-6 in a whorl. Corolla-
lobes greenish-white. — S.W. Ontario, and N.W.
* * Flowers red.
7. A. inearna'ta, L. (Swamp M.) stem tall, leafy,
branching, and smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
obscurely heart-shaped at the base. Flowers rose-purple.
Pods very smooth and glabrous. — Swamps and low grounds.
OLEACE^.
181
1 as in No.
* * * Flowers orange.
8. A. tubero'sa, L. (Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy- root. j
Stem very leafy, branching above, rough-hairy. Leaves
linear or oblong- lanceolate, chiefly scattered. Corolla
greenish -orange, with the hoods bright orange-red. Pods
hoary. Dry hill-sides and fields ; almost destitute of milky
juice.
3. ACERA'TES, Ell. Green Milkweed.
1. A. Viridiflo'ra, Ell. Stems ascending, 1-2 feet high,
minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish. Leaves oval to
linear. The compact umbels of greenish flowers nearh'^
sessile, lateral, many-flowered. — Dry soil, from Niagara
i'alls westward.
Var. lanceola'ta. Gray, has lanceolate leaves. — S.W.
Ontario and N.W.
Var. linea'ris. Gray, has elongated-linear leaves, and
low stems. Umbels often solitary. — N.W.
J
Order LXXII. OLEA'CE^. (Olive Family.)
The only common representative Genus of this Order in
Canada is Fraxinus (Ash). The species of this Genus are
trees with pinnate leaves, and polygamous or dioecious
flowers without petals, and mostly also without a calyx;
stamens only 2, with large oblong anthers. Fruit a 1-2-
seeded samara. Flowers insignificant, from the axils of the
previous year's leaves.
FBAX'INIJS, Tourn. Ash.
* Leaflets with petioles.
1. F. America'na, L. (White Ash.) Fruit wingedfrovi
the apex only, the base cylindrical. Branchlets and petioles
smooth and glabrous. Calyx very minute, persistent. Leaf-
lets 7-9, stalked. — Rich woods.
2. F. pubes'cens, Lam.,' (Red Ash) has the branchlets
and petioles softly pubescent^ and the fruit acute at the base,
2-edged, and gradually expanding into the long wing above.
— Same localities as No. 1.
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182
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
3. F. Vir'idis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Glabrous through-
out. Fruit as in No. 2. Leaflets i>-9, bright green both aides.
—Western Ontario and N.W., along streams.
4. F. quadrangrula'ta, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branch-
lets often square, smooth. Leaflets sharply serrate, green
both sides. Fruit narrowly oblong, of the same width at
both ends, often notched at the apex, wing-margined. —
Lake Erie coast.
* * Leaflets sessile.
5. F. sambucifo'lia. Lam. (Black or Water Ash.)
Branchlets and petioles smooth. Leaflets 7-9, sesHle, serrate.
Fruit winged all round. Calyx wanting, and the flowers
consequently naked. — Swamps.
III. APET' ALDUS DIVISION.
Flowers destitute of corolla, and sometimes also of
calyx.
Order LXXIII. ARISTOLOCHIA'CE^. (Birthwort F.)
Herbs with perfect flowers, the tube of the 3-lobed calyx
adherent to the 6-ceUed many-seeded ovary. Leaves heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped, on long petioles from a thick
rootstock. Stamens 12 or 6. Flowers solitary. Calyx dull-
coloured, the lobes valvate in the bud.
AS'ABIIHI, Tourn. Wild Ginger.
A. Canaden'se, L. Radiating stigmas 6. Leaves only a
single pair, kidney-shaped, and ratlier velvety, the peduncle
in the fork between the petioles, close to the ground. Eoot-
,stock aromatic. Calyx brown-purple inside, the spreading
lobes pointed. — Rich woods.
OaDER LXXIV. PIPERACE^. (Pepper Family.)
A small family having, with us, but a single representa-
tive:— • .
ILLECEBRACE/E.
183
I
BAIJRII'Brs, L. Lizard's Tail.
S. cer'nuUS, L. A swamp herb, with jointed branching
stem, 2 feet high. Leaves petioled, heart-shaped, with con-
verging ribs. Flowers white, in a dense terminal spike,
nodding at the end, each flower with a lanceolate bract.
Flowers perfect, but entirely destitute of calyx and corolla.
Stamens usually 6 or 7, with long slender white filaments.
Carpels 3 or 4, slightly united at the base.
"X
Order LXXV. PHYTOLACCA' CBLffi, (Pokeweed F.)
Herbs with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, resemb-
ling in most respects the plants of the next Order, but the
ovary is composed of several carpels in a ring, forming a
berry in fruit. Only one Genus and one Species.
PHYTOLACCA, Tdurn. Pokeweed.
P. decan'dra, L. (Common Poke.) Calyx of 5 rounded
white sepals. Ovary green, of ten 1-seeded carpels united in
a ring. Styles 10, short and separate. Stamens 10. Fruit
a crimson or purple 10-seeded berry. Stem very tall and
stout, smooth. Flowers in long racemes opposite the leaves.
— Sandy soil.
I
Order LXXV. ILLECEBRA'CE^. (Knotwort Family.)
Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with mostly opposite and
entire leaves, scarious stipules, and a 4-5-toothed or parted
coriaceous persistent calyx. Petals wanting. Stamens
perigynous, as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite
them, or fewer. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit a 1-seeded
utricle. ^
PAROMYCH'IA, Tourn. Whitlow-WOBT.
P. sessilillO'ra, Nutt. Flowers terminal, sclitary ; sessile.
Stems densely matted or tufted, from a .voody root. The
dry, silvery stipules 2-cleft. Sepals oblong-linear, concave,
awned at the apex. — N. W. prairies.
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Order LXXVI. CHENOPODIAXRX. (Goosefoot F.)
Homely herbs, with ^ or less succulent leaves (chiefly
alternate), and small i^^inish flowers mostly in intbrrupted
spikes. Stamens usually as many as the lobes of the calyx
and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, forming
an achene or utricle in fruit. Stigmas mostly 2.
Syuopsis of the Cienera.
1. Chenopo'dlani. Weeds with (usually) mealy leaves, and very small
perfect greenish sessile flowers in small panicled spiked clusters.
Calyx 6-cleft, more or less enveloping the fruit, and sometimes be-
coming fleshy and berry-like. Stamens mostly 5, filaments
slender.
2. Nonol'epl»« A low annual, glabrous or somewhat mealy, with small
fleshy leaves. Sepal only 1, bract-like. Stamen 1. Styles 2. Seed
vertical, flattened.— N. W. prairies only.
3. Cyclolo'ma* A much-branched coarse herb, with very small scat-
tered sessile flowers in open panicles. Flowers perfect or pistillate.
Calyx 5-cleft, the concave lobes strongly keeled, at length with a
broad and continuous horizontal wing. Stamens 5; styles 3.
Seed horizontal, flat.
4. At'iiplex. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate with a
regular calyx, in spiked clusters ; the pistillate without a calyx,
but with a pair of appressed bracts.
5. Corlsper'mum. Flowers all perfect, single, and sessile in the axils
of the upper leaves, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single
delicate sepal. Low herbs, with linear 1-nerved leaves
6. Sallcor'nla. Low saline plants with fleshy leafless jointed stems
and opposite branches. Flowers perfect, densely spiked, 3 together
sunk in each hollow of the fleshy axis of the spike. Calyx small
and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy
and narrowly wing-bordered. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united at
the base.
7. Suseda. Fleshy saline plants, with alternate terete linear leaves.
Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-
parted, very fleshy. Stamens 5, the anthers exserted. Stigmas
2 or 3. Seed horizontal.
8. Sal' sola. A diffusely branching annual, with alternate awl-shaped
prickly -pointed leaves. Flowers perfect, sessile, with 2 bractlets.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent, its divisions at length horizontally
winged on the back. Seed horizontal. •
CHENOPODIACEiE.
1. CHENOPO'UIIJM, L. GoosEFooT. Pigweed.
186
* Fruitiny calyx dry.
1. C. album, L. (Lamb's Quarters.) Stem upright, 1-3
feet high. Leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceo-
late, more or less toothed, viealy, as are also the dense flower-
clusters. — Extremely common in cultivated soil.
2. C. UP'bicum, L. Rather pale and only slightly mealy,
1-3 feet high, branches erect. Leaves triangular, acute,
coarsely and sharply many-toothed. Spikes erect, crowded in
a long and narrow racemose panicle. — Waste places in
towns.
8. C. hy'bridum, L. (Maple-leaved Goosefoot.) Bright
green. Stem widely branching, 2-4 feet high. Leaves tliin,
large, triangular, heart-shaped, sinuate-angled, the angles
extended into pointed teeth. Panicles loose, leafless. Plant
with a rank unpleasant odour. — Waste places.
4. C. Bot'rys, L. (Jerusalem Oak.) Not mealy, but
sticky ; low, spreading, sweet-scented. Leaves deeply sinu-
ate, slender- petioled. Racemes in loose divergent corymbs. —
Roadsides ; escaped from gardens.
5. C. ambrosioi'des, L. (Mexican Tea.) Not mealy,
but sticky. Leaves slightly petioled, wavy-toothed or nearly
entire. Spikes densely flowered. — Streets of towns.
6. C. glau'eum, L. (Oak-leaved Goosefoot.) Somewhat
glaucous-mealy, 5-12 inches high, spreading. Leaves sinu-
ately pinnatifld-toothed, oblong, obtuse. Clusters small, in
axillary spikes. Seed vertical, exserted, with sharp edges.
7. C. Bonus Henri'CUS, L. {BUtum Bonus Henricus,
Reichenbach.) (Good-Kino-Henry.) Stout, erect, 1-2 feet
high. Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, slightly sinuate
or entire. Flowers somewhat densely paniculate-spiked.
Seed vertical, exserted, with blunt edges. Not common.
* * Fruiting calyx fleshy and often coloured.
8. C. capita' turn, Watson. (Blitum capitatum, L.)
(Strawberry Elite.) Stem ascending, branching. Leaves
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
smooth. The axillary head-like clusters bright red in fruit,
and resembling ftraw berries. — Dry soil, margins of woods,
etc.
9. C. ru'brum, L. {BUtum maritimuvi, "N"utt.) (CoAsr
Blite.) Stem angled, much-branched. Leaves thickish,
acuminate, the upper linear-lanceolate. Flower-clusters
scattered in axillary leafy spikes. Stamen 1. — ^.W., in
saline soil.
9. MONOL'EPIS, Schrad.
M. Chenopodioi'des, Moq. B anched from the base.
Leaves lanceolate-hastate or sometimes narrowly spathu-
late, entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed. Flower-clusters
often reddish. — N.W.
3. CYCLOLO'NA, Moquin. Winged Pigweed.
C. platyphyl'lum, Moq. Diffuse, 6-15 inches high, light-
green or sometimes purple. — S.W. Ontario.
4. AT'RIPLEX, Tourn. OrACHE.
1. A. pat'ulum, L. Erect or diffaee, scurfy, green or
rati-er hoary. Leaves varying from triangular or halberd-
shaped to lance-linear, petioled. .
Var. hasta'tum, Gray, has at least the lower leaves
broadly triangular-hastate, often toothed. — Atl. Prov. and
N.W.
Var. littOPa'le^ Gray, is slender, with leaves linear-
lanceolate to linear. — Waste places.
2. A. Nuttal'lii, Watson. A shrubby densely- appressed-
sourfy perennial, with oblong-spathulate to narrowly ob-
lanceolate entire leaves. — N.W. only.
5. €ORISPER'MV»I, Ant. Juss. Bug-SEED.
C. hyssopifo'lium, L. Somewhat hairy when young,
pale. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat. — Sandy
beaches, western and south-western Ontario, and N.W.
6. SALICOR'NIA, Tourn. Glasswort. Samphire.
1. S. herba'cea, L. (Samphire.) Flowers perfect, in
threes, embedded in hollows on the thickened upper joints,
AMARANTACE^.
187
forming an elongated narrow spike. Calyx small and
bladder-like, its margin toothed. Stamens 1 or 2. — Salt
marshes, Atl. Prov. and N.W.
2. S. mucrona'ta, Bigel., has thick spikes and niucron-
ate-pointed scales. Stem turning red when old. — Atl. sea-
coast.
Sr^E'DA, Forskal. Sea Blite.
S. linea'ris, Moq. {Suceda maritima, Gray .) (Sea Bute.)
A branching fleshy herb, with alternate, roundish, linear
leaves. Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts
on slender branchlets. Sepals very thick. Stamens 6, with
anthers exserted. — Atl. Prov.
8. SAIi'SOL4, h Saltttort.
S. Ka'li, L. (Saltwort.) Flowers perfect, sessile, with
two bractlets, single in axils of leaves. Calyx 5-parted.
enclosing the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. A branching
plant with alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed leaves. —
Sandy sea-shore, and rapidly spreading westward.
Order LXXVIl. AMARANTA'CE^. (Amaranth F.)
Homely weeds, a good deal like the plants of the last
Order, but the flvirer-duster'. are interspersed with dry and
chaff-like {sometimes coloured) persistont bracts, usually 3 to
each flower.
Synopsis of the Ceiiera.
1. Amaran'tiis. Flowers vionKciOi's or polygamous, all with a calyx
of 3 or 5 distinct erect sepals.
2. IMonte'lia. Flowers dioscious ; calyx none In the pistillate flowers.
1. AMARAN'TVS, Tourn. Amaranth.
1. A. paniCUla'tUS, L. 'Reddish flowers in terminal and
axillary slender spikes, the bracts awn-pointed. — In the
neighbourhood of gardens.
2. A. retroflex'US, L. (Pigweed.) Flowers greenish, in
spikes, forming a stiff panicle. Leaves a dull green, long-
petioled, ovate, wavy-margined. Stem erect. — Common in
cultivated soil.
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COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
3. A. albus, L. Flowers greenish, in small close axillai;y
clusters'. Stem low and spreading. — Koadsides.
H. MONTE'LIA, Moquin.
M. tamaris'cina, Gray. (Acnida ruscocarpa^ Gray.) A
tall smooth herb, with lanceolate or oblong-ovate alternate
leaves on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flow-
ers in interrupted spikes. — "Wet places.
Var. COncatena'ta, Gray, (Acnida tuherculata, Moq.) has
the flowers in the lower part of the stem in close clusters in
the axils of the leaves.
Order LXXVIII. POLYGONA'CE^. (Buckwheat F.)
Herbs, ivell marked by the stipules of the alternate leaves
being in the forvi of membranous sheaths above the usually
sivollen joints of the stem (these obsolete in one Genus).
Flowers usually perfect. Calyx 4-6-parted. Stamens 4-9,
inserted on the base of the calyx. Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovary
1-celled, with a single ovule rising from the base, forming
a little nutlet.
SynopHlM of the Cieueru.
* Flowers involucrate. Stamens 9. Stipules obsolete.
1. Erlog'onum. Involucre 4-8-toothed, the flowers exserted. Calyx
6-parted, coloured (yellow in ours), enclosing the achene.—N.W.
only.
* * Flotoers not involucrate. Stamens 4S.
2. Polyg^'onam. Sepals 5 (occasionally 4), often coloured and petal-
like, persistent, embracing the 3-angled (or sometimes flattish)
nutlet or achene. Flowers In racemes or spikes, or sometimes in
the axils.
3. Rn'niex. Sepals 6, the 3 outer ones herbaceous and spreading in
fruit, the Sinner (called valves) somewhat petal-like and, after
flowering, convergent over the 3-angled achene, often with a
grain-like projection 07i the baclc. Stamens fi. Styles 3. Flowers
asually in crowded whorls, the latter in panicled racemes.
4. Fagopy'runi. Calyx 5-parte(!, petal-like. Stameus S, toith 8 yellow
glands betiteen them. Styles 3. Achenes 3-angled. Flowers wnite,
it) panicles. Leaves triangular heart-shaped or halberd-shaped.
:ir
POLYGONACEiE.
189
1. ERIOG'ONVM, Michx.
1. E. fla'VUm, Nutt. Woolly throughout, a few inches
high. Leaves oblanceolate. Umbel of 3-9 rays, on a naked
peduncle. Flowers yellow, silky, — N.W.
2. POLYG'ONIJM, L. Knotweed.
* Flowers along the stem, inconspicuous, greenish-white, nearly sessile
in the axils of the small leaves. Sheaths cut-fringed or torn.
1. P. marit'imum, L. (Coast Ivnotgrass.) Prostrate
with stout stems, glaucous. Leaves thick, oval to narrowly
oblong. Flowers in the axils of leaves, clustered. Stipules
very conspicuous. Stamens 8. Achenes smooth and shin-
ing, projecting above the calyx. — Sea-coast.
2. P. avicula're, L. (Knotgrass. Goosegrass.) A weed
everywhere in yards and waste places. Stem prostrate and
spreading. Stamens chiefly 5. Achene 3-sided, dulh
Stigmas 3. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong. Var.
erectum, Roth. (P. erectum, L.) is upright and larger, with
broader leaves.
3. P. ramosiS'simum, Michx. Erect or ascending, yel-
lowish-green. Leaves lanceolate to linear, acute, very smaU
above. Sepals mostly 6 ; stamens 3-6. Achene smooth and
shining. — Chiefly westward ; sandy places.
4. P. ten'ue, Michx. Stem slender, tipright, sparingly
branched, angled. Leaves sessile, narrowly linear, very
acute, 3-nerved. Stamens 8. Achene dull black. — Dry roil
and rocky places.
* * Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, mostly rose-coloured or
pinkish, occasionally greeniih,
■*- Leaves not heart-shaped or arrotv-shaped.
5. P. lapathifo'lium, L. Sheaths not fringed, stem
nearly smooth, 3-6 feet high. Leaves long, tapering from
near the base to a narrow point, rough on the midrib and
margins. Spikes oblong to linear and erect or nearly so.
Stamens 6. Styles 2, Achene Jlat or hollow-sided. — In muddy
places along streams and ponds.
n
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190
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Var. incarna'tum, Watson, has the spikes more slender
and elongated, nodding.
Var. inca'num, Koch, is 6-12 inches high, with small
leaves more or less flocculent-lioary underneath, and short
spikes. Chiefly eastward and N. "W.
6. P. Pennsylvan'ieum, L. Sheaths not fringed. Stem
1-3 feet high, the upper branches and the peduncles bristly
with Ualked glands. Spikes thick, erect. Stamens 8. Achene
flat. — Low open grounds.
7. P. Persica'ria, L. (Lady's Thxjmb.) Sheaths with a
somewhat ciliate border. Stem nearly smooth, a foot or more
in height. Leaves with a dark blotch on the middle of the
upper surface. Spikes dense, erect, on naked peduncles.
Stamens 6. Achene flat or 3-angled, according as the stig-
mas are 2 or 3. — Very common near dwellings in moist
ground.
8. P. amphib'ium, L. ("Water Persioabia.) Spike of
flowers dense, oblong, showy, tose-red. Stem floating in
shallow water or rooting in soft mud, nearly glabrous.
Leaves long-petioled, often floating. Sheaths not bristly-
fringed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2. — In shallow water, mostly
northward.
9. P. Muhlenberg' 11, "Watson, differs from the last in
being rough with appressed hairs all over. — Ditches.
10. P. Hartwright'ii, Gray, is distinguished from P.
amphibium by its foliaceous and ciliate sheaths. — Muddy
margins of ponds and lakes.
11. P. hydropiperoi'des, Michx. (Mild "Water-Pepper.)
Stem slender, 1-3 feet high , in shallow water. Leaves narrow,
roughish. Sheaths hairy and fringed with long bristles.
Spikes slender, erect, pale rose-coloured or whitish. Stamens
8. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-anglec'. — In shallow water.
12. P. acre, H. B. K. ("Water Smartweed.) Sheaths
fringed with bristles. Leaves transparent-dotted. Stem root-
lag at the decumbent base, 2-4 feet high, in shallow water
or muddy soil. Leaves narrow, taper-pointed. Spikes
t>OLYGONACEit:.
m
slender, erect, pale rose-coloured. Sepals glandular-dotted.
Stamens 8. Aoliene 3-angled, shining. — Muddy soil or
shallow water.
13. P. Hydrop'ipeP, L. (Common Smartweed or Water-
pepper.) Sheaths and leaves as in the last, the leaves, how-
ever, larger. Spikes slender, nodding, greenish. Sepals
glandular-dotted. Stamens G. Achene dull. — Wet places.
14. P. Virginia'num, L. Calyx greenish, unequally 4-
parted. Stamens 5. Styles 2, persistent on the flat achene.
Flowers in long and slender naked spikes. Stem upright,
nearly smooth. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, rough-ciliate. Sheaths hairy and fringed. — Thick-
ets, in rich soil.
-t- 1- Leaves heart-sJiaped or sagittate. Sheaths much longer on one
side than on the other.
15. P. arifo'lium, L., (Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb)
with grooved stem, halberd-shaped long-petioled leaves,
flowers in short loose racemes, 6 stamens, and a flattish
achene, is not uncommon on the Lower St. Lawrence ; rare
in Ontario.
16. P. sagitta'tum, L. (Arrow-Leaved Tear-thumb.)
Stem 4-angled, the angles beset icith reflexed minute prickles,
by which the plant is enabled to climb. Leaves arrow-
shaped. Stamens 8. Achenes 3-angled. — Common in low
grounds, especially beaver- meadows.
17. P. Convol'VUlus, L. (Bi^vck Bindweed.) Stem twin-
ing, not prickly but roughish ; the joints naked. Fl(»wers
in loose panicled racemes, 3 of the calyx-lobes rigid in fruit.
Leaves heart-shaped and partly halberd-shaped. Not climb-
ing so high as the next. — Cultivated grounds and waste
places.
18. P. dumetO'rum, L., var. seandens, Gray. (Climb-
ing False Buckwheat.) Stem twining high, sviooth ; nheaths
naked, 3 of the calyx-lobes winged in fruit. — Moist thickets.
19. P. Cilino'de, Michx. Stem twining, minutely doirny.
Sheaths fringed at the base with reflexed bristles. — Sandy pine
woods and rocky hills.
, - A
192
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
3. B1J91EX, L. Dock. Sorrel.
* Herbage not 80ur, nor the leaves halberd-shaped.
1. R. orbicula'tus. Gray. (Great Water Dock.} Grow-
ing in marshes. Stem erect, stout, 5-6 feet high. Leaves
lanceolate; not wavy-margined or heart-shaped, often over a
foot long. Flowers nodding on thread-like pedicels. Valves
nearly orbicular, finely net- veined, each with a grain on
the back. — Wet places.
2. R. salicifo'lius, Weinmann, (White Dock) may be
looked for in marshes on the sea-coast and far northward.
The whorls of flowers are dense and form a very conspicu-
oup spike, owing to the great size of the grains on the back
of the valves.
3. R. verticilla'tus, L. (Swamp Dock.) Leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, not wavy, the lowest often heart-
shaped. Stem tall. Fruit- bearing pedicels slender, club-
shaped, abrubtly reflexed, several times longer than the
fruiting calyx. Valves dilated-rhomboid, strongly wrinkled,
each bearing a very large grain. — Swamps, common.
4. R. erlspus, L. (Curled Dock.) Leaves with strongly
wavy or curly margins, lanceolate. Whorls of flowers in
long wand-like racemes. Valves grain-bearing. — Cultivated
soil and waste places.
5. R. obtusifo'lius, L. (Bitter Dock.) Lowest leaves
oblong heart-shaped, obtuse, only slightly wavy-margined ;
the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute. Whorls loose, distinct.
Valves somewhat halberd-shaped, deeply toothed at the base,
usually one only grain-bearing. — Waste grounds.
6. R, sang'Uin'eUS, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, often
fiddle-shaped, wavy-margined. Whorls distant, in long
slender leafless spikes. Valves narrowly oblong, obtuse,
entire. Veins of the leaf red or green. — Atl. Prov. chiefly.
7. R. marit'imus, L. (Golden Dock.) Low, slightly-
pubescent, much branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, wavy-
margined, the lower auricled or heart-?haped at base.
Flowers in whorls forming leafy spikes. Valves oblong,
LAURACB^.
193
lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long bristles on each side,
and a large grain on the back. — Sea-shore, Atl. Pro v.
* * Herbage sour ; leaves halberd- shaped.
8. R. AcetOSel'la, L. (Field or Sheep Sobrel.) Stem
6-12 inches high. Mowers dioecious, in a terminal naked
panicle. — A very common weed in poor soil.
3. FAGOPY'RUM, Tourn. Buckwheat.
1. F. eseulen'tum, Moench. (Buckwheat.) Old fields
and copses, remaining after cultivation. Achene smooth
and shining.
2. F. Tartar' ieum, Gsertn., has very small flowers, and
a dull roughish achene. — Escaped from cultivation in a few
places.
Order LXXIX. LAURA'CE^. (Laurel Family.)
Trees or shrubs with spicy-aromatic bark and leaves, the
latter simple (often lobed), alternate and marked with small
transparent dots (visible under a lens). Sepals 6, petal-like.
Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Stamens in sterile
flowers 9, inserted at the base of the calyx. Anthers open-
ing by uplifting valves. Ovary in fertile flowers free from
the calyx, 1-celled, with a single ovule hanging from the top
of the cell. Style and stigma 1. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe.
1. SAS'SAFRAS, Nees. SASSAFRAS.
S. Offlcina'le, Nees. A small or moderate-sized tree with
yellowish or greenish-yellow twigs and ovate or 3-lobed
entire leaves. Flowers greenish- yellow, in naked corymbs,
appearing with the leaves in the axils of the latter. Drupe
blue, on a reddish pedicel. The 9 stamens in 3 rows, the 8
inner each with a pair of yellow glands at the base of the
filament. Anthers 4-ceUed, 4-valved, — Rich Woods, in south-
ern and western Ontario.
». LI\'DERA, Thunherg. Wild Allspice. Fevbr-bush.
L. Benzo'in, Meisner. (Spioe-bush.) A nearly smooth
shrub with oblong-obovate leaves, pale beneath. Flowers
Pi
r,
i
»
. ■ ■ ^
194
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
11
honey-yellow in lateral umbel-like clusters, before the leaves.
Stamens very much as in Sassafras, but the anthers are
2-celled and 2-valved. Pistillate flowers with 15-18 rudi-
ments of stamens. Drupe red. — Dami^> woods, in early
spring.
Order LXXX. THYMELEA'CEiE. (Mezereum F.)
Slyubs with tough leather-like bark and entire leaves.
Flowers perfect. Calyx tubular, resembling a corolla, pale
yellow. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx
(in our species 8). Style thread-like. Stigma capitate.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free from the calyx. Fruit a
berry-like drupe. Only one Species in Canada.
DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Moose-wood.
1. D. palustris, L. A branching shrub, 2-5 feet high, with
curious jointed branchlets and nearly oval leaves on short
petioles. Flowers in clusters of 3 or 4, preceding the leaves.
Filaments exserted, half of them longer than the others. —
Damp woods.
2. Daphne Meze'reum, L. , has escaped from cultivation
ill a few places. A low shrub with purple, rose-coloured or
whitish flowers, preceding the leaves in early spring.
Order LXXXI. EL^AGNA'CEiE. (Oleaster F.)
Shrubs with perfect or dioecious flowers, and leaves which
are scurfy on the under surface. The calyx-tube in the
iextWe ^ovf&rs becomes fieshy and encloses the ovary ^ forming
a herry-lihe fruit. Otherwise the plants of this Order are
not greatly different from those of the last.
Syu'i> Is f the Genera.
1. Elseag'iinH* Flowers ]ierfeci. ''tainens4. Leaves alternate.
2. Shepherd'la. Flowers uioeci .3. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite.
1. EL;EAG'XIJS,Tourn.
E. argen'tea, Pursh. (Silver-Berry.) Shrub 6-12 feet
high, the young branches covered with rusty scales. Leaves
elliptical to lanceolate, silvery-scurfy. Flowers many,
SANTALACE.E, EUPHORBIACEiE.
195
deflexed, silvery outside, pale -yellow within, fragrant. —
N.W.
2. SHEPHERD' lA, Nutt. Shepherdia.
S. Canadensis, Nutt. Calyx in sterile flowers 4-parted.
Stamens 8. Calyx in fertile flowers arn-shaped, 4-parted.
Berries yellow. Branohlets brown - scurfy. Leaves oppo-
site, entire, ovate, green above, silvery-scurfy beneath, the
small flowers in their axils. — Gravelly banks of streams and
lakes.
Order LXXXII. SANTALA'CE^. (Sandalwood P.)
Low herbaceous or partly woody plants (with us) with
perfect flowers, these greenish-white, in terminal or axillary
corymbose clusters. Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 4-5-
cleft, adherent to the 1-celled ovary, lined with a 5-lobed
disk, the stamens on the edge of the latter between its lobes
and opposite the lobes of the calyx, to which the anthers are
attached by a tuft of fine hairs. Fruit nut-like, crowned
with the persistent calyx-lobes.
COMAX'DRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.
1. C. umbella'ta, Nutt. Stem 8-l0 inches high, leafy.
Leaves oblong, pale-green, an inch long. Flower-clusters
at the summit of the stem. Calyx-tube prolonged and form-
ing a neck to the fruit. Style slender. — Dry soil.
2. C. liv'ida, Richardson. Peduncles axillary, slender,
several-flowered. Leaves oval, alternate, almost sessile.
Fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Boggy barrens near the Atl.
coast, and N.W.
8. C. pal'lida, A. DC. Leaves glaucous, linear to nar-
rowly lanceolate, acute. Fruit ovoid, sessile or on short
stout pedicels. — N.W.
l!
Order LXXXIIL EUPHORBIA' CE^. (Sptooe F.)
Plants with milky juice and monoecious flowers, repre-
sented in Canada chiefly by the two following genera ; —
196
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
1. EVPHOR'BIA, L. SPCKGf:.
Flowers monoecious, the sterile and fertile ones both des-
titute of calyx and corolla, but both contained in the same 4-6-
lobed cup-shaped involucre which resembles a calyx, and there-
fore the whole will probably at first sight be taken for a
single flower. Sterile flowers numerous, each of a single
naked stamen from the axil of a minute bract. Fertile
flower only 1 in each involucre ; ovary 3-lobed, soon pro-
truded on a long pedicel ; styles 3, each 2-cleft. Peduncles
terminal, often umbellate.
* Leaves all similar and opposite, short-petioled, green or blotched with
brown above, furnished with scale-like or fringed stipules. Stems
spreading or prostrate, much forked. Involucres in terminal or
lateral clusters, nr one involucre in each fork, the involucre *nvaH-
ablywith 4 {mostlj petal-like) glands in the sinuses.
1. E. polygronifo'lla, L. Leavea entire, oblong-linear,
mucronate, verg smooth. Stipules bristly-fringed. Ped-
uncles in the forks. Glands of the involucre very small, not
petal-like. Pods obtusely angled. — Shores of the Great
Lakes, in sandy or gravelly places.
2. E. serpens, H. B. K. Leaves entire, round-ovate, very
small, smooth. Stipules membranaceous, triangular. Ped-
uncles longer than the petioles, in loose clusters. Glands
of the small involucre with minute crenulate appendages.
Stems thread-like, prostrate. Pods acutely angled. Seeds
smooth. — London and westward, not common.
3. E. glyptOSper'ma, Engel. Leaves serrulate towards
the apex, linear-oblong, very unequal at the base. Stipules
lanceolate, cut into bristles. Peduncles as long as the peti-
oles, in dense lateral clusters. Glands in the small invo-
lucre with crenulate appendages. Stems erect-spreading.
Pods sharply angled. Seeds sharply 4-angled, with 5 or 6
transverse wrinkles. — Gravelly soil.
* * Only the uppermost or floral leaves whorled or opposite. Stems
erect. Stipules none. Involucres 5-lobed ; inflorescence ^imbelli-
form, in the forks of the branches, and terminal.
4. E. macula'ta, L. Leaves serrulate, oblong-linea^-
somewhat pubescent, ivith a brownish blotch in the centre^ very
EUPHORBIACEiE.
197
oblique at the base. Peduncles in dense lateral clusters.
Glauda of the involucre w ith reddish petal-like attachments.
Podn sharply angled. — Boadsides.
5. E. hyperieifo'lia, L. Stem ascending. Leaves ser-
rate, often with a red spot or with red margins, oblique at
the base, ovate-oblong or oblong-linear. Peduncles in cymes
at the ends of the branches. Glands of the involucre with
white or occasionally reddish petal-like attachments. Pod
smooth, obtusely angled. — Cultivated soil.
6. E. COroUa'ta, L. Conspicuous for the 5 bright-white
false lobes of the involucre, resembling petals ; the true lobes
very small. — Gravelly or sandy soil.
*** Involucres chiefly in terminal umbels, and their glands always
without petal-like attachments. Leaves without stipules or blotches,
those of the stem alternate or scattered, the floral ones usually of a
different shape, and tvhorled or opposite.
7. E. platyphyl'la, L. Umbel 5-rayed. Stem erect, 8-18
inches high. Upper stem-leaves lance-oblong, acute, serru-
late, the uppermost heart-shaped, the floral ones triangular-
ovate and cordate. Pod warty. — Shores of the Great Lakes.
8. E. HeliOSCO'pia, L. Umbel first 5-rayed, then with
3, and finally merely forked. Stem ascending, 6-12 inches
high. Leaves all obovate, rounded or notched at the apex,
serrate. Pods smooth. — Along the Great Lakes.
9. E. Gyparis'sias, L., with densely clustered stems, and
crowded linear stem-leaves (the floral ones round heart-
shaped), and a many-rayed umbel, has escaped from gar-
dens in some localities.
10. E. Peplus, L., has the umbel 3-rayed, then forking.
Glands long-horned. Seeds ash-coloured, 2-grooved on the
inner face, and pitted on the back. — ^Bather rare, waste
places.
2. ACALY'PIIA, L. Three-seeded Mercury.
A. Virgrin'iea, L. Flowers monoecious, both kinds hav-
ing a calyx, the staminate 4-parted, the pistillate 3-5-
parted ; no involucre. Staminate flowers very small, in
spikes, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base, in the axil oi
,^<ii.i
198
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
m
a large leaf-like 5-9-lobed bract. Stamens 8-16, monadel-
phous at the base, the anther-cells hanging from the apex
of the filament. Styles 3, the stigmas cut-fringed, usually-
red. Pod separating into 3 globular carpels. A nettle-like
weed, with ovate, sparsely serrate, alternate, long-petioled
leaves. — Fields and open places.
Order LXXXIV. URTICA'CE^. (Nettle F.)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with monoecious or dioecious (or,
in the Elms, sometimes perfect) flowers, with a regular calyx
free from the 1-2-celled ovary which becomes a 1-seeded
fruit. Stamens opposite the lobes of the calyx. This Order
is divided into four well-marked Suborders.
Suborder I. ULMA'CE^. (Elm Family.)
Trees, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous small
stipules. Flowers often perfect. Styles 2. Fruit a samara
winged all round, or a drupe,
* Fruit a samara ; anthers extrorse.
1. irimns. Flowers in lateral clusters, earlier than the leaves, purplish
or greenish-yellow. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Stamens 4-9;
thetilaments long and slender. Ovary 2-celled, but the samara
only 1-seeded. Stigmas 2.
* * Frtiit a drupe ; anthers introrse.
2. Celtis. Flowers greenish, polygamous, the pistillate solitary or in
pairs, appearing with the leaves. Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent.
Stamens 5-6. Stigmas 2, long and pointed and recurved. Ovary
1-ovuled.
Id
I-''
Suborder II. ARTOCAR' PE^. (Bread-fruit and Fig F.)
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, crowded in catkin-like
spikes or heads, the whole pistillate catkin becoming an
aggregate fruit from the enlargement of the calyx in the
several flowers. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled ,
1 cell eventually disappearing. Styles 2.
8. Noriis. Pistillate and staminate flowers in separate catkins. Trees
with milky juice and rounded leaves. Staminate spikes slender.
URTICACE.E.
199
I
Suborder III. URTI'CE-ffi. (Nettle Family.)
Herbs with watery juice and opposite or alternate leaves,
often beset with stinging hairs. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious, in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as the
sepals. Style only 1. Ovary 1-celied. Fruit an achene.
4. IJrtl'ca. Leaves opposite. Plant beset with stinging hairs. Sepals
4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Stamens 4. Stigma a small
sessile tuft. Achene flat, enclosed between the 2 larger sepals.
Flowers greenish.
5. Laport'ea. Leaves alternate. , Plant beset with stinging hairs
Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, 2 of them much
smaller than the other 2. Stigma awl-shaped. Achene flat, t?e?'j^
oblique, reflexed on its winged pedicel.
6. PU'ca. Leaves opposite. Whole plant very smooth and semi-trans-
parent. Sepals and stamens 3-i. Stigma a sessile tuft.
7. Bcehnic'ria. Leaves mostly opposite. No stinging hairs. Sepals
and stamens 4 In the sterile flowers. Calyx tubular or urn-shaped
in the fertile ones, and enclosing the achene. Stigma long and
tliread-like.
8. Parlvta'rin. Leaves alternate, entire, S-ribbed. No stinging hairs,
Flowei'S polygamous, in involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clus-
ters. Calyx of the pistillate flowers tubular or bell-shaped, 4-lobed.
Stigma tufted. Staminate flowers neai'ly as in the last.
Suborder IV. CANNABIN'E^. CHemp Family.)
Hough herbs v/ith watery juice and tough bark. Leaves
opposite and palmately divided or lobed. Flowers dicecious.
Sterile ones in compound racemes; stamens 5; sepals 5.
Fertile ones in crowded clusters ; sepal only 1, embracing
the achene. Stigmas 2.
9. Can'nabis. A rather tall rough plant with palmately compound
leaves of .5-7 linear-lanceolate serrate leaflets. Fertile flowers
spiked-clustered.
16. Hn'mulus. Leaves 3-.5-lobed. Plant climbing. Fertile flowers in
a short spike, forming a membranaceous catkin In fruit.
1. miwrs, L. Elm,
1. U. fulva, Michx. (Red or Slippery Elm.) Flowers
nearly sessile. Leaves very rough above, ta/yer- pointed. Buds
downy with rusty hairs. A medium-sized tree, with muci-
laginous inner bark.
^1
I
200
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. U. America' na,L. (American or White Elm.) Leaves
not rough above, abruptly pointed. Flowers in drooping
pedicels. Buda glabrous. A large ornamental tree, with
drooping branchlets.— Moist woods.
3. U. racemo'sa, Thomas. (Corky White Elm.) Ee-
sembling the last, but the bud-scales are doumy-ciliate, the
branches corky, and the flowers racemed. — Chiefly along road-
sides and borders of fields.
2, CEL'TIS, L. Nettle-tree. Hackberby.
C. OCCivlenta'lis, L. (StraARBERRY.) A small tree of
Elm-like aspect. Leaves reticulated, ovate, taper-pointed,
serrate, more or less oblique at the base. Fruit as large as
a pea, dark-purple when ripe, the flesh thin. — Low grounds ;
a few trees here and there through Ontario.
3. MOB1JS, Tourn. Mulberry.
1. M. PU'bra, L. (Red Mulberry.) Leaves heart-ovate,
rough above, downy beneath, pointed. Fruit red, turning
dark-purple, long. — Niagara district, and south-westward.
2. M. alba, L. (White M. ) Leaves smooth and shining.
Fruit whitish. — S. W. Ontario.
4. VRTl'CA, Tourn. Nettle.
1. U. gra'cilis, Ait. Stem slender, 2-6 feet high. Leaves
ovate-lancA)late, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the base,
nearly smooth, the L ": j petioles with a few bristles. Flower-
clusters in slender spikes. — Moist ground and along fences.
2. U. dioi'ea, L, (Stinging Nettle.) Plant bristly with
very stinging haiis. Leaves ovate, cordate, very deeply
serrate. Spikes branching. — Waste places.
3. U. U'rens, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, coarsely and
deeply serrate with spreading teeth, petioled. Flower-
clusters 2 in each axil, composed of both staminate and pis-
tillate flowers. — Waste grounds, Atl. Prov.
6. liAPOBT'EA, Gaudichaud. Wood-Nbttle.
L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves
large, ovate, long- petioled, a single 2-cleft stipule in the axil
— Moist woods.
PLATANACEiG.
201
«. PIL'EA, LIndl. Richweed. Clearwked.
P. pu'mila, Gray. Stem 3-18 inches high. Leaves ovate,
coarsely- toothed, S-ribbod. — Cool moist jilaces.
T. n<EIIMi:'UIA, Jacq. False Neitle.
B. cylin'drica, Willd. Stem l-3 feet high, smoothish.
Leaves ovate-ohlong or ovatL'-lanceolate, serrate, 3-norved,
long-petioled. Stipules separate. — Moist shady places.
8, PARiETA'BIA, Tourn. PKLLrroRV.
P. Pennsylvaniea, Muhl. A low annual, simple or
sparingly branched, minutely downy. Leaves oblong-lance-
olate, thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots. — Usually in
crevices of limestone rocks ; not very common.
9. CA.VNABIH, Tourn. TIemp.
C. sati'va, L. (Hemp.) Common everywhere along road-
sides and in waste places.
10. HV'MULIJS, L. Hop.
H. Lu'pulUS, L. (CoMMox Hop.) A twining perennial.
Leaves heart-shaped, mostly 3-5-lobed, petioled. Calyx of
fertile flower a single sepal. In fruit the calyx, achene,
etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, which give the
hop its taste and smell.
Order LXXXV. PLATANA'CE^. (Plane-tree F. )
Represented only by the Genus
PLAT'AXUS, L. Plane-trbe. Buttonwood.
P. OCCidenta'lis, L. (American Plane-tree or Sycamore.)
A fine large tree found in liouth- western Ontario. Leaves
alternate, rather scurfy when young, palraately-lobed or
angled, the lobes sharp-pointed : stipules sheathing. Flow-
ers monoecious, both sterile and fertile ones in catkin-like
heads, without calyx or corolla, but with small scales inter-
mixed. Ovaries in the fertile flowers club-shaped, tipped
with the thread-like simple style, and downy at the base.
Fertile heads solitary, on slender peduncles. The white
bark separates into thin plates.
,H
202
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Order LXXXVI. JUGLANDA'CE^. (Walnut F.)
Trees with alternate pinnate leaves and no stipules. Flow-
ers moncBcious. Sterile flowers in catkins. Fertile flowers
solitary or in small clusters, with a regular 3-4-lobed calyx
adherent to the ovary. Fruit a sort of drupe, the fleshy
outer layers at length becoming dry and forming a husk,
the inner layer hard and bony and forming a nut-shell.
Seed solitary in the fruit, very large and 4-lobed. This
Order comprises the Walnuts, Butternuts, and Hickories.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Jng'lans. Sterile flowers in solitary catkins from the previous
year's wood. Filaments of the numerous stamens very short.
Fertile flowers on peduncles at the ends of the branches. Calyx
4 toothed, toith small j^^tnls at the sinuses. Styles and stif?mas 2,
the latter fring-ed. Exocarp or husk dryincj without splitting.
Shell of the nut very rough and irregularly furrowed.
2. Car'ya. Sterile flowers in slender clustered catkins. Stamens 3-10,
with very short filaments. Fertile flowers in small clusters at the
ends of the branches. Calyx 4-toothed; no petals. Stigmas 2 or
4, large. Exocarp 4-valved, drying and splitting away from the
very smooth and bdny nutshell.
1. JUCi'LAXS, L. Walnut.
1. J. einer'ea, L. (Butternut.) Leaflets oblong-lance-
olate, pointed, serrate. Petioles and branchlets clammy.
Fruit oblong, clammy. — Rich woods.
2. J. ni'grra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaflets ovate-lance-
olate, taper-pointed, serrate. Petioles downy but not clammy.
Fruit spherical. Wood a darker brown than in the Butter-
nut.— Rich woods rare northward.
,i. CAR'YA, Nutt Hickory.
1. C. alba, Nutt, (Shell- BARK Hickory.) Leaflets 5, the
lower pair much smaller than tlie others. Husk of the
fruit splitting comphtely into 4 valves. Nut flattish-globu-
lar, mucronate. Bark of the trunk rough, scaling off in
rough strips. — Rich woods.
2. C. tomento'sa, Ntitt. (White-heart Hickory.) Spa-
ringly found in the Niagara district and south-westward.
MYRICACEiE.
203
Leftflets 7-9. Bark close but not shaggy, and not scaling off
on tne old trnnks. Husk as in the last. Catkins, shoots,
and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young. Nut
globular.
8. C. ama'ra, Nutt. (Swamp Hickory or Bitternut.)
Leaflet n 7-11. Husk of the fruit splitting: half way down.
Nut spherical, short-pointed. Bark smooth, not scaling off.
— Moist ground.
4. C. porci'na, Nutt. (Pig-nut. Broom-Hickory.) Leaf-
lets 5-7. Shoots, etc. , glabrous. Husk as in the last. Nut
oblong or oval. — Niagara district, and south-westward.
LXXXVII. MYRICA'CE^. (Sweet-Gale F.)
Shrubs with monoecious or dioecious flowers, both sterile
and fertile ones collected in short catkins or heads. Leaves
with resinous dots, usually fragrant. Fruit a i-seeded dry
drupe or little nut, usually coated wifth little waxy grains.
Synopsis of the €cncra.
1. Myrrca. Flowers chiefly dioecious, catkins lateral, each bract with
a pair of bractlets underneath. Stamens in the sterile flowers
2-8. Ovary solitary in the fertile flowers, 1-celled, tipped with 2
thread-like stijymag, and surrounded by 2-t small scales at the
base. In our species the 2 scales form wings at the base of the
nut.— A shrub, 3-5 feet high.
2. Conipto'nia. A low shrub, a foot or more In height, with fern-like
very sweet-scented leaves. Flowers monoecious. Sterile catkins
cylindrical. Fertile ones spherical, the ovary surrounded by 8
awl-shaped persistent scales, so that the catkin resembles a bur.
1. MYRI'CA, L. Bayberry. Wax-Mvktle.
1. M. Ga'le, L. (Sweet Gale.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate,
serrate towards the apex, pale. The small nuts in crowded
heads, and winged by the 2 scales. — Bogs.
2. M. eerif era, L. (Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle.) Leaves
cblong-lanceolate, entire, or wavj'-toothed towards the
apex, shining and s]>rinkled Mdtli resinous dots on both
sides, fragrant. Sterile catkins scattered. Nuts naked.
'
i-ill
204
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
bony, and covered with white wax. — Sandy soil near tne
coast, Atl. Prov.
2. COMPTO'NIA, Solander. Sweet- 7ern.
C. asplenifo'lia, Ait. {Myrica asplenifoliay Endl., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves linear-lanceolate in outline ,
deeply pinnatifid, the lobes numerous and rounded. — Dry
soil ; especially in Pine barrens.
Order LXXXVIII. CUPULIF'ER.^:. (Oak Family.)
Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous
stipules, and monoecious flowers. Sterile flowers in catkins
(but in Beech in small heads) ; the fertile ones solitary or
clustered, and furnished with an involucre which forms a
scaly cup or a bur surrounding the nut.
Synopsis of the Cienera. «
1. Qaer'ciis. Sterile flowers with a calyx including few or several
stamens with slender tilameuts. Fertile flowers scattered or some-
what clustered, each la a scaly Involucre or cupule. Nut (acorn)
rosnded, the base enclosed by the cupule. (Part I., sec. 71.)
2. Castu'nea. Sterile flowers in long slender catkins. Calyx 6-parted.
Fertile flowers usually 3 in each Involucre, the latter prickly,
forming a bur. Calyx 6-lobed. Stigmas bristle-shaped. Nuts
enclosed (mostly 2 or 3 together) In the prickly 4-valved involucre,
flattened when there are more than one.
S. Fagus. Sterile flowers in a small head on drooping peduncles.
Calyx bell-shaped. Fertile flowers in pairs in tlie involucre,
which consists of awl-shaped bractlets grown together at the
bases. Calyx-lobes awl-shaped. Nuts 8-angled, generally in jmirs
in the bur-like 4-valved cupule. Bark close, smooth and light gray.
4. Cer'ylns* Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. No calyx. Stamens
8(withl-celled anthers), a«d 2 small braciie^s under each bract.
Fertile flowers in a small scaly head; 1 ovary, surmounted by 2
long red stigmas, under each scale, and accompanied by a pair of
bractlets which, in fruit, enlarge and form a leaf -like or tubtdar
fringed or toothed involucre closely enveloping each nut. Sterile
catkins from the axils of the previous year. Fertile flowers
termini' ting the new shoots.
5. Os'trya. Sterile flowers In drooping catkins. Calyx wanting.
Stamens several under each bract, but not uccoinjjanied bfj bract-
lets. Fertile flowers in short catkins, 2 under each bract, eeata
CUPUUFERiE.
205
near tne
ovary tipped with 2 long stigmas, and surrounded by a tubular
bractlet which, in fruit, becomes a greenish-ichite inflated bag,
having the small nut in the bottom.
6. Carpl'nus. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. Calyx wanting.
Stamens several under each bract ; no bractlets. Fertile flowers
much asin Ostrya, b!<^ the bractlets surrounding the ovaries are
not tubular but ojien, and in fruit become leaf -like, one on each side
of the small nut.
1. <|IIER€IIS, L. Oak.
* Acorns ripening thefl,rst year, and therefore home on the new shoots.
Lobes or teeth of the leaves not bristle-pointed.
1. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) A large tree. Leaves
(when mature) smooth, bright green above, whitish beneath,
obliquely cut into few or several oblong entire lohes. The
oblong nut much larger than the saucer-shaped rough
cupule. — Rich woods.
2. Q. macrocar'pa, Michx. (Bub Oak. Mossy -cup
White Oak.) A medium-sized tree. Leaves deeply lobed,
smooth above, pale or downy beneath. Acorn broadly
ovoid, half or altogether covered by the deep cup, the upper
scales of which taper into bristly points^ making a fringed
border. Cup varying greatly in size, often very large. —
Rich soil.
3. Q. bi' color, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) A tall tree.
Leaves sinuate-toothed, but hardly lobed, tvedge-shaped at the
base, downy or hoary beneath, the main veins 6-8 pairs.
Cup nearly hemispherical, about half as long as the oblong-
ovoid acorn, sometimes with a fringed border. Peduncles in
fruit longer than the petiole. — Low grounds.
4. Q. Pri'nus, L. (Chestnut Oak.) A small tree. Leaves
minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs, sinu-
ate-toothed, acute or obtuse at the base. Peduncle shorter
than the petiole. Cup hemispherical ; acorn as in the last.
— Lake Erie coast.
Var. hu'milis, Marsh, {Q. prinoides, Willd,, in Macoun's
Catalogue) is much more abundant with us than the species
itself. It has the characters of the species, but 's a shrub,
2-4 feet high. Fruit sessile or nearly so.
p
I
206
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
H' \\l
'■'■' '"' Acorns ripening the second year, and therefore home on the previous
year's wood, below the leaves of the season. Lobes or teeth of the
leaves bristle-pointed.
5. Q. eoeein'ea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) A large tree.
Leaves bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn,
rounded at the base, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes divergent
and sparingly cut-toothed. Bark gray outside, reddish
inside. Cup top-shaped or hemispherical, with a more or
less conical base, covering half or more of the rather small
acorn.
Var. tinetO'ria, Gray. {Q. tinctoria. Bartram, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) (Quercitron. Yellow-marked or Black Oak.)
Leaves usually less deeply pinnatifid, slender-petioled, rather
rounded at the base, rusty-downy when young, smooth and
shining above when mature, often slightly pubescent be-
neath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn,
Cup as in the species, but the bark darker and rougher and
yellow or orange inside. — Western Ontario ; mostly in dry
soil, but occasionally in moist places.
Var. ambig'ua. Gray. Leaves closely resembling those
of Q. rubra, but the fruit is that of Q. coccinea. — Belleisle
Bay, King's Co., N.B.
6. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) A large tree. Leaves
moderately pinnatifid, turning dark-red in the autumn.
Cup saucer-shaped, sessile or nearly so, very much shorter
than the oblong-ovoid acorn. — Rich and poor soil.
7. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (Pin Oak.) A medium-sized
tree. Cup flat- saucer-shaped, very much shorter than the
ovoid-globose acorn, which is about half an inch long.
Leaves deej^ly pinnatifid, with divergent lobes and rounded
sinuses. — Niagara district and south-westward.
2, €A8TA'NEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT.
C. vesea, L. , var. America' na, Michx. (C. vulgaris, var.
Americana, A. DC, in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Chestnut.)
A large tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely
and sharply serrate, acute at the base. Nuts 2 or 3 in each
bur. — South-western Ontario.
BETULACEiE.
207
3. FAGIJ8, Tourn. Beech.
F. ferrugin'ea, Ait. (American Beech.) A very com-
mon tree in rich woods, the branches horizontal. Leaves
oblong-ovate, taper- pointed, toothed, the very straight
veins terminating in the teeth.
4. COK'YLIJS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Filbert.
1. C. Ameriea'na, Walt. (Wild Hazel-nut.) Leaves,
roundish heart-shaped. Involucre spreading out above, leaf-
like and cut-toothed. — Chiefly in south-western Ontario; in
thickets.
2. C. rostra'ta, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut. f A rather
common shrub, easily distinguished from No. 1 by the invo-
lucre, which is prolonged into a narrow tube viuch beyond the
nut, and is densely bristly-hairy,
5. OS'TRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. Ironwood.
0. Virgin'iea, Willd. (Iron-wood.) A slender tree with
brownish furrowed bark. Leaves oblong - ovate, taper-
pointed, sharply doubly serrate. Fertile catkin like a hop
in appearance. Wood very hard and close. — 'Rich woods.
6. CAEPI'NVS, L. Hornbeam.
C. Ameriea'na, Michx. (Blue ^.r Water Beech.) Small
trees with furrowed trunks and close smooth gray bark.
Leaves ovate - oblong, pointed, doubly serrate. — Along
streams. Resembling a beech in general aspect, but with
inflorescenee like that of Iron- wood.
Order LXXXIX. BETULA'CE.ffi!. (Birch Family.)
Trees or shrubs with monoecious flowers, both sorts in
catkins, 2 or 3 flowers under each scale or bract of the catkin.
Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but in fruit only 1-celled and
1- seeded. Fruit a small nut. Stigmas 2, long and slender.
Twigs and leaves often aromatic.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Bet'ula. Sterlle'catkins long and pendulous, formed durin? summer
and expanding the following spring ; each flower consisting of
208
COMMON CANADIAtT WILD PLANTS.
one small scale to which is attached 4 short filaments ; 3 flowers
under each scale of the catkin. Fertile catkins stout, oblong, the
scales or bracts ii-lobed and with 2 or 3 flowers under each ; each
flower a naked ovary, becoming a winged nutlet in fruit. Bark
easily coming off in sheets.
2. Al 11118. Catkins much as in Betula, but each fertile and sterile
flower has a distinct 3-5-parted calyx. Catkins solitary or clus-
tered at the ends of leafless branchlets or peduncles. Nutlets
wingless or nearly so.
i;These two genera are included in Cupuliferae in Macoun's Catalogue.)
1. BET'IJLA, Tourn. Birch.
1. B. lenta, L. (Cherry- Birch. Sweet or Black Birch.)
Bark of the trunk dark brown, close, aromatic ; that of the
twigs bronze-coloured. "Wood rose-coloured. Leaves ovate,
with somewhat heart-shaped base, doubly serrate, pointed,
short- petioled. Fruiting catkins sessile, thick, oblong-
cylindrical. — Moist woods.
2. B. lu'tea, Michx. (Yellow or Gray Birch.) Bark of
the trink yellowish-gray, somewhat silvery, scaling off in
thin layers. Leaves hardly at all heart-shaped. Fruiting
catkins thicker and shorter than in No. 1. — Moist woods.
3. B. populifo'lia, Ait. (American White Birch. Gray
Birch.) Leaves very tremulous on slender petioles, trian-
gular, very taper-pointed, nearly truncate at the base,
smooth and shining except when young. Bark of trunk
white, less separable than in Canoe Birch. — Poor soil, Atl.
Prov.
4. B. papyra'eea, Ait. {B. papyri/era, Michx., in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) (Paper or Canoe Birch.) Bark of the
trunk white, easily separating in sheets. Leaves ovate,
taper-pointed, heart-shaped, long-petioled. Fruiting cat-
kins cylindrical, usually hanging on slender peduncles. —
Woods.
5. B. pu'mila, L. (Low Birch.) A shrub with brownish
bark, not glandular. Leaves ovate or roundish, pale
beneath ; veinlets on both surfaces finely reticulated. Cat-
kins mostly erect, on short peduncles. — Bogs and low
grounds, northward.
SALICACEiE.
209
2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder.
1. A. inca'na, Willd. (Speckled or Hoary Alder.) A
shrub or small tree, growing in thickets in low grounds
along streams. Leaves oval or ovate, rounded at the base,
serrate, whitish beneath. Flowers preceding the leaves in
early spring, from clustered catkins formed the previous
summer and remaining naked over winter. Fruit wingless.
2. A. vir'idiSj DC. (Green or Mountain Alder.) A
shrub 3-8 feet high, along mountain streams. Flowers ap-
pearing with the leaves, the staminate catkins having
remained naked during the winter, the pistillate enclosed in
a acaly bud. Fruit with a thin wing. — Northward.
Order XC. SALICA'CE^. (Willow Family.)
Trees or shrubs with dicpcious flowers, both sorts in cat-
kins, one under each scale of the catkin. No calyx. Fruit
1-celled, many -seeded, the seeds furnished with tufts of down.
(Part I., section 74, for description of typical flowers.) This
Order comprises the Willows and Poplars.
Syuopsis of the Genera.
1. Salix. Trees with mostly long and pointed leaves and slender
branches. Bracts or scales of the catkins not toothed. Stamens
mostly 2 under each bract, but in one or two species as many as 5
or 6. Stigmas short. Catkins appearing before or with the
leaves.
2. Pop'ulng. Trees with broad and more or less heart-shaped leaves.
Bracts of the catkins toothed or cut at the apex. Stamens 8-30, or
even more, under each scale. Stigmas long. Catkins long and
drooping, preceding the leaves.
1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow.
* C^Akirtshorne on the ends of the short lateral leafy braiichleta. Scales
yellowish, deciduous. Filaments hairy belotv. Trees or large
shrubs, with taper-pointed leaves.
1. S. nigra, Marshall. (Black Willow.) A tree with a
roughish black bark, growing along streams. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrate, smooth,
green on both sides. Stamens 3-6. Ovary short-pedicelled.
Sterile catkins long and narrow.
210
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. S. amygdaloi'des, Anders. A tree with lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate leaves, pale or glaucous beneath, and with
long slender petioles. Fertile catkins becoming very loose
from the lengthening of the pedicels. Stamens 3-6. — N.W.
3. S. lu'cida, Muhl. (Shining Willow.) A shrub or
small bushy tree, growing along streams. Leaves ovate-
oblony or narrower, with a long tapering point, shining on
both sides, serrate. Stamens most 5. Scales of catkins
dentate, hairy at the base. Sterile catkins densely- flowered,
showy.
4. S. frag' ills, L. (Crack "Willow.) A tall and hand-
some tree. Leaves lanceolate, Ljng- pointed, pale or glauc-
ous beneath, 3-6 inches long. Stamens mostly 2, rarely 3-4.
Capsule short-pedicelled. — Atl. Prov.
5. S. alba, L., var. essru'lea, Smith. Leaves ashy-gray
or ivhite both sides, except when old, lanceolate, long and
slender- pointed. Stamens mostly 2. Pods sessile or nearly
so. Old leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, dull bluish-green.
— Cultivated in many places.
6. S. longifo'lia, Muhl. (Long - leaved Willow.) A
shrub or small tree, varying greatly * a size, growing along
streams in sandy or gravelly places , and often forming
dense clumps. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, taper-
ing towards both ends, nearly sessile, serrate with a few
spreading teeth, grayish-hairy when young. Stamens 2.
* * Catkins lateral or terminal. Scales coloured at the tip, persistent.
Stamens 2, thejilaments not hairy. Shrubs or small trees.
-t- Ovaries woolly.
7. S. dis' color, Muhl. (Glaucous Willow.) A shrub or
small tree, 8-15 feet high, growing in low grounds and
along streams. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, irreg-
ularly toothed in the middle of the margin, entire at each
end, smooth and bright green above, white - glaucous
beneath, when young. Stipules moon-shaped, toothed.
Catkins sessile, very early in spring before the leaves.
Scales very dark and hairy.
SALICACEiE.
211
Var, erioceph'ala, Anders., has densely-flcnvered and
very silky catkins, and the leaves somewhat pubescent jven
when old.
8. S. liV'ida, Wahl. Var. oecidenta'lis, Gray. (S. ros-
tra'ta, Rich., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Livid Willow.) A
good-sized shrub, chiefly in moist situations. Leaves oblong
or obovate-lanceolate, barely toothed, downy above, very
veiny, hairy and glaucous beneath. Stipules somi-lunar,
toothed. Ovary at length raised on a very slender stalk
Catkins appearing with the leaves.
9. S. hu' mills, Marshall. (Prairie Willow.) A grayish
shrub, 3-8 feet high, growing usually in dry or barren
places. Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, the lowest obovate,
slightly downy above, thickly so beneath. Stipules semi-
ovate or moon-shaped, with a few teeth, shorter than the
petioles. Catkins ovoid, sessile, before the leaves, naked at
the base. Scales dark red or brownish.
10. S. petiola'ris, Smith. (Petioled Willow.) A low
shrub on sandy river banks. Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath,
smooth above. Catkins with a few small leaf-like bracts at
the base. Scales of the fertile catkins acute, very hairy.
Ovary tapering, silky, stalked.
11. S. ean'dida, Willd. (Hoary Willow.) A shrub not
more than 3 or 4 feet high, growing iu bogs and wet places ;
the twigs and leaves clothed with a web-like wool, giving
the whole plant a whitish aspect. Leaves lanceolate, nar-
row, with, somewhat revolute margins. Stipules small,
laneeolate, toothed. Catkins cylindrical. Anthers red.
-t- -t- Ovaries glabroics.
12. S. eorda'ta, Muhl. (Heart - leaved Willo ,) A
shrub or small tree, growing in wet grounds. Leaves lance-
olate, not always heart-shaped, sharply serrate, smooth,
green both sides. Catkins cylindrical, rather slender, leafy-
bracted at the base, the sterile ones silky. Var. angUSta'ta
has long narrow leaves.
111
212
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
13. S. balsamirera, Barratt. A small much-branched
shrub. Young twigs shining-chestnut on the sunny side.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually slightly cordate at base, at
firs^ very thin and of a reddish colour, at length rigid, dark-
green above, and paler and conspicuously reticulate-veined
beneath, slightly serrate, with slender petioles. Sterile
catkins very silky, with a few bracts at the base; fertile
catkins leaf y-ped uncled, becoming very loose in fruit.
Capsules long-pedioelled. — Swamps, Atl. Prov. and north-
.vard.
14. S. myptilloi'des, L. Low shrub, 1-3 feet high. Leaves
elliptic-obovate, an inch long, entire, smooth, somewhat
coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glau-
cous beneath. Fertile catkins loosely few-flowered, on long
leafy peduncles. Capsules glabrous, on slender pedicels. —
Peat-bogs.
2. POP'IJLIJS, Tourn. Poplar.
1. P. tremuloi'des, Michx. (American Aspen.) A tree
with a greenish- white bark, and roundish heart-shaped
leaves, continually in a state of agitation, due to the lateral
compression of the petiole, and the consequent susceptibility
of the leaf to the least motion of the air. Teeth of the leaves
small.
2. P. gfrandidenta'ta, Michx., (Large-toothed Aspen)
has roundish ovate leaves with large irregular sinuate teeth.
3. P. balsamif era, L. (Balsam Poplar.) A tall tree,
growing in swamps and along streams ; the large buds var-
nished with resinous matter. Leaves ovate, tapering, finely
serrate, whitish beneath. Stamens very numerous.
Var. can'dicans, Gray, (Balm of Gilead) has broader
and more or less heart-shaped leaves.
4. P. monilif era, Ait. (Cottonwood.) A tree with broad
deltoid leaves, slightly heart-shaped, serrate with incurved
teeth. Young branches slightly angled, at length round.
Fertile catkins very long, the scales cut-fringed, not hairy.
— Along the main line of the Grand Trunk Railway.
EMPETRACEiE.
213
Ordkb XCI. EMPETRA'CE^. (Crowberry Family).
Low shrubby evergreens, resembling heaths as to leaves
and general aspect. Flowers dioecious or polygamous
Calyx somewhat petal-like or none. Ovary 3-9-celled,
berry-like in fruit.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Em'petruni. Flowers scattered and solitary In the axlla. Sepals 3,
somewhat petal-like.
2. Core'nia. Flowers in terminal heads. Calyx none.
1. EM'PETKIJIH, Tourn. Crowberry.
E. ni'grrum, L. (Black Crowberry.) A slender procum-
bent shrub with the foliage and aspect of a heath. Flowers
polygamous, inconspicuous in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
3 petal-like sepals. Corolla wanting. Stamens 3. Fruit a
blackberry-like drupe. — Atl. Prov. and northward.
2. COKE'NA, Don. Broom-Crowberby.
C. Conrad' ii, Torr. (Broom-Crowberry.) Closely resem-
bling the preceding. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, col-
lected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract,
having no true calyx, but with 5 or 6 thin, dry braotlets
under each. Stamens 3 or 4 with slender filaments. Drupes
small, juioeless when ripe. — Atl. Prov.
Order XCII. CERATOPHYLLA'CEiG. (Hornwort F.)
Represented, with us, by a single species.
CEBATOPHYL'LVM, L. Hornwort.
C. demer'SUtn, L. An aquatic herb, with whorled finely
dissected leaves, and minute axillary sessile monoecious
flowers, without calyx or corolla, but with an 8-12-cleft
involucre. Staminate flowers of 12-24 stamens with large
sessile anthers. Pistillate flowers of a single 1-celled ovary,
forming an achene, beaked with the slender style. Embryo
with 4 cotyledons, — Under water in ponds, and slow streams.
I
214
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Subclass II. GYM'NOSPERMS.
Ovules and seeds naked (not enclosed in a pericarp),
and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen.
Represented in Canada by a single Order.
Order XCIII. CONIF'ER^. (Pine Family.)
Trees or shrubs with resinous juice and mostly monoecious
flowers, these in catkins, except the last Genus (Taxus),
in which the fertile flower is solitary and the fruit berry-
like. Leaves awl-shaped or needle-shaped. (See Part I.,
Cap. xvi. , for descriptions of typical plants.) — The Order
comprises three well-marked Suborders.
Suborder I. ABIETIN'E^. (Pine Family Proper.)
Fruit a true cone, the imbricated scales in the axils of
bracts. Ovules 2 on the inside of each scale at the base, in
fruit coming off with a wing attached to each. Leaves
scattered or fascicled. (Parti., Figs. 197, 198.)
* Cones not ripening till the second year.
1. Plnns. Leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster^ evergreen, in the
axil of a thin scale. Sterile catkins in spikes at the hases of the
new shoots, consisting of many almost sessile anthers spirally
inserted on the iixis. Cones more or less woody, the scales widely
spreading when ripe. Cotyledons of the embryo several.
* * Cones ripening the fir st year.
■*- Cones pendulous, bracts smaller than the scales.
2. Pi'cea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, scattered.
3. Tsn'ga. Leaves petioled, flat, scattered, whitened beneath.
-t- •*- Cones erect, the bracts longer than the scales.
4. A'bleH. Leaves linear or needle-shaped, scattered uniformly along
the new shoots, evergreen. Sterile catkins in the axils of last year's
leaves. Cones with thin scales.
6. Lartxt Leaves needle-shaped, clustered or fascicled on lateral spurs
of last year's wood, many in each bundle, falling off in the au-
tumn ; those on the new shoots scattered, but deciduous like the
rest.
CONIFERJE.
215
Suborder IT. CUPRESSIN'E^. (Cypress F.)
Fertile flowers of only a fnw scales, these liot in the axils
of bracts, formin;:^ in fruit either a very siriall luoso and dx'y
cone, or a sort of false berry owing to tlie thickening of the
scales.
* Flowers monoecious. Frtiit a small loose cone.
6. Ttaaja. Leaves some airl-sltaped, others scnle-Uke, closely imbri-
cated on l\\Gflat branches. Catkins ovoid, ternninal.
* * Flowers mostly dioecious. Fruit herrii-like, black tvith a bloom.
7. Jiiuip'eriig. Leaves a\vl-shui)ed or scale-like, sometimes of both
shapes, evergreen, prickly-pointed, fflaucous-vvliite on the upper
surface, and in whorls of 3. or opposite.
Suborder III. TAXIN'E^. (Yew Family.)
Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule sur-
rounded by a disk which becomes pulpy and berry-like in
fruit, enclosing the nut-like seed. Berry red. ^
8. Taxns. Flowers chiefly dioeciou.^. Leaves evergreen, miicrotiate,
rigid, scattered.— A low straggling bush, usually in the shade of
other evergrreens.
1. PINIIS, Tourn. Pine.
1. P. resino'sa, Ait. (Red Pine.) Leaves in twos, slen-
der. Bark rather smooth, redcKsh. — Common northward.
2. P. Banksia'na, Lt^mbert. (Gray or Northern Scrub
Pine.) Leaves in twos, about 1 inch long. Cones conical,
usually curved, smooth and hard, about one and one-half
inches long. — Barren soil, eastward and northward.
3. P. rig'ida, Mill. (Pitch Pine.) Leaves in threes.
Scales of the cones tipped with a short stout recurved prickle.
— Atl. Prov.
4. P. Stro'bus, L. (White Pine.) Leaves in fives, slender.
Bark smooth except on old trees, not reddish. — Common.
2. PI'CEA, Link. Spruce.
1. P. nigra, Link. {Abies nigra, 'Poir.) (Black Spruce.)
Leaves needle-shaped and 4-sided, pointing in all directions.
Cones hanging, persistent, scales with thin edges. — Swamps
and cold woods.
2. P. alba, Link. (Abies alba, Michx.) (White Spruce.)
*
216
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
1
(
1
,1
i
ji.
1
1
Leaves as in No. 1. Cones hanging, deciduous, the scales
with thickish edges. — Swamps and cold woods.
3. TSV'GA, Carri^re. Hemlock.
T. Canadensis, Carr. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) (Hem-
i^CK Spruce.) Leave* ^a<, lighter beneath, pointing out in
two directions, i.e., right and left on each side of the branch,
obtuse. Cones hanging, persistent. — Hilly or rocky woods.
4. yk'BIES, Link. FiR.
A. balsa'mea. Miller. (Balsam Ji'iR.) Leaves flat, the
lower surface whitish and the midrib promiueut, crowded,
pointing mostly right and left on the branches. Cones erect
on the upper sides of the branches, violet-coloured, the scales
slender-pointed. — Damp woods and swamps.
5. liARIX, Tourn. Larch.
L. America' na, Michx. (American Larch. Tamarac.)
A slender and very graceful tree with soft leaves in fasci-
cles, falling off in autumn. — Swamps.
6. THUJA, Tourn. Arbor Vit^.
T. OCeic'enta'lis, L. (American Arbor Vit^.) The well-
known cedar of cedar-swamps. — Common.
T. JITNIP'ERrS, L. Juniper.
1. J. commu'nis, L. (Common Juniper.) A spreading
shrub with ascending stems, growing on dry hill-sides.
Leaves in whorls of 3, whitish above, prickly pointed.
2. J. V.^rginia'na, L. (Red Cedar.) A shrub or small
tree with mostly opposite Laves of two forms, viz. : awl-
shaped and loose, and scale-shaped and appressed. Fruit
small, erect. Wood red and odorous. — Dry sterile soil.
3. J. Sabi'na, L., var. piOCUmbens, Pursh. A procum-
bent or creeping shrub with two sorts of leaves, awl-shaped
and scale-shaped, the latter acute. Fruit on short recurved
peduncles. — Eocky banks and margins of swamps.
8. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew.
T. bacca'ta, L., var. Canadensis, Gray. (American
Yew. (t! round Hemlock.) A low straggling shrub. Leaves,
green on both sides. Berry globular, red.
ARACEiE.
217
E.) Thewell-
Class II. MONOCOTYLE'DONS.
For characters of the Class see Part I., chap. xv.
I. SPADIO'EOUS DIVISION.
Flowers aggregated on a spadix (Part I., sec. 94), with
or without a spathe, or sheathing bract.
Order XCIV. ARA'CE^. (Arum Family.)
Herbs with pungent juice and simple or compound leaves,
these sometimes net-veined and hence suggesting that the
plants may be Dicotyledons. Spadix usually accompanied
by a spathe. Flowers either without a perianth of any
kind, or with 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry.
Synopsis of the Cieuera.
* Leaves not linear. Flotoers ivithout perianth of any sort. Spadix
accompanied by a spathe.
1. ArlsaB'nin. Flowers mostly dioecious, collected on the lower part of
the spadix only. Spathe (in our common species) arched over the
spadix. Scape from a solid bulb. Leaves compound, net-veined,
sheathing the scape below with their petioles. Berries bright red.
2. Peltaii'dra* Flowers monoecious, covering tlie whole spadix;
anthers above, ovaries below. Spathe convolute throughout,
wavy on the margin, mostly green. Leaves arrow-shaped. Scapes
from a root of thick fibres. Fruit a fleshy green berry, 1-2 seeded.
3. Calla. Flowers (at least the lower one3) 2yerfect, covering the whole
sptuiix. Spathe open and spreading, witli a white upper surface,
tipped with an abrupt point. Scape from a creeping rootstock.
Leaves not net-veined, simple, lieart-shaped.
* * Leaves not linear. Flowers with a perianth of 4 sepals. Spadix
suri'ounded by a sj)azhe.
4. Symplocar'piis. Leaves all radical, very large and veiny, appear-
ing after the spathes, wliic'h are close to the ground and are ,jro-
duced very early in spring. FlowtM'S perfect, their ovaries im-
mersed in the spadix, the latter globular and surrounded by the
shell-shaped spathe. Sepals hoodi'd. Stamens 1. Fruit consist-
ing of the soft enlarged spadix in which the seeds are sunk.
218
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
* * * Leaves linear, sword-shaped. Spadix on the side of the scape.
Flowers with a perianth of 6 sepals. No iipathe.
6. Ac'ortts. Scape 2-edged, resembling- the leaves, the cylindrical spa-
dix borne on one edge. Sepals hollowed, itamens 6.
1. ARISiG'MA, Martins. Indian Turnip.
1. A. triphyl'lum, Torr. (Tndian Turnip.) For full
description and engraving of this plant see Part I., sections
94-97.
2. A. Dracon'tium, Schott. , (Green Dragon) is reported
from low grounds near London, Ont. Leaf usually solitary,
pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets.
Spathe convolute, pointed ; the slender point of the spadix
extending beyond it.
2, PELT AX' OR A, Raf. Arrow Arum.
P. undula'ta, Raf. (P. Virginica of most authorj.) Root
of thick tufted fibres. Scape 12-18 inclies high. Staminate
part of the spadix much longer than the pistillate. — Shallow
water ; apparently rare.
3. CALL A, L. Water Arum.
C. palustris, L. (Marsh Calla.) This plant is fully
described and illustrated in Part I., section 98.
4. SYMPLOCAR'PIJS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage.
S. fOB'tidUS, Salisb. Leaves 1-2 feet long, ovate or heart-
shaped, short-petioled. Spathe purplish and yellowish,
incurved. Plant with skunk-like odour. — Bogs and wet
places ; not common northward.
5, AC'ORIJS, L. Sweet Flag. Calamus.
A. Caramus, L. Scape much prolonged beyond the spa-
dix.— Swamps and wet places.
Order XCV. LEMNA'CEiE. (Duckweed Family.)
Very small plants floating about freely on the surface of
ponds and ditches, consisting merely of a little frond, com-
monly' with a single root or a tuft of roots from the lower
surface, and producing minute monoecious flowers from a
TYPHACEiE.
219
cleft in the edge of the frond, or from the upper surface.
Fruit a 1-7-seeded utricle. The flowers are rarely to be
seen.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Lem'na. Flowers from a cleft in the edge of the frond, usually 2 of
a single stamen each, and 1 of a simple pistil, the three surrounded
by a spathe. Roots several or only one.
2. Wolff' la. Flowers from the centre of the upper surface of the
frond, only 2 ; one of a sin{?le stamen, the other of a simple pistil.
Roots none. The smallest of flowering plants.
I. f.EMNA, L. Duckweed.
1. L. polyrrhi'za, L. (Spirodela pohjrrhiza, Schleiden.)
l^'ronds round-obovate, green above, purplish beneath, mostly
7-nerved. Rootlets several. — Common in ponds and pools.
2. L. trisul'ea, L. Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
half an inch or more long, narrowed at the base into a
slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, obscurely 3-nerved.
Rootlet single^ oi^en wanting. — Ponds and springy places.
3. L. minor, L. Fronds round to elliptic-obovate, very
small. Rootlet single. — Stagnant waters.
2. WOLFF'IA, Horkel.
1. W. Columbia' na, Karsten. Globular or nearly so,
light green all over, not dotted. — Stagnant waters, usually
rather below the surface.
2. W. Brasilien'sis, Weddell. Oblong, deep green above,
pale below, dotted all over with brown. — With the last, but
floating.
Order XCVI. TYPHA'CE^. (Cat-tail Family.)
Aquatic or marsh herbs with linear sword-shaped leaves,
erect or floating, and monoecious flowers, either in separate
heads or on different parts of the same spike or spadix, but
without a spathe, and destitute of true floral envelopes.
Fruit an achene, 1-seeded
HyuoiiHiti of the <iien«ra.
1. Typiia. Flowers in a very dense and long cylindrical terminal
spike, the upper ones staminate, the lower pistillate, the ovaries
•
220 • COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
long - stalked and surrounded by copious bristles forming the
down of the fruit. Leaves sword-shaped, erect, sheathing the
stem below.
2. Sparga'nlnm. Flowers in separate globular heads along the upper
part of the stem, the higher ones staminate, the lower ones pistil-
late, each ovary sessile and surrounded by a few scales not unlike
a calyx. Both kinds of heads leafy-bracted. Leaves flat or tri-
angular, sheathing the stem with their bases.
1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail Flag.
1. T. latifolia, L. (Common Cat-tail.) Stem 5-8 feet
high. Leaves flat. No space between the staminate and
pistillate parts of the spike. — Marshy places.
2. S, angUStifo'lia, L. (Narrow-leaved or Small Cat-'
TAIL.) Leaves channelled towards the base, narrowly linear.
The two ppT'ts of the spike usually with an interval between
them. — Central and eastern Ontario.
2. SPARGA'NUJM, Tourn. Bur-reed.
1. S. euryear'pum, Engelm. stem erect, stout, 2-4 feet
high. Leaves mostly flat on the upper side, keeled and hol-
low-sided on the lower. Heads several, panicled-spiked, the
pistillate an inch across in fruit. Nutlets or achenes with a
broad abruptly-pointed top. — Borders of slow waters and
ponds.
2. S. simplex, Huds. Stem slender, erect, 6-24 inches
high. Leaves more or less channelled and 3-angled, about one-
third of an inch wide. Fertile heads about half an inch
broad in fruit. Stigma linear. — Borders of ponds, etc.
Var. andrOC'ladum, Engelm., {S. androcladmn, Morong.)
is stouter and taller, with usually broader leaves, and
branching inflorescence. Fruiting heads also somewhat
larger.
Var. angUStifO'lium, Engelm., (<S. a^ne, Schnitzlein.) is
verj'- slender, with leaves floating, long and narrow and flat.
Inflorescence simple, and fruiting heads smaller.
3. S. minimum, Fries. Usually floating, with very
slender stems, and thin flat narrow leaves. Fertile heads
only 1 or 2. Stigma oval. Fruit oblong-obovate, pointed,
somewhat triangular.
NAIADACEiE.
091
eaves, and
somewhat
Order XCVII. NAIADA'CE^. (Pondweed Family.)
Immersed aquatic herbs, with jointed stems and sheathing
stipules. Leaves flat, immersed or floating. Flowers per-
fect or imperfect, inconspicuous, naked, or with a free scale-
like calyx. Ovaries 1-celled, 1-seeded, solitary or 2-4, and
distinct.
Synopsis of the (ieucrii.
* Moioers perfect , in spikes or clusters.
1. Potamoge'ton. Flowers with sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries
«aeh 4.
* * Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, m,o?tatidrous.
2, Nal'as. Flowers dicEei(JU3. Ovaries solitary and naked. Stigmas -
or 4, awl-shaped. Staminate flower (of 1 stamen) enclose .i in a
membranous spathe. Stems floating. Leaves linear, opposite,
somewhat crowded into whorls, sharp toothed, sessile and spread-
ing at the base.
5. ZannlchPll'iu. Flowers monoecious, usually both kinds in the same
axil. Ovaries 2-5, from a cup-shaped involucre. Leaves liiiear-
thread-form, entire.
4. Zoste'ra. Flowers mona>cious, Lhe two kinds naked and sessile,
arranged alternately in 2 vortical rows on the inner side of a lc:it-
like enclosed spadix. Sterile flowers of sinj,^le sessile l-celU'd
anthers ; the fertile of single ovate-oblong ovaries. Stigmas 2,
bristle-form, deciduous.
1. POTAHOGE'TON, Tourn. PuNDWEEn.
* Leaves of 2 sorts, the floating ones icith a dilated )>t;tioled blade, differ-
ent in form from the submeryed. ones,
1. P. natans, L. Submerged leaves grass-like or capillary ;
upper stipules very long, acute. Spikes cylindrical, all out
of the water. Stem hardly branched. Floating leaves long-
petioled, elliptical, with a somewhat heart-shaped base, with
a blunt apex, 21-29-nerved.
2. P. Clayto'nii, Tuckerman. Stem compressed. Sub-
merged leaves linear, 2-5 inches long, 2-ranked, 5-nerved ;
stipules obtuse. Floating leaves short- pet ioled, chiefly oppo-
site, oblong, 11-17-nerved. SjHkes all above water.
3. P. Spiril'lus, Tuckerman. Stems very shinder. Float-
ing leaves when present oval to lanceolate, about as long as
222
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
the petiole ; submerged leaves narrowly linear, or the upper
ones broad-linear, or lance-oblong. Emersed flowers in
many-flowered spikes ; submersed flowers usually solitary.
Fruit either winged and 4-5- toothed, or wingless and entire.
4. P. rufes'cens, Schrad. Stem simple. Submersed
leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong ; floating
leaves (often wanting) wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a
short petiole, 11-17-nerved. Spike dense, many-flowered.
Fruit obovate, lenticular, with acute margin, and pointed
with the long style.
5. P. flu'itans, Eoth. (P. lonchites, Tuckerm.) Stem
often branching below. Submersed leaves very long, lance-
olate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved ; floating leaves lance-
oblong, or oblong-elliptical, long-petioled, 17-23- nerved.
Spike dense. Fruit obliquely obovate, 3-keeled when dry,
the middle one winged above. — In streams mostly.
6. P. amplifo'IiUS, Tuckerman. Submersed leaves large,
lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, recurved, wavy ;
stipules long and tapering. Floating leaves large, oblong
or lance-ovate, or slightly cordate, long-petioled, 30-50-
nerved.
7. P. heterophyl'lUS, Schreb. (P. gramineus, Fries.)
Stem slender, very much branched below. Submersed leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, 3-7-
nerved, upper ones petioled, lower sessile ; floating leaves
variable, with short blunt points, 9-15-nerved. Stipules
obtuse. . ,
8. P. Ziz'ii, Mert. and Koch. (P. lucens, var. minor,
Nolte.) Much branched at the base. Upper leaves long-
petioled and sometimes emersed, the others nearly sessile,
all usually numerous, wavy and shining. Resembling the
next species, but smaller.
* * Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, membranaceous
and dilated. Stipules obtuse, becoming loose.
9. P. lucens, L. Stem thick, branching. Leaves petioled
oval or lanceolate, mucronate, frequently shining. Fruit
roundish, compressed, with blunt edges, slightly keeled.
NAIADACEiE.
223
ranaceous
10. P. prSBlon'gUS, Walfen. Stem very long and branch-
ing. Leaves all submersed and similar, lanceolate, half-
clasping, with a boat-shaped cavity at the end. Spikes
loose-flowered with very long peduncles. Fruit sharply
keeled when dry. Stem white. — Ponds and large rivers.
11. P. perfolia'tUS, L. Leaves all submersed, varying
in width from orbicular to lanceolate, clasping by a heart-
shaped base. Stem branching.
Var. lanceola'tUS, Bobbins, has long-lanceolate acum-
inate leaves. Peduncles thickened upward.
* * * Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, linear or bristle-
like.
12. P. COmpreSSUS, Fries. (P. zostercefolius , Schum., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves linear, grass-like, sessile,
abruptly pointed, with three large nerves and many fine ones.
Stem branching, wing-flattened. Stipules iree from the
sheathing base of the leaf. Spikes cylindrical.
13. P. pauciflo'rus, Pursh. Stem filiform, flattish and
much branched. Leaves narrowly-linear, acute, obscurely
3-nerved. Spikes capitate.
14. P. pusil'lus, L. Stem slender, somewhat flattish,
often much branched. Leaves narrate- or setaceous-linear,
1-8-nerved, with translucent glands on each side at the base.
15. P. mUCronat'US, Schrad. Like the last, but the stem
less branching, and the leaves iroader* (nearly an inch wide),
often 5-nerved.
16. P. pectina'tUS, L. Leaves bristle-shaped. Stem
repeatedly forking, filiform. Spikes interrupted, on long
slender peduncles. Stipules united with the sheathing base of
the leaf.
17. P. Robbin'Sii, Oakes. Leaves narrowly lanceolate
or linear, crowded in 2 ranks, recurved, serrulate, many-
nerved. Stems rigid with numerous branches. Fruit
keeled with a broadish wing. Stipules united with the
sheathing base of the leaf.
*]|^
4k
mm
■i
1
224
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. NAl'AS, L. Naiad.
N. flex'ilis, Rostk. and Schmidt. Stems very slender*
Leaves very narrowly linear, minutely serrulate.
3. ZANNICHEL'LIA, Micheli. Horned Pondweed.
Z. palUS'tris, L. Fruit obliquely oblong, flattish and
somewhat incurved. Style half as long as the nutlet.
4. ZOSTE'RA, L. Eei.-grass. Grass- wrack.
Z. mari'na, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5 nerved. — AtL Sea-
coast, I^ shoal water.
II. PETALOI'DEOUS DIVISION.
Flowers with a perianth coloured like a corolla.
Order XC VIII. ALISMA'CE^. (Water Plantain F.)
Marsh herbs, with flowers having 3 distinct sepals and
3 distinct petals, pistils either apocarpous or separating at
maturity into distinct carpels, and hypogynous stamens 6-
many. Flowers on scapes or scape-like stems. Leaves
sheathing at the base either rush-like or, when broad, mostly
heart-shaped or arrow-shaped.
Synopsis of the Clenera*
* Calyx and corolla both greenish. Carpels more or less united^ dttf^
spreading at maturity. Leaves rush-like and fleshy, or
grass-like.
1. TriiElo'cbin* Flowers small, in a spike or close raceme, without
bracts. Carpels united to the top ; when ripe, splitting away from
a central persistent axis.
2. Scheachze'ria. A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstocK,
and grass-lilie leaves. Stamens 6. Carpels 3, globular, nearly
distinct.
(These two genera are included in Naiadaceae in Macoun's Catalogue.)
** Calyx green, persistent. Corolla white. Pistil apocarpous, fjeaves
loith distinct blades and petioles.
S Alls' nia. Flowers perfect. Stamens usually 6. Carpels numerous,
in a ring'. Leaves all radical. Scapes with whorlett jpunicle^.
branches. . ■ ■ . , I'j
ALISMACEiE.
225
4. Saieltta'rla* Mowers moncecious, aometimes dioecious. Stamens
numerous. Carpels numerous, in more or less glolmlar heads.
Leaves arrow-shaped, hut varyiuf? greatly. Flowors mostly in
whorla of 3 on the scapes, the sterile ones uppermost.
1. TRIGLO'CHIN, L. Aruow GRASS.
1. T. palus'tre, L. A slender rush-like plant, 6-18 inches
high, found growing in bogs northward. Carpels 3, awl-
pointed at the base, splitting away from below upwards.
Spike or raceme slender, 3 or 4 inches long.
2. T. marit'imum, L. The whole plant is stouter than
No. 1, and the carpels are usually 6 in number. — Atl. sea-
coast, and saline marshes.
2. SCHEIJCHZE'RIA, L. Scheuchzeria.
S. palustris, L. stem zigzag. Flowers in a loose tc : ■ .inal
raceme, with sheathing bracts. — Bogs.
3. ALIS'MA, L. Water- Plantain.
A. Planta'gO, L., -^ar. America' num, Gray. Leaves
long-petioled, mostly oblong-heart-shaped, but often nar-
rower, 3-9-nerved or ribbed, and with cross veinlets between
the ribs. Flowers small, white, in a large and loose com-
pound panicle. — Low and marshy places, often growing in
the water.
4, SAGITTA'RIA, L. Arrow-head.
* Filaments narrow, as long as the anthers.
1. S. varia'bilis, Engelm. Very variable in size and in
the shape of the leaves. Scape angled. — Common every-
where in shallow water.
Var. ObtUSa, Engelm., is dioecious, and has large obtuse
leaves.
Var. latifolia, Engelm., is monoecioud, with large broad
acute leaves.
Var. angUStifo'lia, Engelm., has narrow leaves, with
long and linear diverging lobes.
* * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base.
2. S. heterophyl'la, Pursh. Scape weak and at length
procumbent. Leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, entire, or
with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages.
226
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
r.
3. S. gVSiinin' eSif Michx. Scape very slender, erect.
Leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, scarcely ever
sagittate.
4. S. calyei'na, Engelm., var. spongiOSa, Engelm.
Scape weak, and at length usually procumbent. Fertile
flowers perfect. Leaves broadly halberd-shaped with wide-
spreading lobes. Submerged leaves without blades. — Atl.
Prov.
Order XCIX. HYDROCHARIDA'CEiE. (Frog's-bit F.)
Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamo-dioecious flow-
ers on scape-like peduncles from a kind of spathe of one or
two leaves, the perianth in the fertile f owers of 6 pieces
united below into a tube which is adherent to the ovary.
Stigmas 3. Fruit ripening under water.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Elode'a. Growing under water, the pistillate flowers alone coming
to the surface. Stem leafy and branching. Perianth of the fertile
flowers with a 6-lobed spreading limb, the tube prolonged to an
extraordinary length, thread-like. Leaves crowded, pellucid, 1-
nerved, sessile, whorled In threes or fours. Stamens 3-9.
2. Yalllsne'ria. Nothing but the pistillate flowers above the surface,
these on scapes of great length, and after fertilization drawn
below the surface by the spiral coiling of the scapes. Tube of
the perianth not prolonged. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-
like.
(In both genera the staminate flowers break off spontaneously and
float on the surface around the pistillate ones, shedding their pollen
upon them.)
ELOH>E'A, Michx. Water-weed.
E. Canadensis, Michx. (Anach'aris Canadensis, Plan-
chon.) — Common in slow waters.
9. YALLISNE'KIA, L. TAPEV-aBASS. EEL-GRASS.
V. spira'lis, L. Leaves 1-2 feet long. — Common in slow
waters.
Order C. ORCHIDAXEiE. (Orchis Family.)
Herbs, well marked by the peculiar arrangement of the
stamens, these being gpnandrous, that is, borne on oradher-
l!
!l
ORCHIDACEJE.
227
ent to the stigma or stylo. There is also usually but a
single stamen, of two rather widely separated anthers, but
in the last genus of the following list there are 2 distinct
stamens, with the rudiment of a third at the back of the
stigma. As explained in Part I., sections 90-93, the Orchids
as a rule require the aid of insects to convey the pollinia, or
pollen-masses, to the stigma, but occasionally it happens
that when the anther-cells burst open the pollinia fall for-
ward and dangle in front of the viscid stigma beneath,
being sooner or later driven against it either by the wind or
by the head of some insects in pursuit of honey. In all cases
where the student meets with an Orchid in flower, he should,
by experiment, endeavour to make himself acquainted with
the method of its fertilization.
The Orchis family is a very large one, there being prob-
ably as many as 3,000 different species, but the greater
number are natives of tropical regions. Many of them are
epiphytes, or air-plants, deriving their support chiefly from
the moisture of the air, through their long aerial roots
which never reach the ground. The perianth in many
species, and particularly the labellum^ or lip, assumes the
most fantastic shapes, making the plants great favourites
for hot-house cultivation. In Canada the representatives of
this great Order, though not very numerous, are among the
most interesting and beautiful of our wild flowers. They
are, as a rule, bog-plants, and will be found in flower in
early summer.
Synopsis of the Genera.
* Anther only one, hut of 2 cells, these separated in the first genus.
-»- Lip with a spur underneath. Anther on the face of the stigmo..
1. Orchis. The 3 sepals and 2 of the petals erect and ari'hinj? over the
centre of the flower ; the lip turned down. The 2 glands or viscid
disks of the base of the pollen-masses enclosed in a little pouch
just over the concave stigma. Leaves 2, large. Flowers few, in
a spike.
2. Habena'rla. The lateral sepals usually spreading. The glands or
viscid disks of the pollen-masses not enclosed in a covering.
Flowers in spikes.
...jtf
228
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
1
!
i ■
1
li:
V
i
1;
■H
■*- -f Lip without a spur. Anther on the back of the column. ^
** Flowers small, white, in a slender sjnke.
3. Splran'thcs. Spike (of white or whitigh flowers) more or less spir-
ally twisted. Sepals and petals narrow and generally connivent.
Lip oblong, the lower part embracing the column, and ivith a pro-
tuberance on each side of the base.
4. Goodye'ra. Flowers very much as in Spiranthes, but the lip sac-
shaped, and without protuberance at the base. Leaves white-
veiny, in a tuft at the base of the scape.
♦♦ ♦♦ Flowers racemose, varying from greenish-yelloto to purple. Stem
very leafy.
5. Epipac'tls. Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, leafy. Leaves broadly ovate,
the upper narrower. Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading.
Lip deeply concave at the base, constricted and somewhat joined
in the middle, dilated and petaloid above. Anther sessile behind
the stigma, on a slender-jointed base. Ovaries reflexed at ma-
turity.
•«- -^ -^ Lip without a spur
Anther on the apex of the style, hinged like
a lid.
♦* Pollen-masses 2 or 4, potodery or pulpy, without stalk or gland.
6. Lis'tera. Flowers small, greenish or brownish-purple, in a spike or
raceme. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile roundish leaves
near the middle. Lip flat, mostly drooping, 2-lobed at the apex.
7. Calopo'gon. Ovary not twisted, thelip consequently ttirned towards
the stem. Flowers large, pink-purple, 2-6 at the summit of the
scape ; the lip spreading at the outer end, and beautifully bearded
above with coloured hairs. Leaf grass-like, only one. Pollen-
masses 4. ,
8. Arethii'sa. Flower solitary, large, rose-purple. Lip dilated, re-
curved, spreading at the end. Sepals and petals lanceolate, nearly
alike, arching over the column. Pollen-masses 4. Scape low,
sheathed, from a globular solid bulb, with a single linear-nerved
leaf hidden in the sheaths of the scape.
9. Pogo'nta. Flower solitary, irregular, large, sweet-scented, pale
rose-colour or white. Column club-shaped. Lip crested and
fringed. Pollen-masses 2. Stem 6-9 inches high, with a single
oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle, and a smaller one, or
bract, near the flower.
♦+ ♦♦ Pollen-masses 4, smooth and waxy, attached directly to a large
gland : no stalks.
10. Calyp'so. Flower solitary, large, showy, variegated with purple,
pink, and yellow. Lip large, inflated, sac-shaped, 2-pointed under
the apex. Scape short, from a solid bulb, with a single ovate or
slightly heart-shaped leaf below.
or less spir-
r connivent.
with a pro-
the lip sac-
saves white-
irple. Stem
oadly ovate,
I, spreading,
what joined
issile behind
lexed at ma-
!, hinged like
or gland.
in a spilte or
ndish leaves
it the apex, t
"tied toivards
mmit of the
ully bearded
ne. Pollen-
dilated, re-
olate, nearly
Scape low,
near-nerved
rented, pale
crested and
'^ith a single
aller one, or
y to a large
ivith purple,
)inted under
gle ovate or
ORCIIIDACEiE.
229
11
13
♦♦♦*♦* Pollen-maasea 4: no stalks or glands.
MlcroH'tyllH. Small herbs from solid bulbs ; the scape bearing a
single leaf and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. Column
very small, terete, with 2 teeth at the top, and the anther between
them. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading.
LIp'arlH. Small hcr))s from solid bulbs; the low scape bearing 2
radical leaves and a raceme of a few greenish flowers. Column
elongated. Incurved, margined at the apex. Petals threadlike or
linear, spreading. Anther lid-like.
Corallorhl'za. Brownish or yellowish platits, with the small dull
flowers in spikes or scapes which are leafless or have mere sheaths
instead of leaves. Rootstocks branching and coral-like. Peri-
anth gibbons or slijhtiy spurred below. Lip with 2 ridges on the
inner part of the fiice.
14. Aplec'trnni. Somewhat like the last, but the perianth is not gib-
bous beloiv, and the rootstock, instead of being coral-like, is slen-
der, and produces each year a solid bulb or corm. Lip with 3
ridges on the palate. Scape with 3 greenish sheaths below.
** Anthers 2, owe on each aide of the stigma, and a triangtdar body,
tvhich is the ru(li,netit of a third, at the back of the stigma. Pollen
loose and poicdery or pulpy.
15. Cyprlpe'<liuni. Lip a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which
the style is declined. Sepals and the other petals much alike, the
former apparently only 2, two of them being generally united into
one under the lip. Leaves large, many-nerved. Flowers solitary
or few.
1. ORCHIS, L. Orchis.
0. specta'bilis, L. (Showy Orchis.) Scape 4-angled,
4-7 inches high, bearing a few flowers in a spike. The
arching upper lip pink -purple, the labellum white; each
flower in the axil of a leaf-like bract.
8. HABENA'RIA, Willd., R. Br. Rein-Orchis.
1. H. tridenta'ta, Hook. Spike few-flowered, the flowers
very small, greenish- white. Lip wedge-shaped, truncate and
3-toothed at the apex. Spur slender, longer than the ovary,
curved upwards. Stem less than a foot high, slender, with
one oblanceolate leaf below and 2 or 3 much smaller ones
above. — Wet woods.
2. H. vires' cens, Spreng. stem 10-20 inches high. Spike
of small greenish flowers at first dense, with the bracts
longer than the flowers, at length long and loose. Lip
'if:
230
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
oblong, almost truncate at the tip ; a tooth on each side at
the base, and a nasal protuberance on the face. Spur slen-
der, club-shaped. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
the upper ones gradually narrowing and passing into bracts.
— Wet places.
3. H. Vir'idis, R. Br., var. braeteata, Reichenbach. {H.
hracteata, B. Br., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Spike many-
Jlowered, clone. ¥\owers smaW, greenish. Lip oblong-linear,
2-3-lobed at the tip, much longer than the very short and sac-
like spur. Stem 6-12 inches high, leafy, the lower leaves
obovate, the upper oblong or lanceolate, gradually reduced
to bracts uiuch longer than the flowers.
4. H. hyperbo'rea, E.. Br. Spike many-flowered, long
and dense. Flowers small, greenish. Lip lanceolate, entire,
about the same length as the slender incurved spur. Stem
G-24 inches high, very leafy, the leaves lanceolate and erect,
and the bracts longer than the flowers. — Bogs and wet
woods.
5. H. dilata'ta, Gray. Not unlike No. 4, but more slen-
der and with linear leaves and white flowers.
6. H. rotundlfO'lia, Bichardson. {Orchis rotundifolia,
Gray, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Spike few-flowered, loose.
Flowers rose-purple, the lip usually white, spotted with purple,
,3-lobed, the middle larger and notched, longer than the
slender spur. Stem 5-9 inches high, naked and scape-like
above, bearing a single roundish leaf at the base. — Bogs and
wet woods. . •
7. H. obtusa'ta, Richardson. Stem as in the last, but
the leaf is obovate or spathulate-oblong. Spike few-flowered,
the flowers greenish-ichite. Upper sepal broad and rounded,
the others and the petals lance-oblong. Lip entire, deflexed,
as long as the tapering and curving spur. — Bogs.
8. H. Hf^Ok'eri, Torr. Spike many -flowered, strict.
Flowers yellowish- green, the lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved;
petals lance-awl- shaped. Spur slender, acute, nearly an inch
long. Stem scapo-liko above, 2-leaved at the base^ the leaves
orbicular. — Woods.
Jm*.
ORCHIDACE^.
231
Var. Oblongifo'lia, J. A. Paine, has ohlong leaves.
9. H. Orbicula'ta, Torr. Spike many-flowered, loose and
spreading . Flowers greenish-ichite. Lip narrowly linear,
obtuse. Spur curved, more than an inch long, thickened
towards the apex. Scape 2-leaved at the base, the leaves
very large, orbicular and lying flat on the ground, shining
above, silvery beneath. — Kich woods.
10. H. blephariglot'tis, Hook. (White Fringed-Orchis.)
Spike many-flowered, open. Flowers white, very handsome ;
the lip fringed, but not lobed, at the apex. Spur thread-
shaped, three times as long as the lip. Stem a foot high,
leafy ; the leaves oblong or lanceolate, the bracts shorter
than the ovaries. — Peat-bogs, etc.
11. H. leucophse'a, Gray. (Greenish Fringed-Orchis.)
Spike as in the last, but the flowers greenish or yellowish-
white. Petals obovate, minutely cut- toothed. Lip 3- parted
above the stalk-like base, the divisions fan-shaped, fringed.
Spur gradually thickened dowmcard, longer than the ovary.
Stem leafy, 2-4 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; bracts
a little shorter than the flowers. — Wet meadows.
12. H. la'eera, B. Br„ (Ragged Fringed-Orchis.) Like
the last, but the petals are oblong-linear and entire. The
divisions of the lip also are narrovj and the fringe is less
copious. — Bogs and rich woods.
13. H. psyeo'des, Gray. (Purple FiungeI'-Orchis.) Spike
cylindrical, many-flowered, theflowers pink- pur pie, fragrant.
Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divi-
sions fringed. Spur curved, somewhat thickened down-
ward, very long. — Low grounds.
14. H. flmbria'ta, R. Br. Resembling the last, but the
flowers 3 or 4 times larger, and tho petals toothed down the
sides. Divisions of the large lip more fringed. Spike loosely
flowered. — Wet meadows, chiefly eastward.
3. 8PIRAX'TIIE.S, RIcliard.. Lapiks' Tuesseb.
1. S. latifO'Iia, Torr. Flowers white, in 3 ranks, forming
a narrow spike. Lip oblong, yellowish on tho face, not
'■''!&%
' 1
FtiiiiilHili
t
232
COMMON CANADIAN V.'ILD PLANTS.
contracted in the middle, wavy-crisped at the blunt apex.
Stem nearly naked. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong. — Moist
banks.
2. S. Romanzovia'na, Chamisso. S^ ike dense, oblong
or cylindrical. Flowers pure white, in 3 ranks in the spike.
Lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the wavy recurved apex..
Sepals and petals all connivent above. Beak of the stigma 2-
horned, short. Stem 5-15 inches high, leafy below, leafy-
bracted above ; the leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear. — Cool
bogs.
3. S. cer'nua, Richard. Resembling the last, but the
lower sepals are not upturned or connivent with the upper.
Margins of the lower lip much incurved. Gland of the
stigma linear, in a long and slender beak. — V.^et places.
4. S. gfrac'ilis, Bigelow. Flowers in a single spirally-
twisted rank at the summit of the very slender scape. Leaves
with blades all in a cluster at the base, ovate or oblong.
Scape 8-18 inches high. — Sandy plains and pine barrens.
4. GOODYE'BA, R. Br. Rattle-snake Plantain.
1. G. repens, R. Br. Flowers in a loose 1-sided spike.
Lip with a recurved tip. Scape 5-8 inches high. Leaves
thickish, petioled, intersected with whitish veins. — Woods,
usually under evergreens.
2. G. pubes'cens, R. Br. Spike not 1-sided. Plant rather
larger than the last, and the leaves more strongly white-
veined. — Rich woods.
3. G. Menzies'ii, Lindl., is found in the north-western
part of Ontario. The leaves are less white-veiny than the
preceding, and the column is continued above the stigma into
a conspicuous aid-shaped beak. The lip, also, is hardly, if at
all, saccate below.
5. EPIPAC'TIS, Haller.
E. Hellebori'ne, Crantz. Near Toronto, on the bank of
the Humber, and at Montreal.
X*.
OROHIDACEiE.
233
blunt apex,
mg.— Moist
«
ase, oblong
n the spike,
urved apex..
le stigma 2-
low, leafy-
near. — Cool
st, but the
the upper,
and of the
>laces.
le spirally-
pe. Leaves
or oblong,
barrens.
\IN.
ided spike.
h. Leaves
s. — Woods,
lant rather
igly white-
•th-western
y than the
stigma into
ardly, if at
he bank of
6. LIS'TERA, R. Br. Twayblade.
1. L. eOPda'ta, R. Br. Racemes crowded ; pedicels not
longer than the ovary. Lip linear, 2-cleft. Column very
short. — Damp cold woods.
2. L. COnvallarioi'des, Nutt. Racemes loose and slender;
pedicels longer than the ovary. Lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed.
Column longer than the last. — Damp thickets.
«
1. €ALOPO'GON, R. Br. Calopogon.
C. pulehel'lus, R. Br. Leaf linear. Scape a foot high.
Flowers an inch across. — Bogs.
8. ARETHIJ'SA, Gronov. Arethusa.
A. bulbO'Sa, L. A beautiful little bog-plant, bearing a
single large flower (rarely 2), with the lip bearded-crested on
the face.
9. rOGO'NIA, Juas. PoGONlA.
P. OphioglOSSOi'des, Nutt. A bog-plant. Sepals and
petals nearly equal and alike. Root of thick fibres.
10, CALYP'SO, Salisb. Calypso.
C. borea'lis, Salisb. A beautiful little plant growing in
mossy bogs. The lip woolly inside ; the petals and sepals
resembling each other, lanceolate, sharp-pointed. Column
winged.
II. ]III€KO!^'T¥Iili$, Nutt. Adder's Mouth.
1. M. monophyl'lOS, Lindl. Leaf sheathing the base of
the stem, ovate-elliptical. Raceme spiked, long and slen-
der. Lip long-pointed. — Cold swamps.
2. M. ophioglOSSOi'des, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of
the stem, ovate, clasping. Raceme s^oW. Lip 3-toothed. —
Damp woods, not so common as the last.
12. LIT' ARIS, Richard. Twayrlade.
L. LCBSe'lii, Ricliard. Lip yollowish-groen, mucronate,
shorter than the unequal petals and sepals. Leaves eilip-
tioal-lancoolato or oblong, keeled. — Bogs.
.!■
234
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
M
13. CORALLORHI'ZA, Haller. Coral-root.
1. C. inna'ta, B. Br. Flowers small ; the lip whitish or
purplish, often crimson-spotted, 3-lobed above the base.
Spur very small. Stem slende^, brownish-yellow, with a
few-flowered spike. — Swamps.
2. C. multiflO'ra, Nutt. Spike many-flowered. Stem
purplish, stout. Lip deeply 3-lobed. Spur more prominent
than in No. 1. — Dry woods.
3. C. MacrSB'i, Gray. {C striata^ Lindl., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Spike crowded, of numerous large flowers, all
the parts of the perianth strikingly marked with 3 dark lines.
Lip not lobed. Spur none, but the base of the perianth
gibbous. — Rich woods ; not common.
14. APLEC'TRimi, Nutt. Putty-root. Adamand-Eve.
A. hyema'le, Nutt. Scape a foot high. Perianth green-
ish-brown.— Rich mould in woods.
15. CYPBIPE'DIIJM, L. LADY'S Slipper. Moccasin-flower.
* The three sepals separate.
1. C. arieti'num, R. Br. (Ram's-head Lady's Slipper.)
The smallest species. Stem slender, 6-10 inches high, leafy.
Leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly smooth. Lip only
half an inch, red and whitish veiny, prolonged at the apex
into a deflexed point. — Swamps ; rare.
* * Two sepals uyiited into one piece under the lip.
2. C. parviflo'rum, Salisb. (Smaller Yellow Lady's
Slipper.) Stem leafy to the top, 1-3-flowered. Lip yellow,
flattish above, rather less than an inch long. Sepals and
petals wavy-twisted, bro vnisn, jiointed, longer than the lip.
— Bogs and wet woods.
3. C. pubes'cens, Willd. (Larger Yellow L.) Lip flat-
tened laterally, rounded above, larger than No. 2, but the
two species are not sufficiently distinct.
4. C. specta'bile, Swartz. (Showy L.) Lip very large,
white, pinkish in front. Sepals and petals rounded, white,
not longer than the lip. — Bogs.
whitish or
the base.
w, with a
ed. Stem
prominent
Macoun's
flowers, all
dark lines.
e perianth
)-EVE.
nth green-
-FLOWER.
i Slipper.)
ligh, leafy.
. Lip only
t the apex
3W Lady's
jip yellow,
Sepals and
an the lip.
I Lip flat-
2, but the
very large,
ded, whiie,
IRIDACE.^.
235
5. C. acau'le. Ait. (Stemless L.) Scape naked, 2-leaved
at the base. 1-flowered. Lip rose- pur pie, split down the whole
length in front, veiny. Sepals and petals greenish. — Dry or
moist woods, under evergreens.
Order CI. IRIDA'CEiE. (Iris Family.)
Herbs with ec[uitant leaves and perfect flowers. The 6
petal-like divisions of the perianth in 2 (similar or dissimi-
lar) sets of 3 each ; the tube adherent to the 3-celled ovary.
Stamens 3, distinct or monadelphous, opposite the 3 stigmas,
and with anthers extrorse, that is, on the outside of the fila-
ments, facing the divisions of the perianth and opening on
that side. Flowers from leafy bracts. (See Part I., sections
88 and 89.)
SyuopsLs of the Geiiern.
1. Iris. The 3 outer divisions of the peri.anth reflexed, the 3 inner erect
and smaller. Stamens distinct, the anther of each concealed
under a flat and petal-like archinp: stigma. The styles below
adherent to the tube of the perianth. Pod 3-angled. Flowers
blue, large and showy. Leaves sword-shaped or grass-like.
2. Slsyrln'chluni. The 6 divisions of the perianth alike, spreading.
Stamens monadelphous. Stigmas thread-like. Pod globular, 3-
angled. Stems 2-edged. Leaves grass-like. Flowers blue, clus-
tered, from 2 leafy bracts. Plants low and slender.
1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce.
1. L versic'Olor, L. (^Larger Blue Flag.) Stem stout
andleafy, from a thickened rootstock. Leaves sword-shaped,
Flowers violet-blue, 2 or 3 inches long. Inner petals much
smaller than the outer. — Wet places.
2. L prismat'iea, Pursh. (Slender Blue Flag.) Dis-
tinguished from the last by its very slender stem and nar-
rowly linear leaves. Tube of the flower very short. — Atl.
sea-coast.
3. L laeus'triS, Nutt. (Lake Dwarf Iris.) Stem low,
3-6 inches high. Inner petals nearly equal to the outer.
Tube of the perianth slender, less than an inch long, dilated
upwards, rather shorter tlian the divisions of the perianth.
Leaves lanceolate, 3-5 inches long.— Shore of Lake Huron
ft
236
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. SISYRIW'CHIVAI, L. Blue-eyed Grass.
1. S. angUStifO'lium, Mill. {S. Bermudiana, var. mttero-
naturti, Gray.) A pretty little plant, rather common in
moist meadows among grass. The divisions of the delicate
blue perianth obovate, notched at the end, and bristle-
pointed from the notch. The spathe solitary. Boots
fibrous.
2. S. anceps, Oav., {8. Bermudiana, var. anceps, Gray.)*
has the scape 6-18 inches high, and usually bearing 2 or
more peduncled spathes.
M i
Order CII. AMARYLLIDA'CE^. (Amaryllis F.)
Bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, with linear flat root-
leaves, and regular and perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube
of the petal-like 6-parted perianth adherent to the 3 -eel led
ovary. Lobes of the perianth imbricated in the bud. Style
single. Anthers introrse. — Represented with us by one
species of the genus
HYPOX'YS, L. Star-grass.
H. erecta, L. A small herb sending up a slender scapo
from a solid bulb. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than
the umbellately 1-4-flowered scape. Perianth hairy and
greenish outside, yellowish within, 6-parted nearly down
to the ovary. Stamens 6, sr.gittate. Pod indehiscent,
crowned with the withered perianth. — Meadows and open
woods.
Order GUI. DIOSCOREA'CE^. (Yam Family.)
Represented with us by the genus
moscORE'A, Plumier. Yam.
D. villo'sa, L. ("Wild Yam-root.) A slender twiner,
with knotted rootstocks, and net- veined, heart-shaped, 9-11-
ribbed petioled leaves. Flowers diiBcious, small, in axillary
racemes. Stamens 6. Pod with three large wings. — Re-
ported only from the warm and sheltered valley lying
SMILACE.E, LILIACE.E.
237
betwev3n Hamilton and Dundas, Ont., the l)ankd of the
Thames at London, Ont., and Niagara Falls.
Order CIV. SMILA'CEiE (Smilax Family.)
Climbing plants, more or less shrubby, with alternate
ribbed and net-veined petioled leaves, and small ditt^^cious flow-
ers in umbels. Perianth regular, of 6 greenish sepals, free
from the ovary. Stamens as many as the sepals, with 1-
celled anthers. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 sessile
spreading stigmas. Fruit a small berry. Represented by
the single genus
SMIIiAX, Tourn. Green-Brikr. Cat-Brier.
{IncUided in Liliacea;, in Macoiui's Catalogue.)
1. S. his'pida, Muhl. Stem woody, dennely covered below
with long weak jjrickles. Leaves large, ovate or heart-shaped,
pointed, thin, 5-9 - nerved. Peduncles of the axillary
nmhela much longer than the petioles. Berry black. — Moist
thickets.
2. S. rotundifo'lia, L., var. quadrangularis, Gray {S.
quadrangularis ,'P\irsh., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem ivcody,
it and the branches armed with scattered prickles. Br.mches
4-angular. Peduncles not longer than the petioles. Leaves
ovate, broader than long, slightly cordate. Berry blue-
black. — South-western Ontario.
3. S. herba'cea, L. (Carrion-Flower.) Stem herbaceous,
not prickly. Leaves ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, 7-9-
ribbed, long-petioled, mucronate. Flowers carrion-scented.
Berry bluish-black. — Meadows and river banks.
Order CV. LILIA'CE^. (Lily Family.)
Herbs, distinguished as a whole by their regular and sym-
metrical flowers, having a 6-loaved perianth (but 4- leaved
in one species of Smilacina) free from the usually 3-celled
ovary, and as many stamens as divisions of tlio perianth
(one be/ore each) with 2-celled anthers. Fruit a pod or berry,
wlf
u*
i'ij
238
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
generally 3-celled. The outer and inner divisions of the
perianth coloured alike, except in the genus Tiillium. (See
Part. I., sections 82-87, for descrij^tion of typical plant of
this Order.)
Synop.sis of the Genera.
* Leaves net-veined, all in one or two whorls. The stem otherwise naked,
rising from a fleshy rootstock. Styles 3.
1. Tril'^iuni. Leaves 3, in a whorl at the top of the stem. Divisions
he perianth in 2 sets, the outer green, the inner coloured. (See
■ art I., sections 85 and 86.)
.:*-- ifS4'»?!. ola. Leaves in 2 whorls, the lower near the middle of the
ateni • id consisting of 5-9 leaves, the upper of (generally) 3 small
leavers ^^ ^ar the summit. Stem tall, covered with loose wool.
Flowers small, In an umbel. Divisions of the perianth alike,
greenish-yellow, recurved. Anthers turned outwards. Styles
thread-shaped. Berry globular or nearly so, dark purple.
* * Leaves straight-veined, linear, grass-like, alteriuite. Stem simple or
tufted. Styles 8.
3. ICygade'uns. Flowers rather large, perfect or polygamous, green-
ish-white, in a few-flowered panicle ; the divisions of the perianth
each with a conspicuous obcordate spot or gland on the inside,
near the narrowing base. Stem smooth and glaucous, from a
coated bulb.
4. Tofleld'ia. Flowers small, perfect, greenish-white, in a terminal
raceme or spike, which, however, develops from above downward ;
the pedicels in clusters cf 3, from little involucres of 3 bracts.
Pod triangular. Roots fibrous. Stem leafy at the base only, in
our species sticky. Leaves 2-ranked, equltant.
* * * Leaves straight-veined, but broad (not grass-like), alternate. Stem
from a rootstock of fibrous roots, at all events not from a bulb.
Style one, or more or less divided into 8 above.
■*- Perianth of completely separate pieces ( poly phyllous. )
5. Uvula' rla. ^tQva\(i&iy, forking above. Flowers yellow, at least an
inch long, drooping, lily-like, usually solitary (but occasionally
in pairs) at the end of the forks of the stem. Style deeply 3-
cleft. Pod triangular. Leaves clasping -perfoliate or sessile.
G. Cllnto'ula. Stemless, the naked scape sheathed at the base by 2, 3,
or 4 large oblong or oval, ciliate leaves. Flowers few, greenish-
yellow, in an umbel at the top of the scape. Filaments long and
slender. Style long, the stigmas hardly separate. Berry blue.
7. ProNar'tei«. Downy low herbs, branching above. Flowers greenish,
bell-shaped, rather large, solitary orin pairs, drooping on terminal
ns of the
im. (See
I plant of
tvise miked,
Divisions
>ured. (See
idle of the
lly)3small
oose wool,
inth al'ke,
Is. Styles
pie.
n simple or
ous, green -
le perianth
the inside,
LIS, from a
a terminal
Jownward ;
)f 3 bracts.
36 only, in
late. Stem
om a bulb,
213. J
fxt least an
casionally
deeply 3-
essile.
ise by 2, 3,
grcenish-
1 lonj? and
•y blue.
greenish,
1 terminal
LILIACE.^.
239
slender peduncles. Sepals taper-pointed. Stigmas 3. Leavos
ovate-oblung, taper-pointed, closely sessile, downy underneath.
Berry oblong or obovate, red.
8. Strcp'topim. Stem leafy and forking. Flowers small, not quite ^i
the axils of the ovate clasping leaves, om slender peduncles wliic
arebent near the middle. .Anthers arrow-shaped, 2-liorned at '' t
apex.
9. Yera'triim. Stem tall and stout, very leafy to the top, from a thick-
ened base, producing coarse fibrous roots. Flowers yellowish
green, in a pyramidal panicle of dense spike-like racemes.
Perianth somewhat spreading, slightly adherent to the ovary.
Filaments of the stamens recurved. Anthers kidney-shaped.
Styles 3.
-4- -t- Perianth of one xnece f(/amophyllous. J
10. Sniilnci'iin. Flowers small, white, ir terminal raceme. Perianth
G-parted, b?<i 4-paitedin one si)ecies. sp ading. Style short and
thick. Stigma obscurely lobed. ■Uam"ii;3 slender.
11. Polygoiia'tiini. Flowers small, greenish, nodding, mostly inpairs
in the axils of the nearly sessile ler^es. Perianth cylindrical, G-
lobed at the summit, the 6 stamens inserted on or above the middle
of the tube. Stem simple, fr \ a long and knotted rootstock.
Leaves glaucous beneath.
12. Aspar'agii.4. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, axillary, on jointed
pedicels. Perianth 6-parted, spreading above, the 6 stamens on
its base. Stigma 3-lobed. Berry globular, 3-celled. Stem much
branched. Leaves thread-like. Rootstock tliick and matted.
* * * * Leaves straight-veined, not grass-like. Stem usually from a
coated or scaly btdb. Style 1, not divided above, but the stigma
sometimes 3-lobed. Fnnt a pod, splitting open midioay between
the 2)artition8 flocidicidal.J
13. Lil'iiini. Stem leafy, from a scaly bulb, tlie leaves often lohorled or
crowded. Anthers at first erect, at length versatile. Style long,
rather club-shaped. Stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong. Flowers large
and showy , one or more.
14. Erytliro'nliini. For full description see Part I., sections 82 and 83.
(Dog's-tooth Violet.)
1.5. Allium. Scape naked, from a coated bull). Flowers in an umbel,
fromaspathe. Style thread-like. Strong-scented plants.
16. Hemerocal'IiH. Scape not from a bulb, but fnnn a fleshy-fibrous
root. Perianth large, orange-yellow, lily-like, tbe short tube en-
closing the ovary, the spreading limb 6-parted. Stamens G, on the
perianth. Leaves long, linear, keeled, In 2 ranks, at the base of
the scape. Flowers several, bracted.
m
m^'
1
'■■-(
240
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
1. TRIL'UCM, L. Wake-Robin.
1. T. grandiflo'rum, Salisb. (Large White Trillium.)
Leaves sessile, longer than broad. Peduncle erect. Petals
white (rose-coloured when old), obovate. — Rich woods.
2. T. Grectum, L. (T. erectumjJj.jy&v. atropurpureum,
Hook, in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Purple Trillium.) Leaves
sessile, about as broad as long. Peduncles erect. Petals dull
purple, ovate. — Rich woods. Var. album, with greenish-
white petals, is found along with the purple form. It does
not appear to be clearly distinguished from No. 1.
3. T. eer'nuum, L. Leaves sessile or nearly so, broadly
rhomboid, abruptly pointed. Peduncle recurved under the
leaves. Petals white, oblong-ovate, acute. — Chiefly east-
ward.
4. T. erjrthroear'pum, Michx. (Painted Trillium.)
Leaves distinctly petioled, rounded at the base. Petals pointed,
white, with purple stripes inside at the base. — Not uncom-
mon northward in damp woods and low grounds.
8. MEDE'OLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-boot.
M. Virgin'iea, L. Stem 1-3 feet high.— Rich woods.
3. ZYGADE'NVS, Mlchx. Zygadene.
Z. glaUCUS, Nutt. {Z. elegans, Pursh.) Not uncommon
in bogs and beaver-meadows northward. Leaves flat and
pale.
4. TOFIELD'IA, Hudson. FALSE Asphodel.
T. glutino'sa, Willd. Stem and pedicels very sticky
with dark glands. Leaves short. — Lake Huron coast.
5. UVULA' RIA, L. Bellwort.
1. U. grrandiflo'ra, Smith. Leaves clasping-perfoliate.
Rootstock short. — Rich woods.
2. U. sessilifO'lia, L. Leaves sessile or partly clasping,
lance-oblong. Rootstock creepivy. — Chiefly eastward.
• C. CLIXTO'XIA, Raf. ClintoniA.
C. borea'lis, Raf. Umbel 2-7-flowered. Leaves 5-8
inches lung. Perianth pubescent outside. — Damp woods,
often under evergreens.
LILIACEiE.
241
Trillium.)
d. Petals
ods.
urpureum,
M.) Leaves
Petals dull
greenish-
It does
0, broadly
under the
iefly east-
ruiLLiuM.)
Is pointed,
3t uncom-
T.
^'oods.
Lncommon
s flat and
ry sticky
>ast.
perfoliate.
clasping,
ard.
Baves 5-8
ip woods,
T. PROSAK'TEH, Don. Prosartes.
1. P. lanugrino'sa, Don. {Disporum lanuginosa, Don.,
in Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves taper-pointed. Fruit ob-
long, pointed. — Rich woods, western Ontario.
2. P. traehycar'pa, Watson, with whitish perianth,
ovate to oblong-lanceolate leaves, and broadly obovate fruit,
is not uncommon in the N.W.
8, STREP' TOPIJS, Michx. Twisted-Stalk.
1. S. ro'seus, Michx. Ylo^QTs rose-purple. Leaves green
both sides, finely ciliate. Stigma 3-cleft. — Damp woods.
2. S. amplSXifO'liUS, DC Flowers greenish - white.
Leaves very smooth, glaucous beneath. Stigma entire. —
Chiefly Atl. Prov. and N.W.
9. YERA'TRVM, L. False Hvlleboke.
V. vir'ide, Ait. (American White Hellebore. Indian
Poke.) Leaves broadly oval, pointed, sheath-clasping.
Segments of the perianth ciliate-serrulate. — Swamps and
low grounds, Atl. Prov. and Eastern Townships, Q.
10. SMILACI'NA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S Seal.
1. S. raeemo'sa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) Racemecom.
pound. Stem pubescent, 2 feet high. Leaves many, oblong,
taper-pointed, ciliate. Berries speckled with purple. — Rich
woods and thickets.
2. S. Stella'ta, Desf. Raceme simple. Stem nearly
smooth, 1-2 feet high. Leaves 7-12, oblong-lanceolate,
slightly clasping. Berries black. — Moist woods and copses.
3. S, trifo'lia, Desf. Raceme simple. Stem low (3-6
inches), glabrous. Leaves usually 3, oblong, the bases
sheathing. Berries red, — Bogs.
4. S. bifo'lia, Ker. , var. Canadensis, Gray. {Maianthe-
mum Canadense, Desf., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Disting-
uished at once by the 4-parted perianth and the 4 stamens.
Raceme simple. Stem 3-5 inches high. Leaves usually 2,
but sometimes 3. — Moist woods.
ii
'%
m
;ii
ffi
242
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
I if '!:;'!
11. POLYGONA'Trm, Tourn. Solomon's Seal.
1. P. biflo'rum, Ell. (Smaller Solomon's Seal.) Stem
slender, 1-3 feot high. Leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oblong.
Peduncles mostly 2 -flowered. Filaments hairy. — Rich
woods.
2. P. gigante'um, Dietrich, (Great S.) is occasionally
met with westward and south-westward. The stem is taller
and stouter than in the last, the peduncles sever al- flower ed^
and the filaments are not hairy.
18. ASPAK'ACIUS, L. ASPARAGUS.
A. Offlcina'lis, L. (Garden Asparagus.) Escaped from
gardens in a few places.
13. lilL'IVM, L. Lilt.
1. L. Philaderphicum, L. (Wild Orange- red Lily.)
Divisions of the perianth narrowed into claivs below, not
recurved at the top. Flowers erect, 1-3, orange, spotted
with purple inside. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper
mostly in whorls of 5-8. — Sandy soil.
2. L. Canadense, L. (Wild Yellow Lily.) Divisions
of the perianth recurved above the viiddle. Flowers nodding,
few, orange, spotted with brown inside. Leaves remotely
whorled, 3-ribbed. — Swamps and wet meadows.
3. L. SUper'bum, L. (L. Carolinianum, Michx, in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) (Turk's-Cap Lily.) Divisions of the
perianth very strongly recurved. Flowers nodding, often
numerous, in a pyramidal raceme, bright orange, dark-pur-
ple-spotted within. Lower leaves whorled, 3-ribbed or
nerved. Stem taller than either of the first two, 3-7 feet.
—Rich low grounds, commoner southward and south-west-
ward.
14. ERYTIIRO'NIIJM, L. DoG'S-TOOTH Violet.
1. E. America' num, Smith. (Yellow Adder's Tongue.)
Perianth light yeMow, sometimes spotted at the base. — Copses
and rich meadows.
2. E. arbidum, Nutt. (White Dog's-tooth Violet.)
Leaves less blotched than the last, Perianth pinkish-white.
— Not common.
JUNCACEiE.
243
..) stem
e-o'blong.
"y. — Rich
asionally
n is taller
I -flowered,
iped from
{.ED Lily.)
)elow, not
spotted
the upper
Divisions
s nodding,
i remotely
IX, in Ma-
Dns of the
ling, often
dark-pur-
-ribbed or
3, 3-7 feet,
louth-west-
;t.
s Tongue.)
56. — Copses
H. Violet.)
ikisli-white.
IS. AliLlir.W, L. Onion. Leek.
* liitlb cespitnse, crotcniug a rhizome.
1. A. tPiCOC'CUm, Ait. (Wild Leek.) Leaves 2 or 3,
flat, lance-oblong , 5-9 inches long, 12 inches wide, appear-
ing in early spring and withering before the flowers are
developed. Sepals white. Pod strongly 3-lobed. Scape 9
inches high. — Rich woods.
2. A. SehOBnop'rasum, L. (Chives.) Leaves linear,
hollow. Scape naked, or leafy at the base. Flowers rose-
purple, in a globular umbel. Sepals lanceolate, pointed.
Ovary not crested. — Margin of rivers, Atl. Prov. and north-
ward.
3. A. eer'nuum, Roth. (Wild Onion.) Scape naked,
angular, nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping
umbel of rose-coloured flowers. Leaves linear, flattened,
sharply keeled. Capsule 6-crested. — N.W.
* * Bulha mostly solitary. Leaves narrotoly linear.
4. A. Canadense, Kalm. (Wild Garlic.) Leaves nar-
rowly linear. Ovary crested with 6 teeth. Umbel few-
flowered, often bearing a head of bulbs instead of flowers.
Sepals pale rose-colour. — Along river-banks ; rather rare.
5. A. Stella'tum, Nutt. Scapo terete, G-18 inches high,
slender, bearing an erect umbel. Stamens and style exserted.
Bulb-coats membranous. Capsule 6-crested. — N.W., not
very common.
6. A. retieula'tum, Frasor. Scape 3-8 inches high.
Bulbs densely and coarsel3'- fibrous coated. Stamens not
exserted. Capsule crested. — ^i.W.
16. HE.WEROCAIi'MS, L. DaY-LilY.
H. fulva, L. (Common Day-Lily.) Innor divisions of the
tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Escaped from
gardens occasionally.
Order CVI. JUNCA'CEiE. TRush Family.)
Grass-like or sedge-like plants, with, however, flowers
similar in structure to those of the last Order. Perianth
greenish and o-lumaceous, of 6 divisions in 2 sets c '> each.
¥'
^f-.
M
244
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Stamens 6 (occasionally 3). Style 1. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-
celled, or 1-celled with 3 placentae on the walls. The plants
of the Order are not of any very great interest to the young
student, and the determination of the species is rather diffi-
cult. A brief description of a few of the most common is
given here, as an easy introduction to the study of the
Order with the aid of mote advanced text-books.
Synopsis of tbe Genera.
1. La'zula* Plant less than 1 foot h'gh. Leaves linear or lance-linear,
flat, usually hairy. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Flowers in umbels or
in spikes. Plants usually growing in dry ground.
2. Jancas. Plants always sviooth, growing in water or wet soil.
Flowers small, greenish or brownish, panicled or clustered. Pod
3-celled, many-seeded.
1. LIJ'ZVLA, ZjC. Wood-Rusu.
1. L. pilO'sa, Willd. (L. vemalis, DC.) Flowers um-
belled, long-peduncled, brown-coloured. Sepals pointed. —
Shady banks.
2. L,. campestris, DC, has the flowers (light brown) in
4-12 spikes, the spikes umbelled. Sepals bristle-pointed. —
Fields and woods.
2. J1I;VCVS, L. Rush.
* Scapes single and leafless, but ivith sheaths at the base. Flowers in
sessile panicles, apparently from the side of the scape, owing to
the invohicral leaj' being simitar to and continuing the scape.
1. J. effu'SUS, L. (Common or Soft Rush.) Scape 2-4
feet high, soft and pliant, furnished at the base with merely
leafless sheaths, the inner sheaths awned. Panicle many-
flowered. Flowers small, greenish, only 1 on each pedicel.
Stamens o. Pod greenish-brown, triangular-obovate, not
pointed . — Marshes .
2. J. fllifor'mis, L., has a very slender scape (1-2 feet
high), fewer flowers than No. 1, and 6* stamens in each. Pod
greenish, broadly ovate, and short- pointed. No leaves,
3. J. Bal'ticus, Dethard, var. littoralis, Engelm. Scape
rigid, 2-3 feet high. No leaves. Panicle loose. Flowers
brownish. Pod elliptical, somewhat triangular, obtuse but
pointed, deep-brown.
JUNCACE^.
245
3. Pod 3-
The plants
the young
•ather diffi-
common is
udy of the
lance-linear,
in umbels or
or wet soil.
istered. Pod
lowers um-
pointed. —
brown) in
)-pointed. —
!. Flowers in
ape. Giving to
ie scape.
Scape 2-4
vith merely
licle many-
ach pedicel,
jovate, not
pe (1-2 feet
each. Pod
eaves.
dm. Scape
0. Flowers
obtuse but
Var. monta'nus, Engelm. , has an ovate-pyramidal,
angled, and beaked capsule. — N.W.
**Stem leafy at the base or throughout ; the leaves flat or channelled
but never knotted. Panicle terviinal.
4. J. Styg'iUS, L. Scape slender, 1-3-leaved below, naked
above. Leaves thread-like, hollow, not knotted. Heads I.
or 2, of 3-4 flowers, about as long as the dry, awl-pointed
sheathing bract. Stamens 6. — Peat bogs, Atl. Prov.
5. J. Greenii, Oakes and Tuckerni. Stem slender, simple,
tufted. Leaves nearly terete, deeply channelled on the inner
side. Flowers solitary, panicled. The principal leaf of the
involucre usually much longer than the panicle. Pod ovoid-
oblong, obtuse, longer than the acute sepals. Seeds ribbed,
and delicately cross-lined. — Wet sandy places.
6. J. Va'seyi, Engelm. Stem slender, rigid, tufted, leafy
below, 12-30 inches high, not branching. Leaves nearly
terete, very ulightly channelled. Panicle longer than the
involucral leaf. Flowers greenish or light brown, few, often
1-sided. Pod oblong, retuse, greenish-brown. — Wet mea-
dows, N.W.
7. J. Gerard'i, Loisel. (Black Grass.) Stems rigid, 1-2
feet high. Panicle contracted, usually longer than the in-
volucral leaf. Flowers brown and green. Sepals incurved,
as long as the mucronate capsule. Seeds obovate, delicately
ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes, Atl. Prov.
8. J. longis'tylis, Torr. and Gr. Floicers in heads.
ileads few, or rarely single. Flowers greenish with brown
lines.-- -N.W.
9. J. bufo'niUS, L. stem leaf}/, slender, 3-9 inches high,
branching from the base. Panicle terminal, spreading.
Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels. Sepals awl-pointed,
the outer set much longer than the inner and than the blunt
pod. Stamens 6. — Ditches along roadsides.
10. J. ten'uiS, Willd. stems leafy below., wiry, 0-18 inches
liigh, simple., tufted. Panicle loose, shorter than the slender
involucral leaves. Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels ;
the sepals longer than the blunt pod. Seeds ichite- pointed at
both ends. — Open low grounds.
in
246
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
'ff'il
* * * Stem lea/y ; the leaves terete or laterally compreesed, knotted by
internal cross-partitions. Panicle terminal, the flowers mostly
in Jieads.
•*- Stamens 6.
11. J. peloear'pus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect.
6-18 inches high. Leaves few, thread-like, slightly knotted.
Flowers greenish with red, single or in pairs in the forks
and along one side of the branches of the panicle, and often
with accompanying tufts of leaves. The 3 inner sepals
longer than the outer ones, but shorter than the oblong
taper-beaked 1-celled pod. Seeds obovate, short-pointed.
12. J, articUla'tUS, L. stems 9-15 inches high, tufted
from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves,
bearing crowded 8-8-flowered heads in short spreading
panicles. Capsule deep-brown. — Wet places, Atl. Prov.
13. J. alpi'nus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems
erect, 9-18 inches high, with 1 or 2 slender leaves. Branches
of the meagre panicle erect, bearing numerous distant green-
ish or brownish heads of 3-B flowers each. Outer sepals
mucronate or cuspidate, and longer than the rounded inner
ones. Pod short-pointed, light-brown. Seeds spindle-shaped.
— Lake- and river-margins, common.
14. J. nodo'SUS, L. Stem erect, 6-15 inches high, slender,
from a creeping slender and tuber-bearing rootstock, usually
with 2 or 3 slender leaves. Heads feu\ 8-20-iiowered, and
overtopped by the involucral loaf. Flowers brown. Pod
slender, taper-pointed, 1-celled. Seeds obovate, mucronate.
— Common.
Var. meg'acepha'lus, Torr., has largo 30-80-flowered
heads.
H- -4- Stamens 3. Seeds tailed.
15. J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. eoareta'tus, Engel.
stems slender, 9-18 inches high, tufted, bearing 2 or 3 leaves.
Panicle somewhat erect, contracted ; the heads 3-5-flowered,
deep-brown. Pod prismatic, abruptly pointed, deep-brown.
Seeds slender, with short tails. — A very late-flowering
species.
Var. longlcauda'tus, Engelm., is taller, and the heads
are many-flowered.
PONTEDERIACEiE, XYRIDACE.E, ERIOCAULONACEiE. 247
, knotted hy
)wer8 viostly
and erect.
ly knotted.
D. the forks
, and often
ner sepals
bhe oblong
pointed,
igh, tufted
der leaves,
spreading
. Prov.
3S. Stems
, Branches
tant green-
iter sepals
mded inner
die-shaped.
gh, slender,
ck, usually
wered, and
rown. Pod
mucronate.
■80-flowered
:US, Engel.
or 3 leaves.
-5-flo wered,
leep-brown.
te-flowering
I the heads
Order CVII. PONTEDERIA'CE^. (Pickerel-wekd F.)
Tho most common representatives of this Order with us
are
1. PONTEDE'RIA, L. PiCKEREL-WKED.
P. COrda'ta, L. A stout plant growin;^ in shallow water,
sending up a scape bearing a single large arrow-heart-shaped
blunt leaf, and a s]nke of violet-blue flowers inith a spathe-like
bract. Perianth 2-lipped, the 3 upper divisions united, the ^
lower spreading, the whole revolute-coiled after flowering,
the fleshy base enclosing tho fruit. Stamens 6, 3 of them
exserted on long filaments, the rest short.
Var. angUStifolia, Torr., has narrow scarcely cordate
leaves.
2. SCHOL'LERA, Sclireber. Water Star-grass.
S. gTamin'ea, Willd. {Heteranthera graminea, Vahl.,in
Macoun's Catalogue.) A grass-like herb, wholly under
water, only the small yellowish flowers reaching the surface,
the latter single, from spathes. Perianth sulver-shaped,
regular. Stamens 3, anthers sagittate.
Order CVIII. XYRIDA'CE^. (Yellow-eyed-orass F.)
Bush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the V.ase
of a naked scape, terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus
flowers, with glumaceous calyx and coloured corolla. Cap-
sule 3-valved and 1-celled, containing several or many seeds.
XYRIH, Gronov. YEixow-EYEn Grass.
X. flexuo'sa, Muhl., var. pusiU'a, Gray. Scape small
and very slender, 2-9 inches high, not bulbous at the base.
Flowers in the axils of scale-like bracts densely imbricated
in a head. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Fertile staniens 3, with 3
alternating sterile filaments bearded at the apex.— Peat bogs
and wet sandy shores, Atl. Prov. and northward.
Order CIX. ERIOCAULONA'CEiE. (Pifewort P.)
Represented with us by the genufi-.
ERS04'Ai;'L0^\ L. Pll'EWORT.
E. septangfUla're, Withering. A slender plant with a
l^.M.^-tM^^-<flg
.^48
COMMON CANADIAN WILD i^L/^A^TS.
naked scape 2-6 inches high, growi-ngr in -"hallow water in
the margins of our northern ponds. Leaves short, awl-
shaped, in a tuft at the base. Flowers in a small woolly
head at the summit of the scape, moncecious. Perianth
double ; the outer set or calyx of 2-3 keeled sepals ; the joroUa
tubular in the sterile flowers and of 2-3 separate TDctals in
the fertile ones. Scape 7-angled. The head (ei eept the
beard) lead-coloured.
III. GLUMAOEOUS DIVISION.
Flowers without a proper perianth, but subtended by
thin scales called glumes.
This Division includes two very large Orders — Cyper-
acese and Graminese — both of which present many diffi-
culties to the beginner. Accordingly no attempt will be
made here to enumerate and describe all the commonly
occurring species of these Orders. In chapter XIV.,
Part T., the student will find descriptions and illustra-
tions of several typical Grasses. We shall here, there-
fore, only describe two or three of the commonest repre-
sentatives of the Citi'or Cyperaceae, so as to put the
beginner in a positi< i* fco continue his studies with the
lid of Gray's Manual or other advanced work.
Order CX. CYPERA'CE^. (Sedge Family.)
Grass-like <^ rush-like herbs, easily distinguished from
Grasses by the >A«ath3 of the leaves, which in the Sedges are
closed round the clum, not split. Flowers in spikes, each
flower in the axil of a glurae-like bract, either altogether
without a perianth or witlt a few bristles or scales inserted
below the ovary. Ovary 'celled, becoming an achene (2-
or 8-angled). Style 2- or 8-cleft. Stamens mostly H, occa-
sional)'. 2. -
1 ■'! :>
CYPKRACEiE.
249
^^■ater in
)rt, awl-
1 woolly
Perianth
e joroUa
oetals in
eept the
snded by
-Cyper-
my diifi-
)t will be
)mmonly
r XIV.,
illustra-
re, there-
ist repre-
put the
with the
ihed from
sedges are
kes, each
iltogether
s inserted
Lchene (2-
y i3, occa-
We sh.vll describe cue species of each of five genera.
1. CYPE'RrS DI4NDR1JS.
The plant (Fig. 256) i3 from 4 to 10 inches in height. The culm
is triangular, leafy towards the base, but nalced above. At the
summit there
is an umbel
the rays of
which are
unequal in
length, and
on each ray
are clustered
several flat
brown - colour-
ed spikes, the scales
which are imbricated in
two distinct rows. At the
base of the umbel there
are 3 leaves of very un-
equal length, forming a
sort of involucre, and the
base of each ray of the
umbel is sheathe d. In
each spike every scale ex-
cept the lowest one con-
tains a flower in its axil.
The flower (Figs. 257 and
258) is entirely destitute of
perianth, and consists of 2
stamens and an ovary sur-
mounted by a 2-deft style,
being consequently perfect.
The plant is pretty easily
met with in low wet places.
Fig. 256.
250
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
2. ELEOCH'ARIS OUTV'SA.
In this plant, which grows in r.iuddy soil in tufts 8 to 14 inches
in height, there is but a single spike at the summit of each
slender culm, and the scales of the spikes, instead of being
imbricated in 2 rows and thus producing a flat form, are imbri-
cated all round. The scales are very thin in texture, with a
midrib somewhat thicker, and are usually brownish in colour.
Each of them contains a perfect flower in its axil. Instead of a
perianth, there are 6 or 8 hypogynous barbed bristles. The
stamens (as is generally the case in this Order) are 3 in number,
and the style is usually 3-cleft. Observe that the style is
enlarged into a sort of bulb at the base, this bulbous portion
persisting as a flattish tubercle on the apex of the achene. The
culms are without leaves, being merely sheathed at the base.
3. S€IKPUS PIJN«E]%S.
A stout marsh-plant, 2 or 3 feet high, with a sharply trianj-^u-
lar hollow-sided culm, and bearing at the base from 1 to 3
channelled or boat-shaped leaves. The rusty-looking spikes
vary in number from " to 6, and are in a single sessile cluster
which appears to spring from the side of the culm, owing to the
1-leaved involucre resembling the culm and seeming to be a
prolongation of it. Each scale of the spike is 2-cleft at the
apex, and bears a point in the cleft. The flowers are perfect,
Vi/fjn 2 to 6 bristles instead of perianth, 3 stamens, and a 2-cleft
style, but there is no tubercle on the apex of the achene. The
culms of this plant spring from stout running rootstocks.
4. KRIOPH'ORUM POLYSTACH'YON.
A common bog-plant in the northern parts of Canada, resem-
bling Scirpus in the details as to spikes, scales, etc., butdiflfering
chi ^fly in this, that the bristles of the flowers are very delicate
and i>ecome very long after flowering, so that the spike in fruit
looks like a inft of cotton. The culm of our plant is triangular,
though not manifestly so, and its leaves are hardly, if at all,
channelled. The spikes are several in number, and are on nod-
ding peduncles, and the involucre consists Qf 2 Qr 3 leaves,
(^ulm 15 or 20 inches high.
GRAMINEiE.
251
14 inches
it of each
of being
are imhii-
e, with a
in colour,
stead of a
lies. The
n number,
e style is
us portion
lene. The
le base.
ly triaUi-^u-
om 1 to 3
ing spikes
sile cluster
iving to the
ng to be a
ileft at the
ire perfect,
nd a 2-cleft
'hene. The
3cks.
ada, resem-
>ut diflfering
3ry delicate
■nke in fruit
triangular,
y, if at all,
are on nod-
)r 3 leaves.
Fiff. 2G0.
6. €ARK\ I.\TI>'MES'€E:VS.
The species of the genus Carex are exceedingly numerous and
difficult of study. The one we have selected (Fif-, lO) is one of
the commonest and « ae same uime
one of the easiest to examine. In this
genus the flowers are mona^cious, the
separate kinds being either borne in
different parts of the samo spike or
in different spikes. The genus is dis-
tinguished from all the others of this
Order by the fact of the achene heAng
encloned in a bottle-shaped more or less
liijlated sac, which is made by the
union of the edges of two inner bract-
lets or scales. To this peculiar sac
(Figs. 260 and 261) which encloses the
achene the UAine perigyimini is given.
The culms are always triangular and
the leaves grass-like, usually rough-
ened on the margins and on the keel.
In the species under examination
(which may be found in almost any
wet meadow) the culm is some 18
Fi>. 201. inches high. The staminate spike
(only one) is separate from and above the fertile
one-;, which are 2 or 3 in number, few- (5 to 8)
flowered, and quite near together. The perigynia
are very much inflated, that is, very much larger
than the achene ; they are distinctly marked with
many nerves, and taper gradually into a long 2-
toothed beak from which protrude the 3 stigmas.
The bracts which subtend the spikes are leaf-like,
and extend much beyond the top of the culm.
Fig. 259
Order rXI. GRAMIN'E.^. (CJrass Family.)
Herbs somewhat resembling those of tlie last Order, but the
culms are hollow except at the joints, and the sheaths of the
leaves are split on the opposite side of the culm from the blade.
SEEIES 11.
FLOWEKLESS OR CRYPTOG'AMOUS
PLANTS.
Plants not producing true flowers, but reproducing
tliemselves by means of spores instead of seeds, the
spores consisting merely of simple cells, and not con-
taining an embryo.
This series \& subdivided into three classes :
1. PteridophyteS, embracing Ferns, Horsetails, and Club-
Mosses.
2. Bryophytes, embracing the true Mosses and Liverworts.
3. Thallophytes, embracing Algae and Fungi.
Types of all o:' tl ese have already been described and
illustrated in Part I. We shall here enumerate the
common representatives of the Pteridophj^tes only.
FERNS.
These beautiful plants are favourites everywhere, and we shall
therefore enter into a description of their ch8,racteristics with
sufficient minuteness to enable the young student to deter-
mine with tolerable certainty the names of sucli representatives
of the Family as he is likely to meet with commonly.
In Chapter XXI. of Part I. will be found a full account of the
common Polypody, with which it is assumed the student is
already familiar.
Fig. 262 shows a portion of the frond of the Common Brake
(Pterin aquilina). Here the frond is sevt-ral times compound.
The first or largest divisions to the right and left; are called ptH/io;.
252
iivcrworts.
FERNS.
£5.3
S.
The secondary divisions (or first divisions of the pinnre) are the
pinnules. The stem, as in the I'olypody, an^^' in fact in all our
Ferns which have a stem at all, is a rootstock or rhizome. But
here we miss the fruit-dots or sori, so conspicuous in our first
example. In this case it will be found that
there is a continuous line of sporawjia around
the margin of every one of the pinnules of
the frond, and that the edge of the pinnule
is reflexed so as to
cover the line of spore-
cases. Fig. 263 is a
very much magnified
view of one of the
lobes of a pinnule,
Fig. 263.
Fip. 262.
with the edge rolled back to sho^v the sporangia. Some of the
3porangia are removed to show a line which runs across the ends
3t the forking veins. To this the sporangia are attached. The
veins, it will be seen, do not form a net- work, and so are free, aa
^^1
n.
254
(JOMMOX CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
Ik. ,;
in Polypody. Observe, then, that in Polypody the sori are not
covered, whilst in Pteris the opposite is the case. The covering
of the fruit-dots is technically known as the Indusium. The
individual spore-cases are alike in both plants
Fig. 2G4 shows a frond of one of our commonest Shield-Ferns
(Aspidium acrostichoides). It is simply pinnate. The stipe is
thickly beset with rusty-looking, chafF-like scales. The veins
are free, as before. The so7'i or fruit- dots
are on the back of the upper pinnoe, but
they are neither collected in naked clus-
ters, as in Polypody, nor are they covered
by the edge of the frond as in the Brake.
Here each cluster has an iudusium of
its own. The indusium is round, and
attached to the frond by its depressed
centre (peltate). Fig. 265. shows an en-
larged portion of a pinna, with the sporan-
gia escaping from beneath the indusium.
From one forking vein the sporangia are
stripped off to show where they have
been attached. The separate sporangia
discharge their spores in the manner
represented in the account of Polypody.
In some Ferns the fruit-dots are elong-
ated instead of being round, and the
indusium is attached to the frond by
07ie edge only, being free
on the other. Sometimes
two long fruit-dots will be
found side by side, the
free edges of the indusia
being towards each other,
so that there is the appearance of one
long fruit-dot with an indusium split
down the centre.
Fig. 266 represents a frond of a very
common swamp Fern, Onoclea Sensibilis,
Fiff. 265.
Fig. 264
o** Sensitive Fern.
It is deeply pinna tifid, and on one of the
i are not
covering
im. The
eld-Ferns
0 stipe is
he veins
friiit-dots
nuoe, but
ved clus-
y covered
he Brake.
lusium of
und, and
depressed
tvs an en-
le sporan-
indusium.
rangia are
hey have
sporangia
e manner
Polypody.
are elong-
and the
frond by
ce of one
ium split
of a very
Sensibilis,
ne of the
FERNS.
255
lobes the veining is represented. Here the veins are not free,
but as they form a net- work they are said to be reticulated. You
will look in vaiu on this frond for fruit-dots, but beside it grows
Fig. 266
Fig. 268,
Fig. 269.
another, very different in appearance, — so diflFerent that you wiTl
hardly believe it to be a frond at all. It is shown in Fig, 267. It
is twice pinnate, the pinnules being little globular bodies, one of
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256
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
(
1
\
i .1
■
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whfch, much magnified, is shown in Fig. 268. You may open
out one of these little globes, and then you will have something
like what is shown in an enlarged form in Fig. 269. It now looks
more like a pinnule than when it was
rolled up, and it now also displays the
fruit-dots on the veins inside. Here,
then, we have evidently two kinds of
frond. That bearing the fruit-dots we
shall call the fertile frond, and the other
we shall call the sterile one. You must
not look upon the pinnule in which the
sori are wrapped up as an indusium.
Sori which are wrapped up in this way
have an indusium of their own besides,
but in this plant it is so
obscure as to be very
difficult to observe.
The spore-cases burst
open by means of an
elastic ring as before.
Fig. 270 ^presents
one of the Moon*
worts (Botrychi- ^
um Virginicum),
very common in-
cur rich woods
everywhere. Here
we have a single
frond, but made
up manifestly of
two distinct por-
tions, the lower
sterile and the upper fertile. Both portions are
thrice-pinnate. The ultimate divisions of the
fertile segment are little globular bodies, but
vou cannot unroll them as in the case of the
Onoclea. Fig. 271 shows a couple of them greatly enlarged,
there is a slit across the middle of each, and one of the slits is
Fijr. 270.
FILICES.
257
partially open, disclosing the spores inside. Each little globe is,
in fact, a spore-cane or s})ornnginm, so that here we have some-
thing quite different from what we have so far met with. Up to
this point we have found the sporangia collected into dots or
lines or clusters of some sort. In the Moonwort the sporangia
are separate and naked, and instead of bursting through the
action of an elastic ring, they open by a horizontal slit and
discharge their spores. In other Ferns, as the Osmunda, the
sporangia are somewhat similar, but burst open by a vertical
instead of a horizontal slit.
Observe that the frond of Botrychium is not circinate in the bud .
We shall now proceed to describe the commonly occurring
representatives of the Fern Family.
Order CXII. FILICES. (Fern Family.)
Flowerless plants with distinct leaves known rs fronds, these
circinate in the bud, except in one suborder, and bearing on
the under surface or margin the clustered or separate sporangia
or spore-cases.
SyiiopHlH or the, Cioiiora.
Suborder I. POLYPODIA' CEiE. (The Trie Ferns.)
Sporangia collected into various kinds of clusters called sort.
Each sporangium pedicelled and encircled by an elastic jointed
ring, by the breaking of which the sporangium is burst and the
spores discharged. Sori sometimes covered by an imhisinm.
1. Folypo'dium. Fruit-dots on the hack of the fronds near the ends
of the veins. No indusium. Veins free. (See Fig. 231, Part I.)
2. Adlnn'Cuni. Fruit-dots marginal, the edge of the frond ])eing re-
flexed so as to form an indusium. Midrib of the pintndes close to
the lower ^dge or altogether wantiug. Stipe black and shimng.
All the pinnules distinct and generally minutely stalked. Veins
free.
X Pte'rifi. Fruit-dots viarginal. Indusium formed by the refle.\ed
edge of the frond. Midrilt of the pinnules in the centre and
prominent. Veins free. Stipu light-coloured. (See Fig. 262.)
4. Pellap'a. Fruit-dots marginal, covered by a broad indusium. formed
by the refle.xed margin of the frond. Small ferna with once- or
twice-pinnute fronds, the fertile ones very nuu-b like the sterile,
but with narrower divisions. Stipe shining, purple or brown.
f 11
A
258
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
ivl
5. Asple'iiinni. Fruit-dots o.lonprated Ci'.irely curved), on veins on the
back of the pinnules, oblique to the midrib, but only on the upper
side of the vein ( rarely attached to both sides). Indusium attached
to the vein by one edge, the other edge free. Veins free.
6. Woodwnr'din. Fruit-dots elongated, on cross-veins parallel to the
midrib, forming a chain-like row on each side of the latter, In-
dusium as in the last. Veins reticulated.
7. Scoloppii'driiiin. Fruit-dots elongated, occMr?*i«/7f?i pair* on con-
tiguous veinleta, the free edges of the two indusia facing each
other, so that the sori appear to be single, with an Indusium split
down the centre. Veins free. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped, o.ho\xt
an inch broad, generally wavy-margined.
8. CamptoHo'riiJ^. Fruit elongated, those near the base of the midrib
double, as in Scolopendrium ; others single, as in Asplenium.
1 Fronds simple, J to | of an inch wide at the heart-shaped base,
and tapering into a long and narrow point *, growing in tufts on
limestone rocks, and commonly rooting at the tip of the frond,
like a runner. Veins reticulated.
9. Phegop'tcris. Fruit-dots roundish, on the back (not at the apex) of
the vcinlet, rather small. Indusium obsolete or none. Veins free.
Fronds triangular in outline, in one species twice-pinnatifid, with
a winged rhachis, and in the other in three petioled spreading
divisions, the divisions once- or twice-pinnate.
Aspldiuiii. Fruit-dots round. Indusium evident, flat, orbicular
or kidney-shaped, tixed by the centre, opening all round the mar-
gin. Veins free. Generally rather large Ferns, fr9m once- to
thrice-pinnate. (See Fig. i04.)
Cystop'tcris. Fruit-dots round. Indusium not depressed in the
centre, but rather raised, attached to the frond not by the centre,
but by the edge partly under the fruit-dot, and generally breaking
away on the side towards the apex ol' the pinnuie, and becoming
reflcxed as the sporangia ripen. Fronds slender and delicate,
twice- or thrice-pinnate.
12. Striithlop'teris. Fertile frond much contracted and altogether
unlike the sterile ones, the latter very large and growing in a
cluster with the shorter fertil" one in the cent re. Rootatock very
thick and scaly. Fertile fronds simply pinnate, the margins of
the pinnae rolled backward so as to form a hollow tube containing
the crowded sporangia. Very common in low grounds.
13. Onocle'n. Fertile and sterile fronds unlike. (Sec Figs. 266, 267,
208, 269, and accompanying description.)
Wood'sla. Small I'jrns with free veins. Sori round. Indi'sium
very thin and delicate, attached by its base all round under the
sorus, the top at length bursting into more or less narrow setf'
ments.
10.
11.
14.
If
i
^
PIUCES.
259
15. DickHo'iiia. Fruit-dots round, vera mnall, each on a recnrved
toothlet on the upper margin of the lohes of the pinnules, usually
one to eac'li loije. S|)()rang!a on an elevated ^lohuiar receptacle,
and enclosed in a cup-shaped iiuUi.dum open at tiie top and partly
adlierent to the retlexed toothlet of the frond. Fronds minutely
globular or hairy, i'-:i feet high ovate-lanceolate in outline, pale
green, very thin, without chaff.
Suborder II. OSMUNDA'CEiE.
Sporangia naked, globular, pedicelled, reticulated^ open-
ing by a vertical slit.
16. OHmnu'dn. Fertile fronds or fertile portions of tlie frond much
contracted, bearing naked sporangia, which are glol)ular, short-
pedicelled, and opening by a vertical slit to discharge the spores.
Frond tall and upright, once- or twice-pinnate, from thick root-
stocks.
Suborder III. OPHIOGLOSSA'CEiE.
Sporangia naked, not reticulated^ opening by a horizontal
slit. Fronds not circinate in the bxid.
17. Botrych'iiim. Sporangia in compound spikes, des^iwc^, opening
by a horizontal slit. Sterile part of the frond comi)ound. Veins
free. (See Figs. 270 and 271).
18. OphlogloH'Miim. Six)rangia coherent in 2 ranks on the edges of a
simple spike. Sterile part of the frond simple. Veins reticu-
lated.
1. POL¥l*0'IMi;.>l, L. PoLYi'onv.
P. VUlgfa're, L. Fronds evergreen, 1-10 inches long,
deeply pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse and obscurely toothed.
Sori large. — Common on shady rocks.
». ADIAX'TIIM, Ii. Maiokniiaik.
A. peda'tum, L. Stipe upright, black and shining. The
frond forked at the top of the stipe, the two })ranches of tiie
fork recurved, and each bearing on its inner side several
slender spreading divisions, the latter with numerous thin
pinnatifid pinnules which look like the halves of pinnules,
owing to the midrib being close to the lower edge. Upper
margin of the pinnules cleft. — Common in rich woods.
'f tl
260
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
?" i
M
II
; I
i' .
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III
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3. PTK'RIH, L. Brakk. Bracken.
P. aquili'na, L. stipe stout and erect. Frond large and
divided into 3 large spreading divisions at the summitof the
stipe, the branches twice-pinnate, the pinnules margined
all round with the indusium. — Common in thickets and on
dry hillsides.
4. VKLhJE'A, Link. Cliff-rrake.
1. P. gra'cilis, Hook. Fronds 3-6 inches high, slender,
of few pinnae, the lower ones once- or twice-pinnatifid into
3-5 divisions, those of the fertile fronds narrower than those
of the sterile ones. Stipe polished, brownish^ darker at the
base. — Shady limestone rocks ; not common.
2. P. atropurpu'rea, Link. Larger than the last, 6-15
inches high, the stipe dark-purple and shining. Frond
pale, once- or (below) twice-pinnate, the divisions broadly
linear or oblong (or the sterile sometimes oval), stalked at
the base. Stipes clustered. — Dry rocks.
5. ASPLK'NIIIN, L. SPLKENWORT.
* Indusium straight, attached to the upper side of the vein,
1. A. Trichom'anes, L. A very delicate little fern grow-
ing in tufts on shaded cliffs. Fronds 3-6 inches long, linear
in outline, pinnate, the little pinnae oval and unequal-sided,
about -^ of an inch long. The stipes thread-like, purplish-
brown and shining. This species is evergreen.
2. A. vir'i^Of Hudson. Resembling A. Trichomanes, but
less rigid, and the stipe brownish at base, becoming green
upwards. Pinnae roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid, short-
stalked, orenately toothed. — Shaded cliffs, Atl. Prov. chiefly.
3. A. ebe'neum, Ait. Evergreen. Fronds 9-18 inches
high, upright, linear, oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones
much, the taller, simply pinnate. Pinnae mostly alternate,
sessile, finely serrate, the base auricled on the upper or both
sides. Stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. —
Rocky open woods, Ontario.
4. A. thelypterol'des, Michx. Not evergreen. Fronds
2-3 feet high, pinnate, the pinmfi linear-lanceolate in outline,
FILICES.
2G1
8-5 inches long, deeply pinaatifid, each of the crowded lobes
bearing 3-() pairs of oblong fruit-dots. — Rich woods.
5. A. angUStifo'lium, Michx. Not evergreen. Fronds
simply pinnate, somewhat rosombling Aspidium acrosti-
choides, but very smooth and thin, and larger. Pinnae cren-
ulate, sh(jrt-stalked. Fruit-dots linear, crowded.— Rich
woods ; not common.
* * Indusiiim curved, delicate, n/ten crossing the vein, thus appearing
reniform.
6. A. Filix-foe'mina, Bemh. Fronds 1-3 feet high,
broadly lanceolate in outline, twice- pinnate, the pinnte lanceo-
late in outline, and the pinnules confluent by a narrow
margin on the rhachis of tlie pinna, doubly serrate. Indti-
sium curved, often shaped something like a horse-shoe,
oroing to its crossing the vein and becoming attached to both
sides of it. — Rich woods.
6, WOODWARiriA, Smith. Chain Fkkn.
W. Virgin'ica, Smith. Fronds 2-3 feet high, pinnate;
pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid. Veins forming a single row
of meshes next the midrib. — Wet swamps.
7. ^C^OIiOPEX'DRIlIM, Smith. Hart's Tongue,
S. VUlga're, Smith. Frond simple, bright green, a foot
or more in length, and an inch or more in width. — Shaded
ravines and limestone cliffs; not very common.
8. CAMPTOSO'RIJS, Link. Walking-Leap.
C. rhizophyl'lus, Link. A curious little fern, growing in
tufts on shaded limestone rocks. Frond simple, with a very
long narrow point. — not very common.
9. PIIE«OI»'TERIS, F6e. BEECH Fern.
1. P. polypodioi'des, Fee. Fronds triangular, longer
than broad, 4-6 inches long, hairy on the veins, twice-pin-
natifid, the rhachis winged. The pinnae sessile, linear-lance-
olate in outline, the lowest pair deflcxed and standing for-
wards. Fruit-dots small and all near the margin. Stipes
rather longer than the fronds, from a slender, creeping
.V'
262
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
fl
If ■'■
rootstock. — Apparently not common, but growing in rich
woods near Br.rrio, Ont. . *
2. P. hexagonop'tera, F^e. Fronds triangular, gener-
ally broader than long, 7-12 inches broad. Pinnfe lanceo-
late ; the lowest very large, their divisions elongated and
pinnatifid, the basal divisions decurrent on the main rhachis
and forming a many-angled wing. Fruit-dots not exclu-
sively near the margin. — Rich woods.
3. P. Dryop'teris, Fee. Fronds broadly triangular in
outline, primarily divided into 3 triangular spreading
petioled divisions, smooth, the three divisions once- or twice-
pinnate. Fronds from 4 to K inches wide. Fruit-dots near
the margin. — Rich woods ; common. Whole plant delicate,
and light green in colour.
4. P. calca'rea, Fee. Closely resembling P. Dryopteris,
but differs in the fronds being minutely glandular and vome-
ivhat rigid, and in the lowest pinnas on the lower side of the
lateral divisions jyroportionally smaller. — Rocky hillsides,
Restigouche River.
10. A»«riD'ICM, Swartz. Shield Fkrn. Wood Fern.
* Stipes not chajfy.
1. A. thelyp'teris, Swartz. Fronds tall and narrow,
lanceolate in outline, pinnate, the pinnae deeply pianatifid,
nearly at right angles to the rhachis, linear-lanceolate in
outline, the margins of the lobes strongly revolute in fruit.
Stipe over a foot long, and usually longer than the frond. —
Common in low, wet places.
2. A. Noveboracen'se, Swartz. Fronds much lighter in
colour than the j^receding, tapering towards both ends, pin-
nate, the pinnae deeply pinnatifid, much closer together
than in No. 1, and not at right angles with the rhachis.
Veins simple. Lower pinnsB short and deflexed. — Swamps.
* * Stipes chaffy.
8. A. Spinulo'SUm, Swartz. Stipes slightly chaffy or
scaly. Fronds large, ovate-lanceolate in outline, twice-pin-
nate, the pinnules deeply pinnatifid {nearly pinnate), and
Kl' ; I
PILICES.
263
spiny-toothed. Pinmo truingr.lar-lauceolato in outline.
The variety intermedium, D. C. Eaton, which is very com-
mon in Canadian woods, has the mai-f^in of the indusium
denticulate and besot with minute stalked glands, the few
scales of the stipes pale brown n-ith a dark ci ntre, and the
iower pinncB unequal-siled. Var. Boottii (-^1. lioottii, Tuck-
erman) has the scales of the stipe pale brown, the frond
elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate and pinnulei? less
dissected. Var. dilata'tum, Hook., has the scales of the
stipe brown with a dark centre, the frond broa(l(^r, ovate or
triangular-ovate in outline, often twice-pinnate, and the
indusium smooth and naked.
4. A. fra'grrans, Swartz. Fronds 4-12 inches high, fra-
grant, narrowly lanceolate, with narrowly-oblong pinnatelj'-
parted pinnjf , their divisions nearly covered beneath by
very large thin indusia. — Rocks, Atl. Prov. and northward.
5. A. Crista'tum, Swartz. Stipes chafFy with broad scales.
Fronds large, linear-lanceolate in outline, once-pinnate, the
pinntB deeply pinnatified, the upper ones triangular-lanceo-
late in outline, the lower considerably broader, the lobes
cut-toothed. Fruit-dots large and consi)icuous, ha// way
hetween the midrib of the lohc and the margin. — Swamps.
Var. Clintonia'num, D. C. F>aton, is distinguished chiefly
by its greater size and more numerous pinnae and segments.
6. A. Goidia'num, Hook. A fine fern, the largo fronds
growing in a circular cluster from a chafFy rootstock. Frond
ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, once-pinnate, the pinna?
deeply pinnatifid, 6-9 inches long, broadest in the middle^ the
lobes slightly scythe-shaped, finely serrate. Fruit-dots
large, near the midrib of the lobe.— 'Rich, moist woods.
7. A. Fi'liX-mas, Swartz. (Male-Ferx.) Fronds lanceo-
late, very chafFy at the base, twice-pinnate excejjt that the
upper pinnules run together. Pinnae linear-lanceolate,
tapering from the base to the summit. Pinnules very ob-
tuse, the basal ones incisely lobed. Fruit dots rather closer
to the midvein than the margin. Indusium convex, persist-
ent.— Rocky woods, Atl. Prov.
■ t
' 4
K 'i'
264
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
■I ' ''
Hi >-•
■•1
m|9
8. A. margfina'Ie, Svvartz. Stipes very chaffy at the base.
Fronds ovate-oblong in outline, twice-pinnate, the pinnee
lanceolate in outline, broadest above the base. Pinnules
crenate-margined. Fruit-dots large, close to the margin. —
Eich woods, mostly on hill-sides.
9. A. acrostichoi'des, Swartz. (See Figs. 264 and 265,
and accompanying description.) — Eich woods.
10. A. Lonchi'tiS, Swartz. Not unlike No. 9, but the
fronds are narrower and longer, mere rigid and with hardly
any stipe. Pinnte densely spin ulose- toothed. — Apparently
not common, but plentiful in rocky woods west of Colling-
wood, Ont.
11. A. aculea'tum, Swartz, var. Braun'ii, Koch. Fronds
tioice pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, narrowing gradually toward
the base. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate and nearly
rectangular at the base (the lower short-stalked), beset with
long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. Indusium fixed by
the centre. Fronds evergreen, very chaffy on the stalk and
rhachis. — Eavines and deep woods, Atl. Prov.
11. CYSTOP'TEKIS, Bernhardi. Bladder Fern.
1. C. bulbif era, Bernh. Frond large (1-2 feet), narrow
ai'd very delicate, twice-pinnate, the pinnae nearly at right
angles to the rhachis. Ehachis and pinnae usually with
hulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed. — Shady, moist ravines.
2. C. fra'grilis, Bernh. Frond only 4-8 inches long, with
a stipe of the same length, twice- or thrice-pinnate. Rhachis
winged. — Shady cliffs.
18. STRVTHIOP'TERIS, Wllld. Ostrich Fern.
S. German'ica, WiUd. {Onocha StruthiojJteris, Hoff.)
Sterile fronds with the lower pinnae gradually much shorter
than the upper ones. Pinnae deeply pinnatiUd. — Common
in low, wet grounds along streams.
13. ONOCLE'A, L. Sensitive Fern.
0. sensib'ilis, L. (See Figs. 266, 267, 268 and 269, and
accompanying description.) — Common in wet grounds along
streams.
FILICES.
2G5
i the base,
he pinnee
Pinnules
largin. —
and 265,
, but the
h hardly
)parently
f Colling-
Fronds
y toward
d nearly
3set with
fixed by
talk and
, narrow
at right
Ify with
a vines.
Qg, with
Shachis
f, Hoff.)
shorter
Common
J69, and
Is along
14. WOOirsiA, U. BrovTii.
1. W. Ilven'SiS, R. Brown. Stalks indistinctly jointed at
some distance above the base. Fronds oblong-lantiuolate,
2-6 inches long, rather smooth and groon above, thickly
clothed below with bristly rudy chaff, pinnate ; the pinnie ob-
long, blunt, sessile, pinnately-parted with the segments
indistinctly crenate. Fruit dots near the margin. — Exposed
rocks, Atl. Prov. and northward.
2. W. hyperbo'rea, R. Bn)wn. stalks jointed. Fronds
narrowly oblong-lanceolate. Sparingly hairy beneath n-ith
chaffy hairs, pinnate ; the pinnie triangular-ovate, pinnate-
Ij lobed, the lobes few and almost entire. — Ravines, Atl. Prov.
and northward.
3. W. glaberia, R. Biown. Stalks jointed as in the two
preceding species. !^"rond linear, very delicate, smooth, pin-
nate. Pinnae roundish-ova to, the lower somewhat distant,
crenately-lobed. — Moist rocks, Atl. Prov. and northward.
4. W. Obtu'sa, Torr. Stalks not jointed. Frond broadly
lanceolate, beset with small glandular hairs, once or nearly
t .vice pinnate. Pinnas pinnately parted. Segments of pinnas
crenately toothed. — Cliffs and rocky places ; rare.
15. DICKSO'NIA, L'Her. Dicksonia.
D. punetilO'bula, Kunze. Pleasantly odorous.— Moist
shady places.
16. OSNIIN'DA, L. Flowekino Fern.
1. 0. regralis, L. (Flowering Fkrn.) Fronds twice-
pinnate, fertile at the top, very smooth, pale green. Sterile
pinnules oblong-oval, finely serrate towards the apex, 1-2
inches long, either sessile or short-stalked, usually oblique
and truncate at the base. — Swamps, along streams and lake-
margins.
2. 0. Claytonia'na, L. Fronds large, once-pinnate, pale
green, densely white-woolly when unfolding from the bud,
with fertile pinnop. among the sterile o7ies. Pinnae deeply pin-
na tifid, the lobes entire. — Low grounds.
■) I
'•i
.1, iJ
Xll J:. - -
266
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
ii
m^. '
ti*
;!(
I*:'
I
3. 0. Cinnamo'mea, L. (Cinnamon Fern.) Fertile fronds
aistinct from the sterile ones, contracted, twice-pinnato,
covered with cinnamon-coloured sporangia. Sterile fronds
rusty-woolly when young, smooth afterwards, once-pinnate,
the pinnae deeply pinnatifid. The long, sterile fronds in a
cluster, with the fertile ones in the centre. — Low grounds.
II. BOTRV€H'lUM, Swart/.. MooNWORT.
* Sterile portion of the frond not fleshy.
1. B. Virginia' num, Swartz. (See Figs. 270 and 271, and
accompanying description.) — Rich woods everywhere.
* * Sterile portion of the frond more or lessflenhy.
t- Sterile segment sessile or nearly so.
2. B. Luna'ria, Swartz. Sterile segment very fleshy,
nearly sessile, oblong, simply pinnate, with 5-15 lunate or
fan-shaped fleshy divisions. Fertile segment panicled, 2-3-
pinnate. — Bare.
3. B. Sim' plex, Hitchcock. Fronds small, seldom 6 inches
high, the sterile segment borne nearer the middle of the plant,
short- petioled, fleshy, simple, and roundish, or pinnately
lobed, with roundish lobes decurrent on the broad and flat
indeterminate rhachis. Veins all forking from the base. —
Atl. Prov. chiefly.
4. B. lanceola'tum, Angstroem. Frond 3-10 inches high.
Sterile part closely sessile at the top of the slender common
stalk, very slightly fleshy, triangular, ternately twice-pin-
natifld, with acute, toothed lobes. Veinlets branching from
the continuous midvein. The fertile part twice- or thrice-
pinnate. — Atl. Prov.
5. B. matricarisefO'lium, Braun. Resembling the pre-
ceding, but the sterile segment not quite sessile, somewhat
fleshy, pinnate to tvvice-pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes. Mid-
vein broken up into forking veinlets. — Damp woods, Atl.
Prov. chiefly.
.f- -•- Sterile segment long-stalked.
6. B. terna'tum, Swartz. Very fleshy, 4-16 inches high,
sparingly hairy. Sterile segmi^: t attached near the base of
m
EQUISETACKiE.
261
Fig. 273.
:<^?
thn plant, broadly triangular, variously
decompound, with stalked divisions.
Foitilo soginont erect. 2-4-pinnate.— Not
uncommon.
18. 0PHI0<>iL08'SIJM, L. Adder's Tonouk.
0. VUlgra'tum, L. sterile part of the
frond ovate or eIliJ)tical-ol)Ion<,^ 2-3 inches
long, rather fleshy, sessile, near the mid-
dle of the stalk; the latter 0-12 inches
high. — Bogs and grassy meadows.
Order CXIII. EQUISETA'CEiE.
(Horsetail Family.)
The only genns of the Order is
E4|i;iSE'T|-.>I, L. Horsetail. Scour-
ing Rush.
Fig. 272 is a view of the fertile
stem f)f Equise'tum arvense, the
Common Horsetail, of about the
natural size. It may be observed
early in spring almost anywhere
in moist sandy or gravelly soil. It
is of a pale brown colour, and in place of leaves
there is at each joint a sheath split into several
teeth. At the summit of the stem is a sort of
conical catkin, made up of a large number of
six-sided bodies, each attached to the stem by
a short pedicel. Each of these six-sided bodies
turns out on examination to be made up of six
or seven sporangia or spore-cases, which open
down their inner margins to discharge their
spores. Figs. 273 and 274 are enlarged outer
and inner views of one of them. The spores
themselves are of a similar nature to those of
the Ferns, and reproduction is carried on in the
same manner; but each spore of the Horsetail is furnishea
with four minute tentacles which closely envelope it when
Fig. 274.
Fig. 272.
«r- ., .-
268
COMMON CANADIAff WILD PLANTS.
j*^ ■
moist, and uncoil themselves when dry. The use of these
tentacles is doubtless to assist in the escape and dispersion
of the spores.
The fertile stems will have almost withered away by the
time the sterile ones appear. The latter are of the same
thickness as the fertile ones, but they are very much taller
ana are green in colour. Observe, also, the grooving of the
sterile stem, and the whorls of 4- angled branches produced
at the nodes.
* Atinual-stemmed, not surviving the tointer.
■^ Fruiting in spring^ the fertile stems pale or brotonish, and earlier
than the herbaceous sterile stems or branches.
1. E. arv«n'se, L. (Common Horsetail.) Fertile sterna
not branching, 4-10 inches high. Sterile stems slender,
taller, with many 4-angular green branches. — Moist sandy
or gravelly soil, common.
2. E. praten'se, Ehrh. stems more slender, with 3-sided
simple branches shorter than in E. arvense. Stem-sheaths
with short, ovate-lanceolate teeth (those of the branches
3- toothed. J The fertile stems produce branches, when older,
except at the top, which perishes after fructification. — Low
meadows, Atl. Prov. and northward.
3. E. Sylvat'icum, L. Fertile stems branching. Branches
compound, with loose sheaths, those of the stem having 8-14
somewhat blunt teeth, while those of the branches have 4-5
(of the branchlets 3) lance-pointed diverging teeth. Top
withering away after fructification. — Damp shady places,
Atl. Prov. and northward.
■t- -^ Fruiting in summer. Stems all similar, or the fertile contempor-
aneous with the sterile ones.
4. E. palus'tre, L. stems 10-18 inches high, slender,
very deeply 5-'J-grooved, the lance-awl-shaped teeth whitish-
margined. — Atl. Prov. and northward.
5. E. limo'SUm, L. Stem 2-5 feet high, slightly many-
furrowed. Sheaths upnressed. with 10-22 dark-brown acuto
snort rigid teeth. — in shallow watei .. - .
atid earlier
LYCOPODIACE.E.
269
* * Stems evergreen, all similar, not branching, or only slightly so.
6. E. hyema'le, L. (ScorRiNG Rush.) Stems stout and
tall. Sheaths elongated, with a black girdle above the base,
and about 20 narrow linear teeth, 1-keeled at the base, and
with awl-shaped deciduous points.— Wet banks.
7. E. ISBVigra'tum, Brauu. Stems 1-4 feet high, rather
slender, pale green, 14-30-gro(.)ved, the ridges almost smooth.
Sheath slightly enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the
base of the lohite-niargined teeth. — X.W.
8. E. Variega'tum, Schleicher. Stem slender, in tufts,
with 5-10 grooves, ascending, G-18 inches high. Sheaths
green, variegated with black above, 5-10 toothed. — Shores
and river-banks.
9 E. SCirpoi'deS, Michx. stem slender, very numerous in
a tuft, filiform, 3-6 inches high, curving, mostly (i-grooved.
Sheaths 3-toothed. — Wooded hill-sides.
It
Order CXI V. LYCOPODIA'CE^. (Club-Moss F. )
Chiefly moss-like plants ; often with long running and
branching stems, the sporangia solitary in the axils of the
mostly awl-shaped leaves. Spores all of one kind.
LYCOPO'DIIJM, L. Club-Moss.
* Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary dark-green rigid lanceolate
lea ves.
1. L. Sela'gO, L. stems erect and rigid, forking, forming
a level-topped cluster. Leaves u7iiforni.—At\. Prov. and
northward.
2. L. lueid'ulum, Michx. Stems less rigid than the last,
forking. Leaves at first spreading ; then deftexed, arranged
in alternate zones of longer and shorter leaves.
» * [!pore-cases only in the axils of the upper bract-like leaves, forming
a spike.
•*- Leaves of the spike not very different f mm those of the stem.
3. L. inunda'tum, L. A low plant with weak, creeping,
sterile stems, and solitary erect fertile stems bearing a
Ml
270
COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.
short, thick, leafy spike. Stem-leaves lanceolate, acute,
soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the spike closely reseia-
bling them. — Sandy bogs.
Var. Big'elOVii, Tuckerm., has taller stems and leaves
more upright and denticulate. — Atl. Prov.
-I- •»- Leaves of the catkin-like spike quite different from those of the
stem.
4. L. anno'tinum, L. stems creeping, 1-4 feet long.
Branches 4-9 inches high, once- or twice-forked. Spike
sessile, the leaves of it yellowish and scale-like, ovate or
heart-shaped, the others spreading or reflexed, rigid, pointed,
nearly entire, palo green. — Cold woods.
5. L. dendroi'deum, Michx. (Ground Pine.) Eoot-
stock creeping underground, nearly leafless. Stems much
resembling little hemlocks, G-9 inches high ; numerous fan-
like spreading branches with shining lanceolate entire
leaves. Spikes sessile, nearly as in No. 4, 4-10 on each plant.
— Moist woods.
6. L. clava'tum, L. (Club-Moss.) Stem creeping or run-
ning extensively. Spikes mostly in pairs, raised on a slender
peduncle (4-6 inches long). Leaves linear, awl-shaped, bristle-
tipped. — Dry woods.
7. L. '?omplana'tuni, L. Stem creeping extensively.
Branches flattened, fan-like and spreading, forking above,
the branchlets crowded. Leaves awl-shaped, small, in 4
ranks. Spikes 2-4, cylindrical, on a slender peduncle. — Dry
woods ; mostly with evergreens.
Order CXV. SELAGINELLA'CE^.
Small leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud. Stem
branching or short and corm-like. Spore-cases solitary,
axillary cr borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base
and enwrapped in its margins. Spores of two kinds, the
large ones (macrospores) developing prothallia which bear
archegonia only, and the small ones (microspores) giving
rise to antheridia only.
Ml
SALVINIACE.E.
271
Synopsis of the (Seuera.
1. Selaslnel'Ia. Terrestrial. Stem slender. Leaves small. Spore-
cases very small, axillary, some containing the orange-coloured
powdery microspores, and others with 3 or 4 larger macrospores.
2. Iso'etes. Growing in water. Stem corm-like. Leaves elongated
and rush-like. Spore-cases large, enwrapped by the spreading
bases of the leaves.
1. SELAGIIVEL'LA, Beaiiv.
S. rupes'tris, Spring. A little moss-like evergreen, grow-
ing on exposed rocks in dense tufts 1-3 inches high. Leaves
awl-shaped, with a grooved keel, and tipped with a bristle.
Spikes 4-cornered.
2, ISO'ETES. L. QuiLLWORT.
I. echiiiOS'pora, Durieu, var. Braun'ii, Engelm. (Quill-
wort.) A small aquatic grass-like plant with a corm-like
stem, bearing 15-30 slender leaves. The large sporangia
axillary, partly enwrapped by the thin edges of the exca-
vated bases of the leaves, beset with small spinules. — Lakes
and ponds, chiefly eastward.
Order CXVI. SALVINIA'CE^.
Small floating moss-like plants, with branching axis,
covered with minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves. Sporocarps
in pairs beneath the stem, very soft and thin- walled, the
smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing a single raacrospore,
the larger ones globose, containing several microspores.
AZOLLA, Lam.
A. Carolinia'na, WiUd. Somewhat deltoid in outline,
much branched, of reddish aspect. Floating on ajiiet wat-
ers of Lake Ontario, not common.
u
1
m
■
1
■■;i
i
.1 't ,
GLOSSARY.
A.
Abortive* defective or barren,
Acanlesoent, apparently without
a stem.
Achcne, a dry indehiscent l-seeded
fruit, with the pericarp free from
the seed.
Achlainydeous, without calyx
and corolla.
Aclcular, needle-shaped.
Acuinlnate, with a long taperiiig
extremity.
Acute, sliarp at the end.
Adnate, grown fast to.
Alternate, not opposite.
-androns, at the end of a word, re-
fers to stamens.
Angiospernious, having seeds
enclosed in an ovary.
Annual, lasting one year or season
only.
Anterior, in front ; away from tlie
axis ; the same as lotversiud outer.
Anther, the pollen-bearing part of
the stamen.
Apetalous, without petals.
Appressed, lying close and flat.
Aquatic, growing in water.
Aril, an extra coat or appendage of
certain seeds.
Asoendlnff, growing upwards in a
slanting direction.
Auricle, an ear-like appendage or
lobe.
Auriculate, having auricles.
Awl-sliaped, narrowed upward
from the base to a sharp rigid
point.
Awn, a bristle-like appendage.
Axil, the angle on the upper side of
a leaf where it joins the stem.
Axile, central ; in tlie axis.
Axillary, growing from an axil.
Axist the central line.
B.
Baccate* berry-like.
Barbed, with short sharp points,
usually pointing backward.
Beaked, tipped with a distinct
beak or point.
Bearded, having long or stiif
hairs.
Berry, a pulpy fruit like a currant
or gooseberry.
Bi-, a prefix meaning twice, or two.
Biennial, lasting two years or sea-
sons.
Bifid, two-cleft.
Bilabiate, two-lipped.
Bladdery, thin and inflated.
Blade, the broad part of a leaf.
Bract, a modified leaf near a flower
or flower-cluster.
Bractlet* a secondary bract.
Bristle, a stiff hair.
Bud, an undeveloped branch or
flower.
Bulb, a fleshy underground mass,
consisting chiefly of leaf-scales or
coats.
Bulblet, a small bulb, especially
one borne on the stem.
Bulbous, having the appearance
of a bulb.
G,
Caducous, falling off very early.
Calyx, the outer set of flower-
leaves, often coloured like a co-
rolla.
Campanulate, bell-shnped.
Canescent, grayish-hoary.
Capitate, like a head.
Capsule, any dry dehiscent syn-
carpous fruit.
Carinate, having a keel-like ridge
or projection.
if I
GLOSSARY.
273
branch or
Carpel* one of the parts whicli,
whether separate or united, make
up the pistil.
Gartilaginons, firm and tough.
Caryop9i8, a grain or fruit like
that of a grass.
Catkin, a slender spike-like cluster
of usually imperfect flowers, as in
Willow, etc.
Caulescent, having a manifest
stem.
Caullne, belonging to the stein.
Cespitoso, growing in tufts.
Chaff, a small thin scale or bract,
becoming dry and membranous.
Channelled, grooved lengthwise.
Clllate, with hairs on the edge.
Cinereous, ash-coloured.
Clrcnniclsslle, opening by a hori-
zontal circular line.
Clavate, club-shaped, thicker at
the top.
Clelstogamous, applied to certain
flowers which are fertilized in the
bud, without opening.
Cleft, cut to about the middle.
Cllniblngr* ascending by laying
hold of neighbouring objects by
means of tendrils, etc.
Cohesion, the union of similar
parts.
Coma, a tuft of hairs on a seed.
iCoinpressed, flattened.
Condnpllcate, folded together
lengthwise.
Confluent, blending together into
one.
Coniferous, cone-bearing.
Connate, grown together.
Connective, the middle portion of
an anther connecting the cells.
Connlvent, converging, approach-
ing each other.
Convolute, rolled up lengthwise.
Cordate, indented at the base.
Coriaceous, leathery in texture.
Corm, a solid bulb, like that of
Indian-Turnip.
Corolla, the inner of the two sets
of the perianth.
Corymb, a flat-topped flower-clus-
ter with pedicels arising at differ-
ent ix>intg on the stem, the outer
flowers opening first.
Corymbose, in corymbs ; corymb-
like.
Cotyledons, the seed-leaves.
Creeping, trailing on the ground
and striking root at intervals.
Crenate, with rounded teeth.
Crested, bearing an appendage
like a crest.
Crown, an appendage in the throat
of a corolla.
Culm, the peculiar stem ot a grass
or sedge.
Cuneate, wedge-shaped, the broad
end upwards.
Cuspidate, tipped with an abrupt
but distinctly tapering point.
Cyllndraceous, somewhat cylin-
drical.
Cyme, a flat-topped flower-cluster,
with the central flowers opening
first.
Cymose, bearing cymes, or cyme-
like.
D.
Deciduous, falling off; not per-
sistent.
Decompound, more than once
compound or divided.
Decumbent, reclining.
Decurrent, applied to a leaf when
the lobes at the base extend down
the sides of the stem.
Decussate, with opiiosite pairs at
right angles to each other.
Deflexed, turned abruptly down-
ward.
Dehiscent, splitting open to allow
the contents to escape.
Deltoid, triangular, the base down-
ward.
Dentate, toothed, the teeth point-
ing outward.
Denticulate, minutely dentate.
Depressed, flattened from above.
Di-, twice or two.
Diadelphous, with the filaments
policring in two sets.
Dluudrous, having two stamena.
274
GLOSSARY.
''til t ■
^'1
.1 .i
Dtchotomons, forking regularly
by pairs.
Dlcotylcdonons, haviifg two coty-
ledons.
Didynamou8,of stamens, when in
two pairs of different lengths.
Diffuse, spreading.
Dl^^ftate, compound, the members
arising from the same point.
DIcecious, of flowers when the
staminate and pistillate ones are
on separate plants.
Discoid, of composlce flowers when
ray-florets are absent.
Disic, a development of the recept-
acle around the base of the pistil ;
the central part of the head of a
composite flower as distinct from
the ray.
Dissected, cut up into many seg-
ments.
Dissepimsnt, a partition in an
ovary or fruit.
Distinct, not united.
Divergrent, spreading apart.
Divided, lobed to the base.
Dorsal, relating to the back of any
organ.
Drupe, a fleshy fruit with the seed
enclosed in a hard shell, as a plum
or cherry.
E.
Elliptical, oval.
Etiiar^luatc, slightly notched at
the end.
Embryo, the undeveloped plant in
the seed.
Endooarp, the innermost layer of
the pericarp.
Endogenous, applied to stems
whose wood does not grow in
rings, but in scattered bundles.
Entire, without indentations of
any kind.
Epigy nous, growing on the ovarj'.
Epiphyte, an air -plant, whose
roots do not reach the ground.
Equltant, apTjlied to such leaves
as those of Iris, which ore folded
lengthwise, each astride of the
next one within.
Erect, upright.
Exonrrent, applied to stems which
can be readily traced through to
the top, as in Pine.
Exogenous, applied to stems
whose wood grows in layers or
rings.
Exserted, thrust out beyond the
line of the enveloping organ, as
stamens out of a corolla.
Extrorse, facing outward.
F.
Fascicle, a close bundle.
Fertile, applied to flowers having
pistils.
Fibrous, thread-like.
Filament, the stalk of the stamen.
Filiform, thread-shaped ; long and
slender.
Floccose, soft-woolly.
Follaceons, leaf-like.
-foliate, relating to leaves.
-foliolate, relating to leaflets.
Follicle, a dehisceiit fruit of one
carpel, splitting down one side
only.
Free, not growing fast to any other
organ.
Frond, the leaf of a Fern, and some
other cryptogams.
Fruit, the ripened ovary, along
with any adherent part.
Fugacious, falling away very
early.
fusiform, spindle-shaped, thicker
1;: the middle than at either end.
G.
Galea, a helmet-shaped piece of a
fierianth, as the upper lip of some
ablate corollas.
Gamopetalous, having the petals
united together.
Gamophyllous, having the pieces
of the perianth united.
Gibbous, bulging outward on one
side.
Glabrate, somewhat glabrous ;
becoming glabrous.
Glabrous, smooth.
Gland, a secreting structure of any
kind. Any protuberance having
the appearance of such an organ.
GLOSSARY.
275
Glandular, bearing glands ; or
gland-like.
Glaucous, whitened with a blooui.
Globose, nearly spherical.
Gluniaccous, having glumes ; or
glume-like.
Glume, a chaffy bract near ii
grass-flower.
Granular, composed of small
grain-like pieces.
Gymnospermous, having seeds
which are not enclosed in an
ovary.
Gynandrous, of stamens which
are borne on the style.
H.
Habit, the general aspect of a
plant.
Halberd-shaped, with spreading
lobes at the base.
Hastate* the same as halberd-
shaped.
Head, a dense cluster of sessile
flowers on a very short axis.
Heart-shaped, with an indenta-
tion at the Dase.
Herb, a plant with little or no wood
in its stem.
Herbaceous, havin<ar the character
of an herb ; leaf-like in colour
and texture.
Hlluni, the scar showing where a
seed was attached.
Hirsutet pubescent with coarse
hairs.
Hispid, with stiff bristly hairs.
Hoary, grayish-white with fine
close pubescence.
Hooded, shaped like a liood.
Hyposrynow* inserted on the re-
ceptacle below the ovary, and free
from the latter.
I.
Imbricate, overlapping, as tho
bracts of the involucre in most
composite flowers, having one
piece wholly internal and one
wholly external, as in the calyx
and corolla of many flowers.
Immersed, wholly under water.
Incised, sharply cut.
Included, not at nil protruded be-
yond the surrounding envelope.
Indefinite, many in number.
ludehiscent, not splitting open so
as to discharge the contents.
IndijiT^nous, native.
Inferior, lower; outer; of a calyx
when below and free from the
ovary ; of an ovary when attached
to the calyx.
Inflorescence, the arrangement
of the flowers or flower-clusters.
Inserted, attached to.
Introrse, turned inward.
Involucel, a secondary involucre.
Involucre, a circle of bracts below
a flower or flower-cluster.
Involute, rolled inward.
Irregular, with parts differing in
size or shape. ^
K.
Keel, a central lougitudinal ridge;
the two united petals in the front
of a papilionaceous flower.
Kidney-shaped, of a leaf with
large rounded lobes at the base.
Ii.
Labiate, having two lips.
Laeiniate, cut into narrow pointed
lobes.
Lamella, a thin flat plate.
Lanceolate, rather narrow and
tapering from the base to the
point.
Lateral, referring to or borne on
the side.
Lax, loose.
Leaflet, one of the pieces of the
blade of a compound leaf.
Legume, a dehiscent fruit of a
single carpel, whicli opens as a
rule by two seams.
Lenticular, shaped like a double-
convex lens.
LIgulute, strap-sh/iped.
Limb, the spreading part of a petal
or corolla, etc.
Linear, long and narrow, with
Itolh ends alike or nearly so.
Lobe, any segment of an organ.
276
GLOSSARY.
11
l-l
m ^
M
m
Lyrate, pinnatlfld with the ter-
minal lobe very large and rounded.
M.
Marginal, along' or near the edge.
Membranaceous, thin, somewhat
transparent.
Midrib, the central or main vein
of a leaf.
Monadelphous, with all the fila-
ments grown together.
Monocotyledonous, having only
one cotyledon in the embryo.
Monoecious, having stamin ate and
pistillate flowers on different parts
of the same plant.
Muoronate, tipped with a minute
stiarp point.
Multlfld, cut into many segments.
N.
Naked, without a covering, as of
chaff, hairs, etc.
Nerve, a longitudinal line, as on
the calyx of CatHip.
Node, the place on a stem from
which a leaf springs.
Numerous, indefinite in number.
Nut, an indehlscent fruit of one
cell and one seed with a hard
shell, usually the product of a
compound pistil.
Nutlet, a body like a little nut.
Obcompressed, compressed from
above instead of from side to side.
Obcordate, indented at the apex.
Oblanceolate, narrow and taper-
ing towards the base.
Oblique, unequal-sided, slanting.
Oblong, longer than broad, with
rather straight sides, and both
ends alike.
Obovate, egg-shaped, with the
narrow end down.
Obsolete, not evident.
Obtuse, blun';.
Ocreate, having sheathing stip-
ules.
Operculate, having a lid.
Orbicular, circular in outline.
Oval, somewhat longer than broad,
with rounded sides and both ends
alike.
Ovary, the lower part of the pistil
containing the ovules.
Ovate, egg-shaped, the broad end
down.
Ovoid, a solid with an ovate out-
line.
P.
Palate, an upward projection of
the lower lip of a personate co-
rolla, closing the throat.
Palct, one of the inner chaffy
scales of a grass-flower.
Palmate, with veins or leaflets
radiating from the end of the
petiole.
Panicle, an irregularly compound
inflorescence of pedicelled flowers.
Panlcled, resembling a panicle,
borne in a panicle.
Papilionaceous, having a stand-
ard, wings, and keel, as in legu-
minous corollas.
Pappus, the tuft of hairs or bristles
answering to the calyx-limb in
many composite flowers.
Parasitic, living upon other living
plants.
Parietal, borne on the walls.
Parted, very deeply cleft.
Pectinate, cut into comb-like nar-
row teeth.
Pedate, palmately divided or part-
ed, with the basal segments 2-
cleft.
Pedicel, a secondary flower-stalk ;
rtie support of a single flower in a
cluster.
Peduncle, the support of a solitary
flower or of a flower-cluster.
Peltate, shield-shaped; attached
by the lower surface.
Pendulous, hanging down.
Perennial, lasting year after year.
Perfect, having both stamens and
pistil in the same flower.
Perfoliate, with the stem passing
through the leaf.
Perianth, the floral envelopes.
Pericarp, the matured ovary.
GLOSSARY.
277
Perlgrynous,in3ertedon the calyx.
Persistent, remaining? after other
parts have fallen away.
Personate, applied to a hibiate
corolla with the throat closed by
an upward prr.jectiou of the lower
lip.
Petal, one of the pieces of a corolla.
Petalold, petal-like.
Petiolato, havin;? a petiole.
Petiole, having a leaf-stalk.
Phanerog'anions, liaving flowers
and producing seed?
Pilose, with soft hairs.
Pinna, a primary division of a
frond.
Pinnate, with veins or leaflets
proceeding from each side of a
mid-rib.
Pinnatifld, deeply pinnately cleft.
Pinnule, a secondary division of a
frond ; one of the divisions of a
pinna.
Pistil, the seed-bearing organ of
the flower.
Pistillate, having pistil but no
stamens.
Pitted, marked with small pits or
depressions.
Placenta, the ridge or projection
in the ovary to which the ovules
are attachea.
Plicate, folded into plaits.
Plumose, feathery ; with fine hairs
on each side of the axis.
Pod, any dry dehiscent fruit.
Pollen, the grains produced in the
anther.
Pollinium (plural polUnia), a mass
of pollen, as in Milkweeds and
Orcnids.
PiOly petal ons, having petals sep-
arate from each other.
Pome, an inferior syncarpous fruit
with a largely developed adherent
calyx, as the apple.
Posterior, the side next the axis.
Procumbent, lying flat on the
ground.
Prostrate, the same as procum-
bent.
Pubernlent, minutely pubescent.
Pubescent, covered with line short
hairs.
Punctate, showing transparent
dots wlien held up to the llgnt.
Funp^ent, acrid to the taste.
B.
Itaceme, a flower-cluster of lateral
flowers, each on a pedicel of its
own.
Racemose, in racemes ; resem-
bling a raceme.
Radiate, spreading from a centre;
beariiig ray-florets.
Radical, proceeding from the base
of the stein.
Ray, the l)ranch of an umbel ; the
circle of marginal florets in a
composite flower, as distinguished
from the disk.
Receptacle, the enlarged top of
the flower-stalk.
Recurved, curved backward.
Reflexed, bent backward or down-
ward.
Refsrular, with all the parts of the
organ of the same size and shape.
Renlform, kidney-shaped.
Repand, with a margin resembling
tliat of an expanded umbrella.
Reticulate, in the form of a net-
work.
Retuse, with a shallow notch at
the end.
Revolute, rolled backward from
tlie margin.
Rhachls, the axis of a frond or
compound leaf.
Rlii70me, an underground stem;
a rootstock.
Rib, one of the main veins of a leaf.
Ringent, wide open, gaping.
Rootstock, an underground stem.
Rotate, wheel-shaped.
Rudimentary, but slightly de-
veloped.
Rugose, wrinkled.
Runcinate, with te»th on the
margin pointing 'jackwanl.
Runner, a tb.ead-like prostrate
branch, proceeding from the base
of a stem, and rooting at the ex-
tremity.
I
278
GLOSSARY.
>?i!
If
I I
ti:> ■
s.
Saccate, sac-shaped.
Saelttate, arrow-$thaped. the basal
loDes directed downward-
Salver-shaped* with a boi >
spreading at right angles to the
tube.
Samara, a winged fruit, as that of
the Ash.
Scabrous, rough.
Scape, a leafless peduncle rising
from the ground or near it.
Scarions, thin, dry, and mem-
branaceous.
Scnrf, small rusty-looking scales
on tlie epidermis.
Segment, one of the parts of a
divided leaf.
Sepal, a division of a calyx.
Septum, a partition.
Serrate, toothed, the teeth directed
towards the apex.
Serrulate, finely serrate.
Sessile, without a stalk.
Setaceous, bristie-like.
Setose, beset with bristles.
Slieath, a tubular envelope.
Sheathlngr* enclosing as with a
sheath.
Shrub, a woody perennial smaller
than a tree.
SUloIe, a short and broad silique.
Slllque, the peculiar pod of a Cru-
ciferous flower.
Simple, of one piece.
Sinuate, wavy.
Sinus, the indentation between
two lobes.
Sorus, a cluster of sporangia.
Spadix, a spike on a fleshy axis.
Spathe, a bract, subtending or en-
veloping a spadix.
Spathulate, gradually narrowed
downward from a rounded apex.
Spicatc, in the form of a spike.
Spike, a chister of sessile flowers
on a more or less elongated axis.
Spikclet, a small or secondary
spike.
Spindle-shaped, larger in tlie
middle than at either end.
Spine, a sharp woody outgrowth of
the stem.
Splnose, spine-like, or beset with
:pines.
poranginm, a sporc-cnse.
Sporocarp, the fruit-case of cer-
tain cryptogams.
Spur, a hollow projection.
Squarrose, having spreading tips.
Stamen, a pollen-bearing organ.
Standard, the upper petal of a
papilionaceous corolla.
Stellate, star-shaped.
Sterile, not producing seed, with-
out a pistil.
Sti&rma, the upper end of the pistil,
adapted for the reception of pollen.
Stigmatic, stigma-like.
Stipe, the leaf-stalk of a Fern: the
stalk supporting a pistil in certain
flowers.
Stipular, relating to stipules.
Stolon, a branch which roots.
Stoloniferous, bearing stolons.
Striate, marked with fine longitu-
dinal lines.
Strict, rigid and upright.
Strigose, beset with appressed
sharp straight and stiff hairs.
Style, the narrow part of a pistil
between the ovary and the stigma.
Stylopodium, a disk-like expan-
sion at the base of a style, as in
Umbelliferous plants.
Sub-, a prefix meaning "some-
what."
Subulate, awl shaped.
Succulent, juicy.
SuflTrutescent, slightly shrubby.
SuflTruticose, low and woody, di-
minutively shrubby.
Sulcate, grooved or furrowed.
Superior (calyx), attached to the
ovary.
Suture, a seam or line of dehis-
cence.
Symmetrical, with gets having
the same number of parts each, or
a multiple of that number.
GLOSSARY.
279
T.
Tall, any slender prolongation.
Terete, cylindrical.
Terminal, at the apex.
Ternate, In threes.
Tetradynamous, with four lonpr
stamens and two short ones.
Throat, the entrance to the tube of
a calyx or corolla,
Thyrge, a compact panicle.
Thyrsold, like a thyrse.
Tomeutose, woolly.
Transverse, across.
TrI-, a prefix meaning three oi
thrice.
Trlfollolate, having threeleaflets.
Truncate, as if cut oif square
across the end.
Tuber, the enlarged end of an un-
derground stem.
Tubercle, a small tuber-like body.
Tuberous, having the appearance
of a tuber.
Tunlcated, having coats one with-
in another.
Twining, winding spirally about
a support. »
U.
Cmbel, a flower-cluster with radi-
ating pedicels.
(Jnibellate, umbel-like.
Umbellet, a secondary umbel.
Undulate, wavy.
TTrceoIate, urn-shaped.
Utricle, an iiidehiHcent l-seeded
fruit, witli a tliiii loose pericarp.
Valvato, with the edges meeting
but not overlapping.
Valve, one of tlie pieces into which
a capsule splits.
Veins, the threads of fibro- vascular
tissue running through tlie suli-
stance of a leaf.
Ventral, belonging to the inferior
or lower side.
Vernation, the folding of a leaf in
the bud.
Versatile, attached by the centre
(of the anther) and so able to
swing about.
Vertical, upright.
Verticillate, whorled.
Villous, with long soft hairs.
Viscid, sticky.
W.
Whorl, a circle of leaves round a
stem.
Wing, a thin expansion bordering
any organ ; one of the side petals
of a papilionaceous corolla.
Woolly* with long matted hairs.
ning " some-
line of dehis-
w
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST
OF
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
r!
r
m
|i.
fir
r^ ^
Popular Name.
Abutilon.
Aconite.
African Marigold.
Agapanthus.
Ageratum.
Almond (Flower-
ing)
Aiyssum (Sweet).
Apple (Common).
Apple (Siberian
Crab).
Apricot.
Artichoke (True).
Artichoke (Jerusa-
lem).
Asparagus.
Aster (China).
Auricula.
Azalea.
Balsam.
Banana.
Barberry.
Barley.
Bean (Windsor).
Scientific Name.
Abutilon striatum.
Aconitum Napellus.
Tagetes erecta.
Agapanthus umbellatus.
Ageratum Mexicanum.
Prunus nana.
Aiyssum maritimum.
Pyrus Malus.
Pyrus prunifolia.
Prunus Armeniaca.
Cynara Scolymus.
Helianthus tuber osus.
Asparagus officinalis.
Callistephus Chinensis.
Primula AuricvZa.
Azalea Indica.
Impatiens Balsamina.
Musa sapientum.
Berberis vulgaris.
Hordeum (sev. sp.)
Vicia Faba.
NaturalOrdkr.
Malvaoese.
Banunculaceee .
Compositse.
Liliacere.
Compositse.
Bosaceee.
Cruciferse.
Eosacese.
Bosaceee.
Bosaceee.
Compositse.
CompositsB.
Liliacese.
Compositse.
Primulaceee.
Ericaceae.
Geraniacese.
Scitaminese.
Berberidacese.
Gramineee.
Leguminosse.
11
IE , I
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
281
Popular Name.
Scientific Name.
Natural Order.
Bean (Dwarf).
Phaaeolus nanus.
Leguminosffi.
Bean (Kidney).
Phaseoliis vulgaris.
Leguminoste.
Beet.
Beta vulgaris.
Chenopodiacea'.
Begonia.
Begonia Rex (^and
many other species).
Bogoniacese.
Bleeding Heart.
Dicentra spedabilis.
Fumariacese.
Bluebottle.
Centaurea Cyanus.
Compositse.
Blue Flag.
Iris pumila {and other
species).
Iridaceaj.
Borage.
Borrago officinalis.
Borraginacese.
Boston Ivy.
Ampelopsis Veitchii.
Vitaceai.
Bottle Gourd.
Lagenaria vulgaris.
Cuourbitaceae.
Bouvardia.
Bouvardia triphylla.
Rubiaceae.
Box.
Buxus sevipervirens.
Kuphorbiaceae.
Broccoli.
Brassica oleracea, var.
Broccoli.
Cruciferee.
Buckwheat.
Fagopyrum esculentum.
Polygonaceaj.
Cabbage.
Caladium.
Calceolaria.
Calendula.
Calla Lily.
Camellia.
Canary-bird Flower.
Candytuft.
Canna.
Canterbury Bells.
Capsicum.
Caraway.
Carrot.
Castor-oil Plant.
Catalpa.
Catchfly.
Brassica oleracea.
Caladium {sev. sp.)
Calceolaria {sev. sp.)
Calendula officinalis.
Hichardia Africana.
Camellia Japonica.
Tropceolum peregri-
num.
Iheris umhellata.
Canna Indica.
Campanula Medium.
Capsicum annuum.
Carum Carui.
Daucus Carota.
Ricinus communis .
Catalpa hignonioides.
Silene Armeria.
Cruciferse.
Aracese.
Scrophularaicese.
Compositse.
Aracese.
Camelliaceee.
Geraniacese.
Cruciferse.
Scitaminese.
CampanulacetB.
Solanacea'.
Umbelliferse.
Euphorbiacese.
Bignoniaceae.
! Caryophyllacese
it
ir|
282
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
1:
, ,;;
w '
Popular Name.
Scientific Name.
NaturalOrder.
Cauliflower.
Brassica ohraceaivar. }
Cruciferae.
Celery.
Apium yraveolens "
Umbelliferae.
Century Plant.
Agave Americana.
A m ary Uidacese.
Chamomile.
Antheviis nohilis.
Compositse.
Cherry (Red).
Prunus Cerasus.
Rosaceae.
Cherry (English).
" avium.
"
China Aster.
Callistephus Chinensis.
Compositse.
Chinese Primrose.
Primula Sinensis.
PrimulacesB.
Chives.
Allium Schcenoprasum.
Liliacese.
Cigar-plant.
Cuphea i)latycentra.
Lythracese.
Cineraria.
Senecio cruentus.
Compositse.
Citron.
Citrullus vulgaris
(yar.)
Cucurbitacese.
Clarkia.
Clarhia elegans.
Onagracese.
Clematis.
Cleviatis {sev. sp.)
Ranunculacea^.
Cobsea.
Cohcea scandens.
Polemoniaceae.
Cockscomb.
Celosia cristata.
Amarantacese.
Coffee.
Ooffea Arahica.
Rubiaceae.
Coleus.
Coleus Blumei.
Labiatse.
Columbine.
Aquilegia vulgaris.
Ranunculacese.
Convolvulus.
Ipomcea purpurea.
Convolvulacese.
Corn.
Zea Mays.
Graminese.
Cornflower.
Centaurea Cyanus.
Compositae. .
Cotton.
Gossipiuvi herbaceum.
Malvaceae.
Crocus.
Crocus vernus.
Iridaceae.
Crown Imperial.
Fritillaria imperialis.
Liliaceae.
Cucumber.
Cucumis sativus.
Cucurbitacese.
Cuphea.
Cuphea platycentra.
Lythraceap.
Currant (Red and
Rihes rubrum.
Saxifragacese.
White).
Currant (Black).
" nigrum.
((
Cyclamen.
Cyclamen Persicum.
PrimulacesB.
Cypress Vine.
Quamociii vulgaris.
ConvolvulaccBB.
Cypripedium.
Cypripedium («e«. sp.)
Orchidaceae.
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
283
AL Order.
3r8B.
liferae.
^Uidacese.
(sitse.
)sit8e.
laceae.
Bse.
acese.
:)sit8e.
bitacese.
'£tCG96»
ticulacese.
loniaceae.
antacese.
-cese.
tse.
nculacese.
)lvulaceaB.
inese.
ositae. •
icese.
jese.
jese.
rbitacese.
racese.
ragacese.
ulacese.
olvulacesB.
Ldacese.
1
Popular Name. |
Scientific Name.
NaturalOrder.
Daffodil.
Narcissus Pseudo-
Narcissus.
Amaryllidaceae.
Dahlia.
Dahlia variabilis.
Compositae.
Daisy.
Bel lis perennis.
u
Day-Lily (Common).
Hevierocallisfulva.
Liliacese.
Deutzia.
Deutzia gracilis, etc.
Saxifragaceae.
Dianthus.
Dianthus Chinensis
{sev. varieties).
Caryophyllaceae
Dielytra.
Dielytra spectabilis.
Fumariacese.
Digitalis.
Digitalis purpurea.
Scrophulariacese
Draccena.
Draccena (sev. sp.)
Liliaceas.
Dusty Miller.
Centaurea Cineraria
[or Candidissima).
Compositse.
Dutchman's Pipe.
Aristolochia Sipho.
Aristolochiaceae
Egg Plant.
Solanuni Melongena.
Solanacese.
Elephant's Ear.
Begonia {many sp.)
Begoniacese.
Endive.
Qichorium Endivia.
Compositse.
Eschscholtzia.
Eschscholtzia Califor-
nica.
Papaveraceao.
Evening-Primrose.
(Enothera hiennis{var. )
Onagraceae.
Everlasting.
Gnaphalium{sev. sp.)
Compositae.
Feverfew.
Pyrethrum Parthen-
((
Fig.
lUltl.
Ficus Carica.
Urticaceae.
Flax.
Linum usitatissitnum
{and other species).
Linaceae.
Flower-de-luce.
Iris Germanica.
Iridaccae.
Flower-of-an-hour.
Hibiscus Trionum.
Malvaceae.
Forget-me-not.
Myosotis palustris.
Borragiuaceae.
Forsythia.
Forsythia viridisnma.
Oleaceae.
Four-o'clock.
Mirabills Jnlapa.
Nyctaginaceae.
F<v-^lQve.
Digitalis purpurea.
ScrophulariaceaB
French Marigold.
Tagetes patula.
Compositae.
Fucnsia.
1 Fuchsia {many sp.)
Onagraceae,
mi:
284
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
:i'\
b
:l^^kj
■
s
i '
1
!
^^1
a
Popular Name.
Gaillardia.
Gardenia.
Garlic.
Genista.
Geranium.
German ivy.
Gilliflower.
Gladiolus.
Gloxinia.
Gooseberry.
Grape.
Grape Hyacinth.
Ground Pink.
Guelder Eose.
Hawthorn (Eng.)
Heart's-ease.
Heliotrope.
Hellebore (White).
Hemp.
Henbane.
Holly.
Hollyhock.
Honesty.
Honeysuckle.
Hop.
Horehound.
Horse-Chestnut.
Horse-radish.
Houseleek.
Hyacinth.
Hydrangea.
Scientific Name. NaturalOrder.
Gaillardia {sev. ap.)
Gardenia florida.
Allium sativum.
Genista tinctoria.
Pelargonium {my. sp.)
Senecio scandens.
Matthiola annua.
Gladiolus (sev. sp.)
Gloxinia speciosa.
Rihes Grossularia.
Vitis vinifera {many
var.)
Muscari hotryoides.
Phlox suhulata.
Viburnum Opulus
iyar.)
Cratcegus Oxyacantha.
Viola tricolor.
Helitropium Peruvi-
anum.
Veratrum viride.
Cannabis sativa.
Hyoscyamus niger.
Hex Aquifolium.
Althaea rosea,
Lunaria biennis.
Lonicera {sev. sp.)
Humulus Lupulus,
Marrubium vulgare,
uEsculus Hippocasta-
num.
Nasturtium Armoracia.
Sempervivnm tectorum.
Hyacinthus orientalis.
Hydrangea Hortensia.
Compositee.
E-ubiacese.
Liliaceee.
Leguminosee.
Geraniacese.
Compositse.
CrucifersB.
IridacesB.
Gesneracese.
Saxifragaceee-
Vitaceee.
Liliacese.
Polemoniaceee.
Ci>.prifoliace8c
Bosacese.
Violacese.
Borraginacese.
Liliacese.
Urticacese.
SolanacesB.
Aquifoliaceoe.
Malvaceee.
Cruciferee.
C9,prifoliace8e.
TJrticaceee.
Labiatse.
Sapindaceae.
Cruciferee.
Crassulaceee.
Liliaceee.
Saxifragaceee.
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
285
Popular Name.
Scientific Name.
Natural Order.
Ice Plant.
Mesemhryanthemum
Meserabryan-
crystallinum.
themese.
Indian Corn.
Zea Mays,
Gramineae.
Indian Cress.
Tropceolum majus.
Geraniaceae.
Indian Mallow.
Abutilon Avicennce.
Malvaceae.
Indian Shot.
Carina {sev. sp.)
Scitaminese.
India-Eubber Tree.
Ficus elastica.
Urticaceae.
Iris.
Iris {sev, sp.)
Iridaceae.
Ivy.
Hedera Helix.
Araliaceae.
Jerusalem Arti-
Helianthus tuberoaut.
Compositae.
choke.
Jessamine.
Jonquil.
Kale.
Kidney Bean.
Kohlrabi.
Laburnum.
Ladies' Eardrops.
Lamb's Quarters.
Lantana.
Larkspur.
Lavender.
Leek.
Lemon - scented
Verbena.
Lentil.
Lettuce.
Lilac (Common)
Lily.
Lily-of-the- Val 1 oy .
Linden (Europe).
Live-for-Ever.
Lobelia (blue).
Jasminum (sev. sp.)
Narcissus JonqulUa.
Brassica oleracea.
Phaseolus vulgaris.
Braaaica oleracea {var. )
Laburnum vulgare.
Fuchsia (many sp.)
Chenopodium album,
Lantana {sev. s^j.)
Delphinium {sev. sp.)
Lavandula vera.
Allium Porrum,
Lippia citriodora.
Lens esculenta.
Loictuca sativa.
Syringa vulgaris.
Lilium {many sp.)
Convallarla majalis.
Tilia Europma,
Sedum Tele phi um.
I Lobelia Erinua,
Oleaceae.
Amaryllidaceae.
Cruciferae.
Leguminosae.
Cruciferae.
Leguminosae.
Onagraceae.
Chenopodiaceae,
Verbenaceae.
Eanunculaceae.
Labiatae.
Liliaceae.
Verbenaceae.
Leguminosiii.
Compositae.
Oleaceae.
Liliaceae.
Liliaceae.
Tiliaceae.
Crassulaceae.
Lobeliacese.
286
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
,':iM
^ .■
WMta'
^S^V
li:
Inn
^H
' i ^ '
iH
9
1
i
IH
! i ■
Popular Name.
Locust-tree.
Love-in-a-mist.
Love-lies-bleeding .
Lychnis.
Lycopodium.
Madder.
Marigold.
Marvel-oi-Per u .
Matrimony- Vine.
Maurandia.
Melilotus (white).
Melon (Musk).
♦' (Water).
Mignonette.
Mimosa.
Mock-Orange.
Molucca Balm.
Monkshood.
Morning Glory.
Moss Pink.
Mountain Ash.
Mourning Bride.
Mulberry.
Muskmelon.
Musk-plant.
Narcissus (Polyan-
thus).
Nasturtium.
Nemophila.
Nolana.
Oat.
Scientific Name.
Robinia (sev. sp.)
Nigella Damascena.
Amaranius melan-
cholicus.
Lychnis {sep. sp.)
Selaginella (sev. sp.)
Rubia tindoria.
Calendula officinalis.
Mirabilis Jala pa.
Lycium vulgare.
Maurandia {sev. sp.)
Melilotus alba.
Cucumis Melo.
Citrullus vulgaris.
Reseda adorata.
Mimosa pudica.
Philadelphus Coron-
arius.
Moluccella Icevis.
Aconitum Napellus.
Ipomcea purpurea.
Phlox suhulaia.
Pyrus Americana.
Scabiosa atropurpiurea.
Morus alba.
Cucumis Melo.
Mimulus moschatus.
Narcissus Taxelta.
Tropceolum ma jus.
Nemophila (sev. sp.)
Nolana atriplicifolia.
Avena saliva.
NaturalOrder.
Leguminosse.
Ranunculacese.
Amarantacese.
Gary ophy 1 laceae.
Lycopodiaceae.
Bubiacese.
CompositsB.
Nyctaginacese.
SolanacesB.
Scrophulariaceae.
LeguminosEe.
Cucurbitacese.
B-esedacese..
Leguminosse,
Saxifragaceae.
Labiatse.
Ranunculacese.
Convolvulacese.
Polemoniacese.
Eosacese.
Dipsacese.
Urticacese.
CucurbitacesB.
Scrophulariaceee.
Amaryllidacese.
Geraniaceffi.
Hydrophyllacese
Solanacese.
Gramineee.
if'
i
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
287
Popular Name.
Oleander.
Onion.
Orange (Sweet).
Orange-Gourd.
Oxalis.
Oyster-Plant.
Poeony (Common).
Pansy.
Parsley.
Parsnip.
Passion - Flower
(Common).
Pea.
Peach.
Peanut.
Pear.
Peppermint.
Perilla.
Periwinkle (Com-
mon).
Petunia.
Phlox.
Pie-Plant.
Pimpernel.
Pine-Apple.
Pink.
Plum.
Plumbago (Blue).
Poinsettia.
Polyanthus.
Pomegranate.
Poppy.
Scientific Name.
Nereum Oleander.
Allium Cepa.
Citrus Aurantium.
Cucurbita ovifera.
Oxalis {sev. ap.)
Tragopogon porri/olius.
Pceonia officinalis.
Viola tricolor.
Petrosd'mum sativum.
Pastinaca sativa.
Pai;aiJlora ccerulea.
Pisum sativum.
Prunus Persica.
Arachis Jiypogcea.
Pyrus communis.
Mentha piperita.
Perilla Nankinensis.
Vinca Minor.
Petunia {sev. sp.)
Phlox {sev. sp.)
Rheum Rltaponticum.
Anagallis arvensis.
Ananassa sativa.
Dianthus {many sp.)
Prunus Domestica
{many Vdv.)
Plumbago Capensis.
Euphorbia pulcher-
rivia.
Primula officinalis
{sev. var.)
Punica Oranat^im.
Papaver somniferum.
Natural Order.
Apocynacese.
Liliacese.
Rutacese.
Cucurbitacese.
Oxalidacese.
Compositae.
Banunculaceae.
Violaceae.
Umbelliferse.
Passifloraceee.
Leguminosae.
Rosacese.
Leguminosse.
Rosacese.
Labiatse.
Labia tse.
Apocynaceae.
Solanacese.
Polemoniaceae.
Polygonacese,
Primulacese.
Bromeliacese.
CaryophyllacesB.
Rosacese.
Plumbagitiaceee
Euphorbiacese.
Primulaceee.
Lythraceee.
Papveraceao.
288
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
il
I I
Popular Name.
Portulaca.
Potato.
Primrose(Chinese).
Princes' Feather.
Privet (Common).
Pumpkin.
Badish.
Raspberry (Red or
Yellow).
Red Pepper.
Red-hot- poker.
Rhododendron.
Rhubarb.
Rice.
Rocket
Rose.
Rose-Mallow.
Rosemary.
Rowan-Tree.
Rutabaga.
Rye.
Sage (Common).
Salsify.
Salvia.
Savory (Summer).
Scabiosa.
Scarlet Lychnis.
Scarlet-Runner.
Sensitive-plant.
Shell-Flower.
Smilax.
Scientific Name.
Portulaca grandi/lora.
Solanum tuberosum.
Priviula Sinensis.
Polygonum orientals.
Ligustrum vulgare.
Cucurbita Pepo.
Raphanus sativus,
Rubus Idoeus.
Capsicum annuum.
Tritoma TJvaria.
Rhododendron Dauri-
cum.
Rheum Rhaponticum.
Oryza sativa.
Hesperis niatronalis.
Rosa {many sp.)
Hibiscus Syriacus.
Rosmarinus officinalis
Pyrus Americana.
Brassica campestris.
Secale cereale.
Salvia officinalis.
Tragopogon porrifolius.
Salvia {many sp.)
Satureia hortensis.
Scabiosa atropurpurea.
Lychnis Chalcedonica .
Phaseolus multiflorus.
Mimosa pudica.
Moluccella Icevis.
Myrsiphyllum aspar-
agoides.
Natural Order.
Portulacacese.
Solanacese.
Primulaceae.
Polygonacese.
Oleaceee,
Cucurbitaceae.
CrucifersB.
Rosaceae.
Solancese.
Liliacese.
Ericaceae.
Polygonacese.
Gramineae.
Cruciferae.
Rosaceae.
Malvaceae.
Labia tae.
Rosaceae.
Cruciferae.
Gramineae.
Labiatae.
Compositae.
Labiatae.
Dipsaceae.
Caryophyllacese
Leguminosae.
Labiatae.
Liliaceae.
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
289
Popular Name.
Snapdragon.
Snowball-Tree.
Snowberry.
Snowdrop.
Spearmint.
Spiderwort.
Spinach.
Spiraea.
Spurge.
Squash.
Star-of -Bethlehem .
Stephanotis.
Stock(Ten-Weeks3.
Stone-crop (Mossy. )
Strawberry.
Strawberry Geran-
ium.
Strawberry Tomato.
Sugar Cane.
Sweet Basil.
Sweet-Brier.
Sweet Clover.
Sweet- William.
Syringa.
Tansy.
Tea Plant.
Thimbleberry.
Thyme.
Tiger-Flower.
Scientific Name.
Antirrhinum majus.
Viburnum Opulus,
Symphoricarpus race-
mosus.
Galanthus nivalis.
Mentha viridis.
Tradescantia zehrina.
Spinacia oleracea.
SpircBa (sev. sp.)
Euphorbia (seu. sp.)
Cucurbita maxima.
Ornithogallum umbel-
latum,.
Stephanotis floribunda
Matthiola annua.
Sedum acre*
Fragaria {sev. sp.)
Saxifraga sarmentosa
Physalis Alkekengi.
Saccharum officina-
rum.
Ocimum Basilicum,
Rosa rubiginosa.
Melilotus alba.
Dianthus barbatus.
Philadelphus corona-
rius.
Tanacetum vulgare.
Thea viridts.
Rubus occidentalis.
Thymus SerpyUum.
Tigridia pavonia {sev.
var.)
NaturalOrder.
Scrophulariacese
Caprifoliacese.
Amaryllidacese.
Labiatse.
Commelinaceae.
Chenopodiacese .
Eosacese.
Euphorbiaceae.
Cucurbitacese.
Liliaceae.
AsclepiadacesB.
Cruciferse.
Crassulacese.
RosacesB.
Saxifragacese.
Solanacese.
Graminese.
Labiatse.
Rosacese.
Leguminosae.
Caryophyllacese.
Saxifragaoeae.
Compositse.
Camelliaceae.
Rosaceae.
Labia tae.
Iridaceae.
290
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
I
n
]y- '1
i ■■ .'
Popular Name.
Scientific Name.
Natural Order.
Tobacco( Common).
Nicotiana Tabacum.
Solanaceee,
Tomato.
Licopersicum esculen-
tum.
Ailanthusglandulosus.
t(
Tree of Heaven.
Simarubacese.
Trumpet Creeper.
Tecoma (sev. sp.)
BignoniacesB.
Tulip.
Tulipa Gesneriana
{sev. var. )
Liliaceae.
Turnip.
Brassica Napus.
Cruciferae.
Vegetable Marrow.
Cucurhita verrucosa.
Cucurbitacese.
Verbena.
Verbena {sev. sp )
Verbenacese.
Veronica.
Veronica {sev. sp.)
Scrophulariacese
Vetch (Common).
Vicia sativa.
LegunrinossB.
Violefc (Sweet).
Viola odorata.
Violacese.
Virginia Creeper.
Ampelopsis quinque-
folia.
Vitacese.
Wallflower.
Cheirantnua Cheiri.
CrucifersB.
Watermelon.
Citrullus vulgaris.
Cucurbitacese.
Wax-Plant.
Hoya carnosa.
Asclepiadacese.
Wheat. '
Triticum vulgare.
Graminese.
Windsor Bean.
Vicia Faba.
LeguminossB.
Wistaria.
Wistaria Sinensis.
((
Wolfsbane.
Aconitum Napellus.
Ranunculacese.
Woodbine.
Lonicera {sev. sp.)
Caprifoliacese.
Wormwood (Com-
Artemisia Absinthium
Compositse.
mon).
Yucca.
Yucca aloifolia.
Liliacese.
Zinnia.
Zinnia elegans.
Compositse.
IISTDEX.
The names of the Orders, Classes, and Divisions are in large capitals ;
those of the Sub-orders in small capitals. The names of Genera, as well
as popular names and synonyms, are in ordinary type.
Pagk.
Abies 2 1(5
ABIETI^K^ 214
Abutilon b9
Acalypha 197
Acanthacea? 1'):)
Acanthus Family 159
Acer 47
Acerates 181
Achillea 131
Acnida 188
Acorus 218
Actsea 9
Actinomeris 129
Adam-and-Eve 234
. Adder's-Mouth 233
Adder's-Tongue 2(57
Adiantum 2:i9
Adlumia 15
JEthusa 90
Agrimonia 65
Agrimony 05
Alcliemilla 65
Alder 209
Alisma 225
ALISMACE^E 224
Alkanet 170
Allium 243
Alnus 209
Alum-root 78
Alyssum 23
Amaranth 187
Amaranth Family 187
Amarantus 1 87
amarantace/t: i87
AMARYLLID A0E;E 236
Amaryllis Family •■i'M
Page.
Ambrosia ill
Amelanchier 7i
American Brookliinc 153
American Colombo 177
American Cowslip 146
American Laurel 142
Amorpha 57
Ampelopsis 45
Amphicarpaea 59
Amygdale^k 62
Anachari- 220
ANACARDIACE^ 45
Anagallis 148
Androsace 116
Andromeda 142
Anemone 3
AXGIOSPERMS 1
ANONACEiE 10
Antennaria 114
Anthemis 127
APETALOUS EXOGENS 182
Aphyllon 150
Apios 59
Apleetrum 234
Aplopappus xl6
APOCYNACE.E 179
Apocynum 179
Apple 73
Apple of Peru 176
AQUIFOLIACEJ^ 145
Aquilegia 8
Arabis 20
ARACEiE 217
Aralia 92
AKALIACE^ 92
Arbor Vitse 216
292
INDEX.
1. I
't 1 i "
Page.
Archangellca 90
Archemora 89
Arctium , 110
Arctostaphylos 141
Arenaria 34
Arethusa 233
Arissema 218
ARISTOLOCHIAUE^ 182
Arnica 120
Aromatic Wintergreen 141
Arrow-Arum 218
Arrow-Grass 225
Arrow-Head 225
Arrow- Wood 97
Artemisia 112
ARTOCARPEiE 198
Arum Family 217
Asarum 182
ASCLEPIADACE^ 179
Asclepias 180
Ash 181
Ash-leaved Maple 48
Asimina 10
Asparagus 242
Aspen 212
Aspidium 262
Asplenium 260
Aster 121
Astragalus 54
Atriplex 188
Avens 66
Azalea 142
Azolla 271
Baked-apple Berry 70
Ballota 167
Balm 166
Balm of Gilead 212
Balsam Family 42
BALSAMINACE^ 42
Baneberry 9
Baptisia 61
Barberry 11
Barbarea 19
Barberry Family 10
Page.
Barren Strawberry 66
Bartsia 158
Basil 164,165
Basswood 39
Bastard Toad-flax 195
Bayberry 203
Beach Pea 59
Bearberry 141
Beard-Tongue 155
Beaver-Poison 91
Beech 207
Beech-Drops 150
Bee"ch-Fern 261
Bedstraw 99
Beggar's Lice 169
Beggar-ticks 130
Bellflower 130
Bellis 127
Bellwort 240
BERBERIDACEiE 10
Berberis H
Bergamot 165
Betula 208
BETULACEJE 207
Bidens 130
Bindweed 174
Birch 208
BirchFamily 207
Birthwort Family 182
Bishop's Cap 77
Bitter-Cress 19
Bitter-Nut ... 203
Bittersweet 175
Black Alder 145
Blackberry 70, 71
Black Bindweed 191
Black Grass l'45
Black Horehound 167
Black Mustard 22
Black Snake-root 9, 89
Bladder Campion 33
Bladder Fern 264
Bladder-Katmia 39
Bladder-Nut 47
Bladder-pod 19
INDEX.
293
Page.
Bladderwort 149
Bladderwort Family 149
Blazing-Star 114
Blite 185
Blitum 18")
Blood-root 14
Blue Ash 182
Blue Beech 207
Blueberry 139
Bluebottle no
Blue Cohosh n
Blue Flag 235
Billets 101
Blue-eyed Grass 236
Blue Lettuce 134
Blue-weed 108
Boehmeria , 201
Boneset 115
Borage Family 167
BORRAGINACE^ 167
Botrychium 266
Bouncing Bet , 32
Bowman's Root 65
Box Elder 48
Bracted Bindweed 173
Bracken 260
Brake 260
Bramble 70
Brasenia 12
Brasssica 22
Bristly Sarsaparilla 92
Brooklime 153
Brook-weed 148
Broom Crowberry 213
Broom-rape Family 150
Brunella 160
Buckbean 178
Buckthorn 45
Buckthorn Family 45
Buckwheat 193
Buckwheat Family 188
Buda 36
Bugbane 9
Bugseed 186
Bugle- weed 162
Pack.
BugloSS 1H9
Bunch-berry 93
Bupleurum 91
Burdock no
Bur-Marigold 130
Burnet 65
Burning-Bush 46
Bur-reed 220
Bush-Clover 61
Bush-Honeysuckle 97
Butter-and-Eggs 154
Buttercup 6
Butterfly-weed 181
Butternut 202
Butter-weed 125
Butterwort 150
Button-bush lOO
Buttonwood 201
Cacalia 115
CACTACE^ 86
Cactus Family 8<J
Cakile 25
Calamintha 165
Calaminth 165
Calamus 218
Calla 218
Callitriche 80
Calluna 142
Calopogon 233
Caltha 8
Calypso 233
Calystegia 173
Caraelina 24
Campanula 136
CAMPANULACE^ 136
Campanula Family 136
Campion 33
Camptosorus 261
Cancer-root 150
CANNABINEiE 19{»
Cannabis _ 201
Caper Family 25
CAPPARIDACE^ 25
CAPRIFOLI ACE^ 95
Capsella 24
111
m
2y4
INDEX.
Pagk.
Caraway 91
Carduus 110
Carex i 251
Cardamlne 19
Cardinal Flower 135
Carpet-weed 8(3
Carpinus 207
Carrion Flower 237
Carrot 89
Carum 91
Carya 202
CARYOPHYLLACE.^: 32
Cashew Family 43
Cassandra 142
Castunea 200
Castilleia 157
Catbrier 237
Catchfly 33
Catmint 165
Catnip 1G5
Cat-tail Family 219
Cat-tall Flag 220
Caulophy Hum 11
Ceanothus 45
Cedar 216
Celandine , . 14
CELASTRACE^. 46
Celastrus 46
Celtis 200
Centaurea i
Cephalantlius 100
Cerastium 35
CERATOPHYLLACE^: 213
Ceratophyllum 213
Chain-Fern 261
Chamajrhodos 69
Chamomile 127
Charlock 22
Chelidonium 14
Chelone 155
CHENOPODIACE^ 184
Chenopodium 185
Cherry 64
Chestnut 206
Chickwecd 34
Page.
Chickweed-Winterberry 146
Chimaphila 144
Chiogenes 141
Choke-berry 73
Choke-Cherry 64
Chrysanthemum 126
Chrysopgis 116
Chrysospleniura 78
Ciehorium 132
Cichory 132
Cicuta 91
Cimiclfuga 9
Cinnamon Fern ' 266
Cinque-foil 67
Circaea 81
Cirsium 109
CISTACEJE 29
Claytonia 37
Clearweed 201
Cleavers 99
Clematis 3
Cleome , 25
Cliff -brake 260
Climbing-Bittersweet 46
Clintonla 240
Clotbur Ill
Cloud-berry 70
Clover 52
Club-Moss 269, 270
Club-Moss Family 269
Cnicus 109
Cockle ; 83
Cocklebur Ill
Cockspur Thorn 73
Cohosh 11
Collinsia 155
CoUinsonia 164
Collomia 173
Coltsfoot 121
Columbine 8
Comandra 195
Comfrey 169
COMPOSITE 102
Composite Family 102
Comptonia 204
INDEX.
295
Page,
146
144
.... 141
.... 73
.... 64
.... iSfO
.... 116
.... 78
.... 132
.... 132
.... 91
.... 9
. . . .' 266
.... 67
. . . . 81
. ... 109
.... 29
.... 37
.... 201
.... 99
.... 3
. . . . 25
.... 260
. . . . 46
.... 240
.... Ill
, . . . 70
. . . . 52
269, 270
.... 269
. .. 109
. . . . 83
... Ill
... 73
. . . . 11
... 155
... 164
... 173
... 121
... 8
... 195
... 169
... 102
... 102
... 204
Page.
Cone-Flower 127
CONIFERiE 214
Conioselinum go
Conium 92
Conopholia i.^io
CON VOLVU LACE iE 173
Convolvulus 174
Convolvulus Family 173
Coptis 8
Corallorhiza 231
Coral-i-oot 2.34
Corema 213
Coreopsis 1-29
Corispernium 186
CORNACEiE 93
Corn-Cocklc .33
Cornel 93
Corn-Spurrey 37
Cornus 93
Corpse-Plant 144
Corydalis 16
Corylus 207
Costmary 127
Cottonwood 2 2
Cowbane 89
Cow-herb 32
Cow-Parsnip 89
Cowslip 146
Cow-Wiieat i.')8
Crab-Apple 73
Cranberry 139
Cranberry-tree 98
Cranesbill 41
CRASSULACEJE 78
Crataegus 72
Creeping-Snowberry 141
Crepis 133
Cress Family 16
Crowberry Family 213
Crowberry 213
Crowfoot 6
Crowfoot Family 2
CRUCIFER^ 16
CRYPTOG.AMS 252
Cryptotsenia 91
Page.
Cuckoo-flower 19
CUCURBIT ACE.i: 8ft
Cudweed 113
Cup-plant 131
CUPRESSIN'K.K 215
CUPULIFER.E 204
Currant 75
Cuscutd 174
Custard-Applo Family 10
Cyololoma 186
Cynoglo.s9um 160
Cynthia 136
CYPERACE.'E 218
Cyperus 2 19
Cypripodium 234
Cystopteris 264
Daisy 127
Daisy Fleabane 126
Dalibarda 70
Dandelion 134
Daphne 194
Datura 176
Daucus 89
Day Lily 243
Dead-Ncttle 167 '
Deer-berry 141
Deer-Gras.s » 84 '
Delphinium 9
Dentaria 19
Desmodium 59
Dewberry 71
Dianthera 159
Dicentra 15
Dicksonia 265
DICOTYLEDONS 1
Diervilla 97
Diosoorea 236
DIOSCORE ACE.E 236
Diplopappus 124
Diplotaxis 23
DIPSACE^E 101
Dipsaeus 102
Dirca 194
Disporum 241
296
INDEX.
■t? •;
I
M;
iV '
Page.
Ditch-stone Crop 78
Dock 192
Dockmackie 98
Dodder 174
Dodecatheon 146
Dogbane 179
Dogbane Family 179
Dog's-tooth Violet 242
Dogwood 93
Dogwood Family 93
Downy Arrow-wood 97
Draba 23
Dracocephalum 165
Dragon-head 165
Drosera 30
DROSERACE^ 30
Duckweed 219
Duckweed Family 218
Dutchman's Breeches 15
Dwarf Dandelion 131
Echinocystis 85
Echinospermum 169
Echium 168
Eel-Grass 224, 226
EL^AGNACE^ 194
Elseagnus 194
Elder 97
Elecampane 116
Eleocharis 250
Ellisia 172
Elm 199
Elm Family 198
Elodea 226
Elodes 31
EMPETRACE^ 213
Empetrum 213
ENDOGENS 217
Enchanter's Nightshade 81
Epigsea 141
Epilobium 81
Epipactus 232
Epiphegus 150
EQUISETACE.^ 267
Equisetum 267
Page.
Erechtites 113
ERICACEAE 137
Ericine^ 138
Erigenia 92
Erigeron 125
Eriogonum 189
Eriocaulon 247
ERIOCAULONACEJE 247
Eriophorum 250
Erodium 42
Erythronium 242
Erysimum 21
Euonymus 46
Eupatorium 115
Euphorbia 196
EUPHORBIACE^ 195
Euphrasia 157
Evening Primrose 83
Evening Primrose Family 81
Everlasting 113, 114
Everlasting Pea 59
EXOGENS 1
Eyebright 157
Fagopyrum 193
Fagus 207
Fall Dandelion 132
False Asphodel 240
False Dragon-head 166
False Flax 24
False Gromwell 170
False Hellebore 241
False Indigo r)7, 61
False Lettuce 134
False Loosestrife 83
False Mallow 39
False Mermaid 42
False Mitre-Wort 77
False Nettle 201
False Pennyroyal 163
False Pimpernel 156
False Solomon's Seal 241
False Spikenard 241
Fern Family 257
FERNS 262
INDEX.
297
Page.
Fetid Horehound 167
Fever-bu3h 193
Feverfew 127
Fever-wort 97
FICOIDE^ 86
Figwort , 155
Figwort Family 151
Filbert 207
FILICES 257
Fir 210
Fire-Pink 33
Fireweed 113
Five-Finder (Cinque-Foil) 67
Flax. 40
Flax Dodder 174
Flax Family 40
Fleabane 125
Floating-Heart 179
Floerkea 42
Flower-de-Luce 235
Flowering Fern 265
FLOWERING PLANTS 1
FLOWERLESS PLANTS .... 252
Fool's Parsley 90
Forget-me-not 171
Fragaria •»i^
Franseria m
Frasera 177
Fraxinus 181
French Weed 24
Frog's-bit Family
Page.
Gentian 177
Gentiana 177
GENTIAN ACEiE 176
Gentian Family 176
GERIANACE.T. 41
Geranium 41
Geranium Family 41
Gerardia 1.56
Germander 162
Geum 66
Giant-Kyssop 165
Gillenia 65
Gilia 17;{
Ginseng 92
Ginseng Family 92
Glaux 147
Gleditschia 62
Glycyrrhiza 57
Gnapluilinm 113
Goat's Board 135
Golden Aster 116
Golden Ragwort 115
Golden-Rod 117
Golden Saxifrage 78
Gold-Thread 8
Goodyera 232
Gooseberry 75
Goosefoot 185
Goosefoot Family 184
Goose-Grass 99
226 GourdFamily 85
Frostweed 29
Fumaria 1^
FUMARIACE^ 15
Fumitory 15, 16
Fumitory Family 15
Gaillardia 129
Galeopsis 1"J"
Galium ''''
GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS 95
Garlic 243
Gaultheria 141
Gaura 83
Gaylussacia 1I5'>
GRAMINE^: 251
Grape 45
Grass Family 251
Grass of Parnassus 76
Grass-wrack 224
Gratiola 156
Great Angelica 90
Green Asli 182
Green-brier 237
Green Dragon 218
GrecTi Milkweed 181
Green Violet 28
Grindelia 126
Gromwell 170
298
INDEX.
5 '
Page.
Ground Cherry 175
Ground Hemlock 216
Ground Ivy 165
Ground Laurel 141
Ground-nut 59
Ground-Pine 270
Groundsel 115
Gutierrezla 126
Gymnocladus 62
GYMNOSPERMS 214
Habenaria 229
Hackberry 200
Halenia 177
HALORAGE^ 79
HAMAMELACEJE 79
Hamamelis 79
Harbinger-of-spring 92
Harebell 136
Hart's-Tongue 261
Hawkweed 132
Hawthorn 72
Hazel-nut 207
Heal-all 166
Heather 142
Heath Family 137
Hedeoma 164
Hedge Bindweed 173
Hedge-Hyssop 156
Hedge-Mustard 22
Hedge-Nettle 167
Hedysarum 61
Helenium 126
Hellanthemum 29
Hellanthus 128
Heliopsis 130
Ilenicrocallis 243
Hemlock 216
Hemlock-Parsley 90
ITe'.nlock-Spruce 216
Hemp 201
Hemp Family l!)9
Hemp-Nettle 166
Henbane 176
Hepatica 5
Page.
Heracleum 89
Herb-Robert 41
Hesperis 22
Heteranthera 247
Heuchera 78
Hibiscus 39
Hickory 202
Hieracium 132
Hippuris 80
Hoary Pea 57
Hoary Puccoon 170
Hobble-bush 98
Hog Pea-nut 59
Hogweed Ill
Holly 145
Holly Family 145
Honey- Locust 62
Honeysuckle 96
Honeysuckle Family 95
Honewort 91
Hop 201
Hop-Hornbeam 207
Hop-tree 43
Horehound 166
Hornbeam 20T
Horned Pondweed 224
Hornwort 213
Hornwort Family 213
Horse-Balm 164
Horse-Mint 164
Horseradish 18
Horsetail 267
Horsetail Family 267
Horse-weed '. 125
Hosackia 63
Hound's Tongue 169
Houstonia 101
Huckleberry 13P
Hudsonia 29
Humulus 201
Huntsman's Cup 13
Hydrastis 9
HYDROCHARIDACE^ 229
Hydrocotyle 89
HYDROPHYLLACEiE 17J
|i|
INDEX.
299
Page.
89
41
22
247
78
S9
202
132
80
57
170
98
59
111
145
145
62
96
95
91
201
207
43
166
207
224
213
213
164
164
18
267
267
125
53
169
101
13?
29
201
13
9
22^
89
17J
Page.
Hydrophyllum 172
Hyoscyamus 176
HYPERICACEiE 30
Hypericum 30
Hypopitys 144
Hypoxys 236
Hyssop 164
Hyssopus 164
Ice-Plant Family 86
Ilex 145
ILLECEBRACE^ 183
Ilysanthes 156
Impatiens 43
Indian Cucumber-root 210
Indian Hemp no
Indian Mallow 39
Indian Physic 65
Indian Pipe 144
Indian Plantain 115
Indian Tobacco 135
Indian Turnip 218
Innocence lOi
Inula 116
IRIDACE^ 235
Iris 235
Iris Family 235
Iron-weed 114
Iron-wood 207
laanthus 103
laoetes 271
Iva 115
Jeffersonia 12
Jerusalem Artichoke 129
Jerusalem Oak 185
Jewel-Weed 43
Joe-Pye Weed 115
Juglana 202
JUGLANDACE.E 202
JUNCACE^ 243
Juncus 244
June-berry 74
Juniper 216
Juniperus 216
Page.
Kalmla 142
Kentucky Coffee-trt'c 62
Knapweed no
Knotgrass 189
Knotweed 189
Knotwort Family 183
Krigia 131
LABIATE 160
Labrador Tea 142
Lactuca 134
Lady's Mantle 65
Lady's Slipper 234
Lady's Thumb , 190
Lady's Smock 19
Ladies' Tresses 231
Lake-Cress 18
Lambkill 142
Lamb's Quarters 185
Lamium 167
Lampsana 131
Laportea 200
Lappa 110
Larch .'16
Larix 216
Larkspur 9
Lathyrus 59
LAURACEiE 193
Laurel Family 193
Laurestinus 97
Lead-Plant 57
Leadwort Family 144
Leaf-Cup 131
Leather-leaf 142
Leatherwood 194
Lechea 29
Ledum 142
Leek 243
LEGUMINOSiE 49
Lemna 219
LEMNACEiE 218
LKNTIBULARIACE^ 149
Leontodon 132
Leonurus 167
Lepidium 24
300
INDEX.
Page.
Lespedeza 61
,_Lettuce 134
Leucanthemum 126
Liatris 114
LlGUT-IFLOR^ 1C8
Ligusticum 90
LILIACE^. 237
Lllium 242
Lily 242
Lily Family 237
Limnantheminn 179
LINAGES 40
Linaria 154
Linden Family 39
Lindera 193
Linnsea 96
Linum 40
Liparis 233
Liquorice 57
Liriodendron 10
Listera 233
Lithospermnni 170
Live-for-ever 79
Liver-leaf 5
Lizard's-tail 183
Lobelia 135
LOBELIACE^ 135
Lobelia Family 135
Locust-tree 54
Lonicera 96
Loosestrife 81, 147
Loosestrife Family 8i
Lophanthus 165
Lopseed 159
Lousewort 158
Lovage 90
Lucerne 53
Ludwigia 83
Lungwort 170
Lupine 52
Lupinus 52
Lnzula 244
Lychnis 33
Lyclum 176
LYCOPODIACE^E 269
Page.
Lyeopodium 269
Lycopus 163
Lycopsis 169
Lygodesmia 133
Lysimachia 147
LYTHRACE.^ 84
Lythrum 84
Madder Family 98
MAGNOLIACiwE 9
Magnolia Family 9
Maidenhair 259
Maianthemum 241
Mallow 38
Mallow Family 38
Malva 38
MALVACE^ 38
Malvastrum 39
Mamillaria 86
Mandrake 12
Maple 47
Mare's-Tail 80
Marrubium 166
Marsh-Cress 18
Marsh-Elder 115
Marsh-Marigold 8
Marsh Rosemary 144
Marsh St. John's-wort 31
Maruta 127
Matricaria 127
Matrimony -Vine 176
May-Apple 12
Mayflower 141
Mayweed 127
Meadow-Beauty 84
Meadow-Parsnip 90
Meadow-Rue 5
Meadow-Sweet 64
Medeola 240
Medicago 53
Medick 53
Melampyrum 158
Melastoma Family 84
MELASTOMACE^: 84
Melilot .53
Melilotus 63
INDEX.
301
'AGE.
. 269
. 163
. . 169 .
,. 133
,. 147
. . 84
.. 84
.. 98
.. 9
.. 9
., 259
.. 241
.. 38
.. 38
.. 38
.. 38
.. 89
.. 86
.. 12
.. 47
... 80
... 166
.. 18
,.. 115
... 8
. .. 144
... 31
... 127
. .. 127
. .. 176
... 12
. . . 141
... 127
... 84
... 90
... 5
. .. 64
... 240
. . . . 63
. . . . 53
.... 158
.... 84
. ... 84
.... 53
.... 68
Page.
Melissa Kir,
MENISPERMACE.^: 10
Menispermurn 10
Mentha 163
Menyanthes 178
Mermaid-weed 80
Mertensia 170
Mexican Tea 185
Mezereum Family 194
Microstylis 233
Milfoil 131
Milk-Vetch 54
Milkweed 180
Milkweed Family 179
Milkwort 48
Milkwort Family 48
Mimulus l.')6
Mint 163
Mint Family 160
Mitchella 100
Mitella 77
Mitrewort 77
Mocassin Flower 234
Mock Pennyroyal 164
Mollugo 86
Monarda 164
Moneses 143
Moneywort 147
Monkey-Flower 150
MONOCOTYLEDONS 217
Monolepis 186
Monoti'opa 144
MONOTROPE^ 139
Monielia 188
Montia 38
Moonseed 10
Moonseed Family 10
Moon wort 266
Mooaewood 194
Morus 200
Moss-Campion 33
Moss Pink 173
Mossy Stone-croi) 78
Motherwort 167
Mountain Ash 74
Page.
Mountain Holly 145
Mountain Maple 47
Fountain Mint 164
Mouse-ear Chickwcod 35
Mousctail 6
Mugwort 112
Mulberry 200
Mulgedium 1.34
Mullein 153
Musenium 9J
Musk-Mallow 3&
Musk Thistle 110
Mustard 2-2
Myosotis 171
Myosurus 6
Myrica 203
MYRICACEyE 203
Myriophyllum 80
Nabalus 133
NIADACE.E 221
Naias 224
Naked Broom-rape 150
Nasturtium 18
Neckweed 154
Negundo 48
Nemopanthes 115
Nepeta 165
IS essea 85
Nettle 200
Nettle Family 198
Nettle-tree 200
New Jersey Tea 45
Nicandra 176
Nlcotlana 176
Nightshade. 175
Nightshade Family 174
Nine-Bark 64
Nipplc-wort 131
Nuphar 13
Nymphaia 13
NYMPH^AC^E.E 12
Nyssa 94
Oak !J05
Oak Family 204
302
INDEX.
l-ll
n
i^l
I'AGE.
(Enothera 83
OLEACEiE 181
Oleaster Family 194
Olive Family 181
ONAGRACEiE 81
Onion 243
Onoclea 264
Onopordon 110
Onosmodium 170
Ophioglossackje 259
Ophioglossum 267
Opuntia 86
Orache 186
Orange-root 9
ORCHIDACE^E 226
Orchis 229
Orchis Family 226
OROBANCHACE^ 150
Orpine 78
Orpine Family 78
Orthocarpus 157
Osmorrhiza 91
OSMUNDACE^ 259
Osmunda 265
Ostrich Fern 264
Oatrya 207
Oswego Tea 164
OXALIDACE^ 42
Oxalis 42
Ox-Eye 130
Ox-eye Daisy. 126
Oxytropis 66
Painted-Cup 157
Papaver 14
PAPAVERACE^ 14
Papaw 10
Parietaria 201
Parnassia 76
Paronychia 183
Parsley Family 87
Parsnip 89
Partridge- berry 100
Pasque-Flower 3
Pastinaca 89
IPasture &age-l)rusli 113
Page.
Peai 73
Pearl-wort 36
Pedicularis 158
Pellsea 260
Pellitory 201
Peltandra 218
Pennycress 24
Pennyroyal 164
Penthorum 78
Pentstemon 155
Pepper Family 18i
Pepperidge 94
Peppergrass 24
Peppermint 163
Pepper-root 19
Petalostenion 68
Petasites 121
Peucedanum 89
PHANEROGAMS I
Phegopteris 261
Phlox 172
Phryma 159
Physalis 175
Physostegia 166
Phytolacca 183
PH YTOLACCACE^ 183
Picea 215
Pickerel-weed 247
Pickerel-weed Family 247
Pignut 203
Pigweed 185
Pilea 201
Pimpernel 138
Pine 215
Pine-drops 144
Pine Family 214
Pine-sap 144
Pinguicula 150
Pink Family 82
Pinus 215
Pinweed 29
PIPERAGEiE 182
Pipewort 247
Pipe wort Family 247
r ipsi lewa 144
INDEX.
303
GE.
73
36
158
200
201
218
24
164
, 78
155
. 182
. 94
. 24
. 163
. 19
. 58
. 121
. 89
. I
. 261
. 172
,. 159
,. 175
.. 166
. . 183
. . 183
.. 215
.. 247
.. 247
., 203
.. 185
.. 201
, .. 138
. . . 215
... 144
... 214
. .. 144
... 150
... 82
... 215
... 29
... 182
... 247
... 247
... ^44
Page.
Pitcher-Plant Family 13
Plane-tree 201
Plane-tree Family 201
PLANTAGIN.ACE^ 148
Plantago 148
Plantain 148
Plantain Family 148
PLATANACE^ 201
Platanus 201
Pleurisy -root 181
Plum 64
PLUMBAGIN ACEiE 144
Plumeless Thistle lio
Podophyllum 12
Pogonia 233
Poison Elder 44
Poison Hemlock 92
Poison Ivy 44
Poison Oak 44
Poke Milkweed 180
Pokeweed 183
Pokeweed Family 183
Polanisia 25
POLEMONI ACE^ 172
Polemouium Family 172
Polygala 48
POLYGALACE.E 48
POLYGONACE.E 188
Polygonatum 242
Polygonum 189
Polymnia 131
POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. 1
POLYPODIACE^: 257
Polypodium 2r)9
Polypody 259
POMKiE 63
Pondweed 221
Pondweed Family 221
Pontederia 247
PONTEDEIilACE.E 247
Poplar 212
Poppy 14
Poppy Family 14
Populus 212
Portulaca 37
Page.
PORTULACACEiR 37
Potaraogeton 221
Potentilla 67
Poterium 65
Prairie Clover .58
Prairie Dock 131
Prairie Rocket 21
Prenanthes 133
Prickly Ash 43
Prickly Pear 86
Primrose 146
Prinu-ose Family 145
Primula 146
PRIMULACE^ 145
Prince's Pine 144
Prosartes 241
Proserpinaca 80
Prunus 64
P oralea 57
Ptelea 43
Pteris 260
Pterospora 144
Puccoon 170
Pulse Family 49
Purslane 37
Purslane Family 37
Putty Root 234
Pycnanthemum 164
Pyrola 143
PYROLEii-: 139
Pyrus 73
Quercitron 206
Quercus 205
Quillwort 271
Radish 25
Ragweed 1 H
Ragwort 116
RANUXCULACE^ 2
Ranunculus 6
Raphanus 25
Raspberry 70
Rattlesnake- Plantain 232
Rattlesnake-root 133
Rattlesnake- weed 132
u
304
INDEX.
fl
Page.
Rein-Orchis . . • 229>
RH AMNACE.E 45
Rhamnus 45
Rhexia 84
Rhinanthus 158
Rhododendron 142
Rhus 44
Ribes 75
Rib-grass 148
Rich-weed 201
Robinia 54
Robin 's-Plaintain 125
Rock-Cress 20
Roclcet 22
Rock-Rose 29
Rock-Rose Family 29
Rosa 71
Rose 71
ROSACEA 62
Rose Family 62
Rose Bay 142
Rose Mallow 39
Rose-root 79
Rosin-Piant 131
RUBIACE^ 98
Rubus 70
Rudbeckia V>7
Rue Family 43
Rumex 192
Rush 244
Rush Family 243
RUTACE^ 43
Sage-brush 113
Sagina 36
Sagittaria 225
St. John's-wort 30
St. John's-wort Family 30
SALICACE.E 209
Salicornia 186
Salix 209
Salsify 135
Salsola 187
SALVINIAC^ 271
Sambucus 97
Samolus 118
Page.
Samphire 186
Sandalwood Family 195
Sand-Spurrey 36
Sandwort 34
Sanguinaria 14
Sanicle 89
Sanicula 89
SANTALACE^ 195
Sea Elite 187
SAPINDACEJE 47
Saponaria 32
Sarracenia 13
SARRACENIACEJ^. 13
Saskatoon-berry 74
Sassafras 193
Satureia 164
Saururus 183
Savory 164
Saxifraga 77
SAXIFRAGACE^ 75
Saxifrage 77
Saxifrage Family 75
Scheuchzeria 225
Schollera 247
Scirpus 250
Scolopendrium 261
Scotch Thistle 110
Scouring Rush -Jiw, 269
Scrophularia 155
SCROPHULARIACE^ 151
Scutellaria 166
Sea Milkwort 147
Sea Rocket 25
Sedge Family 248
Sedum 78
Seed-box 84
Selaginella 271
SELAGINELLACE^ 270
Self-Heal 166
Seneca Snakeroot 49
Senecio 115
Sensitive Fern 264
Service-berry 74
Shad-bush 74
Sheep-berry 97
Slieep-Laurel 142
i i
INDEX.
305
AOE.
186
195
36
34
14
89
89
195
187
47
, 32
. 13
. 13
... 74
...193 '
... 164
... 183
... 164
... 77
... 75
... 77
... 75
... 225
... 247
... 2.M)
.... 261
.... 110
'J(W, 269
.... 155
.... 151
.... 166
.... 147
.... 25
.... 248
.... 78
.... 84
.... 271
. . . 270
.... 166
49
115
264
74
74
97
142
Page.
Shepherdia 195
Shepherd's Piir.se 24
Sherardia loo
Shield's Fern 262
Shiii-ieaf i43
Shrubby Trefoil 43
Sickle-pod 20
Sicyos 85
Side-saddle Flower 13
Silene 33
Silphium 1.31
Silver- weed 69
Sisymbrium 22
Sisjrrinchium 236
Sium 91
Skullcap 166
Skunk Cabbapre 218
Smart-weed 100, 191
SMILACEiE 237
Smilacina 241
Smilax 237
Smilax Family 237
Sneeze-weed 126
Sneeze-wort 131
Snowberry 96
Soapberry Family 47
Soapwort 32
SOLAN ACE^ 174
Solanum 175
Solea 28
Solidago 117
Solomon's Seal 242
Sonchus 134
Sorrel 192
Sour-gum Tree 94
Sow Thistle 134
Sparganium 220
Spearmint 163
Spearwort 6
Specularia 137
Speedwell 153
Spergula 37
Spergularia 36
Spice-bush 193
Spikenard 92
Paoe.
Spindle-tree 46
Spiny Clotbur i:i
Spiraea 64
Spiranthes 231
Spleenwort 260
Spotted Cowbane 91
Spring-Beauty 37
Spring Cress 19
Spruce , 215
Spurge 196
Spurge Family 195
Spurred Gentian 177
Spurrey 37
Squaw-Huckleberry 141
Squaw-root 1.50
Squaw-weed 115
SquiiTcl-Corn 15
Stachys 167
Staff-tree 46
Staff-tree Family 46
Staphylea 47
Star-Cucumber 85
Star-Flower 146
Star-Grass. 23C
Star-Thistle 110
Starwort 34, 121
Statice 144
Steironema 147
Stellaria 34
Stickseed 16i)
Stitchwort 34
Stone-crop 78
Stone-root 164
Stork'j-bill 42
Sti-amonium 176
Strawberry 69
Strawberry Blite 185
Streptopus 'I
Strophostyles ^^
Struthiopteris 264
Suaeda 187
Succory 132
Sugar-berry 200
Sumach 41
Summer Savory 164
■B!
306
INDEX.
} '
II'.
Page.
Sundew , . . , 30
Sundew Family 80
Sunflower 128
Swamp Dock 192
Swamp Loosestrife 85
Sweet Brier 72
Sweet Cicely 91
Sweet Clover 53
Sweet Coltsfoot 121
Sweet Fern 204
Sweet Flag 218
Sweet-Gale 203
Sweet-Gale Family 203
Sycamore 201
Symphoricarpus 96
Symphytum 169
Symplocarpr.3 218
Tamarac 216
Tanacetum Ill
Tansy Ill
Tansy Mustard 22
Tape-Grass 226
Taraxacum 134
Tare 58
Taxine^. 215
Taxus 216
Tea-berry 141
Tear-thumb 191
Teasel 102
Teasel Family 101
Tephrosla 57
Teucrium 162
Thalictrinn 5
Thaspium 90
Thermopsia 61
Thistle 109
Thorn 73
Thorn- Apple 176
Thoroughwax 91
Thorough wort 115
Thlaspi 24
Three-seeded Mercury 197
Thi^ja 216
THYMELEACE^ 194
Tiarella 97
Page.
Tick-Trefoil 59
Tickseed 129
Tilia 39
TILIACE^ 89
Toad-Flax 164
Tobacco 176
Tofieldia 240
Toothache-tree 43
Toothwort 19
Touch-me-not 43
Tower Mustard 20
Trailing Arbutus 141
Tragopogon 135
Treacle-Mustard 21
Trefoil 52
Trientalis 146
Trifolium 52
Triglochin 225
Trillium 240
Triosteum 97
Troximon 183
Trumpet-weed 115
Tsuga 216
TUBULIFLOR^ 102
Tulip-tree 10
Turtle-head 155
Tussilago 121
Twablade 283
Twin-flower 96
Twin-leaf 12
Twisted Stalk 241
Typha 220
TYPHACEiE 219
Ulmaceje 198
Ulmus 199
UMBELLIFERiE 87
Urtica 200
URTICACE^ 198
Urtice.«: 199
Urtlcularia 149
Uvularia 240
VACCINEiE 187
Vacclnium 139
Valerian lOl
;'!.^i''f
INDEX.
30'i
Page.
. . . 59
...129
... 89
... 89
... 154
... 176
... 240
... 43
... 19
... 43
... 20
.... 141
. . . . 135
.... 21
. . . . 52
.... 146
. . . . 62
225
.... 240
.... 97
.... 183
.... 115
.... 216
.... 102
10
155
121
233
96
12
241
220
219
198
199
87
200
198
199
149
240
137
139
101
Pack.
Valeriana loi
VALERIANACE.E lOl
Valerian Family loi
Vallisneria 22G
Velvet-leaf .so
Venus's Looking-glass 137
Veratrum 241
Verbascuni 153
Verbena 1.59
VERBENACE^ 158
Vernonia 114
Veronica 1.53
Vervain ^ 1,59
Vervain Family 1.58
Vesicaria 19
Vetch 58
Viburnum 97
Vicia 68
Vine Family 44
Viola 26
VlOLACE^ 26
Violet 26
Violet Family 26
Viper's Bugloss 168
Virginia Creeper 45
Virgin's Bower 3
VITACE^ 44
Vitis 45
Wake-Robin 240
Waldsteinia 66
Walking-leaf 261
Walnut 202
Walnut Family 202
Water- Arum 218
Water-Beech 207
Water-Cress 18
Water- Hemlock 91
Water-Horehouud 163
Waterleaf 172
Waterleaf Family 171
Water-Lily 13
Water-Lily Family 12
Water-Marigold 130
Water- Milfoil 80
Page.
Water-Milfoil Family 79
Water-Parsnip 91
Water-Pennywort 89
Water- Pepper 191
Water- Pimpernel 148
Water Plantain 225
Water- Plantain Family 224
Water-Purslane &•)
Water-Shield 12
Water Star-Grass 217
Water-Starwort 80
Water-weed 22c
Water- Willow 1.59
Wax-Myrtle 203
W ax-work 46
White Lettuce 133
White Snakeroot 115
White-weed 126
Whitewood 39
Whitlow Grass 23
Whitlow- wort 183
Wild Allspice 193
Wild Balsam-Apple 85
Wild Bean .59
Wild Bergamot 165
Wild Chamomile 127
Wild Comfrey 169
Wild Elder 92
Wild Ginger 182
Wild Indigo 61
Wild Liquorice 99
Wild Radish 25
Wild Sarsaparilla 92
Willow 209
Willow Family 209
Willow-herb 8i
Wind Flower 4
Winterberry 145
Winter Cress 19
Wintergreen 14 1 , 143
Witch-Hazel 79
Witch-Hazel Family 79
Withe-rod 97
Wolf-berry 96
Wolffla 219
308
INDEX.
Page.
Wood-Betony 158
Woodbine 96
Wood-Fern 262
Wood-Nettle 200
Wood-Rush 244
Wood-Sapfe 162
Woodsia 265
Wood-Sorrel 42
Wood-Sorrel Family 42
Woodwardia 261
Worm-seed Mustard 21
Wormwood 112
Xanthium Ill
Xanthoxylum 43
XYRIDACE.E 247
Xyris 247
Paob.
Yam 236
Yam Family 236
Yarrow 181
Yellow Adder's-ton^'ut' ^42
Yellow-eyed Gras.«« 247
Yellow-eyed Grass Family 247
Yellow Poni-Lily 18
Yellow Puccoon 9
Yellow-Rattle l.W
Yellow Rocket 19
Yew 216
Zannlchellia 224
Zizia 90
Zostera 224
Zygadenus 240
I
;
/I
:,. ♦'
\
■6
7
i^***^—
11
Paox.
... 236
... 236
... 131
... 1?42
. .. 247
... 217
. .. 13
• • • V
. .. \h%
... 19
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