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6
THE SILVA
OF NORTH AMERICA
BY
PROF. 0HARIJ;B a SABaiKT
$uf)Ufiil)etsi' annotttieement
As it has been found impractioabk to include in this
twelfth volume of Professor Sargent'8 great work the
general Index to the entire work, ft thirteenth volume,
containing this Index, together with deucriptions and
illustrations of recently discovered speeies, and such
corrections of the original volumes fts recent explora-
tions have made necessary, will be 8©lit to subscribers
w'lhout charge, as soon as ready,
HouGHTOK, Mifflin & Co.
THE
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA
A DESCRIPTION OP THE TREES WHICH GROW
NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA
EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO
CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM
OF HARVARD UNIVBR8ITT
iUusitrated tmt^ fisattti anti SLmima mratstt from Mature
BT
CHARLES EDWARD FAXON
VOLUME XII
CONIFERS
{Abietinem after Pintui)
m^^^^e
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
MDCCCXCVm
u i>]rTi|M, ime,
Hi OBABLKS BPIIAOUK 8/B0(HT.
All righu rewrvM'.
TV Rtvertide Pnti, Cambridge, Mail., V. 8. A.
■toetratypKl vA Printad by H. O. HoughUm ud CoB|May.
^
so
WILLIAM MARRIOTT CANBY
THIS TWELFTH VOLUME OF
THE SILVA OP NORTH AMERICA
18 AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED
BT BIB COMPANION IN MANY JOUBNETB TBBOUOB
THE FOaESTS OF THE CONTINENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
STMonu or Oitona
Laiux Ambbioama Plate dzoiU.
Lahix oooidbntalm PUli dzoiT.
Labix LvAtMi Plmte dzov.
PioBA Mariana
PlPEA RUBBNH . •
tU
T
11
16
Plata dxoTi 28
Plate dxovii. 88
87
43
47
61
85
68
00
78
PioBA Camaobnbu Plato dxoviii
PiOBA Knoklmanxi Plate dxoix
FiOEA Pahrvama Plate dc.
PiCEA Bkkwbriana Plate del
PicBA SiTOUBNDis plate doil ....,..,
Thuoa Canadbnhih Plate doiii
T§uoA Caroliniana ..,,.... Plate dciv
TSUOA ilBTBROPHYLLA Plate doT
TsuoA Mkhtenbiana Plato dcvi 77
PsEUDOTHUOA HUORONATA ...... Plate dcvil. 87
PsKUDOTgOOA MACROOAHPA PUtO dcviii 08
Abieh FRA8EKI Plato dcix,
Abies balsamea piato dcx.
Abiks lasiocabpa Plate doxi.
Abies orandis piate doxil.
Abies concolor piato doxiii,
Abiks AMABitra piato dcxiv 126
Abies venusta Hates dcxv., dcxvi 129
Abies nobilis piate dcxvii 133
Abies maonifica Plates dcxTiil., dcxix 187
Abies maonifica, var. SHAsmmis Plate dcxx 189
108
107
118
117
121
rSiMM
8Y]
Ct
Stc
8tam
pernii
SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME XII.
OF THE 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CLAiia III. OYMNOSPERlf^. Resinous trees or shrubs.
Slotns increwing in diameter by the »nnual wMition of a Uyop of wood iniiide the b«rk. Flowen anisexaal, naked,
fitttmenii numerous. Orule* 2 or many not incloied in an orary. Cotylodoiu " or more. Leaves usually Btrai({ht-veined,
pernistent, or denidiious.
B8. Conifarm. Flowers monneious, usually solitary, terminal, or axillary. Orutes 2 or many. Fruit a woody
or rarely fleshy strobile. Cotyledons 2 or many. Leaves scale-like, linear or subulate, solitary or clustered.
r *■ .-
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
LAItlX,
Flowers solitary, naked, monnpuloiw, tllM «t«ttiin»te nxillary; stamens indefinite,
anther-cells 2, surmounted by thelv (i(>nHu»!f,lvn j the pistillate terminal, ovules 2 under
each scale. Fruit a woody strobilu, ntfituriiin jtt one season. Branchlets dimorphic.
Leaves scattered or fascicled, doci^'uoiiK,
Larix, Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. 480 (1703).— Mnk, Alihiimt, PJflUd, t;ltirintl«, Oen. 2fl3 (in part) (1737). — Endlicher,
Akad. Berl. 1827, 183. — Kngelmami, ?)'««»• Ht, lull in (hll. M) (Ifi port). — Mei«ner, Oen. 362 (in part). —
Acad. ii. 211. — Bentliam & Hooker, Qen, iii, iVl— Hrtlllmi, IIM. /^i. xii. 44 (in part).
Eichler, Engler & Prantl Pflanxenfam. H, pt, \, 7fi. = Abted* A. L. de Juisleu, Qm. 414 (in part) (1789).
Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxx. 31,
Tall pyramidal trees, with thick 8onotim(i>* l'lH'l'(»W»<(l W'ltly bark, hard heavy henrtwood conspicu-
ously marked by dark bands of Bummer Pellt* iiM}(l'^gfml«tl with tesin, thin pale sapwood, slender remote
horizontal and often pendulous braiioh»s, ^loit^H^Mll l(<fttl)M^ branvlilets roughened by persistent leaf-
scars, usually short thick spur-like lateml Im'i.'MmIiI»i|a tllnttppenring at the end of a few years or
occasionally developing into vigorous branolinH, HimIn Alliall* subglobose, covered by numerous broadly
ovate thin chestnut-brown lustrous soules, tlmiMi ((I* lll« lowpf |mir lateral and opposite, the others spirally
disposed; outer scales accrescent, utai'king i\w \i\{m\\ brtdittlilets with prominent ring-Uke scars, the
inner deciduous with the appearance of tltn iMttVPM MMtl tllM falling of the staminate flowers.' Leaves
linear-subulate, triangular and rounded ftbovp •'))' Ktwiy tptfflgonal, keeled and stomatiferous below,
articulate on low persistent ultimately woody \m^»^, i MIltrtiMJIIff flingle (ibro-vascular bundles, and two resin
canals in their lateral angles close to the ej)i(lMi'l||i«, ftlij^lllly iiRMirved in the bud, deciduous ; spirally
disposed and remote on leading slujots, an Aw\% Ih1»*I'((I llfrtliohletH in crowded fascicles, each leaf in the
axil of a minute deciduous bud-scale. Flowdi'H MU)llttJ|i|illlR( xolitury, terminal, the staminate on leafless, the
pistillate on leaf-bearing lateral branchluts of UtM liI'MVioun or of an earlier year, surrounded at the base
by the reflexed inner bud-scales. Stamiliatu lloWMM (^lobcwi't ovoid or oblong, sessile or pedunculate,
composed of numerous spirally arranged sliiH't-Mtrtlkfll <,WO-('»'llp(l subglobose anthers opening longitu-
dinally, their connectives produced above tllMii) iltlo ftllort |i(tifitfi or gland-like umbos; pollen-grains
globose. Pistillate flowers appearing with tllM Iwivmbj ftdltgloliose, subsessile, composed of few or
numerous spirally arranged suborbicular (itipi)(t(y mH\\m liPdtilig on their inner face near the base two
naked collateral inverted ovules, each sciilu iit UlM ItKJA (if a tiiiioh longer mucronate membranaceous
usually scarlet bract, the lowest bracts without widltJtj fiml ^oii^lieiiiiig with their persistent tumid closely
imbricated bases the stalks of the conua. IfVllit m ((Void oliloiig conical tr subglobose short-stalked
cone, at first nearly horizontal, fiiiiiliy assuigHllt hy (llM idciirvilig of the stouw stalk, composed of the
slightly thickened woody suborbicular or ol»l»Jli{j-(tl»MV(ll** dlosMly or hiosely imbricated concave scales of
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERJB.
!•
the flower, more or less erose on the margins, often longitudinally striate, longer or shorter than their
bracts, gradually decreasing in size from the centre of the cone to the ends, the small scales usually
sterile, persistent on the central axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds. Seeds geminate,
reversed, attached at the base in shallow depressions on the inner face of the scales, nearly triangular,
rounded on the sides, in falling bearing away portions of the membranaceous lining of the scale form-
ing oblong or obovate-oblong wing^Uke attachments longer than the seed. ; testa of two coats, the outer
crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, light chestnut-brown and lustrous. Embryo axile
in copious iieshy albumen ; cotyledons usually six, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Larix is now widely distributed over the boreal and mountainous regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, ranging from the Arctic Circle to the mountains of Pennsylvania in the New World and
to latitude 30° in the Old World. Eight species are recognized ; one inhabits northeastern North
America, and two western North America; one' grows on the mountains of central Japan and another^
on the eastern Himalayas; on the mountains of central Europe there is one species,* another' forms
great forests on the plains of northern Russia and eastern Siberia, and eastward is replaced by another
species " which extends to Saghalin, northern Japan, and the Kurile Islands. The type is an ancient
one, and its fossil remains have been found in miocene rocks of central Europe.'
Larix produces hard, durable, valuable timber, which is often of great commercial importance,
turpentine, which is sometimes used in medicine,' tar,^ bark rich in tannin,'" and a peculiar manna-like
substance."
Larix is preyed on by numerous destructive insects" and by serious fungal diseases."
Some species are considered valuable ornamental trees, and are often planted in northern countries
for the decoration of parks.
Larix, the classical name of the Larch-tree, was adopted by Tournefort,'* but was included by
Linnaeus in his genus Pinus.
' Henry, Nov. Act. Acad. Cat. Lap. liz. 98, t. 13 ; xxii. 246,
t22.
' Larix Kamp/eri (not Gordon).
Pinut Larix, Thunberf , Ft. Jap. 275 (not Linnaus) (1784).
Pinua Kamp/eri, Lambert, Pinut, ii. Preface, p. T. (1824).
Abia Kcmpferi, Lindley, Pmny Cgcl. i. 34 (1833).
Abia Itplolepis, Siebold & Zuucarini, Fl. Jap. U. 12, t. 106
(1842).
Pinut leplolepit, Gndlicber, Syn. Cmif. 130 (1847). — Pul>-
tore, De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 410.
Larix Japonica, Carriire, Traite Cmif. 272 (1855).
Larix teplolepit, Gordon, Pinelum, 128 (1858). — A. Muiray,
Proc. K. Hort. Soc. ii. 633, f. 154, 156-160 ; The Pines and Fir$
of Japan, 89, f. 172-177. — Miquel, Ann. Mm. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iii.
166 (Prot. Fl. Jap.). — Kegel, Gartenflora, tx. 102, t. 686, f. 5 ;
Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 108 ; Beige Hort. xxii. 100, t. 8, f. 2. — Kran-
ohet & Savatier, Enum. PI. Jap. i. 466. — iVf alters, Jwir. /.inn.
Soc. xviii. 52- {Cotiifern of Ja])an). — Trautvetter, Act. Hort.
Petrop. ix. 212 {/ncretnenta Fl. lions.). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet.
Jap. 63, t. 5, f. 14. — Bei.«ner, HuM. Nadelh. 318, f. 83.
The ifapanesc Larch, which is a tree seventy ur eighty feet in
height, with a massive trunk from three to four feet in diameter,
and pale blue-green foliage, is common on the mountains of central
Hondo at elevations of from five to six thousand feet above the
sea-level, where it is scattered usually in small groves through
forests principally composed of Birches, Oaks, and Hemlocks. The
hanl durable wood, difficult to obtain from the inaccessihli; moun-
tain forests, is used locally for the timber of mines and in the
manufacture of many small articles. (See ilcin, Industries of
Japan, 238. — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 83.)
Larix Kampferi was introduced about forty years ago into the
gardens of Europe and the northeastern United States, where it is
hardy and vigorous and is chiefly distinguished by the brilliant
yellow color assumed by its leaves in autumn.
At the upper limits of tree growth, at elevations of between
eight and nine thousand feet above the sea, a low form of this
Larch, dwarfed by cold, with shorter leaves and smaller cones,
grows on Mt. Fugi-san. This is
Larix Ktxmpferi, var. minor.
Abies leptolepis, Lindley, Gard. Chron. 1861, 23 (not Siebold &
Zuccarini).
Lanx leptolepis, var. minor, A. Murray, Proc. R. Hort. Soc. ii.
633, f. 155 (1862).
Larix Japonica, A. Murray, The Pines and Firs of Japan, 94,
f. 178-188 (not Carriirc) (lSt!3). — Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 104,
t. 685, f. 7; Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 159; Beige Hort. xxii. 103, t. 9,
f. 4.
Larix leptolepis, 0 .\furrayana, Maximowicz, Ind. Sem, Hort.
Petrop. 1866, 3 (nomen nudum). — Kranchet & Savatier, /. c. —
Beissner, I. c. 319, f. 84. — Masters, Jour. It. Hort. Soc. xiv. 217.
Larix Japonica macrocarpa, Carri6ro, Traite' Conif. ed. 2, 354
(1867).
» Larix Orijjilhii, Hooker f. ///. Him. Pt. t. 21 (cxcl. staminate
flowers) (1855); Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 655. — Van Houtto, Fl. desSerres,
xii. 165, 1. 1267. —Gordon, I'inetum, Suppl. 39; ed. 2, 171. — Kegel,
Gartenflora, xx. 106, t. 685, f. 1-4; Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 161; Beige
Hort. xxii. 105, t. 10, f. 4-7. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 531. —
Itcissuer, (. c. 316, f. 82.
Lnrit Klriffilhiana, Carri6re, Traite Conif. 278 (1865).— Gor-
don, Pitietuin, 126.
CONIFERiB.
CONIFERS.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
3
r than their
Bales usually
Is geminate,
y triangular,
e scale form-
its, the outer
Bmbryo axile
rthem hemi-
r World and
astern North
and another '
lother ' forms
id by another
is an ancient
1 importance,
ir manna-like
liern countries
s included by
fears ago into the
States, where it is
d by the brilliant
nations of between
low form of this
ind smaller cones,
23 (not Siebold &
DC. R. Hart. Soc. ii.
Fin of Japan, 94,
lartmjiora, xi. 101,
lort. xxii. 103, t. 9,
cz, Ind. Sem. Uort.
& Savatier, I. c. —
Hort. Soc. xiv. '217.
Uc Conif. ed. 2, 354
21 (cxcl. stamiiiata
mttc, Fl. des Serres,
■d. 2, 171. — Kegel,
"drop. i. 101 ; Beige
ri. Brit. Ind. 531. —
278 (IbCi). — Gor-
Pinu» Oriffitkii, Farlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 411
(1808).
Lariz Griffilhii, which is a tree from twenty to sixty feet ia
height, with long gracefully pendulous branches and c'vugnted
cones made conspicuous by long exserted deep orange-brown bracts,
is scattered over the inner mountain ranges of Bh'.«can, Sikkim, and
eastern Nepal at elevations of between eight and twelve thousand
feet above the sea-levcl, growing usually near the heads of valleys
on moraines, which it covers with scanty forests, and occasionally
on well-drained grassy slopes. (See IlTokcr f. Himalayan Jour-
naU, newed. i. 246; Gard. Chron. n. ser. xxv. 718, f. 157. — Ganimie,
Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. i. No. 2, 11.) The wood, which is considered
more durable than that of the other Himalayan conifers, is exported
from Sikkim and Thibet. (See Gamble, Man. Indian Timbert, 410.)
Introduced into England in 1848, the Himalayan Larch has
rarely flourished in oultiTation, although occasionally a plant in
some exceptionally favorable situation in Europe shows the beauty
and interest of this tree as a garden ornament. (See Gard. Chron.
n. ser. xxvL 464, f. 95.— Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ort. xvii. 312.)
* Lariz Larix, Karsten, Pharm.-med. Bot. 326, f. 157 (1882).
Piniu Lariz, Linnieus, Spec. 1001 (1753). — Pallas, f/. Row.
i. 1 (in part), 1. 1, f. A, B. — Brotero, Hitl. Nat. Pinheiros, Larices
e Abeloi, 22, — Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. 672. — Reichenbach, Icon.
Fl. German, xi. 4, t. 632 (Lariz Europaa on plate). — Christ,
Verhand. Nat. Gesell. Basel, iii. 646 (Uebersicht der EuropSischen
Abielineen). — ParUtoie, Fl. Ital. ir. 69 ; De Candolle Prodr.
zri. pt. ii. 411.
Larix decidua. Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 1 (1768). — K. Koch,
Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 268.
Larix caduci/olia, Gilibert, Ezercit. Phyt. ii. 413 (1792).
Pinus lata, Salisbury, Prodr. 399 (1796).
Abies Larix, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 511 (1804) ; 111. iii. 368,
t. 785. — JVouDMu Duhamel, v. 287, t. 79, f. 1. — Richard, Comm.
Bot. Conif. 65, 1. 13. — Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 32, f.
Larix Europaa, De Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Franf. ed. 3, iii. 277
(1805). — Link, Linnaa, xr. 534. — Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r.
3, iii. 241 (Coniferes d7/o(i«). — Corriire, Traite Conif. 276.—
Fiscali, Deutsch. Forstcult. Pfl. 36, t. 1, f. 21-28. — Gordon,
Pinelum, 124. — Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 5, xx. 90. — Col-
meiro, £iiuin. PI. Hispano-Lusilana, iv. 709. — Herder, Act. Hort.
Petrop. xii. 102 {PI. Radd.) ; Bot. Jahrb. xiv. 160 (H. Europ.
Russlands). — Hempel & Wilhelm, BHume und Strducher, i. 109,
f. 53-57, t. 3.
Lariz pyramidalis, Salisbury, T'raiu. Linn. Soc. viii. 314
(1807).
Larix Europaa communis, Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 386
(1836).
Larix Europaa laxa, Lawson & Son, I. c. (1836).
Larix Europaa compacta, Lawson & Son, /. c. (1836).
Larix vulgaris, Spaoh, Hist. Ve'g. xi. 432 (1842).
Pinus Larix, a communis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 134 (1847).
Pinus Larix, 8 laxa, Endlicher, I. c. (1847).
Pinus Larix, • compacta, Endlicher, /. c. (1847).
Pinus Larix, ?) rubra, Endlicher, /. c. (1847).
Pinus Larix, S rosea, Endlicher, I. c. 134 (1847).
Pinus Larix, i alba, Endlicher, I. c. lU (1847).
Larix decidua, a communis, Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
130 (1805). — Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 100, t. 084, f. 3 ; Act. Hon.
Petrop. i. 150 ; Beige Hort. xxii. 98, t. 7, f. 1.
Larix Europaa, a lypica, Kegel, Russ. Dendr. pt. i. 28 (1870).
Larix Europaa pendula, Kegel, /. c. (1870).
Larix communis, var. ! pendulina, Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 101,
t. 684, f. 6, 6 (1871) ; Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 157 ; Beige Hart. xxii.
99, t. 7, f. 5, 6.
Larix Larix, the type of the genu.i, grows naturally only at high
elevati'ins on the mountain ranges of central Europe from south-
eastern France to Servia and Hungary. In France, either alone
or mixed with mountain Pines, it often forms great forests, but in
Switzerland and on the Bavarian and Italian Alps it is less abun-
dant, and is usually associated with the Spruce, frequently growing
to the upper zone inhabited by trees. The European Larch is from
eighty to one hundred or exceptionally one hundred and fifty feet
in height, with a tall trunk from three to four feet in diameter,
and small spreading often pendulous branches, and produces strong
heavy and very durable wood, which has been valued since the
time of the Romans, and is largely used for beams, piles, water-
pipes, posts, railway-ties, and shingles, in cabinet-making, and for
painters' palettes. (See Tour d'Aigues, Mem. Soc. Agric. Paris,
1787, 41.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 599.)
During the last one hundred and fifty years the European Larch
has been largely planted as a timber-tree beyond the limits of its
natural home. In Scotland in particular great attention was given
to the cultivation of the Larch by the Dukes of Athol ou their
estates of Athol and Dunkeld, and between 1738 and 1820 they
covered about eight thousand acres with pure forests of this tree.
(See Trans. Highland Soc. xi. 166. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2359.)
In European plantations the Larch has grown with great rapidity
while young, and, on the whole, these plantations have produced
satisfactory results if the trees have been cut when they were from
forty to sixty years of age. Removed from its native forests, how-
ever, the Larch produces wood which deteriorates before the tree
reaches maturity, and in recent years Larch plantations have suf-
fered seriously from disease and the attacks of insects. (For culture
of the Larch in Europe, see Evelyn, Siiva, ed. Hunter, i. 279. —
R. Hartig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutschl. 37, t. 3. — M'Corquodale,
Trans. Scottish Arboricultural Soc. ii. 43. — Gorrie, Trans. Scottish
Arboricultural Soc. viii. 61. — Mathieu, Fl. Foreslilre, ed. 3, 485. —
Michie, The Larch. — McGregor, Trans. Scottish Arboricultural Soc.
ix. 234. — Lorentz, Culture des Bois, ed. 6, 159 Mer, Rev. Eaux
et Forets, xiav. Ill [^Culture du Helize dans les Vosges']. — Schlich,
Manual of Forestry, ii. 309. — J. B. Carruthers, Jour. R. Agric.
Soc. England, ii. pt. ii. [Tie Canker of the Larch]. — Somerville,
Trans. English Arboricultural Soc. ii. 363.)
The European Larch, brought to America probably early in the
present century, flourishes in the north Atlantic states, where it
grows rapidly to a large size and has proved one of the few Euro-
pean trees which can really be successfully grown in the New
World. It has been frequently planted here as an ornamental
tree, and occasionally, on a comparatively small scale, for the pro-
duction of timber. These plantations are still young and have
not yet shown the quality of the material which the European
Larch can produce in the United States. (See Sargent, Rep. Sec.
Board Agric. ulass. ser. 2, xxiii. 276. — Warder, Am. Jour. For-
estry, i. 11.)
A form of the European Larch, with long pendulous brnnches
{Larix Europaa pendula, Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 387 [1830]. —
Loudon, Arb, Brit. iv. 2361. — Larix decidua, < pendula, Kegel, Gar-
tenflora, XX. 102, t. 084, f. 11 [1871]), which is believed to have
originated in the Tyrol, is often planted as an ornament of pnrks ;
and nurserymen propagate other abnormal forma. (See Beissner,
Handb. Nadelh. 327.)
» Larix Sibirica, Ledebour, Fl. All. iv. 204 (1833). — Link, /. c.
535. — Carri6rc, /. c. 274. — Trautvctter, Middendnrjf' Reise, i. pt.
ii. 170 (Pi. /en.). — Trautvettcr & Meyer, Middendorff Reise, i.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERiE.
pt ii. 88 (R OrAol.)- — Kegel, R\ut. Dendr. pt. i. 30.— M««teri,
Jour. Linn. Soc. iviii. B23 {Coni/en of Japan). — Herder, Act.
Uort. Pelrop. xii. 101 (PI. Radii.) ; Bot. Jakrb. xiv. 160 (Fl. Europ.
Riutlandt).
Pinut Lara, FaUat, Fl. Ron. i. 1 (in part), 1. 1, f. C (not Lin-
■ueus) (1784).
Larix Archangtlica, Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 380 (1836). —
Traiitvctlcr, .id. Horl, Pelrop. ix. 211 (Incremmta Fl. Roii.).
Larix Europaa, var. Sibirica, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 23C2
(1838).
Larix intermedia, Turcianinow, Bull. Soc. Ifat. Mosc. xi. 101
(Cat. PI. Baicttl.) (not Lawson & Son) (1838). — K. Koch,
Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 260.
Larix Ledebourii, Rupreoht, /7. Samojed. Cimral. 56 (1845). —
Gordon, Pinetum, 127.
Pinus Ledebourii, Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 131 (1847). — Lede-
bour, Fl. Ross. iii. 672. — Turczaniuow, Fl. Baicalensi-Dahurica,
ii. 140 Herder, BuU. Soc. Nat. Mosc. lU. 423.— Christ, Ver-
kofd. Nat. Gesell. Basel, iii. 046 {Ueberticht der EuropSiichen
/16i<(in««i).— Parlatore, De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 410.
Larix Altaica, (Nelson) Senilis, Pinacea, 84 (1866). — Traut-
Tetter, /. r.
Larix communis, var. fi Sibirica, Kegel, Garlenflora, zx. 101, ..
684, f. 1, 2 (1871) J Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 1S6 ; Beige Hart. xiii.
99, t. 7, f . 2, 3.
Larix communis, y Rossica, Kegel, Guiimjlora, xx. 101, t. 684,
f. 4 (1871) ; Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 157 ; Beige Uort. ixii. 99, t. 7,
f. 4.
iarii Rmsica, Trautvctter, I. c. 212 (1884).
Larix Sibirica, which many hotanista have considered a geo-
graphical form of the Larch of central Kurope, is a large pyramidal
tree, and forms great forests on the plains of northern Rnssia and
western Siberia, ranging northward to the seventy-llrst degree of
latitude, and eastward to the Altai Mountains, on which it abounds
at elevations of from two thousand five hundred to five thousand
five hundred feet above the sea-level. l*he character of the wood
is very similar to that of Larix Larix and is used for similar
purposes.
• Larix Dahurica, Turcianinow, Bull. Soc. Nat. .Mosc. xi. 101
(Cat. PI. Baical.) (1838). — Kegel & Tilling, Fl. .ija,: 119.—
Carrii're, 7>ai(e Conif. 271. — (iordon, Pinetum, 123 (excl. svu V —
Trautvctter & Meyer, MiddendorffReise, i. pt. ii. 88 (Fl. Ockol.), —
Maiiniowicz, Bull. Phys. Math, .tcad, Sci. St. Pilnsbourg, xv. 430
(Bourne und Strducher des Amarlands); Mt'm. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci.
St. Pilersbcurg, ii. 202 (Prim. Fl. Amur.); Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
liv. 58. — F. Schmidt, Mfm. Acad. Sci. St. Pitrrshourg, srfr. 7, xil.
63 (lieisen in Amurlanite), 177 (Fl. Sachatinermis). — K. Koch,
/. c. — Glehn, Act. Uort. Petrop. iv. 86 ( IVn. Wilim-Olehna-
Lande). — Masters, I. c. 522. — Hegel, Russ. Dendr. ed. 2, pt. i.
63, t. 13, b. h. — Bcissncr, llandh. Nadelh. 328, f. 90. — IlcrJer,
Act. Uort. Petrop. xii. 98 (/'/. «a(/ii.). — Korahinsky, Act. Hort.
Petrop. xii. 424 (/'(. Amur.).
Pima Larix (Americnna), I'allas, Fl. Ross. i. 2, t. 1, f. E.
(1784).
Larix- Europtra, var. Dahurica, Loudon, /. c. (1838).
Pinus Ihihurica, Trautvettcr, Imafj. PI. Fl. Huss. 48, t. 32
(1811). — Lcdebour, Fl. Huss. iii. 073. — Kndlicher, /. c. 128. —
Turcariiiiow, /. r. — Parlatore, /. c.
Larix Fl o/Hta, MiildendiirlT, Bidt. Phys. Mnlh. Acad. Sci. St.
Pelersliourij, iii. 2.>"> (not Ur Candollc) (18l.'>).
Abies Gmelini, Huprecht, /. c. (1840).
Pinus Kamtsckalika, Endlichcr, /. c. 135 (1847).
Larix Kamtschatika, Carriiro, I. c. 279 (18S6). — Gordon, Pine-
tum, Suppl. 39. — Parlatore, /. c. 431.
Larix Dahurica, a typica, Itegcl, Gar'enflora, xx. 106, t. 084,
f. 8, 9 (1871) i Act. Horl. Petrop. i. 160 j Beige Hort. xxii. 104, t.
9, f . 6-0.
Larix Dahurica, Bprosliata, Kegel, Gartenfloni, xx. 105, t. 684.
f. 9-10 (1871) ; Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 100; Beige Horl. xxii. 104.
Larix Dahurica, which is described as a small tree, becoming
shrubby and semiprostrate in the extreme north, is generally dis-
tributed through eastern Siberia, Kamtsohatka, Manchuria, nurth-
eni China, and Saghalin, and in one form reaches the extreme
northern part of Yezo, and the Kurile Islands. This form ia
Larix Dahurica, var. Kurilensis.
Larix Dahurica, var. y Japonica, Kegel, Garlenflora, xx. lOS, t.
686, f. 6 (not Larix Japonica, Carriire) (1871) ; Act. Hort. Pe-
trop. i. 100; Beige Hort. xxii. 105, t. 10, f. 1. — Beissner, /. c.
329, f. 91 — Miyabe, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 261 (Fl.
Kur'. Uands). —Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 84, t. 26.
Larix Kurilemi», Mayr, Monog. Abiel. Jap. 06, t. 6, f. 15
(1890).
' Saporta, Origine Paleontologique des A rbres, 72.
* The turpentine of the Larch, usually known in commerce as
Venice turpentine, because it was formerly exported from Venice,
is a thick pale yellow honey-like Huid with a bitter aromatic flavor.
It is collected from Larix Larix, chiefly in the Tyrol, by boring in
early spring, nearly to the centre of the trunk, a hole about an inch
in diameter and a foot aliove the ground, and firmly closing fhe
hole with a wooden stopper, which is taken out in the autumn,
when the turpentine which has collected in the hole is removed
with an iron spoon. The hole is then closed again, and the same
process is repeated in the following autumn. A hole, which yields
about half a pound of turpentine annually, continues to be produc-
tive for many years, and, if it is kept carefully closed, does not injure
the growth of the tree. Under the more wasteful methods which
were long practiced on the Italian and French Alps a much larger
annual yield was obtained for a short time from a number of larger
holes made in the same tree ; this metlioil, however, soon ceased to
be productive, and if the holes were left open in order that the tur-
pentine might flow continuously through wooden pipes into small
pails, the value of the wood was soon impaired.
Venice turpentine, once considered a sovereign remedy for many
human diseases, is now rarely used except in veterinary practice,
and the article sold under that name is u.sually a mixture of com-
mon resin and oil of turpentine. (See Mnttloli, Opera [Apolo-
jia, 146]. — Womlville, .Med. But. iii. 570, t. 210. — Loudon, /. c.
2366. — Guibuurt, Jour, de Pharm. xxv. 500 ; Hist. Drog. ed. 7, ii.
251. — Mohl, Bol. Xeit. xvii. 329. — Kliickiger & Hanbury, /'Aar-
macographia, 549. — linntley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv. 260, t. 260. —
U. S. Dispells, ed. 10, 1489.)
* A large part of the tar used in Europe is made in Scandinavia
and northern Russia by burning the rooUs an<l lower parts of the
trunks of Pinu,i sylvestrut and Larix Sibirica. (See FlUckiger &
Hanbury, /. c. ■'JOO.)
"* The bark of Larix contains from twelve to fifteen per cent, of
tannic acid, and extracts of tlmt of the European and ea.sterii North
American species are used in considerable <|iiantitles in tanning
leather. The inner bark of the Kuropoan Larch, ehielly in the
form of a cincture, is used in nu-dieine as a stimulating astringent
and expectorant. (See Fllickiger & Hanbury, (. c. 601. — U. S.
Dupens. cd 10, 870.)
" itrian(,-oit manna is a white .saccharine substance which is found
often in considerable ipiuntitics on the leaves of the European Larch
C0NIFE1L«.
SILVA OF NOIiTJJ AA/A'Jl/dA.
I. 106, t. 084,
ort. zxii. 104, t.
XX. 105, t. 084.
fori. xxii. lot.
tree, becoming
1 gonerally dtn-
incliiirin, iiurth-
Ds tbo extreme
is form ia
iora, XX. 106, t.
; Act. Horl. Pe-
-Beisaner, {. c.
tt. iy. 201 (Fl.
20.
66, t. 6, f. 16
In oommeTce u
d from Venice,
aromatic flavor.
'o1, by boring in
ie about an infib
inly closing the
in the autumn,
lole is removed
in, and tlie same
lie, which yields
les to be produc-
1, does not injure
I methods which
I a inucli larger
lumber of larger
% soon censed to
Icr that the tur-
jipes into small
cmedy for many
trinary practice,
nixture uf com-
Optra [Apolo-
— Loudon, I, c.
t. Drag, cd. 7, ii.
Haiibury, Fhixr-
V. 200, t.2C0.—
near the town of Brian^on in southeastern Kranci'. Formerly it
was used in medicine ; but although it is still gathered by thu
peasants uf the region, it is believed to have disappeared from trodo
and is no longer employed except locally. (See Klilckiger & Ilun-
hury, Vharmacographia, 373.) Mclczitose, a peculiar sugar analo-
gous to that of the Cane, was detected in this substance by liortliolut
{Compt. llend. xlvii. 224). (See, also, Bonastro, Jour, de Pkarm.
tit. 2, xix. 443, 020. — KlUckigcr & Hanbury, /. <■. 373. — Bentley
& Trimcn, Afcd. PI. iv. 200, t. 200.)
"In North America, Larix is seriously injured by several insects,
but the number of species which attack these trees here and in
the Old World is not large. Less than fifty species of insects
are reported as living upon Larch-trees in North America, but it
is probable tliat the number will be much increased by n more
careful study of these trees in the region west of the Kocky Moun-
tains. The trunks of living healthy Larches do not appear to he
affected by borers, although several species of Scolytidie or Bark
Beetles of genera like Oendroctonus, Hylesinus, and Tomicus live
under the bark of dead, dying, or weak trees. The weakness and
death of these trees, which make them liable to the attacks of bor-
ing insects, is frequently caused by the ravages of foliage destroy-
ers. The most destructive of these, 'vhich is also known in Kurope,
is the Larch Saw-fly, iVema/wr Krichsoniij Uartig, whose larvo) often
entirely strip the trees of leaves. This pest docs not appear to
have been much noticed in this country before 1880, but in recent
years it has attracted great attention on account of its abundance
on both native and Kuropean Larches in the northeastern states
and Canada ; and in southern Labrador, Larix Americana has been
almost totally destroyed by the ravages of this insect, which ap-
pears to be spreading northward and eastward. (See Low, Uep.
Geotog. Surv. Can, n. scr. viii. 30 L.) More abundant in some years
than others, it is nevertheless n constant menace to the successful
growth and development of the Larch in the region where it occurs.
Other species of Saw-flies which occasionally feed upon the Larch
are not known to be seriously injurious.
The larvffi of a minute moth known as the Larch Sack-bearer,
Coleophora taricetla, llUbner, which has probably been introduced
from Kurope, have of recent years caused much injury to Larch-
trees in the eastern slates. The bwlies of these larvte are pro-
tected by small closc-litting cases of the same color as the bark of
the twigs. The larvio hibernate and in early spring eat out the
parenchyma of the young growing leaves, leaving on the branchlets
thin dry gray or wliitish epidermal skeletons. In Kurope, the iuv
ages of another small moth, Steganoptycha pinicolanOf Zcller, often
cause great damage to Larch-trees, particularly on the high Swiss
Alps (Christ, Garden and Foreal, viii. 238).
The Lapibus uf Wf<i(<'»li UntiU /tmerlcs are sometimes injured
by the liicvw itf « liMtlcritf, I'lptlii htnmpia, Kelder, and the larvio
of various miM\» iii w<vm»i«I fHtlillles are found upon Larches, but
rarely in su|iliui«Mt mi»\m>ii Ui patlse perninnent injury.
Among ApliMlii, lith'liwin iiltliifcr, I'iteh, and Chermes taricifolm,
Fitcli, ui'u suMiulJMIf") mim lit le/is nbundant on the twigs and
leaves ; and l,AFflHFl'f«t Cllltl»ll(«(t In the eastern states are occa-
sionally suriiiMiily »(fccM'(( Sif m\ Kiltes, Telranyehiu lelariiu, Lia-
nisus.
" Tlia iiMst *»timill dMMM of the Larch is a fungus, which
attacks tliu |f)Mrw|W)«ll ftjiCciM HUit Is known as Conker or Krobs,
caused by Ihianwniiliii Wlllhimmii. H. Ilnrtig {Unlermck. Font.
Bol. Imlilul. Mimr-hm: i. t\^), The mature condition of this fun-
gus, consisting iii »\m\\ mukli i'Ii\ki, which are fringed on the outer
surface apid nmf&m wifll lulnilte #hHlsh hairs, while the disk is
yellowisli Fed, U imm\ \» ilcpt^mlMis on the surface of the stems
and young bmilfh*"*. (I Aims hut appear to lie able to make its
way inti) l\» ifm HillfM i\m mtt'ime of the br.inches has been
injured by hail m (Iw MimM* lit insects. It is said to occur also
in thu t'liiUii) HtttUiili imt 1(4 mige I/ere is not well known, as Dasy-
acypha WillhmmU ilf fltfliift HUlhatu has not always been distin-
guished frmn Hmuwillillil iHll/Hm or from Danynrypha Agaaiizii,
Berkeley 4i i^ltHtir 'I'tm IUHfen lit the Kuropean Larch are at-
tacked by the fmt, t'lHimil l.itrMn, Westendorp, which forms
golden yellifw fiMii||jf)||.-iili«> sfrtifs on their under surface. This
fungus is belJiiVf'4 hi IN^colofjI.its to be connected genetically with
Melampsiirii Tmimlit, 'tu\»!iim, *l(lch forms insignificant spots on
the leaves of I'lipiilim iMIiiilil ill fcllfope and occurs also on species
of I'opulus ill Ml" I'liilcrt Stuies.
A serious limum Ilf ItiC (y*H'h In flermany, which causes the
leaves to fall in \negii umiimea, is attributed by Ilartig to the
attacks uf UphiiFclln liwmn, M. (iHrllg, and the discoloration and
deatli of LsFull \miil"> Hff ('««W(( by llypodermella Lands, lubeuf.
In geiiL'cal, UlM (IW(i»<(C9 iti Liirir Amfrwana do not appear to be
important, i)ft »( U<»'>t (hff imne not attracted the attention of
mycologists til »iiy fniviii, Speeies of I'olyporus and Trametcs,
which injure (jiii 0'li|lk<i lit (lit? 'fmiMtmh, are not, however, peculiar
to the IjiixIi. (e>(j|( |', M. tllllHefi hull. No. 1, Div. Forentry U. S.
Depl. Ayrh. A|i(Hf- I, fia.J t'lill/porm iifficinaUt, Fries, formerly
used in iiieditijnii, tmm «hll« i*rtgular masses on the Larch in
Kurope, especially \n ftniHill*.
Thu jiseojies ui Mlf mtWm AM«tleen species of Larix have not
l^Ccu stiidled.
" in,t. mi, f. mi:
e in Scandinavia
ver parts uf the
^e Klikckigcr &
teen per cent, uf
id caHtcrn Nurth
titii's ill tuiiuing
li, rliii'fly ill the
luting astringent
c. Kil. — U. S.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMKHIOAW ¥i\*VmV.n.
Cones small, subglobose ; their scales few, longer than tho bracts.
Leaves triangular ,,,,,,
Cones elongated ; tliuir scales numerous, shorter than the bracts.
Yuiiiig branchlets pubescent, soon becoming glabrous ; leaves triangulAF t i i i i t
Young branchlets tomentusc ; leaves tetragonal > i i i ■ i <
. 1. L. Amrricana.
. 2. L. OCCIDENTALI.S.
. 3. L. LVALLII.
;e which is found
Kuropean Larch
COl
Lai
Pin
Pin
1
Pin
Pin
i
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
i
Pin
i
Pin
Pin
I
Pin
CONIFERJE.
aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
LARIX AMERICANA.
Tamarack. Laroh.
Cones small, subglobose, the scales few, longer than their bracts.
Larix Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 203 (1803). —
Miehauz f. HUt. Arb. Am. iii. 37, t. 4. — Audubon, Birds,
t. 4. — Emerson, Treea Mail. 89; ed. 2, i. 106, t —
Giboul, Arh. Rii. 61. — (Nekon) Senilin, Pinaeae,
86. — Hoopes, Eiiergreens, 247. — Nordlinger, Foritbot.
427, f Kegel, Gartenflora, xx. 106, t. 684, f. 7, 8 ; Act.
Eort. Petrop. i. 160 ; Beige Hvrt. xxu. 105, 1. 10, f . 2, 3. —
Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. b6t. 6, xz. 90. — Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Am. lOth Census U. S. ix. 216. — Watoon &
Coulter, Qray's Man. ed. 6, 493. — Mayr, Wold. Nordam.
221. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 329, f. 92 Hansen,
iTour. R. Hort. Soc. ziv. 413 (Pinetum Danieum). —
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 28.
PinuB Larix Amerioana nigra. Muenchhausen, Hausv. v.
226 (1770).
Pinualarioina, Du Boi, Obs. Bot. 49 (1771) ; Harbk. Baumz.
ii. 83, t. 3, f. 6-7. — Burgsdorf, Anleit. pt. ii. 185. —
Wangenheim, Nordam. Bole. 42, 1 16, f . 37. — Schoepf,
Mat. Med. Amer. 142.— Moench, Meth. 364.— Bork-
hausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 461.
PinUB Larix Canaden8i8,Wan(;enheini, Besehreib. Nordam,
Holz. 43 (1781).
PinuB LarJx rubra, Slarsball, Arbust. Am. 103 (1786). —
Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 142.
PinuB Larix alba, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 104 (1786).
PinuB Larix nigra, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 104 (1786).
PinuB pendula, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 369 (1789). — Will-
denow, Berl. Baumx. 215 ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 602. — Lambert,
Pinui, i. 66, t. 36. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 679. — Fursh, Fl.
Am. Sept. ii. 645. — Nuttall, Oen. ii. 223. — Sprengel,
Syit. iii. 887. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. Pinheiros, Larices e
Abetos, 27. — Audubon, Birds, t. 90, 180. — Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii. 164.— Torrey, Fl. N. ¥. ii. 232 Endlicher,
Syn. Conif. 132. — Lawson & Son, List No. 10, Abieti-
ne(B, 21. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 395 — Courtin, Fain. Conif.
66. — Farlatore, Do CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 409.
FinuB Larix, /3 rubra, CastigUoni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti,
ii. 315 (1790).
PinuB Larix, y nigra, Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti,
ii. 315 (1790).
Pinu3 Larix, S alba, Castiglioni, Viag negli Stati Uniti, ii.
315 (1790).
Pinus interm.jdia, Du Boi, Harbk. Baume. ed. 2, ii. 114
(1800).
Pinus mici-ooarpa, Lambert, Pinus, i. 68, t. 37 (1803). —
Willdenoii', Spec. iv. pt i. 502 ; Enum. 989 ; Berl. Baumz.
ed. 2, 273. — Persoon Syn. ii. 679. — Stokes, Bot. Mat.
Med. iv. 436. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, t. 321. — Big*.
low, Fl. Boston. 235. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 646. —
Nuttall, Qen. ii. 223. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 176. — Spreng-
el, iSF^st. iii. 887. — Bioteio, Hilt. Nat. Pinhtiros, Larices
e Abetos, 27. — Meyer, PI. Labrador. 30. — Hooker, Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii. 164. — Antoine, Conif. 64, t. 21, f. 1. —
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 132. — Lawson & Son, Lilt No. 10,
Abietineae, 21. — Dietrich, <S>^. v. 396. — Courtin, Fam.
Conif. 66.
Abies pendula, Por.eil, Lamarck Diet. vi. 614 (1804). —
Nouveau Duha,nel, v. 288. — Lindley, Penny Cycl. i.
33. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soe. Land. v. 213.
Abies miorooarpa, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 614 (1804). —
Nouveau Diihamel, v. 289, t. 79, f. 2. — Lmdley, Penny
Cycl, i, 33. — Lindley & Giordon, Jour, Hort. Soc. Land.
V. 213.
Larix pendula, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. iii. 771
(1802). — Salisbury, Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 314. —Law-
son & Son, Agric. Man. 387. — Forbes, Pinetum Wobum,
137, t. 46 — Carrifere, Traiti Conif, 279. — Gordon,
Pinetum, 129. — Courtin, Fam. Conif. 66. — S^n^>lauze,
Conif, 105. — SchUbeler, Virid, Norveg, i. 441. — Will-
komm, ^ors^ ii7. ed. 2, 166 Masters, Jour. B, Hort,
Soe. xiv. 218.
Larix tenuifoUa, Salisbury, Tram. Linn. Soc, via. 314
(1807).
Larix miorooarpa, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 697 (1809). —
Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 388. — Forbes, Pinetum
Wobum, 139, t. 47. — Spach, Hiit. VSg. xi. 436. — Link,
Linncea, xv. 536. — Carribre, TraitS Conif, 276. — Gor-
don, Pinetitm, 129. — Henkal & Hocbstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
137 — S^n&ilauze, Conif. 106. — Kegel, JRuss. Dendr.
pt. i. 29. — Veitcb, Man. Conif. 130. — Lanche, Deutsche
Dendr. ed. 2, 100. — SchUbeler, Virid. Norvng. i. 441. —
Willkomm, Forst. Fl. ed. 2, 167.
Larix intermedia, Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 389 (1836).—
Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 141. — Link, Linncea, xv. 536.
Larix Amerioana rubra, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2400
(1838). — Knight, Syn. Conif. 40.
Larix Amerioana pendula, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2400
(1838). — Carribre, TraitS Conif. ed. 2, 366. — o^n&Iauze,
Conif. 101.
Larix Amerioana prolifera, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2401
(1838). — Carriijre, TraitS Conif. ed. 2, 356.
Larix deoidua, y Amerioana, Henkel & Hocbstetter, Syn.
Nadelh. 133 (1865).
Larix larioina, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 263 (1873). —
I
i
8
SILFA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFEItA.
Lauche, Peinir/ie Dendr. «d. 2, 90. — Siiilwurtli, K»p.
ir. S. Pept. A;iric. 1892, 330. — Uritton & Urown, ///.
J-for. 1.54, f. 120.
Lariz larjoina, vnr. miorooarra, LenirooD, itV/). CaUfomui
State Hoard forentry, iii. 108 {Cone-Bearen of Califor-
nut) (1800).
Lorlx larioina, var. pendula, Lomiion, Rep. Caltfomia
State Hoard Farentry, iii. 108 (Cone-Ileareri of Califor-
nia) (1890).
A tree, from fifty to sixty feet in luight, with ii trunk eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, but
often much smaller toward the northern and Houthern UmitH of its range. During its early yearti the
slender horizontal branches form a narrow regidar pyramidal head, which continues to charact rizo this
tree when it is crowded by its associates in the forest ; but vhore it can obtain abund^^nt light aad air
some of the spcciaUzt.<d upper brunches grow more vigorously than the others and than those below
them and sweep out in graceful curves, or often become much contorted and frequently pendulous rad
form a broad open head which is sometimes extremely picturesque. The bark of the trunk ia froTi
one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, and separates into thin closely appresscd raiher
bright reddish brown scales. The slender leading branehlets ore glabrous in theii first summer and
are often covered with a glaucous bloom ; during the following winter they ar? light orange-brown
and conspicuous from the small globose dark red lustrous buds ; during their second season they
gradually grow darker, and in the third und fourth years become dark brow: t and dingy and begin to
lose the spur-like lateral branehlets. The leaves are triangular, rounded abov .ominently keeled on
the lower surface, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and n quarter in length and about
one thirty-second of an inch in width ; they are bright green and conspicuously stomatiferous when they
first expand, which is from the beginning to the end of May, according as the tree grows at the south
or at the north, and, gradually becoming darker during the summer, they turn dull yellow in September
or October not long before they fall. The staminate flowers are subglobose and sessile, with pale yellow
anthers, and are principally borne on branehlets one or two years old. The pistillate iiowurs are
oblong and short-stalked, with light rose-colored bracts produced into elongated green tips and nearly
orbicular rose-red scales, and usually appear on branehlets from one to three years old. The cones
when they are fully grown and begin to open in the autumn are raised on itout incurved stems,
and are oblong, rather obtuse, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and are
composed of about twenty scales ; these are largest near the middle of the cone, diminishing tofvard its
extremities, and are very concave, slightly erose or nearly entire un the margins, semiorbicular but
usually rather longer than broad, and about twice as long as their bracts, which are emarginate and
furnished at the apex with short niucros ; as the cone enlarges! the scales gradually lose their red
color, and when fully grown are light bright chestnut-brown ; growin darker afier their first winter,
during which they gradually scatter their seeds, they usually fill dunug their second year, although
occiisionally a few cones remain on the branches through another season. The seeds are an eighth
of an inch in length, witli a pale coat, and are about one third as long iis the light chestnut-brown
wings, which are broadest near the middle and obliquely rounded .at the apex.
From about latitude 58° north, near the coast of Labrador, Larix Americana ranges northwestward
nearly to the southern shore of Ungava Bay ; the line which marks the northern limits of its range
then extends westward, and, turning toward the south, reaches the shore of Hudson Hay a few miles
south of the mouth of the Nastapoka River,' and from a point a little to the northwest of Port Churchill
on the western shore of Hudson Bay, in latitude .'>9° north, extends northwestward to the northern
shores of Great Bear Lake, from whici! the Larch follows down the valley of the Mackenzie River
nearly to latitude (57° liO' north.^ West of the Rocky Mountiiins Lririr Americana ranges westward
' The distribution of Ir.'ii Amenrami i>ast of Hudson I'ay iis - Kiclinrclsoii, I'ratitlin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 752 (ua rinus micro-
liero laid down is partly taken from I>r. Uolwrt Hoh'a tvnpcr on i-ar]>n); Arclir Searching fizped. ii. 'MS.
tlic (foograpliieal distribution of fori'st trees in Canada, first pub- On I'cel Uivcr Portage, a divide between the waters of tlio
lished in the Scolliah Gnffraphical Maijazine, xiii. '28,'). Mackenzie and Yukon Kivcrs, iu latitude 07° 30' north, larix
CONirRK^
^H
( of Califar-
H
a. California
|9
1 of Califnr-
H
tmeter, but
1
1 yenw the
^H
ut rizo this
^H
rht add air
^H
lOHe below
i|H
dulous 1 ad
'^B
Ilk is froni
«
Mcd raUier
^
unimer and
inge-brown
eason thoy
d be^n to
^^
r keeled on
fll
and about
w
when they
'^
the south
wt
September
m
pale yellow
M
fio^turs are
'^
and nearly
■^
The cones
m
rved stems,
jm
h, and are
.^^
T toivard its
■■
'bicular but
^m
rginute and
■■•^
le their red
-^i
first winter,
ir, although
! an eighth
jtnut-brown
•thwcstward
f its range
a few Utiles
rt Churchill
Jl|
le northern
fH
enzie River
'^
IS westward
m
IS Pinus micri>'
m
waters of llio
mk
)' north, Larir
^H
CONIFERiB.
81LVA OF NORTU AMERICA.
e
along the Dease River and along the upper Liard and Frances Rivers, and northward nearly to Finlayson
Lake, reaching (iS" Sii' north.' Southward it spreads through Canada" and the northern states to
northern Pennsylvania,' northern Indiana and Illinois and central Minnesota, and to about latitude HS"
north in Alberta on the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains.* Of the trees of the subarctic
forest of America, Larix Aiaerkana best supports the rigors of the boreal climate, and at the extreme
northern limits of the forest is still a little tree rising above its associate, the Black Spruce, which
clingH to the ground with nearly prostrate stems. In the interior of I^ibrador," where it is the largest
tree, it is surpusscil iii numbers only by the Black Spruce, and grows in all the cold swamps, and in the
southern part of the peninsula occurs occasiunally on well-drained benches a few feet above the surface
of rivers." It g.ows near the western shore of Hudson Bay with the White Spruce as far north as the
mouth of Little Seal River, and northwest up to the very margin of the barren lands, the great rolling
grass-covered plains which stretch beyond the subarctic forest to the shores of the Arctic Sea,
extending down the T'<lzoa River as far north as Doobaunt Lake and down the Kazan nearly to Yath-
kyed Lake, where it .uCains a larger size than its companion, the Black Spruce.^ West of the Rocky
Mountains, where it is usually associated with the Black Spruce, it is abundant in cool swamps and on
northern slopes ; it is common in swamps in Saskatchewan, through which it crosses from the eastern
base of the Itocky Mountains to Manitoba, where it finds the southwestern limit of its range near
Carberry, southwei^t of Lake Manitoba," and probably attains its largest size north of Lake Winnipeg
on low benches which it occasionally covers with open forests. In the maritime provinces of Canada
and in the United States it inhabits cold deep swamps, which it often clothes with forests of closely
crowded trees rarely more than forty or fifty feet in height.
The wood of Larix Americana is heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, and
very durable in contact with the soil ; it is light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains
broad very resinous dark colored bands of summer cells, few obscure resin passages, and numerous
hardly distinguishable medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.G23G, a
cubic foot weighing 38.8G pounds. It is largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for shin timbers,
fence-posts, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.
Although Larix Americana is said to have been cultivated by Philip Miller, in the Physic
Garden at Chelsea, as early as 1735," the first account of it appeared in Charlevoix's Ilistoire de la
Nuuvelle France, published in 1744.'° It was known, however, much earlier to the European settlers in
New England, as Josselyn described its merits soon after the middle of the seventeenth century."
Americana, whivli here grows to a height of six or eight feet, with
» trunk an inch in diameter, extends in small open groves ahovo
the Spruces and up to elevations of twelve hundred feet ahove the
level of the sea. (See McConnell, Rtp. Geohg. Sun: Can. n. aer.
iv. 117 D.)
• G. M. Dawson, Garden and Foretl, i. 58; Rep. Geohg. Surv.
Can. n. ser. iii. pt. i. 112 B; Appx. i. 187 B. — Macoun, Hep. Geolog.
Surv. Can. n. ser. iii. pt. i. Appx. iii. 2'J6 B.
Larix Americana was not found by Dr. G. M. Dawson on the
IVlley and Lewes Kivers, but be suggests that the Larch seen by
Dull (.itaska anil i/s /jMourees, 441, C92) on the lower Yukou is
probably tliis species, which he thinks may be found to extend
from the valley of the Mackenzie nearly to the shores of Behring
Sea.
' l'rovan"her, .'We Canadienne, ii. 5G8. — Brunet, Cat. Veg.
Lig. Can. 59. — Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 475.
• Kothrock, Rep. Dept. Agric. Penn. 1895, pt. ii. Div. Forestry,
284.
In Pennsylvania Larix Americana grows sparingly in the coldest
parts of PikC; Monroe, Luzerne, and Lackawanna counties, or on
the Pocano Plateau and the adjacent regions. It grows in Tama-
rack Swamp in the northern part of Clinton County, and it is said,
on doubtful authority, to occur in Somerset County on the high
AUegbanies up to ele.ations of three thousand feet above the
sea.
• The most southern station in Alberta where Larix A mericana
has been seen by Mr. John Macoun is in a swamp forty miles south-
west of Edmonton.
' On the Labrador coast trees grow in protected valleys at the
beads of the inner bays up to latitude 58° north, although the
western foothills of the Atlantic coast range are treeless. Two
degrees farther south they grow on the coast and high up on the
hills ; the headlands and outer hills remain, however, treeless as
far south as Hamilton Inlet. (See Low, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can.
n. scr. viii. 31 L.)
• Low, I. c. 36.
' Tyrrell, Re/). Geolog. Surv. Can. n. ser. ix. 214 F.
^ Tente John Macoun.
• Alton, Ilort. Kew. iii. 369 (Pinus pendula). — Loudon, Arb. Brit.
iv. 2399.
" Larix Canadensis, longissimo folio, cd. 12"", iv. 371, f. 92.
" "Groundsels made of Larch-tree will never rot, and the
1»
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONirRRA
Uitually an inhai'L<tnt of liimiii Mtturatml with water, htrix Americana, when traimplanted to
iiplandH, grows in ^noA iwiil much more rupiiily than it <1ooh in its native swampi, attaining a larger size
and more picUiroHquu habit, and uf all the Fiiircii-lroeH which have been tried in the northern statea it
lH>Nf -.'.userves attention oh an ornament of iiarks and gardens.
lunger it \j»» tlio hanler it ((rowea, that jnn m*y ulniM
anil ijlo II bur of (mn m vuiljr m into that." (Juueljrii, /in
Aecminl of Two Voyagn lo New Kngland, AH.)
" The turpciuioit that iuuoth rniin tho iH>ncii of the l>aroh-traa
(which ciimrii nciin'iit nf any to th« n){ht 'I'liri/ontinn) ii •ingiiliirly
guml to heal wuuudi, and to draw out the umliov (or Thorn, »a
ihlmmt phraaea it) of any Aeh rubbing the plaee tberewitb, and
■trowing upon it the powder of .Va^leavea." {ibid. p. 17.)
" I ourrd onoo a detpi^rate llruiie with a Cut upon the Kn««
I'an, witli iin llngent niado with the l^avea of the Utrch Trre, and
llogK (ircaao, but the (iuiu ia beat." (Juaael/o, Ntv England
KarUiu, IW.)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Platr DXCIII. Lahix Amuiicana.
1. A flowering bnnch, natural aite.
2. A ataininate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, front view, enlarged.
4. An anther, nido view, enlarged.
6. A pistillate IIowit, enlarged.
6. A acalu of n pintilliito flower, upper aide, with it* br«o( and ovale*, enlarged.
7. A fruiting hraneli, natural aize.
8. A cone-«'ul< . lower ■idl^ witli iti bract, natural site.
9. A cone-Kcnle, up|ior aide, with ita aeeda, natural size.
10. Vertical section of u aeed, enlarged.
11. An embryo, enlarged.
12. CroM section of a loaf, magnified fifteen diametcn.
l.'l. A wmter brnnchlet, natural Hize.
14. A seedling plant, natural siu.
t
connnm.
implanted tu
a lurt;«r Hize
Ota Htates it
10 tbarawith, aud
td. p. 07. )
iilMin (hn Knfl*
Larck 1'rrr, miil
I, Nno England
'^'
tl^
r>''
•*C
■:>■
rih
^^^^
i>
■■*-*:
••Nimui.
I ■Im'^ III llh ml.ivi liWNntl'
I I ci » 'iirit hiiv«< ti- »i, 'ri(«| I,
• |Miiit> mill Kiirtlcnit.
Mti tr<tiwp(«nto(l t<)
vtll,.. (TH il
mul
().-...
rpitiilMK J It •if)^iilirlt
'yon ■• tiM po«ii«r 'il Xii«r-li<iix^ , '*i4, f. 91 ,
-I >m^' - l<^p*r^i» llruiMi villi a Cut niuM lfc« > iw*
i '•>*» «ilb (ho l^ttM at Ibp Lan-h TVw • -I
'"'' •■' it irnti." {Jumttjtt, Ntm Unfttni
I 1 '*.-r, 'I' I
7. A frnitiKK lirwH-b, iHUnr*! iii»
K. A rf*ik<»-«<*itl'', Uiw^r >i*l*'. huIi Kk hr:iri, iiul*ir;il «)f^i.
*> A i-.-'ik-^k' upv^r »i<ln, with ila iicrila, luliirai liu),
to V<irtir«t M<->44iii 'if B iH'cil, BnUrKml.
II. An viuliryo, nnlargnl.
IV. CroM Mclion of •luaf, innKiiiHwl fiftM>n rii«mrU>ni.
13. A trihUr liminhldt, rmtiiritl -\u-
XA. A MM^Ii.i;- |il«nt nalur*! •><•
I.', Willi iM brMi smI »t«im. riiUrKMl.
rilH|fKH.t.
•Ml I Im il
lll"''Itl Uk- '••
/.I'l * 7W •ml
,v« <i! Itiir'.h AniTi'*
'/.•/;,.„.■.,/,•/
LARIX AMERICANA, ;.'.;. hx
-■^ JiWit-tii.t iitn\i^
/ffif:, ''. r>ttirur /'iirr.--
CONIFERA
SJIV4 or MOurn ameuwa.
11
LARIX OOOmSNTALIB.
Cones elongated, the soalos nmnorouMi slioftef than their bracts. Young branch-
lets soon becoming glabrous. Louve« triHliKiilHri
Lariz oooidentaUa, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 143, t. Vid ()H4U)> —
Newberry, Paeifte R. R. Rep. vi. pt. HI. 68, », 94, iJB, =
Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 412. — Lyall, Jour, linn, Sw< ¥ii>
143. — (Nelson) Senilis, PinaeecB, 91. — HuopsK, /?«*»>:
greens, 253. — Regel, Gm enflora, m, 103, t. «8B, I »-|0 (
Act. Hart. Petrop. i. 158; Beige Uott. «»ii. JOt, fr H, ti
3-5. — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 176.— VeiUill, Man- Oiilli/',
130. — Sargent, Forest Treea N. Am. lOth Oentm P, )l,
ix. 216 J Gard. CKron. n. ser. xiv. 652, f. 145 i Qiwlm
iintt jfhrMt, ix. 491, £. 71. — Mayr, Wold. Nordam.
047. — Ltniffion, Rep. California State Board Forestry,
III; lOfi (Cone-Bearers of California). — Beissner, Handb.
Nilihlh. U14, f. 80. — Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
yiN. — ttnnsen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 417 (Pinetum
IhlHlmm). — Koeline, De'Usche Dendr. 25. — Leiberg,
lliiiifftti. It. a. Nat. Herb. v. 50.
Pmm MuUallll, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt ii.
i\'i (1808).
When it has grown under the moat fitviimhlM i<Mliilil<ioMfl on low moiHt soil, at elevations of between
two thousand and three thousand feet abovtt |:)|(i i4*j)^lt>V(>l« the western Larch often rises to the height
of two hundred and fifty feet, with a trunk frilll) HJK U) f l^ilt feet in diameter ; on drier soil and exposed
mountain slopes it has an average height of xlifnili iiliM liiiliflreil feet, with a trunk two or three feet in
diameter. On young trees the remote elungutoil mi\ um\'\)f tioriitontal branches form an open pyramidal
head ; usually they soon disappear from the \nv/M' (t((H lit (lie stem, and the full-grown tree is remark-
able for its elongated tapering naked trimk, whi(i|l i<i df^iiUfiiitly free of branches for two hundred feet
above the ground and is surmounted by a. nhmt DftClOW (t^yiAltildiil head of small branches clothed with
scanty foliage,' or occasionally at low altitw(l^i^ tlo (i|0Wli Is Inrf'er, with elongated drooping branches.
The bark of young stems is thin, dark-colored, uni\ dimlj/i but when the tree is about one hundred years
old the bark changes in character, and, beginnlllg M**ttl' lliw brtse, where on old trunks it is often five or
six inches thick, it breaks into irregularly s\m\m\ hI»I(I(ij$ [ilrttes fre(|uently two feet in length and covered
with thin closely appressed light einnamoii-PBd mi»]m, TIir lending branchlets are comparatively stout,
and when they first appear are covered with mh (ittjp pubescence, which on some trees disappears
during the first season and on others uoittiiiiief* Ut CUVWC the shoots until their second year ; they are
bright orange-brown in their first year aittl BOllielJIHPS retain this color during a second season,
although they more often then begin to assiiMte the (Irtlh ^my-brown color of the older branches and
of the lateral branchlets, which, usually short, »ie iWtmUtmWy nearly three quarters of an inch in length.
The winter-buds are globose and about an ei(jhMl i)f hii Inch in diameter, their dark chestnut-brown
scales being erose and often coated on the niHiyiim willl Umry tomentum. The leaves are triangular,
rounded on the back, conspicuously keeleil on )||m IiiWmI' fltirfrtce, rigid, sharp-pointed, from an inch to
an inch and three quarters in length, about one Mlicfy-SMCOtMl of an inch in width, and light pale green,
turning pale yellow early in the autumn. The Htt»i)iii(rttfi llowers are oblong, with pale yellow anthers,
' The most remarkable fact, perhaps, about this tree is tllS StHltll:
ncsa of Icnf surface in comparison with liuiglit and tli|ul(W*<i lit
stem, and there Is certainly no other instance among Ihii Ifntm iif
the northern hemisphere whore such massive trunks tiM|)|liirt DHcIl
small short branches and sparse foliage. It U not, IhurMfMFM, flMf-
prising that Larix occidentalis grows slowly after the ImiiA mI jfit
lower branches, usually at the end of forty or Hfty yintFH- lilt)
KIWhIiHHH In itl« ifesttp Collection of North American Woods in the
A((ll*tlftttl MtlseilMi of Natural History, New York, is eighteen
Wi'hf* III fllntiieter inuli" the bark and two hundred and slxty-
iil-*Ml ti'ilfs old. At Ihc iigc of fifty ycais the trunk of this tree
^M llllin liiclicn In diameter ; the sapwood, which is half an inch
(IllHki limitalnii forty layers of annual growth.
^
ii i
12
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFEIt£.
and at maturity are raised on stout stalks about an eighth of an inch long. The pistillate flowers are
oblong, almost sessile, with nearly orbicular scales, and with bracts which are produced into elongated
tips. The cones are oblong, short-stalked, and from an inch to an inch and a half in length, with
numerous thin stiff scales which are nearly entire or slightly erose and sometimes a little reflexed on
the margins ; they are more or less thickly coated on the lower surface below the middle with hoary
tomentum, and after the seeds are scattered stand out at right angles to the axis of the cone or often
become reflexed. The seeds are nearly a quarter of an inch long, with a pale brown coat, and are from
one half to two thirds the length of the thin and fragile pale wings, which are broadest near the middle
and obliquely rounded at the apex.
Scattered on the moist deep soil of bottom-lands through forests of Hemlocks, Firs, and Cotton-
woods, and mixed with the Yellow Pine, the Lodge Pole Pine, and the Douglas Spruce on high
benches and dry mountain sides, the western Larch grows at elevations of between two thousand and
seven thousand feet above the sea-level, usually singly or in small groves. Its home is in the basin of
the upper Columbia River, from which it crosses in southern British Columbia to the mountains over-
looking the eiistern shores of Shuswap Lake, one of the sources of the south fork of the Thompson,
where it flnds the northern limits of its range in latitude 51° north, and is not abundant ; ' in the
United States it grows near most of the mountain streams which feed the Columbia, from the western
slopes of the continental divide in northern Montana to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains,
extending southward to the Blue and Powder River Mountains and the eastern foothills of Mt.
Jefferson in Oregon. Of comparatively small size and less generally multiplied northward and south-
ward and on the Cascade Mountains, the western Larch is most abundant and attains its largest size
on the bottom-lands of the streams which flow into Flat Head Lake in northern Montana, and in
northern Idaho, where it is the characteristic and most interesting inhabitant of the great forests that
cover this interior region.
The noblest of the Larch-trees, surpassing all others in thickness and height of stem, splendid in
massiveness and in the colors of the great plates into which its bark is divided, Larix occidentalis is
one of the most valuable timber-trees of the continent, and no other North American coniferous tree
produces such hard and heavy wood, well suited for use in furniture of the best quality. The wood is
very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, susceptible of receiving a good polish, and very
durable in contact with the soil ; it is bright light red, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains
broad dark-colored resinous bands of small summer cells, few obscure resin passtiges, and numerous thin
medullary rays ; the specific gravity of the absolutely dvy wood is 0.7407, a cubic foot weighing 46.16
pounds. It is largely used for railway-ties and fence-posts, and is manufactured into lumber used in
cabinet-making and the interior finish of buildings. An exudation, which flows abundantly from
wounds in the trunk and forms large sheets, has a sweetish taste, and is gathered and eaten by Indians
in southern British Columbia."
The earliest notice of Larix occidentalis is in the journal of Lewis and Clark, who, in their entry
of .Tune I.'j, 180(), record the occurrence of a Larch-tree in the forests on the upper Clearwater River,
which they ascended in crossing the Bitter Root Mountains on their homeward journey.^ In 1827 it
was seen near Fort Colville on the upper Columbia by David Douglas, who mistook it for the Larch
of Europe,* but to Thomas Nuttall, who found it on the Blue Mountains in 1834, belongs the credit of
* G. M. Dawson, Can. Nat. n. ser. ix. 329. — Mucuiin, Cat. Cati.
PL 475.
^ This substance, which is (»f a Itrownislt yellow color, somewhat
porons, and possesses a nimlerately sweet taste with a terehin-
thino flavor, is found !iy Trimble to Ije free from resin and not
identical with nielczitose, as might have been expected, its jiliysical
properties closely rcsemliliug dextrin. (See Am. Jottr. I'hann. Ixx.
W2.)
•' HLitory of the Eip&lition under Command of Lewi.i and Clark-,
cd. Coues, iii. 1043, IWiO. — Sargent, liurilm and Forest, x. 39.
' Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii. 109.
Of this tree Douglas, in his journal, says ; " 1 measured some
thirty feet in circunifereneo ; and several which have been le>eled
to the ground by the late storms were one lurulred and forty-fivo
feet long, with wo(h1 pj-rfectly clean and strong." If Douglas had
realized that he was in the presence of one of the great trees of
CONIFERJE.
CONIFERS.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
18
ite flowers are
into elongated
n length, with
ttle reflexed on
die with hoary
! cone or often
t, and are from
lear the middle
s, and Cotton-
pruce on high
thousand and
in the basin of
lountains over-
the Thompson,
idant;' in the
im the western
ide Mountains,
lothills of Mt.
ird and south-
its largest size
)ntana, and in
eat forests that
first distinguishing this tree. Larix occidentalis was first cultivated in 1881 in the Arnold Arboretum,
where it is hardy and produces cones.'
In the struggle for supremacy between the different inhabitants of the Columbian forests under
the changed conditions which have followed the white man's occupation of the country, Larix occi-
dentalis seems destined to hold its own and probably even to extend its sway, for in this struggle, in
which fire now plays a controlling part, it is aided by the great thickness of its bark, which enables
half-grown trees to bear without permanent injury the heat of annual fires, and by the power of its
abundant seeds to germinate and of its seedlings to grow rapidly in the shade of other trees and in
favorable situations often to overtop and finally to destroy them.
the vorld, as remarkable as the Sugar Fine or any of bin other
discoveries, the western Larch would not probably have remained
one of the least known of the important timber4rees of America.
' Seedling plants of Larix occidentalis, transferred from Oregon
to the Arnold Arboretum in 1881, have remained small and stunted,
but branches of these trees grafted on roots of the Japanese Larch
have grown vigorously into shapely trees now nearly twenty feet
in height and almost twice as Urge as the seedlings.
m, splendid in
occidentalis is
coniferous tree
The wood is
lolish, and very
I, and contains
numerous thin
reighing 46.16
umber used in
undantly from
ten by Indians
, in their entry
sarwater River,
f.' In 1827 it
t for the Larch
js the credit of
)/ Lewis and Clark;
irf Form, X. 39.
" I nirasurod some
1 have been IcAcled
uirod and forty-five
." If Douglas bad
i the great trees of
.1
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Platk DXCIV. Labix occidentalm.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. An anther, side view, enlarged.
3. An anther, rear view, enlarged.
4. An anther, front view, enlarged.
5. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper aide, with its bract and
ovules, enlarged.
6. A fruiting branch, natural size.
7. A cone-bcale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
8. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
9. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
10. An embryo, enlarged.
11. Cross section of a leaf, niagnitied fifteen diameters.
12. A winter branchlet, natural size.
13. A seedling plant, natural size.
mfmrmmmmmmm
is*'
m
-.-..i'V'-J.
'1
i^i.
m^
:/
■^•/i^
|j
N ■
\-
>" "^f:' ■<
t
.*
7/
r
"XJ
)
M*
ExrL^\/«A ru,
rr
2. An xtA- • rnUr^txl.
3. A: ■ i-nUryw'l.
A A' ■». iiOargwl.
: ttilUte fluirer, upper lid*, wi'.ti ii*
6. A fnitting lir»!it.'h. natural ilw
7. A f<>ni*-«»-ule, lower «idc, witii i^ W«r4 =«nitt**j 'f^
8 A cotwHMjnIn, upp<>r «!iJ», »■*(• i«t »»<te. nawnU »i««.
9. Vsrtical meiwn of • lead, enlttjfiHl
10. An eifiHryi", I'nUijjeil.
11. Crtwii (KKiion of a leaf, magnified fifteen diameten.
12. A winter braoi'tilrt. natural the.
13 A e'V'dliug I'luul. nutural siw.
'J,
I
Silva or North America.
Tab DXC'.V
^ "d cJb
C E Fa.riffi r/t/
itfirifie- J'c^
LARIX OCCIDENTALIS, Ni
A.RixJcreu.c ,itrAV :
Imp.J.l'tifi^uf '\irtj-.
comn&B.
SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
u
LABIZ LYALLU.
Tamarack.
Cones elongated, their scales shorter than the bracts. Branchlets tomentose.
Leaves tetragonal.
Larix Lyallii, Parlatore, Bnum. Sem. ffort. R»g. Mu*.
Flar. 1863 ; Jour. Hot. i. 35 ; Oard. Chron. 1863, 916 ;
GaTter\flora, ziii. 244. — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soc. vii.
143.— Henkel & Hoclutetter, Syn. Nadelh. 417. — Car-
n\tn, Traiti Conif. ed. 2, 361. — Hoopea, Evergreent,
266. — Regel, OarUnflora, xx. 103, t. 685, f. 11-13;
Act. Hart. Petrop. i. 158 ; Beige Hort. xxii. 102, t 9, f.
1-3. — Bertram!, Ann. Sci. Nat. »ir. 6, xx. 90. — Veitch,
Man. Gmtf. 130. — Sargent, Forett Trees 2f. Am. lOlh
Cenitu U. S. ix. 216; Oard. Chron. n. ler. xxt. 653,
f. 146; ger. 3, xxiii. 366, f. 136 Mayr, Wald. Nordam,
366. — Leminon, Rep. California State Board Foreetry,
iii. 109 (Cone-Bearert of California). — Beiuiier, Handb,
Nadelh. 316, f. 81. — Blasten, Jowr. R. Hort. Soe. xiv.
218.
Pinus Lyallii, ParUtore, D« CandoUe Prodr. zvi. pt. ii.
412 (1868).
A tree, usually from forty to fifty and occasionally seventy-five feet in height, with a trunk
generally eighteen or twenty inches but sometimes three or four feet in diameter, and remote elongated
palmately divided exceedingly tough persistent branches which, developing very irregularly, are
sometimes decidedly pendulous and sometimes abruptly ascending at the extremities, one or two being
^equently much longer and stouter than the others, and sometimes twenty feet in length. Until the
tree is about fifteen feet high the bark of the slender stem and branches is thin, rather lustrous, smooth
and pale gray tinged with yellow ; it is dark brown and broken into loose thin scales on larger stems
and on the large branches of old trees, and on fully grown trunks it becomes from one half to three
quarters of an inch in thickness, and is slightly divided by shallow fissures ii \o irregularly shaped
plates which are covered with thin dark red-brown loosely attached scales. The winter-buds are
prombent,and conspicuous from the long white matted hairs which fringe the margins of their scales,
and, protruding from between them, often almost entirely cover the bud. The leading branchlets are
stout and coated with thick hoary tomentum, which does not entirely disappear until after their second
winter ; they then beg^in gradually to grow darker, and sometimes become nearly black at the end of
four or five years, when their stout lateral spur-like branchlets have occasionally attained the length of
three quarters of an inch. The leaves are tetragonal, rigid, short-pointed, pale blue-green and from an
inch to an inch and a half in length. The staminate flowers are oblong and about an eighth of an inch
long, wiih pale yellow anthers, and are raised on short stout stalks. The pistillate flowers are ovate-
oblong, with dark red or occasionallj pale yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts which are abruptly
contracted into elongated slender tips. The cones are ovate, rather acute, and from an inch and a
half to nearly two inches in length, and are subsessile or raised on slender peduncles coated with hoary
tomentum ; their bracts are dark purple, exserted and very conspicuous, with slender tips much longer
than the oblong-obovate thin dark reddish purple or rarely green scales ; these are erose and their
margins are fringed with matted white hairs, which are also scattered over their lower surface, being
thickest near the middle ; at maturity the scales spread nearly at right angles from the stout axis of the
cone, which is densely covered with pale tomentum, and frequently become much reflexed before the
falling of the cone, which usually occurs during the first autumn. The seeds are full and rounded on
the sides, an eighth of an inch in length and about half as long as their light red lustrous wings, which
are broadest near the base, with nearly parallel sides.
Larix Lyallii, which grows only near the timbei^line on mountain slopes between four thousand
16
SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.
CONirERA.
five hundred and eight thoiuand feet above the level of the Heu, w diiitrihute<l from Houthorn Alberta
and the interior of southern Dritiith Columbiu ' Houthward along the CuHvade Mountaiim and through
northern Washing^ton to Mt. Stewart, one of their eontern MpurH at the head of a north fork of the
Yakima River." In Alberta Lnrix Li/itllii growM on Hteep mountain HlopeH and bencheH, UHiially on
those which face the north, either singly or in groves of a few hundred trees, and alone or mixed with
the Engelmann Spnice ; on the elevated pliiteau which extends from northern WaHhington into British
Columbiit, about the State Creek Pass through the Cuscado Mountains, it is spread at an elevation of
about six thousand feet above the sea over undulating gross-covered table-lands with Pinun nlhicmtUa,
Ahiea laaiocarjm, and Tmrnja Mirtt'imiaiiti, and on Mt. Stewart it forms a straggling line of scattered
trees at the upper limits of tree-growth, or, occasionally clinging to steep sltipes facing the north, it
forms small irregular groves at elevations of from five thousand Kve hundred to eight thousand feet
above the sea.'
The wood of Lnrir. Lyallii is heavy, hard, close-grained, and bright reddish brown, with thin
nearly white sapwood. It contains broad dark resinous bands of small summer cells, few obscure resin
passages, and many thin medullary rays. The specifiu gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7077, a
cubic foot weighing 44.10 pounds.*
Larif Lyallii was discovered on the Cascade Mountains in 1860 by David Lyall," the surgeon
and naturalist of the British Commission which marked the northern boundary of the United States
west of the Rocky Mountains. It has not yet been cultivated.
' Maooun, Cat. Can. PI. 470.
' In 1883 Lariz lyallii waa round on Mt. Stewart by Mr. T. .S.
Brandrgce, who reported that it aometimea fomied there triinkii
four feet in diameter. Thii a much larger than any of the troei I
have Men in Alberta, where, although they are often sixty feet in
height, the trunks rarely exceed twenty inches in diameter.
* The range of Lariz Lyallii is still very imperfectly known. It
is reported hy Mr. John Macoun on a mountain six miles southwest
of Morley, Alberta, at the unoiually low altitude of four thou-
e ..ad five hundred feet above the sea-level. This is on the eastern
slope of the Rocky Mountains, and the most easterly jwint where
this tree has been seen. It is very abundant on the mountains
near Laggan on the Canadian Paeiflo Railroad, not far from the
continental divide, where it grows up to elevations of almost seven
thousand feet above the sea; this is the most northerly point at
which it has l>een reported. It is, however, so abundant here and
of such large size that it probably ranges much farther northward
along the Rocky Moimtaina, which are entirely unknown Intani-
cally from the line of the Canadian Paciflc Railroad to the Atha-
basca Pass, eighty miles to the northward. It might be expected
to range along both slopes of the Rocky Mountains south to
northern Montana, but, although thia region has been visited by
Imtanists, tliere is no record that it does occur there.
* Sargent, Garden and Forat, iii. 35G.
Larii Lyallii grows very slowly. The trunk in the <Teaup Col-
lection uf North American Woods in the American Museum of
Natural History, l^v\v York, cut by Mr. T. S. Brandegeo on Mt.
Stewart, is sixteen and one half inches in diameter inside the bark
and five hundred and sixty-two years old. The sapwood is three
eighths of an inch in thickness, with thirty-two layers of annual
growth.
' David Lyall (.lune 1, 1817 -March 2, 180r>) was lum at
Auchinblae, in Kincardineshire, and received a medical cducatiou
at Aberdeen, where he took hia degree, having been previously
admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in Minburgh. After
graduating he made a voyage to (trceuland as surgeon to a whaling
ship, and, on bis return, entering the Royal Navy in IH30, he was
np|Hiinted assistant surgeon of II. M. S. Terror for service under
Sir .lames Ross, in his scientific expedition to the antarctic regions.
During this voyage, from which Dr. Lyall did not return until
18-12, he devoted much attention to botany, making several impor-
tant collections, and discovering in Kergiielen'a Land the plant
which waa named for him by his brother ofHcer, the younger
Hooker, Lyallia. After returning from the antarctic expedition,
Dr. Lyall served in the Mediterranean, and then as surgeon and
naturalist on the Acheron, which was detailed to survey the coast
of Now Zealand. At this time he discovered the great white-
flowered lianunculu* Lyallii, the largest of all the Hiittercupa. In
18,U he was appointed surgeon and naturalist to one of the veasela
in the acjuadrou sent under command of Sir E. Belcher in search
of Sir .lohii Franklin ; and his collections of ptanta made in the
American polar islands at this time added much to the knowledge
of the distribution of the arctic flora. In 1858 Dr. Lyall served as
surgeon and naturalist to the Boundary Commission under Sir John
Hawkins, uccompanyiug it in its survey of the boundary line be-
tween British Columbia and the United States from the Gulf of
(leorgia to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. An account of
his Imtnnical collection made on the boundary, with descriptions uf
the various zones of vegetation, wo-s published in the seventh
volume of the Jourtial of the Limiaan Society. After his return
from North America he wiis on borne duty until 1873, when be
was retired. In addition to his paper on the botany of northwest-
ern America, Dr. Lyall published, in the twentieth volume of the
Proceeditiyn of the Zuiilogii'al Society, a paper on the habits of
Strigopt habroptiius, a New Zealand bird. (See Hooker f. Jour.
Hot. xxxiii. 200.)
IS
covnv.HM.
lutherii Alborta
im and through
rth fork of the
cheH, tiHually on
e ur mixed with
tun into British
an elevation of
'inun nUncnulis,
ine of Hcnttered
ing the north, it
lit thousand feet
irown, with thin
Bw obscure resin
ood is 0.7077, a
all," the surgeon
e United States
Ting b«en pnTioiialy
in Kilinliurgh. After
I surgeon to it whaling
Navy in 1R30, he was
rror for service under
the antarctic regions.
did not return until
laking several impor-
len's Land the plant
officer, the younger
I antarctic ezpedition,
then as surgeon and
ed to survey the coast
Bred the great white-
I the Buttercups. In
it to one of the vessels
r E. Belcher in search
f plants made in the
luch to the knowledge
[38 Dr. Lyall served as
iiission under Sir John
the boundary line be-
atcs from the Gulf of
tains. An account of
y, with descriptions of
ished in the seventh
pty. After his return
r until 1873, when be
1 botany of northwest-
entieth volume of the
per on the habits of
(See Hooker f . Jour.
'
EXPLANATION OF TItK PLATR.
PiiATB DXCV. Larix Lyallii.
1. A 6oirsrtng brunch, natural siia.
2. A utaminahi flowpr, I'nliirgnil.
8, A nUnien, front view, enlarKsd.
4. A atanien, aoen from bulow, I'lilarf^ed.
5. A pittillate Hiiwor, natural the.
0. A acale of u pixtilluto lluwer, upper aide, with ita braot and
OTulei, enlarged.
7. A fruiting branch, natural aize.
8. A cone^calo, upper aide, with ita acedi, natural iiie.
i>. A «eod, enlarged.
10. Vertical Miction of ii seed, enUrged.
11. An embryo, enlarge<l.
12. Croaa lection nf n leaf, magnified fifteen diameten.
#
-<*
#
\
^ (tjp
■.tiTk
i
r SV-i .4 ^
T f. u&turjil »ii«
I pwtilUu floveir. ap|wr Me, rntik ito brant itiul
• viu- n, rulillfflti.
. . A fruitirifr bruiiti, natural niu.
H A cone-s«;alc-. upper Hide, witli its aeeds, r.Hliir«I site,
y. A (weii. enlar;;o(l.
10. Vortical ««ntiiin of a teed, i-iilargcd.
It. An «ml>ryii. enlargwi.
I'd. Crow scrlictn i>f U^',. ina)i[iniie<[ flfle>'n diitnieu'r*^
I: ;
li |;
Silva of North America.
Tab. DXCV.
C£ f.i.n.n ,M
ll\\<Vf, LYAIJ.ll
A /iiiiiffu,r (/i/'fi/' '
M>/> . / r,.
irit'Uf\ : ,!/i.i^
.!
M
I
t
CONIFEIUK.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
19
PICEA.
Flowehs solitary, naked, monoecious, the staminate axillary or terminal ; stamens
indefinite, anther-cells 2, surmounted by their crested connectives ; pistillate flowers
terminal or axillary ; ovules 2, under each scale. Fruit a woody strobile maturing in
one season. Leaves angular or flat, spirally disposed.
Ploea, Link, Abhand. Akad. Berl. 1827, 179 (1830).—
Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 211. — Bentham
& Hooker, Gen. iii. 439. — Eichler, Engler & Prantl,
PJtanamfam. ii. pt. i. 77. — Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc.
XXX. 28.
Abies, Linnffius, Gen. 294 (in part) (1737). —A. L. de Ju»-
sieu. Gen. 414 (in part). — D. Don, Lambert Pinus, ill
(1837).
Pinua, Linnnus, Gen. ed. 5, 434 (in part) (1754). — End-
licher. Gen. 260 (in part). — Meissner, Gen. 352 (in
part). — Baillon, Hist. PI. xii. 44 (in part).
Pyramidal trees, with tall tapering trunks often strongly buttressed at the base, thin scaly or
rarely deeply furrowed bark, soft pale wood containing- numerous resin canals, slender whorled
horizontal limbs clothed with pendent often elongated twice or thrice ramified lateral branches, their
ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent, thick roots wide spreading near the surface of the
ground, and long flexible tough rootlets. Branch buds usually three, surrounded with numerous
more or less developed acicular scales articulate on persistent bases and generally deciduous before the
opening of the buds, the two lateral in the axils of upper leaves, and much smaller than the terminal
bud, ovate, acute or obtuse, covered by numerous spirally arranged light chestnut-brown accrescent
scales acute or rounded and on some species strongly reflexed at the apex, those of the first pair
minute, opposite and lateral; outer scales thickening and long persistent at the base of the branchlet,
the inner thin, scarious, slightly united into a cup-like cover, deciduous in one piece from the end of
the young branchlet.' Leaves spirally disposed, densely packed and appressed in the bud and on
the lengthening branchlets into cone-shaped clusters, ultimately extending out from the branch on all
sides, or occasionally appearing two-ranked by the twisting of the petioles of those on the lower side,
mostly pointing to the end of the branch, frequently somewhat incurved above the middle, acute or
acuminate at the apex, with slender callous tips, or rarely obtuse, entire, longer and more slender on
sterile branches than on fertile branches and leading shoots, articulate on persistent prominent rhombic
ultimate woody bases, dark or light green and lustrous, or blue or bluish green, keeled above and
below, tetragonal and stomatiferous with numerous rows of stomata on the four sides, or flattened
and stomatiferous only on the upper surface and occasionally also on the lower, containing one or
two lateral resin ducts close to the epidermis of the lower side, or destitute of resin ducts, persistent
generally for from seven to ten years, deciduous in drying. Flowers appearing in early spring,
monoecious," terminal or in the axils of upper leaves on branchlets of the previous year from buds
formed during the summer, surrounded at the base by involucres of the numerous enlarged scarious
scales of their buds. Staminate flowers oblong, oval or cylindrical, erect, short-stalked or often nodding
at maturity on long slender pedicels, composed of numerous spirally arranged yellow or scarlet anthers
opening longitudinally, their connectives produced into broad nearly circular toothed crests ; pollen-
grains bilobed with lateral air-sacs. Pistillate flowers erect on short stalks, oblong-cylindrical, pale
yellow-green or scarlet, composed of numerous rounded or pointed scales usually broader than long,
entire or denticulate on the margins, spirally imbricated in many ranks, bearing on their inner face
near the biise two inverted collateral ovules, each scale in the axil of an oblong generally acute or
acuminate or of a nearly orbicular bract, at first much longer but before the fecundation of the ovules
I
•1:1^
ao
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERiE.
usually much shorter than the quickly accrescent scales. Fruits ovoid or oblong-cylindrical pendulous
sessile or short-stalked cones maturing in one season, crowded on the topmost branches, or on some
species scattered over the upper half of the tree, deciduous during the first winter or persistent on
the branch for many years, their scales obovate, rounded above with entire or denticulate margins, or
oblong and often more or less narrowed to both ends, with nearly entire, dentate, erose or laciniate
margins, much longpr than their bracts, gradually decreasing in size to the two ends of the cone,
the upper and lower usually sterile, persistent on the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds.
Seeds geminate, reversed, attached at the base in shallow depressions on the inner face of the cone-
scales, ovoid or oblong, full and rounded on the sides, usually acute at the base, in falling bearing away
portions of the membranaceous lining of the scale, forming oblong wing-like attachments longer than
the seeds, and inclosing them except on their upper side ; testa of two coats, the outer crustaceous,
light or dark brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown and lustrous. Embryo axile in
conspicuous fleshy albumen ; cotyledons from four to fifteen, and, like the prin-ary leaves, denticulate
on the margins.^
Picea, which often forms gfreat forests on boreal plains and high mountain slopes, is widely
distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, ranging from the
Arctic Circle to the high slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains, and to New Mexico and
Arizona in the New World, and in the Old World to central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus,
the Himalayas, and Japan. Sixteen species are now usually recognized, but it is not improbable that
a more accurate knowledge of the Spruce-trees of northeastern continental Asia than it is now
possible to obtain may increase the number. The forests of North America contain seven species ;
of these one species crosses the northern part of the continent from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean
to those of Pehring Sea ; another ranges from the east to beyond the Rocky Mountains ; one species
is peculiar to the Appalachian Mountain system ; two species belong to the silva of the Rocky
Mountains ; another is confined to the northwest coast, and one, probably the least widely distributed
of the whole genus, grows only on a few of the high mountains of northern California and southern
Oregon. In Japan Picea hicolor* and Picea Torctno^ are scattered, usually singly, through the
forests of Beeches and Oaks which cover the mountains of central Hondo. Picea Jezoenaia " ranges
from southern Yezo to the coast of Manchuria, and Picea Glehni'' also reaches Yezo from the north.
On the temperate Himalayas Picea Smithiana ' forms gfreat forests, and on many of the mountains
of Asia Minor and on the Caucasus is replaced by Picea orientalis ; " farther westward Picea Omorika '"
represents the genus on the Balkan ranges; and in western Europe Picea Abies" is a common
'itabitant uf mountain forests, and at the north often covers great plains, while in northern Asia its
place is takuu by Picea obocata}'- The type is an ancient one, and Spruces very similar to those
now living inhabited Europe during the miocene period."
Picea, which contains some of the most valuable timber-trees in the northern hemisphere, produces
soft straight-grained pale wood and resinous exudations sometimes used in medicine. Many of the
species, which can be easily raised from seeds and generally grow rapidly, are used to decorate the
parks and gardens of all northern countries.
Picea is often seriously injured by insects," and is subject to a number of fungal diseases."
Picea, wliich was probably the classical name of the Spruce, was first used by Link as the generic
name of the Spruces as the genus is now limited.'^
' Henry, Nov. Act. Cat. Leap. xii. 97, t. 13.
' Androgynous flowers of Picea Ahien have been noticed by
Masters ( Vrqetahle Teratohrftjt 192), ami a similar piienonienon
has been founil by .J. G, ,Iack on two |ilaiit3 of Picea Camuleruit.
(See Garden and Foreil, viii. 222, f. 3.1, 1.)
' The species of Picea with tetragonal and with flat leavoa may
bo grouped in two sections, as suggested by Engclmann (Gard.
Chrnn. n. sor. xi. 331 [1879]), and by Willkomm (Forsl. Fi. eci. 2,
00 [1887]) : —
KijpicRA. Leaves tetragonal, stomatifcrous on all sides.
Omorika. Leaves flattened, usually stomatifcroua ouly on the
upper side.
CONIFERJE.
CONIFERiE.
SILVA OF NORTU AMmWA.
21
idrical pendulous
ches, or on some
or persistent on
ulate margins, or
irose or laciniate
ids of the cone,
ipe of the seeds,
[ace of the cone-
ing bearing away
lents longer than
uter crustaceous,
Embryo axile in
saves, denticulate
slopes, is widely
ang^ng from the
New Mexico and
pe, the Caucasus,
; improbable that
than it is now
n seven species ;
i Atlantic Ocean
ains ; one species
/a of the Rocky
videly distributed
lia and southern
^ly, through the
ezoenais'^ ranges
> from the north.
>f the mountains
Picea Omorika '"
" is a common
lorthern Asia its
similar to those
isphere, produces
Many of the
to decorate the
liseases."
k as the generic
ly Engclmann (Gard.
amm (Forsl. Fi. cu. 2,
rous on all sides.
mati(crous oul; on the
* Picea bicolor, Jiayr. Mmog. Abiel. Jap. 49, t. 3, f. 8 (1890).
Abies Akoquiana, Lindley, Gard. Chron. 1861, 23 (in part).—
K. Koch, Dcndr. ii. pt. ii. 240 (in part).
Ahics bicolor, Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pilersbourg, x.
488 {Mil. Biol. vi. 24) (1860). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. PI.
Jap. i. 407.
Picea Ahockiana, Carriftro, Trae Conif. ed. 2, 343 (1867.) —
Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. Tii. 212, f. 41, 43 ; Jour. Linn. Soc.
xviii. 508, f. 7-9 (Conifers of Japan). — Ilenuingii, Gartenjlora,
xixviii. 216, f. 40.
Pinus Alcoijuiana, Parlatoru, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 417
(1868).
Abies Alcockiana, Gordon, Pinelum, ed. 2, 4 (not Lindloy)
(187.5).
Picea bicolor, which is probably rare and not widely distributed,
is a tree seldom more than seventy or eighty feet in height, with
u trunk sometimes two feet in diameter, tetragonal leaves, and
stout cones five or six inches in length, with thin rounded scales
which are slightly denticulate on the margins and become reflexed
at maturity. It appearn to exist in Ao'erioan gardens only in a
very young state, and to be exceedingly rare in Europe. In the
mountains of Japan the old trees with their feeble branches and
sparse t'uliage possess little beauty.
» Picea Torano, Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 22 (1893).
1 Pinus Abies, Thnnbcrg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnreus) (1784).
t Pinus Thunbergii, Lambert, Pinus, ii. Preface, p. v. (1824).
Abies Torano, Siebold, Verhand. Batau. Genoot. Konat. Wet. x>i.
12 (1830). — K. Koch, I. c. 233.
f Abies Thunbergii, Lindley, Penny Cgcl. i. 34 (1833).
Abies polila, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 20, t. Ill
(1842). — Miquel, ,4nn. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iii. 167 (Prol. Fl.
Jap.). — Franchet & Savatier, I. c. 406. — Gordon, I. c. 16.
Pinus polita, Antoine, Conif. 95, t. 36, f. 1 (1840-47). — End-
lichcr, Syn. Conif. 121. — Parlatoro, I. c.
Picea polita, CanilsTe, Traile Conif. 266 (1856). — Bertrand,
i4nn. Sci. Nat. sdr. 6, xx. 85. — Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser.
xiii. 233, f. 44 ; Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 507 (Conifers of Japan). —
Mayr, /. c. 46, t. 3, f. 7. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 380, f.
102.
Abies Smithiana, Gordon, Pineium, 12 (in part) (not Loudon)
(1838).
On the Nikko Mountains Pima Torano is a stunted tree thirty or
forty feet in height, with a thin top and short ragged branches ; it
is distinguished by its stout rigid falcate tetragonal sharp-pointed
yellow-green leaves, and by its broadly ovate cones from four to
six inches in length, with rounded scales thin, entire or slightly
flinbriuted on the margins. Ugly and unattractive in its nativo
forests, Picea Torano is one of the hardiest of the Asiatic Spruce-
trees in the gardens of the United States and England, into which
it was introduced thirty or forty years ago, and in which, still
retaining the dense habit and the shapely form of youth, it pro-
duces cones abundantly every season.
• Picea Jezoemii, Cnrriire, I.e. 255 (1855) Beissner, I. c. 389.
Abies Jezoensis, Siebold & Zuccarini, I. c. t. 110 (1842). —
Miqnel, /. c.
Pinus Jezoensis, Antoine, I. c. 97, t. 37, f. 1 (1840-47). — End-
lichiT, i. c. 120.
Abies Ajanensis, Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Horl. Soc. Land, v.
212 (1850). — Miiximowicz, Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Sci. St.
Pctersbourg, xv. 436 (Bdume wid Struucher des .-imurlands).
Picea .Ijanensin, Trautvettcr & Meyer, Middendorff Ilcise, i.
pt. ii. 87, t. 22-24 (Fl. Ochot.) (1850). — Cairiiire, /. c. 259. —
Kegel & Tilling, /^// Ajm, 110<— Maxlmowicx, Mim. Sav. £tr.
Acad. Sci. St. I'itmlmfU, i». B«l (I'rlm. Fl. /Imur.). — Kegel,
Ulm. Acad. *:|. A(, Plfmlimtfg, nft. 7, ir. No. 4, 138 (Tent. Fl.
f/Mur.). — MaslufK, l/fli-il, I'hfim. «. ser. lili. 115, f. 22; xiv. 427,
f. 80-84, ser. ,1, ii), ffi, f. W j Jim. Linn. Sec. xviii. 608, f. 8-10
(Conifers nf Japim), ~'\'mtUM«t, Ait. Hort. Pelrop. ix. 212
(Incremeula Fl. //«»*)== ((cHKlhfjl, /. c. — Mayr, /. r. 53, t. 4,
f. 10. - BeiMHCf, /. ,.■; fwft, I m,
Picea Ajammii, a llmulliil, 'ffdMltelter St Meyer, I. c. (1866).
Picea Ajmmm, g mftilllfl/tfflmi, trautvetter & Meyer, I. e.
(l&m).
Abiei mitmapenim, (iUt4\*jf, Olifit. Chron. 1861, 22.— Gordon,
Pinelum, Sgppl. \%~^, MiiffHf, Prnc. II. Hort. Soc. ii. 429, f.
lU-U8j The Pines mill hfn iifjilpan, 69, f. 129-136.
Abies Alaiipmnil, (/jll/tlcj'i /, (•. (861, 23 (in part). — A. Mur-
ray, Priic. H. Ihrl: /lm>: ii. m, I. W9-110 j The Pines and Firs of
Japan, 06, f. 1 («-»!» =(iW(i(*, /. i: 8.
Picea micrnspmui, W»fH*fe, TtaM Conif. ed. 2, 339 (1867).
Pinus Mmiifilii, I'ifldtef*, t, g. 418 (In part) (not D. Don)
(1 .).
Piiiua Japmiim, P»Fl»(«fp, /. c, (1868).
Ahics Silcheiiiis, B.- Umb, L if. Ii. pt. ii. 247 (in part) (not
Lindley &Oot«J«»)(l»f»),
Abies Afemiesii, VfrnHitiel A Satatier, /. e. 467 (not Lindley)
(1875).
Piiea Ajimentis, nnf: mii^utpetiiia, Masters, Gard. Chron. n.
ser. xiii. 116 (imt)i ,finif. Lltni. Soc. xviii. 609 (Conifers of
Japan).
Abies Ajaneim, v»jr.- mil^mperma, Veitcb, Man. Conif. 66
(1881).
Tsugn .ijoneim, B^f^l, Huiill: tJeiidr. ed. 2. pt. i. 39 (1882).
Picea llimilmms, M»j/f, /. (;. 61, i. 4, f. 9 (1890).
Picea JezotiLiis U » ifm tfuin eighty to one hundred feet in
height, with sleitAvf UflHlvim, lint leaves dark green and lustrous
below and silvery wllji^ »)«/♦«, nmi slender cones from two to four
inches in length, wit)) imifn llf ksn pointed laciniately cut scales.
It bears a strong siipFlicliil ws^mjrfanee to Picea Sitchensis of the
northwest uoast uf Ndfill AmcMeft, Utltn which it, however, differs
in its Matter and gmwfliUl/ hlilliM testes and in the minute sub-
orbiinlar bract* of ^fia iiiiim^^imki:
This is the cumilUllt f»flK(C#4C»e of Yezo, where, on low rocky
hills, it is scattuFuiJ Ml>'»llt$ll tlw tutesla of deciduous-leaved trees,
either singly or m S»/*ll pwcsj und In the western part of the
island forms forestK mi nmmpi/ gfmlliU not much above the level of
the ocean. It is n\m iwmmm im Raghalin and the coast of Man-
churia, where it is mii tit gfim ih enlehsive forests.
Picea Jeznemis is Huimlly m\M l» American and English gar-
dens Picea Alroi/viimn, mw <rf the syiionyms of Picea bicolor; in
the eastern Uiiitaij Staf^ii, wlww there are eone-bearing specimens
from wWciity-tivB U> Uli'tC fc(<l lit helghl, it has proved very hardy
and one of tbn IlKWt l«<*«(!f«l ut (lie exotic Spruces, especially in
early spring, wlwii it imf im (jisdilgliished by the bright scarlet
color of ;iie youipg \u)ti/^t 4«h|,|| (fipy fl^st emerge from the buds.
' Picea aiehni, MimMFii, (kfil: Chrim. n. ser. xiii. 300, f. 54
(1880); Jour. I.iim- Hw, %m filij, f. 18 (Conifers of Japan); Jour.
R. Hort Sc: xiv. mi — Mnjif, /. c. «), t. 4, f. 11. — Beissner, ;. e.
377.
.■I*i>« aienhi, Vf, MimVH, HHitl. Aeml. Sci. Si. Pitersbourg, srfr.
7, xii. 17li, t. 4, f. «-|!J ( W, l^iiiMHilin.'i.i) (1808). —Veitcb, I. c. 80.
Little is known ,if Mli<> ifPC, miihil Was discovered on the island
of Siighulin, and viUMl gfllWK, (ll<HI( ut n few points near the south-
ern coast ot ¥b8*.. ii i# tUmtif felated to the Siberian Picea
I
w
SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFEIMC.
ohnvat'i, of which it ia, perhiipn, only an eitronio form. A largo
nnii'U'r of seedlings have been raised in the Arnold Arboretum,
but they are Rtill too young to show whether this tree is likely to
flourish in the eoatorn United States.
■ Pirm Smithiana, Boissier, Fi. Orient, v. 700 (1884).
Pinus Smithiana, Wallioh. Pi Aitiat, Har. iii. 24, t. 246
(183o)._l). Don, Lamhert Pinits, iii. t. — Antoine, Conif. 95, t.
30 bis. — PiirlntoiT, De VandoUe Prtxlr. xvi. pt. ii. 410.
Abien Smithiana, Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. .'11, f. (18;W). — Lou-
don. Arh. lirit. iv. *j:n7, f. li'A'O. — Forbes, Pineliun Wohurti. 103,
t. ;W3. — Madden, Jour. Afjric and llort. Soc. Ind. iv. pt. iv.
Ii30 ; vii. pt. iv. 87. — Gordon, Pinetum, I'J. — Ch'gliorn, Jour.
Agric. and llort. Soc. Ifid. liv. pt. ii. 'JOO, t. r> (^Pincs of the. North-
west Himalayan). — Herder, Bull. Soc, Nat. Mmc. xU. 423. — K.
KiK-h, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 232.
Abies ^nnuliaat Griflith, //in. i. 14u (1848); Icon. PI. Asiat.
t. 303.
Pinus Khutrow, Royle, III. 353, t. 84, f. 1 (1839). — Antoine,
/. c. 94, t. 30, f. 2.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. V.'.2.
Picea Morinda, Link, Linnaa, xv. 5'^2 (1841). — Carridrc,
Traite Conif . ed. 2, 340. — Hooker f. FL Brit. Ind. v. 653.—
Bei.HHner, Uandb. Nadelh. 'MX
Abie!t Khilrow, Lou-Ion, /iuryr/. Trrr.i, 1032, f. 1951 (1842).—
Lindiey & (iordon, Jour. llort. Soc. Lond. v. 21.
Picea Khutrow, Carri^ro, 7'raite Conif. 258 (1855). — Ber-
trand, Ann. Set. Nat. s6r. 5, xx. 85.
Abies Moriuda, (Nelson) ScnilJN, Pinacea, 49 (1860).
Picea Smithiana ia a tree From or .ndred to one hundred and
twenty or ueuasionally one hundred tifty feet in height, with a
trunk often four or Ove and oceiusionally seven feet in diameter,
pale scaly hark, wide-spreading branches, long pendulous branehlets,
slender four-sided pale green leaves, and cylindrical obtuse eones
frotn four to six inches in length, with thin br -'ily ubuvate, rounded
usually entire .scalt-s euueute at tite haj^e. The Ilimalaynu Sjiruee is
geuenilly found on northern un<l western slopes bi'tweeu elcvatioub
of .six thousand and eleven thousand feet above the sea-level, grow-
ing rarely in pure forests, but most commonly mixed with deciduous-
leaved trees and with Cedrus Ikodara, Pinus NejMxlensis, and Abiea
Wehbiana ; it is distributed from Afghanistan to Sikkim and Hho-
tan, where it is found only in the valleys at elevations of from
seven thousand eight hundred to ten thunsaud feet.
The wood of Picffu Smilhiatta, which is ni>t durable, is used for
paeking-e;uses and the iuteriur fitiish iif buildings, and occasionally
for shingles ((ramble, Man. Indian Timheri*, 407). The bark is
employed for the roofs of huts and water-troughs, and the branches
for fodder and miunire. In northwestern India the young cones
are used in medicine. (.See Brandts, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 525.)
Picea Smithiana wa8 introduced into Scotland in 181H, and has
proved a hardy, fa.st-growing, and desirable iirnauiental tree in the
countries of temperate Kurope. (See Mitstcrs, (rard. Chron. n. ser.
xxiv. 393, f. 85. — Webster, Tram. Scotlinh Arhoricultttral Snt\ x\.
57. — Dunn, Jour. Ii. florl. Sor. xiv. H5.)
In the middle Atlantic states, where the largest plants are still
small (see Harden and Forest, vi. 458), and in (.'aHfornia, tb" Hima-
layan Spruce has proved hardy, but it has not suceecaed in New
England.
• Pirea itrifnlalis, Carri^re, I. c. 24-1 (18.55). — TehihatchefT, A.^ie
Minenre, ii. 495 (exel. hab. northern Kussia, Siberia, and the Ku-
rilc Lslands). — Boissier, /. c. — Masters, /. c. xxv. 333, f. 02; ser.
3, iii. 751, f. 101. — Beissncr, /. r. 371, f. 100.
Pinus orientalis, liinnieus, A/^f^r. ed. 2, 1421 (1703). — LamU rt,
Pinwt, i. 45, t. 29, f. a. — Marsehall von BiuLwrstein. hi. 7'aur.-
Cauc. ii. 409. — Htovcn, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 48; Ann. Set.
Nat. Hdr. 2, xi. 57. — Antoine, /. r. 89. t. 35, f. 1. — Endlicher,
/. c. 116. — Lodooour, Ft. Boss, iii. 671 (in part). — K. Koch,
tinnfta, xxii. 296. — TurczHninow, Ft. Baicater^ni'Dahurica, ii.
139. — Christ, Verhand. Nat. Gesell. Basel, iii. 540 (Ueberxieht
der Europiiischefi Abietineen). — Parlatore, /. c. 414.
Abies orientalis, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 518 (18(V4). — Lind-
loy, /. r. — .laubert & Spach, /'/. Orient, i. 30, t. 14. — K. Koeh,
Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 239.
Pinus ohomta, 'Vurcz&miww, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 101 {Cat.
PI. Jiairal.) (1838).
A tree, freipiently one hundred and fifty feet in height, with a
trunk often four feet in dianu'ter, Picea orientalut forms extensive
forest.1 up to elevations of six or seven thousand feet above the sea.
It is distinguished by its narrow pynimidal crown of slender limbs,
which sweep upward in graceful curves and are clothed with short
rigid lateral branches, by its short dark green and lustrous tetra-
gonal leaves closely pressed against the T^ubescent branehlets, which
therefore appear unusually slender, ami by its narrow i:}Iii;drieal
ncuto cones fn>m two to three inches in length, with broad rounded
scales thin and entire on the margins.
Pirea orientalis was introduced into the gardens of western Kuro|>e
in 182.5, and for at least tUty years it hit inhabited those of the
eastern United States, where it has proved itself periectly hardy
as far north as eastern Massachusetts and one of the most beautiful
and desirable of ail the exotic conifers which have been well tested
hero.
A dwarf form and one with yellow leaves arc occasionally culti-
vated in European collections (Bcissner, /. r. 370).
*" Picea Otnorika, Bolie, Mounts. Beford. Gartenb. Preuss, Statt.
1877, 124, ir>H (/>!> Omorica-Fichte) (1877). — Purkyne, Osterr.
Monats. For.>sln: 1877, +10. — A. Hraun, .SV/z. /^rf. Ver. Prov. Bran-
f/fM/>ur*7, 1877, 16. — Reicbcnbach f. B< (. Xeit. xxxv. 118. — Will-
komm, Cent. Gesell. Forst. 1877, 305 i Kin neuer NadelhoUbaum
Europas); For.tt. Fl. ed. 2, 99; Wien HI. Gart.-Zeit. 1885,494.—
Carriftre, Rev. llmt. 1877, 2.';9. — l». Aseherson & A. Kanetz, Cat.
7. — Boissier, /. r. 701. — Ma.sters, /. c. vii. 470, 620; xxi. 308,
f. 50, 58; Jour. Linn. Soc. xxii. 203, t. 8; Jour. II. llort. Soc. xiv.
223.— Hornmiiller, Onterr. Bot. Zeit. xxxvii. 398. — P. Aseherson,
Oaterr. Bot. Zeit. xxxviii. 34. — Stein, GnrteujUmi, xxxvi. 13, t. 4,
5. — Wettstein, Sitz. Math.-uat. Ahtd. IVi.ss. Wien, xeix. pt. i. 503,
t. 1-5. — Beissncr, /. c. ;W2, f. 109. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 20,
f. 8, N. — Hempel & Wilhelm, Bdume und StrAucher, i. 82, f.
41, 42.
Pinus Omorika, Panci^, Fine ucue Conifere in den Ostlichen
Alpcn, 4 (1870).
Abies Omorilra, Nyman, Conspecl. Fl. Europ. 073 (1881); Suppl.
ii. 283.
Picea Omorika, which forms great forests and is probably gen-
erally distributed at high elevations over all the region between
the Adriatic and the Black Sea, is described as a lofty tree with
short branches which form a narrow crown, red-brown bark sepa-
rating freely in large thin scales, usually ttat obtuse or acute leaves,
dark green and lustrous below, and silvery white above from the
numerous hands of stumata on each sidu of the promuicnt midrib,
and oblong-oval cones at first horizontal and finally j)endent, about
two inches in length, violet-ccdored while young and ultimately red-
dish brown and lustrous, with thin rounded striate ficates slightly
and irrt'gu'arly di > tieulate on the margins.
Although one <(f the largest and most valuable timber-trees of
Europe, and particularly interesting in its relationship to a species
of the coaAt of northeasiem Asia and to the two species peculiar
CONIFEIl*,.
MoK. xi. 48; Ann. Sci.
, t. STi, f. 1. — Kndllcber,
ft (ill imrt). — K. Koch,
llairalmxi-Dnhurim, ii.
lasel, iii. r>40 (Uebertirhl
re, /. c, 414.
'. vi. 518(1801). — IJnd-
f. i. 30, t. 14. — K. Koch,
Nal. Afoar. xi. 101 (ru/,
fty feet in licight, with »
orienlalia funii« extensive
ousnnd feet nbove the Aea.
Ill erown of slender liinhs,
ind lire elotheil with short
green and lustrous tetni-
iliesccnt brnnelilets, wliieh
by its nurrow c^Iliidrienl
iugth, with broad rounded
jfnrdcns of western Kiirop
-)<) inlitibited those of the
ved itself perfectly hnnly
) one of the most iH'aiitif ill
Uch have been well tested
ves arc occasionally culti-
/. c. 370).
iirrf. Gartenb. Preuft. Stn:i.
1877). — I'lirkyne, O.ilerr.
Silz. But. Ver. I'rov. Jinm-
. y.eit. XXXV. 118. — Will-
Bin neuer Nadelhohbaum
1.1. Clart.-Xeit. 188,'), 494. —
•herson & A. Knnctz, Cat.
: vii. 470, G'lQ ; xxi. JMW,
8; Jour. II. Ilort. Soc. xiv.
;xvii. 398. — P. Aschcrson,
'itrleiijlora, xxxvl. 13, t. 4,
Wi.1.1. Wim, xeix. pt. i. TiOT,
[oeline, Deutsche Deiiftr. 20,
le und Striiucher, i. 82, f.
Coni/ere in ikn d»tUrkeii
.Euro;). 073 (1881); Snppl.
jrests and is probably geii-
vcr nil the region between
icribed na n lofty tree with
own, red-brown bark sepn-
Ihit obtuse or neute leuve.'i,
Ivery white alMive from the
lo of the proniMient midril),
1 and liiinlly pemleiil, about
e young and iiltimutely red-
iidcd striate scales slightly
^iiis.
ost valuable tlinbir-trees of
its relationship to a species
to the two sjiccies peculiar
CONIFBILS.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
23
to the northwest coast of North America, Picea Omorika escaped
the attention of botanists until comparatively recnt years, but
under the name of Umorika it has iong been a familiar tree to the
inhabitants of the region -vhere it grows.
In 1881 Picea Omorika was raised from seeds in the Arnold
Arboretum, where it has proved hardy and has grown rapidly,
promising to attain a largo size; it also Hourishes in Great Britain
{Uard. Citron, ser. 3, xxi. 153, f. 14).
" Picea Abies, Karsten, Pharm.-nud. Bot. 324, f. 165 (1881).
fiiim Abies, LinniBus, Spec. 1002 (1763). — I.«inbert, finiM, i.
87, t. 25. — Wahlcnberg, Fl. Lapp. 256; Ft. Ups. 320. - Antoine,
Com/. 90, t. 3<j, f. 2. — Endlioher, Syn. Com/. 117. — Ledebour,
Fl. Has. iii. 070. — Koch, Syn. Fl. German, ed. 3, 578.
Abies Picea, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 3 (1768). — Spocb, Hut.
Veij. xi 405.
Pinus Abies Picea, Muenchhaiisen, Hausv. v. 223 (1770).
Piwis Picea, l)u Itoi, Obs. Bot. 37 (not Linnieus) (1771) ;
Harbk. lliiumz. ii. 110. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. Pinheiro.; Laricts e
Abelos, 30. — Kcichcnbaeh, Icon. Fl. German, xi. 4, t. 532 (/16i«
exceba on plate). — Christ, Verhand. Nat. Gesell. Basel, iii. 645
(Uebersicht der Europtiischm Abietimen). — Parlatore, .R. /tai. iv.
62; De CaniloUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 415.
Pinus ezcelsa, Lamarck, Fl. Franf. ii. 202 (1778). — Salisbury,
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 314.
Abies pcctinata, Gilibert, Exercit. Phyt. ii. 411 (1792).
Pinus cinerea, Borkhauscn, Furslbot. i. 398 (1800). — Roebliog,
Deulschl. Fl. ed. 2, 619.
A bits exceha, De Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Franf. ed. 3, iii. 275
(1805). — Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 518. — Nouveau Duhamel,
V. 289, t. 80. — Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. 69, t. 14, f. 2, 15. —
Lindlcy, Penny Cycl. i. 31, f. — Schouw, Ann. Sci, Nat. sir. 3,
.ii. 239 (Coniferes d'Ualie). — lUrlig, Forst. CuUurpft. Deutschl.
17, t. 1. — Fiscal!, Deulsch. Forstcull.-Pfl. 23, t. 1, t. 13-20.—
Gordon, Pinetum, 3. — Willkomra & Lange, Prodr. /7. Hvtpan.
i. 17. — K. Koch, Deiidr. ii. pt. ii. 234. — Colmeiro, Enum. PI.
Hutpano-Lusitana, iv. 709.
Picea vulgaris. Link, Abhand. Akad. Berl. 1827, 180 (1830).—
Herder, Bot. Jahrb. xiv. 160 (Fl. Europ. Russlands).
Picea excelsa. Link, Linnaa, xv. 517 (1841). — Carriftre, Traite
Conif. 245. — Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. sJr. 5, xx. 86. — Beiss-
ner, Handb. Nadelh. 351. — Henipel & Wilhelm, Bdume und
Striiucher, i. 58, f. 28^0, t. 1.
Picea montana, Schur, Verh. Seibenb. Ver. Naturw. ii. 1C9 (1851).
One of the loftiest of the trees of Europe, the typo of the genus
and its best known representative, Picea Abies frequently attains a
height of one hundred and twenty and occasionally of one hundred
and fifty feet, with a trunk from four to six feet in diameter and
wide-spreading lower branches which even old trees do not lose
unless crowded in the forest, and which, sweeping over the surface
of tlie ground in graceful upward curves, occasionally develop roots
in moist soil r '. send up secondary stems, forming small groves
arounil the parent tree. (See M'Nab, Card. Mag. xiii. 249, f. 87-
92. — Sehlibeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 416, f. 73-77. — Christ, Garden
and Forest, ix. 252.) The European Spruce is distinguished by its
d::rk green lustrous sharp-pointed tetragonal Icnves rarely more
tliiiii an inch in length, yellow staniinato flowers more or leas
tinged with rod, obtuse bright scarlet pistillate flowers, and cylin-
drical pointed cones which when fully grown are pale green or
green shaded with red, especially on the side exposed to the light,
and at maturity are from five to seven inches in Ic'igth and from
an inch and a half to two inches thick, with rhomboidol incurved
scales irregularly toothed at the apex.
Picea A bies is distributed from about latitude 07° north in Nor-
way and 68° 15' in western Russia, southward to the Pyrenees, the
Maritime Alps, the Euganian Hills in Lombardy, and Cc'ntral Rus-
sia. Most abundant in Scandinavia, where at tliu north it grows
at the sea-level, und in northern Germany, it also often forms exten-
sive forests on the mountains of central Europe, which it frequently
ascends to altitudes of six or seven thousand feet, but docs not grow
spontaneously in Denmark, Holland, Belgium, western France, or
in Great Britain, Turkey, or southern Russia.
The wood of Picea Abies, known in England as white deal, is
light, tough, elastic, moro or less durable according to the soil on
which it has grown, lustrous, and pale reddish or yellowish white,
with straight even grain and few resin ducts ; it is employed in
large quantities in construction and the interior finish of buildings,
and for fuel. Its homogencunsness of structun vith its thin
medullary rays, makes it especially valuable for tin transmission
of sonorous vibrations, and in Europe it is almost ex. isivly used
in the manufacture of pianos, violins, and other musical instru-
ments, the best wood for this purpose being obtained from old
trees which have grown slowly at high elevations. It is also
largely used in the manufacture of matches and for paper pulp.
(See Mathieu, Fl. Forestiire, ed. 3, 471.)
From the resinous exudations of Picea Abies Burgundy Pitch is
produced. This is an astringent opaque yellow-brown hard and
brittle substance with an agreeable aromatic odor, and is obtained
by making in the stem numerous perpendicular incisions about an
inch and a half in width and depth in which the resin collects.
From time to time thin is scraped off with an iron instrument and
is purified by being melted with steam or in hot water aiid strained.
Burgundy Pitch, which was well known in England three centu-
ries and a half ago (see Parkinson, Theatr. 1642), and was in-
cluded in the London Pharinacopinia of 1677, is used as a mild
stimulant in the preparation of medical plasters, and in Germany,
mixed with colophony or gallipot, is employed to line beer-casks.
The wounding of the trees to obtain their resinous product lias
been shown, however, to bo injurious to the timber, and it is no
longer permitted in the German state forests ; and Burgundy
Pitch is now largely replaced in commerce by artificial compounds,
the one most frequently sold being made by melting colophony
with Palm-oil or some other fat, opaqueness being obtained by
stirring with water. (See Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2307. — Guibourt,
Hist. Drag. ed. 7, ii. 256. — FlUckiger & Hniibury, Pharmacopoeia,
666. — Bcntlcy & Trimeii, Med. PI. iv. 261, t. 261. — Spons, Ency-
clopaedia of ihe Industrial Arts, Manufacturer, nnd Haw Commercial
Products, ii. 1679. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1172. — Baatin & Trim-
ble, Am. Joum. Pharm. Ixviii. 418.)
The bark of Picea Abies is occasionally employe:! in tanning
leather ' 'n Scandinavia the young shouts are someti:nes used for
the winter fodder of cattle and sheep ; baskets are made from the
inner bark ; and from the long slender flexible roots, which aro first
split and boiled, strong cords arc twisted. (See Loudon, {. c. 2304.)
In the extreme northern portions of the Scandinavian peninsula,
in Finland and northern Russia, the Spruce, which there rarely
exceeds thirty feet in height, is distinguished from the tree of
more southern countries, with which it appears to be connected by
intermediate forms, by its shorter, thicker, and moro rigid and
obtuse leaves, conspicuously marked by four white stomatiferous
bands, and by its short cones with thin scales rounded and entire
on the margins. This is
Picea Abies medioxima,
Abies orientalis, Fri. , Bot. Notiser, 1867, 174 ; 1868, 61, 199
(not Poiret).
f
24
81LVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFEUiR,
Pinta Ahitf, ru. nediozimo, Nylaoder, Bull. Soe. Rot. Franet,
X. not (1853).
Abia ezcelna, v»r. medioiima, Iliaengor, Bot. Nulufr, 1807,49, t.
Abiei medioiima, Lamon, Pinttum Brit. ii. 150, f. 1-10
(1870).
Piniu Pieen medioiima, Chri»t, Flore de la S,M>e, i!54 (1883).
Picra eiceUn, e mediiiiima, Willlianmi, FutbI. Fl. ed. 2, 7fi
(1887). — Beiunor, Ilandh. Nadelh. 3D6. — Kochno, DeriUche
lieniir. 'JJl.
The sAiiio fiirm ocouin in moro or less isolated clumps nt high
elevations on the oontnU ranges ot the Swiss Alps, where it is
believed to have eiistcd since the glacial period, and, with its
northern prototype, to indicate the close relationship Iwtween the
Spruce of Kuro(>o and the Siberian Picea obovata. (See Dammcr,
Uard. Chron. ser. 3, iv. 479. — Christ, (lardm and For,.tl, ix. 273.)
The tendency uf Picea Abiet to depart from its normal form is
also shown by a number of curious varieties. Some of these are
due to climatic inlluonces and others to seminal variation. Of the
former the most distinct are the small columnar trees with short
tufted branches, stunted probably by the short summers and severe
winters of northern Scainlinavia and Finland, where individuals
with this habit arc not uncommon (see Schlibeler, Virid. Normj.
i. 406, f. 00, 08. — Christ, /. c), and the numerous bushy plants
dwarfed by cold which often grow near the timber lino un the high
mountains uf central Kuro[^Q, (See Hrugg, Oarletijtora, xxxvi.
340. — Beissner, I. e. 357.)
The most curious and remarkable seminal forma of Picea Abien
are the so-called Snake Spruces, with long slender reroot4* and usu-
ally pendulous branches nearly destitute of lateral branchlets and
covered <vith crowded closely nppressed leaves, and elongated lead-
ing shoots. A plant of this cliaractcr was discovered by Alstroemer
in 1777. near Stockholm, wliich he identified with Linnieus's yAhie$
procera viminalit (Fl. Suec. 288 [1745]). This is, therefore : —
Picea Abies viminalis.
Pimu viminalis, Alstroemer, Vet. Ahad. Ilandl. Stockh. 1777,
310, t. 8, 9. — liorkbauseu, Foralbol. i. 399. — Koehling, DeuttcM.
Fl. cd. 2, 529.
Piwa Ahie», t vin.inalii, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 507 (1805). --
Wahlenberg, Fl. Srec. KM).
Pica eiceha, B riminalit, Willkomm, Ftyr>l. Fl. OC (1877).—
Beissner, /. c. 3C0.
A number of individuals of this character have been found dur-
ing the last century in southern Sweden, and others have appeared
from time to time in the forests of different parts of (iermany.
The best known form of these (icrman trees is
Picea Abiej virgala,
Ahien eiceUa, var. virgala, Jacques, <4nn. Soc. Hart. Parit, xliv.
053 (185:1).
Picea eicelm denudala, Carriiro, Rev. Ilort. 1854, 101, f. 7 ;
7'rai/« Coni/. 249.
Abiei ezcelta denudala, Gordon, Pinelum, Suppl. 3 (1802).
Picea exceha, var. i-irgala, Caspary, Scbri/I. Phyn. Oek. (lenell.
Kimigiberg, xiv. \-2T>, t. 15, 10 (1873). —Willkomm, Foreal Fl.
cd. 2, 75. — Beissner, I. c. XS.
This is hardly different from the Swedish form except in the
soniewliat more remote branches which distinguish somr individu-
als, anil .Schiibclcr, who has given much attention to these mon-
strous forms of Picm Ahiei, do<'S not separate them. (.See Virid.
Nirrreij. i. 410, f. 09.) The plants grown in gardens under the
name ot »ar. mimntrma Iwlung to the group of Snake Spruces and
differ considerably among themst^lves in the degree of their Taria-
tion from the normal form of the Norway Spruce.
Among other seminal forms of Picea Abiei ia one with branches
which, ascending at narrow angles, g'vo to ibo tree the form uf
the Lombardy I'oplar. This occurs on the Swiss Alps (see Christ,
/. c. 2<'i2), and is probably similar ',o the plant propagated by nur-
serymen at var. jii/riimidalin, ur '.crhaps identical with it. Another
f"i'm which also grows sparingly on the Swiss Alps (see Christ,
/. >'.) is peculiar in its pendent limbs clothed with elongated slender
bninchlets which descend vertically. Plants of this general char-
acter with branches more or loss pendulous are frequently culti-
vated OS vars. jiendula and inveria, Another specinlir.ed form of
the Swiss Alps, var. alrigosa {Picea eiceUa, var. »lrigo»a, Christ,
'. c. [1890J), has numerous slender horizontal branches clothed
with many branchlets which spread in all directions and give the
trees the general aspi'ct of a Larch.
Numerous dwarf varieties of Picea Abien with short crowded
leaves are cultivated in gardens ; they ore cither low pyramidal
bushes or cushion-like plants sometimes only one or two feet high,
with branches hugging the ground and sprcailing out into broad
mats. (For enumerations of the garden varieties of Picea Abies,
SCO Carri^re, 7>ni(t Com/, cd. 2, 328.— Voitch, Afan. Coni/. 70.—
Beissner, /. c. 357.)
For centuries Picea Abies has been a fn-..r'te ornament of the
parks and gardens of northern and temperate Kurope ; and no
other conifer has been more generally and successfully used in the
mountain plantations of France, (iormany, and Uussia, although
this Spruce suffers seriously from the ravages uf the larvio of the
Nun Moth, Lifiaris monarcha, Linnoius, which year after year, strip-
ping it of foliage, has often destroyed thousands of acres of planted
forests in Germany and Russia (Schlich, Manual of Ftrreslrg, iv.
289, f. 14i>~151). The Norway Spruce, as this tree is always called
in the United States, was introduced into this country toward the
end of the eighteenth century, and during the last llfty years has
been more generally planted in the eastern and northern states
than any other coniferous tree. As nn ornamental tree the Euro-
pean Spruce has much to recommend it in tbe.se regions ; it is
quickly and therefore cheaply raised in the nursery to a size suit-
able for permanent planting out ; it is very hardy and grows with
a rapidity which is surpassed by that of only a few other trees ;
it is nut particular about soil and position, and yuung trees are
shapely in habit and dark and rich in color. In America, however,
at tl.s end of twenty-five or thirty years the trees usually begin to
lose vigor, their tops becoming thiu and ragged, and it ia only
under specially favorable conditions and in the middle Atlantic
states that the Norway Spruce retains its beauty here for moro
than (Ifly years. Except, therefore, as a nurse for slower growing
and more valuable trees, the European Spruce has not proved suc-
cessful OS an ornamental tree In America, and its general introduc-
tion here has interfered with the cultivation of more permanent
and valuable species.
■a Picea olmvala, Ledebour, f7. Alt. iv. 201 (1833) ; III. Fl. Iloas.
V. 28, t. 499. — Link, Linnira, xv. 518. — Trautvcttcr, Middendorff
li.nse, i. pt. ii. 170 (/'/. Vsn.). — Trautvetter & Meyer, Middendorff
lieise, i. pt. ii. 87 (Fl. Ochol.). — Maximowicz, Mim. Sav. lilr. Acad.
Sci. Si. Pi'lerslmurg, ix. 201 (Prim. Fl. Amur.). — Ucgel, Mem.
Acad. Sci. Si. Pilersbourg, si'r. 7, iv. No. 4, 130 ( Tenl. Fl. l/asur.);
Kuns. Dettdr. cd. 2, pt. i. 31. — Teplouchoff, Bull. Sac. Nal. Mosc.
xli. pt. ii. 244. — Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 500 (Conifers of
.fti/Htn). — Herder, Bot. Jahrb. xiv. 100 (fV. Europ. llussliinds). —
Miyal)C, Mem. Bost. .Sor. JVa^ Hitl. iv. 201 (/'7. Kurite Islands).
Pinus Abies, I'allas, Fl. Boss. i. 6, t. 1, f. G. (not Linnicus)
(1784).
Abies obovata, Loudon, Arb. Brit. ir. 2329 (1838). — Maxi-
CONlFEUiU.
ihiei ii one with bniichefi
to tho tree the form of
B 8wiu Alps (see C'hriat,
lUnt propagated by niir-
entical with it. Another
Swiss Alps (see Christ,
td with cloiigntcd slender
nts of this general char-
ous are frequently culti-
ther specialized form of
tsa, var. »triijo»a, Christ,
izontul brunches clothed
1 directions and give the
\hies with short crowded
ire either low pyramidal
>nly one or two feet high,
spreading out into broad
varieties of Picea Abiet,
l^eiUh, Man. Conif. 70.—
Ffi^..-''te ornament of the
iperate P^urojie ; and no
1 successfully used in tho
ny, and liussia, although
ages of the larvto of the
lich year after year, strip-
usands of acres of planted
I, Mamml of Ft>rf»lry, iv.
I this tree is always called
y this country toward the
ig the lost fifty years has
tern and northern states
'uamcntal tree tho Euro-
t in these regions ; it is
lie nursery to a size sult-
ry hardy and grows with
only a few other trees ;
ion, and young trees are
In America, however,
he trees usually liegin to
d ragged, and it is only
in the middle Atluntio
its beauty here for more
nurse for slower growing
iruce has not proved suc-
and its general introdue-
ition of more permanent
>01 (1833) ; III. Fl. liosi.
Trautvetter, Middendorff
er & Meyer, MifMetKlorJf
icz, A/t'm. AViy. J^tr. Acad.
.•Imur.). — Kegel, Mem.
4, i;tG ( 7>ti(. W. Umir.);
IT, Hull. Snc. Nal. Monc.
>r. xviii. 506 (Conifrrs of
Fl. Europ. Uiiiiitttmds). —
1 (Fl. Kurite IslaiuU).
1, f. G. (not Linna3us)
V. 2329 (1838). — Maii-
CUNIFEILS.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
25
mowioi, BuU. Phyi. Math. Acad. Sei. Si. Pitertbourg, «v. 437
(Bllwnt und Sirtiucher de$ AmurlamU).
Piniu oboiiala, Autoine, Conif. DO, t. 37, f. 2 (not Turotaninow)
(lC>;0-47). — Endlieher, 5yn. Conif. 110. — Parlatore, Dt Can-
dolle Prodr. ivi. pt. ii. 416.
Pittu nrienlalif, Ledebour, Fl. Rom. iii. 071 (in part) (not
Linumus) (1847^0).
Pkea vutgarif, var. Atlaiea, TeplouohoS, BuU. Soc. Nal. Mote.
xli. pt. ii. '.TiO (1800).
Abies exce'sa, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 238 (in part) (not
Lamarck) (1873).
Picea obovat- is a lofty tree of the size and habit of Picea Abiei,
from which it differs chiefly in its short oval or oblong cylindrical
cones, vitli rounded nearly entire scales, and is distributed from
northeii.;tem liussia through Siberia to Manchuria and northern
China, ranging northward in Siberia, to latitude U0° 30*, and often
forming vast forests on plains,and on the Altai Mountains, covering
those from their foothills up to elevations of four thousand feet
above the sea.
What is pe haps a form of the Siberian Spruce, with longer
leaves and usu .Uy smaller cones, of the desert mountains of south-
western Siberi i, is
Var. fi Sci renckiana, Masters, Jour. Linn. Soe. xriii. 600 (Coni-
fers ofjapa i) (1881).
Picea Sc irenckiana, Fischer & Meyer, BuU. Acad. Sci, Si.
Pelenbmir /, x. 253 (1842). — Carriirj, Traile Conif. 264. — Beisa-
ner, Han A. Nadelh. 371.
Pinw Schrenckiana, Antoine, {. e. 07 (1840-47) Endlioher,
I. c. UO.
Piuu» orienlalis, 0 / 'V.yifolia, Ledebour, I. c. (1847-49).
Abie» Schrenckiana, Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Land.
V. 212 (1860). — Moximowicz, BuU. Soc. Nal. Mosc. liv. pt. i. 68.
Pinu$ obovala, 0 Schrenckiana, Parlatore, /. c. (1868). — Car-
ri6ro, Traile Conif. od. 2, 338.
t Picea Tiamchanica, Rupreeht, Mem. Acad. Sci. Si. Pelers-
bourg, sdr. 7, xiv. No. 3, 72 (Serlum Tianichanicum) (1870).
Little is known of the Siberian Spruces in the gardens of the
eastern United States and of western Europe. In Great Britain
they grow badly and are often destroyed by spring frosts, while in
New England, where they are now growing in the Arnold Arbore-
tum, the oldest plants are still too young to give any idea of the
value of these trees for our plantatious.
The curious dwarf Spruce, Picea Ataximounczii (Masters, Gard.
ChroTi. n. ser. xiii. 303 [1880]), with very slender acicular spine-
tipped leaves spreading on all sides from the glabrous brown
brauchlets, and minute cones, which was raised from seeds dis-
tributed several yearn ago from the Imperial Botanic Garden of
St. Petersburg and supposed to have come from Japan, and which
has proved hardy in eastern Massachusetts, is perhaps an imma-
ture or transitory form of Picea obovala, from which, however, it
differs in tho position of the resin canals of the leaves, or of some
still unknown species of continental Asia.
" Saporta, Origine Paleonlologiijue de.i Arbrea, 80.
'* In North America more than fifty species of insects are
reported to be living on the various species of Picea, although
comparatively little is yet known of those which prey on these trees
in the western part of the continent. In Europe Kaltenbach records
between three and four hundred species injurious to coniferous
trees, and a large proportion of these feed on the Spruces, which,
however, are principally injured by only a few kinds. Although a
great majority of the insects which obtain their food from Spruce-
trees are not abundant enough to inflict serious damage on them,
there are several kinds which are sometimes widely deitruotive.
(See Packard, Hth Jtep. U. S. Enlomdog. Comm. 811.)
The living trunks of Spruce-trees ore not exempt from bnrera,
belonging chiefly to the longicom group, which also affect the true
Pine-trees. Among such beetles are Monohammui ronfutor, Kirby,
and Monohammut denlator, Kabricius, while Hhagium linealum,
Olivier, infests the dry timber. Larvie of beetles lielonging to the
Buprcstido) also bore into the wood, both living and dciut. The
greatest damage to the trunk, however, appears to be caused by
various species of several genera of small timber and bark beetles
belonging to tho family Scolytidie. Among these, Pilyophlhorut
puherulut, Lecontc, Xylotenu bivitlalut, Kirby, and Xyleborut cala-
lu», Eiehhoff, are said to be most destructive, and are credited with
causing great damage to the Spruce forests in Maine, New Hamp-
shire, and New York. Polygraphus rujipennis, Kirby, and Den-
droclonui fronlali), /limmerman, have been particularly destructive
to the Ked Spruce in northern New York and in West Virginia.
(See Peek, Tram. Albany Iml. viii. 204. — Hopkins, BuU. No. 17,
Wat Virginia Agric. Bxper. Slat. 1801; Iniect life, iii. 1803, 187.)
Other species of beetles of the same group also attack both
living and dead wood, Dendroctonua rufipennia, Kirby, being said
to damage seriously the Red Spruce in New Hampshire and the
Engelmann Spruce in Utah. Hylesinui lericeue, Mannheim, Dry-
ochaUt affaber, Mannheim, and Tomicua Pini, Say, are common
species, which bore into the trunks of Spruce-trees in the Rocky
Mountain region.
Spruces are not affected by many species of foliage-destroying
insects, and few of th«jse are ever abundant enough to do much
damage. Several of them, however, are liable to become very
destructive.
A number of species of Saw-flies occur on Spruce-trees, their
larviB occasionally stripping the leaves from individual branches or
from whole trees. The larvo) of various Noetuids and other Lepi-
doptera feed on Spruce-trees without attracting attention, although
several species of Tortricidffi have proved serious enemies of their
foliage. According to Packard, the Spruce-' ud Worm, Torlrix
fumiferana, Clemens, has at times been very destructive to Spruce-
trees in Maine and in other Spruce producing regions. Gelechia
obliquielrigella. Chambers, Teraa varana, Femald, and Sleganop-
lycha Ralzburgirna, Saxesen, are small moths, whose larvo) feed on
the foliage of Spruce-trees. Larvo) of the Spruce-cone Worm,
Pinipealis reniculella, Grote, feed upon and burrow in the young
cones, several of them being often partially inclosed in a silken
web, more or less covered with castings from the mining cater-
pillars.
Plant lice, like Lachnua Abielis, Fitch, occur on Spruee-trees; and
species of the so-called bud lice belonging to the genus Adelges, or
Chermes, affect these trees, particularly in parks and gardens.
Adelges Abielis, Linnieus, originally found on Spruces in Europe, is
now also known in this country, and Adelges abielicolens, Thomas, has
been described as an American species. These insects attack the
young growing buds and shoots, eventually causing them to assume
on the twigs hollow cone-like forms, within which the insects live
during the summer, each apparent scale of this cone-like growth
corresponding to the distorted base of a leaf. These abnormal
growths are sometimes very abundant, causing much injury to the
trees.
" Owing to the popular confusion in the nomenclature of the
Spruces of the northeastern United States, which arc vaguely
termed Block, White, and Red, it is frequently difficult, if not
impossible, to refer to different species of Picea, as now understood,
the fungus parasites reported as infesting these trees. American
Ll
!li
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFKUA.
8prum-lfMt Appear to Ixi miieh !•■• inbjwt to th« ■ttmcki uf fungi,
hawe«ar, than the Kuropvan I'icta Abin, on which mom than two
hiiailrml tpeoiei of fungi have been recorded. The Spnioe Kuit,
I'eridermium abitlmum, Krie», of Kurope, ia rery coiuinon, in the
form called by Peck yar. dteolararu, un the dwarf Spnicoi which
inhabit the lubalpine aummita uf the inuuntaina of the nurtkeaatcrn
ftatea, and ita oluater-cupa are ao abundant toward the cud uf
Auguat in many placea that thoae who walk through the denae
dwarf Spruce foreata are covered with their orango-i'ulurcd aporea.
Peridrrmium ahielinum, Frica, ia conaidered in Kurope to bo cun-
uccted with Chrytomyxa Hhoilodfndri, l)e CanduUc, but in northern
Europe it haa been auppoaed tu be connected with Chryiomifxa
Ledi, Albertini & Schweiuiti. In northern New Ilanipa'iire the
Peridermium on Spruce, judging by ita range and habitat, is proba-
bly connected with Chrytmiyxa Ledi, Albertini & Schweinitz, on
Ledum Utli/otium, as no Cbryaomyxa has been found un KhixMett-
druii Lapponicum in that region. Beaidea the apeciea mentioned,
the fungi definitely reported on the Red Spruce, which are few in
number, are principally "olypori, among which may be mentioned
MTeral Tarieties of Potypona voivalut, Peck, and Poti/ponu piceinut,
Peck, which attack the trunks of Spruce-trees, as does also the
Ascomyoete, Colpoma morbidum, Saccardo. Little is known of the
fungal enemies of the Spruce-trees of western N'orth America.
' The use sometimes of Picea and aonietinies of Abies as the
name of the Spruces still confuses the cultivators of theae treoa,
although botanists now invariably call the Spruce-trees Picea and
the Kir-trees Abies. Pliny and other classical writers possibly
intended their Picea to designate the Kir-tree and their Abies the
Spruce-tree, although Pliny's description of these two trees does
not make thia perfeetly clear. In 1G86 Camerarius (De Plantis
Bpitomt, 47, f.), and in 1616 Dodoens (Slirp. Hiit. 803, f.), used
Picea as the name of the Spruce-tree and Abies as that of the Kir-
tree. Toumefort, in 1710 (/rut. S8fi), united the Silver Kirs anil
the Spruces, including the Americiiii Iluiuluck, in his genua Abirn.
I.innoiua, in the Hrat four editiuna uf his (lenera Planlarum, fulluwrd
the arrangement of Toumefort, but in the llftli edition, piikliahcd
in 175-1, ho merged hie genus Akica, iiu^luiling I'ii^ca, into I'inua, to
which he alio then referred Tuurncfort's genua L,ari>. In tlm
first edition of the Spiriri Planlarum, publialied in llKi, Linnieus
called the Kurupean Spruue Pinus Ahttn and the Kuropean Kir
Pinu» Piffa, following what was probably the clasaical application
of the two namca. Du Koi, in 1771 (llarhk. liaiimt. ii. 110), did
the opposite, and called the Spruce Pioea and the Kir Abies. In
IKH) Link, separating the Spruces from the Pines and Kira, niadti
the genua Picea fur these trees, thus revoraing Linneua'a uao of
Picea and Abiea, and ft>)lowing tliat of l)u Uoi. (See Abhand.
Atad. Bert. 181!7, 171) ; Linnita, »v. BIO) Kndlichor, in 1836 (Wm.
260), followed Link in the unu of Picea aa the name of the Sprucea,
although he conaidered the group as a section uf Pinua, and Car-
ri6re and all aubsequent Continental authora have adopted the
same nomenclature. In 1837, however, D. Don, in the third vol-
ume uf Lambert's Gmut Pinut, diaregnnling Link's application of
the two names, called the Spruces Abioa and the Kirs Picua. Don's
uae of the two names was adopted by L<iuJ'<n ^Arb. BrU. iv. 2203),
and later by Gordon, and has been in general use among English
horticulturists over since, although in the United States and in
Continental Europe the Sprucea are ilmoat habitually called Picea
aud the Kira Abies. According to the rules of botanical nomencla-
ture, this use ia certainly correct without reference to the clasaical
meaning of the two worda, ur to Linnoius's use of Picea and Abiea
as specific namea in his genua Pinus, because Pioea is the oldest
name under which the Spruce-trees have been generioally diatin-
guished. (Seo Backhouse, Gard, Chrun, a. ser. xxvi. 681!, fur a
discussion of this subject.)
fi
lilted the Silver Kira aiut
lulutik, ill hit genus Altipif.
Imera I'lanlarum, fnlluwcil
ho fifth edition, published
idiiig I'icca, into i'iiius, tu
'i*H geiiuH Lurix. In thu
iibliiiho<l ill 17n:i, LinniDUH
en and the Kurupean Kir
y the elauical appllcatiuti
'larhk. JIaumz. ii. IIU), ilid
a and the Fir Aliiea. In
I the Pinea and Fira, made
Bvoraing LinnBua's uao uf
t I)u Koi. (See Ahhaml.
Endliuhor, inlKMiC&ni.
s the name of the Spruces,
icction of rinuB, and Cac-
iithora have adopted the
D. Don, in the third voi-
ding Link's application of
and the F'ira Picea. Don's
mi-'a {Arb. /iri(. iv. 2293),
;cneral use among English
the United States and in
oat habitually called Piccu
jlea of botanical nomencla-
t reference to the claaaical
a's uae of Picea and Abies
ecauae Pioea is the oldest
re been generioally distin-
I. D. ser. uvi. 082, for a
coNiFBRji. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONSPECTUS OP THE NORTH AMERICAN SFECIES.
EvncRA. L«RT(ii tetraijnnal. itomntiferous on the (our sidet.
Cono-«calea rounded at the apex.
Cone-scalcB atllT and ridged at maturity ; branclileta pubeae«nt.
Conoa ovate on atrongly incurved atalks, persistent for many years, their sealea eroa« or
dentate ; leavea blue-green
Conea ovate-oblong, short-atalkeil, early deciduous, their scales entire or obsotirely
denticulate ; leaves dark yellow-green
Cone-scales soft and flexible at maturity : branchlets glabrous.
Cones oblong-cylindrical, slender, their scales entire ; leaves blue-green
Cone-scales uaiially oblung or rhomboidal ; leaves blue-green.
Branchlets pubescent ; leaves soft and flexible.
Conea oblong-cylindrical, or oval, their scales narrowed to a tnincate or leoie apes, or
occasionally obovato and rounded, erose^lentate or entire
Branchlets glabrous ; leavea rigid, spineacent.
Cones oblong-nylindrical, their scales rhomboidal, flezuose, rounded or truncate at the
eroae apex
Omorika. Leavea flattened, usually stomatiferoua only on the upper surface.
Cone-scales rounded, entire ; branchlets pubescent.
Conea oblong-cylindrical, slender ; leavea obtuse, stomatiferous only on the upper surface
Cone«!ales oblong-oval, rounded and denticulate above the middle ; branchlets glabrous.
Cones cylindrical-oval ; leaves acute or acuminate, stomatiferous on the upper and
occasionally also on the lower surface
27
1. P. Mariaka.
2. P. BDBim.
3. P. CANADBNilS.
4. P. Enoklmanni.
6. p. Pabbtana.
6. p. Brcwerlana.
7. p. SnoHnraia.
\l \
I'l
SUVA OF NORTU AMERICA.
cuNiriciuc
PIOEA MARIANA.
Black Spruoe.
C0NE8 ovnto, incurved nt the biwc, persistent, their scales rounded, erose, or
dentate. Brunchlets pubescent. LeuvcH shurt, blue-green.
Pioea Marinna, Hrittun, Sterna A I'li^KiMiburg. Cut. PI.
iV. y. 71 (IMS). — J. U. Jitck, Uarden atul Foreit, z.
62.
Abiea Mariaua, Millvr, Dlft. ml. 8. No. 5 (1768).—
Muenrhliaunen, llmifr. v. '."Jl. — Wangenheini, Nordiim.
UiiU. 7.'!. — K. Kiwh, ne}ulr. ii. pt. ii. WO. — Uuche,
Dmitadif Dfndr. eel. '.', 92.
Plnua Mariana, Du Itoi, Obt. Bot 38 (1771): Harbk.
Saiimx.WAVi. — Moencli, JIaume jrcim. 74. — Burgt-
dorf, Aiilelt. \>t. ii. I •!'.•. — Ehrhart, lleilr. iii. 23.
PinuB- Abies Canadeneis, Manball, Arbwit, Am. 103
(1785).
Plnus nigra, Aiton, J{ort. Keu>. iii. 370 (1789) — Willde-
iiow, llert. Iliium*. 220; S/ifi: it. pt. i. 506 1 Enum.
990. — . Ikirklmuaen, Jfiindb. Fanthot. i. 406. — I^mbert,
Pinui, i. 41, t. 27. — I'ersoon, Sijn. ii. fi79. — UlKelow,
Fl. Botton. 234. — Purah, Fl. Am. Sf/>t. ii. 640. — Nut-
tall, Oen. ii. 223. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 177. — Sprengel,
Si/Ki. iii. 885. — Itnitero, /list. Xat. PinheirnH, Laricet e
Abetoi, Xi. — Torrcy, Fl. X. K. ii. 230 (in part). —
Hooker, Fl. Bur.-Ain. ii. 16,3, — Ant4>inti, Cimif, 88, t.
34, f. 3. — Kndlirher, Syn. Conif. 115. — I^waon & Son,
List No. 10, Aliietiiieir, 16. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 395. —
Courtin, Fatii. Conif. 61, — Parlatore, De Catululle I'rodr.
zvi. pt. ii. 413.
Pinus Canadensis, ft nigra, Caatiglioni, Viag. negli Stati
Uniti,i\.'AV> (17'.K)).
Pinus Americana, Uaertner, Fniet. ii. 60, t 91 (not Du Roi)
(1791).
Abies bigra, Du Roi. Harbk. Baumz. ed. 2, ii. 182 (1800). —
I'oiret, Lamarik Dirt. vi. 520. — DcxfontaincH, Hist. Arb.
ii. 580. — Du Mont<le Coiirset, Ihit. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 475. —
Micbaux f. J'i»t. Arb. Am. i. 123 (in part). — NomteAiu
Ihihumel, v. 292,u81,f. 1. — .lauine Saint-Hikire, Tr<iitf,
de.1 Arhres Furvstiers, U 74, f. 1-4. — Lindley, Penny
Cycl. i. 32. — lUtinesque, New FL \. 39. — Lawaon & Son,
Agric Mnn. .167. — Spaoh, llitl. Vi'g. xi. 410 (in part).—
Emcraon, Trrrs Must. 81 ; ed. 2, i. 96. — Knight, Syn,
Conff. 36, — Lindley & Oordon, Jmtr. Ilort. Sue. Lond.
y. 211. — Gordon, Pinetiim, II. — Darlington, Fl. Ceitr.
ad. 3, 292. — lit'nkel A I Iwhatetter, Syn. Nadelh. 191. —
(Nelaon) Senilia, Pinarnr, 50. — lioopea, Krergreetm,
169. — Voitch, Man. Conif. 74, — ScbUbelcr. Virid.
Norvtg. i, 431.
Abies dentioulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 206 (1803). —
I'oiret, Lamnrrk Diet. vi. 524. — lirotero. Hist. Nat.
Pinheims, l.arires e Abetim, 36.
Pioea nigra, Link, llandb. ii. 478 (1831) ; Linnn-a, xv.
520. — Carrikre, TraitA Conif. 241. — Urunet, Hist. Pieea,
10, t — S(<n(<<daur.e, Conif. 32. — Rpgel, Huss. Dendr.
pt. 1. 18 livrtrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. »6t. 5, xx. 85. —
VevV, Trans. Albany Inst. viii. 283 (in part). — Kngol-
mann, Oanl. Chron. n. aer. xi. 3i<4 (oxcl. vur. rubra).—
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. mh Census U. S. ix. 202
(in part). — Willkomm, F.>rst. Fl. ed. 2, 96. — WaUon lilc
Coulter, dray's Man. cd. 6, 491. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam.
218. — IkMHaner, Handb. Nadelh. 332, f. 93, 94 MaatcrH,
Jour. K. Ilort. Soc. xiv. 222 (in part). — llanaen, ,four.
H. Hort. Soc. xiv. 430 (Pinetum Panieum). — Koehne,
Deutsche Dendr. 23, f. 8, L. — llotbrook, Hep. Dept.
Agric. Penn. 1895, pt. ii. Dio. Forestry, 282.
Pioea nigra, a squamea, Provaucher, Flare Caiuulienne, ii.
557 (1862).
Pioea rubra, Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. CM, xxi, 27 (not
Dietrich) (1894). — Britton & Brown, III. Fl. i. 65 (in
part), f. 123.
Pioea brevifolia, var. semiprostrata, Peck, Spruces of the
Adirondaeks, 12 (1897).
Pioea brevifolia. Peck, Spruces of the Adirondaeks, 13
(1897). — Britton & Brown, lU. Fl. iU. Appx. 496, f.
122 a.
A tree, usually twenty or thirty and occasionally one hundred feet in height, with a trunk from
six to twelve inches and occasionally three feet in diameter, often small and stunted, frequently cone-
bearing when only two or three feet high,' and at the extreme north reduced to a low semiprostrate
' 111 imrtlicrn Minneaotn, on tlic bordera nf small furcat lakca or often produce conea when only two or three feet high; and a.s
muskeauH, which are being gradually covered by scdgca anil aphag- their cnergica appear to bo riitircly devoted to bearing accda, the
nuni, the Black Spruce is able to exist without mineral aoil, and to fertile branchca become the only vigorous ones. " Theae are
grow slowly to a great age on beds of floating plants. Such trcca dcnaely crowded ne:^ the top of the tree, while thi trunk below ia
CONIfKIMt.
m
COSltKHM.
aiLVA OF Mmrii America.
undod, crosc, or
('.(j;. il. 410 (In p»rt) —
!, i. Wl. — Knight, Sijn.
Joitr. Ifort, Siir. LonU.
— Darlinnton, Ft. Vettr.
,n, Sijn. NaiUlh.Wn.—
— iloupe*, Ki'trijrMtit,
4. — SohUbelcr, Viriil.
m.^m. ii. 206 (1803).—
, — Hrutero, llitt. Nat.
B (1831) ; Linna-a, xv.
1. — Drunot, IlUt. I'icfAi,
— Ri<g«l, Hum. Detulr.
Nat. »iT. 5, XX. 85. —
283 (in part). — Kngcl-
VM («xcl. Tur. ritlira). —
I^A Ceiutu U. S. ix. 202
/. ed. 2, 96. — WaUun &
— Mayr, Wald. Nordiim.
332,f.«3,94. — Mantcra,
part). — Iluninn, Joiir.
n Danii'um). — Koeline,
— Uothrnck, Hep. Uept.
'oreatry, 282.
ler, Flore Canadienne, ii.
Hot. Club, xii. 27 (not
Brown, ///. Fl. i. 50 (in
'ftta, Peck, Spruces of the
of the Adirondack/I, 13
I. Fl. iu. Appi. 496, f.
it, with a trunk from
ted, frequently cone-
I a low seiniprostrate
!>T three feet high; ami as
evnted to Iwarin^; ncuds, the
gorous onoa. " TheBO are
Be, while thx trunk below ii
Hlirul). Tho bronchen, which are Hlonder, oompurntivoly short, and uituiilly pimduloun with upward
ourvoH, form thu Djien and irre|{ular crown which i« chiirauteriHtio of the Hlack Spruce, and Hom«timt>N,
when the tree hiiH jjrown iti ii fuvorahle pohition, clothe the nteni to the ground, or Hoon fall from itn
lower half when the tree hiut been shaded by neiKhlxirH or ..tuntetl by imtuflicient nouriMhment.' The
bark of the trunk u from one quarter tr one half of an inch iu thickncMH, and m broken on the
Hurface into thin rather clowily appreiwcd gray-brown HcaleH. The branchletn when they lirst emerge
from tho budn in early Hummer are pale green, and, like the baHCH of the leaven, are (oatinl with
pale pubcHcence ; they soon begin to grow darker, and during their first autumn and winter they are
light cinnamon-brown and covered with short rusty pubescence, their thin dark brown bark gradually
becoming glabrous, an<l bogiiniing to break up into small thin scales during their second year. The
winter-buds are ovate, acute, light reddish brown, puberulous, and about one eighth of an inch iu
length, with ovato closely appressed acute scales. Tho leaves stand out from all sides of the branches,
and are tetragonal, ribbed above and below, abruptly contracted at the i\\tex into short slender callous
tips, longer and more acute on sterile than on fertile branches, slightly incurved above the middle,
pale blue-green when they first appear, bluish green and glaucous at maturity, from one quarter to
three quarters of an inch in length, hoary on tho upper surface from the broad bands of couspicuous
stoniata, and lustrous and slightly stomatiforous on tho lower surface. The staminate flowers are
subglobose and about an eighth of an inch in length, with dark red anthers, and the pistillate
flowers are oblong • cylindrical, with obovato purple scales rounded above, wedge-shaped below,
puberulous and tumid on the outer surface, and marked below the thin erose bright red margin by a
couspicuous transverse glaucous hand, and with oblong purple glaucous bracts rounded and denticulate
at the apex. The cones increase rapidly in size, and are often almost fully grown in early summer
before the young 'iDots have attained half their length ; at maturity they are ovate, pointed, gradiuilly
narrowed at tht.' Inise into short strongly incurved stalks clothed with the persistent enlarged erose
inner scales of the Howei^buds, which increase in size from the base to the apex of the stalk, and
gradually assume the appearance of the small sterile lower cone-scales ; usually about an inch long,
the cones vary from one half of an inch to an inch and a half in length ; their scales are rigid,
rounded or rarely somewhat pointed at the apex, and puberulous, with delicate more or less erose or
notched pale margins ; in ripening the cones turn a dull gray-brown, and as the scales gradually open
and slowly discharge their seeds they often become almost globose in form, and remain on the branches
sometimes for twenty or thirty years, the oldest close to the bases of the branches near the trunk.
The seeds are oblong, gradually narrowed to the acute base, about an eighth of an inch in length,
often destitute of living branebes, although unshaded and growing
far from other trees. These dense tufts of dark branches like
plumes upon polos prcsen* a strange S|ieetavio to the traveler who
for the flrst time crosses tho larger inuskeaga, especially at twi-
light, for he seems to bo looking over a weird procession, stretching
often mile after mile until lost in the distance," On tho small
muskcags there is often a regular gradation in the size of the
trees, from little seedlings close to tho water in the centre of the
bog to tall slender specimens often siitjr feet in height, with thin
drooping branches which are freely developed on tho better soil of
the high margins, and trunks which rarely exceed eight inches in
diameter. (See Ayres, (lardm and Foretl, vii. BOJ, f . 80 {The
Mmkeag Spnicr']).
Cone-bearing Ulack Spruces not over two feet high are very
abundant also in tho sphagnum-covered bogs of Prince Edward's
Island.
' " There seems to be four forms of the Black Spruce in north-
ern Minnesota. First, the upland form with peudulouB branches;
second, tho common upland form with stiff branches, the two
grading one into the other ; third, the dwarf tree with only fruiting
branches and perhaps a few others at the base of the stem, grow-
ing on very wet muskcags; fourth, tbo stifT-branched tree, growing
mostly on drier land than number three, although still on sphagnum
and usually on the borders of the same muskeaga, I can see no
distinct lines of separation between theso forms, which seem to
grade into each other, that is, intermediate forms are found in
complete series, and I am inclined to believe that tho variation in
the development of the branches is due to the conditions under
which the trees are grown. Plants of tho branchless form of thu
muskeags are of remarkably slow gniwth. One of these I cut, and
counted soveuty-tive layers of annual gniwth in tho stem, which
was about an inch and a half in diameter. Such wood is very
compact and even in texture. Occasionally one of the upland trees
is cut for log timber, but they ore never large, and I have not seen
one above twelve inches in diameter." (Ayres, in litl.)
80
SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERS.
and very dark brown, with delicate pale brown lustrous wings broadest above the middle, very oblique
at the apex, often nearly half an inch long and an eighth of an inch wide.
Picea Mariana inhabits sphagnum-covered bogs, and swamps and their borders, and at the north
also well drained bottom-lands and the slopes of barren stony hills ; it is distributed from the shores of
Ungava Bay southwestward to those of Hudson Bay, and from the mouth of the Nelson River north-
westward to the valley of the Mackenzie in about latitude 65" north,' and reappearing west of the Rocky
Mountains on the ' jterior plateau of British Columbia in latitude 53°,' it is common in the interior
of Alaska as far north at least as the shores of Frances Lake and the valley of the Pelly River ; '
southward it ranges through Newfoundland, the Maritime Provinces, eastern Canada, and the north-
eastern United States to Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Virginia ; *
it occurs on the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Albcrta,° and extends through Assiniboia,
northern Saskatchewan, and northern Manitoba to central Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. In
the Labrador peninsula the Black Spruce is the most abundant tree, growing both in cold sphagnum
swamps and on high hills covered with sands or with rocks or heavy glacial drift, usually in dense
thickets, with ''<ng slender naked stems, but along the border of the treeless plains, where, alone with
the Larch, the i?lack Spruce holds the northern outposts of the forest, it grows in open glades, and its
stout trunks a^e clothed to the ground with branches." West of Hudson Bay the Black Spruce also
readies t. o margin of the barren lands, forming scattered groves along the Telzoa River down to
Doobaunt Lake, in latitude 63°, the most northern plants being here low shrubs with wide-spreading
branches, from which occasionally a small upright stem rises to the height of four or five feet.' On
the alluvial bottom-lands of the Athabasca River, between latitudes 58° and 59°, the Black Spruce ia
aliiindant, with trunks often three feet in diameter and occasionally eighty feet in height. It is the
largest conuerous tree of Saskatchewan and of northwestern Manitoba, frequently covering large areas
and growing both on well drained bottoms, wliere it attains its largest size, and on low stony hills,
where it is Rva:\\l a<iu stunted. The Black Spruce is common in Newfoundland, and in all the provinces
of eastern Ca inda ;;xcept in southern Ontario, growing in cold wet swamps and rarely attaining a
greater height than thirty eet.' Farther south it is also almost exclusively an inhabitant of swamps
and their bor lers, Uhougb occasionally a few stunted individuals maintain a foothold on the summits
* Richardson, Franklin Jchi: Appx. No 7. 'i"<2; Arctic Searching
Eiped. ii. 317.
^ Picfa Mariana was eollectod by Dr. G. M. Dawson in 1870,
cast of the coast mountains of British Columbia, near the Black-
water River,
• See G. M. Dawson, Rep. Geolog. Sun. Can. n. scr. iii. pt. i.
112 B, 116 B, 118 B. — Macoun, Kep. Geolog. Sun: Can. n. scr. iii.
pt. i. Appi. iii. 22(i B.
♦ Britton & Brown, ///. Fl. i. fiS (as Picra rubra).
' During the summer of 1897 I'icea Mariana was found by Mr.
John Macoun about thirty miles from Calgary, on one of the
branches of the Elbow Uivi-r.
* " The Black Spruce is the most abundant tree of the Labrador
peninsula, constituting at least ninety per cent, of the forest, and
it is found everywhere from the shores of the St. Lawrence north-
ward to Ungara Bay, and from the Atlantic coast to Hudson Bay.
The northern limit of its distribution, which coincides with that of
the forest region, leaves the east coast of Hudson Bay in tlic
neighborhood of latitude 57°, posses ahnust due east for about one
hundred miles, until the watershed of Hudson Bay is crossed, when
the course changes to nearly northeast, following the lower country
of the Koksoak River, and reaches nearly to the shore of Ungava
Bay, about fifteen miles north of the mouth of the Koksoak River,
in about latitude 58° 30' nortii. The trees skirt the southern shore
of Ungava Bay to George River, at its aoutboastcrn comer, and
grow from five to ten miles from the shore. From the mouth of
George River, in latitude 58°, the line passes eastward for a short
distance to tho western Hanks of the high Atlantic coast range,
which here rises from three thousand to six tl'.ousaud feet above the
sea-level, and is quite barren. The black Spruce is found in small
open glades along the western flanks of the range, in the valleys of
the streams and on the shores of lakes, southward to latitude 54°,
where the groves become connected and a continuous forest covers
the lower ground, while the hilltops remain bare for upwards of
one hundred miles farther south.
** On the Atlantic coast the islands and mainland are without
trees to Iwluw latitude 58^, where small Spruce and Larch are first
found about watercourses, at the heads of the deep narrow fiords
which penetrate far inland on this coast. At Davies Inlet, in lati-
tude Gil\ the trees are found growing everywhere along the coast,
covering the lower bills, up to an elevation of five hundred feet,
but the islands are still barren. At Hamilton Inlet, in latitude 51°,
the trees ascend the hills to an elevation of nearly one thousand
feet; and the inner islands are well wiHuled, only those far out from
shore remaining barren." {Low in lilt. &ee, tiiiio, how, Hep. Geolog,
.S'ury. Can. n. ser. viii. 35 L.)
' Tyrrell, liep. Geolog. Surv. Can. n. ser. ix. 214 F.
' Brunei, Cat. Veg. Lig. Can. 58 (in part). — Macoun, Cat. Can.
I'l. 4C8 (in part).
CONIFERJB.
aJlVA OF NOIITII AMmWA.
31
^RP
of the high hills of northern New England Aixl Nxw Yofki tn the United States it is most common
and grows to its largest size in the territufy uilJMtwiit to the Oreat Lakes, where; however, it is
nowhere abundant, thriving only in the mui>«MMl< NitlMtioitf)^ and rarely producing trunks a foot in
diameter. It is far less abundant than tliu Ufd H|)HI(<(< id idl the Appalachian region, and everywhere
east of the Alleghany Mountains the \i\wk ^\m\m if* A Atiiall and comparatively rare tree, although it
extends farther south along the Atluntio timlumcd tllftti any other Spruce, and occupies numerous
small swamps near the coasts of southurn Nbw Klij^lrtllil, Npw York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
The wood of Picea Mariana is liglit, m'fU rt'l'l K'/t strong ; it is pale yellow-white, with thin
sapwood, and contains thin resinous huiidi* ul NHMtll nUlilttiftr cells and narrow conspicuous medullary
rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely thy Wood U OXt'H^, a cubic foot weighing 32.86 pounds.
It is probably rarely used, except iu Manititba Mllil HMAkfttiiliewan, for other purposes than the manu-
facture of paper pulp. Spruce gum, the ri^tiillMMH KJKKlations of the Black and Red Spruces, and
occasionally of the White Spruce, is gathorad \u m»p\t\p^ii\t\e i|uantities, principally in northern New
England and Canada, and is used m It n)iMt>i«<f(M>^'j'<' f^|>riice beer is made by boiling the branches of
the Black and Red Spruces.'
Pieea Mariana was introduced by BUIlop Doiojrtwtt, Into his garden near London, before the
beginning of the eighteenth century,' althoM(|[h tllff fficlit^st des(!ription of it was not published until
1755.* Still frequently cultivated in westet'l) Vimu\wl' Mn\ oceasioiially in the northern United StJites,
the Black Spruce is one of the least desirable ut fill HfiflKiii-lt t>es for the decoration of parks and gardens,
soon losing in cultivation the shapely bttl)it Slid Uw V)j$(*K»ils beauty of its youth, which are replaced
by a naked stem and a small open beuil i)t ^]mv\, Fillfl^^lhig branches. In European nurseries a few
abnormal forms of dwarf habit, or with |)HI)4mIoiIK hmtKdies, or with yellow or white leaves, are
occasionally propagated."
■ The resinous exudations of the Spruce-trees of BMMFn ¥nrW\
America are obtained from the cavities of decayed kuuU 41)4 iHltl^F
natural depressions extending to the heartwood ill thu tFHIlIf* nl
these trees, and not from wounds made for the \mf\^m»- '\%»
gum is collected in winter by "gummers," men on amw-nlwM,
carrying long poles armed with chisels, with wliiiiji t||a FS«JHWI4
masses are knocked or out off and caught iu small Clips UUU'\wA
to the poles just below the chisels. (See Menges, ihmlrilr llffl:
Pharm. Umveraily of Waconidn, No. 2, 'M; Am. Jour. I'hiim Iviil-
394. — Bastin & Trimble, Am. Jour. Pharm. Ixviii. 4I3-)
A tincture prepared by dissolving the resinous giiiii »f Hm fM-
crn Spruce-trees in alcohol is occasionally used in niediciw, nh
though it has no official recognition in the I'barniaunpiiiiiiiir (Mkm
Millspaugh, Am. Med. PI. in Homoeopalkic Remeilieii, i\. UiH)
' The preparation of a fermented beverage ihwIb liy IwJIilltl
Spruce branches with honey was probably familiar to Mil) lmH\^l'fl^
Indians before the settlement of the country by li)iii'upeit||ii, wllll
learned the art from them; and in 1G72 the value uf IJpi'MWB lliiff
was recognized by Josselyn, who thus describes its virtiiwi^ —
" Tlie tops of Green Spruce Boughs boiled in Hmr, Illl4 lifllllki
is assuredly one of the best Remedies fur the Scurvy, l'iiiitiiFili(( Hm
Infected party in a short time; they also maku a |<iitlilH ilf miMIN
of the decoction, adding Hony and Allura." (New HnnlnmtU HilfU
lies, 64.)
Spruce beer, which is considered a pleasant and agreeiiliJH |)fi|||t
in hot weather, and a useful preventive of scurvy, |s imw mmh
from the essence of spruce, which is a liquid uf tlie ciililF iilll) fiiN--
sistency of molasses, with a bitter astringent acid Havni', iiIiIuImijiI
by boiling the young branches of the Black and lied t3|IFIIUui| III
water and evaporating the decoction, the disagreeable uililF »l Hlf
♦Vlll(^ fl(inif(i (finking it unauitablo for this purpose. To prepare
llllii liKVi-^Nge (he essence of spruce is boiled in water flavored with
t^ltfllillii llifiredleiits, and is then mixed with molasses or occasion-
ltllj> Willi mg»t, allowed to ferment, and bottled. (See Duhamel,
'/'«/«/! (/m Arhref, i. 17. — Kaflnesque, Med. i^Y. ii. 183. — Spons,
lilli'i/i'lniHUllil of Ihe Indunlrial Arlt, Manufactures, and Ram Com-
tUHflill I'rmturl; I. 4l!4. — Druggists' Circular, New York, 1880, 120.
- MlUftnl Water Heinew, 1881, 140. — U. S. Dispers. ed. 16, 1487.
" AHiiii, Hurl. Kew. iil, 370. — Loudon, Arh. Brit. iv. 2312, f.
* AMft fiirett, fotlls brevioribus, conis parvis biuncialibus laxis, Du-
lH«(lt-l, /, /■. I. 3.
Atiln I'Impfiillis lirevioribus, Conit biuncialibus laxis, Miller, Diet.
fniti. I. 1, 1. 1.
• til (IfMit Hrllnin the Black Spruce appears to be more com-
IIMIiif (•(ildvatpil tlmii any other conifer of eastern North America,
ttllli (li« ('tecption of the White Pine, and, judging from numerous
upH'ilni'ti^ which h.ivo been sent to me from England and Scotland,
M iliifii duly III Eiitope ns the Black, Red, and White Spruces.
' 'I'lii- liiiir.t illstliict of the garden forms of the Black Spruce, at
hmtl. ill ItJ young stnte, is the variety Doumetii ; this is a dwarf
|ilil(l(, with Khoft crnwdcd branches, forming a narrow and very
fulllfmi-i (lyfntnlilnl bend, and with crowded leaves, which was first
llliUcnl itliiiiil 18(1.') in the garden of the ChStcau de Bal6iie, near
MiiiillliK, In France, and was described by Carri6re in the 7>ai(e
I'lmir 'Jii'i, lis I'iirn nigra Doumetii, (For other abnormal forms
lit (lie Hlnck Spruce, see Bcissner, Handb. Nadelh. 337. See,
NJniij l/nnl. I'lirim. ser. 3, xi. 81, t., for a description of a remark-
iilily Mitntini'l pyrniniilnl Form of the Black Spruce cultivated in
llii- WllhcliiithUho Park and in the Karlsane Park in Cassel.)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PI.ATR DXCVI. PiCEA MABIANA.
1. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size.
2. A ataminate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, front view, enlarged.
4. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size.
6. A scale of a pistillatu flower, upper side, with its ovules, enlarged.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract, enlarged.
7. A fruiting branch, natural size.
8. A conn-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
9. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
10. A seed-wing, the seed rcmoTed, enlarged.
11. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
12. Winter-buds, natural size.
13. A seedling plant, natural size.
•
\
i|jj^^>.
^
^•*"«s-..fe.;; .
C
^
1 «'
;»«'
t
K THK I'lJVTE.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
K > I'rnKik &t.vli.i4jr«.
>. r >«,i<Hinat« Howen, nauirgj «t«-,
,, iv U.iwer, enlargoJ.
.' .thvr. itvul *icw, «nl»ri;i^f
I. ufOA^Ii oith ptMillHtc •<•
.^ ti'«i« i>f a prKtUUw ti tttMi Ki> uvulc*, rnitfgeil.
A 'I'itlft uf a ^liiiate Hoxn- knm A><j«. vttli ita brtict, onlurgwi.
A fruiting litmnrh, nMunti m»ji.
A i-on>t-ii<'»!fi, lutTKr «iil*. with iM lirart, naturitl tlix.
A "oins-wjilp. iipiK'!" stilo. Willi it!' wetls. natural site.
I'l^xs lection oi » itai tiiiif^iflod b!itxn Uiamet^n.
Wiiiter-budi. najiual s.«>
A Medlipj; )>Unt niuural Mte.
^4
i! ii
■■if
:.®
s$
**
'jil/a of '''lorlh America
Tab, DXCVl.
o
9
lE. '■ nn M.
//iriiiHit s<\
PICEA MARIANA
ji.J{ii'<riU4>r i/tftwf
/•'l/i ' IhtH'nr /'(//•
^^^^"
CONIFERJt.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
33
PIOEA RUBENS.
Red Spruce.
Cones ovate-oblong, early deciduous, their scales rounded, entire, or obscurely
denticulate. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves dark yellow-green.
Pioea TUbens.
? Finus Abies aoutisBima, Muoncbhaosen, Hausv. t. 226
(1770).
PinuB Mariana rubra, Da Eoi, Obi. Bot. 39 (1771);
Harbk. Baumx. ii. 129.
Finus Americana rubra, Wangenheim, Nordam. Hole.
75, t. 10, f. 54 (not Pimts rubra, Miller) (1787).
Pinua rubra, Lambert, Pintis, i. 43, t. 28 (not Miller)
(1803). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 507 Persoon,
Syn. ii. 579. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 319. — Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 640.— Nuttall, Oen. ii. 223 — Sprengel,
Si/nt. iii. 885. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. Pinheiro), Larices e
Abetoa, 33. — Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. ii. 164. — Antoi.ie,
Conif. 87, t. 34, f. 2. — Endlicher, Syn. Con!/. 113. —
Gihoul, Arb. Bis. 44. — Lawson & Son, List No. 10,
Abietinew, 18. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 394. — Courtin, Fam.
Conif. 64. — Parlator9, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii.
413.
Abios rubra, Poiret, iMmarBh Diet. vi. 620 (1804). —
Destontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 580 Rafiiiesque, JVeio FU
i. 39. — Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 368. — Loudon,
Arb. Brit. iv. 2316, f. 2228. — Forbes, Pinetum Wobum.
101, t. 35. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gor-
don, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 211. — Gordon, Pinetum,
11. — Henkel & Hochatetter, 5 %. Nadelh. 189 (Nel-
son) f mills, Pinacew, 51. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr,
ed. 2, 92. — Schubeler, Virid. Norveg. i. 436.
Abies nigra, Michaux {. Hist. Arb. Am. i. 123 (in part),
1. 11 (not Du Roi) (1810). —Gray, Man. 441 (in part). —
Chapman, Fl. 434. — Curtis, Rep. Oeolog. Surv. N. Car.
1860, iii. 27.
PisTiS nisrra, Elliott, Sk. ii. 640 (not Alton) (1824).—
Torrey, Fl. N. i'. ii. 230 (in part).
PinuB alba, Elliott, Sk. u. 640 (not Aiton) (1824).
Ploea rubra, Dietrich, Fl. Berl. ii. 795 (1824). — Link,
Handb. ii. 478 ; Linnaa, xv. 521. — Carri^re, TraitS
Conif. 240 S^n^clauze, Co7iif. 34 Regel, Bust.
Dendr. pt. i. 19. — Willkomm, Forat. Fl. ed. 2, 96.—
Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 338, f. 95. — Hansen, Jour,
R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 437 {Pi.ietum Danictim). — Koehne,
Deutsche Dendr. 23.
Abies Edba, Jaume St Hilaire, Traiti des Arbres Forctiers,
t. 74, f. 7-9 (not Michaux) (1824).
Abies nigrra, p rubra, Spach, HUt. Vig. xi. 411 (1842). —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 170.
Abies alba, Chapman, Fl. 435 (not Poiret) (1860) — Cur-
tis, Bep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 27.
Pioea nigra, Provancher, Flore Canndienne, ii. 657 (excl.
var. a squamea) (not Link) (1862). — Peck, Trans.
Albany Inst. viii. 283 (in part) Sargent, Forest Trees
N. Am. 10th Census V. S. ix. 202 (in part). — Masters,
Jour. B. Hort. Soc. xW. 232 (in part). — Fox, Bep.
Forest Comm. N. Y., 1894, 121, t.
Picea nigra, var. grisea, Bmnet, Cat. Vig. Lig. Can. 69
(1867).
Abies Americana, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 241 (not
Miller nor Du Mont de Courset) (1873).
Picea nigra, var. rubra, Engelmann, Gard. Chron. n. ser.
xi. 334 (1879). — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6,
492. — Rothrock, Rep. Dept. Agric. Penn. 1895, pt. ii.
Div. Forestry, 281.
Pioea Mariana, Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxi. 27
(not Britton, Sterns & Poggenbnrg) (1894). — Britton &
Brown, HI. Fl. i. 66 (in part), f. 122.
Pioea acutissima, J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, x. 63
(1897).
A tree, usually seventy or eighty and occasionally from one hundred to one hundred and ten feet
in height, with a trunk from two to three feet in diameter,* and slen ler spreading branches which, with
abundant light and air, conHnue to clothe the stem to the ground, forming a narrow and rather formal
conical head, or which soon perish on trees crowded in the forest, leaving the trunks naked for at least
two thirds of their length, and at the timber-line of high mountains often reduced to a low semiprostrate
■hrub.^ The bark of the trunk is from one quarter to nearly one half of an inch in thickness, and is
' A Red Spruce tree near Meecham Lake, as reported by Mr. ground. This is the largest trunk of this species o{ which I have
IVemont Fuller of Duanc, Franklin County, New York, to the beard.
Secrclary of the Forest Commission of that state, has a trunk < In 1892 Mr. George Walker of Williamstown, Massachusetts,
•ircumference of ten feet three inches at four feet above the found near the base of Mt. Hopkins and about three miles from
1
i 1^
u
SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERS.
broken into thin closely appressed irregularly shaped red-brown scales. The branchlets, which are
comparatively stout, are light green and covered with pale pubescence when they emerge from the buds,
and during their first autumn and winter are bright reddish brown or orange-brown in color and clothed
with rusty brown pubescence; (^rowing gradually darker during succeeding seasons, their bark loses
its pubescent covering, and when they are three or four years old it begins to separate into thin scales.
The winter buds, which vary in size from one quarter to one third of an inch in length, are ovate and
acute, with light reddish brown closely appressed acute scales, and are often surrounded by the elongated
acicular scale-like upper leaves, which easily separate from their prominent persistent bases. The leaves
stand out from all sides of the branch, pointing forward, and are more or less incurved above the
middle ; they are tetragonal, acute or rounded and tipped at the apex with a short callous mucro, pale
bluish green when they first appear, dark green often sligiitly tinged with yellow and very lustrous at
maturity, marked on the upper surface with four rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib
and un the lower surface less coni^picuously with two rows on each side of the midrib, from one half to
five eighths of an inch long and nearly one sixteenth of an inch wide. The staniinate flowers are oval,
almost sessile, half an inch long and a quarter of an inch thick, with bright red conspicuously toothed
anthercrests. The pistillate flowers are oblong-cylindrical and about three quarters of an inch in
length, with rounded scales thin, reflexed and rlightly erose on the margins, and obovate bracts rounded
and laciniate above. The cones are ovate-ublong and gradually narrowed from near the middle to the
acute apex, with concave rigid striate obovato-oblung scales rounded above and entire or slightly toothed
on their thin and often flexuose edges ; they are usually from an inch and a quarter to two inches
long, but vary from an inch to two and a half inches in length, and are borne on very short straight or
incurved stalks ; when fully grown they are light green or green somewhat tinged with purple, but
at maturity are light reddish brown and lustrous, and, beginning to fall as soon as the scales open late
in the autumn or during the early winter, generally all disappear from the branches the following
summer. The seeds are very dark brown and about an eighth of an inch long, with short broad wings
full and rounded above the middle.
The Red Spruce is distributed from the valley of the St. Lawrence River ' and the northern shores
of Prince Edward Island southward through Quebec, the Maritime Provinces, and along the Atlantic
coast to southern Maine'' and Cape Ann, Massachusetts,' and through the hilly interior and the
mountainous parts of New England and New York and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high
peaks of western North Carolina. Comparatively rare and of small size north of the boundary of the
United States and in the neighborhood of the coast, the Red Spruce, which is an inhabitant of high
well drained gravelly slopes, is most abundant and attains its greatest dimensions in the elevated regions
of northern New England and New York, where, mingled with the Hemlock, the White Pine and
the Balsam Fir, the Larch, the Sugar Maple, the Yellow Birch and the Beech, it grows singly or in
small dense groves, often forming a large proportion of the forest. On the uplands of Massachu-
setts, especially on the Berkshire hills, and on the mountains which overlook the Hudson, it is not
rare ; it is common on the mountains of southern New York and northern New Jersey, and is widely
scattered over the Alleghany Mountains in Pennsylvania, often forming a considerable part of the
the norihwest corner of the state uf Massnchiisetta a pinnt o{ Picea
Tubena with naked snake-like branches, similar in habit to sumo o{
the inonstrous forms of the Kiiropcan Pkea Abies. A portrait
of this plant, which is the only example recorded of such a depar-
ture from normal forma anionj; the American Spruces, was published
on page 45 of the eighth volume of Harden and Forest, Young
plants raised by grafts from the Williamstowu pUut are now
growing in the Arnold Arboretum,
' Picea rubem was fonnil in 1895 by Mr. .J. G. Jack at St.
Catharines on tbu St. John's Ituilroad in Quebec. This is the
most northern station from which this tree has been reported. It
appears to bo common on the slopes of the Lniirentian hills iu the
St. Lawrence valley west of the Snguenay, as far west at least as
the city of Ottawa. I have no evidence beyond Lambert's state-
ment that the Red Spruce grows in Newfotmdiand.
' The Red Spruce is abundant on Gerrish Island oCT the mouth
of the Piacataqua River, Maine.
' In June, 1890, Mr. J. II. Sears found Picea rubens growing
singly and in small clumps over an area of about fifty acres near
the (own of Rockport, Massachusetts.
CONIFERS.
ablets, which are
;e from the buda,
color and clothed
, their bark loses
e into thin Bcales.
rtli, are ovate and
I by the elongated
ases. The leaves
curved above the
iillous mucro, pale
J very lustrous at
prominent midrib
, from one half to
e flowers are oval,
ipicuously toothed
>r8 of an inch in
ite bracts rounded
the middle to the
or slightly toothed
rter to two inches
y short straight or
I with purple, but
he scales open late
.'hes the following
short broad wbgs
le northern shores
along the Atlantic
interior and the
itains to the high
3 boundary of the
inhabitant of high
le elevated regions
e White Pine and
grows singly or in
inds of Massachu-
Hudson, it is not
jrsey, and is widely
erable part of the
e has been reported. It
le Lniirciitinii liilU ill the
ly, as fnr west at least as
beyond Lambert's state-
nnndland.
sh Island off the mouth
nd Picea ntbfn.i growing
of about fifty acres near
CONIFER.X.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
35
i
forests which clothe their high slopes.' It is also widely distributed over the mountains of West
Virginia, forming on the head-waters of the Elk and Gauiey Rivers a broad belt through which it is
scattered often abundantly, sometimes occupying almost exclusively the high slopes, particularly those
which face the north, and the summits of the mountains ; farther south it is small and less abundant,
and at the southern limits of its range it is usually only forty or fifty feet in height and confined
to the high mountains, where, occasionally fonning pure forests, it usually grows in small groves near
their summits with the Balsam Fir and the Yellow Birch, and rarely below elevations of five thousand
feet above the sea-level.
Plcea nihens, which is the principal timber Spruce of the northeastern United States, and, with the
exception of the Wliite Pine, the most valuable coniferous timber-tree of the region that it inhabits,
produces light soft close-grained wood which is not strong, nor durable when exposed to the weather ;
it is pale slightly tinged with red, with paler sapwood about two inches thick, and a satiny surface,
and contains remote connpicuous medullary rays, few resin passages, and thin resinous bands of small
summer cells. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4516, a cubic foot weighing 28.13
pounds. Now that the most valuable white pine has been exhausted in the forests of the northeastern
states, the Red Spruce is their most important timber-tree, and immense quantities of its lumber are
manufactured every year from trees cut in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and northern New York,
which supply the largest part of the Red Spruce logs, although red spruce is also manufactured in
Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It is used largely for the flooring of houses and for _, dts, scantlings,
and other square timbers employed in construction ; it is considered the most valuable wood produced in
the United States for the sounding-boards of musical instruments, and it is one of the principal woods
used in this country in the production of paper pulp. Like tLose obtained from the Black Spruce, the
resinous exudations of the Red Spruce are used for chewing-gum, and from its branches Spruce beer
is made.
The first real description of the Red Spruce, with an excellent figure, was published by Lambert ;
it had been prepared from a tree cuHivated in England which was supposed to have been brought from
Newfoundland. It was the Red Spruce, no doubt, brought down to the coast from the forests of
Maine, which attracted the attention of Josselyn by its great size and its value for shipbuilding.^
Confounded for many years with Picea Mariana^ little attention has been paid to the Red Spruce
> In the Mehoopany Creek basin in Wyoming County in tho
northeastern part of Pennsylvania the Red Spruce is abundant
between elevations of one thousand five hundred and two thousand
two hundred feet above the aea, growing with the Sugar Mnple, the
Beech, the Yellow Birch, and the Hemlock. Before its destruction
to feed pulp-mills it grew in large quantities and in great perfection
in Bear Meadows, Centre County, and it appears to be generally
scattered at high elevations along the whole of the Alleghany
range in Pennsylvania.
" " Spruce is a goodly Tree, of which they make Masta for Ships,
and Sail Yards : It is generally conceived by those that have skill
in BuiliUng of Ships, that here is absolutely the best Trees in the
World, many of them being three Fathom about, and of great
length." (.Josselyn, New EnglaniVs Raritien, G3.)
" At Pmcalaivan there is now a Spruce-tree, brought down to the
water-siile by our Mass-men, of an incredible bigness, and so long that
no Skipper durst ever yot adventure to ship it, but there it lyes and
Rots." (Josselyn, /In i4ccount o/'7'h,'o Voi/ages to New England, 67.)
' Lambert, who first distinguished the Red Spruce intelligently,
clearly understood the cliarncters of the Spruces of eastern North
America, and the figures in his Description of the Genus Pinus
admirably show the distinctive characters of the three species, and
have never beer surpassed. Until recent years, however, the bota-
nists who have written of these trees since Lambert have copied
his descriptions, or have united the Red and the Black Spruces, or
have considered the former a variety of the latter. The confusion
with regard to these two trees dates from the time of the Michauxs.
The elder saw in the uorthem states only Black and White
Spruces, and the son makes his description of the Block Spruce
include the Red Spruce, which he considered merely a form due to
soil conditions, his figure of the Black Spruce being taken from
a branch of the Red Spruce. Nuttall, in his Genera 0/ North Amer-
ican Plants, and Pursh, in bis Flora A merica Septentrionalis, retained
Lambert's names, but evidently had little information about these
trees, and Gray, in the early editions of the Manual of Botany of
the Northern Stales, ignored the Red Spruce entirely, and in the
fourth edition spoke of it as a northern form of the Black Spruce.
The Red Spruce does not appear ever to have been common or
to have flourished very often in European plantations, and the
European writers on conifers, down to the time of Bcissner, who
have described this tree at all, have been obliged for want of mate-
rial to follow Lambert or Michai'x. Mr. William Gorrie, however
(Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, x. 353), has well described the Red
Spruce from trees which had been planted about 185o near Tyne-
hcad in Midlothian, Scotland, and which, fifteen years later, were
from twelve to eighteen feet high and had produced cones.
86
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIVEILA.
08 an ornament of northern parks and jjardenH, where, although it ((rows more slowly than mont
coniforoug trees,' its great value is shown by the old specimens densely clothed with branches which
are occasionally seen near farmhouses in the northern states.'
The two ipeoiei arc well (li»tiiiK«'«li<'i' ''y "'o "i'" «•"' «''»P«' "'
the ■Uniiiiate tlowen, niiil \iy the aizo iiml alm|io ut the ciiiica,
which nil tlio llhick Spruce are utroiigly hiHikcil at the Ijaie and
are prniitcnt for inaiiy yearn, whihi wi the lied Spnico thi'y are
usimlly iiiiivh UrgiT, with iioiirly Htniight iniii'h iihurtfr sti'iim, iiiid
fall mostly iliiriiig llieir Bret winter. Tlii' loavei (if llie Kcd Spruce
are long, dark green, and liiHtroiis, and those of the iUack Spruce
are shorter anil hliio. Korius iiitrnncdiate in character hetwpcii
the IUack and lied Spruces are nut known to exist. The IUack
Spruce, except ut the far north, iiihahits only wet i«phaguiiin-
covered hugs, while the Ucd Spruce grows tuily on well drained
hillsides. The IUack Spruce is a tree of the fur north, only exist-
ing precariously south of the northern hordcr of the I'liited States,
while the lleil Spruce is an Appalachian tree, attaining its greatest
diniensinna hetwcen northern New lliunpHliire and I'cniiHylvania.
The didtinctivo characters of the two species have lieeii well pointed
out hytieorg' Lawson (itf-^rarrhifs nn Ihe Dinlinclu-i' Chanirlrrn of
the Ctinailian S/intfeXt l(. See, also, Canatlian Hejtfttrrhem of Srience,
vi. \1-), and hy ,1. *r. .lack {Oartttn nrut luirfnt, x. iV,\). Fruiting
branches nf the two spi-cics are well ligured hy IleisKiicr.
The tirst speciHe name of the Ucd .Spruce is that of I.amliert,
PittnK nthra, jniblishcd in IHOIl. J'mu.i ruhra, however, in 1H0;1,
was a synonym, as it had lieeii used in 1708 by Miller for another
tree. For the same reason the varietal name ruhm, used by Uu
lUii in 1771, nnil hy Wangenheim in 17X7, is not available. The
iiuposHibitity of identifying Mnenchhauscn's Piniu Afiii'H nrutiinima,
pulili.slicd ill 1770, iiiuler which he quotes as a synonym i'liikenet's
Abitt mituir ptctinalit J'uliis, which u shown by I'lukcuot's figure to
be the llemliiek Spruce, makes the iiso of Miionchhansen'i varietal
name also inadmissible. No other specille or varietal nanio having
been used by earlier authors fur the Ited Spruce, I propose to call
it Piira ruhetu.
■ The lied Spruce growl Ttry ilowly and probably attaina a
greater average age than any other tree in the forests of the
northeastern sta'-es. Kroni a numlier of meaauri'iiients made in
the Adirondack region iiiiile? the direction of Mr. William K. Fox,
Superintendent of the Stute Forests of New York, it is shown that
the Ucd Spruce, which in this report is called Picfa niijra, may
reipiire three hundred and hfty-foiir years to prudni^e a trunk only
twenty-six iiiehes in diameter on tho rtump. Uf two hundred
and thirty-seven trees examined in St. i.'-i%renco County, twenty-
four, with a maximiim diameter of thirty inches, were from throe
hundred to three hundred and llfty-fuiir years of age, while one
hiiiidred others were between two hundred and fifty and three
hundred years old (Fox, III/). Furot Ciimm. N. K. ISW, la.!),
'^ As an oruaiiieiital tree Pirea ntUuH can be compared with
Pit'ni nrieutatii, wbii-h it resembles in its narrow pyramidal form
and dense huhit and in the ri<-li dark coloring of its foliage. The
White Spruce grows much more ntpidly and is of a more open
habit and livelier color than the Ued Spruce, but it shows its high-
est beauty and grows to a great ago only in regions of shorter
summers and colder winters than southern New Fngland, where
the Ucd Spruce, finding the climatie conditions which suit it, should
prove the most valuable of the American Spruces in ornamental
plantations.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
P1.ATE DXCVIL Pice A rudens.
1. A branch with staininate flowers, natural size.
2. A 8tuininute flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, front view, enlarged.
4. A brunch with pistillate flowers, natural size.
5. A pistillato flower, enlarged.
6. A scale of a pistillHte flower, lower side, with its bract, enlarged,
7. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its ovules, enlarged.
8. A fruiting branch, natural size.
9. A cone-scMe, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
10. ji coiie-seule, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
11. A seed, enlarged.
12. Cross section of u leaf, magniflcd fifteen diameters.
13. Winter-bud.s, natural size.
14. AVint4>r-budH, showing leaf-like scales at their base, natural size.
IC. A seedling plant, natural size.
i
CONIFEHif:.
u'wiy thau moHt
branches which
iisnchhaiiien'i varietal
varietal iiamo liiivinK
uco, 1 projmso lu call
1(1 |ir(ilial>ly attaiiia u
ill tlio funsta u( the
leaaunMiiriitii madt) in
[ Mr. William K. Koi,
Yurk, it ia aliuwD that
lied I'icfa nigra, may
J prodiK^u a trunk only
np. Of two hundred
ri'nco Cuunty, twenty-
icl'OB, were from threo
cara uf ago, wliilo one
I iind Hfty and throe
N. y. 18W, IM).
inn be compared with
inrrow pyramidal form
ig of its foliage. The
ind is of A more open
j, but it hIiows its liigli-
' ill regions of Hhorter
1 New Kiigland, where
MIS whieh suit it, should
Spruces in ornamental
%^
^fj^
.--*
f
■^^>
^
^
tall
(•OMW
It gyfrm* mom kluwly titui >
•iMMiwtly I'lutlii'il wtUi bruni'hiii »•
«iH>b Ik- 1
11m
»<in,«Bi I'lukftwt'*
fl.ii — ,- f.
' -ire, tnahtt* (bfl UM nf \f tivni ihliaintra'a v> •
' !•• Nu uthfr «|l#rih(- -fl tAFii-tikl IWIII4 tL.t
'l'«r niiMuini fur III* U«il H|tt«*«, I |ir<i|»M* i'
Itw Hnl Mfinn* ri»** *•'/ •la«l)r »nil |>riilwlily ntUi.
.■.I ... .S'^r <>,(« Uwn »njf ullMir trm in lliv fi>r«>U •••
I Alto. Kmni « Bumlxr ot niciuur*nii'nU niiwi
. k r«irni I uiulrr llii> ilirwulioii of Mr Williiiin I' i
' t \t ihf Suui Kunmli ul N'mir fnrk, it in uliuwu '
I • i»'irt i» (aJIviI /'nvii fix/rit,
<ui )fni9 til |iriHhii'« A trunk
i lUi* Ntmiiji Of twfi hiit«J
i Ul St. f iiwrvni'i^ ('rnnitVi twir
■ uiiivr III thirfj inchi'*, wrrr friiiti It
« . ' HflT-(iKir jMrii iif »([<i, wliila
♦'• himitnt\ AoU (Wt.v iknil t'
'■into .V }■. J8»l, i:'l).
^ *■* t'lUi be coinpitrcil »
■ ii.irr.m p^ramiitzil I.
, -f \U fi>tmi;o.
.* iif 4 tiiorii fti
'■lit It lihllWA it I I -
>'t Tfl|(MfU of I'll.'
^'-«« KfifiUiul, «:
I.- ' •Nutiliunii whii b iiuit it, ul..
*'iuvnrMi 8pru4-\-« >ti iiriiftni*
m
\ !>;
. vrr >i«J«, wiUi lU braft, enlitrgrd.
:. upjH-r niili' "iii'^ ii« iivtilon. (■nl<tr);o(J.
I iral »i%».
' ' ) *. ^itli itA *f»vl^, tmiiin\l Hi/A.
1" t», wilb ill bract, iialui»l iii/i>.
it. A tctiil. «*filiir);r4l,
12. CruM twlimi uf » Imf. mnKtilflixl tiftci'n i7iaiii<'ti rs.
in. ^Vintll^tluttll, luuunti «U«.
1-1. WintiT-liitilrt, h}koniii< li>.%(-Iiltt- M-iiloii lit tiii-ir )>iu>o, TiF«tiit;Li »i<to.
15. A au'iUiiig plant, natural tiiu'.
, •( . V 1
Fjilv* of tJorth Anenci
T»b DXCVIl
:i>»lv III II
vt I ii lir.iiii Ink
^l \f 'irni'UliatiHfn'ii w '
I tarii'Ul nttin<i tm
I l-f-
Ml till) lutwU M.
of iiivitntmntrnU nibl
Ml ft .Mr WilliAin ¥. i
Nuw Vork, it U «)iuw» ■
in < «iluil /'u-Mi fif^Mi,
rtin III |triHlur«) 14 trunk
• r'linji Of two hiii<«J
I ii*r«nt'r' Cnuiity, Iwtf
riy inchpf. were fnim t)
liafH iif iif(4*, wliilo
iJft-t ami tUty Hiiil f
.,.!.. V )'. IHUI. i:»»).
• rj i-)4U Um ciiinpnre^l .
A* iMrr>t« jiyntinidril t
.i..m i: 'f iu fi)ltAj|*0.
-' T fl •' > of 4 nion* ..
[.firf, l»iil it rihuwft its (
i<i:l^ in rn^iufu nf t^U-
MKiti N. M> KriffUitil, w :
lititjttA wliit b null it, «t'
ii«a Sprujvtf in uriiaov
o
i'EKi-ion M
1
■t
Q ^
PICEA RUBENS, S,
HtmsiAf j'C'.
A I^uwreu.v .Ufwv
fnift. J Ttuieur. J'aruf.
m
COmEERJL
8JLVA Ofi' fiUHW AMimiCA.
37
PIOBIA OANA^DNBIS.
Cones oblong-cylindrical, slender, i\w\v W<ttlp« rounded, entire. Branchlets glabrous.
Leaves blue-grccn, strong-smelling.
Pioea Canadensis, Britton, Sterns & Puggenlturg. Oat, PI,
N. Y. 71 (1888). — Sudworth, Hep. Sen. Aufio, U, fi,
1892, 329. — Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. 1. fi4, f. 191,
Abies Canadensis, Miller, Diet ed. 8, No. 4 (1708),
Pinus Abies laxa, Muenchhausen, Hmtaii. v, S25 (1770),
Finns Canadensis, Du Roi, Oba. Bot. 'M (not Ummm)
(1771); Uarbk. Baume. ii. 124. — Biirgsdoff, 4itMt,
pt. ii. 168. — Wangenheim, Nordam. Huh. 5, t. 1, i, 'i,
Pinus laza, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 24 (1788).
Piniis alba, Aiton, Hort. Keio. iii. 371 (1789). — WilWt"
now, Bert. Baumx. 221 j Spec. iv. pt, i. 507. — HoiMhW--
sen, Handb. For^tbot. i. 402. — Lambert, Pinna, \, ijt), ),,
26. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 579. — Stoltes, But. Afat, AM,
iv. 425. — Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 641. — Nqllall, thih
ii. 223. — Hayne, Beiulr. Fl. 177. — Gulmpul, OUo A
Hayne, Abbild. Hole. 156, t. 131 Sprengtl, St/nl. iii,
885. — Brotero, Hist. Nat. Pinheiroa, Liirinea u AMiiH,
34. — Meyer, PI. Labrador. 30. — Iloulcer, Fl. JIufrA lit,
ii. 163. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 231. — HigBlww, Pt,
Boston, ed. 3, 386. — Antoine, Conif. 80, t, 34, t^, \, -^
Endlicher, Sijn. Conif.\\2. — Laweon & Son, /^i«/ Nii. II),
Abietinea; 15. — Courtin, Fain. Conif. 60. — \.'n\i\nUnit,
De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 414.
Finns Americana, a alba, Caatiglioni, Viag. neyli fftittt
Uniti, ii. 314 (1790).
Finns tetragona, Moench, Meth. 364 (1794).
Abies Americana, Dn Mont de Coureet, Bot. Cult, iif,
115 (not Miller) (1802).
Abies alba, Miclmux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 207 (not MilJHP)
(1803). — Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 521 . — Oe)ifoiH»ill(i»,
Hist. Arb. ii. 580. — Micliaux, f. Hist. Arb. Am. \, );)iJ, U
12. — Nouveau Duhamel, v. 291, t. 81, f . 2. — ll«)lli«i>(|MB|
New Fl. i. 39. — Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 31, — J-'oiltoK,
Pinetum Woburn. 95, t. 33. — Nuttall, Sylua, iit. \W, —
Spach, Hist. Vig. xi. 412. — Emerson, 2'rees Afma, Hi j
ed. 2, i. 99. — Gilioul, Arb. Bis. 43. — Kniglit, Sgu. ('unif,
36. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort, Soa. Lnml. v. 2 1 1 1 — '
Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 292. — QordoHi PimflHIti
9, — Hcdkoi «e Hnchitetter, Syn. Nadelh. 188. — (Nel-
wm; Reiillld, PiniicM', 47. — Gray, Man. ed. 6, 471.—
Ai Mlll'fay, Jimr. Bot. v. t. 69, f. 2-7 Hoopes, Ever-
l/mim, 107, I. 20. — Nordlinger, Forstbot. 442, f . —
iMiiAw, DeuMie Dendr. ed. 2, 93. — SchUbeler, Virid.
Nnri'i-g. I. 427.
Alji«« Mlfirifolla, Salisbury, Trant. Linn. Sac. viii. 314
ami).
AlHtti fiibttl, Ji.umo St. Hilaire, TraitS des Arbrea For-
PKlii-H. 1. 7i), f. 7-10 (not Poiret) (1824).
Pi«eft ftlbft, Link, Handb. ii. 478 (1831) i Linncea, xv.
ftlf». — (JiirfU'fe, TraitA Conif. 238.— Van Houtte, Fl.
ihn fifrnn, xxi. 157, t. 2251. — Brunet, Hist. Picea, 4,
i, =i ^M\(e\mtc, Conif. 22. — Kegel, Buss. Dendr. pt. i.
Wi ■i^folKnliniinn, Oard. Chron. n. ser. xi. 334. — Ber-
Stmi\, Aim. Set. Nat. «(?r. 5, xx. 85. —Sargent, Forest
fmn TV. Am.mhCenauaU. S. ix. 204. — Wmitomm,
Piirnl. fl. (•(!. 2, 97 Watson & Coulter, Qray's Man.
m\i (I, 4t»2. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 219, f. 6. — Beiss-
\Wfi /III mill. NuiMh. 340, f. 96. — Masters, Jour. R.
finish Hill'. xl». 220. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
i'ii {/'I net inn Danicum). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr.
'M, fi fl, lit K. q. — Vox, Sep. Forest Comm. N. Y. 1894,
Pimn blsra, vnr. glauca, Cnrribre, Traitd Conif. 242
(l«nn;.
PIhUM Mtbfn, var. arotioa, Lawson & Son, List No. 10,
AlilittliiPif, 111 (1851).— Courtin, Fain. Conif. 64.
PiiUM ftlbrn, vnr. arotioa longifolia, Lawson & Son, List
Sii. UK AliMlimv. 19 (1851).
PiltlW J'Ubfft, viir, ccBrulea, Lawson & Son, List No. 10,
rilili'lhii'ii; lit (1851). -Courtin, Fam. Conif. 64.
A((i«« ltt«ft, K, K«(!li, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 243 (1873).
PJHWtt !«»«, RiiCKCMt, Garden and Forest, ii. 496 (1888). —
/), ti. .Inch, (Inrilp.n and Forest, x. 63.
PiOwA l^libfn pusllla, Peck, TIte Spruces of the Adiron-
llUfltH, JO (1897).
A tree, with strong-smelling foliage,' aometjinxii mf l(l((((llP(l (ititl fifty feet in height, with a trunk
three or four feet in diameter, but east of tltu itu*i|»y M)Mllllftilifl« mid eBpecially toward the southeastern
' The foliage and young branchlets of the Whit SpruoB eiiiit M (tKCNjldidl of t'Iml Kiiffrlmmini, Tlio foliage of this tree has also
powerful |K)lecat odor, which, although it varies ill dugriu ii) ililtiiF- III)' ^xlfiCNt odor, but Iras strongly developed than in the White
ent ind!- 'duals, offers a sure nietho<l of distiiigiiiiiiiiiig this Ifnn t^^ li^fHit¥.
all seasons of the year from the other Aiuerioau bprimes, with i\»>
! i !•
I i
-I
38
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERS.
limits of its range, reaching an average maximum height of sixty or seventy feet and an average
trunk diameter of two feet. The long comparatively thick limhs sweep out in graceful upward curves
and form a broad-based and rather open irregular pyramid which is often obtuse at the apex, and
are densely clothed with stout rigid pendent lateral branches, the laltimat.i branchlets frequently
incurving from near the middle. The bark of the trunk is from one quarter to one half of an inch
in tiiickness, and separates irregularly into thin plate-like scales which are light gray more or less
tinged with brown on the surface. The branchlets are stout, pale gray-green when they first appear,
and glabrous or slightly puberulous;' during their first autumn and winter they are orange-brown
and then gradually grow darker and grayish brown. The winter-buds, which are broadly ovate and
obtuse^ are covered by hght chestnut-brown scales rounded at the apex, with thin often reflexed ciliate
margins, and vary from an eighth to nearly a quarter of an inch in length according to the vigor and
stoutness of the branchlets. The leaves are crowded on the upjM>r side of the branches by the twisting
of those on the lower side, and point forward, especially those near the extremities of the branchlets ;
they are tetragonal, incurved, and acute or acuminate at the apex, which terminates in a rigid callous
tip, and are pale blue and hoary when they first appear, becoming dark blue-green or pale blue at
maturity, individual trees varying greatly in the depth and brightness of the shades of blue of their
foliage ; they are marked on each of the four sides with three or four rows of stomata, and are from
one third of an inch in length on fertile upper branches to three quarters of an inch in length on the
lower sterile branches of young and vigorous trees. The staminate flowers are oblong-cylindrical and
pale red when they first emerge from the buds, but soon appear yellow from their thick covering of
pollen ; they are from one half to three quarters of an inch in length at maturity, when they are
suspended on slender pedicels nearly half an inch long. The pistillate flowers are oblong-cylindrical,
with round nearly entire pale red or yellow-green scales broader than they are long, and nearly orbicular
denticulate bracts. The cones, which are nearly sessile or are borne on very short thin straight stems,
are oblong-cylindrical, slender, slightly narrowed to both ends and rather obtuse at the apex, and are
usually about two inches long and from one third to two thirds of an inch in diameter, but vary from
an inch to two inches and a half in length ; their scales are nearly orbicular or somewhat longer than
they are broad, rounded, truncate, slightly emarg^inate or rarely narrowed at the apex, and obscurely
striate, with thin usually entire margins ; when fully grown they are pale green, often somewhat
tinged with red,- and at maturity they become pale brown and lustrous, and are so thin and flexible
that the dry cone is easily compressed between the fingers without injuring the scales ; they generally
fall in the autumn or during the following winter, soon after the escape of the seeds. These are
about an eighth of an inch in length and pale brown, with narrow wings which gradually broaden
from the base to above the middle and are very oblique at the apex.
The White Spruce inhabits the banks of streams and lakes and the borders of swamps, in rich
moist alluvial soil, ocean cliffs, and less commonly at the north the rocky slopes of low hills; it
ranges from the shores of Ungava Bay in Labrador westward to those of Hudson Bay, and from the
iiiouti) of Seal River not far to the north of Cape Churchill it is scattered along the northern frontier
f)f the forest nearly to the shores of the Arctic Sea, and, crossing the continental divide, reaches
Belu-ing Strait in 06° 44' north latitude. Southward it extends down the Atlantic coast to southern
MaiiiL',' growing often close to the shore, where it is constantly bathed in the spray of the ocean,
and to northern New Hampshire, northeastern Vermont, northern New York, northern Michigan * and
Minnesota and the Black Hills of Dakota, and through the interior of Alaska and along the Rocky
Mountains to northern Montana.
' ill .le ^ *.crior nf Alaskii and in Ilritish Colnrobia tho branch- ^ On the coaat of Maine Picea CanaHemtix prows as far south as
lets uf the I) Mie Spnu-e are sonictinies slightly pultcruloun; in the the shores of Caseo Bay. (Sep Cnrden and Fort^H^ ix. 351, f. 47.)
cast the branch :ia appear to be always entirely ghibrons. * In the southern peninsula of Miehigiin, Pitea Canademu is
' In a swamp ear ItanfT, Allmrta, I have seen in August White common on the Au Sable Uivcr and northward {tfnte W. J. Ileal).
Spruce trees bean tg bright red cones and others pale grceu cones.
I
CONIFEB^.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
In Labrador the White Spruce is widely hut not generally distrihuted, growing in the south in
well-watered valleys and ascending rocky hills to elevations of two thousand feet above the sea-level,
but north of the southern watershed it is confined to river-valleys.' West of Hudson Bay it often
grows to a large size on river terraces to the vjry borders of the barren lands, following down the
Telzoa River nearly to the shores of Doobaunt Lake ; '^ it was found by Richardson on the Copper
Mine River, within twenty miles of the Arctic Sea, growing to a height of twenty feet,' and its stems
choke the mouths of every arctic American river, strewing the adjacent shores with heaps of driftwood
and testifying to its abundance on their shifting banks. In the basin of the Yukon the White
Spruce is the largest and most valuable tree, attaining a large size on alluvial bottom-lands, where it
is very abundant, while on adjacent hills it remains small and stunted.^ On the northwest coast the
White Spruce is able to exist farther north than other trees, and to form scattered groves near the
sea from the shore of Norton Sound to the Nootak River, where, with short stout trunks and crowded
branches densely clothed with thick leaves, it lives through the long arctic winter and sometimes
rises to the height of fifty feet." The White Spruce is common in Newfoundland and the Maritime
Provinces, and on the streams which flow from the north into the St. Lawrence, and westward it
ranges through Ontario to the borders of the treeless plains in Manitoba, where it occupies sand-hills
and the dry slopes of river banks." Less abundant and less generally distributed in the central region
of British America than the Black Spruce, it forms groves sometimes of large trees on the alluvial
bottoms of the Saskatchewan, Churchill, and Athabasca Rivers ; ^ in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains
of Alberta, British Columbia, and northern Montana, it lines the banks of streams and lakes up to
elevations of five thousand feet, and attaining its largest size and its greatest beauty, sends up tall
sf 're-Uke heads of dark foliage. It grows in small groves on the Cypress hills in Assiniboine ; ^ and
It
> "The White Spnice is widely distributed throaghout the
Labrador peninsula, but, unlilie the Black Spruce, it is nut met
with in all localities, and its distribution app?r..'8 to depend almost
wholly on the character of tht <<"'>, miA only to a limited extent
upon climate. It is found on both the eastern and western sides
of the peninsula, and its northern limit almost coincides with that
of the Blacif Spruce. Along the St. Lawrence, and inland to about
latitude 51°, large trees of this species are abundant in the valleys
and far np the sides of the rocky and drift-covered hills (1,000 to
2,000 feet), where they grow to commercial size along with White
Birch and the Aspen. Farther northward the Black Spruce grad-
ually replaces them on the rocky hillsides, and the White Spruce
appears to be confined to the modified drift of the river terraces,
where the trees are conspicuous for their size, being much larger
and longer than the Black Spruce. On the central table-land
(nearly 2,000 feet above sca-lcvel) to the northward of latitude 52",
White Spruce is rarely found on the great area of archtean crystal-
line rocks with its overlying soil of sandy glacial drift; and it is
found only in small patches on the sides of the hills with small
White Birches, and usually growing on the modified drift along
the borders of the smaller mountain streams.
" On the large areas of stratified Cambrian rocks, about the
upper waters of the Hamilton River, White Spruce grows freely
and to largo size (3 feet diameter) on the hillsides, with a heavy
rich soil formed by tlic disintegration of the ferruginous lime-
stones and shales beneath, and is here found as far north as
latitude 54^. On the archntan area, northward of latitude 53°,
Wliite Spruce is found only in tlio river-valleys of the eastern,
northern, and western watersheds, whore it grows on tho terraces
that flank the rocky walls of tho valleys, and is nearly always
associated with White Birch and sometimes with Aspen and Balsam
Poplar.
" White Spruce trees are the only conifers found growing on
the outer islands of James Bay; and this is probably due to the
soil being very similar to the modified drift of the river terraces
of the mainland, as the islands are formed from the drift of a ter-
minal moraine, rearranged by marine action during a post-glacial
subsidence. The islands along the east shore of Hudson Bay are
often rocky, and, where wooded, the trees are mostly Black
Spruces, with some White Spruce on the marine terraces." (Low
in lilt. See, also, Low, Rep, Geolog. Surv. Can. n. ser. viii. 34 L.)
' Tyrrell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can, n. ser. ix. 214 F. See, also,
Tyrrell, in The Canadian Magazine, vU. 524 (Through the Sub-
Arclics of Canada).
• Franklin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 752.
• Dall, Alaska and Us Resources, 439. — G. M. Dawson, Geolog,
Surv. Can, n. ser. iii. pt. i. 112 B, 110 B, 121 B.
' As Abies arctica A. Murray has described the White Spruce
of northwestern Alaska, which he distinguished by its broader
pulvini, thicker leaves, and smaller cones, with more concave scales
and bracts of a somewhat different shape (,f.iur, Bot. v. 253, t.
269 [1867]). These are slight differences, which may well have
been the result of the severe climate of the region where the offi-
cers of IL M. S. Herald discovered this tree^ which, judging from
the figure, I cannot distinguish from ordinary northern forms of
Picea Canadensis,
It is also the Pinus alba, $ arclica, Pavlatore, De Candolle Prodr.
xvi. pt. ii. 414 (1868), and the Picea Ma, var. prdica, F. Kurtz,
Bot. Jahrb. xix. 425 {Fl. Chilcatgebietes (1893).
• Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 469.
' Tyrrell, Rep. Geolog. Surv, Can. n. ser. viii. 12 D.
I Macoun, I, c, 470.
i!(
' I ;
V
40
SILVA OF NORTE AMERICA.
CONIFERJE.
among the Black Hills of Dakota it is the largest and one of the most abundant coniferous trees,
often reaching a height of more than one hundred feet in the neighborhood of stk'eams. It is common
iu the region north of Lake Superior, but east of the Mississippi it nowhere extends vtry far south
of the northern boundary of the United States, and is not a large or valuable tree.
The wood of Ficea Canadensis is light, soft, not strong, and straight-grained, with a satiny
surface ; it contains numerous prominent medullary rays, few resin passages, and thin inconspicuous
bunds of small summer cells, and is light yellow, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood. The
specific gravity ot the absolutely dry wood is 0.4051, a cubic foot weighing 25.25 pounds. In the
eastern provinces of Canada, where it is probably the only Spruce which is cut in large quantities for
lumber, it is used in construction and for the interior finish of buildings, and for paper pulp, and is
largely exported to Europe. White Spruce limber is also occasionally manufactured in Dakota and
Montana, and from this tree the miners of the Yukon obtain their lumber and the logs for their huts.
The Indians of the north used the long tough flexible roots of the White Spruce, and probably also
those of the Black Spruce, to fasten together the sheets of Birch bark from which they made their
canoes, and to weave water-tight b. -':>t8 and vessels,' and from the bark of young Spruce-trees they
made canoes when the Birch could not be found.^
The Spruce-trees which Jacques Oartier saw as he sailed up the Saguenay River in the autumn of
1535 were probably White Spruces,' and it was the White Spruce which John Mason, writing in 1620,
included among the valuable timber-trees of Newfoundland.'' First described by Miller in 1731," the
White Spruce is said to have been cultivated by Bishop Compton in England before the end of the
sixteenth century."
Picea Canadensis excels the other Spruces of eastern North America in massiveness of trunk and
in lichness and beauty of foliage ; and in regions suflieieutly cold to insure the full development of all
its charms, no other Spruce-ti'ee grows more vigorously or better adapts itself, with persistent lower
branches and shapely form, to decorate the parks and gardens of the north, although in the compara-
tively mild climate of southern New England and the middle states, and of western and central
Europe, it soon perishes or loses its value as an ornamental tree.
A number of forms of the White Spruce,' some with leaves of darker or lighter shades of blue
and others of dwarf habit or with erect er pendent branches, are occasionally propagated in nurseries.
' ** Watapc is the name given to the divided roots of the spnice-
fir, which the natives weave into a degree of compactness that
renders it capable -<( containing a fluid. The different parts of the
bark cam^a are u!30 sewed together with tiiis kind of tilament."
(Mackenzie, Voyages from Montreal on .he River St. Laurence and
through the Continent of North America to the Frozen ami Pacific
Oceana in the . .an 17S9 and 17IIS, 31. See, also, Richardson,
FranUin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 752.)
" Kichardson, Arctic Searching Kiped. ii. 310.
' " Depiiis le 10 jour junques au 28, dndict moys nous auoni
csti< nauigans a mont ledict fleuve sans perdre beure ny jour,
diiraiul lc(|uel temp auos vcu & trouvd d'aussi beau pays & tcrres
aussi vtiyes que I'on scauroit desirer, plainc comnie diet est des
beaulx arbres Uu monde, scauoir chesnes, bormes, noycrs, cedrcs,
pruches, fn^sncs, briez, fandres, oziers, & force vignes." (Bref
Recti ei Succincle Narration de la Naiigalion faile in MDXXXV.
AtOXXX VI. Par le Captain Jacques Carlier aux lies de Canada
24.)
* " The I.iand of the North parts moat mountanye & woodye very
thick ot Kirro trees, Spruce, I'ine, Lereckbout, Aspc, Ilasill, a kind
of stinking wood; the three furmest goodly Timber and most con-
venient for building." (John Mason, A Briefe Discourse of the
NeiB-found-land.)
^ Abies ; Picea: fotiis brevioribut, coiis parvii, biuucialibus laxis,
Diet. No. 0.
A bies Canadensis, picea foliis brevUmbus, conis parvLi, biuncialibus,
laxis, Charlevoix, Htstoire de la Nouaelie France, et i2"»"i iv. 309, f.
• Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2310, f. 2224.
^ The handsomest uf the numerous cultivated forms of the
White Spruce is the tree with light blue leaves rather cloS'ly
pressed against the branches, which has been known iu gardens
Quder one name or another for nore than a century. It is : —
Picea Canadensis glauca, Sudwortb, Bull. No. 14, Div. Forestry,
U. S. Dept. Agric. 37 (1897).
Pinus glabra, Moeuch, Bdume Weiss. 73 (1785).
Abies rulira nerulea, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2310 (1838).
Abies carulea, Forbes, Pinetiim Wobum. 99(1839).
Picea coTulea, Link, Linmea, xv. 522 (IS-ll).
Pinus rubra, B viotarea, Eudlicher, Syn. Conif, 114 (1847).
Abies albii carulea, Carrii!re, Traite Conif. ed. 2, 320 (1867).
Abies Americana coerulea, UoL'Suer, Uandb. Conif 509 (1887).
Picea alha carulea, Ileissncr, k!andb. Nadelh. 341 (18U1).
The other forms uf the White Spruce found in European gar-
dens, dwarf in habit or more or less abnormal in mode of growth
or in the color of their foliage, have little to recommend them as
ornamental plants. (For a description of these varieties, see Beiss-
ner, I. c. 342.)
I'
|5
CONIFEILS.
:erou8 trees,
t is common
ry far south
ith a satiny
(conspicuous
wood. The
ids. In the
[uantities for
pulp, and is
Dakota and
ir their huts,
irobably also
r made their
Be-trees they
e autumn of
ing in 1620,
n 1731,° the
I end of the
of trunk and
)pment of all
sistent lower
the compara-
and central
ades of blue
1 nurseries.
biuncialibus taxis,
\rvis, biuncialibus,
' 12"». iv. 369, f .
id forms of the
Gs rather clos-'ly
nown iu gardens
ry. It is : —
14, Div. Foretlry,
i)-
10 (1838).
839).
<: 114 (1847).
2, 320 (1807).
mif. am (1887).
341 (1891).
11 Kuropcan gar-
1 mode of growth
oniniend them as
irieties, see Beiss-
I
11
(|> <
f- ' '
''\
ti-i
EXPLANATION OF THK PLATE.
Plate DXCVIIL Picba CANADBmu.
1. A branch with staminate flowera, natural size.
2. A atamlnate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, front view, enlarged.
4. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size.
6. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract, enlarged.
7. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its ovules, enlarged.
8. A fruiting branch, natural size.
9. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
10. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
11. A seed, lower side, enlarged.
12. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
13. Winter-buds, natural size.
14. A seedling plant, natural size.
/Hi i
y
:anadensv
..'^'
■^■-
J 1
l\
>
m
n.
m
I
\nc.
1*^' i
front »>«w, enUrgftu.
4. A bruiicli willi [iUlill.it« HoweM, tifttnral ^■.f
6. A ^intilioM Howor. eciUrgcd.
a. A Wftla of » pintiiUte flowur, Uitro iildo. witb iU bra
7. A iM-nle '»f « f««til)«t« ft"w^i', upjwi ■ .
8. A fraifiiijr lir»n>'h, i>»kit*i '•>«.
9 A ri)in-»c.al«, u|i[»tr «i(le, witli iU «ee<i«, nmumi «itA.
TO. A con''-«cale, lower side, villi iu brrw^t, uiitural tvui.
11. A «e«<l, lower lide, cnlargeil.
12. Crona wi'iioti of a leaf nioKiiili'xl fiffwn diamelers.
13. W'iiiUm'-IiikIh. natural »ir,e.
14. A MtmUiiii; plant, natural sito.
tittt.
I i
nUva of North Ami-nca
T*D [lyrvii
i' F. Fii.rvn <i?/
'u'
PICEA CANADENSIS, F^ S P
Rapm^-
A AU,>irriui' Jiff.
Iffi/' . ^ T<ineuf' /'art.--
1^
! •
-I Jis
\\\V:
II 1
i
|,B
If
I!)'
■ i.
10. ij:
w|: i 1
1 :
CONirBKA.
SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
43
FIOEA ENGELMANNI.
White Spruce. Engelmann Spruce.
Cones oblong-cylindrical or oval, their scales narrowed to a truncate or acute
apex, or obovatc and rounded, crosc-dentuto or entire. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves
soft and flexible, bluc-grcen.
Pioea Eneelmanni, Kngelmann, Trans. Si. Louu Aead.
ii. 212 (1863)! Gard. Chron. 1863, 1035) n. «er. »ii.
790 ! xi. 334 ; xvii. 145 i Gart»r\flora, xiii. 244 ; Roth-
rock IV/ieeler't Hep. vi. 256. — Carri^re, TraM Conif.
ed. 2, 348. — Sdn&lauie, Con\f. 24. — O. M. Dawson, Can.
Nat. n. aer. ix. 325. — Regel, Rtiu. Dendr. ed. 2, pt. i.
33. — Sargent, Forett Treei N. A m. lOM Census U. S.
ix. 205. — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 431 Mayr,
Watd. Nordam. 352. — Lenimon, Hep. California State
Board Forestry, iii. 113, t 2 {Cone-Bearers of Califor-
nia); West-Amtrican Cone-Bearers, 51; Bull. Sierra
Club, ii. 159, t. 23 (Conifers of the Paciflo Slope), Beisa-
ner, Handb. Nadelh. 343, f. 97. — Maatora, Jour. R.
Ilort. Soc. xiT. 221. — Hansen, t/owr. B. Ifort. Soc. xiv.
422 {Pinetum Danioum). — Koebne, Deutsche Dendr.
24, f. 8, M.
Abies nigra, Engelmann, A7n, Jour. Soi. aer. 2, zxxit. 330
(not Du Roi) (1862).
Abies Bnselmannl, Parry, Trans. St. Louis Aead. U.
122 (186;t) i Am. Nat. viii. 179 i Proe. Davenport Acad,
i. 149. — Henkel & Ilochstetter, Sgn. Nadelh. 418.—
Hoopea, Eoergreens, 177, f. 22. — Wataon, King's Rep,
V. 332 ! PI. Wheeler, 17. — Porter Is Coulter, Fl. Colora-
do ; llayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. 130. — K. Koch, Dendr.
ii. pt. ii. 242. — Hall, Bot. Qatttte, ii. 95. — Veitch,
Man. Conif. 68. — Lauche, DeuUetie Dendr. ed. 2, 92.
Finns oommutata, Farlatore, D» CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt
ii. 417 (1868).
Abies oommutata, A. Murray, Qard. Chnm. n. ler. iiL
106 (1875). — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 5.
Pioea Engelmanni, var. Francisoana, Lammon, West-
American Cone-Bearers, 61 (1895).
Pioea Columbiana, Lenimon, Garden and Forest, z. 183
(1897) ; Bull. Sierra Club, a. 168 (Conifers of the Pa-
o\fio Slope).
A tree, often one hundred and fifty feet in height, with a trunk four or five feet in diameter, or
frequently, on high mountains at the extreme upper limits of its range, reduced to a shrub with
semiprostrate stems. During its early years the slender spreading branches, which are produced in
regular whorls one close above another, form a narrow compact symmetrical pyramid, and in old age
the trees, which generally grow only in dense forests, either gregariously or mixed with other alpine
conifers, produce long naked trunks surmounted by narrow pyramidal heads of short small branches
usually pendulous below, horizontal above, and nearly erect at the summit, and gracefully hanging short
lateral branchlets. The bark of the trunk is from one quarter to one half of an inch in thickness,
light cinnamon-red, and broken into large thin loose scales. The winter-buds are conical or often
slightly obtuse, with pale chestnut-brown scales which are scarious and often free or slightly reflexed
on the margins. The branchlets, which are comparatively slender, or on trees in high exposed
positions often much thickened, are pubescent for three or four years ; when they first appear they
are pule greenish yellow, turning light or dark orange-brown or gray tinged with brown during
their first winter, and then gradually become darker, the thin bark beginning to separate into small
flaky scales in their fourth or fifth years. The leaves are soft and flexible, with a strong unpleasant
polecat-like odor when bruised, and stand out from all sides of the branch, pointing forward ; they are
tetragonal, acute, with callous tips, slender, nearly straight, or slightly incurved on vigorous sterile
branches, and stouter, shorter, and more incurved on fertile branches, and from an inch to an inch
and an eighth in length. They are marked on each face with from three to five rows of small stomata,
which are more conspicuous on the upper than on the lower side ; when they first appear they are
covered with a pale glaucous bloom, which disappears during theii first summer, leaving them dark
A
1 1
44
SUVA OF NORTH AMEIUCA.
CntilVVMK.
|! r
bliio-griH'ti iir piilu Rteol-bliio. The Rtaminato (iowora are olilonpr^'ylindrionl, and about (Ivu oi^litliH uf
MX inch loM^ anil ik i|uurt(>r of an iiuh thick, with dark purph* aiithcrN, and aru raiHod on Hh'ndcr KtiuiiN
often nearly a c|iiiirtcr of an inch hniff whon fully jjniwn. Tho piHtillatu Howcru an^ oljlonK-cylindiicai,
liri^ht Hcaili't, and from ono tliird to tivu fi^hths of an inch in Icn^rth, with pointod or rounded and
tnont or Ivim divided or entire sealcH, their hractn iiein^ oldon^ aixl rounded, or lU'uto or acuniinuto
and denticulato at the apex, or obovate-oliiorifj; and abruptly acuininatu. Thu <'()no8 are oblonj^-
cyhndrical or oval, frraduaily narrowed to both cndH and usually about two inclieH lon^r, altbougli they
vary in length from onu inch to tlireo invliuH, with thin flexible ittriatu HcaleH which nro Nligbtly concave,
very thin, and jfeneraliy erose-dentato or rarely nImoHt entire on the marjfins, and are UHUally broadest
at the middle, wed^re-Hhaped below, and gradually contracted above to a truncate or rarely acute
npex, or occasionally they aru obovato and rounded above ; the conew, which are HCHsilo or very short-
Btalked, are borne in great nuniberg on the upper branclieH, even the prostrato HhruliH at the upper
limit)) of tree-growth being often covered with Hniall couch ; they are horizontal and ultimately pendulouH,
and when fully grown are light green somewhat tinged with Hcarlet, with HcalcH which are Hpreading or
apprcHHed, and light chestnut-brown and luntrous at maturity; they mostly fall in the autumn or
early in their first winter and soon after thu escape of the seeds.' These are rather obtuse at the
base, nearly black, and generally about half as long as their broad and very obliipio wings.
From the licH-ky Mountains of Alberta and Hritish Columbia P'ttru KiKjdmnnid is distributed
southward over the interior mounbiin systems of the continent to northern New Mexico and Arizona,
forming great forests at elevations of from five thousand feet at the north up to eleven thousand five
hundred feet at the south, and westward through Montttna, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon, where it
is usually scattered among other trees.' Attaining its greatest size and beauty north of the northern
boundary of the United States, the Engchnann Spruce forms the largest part of the great forests which
clotiie the high mountains of southern Alberti, those which overlook the valley of the Columbia in
British Columbia, and the Selkirk Mountains.'' The Spruce forests are less extensive in the region
■ In the aiie of iU cunoi and in the ihape of iti conenicalei and
their lirnctM. Pii-ra Emj^tmauni sIkiwh gn'iiter variiitiun than thu
othir Nurlli American Hpeiieii uf Piien. In Coldrudo, Utah, and
Arizona the cune-tu'ules are rhoniboidnl, more ur Iobh truncate at
the apex, entire ur crose-ilentieulHte tu a f^rcater or less degree on
the inar^iiiN, and appresaod or spreading;, their hracts heing UBually
obluiig and rounded or acute at the a|iei, or rarely acuminate,
while the cones vary from an inch to three inches in length on
adjacent trees. (See Drandegce, Hot. Gaulle, iii. 32.) Farther
northward, especially in northern Wyoming, northern Montana,
and in Alberta, some trees bear targe eones with truncate scales,
but othert- produce cones gcnemlly about an inch and a half long
with oblong-obovate scales rounded aliovo and fretjuently nearly
cutire on the margins, their bracts varying from oblong-rounded
to acuminate. These cones, seen by themselves, might well sng-
gpAt another species, but they are connected with those of the other
extreme form by a long series of intcrgrading forms ; and in habit,
bark, and foliage the trees which produce the different kinds arc
not distingui..ihablc.
' On the mountains of the upper Columbia Basin, in the United
States, Pirea Knijelinanni, although generally scattered, is less
common than i^ lA on the Hocky Mountains, and often of smaller
size, although on the northern slopes of Mount Hood in Oregon,
where it is abundant in the Hemlock and Fir forests between alti*
tude.H <if three thousand and six thousand feet, it frequently attains
a height of one hundred and twenty-Hvo feet and a trunk diameter
of three feet on the shores of lakes and streams, while on dry
hillsides it is much smaller and stunted in appearance. Farther
southward Picea Engetmanm grows near Upper Klamath Lake in
swampy ground down to elevations of about two thousand tive
huudreil feet above the sea. This is tho lowest station where I
have seen it, except near Priest Lake in the eslremo northern part
uf Idaho, where it descends to two thousand three huiulred feet.
On tho went side of the Cascade Mountains Pitrti /■.'»</« /munni,
although not common, grows along the whole length of the range,
and is usually found only in small groves in moist or swampy
situations. It is said by Mr. A. J. Johnson tu grow in the coast
range on Saddle MounUiin, a few mites south of Astoria, (Oregon,
between elevations of throo thousand and six thousand feet above
the sea-level.
This western form is the Pieen Columbiana of Lemmon (Clar-
ilm and PiirrtI, x. 18.1), who has tried tu distinguish it from the
tree of the Koeky Mountains by its smaller size, rather different
habit, scaly bark, and smaller eones with " thin ubovate obtuse
scales" with "scariuus wrinkled edges.'' The cones, however, of
the Spruce of tho Cascades and of the Kluo Mountains of Washing-
ton and Oregon which I have seen do not differ materially in size
and shape from those pro<luced in Colorado and Arizona, showing
less variation from them than from the cones on some trees in tho
northern Itm-ky Mountains. Mr. Lommon describes the bark of
Pieea Engtlvumni as *' thick, brown, and deeply furrowed," but
wherever I have seen this tree from Alberta and Hritish Columbia
to Arizona it has tho scaly einnainon-red bark which is character-
istic of the trees of the Columbian basin and the western slope of
the Cascade Mountains.
• The most northern stations where I have seen Picrn Engel-
manni are on tho mountains above I..aggan, on the line of the Cana-
dian Paciflo Kailruad in Alberta, and on the Selkirk Mountains in
>(' '
CONirEB*
rONIKGtlA
SILVA OF NO It Til AMKHK'A.
inimcdiiituly Month uf tli« bniintlnry of thu (Iiiitixl StiituH, iiltlioiifrli tint En)^(ilrniinn Hpriico in a common
tri-v ill tliu moiiiititiii forcHtH of iMontaiiii mid Idiilio,' and raii^uH wcHtward aloii)^ thu hi^h nioiiiitaiim of
iiortlimi WaHhiii^toii ami Hoiitliward aloiij; lioth hIo|u>h of thu tW'adti Moiiiitaiiix to Nuuthcrii Oie^oii,
and over tint I'owdur Itivur and Hluu MountaiiiH of I'aitturn WaMliin^ton and Oregon. It Ih ('(iinmon
on the YcllowHtonu |iiati'au of iiorthwuHtLTii Wyoinin^,^ and Honthward oocnrH on all tint monntuiii
ranjrcH whii'li riiui tun thoiiMand fiu't ahovo thu Hi'a-luvi'l. It ix thu principal and iiioNt valiialilu tiinlici'-
trcc <if ('oiorado and Utah, forming ^ruat furuHtH on all thu hi^rli ran^^cH, ^ciu'raily ^rowiii)^ to itM largest
iiize at ulevatioim of liutweun iiinu thontuiiid tivu hnndrcd and tun thouMind fuet, but oceaHionally
dcHccndiiifr to nine thoiiHand fuut and aNcundin^ to cloven thuimand feet aliovc the Hca, and with I'liiHi*
urinldld reaching; thu extrumu upper liniitH of thu tiuiher-line, where, although UHUally HcniiproNtratu, it
Homctiinc8 duvulopH a tall erect Htcm. It likuwiHo formH foreitta on thu hi^rh mountaiiiH of eastern
Nevada, and on thu San FranciHuo I'uaks in northorn Arizona, where it ran^rcH from niiiu thoiiHand two
hundred feet up to eleven thousand five hundred feet, reachinjr with I'iiiiis (irisldtii the hi^huHt limit
of treti-growth ;' it uIho ^rrows in Arizona on Mount Graham and thu Sierra Blauca, and near the
Hummit of thu Mo^ollon Mountains in New Mexico.*
The wood of I'iren h'nijclmriinti is very li^ht, Boft, not Htronp, and cloHe and Htraight-grained,
with a Hatiny Hurfacc ; it Ih pale yellow tingud with red, with thick hardly diHtiiigiiihhaltlu Hapwood,
numeroua coniipicuouii medullary rayM, few minute runin paHsages, and incoiiHpicuoug bands of Rinall
summer celU. The Hpecific gravity of the absolutely dry wood in O.'MV,), a cubic foot weighing 21. -19
poiindti. It is largely manufacturud into lumber for tiiu coimtructioii of buildingH, and i» al80 cxtun-
siveiy used for fuel and charcoal. The bark is employed locally in ttuining leather.
J'icm KiKjclmanni, which thu botanists who tirst visited the Rocky Mountains ° mistook for one of
the Spruces of the east, was first distinguished in IHG'i by Dr. C. C. Parry," who found it on Pike's
Peak in Colorado. The following year ho sent secdii to the Botanic Garden of Harvard University at
Cambridge, where this tree was probably first cultivated. It grows more slowly in New England,
where it is very hardy, I ban the other Spruces and Firs of the Rocky Mountains,' forming a narrow
symmetrical compact pyramid beautiful in shape and color; and in the Arnold Arboretum it has
already produced a few cones. Unfolding its buds very early in the spring, like other trees which
grow naturally only at high elevations, Pkea Knr/clmanni suffers in western Blurope from late spring
frosts, but in northern Russia it has proved one of the hardiest of exotic conifers."
In its specific name this tree, the fairest of its race, braving the fiercest mountain blasts, the
fiery rays of the southern sun and the arctic cold of the northern winter, with tall and massive shafts
British Columbia; but in Bouthurn Alberta and louthcrn Britiah
Culuiiibia it gruws to such a largu size up Ui hi{;h altitudes and is
so genurally distributed that no doubt it ranges much farther north-
ward along the Kocky Muuntuius, By Mueoun ( Cat, Can. I'l. 470)
it is stated that specimens collected on the l\mse Kiver plateau
(latitude Co" 40' 5^1 ", longitude VIQT, altitude '2,tiOO feet) are rcfer-
nlile to Picea Engelmanni, while trees on the Athabasca (latitude
7' 34 ", longitude tlS" 48 ) belong to I'icen Canadenaui, but I
1),. ' t' not been able to see any specimen of Pirea Engelmanni gath-
ered north of the lino of the Canadian PaciHc Uailroad.
' St.- I.eiberg, Contrih. U. S. Nat. Herb. v. 47.
' Tvi .(ly, /'/ora o/Ihe Vellomlone Natimal Pari; 12, 74.
* Merriam, North Amerkan Fauna, No. II, llil.
* Rushy, Bidl. Torrnj Hot. Club, ix. 80.
* On the 0th of September, 1805, I^wis and Clark, being then in
the second year of their transcontinental journey, were crossing the
Bitter Uoot Mountains by the Lolo Trail, and found that the timber
was " almost exclusively pine, chiefly of the lung-leaved kind, with
■ome spruce and a sprinkling o{ fir resembling the Sootoh Fir "
{Hutortf o/thii Ex^ifdition under the Command of Lewis and Clark, ei,
Coues, ii. 590). This Spruce of the Bitter Hoot Mountains must
have been Picea Entjetmnnni, which here first makes its appearance
in literature. (See Sargent, Garden and Forcat, x. 1!0.)
• See vii. 130.
' Picea Engetmanni grows slowly also in its native forests. A
tree near the mining town of Cripple Creek in Colorado, ex-
amined by General Ilcnry L. Abbot in 1890, had a trunk twelve
inches in diameter Ave feet from the surface of the ground and six
inches in diameter forty feet from the ground, and was two hundred
and fifty years old. The log specimen cut in Colorado for tho
Jesup Collection of North American Woods in tho American
Museum of Natural History, New York, is twenty-three inches in
diameter inside the bark and four hundred and ten years old, with
sixty-eight years of sapwood, which is three eighths uf an inch in
thickness. At tho end uf one hundred years tho trunk of this tree
was unly five and a quarter inches in diamel ■ and at the end of
its second century uiity eleven inches.
' Andrd, (lard. Chron. n. ser. vii. S62.
i'
Ftl
■!
1
If
<
1
'
:
46
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
brilliant in color, and graceful spire-like crowns of soft foliage of tenderest hue,
thousand mountain-tops the memory of a good and wise man.'
COMIFEBJB.
green on a
> gee vUi. 84.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pla. .■: DXCIX. PicEA Enqelhanni.
1. A branch with staininate flowers, natural size.
2. An anther, front view, enlarged.
3. A brancli with pistillate flowers, natural size.
4. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its ovules, enlarged.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with iti! bract, enlarged.
6. A fruiting branch, natural size.
7. A cone from Mount Hood, Oregon, natural size.
8. A cone from the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, natural size.
9. A cone.«cale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
10. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
11. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
12. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
13. A seed, enlarged.
14. An embryo, enlarged.
15. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
16. Winter branch-buds, natural size.
17. A seedling plant, natural size.
ir i:
\ii. l
1^1
H
i ;
CONIFERiB.
eeps green on a
i*i-r\.
j/'f
'"♦
,^;<»-n
M/xF
'^
Z^'^-
w
r
■ I
'«,ip*"
:r-f'
^
I
;i f
1
KOHTIl AM Eli JC A.
CONIFKIUE.
it ill iml' •
of soft foliage of teniUMm4 huo, keeps groen on a
: unil wise mun.|
' See viii H-1.
liXl't.AiNAiiaN <!.•
DXCIS
II.ATK.
.ftLUAHMI.
Moweiii, i-Auiral siie.
1 "'r, 'ij ■,(•' ■. '•■ »i'b iw cvales. nnlurpsd.
^ I, enlarged.
srr.fl.
■u».
.;mri;cil.
' rlu>a of a leaX mikgnifietl 6ftccQ (liuiuekr*.
i> iViHu'i hranch-biiiit, natural OIK!.
17. A Mwdliug jiUnt, DDtnral \n>f
'i
V
Ki
Silva oi' North America
Tab. DXCiX.
CONIFKIUE.
p» jfret'ii on a
\'¥
if,
I !
I
'I
:fi|^
V ;"
0^ ®
/*' A' /'f^rti'! fiW
PICEA ENGELMANNl, h'neelm
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CONIFEBJt.
SILVA OF NORTH AMTUtWA.
41
FIOEA PABBYANA,
Blue Spnioe. Colorado Spra«9,
Cones oblong-cylindrical, their scales rhomboidal, eU^ngfited, flexuose, rounded or
truncate at the erose apex. Branchlets glabrous. Letiv(^i Hgid, flpinescent, blue-green,
or silvery white.
Picea Parryana.
Abies Menzieeii, Engelmann, Ain. Jour. Sei. Mr. 2, zzxiv.
330 (not Lindley) (1862) ; Qard. Chron. n. »er. vii. 790. —
Watson, King'* Rep. v. 333 (in part). — Andrf, Gard.
Chron. n. ser. vii. 662. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado;
Hayden Sure. Misc. Fiib. No. 4, 131. — Brandegee, Bat.
Gazette, iii. 33.
Fioea Menziesii, Engelmann, Trans. St. LouU Acad. ii.
214 (not Carri^re) (1863).
Abies Menziesii Parryana, Andr^, HI. Hort. xziii. 198
(1876) ; xxiv. 63, 119.— Boezl, III. Hort. xxiv. 86.
Picea pungens, Engelmann, Gard. Chron, n. ser. xi. 334
(1879) i xvii. 145. — Masters, Gard. Chron, n. ser. xx.
728, f. 130 i m, 8, «, 64?, t 19, 74; Joitr. R. Hort.
8oa. %n, 223/ = tt*g«J, Hint, Dendr. ed. 2, pt i. 37
Bargent, furut 'J'fmit it. Am, \Oth Census U. S. ix.
205. -=- Co«lt#r, Man, ttoehy Mt, Sot. 431. — Mayr,
Wald, Nordmit, 'M. = Welssner, Handb, Nadelh. 346. —
Hansen, Jouf, Ji, llitft, Soo. xW. 437 {Pinetum Dani-
eu„i).^%mS»W, iklltmhe Pendr, 24.
Abies EineelfflASBi g1«t«Jft, Veilcli, Man. Conif. 69 (1881).
Pioaa 9\mgm^, u Vifi4i«, tkgel, Jlusi. Dendr. ed. 2, pt. i.
37 (1883),
Picea pung9B#, fi gl^mtt, tUgel, Suss, Dendr, ed. 2, pt i.
37 (WSa),
A tree, usually from eighty to one hundred but oeeasiopally ofl§ Ihiftdred and fifty feet in height,
with <i trunk which is rarely three feet in diameter, and is occasioHftUy divided into three or four stout
erect secondary stems. Until the age of thirty or forty years tlie bfrtHches of Picea Parrya: n, the
most variable of all the American Spruces in habit, are horiswnltal, nUmti ngii, and disposed in remote
whorls, and, decreasing regularly in length from below upwftr4, tottn A !)■ :.t 'nscd symm orical
pyramid, their short stout stiff branchlets pointing forward and tmkiujj^ Httfc-ioppe'' rr'-sos of roliago;
later some of the branches near the middle of the tree often grow mm rapidly 'Jtu*) *' jso be^ jw them,
and, spreading widely, turn upward toward the ends in graceful CHrvcH, feliadihg . eventually killing
those below them. On old trees, which are generally destitute of UiW^f bfttHclies, iii.i crown is thin, rag-
ged, and pyramidal, with short remote branches and stout pendeot t*KtM«hlet9) sorr.t, nes it is rounded
by the lengthening and spreading of the upper branches, and of tan tl»« lowest branches n • pc > dent and
the upper branches erect. The bark of young trees is y^ ly or gray tinged with innauion-red and
broken into small oblong plate-like scales, and on the lower part qI tM ittmUs it is from three quarters
of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness and deeply divided mU) Urtml founded ridges covered with
small closely appressed pale gray or occasionally bright ciunaH)0|)--r*id «*;;*les. The winter-buds are stout,
obtuse, or rarely acute, and from one quarter to nearly one half of m Uieh in length, with thin pale
chestnut-brown scales rounded, scarious, and often more or less f^(t^)M»♦^ at tllfe int"'^ic s. The branchlets
are stout, rigid, and glabrous, and when they first uppear ar** psk ghiimus gcesn ; becoming bright
orange-brown during the first winter, they gradually grow dirk«F ill tliei* set'ond season and ultimately
become light grayish brown. The leaves, which stand out from ftll sides ot the branchlets and point
forward, are strongly incurved near the middle, especially those on tlw U\tpt^t side of the branch which
form a flatter and more compact mass of foliage than tl'oso om (Im* l«*ef side } they are stout, rigid,
tetragonal, acuminate at the apex, which terminates in a long call«l4« sliatp tip, from an inch to an inch
and an eighth long on the sterile branches of young vi^; irous t.rm«i, aitd (»ft«n not more than half an
inch long on tho fertile branches of old trees ; they are u..4rke4 UH n^U (it their four sides with from
1l .
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48
<S/Lr4 OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERS.
four to seven rows of stomata, moie conspicuous on the upper than on the lower surface, and when
they first appear are dull bluish green on some individuals and light or dark steel-blue or silvery white
on others, the blue colors gradually changing to a dull blue-green at the end of three or four years.
The stjiminate flowers are oblong-ovate, from one half to five eighths of an inch long and about one
third of an inch thick, with yellow anthers tinged with red. The pistillate flowers are oblong-cylindrical
and an inch in length, with broad oblong or slightly obovate scales which are pale green, truncate or
slightly emargiuate at the denticulate apex, and acute bracts. The cones are produced on the upper
third of the tree and are sessile or short-stalked, oblong-cylindrical, slightly narrowed at the ends, and
usually about three inches long, varying, however, from two to four inches in length and from an inch
to an inch and a half in thickness, with flat tough rhomboidal scales which are flexuose on the margins,
and acute, rounded, or truncate at the elongated erose apex, green more or less tinged with red when
fully grown at midsummer, and slightly spreading after they open early in the autumn, when they are
pale chestnut-brown and lustrous ; they mostly do not fall from the branches until their second winter.
The seeds are an eighth of an inch long and about half the length of their wings, which gradually
widen to above the middle and are full and rounded at the apex.
Picea Parri/ana grows along the banks of streams and on the first benches above them singly
or in small groves at elevations of between six thousand five hundred and nine thousand or occa-
sionally ten thousand feet above the sea-level. Nowhere very abundant, it is generally scattered
along the mountain streams of Colorado and eastern Utah, and northward t<> those of the Wind River
Mountains of Wyoming.
The wood of Picea Parnjana is very light, soft, weak, and close-grained, with a satiny surface ;
it is very light brown or often nearly white, with hardly distinguishable sapwood, and contains numerous
prominent medullary rays, few small resin passages, and inconspicuous bands of small summer cells.
The 8j)eci}ie gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3740, a cubic foot weighing 23.31 pounds.
Pirea Parri/mia was discovered on i'lko's Peak, Colorado, in 18G2, by Dr. C. C. Parry, whose
name it bears, and by whom seeds were sent the following year to the Botanic Garden of Harvard
University at Cambridge. In the garde is of the eastern and northern United States and in those of
the central prairie region of the continent, and of western and northern Europe, Picea Parryana has
proved very hardy and has grown rapidly ; its handsome pyramidal habit, with regularly whorled
branches and broad frond-like masses of crowded leaves, and the blue color of the foliage ow the young
branches of s )nie individuals, have commended it to the lovers of ornamental trees, and no conifer of
recent introduction has been so generally planted in the United States during the last twenty years.'
The bluest individuals lose, however, at the end of a few years much of their peculiar color; and the
feeble growth of the lower branches on the oldest trees in cultivation, now thirty or forty feet in height,
show that those branches will soon perish, and that Picea Parryana, although charming in its early
years, is less well suited to become a permanent ornament of parks and gardens than trees which,
producing more vigorous lower branches, maintain to old age the conical form, perfect from the ground
u;>, which ik pasential to the greatest beauty of conifers of pyramidal habit.'
' In Eurupn*)!) f^^ni'ons varietftl namefl have been attached to
icedling p! iuu of / i' n Parryana riifTering slightly in color from
what is iniiKiJcTi-J ti '.» till' tyjiicttl form, but nono of them have
mud) v'.jIiio or signiflcaniM-, as seedlings of this tree aro always
very variable and display innumerable tints in their foliage.
Saveral of t!.r' varieties are desoribud by Bcissner (Handb. Nadelh.
345), who also describes a plant with pendulous branches as Picea
punyens glauca penilula.
A long-lcAvcd vigorous seedling plant raised in Germany is
described by I^dien as I'icfa pungem, var. KUnig Albert von
Sachtm {Garttmflora, xl. 09, f. '£i [18U1]).
' Garden and Foreu, iv. 190.
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CONIFERiV,.
), and when
Ivery white
four years.
about one
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Platb DC. PiCBA Pabrvana.
1. A branch with staminate Howers, natural aize.
2. An anther, front view, enlarged.
3. An anther, side view, enlarged.
4. A branch with pixtillate flowers, natural alze.
G. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract, enlarged.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, witli its ovules, enlarged.
7. A fruiting branch, natural size.
8. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
9. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
10. Vertical section of a seed, cidarged.
11. An embryo, enlarged.
i'i. A leaf divided transversely, enlarged.
13. Cross section of a leaf magnified lifteeii diameters.
14. Winter-buds, natural size.
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« '.tucu with (lutiUtte floweni, nRtiii'.Hl airu
ft. A ie«le ui a )>ihtitUti) tiowot. low«r niile, with it* fcrMi. MiUf,*
6. A «p«le of a jiwiilkte tii.wiT. up(«r aula, witik Ita orule*, Diiljugt j
7. A f railing liraix li, iiAturkl «<i«.
H. A roiii!-ic»le, l<>v»er »i(U. with iln br»f4. n*>.i:Tiil «i»e.
9 A p«n«-«<alM, u(i(v»r side, wiUi iu :<'■■■•'• 'm> i l -i'-
1(>, Vortical wjction of « nvoili enlarge I
11. An eniliiyo. eiilarg?J.
12. A leaf (li»i(U'<l timwveniely, «nlarEe(l.
13. Crow iection of a leaf m»giii!ied fifteen Ji*in«ters.
14. Wiuter-buda, natmiU the.
liilvH of North Ami-nc*
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BILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
61
PICEA BREWERIANA.
Weepiog Spruce.
Cones oblong, acute, their scales rounded, entire. Branchlets slender, elongated,
pendent, pubescent. Leaves flattened, stomatiferous only on the upper surface.
Fioea Breweriana, Wktson, Proo. Am. Aead. zx. 378
(1886). —Sargent, Oard. Chron. n. aer. zzt. 498, f. 93;
Qardm and Foreit, ii. 496; iii. 63, f. 16, 16. — Hsyr,
Wald. Nordam. 366. — Lenunon, Rtp. California State
Board Fortitry, uL 116, k 4-6 (Con»-Btaren of Califor-
nia); Weit-Ameriean Con»-Bearen, 62; Bull. Sierra
Clvh, U. 168 (Conifert of the Paeyfie Slope). — Beiwner,
Hanib. NaddK 360. — Ilaaton, Jour. R. Sort. Soe. idr,
221 — St PmI, MiU. BeuUeh. Dendr. GetdL 1896, 42, t
A tree, nsually from eighty to one hundred and occasionally one hundred and twenty feet in
height, with a trunk trom two to three feet in diameter above the swelling of its enlarged and gradually
tapering base, and furnished to the ground with crowded branches ; at the top of the tree these are
short and slightly ascending, with comparatively short pendulous lateral branchlete, and form a thin
spire-like head, and below they are horizontal or pendulous, and are clothed with slender flexible whip-
like branchlets which are often seven or eight feet in length and not more than a quarter of an inch
in thickness, and are furnished with numerous laterals of the same character and habit. The bark of the
trunk is from one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness and is broken into long thin closely
appressed scales which are dull red-brown on the surface. The winter-buds are c -n!cal, often a quarter
of an inch long and an eighth of an inch thick, with thin light chestnut-brown scales. When they first
appaar the branchlete are coated with fine pubescence, which generally does not disappear until their
third season, and during their first autumn and winter they are rather bright red-brown, and then
gradually g^w dark gray-brown. The leaves are abruptly narrowed and obtuse at the apex, straight
or slightly incurved, rounded or obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on the lower surface,
flattened and conspicuously marked on the upper surface with four or five rows of small stomata on each
side of the prominent midrib, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and one eighth in length and
from one sixteenth to one tenth of an inch in width. The staminate flowers are oblong, about five
eighths of an inch long and a quarter of an inch thick, and dark reddish purple, with conspicuously
toothed anther crests. The pistillate flowers are oblong-cylindrical, obtuse, and an inch in length, with
obovate scales rounded above and reflexed on the entire margins, and oblong bracts laciniately divided
at theb rounded or acute apex. The cones are oblong, gradually narrowed from the middle to both
ends, acute at the apex, rather oblique at the base, from two and a half to five inches in length and
from three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, with thin broadly obovate flat scales longer
than they are broad and slightly thickened on the entire mar^ns ; suspended on straight slender stalks
about a quarter of dn inch long, when fully grown the cones are deep rich purple or green more or
less tinged with purple, and at maturity they are light orange-brown without lustre, and, opening late
in the autumn, usually remain on the branches until the second winter, the scales becoming often
strongly reflexed and so flexible that they can be easily compressed between the fingers. The seeds are
acute at the base, full and rounded on the sides, about an eighth of an inch long, very dark brown and
about one quarter the length of their wings, which are broadest toward the full and rounded apex.
Picea Breweriana is scattered in small groves through an area of a few hundred acres of dry
mountoin ridges and peaks near the timber-line on the northern slope of the Siskiyou Mountains, at an
elevation of about seven thousand feet above the sea, at the head of one of the small south forks of the
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,8IL7A OF liORTH AMERICA.
CONIFEIL&
niinois River and just south of the northern boundary of California, where it vas discovered * in June,
1884, by Mr. Thomas Howell." There is a grove also a few miles farther south on the head-waters of
a small northern tributary of the Klamath River and on the southern slope of the Siskiyou Mountains
at an elevation of seven thousand five hundred feet.' This tree covers a mile square of mountain side
at the head of Elk Greek, a tributary of the Klamath, on a high peak just west of Marble Mountain,
in Siskiyou County, California, where it was discovered in 1897.* It grows on the Oregon coast
ranges on the divide between Caiion Creek and Fiddlers' Gulch at the head of one of the western forks
of the Illinois River,* and on the eastern end of the Ghetco Range at elevations of between four
and five thousand feet above the sea.* In Oregon it grows also on the north slopes of the Siskiyou
Mountains on Sucker Creek, and on high mountain-tops south of Rogue River.'
The wood of Picea Breweriana, which is considerably heavier than that of the other North
American species of Picea, is soft, close-grained, and compact, with a satiny surface ; it is light brown
or nearly white, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood, and contains numerous thin medullary rays,
broad widely scattered conspicuous resin passages, and broad and conspicuous bands of small summer
cells.* The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5141, a cubic foot weighing 32.04 pounds.*
Picea Breweriana most resembles in leaf structure and in the form of its cone-scales the flat-
leaved Picea Omorika of the Balkan peninsula, the least known of European conifers, as this Weeping
Spruce is the most imperfectly known conifer of North America. Already less widely scatttjred and
less multiplied than any other Spruce-tree, it seems destined soon to perish by fire, which has no doubt
confined it to the few isolated and inaccessible mountain peaks where it has found its last resting-
place.'* In its specific name this beautiful tree, which differs from all other Spruces in its long pendent
> The raal diioorenr of Piaa Brttoerima wu probably Fiofe*.
■or WillUm H. Brewer, who, in 1863, found a Spruoe-tree with
long pendulous branchlets on BlKok Butte to the north of Straw-
berry Valley, and at the western baM of Ht Shasta, California.
(See Engelmaun, Brewer (r WaUoa Bot. Col. ii. 122.) EfforU to
redifloover this tree have failed, and it is only known from the
leaves and branohlets collected by Professor Brewer, who did not
find cones. The branchlets resemble those of Picea Breweriana in
their pubescent covering, and the leaves are andistinguishable
from those of this species. If the surmise that the tree discov-
ered by Brewer in 1863 is Picea Breweriana a correct. Black
Butte would be the most southern station known for this species,
which would have a range north and south of nearly one hundred
miles.
> Thomas Howell (October 9, 1842) was bom in Cooper County,
Miasouri, and was the youngest of the five children of Dr. Benja-
min Howell, the descendant of a Welsh family which had early
settled in Now Jersey, and a mineralogist of some reputation.
Dr. Howell, with his family, left Missouri in 1860, crossed the
plains with an ox-team to Oregon, and settled on Sauvie's Island
iu the Columbia River on one of the donation land-claims which
then were given by the government to citizens of the United
States in order to encourage American emigrution to Oregon.
A self-educated man, as schools were few and far between in
the Oregon of fifty years ago, Mr. Howell manifested a strong
love for plants from his early boyhood, although he did not
begin the study of botany until 1877. In 1881 ha published
a list of all the flowering plants of Oregon, Washington, and
Idaho. This was followed in 1887 by a catalogue and check-
list of all the plants then known to occur in Oregon, Washington,
and Idaho, and embracing 2,1S2 species and 227 varieties. In
18U7 he began the publication of a Flora of Norlhweil America,
covering the same territory, and not yet completed. Fifty plants
new to science discovered by Mr. Hovrell testify to his aotivity
and snooesf as a field botanist. His name is commemorated in
twenty-eight species and one genus of his discovery. \
' This small grove of scattered trees was found on the watershed
of the KUmatb in September, 188S, by Mr. T. S. Brandegee.
This is probably the most accessible station of this tree. It can
be reached in a day from Waldo, in Josephine County, Oregon, by
following the Happy Camp Trail, which crosse* the Siskiyou Moun-
tains from the waters of the Illinois River to those of the Klamath,
and then taking one which near the summit leaves it for Big
Meadows ; this place is about four miles to the westward of the
point where the summit of the Siskiyou is crossed, and beyond it
the trail passes close to the trees.
* Jepson, Erythea, vi. 12.
' T. H. Douglas, Garden and Foreit, y. 691, f. 102. See, also.
Garden and Foretl, v. 606.
* Teite A. J. Johnson.
' Teste A. J. Johnson. The station above Rogne River valley,
which was discovered by Mr. Johnson in 1896, is about fifty miles
north of the Siskiyou Mountains.
' Probably Picea Breweriana is a slow-growing tree, the log
specimen cut by Mr. Brandegee in 1886, near B\^ Meadows, for
the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York, is thirteen and a quarter
inches in diameter inside the bark and one hundred and sixty-six
years old. The sapwood, which is hardly distinguishable from the
heartwood, is three inches and seven sixteenths in diameter, with
sixty-one layers of annual growth.
* Sargent, Garden and Forest, iii. 366.
'° Fires are prevalent and very destructive in all the dry moun-
tain region which forms the natural boundary between northwest-
ern California and sou' , aastorn Oregon, and which is now probably
the only home of Picea Breweriana. They have already done in-
calculable damage to the forests of this region and are increas-
ing every year in frequency and destructiveness as the number of
! f
COmFERA.
red ' in June,
»d-water8 of
m Mountains
aountain side
e Mountain,
)regon coast
western forks
)etween four
te Siskiyou
other North
ight brown
idullary rays,
imall summer
!.(M pounds."
cales the flair
this Weeping
icatt<)red and
has no doubt
last resting
ong pendent
lommemontc^i in
7-
on the watershed
r. S. Brandegee.
thia tree. It can
>UDty, Oregon, by
le Siakiyou Moun-
le of the Klamath,
leavea it for Big
' westward of the
id, and beyond it
(. loa. See, alio,
gne Rircr valley,
9 about fifty miles
ing tree, the loj;
Bi^ ^leadows, fur
I in the American
een and a quarter
Ired and aixty-nix
^uishable from the
in diameter, with
all the dry moun-
itween northweat-
ib is now probably
already done in-
and are increas-
■a the number of
CONTFBRA.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
S8
flexible branches, oommemorates the services rendered by Professor William H. Brewer ' to American
dendrology.
■ettlers and of miners and mine prospectors increases. It seems
hopeless, therefore, to expect that the few iaoUted tiees of this
species can long escape their ravages.
The danger of the extermination of Pieta Breaeriana is height-
ened by the fact that it haa proved ditBcult to raise artificially.
Several hundred thousand seedlings were grown by Hr. Robert
Douglas of Waukegan in tSOl, but they all gradually perished
during their first and seoood yean. An attempt to raise this tree
on a large scale in the Arnold Arboretum from seeds has been
equally unsnccesaful, and all efforts to carry the seedlings through
their early stages have failed in England. Hr. A. J. Johnson has
transferred a few small trees from the Siskiyou Mountains to his
nursery at Astoria, Oregon, where they are now growing thriftily ;
and some of these plants are also flourishing in gardens near Port-
land, Oregon.
> See viii. 28.
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EXPLANATION OP THE PLATE.
Plate DCI. Picba Brbwkbiana.
1. A branch with ataminate flowen, natural size.
2. An anther, front view, enlarged.
3. An anther, side view, enlarged.
4. A branch with pistillate flowen, natural aize.
6. A scale o{ a pistillate flower, upper side, with its ovules, enlarged.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract, enlarged.
7. A fruiting branch, natural size.
8. A eon»«!ale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
9. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
If
31lV«. 0! :i->cU' fltl r.: , n
PICEA BKEWERIANA
r 1
) I
EXPLA.NAnoH OF THF PTATT.
I'lATIt DCr. J*ICKA RkKWKIIIAIIA.
1. A bnnrh with aUminikls Hiiwurii, natural site.
2. An unthor, front vitw, enlargBd.
S, An anlhi'V, siile view, enliri^uil.
•1, A lirar.cli itili-. iiirtilluti" fl »ir». nrDrnl »i«e.
5. A Male of a piatiiUte rlowft ii|>iH.» 'xi" with il* ovnltM, AoUrgMt.
f>. A laalt! of a piatiliata Aownr. lowitr tide, with it* bntct, «ulaii^.
7. A fruiting h'aiipli, naturitl t'lie.
0. A ivine-ai-itle, upper Hide, with it* aeeila, natural sizii,
9, CtoH sectiun of a leaf magnilied fifteen diaiuetem.
Silv*. of North America.
Ub.DCI.
C f: Fiuvi ilel
Ruffifm .re.
PICEA BREWERIANA ,Wats.
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OOMIfllLS
BILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
m
PIOEA BZTOHENSIB.
TIdeluid Bprno*. Bltka Sprao*.
Cones oylindrioal-OTal, their scales oblong-oval, rounded and denticulate above the
middle. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves flattened, acute or acuminate, silvery white and
stomatiferous on the upper surface, often slightly stomatiferous below.
FloM BitohHwis, ChnikN, TraUi C(m\f. 260 (185S)
Bartnud, Ann. 8ei. Nat. ttt. S, n. 85. — Engdmuin,
Qard. Chron. n. tar. si. 344 1 Brewtr Ji Wattm Bot. Cat.
U. 122. — Sargent, Forttt Trtt* N. Am. lOtA Ceruu$
U. 8. iz. 206. — M»yr, Wold. Nordam. 338. — LarnnoD,
Rep. California SlaU Board FortHry, iii. 116, 1 3 (Con».
BearerM of Cal\fomia) \ Wut-Amtriean Con^-Btnmt,
62 i IS\M. Sierra Club, il. 167 {Conyfen of the Paeiflo
Slope). — Buinner, Ifardb. Nadtlh. 390. f. 106. — Mu-
ten, Jour, B. Hort. Soe. xir. 224. — Harder, Aet. Hort.
Petrop. sii. 113 (PI. Radd.). — Koehne, DeutMcke Dendr.
24. — Hempal & Wilhalm, Bdume und Strdueher, i. 86,
f. 43.
Finua SitohenaiB, Bongard, Vig. Siteha, 46 (Angnat, 1832) ;
Uim. Phyi. Math. Nat. pt. ii. Aead. Sci. St. Pitere-
hourg, U. 164. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 164. — An-
toine, Contf. 08. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 123. — Lede-
bour, Fl. Bolt. iii. 672 — Dietrich, Syn. t. 396.
Abiea trigona, Raflnesque, Allant. Jour. 119 (Antamn,
1832) i ^eio Fl. I 37. — Endlieiier, Syn. Conif. 124.
Abies (aloata, Raflnexque, Atlant. Jour. 120 (Autamn,
1832); New Fl. i. 38. — Endlicher, Syn. Con\f. 127
Carriire, Traiti Conif. 268.
Abies MenaiesU, Lindley, Penny Cyel. 1, 32 (1833). —
Lawson & Son, Agrie. Man. 378. — Forbei, Pirtetum
Wobum. 93, t 32. — Nuttall, Gylaa, m. 131, t 116.—
Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindlejr A Gordon, Jour.
Hort. Soe. Lend. v. 211. — Newberry, Pae\fle R. R.
Rep, vi. pt iii. 66, 90, {. 21, t 9. — Gordon, Pinetum,
6. — Cooper, Pae\fle R. R. Rep. sii. pt ii. 26,69 (in
part). — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 131, 133, 143.—
Henliel A HoehaMttor, Syn. Nadelh. 187. — (Nelaon)
Senllia, Pinaeete, 48. — Hoopea, Rvergreent, 166 (in
part). — Wataon, King'i Rep. ▼. 333 (in part). — Velteh,
Man. Conif. 73. — Sohubelar, Virid. Norveg. i. 431.
Plnus Mensiesll, D. Don, Lambert Pinue, iiL t (1837). —
Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162. — Antoine, Con\f. 86, 1 33,
f. 1. — Hnol(«r A> Amott, Bot. Voy. Beeehey, 394.-
Endiicher, Syn. Con\f. 112. — Lawaon A Son, Litt No.
10, AbietinecB, 16. — Dietrich, Syn. y. 394. — Courtin,
Fam. Conif. 61. — Parlatore, Z)e CandoUe Prodr. xri. pt
ii. 418.
FlauB Mensieal^, Tar. oriapa, Antoine, Conyf. 86, t 36, f.
2 (1840-47).
Abies Bitohensis, Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soe.
Land. v. 212 (1860). — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt iL 247
(ezd. ayn.). — Laache, Deuttehe Dendr. ed. 2, 93.
Ploea MetuiiesU, Carriire, Traitt Conif. 237 (1866).—
Maatera, Gard. Chron. n. aer. zzt. 728, f. 161, 162.—
WUUconini, Font. Fl. ed. 2, 98.
Fioea Mensiesii, var. orispa, Carri^re, Traiti Conif. 237
(1866). — Hoopea, Evergreen*, 168.
Fioea AJanenais, Bertrand, Ann, Soi. Nat. ait. 6, zz. 86
(not Trantretter & Meyer) (1874).
Tsuga Bitohensis, Regel, Riui. Dendr. ed. 2, pt L 40
(1883).
Pioea Sitkaensis, WitUtoin, Sitt. Math.-nat. Akad. Wiu.
Wien, zeiz. pt i. 628 (1891).
A tree, usually about a hundred feet in height, with a conspicuously tapering trunk which is
often three or four feet in diameter above its strongly buttressed and much enlarged base, the Tideland
Spruce is occasionally two hundred feet or more tall, with a trunk fifteen or sixteen feet in diameter,
and at the extreme northwestern limits of its range it is sometimes reduced to a low shrub.* The
branches of young trees are slender and horizontal, with rigid leading shoots, and are set close together
on the stem, forming a rather loose open pyramid ; on older trees the lower branches, which are
thickly clothed with pendent slender lateral branchlets frequently two or three feet long, sweep out in
long graceful curves; the upper branches are short, and, ascending, form an open spire-like head
which surmounts a stem often naked for half its length or is frequently covered to the ground with
branches which are occasionally thirty or forty feet long on trees which have grown in open situations.
> A good idea of the enlarged and buttreaaed baae of a large wrongly called the Dougloa Fir, ia published on page 211 of the
tmnk of Picea SUchenii; and of the bark of this speciea, here fourth Tolume of Garden and Forat.
i 1 ,■
56
HILVA or NOHTII AMERICA.
CONiriR.*.
The bark of the trunk ii from one i|unrtiir to one half of an inch in thickneu, and ii broken on the
mirface into large thin h>oMily attaohuil dark red-brown or, on young trees, nometimei bright cinnamon-
red Rcalei. Tlie wintt<rlMid« am ovatit and lUMite or cuinival and from one quarter to nearly one half of
an inch in length, with pale uhuitnut-brown luitroua Mcule« which are ovate, acute and lometimei tipped
with short muoroi, Kourioiw on the nmrginii and ui'tvn more or leu reflexed above the middle. The
braiichleta are ituut, rigiil, gluhruun and palo green when they first appear, becoming light or dark
orange-brown during their first autumn and winter, and then gradually turn dark gray-brown. The
leaves stand out from all sides of the branches, often nearly at right angles to them, and frequently bring
their white up|>or surface to view by n twist at their base, and are straight or slightly incurved, acute or
acuminate, with elongated callous tips t they are slightly rounded on the lower surface, which is green
and lustrous and occasionally niarkuil, especially on the loaves of leading shoots and fertile branches,
with two or throe rows of sniull incon.tpicuous stomatu on each side of the prominent midrib, and on the
upper surface they are ilattonud, obscurely ridged, and almost covered with broad silvery white bands
of numerous rows of stomuta | in length they vary from half an inch on fertile branches to an inch and
an eighth on vigorous l>iWor branches and in width from one sixteenth to one twelfth of an inch.
The staniinate flowers uro protlucod in great quantities toward the ends of the pendent lateral
branchlets, and are oblung-oylindrical, dark rod, short-stalked, surrounded at the base by the much
enlarged bud-scules which form conspicuous involucres around both the male and female flowers,
from throe quarters of an inch tu an inch and a half in length and often half an inch in thickness.
The pistillate flowers are homo on the rigid terminal shoots of the branches of the upper half of
the tree and aro olilong-cylindrical, about an inch long and half an inch thick, with nearly orbicular
denticulate scales often slightly truncate above and completely hidden by their elongated acuminate
bracts. The conos hung on short straight stalks and are cylindrical-oval, usually from two and a half
to four inches in length and from an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, with thin stiff oblong-
ovttl scales rounded toward tliii apex, denticulate above the middle and nearly twice as long as their
lanceolate dontirulato rigid bracts ; whon fully grown at midsummer the cones are yellow-green, often
tinged with dark red, especially on the side exposed to the sun, and at maturity they are lustrous, pale
yellow or reddish brown, and fall mostly during their first autumn and winter and soon after the
escape of the seeds. Thesu are full and rounded, acute at the base, pale reddish brown, and about
an eighth of un inch long, with narrow oblong only slightly oblique wings from one half to one third
of an inch in longth, and four or live cotyledons which are three-sided, the two upper sides being
concave and stomutifcrous and the lower rounded.
Picea SilihenslH usually inhaltitN moist sandy and often swampy soil, or, less frequently at the far
north, wet rocky slopes. Maintaining itself farther to the northwest than any other coniferous tree of
the Pacific forests, J'ivm SUrhrHHiM forms groves on the eastern end of Kadiak Island in longitude
Ifil" west, and extends southward through all the coast region of Alaska* and British Columbia
west of the coast ranges," and through western Washington and Oregon to Mendocino County in
California.' Small and stunted, and Honietimes only a shrub toward the extreme northwestern limits of
its range, it l)ecomos on the coiutt of southeastern Alaska, where its principal companion is the western
Hemlock, the largest and most abundant tree in this part of the great coniferous forest which stretches
from Cross Sound to Cupti Mendocino, growing at the sea-level often to a height of more than a hun-
dred feet and ascending to cluvntions of three thousand feet, but decreasing in size as it ascends or leaves
the immediate neighborhood of the ocean.* Very abundant in the northern coast region of British
■ KoUirook, SmUhtmian Htj>. IHnT,4.%1,4M(/'V./(J(Mfai). — Mee-
The most ■outhern point from wbiob I bare a«<n specimens of
bin, Proe. Phil. Acad, xi«. Vi, — V. KiirU, /M, JuM. ill. 42fi (Fl. Picea Sitchemit is Caspar, on the coast of Mendocino County, Cali-
■Chilcatgiebtlu). — Funston, CimlrUi. II, S. Niil, llrrh, lil. .128. fornia. The cones from this locality are the smallest 1 bare seen,
' G. M. Dawson, Can, Sat, ii. »«r. Is, 'A'M, — Maooun, Cat. Can. being only an inch and a half long.
PI, 470. * See Gorman, Pittmia, iii. 67.
|i
, I I'll*
CONiriRJi.
SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.
Columbia, farther Routh it ii principally confined to the low undy alluvial plaini at the mouth* of
fctreamii, un which, min^lin); with the western Arbor Vitw, it fi^rowB to its largest siie along the coast
of Washington and Oregon, and to moist bottom-lands which it follows inUnd to the foothills of the
Cascade Mountains of Washington and northern Oregon, sometimes ascending on the Nis4{ually and
other streams which flow into Piiget Sound to elevations of two thousand feet above the sea. Houth
of the valley of the Columbia liiver it is confined to the neighborhood of the coast, and although the
Tiileliind Spruce grows in northern California to a very large size on the rich alluvial plains at tlia
mouths of streams and in low valleys facing the ocean, where it is associated with the Redwood uiid
the White Fir, it is less common and of less magnificent proportioui than on the shores of I'ugut
Sound. South of Cupe Mendocino it is not common.
The wood of I'icea SitchensiH is light, soft, not strong, and straight-grained, with a satiny surfitoe |
it is light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood, and contains numerous proniiimnt
medullary rays, few resin passages, and inconspicuous narrow bands of small summer cells. The sptii'lHo
gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4287, a cubic foot weighing 2G.72 pounds. It is the prini^ipitl
lumber manufactured in Ahtska, where, as it splits easily, it is also largely used for fuel. It ia
manufactured into lumber on Puget Sound, and is used in construction, in the interior (IniNh of
buildings, for fencing, for the dunnage of vessels, ia boatbuilding and cooperage, and for wouiluic
ware and packing-cases.
I'icea Sitchensia was discovered on the shores of Puget Sound in May, 1702,' by Aruhihuld
MenzioH,' the surgeon and naturalist of Vancouver, during his voyage of discovery round the world,
although it was not described until forty years later. It was introduced into European gardens in
1831 ' by David Douglas,* and has already grown to a large size in several of the countries of wuNtern
and central Europe." In the eastern United States it suHers from the cold o\ severe wiotera and from
heat and drought in summer, and rarely survives more than a few years.
The greatest of all Spruce-trees, this inhabitant of the northwest coast is surpassed by few other
trees in thickness and height of stem. No tree in the American forest grows with greater vigor or
shows stronger evidences of vitality,' and there are few more beautiful und impressive objects in tlio
forests of temperate North America than one of these mighty Spruce-trees with its spire-like head
■ The " Norwegian Hemlock " niontioned by Vancouver among
the trees be law when he landed on the abore of Puget Sound wai
probablj this Spruce {A Voyage of Ducovery to the Northern
Pacific Ocean and Around the World, i. 240). It waa well described
in the journal of Lewii and Clark, who passed the winter of 180G
at the mouth uf the Columbia River, where Picea Silchemis is abun-
dant, and who saw a specimen " forty-two feet in circumference, at
a point beyond the roach of ao ordinary man. This trunk fur the
distance of two hundred feet won destitute of limbs ; the tree waa
perfectly sound, and at a moderate calculation its stature may be
estimated at three bundrad feet" (Narratwe of llie Expedition under
I 'immand of Lewii and Clark, ed. Coues, Ui. 820).
■' See ii. 00.
' Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2321, f. 2232.
* See ii. M.
» M'Lnren, Tram. Scollinh Arborimltural Society, x. 212. — Web-
ster, Trans. Scottiih Arboriculiural Society, xi. 57. — Dunn, Jour. H.
Hort. Soc. liv. 84. — Hansen, Jour. R. Hart. Soc. xiv. 438 {Pinetum
Danicum). —J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, vi. 14. See, also, R.
Hartlg. Fonl.-Nat. Zeit. i. 428.
' On the shores of Puget Sound young trees often make leading
shoots from three to four feet in length ; and so vigoroiu is the
growth of this Spniee in the humid coast region of the north-
west that the lateral branohleta aometimea develop into small trees
and stand erect on the branobea of large individuals. Of tliras
trees measured by John Muir, at Wrangcl, Alaska, one was sevas
hundred and sixty-four years old, with a trunk Ave feet in dlaiiia*
ter ; the second was five hundred years old, with a trunk all fuat
three inches in diameter ; and the third was three hundred and
cighty-flve yearn old, with a trunk four feet in diameter, A trai*
measured by bim, which bad grown on the edge of a meadow UH tit*
Snoqualniie River in Washington, was one hundred and eighty tufii
high, with a trunk four feet six inches in dinineter, and waa twil
hundred and forty years old. Another tree, also measured by hlin
near the city of Vancouver, in British Culunibia, was only fiir|y>
eight years old, but had a trunk three feet in diametar. Of twQ
trees examined by Gorman in Alaska {Pillonia, iii. 07), No. I, uilt
on the mainland, waa one hundred and sixty feet tall, with a Iruiill
diameter of three feet eleven inches, and was two hundred ailii
seventy-seven years old, while No. 2, cut on Hasaler Island, had K
trunk four feet and half an inch in diameter fourteen feet abuva
the surface of the ground, and waa four hundred and tliirly'fimr
years old. The first bad grown in dense woods, well proteoted
from the wind, nnd the second on a hillside exposed tu ttarea
northeast gales in autumn and winter. The heart of the Utter wan
thirty-two inches from the southwest side and only alxteau aud
one half inches from the northeast side.
I :<
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l
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ij
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r't
58
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERjE.
raised high above its broad base of widely sweeping and gracefully upturned branches resting on the
surface of the ground, its slender branchlets loaded with handsome cones nodding in the slightest
breeze, and its leaves, now silvery white and now dark and lustrous, shimmering iu the sunlight.
^il
i ''
^__
EXPLANATION OP THE PLATE.
Plate DCII. Picea SircBBNgis.
1. A branch with ataminate flowerg, natural size.
2. An anther, front view, enlarged.
3. An anther, aide view, enlarged.
4. A branch with pistillate flowers, natoral size.
6. A pistillate flower, natural size.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract, enlar)^.
7. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper pide, with its ovules, enlarged.
8. A fruiting branch, natural size.
9. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, enlarged.
10. A cone-scale, npper side, with its seeds, enlarged.
11. Vertinal section of a seed, enlarged.
12. An embryo, enlarged.
13. A leaf divided transversely, enlarged.
14. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
15. A seedling plant, natural size.
16. Winter-buds, natural size.
CONIFERJE.
i \t
i
i
f
'I'
in-'
:ea sitc
ii
I
'). ^
i
if
'/./V/ AMHKirA
'•NtKEK*.
-«i'f|»iiijjf uiid ijfiM/ufiilly M)itttriif<il firHtH'liHH renlin); on the
. . lili'U l<«ii<iii wjlli li.iii'la<iMt» (i(i(ii.i» riiMl'liri)' in llic i.li)r|)t«st
mie awd iKiw liirtt iiixl liialiKiu, nlildiiiDiiiri^ in llie aunlijjlit.
EXPI-ANATION or VHV H-AIK,
Platc rX'U. l*Hm/k ntiiii.«kit»Mi
1. A bninfh trii^ aUwiiMto Howait, •«l«M'itl MMi
3. An uitlwr. frvoi «i««, aiilorgad'
9. An ■n'Jiai ^'il>* >><w, •nlwrgail.
4 A hrMicli wi:^ i'>«>ill*Ui lluwrr*, H4i<>liii <»>*
f'. A pMiilWn- r' •,.• u«w>r*l »i»«.
it A MMii- I .«< (lowar, liiwiN clit* i>i*l« ■(■ tfnM>t, milarK«d.
!* A '>^)ti19g hf«».- *i I ft^'l''*t tti**
'». \ •-<i«i>«-a)> lixrcr U'tv, Willi Mm UHU* Ufl.,-,,, I
10. A <H>n»-soitt«, ii|^M*r villi!, wttli iu »i'wi«. i-.j.^..- i
11. Vertioal Mction u{ » »M(1, euUrgwl
12> All rriibryo, eiilargpil. i
13. .\ leaf itlvideU trantTen.))/, eiiUl'iftit -
14. ('row acvtiixi uf <. leitf aut^ciitiwl HI««M) iHnnm^ti*
I.V A •««illii<^ jrUni u:tt>ir<iJ mm
lfl> Wi<it«r~b«da, imbtral •>«•
Silva. of North Amenca,
Tab DCll.
C f^ Fit.r<m t/f/
PICEA SITCHENSIS , C;
ZV»? . //ifn^/t/
A.tfit.tvi'iof rurnr^
I"}p J.lanetit Pari.i.
i!.i
I vM
!Nl
I!*
( :
! y
i I'
;ili
m
coNirai
F
anthe;
minal
furnis
Tauga,
Trot
Bent
Prai
Jout
Abies,
Abk
T
surfacf
brancb
terete,
ovate,
minute
aiigula
arrang
on thi
disticl
stem I
resin <
both 8
in eai
chests
the bi
arrang
above
minal;
ing 01
long 1
pendi
loose!
both
persis
attacl
» In
ia B€pi
leaved
1: 'l
ill,!
CONIVBBJt.
BILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
59
TSUGA.
Flowers solitar}', naked, monoecious ; the staminate axillary, stamens indefinite,
anther-cells 2, transversely dehiscent, surmounted by gland-like tips ; the pistillate ter-
minal, ovules 2 under each scale. Fruit a woody strobile maturing in one season ; seeds
furnished with resin vesicles. Leaves petiolate, persistent.
Tsuga, Carribre, Traiti Conif. 185 (1855). — Engelmann,
Tram. St. Louis Aead. ii. 211 (excL aect. Peucoides). —
Bentham & Hooker, Qen. iii. 440. — Eichler, Engler &
Prantl. Pflanxenfam. ii. pt i. 80 (in part). — Masters,
Jour. Linn. Soe. zzz. 28.
Abies, A. L. de Jiuaiea, Gen. 414 (in part) (1789). — Link,
Abkand. Akad. Berl. 1827, 181 (in part).
Pinus, Endlieher, Gtn. 260 (in part) (1836). — Heisner,
Qen. 3C2 (in part). — Baillon, Biat. PI. zii. 44 (in part)
(1892).
Heaperopeuoe, Lemmon, Sep. California State Board
Forestry, iii. Ill {Cone-Bearers of California) (1890).
Van Tiegliem, Bull. Soo. Bot. France, iit. 2, ziii. 414.
Tall pyramidal trees, with thick deeply furrowed astringent bark, bright cinnamon-red except on the
surface, soft pale wood, elongated nodding leading shoots, slender scattered horizontal often pendulous
branches with laterals three or four times irregularly pinnately ramified, the ultimate divisions slender,
terete, glabrous, or pubescent, the whole forming broad flat gracefully pendent masses of foliage. Buds
ovate, acute, minute, covered by closely imbricated dark chestnut-brown lustrous scales, the two outer
minute, lateral, opposite, those of the inner ranks scarious, accrescent, early deciduous. Leaves flat or
angular, obtuse and often emarginate or acute at the apex, spinulose-denticulate or entire, spirally
arranged round the branch, appearing approximately two-rankea by the twisting of their petioles, those
on the upper side of the branrh then usually much shorter than the others, or in one species not
distichous and of nearly equal length, narrowed abruptly into short petioles closely pressed against the
stem and articulate on prominent and ultimately ligneous persistent bases, containing a single dorsal
resin duct between the midrib and epidermis,' stomatiferous only on the lower or in one species on
both surfaces, persistent, but soon deciduous in drying. Flowers naked, monoecious, solitary, appearing
in early spring before the leaves from buds formed the previous summer and covered by numerous
chestnut-brown scales, those of the inner ranks chaff-like, persistent, and forming involucres at the
base of the flowers. Staminate flowers in the axils of leaves of the previous year near the ends of
the branchlets, subglobose, raised on elongated slender drooping stems, composed of numerous spirally
arranged short-stalked two-celled subglobose anthers opening transversely, their connectives produced
above the cells into short gland-like tips ; pollen-grains discoid or bilobed.' Pistillate flowers ter-
minal, short-stalked, or subsessile, erect, composed of spirally arranged nearly circular scales bear-
ing on their inner face near the base two naked collateral inverted ovules, rather shorter than or as
long as their membranaceous acute bracts. Fruit an ovate oblong, oval or oblong^cylindrical obtuse
pendulous or rarely erect short-stalked or sessile cone maturing in one season, composed of concave
loosely imbricated woody obovate-oblong or suborbiculiir scales, decreasing in size and sterile toward
both ends of the cone, thin and entire on the margins, much longer than their minute bracts,
persistent on the central axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds. Seeds geminate, reversed,
attached at the base in shallow depressions on the inner base of the scales, ovate-oblong, compressed,
■ In the single npecieit with rounded acute leaves the resin canal between the midrib and the epidermis. (See Van Tiegbem, Bull.
is separated from the midrib b; a few cells, while in the flat- Soc. Bot. France, s^r. 2, xiii. 414.)
leared Tsugas the resin canal occupies nearly the whole space ' Engelmann, Brewer (f Walton Bot. CaL ii. 120.
■!.
!;j1
-4
Ii
eo
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFKILA.
in falling bearing away portions of the membranaceous lining of the scale forming obovate-oblong
wing-like attachments longer than the seeds and nearly surrounding them ; testa of two coats, the
outer crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown and lustrous. Embryo
axile in conspicuous fleshy albumen ; cotyledons from three to six, stomatiferous on the upper surface,
much shorter than the inferior radicle.'
The genus Tsuga is now confined to temperate North America and to eastern and southern
Asia, seven species being distinguished. In North America two species occur in the eastern part of
the continent and two in the western ; in Japan Tsuga diveraifolia ' forms forests at high elevations
in centrd and northern Hondo, and Tsuga Araragi * is scattered over the southern mountains ; and
over the high inner ranges of the eastern Himalayas Tsuga dumoaa* is widely distributed. The
i '
> Tlie species of Tiugt may be grouped in two sectioni : —
HiCROPKUCK (Spach, Hist. Vig. xi. 424 [1842]. — Eutsuga,
Engelmann, Bnwer (r WaUon not. Cat. ii. 120 [1880]). Leaves
tlat, obtuse, stomatiferous only on tbe lower surface, appearing
two-rankeil by tbe twisting of their petioles, of two lergtlu ;
oones oTate-oblnng, fertile scales few.
IIesperopeucb, Engclmann, I. c. 121 (1880). Leaves rounded
or keeled above, acute, stomatiferous on both surfaces, their
petioles slightly or not at all twisted ; cones obloDg-cv iindrical,
fertile scales numerous.
' Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 614 {Conifers of Japan) (1881);
Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 255. — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 61, t. 4,
f. 13. — Beissner, Handh. Nadelh. 3C6. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr.
11. — Sargcot, Garden and Forest, z. 491, f. 63.
Abies diversi/olia, Maziniowicz, BuU. Acad. Sci. St. Pt'lersboury,
lii. 229 (1H68) {.WeV. Biol. vi. 373). — Franchct & Savatior,
£num. PI. Jap. i. 468.
Tsuga diversi/olia is a tree seventy or eighty feet in height,
with a short trunk often three or four feet in liiameter, dark
red deeply furrowed hark, very slender branchlcts covered wi'h
rufous pubescence, short narrow emarginate leaves, and cones,
which are rarely more than half an inch in length. On the Nikku
and other high mountains of central Japan, it is the principal treo
in great forests which extend from clevatious of about Ave thou-
sand feet above the level of the sea nearly to the upper limits of
tree-growth, its most northerly home in Japan being on the moun-
tains which surround the Uay of Aomori. (See Sargent, Forest
Fl. Jap. 81, t. 25.) The Hemlock found by Dr. Augustine Henry
in the province of Ilupch in crntrol China (Xo. 6907), although
its leaves are rather longer, sccnis to be of this species. The
woods produced by tbe two Japanese Hemlocks, which do not
apiiear to be i'stingtiished in commerce, are said to be hard,
tough, and valuable, Ihey are used only in the construction of
ex]>ensivc houses, and the remoteness and inaccessibility of the
region where these trees grow make the transport of their wood
difficult and eipensive (Uupont, Essences Foreslieres <lu Japan,
17).
Tsuga diversi/olia was discovered in 1860 on the slopes of Mt.
Fugi-san by &ir. J. 0. Veitcb, the companion of Sir Rutherford
Alcock in the first ascent of that mountain made by Europeans,
although it was not distinguished from the other Japanese Hemlock
until seven years later. (See J. G. Veitch, in Alcock, The Capital
of the Tycoon, ii. Appz. G. 483.) Less commonly cultivated in tho
gardens of the United States and Europe than T. Araragi, it has
proved perfectly hard;- in New England, where, although still
shrubby in habit, it has produced abundant crops of cones.
* Koehoe, I. c. 10 (1893). — Sargent, Harden and Forest, x.
491, f. 62.
Pinus Araragi, Sie'jold, Yerhand. Batav. Oenoot. Konst. Wet.
xii. 12 (1830).
Abies Tsuga, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 14, t. 106
(1842). — Gordon, Pinetum, 10. — Lindley, Oard. Chron. 1861,
23. — A. Murray, The Pines and Firs of Japan, 84, f. lSO-171. —
Maximowicz, I. c. 230 ({. c. 374). — Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot.
Lugd. Bat. iii. 167 (Prd. Fl. Jap.). — Francbet & Savatier, I. c.
468.
Abies Araragi, Loudon, Encycl. of Trees, 1036 (1842). — K.
Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 240.
Piti'is Tsuga, Antoine, Conif. 83, t. 32, f. 2 (1840-47)
Endlicher, Sgn. Conif. 83. — Parlatore, De CandoUe Prodr. rvL
pt. ii. 428.
Tsuga S.cboldii, Carri6re, Traite Conif. 186 (1855). — Mas-
ters, Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 612 {Conifer of Japan), — Beisauer,
I. c. 391 f . 106.
Tsuga Tsuja, A. Murray, Proc. R. Hart. i'-v. ii. 608, f. 141-153
(1862).
Picea (Tsuga) Sieboldii, Bertraud, Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 6, xx. 89
(1874).
Pinus Sieboldii, W. R. M'Nab, Proc. R. Irish Acad. ser. 2, ii.
213, t. 23, f. 0 (1875).
A species of more southern range and of lower elevations than
Tsuga diversifolia, the second Japanese Hcmluek, Tsuga Araragi,
is found on the mountains of south central Hondo, usually in
small Bcatteied groves among deciduuuj-lenvcd trees or mixed
with the Mountain I'ine, Pinus densijiora. It is a beautiful tree,
from sixty to eighty feet in height, with a trunk usually not more
than two feet in diameter, covered with pale bark, drooping
branches, lustrous orange-brown glabrous branchlcts, leaves longer,
broader, and more lustrous than tlmsc of Tsuga diversifolia, and
cones nearly an inch in length. Introduced into Kiirope in 1853
by Von Siebold, it is occasionally found in Furoj)eHn collections,
apporing, however, less successful in them than in the eastera
United States, where this Hemlock is one of the most graceful and
satisfactory of the exotic conifers cultivated in American gardens,
and where it promises to grow to a large size.
A dwarf buaby form of this treo with short branches ond shorter
and more crowded leaves, found by Von Siebold in Japanese gar-
dens, has been iutrodiced into those of the United States and
Europe. It is
Tsuga Araragi, var. nana.
Pinus Tsuga, B nana, E.idlicher, I. c. ( 1847). — Parlatore, I. c.
Tsuga Sitboldii, B nana, Carriire, /. c. (1855). — Beissuer, (. c.
395.
Abies Tsuga nana, Gordon, I. e. Suppl. 13 (1862).
* 7>u^ dumosa.
Pinut dttmoia, D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 65 (1625). — Lam-
rough
/"</. 52'
In
layan
severe!
in a fcv
Gard.
stand I
' Sai
« Til
peculla
stems,
species
covmax.
bovate^blong
;wo coats, the
ous. Embryo
upper surface,
and southern
ustem part of
gh elevations
lOuntains; and
ributed. The
demxA. Kontl. Wtl.
Jap. ii. 14, t. 106
arJ. Chrm. 1861,
•1,84, f.lB9-171.—
el, Ann. Mut. Bot.
bet St, Savatier, /. c.
1036 (1842). — K.
f. 2 (1840-47).—
CandoUe Prodr. xn.
180 (1866). — Mtts-
Japan). — lieiasuer,
•V. ii. 508, f. 141-163
M. Nat. lit. 5, XX. 89
rrisA Acad. set. 2, ii.
lower elevations thnn
iloL'k, Tsuga Araragif
,1 Iluiido, usiiully in
avcd trees or mixed
t is a beautiful tree,
uuk iisiiuUy not more
pale bark, drooping
neblets, leaves longer,
'^Mtga diversi/olia, and
into Kiirope iu 1863
Fiiropean eoUci'tiona,
than in the eastera
the moat graceful and
in American gardens,
: brnnchcB and shorter
bold iu Japanese gnr-
le United States and
147). — I'arlatore, /. c.
1866). — Beissncr, I. c.
3 (1862).
li. 66 (1826). — Lam-
CONIFERA.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
61
genus probably ofjce occupied a more important position in northern forests, for traces of what are
uelieved to be extinct species have been found in the Jurassic rocks of Spitzenberg, northern Europe,
aiti Sibena.'
The bark of Tsuga is rich in tannin, and that of the American species is largely used iu tannmg
leather, and occasionally in medicine. As a timber-tree the most valuable of the genus is Tsuga
heterophylla of the northwest coast region of Nor^h America.
Tsuga is not injured by the attacks of many insects ' or by numerous fungal diseases.*
All the species are cultivated for tbis decoration of parks and gardens, and no other conifers
surpass the Hemlocks in grace and beauty. They can be easily raised from seeds, although the young
plant*^ grow slowly.
Tsitga, the Japanese name of the Hemlock-tree, was first used by Endlicher* to designate a
section in his ge.ius Finns, and afterward by Carri^re, who separated the Hemlocks into a generic
group, as the name of his genus.
bert, Pinut, ed. minor, ii. 80, t. 40. — Fulatore, Dt CandoUe
Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 420.
Pinm Brunoniana, Wallicb, PI. Aiiat. Bar. iu. 24, t. 247
(1832). — Antoine, Corn/. 82, t. 32, (. 1. — £ndUcber, Syn, Conif.
84. — W. R. M'Nab, Proc. Ii. Irish Acad. set. 2, ii. 213, t. 23,
f. 5.
Abia Brv^uni'ina, Lindloy, Penny Cyct. i. 30, f. (1833). —
Madden, ^our. Agrie. ar^ Horl. Soc. Ind. iv. pt. iv. 06 {Hima-
layan Cnni/era). — Gordon, Pinetum, 13.
Abies dumosa, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2326, t. U233, 2231
(1838). — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 262.
Abies species, Griffith, /(. Not. ii. 141 (1848) ; Icon. PI. Asiat.
iv. t. 376 (Taxi on plate).
Tsuga Brunoniana, Carriire, Traile Conif. 188 (1856). — Mas-
ters, Gard. Chron. a. ser. xxvi. 500, f. 101. — liooker f. Ft. Brit.
Ind. v. 064. — Beissncr, Handb. Nadelh. 397.
Picea (Tsuga) Brunoniana, Uertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. sdr. 6,
XX. 89 (1874).
Tsuga dumosa is distributed over the inner ranges of the Hima-
layas from Kumaon to Bhotan, at elevations of between eight
thousand and ten thousand five hundred feet abovo the level of
the sea, in Sikkiui furming great forests with Abies Webbiana. It
is a stately pyrar.iidal tree, sometimes one hundred and twenty-flve
feet in height, with a trunk eight or nine feot in diameter, spread-
ing branches, pendulous branehlets, and erect or horizontal cones.
(See Hooker f. Himalayan Journals, n. ed. ii. 121 ; Gard, Chron.
n. ser. xxvi. 72, f. 14.) The wood is white, tinged with pink, soft,
and not durable; in Sikkim it is made into shingles, and the tliiek
rough bark is employed for roofing (Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit.
Ind. 527. — Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 408).
In Europe, wliero it was introduced sixty years ago, the Hima-
layan Hemlock has not proved very hardy, and usually suffers
severely from late spring frosts, although it has produced cones
in a few sheltered positions in southern England. (See Fowler,
Gard. Chron. 1872, 76.) It has not yet shown itself able to with-
stand the climate of the United States.
' Saporta, Origine Paleonlologique des Arhres, 74.
^ The Hemlock-trees of eastern North America appear to be
peculiarly exempt from attacks by boring insects in the living
stems, and nothing practically is known of parasites on the two
species which inhabit the northwestern part 7 the continent. The
insects fonnd in the tmnka of Hemlocks are nsnally borera, which
prey only upon dead or dying wood, and do not affect living treea.
These insects are also found on the allied genera of conifers.
Various species of leaf-eating insects occasionally feed upon the
foliage of Tsuga, but few of them are sufHciently abundant to
attract attention. The Inrvo) of a Tineid, Gelechia abielisella,
Packard, cu* off small groups of Hemlock leaves, fasten them
together by silken threads, and, living within the protecting case
thus formed, devour tho parenchyma of adjacent leaves.
A scale-insect, Aspidiotus Abietis, Comstock, is sometimes found
in abundance on the lower surface of the leaves of Tsuga Cana-
densis.
" Tsuga Canadensis is attacked by a number of interesting fungi
peculiar to this host, besides several others found also on other
related genera. Among the former is the rust, Peridermium Peckii,
Thucmcn. This ajcidium, or cluster-cup, is found iu summer on
the under side of tho leaves, and resembles Peridermium columnare,
Albertlni & Scliwcinltz, of Europe, which Infests the leaves of Abies
Picea, and is connected with Catyptospora Gveppertiana, Kuehn, on
species of Vacclniura. Peridermium Peckii appears to be a distinct
species, although it is not known with what tcleutosporic form it is
connected. Two otiier rusts have been observed on the leaves of
Tsuga Canadensis in Massachusetts (sec Farlow, Proc. Am. Acad.
XX. 32'J), one of them appearing to be the same as Chrysomyxa
Abietis, Rees, which infests Picea Abies in Europe, and the other,
Caorna Abietis-Canadensis, Farlow, which is related to Cceoma
Abietis-pectinatce, Rees. A disease of tho leaves of Tsuga Cnna-
densi-i appears to be due to the attacks of Propolidium Tsug(t, Sac-
cardo, a Bmall dark brown Discotnyccte which Is developed on the
under side of the leaves, and causes them to fall in large numbers.
Tsuga Canadensis is subject also to tho attacks of a few other
species of Ascomycetes, and of a considerable number of Poly-
porcaccsi, mostly not confined to this host. Polypoms Pdotce,
Schweinitz, infests Tsuga Canadensis on the mountains of the mid-
dle states.
Three species of fungi have been reported as infesting Tsuga
Mertensiana, Anthostemella brachystoma, Ellis & Everhardt, Lasio'
sphaeria stuppea, Ellis & Everhardt, and Blitrydium signatum, Sac-
cardo,
* Syn. Conif. 83 (1847).
I mi.
I; ' S
llh
?! f (''
:^
!
SILVA OF FORTH AMERICA. comifkra
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN 8PECIE&
MiCBOPIDOB.
Leaves flat, obtuM or emarginato at the apex, (tomatitaroni only oa the lower surface ;
cones ovateH>blong or oroL
Cones pedunculate.
Cone-soales orbicular«blong, about as wide as long, their bracts broad and triincata. 1. T. ClIfADBinia.
Cone-scales oblong, much longer than wide, spreading at right angles after maturity,
their bracts obtusely cuspidate 2. T. Cakolimiaha.
Cones sessile.
Cone-scales oblong, longer than broad, often abraptir eontracted near the middle,
their bracts slightly cuspidate 3. T. hbtcbofhtlla.
Hbrpkbopeucb.
LeaTcs convex or keeled above, bluntly pointed, atomatiferona on both surfaces.
Cones oblong-cylindrical.
Cooe-ecales oblong-obovate, longer than broad, tbnir bracts short ouspidate . 4. T. IIuiTiuraiAi.1.
i \
CONIFEIUt.
lANADENBIS.
;aboliniaha.
:inBBOrBTLLA.
fBltTI(miAI.A.
COMiraiiA
81LVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
TSUf»A CANADENSIS.
Hemlock.
CoNes ovato-oblong, pedunculate, their scales orbicular-oblong, nearly as wide as
long
Tauga Otinadenais, Curikrs, Traiti Conif. 189 (ezel. lyn.
Bonganl) (IS*"'). — S^n^Uuta, Conif. 19. — EngdroAnn,
Bot. OtuK U, vi. 224. — R«g«l, Run. Dendr. ed. 2, pt i.
89, I. 10. — G«rg«nt, Forat Trtt» tf. Am. 10<A Censua
V. 8. ir. 206. -Willkumm. Font. Ft. ed. 2, 103.—
WttMn & Coulter, Gray'* Man. ed. 6, 492. — Mkyr,
Wald. Nordam. 19S, t 6, (. — Beiuner, Handb. Nadelh.
308, f. 107-109. — Muten, Jour. R, Hort. Soe. ziv.
2S6. — Hanien, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. x'-,. 442 (Pinetum
Danioum). — Koehne, Deuttehe Dmdr. 11, f. 6, B, D-H,
M. — Rothroek, Fortit Leavu, iv. 169, t. ; R»p. Dept.
Agrie. Penn. 1890, pt ii. Div. Forulry, 188, 282, t 31,
38. — BriUon & Brown, lU. Fl. i. C6, f. 124.
Pinus Oanadensia, Linncui, Spee. ed. 2, 1421 (excl. lyn.)
(1703). — Hoeneh, Bdume Weiu. 72. — Wangenbeim,
Nordam, UoU. 39, t. 10, f. 36. — Schoepf, Mat. Med.
Am«r. 143. — Ehrhart, Beitr. iii. 23. — WiUdenow, Berl.
Hium*. 219 ; Spee. W. pt. i. 605 ; Enum. 989 Aiton,
Hort. Kew. iii. 370. — Borkliauien, Handb. Forttbot. i.
382. — Lambert, Pinui, i. 60, t. 32. — Penoon, Syn. ii.
679. — Htokei, Bot. Mat. Med. !▼. 425. — Bigalow, Ft.
Boiton. 236. — Punh, /";. i4m. Sept. ii. 640. — Nuttall,
Oet. ii. 223. — Hayne, Ve.uir. Fl. 176. — Elliott, Sk. ii.
639. --Sprengel, Si/it. iii. 885. — Brotero, Hut. Nat.
Pinheiroi, iMrieei e Abetoi, 32. — Nees von Eaenbeck,
PI. Med. t 83. — Hooker, F%. Bor.-Am. ii. 164 (ezd. hab.
northweit America and var. p). — Torrey, Fl. N. T. u.
230. — Antoine, Conif. 80, t 32, f. 3. — Endlieher, Syn.
Conif. ^ Gihoul, Arb. Rit. 46. — Lawton & Son,
Liet No. 10, AbietinecB, 9. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 392. —
Courtin, Fam. Conif. 64. — Parlatore, De CandoUe Prodr.
xri. pt ii. 428 (ezel. lyn. Bongard). — W. R. M'Nab,
Proe. R. Iriih Aead. ler. 2, ii. 212, t 23, f. 3. — Herder,
Act. Hort. Petrop. xii. 119 (PL Radd.) (excL bab. Sitka).
AbiM Americana, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 6 (1768).
PinuB AbiM Canadenaia, Muenchhausen, Hausv. t. 223
(1770).
Pinus Americana, Da Roi, Ob>. Bot. 41 (1771) ; Harbk.
Bawnn. ii. 107. — Bargidorf, Anleit. pt ii. 139. — Caa-
tt-/':ani, Viag. ntigli Stati Uniti, ii. 314.
Finus-Abiea Americana, Manhall, Arbuit. Am. 103
(1786).
Piniu! Mariana, Gnrtner, Fruet. ii. 69, t 91, f. 1 (not Da
Roi) ri'91).
Pinus pe. .iiila, Haliibury, Prodr. 399 (not Aiton) (1796).
Abies Canadensis, MichaDz, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 206 (not
Miller) (1803). — Foiret, Lamarck Diet. yi. 622. — Dei-
fontainei, Hi*t. Arb. ii. 680. — Du Mont de Coaraet, Bot.
Cult. ed. 2, vi. 474 Michauzf. Hitt. Arb. Am. i.l38,
1 13. — Nouveau Duhamel, t. 293, t 83, (. 1. — Richard,
Comm. Bot. Conif. 77, t 17, f. 2 Link, Handb. ii.
479. — Audubon, Birdt, t 197. — Lawson & Son, Agrie.
Man. 378. — Raflneaque, New Fl. i. 39. — Forbea, Pine-
tum Wobum. 129. — Spacb, Hi*t. Vig. zi. 424 Em-
erson, Trees Mats. 77 ; ed. 2, i. 92, t — Nuttall, Sylva,
iii. 133. — Knight Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon,
Jour. Hort Soe. Lend. t. 209. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr.
•d. 3, 29^. — Gk>rdon, Pinetum, 14. — Chapman, FL
434. — Curtig, Rep. Oeolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iiL
27. — Henkel & Hochatetter, Syn. Nadelh. 163 (ezoL
•yn. Abies aromatied). — (Nekon) Senilia, Pinaeea,
30. — Gray, Man. ed. 6, 471. — Hoopea, Bvergretns, 184,
f. 23. — K. Koeh, Dendr. ii. pt ii. 249. — Nttrdlinger,
Forttbot. 467, f. — Veiteh, Kan. Conif. 114, f. 29.—
Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 94. — SchUbeler, Virid.
Norveg. i. 429.
Abies peotinata, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. yi. 623 (not Gili-
bert) (1804). — Brotero, Hist. Nat. Pinheirot, Lariees
e Abetot, 36.
Abies tazifolia, Rafineaqne, New Fl. i. 38 (not Poiret)
(1836).
Abies taxifoUa, var. patula, Rafineaqae, New Fl. i. 39
(1836).
Picea Canadensis, Link, Linn<Ba, xr. 624 (1841).
Pioea (Tsuga) Canadensis, Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. sir.
6, zx. 89 (1874).
A tree, usually siity or seventy and occasionally one hundred feet in height, with a trunk from two
to four feet in diameter, gradually and conspicuously tapering t'^ ward the apex. During its e.arly years
the comparativ'ely long and slender branches, ivhich are horizontal or pendulous below and ascending
above, form a broad based rather obtuse pyramid, and continue to clothe the stem to the ground unless
they are overshadowed by other trees, which gradually destroy the lowest branches, until the trunk,
often naked for two thirds of its length, bears only a small narrow spire-like crown of short ascending
'!:'
■ I i
,, • I ; :
Hi
lllillHI
.1
J'
1 ' ■• I
w
i^
it
ii
f
^
i
it
! I
M
fi/XFvl 0/* NOIiTH AMERICA.
CONIFIRA.
branrhes. The bark of the trunk, which varies in color trom cinnamon-red to gray more or leas
tingoii with purple, iH from one half to throe quarters of a inch in thieknesB, and deeply divided into
narrow rounded ridges covered with thick closelv oppressed scales. The branchlets, which are very
slender, when they first appear are light yellr>v>-brown and coated with pale pubescence; during their
first winter they are ratl<»r d-i'kor. a:;a in their third season become glabrous and dark gray-brown
tinged v.ith purple. The winter-buds are broadest at the middle, rather obt ?he8tnut-brown,
slightly puberulous, and about one sixteenth of an inch in length. Thi , which are light
yellow-j^reen when they first emerge from the bud, are oblong, rounded and rarely emarginato at the
npex, entire or often obsci. °r.iy denticulate above the middle, dark yellow-green and lustrous on the
upper surface, which is obscurely grooved, especially toward the base, marked on the lower surface with
five or six rows of stomata on each side of the low broad midrib, from one third to two thirds of an
inch long and about one sixteenth of an inch wide, and fall during their third season from the
persistent bases which at firnt are dark orangc-culor, and, gradually growing darker, continue to
roughen the branches slightly for three or four years longer. The staniinate flowers, which with
their stalks are about three eighths of an inch long and have light yellow anthers, appear in May a
little earlier than the pistillate flowers, which are an eighth of an inch in length, and pale green, with
broad bracts coarsely laciniatc on the margins and longer than their scales. The cones are suspended
on slender puberulous peduncles often a quarter of an inch long, and are ovate-oblong, acute, from
one half to three quarters of an inch in length, pale green, with orbicular-oblong scales almost as wide
OS they are long, and broad truncate bracts slightly luciniate on tl.e margins ; late in the autumn
those portions of the scales which have been exposed to the light become dull gray-brown, while the
remainder are bright red-brown ; oiicning and gradually losing their seeds during the winter, they
mostly remain on the branches until the following spring. The seeds are one sixteenth of an inch
in length and usually marked with two or throe large oil vosicles, and .ire nearly half as long as their
wings, which are broad at the base and gradually taper to the rounded apex.
Tmiya Cunadens'iH is distributed from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to the northern end of
Like Teniiscainang on the Ottawa River,' and westward through Ontario ' to eastern Minnesota ; ' south-
ward it ranges through the northern states to Newcastle County in Delaware, southern Michigan and
centra' Wisconsin, and along the Appalachian Mountains to northwestern Alabama.* Common in the
maritime provinces of Canada, and most abundant in New England, northern New York, and western
F'ennsylvania, where it is frequently an important element of the forest, the Hemlock of northeastern
. Vmerica attains its largest size near streams on the slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina
and Tennessee. Often an inhabitant of rocky ridges, which it sometimes covers when they face the
north with dark dense groves where other trees arc rarely found, it lovos also the steep rocky banks
of narrow river gorges, and is scattered through upland forests of White Pine and deciduous-leaved
trees and less commonly on the borders of swamps in deep imperfectly drained soil.
The wood of Tsuga Canadensis is light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult
• Provanchor, Ft. Canadienne, ii. GCO. — Brunet, Cat. Veg. Lig.
Can. 58. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pt. 471.
• AgasHiz, Late Superior, iti Physical Character, Vegetation, anil
Animftl.1, 105.
• Yjuyf. Canaiteiitit wa« found in April, 1890, by Mr. II. H
A}'rcs, to tho westward of Lake Superior, in Carlton County, Min-
nesota. (See (lariim and FuresI, iii. 496, &J4.)
In the journal of the expedition under General Lewis Cms,
#hich traverjted wb.at is now Carlton (;nunty in 1820, the Hemlock
is spoken of as being abundant in this part of Minnesota, from
which it rjow I)pp<-ar8 to have almost completely disappeared, (nte
Hchoolcral;, Narrative Jwimat of Travel) from Detroit Northcetl
tkrauih the Great Chain nf American Laket, 20G, kOT, 2!0. .See,
also, E. O. Hill, Garden and Forest, iii. 663. — Ayret, Garden and
Forest, vi. 418.) Nicollet, in 1841, speaks of the occasional occur-
rence of tho Hemlock on the Mississippi River, above the Crow
Wing, which is much farther west than it is now known {Hep.
H'jilnigraphic liasin Upper Mississippi River, 64 ^Senate Doc.
184.')]); and Upham refers doubtfully to the eiiatence of tho Hem-
lock at several place' 'u eastern Minnesota (/{171. Gealog. and Nat.
lliil. Surv. Minn. 188.1, pt. vi. 13a [Cat. Fl. il/inn.]).
* In July, 1880, Tsnga Canadensis was found by Dr. Charles
Mohr growing in deep rwVy valleys and gorges at the head-waters
of the western fork of tho Sipsey River in the northern part of
Winston County, Alabama.
CONIFKB«.
more or leas
divided into
hii'h are very
during their
k gray-brown
leHtiiut-brown,
ich are light
ginate at the
BtroiM on the
r surface with
o thirds of an
son from the
continue to
which with
)ear in May a
Kilo green, with
are suspended
ig, acute, from
almost as wide
n the autumn
'own, while the
0 winter, they
nth of an inch
s long 08 their
arthern end of
nesota ; ' south-
Michigan and
/ommon in the
rk, and western
nf northeastern
North Carolina
1 they face the
!ep rocky banks
eciduous-leaved
;rained, difficult
-Ayrei, Garden and
he occasional occur-
'er, above the Crow
8 now known (fifp.
; 64 [Senate Doc.
■ iatence of the llrm-
ep. Geolog. and Nat.
inn.]).
ind hj Dr. Charles
I at the hend-watera
be northern part of
COMUrKRJl.
SJLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
85
to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, and not durable when expoaed to the air. It is light brown
tinged with red or often nearly white, with thin somewhat darker lapwood, and contains broad
conspicuous bands of small summer celln and numerous thin medullary rayi. The specific gravity of
the absolutely dry wood is 0.4239, a cubic foot weighing 26.42 pounds. It is now Urgely manufactured
into coarse lumber employed for the outside finish of buildings ; it is also used for railway-ties , and
occasionally for water pipes.' Two varieties, red and white hemlock, which, however, appear to be
produced under precisely similar conditions, are recognized by lumbermen.
The astringent inner burk affords the largest part of the material used in the northeastern states
and Canada in tanning leather,' and from it is prepared a fluid extract sometimes employed medicinally
as an astringent.* Canada pitch, an opaque resin obtained from the wood, was formerly used in
medicine,* and from the young branches oil of hemlock is distilled."
This Hemlock was first described by Plukenet in ItiOl ' from a tree cultivated in hia garden in
London by Bishop Compton,' to whom it had been sent from Virginia by John Banister.* It*
value had been recognized, however, much earlier by the settlers of Canada and New England, and
Pierre Boucher ' and Josselyn '° extolled its virtues soon after the middle of the seventeenth century.
' 8e« Am. Jour. Pkarm. mm». 377.
' The bark ol 7 tu^a Canadtntit, which rariei ooiMiderably in
the unount of tannin it contains, is used in enormous quantities
in the manufacture of heavy leather, and also in the production of
the flDer grades of leather, when it is miied with Oak bark to
modify the red color of leather tanned entirely with Hemlock
bark. An extract of the bark is used by tanners instead of the
bark itself, to strengthen their bark liquors. It i* also employed
by dyers to modify the shades of logwood coloring, especially
when copper sulphide is used oa a mordant. (See Bastin &
Trimble, Am. Jour. Pharm. Ixix. (M. See, also, for the tannin of
Hemlock bark, I'rooter, Text-book of Tanning, 31. — Mulligan &
Dowling, Chemical Gazette, xvii. 430. — Mafat, Bull. Soc, Indus-
trieUe de Mulhouse, Ixii. 130. — Olivier, Recherchef pour lervir a
I'Hitloire Nalurelle, Chimique et Induilrielle du Hemlock.)
• See Johnson, Afan. Med. Bot. N. Am. 269. — Millspaugh, Am.
Med. PI. in llomteopathic llemedief, ii. 164, t. 164. — I'arke, Davis
& Co., Economic Mat. Med. ed. 2, 03.
< Canada pitch, formerly often known as Hemlock resin, is an
opaque brittle resin which is obtained from Ttuga Canadensis by
boiling the wood and bark from around knots with water, and
skimming off the resin which rises to the surface. It is also
said to be obtained from incisions made in the trunks of living
trees in the same manner that turpentine is obtained from Pine-
trees. Canada pitch was formerly used as a substitute for the
similar Burgundy pitch in the manufacture of medical plasters,
and was collected in considerable quantities. It has now, bow-
ever, disappeared from the United States PharmacopiBia, and is
replaced by asphalt or rubber in the manufacture of medical plas-
ters. (See KIlis, Jour. Phil. College of Pharmacy, ii. 18 [On Hem-
lock Resin]. — Stearns, Am. Jour. Pharm. xxxi. 28 [Medical Plants
nf Michigan^ — Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv. 264, t. 264. — U.
S. Disperu. ed 17, 1174. — Bastin & Trimble, /. c. 91.)
* Oil of Hemlock, which is contained in the loaves of Tsuga
Canadensis, and appears to be identical in chemical composition
with the volatile oil of Black Spruce leaves, is obtained in winter
by distilling in water in small portable copper stills and worms
set up in the woods the branches of Tsuga Canadensis cut up into
small pieces. Kight pounds of branches yield on an average an
ounce of oil, or about three pints to one running of a still, which
occupies from thirteen to twenty-four hours. (Seo Steams, {. c. —
Bertram Sc Walbaum, Archiv. de Pharm. ccxxii. 294. — Hunkel,
Pharmaceutical Review, xiv. 34. — Bastin & Trimble, I. c. 90.) Oil
of Hemlock is used in considerable quantities as a flavoring and
for disinfecting purposes, and occasionally in medicine to produco
abortion.
' Abies minor pectinatii fotiis, Virginiana, eonis pants, >ufrra(un>
dis, Plukenet, Phyt. t. 121, f. ; (excl. syn. Hernaiidei) Aim. Dot.
2. — Ray, Hist. PI. iii. Dendr. 8. — Miller, Diet. No. 3. — Duha-
mel, Traili des Arbres, i. 3.
Abies foiiit solitariis confertis ohtusis membranaceis, Clayton, Fl*
Virgin. 191.
' See i. 6.
• Sec i. 6.
' " II y a encore une autre espeoa qu I'on appelle Prusse; ea
sent ordinaircment de gros arbres qui out trente ou quarante piedi
do haut sans branches : ils ont une grosse ^corce et rouge: ce boia
ne pourrit pas si facilement que les autres ; c'est pourquoy on
s*cn sert ordinaircment pour bastir. Ce qu'il y a de mal dans ea
buis, c'est qu'il s'en trouve quantity de rouilld, ce quo le fait
rebuter. De celuy-Uk il en vient par tout, en bonne et mauvaiM
terre ; il ne produit point de gorame." (Histoire Vert et
Nalurelle des Maurs et Pro<luclions du Pays de la Noueelle-t . 'nee
vulgairemenl dite le Canada, ed. 3, 61.)
'" '■ Then she Playstered it with the Bark of Board Pine, or Hem-
lock Tree, boyled soft and stampt betwixt two stones, till it wni
as thin as browu Paper, and of the same Colour, she annointed tha
Playster with Soyles Oyl, and the Soro likewise, then she laid it on
warm, and sometimes she made use of the bark of the Larch Tree."
(Josselyn, New England's Rarities, 62.)
" Hemlock Tree, a kind of Spruce, the bark of this Tree serves
to dye Tawny ; the Fishers Tan their Sails and Nets with it.
" The Indians break and heal their Swellings and Sores with it,
boyling the inner B irK i f young Hemlock very well, then knocking
of it iKtwixt two stonos o a Playster, and annointing or soaking it
iu Soyls Oyl, they apply it to the Sore : It will break a Sore Swell-
ing speedily." (Jossel/n, New England's Rarities, 64.)
"The Hemlock-Tree is a kind of spruce or pine ; the bark boiled
and stampt till it be very soft is excellent for to heal wounds,
and so is the Turpentine thereof, and the Turpentine that issueth
from the Cones of the Larch-tree (which comes nearest of any to
the right Turpentine) is singularly good to heal wounds and to draw
out the malice (or Thorn ns Helmont phrases it) of any Ach, rubbing
the place therewith, and strewing upon it the powder of 5a;e-leaves."
(Josselyn, .4n Account of Two Voyages to New England, p. 67.)
is
h
M
I
I !
66
aiLVA or NORTU AMERICA.
OONWBRA
For a oantury uid • half a favorite ornamant of Ui« parlu and gardani of Um United Stetei and
Europe,' Ttuga Canadttuia haa ihown in iiultivation a tendency to leniinal variation, and a number of
the abnormal forma whiiih have been iirMluueil in nurMnea or have been found growing in the foreet
are preaerved by tli« uultivatora of curioun plante.' In beauty none of them, however, equala the
normal form, whiuh in atetely grace haa no rival among the inhabitante of the gardena of the northern
United Htatea, when, with ita long lowor branohea aweeping the lawn, it riaea into a great pyramid dark
and aombre in winter and light in early aummer, with the tender yellow tenea of ite drooping branchlete
and vernal foliage.
Serioua inroada have alraaily iHien maile into the Ilemlook foreate of the northern and middle
atatea, and the Ituat trooa have everywhure been deatroyml t4t aiipply the tenner, who finda in the
aatringent bark of thiit tree one of the moat valuable materiula for hia induatry.'
> LoadoB, Arh. Hril. tv. 'JWi, I. (u Ahin Camultuti).
' The kbiionntl ouIUoImI fiirnia uf 1'iugn rannritntit u« dU-
tiaguialMd in toma uaaai hj • d«»rf (lid iiiim|MMt Iwbit, In nthon
bjr futigiata bniiohaa and by unuiualljr briNwl iir narniw laavaa,
or bj fulmga alightljf inarkad wUli whilx. AbiiMt al||htafn uf lh«a«
(orma an ouUivatxd, but niina ii( thain haa any partli'Mlar Iwaiity
or value. (S«a Itvluhar, llaiulh. Nmlilh. 40U. - Hudwurth, IhJI.
No. 14, U. S. I)rpl. Agrif. /Mx, fnmln, 411) Mora diatlnot
i» a variety nith ■hnri |>eMduliMia liraiiiihlata fcirminK a <leiiH
aoahioD from twu lo tbraa taat lu halghl and twenty feet acmaa,
wbioh waa fuunii about thirty yeara aifii on the Kiahkill Miinntaina
In New York, and whiuh, inlnxluued Into (anlana by Mr. Henry
Winthrop Hargent, ia umiaalunally to ha aeen In Ameriuan oullao-
tiona, where it la uaually known aa Harumt'a llainliiek.
* rtu^a CatuutimiM, whiuh ia iHiiMiniinly diatribnted and waa
unoe abundant over a territory fully half a mllliun M|iiare milea In
area, ia one of the moat valuable tr»ea of the eaatern fnreit. It la
eatimated that In the year IMMT 1,'JUIMIIXItona of Imrk of thi re«
were harvaaled ; and althaii||li a Urn* (larl of IIm limber of tho
traaa out ud ttriiiiMd uf tbalf bark la alluwad lo rot on tha
ground. It ia bellavad that the aTernga annual value of the mm-
larial of all kinda obtained from thia llemloak la not laaa Ihao
•30,000,000.
The Mieda uf the llamloek, although thay are produeed In great
abundanee, do not germinate freely in open aituationa or on
ground which haa been recently burned over, and tha young
■aed!iiii(a grow ilowly, planta under favorable cunditiona being not
more than three or four inchea high at tha end of their fourth ae»-
rum. The young planta are eaaily deotroyed by Are and brawling
anin>aia, and the proepeot for the natural mtumtion of the Ilem-
look fureata ii not pramiaing. (See Prentiia, (lardm and ForttI,
ill. IfiT.) F.vtin under the moat favorable oonditiona the Ilemlook
Increaaea alowly both in height and in trunk diameter. The
•peoimen In the Jeiup Collection of North American Woodi In tha
American Muirum of Natural lliatory. New York, obtained In
northern New York, ia thirteen and one half inohea In diameter
Inside the bark and one hundred and liity-four yean old, the
lap'- -od being two ioohaa in thiokneaa with twenty-nine layen uf
aaawJ gnwth.
. r
\ \
r
COHIfBRJi.
•d SUtaa and
I m number of
in the foreat
ar, ftqiialii the
the northern
pyramid dark
iig branohleta
n and middle
findi in the
fklaa of th« m»r
I !■ BOt l«H (haa
prodttoad in Rrmt
•ituationa or on
>, utd tho young
mditiom baing nut
if tbeir fourth m»-
fln and browiing
ration of the IIbui-
'lardm and ForttI,
itionii tlis llamlook
ik diameter. The
rican Wooili in the
Yurk, obtained in
inobea in diameter
gur jean old, the
reatf-oine layen of
U \
!^,
i>
.F' t
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Plate DCIII. Tsuoa Canadensis.
1. A branch with stamiuate flowers, natural size.
2. A Btaminate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, side view, enlarged.
4. An anther, front view, enlarged.
5. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural site.
6. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
7. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract, enlarged.
8. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its ovules, enlarged.
9. A fruiting branch, natural size.
10. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
11. A seed, natural size.
12. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
13. An embryo, enlarged.
14. Cross section of a leaf magnifled fifteen diameters.
16. A leaf divided transversely, enlarged.
IG. Winter branch-buds, enlarged.
17. Seedling plants, natural size.
IeII! ! (!
:!|iii I'
'h Americtk
T5UGA CA'IADr--
in
1:!
ill
i.
I
!
liiM
m iLi
8.
'.».
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
16,
17.
K ctftatiuave tiowitr, <inUi^"id
An author, siJe view, enlargoil
An hjiiUpi, front view, enlaiguj.
A hraniti with (liMjIUlfl flimjra, iMuil^ «*"<
A pistiUiite ti'iw.'f. onlftfij*'
.4 *i»Iii> <>< a. pMlilUto Hi»r>'), iii«.
X seulfi of A pistitlula llowrr, upijn
A fruiting branch, nuturiil niiu.
A cone-scale, upper kide, wiili il;i msmU, ftttlMfHl »iii«
A s«e(l, natural one.
Vertical section of a mbiI, euli.r|{>'il
An embryo, anlarjfeil.
Crmn iieclion of a leaf rnatfiiiAcit lifbtuo 4>4>W<4«Mf
A U»f •livicli'il traiisventel) fuitti^mS
Winter branch -hoiii, I'nlaTjfta
^•KlUng pUuUi, natural eiiw.
Silva of North America.
Tab.DCIII
■'?
.
(-, }!. yu.rtm (/<V.
£rruHi/nehf sc.
TSUGA CANADENSIS, Cam
.-/ .'Uo
-riHi,r itimr
/ni/t.^/. Taneur P<iri.t:
i y
Iralm'
'H
i
lii
ii;
!i
i
1
i
1
1
■"i
•
1
CONIFER,
r
m ■
i
angles
Tsuga
(1881
u. a
(•zcl
ner, .
A
two fe
handso
inch ai
flat coi
when t
disappi
bark it
loose SI
dark c
The le
upper I
or eigl
inch 1(
other
they f
flowen
and ei
are su
the a{
puberi
they s
wide,
are oi
are oi
to the
J
hundi
highe
> Th
Overflo
eral je
COMIVBILS.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
m
TSUOA OABOLmiANA.
Hemlock.
Cones oblong, pedunculate, their scales longer than broad, spreading at right
angles at maturity.
Tsuga Ctffoliniana, Engelmann, Bot. Ocmette, -n. 223
(1881). — Sargent, Fomt Treea N. Am. lOtk Census
U. S. a. 207 ; Oard. Chron. n. ser. xxvi. 780, f . 163
(ezcl. f. 6). — Hayr, Wald. Nordam. 196, t 6, f. — Beias-
ner, Handb. Nadelh. 406, t. 111. — Hasten, Jmir. R.
Hort. See. ziv. 265. — Hansen, Jour. R. Bort. Soe. ziv.
446 (Pinetum Danicum). — Koehne, Veuttehe Dendr.
11, f. 5, O. — Britton & Brown, lU. Fl. i. 66, f. 126. —
Chapman, Fl. ed. 3, 468.
Abies Caroliniana, Chapman, Fl. ed. 2, Sappl. 650 (1887).
A tree, usually forty or fifty and occasionally seventy feet in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
two feet in diameter/ with comparatively short stout and often pendulous branches which form a
handsome compact pyramidal head. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to an
inch and a quarter in thickness, and is reddish brown on the surface and deeply divided into broad
flat connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed plate-like scales. The slender branchlets,
when they first appear, are Ught orange-brown, coated with short dark pubescence which nearly entirely
disappears during their first season or continues to cover them until they are three years old, when the
bark is dull brown more or less tinged with orange and then hegins to separate into the small thin
loose scales of the older branches. The winter-buds are obtuse, nearly an eighth of an inch in length,
dark chestnut-brown, and covered with pubescence which is thickest near the margins of the scales.
The leaves are entire, retuse or often emarginate at the apex, very dark green and lustrous on the
upper surface, which is conspicuously grooved, and marked on the lower surface with a band of seven
or eight rows of stomata on each side of the midrib ; they are from one third to three quarters of an
inch long, the difference in length between those on the same branchlet being usually less than in the
other flat-leaved Hemlocks, and about one twelfth of an inch wide, with orange-red bases from which
they fall during their fifth year. The staminate flowers are tinged with purple and the pistillate
flowers, which are about an eighth of an inch in length, are purple, with broadly ovate bracts scarious
and erose on the margins. The cones are oblong, from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and
are suspended on short stout peduncles ; their scales are oblong, gradually narrowed and rounded at
the apex, rather abruptly contracted at the base into distinct stipes, thin, concave, striately grooved and
puberulous on the outer surface, twice as long as they are broad, and pale brown at maturity, when
they spread nearly at right angles to the axis of the cone ; their bracts are rather longer than they are
wide, wedge-shaped below and nearly truncate or slightly cuspidate at the broad apex. The seeds
are one sixth of an inch in length, with from fifteen to twenty small oil vesicles on the lower side, and
are one quarter as long as the pale lustrous wings, which, broad or narrow at the base, are narrowed
to the rounded apex.
An inhabitant of the rocky banks of streams, usually at elevations of between two thousand five
hundred and three thoustmd feet above the level of the sea, but sometimetj ascending a thousand feet
higher, the Carolina Hemlock is nowhere very common, although it is widely scattered along the Blue
> The trunk of a tree of this Hemlock growing on the banks of
Overflow Creek, near Highlands, North Carolina, measured sev-
eral years ago by Mr. F. H. Boyntoo, had a oiroumferenoe three
feet above the ground of eight feet nine and three quarters inches.
I have not heard of a larger specimen.
I I
70
SIL7A OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFEILS.
Kidge from southwestern Virginia' to northeaster Georgia;' usually growing singly or in small
Hcattered groves ot' a few trees, it is associated in the forest with the northern Hemlock, the White
Pine, Gum-trees, Maples, and Hickories, and is probably most abundant in South Carolina on the
streams which form the Savannah River.'
The wood of Tauga Caroliniana is light, soft, not strong, brittle, and coarse-grained ; it is pale
brown tinged with red, witl<. thin nearly white sapwood, and contains narrow inconspicuous bands of
small summer cells and numerous thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood
is 0.4275, a cubic foo*^ weighing 26.64 pounds.*
Unnoticed by the bot^anists wh'> frequently explored the southern Appalachian Mountains during
the last half of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries, Tauga Caroliniana was
first distinguished in 1850' by Professor L. R. Gibbes.' It was introduced into northern gardens in
1881 through the Arnold Arboretum and has proved perfectly suited to the climate of New England.
01 denser habit than the northern Hemlock, and with longer darker green more lustrous and more
persistent leaves, it promises to excel even that tree as an ornament of parks and gardens.
I r
' In June, 1892, Ttuga Caroliniana was found bj- N. L. and
Elizabeth G. Britton and Anna Murray Vail in the north fork of
the Houston River valley, Smythe County, Virginia, at an altitude
of two thousand two hundred feet above the sea ; and the follow-
ing year it was detected by Mr. John K. Small near Broad Ford
and along Comer Creek, Smythe County, and ou Farmer Mountain
on New River, Carroll County, in the same state.
" In August, 1895, Ttuga Caroliniana was found by Mr. John K.
Small near Tallula Falls, Habersham County, Georgia, at an eleva-
tion of only sixteen hundred feet above the sea-level.
' See Sargent, Garden and Foral, ii. 267, f.
* Probably Ttuga Caroliniana, like the northern Hemlock,
usually grows slowly. The log specimen in the Jesup Collection
of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York, procured from western South Carolina, is four-
teer. and one half inches in diameter inside the bark, and one hun-
dred and seventy years old. During its last twenty years, however,
this trunk increased four and a half inches in diameter, the sapwood
being seven eighths of an inch in thickness, with only nine layers of
annual growth.
'' In 1842 a specimen of this Hemlock, without fruit, was col-
lected by Professor Af^ Gray on BlufiF Mountain, North Carolina,
but was not distingnished by him from the northern species. In
1850 Professor Gibbes found it in both North and South Carolina ;
and in 1850 he sent specimens to Professor Gray Vfith the sugges-
tion that the tree should be called Pintu laia, a name which was
never published. At a meeting of the Elliott Society, held in
Charleston, .South Carolina, in July, 1858, he reported his discov-
ery. (.See Proc. Ellioti Soe. i. 280, where occurs the first printed
mention of this tree.)
" licwis Reeve Gibbes (August 14, 1810-November 21, 1894),
the oldest child of I./ewis Ladson Gibbes and Maria Henrietta
Drayton, was boni in Charleston, South Carolina. The foundation
of his classical education was laid at the Grammar School of the
University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in the years 1821 1 ud
1822, but he was fitted for college at the Pendleton Academy, South
Carolina, between 1823 and 1827. In this lost year he was admit-
ted to the junior class of the South Carolina College at Columbia and
was graduated in December, 1829, with the highest honors. At the
end of 1831, having previously perforuied the duties of principal
of Pendleton Academy, giving instruction in the classics and in
nialhematics, he began the study of medicine at Charleston, but
before the close of another year was appointed tutor in mathe-
matics in the College of South Carolina. I.iOsing this position by
reason of a revolution in the college in December, 1834, when
all the officers were re';;uested to resign, on the following day he
was made professor of mathematics in the new organization, but
resigned during the next year, and in 1836 visited Paris for the
purpose of completing his medical education and studying physica
and botany. Returning to Charleston in 1838, with the intention
of practicing medicine, he was appointed professor of mathematioF
In the College of Charleston, where he retained his chair until July,
1892, teaching physics, chemistry, and mineralogy. Botany and
various depai tnients of zoology were also among bis special studies.
Between 1848 and 1853 Professor Gibbes was engaged in making
observations for the Coast Survey to determine the differences of
longitude between Charleston and various paints on the Atlantic
coast. He was the author of numerous papers on astroLoroy,
physics, and zoi^logy, printed in various scientific periodicals and
in the Proceedings of learned societies. His most important bo-
tanical papers arc A Catalogue of the Phtmogamous Plants of Colum-
bia, South Carolina, and its Vicinity, published in October, 18.35,
which contains the names of about nine hundred species, accom-
panied in some cases by critical notes, and the Botany of Edingt
Bay, published in 1859 in the Ilrst volume of the Proceedings of
the Elliott Society.
^H
CONIFERS.
or in small
k, the White
olina on the
d ; it is pale
9U8 bonds of
»ly dry wood
itains during
oliniana was
n gardens in
ew England.
lus and more
lar Sohool of the
ie jreare 1821 t nd
I Academy, South
>Br be WHS admit-
e at Columbia and
st bonon. At the
utiea of principal
e classics and in
\t Charleston, but
1 tutor in matbe-
i; this position by
nber, 1834, when
following day he
organization, but
ted Paris for the
studying physics
»itb the intention
Dr of raathematicii
ia chair until July,
jgy. Botany and
bis special studies,
igaged in making
the differences of
s on the Atlantic
rs on astroLomy,
lo periodicals and
ost important bo-
» Plants of Cotum-
in October, 18,35,
id species, accom-
Bnlany of Edingi
he Proceedings of
'■i ' I
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Plate DCIV. Tsuoa Caroliniana.
1. A branch with staminate flowen, natural siia.
2. A staminato flower, onUrged.
3. Au anther, lower side, enlarged.
4. An anther, front view, enlarged.
5. An anther, side view, enlarged.
6. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size.
7. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
8. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract, enlarged.
9. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its ovules, enUrged.
10. A fri'iting branch, natural size.
11. A cone-scolo, upper side, with its ueds, natural nze.
12. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
13. An embryo, enlarged.
14. Cross section of a leaf, niagnified fifteen diameters.
16. Winter branch-buds, enlarged.
16. A seedling plant, natural size.
I
II
n
•i^'.
/y/.
W^
'==^
./ V
•^
y
v^
■/i^'' i^-
r-
^»*f*«<,rt»'''''**"<««n,-
^
cja
Kii-
t*
■*ijfr
,<S#
I
:lg):
M
it
fill!
;i
KXPMIOAV
vri-:.
* i»w ina(« H. ' -
(^►."v*:. (rmit vioir. pnlmrijod.
A:, watiior, niile virw. I'lilari^l.
0 A branch wiUi )iiatilia(p H<>w«n. natniiii "fr
7. A pistillnto Hoffor, Hiilarijml
H. A «!alc cif a pittilUw Htwcr. towm (idH. wHh i<>' -innt, twltrc'''
0. A BciUe of It piiUllnU' rii>«er, up|wr (ide, witti it* otoIm, ciiUrKiNl.
10. A (luitiiif; branch, imt'iral iii7e.
1 1. A eonF-Hcivle. U|i|>ci' «iilci, with it* leetli, natiiral h\m.
12. Verlit-al Bi-rtioii of u swhI, ftiliirgnd.
13. An riiiliiy', uilar(jpd.
1-1. ''row aeciiiin «f a leaf, nia(rni(ind R(ta«i> <liam*t«r«.
111. Winter braiirhbiida. eiilaitffd
Ifv A KetHlling pt»ot, iiAtiir*) suo
HillH
ml
m\
Silva of Nurth Aniencs
Tab DCIV
d> ^
('. f.'. Fii.rttn ,M
/tapuif .
TSUGA CAROLINIANA, En^elm.
.'/ liuH-ri'ii.r iiirt\r ^
Imp. J. Tan^ur Paris.
If
%
" -T
CONirBHJt
SILVA OF NORTH AMEIilVA.
7a
T8U0A HETEROPHYLLA.
Hemlook.
CoNKH oblong-oval, Hossilo, thoir houIos longor than broad, otlen abruptly contnuitud
nour the middlu.
TaugA hetarophylia.
Pinua CanaduDais, ll<in|{*ril, y^g. Sitrhu, 4H (not Liiinaut)
(Aufpiit. 1H32); JU^. I'hi/M. Math. Nat. pt. ii. Arad.
Sri. St. I'ftemhtmrij, ii. KiJt ( Vfij. Silchii). — Hooker, t'l.
Bor.-Am. ii. IM (in part) Ledebour, t'l. Rom. iii. 6(IH
(•«p|. «yn.). — Herder, ^(i<. Unrt. I'etrop. xii. 119 {PI.
Hailil.) (in part).
Abies heterophylla, Ituflneiiqiiv, AtUnt. Jour. i. 110
(Autumn, 18:12) : New Kl. i. 37. — Kndlicher, 5yn. Con\f.
124. — Corri*ro, Traitd Cmif. 2(15.
Abies mioropliyUa, Kulini'iique, Atlunt. Jour. i. 110 (Au-
tumn, 18112) i New n. i. .'18. — Kndlichvr, Syn. Conif.
12(1. — Carritrc, TraM Vonlf. 2(17.
Abies Mertenslana, Ourdon, Pinetum, 18 (ex<;l. syn. lion-
Kurd) (nut Lindley & (iordon) (1858). — A. Murray, I'rM.
U. llort. Soc. iii. 144, f. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16. — Lyall, Jour.
Linn, Soe. v\\. I<'i3, 143. — Hcnkcl & Horhstcttcr, iV^».
Nailelh. 152. — Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 412. — Hna|)«s,
Euergreem, 192. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 260. — Hall,
Bot. Gazette, ii. 94. — Lauche, Deutiche Dendr, ed. 2, 94.
Abies Canadensis? Cooper, Smilhionian Rep. 1868, 202
(not Miller nor UcsfonUinea) (1869) ; Pacific R. R. Kep.
xii. pt. ii. 69.
Abies Bridgesii, KcIIori;, Proe. Cat. Acad. ii. 8 (18(i;i).
Abies Albertiana, A. Murray, Proe. Ji. Ilort. Sae. iii. 14!>.
(. H, 7, », 11, 13, in (1863). — U»«on, PInelum IMl. II,
111, t., f. 1-18. —(NeUn) Naniila, /'I'mimi', .11.
Tsuga MurteDBinna. Curriire, Trail* ('»»(/', «d, 2, 'j/MI
(IH()7). — KiiK»linunn, llrewer A ft'iiliim Ihl. I'ul, II,
120 1 Hot. Oiinetle, vi. 224. — KelloKK. '/Vw« -(/' ( ■iilh
fomia, 41. — KckcI, Riiim. I lend r. «i\. 2, pi. I. JItt, ~ Hur*
(font, t'nreiit Trem N. Am. lO/A t'lfntm I', S. Ik. 207,
Maiitem, tiard. Chniii. n. ler. xiiii. 179, f. Mfl i nur. M,
xii. 11, f. 2! Jour. R. llort. Soi: xlv. yrtrt, — Mwyr,
Wald. Nonlam. 3;»8, t. 0, J. — Lenini.in, Wk/i. fiilljUr-
nil! State Hoard Foretlrij, iii, 125, t. 7, H {('uiin-llriirrrt
of CtiliJ'ornia) \ Wrat- American CiiHii-llMreri, 53 \ Hull,
Sierra Cluh, ii. 159 (r,iH(/fM of the I'lieljle Sto/m), .—
Ueiaaner, llandb. Nadr/h. 403, f. 110. — lUnaan, ,four.
/{. llort. Sor. xiv. 447 (Pinetum iJunlium). — Kiiii|ilii<i
Dnilache Dendr. II, f. 5, ,1.
Tauga Albertiana, Si<n^clau7.e, Conif. 18 (18117),
PinUB Mertenaiana, Furlature, l)e t'andulle I'rodr, Kvl.
pt. ii. 428 (not Bongard) (1808). — W. U. M'Nah, Pro,;
R. Iri»h Acoil. .er. 2, ii. 211, 212, t. 23, I, 4. — Hurdir,
Art. llort. Petrop. xii. 119 {I'l. Hadd,).
PinuB Pattoniana. W, R. M'Nah, Proe. Ji, Irltfi Amid,
»cr. 2, ii. 211, 212, t. 23, f. 2 (not I'urhitora) '( 1875).
Abies PattonU, W. R. M'Nah, Jour. Linn. Soo, %h, 2<)N
(1882).
A tree, frequently two hundred feet in height, with a tall trunk from six to tun fuot in (liiiiiietKr,
and short sleiidor usually pendulous branches which form a narrow pyramidal head. 'J'liti liaik on
young trunks is thin, dark orange-hrown, and separated by shallow fissures into narrow Hut platim wliioli
break into delicate scales ; and on fully grown trees it is from an inch to an inch and u Imlf in
thickness and deeply divided into broad Hat connected ridges covered with closely appronNtid ai'iiltm
which are brown more or less tinged with cinnamon-red. The branchlets, which are vciy nhmijur and
pale yellow-brown for two or three years, and ultimately become dark reddish brown, with thin Hcaly
bark, are coated, when they first appear, with long pale hairs, and are pubescent or pubornlmm I'lii'
five or six years. The winter-buds are ovate, about one sixteenth of an inch in length, and briglil
chcstniit-brown. The leaves are rounded at the apex, entire or minutely spinulosn-dentiuulate uhiivc
the middle, conspicuously grooved, dark green and very lustrous on the upper surface, marked licliiw
with broad white bands of from seven to nine rows of stomata, abruptly contracted at the liaati iiilti
slender petioles, from one quarter to three quarters of an inch long and from one sixtumilli to one
twelfth of an inch wide. The st^irainate flowers are yellow, about an eighth of an inch in lenglti and
rather shorter than their slender pendulous stipes. The pistillate flowers are purple and puhertiloim,
with broadly ovate bracts which are scarious and nearly entire on the margins and rather longtir tliiiii
( ; i
If
i
IP
74
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERJE.
the acute scales. The cones are oblong-oval, acute, sessile, from three quarters of an inch to an inch
in length, and slightly puberiilous on the outer surface of the scales, which are longer than they are
broad, often abruptly narrowed near the middle, thin, striate on the outer surface, green more or less
tinged with purple toward the margins until fully grown, and light reddish brown at maturity ; their
bracts are dark purple, puberulous, and rounded and abruptly contracted at the apex into short points.
The seeds are about an eighth of an inch in length, with only occasional oil vesicles, and are from
one half to one third as long as their narrow wings.
Tsuga heterophylla is common in southeastern Alaska,' where it forms with the Tideland Spruce
the largest part of the great coast forest which extends from the sea-level up to elevations of about two
thousand feet, sometimes one species and sometimes the other predominating. In British Columbia it
is very abundant on the coast ; it extends up the valley of the Fraser and other rivers in the southern
part of the territory to the limit of the region of abundant rains, and, reappearing on the Selkirk and
Gold Ranges, spreads eastward along the Kicking Horse to the western slopes of the continental divide.'''
It is one of the commonest and largest trees in the coniferous forest which extends from the coast
of Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains,^ and in the Redwood
forests of the California coast as far south as Cape Mendocino, finding its southern home in Marin
County. In the interior 7'su(ja htLrophylla ranges eastward along the mountains of northern Wash-
ington to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana and to the Coeur d'Alene
and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho.'* Althoug'". it is most abundant and of largest size in the moist
valleys and on low slopes near the coast, Tmga heterophylla in the interior, where it sometimes ascends
to elevations of six thousand feet above the sea, attains a large size when it is abundantly supplied with
moisture, and in northern Montana and Idaho and in southern British Columbia often forms a consid-
erable part of the forests, in wiiicb it is associated with the White Fir, the Douglas Spruce, the Mountain
Pine, the western Larch, and the Engehaan Spruce."
The wood of Tmga heterophylla is light, hard, and tough ; it is pale brown tinged with yellow,
with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains thin inconspicuous bands of small summer cells and
large piirt of the forest growth, heiiig mingled with the Engelmiuin
Spruce, the Pattoii Spruce, and the Muuntiiiu Kir.
•' The most southern point on tlic western slope of the Cascade
Mountains at which Tsuga heterophytltt has heen noticed is at the
nortliern base of Huckleberry Mountain in the valley of Union
Creek and about twelve miles southwest of Crater Lake (Cuville
mlill).
* Leibcrg, Contrih. U. S. Nat. Herb. v. 54.
' Without regular and abundant supplies of watei Tsuga helero-
phytla remains small and stunted, and in the search for moisturo
trees which have sprung up on dry slopes will send their roots for
great distances near the surface of the ground to springs at lower
levels.
In the coast region, where this tree delights in the humidity
which every breeze brings in from the ocean, the forest lloor is so
deeply covered with musses and with many strong growing slindm
that the delicate seeds of the Hemlock often Hud their only oppor-
tunity to germinate on the trunks of fallen trees, which, in eonse-
qnence, are fretpiently covered with miniature Hemlock forests.
Some of these seedlings, nutrc vigorous than their companions,
survive the hardships of overcrowding, and, sending their roots
into the ground around the trunks which had been their seed-beds,
grow into great trees. Like those of some tropical Kig-trees, the
seeds of the Hemlock sometimes germinate in the humid coast
forests high in the air on the broken stems of trees, and, sending
stout and vigorous roots down to the ground, continue to live long
after their kosta have disappeared.
' Kothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1804,433 (Fl. .•Kojiia). — Moelmn,
Proc. Pkil. Acad. 1884, 93.— K. Kurtz, liol. Jahrh. xix. 41i5 (Ft.
Chiiratgehieles). — Gorman, Pitlonia, iii. 68.
The most western point on the Alaska coast where Tsuga hetero-
phylla luis been observed is on Htuchinbruok Island at the month
of Prince William Soiiuil in latitude 60° 13' north, where it was
Ken by Ur. J. M. Macoun on Juno 18, 18iW. Tho Spruce forest,
however, extends along the shores of I'rince William Sound and cov-
ers the eastern extremity of Kadiak Island, where the Pacific forests
end, and it is not impossible that the Ilcndock nniy still be found
farther tu tho westward, although on the shores of Yakutat Bay, in
latitude 60°, it is said to be less abundant and of smaller size than
the *<pruce. (See Funston, Contrih. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 3:28.) It is
•'L .union but of small size on the lower seawanl slopes of the moun-
tains at the head of the Lyim Canal, a hundr, ^ miles north of
Sitka and also near the sixtieth degree of latitude. On Haranoff
Island it grows to a very Urge size a few feet above the sea-level ;
and between Cross Sound and Cape Mendocino, a distance of
nearly fifteen hundred miles, it is one of the commonest trees in
the humid coast region, in Alaska usually asctindiiig above the
Spruce, its eoista"' companion at the north, and southward min-
gling also with the i ■ uglas Spruce, the White Fir, and the Arbor
Vita3, and in California with the Redwood.
" G. M. Dawson, Can. NcU. u. t«r. ix. 324. — Macoun, Cat. Can.
PI. 471.
On the western slope of the Selkirk Mountains of British Co-
lumbia the HemliK'k is abundant and of large size up to elevations
of about five thousand feet above tho sea-level, often forming a
CONIFEItS.
ich to an inch
than they are
n more or less
aturity ; their
short points,
tnd are from
deland Spruce
of about two
Cohimbia it
the southern
e Selkirk and
inental divide.*
from the coast
the Redwood
home in Marin
orthern Wash-
Coeur d'Alene
ze in the moist
tetimes ascends
y supplied with
orms a consid-
, the Mountain
ed with yellow,
pimer cells and
with the Engelmonn
fit.
lupo of the Cascade
en noticed is nt the
:he valley of Union
Iratcr Lake (Cuville
wntei Tsttga heterO'
search for moisture
send their roots fur
d to springs at lower
hts in the hnniidity
lie forest fhior is bo
■onjj growing shruhs
ind their only ojipor-
*ees, which, in conse-
re Hemlock forests,
in their conipanions,
seiuling their rt>ots
been their see<l-heds,
'epical Kig-trces, the
in the humid coast
f trees, and, sending
continue to live long
CONIFERS.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
75
numerous prominent medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood lit 0,5 1H2, n
cubic foot weighing 32.29 pounds. Stronger, more durable, and more easily worked tliuil tho wood
of the other American Hemlocks, it is now largely manufactured into lumber used printiipillly ill tho
construction of buildings. The bark, which is used in large quantities, furnishes tho inuHt Vllluitltle
tanning material produced in the forests of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.' From tho
inner bark the Indians of Alaska obtain one of their principal articles of vegetable food.''
The earliest mention of the western Hemlock was published in 1798 in the account of VailPOllVOr^
voyage of discovery.'' In May, 1792, he had seen it near the shores of Puget Sound j and ill July of
the following year Mackenzie,* in the first journey made by a white man across the oontinoiit of North
America, noticed it near the Pacific coast in about latitude 52° north.° The first det>(ii'ipti(ill of tliift
tree, however, was not published until 1814 in the journal of the transcontinental espudUioii iiiulvr
the command of Lewis and Clark, who passed the winter of 1805 near the mouth of the Columbia
River, where the Hemlock is still one of the commonest trees of the forest."
The noblest of Hemlock-trees in girth and height of stem, Tsuga heterophylla^ BurpaMSR nil iti
> Bastin & Trimble, Jour. Pharm. Izi. 354.
" See %i. 93.
* " The parts of the vegetable kingdom applicable to useful
purposes appeared to grow very luxuriantly, and consisted of the
Canadian and Norwegian hemlock, silver pines, tho Turauiahao
and Canadian poplar, arbor-vitie, common yew, black and common
dwarf oak, American ash, common hazel, sycamore, sugar, moun-
tain, and Pennsylvauian maple, oriental arbutus, American alder,
and common willow ; these, with the Canadian elder, small fruited
crab, and Pennsylvanian cherry-trees, constituted the forests, which
may be considered rather as encumbered, than adorned, with
underwood." (Vanoouver, A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pa-
cific Ocean and Round the World, i. 249.)
♦ Alexander Mackenzie (1755 ?-March 12, 1820) is believed to
have been born in Inverness, Scotland. At an early age he en-
tered the employ of the Northwest Fur Company, and, CKining to
America, was first stationed in 1779 at Toronto, and then at Fort
Chippewayan, at the head of Lake Athabasca, where he remained
for eight years. In January, 1789, ho started with a small party
of Indians and half-breeds to explore the unknown country to the
north. Skirting Great Slave Lake, which was still covered with
ice, and floating down the river that has since borne his name, he
reached in six weeks the sliores of the Arctic Sea, whence he re-
turned the same season to bis post on Lake Athabasca. After a
year spent in England studying astronomy and surveying in pre-
paration for a more difKciilt journey, in which ho hoped to cross
the continent, Mackenzie left Fort Chippewayan on July 10, 1792,
and after great hardsli'ps and many dangers reached on .Tunc 22,
1793, the shores of tlie Pacific Ocean, in latitude 52° 25' north.
Fearing nn attack of hostile Indians, he started homeward the
following day, and retraced his steps to the cast.
Having nninsscd a comfortable fortune in tho fur trade, Mac-
kenzie returned to Knglaud in 1801, and published the account
of his travels. He was knighted in 1802, and remained during
the remainder of his life in the service of the Company in whose
employ ho had gained fame as one of the most undaunted and
successful explorers who have trod the North American conti-
nent.
^ " Here the timber was also very largo ; but I could not learn
from our conductors why the most considerable hemlock trees were
stripped of their bark to the tops of them. I concluded, indeed, at
that time that the inhabitants tanned their leather with it. Here
were also the largest and loftiest elder and cedar trees that I had
ever seen." (Mackenzie, Voyages from Monlreiil an the ninnf Kl,
Lawrence and through the Continent of North Amerion In Htf l''fnim
and Pacific Oceans in the years 1780 and liU,1, U17)
"The other wood was hemlock, white birolli tWM N|)etjie8 of
spruce, firs, willows, etc." (Ibid. 303.)
• See History of the Expedition under Command itf' /tPHilt utiil
Clark, ed. Coues, iii. 830.
' An unfortunate confusion between the names of (jip twM ttetii'
locks of western North America has long eKisted, )hirm»tff), JH lllfl
Vegetation de I'lsle de Sitka, first described three Bjwuiiiit iif I'lmis
collected by Mortens on Ilaranoff Island, near the tiiwil iif ^itliit.
This paper was read In May, 1831, before th" AnnilfMiy lit Hi,
Petersburg, and was first published as a pamphlet III Allfilliili IMIlS),
the Tolunio of the Memoirs of the St. Pcteisliiii'g At<niti<lllf, III
which It finally appeared, being dated 1833. Oiiu iif tJitiAit s)ieiiics,
Pinus Sitchensis, Is the Picea Sitchensia of Curriere| HlliiUwr, I'inui
Canadensis, mistaken for the Hemlock of eastern Niil'lll Alllfl'li'lt, la
clearly the western Hemlock; tho third species, Piiiili Mpflphninm
n. sp. with /olia " ollusiuscuta, supra plana, tulilui iieri'ii meiliii jirn-
minulo, inlegerrima," and " sirobili solilarii, seitiles, iililimni, iililuni,
1^, polticares pi. min." cannot be rcferied to Ilia saillP plltllt M lltill-
gard's Pinus Canadensis, although such a refei'enpe, lt|>t itiliipteil
by Gordon in 1858, after the introductinii of the wpulft'll tleiii-
lock Into English gardens, has been accepted liy nil i>iilist<l|lieilt
authors who have written on this tree. The fiiut, ||iiwt<¥eri llmt
there are two species of Hendock on Ilaranull' IhIhImI HIillPHfA to
have escaped the attention of botanists from Mfi'tmi'il tiiii(> until
tho summer of 1807, when In company with Mes^F^, Williitlii M.
Canby and John Mulr I found the Tsuga Pattintiimif ttt HHIIttcltiiiiief
Engelinaun, etc., growing near the town of hilka with llif Hil-eiilleit
Tsuga Mertensiana, and It became ut mice eleur (JMt tliiiigiit'il's
description of Pinus Mertensiana could belong iiiily In tht* I'ltttuH
Spruce. Therefore this tree should be known us Tmiffn Meflelinlilliiti
while another name must bo found for Itongnrd's /VfiiM f Viiiiii/pii-
sis. That of Uaflncsque, published In IH.'tL', 4/iW hiiltriililii/llil, is
the next oldest name. The possibility of identifying )h|i ll'^ti lie'
scribed by Rafincsque under this ...ime has iisMtllly li^iill lliillhteit,
but bis description was based on tho following HI'Milllllt III Ihe
jouriuil of Lewis and Clark : —
"The second is a much more common speoies, slid siiimllliiles
at least one half of the timber in this iieighhiirliiniil, l( ii)ii<iiiit tu
resemble the spruce, rising from 100 to IHO feet, mill \ipina fi-iiiii
four to six in diameter, straight, round, »lid reglilitrl^ llt|ie>rltlg|.
I
i-
' ill I
?'
Ii!
'ft
( ;■ i
i
I
I f.
76
iSILVA OF NORTU AMmtWA.
CONIFERJE.
associatea in the forests of northwestern America in the grHOHfttI ^^m^ of its long and drooping
hranehes and in its delicate lustrous foliage. Introduced i»t« ituHivHiioii hi 1861 by John Jeffrey,'
Tmga heterophylla flourishes in the gardens of temporata KMr»|w, wliere It has grown rapidly, and
where, with long lower branches resting on the ground, HltiiMl«r drtMijfiiig branchlets, and pendent
leading shoots, it well displays the beauties of its vigorous yuullt,"
The bark is thin, of a dark color, much divided in small longitudi-
nal interstices ; the bark of the boughs and young trees is some-
what smooth, but not equal (in this respect) to tlio balsam-flr ; the
wood is white, very soft, but difficult to rive ; the trunk is a sim-
ple, branching, and diffuse stem, not so proliferous as pines and
flrs usually are. It puts forth buds from the sides of the small
boughs, as well as from their extremities, the stem terminates, like
the cedar, in a slender pointed top. The leaves are pctiolute ; the
foot-stalks short, acerose, rather more than half a line in width, and
very unequal in length; the greatest length seldom eioeeds one
inch, while other leaves, intermixed on every part of the bough, do
nut exceed a quarter of an inch. The leaf has a small longitudinal
channel on the upper disk, which is of a deep and glossy green,
while the under disk is of a whitish green. It yields but little rosin.
What is remarkable, the cone is not longer than the end of a man's
tkumli t it M mH, ttfUlllIf, nf «n nt«i« form, and produced at the
ends of i\m »m»\\ ft»i)(»." ( M. Cones, iii. BJJO.)
Thera j* uii (tllicf (few IH the forests of I'aoiflc North America
but this iUwUtf^t Ut m\mU Ihl* description can be applied, and
there taaim Ui \m m ttilicf finifM but bi ailopt Ksflnesque's specific
iiauiu »*|i| uitll (Iw WfK(«<»N Mdiiliick Tnuga helerophylla and Pat-
ton's SprtfuB 'I'mi/il Mtflfmlmn, although such a change of names
will iierlaiHJy (ikiw liJ^Mjr fiiiittisliig.
' Keu »i <).
' Hue I»'hwImf, Umil, Chl-nH. 1072, 7B (as A¥m Albertiana)
Dunn, Jintr. U. //w Mic. lU. 70 (as Abia Albeniana).
lu tba enuW'' t/liMcrf niates Tnuga helerophylla has not yet
sbuwi) it4 wbijil)) Ui l-«titlt^i> (he hot drr : ummers or the changes of
uur UAUtrlMH wi«l«r tllHli«(«« atKl rarely survives here more than
a few ye»Mr
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
EXPLANATION OF TIIK I'LATK,
Plate DCV. Tsi/ua UKvmo^'ll¥l,l,^^!
A branch with staminata flowurt, nKMr^t ^iMli
A staminate flower, enlarged.
An anther, front view, enlarged.
An anther, side view, enlarged.
A branch with pistillate fluwera, n»t<tr»l liif4>i
A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A scale of a pistillate Auwer, u|i|H)r sidd, witll IM (rt(M|p«, enlnrged.
A pistillate flower, lower siilu, with il4 Umt, fllU^Kut,
A fruiting branch, natural eym.
A cone-scale, lower side, with its hriidt, imUm\ nUPi
A cone-scale, lower siile, with its hl»<iti mUm\ nHf-
A cone-scale, upper side, with its sa(»(«, lwl.tlfMl nHei
Seeds, enlarged.
Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
An embryo, enlarged.
Cross section of a leaf, nmgriillud Afmnii AimwitH:
Winter branch-buds, enlarged.
Seedling plants, natural siij).
r s
CONIFEItS.
and drooping
John Jeffrey,'
n rapidly, and
and pendent
M-',
\i-:
id produced at the
I
iflc North America
an he applied, and
llallncsque'B specific
lerophytla and Pat-
a change of nomea
ibUt Albertiatui), —
•niana).
hytla has not yet
■H or the changes of
fes ben more than
-^V-
'UrOft f£^
'.i^
■S*"^
- - i
^S'
•^
vy
t '' I
1 1
11
III
SJLVA OF NORTH AMERldA.
<!0N1FE
: ii(»rthwcsteri> Atncriwi in tho gra<-«fui Hwwp of ito lon^ and droojiing
.. (i/f lustrous folia^>. lut'nducfd into cult.iv;iti(>u in li^^»l iij .(<ihii Jott'rey,'
■,<>Uii;>hi<s in tliu jjardons ot UnnpcraU) Euroj)e, whore it hius j^njwii nipidly, an<i
;; iuwer branches renting on the ground, slender drooping branchleta, iind pt-ndcut
ii wuil displays the beautica of its vigorou:* youth.''
-'■ tlii't. uf & tturk eolur, much ilivuled iu f>iiuU longittttli-
, (.ui-hliM* ; tlic barU of the Ikmi(;1i9 ami yiiunR Ireea i» wiliK--
-.ni •niiK'tb, but not ciiiinl (in (liia roupcrt) to tlin lm)iJ«inft.- ; tu«
wiiot] ij wluio, vftn iioft, Ixit diflicult to rive; the tiuiik Lst^'ru-
|>lo, hraiK'tiinfff tioU ditTusn xti'iii, nut m proltftirnuii »« pAmt \b-.i
tirs iiituall/ At* It puu f(>rlh buus from ttin fiide* •it' tlH.' ^j*>A-
iMAjf^bi, »« w(tt) w frwii their oztr^^miti*'*:*. tti« iitooi t'lrmmiA^inft, ci(j«
the e««l«r, io a ftleiMter )M»U(tfil l^-^fi Thtf 1e»rii9 ikr» pcuaiat# , tV
fnttt'tftalli* «l>-»\. t- - ■ . ' ' * ■'-■'• Snif • Uiwin «Mt.ti,«i>4
»*Cf *Hi#«Ift»i U ' X «-ldfl» ««0V«^ «tHi
timinl) ; If. M noft, flfixible, of nn ovate fonn, luii! prndnri-d nl tbt>
eiid> ui lU oiiutll twigs." (V,A. Cuiii!i>, iii. hiUl.)
Thi'r* (», i**i otlii.t troH ia thu fari-ats of Puci'm' NoHti Aiuoricii
but Uii* ({<yiul(M.'k to wbirh tbi.l tliisiuriiitiuu ran b«i ^ipptinil, and
tbfin' wwnfji to b> no othrr courso but to tidopt U<«lioi<K,iit.''it .ipecific
iiRuti« uid Cftll ihn <fv<»4tt'rn Urnikx-k TAuifa hfterifiktuiii and Pat-
U»a*ii Spm^ti 'I'st4g'.i .^ferte^imml, aUliough such * '•ba-'jcr of names
mill ccrtaiiily prove highly oont'iiaiitg.
> Sw u U
' S»r »'»»lrr, fJ«r</. CTron. 18/2, 75 («» /tiliim Albertiam). —
.■-. Ja»', ^. ffig( Six- liv, 78 (as Abien Alhertiuw:).
' tn» oiMrm Oiu««l tstalc« V'jui/u hetcrophyllu ban not yet
&ijv»'.t n it* ''r^ tht' hot dry sununera or th« chang(!i< of
evir vn^f^tf. i<M»«, And mrely Hur%iti>ti \».n nioru than
. ;i «r vvbra.
EXPLA»fATIO« or T»E PLAf*.
Pj.atk IX,'\'. Thitoa UimiBOt HVLi.A,
1. A brunch with islaniinate liotrem, natural she.
2. A fitaniiuate flowi*r, rnlarjjr'<|.
3. An wither, fnna vjow, f;nlar}re<l.
4. An iuithor, side vinw, enlarKtYJ.
5. A b'aiirli vritti pistillate Hiiwr-. .•..<,•». ' «•
H. A potillate flo«pr. t'uJ*;i^'» !
< A »c»li; of a jiuitJlUte li-.nn
S. A fAi-tiiLun llower, lowfr ,«i
^ A fruiting brnnrh, iiaturBl aifk.
" ■ itie iower .li-'- '
■ I*, iftirwr ■.
1.-
1". W mt^r bfa.-ii'-; -
18. Herdlini; plaiiU'
''iftMn liiametert.
■uni ilroopint^
I rapidly, autl
•ut'l pendent
U |M'()<1i1C(h{ At llld
(' North America
I" i<i>plii!)il, and
■ ft*- j^ «^ nattiea
Oi/ •; Albrrtiaru}). —
■li/inn).
thylla UoM Dot yt;t
s or tll« cluiiip^n of
.'(; hen. ii^ir-: tlian
Si'.va of North America.
Tab, DCV,
{' F ?\iron liW
HAfpUV sf'.
TSUGA HETER0PHYLLA,Sar6.
o
.-i !fi,>rr,s,.r ./ir»'.r^
Imp. ./ TufU'ur. Ptir/.r
( i
\i \
>
•
■'
..
■■
f
*
'
i'i
' F
11 \
V
! '
ir
iiJiiii
^il!H
CONIFERiB.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA,
77
TSUQA MERTENSIANA.
Mountain Hemlock. Fatten Spruce.
Cones oblong, cylindrical, sessile, their scales oblong-obovate, longer than broad.
Leaves bluntly pointed, stomatiferous on both surfaces.
Tauga Mertensiana (not Carri^re).
Finus Mertensiana, Bongard, Fl. Siteha, 64 (August,
1832) ; M(m. Phys. Math. Nat. pt. ii. Acad. Set. St.
Pitershourg, ii. 163 (Fl. Siteha). — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii. 164. — Endlicher, Sijti. Coiiif. 111. — Ledebour, Fl.
Boss. iii. 668. — Dietrich, Sijn. y. 394.
Abies Mertensiana, Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Eori. Soc.
Land. v. 211 (1850). — A. Murray, Proc. B. Hart. Soc.
iu. 146.
Abies Pattoniana, A. Murray, Bep. Oregon Exped. 1, t. 4,
f. 2 (1853) ; Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. n. aer. i. 291,
t 9, f. 1-7. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. ii. 157, t. 22, f. —
Hoopes, Evergreens, 172. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii.
253. — Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 30, 421. — HaU, Bot.
Gazette, ii. 94. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 116, f. 31, 32. —
Laucbe, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 96.
Abies Mertensia, Carri^re, Traiti Conif. 232 (1866).
? Pioea Californioa, Carri^re, Traiti Conif. 261 (1855).
Abies Hoolieriana, A. Murray, Edinburgh New Phil.
Jour. n. ser. i. 289, t. 9, f. 11-17 (185iiy. — Lawson, Pi-
netum Brit. ii. 153, t. 21, 22, f. 1-22. — (Nelson) SenUb,
Pinaeeee, 31. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 115, t. 32.
Abies Williamsonii, Newberry, Pacific B. B. Bep. vi. pt.
iii. 53, t 7, f. 19 (1857) Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 412.
Abies Pattonii, Gordon, Pinetum, i. 10 (1858) ; Suppl. 6. —
Henkel & Hoclistetter, Syn. Nadelh. 151 (excl. syn. Akiea
trigona).
Tsuga Pattoniana, S^n^clauze, Conif. 21 (1867). — Engel-
mann, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 121 ; Gard. Chron.
n. ser. xvii. 145. — Kellogg, Trees of California, 37. —
Kegel, Buss. Dendr. ed. 2, pt i. 40. — Sargent, Pmest
Treef N. Am. 10th Census V. S. ix. 208. — Mayr, Wald.
Nordam. 356, t. 6, t'. — Beissner, Ifandb. Nadelh. 407, f.
112, 113. — Masters, Jour. B. Hort. Soc. xiv. 255. — Han-
sen, Jour. B. Hort. Soc. xiv. 448 (Pinetum Danicum),
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 11, f. 5, A. — Coville, Contrib.
V. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 223 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). —
Lemmon, West-American Cone-Bearers, 53 ; Bull. Sierra
Club, ii. 160, t. 23 (Conifers of the Pacific Slope).
Tauga Hookeriana, Carriiro, Traitd Conif. ed. 2, 262
(1867). — S^ndclauze, Conif. 21 Hansen, Jour. R.
Hort. Soc. xiv. 446 (Pinetum Danieum). — Lemmon,
Erythea, vi. 78.
Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore, De CandoUe Prodr. xn. pt
ii. 429 (1868). — W. B. M'Nab, Proc. B. Irish Acad. ser.
2, u. 211, 212, t 23, f. 2.
Tsuga Roezlii, Carri^re, Bev. Hort. 1870, 217, f. 40. —
Masters, Jour. B. Hort. Soc. xiv. 256.
Picea (Tsuga) Hookeriana, Bertrand, Ann. Sei. Nai. »6r.
6, XX. 89 (1874).
Pinufl Hookeriana, W. B. M'Nab, Proc. B. IrUh Acad.
ser. 2, ii. 211, 212, fc 23, f. 1 (1876).
Hesperopeuce Pattoniana, Lemmon, Bep. California
State Board Forestry, iii. 126, t 12 (Cone-Bearers of
California) (1890).
Tsuga Pattoniana, var. Hookeriana, Lemmon, West-
American Cone-Bearers, 54 (1895) ; BuU. Sierra Club,
ii. 160 (Conifers of the Pacifte Slope). — Gorman, Pitto-
nia, iii. 69.
A tree, usually from seventy to one hundred but occasionally one hundred and fifty feet in
height, with a slightly tapering trunk four or five feet in diameter,' or at high elevations nearly
stemless, with stout wide-spreading almost prostrate branches. In youth and often on the margins of
gfroves, or in other positions where it can enjoy abundant space for the free development j^ its lower
limbs, it is clothed for a century or two from top to bottom with gracefully pendent slender branches,
which are furnished with drooping frond-like lateral branches with erect ultimate branchlets, and form
an open pyramid surmounted by the long drooping leading shoots ; or when crowded in the forest
the tall trunk, naked often for two thirds of its lengfth, bears only a short narrow pyramidal crown.
The bark of the trunk is from an inch to an inch and a half in thickness and deeply divided into
conuected rounded ridges broken into thin closely appressed scales, and is dark cinnamon-red with
' The largest recorded measurement of this tree is of a speci-
men growing ou the California Sierras near the margin of Lake
Hollow, at an elevation of nine thousand two hundred and fifty
feet, which Muir found to be nineteen feet seven inches in circum-
ference at four feet above the ground. (See Muir, The Mounlaint
of California, 207.)
78
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONlFEItiK.
blue nr purple shadings. The buds are acute and about an eighth of an inch in length, with light
chestnut-brown sc.iles which in the outer ranks are furnished on the back with conspicuous midribs
produced into slender deciduous awl-like tips. The branchlets are thin and flexible, or stout nnd rigid
when the tree has grown slowly in exposed situutionH at high elevations ; for two or three years tliey
are light reddish brown and covered with short pale dense pubescence which disappears aa the thin
bark begins to break up into loose scales, and at the end of four or ftve years they become grayish
brown and usually very scaly. The leaves, which stand out from all sides of the branches and are
remote on leading shoots and crowded on the short lateral erect branchlets peculiar to this species, are
rather abruptly narrowed into nearly straight or slightly twisted petioles, and are raised on persistent
bases as long or rather longer than the petioles ; they are rounded and occasionally obscurely grooved, or
on young plants sometimes more conspicuously grooved on the upper surface and rounded and slightly
ribbed on the lower surface, entire, rather bluntly pointed at the apex, often more or less curved,
stomatiferous above and below with about eight rows of stomata on each surface, light bluish green or
on some individuals pale blue, from half an inch to an inch in length, about one sixteenth of an inch
in width, and irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years. The staminate flowers are
about one sixth of an inch long, with violet-blue anthers furnished with very short basal projections,
and are borne on slender pubescent drooping stems from one quarter to nearly one half of an inch in
length from buds produced in the axils of the crowded laaves near the extremities of the short lateral
branchlets. The pistillate flowers are erect, about a quarter of an inch in length, with delicate lustrous
dark purple or yellow-green bracts gradually narrowed above into slender and often slightly reflexed
tips. The cones, which are produced in great profusion on all the upper branches, are sessile,
cyliudricol-oblong, narrowed toward the blunt apex and somewhat toward the base, erect until more
than half grown, pendulous or rarely erect at maturity,' from Ave eighths of an inch to three inches in
length ^ and from three quarters of an inch to an inch in diameter, with thin delicate scales which are
as broad as they are long or somewhat narrower, gradually contracted from above the middle to the
wedge-shaped base, rounded at the slightly thickened and more or less erose margin, striate and
puberulous on the outer surface, and usually bright bluish purple or occasionally pale yellow-green in
the exposed parts until the cones ripen, adjacent trees often producing exclusively cones of one and of
the other color, especially those growing on the mountains of Washington and Oregon, where the form
with yellow cones appears to be more abundant than in other parts of the country ; the scales are four
or five times as long as their bracts, which are rounded, rather abruptly contracted at the apex into
short points, wedge-shaped and thickened below, with prominent midribs, dark purple above the middle
and brown below, or on the form with yellow-green cone-scales brown throughout ; at maturity the
scales turn dark brown and spread nearly at right angles to the axis of the cone or become much
reflexed. The seeds are light brown, one eighth of an inch long, and often marked on the surface next
their scale with one or two large resin vesicles ; their wings are nearly half an inch in length, broadest
above the middle, gradually narrowed below and only slightly or not at all oblique at the rounded apex.
Tsuga Mcrtai»iana is usually a tree of high altitudes, growing on exposed ridges and rslopes at
the upper border of the forest, where it is often completely buried in snow during many months of
every year, and where its tough and flexible branches and slender leading shoots resist for centuries
' Appniuntly the erect cones are found only on trees which have
grown slowly in exposed situations, and tlieir position is evidently
due to the thickness of the sliort lateral branchlets on which they
are terminal and whicli are sonictiuios so rigid that the weight of
the cones does not maku them pendent. Trees with erect cones
acem to have been Hrst noticed by Mr. M. W. Gorman, who found
them, in 1895, small and stunted on slopes and I'lifTs near the snow*
line at altitudes of from three thousand to three thousand Ave hun-
dred feet above the sea un the mountains near Yes Bay, Alaska.
Similar trees have been seen by Mr. Gorman on the east slope of
the Cascade Mountains above Lake Chelan in Washington at eleva-
tions of seven tlionsand feet ; and I have seen a small tree at the
sea-level near Sitka which displayed the same peculiarity.
'* The cones of Tnugn Afertenniaua are usually from two to two and
a half inches in length. The smallest 1 have seen were gathered in
August, ISOo, by Professor S. V. Piper on dry ridges of Mt. Itainier
in Washington at an elevation of seven thousand feet above the
CONIPEItVK.
th, with light
icuous midribs
tout niid rigid
ree years they
'8 as tiie thin
)ecome grayish
nches and are
lis sp(>cies, are
on persiHtent
fly grooved, or
ed and slightly
ar less curved,
luish green or
enth of an inch
late flowers are
isal projections,
of an inch in
he short lateral
ielicate lustrous
ilightly reflexed
les, are sessile,
irect until more
three inches in
scales which are
e middle to the
pn, striate and
I yellow-green in
I of one and of
where the form
e scales are four
t the apex into
ibove the middle
at maturity the
or become much
the surface next
length, broadest
le rounded iipex.
;es and nlopes at
nany months of
list for centuries
ti on tbo cast slope of
Wasliingtoii nt clevn-
n a siuall tree at the
! peculiarity.
y from two to two and
seen were gathered in
' ridges of Mt. liainier
usaud feet above the
COmtKUM.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
79
the fiercest mountain gales. In such exposed positions it forms low dense thickets, with wide-spreading
linibs clinging close to tlio ground, but on more sheltered slopes at lower altitudes it sends up tall
and stately stems and sometimes forms nearly pure forests of considerable extent. In southeastern
Alaska, where it finds its most northerly home,' the Mountiin Hemlock grows on the coast mountains
up to elevations of nearly two thousand feet, and occasionally descends to the level of the sua ; *
southward it ranges along the coast mountains of British Columbia 'to the Olympic Mountains of
Washington, usually growing only at elevations of more than two thousand five hundred feet above
tlio sea. It is abundant on the w-jstRrn slopes of the Selkirk Mountains in the interior of southern
liritish Columbia, wh<>ro it is a conspicuous feature in the forests of Tsiuja helerophyWx, Abies
liiHiiiv.drpa, I'inus alhicaulis, and Picea Eiujdmanni ; from the Selkirk Mountains it ranges to
northern Montana* and to the Ca-ur d'Alcrd and Bitter Root Mountains of northern Idaho;'
southward it extends to the Powder River Mountains, and along the Cascade Mountains of Washington
and Oregon, growing with Abies luaiocarpa usually between five and seven thousand feet above the sea
on ridges and along the margins of alpine meadows in groves of exquisite beauty," and pushing the
advance guard of the forest to the edge of living glaciers, while at lower altitudes it attains a large size
and mingles with Abies amabilis and occasionally with hardy stragglers from the forest of Abies nobilis,
which clothes the lower slopes of these mount lins.' On the southern part of the Cascade Range it
rctii '.."H an altitude of eight thousand feet abo' e the sea, and a thousand feet lower and below Crater
Lake, in latitude 42° 55', it forms the noblest forest of this Hemlock which has yet been seen, with
trees often one hundred and fifty feet in heig'it and from three to five feet in trunk diameter. It is
common on Mt. Shasta, in northern Californii), where it forms extensive groves near the timber-line at
eight thousand feet above the sea, and occu>'s near the high summits of the Siskiyou Mountains, and
at an elevation of eight thousand feet o.i the mountains in the rear of Crescent City ; * on the Sierra
Nevada it forms groves, usually on northern slopes and between elevations of from nine thousand to ten
thousand feet above the sea, near the timber-line of all the high peaks, probably finding its most
Houtiicrly home in the canon of the south fork of King's River."
The wood of Tsuga Merte.nsiana is light, soft, not strong, close-grained, and susceptible of
receiving a good polish ; it is pale brown or red, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains thin
inconspicuous bands of small summer cells and numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4454, a cubic foot weighing 27.76 pounds. It is occasionally
manufactured into lumber.'"
' See P. Kurtz, Hot. Jahrh. lix. 426 (Fl. Chilcatgebiele$).
The nioHt western point on the Alaska const where Tsuga Mer-
leniiana has been seen is BiiratiolT Island, where it was first dis-
covered and where it grows with 'J'tuga hetcrophylla and Picea
SttrhtntHtg. It probably extends, however, to the neighboring Chi-
chiigof Island and possibly to the westward of Cross Sound. It
is conmioii up to the snow-liiie on the mountains at the head of the
Kynn Cuiuil one hundred miles north of Sitka in latitude 60° north,
thn most northerly station from which this tree has been reported
(G. M. Dawson, Garden and Forest, i. 59; Rep. Geolog. Sure. Can,
n. ser. iii. pt. i. Appx. i. 18U U. — Maooun, Jiep. Geolog. Suru, Can.
D, ser, iii, pt. i. Appx. iii. 2'M U).
" The only stations at the sea-level for this tree which arc known
to mo are HumnofT Island and the shores of Yes Bay in latitude
tHy lA' north, where it was first collected by Mr. M. W. Gorman.
' Maeouu, Garden and Foreil, ii. 5'J5 j Cat. Can. PI. pt. iv. .162.
* Tnuga Mertenniana was found in northern Montana by Mr.
n. U. Ayres in Septcml)er, 1893, on the divide between Thompson
and Little Hitter Koot Creeks, at an elevation of between six and
Mven thousand feet above the sea-level.
* Tiuga Merteimana appears tu have been first noticed in Idaho
by Mr. Sereno Watson, who fonnd it in 1880 on the Lolo Trail
toward the northern extremity of the Bitter Root Range. In Idaho
it is confined to the high divides of the Bitter Root and CoDur
d' Alene Mountains from that of the Clearwater River on the south,
where it is said to form more than seventy-five per cent, of the
forest growth, northward to the upper St. Joseph and to the divide
between the St. Joseph and Cceur d'AIene Rivers, being more abun-
dant on the Clearwater and the St. Joseph than farther north.
(See Leiberg, Contrih. U. S. Nat. He.b. v. 53.)
' In August, 1896, I found Tsuga Merlen.^iana growing with
Tsuga helerophglla on the east slope of the Cascade Mountains of
Wasliington, near the mouth of the Cascade tunnel on the Hue of
the Great Northern Railroad, at the remarkably low elevation of two
thousand two hundred feet.
' See Fiper, Garden and Forest, iv. 382, f. 63 ; also Garden and
Forest, x. 1, f. 1, 2.
' Teste A. J. Johnson,
• Teste John Muir.
^^ The inaccessibility of the alpine slopes which are the usual
home of this tree has protected it from the lumberman, although
the wood has considerable value for purposes of construction. On
80
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFEIUC.
The bark contains enough tannic acid to make it commercially valuable as a tunning material.
Tsuga Mvrtensiana was discovered on Baranoff Island in the neighborhood of the town of Sitka
in 1827 by K. H. Mertens.' It wuh next found on the mountains south of the Eraser River ' in 1851
by John Jeffrey,' by whom it was introduced into European gardens, where, as well as in those of the
eastern United States, it has proved hardy. In cultivation, however, Tnuga Mertenmana grows very
slowly,* and, altliough it has already produced its cones in England," gives little promise of ever
assuming the airy grace of habit which makes it the loveliest cone-bearing tree of the American forest.
^
Kuiu laluid, AInaka, small quantities of lumber known as red
spruce have been matlo from it. (S«o (iornian, PxUimiat iii- OH.)
> Karl lleinrioh Mertens (May 17, 17U0-September 17, 1830)
was the son of Ur. Franz Karl Mertens, who wan the bead of an
institution of learning in Urcnien and the author of botanical
papers, and who is commemorated in the genus Mnteiutia. He was
born in llremen, where he received bis earlj education, and ac-
quired a fondness for natural history, especially botany, which he
studied later in Paris with Jussieu, Uesfuntaincs, Lanuirck, and
Mirbcl, and where he made the acquaintance of Dawson Turner,
by whom ho was invited to London and introduced to Hubert
Brown, Sir Joseph Hanks, aiul the elder Hooker. Returning to
Germany in 1H17, he commcncpd the study of medicine in Gottin-
gen and then in Halle, where he took his doctor's degree in IS'JO,
and began to practice his profession in Berlin, which, however, he
soon left to make his home in his native city. An intense love of
natural history and a desire for travel made the prospect of a quiet
professional life in Bremen unbearable, and Mertens went to St.
Petersburg in the hope of being appointed naturalist to the eiplor-
ing expedition which was flttcd out there under command of Kotze-
bue. Failing to obtain this position, ho remained for two years
in Russia praoticing his profession, and fiimlly in the spring of
182G was made naturalist and physician to the expedition which
sailed that year under Captain Lutki on the S<imiavino to make
a scientific journey of exploration around the world. During the
next four years Mertens visited P^ngland, Teneriife, Rio de .laneiro.
Cape Horn, Valparaiso, the coast of Alaska, Kamtschatka, the
Caroline Islands, Manila, the Cape of Gowl Hope, and St. Helena.
Returning to St. Petersburg, he presented to the Academy of Sci-
ences of that city a number of papers chieHy devoted to the inver-
tebrates collected during his journey. Ho was still engaged in
studying bis collections when he joined, in 1830, his old commander
Lutkf on a cruise along the coast of France and Ireland, during
which he contracted a nervous fever, from which be died shortly
after his return to Russia.
On Karanotf Island Mertens discovered, in addition to the Hem-
lock-tree which bears his name, a number of other interesting
plants which were described by Bonganl in bis paper on La Vrgita-
tion de Vile de SiUca, based on Mertens's collection on that island
and published in the second volume of the Mhnoirea de VAcadi'
mie des Sciences de St, Ptterthowg. A communication from Mer-
tens on the llora of Karagin Island oil the coast of Kamtschatka
and the shores of Bi^hring Strait, published in the thinl volume
of Linniea, appears to have been bis only botanical paper. (For a
sketch of Merten*a career see Voyage autottr du Monde execute par
ordre de »a Majesle t'Empereur NichoUu I. aur la Corvette Le Semi-
avine dana lea Anniea 1820, 1827, 1828 et 1820, /lar Frederic Lutkt,
iii. 337.)
' " Abiea aj). No. 430. Found on the Mt. Baker range of moun-
tains. This species makes its appearance at the point where A.
Canndetuia disappears, that is at an elevation of about five thousand
feet above the sea ; from that point to the margin of perpetual
snow it is found. Along the lower part of its range it is n noble
looking tree, rising to the height of one hundred and fifty feet, and
thirteen and one half feet in diameter. As it ascends the moun-
tains it gets gradually smaller, until at last it dwindles into a shrub
of not more than four feet high. I..eaves solitary, dark green
above, silvery beneath, flat and rounded at their (wints, thickly
phwed round the branches. Cones about an inch long, produced at
the points of the branches. Brnnchos pendulous. Bark rough, of
a grayish color. Timber hard and very flue in the grain, of a red-
dish color. Soil on which this tree was growing most luxuriantly
was red loam, very stony and moist. If this tree proves undo-
scribed, 1 hope it will be known under the name of Abiea Pattonii"
(From Report of John Jeffrey read at a meeting of the Oregon
Committee, August 24, 1852, and printed in September following
in a circular to its subscribers.)
• See xi. 41.
* Like other alpine trees, Tauga Merteruiana grows slowly. The
log in the Jesnp Collection of North American Woods in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, from the Cas-
cade Mountains of Oregon, is eighteen inches in diameter inside
the bark and one hundred and eigbty-flve years old, the sapwood
being three inches and three quarters in thickness, with ninety-one
layers of annual growth. I.«iberg found that the trunk of a tree
six inches in diameter, which had grown in Idaho in a very exposed
position, was seventy-five years old, and trees in the same region
which had grown under the most favorable cor'litions as to soil
and situation were nineteen inches in diameter, and from two hun-
dred to two hundred and fifty years old. (See Contrib. U. S,
Nat. Herb. v. 53.)
> Masters, Oard. Chron. ser. 3, xii. 10, f. 1 ; xiii. 669, f. 06.
CONIFERX.
material,
town of Sitka
liver' in 1851
1 those of the
rt grows very
iniise of ever
irican forest.
t of Kamtsobatk*
the thinl volume
al pnpor. (For a
Monde execute par
Corvette Le Semi-
ar Frederic Lutht,
ir range of moiin-
le point where A.
ibout Hve thousand
irgin of perpetual
ango it i» n noble
and flf ty feet, and
nscenda the moun-
indles into a ahrub
iitary, dark green
eir |ioints, thickly
I long, produced at
B. Uark rough, of
lie grain, of a red-
; most luxuriantly
tree proves uude-
ot Abiet Patlonii."
ing of the Oregon
ptember following
[TOWS slowly. The
;an Woods in the
ork, from the Cas-
in diameter inside
rs old, the sapwood
IBS, with ninety-one
he trunk of a tree
o in a very exposed
in the same region
)rflitions as to soil
and from two hun-
See Conlrib. V. S.
uii. 659, f . 06.
5 i
! ■
It
1,1
V.
m
SLS
.•\
KXl'LANATION OK THK I'LATK.
I'l.ATR DCVI. Tmi'<ia Mkktknhiana.
I. A lintni'li with nUkiiiiniiti' IIowitk, nuturiil situ.
'i, A iilllililiiiil« lliiwcr, i'iilnrKe<l.
II, All millior, friiiil vixw, i'nlikr);i>il.
4. All Miillii'r, kiiIk vIiiw, I'liliirKcil.
A. A liritiii'li with |iliitilliitu llowBr*, natural «ize.
(I, A |il>llllitli> lliiwtir, viilitr^'i'il.
7. A w'lihi of n iiinlillHtn llower, upper aide, with it* bract and uvulea, enlarged.
N. A (riiiliiiK lirnni'h, nntiiral Hi/.u.
I). I'lirlliin iif It (dp <if It tree from liuranutT lidand with erect oodm, natural lizo.
10. A riiiiii fiiitii the (<'iiMir d'Alonu Mountaiim, Idaho.
tl- A I'oiiiuiiutle, upper Hide, with ita iipedB, natural size.
Vi, A eiinn-M'ale, limnr •ide, with its bract, natural iiize.
1!1. A »i'iilt> of n Kiiinll CiiMir d'Aleim cone, upper Hide, with it« seeda, natural »iie.
U. A aeaJK of a uninll ('luur d'Alenu cone, lower Hide, with its bract, natural itize.
in, A Deed, etilitrKed.
Ill, Vi'rtlenl neetioii of n need, enlarged.
17, An iimliryu, cnlarKed.
IH, (!ruiia Keetlon of n leaf, inagniile<l fifteen dianieten.
\W-
3L;GA MfclRTENSlAN'A
■i I
KXf'J.ANATION OF ! (JK Pi^TE.
8,
«.
10.
11.
VJ.
1.1.
14.
ir>.
16.
17,
18
A •iuniruu' ttuWKi' rnUu-fnl.
An «iilh«r. fruBl Tfnw, «alargf,t
A.a mtllifT, aiilft virw, eiiiai^^r*
A bi»H'l) with pimillatr fi.iv oin, ii*tiir»l Hi«<.
A |nHl,ilLiU' Howor. piili4r^Kt.
A hcaU'- of A jiinillfttii li'owpr, ufip«r iiiilii, wilJi iiic brarl atul «vv!« .tnUiijcil.
A (ruiling tmincli. iiatiiral iv.:j.
Portion uf a top of h trf« from Bikranoff Ulai.il with erwt «.De«, oxlaisl iif».
A cone from (li. CoMir iI'AIoih! Mouniaiiin, l.luho.
A foiie-soale, upper siilc. w:th its seeils, natural «i?i).
A iMiiif-scale, lower side, wii^h it« biv.Pt, naluriil »i/.«.
A scale, of a Kmall Co.'up d'Aleiit -onn, ippi-r aide, with itji seeds, iiatiiral «iM.
A .i«»le of a ainall Cn^ur d'A' ne nine. l..i»er ni<li\ with ita Iract, natural aiio.
A wwl, enlari^i.
Vcrt'-nl apction of a sectl, finliri;»-<!
An eiplffyti. «^idarpe<l.
CroM Hectiod of a leaf, niagoii..~i .i.j.-.i. ii,.iu«i<-,».
Silva of Nonh America.
Tab. DCVI,
C £'./'(Ai4}': <if^.
^ffjff^p/if Jti.
•
i'l
i I
I
TSUGA MERTENSIANA.Sare
/I Hi,:.
r^'lM tit/ ,M
Imp. y. TUftiittf J**Hh>
L
CONIFEI
F
anthe:
bracts
matui
Pseudo
Bent
Soc.
Abies (
PinuB I
part]
P
spirallj
the wi(
with si
foliage
ovate, I
the tei
Tounde
of the
wither
markii
the bu
of the
incurv
with a
side o:
side, a
and in
of th(
at the
white,
short,
openii
withd
comp(
two-l(
tips;
acute
lineal
cone,
the
CONIFEIUE.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
83
PSEUDOTSUGA.
Flowers solitary, naked, monoecious ; the staminate axillary, stamens indefinite,
anther-cells 2, surmounted by a short spur ; the pistillate terminal or axillary, their
bracts elongated, 2-lobed, aristate, ovules 2 under each scale. Fruit a woody strobile
maturing in one season. Leaves flat, petiolate, persistent.
PseudotBUKa, Cairike, Traiti Conif. ed. 2, 256 (1867). —
Bentliam & Hooker, Oen. iii. 441. — Masters, Jour. Linn.
Soc. XIX. 35.
Abiea (sect Pencoides), Spach, Hint. VSi/. xi. 423 (1842).
Pinua (sect Tsuga), Endlioher, Oen. Suppl. iv. pt iL 6 (in
part) (1847).
Tsuga (sect. Peucoides), Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad.
ii. 211 (1863). — Eichler, Engler & Prantl Pflanzenfam,
ii. pt i. 80 (in part).
Pinus, Baillon, Hist. PI. ziL 44 (in part) (1892).
Pyramidal trees, with thick deeply furrowed scaly bark, hard strong yellow or red wood with
spirally marked wood cells and broad dark resinous bands of small summer cells often occupying half
the width of the layers of annual growth, slender usually horizontal irregularly whorled branches clothed
with slender spreading pendent or rarely erect lateral branchlets forming broad flat-topped masses of
foliage, stout wide-spreading roots, and thin tough rootlets. Branch-buds formed in early summer,
ovate, acute, from three to five n number, the lateral in the axils of upper leaves and much smaller than
the terminal bud, covered with numerous clos; Iv imbricated dark chestnut-brown spirally disposed scales
rounded, entire, or somewhat erose on the thin often scarious margins, increasing in size from the bottom
of the bud upward, the two outer minute, lateral, and opposite, the inner thin, accrescent, silvery white,
withering and sometimes persistent on the base of the branch for three or four years and in falling
marking it with ring-like scars. Leaves densely crowded in short clusters when they first emerge from
the bud, spirally disposed but often appearing two-ranked on vigorous sterile branches by the twisting
of their slender petioles, spreading nearly at right angles with the branch, straight or more or less
incurved, flat, rounded and obtuse or acuminate at the callous apex, marked on the upper surface
with a conspicuous groove and on the lower surface with a band of numerous rows of stomata on each
side of the prominent midrib, containing two lateral resin ducts close to the epidermis on the lower
side, articulate on low transversely oval concave ultimately woody pulvini, persistent for many years
and in drying. Flowers appearing in early spring from buds formed the previous summer on branches
of the year, erect, surrounded by conspicuous involucres of the lustrous oblong bud-scales rounded
at the apex, increasing in size from below upward, the inner becoming much enlarged and silvery
white. Staminate flowers axillary and scattered along the branchlets, oblong-cylindrical, raised on
short, ultimately elongated stalks, composed of numerous spirally arranged short-stalked globose anthers
opening obliquely, their connectives terminating in short spurs; pollen-grains ovoid, subglobose,
witliout aii^sacs.' Pistillate flowers terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, short-stalked, oblong,
composed of numerous ovate rounded spirally imbricated scales much shorter than their narrow acutoly
two-lobed bracts variously laciniately cut on the margins, with midribs produced into elongated slender
tips ; ovules two under each scale, inverted, collateral. Cones maturing in one season, ovate-oblong,
acute at the apex, rounded at the slightly narrowed base, pendulous on stout peduncles clothed with
linear-acute bracts, their scales rounded, concave, rigid, decreasing in size and sterile at both ends of the
cone, spreading at maturity almost at right angles with its axis, persistent ; bracts exserted, two-lobed,
the lobes spreading, acuminate, their prominent midribs produced into long stifE linear lanceolate
1 Eugelmann, Bremer ^ Wauon Bot. Cal. ii. 119,
j ;
I;
. hi'
■';t
81
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERA.
flattened awns, rigid and woody at maturity, those at the base of the cone destitute of scales, becoming
linear-lanceoLite by the gradual suppression of their lobes.' Seeds geminate, reversed, attached at
the base in shallow depressions on the inner face of the cone-scales, nearly triangular, rather longer
than broad, fuU, rounded, and dark-colored on the upper face, more or less flattened and pale on the
lower face, destitute of resin vesicles, in falling bearing away portions of the membranaceous lining o£
the scale forming oblong wbg-like ultimately deciduous attachments, and enveloping the upper side
of the seeds in a dark covering adnate to the testa ; testa of two coats, the outer thick and crustaceous,
the inner thin and membranaceous. Embryo axile in conspicuous fleshy albumen ; cotyledons from
six to twelve, usually seven or eight, stomatiferous on the upper surface.
Pseudotsuga is intermediate in character between Tsuga and Abies, resembling the former in ts
petioled leaves but differing from it in the exserted bracts of the cone-scales and in the absence of ie^ n
vesicles on the seeds, and from the latter in the spurred connectives of the anthers, and in the
pendulous cones with persistent cone-scales. The genus is represented by three species ; one is widely
distributed over western North America from about latitude 53° north in British Columbia to northern
Mexico ; the second is confined to the dry sides of canons on the mountains of southwestern California,
and the third, which is still little known, grows in Japan.'
Psendotsuga produces hard durable valuable wood which is distinguished from that of other
coniferous trees by its numerous spirally marked wood cells, and one of its species is one of the largest
and most important timber-trees of the world.
V'seuiLiisuga lA not kn<)wn to be t>eriuiuly injured by insects^ or fungal diseases.*
Like the other Abietinete, trees of this genus can easily be raised from seeds, and Pseudotsuga
mucronata, the type of the genus, is one of the most splendid ornaments of the parks of temperate
countries.
The generic name, a barbarous combination of a Qreek with a Japanese word, signifies the
relationship of these trees with the true Hemlocks.
iiy
W
> See Lloyd, Bull. Tvrrey Bot. Club, m. 90, t. 327 (On an Ab-
iionual Cone in the Douglas Spruce).
^ Pseudotsuga Japonica.
Tsuga (Pseudotsuga) Japonica, Sbirasawa, Tokyo Bot. Mag. a.
86, t. 3 (1895).
The Japanese ]*scudot8nga, vhich waa discovered only a few
years ago by Mr. Iloini Sbirasawa near Yoshino, in the province of
Kii, at an elevation of about two thousand feet above the sea, is
distinguished by shorter and broader leaves and smaller cones than
those of the American species, while the bracts of the cone-scales
appear strongly relleied in Mr. Shirasawa's plate. It is described
ris a tree from forty-five to sixty feet in height, with an erect
straight trunk, horizantally spreading branches, and spire-like top,
growing in forests of Birches, Hemlocks, Oaks, Magnolias, and
Acanthopanax. (See Garden and Forest, viii. 129. — Gard. Chrort.
ser. 3, xvii. 462.)
" Very little is yet known of the insects which attack Pseudo-
tsuga in its na*<ve forests, and there is no record of their mate-
rially injuring cultivated trees. The species of Sco'.ytitaz, among
them being Scotytua unispinosus, Lo Conte, are known to burrow
under the bark of Pseudotsuga mucronata in California, and it is
probable that several of the insects which obtain their food from
different species nf Picea and Abies will be found to live also on
Pseudotsuga. The larva of the imall moth Orcpholiiha bradea-
tana, Femald, has been reported as injurious to its cones in Oregon,
nearly half the cop of the seeds of 1807 having been destroyed in
one locality by this insect, and by the larve of a cecidomyiid 6y
which accompanies it. (See BuU. No. 10, n. ser. i>ii>. Entomolog.
U. S. Ihpl. Agric. 1898, 98.)
* Pseudotsuga appears to suffer little in the United States from
the attacks of fungi, where hardly a dozen species have been noted
on it, and none of these are known to cause any serious disease or
to be confined especially to this host. Possibly a species of Perider-
njium which occurs on i'seudotsuga mucronata in Colorado may
prove injurious to this tree, but its fungal characters are not yet
well understood. Two species of fungi, however, are said to do
considerable damage to Pseudotsuga mucronata when cultivated in
Europe. In l''S8 Von Tubeuf described a Bolrytis Douglasii which
appeared in Germany in widely separated localities, and caused the
young leaves to wither and shrivel up. This disease has been occa-
sionally noticed since, although mycologists are inclined to doubt
whether Bolrytis Douglasii is really distinguished from Botrylis cine-
rea, Peraoon. Oudemans has recently described a mould, Oospora
Abietum, which in Holhind injures the leaves of Pseudotsuga mucro-
nata and of different species of Picea.
CONIFERS.
es, becoming
, attached at
■ather longer
pale on the
)us lining o£
le uppei side
I crustaceouB,
yledons from
former in ts
Bence of !■«' .i
, and in the
one is widely
ia to northern
irn California,
that of other
)f the largest
Pseudotauga
I of temperate
, signifies the
hvpholiiha hractea-
ts cones io Oregon,
; been destroyed in
' a cecidomyiid fly
cr. Div. Enlomohg.
United States from
[es have been noted
y serious disease or
k species of Perider-
in Colorado may
rasters are not yet
ver, are said to do
when cultivated in
•ytis Douglasii which
ities, and. caused the
sease has been occa-
e inclined to doubt
i from Bolrylis eine-
ed a mould, Oo$}iora
■ Pteudolmga mucro-
C0NI7BIUB.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
85
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves usually rounded and obtuse at the apex, dark yeUow-green or rarely blu(>green; cones small,
1. P. MTTCBONtTA.
Leaves acuminate at the apex, bluish gray s cones large, their bracts sUghtly exserted 2. P. macbocabpa.
their bracts much exserted
i I
i
i
^ -:
i
t
i
i
i
i- r
m
\\¥
i
,i
CONIFE
.
L
green
Pseudo
11
Heri
PinuB
bury
;
i*Z..
tero,
Abies
taxi)
293.
1
cific
li
Abies I
1832
Carr
Abies I
120
Com
Abies
Law
,
iv. 2
•
45.-
xi.4
Coni
V. 2(
Mei
berr
Gor
pti
330,
Her
Sen
Wh
Lai
Wa
Ko(
458
Afii
36.
bel
Pinus
Ho
84,
39'
Nc
Bi|
gri
toi
CONU'E&S.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
87
FSEUDOTSnaA MUOBONATA.
Douglas Spruce. Red Fir.
Leaves usually rounded and obtuse at the apex, dork yellow-green or rarely blue-
green. Cones small, their bracts much exserted.
Pseudotsuga muoronata, Sudworth, Cottlrib. V. 8. Nat.
Herb. iiL 266 (1895).
Pinus taxifoUa, Lambert, Pinui, i. 61, t. 33 (not Salis-
bury) (1803). — WiUdenow, Speo. iv. pt i. 605. — Pursh,
Ft. Am. Sept. ii. 640. — Sprengel, Syit. iii. 885. — Bro-
tero, HUt. Nat. Pinheiros, Larieea e A betas, 31.
Abiea taxifoUo, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 623 (not Pinus
taxifolia, Salisbury) (1804). — Nauveau Duhamel, v.
293. — Pre.l, Epimel. Bot. 231 . —Tomy & Gray, Pa-
eiflo R. R. Rep. ii. 130.
Abies muoronata, Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 120 (Autumn,
1832); New Fl. i. 38. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 126.—
CarriJire, Traiti Conif. 267.
Abies muoronata, var. palustris, Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour.
120 (Autumn, 1832) ; New Fl. i. 38. — Endlicher, Syn.
Conif. 126. — Carri^re, Traiti Conif. 268.
Abiea Douglaaii, Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 32 (1833). —
Lawson & Son, Agric. Man. 375. — Loudon, Arb. Brit.
iv. 2319, f. 2230. — Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 127, t.
45. — Bentham, PI. HaHweg. 57. — Spach, Hist. Vig.
xi. 423. — NuttaU, Syloa, iii. 129, t. 115. — Knight, Syn.
Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soe. Lond.
V. 209. — Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt v. 141 ; Bot.
Mex. Bound. Surv. 210 ; Ives' Rep. pt. iv. 28. — New-
berry, Paeific R. R. Rep. vi. pt iii. 54, 90, t 8, f. 20. —
Gordon, Pinetum, 15 — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Hep. xii.
pt ii. 24, 69. — Engelmann, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, zxziv.
330. — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 131, 133, 143. —
Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 155. — (Nekon)
Senilis, Pinucea:, 32. — Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 28, 50 j
Wheeler's Rep. vi. 9. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 189. —
Lawson, Pinetum Brit. ii. 115, t 17, 1«, f. 1-23. —
WaUon, King's Rep. v. 334 ; PI. Wheeler, 17 &.
Konh, Dendr. ii. pt ii. 265. — Nordlinger, Forstbot.
468. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv.
Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 Veitch, Man. Conif. 119, f.
36. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 95, f. 19. — Schu-
beler, Virid. Norveg. i. 429, i. 81.
Pinus Douglaaii, D. Don, Lambert Pinus, iii. t (1837). —
Hooier, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 162, t 183. — Antoine, Conif.
84, t 03, (. 3. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beeehey,
394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 87. — Lawson & Sou, List
No. 10, Abietinece, 9. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 393. — J. M.
Bigelow, Pucifie R. R. Rep. iv. pt v. 17. — Torrey, Sit-
greaves' Rep. 173. — Courtin, Fam. Conif. 55. — Pnrla-
tore, De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt ii. 430. — W. R. M'Nab,
Proe. R. Irish Acad. ser. 2, ii. 703, t. 49, (. 32, 32 a,
32 b.
Abiea Douglaaii, var. taxifolia, London, Arb. Brit. iv.
2319, {. 2231 (not Abies taxifolia, Rafinesque) (1838). —
Gordon, Pinetum, 16. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn.
Nadelh. 156.
Finua Canadenais /37 Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 164
(1839).
Pinua Douglaaii, var. taxifolia, Antoine, Contf. 86 (1840-
47). — Courtin, Fam. Conif. 55 (1858).
Finua Douglaaii, var. brevibraoteata, Antoine, Conif.
84, t. 33, f. 4 (1840-1847).
Pioea Douglaaii, Link, Linncea, xv. 624 (1841).
Tauga Douglaaii, Carri^re, Traiti Conif. 192 (1856).—
S^n^lauze, Con\f. 20. — Rejel, Rusa. Dendr. ed. 2, pt. i.
40.
Tauga Douglaaii, var. taxifolia, Carri^re, Traiti Conif.
192 (1855).
Tauga Douglaaii brevibraoteata, Carri^re, Traiti Con\f.
193 (1855).
Tauga Douglaaii faatigiata, Carri^re, Traiti Conif. 193
(1855).
Tsuga Lindleyana, Roezl, Cat. Conif. Mex. 8 (1867).—
Carri^re, Traiti Conif. ed. 2, 264.
Paeudotaugs Douglaaii, Carri^re, Traiti Conif. ed. 2,
266 (1867). — Engelmann, Rothrock Wheeler's Rep. vi.
267 ; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cat. ii. 120 (excl. var. macro-
carpa). — Kellogg, Trees of California, 38. — Hemsley,
Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 190; iv. 89. — Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 209 (excl. var. macro-
carpa). — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 431. — Beissner,
Handb. Nadelh. 411, f. 114, 115 (excl. var. niacrocarpa). —
Masters, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 245 (excl. var. macro-
carpa). — Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 449. — Koehne,
Deutsche Dendr. 11 (excl. var. macrocarpa), i. 6. — Hem-
pol & Wilhelm, Baume und StrUucher, i. 105, f. 51.
Pseudotsuga Douglaaii taxifoUa, Carri^re, Traiti Con\^
ed. 2, 258 (1867).
Abies muoronata, Carri^re, Traiti Conif. ed. 2, 312
(1867).
Pseudotsuga Douglaaii denudata, Carrikre, Traiti Co-
nif ed. 2, 792 (l'J67).
Pinus Douglasii, p pendula, Parlatore, De CandoUe
Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 430 (1868).
Pseudotsuga Lindleyana, Carri^re. Reo. Hort. 1868,
152, t
Ii 'Ui
'Ii
1
'
i
r
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA
CONIFERA.
• \.
mm
I; J
1
V !f
1
■I ..
i- it
Pioea (Paeudotsuga) DouglaoU, Bflrtrand.ilnn. Sci. Nat.
tir. 5, XX. 87 (1874).
Paeudotsuga tazifoUa, Britton, Tran*. JV. T. Aead. Sei.
viii. 74 (1889). — Lemmon, Rep. California State Board
Forestry, iii. 130, t. 10, 11 (Cone-Beareri of California) ;
Wett ■ American Cone-Beareri, 66, t. 9; Bull. Sierra
Club, ii. 161 (Conifert of the Paeific Slope). — Leiberg,
Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. v. 60.
Paeudotsuga DouglasU, var. glauoa, Hijrr, Wold. Nord-
am. 307, t. 6, {. (1890).
Tsuga taxifoUa, Olto Kuntze, Km. Oen. PI. ii. 802 (1891).
Paeudotsuga taxifolic . var. suberoaa, Lemmon, Erythea,
i. 48 (1893) i Wett^Amtriean Cone-Bearert, 67 i Bull.
Sierra Club, ii. 161 (Con^feri of the Pacific Slope).
Paeudotsuga taxifoUa, var. elongata, Lemmon, Erythea,
i. 49 (1893).
A tree, when grown under favorable conditions often two hundred feet in height, with a trunk
three or four feet in diameter, and frequently much taller,' with a trunk ten or twelve feet in diameter;
or in the dry interior of the continent rarely more than eighty or one hundred feet high, with a trunk
two or three feet thick, and at high elevations occasionally reduced to a low shrub.' The slender
crowded limbs, which are densely clothed with long pendulous lateral branches, are horizontal or more
or less pendulous below, and erect above ; when the tree is young and has grown in an open situation
they form a narrow open handsome pyramid with its base resting on the ground, but when the Douglas
Spruce is crowded in the forest its trunk, decreasing but slightly in diameter often for a hundred feet
above the ground, is generally deprived of its branches for two thirds of its length and is surmounted
by a comparatively small narrow Iiead which on very old trees sometimes becomes flat-topped by the
lengthening of the upper branches. On young trees the bark is smooth, thin, rather lustrous, and
dark gray-brown ; beginning to thicken early near the ground and to divide into oblong plates, it
ultimately separates into great broad rounded and irregularly connected ridges which are broken on
the surface into small thick closely appressed dark red-brown scales, and, usually from ten to twelve
inches in thickness on old trees, it is occasionally two feet thick near their base;^ or sometimes in arid
regions the bark is paler colored and soft and spongy.* The winter-buds are ovate and acute, with thin
scales rounded, entire, or occasionally slightly erosc or denticulate on the margins, the terminal bud
being often a quarter of an inch in length and nearly twice as large as the lateral buds. The branchlets
are covered for three or four years with fine pubescence, and during their first season are pale orange-
color and lustrous; turning rather bright reddish brown in the autumn, they gradually grow dark
gray-brown after their second summer. The leaves are straight or rarely slightly incurved, rounded and
obtuse at the apex, or on leading shoots and rarely on lower sterile branches acute, with short slender
callous tips, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter long, from one sixteenth to one
twelfth of an inch wide, light yellow when they first emerge from the bud, and dark yellow-green or
' I have not been able to obtain any reliable information con-
cerning the maximum height of the Douglas Spruce. Lum^iermen
on Pugct Sound lukbitually speak of trees from three hundred to
three hundred and fifty feet tall, but their statements, unsupported
by actual measurements, must be accepted cautiously. It is not
impossible, however, that this tree may grow to even a greater
height than three hundred and fifty feet, as largo specimens in
some nf the sheltered valleys at the base of the Olympic Moun-
tains of northwestern Washington tower far alwve the surrounding
forest, which undoubtedly has an average height of nearly three
hundred feet.
In this region and on the western slopes of Mt. Rainier in Wash-
ington, trunks from ten to eleven feet in diameter five feet above
the Nurface of the ground and free of branches for two hundred or
two hundred and fifty feet are not rare, two or three such trt>es
sometimes standing on an acre of ground. Individuals twelve feet
in diameter may occasionally be seen, although they are very rare,
and lumbermen and prospectors tell of trees with trunks sixteen
feet in diameter. The trunks of Pirea Sitchemis, Thuya pUcala, and
of Tajodium mttrronatum of Mexico are larger at the ground than
those of Paewlotguga muiroiiata, but they taper rapidly and soon
lose their great girth, while the trunk of the Douglas Spruce car-
ries its size to an immense height with a hardly perceptible reduetion
of diameter, and no other tree of the continent, excepting the two
Sequoias, equals it in niussiveness of trunk or in productiveness of
timber. (.See Garitrn and Firat, x. 202, f. 38.)
'' In 1883 I found at an elevation of six thousand feet above the
level of the sea, at the head of the Cutbbnk River, on the eastern
side of one of the northern passes over the continental divide in
Montana, a Douglas Spruce only eighteen inches in height but
covered with cones of full average size.
' The thickest specimen of the bark of Pitewiotmga mucronata
which I have seen was in Seattle, Washington, and was twenty-
six inches in thickness.
* Upon the soft spongy character of the bark of the Douglas
Spruce on the San Francisco I'eaks in northern Arizona and un
some of the mountain ranges of northern New Mexico, I..emmou
baaed his variety suherosa {Krythea, i. 48). On the San Knmcisco
Peaks Abie$ conctAor and Ahiea lasiocarpa have also soft spongy
bark, which is probably the result of peculiar climatic conditions.
CONIFERVE.
, Wold. Nord-
ii. 802 (1891).
imon, Erythta,
art, 57; Bull.
U Slope).
inion, Erythm,
with a tniuk
in diameter;
with a trunk
The slender
ntal or more
ipen situation
the Douglas
bundred feet
s surmounted
opped by the
lustrous, and
Dng plates, it
re broken on
ten to twelve
itimes in arid
!ute, with thin
terminal bud
The branchlets
i pale orange-
Uy grow dark
1, rounded and
1 short slender
xteenth to one
ellow-green or
r rapidly and soon
ouglas Spruce car-
;rceptible redu'^tion
, excepting the two
I productivenen of
sand feet above the
ver, on the eastern
intincntal divide in
ches in height hut
eudotsuga mucrontUa
a, and was twenty-
ark of the Uouglaa
!rn Arizona and un
w Mexico, Leninion
ri the Snn Franciseo
re also soft spongy
limatiu conditioni.
COHU/KUM.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
rarely light or dark bluish green at maturity,' and are usually persistent until (heir eighth year, when
they begin to fall gradually aud irregularly. The staminate flowers are from three quarters of an inch
to an inch long, with orange-red anthers ; and the pistillate flowers are about three quarters of an
inch in length and nearly half an inch in thickness, their slender elongated brevets being deeply tinged
with red, which is darkest on the midribs. The cones, which hang on stout stenid often half a'l inch
in length, and mostly fall as soon as their seeds have escaped in the autumn, are from two to four
inches and a half in length and from an inch to an inch and a quarter in thickness, with scales which
are thin, slightly concave, rounded and occasionally somewhat elongated at the apex, thin and more or
less orose on the margins, and usually rather longer than they are broad ; at midsummer, when the cones
are fully grown, they are slightly puberulous, dark apple-green below, purplish toward the apex, and
bright red on the closely appressed margins ; and the pale green bracts, which are now slightly reflexed
above the middle and from one fifth to one quarter of an inch wide, often protrude half an inch beyond
their scales and begin gradually to turn brown. The seeds are a quarter of an inch long, nearly an
eighth of an inch wide, light reddish brown and lustrous above, pale and marked below with large
irregular white spots, and almost as long as their dark brown wings, which are broadest just below the
middle, oblique above, and rounded at the apex.
From the shores of Lake Tacla in the Rocky Mountains, a little to the north of the fifty-fifth
degree of latitude and from the head of the Skeena River in the coast range in latitude 54° north,'*
I'lteudotitnija mucronata spreads southward through all the Rocky Mountain system to the mountains
of western Texas and to those of southern New Mexico and Arizona, along the Sierra Madre of Chi-
huahua' and the mountains of Nuevo Leon, where it forms dark groves in ravines and on northern
slopes of the highest mountains,* to San Luis Potosi ; '^ in the coast region it extends southward at
some distance from the sea to latitude 51° north, and then spreads over Vancouver Island, over the
coast valleys and plains of southern British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, and over their moun-
tains, ranging in British America eastward to the eastern foothills of the* Rocky Mountains." In
California the Douglas Spruce extends southward in the coast mountains ..t least as far as Punta Gorda
in Monterey County, near the lower end of the Santa Lucia Mountains,^ over the cross ranges in the
' In Colorado and New Mexico the leaves of individual trees of
I'teudultui/a mucranala, liko those of many other conifers un the
southern Kocky Mountains, are light or dark blue in color, espe-
cially early in their first season.
" In liritish Columbia, where in the dry interior southern por-
tion I'luwluliuya mucrmtala is conflned to the high ridges which
nnparnto the river-valleys, and at tho north descends to the pla-
teaus, it occurs with a few individuals on the Skeena Kiver, but
is absent from the Queen Charlotte Islands and the coast archi-
pelago north of Vancouver Island, occurring hero only on tho
shores of inlets at some distance from tho 8ca. Southward from
latitude 51° north, however, it is abundant in the coast region of
tho mainland and in all parts of Vancouver Island with the excep-
tion of the exposed western coast ; and near the forty-ninth paral-
lel it extends from the ocean to the eastern slopes of the Rocky
Mountains, sumctimcs ascending to elevations of six thousand feet
uIhivii lliu sea. It does nut grow in the elevated and comparatively
humid CarilHM» region or on tho higher portions of the Gold and
Krlkirk Kanges. The line which marks the northern limits of its
diHtrii)nlion us now known is curiously irregular. It grows in the
neighlMirho<Hl of Fort (icorge and northeastward as far as McLewl's
I/ako, but it has not been found on the Parsnip Kivcr ; it extends
lulf way up Lake Tocla, occurs on the shores of Habinc Lake, and
is common alujut Kraser and Frant^ois Lakes. It ranges from the
valley of the Froser Kiver to tho const mountains on the I'n" of
the Chilcotin and its tributaries, and occurs on tho Na7'.o and uu
the Blackwater to the month of the Iscultaesli, but is absent from
the region northward from these streams to Francois Lake. The
extension of its range to the northeast on the Rocky Mountains is
still to be determined. (See G. M. Dawson, Can. Ifat. n. ser. ix.
323. — Mncoun, Cat. Can. PI. 472.)
^ " I saw heavy forests of Pscudotsuga on the cooler and more
fertile slopes of the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua some two hundred
miles south of our boundary." (C. G. Fringle in lilt. See, also,
C. G. Pringle, Garden arid Forest, i. 441.)
« Watson, Proe. Am. Acad, xviii. 158. — C. G. Fringle, /. c. iii.
338.
' Tmga mucronata was collected by Parry and Palmer near the
city of San Luis Potosi in 1878.
< In June, 1897, Mr. John Maconn fonnd Pseudotntga mucronata
on Jumping Pond Creek, near Calgary, Alberta, which is tho most
eastern station in British America from which I have seen speci-
mens of this tree.
' Pseudotnuga mucronata is common on the Santa Lucia Moun-
tains at elevations of from twenty-five hundred to about three
thousand feet above the sea, but I have not been able to hear of
it at any point farther south on the coast mountains. It is not
improbable, nevertheless, that it may extend along them into San
Luis Obispo County or even to the northern part of Santa Barbara
County. On the Santa Inez Mountains in the southern part of the
last named county the Pseudotauga is of the southern species.
,; ■
til:
,
Ill
' '!
I' I
' I . t ,■ ,
90
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFKIIA.
northnrn part of the otate, and Houthward alon(; tho western slopcH of the Sierra Nevada to the main
fork of the Sun Joaquin Kiver in latitude 37° !K)' north, where it asconda to olovatiunH of seven thousand
feet above tho sea ; but it is absent from all tho arid mounttiinH which rise in the |rrcat basin between
the Sierra Nevada and tho Wuhsutch Ranges. In the dry interior ro);ion of thn continent, where tho
Douirliis Spruce grows only on rocky mountain siope-i and benches, usually singly among other trees, and
rarely forms an important part of continuous forests except in nnrlhern New Mexico and Arizona, it
selduin attains a greater height than eighty feet; northward it is generally found at elevations of from
four to six thousand feet above the sea-level ; in Colorado it is scattered from the upper slopes of tho
foothills at elevations of about six thousand feet up to eleven thousand feet ; ' it is common on the high
mountjiins of northern and central New Mexico,'^ and on the San Francisco Peaks of northern Arizona
it forms a large part of tho forest between elevations of eight thousand two hundred and nine thousand
feet;' it is abundant on the Guadaloupe Mountains of western Texas, where in size and numbers it is
surpassed only by Pbum jmnderoHn ;* and on tho mountain ranges of soulhern New Mexico and Arizona,
where it is comparatively rare and usually of small size, it seldom ascends higher than six or seven
thousand feet. It ia most abundant and of its largest size not far above the level of the sea in southern
British Columbia and in the region between the coast of Washington and Oregon and the western
foothills of the Cascade Mountains, where enormous trunks crowded close together rise to a great
height, forming, either alone or mixed with the Hemlock, vast almost impenetrable forests ; these are
surpassed in productiveness only by the Sequoia forests of California, and appear to reach their maxi-
mum development south of the Straits of Fuca on the lower northern slopes of the Olympic Mountains,
where rains falls more constantly and copiously than on any other part of the United States with the
exception of the Alaska coast. On the Cascade Mountains and the California eoast rangca the Douglas
Spruce is less abundant and rarely more than one hundred and fifty feet in height, but it frequently
grows to a large size on the California Sierras, where it seldom ascends higher than five thousiind five
hundred feet above the sea and is most often scattered among other trees, but sometimes forms small
groves, especially on the rough boulder-covered slopes of earthquake taluses which occasionally it almost
exclusively covers."
The wood of Pseudotsuga mticronata varies greatly in density and quality and in the thickness of
the sapwood. It is light red or yellow, with nearly white snpwood, and is marked by conspicuous dark-
colored very resinous bands of small summer cells which generally occupy at least half the layers of
annual growth, and after the tree has been cut become hard and flinty, making the wood difficult to
work. Two varieties of wood, red and yellow, the former coaraer grained, darker colored, and less
valuable than the latter, are distinguished by lumbermen, and appear to be largely due to the age of
tho tree, the wood of young trees being coarser grained and darker colored than that of old trees. The
average specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood of twenty-one specimens cut in different parts of
tho country was 0.51.'j7, a cubic foot weighing 32.14 pounds. The wood of f eudotmiga mucronata,
which furnishes most of the coarse lumber manufactuied in southern liritish Columbia and in western
Washington and Oregon," is largely used for all kinds of construction, for fuel, and for railway-ties;
it snpplie3 most of the piles used on the Pacific coast of North America, and spars and masts of
unequalcd strength.' The bark is sometimes used in tanning leather."
> Brandigee, Pol. GaxtUe, iii. 33.
* Kusby, llnll. Torrey lint. Ciuh, ii. 79.
* MtTrijiui, A^or(A Amrriran Fwma, No. 3, 121.
» Havanl, I'roc U. S. Nal. Mut. viii. 603. — Coulter, Ctmtrib.
U. S. Nal. Herb. ii. ,'iW. (Man. PI. W. Tezai).
* Miiir, The Afountaitu of California, KW.
* In commerce the wuud of PgeudoUuga mutronata ia often called
Orcj^ll pine.
' Laalett, Timber and Timber Tren, cd. 2, 374.
* The following unpublished analysis of a specimen of tho bark
of Pieudoisufja mucronata from Forest Grove, Oregon, Ims been
made by Professor lleury Trimble of the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy ; —
Moisture 6.05 per cent.
Ash in absolutely dry material . 1.22 "
Tannin in air dry material . . . 16.25 "
Tuinin iu absolutely dry material . 16.23 "
|i
I
IM!
comtKaM.
to the main
von thousand
luin between
nt, whoro the
her treoH, and
d Arizona, it
ions of from
slopes of the
n on the iiigh
liurn Arizona
ine thousand
numbers it is
and Arizona,
six or seven
ea in southern
d the western
se to a grreat
sts ; these are
sh their maxi-
nv Mountains,
States with the
es the Douglas
it frequently
thousand five
les forms small
nally it almost
he thickness of
nspicuous dark-
E the layers of
lood difficult to
lored, and less
le to the age of
old trees. The
ferent parts of
tga mucronata,
and in western
or railway-ties;
and masts of
leclmen of the bark
S Oregon, Ims been
adclphia College of
6.05 per cent.
1.22 "
ir..25 "
16.1!3 "
CUNIFKRA
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
91
Pseudotmga mucronata was discovered in 1791 on the shores of Nootka Sound by Archibald
Menzies, the surgeon of Vancouver in his voyage of discovery ; it was first described in the journal
of Lewis and Clark.' Rediscovered by David Douglas in 1827, it was introduced by him into the
gardens of Europe, where it has become one of the best known and most valuable coniferous trees for
park plantations.' European sylviculturists have made numerous experiments with the Douglas Spruce
in forest planting, but they are still divided in their opinions as to its value for this purpose.' Early
attempts to introduce it into the eastern United States by means of plants obtained in England and
raised from seeds gathered in Oregon or from trees which had grown in Europe were generally unsuc-
cessful, the young plants soon succumbing to the heat and dryness of the eastern summers or to the
cold of eastern winters. But in 1862 Dr. C. C. Parry found the Douglas Spruce on the outer ranges
of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and the following year sent seeds to the Botanic Garden of
Harvard College. The plants raised from these seeds have proved perfectly hardy and have grown
rapidly and vigorously in the neighborhood of Boston, and now give promise oi surpassing all other
exotic conifers in permanent beauty and usefulness ; and in recent years the Douglas Spruce, raised
from seeds gathered at high altitudes in Colorado, has been planted in considerable numbers in the
northern states.* Of the numerous abnormal forms of pHCudutHwja mucronata which may be occa-
sionally seen in European gardens and which are peculiar in the marking of their leaves or in their
habit, none has any great permanent value.' More beautiful are the plants from Colorado and from the
mountains of Mexico with blue and glaucous foliage.'
One of the most widely distributed trees of North America, the Douglas Spruce possesses a
constitution which enables it to flourish through thirty-two degrees of latitude, to support the fierce
gales and the long winters of the north and the nearly perpetual sunshine of the Mexican Cordilleras,
to thrive in the rain and fog which sweep almost continuously from the Pacific over its lofty heads,
and on arid mountain slopes in the interior, where for months of every year rain never falb. It is
one of the most important elements of the American forest. No other American tree of the firrt
magnitude is so widely distributed or can now afford so much timber, and the rapidity of its growtti
COMDDBTION OF TRK TaNNIN.
Carbon 61.72 per cent.
Hydrogen 5.73 "
Oxygen 32.55 "
lOU.OO
The amount of tannin, 16.26 per cent., in air dry material is
higher thun is usually found in other tan-barks.
' The History of Ihr Expedition under Command of Lewit and
Clark, ed. Coues, ill. 831.
' A Doujias Spruce, raised from one of the seeds sent to England
by David Douglas iu 1827 and planted in 1830 where it now stands
in the Pinctum at Dropniore, near Windsor, in 1803, was one him-
drcd and twenty feet high, with a trunk four feet in diameter and
long lower branches sweeping the ground. For sixty years, there-
fore, this tree has made an annual average upward growth of two
feet and has added annually four fifths of an inch to the diameter
of its trunk. Its upward growth has, indeed, really been greater,
as part nf the head was blown off several yoacs ago in a winter
storm. (See J. G. Jack, Garden and Forest, vi. 14. See, also,
Kowler, Gard. Chron. 1872, 75 ; Gard. Chron. 1872, 1323, f. 299.)
A Douglas Spruce in the Garden of Penrhyn Castle in Wales,
supposed to have been planted fifty-seven years before, had in
1887 a trunk which girted thirteen feet eight and one half inches
three feet above the surface of the ground, and another specimen
on the same estate hod a trunk eleven feet nine inches in circum-
ference. (Seo Webster, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, i. 672, f. 130. See,
also, Webster, (. c. n. ser. ui. 69 ; Trans. Scottish ArboricullvnU
Soc. xi. 66, 105.)
' See John Booth, Die Douglas Fichle; Die Naturalisation Aus-
ISndischer iValdbSume in Deutschland, 131; Zeilsch. Fnrsl-Jagd xiii.
32 (Die Naturalisation der Douglasjichle) ; Gartenflora, xl. 696. —
J. Brown, The Forester, ed. 5, 353, f . 123. — Willkomm, Forst. Ft.
ed. 2, 104, t. 19, f. 13, 18. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 290, t. 4, 0, 8,
9. — R. Hartig, Forsl.-nal. Zeii. i. 415. — Schlicli, Gard. Chron,
ser. 3, ir. 531, 568, 698 ; Man. Forestry, ii. 316. — Kttkler, Garten-
flora, xli. 114. — Dunn, Jour. It. Hort. Soc. xiv. 80.
' See Garden and Forest, iv. 190.
' For an account of the garden varieties of Psendotsugn culti-
vated in Europe, see Carriire, Traite Conif. ed. 2, 257. — Bcissner,
Handb. Nadelh. 418. — Sudworth, Bull. No. 14, Div. Forestry U. S.
Dept. .\gric. 47.
' The form of Pseudotsuga mucronata with glaucous leaves, which
was introduced from Mexico into European gardens by Roezl
alwut forty years ago, is said to be a distinct and handsome plant.
This is the Pseudotsuga glaucescens, Bailly, Rev. Hort. 180D, 88, t.,
and probably the Picea glaucescens, Gordon, Pinctum, Suppl. 47
(1862), and the Picea religiosa glaucescens, Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2,
213 (1870). It is also the Abies religiosa glatucescens, Carri6re,
/. c. 274.
m
i^llvl' ii'f'l !l
i llfcr'l
02
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONirRIUt,
and iU |H)wor of rtipriHluotioii iiiidcr fuvoriiltio coiiditionN ' make it the most viiluablo inhabitnnt of the
great vuiiiferouM foruvt of thn northwiwt, which it ennohloH with it« nmjeittic port and iiplendid vigor.
' III tha OMut r*Kiiiii rrom amillixrii llrlllali Ciiliiiiiliiii iipurljr tn
llir nortlKTii burtlnra of ('Hitfiinilit >k«>IIImk (ilniita ii( I'lrwliilinign
mitrrnnulii nimiii iMivt'r Ilia gruiiHil friiiii wlilrli |Im< fitrPHt hoM \mon
I'li'unMl liy lln>, mill, nlHiiilliiK hIiiiimI iia i<Iihh> liiKi'llirr lu IiImIvii uf
gtoM, gTtm Mil giKnl mil Willi MtiiiilaliliiK rii|ililil)', (iiriiiiiiK tall
uleiidiT piilea ili'ililiittt III liri«iii>lii<« hiiiI fiilliiKf* iiii)i>|it hI thn vory
top. All AviirHgi' ii|iwiiril gntwtli uf IIvk nr ail fffit la iiiit iiiiiiaiifti
itii auuh tnvt, kimI Ifuiliiig aliiNita iif lU^uitntauffit mtwrimnlii ti*ii ft>f>t
loii^ iiiiiy Ii6af>itiiiii'iir tlinaliiiriiaiif l'iigii| MiiimiiI. 'riifapyiMiiigtrpfii
hImi iiicn'iiau llmir triiiili ilUiiii'iKr rii|ilill)f A ■li'iii PimiiiiiiMl liy
(ioiirrol lliuiry I.. AlilHit iiii tlii< Kulilim Hlviir III iiiirtliwralorii Wnali-
liigtuii ill IHINI hiul itttkliiiiil II illmiiiitiir iif all liii'lii'a in ti'ii yrara
aail uf tw«l«« inobM iii twmily-lkriiii jtnra, itnil hwl liiorviuMMl tn
•ightrcn inohn liy iti fnrtjr-fiiiirtli j*u. In thn wme rrginn * trail
only una humlri'il anil fiirty-twu yaara nlil hiul a triiiik thrcii feat
fuur lnoh«i in iliamati'r at tbrao faet almva Ilia aiirfai'it of thn
gmiiiid. Thli, huwnTer, ia an ricaptiunally favoralila n'giiiii fur
tlia rupiti gniwtli of traea on account of tha rich auil iinil thn aii-pt-
aive rainfall. Tha log aiHU'iiiiun in the Jcaiip (*olli*ctiuii uf Nurth
Ainarioan Wotida iu tha Aniuriraii Muiaiiin of Niitural lliatory,
Naw York, prucuratl iu the neighburhiNMl uf INirtlanil, Orrgun, ia
twenty-nine inohea in ilianiatar inaiile tha hark anil three liiiiiilrail
ami thirty-ai< yrara olil, tha aiipwooil, whioh ia only an inch anil
three rightha in thicknraa, ahnwingaiity-aii layarauf iinniinl gniwth.
In the ilry interior part of the runtinent the Doiigliu .Spruce in-
creaava much nioru alowly awl ia liy no ineaiu a faat-growing tree.
KXIM-ANATION OF THE PLATE.
I
t '
n !■
I'l.ATie DCVII. I'mkudothiiga. muchonata.
I. A lliiwcrliiK lirniii'li. natural aize.
9. A ataniintte llower, enlur);i'il.
•I. All Htillii'r, friiiit view, enlarged.
4. All iinllii'r, aiila view, I'ninrgeil.
n, A |ilalillnli< llower, enlarged.
(I. A aenli' uf n plallllate flower, upper aide, with its bract and OTulea.
I'liliirgeil.
7, A fruiting branch, natural the.
N. A riiliii from Murviii I.iiki'i, Colorado, natural aize.
n. A I'utiK-arale, iip|H'r aide, with its aeeils and bract, natural aixe.
111. Ilrni'ta from the bnao of a cone, natural aize.
Ill A aeeil, enlarginl.
12. Vnrticiit section of a aecd, enlarged.
I.'l. An I'inl'iyu, onlnrgnd.
It. Criiaa ai'cliun of n li'iif magnified liftcen diametera.
in. Winler-liuila. natural kuc.
II). A aucdling plant, natural aize.
-. i
llfliii ^
CONIKKItA,
itnnt of the
id vif^or.
mr ivKinn m tr«o
(riiiik tlimt frnt
Hiirfiu'i* 4>f tha
iikin n-Kiiin fur
<il 1111(1 the rti'ci-
I'ctiiin uf North
Muturiil Itliitory,
llaiiil, <>rPK<>n, ia
I thrrii huiidrpfl
nly nil iluih and
r iinniml grtiwth,
uf(liui Spruce iu-
iit-)('<>wii>K trac.
Uv
^*fe.
i ;'
*. ^
NN *^
"(^ y // y
^>-
f^
*»'
\
k'
^ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
<rON1F*KUA,
• r n^r>Ju-?tiun under {jivomble coiuHtioiiA ' ;oAke it tbr moii valuable* inhabiUiit of the
<^rf«iouik ffirc^ of the iiorthwosti which it Hnnoblof^ vntb its majestic port luid ftploiidid vi^»r.
\ \
\
i.nin /:<oin Aouihera BritUh Coliimliia itf*arljr U^
;i^.-»if<»« of t ftliforniA HWwJIiujf plnitt^ oi P>eutl'>t$h'jit
Hi cwtcr Uii* fjroiuwl t'iMin wliich ihc forest lias ln'fii
rlMrf-'-tl I*- drt-t unU, lUn^iOj;; ulunoNt u^ close to^othrr ii- Matluii of
jp«iM. gn<w on f;*H*ii nuii with lutunuhiii}^ rAi>i>liiy, fortniut; ("11
dkrirlT poIfH ileititule iiC br»fi'-WB itnd foliajjf fxoopt at llw vitv
top Ail avrrag'f itpworil jkrriwili uf llvo r>r xix feet U uot tmuHUtil
un nich trees, aad U'litling BtHMiU 4>f PtetMioUi*itj^$ mucronata t»n fe«i
lung in»y }te Ken iwht tlf ^ilwnw of Pufif t S^^ntl. IVw 3 1 uii|^ ir*n»
(ilto iiK'TviUf th<»tr trunk iliairteter rapiK'. . 'rtf *-tft»*/irt4"ri by
ffeiienil Uenry 1. Abb*»t Oil thr Soldtio Rt*. ^'
iti^'^n in iSUtt luul AttA> .v<t h diatuct<fi •'
and I'f Iwtlvo VufW* ;t iirt^ftT-iiim' 1**^,
eigliUrn inchcn by iU forty- fourth y«ar. \n tb» same- rof[ion h lri>*
i>Dly one btindrcd mid furty-two yt-Ars old bad a trunk tlire** ft,vi
four iridliPH in dianrtctc^r iit thruo fec:t ulwivo ibi surfuro oi' i\u
gnunid. This, however, i« an exceptinnidly favorable rt-jfion fur
th*" rttt>td grv nib of ln>ea on HC("iHit t»f the rich «oiI and tlif '*x<t>-
»!**• riunfail The l<>g Apcoiniou in Iho Jptiup CoUictioii of N<<rtb
An^'>rK■au Vr'ootli* tu the Anierieau MuAuum of Niitural Hintory
Kitm Vorkt pruuurvil in fiio neigbborboud of I'oitbind, C>rrgoD, ii*
iiVi:'rY-ntnn iH«b^<t lu diaiii(>tt*r tnnidi; tbf) bark and tlucu bundrrM)
M<i th\Tty-*ix r^»m old, tlie aapwood, wliirh m nidv an inch and
•■ .-»(fhthn in thirkues«, HhowinpHikty-aix layiri of tutnual jjniwtb
' drj- interior part of tbo continmu ibo Dou^dan Spruce im-
V much Jiiuru njowly aud 13 by no in^uiis n faitl-gniwin^; Ult .
PiArm DC VI I. PsKUDi^rnt *«a %> > v
I. A flMwrring hmnrh. natural nhe.
'i. A Bt.\iuinato dow«r, auJar^tiil.
'I An jfcnti*»t. fr'jnt vi«i^ sidiu^<Ki.
■I. Am antii*rr, Hide vii»w. «'nUr^l
3- A pirttiliato b'ow0r« (>nlar|^o<|.
(>. A MCiklo of a pUtiUate 6ovri'r, tip{>er side. vr\0\ its bract and oTulf^fl.
enbiij^fd.
7. A fruiting' l-r^neh, natural s<i?,e.
8. A conf^ from Mani't inktH. Colorado, natural RJzc
0. A con»^-»cAlis upiKT siih: with iu uptiU aiHl braof, nattnal •»»£€.
1((. Kraota from the base of u cone, nulural ultt.',
11. A it«eiL, enlutgnl.
(2. V*»rlio»ii *iei*lion of a 'Wp-'
" " '>t: I'Uiil, natun>i -u**.
ri
muI *'f the
!.;• it ^unt H tU- '
Iriiiik lhre«» fM-i
Mirfiu'o «!' tK«
;il'ln njfion for
il lint! the *■«• t >
I rlioti of N<'itli
Nirmul Ili'skorT
iliiiul, Orcgou, i-
:1 ttlKiB )llllliln:tl
[>)ilv an inch Ainf
of uiiniis.1 (ifruwih
ou^'IrM Spruue in-
a.-*t-j;powinj; true.
Silva oi North America.
Tab DrVII
CK^it.ivn 1^/.
Tfitpr/if sr.
PSEUDOTSUGA MUCRONATA .;.p1v
A.UuHTi'tu- t/t/;\f '
Illl/i , / TllKflll I'ilH^,
! ) i I
lit ' ^
ii'l i'
{ ^
u.
!f
ll'J
/li '
CONU'UKiG.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
93
FSEUDOTSUGA MAGROGABPA.
Hemlock.
Leaves acuminate at the apex, bluish gray. Cones large, their bracts slightly
exserted.
Pseudotsuga maorooarpa, Mayr, Wald. Nordam, 278
(1890). — Lemmon, Rep. California State Board For-
ettry, iii. 134 (Cone-Bearers of California) ; West-Ameri-
can Cone-Bearers, 57 ; Bull. Sierra Club, ii. 162 (Coni-
fers of the Pacific Slope). — Sudworth, Rep. U. S. Dept,
Agric. 1892, 330. — Merriam, North American Fauna,
No. 7, 340 (Death Valley Exped. ii.). — Coville, Contrib.
V. S. Nat. Herb. W. 223 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). —
Sargent, Garden and Forest, z. 24, {. 5.
Abies Douglasii, var. maorooarpa, Xorrey, Ivm' Bep,
ft iv. 28 (1861).
Abies maorooarpa, Vasey, Gardener's Monthly, xviii. 21
(1876).
Tsuga maorooarpa, Lemmon, Pacific Rural Press, xvii.
No. 5, 75 (February 1, 1879).
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. maorooarpa, Engelmann,
Brewer & Watson Bot. Col. ii. 120 (1880). — Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. lOth Census U. S. ix. 210.—
Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 417. — Koelme, Deutsche
Dendr. 13.
A tree, usually from forty to fifty and rarely eighty feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet
in diameter, which is generally naked at the base for about one quarter of its length, but sometimes is
clothed to the ground with branches. These are remarkably remote, elongated and pendulous below,
with short stout pendent or often eioct lateral branchlets, and, short and ascending above, forming an
open broad-based symmetrical pyramidal head. The bark is from three to six inches in thickness,
dark reddish brown, and deeply divided into great broad rounded ridges which are covered with thick
closely appressed scales. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, usually not more than an eighth of an inch
in length, often nearly as broad as they are long, with dark chestnut-brown lustrous scales which
are thin and scarious on the margins. The branchlets are slender, dark reddish brown during their
first season, and covered with short scanty pubescence, which mostly disappears during their second
year, when they are dark or light orange-brown and begin to grow lighter colored, becoming pale
grayish brown at the end of four or five years. The leaves are acute or acuminate, terminating in
slender rigid callous tips, apparently two-ranked by the conspicuous twisting at their base, incurved
above the middle, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and one quarter in length, about one
sixteenth of an inch wide, and dark bluish gray. The pistillate flowers are from three quarters of an
inch to an inch in length, with pale yellow anthers, and are inclosed for half their length in the
conspicuous involucres of the lustrous bud-scales. The staminate flowers are about an inch long and
half an inch thick, with pale green bracts tinged with red. The cones, which are produced often in
great numbers on the upper branches and occasionally also on those down to the middle of the tree, are
short-stalked and from four to six and a half inches in length and about two inches in thickness;
their scales, which near the middle of the cone are from an inch and a half to two inches across, are
stiff, thick, concave, rather broader than they are long, rounded above, abruptly wedge-shaped at the
base, puberulous and striate on the outer surface, and frequently nearly as long as their bracts, which
are comparatively short and narrow, with broad midribs produced into short flattened flexible tips ;
opening and loosing their seeds early in the autumn, the cones mostly remain on the branches for
at least a year longer. The seeds are full and rounded on both sides, rugose, dark chestnut-brown or
nearly black and lustrous above, pale reddish brown below, with a thick hard brittle outer coat from
which the thin membranaceous nearly white lining is easily separable ; they are half an inch long and
three eighths of an inch wide, with wings which are broadest near the middle, about half an inch long.
:.¥«^
M
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERiS.
nearly a quarter of an inch wide, and obliquely rounded at the apex ; the cotyledons being from nine
to twelve in number.*
Pseud otsuya macrorarpa ia a characteristic feature of the scanty forests which cover the lower
western and southern slopes of the arid mountains of southern California, where it grows above the
banks of streams and on the steep slopes of narrow ravines usually between elevations of from three
thousand to five thousand feet above the sea, and occasionally on high ridges, frequently forming
open groves of considerable extent or mingling with Quercua chrysolepis, Quercua Wializeni, Pimts
Coiil'eri, Pinua aftenuuta, and Pinun pomhrosa, var. Jeffreyi. The westerly station where Paeudo-
iatiga tnacrocarpa has been observed is on the Santa Inez Mountains in Santa Barbara County.''
Farther to the eastward it is common on the San Emigdio Mountains and on the Sierra Pelona, the
Snn Gabriel, the Sierra Madre, the San Bernardino, the San Jacinto, and the Juyamaca Mountains,
which form a nearly continuous range extending in the arc of a circle from tie neighborhood of Santa
Barbara on the coast to the southern borders of the state.
The wood of Pseudotsuga macrocarpa is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and durable. It is
dark red, with broad bands of small summer cells, numerous obscure medullary rays, and pale nearly
white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood ><> 0.4563, a cubic foot weighing
28.44 pounds. It is occasionally manufactured into lumber, and it is k.gely used for fuel.
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa was discovered in 1858 by the expedition under command of Lieutenant
J. C. Ives, sent by the government of the United States to explore the Colorado River of the West.
Although its seeds have been sent t» Europe by collectors, Paeudotattga macrocarpa does not appear
to have been successfully cultivated, although it might be expected to thrive in regions where the
summers are hot and dry and the winters mild with scanty rainfall.^
: ■ I
I
> PaeudoUuga macrocarpa can be dUtinguMhi .> from the other
American species by its comparatively longer and more remotely
placed branches, by its sharply pointed peculiarly colored blue-
gray leaves, by its shorter and stouter winter-buds, and larger
cones, with thicker more concave cone-stiales, comparatively shorter
bracts with abort broad tips, and by its larger and fuller seeds,
which have a thicker and harder coat and are ranch darker on the
upper face. Intermediate forms are not known to exist between
the two species, which occupy different regions, Pseudotsuga mu-
crfmalOf having failed to reach the mountains of southwestern Cal-
ifornia, which are the only home of Pseudotsuga macrocarpa either
along the California coast ranges, the Sierra Nevada, or from the
Booky Mountaini octou the Colorado Deaert
' A single tree of Pseudotsuga macrocaiT>a was found in June,
1808, by Dr. F. Franceschi in Mission CaKon, above the Seven
Falls, at an elevation of about fifteen hundred feet above the sea
on the Santa Inez Mountains, about six miles from Santa Barbara.
' Like other trees of extremely arid regions, Pseudotsuga macro-
carpa probably always grows slowly. The log specimen in the
Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York, is twenty-eight and three
quarters inches in diameter inside the bark and three hundred and
thirty-six years old, with oLe and three eighths inches of bapwood
which shows cixty-six layers of annual growth.
ij
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
PlATK IXJVIII. PsEUDOTSUOA IrlACBOCAKPA.
1. A flowering branch, natural size.
2. A Btaininate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, side view, enlarged.
4. A pistillate flower, enlarged.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its bract and
ovules, enlarged.
6. A fruiting branch, natural size.
7. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
8. A seed with its wing, natural size.
9. Cross section of a leaf, magnified fifteen diameters.
10. Winter-buds, natural size.
CONIFERS.
g from nine
er the lower
<is above the
if from three
intly forming
ilizeni, Pinua
lere Paeudo-
)ara County.'
ra Pelona, the
la Mountains,
hood of Santa
urable. It is
id pale nearly
foot weighing
el.
of Lieutenant
• of the West,
oes not appear
ons where the
iras found in June,
n, above the Seven
. feet above the sea
rem Santa Barbara.
I, Pieudotfuga macro-
log specimen in the
n the American Mu-
iuty-eight and three
d three hundred and
ha inches of bapwood
f
'\tA
■vf
*ir^'(<
■; !
: '. ':
i '
^ .
■
' :
' *
1 ' ■ .
1 t
■ i;
mu i,i
SILVA OF NOirril AMEIiK'A. - >UERiE.
' ,tii ini-li vkiiic, and ()hli<{uely r(>iiiul«d at tli«> a^tox; the rotyiedoiiM beiug from nine
'tT.
I..,; .CM.,'/ uiitci ovnrjirt is ji >'lirtr;icttri.Htic I'eatiird of tlio scanty forests wim-1* < uver the lower
.i| MXitheni slojieH of tlio arid inoiuilaius of soutlioru California, wlipre it j^row^ iibove thu
■ifPrtiiDS and o.> tlie i>t«««'p Hlopt-H of narrow ravines UHUully ht'twe«n tdevations of from ihreo
i;.».usiiiid to livH tliousjiiul fo-t almvn tin' si'ji, and occasionally f^n higli ri<ly;es, frtujiU'iilly f 'inning
'>jH)n jjrovca of oonsidurnlilt' extent or minglaiy '.ntL Qufvu-^ i /iri/.-iolrjnK, Qucrnta M'tsdzcHi, J'itiiix
Cuulteri, Pinvs aUenuata, and Pinus jionditiiaa, ^mt. •/> The wchterly station where i'«('i((/o-
limga mncrmarini hm been obscrvod is oii the S.,(.!(i ln*v Monnlitinx in Santa Barbara County.'
Fartbor to tho eaMwiird it in ooroiomi oo *Uo San l'.»'i!,:'i(o MountainR and on the Sierra Ptlona, the
S.1II Gabriel, the Smrra M.i.lip thr '^■ui r('-rtt»r<lini fV San Jjvcinto, aud tbi> Cuy.'iuiaca Mountain*,
which form » nearly ot«;: i lircle from tho neighborhood of Santa
liarbani oi, '■
whir.-
. . ..iiliivated, although it nti^ht be eipticted to ll!.
t dry dud the wiitturii mild with Muuty rainfall.'
■.r- close-i^rainml, and (iurablt'. It i-i
iiiiHJiulary rays, and pale nearly
'•4">63, a nd)io foot woigbii.f;
■- 't iiK(>d for fuel.
rs.iiiuiand of Lieutt-nant
'■' Hier of the West
; i'.-. y . ■ dcHiS not appear
■•^loD:! whcire tlie
I Wil
..V *>^ffi nmrr-jra^xi oaa b« dijitujgiiiAhvtl from tlio olluT
•» fi.mn ^pi'oioi bv It'* i.'ou>par«tivulj K-mgcr an*l mom remotely
.'U-wil l>r%jM?hrs. by it* nharply polrilej jwculUrlv colored Miic-
ijrAv leATrs, by its sUvrtcr and itdi.iter ftiiiter-liud«. uiid laiyor
conf'if, wjtL lh)okk>r tuorv eoncAvo 3<»nt--«caJL'a, inira)>arativffly shorter
Uri'-'lft wuS nhorl hnittd tips, wwi by its Urjicr atpl fulkr sred»,
wliit'h hdvti A lltii^kfir 4rtd liArdrr t*o»t Uid B.re miii'ti darker on tlw
ujiiKT facT. Inl*rmt^<»t'' f tth* mo not known to cxi«ft holwrfen
tbr two sptH:H», «^ . 'forani rrgiuns, PtewifMtvfjn "vf
•fftnuttit *»»i«g l+atv. . -. . • » ■' » ••f •-'mthtrestftrii '"'i'-
tfnni'u, whinh %r*> th« coily kati** irrocarpa «ilUvr
nl-mK !le ''fiI»fornit Mk4#< ran^s, itic ■ • f . i ^.tti*. nr from thft
Hook} Muuut^ttii «' /9t< --im « \iioxado I>6R«rt.
^ A Aiuglo trtn; uf P-^^miotSM^i maertKitrpo wa> fouud in June,
1808, by i)r. K. KraneoiM-hi in MiMioii ('Bi\on, iibovu the .Seven
FalN, ht an flrvfttimi nf about llftccu hundred h'vt uliove the nen
oil tlir SiinU l.te/ Mountains, about aix riiili*i* from Santa Itarbni*a.
I.ike I'tbup trccft u{ extreaifly arid regions, PteudaUufja macro-
tw-y-^i i;rt:t..-»bl7 alwav" grous fclrt^Iy The loj; siK'ciiiiea in tbe
Jwiijij' t '"'-.•L.^rf) of Noflii At?:crii'an \Vm«is iu the American Mu-
a«itni M \i*iur»j Ifid^iTT. "Sr^-t, YnrV. i* twenty -eipht and tbrfte
■ --jirff/s juchi'^ in Uiamcl«r imniiw the bark and thro« hundrrd and
iUvtV'ftix yt'An (>ld( wiUi cao aud threi> ei<;bths inches of jiapnoud
ubiob *h«H6 »ifty-tit ky«?« «t5 4*><yuu* gmwlt
■i
\ m
V;
^ ■
■
S.
i;
I!
i
EXPLANATION OF THE PI.ATK.
I'l.ArK IK \ni INkI Ili/Tst'OA MACBlWAKI'A.
1 A tlnwi liiig bruf'h. iir.iuriil nire.
2 .\ >taininHt( tluvrvr vnlargixL
.'( An antlier, diilo viw*. enlaTj'-^d.
1. A plitiilale flower, ei>!/ir£;<!it.
5, A ata.\« (•( n piKUi!at« (It wti, u}>|H!I aide, nitli lU linicl aoil
ovuIbs. Eiil'irijix!.
(>■ A fruiting hranrli, nstural »i/,«.
7. A eonc-«<'alc, upper *\Aii, with itn iccJa, natural jiio.
S. A »«('il ffitli it# w!ri(f. Iiotiiriil aUe.
'• C'riMS *>ction of a li>af. iiispt'.itiii-l tifteen diametcrt.
' ^MM>>r buda, niitural nijin.
t'.'iiii nine
tho lowHr
.ibove thii
frum thri>e
■ \ ii'iiiiiig
/I', J'inun
:, (,.,;, ..
I'l'liJIlH, tho
.MdiintiiiiiJi,
i of SaliU
l;li'. It i-i
lulo noarlv
liieittciiant
f tlu; West.
not ajJiiojir
/tiuuil ill June,
bovo tbe .Seven
1. alwvf the neii
Santa llarlMm.
eudotsuga macriy*
R{>oc'iiiiea in tin*
R Aniorictin Mu-
v\^\\i and thrftc
r(>n hundrrd and
ichea of Mij>n(*uii
Silva of North America.
Tab. DCVIIl
{' E Fii^tm (id
Jitipiyw sc
PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA, Mayr
A HwcriHt.f litre^v^
Imp. c-T TantHir, I
(
, I I
■ i
lii-
COMII
8urn
undi
Bhor
VC8C
▲biei
Fi.
("
nu
21
Ei
M
deepi
brum
twice
the I
right
Bran
and
acut(
accri
lutoi
inne
spin
obla
8nrf
eigF
inUi
of I
Huri
froi
liiiii
Biir
ran
8to
or
obt
am
axi
mi
oil
CUMirERiR.
8ILVA OF NORTE AMERICA.
ABIES.
Flowers solitary, naked, moncDcious, axillary ; stamens indefinite, anther-cells 2,
surmounted by short knobs ; scales of the pistillate flowers spirally disposed, ovules 2
under each scale. Fruit an erect strobile maturing in one season, its scales longer or
shorter than their bracts, deciduous from the central axis ; seeds furnished with resin
vcscicles. Leaves subdistichous, persistent.
Ablea, Linn«ai, Qen. 294 (in part) (1737). — Adanson,
Fam. PI. ii. 480 (in part). — A. L. de Jusaieu, Qen. 414
(hi part). — Link, Ablumd. Akad. Berl. 1827, 181 ; Ztn-
noea, xv. 62S. — Engelmonn, Tram. St. Louis Acad. ii.
211; iii. 693. — Bentham & Hooker, Oen. iii. 441.—
Eiohtar, Engler & Praritl P/lanzenfam. ii. pt. i. 81. —
Maften, Jour. Linn. Soe. xxx. 34.
Plnua, Linnieni, Gen. ed. 6,434 (in part) (1764). — End-
lijlier. Gen. 260 (in part) D. Don, Lambert Pinue, iii.
(sect. Peuee) Meiasner, Gen. 352 (in part). — Baillon,
Hint. PI. zii. 44 (in part).
Piooa, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2329 (not Link) (1838).
Tall pyramidal trees, with bark containing numerous prominent resin vesicles, and oftor Miick au "^
deeply furrowed in old age, pale usually brittle nut durable wood, slender horizontal wide-iip.eading
brunches in regular remote generally four or five-branched whorls or rarely scattered, furnished with
twice or thrice forked lateral branclitis forming flat-topped masses of foliage gradually narrov d from
the base to the apex of the branch, the ultimate divisions comparatively stout, glabrous f • pubescent, at
right angles to the branch or pointing forward, wide-spreading roots, and slender elo, ted rootlets.
Branch-buds usually three, or on the leading shoot four or five, the lateral in the axils of upper leaves,
and much smaller than the terminal, generally thickly coated with resin, small, subglobose or oblong,
acute or obtuse, or rarely large and acute, covered with numerous ovate acute closely imbricated
accrescent rarely stomatiferous ' scales increasing in size from below, the two lowest minute, opposite and
lateral, the outer persistent on the base of the branch and in fulling marking it with ring-like scars, the
inner occasionally united and deciduous in one piece from the tip of the lengthening branchlet.^ Leaves
spirally disposed, incurved in the bud, at first densely crowded on the young branchlets, lanceolate or
oblanceolate, entire and often thickened and revolute on the margins, sessile, marked on the lower
8!irface on each side of the midrib with bands of several rows of stomata, persistent usually for from
eight to ten years, leaving in falling nearly circular scars ; hypoderm cells large, in continuous or
interrupted bands under the epidermis on the upper surface, ucually present also on the edges and keel
of the leaf and in some species in its interior ; resin ducts two, close to the epidermis of the lower
surface, generally near the edge of the leaf, or in some species in the parenchyma and almost equidistant
from the two surfaces ; fibro-vascular bundles usually two or rarely one, occupying the interior of the
leaf ; on young plants and on lower sterile branches leaves flattened and mostly grooved on the upper
surface, or in one species nearly tetragonal, rounded and usually emarginate at the apex, appearing two-
ranked from a twist near their base or occasionally spreading from all sides of the branch, only rarely
stomatiferous on the upper surface ; usually on uppor fertile branches and leading shoots crowded, more
or less erect, often incurved or falcate, thick, convex on the upper side, or quadrangular in some species,
obtuse ur acute at the apex, and frequently stomatiferous on the upper surface ; often crowded, arcuate,
and forming a thick cover over the winter-buds on the ends of leading shoots and branches.^ Flowers
axillary, surrounded at the base by conspicuous involucres of their accrescent bud-scales, the inner often
much enlarged and white and lustrous, appearing in early spring from buds formed the previous summer
on branchlets of the year ; the staminate on their lower side, very abundant on branches above the
!i!
11
i I
h
f
90
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIPKR^.
r .
middle of the tree, the upper scales of their iiiviilucres fallin(r early with the flowers, the lower often
persistent for a year or two on the branches ; the pistillate usually on the upjier side only of the topmost
branches, generally from one to four flowers appearing on a bruuch, or in some species scattered also
over the upper half of the tree, their involucres more or less persistent under the cone. Stjiminato
flowers pendulous, pedicellate, their slender pedicels often becoming much elongated before falling, oval
or oblong-cylindrical ; anthers short-stalked, subglobose, opening transversely, surmounted by the short
knob-like projections of their connectives, yellow or scarlet ; pollen-grains large, bilobed, furnished
with two air -sacs. Pistillate flowers short-stalked, erect, globose, ovoid, or oblong, their scales
spirally imbricated in many series, obovate, rounded above, ouucate below, much shorter than tlioir
acute or dilated and mucronate bracts; ovules two under each scale, collateral, inverted. Fruit an
erect ovoid or oblong cylindrical strobile, maturing in one season, its scales thin, incurved at the broad
rounded or rarely bluntly pointed apex, wedge-shaped, and gradually narrowed at the base into short
or long stipes, closely imbricated, decreasing in size and sterile toward both ends of the cone, pale
green, gray-brown, canary-yellow, or dark purple, puberulous or rarely glabrous on the exposed portions,
longer or shorter than their membranaceous bracts, falling at maturity with their bracts and seeds from
the stout tapering axis of the cone long persistent on the branch.* Seeds two under each scale,
reversed, att^iched at the base, ovoid or oblong, acute at the base, compressed, furnished with large
conspicuous resin vesicles, covered on the upper side and infolded below on the lower side by the base
of their parchment-like oblong-obtuse wings formed from the inner coat of the scale, and abruptly
enlarged at the somewhat obliquely rounded apex ; testa thin, of two coats, the inner membranaceous,
the outer thicker, coriaceous. Embryo axile in copious fleshy albumen ; cotyledons from four to ten,
stomatiferous on the upper surface."
Abies is distributed in the New World from Labrador and the valley of the Athabasca River to
the mountains of North Carolina, and from the mountains of Alaska to the highlands of Guatemala,
and in the Old World from Siberia and the mountains of central Europe to southern Japan, the
Himalayas, Asia Minor, and the mountains of northern Africa. Twenty-three species can now be
distinguished ; ° in America two species inhabit the eastern part of the continent ; seven occur on the
mountains of the west, and one is found only in Mexico and Guatemala.' Four species are scattered
through the mountain forests of the island of Hondo, and another forms large forests on the islands of
Yezo and Soghalin.' Abies Sibirica' is widely distributed through northern continental Asia, ond on
the Himalayas Abies Webbinna '" grows in great subalpine forests. Abies Nordmanniana^^ and Abies
Cilicica '- are important elements in the forest-covering of the Caucasus and the Cilician Taurus ; Abies
Ci'phalonica " is spread over the mountains of Cephalonia and Greece, and is replaced on the mountains
of central and southern Europe by Abies Picea." Abies Pinsapo " grows only on the mountain ranges
of southern Spoin, and Abies Baborensis^^ is confined to the mountain forests of northern Africa.
Traces of Abies in the tertiary rocks of Grinnell Land show that it once inhabited the Arctic Circle,
from which it was driven southward by the refrigeration of the northern hemisphere to the mountains
of the south, which are now its principal home " and on which in Europe there were probably more
species than at the present time."
Abies produces soft perishable wood, sometimes manufactured into cheap lumber, and balsamic
exudations employed in medicine and the arts.
Abies in North America docs not suffer seriously from the attacks of insects " or fungal diseases.'"
All the species are beautiful garden plants in youth, although when removed from their native
mountain forests they usually become thin and ragged in old age, and several of the Fir-trees are
common inhabitants of the parks of temperate ci untries, especially those native to western North
America, the .Tapanese Abies Momi^^ Abies Veitchi,~ Abies homolepisi'^ and the species of Europe
and Asia Minor.
Abies, the classical name probably of the Fir-tree, was used by Tournefort ^ as the name of the
t
CONIFEILX.
lower ofton
the topnioHt
muttered uIho
Stiimiimte
fiilliiifr, oval
)y tho nhort
1, fiirniHiit'd
their scales
than their
Fruit an
the broad
10 into short
c L'ono, pale
d portions,
1 seeds from
each scale,
with large
by the base
ind abruptly
nbranaceous,
four to ten,
isca River to
Guatemala,
i Japan, the
can now be
occur on the
are scattered
the islands of
Asia, and on
! " and Abies
lurus; Abies
he mountains
untain ranges
thern Africa.
Arctic Circle,
be mountains
irobably more
and balsamic
fal diseases.'"
[ their native
Fir-trees are
estern North
es of Europe
I name of the
CONirRRA
aiLVA OF NORTU AMERICA.
97
genus in which ho united the Spruces, Firs, and Hemlocks, and was afterwards adopted by Linntuus,
who, in his genus Abies, also united the Spruces and Hemlocks with the Silver Firs.
> A. P. Andenon, Bol. GatelU, air, 804, f.
' lUnrj, Nm. Act. Acad. Com. Ltop. lii. 100, t. 14.
* Bailly, Rec. Horl. 1804, 878, f. lOU (0u H6U PnticUw du
FtuiUagt Ha In Con{firt$).
* The oalor of th« conea of Abin cannot be depended on u a
mean* of determining the ipeoiee. The oonei of the European
Abia Picta in the Black Foreit, according to Engelmann, are of
all variationi of color between light green and dark purple (•«•
Trant. Si. Louit Acad. iii. 003), and on different treei of Abie$ em-
color of weitem America the cones are light or dark green, purple,
or bright canary-yellow. Nor can good ipeciBo characters b*
found in the shape of the oone-scalcs, as these vary in the same
species, some cones having scales which are longer and others
which are shorter than they are broad. More constant iu shape
are the bracts of the cone-scales, which, although they are very
nearly alike on certain species, usually vary only slightly on differ-
ent individuals of the same siircies.
* The species of Abies may be grouped in three sections:—'
EuABiEB {lialmmece and Grandet, Engelmann, 7'rani. Si. Louis
Acad. iii. 606 [1873]). Loaves flat, grooved above, stomatiferoua
on the upper surface only on upper fertile branches.
Bractkatks (Engelmann, /. c. in part). Leaves flat, slightly
rounded and without stomata on the upper surface, alike on
sterile and fertile branches.
NoBiLiR (Engelmann, I. c). Leaves stomatiferous on both
surfaces, crowded, incurved, tetragonal on fertile and in one spe-
cies on sterile lower branches.
* In France a hybrid Abies has been raised by Monsieur II. L.
de Vilmorin, who fertilized in 1807 a female flower of Ahia Pin-
lapo with pollen of Abies Cephaloniea. By this operation a single
seed was obtained which produced a plant distinguished by it*
extreme vigor, resembling its pollen parent in habit, in the length,
coloring, and subdistichous arrangement of the leaves, and in the
shape of its cones, while in the shape and arrangement of it*
branches and in the thickness of its leaves it resembles Abies Pin-
sapo. (See Bailly, I. c. 1880, 116. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh.
443.)
i46ie> insignis of French gardens is believed to be a hybrid
obtained from seeds produced on a plant of Abies Pinsapo in Mon-
sieur Renault's numery at Bulgn^ville and accidentally fertilized
with the pollen of an Abies Nordmanniana growing near it. An-
other supposed hybrid, Abies Nordmanniafia speciom, was created
by the French nurseryman Creux by fertilizing the pistillate flowers
of Abies Nordmanniana with the pollen of Abies Pinsapo. (See
Bailly, I. c. 1800, 230. — Beissner, I. c. 437, 438.)
' Abies religiosa, Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 31 (1833). — Carri^re,
TraUe Conif. 201. — RoezI, Cat. Conif. Mex. 0. — Engelmann,
;. c. iii. GOO.— Hemsley, Bol. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 100. — Masters,
Card. Chron. n. ser. xxiii. 60, f. 13 ; ser. 3, ix. 304, f. 60, 70 ; Jour.
Linn. Soc. xxii. 104, t. 6. — Beissner, {. c. 400.
Pinus religiosa, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, A'ov. Gen. el
Spec. ii. 4 (1817). — Kunth, Syn. PI. jEquin. i. 352. — Schlech-
tendal & Chamisso, Linnaa, t. 77. — Lambert, Pinus, cd. 2, ii. t. —
Schlechtendal, Linn<ea, xii. 486. — Antoine, Conif. 76, t. 28, f.
2. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 02. — Parlatore, Dc Candolle Prodr.
xvi. pt. u. 420. — W. R. M'Nab, Proc. R. Irish Acad. ser. 2, u.
676, t. 46, f 2.
Pinus hirlella, Humboldt, Bonpland Sc Kunth, /. c. (1817). —
Kunth, {. e. — Hchleohtendal, /. c. 487. — Antoine, {. e. 80. —
Endlicher, I. c. 03.
Abiu kirlsUa, Lindley, i c. (1833). — Carri6re, /. c. 203.—
RoezI, (. c.
Picea religiosa, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2340, f. 2267 (1838). —
A, Murray, Oard. Chron. n. ser. v. 660, f, 100.
Picea hirlella, Loudon, I. e. (1838).
Abits religiosa, which grows in forests on the highlands of central
Mexico up to elevations of nine thousand feet above the sea and
extends to the mounl«iiis of Ouateraala, is a large tree sometimes
one hundred and Hfty feet in height, with acute or rarely obtuse
leaves, dark green and lustrous above and silvery white below, and
oblong-oval purple cones, their bracts being acute or cuspidate and
lunger than the scales. Discovered by Humboldt and introduced
into the gardens of Europe by Hartweg in 1838, Abies religiosa
flourishes in sheltered positions in the extreme southern part of
Great Britain, where it has produced its cones, and on the shores
of the Italian lakes where no other Fir-tree excels it in lustre o(
foliage or in the beauty of its brightly colored cones. The speclflo
name of the Mexican Fir was given to it in allusion to the use of
its branches in Mexico for the decoration of churches.
' Abies Sachalinmsis, Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xii. 688, (,
07 (1870); Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 617 (Coni/er< of Japan).—
Veitch, Man. Cony. 106. — Mayr, Mmog. Abiel. Jap. 42, t. 3, f. 6.
Abies Veilchi, var. Sachalinmsis, F. Schmidt, Mem. Acad. Sci.
SI. Pitersbourg, sdr. 7, xii. 176, t. 4, f. 13-17 (Fl. Sachalinensis)
(1868). — Beissner, I. c. 461, f. 127.
Abies Sachalinensis is scattered among the decidnoas-Icavcd trees
which clothe the low bills of central Yezo, and forms extensive for-
ests in the extreme northern part of the island and in Saghalin. It
is a tall slender pyramidal tree, with pale bark and long narrow
dark green leaves, oblong-cylindrical pale brown cones three or
four inches long, with exsorted bracts, and white winter-buds, by
which it can always be distinguished from the other Japanese Fir-
trees. The wood is used for building and for packing-cases. A
curious form of this tree has been noticed by Professor Miyabe in
central Yezo with red bark, dark red wood, and red cone-bract*.
(See Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 83.) Abies Sachalinensis is hardy
in eastern Massachusetts, where it grows more rapidly than any
other species of Fir-tree, but as it begins to open its buds early
in the spring it is usually destroyed in western Europe by lata
frosts.
• Abies Sibirica, Ledebour, Fl. All. iv. 202 (1833); Icon. Fl. Ross.
T. 28, t. 600. — Link, Linnaa, xv. 627. — Trautvetter, Middendorff
Reise, i. pt. ii. 170 {PI. y«i.). — CarriAre, I.e. 226. — Trautvetter
& Meyer, Middendorff Reise, ii. pt. i. 86 (Fl. Ochol.). — Maxi-
mowicz, Mem. Sav. 6tr. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ix. 260 (Fl,
Amur.). — Kegel, Mem. Aead. Sci. St. Petersbourg, tit. 7, iv. No. 4,
136(7>nr. Fl. fjsiir.). — Beketow, Btdl. Soc. Nat. Mosc.xxxyiii.
pt. i. 162, t. 6. — Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. air. 6, xx. 06. — Masters,
Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 610 (Conifers of Japan). — Herder, Bol.
Jahrb. xiv. IGO (Fl. Europ. Russlands).
Pinus Picea, Pallas, Fl. Ross. i. 7 (in part) (not Du Roi)
(1784).
Pinus Sibirica, Turczaninow, BuU. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 101
(Cat. PI. Baical.) (1838). — Antoine, Corn/. 64, t. 26, f. 1.—
Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. 660. — Christ, Verhand. Nat. Gesell. Ba-
sel, iii. 646 (UebersichI der EuropiOschen Abielineen). — Parlatore,
;
II
!
S/t.VA <iF NtfJiTJJ AM EH I U A.
CONirBRJt.
I. ■
.: (t ' I
D* CamtiilU frolr. a«l. pt. II, 4lM, W. It. M'N»k, /'r.ir. R.
IrUh Ai-atl Mr. % li tMA, I IT, I lU.
Pifta I'uhla, l.uui|im, .\rh llril iv. WX» (IHIIM). — Maiiinii-
wloi, lUM. /•*»». MiilH. .innl. Kit Hi. /••Irr.hmry, ti. liW
(/li>uni« imi/ •V/riliK'Atr i/m Amurliinilt), — (Ivriiuii, I'mttum,
l.'MI.
.W/ir> /'iVAhi, Kiirlwa, I'liulum Wiiliurn. I 111, t. :ill (IM.'HI).
/>i»w I'uklii, l',ii<llli>li>ir, .Sun. (',m{l. KM (llil?). — Turuuui-
now, ''V. Iluwilriut-Diihiiriiii, II, |il, \, 1,'M,
/1*IM Sil,iru-ii, «»r. iittii, Currltro, 7'nii/,' f 'mW/'. Vl'Jfl (IWUl).
/(Atn .S'lAiru'ii, wlilnh la llin iiiiljr Klr-lrw iil MMrllii>rii Kiirii|H> ami
uortliwi'iti'rii Ailu, ritii|{i<a tiniii iiiirllmrii miil I'Hitrrii KiKii* t<i
Kitiiilai'lmlk* miil Miiiignllii, mill nii tlin AlUI MiMiiilRliia ia auiil tu
form KruHt |>iiru furi*ata ut iilMvalluiia iif iitiiiiit fmir (IhiiimuiiiI feui
iiUivtf thti aeii-liivul. It la A ali,iii|iir |i¥ritiiililitl triT, with \m\tt bnrk,
tint lUik gnmt IcitVKa, mill aiimll i<)f||iii|rli>iil iimra. In llir iiiirtli-
nutvrii liiiili'il Htutiia ,'l/<i>< .Vifiirliii la very hiiriljr uiiil Kriiwa nip-
iilly, but iiaiiiilly liiaiia ita ilmiati Imlill lH<riiri< it la twontji feet liixli,
iM'i'iiiiiiiiK rniigi'il uiiil iiiiitltrikKtIvii In i(|i|iti*riiiii'i>, In wratxrii
Kuriipu it I'mi aiaruiily ^m ki<|il itll«« fur iimny yora, na tlin young
■hiiuta, which ii|i|H<itr vory tiitrly In tli* atirlng, iin kliauat kiwiya
illjiircil hy froat.
" .IftiM H'Wi/,i.i(i,i, l.inilloy, /Viiiij, fyW. I. 30 (IHa.1). — Forbe«,
/. e. JIT, t, U. — Link, l.nmin, i*. ftil'J, Linillry & < lonliin, your.
Hnrl. Sm\ l.tml. v. Ull (oaxl. ayii, Ahtn ft(Mi), — C'iirri*r«, I. c.
!iV!3. — lloiaaiur, h'l. Ihiriil t. TIKI, Milati'ra, fliinl. Vknn. ii. Mr.
uil. KIT, r. HO; a«r. J, a. ,'Hin, t. t7. lliHikor t lliirtl. C'Ariifi. n,
aer. nv. 7HH, f. 171, W/il /■'/, llril. Iiul. ». tW-l. — ll«iaanor, llandb.
NaiMk. I7U, f. IIM.
/■iniu IfrA/iiiiiiii, LiinilKirt, IHmu, ml. U, I. 77, 1. U (18'JH). —
Antuiue, 6'im(/. ill, t, Ul, f, I, • tlliilllnlwr, (. r. 100, — I'arlii-
tore,;. c. - W, U. M'Nitli, / .'. (till, t. W, I. IH.
Piniu iiKclnMu, It, Dun, /'ri«/r, H, Arc/«i/, Ofl ( I81i6). — Um-
b«rl, /. I', ii. :i, t. \l.
I'irea Wehliiiinn, Uuiluii, /, ,: 'JMi,!. Ituni-^Wa (1838).—
Gordon, /. r. KM).
/l/.i« ,p„uil„lu, HtMvb, IIUI, V(ii. il. 493 oust). — K. Koch,
Dtntlr li. |it. ii. 'iM.
Aliiti tyeltliianii ia » tmn amuiitlMiiia uiin hiinilml iinil fifty feet in
height, with a trunk from thnw 'n llvn niiil iii'maluiiaily t«m fei't in
diaiuetar, leavea vury ilark Kronii anil liiatriiiia uii thu u|i|M-r turfaco
and ailvery whltu on thu liiwnr, anil i<yllnilrltial or ovoid dark pur-
ple oonea from fuiir tu all iiiii|i«a Iiiiik, It la widely aproad at high
elovatiuiia over tlis lliinalayita friiiti Afghanlatan to llhotan, aonie-
tiraca, ill uuld diinip uMi'i faniiiK tlin north, furniliig, either alone
or with thu lliriih, tliu hlghi'al furi-al Iwlli It la often amoeiatcd,
ulau, with thB Sprui'u, llin Whito I'lns and Ihn llemluck, and with
Uirekea, Maplea, and Hliiidudpndrona In great aiibalpine forests.
The wood uf the lliinalayaii Klr-lri* la aofi, pale, and not durable
whun eipoaed to thu w««thi>i'| Il la iiaed In iniiuntain regions in the
cunatructiuu uf liuiiana and for alilii||lea, and from Hikkiin it is sent
into Thilivt. Thu bark la t<iiiployiiil for thn roofs of shepherds'
huts and thu twiga and leavea fur fmlderj a violet dye has been
obtained friiiii the uiinea ((laiiible, Mini. Imlinn Timhrrii, 408).
Hrandis ilistiiigiiiahea two varlellea uf Ahin Webbiana which
other botaniata have aiiiniitlnie nalderiHl a|iecios. The first uf
them ia a WMniiwi (/',)■«#( /■'/, llril. tml. nv8 [1874]), which he
desoriboa aa a auiall traa with ahurter and less bifid leaves and usu-
ally shorter and Ihiukur i<uni<a| this furni grows on exposed rocky
ridges at higher alevatiiiiia than hia
e Vttulrnw, 1. 1: (IK74), - llolaaner, /, r. 481,
I'imu I'imtruui, 0. liun, Lamhrl I'inut, Hi. t, (1837). — An-
toliie, /. .' (U, t. -Jl, f -i, Kndlichar, /. .', KM, - Tarlatof*, I.e. —
W. R. M'Nab. /. .-. (KKI, t 47, f. 17.
I'ura I'iiulrim', (.oiiilun, /. i: '2.140, f. 'rOi, 'i'iM (IH3H). —
(lurdun, /. 1 . 1S7.
.Uiti I'inilrim; HpK'h, I. r. I'23 (t84!i). — Koyle, ///. .'VM), t.
HO. - Carrion', I. i: !»1. K. K.H'h, I e. Tin. — ll.'rtrand, Ann.
S,-i. Sill. a<tr. r>, II. on. -. Maatera, (. r. 111)1, f. IM.
This ia II larger treu fuund in aheltenid plaeea in gocal aoil with
lunger leavea and uaiially cylindrical oonea.
First eultiviited in Kiiro|M' iu U'JSi, jihii» Wrbbiima, although in
II few favorable pusitioiia iu (Ireat liritaiii It has grown tu a aiie
aiifHeiently large to prtHluee eonea, has nut on the whole proved
particularly valuable iia an uruainental tree in Kuru|HS in the
United .Stutea it in nut luinly at the north, and southward ii de-
atroyed by heat and drought.
" .ihiet A'.irifnuiiinuinii, Hpiich, /. e. 418 (18ti!). — ('arritre, I.e.
'jai. — Tchihatcheff, .4»i« ,Uirieurr, 401.— K. Kiwh, /. c. iil8,-
lloisaier, f. r. — Maaton, /. i: 14'.', f. :HI. — Hooker, f. Hoi. Mag.
ciiv. t. tllKK!. — ileiaaner, /. i: 431, f. I'.tl.
Piniui Nimlmnnniivm, Steven, HiUl. .Sih: IVal. Mme. xi. 4fi, t. 2
(1838): Ann. Sfi. i\iU. a<<r. '2, li. tM; llanl. Mail. aer. U, T. VIR,
I. 4;>. — Antolne, /. c. 74, t. 28. f. 1. — Kudlicher, /. e. 07.—
Ledebour, Fl. liim. iii. 070. — K. Kuoh, Linntra, xiii. 206. —
W. K. M'Nab, ( r. 01>4, t. 48, f. 'J2.
y'lcni Surilmimniana, Loudon, Encyrl. Trte; 1(M2, f. 1000
(1842). — Oordun, /. c. 150.
/'iV«i IVifAnurinuinii, Carri^re, I. c. 200 (18M). — Tnutvetter,
All. Hart. I'etrop. ii. 213 ^Inatmenla Fl. Ron.).
Pimu Ahirt, Tarlatore, Fl. Ilal. iv. 00 (in part) (not Du Roi)
(1807); Dt CamlMe Pralr. xvi. pt. ii. 420 (in part).
Abiei yonlmanniana, which is the moat eastern n'presentative uf
a group of species uf which .ibia Piceii of central Kurupe is the
type, is a tree suinetimes one hundred anil fifty feet in height, with
a trunk six feet in diameter, long crowded leaves dark green and
lustrous on the upper surface and silvery white on the lower, and
oblong-cylindrical or ellipsoidal dark orange-brown cones with con-
spicuously exserted bracts. It ia an inhabitant of the mountains on
the southern and southeastern shores of the Ulack Sea, including the
western spurn of the Caucasus, and ia common at elevations of two
thousand feet above the sea-level. Intruduced in IH-IH into the gar-
dens of western Kurope, Abies Nordmanniana bus proved the most
vigorous of all the eastern Fir-trees, thriving iu soils and situations
where the others do nut fiourish, and une of the most useful exutio
conifers fur the decoration of the parks and ganlens of temperate
Europe. (See Uutchinaun, Trans. Agric. and Highland Sac. ser, 4,
X. 141. — Masters, 1. 1: 147, f. 30. — Webster, 7'riini. Sinlliik At-
horii-ullural Soc. xi. 01. — Uunn, Jour. R. Hart. Soc. xiv. 80.) The
Nurdmann Fir is very bartly in the eastern United States as far
north, at least, as eastern Mas.sochusetts, but although dense iu
habit and very handsome while young, it is apt to become thin and
shabby here at a comparatively early age.
'» Abies Cilicica, Carriiro, I.e. 220 (ISfifi); Fl. des Serra, xi.
07, t. — Tohihatchoff, I. c. 4»t. — K. Kuch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 221.—
Bertrand, /. c. — Boissier, /. c. — Heiasner, /. r. 448, f. 122.
Pinus Cilieica, Kotsohy, Oeslr. Bol. WocherAl. iii. 400 (1863).—
Parlatore, De CandolU Prodr. I. c. 422. — W. R. M'Nab, /. c.
604, t. 48, f. 23.
Abies selinmia, Carriire, Fl. des Serres, xi. 00 (1860).
Picea Cilicica, Gordon, I. c. Suppl. 60 (1802).
Abies Cilicica, which is described as a tree from forty-five to
sixty feet in height, forms with the Cedar of Lebanon great forests
on the Cilioian Taurus at elevations of from four thousand five
CONirBIUC.
I'lf Utort, 1. 1. —
•i'On (IHIIH) —
,y\e. III. :VM), t.
- Ili'rtnkiiil, Ann,
M.
ill Kuod will with
liiimt, iilthiiilKll ill
^rowli til a iiizi<
IIki wIiuIk |inivi'il
Kiin>|H>; ill thn
•uiitliwuil li d»-
— ('Hrritrc, /. c.
■loh, /. c. 218.-
kiT, r. Itol. Mag.
I. yfiur. xi. 4S, t. 2
ilii;/. nor. 2, T. 22fi,
iiliiT, /. c. 07.—
iimm, xxii. 20S. —
rr<, 1012, f. lOOO
SO). — TreotTettor,
..).
lart) (not l)u Roi)
part).
rii n<|imentatiTe of
ntntl Kurupe i> the
feet in height, with
iret (lark f;i'°^'> "■"l
tu on the lower, and
own cones with con-
of the mountains on
ck Sea, including the
at elevations of two
in IRIH into the gar-
haa proved the most
1 soils and situations
le most useful exotio
aniens of temperate
IligUand Soc. ser. 4,
Trans, SfottUh At-
. Soc. xiv. 80.) The
LInitcd States as fur
t although dense in
t to become thin and
I; Ft, det Sara, xi.
■ndr. ii.pt. ii, 221.—
448, f. 122.
«. iii.409(18C3).—
-W. R. M'Nab, I.e.
09 (1860).
02).
le from forty-fiTe to
>banoD great foresti
a four thousand fire
CONiriR^R.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
hundred up to six thousand feet shore the se^-level, and griiwa also
on the Aiiti'TauriiM ami the Lehanon. It iMiars slender Mat leaves
which are often an ineh and a half lung on sterile hraiiehss, and
are dark green above and nilvery white uii the lower surface, and
cones wliirh are soiiictiiiies ti<ii iiiiiheii in ii-iigtli.
Abia CUiriia lias pi'oved mie iif the hardirst ami handsomest of
the exotic Kir<trees which have lH<en intruiliiced into the northern
United Slates, where it grows rapidly and forms u hroiul-liased
compact mass nf liraiii'hcn gradually narriiwcd uliovn into a slender
pyrainiilal head (Sargent, ttitntfn atut Fitretl, ii. A3H. — l>avis,
(Jarilrti aiul Forrat, vi. -108). Iti'ginning to cipand its buds very
early in the spring, the Cilician Fir sulTers in western IOuro|M from
spring frosts, which disligiire and often destniy it.
■■ Aliif Crykalimua, Loudon, /I rA. /Iri(. iv. 2:i2n, f. 2230, 2£M
(18.18). — Forbes, I'inrlum Wnlmm. 1 III, t. 42. — Link, Liniuia, xv.
030. — Carridre, Trailf Cm\f. 211. — lloissier. Ft. (kimt. v. 7«2. —
Masters, Oarcf. Chron. n. ser. xxil. 002, f . lUO. — Ueissuer, llandh.
Nailrlh. 4.18.
I'icra Cfphttlimica, Loudon, Oanl. Mag. ser. 2, T. 238, f. 40-00
(1830); Encjicl. Trert, IU10, f. IIHO-IIMO. — (iordon, Pitulum,
140.
riniM Ciphalmiea, Endlicher, Cal. Hart. Vindoh. I. 318 (1842))
.<!y.i. ('o"tf- »«• — Antoine, CmiJ. 71, t. 27, f, 1. — W. H. M'Nab,
/'roc. H. Iriih Ar,id. ser. 2, ii. 000, t. 48, f. 24.
Pinxu Abia, e Crphalmica, Christ, Vrrltaml. Sal. CJr$eU. Basil,
iii. 044 (UebeniiM der Kurnpiiuchrn Abietituten) ( 1802). — Parl»-
tore, D» CundoUe I'ralr. xvi. pt. ii. 422.
i46ie> CephaUmica rvhuia, Carriire, Traili! Conif. ed. 2, 286
(1807). — Dailly, Rev. Ilml. 1880, 300.
Abiei Crphalonica grows only on Mt. Knoa in the Island of
Cephalonia where, at elevations of from four to five thousand feet
above the sea-level, it cover* a ridge twelve or Hfteen miles in
length. (See Napier, The Colonien, 338.) It is a tree sixty or
seventy feet tall, with wide-spreading branches, broad sharp-pointed
rigid dark green leaves standing out from the branches nearly at
right angles, and gray-brown cylindrical painted cones six or seven
inches in length, with exserted or rarely included braots (Bailly,
I. c. 1888, 078).
Abitt Cephaloniea was first cultivated in 1824, when a few seeds
were sent to England by General Sir Charles J. Napier, Governor
of the Island of Cephalonia. In western Europe it is considered
one of the moat ornamental of the Old World Abies, and in the
United States it bos proved hardy as far north as eastern Masso-
chuaetts, healthy specimens thirty or forty feet in height existing in
several American gardens.
The Fir-tree which is common and generally distributed over the
mountains of Greece and Roumelia, often forming extensive forests
at elevations of from fifteen hundred to four thousand feet above
the sea-level, differs only from the Cephalonian Fir in the usually
narrower and blunter leaves of some individuals, and is now gen-
erally considered a variety of that species. It is : —
.ibies Cephalonica, var. Apollinit, Beissner, / 440 (1801).
Abif) Apollinis, Link, I. c. 028 (1841). — ( nitre, I. c. 209. —
Boissier, I. c.
Pinu.i Apotlinu, Antoine, /. c. 73 (1840-1847).
Pinua Abia, $ Apollinis, Endlicher, Sgn. Conif. 00 (1847).
Abies Picea (B) Apollinis, Lindley & Gordon, Jui.r. Ilorl. Soc.
Land. v. 210 (1800). — Lawson, Pinelum Brii. ii. 107, t. 24.
Abia Regina Amalire, Heldreich, Gartenjiora, ix. 313 (1800);
X. 208.
Picea Apollinis, Gordon, I. c. Suppl. 44 (1802).
Pinus Abies, b Regina Amalia, Christ, /. c. (1802).
Piwi, .I'hV», a .ipiJlinis, Christ, /. r. (IWM)
Piniu Ahift, I I'linnrbaint, Christ, '. •'. M4 (IWU),
Ahir» Crpkalimtia, a /'iirrKMiim, llsuksl Jk lloeksUlter, M|<l,
Nad,lh. 181 ( IMIO).
Ahtti Vrpkalmtira, $ Artadiea, llenkal k lloidistelter, f. «,
182 (1801).
Abiri Ai>ollinii,0 Panachaira, lliiissler, f . i: (IWH),
Ahiti .l/mtlinis, y Unjimr Anuilur, lloissier, /. r. (INM).
Alnri) i'riihtdmiia, Var. Rtgiiur .iiiuiltir, llelasnar, (. e, 441
(INIM).
This Greek Fir is interesting in Its power of prndiinliig vlgiiriHM
shoots from adventitious buds. This peculiarity was llrst liiilliwil
in 18011 in the Fir forests of the district of 'l'rl|Nilil<» In in'iilral
Aronilia, where from time iinniemorial the iiihulillsMla of llm M«l||h.
iMiriiig villages had Imeu in the liuliit of ohtiiliiliig llinlr aniiill
timbtir by cutting out the tops of the trans at dllTsreiil Imlglita
according to the site rci|uiriid. It was found that froiii llie ililii
branches of these mutilated trees a niiiiilHir of verll"al slmiia iifteii
from eighteen to twenty feet in height iiiid from twaUo to Mflaaii
inches in diameter had been produced, iiiid that yming Irnas mil at
the ground had thrown up, like Pinui rii/utu in Nkw .larwy, a imp.
pice growth of vigorous shoot*. (See Kegel, l/nrttnllnni. It, UIIU,
f.— Heldreich, f.c. x. 280, f.)
The Greek Fir has proved hardy in eastern Massaubiisett*, wlwiw
it has already borne cones.
i« Abies Picea, Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. SO (not Miller) (IH.'KI), —
K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. U. 217. — Kanlan, Pharm.-m»d. Ilol. .'MA,
MOO.
Pinus Picea, Uauttat, Spec. 1001 (1703). — Laii.Srt, /'(»i«,
i. 40, t. 30. — Antoine, Z. c. 08, t. 27, f. 2. — l,«aak lur, Ft,
Rosn. iii. 00.
Abia alba. Miller, THcl. ed. 8, No. I (1708).
Pinus Abies alba, Muencbhauaen, Ilauso. v, 222 (1770),
PinuA Abies, l)u Roi, Obs. Bo/. 30 (1771); lluM. Hmmi. II.
00.— Ilrotero, Hist. ffal. Pinheiros, Ijiriies e Abtliu, UH, - VIsl.
ani, Ft. Dalm. i. 200. — Endlicher, /. r. 00 (niiil, syri, Vlim
Apdllinis). — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. Oemum. si, 4, t, fliljl (Aliln
peclinala on plate). — Parlatore, Fl. llal. iv, W (eael, ayn,
Abies Cephalonica, Abies Nordmanniana, Abitt Apiilliiilt, Ahlns
Panachaica, and Abies Regina-Amaliie)\ Oe Candolle f'niilf, I, «,
420 (in part).
Pinus peclinala, Lamarck, Fl. Franf. ii. 202 (1778), — W. It.
M'Nab, /, c. 003, t. 48, f. 20, 21.
Abies minor, Gilibert, Ezercil. Phyl. ii. 419 (170'J),
Abies vulgaris, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. vi. 014 (IHOi), — ipMb,
Hisl. Veg. xi. 410.
Abies peclinala, De Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Frnuf, ed. tl, III,
270 (not Gilibert nor Poiret) (I9m).— Nrnveau fhihamsl, V,
201, t. 82. — Richard, Comm. Bol. Conif. t' 8. — Link, /, n, IWn. —
Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. ait. 3, iii. 239 (Con^htt d'ltnim),—
Hartig, Forsl. Cutlurpfl. Deutschl. 20, t, 9,— Carrldw, /, c,
200. — Fiscal!, CeudcA. Foraleult.-Pjl. 17, t. I, f, 1-7, = WIIU
komm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 10, — Ilertrand, Aim, Ht'l,
Nat. ait. 0, ix, 94 — Laguna, Con\feras y A menuioia* li»imMiu,
31; Fl. Foralal Espanda, pt. i. 24, t. 1. — Boissier, (, i', 701, - .
Colmeiro, Enum, PI. Hispano-Lusilana, iv. 707. — ileissiiiiri /, >',
428, f. 118, 119. — Herder, Bol. Jahrb. xiv. 1(10 (/■'/, /fi/ni;(, flufu
lands). — Ilempel & Wilhelm, Bdume und Slrlluehir, i, W), t, 44>
49, t. 2.
Abies taxifolia, Desfontaine*, Hist. Arb. ii, 070 (not Iwtmborl)
(1800),
/litM ezceba, Link, Abhand. Akad. Bert. 1897, INK (IHOO),
100
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONUERA.
i
Picea kukunaria, Wenderotb, Pfiam. Bol. Garl. Morh. 11
(1831).
Piaa pectinata, Loudon, Arb. Brit. U. WS.9, t. 2237-2239
(1838).
Ahiaargmlea, De Chambray, Traite Arb. Re$. Conif. 17, 1. 1,
f. 1, .', t. 5, f. 1 (1845).
Pi'nui Abits, a pectinata, Chriat, Verhand. Nat, Gaeil. Basel,
iii. 542 {Uebenicht der EuropOischen Abietineen) (1862).
Abiea Picea, which ii the largest of the conifers of Europe, under
exceptionally favorable conditions attains thu height of two hundred
feet, and forms a trunk eight feet in diameter. It is a tree with
elongated horizontal lower branches, which, on the Jura and the
Swiss Alps, occasionally develop lateral shoots that grow upward,
and have the appearance of young perfectly developed trees (seo
Christ, Garden and Foreit, ix. 273), and a pyramidal crown which
in old Hge sometimes becomes round*headed. The leaves are flat,
spreading iu two ranks, dark green and lustrous on the upper sur-
face and silvery white on the lower, and the slender cylindrical
bluntly pointed cones are light green to deep purple and five or
six inches long, with slightly exserted bracts.
Abies Picea is an inhabitant of the mountains of southern and
central Europe, forming forests on the mountains of Catalonia and
Atagnn, and on the northern slopes of the eastern Pyrenees. In
Corsica it is the principal tree in the belt above that of Pinus
Laricio and below the forests of Beech. It grows also at high alti-
tudes in Sicily, on the Apennines, the Jura and the Vosges, and in
the Schwarzwald, in .Saxony, Thnriiigia, the Tyrol, and Dalmatia.
The wood of .ihies Picea ir white, sometimes tinged with reddish
brown, with sapwood which is hardly distinguishable from the
faeartwood ; it is moderately elastic, soft, and easily worked, but
not durable; it is used in the construction of buildings and boats,
for masts, in cabinf^^-making and wood-carving, and for fuel and
charcoal. The barK js employed fur ta..ning leather. By punctur-
ing the resin vesicles on the trunk Strasburg turpentine is ob-
tained. Once highly esteemed in medicine, this substance was long
ago dropped from the pharmacopoeias of Europe, and is now almost
forgotten. (i>ee Beion, De Arhoribus Coni/eris, 28.— Dale, Pbar-
macolojia, 395. — Stephenson & Churchill, Med. Bol. ii. t. 74. —
Loudon, /. c. — Klilckigcr & Uanbury, Pharmacographia, 655. —
B/-ntley & Trimen, Med. Bot. iv. 262, t. 262.) Strasburg turpen-
tine is still occasionally used iu tho preparation of paints and
varnish.
Young plants of Abies Picea are able to survive for a long time
in the shade of other trees, and therefore this species has been
found especially valuable by French and German sylvirulturists for
the natural reprtniuction of forests. In artificial planting, how-
ever, it usually proves more uncertain than the .Spruce, although
the great forest of this tree at Vallambrosa, overhanging the Arno
and lielow the s.jmmits of the Apennines, has been perpetuated
for centuries entirely by planting.
Abies Picm was introduced into England at the beginning of
the seventeenth century, and has since been a favorite with Eng-
lish (.lantern, who have produced many noble specimens. (See
Strutt, Syh-a Brilannica, 31, t. 6. — Loudon, /. c. 2.'t3J.) Abi^-s
Picra was brought to the eastern I'nited States early in the present
century, but it io not very nardy oven in tho midillu states, and
is not usually kept alive here for more than a few years without
difHculty.
A number of abnormal forms of Abies Picea are cultivated by
European lovers of curious trees. The most distinct of these are
tho forms with erect and witli pendulous branches, and one with
short branches covered by shoit crowded leaves. (For a descrip-
tion of the garden forms of AUei Pieea, see Carriiie, Traite Conif.
ed. 2, 280. — Veitch, Mnn. Conif. KM. — Beiisner, Handb. Nadelh.
432.)
" Abies Pinsapo, Boissier, Bibl. Unto. Geneve, ziii. 167 (1838);
i4nn. Set. Ifat. scr. 2, ii. 167; Blench. PI. Nov. Hisp. 84 ; Voy.
Espagne, ii. 584, 1. 167-169. — Carri6re, Traile Conif. 227. — Will-
komm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 17. — K. Koch, Dtndr. ii.
pt. ii. 226. — Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nat. nit. 5, xx. 95. — Laguna, Coni-
feras y Ammtdceas Espaliolas, 31; Fi. Forestal EtpaHola, pt. i. 35,
t. 2, 3. — Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xxiv. 468, f. 99. — Colmciro,
£nuin. Pt, Hispano-Lmitana, iv. 708. — Beissner, I. c. 444, f. 121.
Pinus Pinsapo, Antoine, Cc-f, 65, t. 26, f. 2 (1842-47). —
Endlicher, Syn, Conif, 109. — Christ, I. e. 546. — Parlatore, De
Candotle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 422 (excl. syn.) — W. R. M'Nab,
Proc, R, Irish Acad. ser. 2, ii. 697, t. 48, f. 26.
Fieri Pinsapo, hoaioB, Encycl. Trees, 1041 (1842). — Gordon,
Pinetum, 159.
Abies Hispanica, De Chambray, I. c, 339 (1846).
Abies Pinsapo is a tree seventy or eighty feet in height, with a
stout trunk usually clothed with branches to the ground, and dis-
tinguished by its stiff branchleta thickly set with short broad rigid
sharply pointed erect bright green leaves spreading from all sides,
and cylindrical gray-brown cones from four to six inches in length.
It grows on the mountains of central a>~d southern Spain, and
forms great forests on tho Sierra Nevada, at elevations of be-
tween four thousand and six thousand feet above the sea. It woa
introduced into gardens in 1839 by Boissier, who first distinguished
the Pinsapo as a distinct species. In central and western Europe,
where it is one of the most generally cultivated and handsomest of
the Fir-trees, it has already grown to a large size, but in the
eastern United States it never really flourishes, although it is pos-
sible to keep it alive for many years in favorable situations even
OS far north as eastern Massachusetts, (Sargent, Garden and For-
est, vi. 458.)
" Abies Baborensis, Letoumeux, Cat, Arb, et Arbust. d'Algerie
(1888).
AInes Pinsapo, var. Baborensis, Cosson, Bull, Soc, Bot. France,
viii. tJO? (1801); Annuaire Soc. Imp, d'Acclimatation, 1863,299 ;
Bev, Ilorl 1800, 144. — K. Koch, I, c. 227.
Abies Numidica, Carri^re, Rev, Hort. 1860, 106, 203 j Traite
Conif. ed. 2, 305. — Veitch, I. e. 103. — Masters, I. c. ser. 3,
iii. 140, f. 23. — Trabut, Rev. Gen. Bot. i. 405, t. 17, 18. —
Beissner, /. c, 447. — Koehno, Deutsche Dendr, 16.
Pinus Pinsapo, Parlatore, /. c, (in part) (not Boissier)
(1868).
Picea Numidica, Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 220 (1875).
Pinus Babor,^is, W. R. M'Nab, ;. c. t. 48, f. 27 (1877).
The Algerian Fir, mingling with thu Mt. Atlas Cedar, in-
habits the slopes of Mt. Babor and Mt. Tababor, in the Province
of Constantine, at elevations of from four to six thousand feet above
the level of the sea. It is a tree sixty or seventy feet in height,
with a slender trunk, spreading branches forming a compact pyr-
amidal head, crowded dark grccu flat pointed or emarginate leaves,
and cylindrical dull grayish brown cones from Ave to eight inches
in length, their bracts being shorter or longer than their scales.
Introduced into the gardens of central Kurupo in 1804, Abies Ba-
borensis has proved hartly in France and Kngland, and one of the
most attractive members of the genus as a garden plant.
" TheCas(;ade Mountains in Oregon must, perhnps, l)e regarded
as the headquarters of the genus Abies, for on that part of tho
range which is south of the Columbia Kiver, and which is njt over
one hundred and seventy miles long, are congregated six species,
CONlFERiB.
i6re, Traili Cmi/.
, Handb. Nadelh.
ziii. 167 (1838);
Hup. 84; Voy.
mi/. 227 Will-
Koch, Dtndr. ii.
— Laguna, Coni-
^upaiiola, pt. i. 36,
. 99. — Colmciro,
I. c. 444, f. 121.
2 (1842-47).—
— Parlatore, De
- W. R. M'Nab,
(1842). — Gordon,
)45).
in height, with a
ground, and dla-
ih short broad rigid
ling from all aides,
lix inches in length,
mtbem Spain, and
; elevations of be-
>ve the sea. It was
> first distinguished
nd western Europe,
and handsomest of
;e size, but in the
although it is pos-
iible situations even
nt. Garden and For-
el Arbiut. d'Algerie
dl. Soc. Bot. France,
imalalim, 18C3, 209 ;
M, 106, 203; Traite
Masters, {. r. aer. 3,
i. 405, t 17, 18. —
r. 10.
ut) (not Boisaier)
i20 (1875).
, f. 27 (1877).
t. Atlas Cedar, in-
bor, in the Province
thousand feet above
venty feet in height,
)ing a compact pyr-
3r eniarginate leaves,
11 five tu eight inches
er than their scales.
0 in 18C4, Ahiet /la-
land, and one of the
den plant,
perlinps, be reganled
on that part of the
And nhich is not over
grcgated six species,
CONIFER^E.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
101
Ahiei nobUis at the north, replaced lonthward by Abiet magnifica,
Abiet grandit at the north replaced by Abiet concolor at the nouth,
and Abiet amabiiit and Abiet latioearpa, extending down from the
Columbia nearly to the southern end of the range.
" Saporta, Origine Paleoniolngiijue det Arbret, 77.
" Practically nothing is known of the insects which probably
dwell upon the different species of Aoies in the western part of
America, and those which infest the eastei.i, Abiet baltamea and
Abiet Frateri, have been little studied. Many of the borers which
attack Pinus md Picea also infest Abies, but no species peculiar to
these trees has been reported. Nearly all the spec'/is of saw-flies,
moths, and other insects which attack the foliage of Picea are also
to be found on Abies, although a few species may be peculiar to
Fir-trees. Various species of scale-insects are sometimes found on
Abieii, and a mite of the group Aorina commonly occurs on the
young twigs, arresting the growth of the leaves and twisting and
distorting them.
In England a woolly Aphis causes gouty swellings upon the
leading and other shoots of Abiet nobilis, Abiet amabiiit, and other
Fir-trees, preventing the formation of leaders and eventually killing
the trees. (See Masters, Gard, Chron, n. ser. xviii. 1091, f. 19, 20.)
On the island of Mt. Desert, off the coast of Maine, Abiet baliamea
was attacked about a dozen years ago in a similar manner, and
hundreds of trees were killed. '
'" The most striking fungus which infests Abiet bahamea, the
northeastern representative of the genus, is jEcidium etatinum, Al-
bertini & Schweinit^, a rust which is common in cold and wet
regions, especially in the mountainous districts from Newfoundland
to Michigan, and southward to the mountains «i North Carolina.
Of all the so-called hexen-besen, or witcbes-br> jins, sometimes
called birds-nest distortions, those caused by this fungus are the
largest that occur in the United States, being at times three feet
high and three feet or more in circumference. On the affected
branches is formed a node from which arise vertical dense tufts of
fasciculated branches, so that the distortions which can be seen
from a considerable distance look like small trees attached to the
branches. In May and early June the branches are paler and
more succulent, and the leaves are shorter and stouter than normal
leaves, and show the yellow spots due to the spores of the fungus.
Later in the sea:^on the spots disappear, the leaves shrivel, and the
stems darken, although they last several years and produce suc-
cessive crops of spores. This fungus has a very wide distribution,
being common in Europe on Abiet Picea and son.e other species,
and extendi' to Siberia and Japan.
Another rust, Peridermium balsameum, Peck, is common ou the
under side of the leaves of Abiet haUamea, especially in the moun-
tainous regions of New England and New York. The clustcr-eups
of this species are small and short, the spores are nearly white,
and no noticeable distortion is produced. The fungus, therefore,
is not easily seen except by a practiced eye, although ultimately
the affected leaves become pale-volored. Beside the rust fungi,
several peculiar small species attack the leaves and stems of Abies
baUamea, esiieciaWy Nectria baUamea, Cooke & Veck, A tterina nuda.
Peck, and Meliola balsamicola, Peck. Fusi^porium Berenice, Berkeley
& Curtis, the pycnidial condition of some L^iscomycete, forms slate-
colored cups with a thin raised margin on tho smaller branches,
while the trunks arc often CLVored by tho orange-colored cups of
Du.iystrypha Agatitizii, Sacoardo, which seems to prefer this tree to
any other, although it is found on other conifers.
The European A bies Picea is attacked by many species of fungi,
including a number of small species recently described by Vuille-
min (Bull. Soc, lUycol. xii. 33). Tho parasites of Abiet Frateri
have not been well studied, but this tree i* *ttMlf«d by Ptttta
croeea, Schweinitz, and Trichotpharia paroiitioil, It. Ilwrtlff.
Little is known of the fungal enemies at tb« Abisi ttt W8tl«rM
America.
" Abies Momi, Siebold, Verhand. Bat. Omorl, Hohtl, Wll. ill, fld
(1830). — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 227.
Abiet firma, Siebold & Zucearini, Fl, Jap, ili 10, (, 107
(1842). — Carriire, TraUi Cmif. 218, — A, MhH»/, Tht Ptmt
and Firt of Japan, 63 (exol. Abiet honuilepii), f, 60^110, <=•
Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ili, 166 (/'to/, Pi Jap,), ^
Bertrand, i4nn. Set. Nat. sir. 6, ix. 08, — VtumM A tMMkt,
Enum. PI. Jap. i. 467. — Masters, Gard, Chrim, Hi M», nil,
198; Jour. Linn. Soc. xviii. 614 (Coni/eri qf J(limn), = Mnyf,
Monog. Abiet. Jap. 31, t. 1, t. 1. — BeisAH^r, llamllh Nadeth,
460, f- 123.
AbUt bifidr., Siebold & Zucearini, (, it, 18, (, 100 (IMfl), —
Carriire, 2. e, 214. — Bertrand, {. c.
Pinus firma, Antoine, Conif. 70, t. 87 Wo, (J(M0=1«4T), —
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 99. — Parlatore, De Cawlillh Prmlf. i*l.
pt ii. 424 (excl. syn.). — W. R. M'Nab, Prof, H, IHth Aeait.
ser. ii. 666, t. 47, f. 14 (excl. syn.Pinua brachjiphnlin),
Pinus bifida, Antoine, I. c. 79, t. 31, f. y (W4047), = 15Bd'
licher, I. c. 101.
Picea firma, Gordon, Pineium, 147 (1868), = A, Mtirrfty, Ptot,
R. Hort. Soc. ii. 361, f. 63-81.
Picea firma, var. B, A. Murray, I. c. 400 (tf)()S),
Abies firma, var. bifida, Masters, Gard, Chfim, II, Mr, xtl, 100
(1879); Jour. Linn, Soc. xviii. 614 (Coniferi i^ JnpnH),
Pinut bifida, W. R. M'Nab, /. c. 088, t, 47, f, Ifi (1H77),
AInes umbeltala, Mayr, /. c. 34, t. 1, f. g (IWH)),
Abies Momi, tho largest of the Japanese Pirrtrtiiiil Hint Itti itlliab<
itant of the mountains of southern Hondo, wliKrx il in said to be
abundant in the forests of deciduous-leaved tr^ij^, in tile mmclet
best known to the Japanese, furnishing them Willi tlw l<'li'=Wuud «f
commerce and one of the chief ornaments uf thtilF \mt\u. The
Momi has usually proved disappointing in the l'ilit«i|l Ntitt^H and
Europe, where, although it is hardy euau|;li, it enrly limiitliies llilH
and ragged, but the Momis in tho temple garilens (if 'I'nltj'n, oftetl
one hundred and twenty feet in height, with lull t<|,ii4ii (riiiikn triilH
four to six feet in diameter and dense dark pyrAlliiditl uriiwiis u(
rigid lustrous acute or bifid leaves, are certainly iiitt mifftntficcl In
beauty by any other Fir-trees which men bftvtf (lllillt«d> (See Baf'
gent. Fores'. Fl. Jap. 82.)
» Abies Veilcki, Lindley, Oorrf. Chron, IHd), «!), = A, Murray,
The Pines and Firt of Japan, 39, f . 09-70, ^ Oitfddli, /, e, Hiippt
CC. — Carriftro, Traile Conif. ed. 2, 'MO. — K, Kwll, I, e, 'MH.^
Bertrand, I. c, — Francbet & Savatier, /. (•. 4(IH, == Mwl*"!"!!, Otird.
Chron. n. ser. xiii 275, f. 60,51; Jour. Linn, Hm', Kvlll, fitfl, I. 20
(Conifers of Japan). — Mayr, /. c. 38, t, 8, t, 4, => IK ;. .inef, /. c.
457, f. 125, 126.
Picca Veilchi, A. Murray, Proc. 11. Iforl Sue, 11, Oil, t, tXl-m
(1862).
Pinus selenolepis, Parlatore, /. c. 427 (186S),
Pinus Veilchi, W. R. M'Nab, I. c. 686, t, 47, t Ifl (1M77),
Abies Eichleri, Lauche, Berlin Oarlenieil, i, ((,'), t, (lS(t2),—
Hemsley, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xvii. 14fi, = IWIIf, (Jiirdm and
Forest, ili. 434.
Abies Veitchi, which is the prevailing tree ill it fiir«st belt be-
tween elevations of seven thousand anil tijght tliiiiiiiiiliil feel nlmve
tho sea on Mt. Fusi-saii, appears to be iif very hiiiitl illBtrlliutlnii in
Japan, and is probably a northern tree (Imliiig its liiimt siiiilhorly
home only on the highest mountains u( tbv »lll|iirii, it little known
1
i
1
1
i
i
1
i
1
i <ni
!
i
i
if
U4>f
\w
\
■itV?
102
SILVA OF NORTH AMBItWA.
CONIFBILA.
Fir-tree of the cout of M»nohari» appearing to be identioal with
it. This is the
Abia SUnrica, vap. xiephroUpit, Trantyetter, Maximowia Mim.
San. Str. Acad. Set. Si. Pilmbour^ ix. 260 {Pnm. Fl. Amur.)
(1860).
Ahief nephroUpit, Maximowici, Bull. Aead. Set. St. Pelertbourg,
X. 486 (Mel. BM. vl 21) (1866). — Beisaner, Handb, Nadelh.
467.
Abia Veitehi was aent from Japan in 1870 by Mr. Tboma*
Hogg to the Parsons Nurseries at Flushing, New York, and for
many years was cultivated in the United States under the unpub-
lished name of Abia Japonica (Oardm and Forat, vi. 625). In
our gardens it is a handsome hardy fast-growing tree, distinguished
from Abifs homolepis, to which it bears a superflcial resemblance,
by its shorter and more crowded leaves, its slenderer brauchlata
clothed with soft &ne pubescence, and its smaller cones.
" Abia homolepit, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 17, t. 108
(1842). — Carri*re, Traili Conif. 215. — Miquel, Ann. Afut. Bui.
Lugd. Bat. iii. 106 {Prol. Fl. Zap.). — Bertrand, Ann. Sci. Nul.
tiT. 5, XX. 95. — Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. lii. 823, f. 136 j Jnur.
Linn. Soc. xviii. 518 {Coni/en of Japan). — Majt, Monog. Abiel.
Jnp. 35, t. 2, f. 3.
Pinm homolepit; Antoine, Cmif. 78, t. 31, f. 1 (1840-47). —
Endlicber, Syn. Cmif. 101.
Picta firma, var. *, A. Murray, Proc. R. Horl. Soc. ii. 400
(1862).
Abia firma, A. Murray, Pina and Fin of Japan, 63 (in part)
(not Siebold £ Zuecarini) (1863).
Ah,a brachyphylla, Maximowicz, /. c. 488 (1866) (I. e. 23). —
Franchet & Savatier, F.mm. PI. Jap. i. 467. — Masters, Gard.
Chron. o. ser. xii. 666, f. i.;, 02; /our. Zinn. Soc. zriii. 616, f. 14,
IB U'lmffft iifjilfm). — V«li«h, Afan. Conff. 88. — Hooker f.
Hill. Miip, mi: t: im.
Pum lim^lfiiliiiUil, I'artatont, Dt Candollt Prodr. xvi. pt. ii.
i!14 aim),
Pinm Tti-hiiimltMm, I'arlntore, {. c. 431 (1868).
Piumi ImwkuiihllUil, iUmhm, Pinclum, ed. 2, 201 (1876).
/'.Wl IlllffHimi, Wi M. M'Nab, Proc. H. trith Acad. ser. 2, ii.
fl«0,t. <7,f, Irt(lW).
Ahiet hmiili')iii I* I Iff t<iitnmnti fir-tree of the Nikko and other
inuuMl«i» imgi"* lit KCNffal ilapan, on which, at elevations of be-
tween fuMF thmmui »uA lite thousand feet above the sea, it is
aisntWred vMlff nillMlj' "l' I'l small grows through the Oak and
Uirub fiircM IJMt l<*(i<flit up to the great Hemluck belt which
ttlutliii* (bti ii|)^»if' ii|ii|iii« lit Dwm mountains. It is a tree rarely
murii (IwH figlitj/ lit nltHity f«et In height, with a massive trunk
coverud with f)l>\» imfUi InHK dintichoualy spreading leaves dark
grauii III) tJMi mififf miftnii» and silvery white on the lower, and
oyliiulrJi'itl |lHF|l|i< I'lllifn llniMlly about four inches in length. From
other tli«|)»liii«ii ('jr;|ri<|i|i it maj lie distinguished in old age by the
bro»4 fiHMM4-li«|l)ii<it licmt fiirtned by the upper branches, which
griiw llHir« itf'miljljf (il<iir (lie lop of the tree than those below
lliDMi. 'riiN wiiilil In licmiilotially used in the construction of huts
in ulpiiM) vWkiffH:
Ahitt hmuhliii, wlil<i|| (ilM been nn inhabitant of the gardens of
Kiiropu mxl 111 lliii |iNiiti<rH tlniled States for thirty years, grows
vlgiirimnly in l'Hlll«i«llim, atiil U very hardy in eastern Massachu-
■ells, wIlffM it lilt* >{\¥>>m\ii proiiiiccd its cones, and in its young
»\Ma in 1111)1 III llw ImwtMilneiit and most satisfactory of the exotic
nuuifurii, hIMhiiihIi iih IIim oldest plants tbe middle branches have
almiuiy iiynF^fiiwH imd iitfrshadowed those below them.
« hti mf>, i itfjrt, m^.
h
CONIFBILS.
88 Hooker f.
'rodr. zri. pt. ii.
8).
1 (1876).
Acad, sor. 2, ii.
likko and other
levatioiu of be-
To the aes, it is
:b tbe Oak and
lock belt which
is a tree rarely
maasiTe trunk
linj; leaves dark
the lower, and
in length. From
old age by the
branches, which
;hnn those below
struotion of huts
>f the gardens of
irty years, grows
astern Massachu-
cind in its young
tory of the exotic
lo branches have
r them.
coNiFEiLE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 103
CONSPECTUS OF THE NOBTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
EvABiES. Leaves flat, grooved above, stomatiferoos on the lower and sometimes on the upper sur-
face, rounded and often notched, or on fertile branches frequently acute at tbe apex.
Resin ducts of the leaves within the parenchyma remote from the epidermis.
Bracts longer or shorter than the cone-scales.
Bracts of tbe cone-scales oblong, rounded and short-pointed at the broad denticulate apex,
much longer tban their scales, reflexed; leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale
below, obtusely short-pointed and occssioually emarginate 1. A. Fbasbbi.
Bracts of the cone-scales oblong, emarginate and short-pointed at the broad serrulate apex,
shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales ; leaves dark green and lustrous above,
pale below, rounded or obtusely short-pointed and occasionally emarginate, and on fertile
branches acute or acuminate 2. A. baisamba.
Bracts much shorter than the cone-scales.
Bracts of the cone-scales oblong-obovate, Inciniate, rounded, emarginate, and long-pointed at
the apex ; leaves blue-green and glaucous, st^matiferous above the middle on the upper
surface, obtusely pointed and occasionally emarginate, and on fertile branches thickened
and acute 3. A. lasiocabfa.
Besin ducts of the leaves close to the epidermis of the lower side.
Bracts of the cone-scales short-oblong, obcordate, laciniate and short-pointed at the apex ;
leaves dark green and very lustrous above, silvery white below, conspicuously emargi-
nate, or on fertile branches sometimes bluntly pointed 4. A. ORAIISIB.
Bracts of the cone-scales oblong, emarginate or nearly truncate at the broad denticulate
short-pointed apex ; leaves pale blue or glaucous, stomatiferous on the upper surface,
rounded, acute, or acuminate; on fertile branches often falcate, and thickened and
keeled above 6. A. concolob.
Bracts of the cone-scales rhomboidal or oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed in*^o long slen-
der t!p8, half as long as their scales ; leaves crowded, dark green and very lustrous above,
silvery white below, rounded, notched, or acute, or on fertile branches acute or acuminate,
ind occasionally stomatiferous on the upper surface 6. A. A^iABlLlg.
UBACTEAT.G. Leaves flat, slightly rounded, obscurely grooved, and without stomata on the upper
surface, similar on sterile and fertile branches ; tips of the bracts of tho cone-scales elongated ;
winter-buds large, with thin loosely imbricated scales.
Bracts of the cone-scales obloug-obovate, obcordate, produced into elongated rigid flat tips,
many times longer than their pointed glabrous scales ; leaves dark yellow-green above,
silvery white below, acuminate 7. A. venusta.
NoBiLES. Leaves blue-green, often glaucous, stomatiferous on both surfaces, bluntly pointed, flat-
tened and grooved above or tetragonal on sterile branches, tetragonal, acute, incurved, and
crowded on fertile branches.
Bracts of the cone-scales spatulate, full and rounded and fimbriate above, long-pointed, in-
curved, much longer than and nearly covering their scales ; leaves distinctly grooved on
the upper surface, rounded and often notched on sterile and acute or acuminate on fertile
blanches 8. A. NOBlliis.
Bracts of the ccne-scales oblong-spatulate, acute or acuminate, or rounded above with slender
tips, shorter or longer than their scales ; leaves tetragonal, bluntly pointed on lower and
acute on upper branches 9. A. hAGIofica.
" .*■■
I
■ 6
M
-lii s
fi-ii
CONI'"i;By«.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
105
ABIES FRASERI.
Balsam Fir. She Balsam.
Bracts of the cone-scales oblong, rounded, short-pointed at the wide denticulate
ppex, much longer than their scales, reflexed. Leaves dark green and lustrous above,
p ;le below, obtusely short-pointed, or occasionally emarginate.
Abies Fraseri, Poiret, Lamarck Diet. SuppL t. 35
(1817). — Lindley, Penny Cycl. i. 30. — BafineBque,
New Fl. i. 39. — Lawsoii & Son, Affric. Man. 374. —
Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 113, t. 38. — Link, Linncea, xy.
631. — Gray, Man. 441 (in part). — Nuttall, Sylea, iii.
139, t. 119. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soo. Land.
V. 209. — Carii^re, TraM Conif. 200. — Chapman, Fl.
434. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 26.—
Henkel & Hochotetter, Syn. Nadelh. 169. — S^n^lauze,
Conif. 8. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 202. — Bertrand, Bull.
Soc. Bot. France, xviii. 379 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 5, xx.
95. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 216. — Engelmann, Trans.
St. Louis Acad. iii. 696 j Proc. Phil. Acad. 1876, 173 ;
Gardener's Monthly, xix. 308. — Veitch, Man. Conif.
96. — Regel, Russ. Dendr. ed. 2, i. 43. — Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Am. lOiA Census U. S. ix. 210. — Lauche,
Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 84. — Schubcler, Virid. Norveg.
i. 431. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 217. — Masters, Oard.
Chron. set. 3, viii. 684, f. 132 ; Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv.
191. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 462. — Hansen, Jour.
R. Hort. Soc. xiy. 466 (Pinetum Danicum). — Koehne,
Deutsche Dendr. 17, f. 7, J, K, L. — Britton & Brown, III.
Fl. i. 57, f. 127.
PinuB Praaeri, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 639 (1814).—
Sprengel, Syst. iii. 884. — D. Don, Lambert Pinus, iii. t. —
Antoine, Conif. 76, t. 29, f . 1. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif.
91. — LawBon & Son, List No. 10, Abietineee, 12. — Cour-
tin, Fam. Conif. 57 Dietrich, Syn. v. 393. — I'trlatore,
De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 419. — W. R. M'Nab, Proo.
R. Irish Acad. ser. 2, ii. 684, t. 47, f. 10.
Abies balsamea, ^ Fraaeri, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 223 (1818). —
Spach, Hist. Vig. xi. 422.
Pinus balsamea, Elliott, Sk. ii. (i39 (not Linneeua) (1824).
Pinus balsamea, /3 Fraseri, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N.
States, 3.59 (1826).
Pioea Fraseri, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2340, f. 2243, 2244
(1838). — Knight, Syn. Conif. 39. — Gordon, Pinetum,
148.
A fast-growing, short-lived tree, usually from thirty to forty and rarely seventy feet in height,
frith a trunk occasionally two and a half feet in diameter.* The bark of the trunk is from one quarter
to one half of an inch in thickness, and covered with thin closely appressed bright cinnamon-red scales,
which generally become gray as the tree reaches maturity. The branches are slender and rather rigid,
and spread in regular whorls, forming at first an open symmetrical pyramid, but frequently disappear
from the lower part of the trunk before the tree has attained half its size. The wintei--buds are obtuse,
orange-brown, thickly coated with resin, and rarely more than an eighth of an inch in length. The
branchlets, which are comparatively stout and covered for three or four years with fine pubescence, are
pale yellow-brown during their first season, and then, becoming dark reddish brown during their first
winter, gradually grow darker and often assume shades of purple. The leaves are crowded on the
upper side of the branchlets, even on those of lower sterile branches, by the strong twist at their base,
and are flat, obtusely short-pointed, or occasionally slightly emarginate at the apex even on fertile upper
brauche!'. and leading shoots; they are very dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked
on the lower with wide bauds of from eight to twelve rows of stomata, and are from half an inch to
nearly an inch in length, about one sixteenth of an inch broad, and often widest above the middle,
with an almost continuous layer of hypoderm cells on their upper side and edges. The stam.inate
flowers are oblong-cylindrical and about a third of an inch long, with yellow anthers tinged with red ;
' The log specimen in the Jesiip Collection of North American
Woods in the Americftn Museum of Natural History, New York,
cut on Roan Mountain, near the boundary between North Caro-
lina and Tennessee, is ilftccu inches in diameter inside the bark
and one hundred and four years old. The stem of this tree, how-
ever, was only an inch and a half thick at the age of liilrty years,
while the sapwootl, which is two inches in thickness, shows only
eighteen layers of annual growth.
1 T7> n
f.'
106
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONU'EILS,
aud the pistillate flowers are oblong-oval, with scales rounded above, much broader than they are long
and shorter than their oblong pole yellow-green bracts rounded at the bioad apex which terminates
in a slender elongated tip, and denticulate and strongly reflexed above the middle. The cones are
oblong-ovate or nearly oval, rounded at the somewhat narrowed apex, usually about two and a half
inches in length and an inch and un eighth in thickness, with scales which are five eighths of an inch
broad and twice as wide as they are long, dark purple and puberulous on the exposed portions, and at
maturity nearly half covered by their pale yellow-grreen reflexed bracts. The seeds are an eighth of
an inch in length and nearly as long as their dark lustrous wings, which are much expanded and very
obhque at the apex.
Abies Fraseri, which grows only on the highest of the southern Appalachian mountains, where
it is distributed from southeastern Virginia ' through western North Carolina to Tennessee, often forms
forests sometimes of considerable extent at elevations of between four and six thousand feet above the
sea-level, giving to the upper slopes of those mountains their dark and sombre appearance, or mingles
with the Red Spruce, the Yellow Birch, and the Hemlock.^
The wood of Ahica Fraseri hi very light, soft, not strong, and coarse-grained ; it is pale brown,
with nearly white sapwood, and contains broad inconspicuous bands of small summer cells and numerous
thin medullary rayi:. The 8} ecifio gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3565, a cubic foot weighing
22.22 pounds. It has beer occasionally manufactured into lumber for the construction of hotels and
other buildings at liigh elev: tions on the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Abits Fraseri^ was intioduced into European gardens in 1811 by John Fraser,* who first made
this tree known to tcionce and whose labors as a botanical collector are kepb green by its specific name.
Short-lived and hardly distinct enough in habit and general appearance from the Balsam Fir of the
north to be interesting to planters, Ahies Fraseri has little to recommend it as an ornament of
parks, from which, since the early years of its first introduction, it has probably almost completely
disappeared, Abies halsamea raised from the seeds of cones with slightly exserted bracts gathered in
Pennsylvania aud New England being usually cultivated in the United States and England as Abies
Fraseri. It has proved entirely hardy in the Arnold Arboretum, where it produces cones in
abunJ.iiiee.
Urn \u
iU
' Abitt fhuni vna found in May, 1892, on the slopes of Mt.
Rogers, in Grayson County, southwestern Virginia, by N. L. and
K. (f. Hrttton and Anna Murray Vail.
' See Sargent, Garden and Forat, il 473, f. 132.
' A bie.i Fraseri is almost nniversally called the She Balsam by
the mouDi aiueers of North Carolina, iu distinction to He Balsam,
the name given by them to the Red Spruce.
« See i. 8.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pl,<i- : tXJIX. AnfES Fbassri.
1. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size.
2. A f •riiin-.te flowei', niarged.
3. An '. it.h.r, front uuv niarged.
4. An arifior, tus.i (ioni 'uc: w, enlarged.
5. A branch with pistill 'tc H /-ers, iiatural size.
6. A bract of a pistlli. 'e flcn^i. lower side, enlarged.
7. A scale of a pi 'iliat; a.iw- ■ upper side, with its bract and ovnlee, enlarged.
8. A fruiting bram-li, natural size.
0. A cone-scale, loner side, with its bract, natural size.
to. A cone-scale, upix/: side, with its seeds and bract, natural size.
11. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
12 An embryo, enlarged.
13. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
14. Winter-buds, nulural size.
15. A Hee<lling plant, natural size.
Ji ,ii
CONU'EaS.
ey are long
terminates
e cones are
and a half
of an inch
tions, and at
an eighth of
ed and very
itains, vhere
often forms
eet ahove the
:e, or mingles
pale brown,
uid numerous
foot weighing
of hotels and
ho first made
speciRc name,
im Fir of the
ornament of
D3t completely
its gathered in
jland as Abies
luces cones in
the She Balsam by
ition to He Balsam,
■ged.
fl'
^
■;^ ,--'<■
1!
'*^,-
: |.
'Hf
i
ill
i ' ■
■ , ;
i
\M
m
m
i\m
106
anVA OF NORTH AMKItlCA.
«m4 til* ^Mtdla** %fmm bm- oMoBff-ov*], with MAi«<ii roun«i«4 uttovft, mwh tiroiuk<r than thf^ •.
.KofU'r ihiin i^ir oMong {mU yt-liuw-KTwn hrooU roumitHi iit tiwt bna<t npnt whii-h Ujrn.
Ill i .>.)-l«v •'l.ni,'ii«*<* lJ(>. iMwl flMili'dUtf mid strurijflv nillox' il .ibtive tliu iniilill*' Th«« QOlu^
oMiDii; t>v tfi '" .:,ir)v uval, r(>uiiii«><l at th» itomewlial narrowttl apox, iiDually uboiil two auJ » i
iiiohM iTi Kiit/')> iiut Ml in<')i and an «i|{hth in thickiieiut, with Acaloit which aro tivu eigbtli<« "f iin in-
> < itu\ (»i< •- .M '•■<!<' a* ihoy iire loii^, ilark piir()l<' luui (xibtjriilouH on thu oxpoHfd purtii 1 1 ox!
u.^.u/il> Mi'<»f)y half c«)vi«r«:J by their jiiiln yjillDW-ffiiifi. nrtoxnl hraotn. TLii sei'ils an- an C'>;
ao i«('h in Wngth and nearly OH lonjir a* thuir dark lugtri>u<t wiuga, which an) much expanded and ' -
(ibhi{U0 at tbi< »|Hn.
Ahii-r FiiunTi, which grows only <)n liie hi^hwt '.' clu aoutliorn Appalachiuii mountaiiih, wl.
it ia d»»tnt>ut«»d from »>uutboa8t«rn Virginia' tlinm^jh w»*t«ni North (/aroliua to 'J'eniu-HKte, ofttu (uxn
(oretiU noutotiffifM of <.'ijni»i<ii>nibti> etUnai u* »levat)ori(t •>,' Imtwtwm four and six thouaiuid feet abovo ttw
lea-)f rel, i^ivui); tt
with tbf Ti«Hl iiyr ..
The w.>od
with iif-arlT whur i
their ihuk and sombre iippiarancu, or raingl'
■lot Ktmiiit', M,i> iwMKj-grainrd ; it is pnle browi
, '(>i<-uous 11)11 'iiinmer ccIIm and numi-ron-
']. ■-. '' ■■ , -p , <.,.,•. .,. LMiliiU'Iy .li • ■. , <'.,M<)r», a ctihic foot wcigliin^
ivt>u tHfanionally manufuctureti into lunib<*r tor \kn- oonxtructiun of hotoU ami
i;;h I'tevaiioufi on the mountaiuH of North Cttrohna au<i Ti>iitit«t>a)e.
ti-i'i-i'i ' W.11I introduRml into Europ<>un ;;«td«Mn<'in IHll by JoKu Ki, •■••r,* who first 'nad>
kti'iwn to M'lencH airl whoMt iabor« an u I'litaniiitl (-»U^-t<ir »n' l.fpt y^nit ^t it-'- itpcoific name
Shor f^\ aud (Mmity •h<4(iu<.'t <-n<Jugh in habit and i;«nt>>rai apiMtuiwicti frmu th« llaWni Fir of tin
uorth to li* iut^rostitjjf to platit«;r«, Abtt* Frnntri lia« little tn r<^''im(i'«".(t .'f rw nn orniinint of
parka, front wttitb, »i«c« the early years of its first introduction, it ba» (iri.liibly ilf^un coiupletoly
diHap|M-nr«»^l, Abies balgwnea raised from the 8w>il» of cones with slightly exaerted bi-a«ft» i.; .'.b«>rod in
P«nu>iylvania and New England being usually eidtivat«Kl in the United States and England as AhieH
Friintri. It hiis proved entiroly hardy iu tlie Arnold Arboretum, where it produces eouos iu
Kijundanco.
' Ahiet fhueri m* tmuA in M»)', 1892, on \'.i «!i.>p«ti nf Mt. ' Aiify fVii!.ri '.< ulnuj.; tnh-'isftliy cUlnd itui Stu- llaLiiim lijr
K<>K».r», in Crujooit Cimnlj, ••■uliiweiMra Virgn'i*.. by N. 1^ )U»'l Hi^ " ' iwliou U> Il« BaUuD,
K. (J Hrilti-* »iiil Aniii Marrky V"«il ''•
' 6w tkrgvBl, Oariim and Farmt. ii t '"-' i 13a.
flliilN!
KXPLANATKIN OK THE PLATK.
Purr. IVIX. AiiiKii Kiusaai.
1 A branch with numiiiftUi tlownnt, luilJiral size,
2. A '■wuiiiiate Hciwlm, rnl<iri;«<I.
3. An ar.Uw^r. front vi«>w, ei i;ir^«l.
\. \\\ ui'.iior, (KM-n fruit: tieiiiW, enlarged.
S. A branch with piMilluto (linger*, cutnrnl hIui.
fi. A linu-t ot s pintilUin flower, lower side, enlarjffxl.
7. .'V scale of a pwUUalv llu-»er. uppor Hide, wilb its brart anil ovnli«, on!ar^;ed-
8. A ftuitinf; btaiirh, nuturnt mm.
9. A contvBcalo, lower sidti, with its bract, natural nitc.
10. A cono-»calc, upper si(!e, with it-< »uedii aii<l bract, naturul »i/.o.
11. VnrH<:al section uf a seed, eiiUiged.
!2. All I'mbrjro, cnlnrgrj.
It). Ct'tM sefUcn of .t luiif magniflcd fifteen diameteru.
14. Wintiir-biidM. nttaral aiui
■\ uioilinn piiwit. Q«tnr>J <ii«.
Ii.rii,
II' Clrlll .
I nn irt.
III: ' '.
I ,11,-
ll.'lillH, wbtw-
I if 1 1' U tvtl*'
'ct uliovo Uk
'o, or raingi'
|)ale browt!
•ml numcrtm-
Toot woigliifi;;
i>f liotoli) an>i
111 I first mad''
il)t:cific niiim-
111 Fir of tlic
orn^m^■nt of
• T coinpk'tf.'lN
l.Tud in
jluJid as AhtfH
iiccs Rouos iu
Liui StH liidiaiii by
tiuu U> Hit B*l%&m,
LJilva of Norlli America
Tab DCIX.
H-
W^
r E Fatvon tM
F.m.Hifneltf jo.
ABIES FRASERI, Foir.
ARuHtfiur dirtKi '
I flip. J Ta/iPur, Paris.
I
i 1
m
||M| :
ffl
k
km ':
m
lylJHii .
OONinBRJK.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
107
ABIES BALSAMEA.
Balaam Fir. Balm of Gilead Fir.
Bracts of the cone-scales oblong, cmarginatc and Hhort-pointcd at the wide serrulate
apex, shorter or slightly longer than their scales. Leaves dark green and lustrous
above, pale below, obtusely short-pointed and occasionally emarginate, and on fertile
branches acute or acuminate.
Ablea balaamea, Milltr, Diet. ed. 8, No. 3 (1768). — Poirrt,
Lamarck DUt. ri. 621. — Deafontaines, Hitt. Arh. ii.
679. — Du Mont de Counet, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 474. —
Nouotau Duhamel, v. 29S, t. 83, {. 2. — Link, Handb.
ii. 479 i Linncea, iv. 530. — Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif.
74, 1. 16. — Ledebour, F' Alt. iv. 202. — Lindley, Penny
Cyel. i. 30. — Lawion & tion, Agrie. Man. 373. — Forbei,
Pinetum Wobum. 109, t 37. — Spach, Uiit. Vig. xi.
421. — Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Uort. Soe. Land. t.
210. — Carribre, TraiH Conif. 217 Darlington, Fl
Cettr. ed. 3, 291. — Henliel & Hochitetter, Syn. Nadelh.
176. — StJn^clauze, Conif. 6. — Hoopei, Evergreens,
rl97. — Regel, Rut: Dendr. pt. i. 20. — Bertrand, Bull.
Soe. Bot. France, zviii. 370 ; Ann. Set. Nat. a^r. 6, xz.
9S. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 214 NOrdlinger,
Fontbot. 466. — Engelniann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii.
597. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 88. — Lnuche, Deutsche
Dendr. ed. 2, 84. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th
Census U. S. a. 210. — Schtlbeler, Virid. Norveg. i.
428. — Willkomm, Forst. K. ed. 2, 111. — Wataon &
Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 492. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam.
220, {. 6. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 464. — Hasten),
Jour. R. Hort. Soe. liv. 189 ; Oard. Chron. aer. 3, xvii.
422, f. 57, 68. — Hanaen, Jbi/r. R. Hort. Soe. xiv. 458
(Pinetum Danicum). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 18. —
Britten & Brown, HI. Fl. i. 67, f. 126.
PinuB balsamea, Linneua, Spec. 1002 (1763). — Da Roi,
Obs. Bot. 40 ; Harbk. Baumz. ii. 103, — Moench, Biiume
Weiss. 71 ; Meth. 364. — Evelyn, Silva, ed. Hunter, i.
279. — Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holt. 37 j
Nordam. Uolx. 40. — Burgsdorf, Anleit. pt. ii. 167. —
Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 218 ; Spee. iv. pt i. 604 ; Enum.
989 Alton, Hort. Kew. iii. 370. — Castiglioni, Viag.
negli Stati Uniti, ii. 314. — Borkhaugen, Handb. Forstbot.
1. 380. — Umbert, Pinus, i. 48, t 31, — Perwon, 5yn.
ii. 679. — Purih, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 639. — Nuttall, Oen.
ii. 223. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 176. — Riohardion, Frank-
lin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 752. — Sprengel, Syst. ill, 884.—
Brotero, Hist. Nat. Pinheiros, Larices a Abetos, 31. —
Lawaon & Son, List No. 10, Abietinece, 11. — Torrey, Fl.
N. r. ii. 229. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 163. — Bigelow,
Fl. Boston, ed. 3, 385. — Antoine, Conif. 66, t 26, f. 3. —
Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 103. —Gihoul, .4 ri. A^. 45. —
Dietrich, Syn. v. 394. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr.
xvi. pt. ii. 423. — W. R M'Nab, Proc. R. Irish Aead.
aer. 2, ii. 684, t. 47, f. 11.
Pinus Abies balsamea, Muenchhauaen, Hautv. v. 222
(1770). —Marshall, Arbust. Am. 102.
Pinus taxifolia, Saliabury, Prodr. 399 (1796).
Abies balsamifera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 207 (in part)
(1803). — Michaux f. HUt. Arb. Am. i. 145, t. 14 (in
part). — Rafineaque, New Fl. i. 39.
Pinus balsamea, var. longlfolia, Law«>n & Son, List No.
10, Abietinea;, 11 (1836).
Pioea balsamea, I.K>udon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2339, f. 2240,
2241 (1838). — Knight, Syn. Conif. 39. —Gordon, Pine-
tum, 143. — (Nelaon) Senilis, Pinaeece, 37.
Picea balsamea, var. longlfolia, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv.
2339 (1838).
Pioea balsamifera, Emerson, Trees Mass. 86 (1846) ; ed.
2, i. 101.
Pioea Fraseri, Emerson, Trees Mass. 88 (not London)
(1846) ; ed. 2, i. 104.
Abies Fraseri, Gray, Man. 441 (in part) (not Poiret)
(1848).
Abies Americana, Provancher, Fl. Canadienne, ii. 566
(excl. syn. Abies Fraseri) (not Miller nor Du Mont de
Courset) (1862).
A tree, fifty or sixty feet in lieight, with a trunk usually from twelve to eighteen inches in
diameter, but occasionally eighty feet tall, with a trunk thirty inches in diameter. During its first
twenty years the branches, which at this period are elongated, horizontal, and very slender, aro disposed
in regular remote whorls of four or usually of five, the whole forming a handsome symmetrical open
broad-based pyramid. Later the lower branches die when the tree is crowded in the forest, or, with
su£Bcient space for their growth, become somewhat pendidous, while those toward the top of the tree,
which in old age are short, crowded, and ascending, form a regular sharp-pointed slim spire-like head.
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(71«)S72-4S03
106
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
comrEiLs.
Th« bark of the trunk of young trees is thin, smooth, pale gray, ;ind conspicuously marked by the
IWollsH resin chambers ; on older trees it becomes, especially near the ground, sometimes nearly half an
ineh in thickness, and is reddish brown and much broken into small irregular plates separating on the
lurfoce into thin scales. The winter-buds are nearly globose and from an eighth to a quarter of an
itl«h in diameter, with lustrous dark orange-green scales more or less tinged with red toward the apex.
Tb« branohlets are slender, and when they first appear are pale yellow-green and coated with fine
pubeteenofl which does not disappear for two or three years ; during their second season they are light
gray tinged with red, and, gradually growing darker, are often when four or five years old tinged
with purple and more or less lustrous. On young trees and on sterile branches of old trees the
leaves are linear-lanceolate, straight, and, spreading at nearly right angles to the branch, are remote or
crowded ( and on the upper branches of older trees they are often broadest above the middle, usually
crowded, incurved and almost erect, and completely cover the upper side of the branchlets ; ' at the
apex they are rounded or obtusely short-pointed and on vigorous young trees occasionally emarginate,
or toward the top of the tree, especially on its leading shoot, they are acute or acuminate, with short
or elongated rigid callous tips ; they are dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked on the
lower Hurfaoe with bands of from four to eight but usually of six rows of stomata, which, silvery white
and very conspicuous during the first season, lose much of their whiteness in their second year ; the
leaves are from half an inch in length on cone-bearing branches to an inch and a quarter on the
Iterile branches of young trees, end are nearly one sixteenth of an inch in width, their hypoderm
oelU^ which are not numerous, being chiefly confined to the edges and the keel. The staminate flowers
are oblong>cylindrical and about a quarter of an inch long, with yellow anthers more or less deeply
tinged with reddish purple; and the pistillate flowers are oblong-cylindrical and about an inch in
length, with nearly orbicular purple scales much shorter than their oblong-obovate serrulate pale
yelloW'green bracts, which at the broad apex are somewhat emarginate and abruptly contracted into
long slender recurved tips. The cones are obIong«ylindrical, gradually narrowed to the rounded apex,
puberulous, dark rich purple in color, from two and a half to four inches long and from an inch to an
inah and a quarter thick, with i^es which are usually rather longer than they are broad and generally
almoit twice as long as their bracts, r.Ithough occasionally the ends of the bracts protrude from the
Males of the mature cone. The seeds are about a quarter of an inch in length and rather shorter than
(heir light brown lustrous wings.
From the interior of the Labrador peninsula, in about latitude 56° north, Abiea haUamea,
ranging southeastward, reaches the Atlantic coast near Cape Harrison, a degree farther south, and
OXtends southwestward to the shores of Hudson Bay, near the mouth of the Great Whale River;'
west of Hudson Bay it ranges from latitude 54° north to northern Manitoba, and, crossing by the hills
of western Manitoba, the basin of the Saskatchewan, near Cumberland House, to the valley of the
I Two tntva of Abia haltamta, diitingaiihed by Mr. Rcgiimld
6. ttnlikllii of Boaton in the region about Mooaebead Lake, Maine,
■n pHilmliljr genenilljr distributed in the nortbeaatera itates ; in
th« flnt the lesTes are crowded along the opper aidea of the
fentH«tt(>a \>y the atrong twiiting of their baaea, and in the other
the)f %n less crowded, longer, more distichoualy spreading, obtuse
tod uft«n emarginate eren on upper branchea, of tougher teiture
•Hd of a darker and richer shade of green. The form with crowded
Untlti is • much more rapid-growing and usually a taller tree,
geneMlly Inhabiting dense forests and soon deprired of its lower
bfitilelies, while the form with remote spreading leaves grows more
ttowl)', Is usually furnished to the ground with branches, and com-
lltmily Inhabits the borders of pastures and other open places.
TtHt two forms, faoweTcr, often grow side by side under what
•PIMM' to be precisely similar conditions. The fast-growing tree
with crowded leaves ia the only one cut in the neighborhood of
Mooaebead Lake for lumber.
An interesting form of the Balsam Fir, which rrproduees itself
from seeds, derived originally from the Woolf River region of
Wisconsin, has been cultivated for several yeara in the Uonglaa
Nurseriea at Waukegan, Illinoia. It ia distinguished from the
ordinary form of the Balsam Fir by its longer and more crowded
leaves, sometimes an inch and a quarter long on sterile branches,
and by its longer cones, which are often four and a half inches in
length. This Fir, which is of unnsually compact habit, promises
to retain its lower branchea mor« persistently than the ordinary
Balsam Fir, and to be more valuable for the decoration of parka
and gardena. (See Garden and Foral, v. 274.)
' See Bell, The Scoltish Geographual Magazine, ziii. 283 {The
Qeographioal Dutribulion of Fore*'. Treei in Canada).
CONirBBiB.
dnspicaoady marked by the
id, sometimeg nearly half an
iilar plates separating on the
n eighth to a quarter of an
ed with red toward the apex.
green and coated with fine
second season they are light
>ur or five years old tinged
e branches of old trees the
to the branch, are remote or
est above the middle, usually
e of the branchlets ; * at the
trees occasionally emarginate,
!ute or acuminate, with short
upper surface, marked on the
' stomata, which, silvery white
tess in their second year ; the
I inch and a quarter on the
>ch in width, their hypoderm
i keel. The staminate flowers
r anthers more or less deeply
idrical and about an inch in
obIongK)bovate serrulate pale
) and abruptly contracted into
narrowed to the rounded apex,
3 long and from an inch to an
I they are broad and generally
the bracts protrude from the
length and rather shorter than
56° north, Abies balsamea,
, a degree farther south, and
of the Great Whale River;'
toba, and, crossing by the bilk
d House, to the valley of the
ha only one out in the neighbothood of
«r.
the Baliam Fir, which reprodaeea itself
inally from the Woolf River region of
ivated for UTeml years in the Uoiiglas
Illinois. It is distinguished from the
lam Fir by its longer and more crowded
and a quarter long on sterile branches,
>hioh are often four and a half inches in
is of unusually compact habit, promises
hes more persistently than the ordinary
ire valuable for the decoration of parks
m and Foral, v. 274.)
\ Gtographiiol Magazine, xiii. 283 {T\t
t/Forttl Trta in Canada).
CONIVBILS.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMSmOA.
109
Cbtirchill, extends down the Churchill to the divide wbiob fi«pftratog tb« w«t«n of that river from
those of the Athabasca, down this stream to the shores of Liike AtbabaMai twd tip the Athabasca to
the neighborhood of Fort Assmiboine and Lesser Slave Lake, the TUMt northflru point where it has been
observed being in latitude 62° north.* Southward the Balsam Fir ia apread over Newfoundland, the
Maritime Provbces of Canada, Quebec, and Ontario, over nortbarn Naw Englaud, and through northern
New York, northern Michigan and Minnesota to northeastern Iowa ) * leaving the Atlantic coast near
Foreland, in southern Maine,' it ranges along the Appalaobian MeHDtaifia (hfOttgh western Massachu-
setts, over the Catskills of New York and western Pennsylvania* to tba bigb tnouutains of southwestern
Virginia.* In Labrador Ahiea halaamea is scattered about tba ffiargins ol lakes and large streams
usually m moist alluvial soil ; * on the lower Rupert and in tba eottfitry adjacent to Lake Mistassinie
it grows in abundance with the' Aspen, the Canoe Birobf and tba Wbite Spfttee. It is common in
Newfoundland, the Maritime Provinces, and in Ontario and QuebaSi growing usually in swamps or on
higher ground near their borders.' In Manitoba and Saakatebawan it foma with the White Spruce
dense forests on alluvial bottom-lands, and it occurs also but no( soniffioiiljr ofl plateaus and low hills up
to elevations cf twelve hundred feet above the streams. In tba nortbaaateffi states and in the region
of the Great Lakes the Balsam Fir is a common tree in all nortbafB and elevated parts of the country,
growing on low swampy ground and on well-drained billaidadi aofflatiaes aingly in forests of Spruces,
Hemlocks, Pines, Birches, and Beeches, and sometimes in amail almogt iitipeuetrable thickets; and,
occasionally ascending to high elevations on the mountains of Naw Dnglaad and Now York, it is reduced
near their timber-line to a low nearly stemless shrub with wida^preading prostrate branches.' South
of Maine and New Hampshire the Balsam Fir is found only west of tba Conueoticut River, and is
less abundant and of smaller size than farther north, growing in bigb eool situations, where its roots
are rarely without the abundant supplies of moisture wbieb ara aaaantial tot its Welfare.
The wood of Abies balsamea is very light, soft, not strong, eoarge-painedi and perishable ; it is
pale brcwn often streaked with yellow, with thick lighter colored aapwoo^ , and contains conspicuous
narrow bands of small summer cells and numerous obsoura medullary rayit 'i'h« specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.3819, a cubic foot weighing 23,80 poundgi It ia occasionally made into
cheap lumber, principally used for packing-cases. From tba baric of this tree Canadian Balsam, or
Balm of Fir, used in the arts, and in medicine chiefly in tlia IraatflMfit o£ cbtonio affections of the
mucous membrane, is obtabed.*
> Richardson, Arctic Searching Ezped. ii. 310.
* In 188!^ Mr. E. W. D. Holway found a single tree of AUn
halsamea near Decorah in Winneshiek County, Iowa. It hat also
been found in the adjacent county of Alamakee, in the extreme
northeastern oomur of the state. (Teite L. H. Fammel.)
* In Hay, 1881, Hr. John Robinson found Abiei tabamea on
Goose Island, Portland Harbor.
* Rothrook, Rep. Dept. Agrie. Penn. 189S, pt ii. Div. Forettry,
S84.
* In June, 1802, Hr. John K. Small found Ahia baltarua on the
summit of Ut. Rogers, in Grayson County, Virginia, at an eleviv
tion of fire thousand seven hundred and nineteen feet above tba
level of the sea.
* Low, Rep. Oealog. Sun. Can. ler. 2, viii. pt. i. 36 L.
' Provanoher, Flore Canadienne, ii. 6S6. — Bmnet, Cat. Vip.
tig. Can. 67. — Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 473.
■ One of these dwarf forms of the Balsam Fir, a low anshion-
like plant which does not appear to have produced cones, has long
been an inhabitant of gardens. It is : —
Abiei babamea Hudtonia, Engelmann, Tram. Si. Louit Acad.
iii. 697 (1878). — Veitoh, Afan. Conif. 83. — Beistner, Handb.
Ifadelh. 466.
PUito FrmH Hudmki, Ktiigtit, Sun. Conif. 89 (1860).
Abiet FraMfi (A) mna, LlikUey ft Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soe,
Imd, V, mi (IMO),
Ahiei Prmtri, 1H, ttudtmt,Gnttiitt, Traiti Conif. 200 (1866).
Piom l^rm^ IMtmim, dotAoa, Pinetum, 148 (1868).
* Tba glttb«riHg ef (lutmAn Bslsato, which is chieHy n Canadian
industry, ftltbwgb it fl Wtt)«llw«S eolleoted in the northeastern
Unitsd KtAtM, i» maiki m in the province of Quebeo only by the
poorest wbito f§efU isd by luiiiaM, wbo eamp in the woods from
tba m\M\9 ot Hum yiltil tfa« ulddla of August, the season when
it is usually glltlwred, tbe WMUSH cooking and keeping the camps,
while tits non imi MUUen ^ther the balsam. This is done with
small iron mM| hnitM Nt the top with iron tubes sharpened at
the end. Tl)8 tubs It pf«ii««d ggotlist the resin blister, punctures
it, and ttm gum A«W« ituwn th« tube Into the can. The yield of a
Urge traa it Kboy( §08 ptrandi although the average yield is not
mora tb*n bltlf S fmiti, diM man can gather about half a gallon
of tba gum in « dwy, bltt with the assistance of bis children, wbo
climb into tim nfptt llmbu white the father works near the ground,
tba yield pf s ifkf't wefk lot the family Is often a gallon. Canada
Balsam wn be ratl««t«d miy mt pleasant days and when the leaves
of tlM trei ire dr^i M tiu water shaken from the branches, mixing
110
8ILVA uF NORTH AMERICA.
OOMIVIBJB.
First described in 1704 * £rom trees which were then growing in England in the gardens of the
Duchess of Beaufort * at Badmington and oi Biohop Compton * in London, the value of the Balsam Fir
for several domestic uses had been known for at least a century earlier to the colonists of Canada*
and New England.* Hardy and fast'growing, of a cheerful color and in early years of vigorous and
rapid growth, it was at one time popular in the northern states for the decoration of country door-yards.
But, too often prematurely old, the naked trunks of these planted trees, surmounted with crowns of
scanty half-dead foliage, show that the beauty of the Balsam Fir cannot long survive its removal from
the cold moist northern forests which are its home, and in which, even under the most favorable
conditions, it rarely outlives a century. Before the introduction of the Fir-trees of eastern Europe, of
Asia, and of western America, when Ahiea halsamea was one of the few exotic coniferous trees
cultivated in western Europe, it was a favorite inmate of plantations in England, France, Belgium, and
Germany, where it now seldom survives.* Several forms, difFering from the normal in their habit of
growth or in the color or length of their leaves, are stiU occasionally propagated by nurseiymen.'
with th* gain in tht eua, maku it milky and nnwUhh. (Sm
Saundan, Proe. Am. Ptuum. Auoe. zzt. S37.)
Cuada Balaam ii a tianiparant itraw-oolotad reaia faintljr tiagad
witii giaeiit and of the ooniiitanoy ot honaj, with a pleasaat ato-
matio odor and a ■lightly bitter flaror. A eolorlaaa oil ii ob-
tained from it by diitillation in water. Formerly largely need for
ita stimalating aetion on the mnooua membrane, it ia now rarely
employed in medicine, and ia ehiefly oied for mounting objeeta to
be examined nnder the microeoope, for whieh parpoae it is highly
eiteemed, aa it remains oonstantly transparent and nneryttalliied.
(See Sohoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 143. — Stokes, &K. Mat. Med. ir.
424. — Orifflth, Med. Bet. 606, f. 268. — Neea von Esenbeek, PI.
Med. 88. — Stephenson ft Churohill, Med. Bot. ii. t. 74. — Desooor-
tUt, Fl. Med. Anim. ir. 69, t. S46 (ezel. hak Noarelle OrMans). —
Lindlay, PI. Med. S64. — Woodnlle, Med. Ax. ed. 3, t. t 1. —
FlOokiger ft Hanbnry, PhanrnKograpkia, 666. — Beotley ft Tri-
men, Med. PI. It. 263, t. 263. — FlttoUger, PlMrmakognoeie dtr
Pflamtmreiclue, 70; Am. Jour. Pharm. liii. 603 [Not* on ihe emiy
hielorg of Canada Baleam']. — Johnson, Man. Med. Bet. If. A.
268. — U. S. Ditpeni. ed. 16, 1487. — Bastin ft TrimUe. Am. Jam.
Pharm. Ixriu. 664.)
> Arhor Balmmm GOeadenee /imdeni, Ray, Hut. P{. Ill, Dendr. S.
Abiee; Taxifotiu; odora Baleami OUeademit, Miller, Diet. No. 7.
AHee lasi/olio, adore BaUami OUeademit, Dnhamel, TraiU dee
Afwetf i. 3.
' Sea iz. 19.
> See i. 6.
* " Mais dee Sapins, et Pins, sa ponrra tire on hoc pnnilt, pares
qn'ils rendentde la gomme fort abondamment, et menrent bien son-
Teat de trop de graiase. Cstte gomma est belle oome la Tereben-
tina de Veneie, et tort soaTeraine h la Pharaiaria." (Laaaaibot,
Hitlmre de la NomeUe France, ed. Trass, UL 820.)
" II y a des Sapins eomme en Franee; toote la diJIerence que j'y
troare, o'est qn k la plnspart il y vient dea bnbona k I'AMse, qui
sent rempUea d'nne eertaiaa gomme liqnida qui est oromatiqae,
doat on se sert p>)iir les playes eomme des haflmes, et n'a paa
gnerea mains de Yertn, selon le rapport de oenz qni ont fait I'ex-
perienoe." (Pierre Boucher, Hittoire Veritable et Ifaturdle dee
MoMrt et Produetiont du Poyi de la NoueeUe F\ranee, migairemint
dite It Canada, ed. 3, 40.)
* " The FirMree is a large tree, too, bat seldom so big aa the
Fine, the bark is smooth, with knobs or blisters, in which lyeth
clear liqnid Turpentine Tcry good to be put into salTSS and oynt-
ments, the leaves, or cones boiled in beer are good for the Searria,
the young bads are excellent to put into Epithemea tor Waits and
Corns, the raaan is altogether as good aa frankinoeasa. . . . The
knots ot this tree and fat-pine are used by the Bngliik instead of
candles, and it will bum a long time, but it makes the people pale."
(Josselyn, An Account of TVo Foya^ to New England, 66.)
"The Fbr Tree, or Pitch Tree, the Tar that ia made of all sorts
of Pildk Wood, is an azcellent thing to take away those desperate
Stitches of the Sides, which perpetoally alflioteth those poor Peo-
ple that are strieken with the Plague of Ihe Bad:." (Josselyn,
Neu England't Rariliee, 62.)
* See Wesmacl, Oarden and Foreel, iiL 494.
' None of the garden forms of AUet baleamea, with the eioep-
tioa ot the Tar. Hudtonia, are sulBciently interesting or distinct to
repay -ultiTation. (For their enumeration see C^arriW, Traiti
Contf. 217.--(3ordoa, Pinttum, 144. — Beisaner, Handb. Nadelh.
464.)
CIONIVIILB.
England in the gardens of the
on, the value of the Balaam Fir
lier to the colonista of Canada*
in early years of vigorous and
ecoration of country door-yards,
jes, surmounted with crowns of
>t long survive its removal from
even under the most favorable
e Fir-trees of eastern Europe, of
the few exotic coniferous trees
England, France, Belgium, and
■om the normal in their habit of
opagated by nurserymen.*
soaTMnune k la PhanuMle." (Lenifhnt,
FVon«, ed. Tro», iiL 880.)
imme an FtMuw: tooto U diftacenca que j'j
uput U 1 Tient daa baboni k l'*»ie, qui
rUine gomma liqnida qui aat otomatique,
lea pUyea oomme d«a bafimaa, at n'» pas
ialon la rapport da eanx qui out (ait I'ai-
raeher, HitUnre YentalAt tt Nalurdle da
du Pay <fa fa NoutuUe f^anee, rndgnnmuU
e.)
a large trae, too, but saMom ao big aa th*
nth, with knoba or blUtars, in which lyath
( rery good to be put into ialTas and oynt-
Hmes boiled in beer are good for the Sourvie,
seUent to put into Epithomea for Warta and
ogether aa good aa frankinoenaa. ... The
I fat-pine are naed by the Engiuk inatead of
n a long time, but it makea the people pale."
of Tvo Voyaga to Ntw Bnjfam*, 66.)
Pilch Tree, the Tar that U made of aU aorU
HoeUent thing to take away thoaa daaperata
, which perpetuaUy afBicteth thowi poor Pe«>-
with the Plague of the Back." (Joaaelyn,
e.,ea.)
irden and Foreit, iii. 494.
len forma of Abiee baUamea, with the axoap-
ma, are anfBoiently intaraating or distinct to
For their enumeration aee Carrikre, Traiti
B, Pinetum, 144. — Beiianer, Boiidh. NadM.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Platb DCX. Asm BAijAint*.
1. A branch with sUr^inata flowen, natonl liie.
2. A sUminate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, seen from below, enlarged.
4. An anther, tide view, enlarged.
6. A branch with pistillate flowers, natnral size.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its braet
and ovules, enlarged.
7. A fruiting branch, natural size.
8. A eone-seale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
9. A eon»4cale, upper side, with its seeds, natnral size.
10. A cone-scale of the long-coned Wiseonnn form, upper
side, with its bract, natural size.
11. A seed, enlarged.
12. Cross section of a leaf, magnified fifteen diameteif.
13. Winter-buds, natural size.
14. A seedling plant, natnral site.
Silva of Norlh Amentu
T»*> DCX
«Af.SAMEA
i.'f
I)
¥.\
i •■
«'Sl'i*s,'4r(.HB .^ 'StK PLATE.
'■'V ■ ' t) MM.
i A fndticig bnncb, natural m/.*.
8. A aon*4«Kln, I'^wfir oiiir, with itji hrtict, luUiirw ^ '
n. A rnni'srali^, iipi^r siUr, witli iu MM<(la, natural "iie.
10. A coiio-»c»lc of ihft I .ngs'anDil Wiscomin form, upper
side, with it< bract, natural size.
11. A seed, erdar);iHl.
12. Crow sortinn of a leal', roai^ified fifteen diametei.
.'X Wintflr-builn, imlnnil nhe.
14. A »ee<iiiiig plant, natural kize.
Silva of North America.
Tab. DCX.
■f!
CF.Fo.ton.tM..
Lovp^.daZ so.
ABIES BALSAMEA, Mi
A . Hiorrtt4A.r </i/t\r^
Uhft J ttlhpui Pnru.
A
comriKA.
aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
113
ABIES LABIOOABPA.
Balaam Fir.
Bracts of the cone-scales oblong-obovate, laciniate, rounded, emarginate, and long-
pointed at the apex, much shorter than the scales. Leaves blue-green and glaucous,
stomatiferous on the upper surface, rounded or bluntly pointed and occasionally
emarginate, and on fertile branches thickened and acute.
AblM iMdooarps, Nattall, Sylva, Hi. 138 (1840) — Lindlay
A Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soe. Land. ▼. 210.— Cvrikr*, TraiU
Cmif. 221. — A. Murray, Pros. R. Hort. Soe. Hi. 313,
f. 10-14 1 Garte^flora, xili. 118. — Henkd & Hoehitottor,
Syn. Nadilh. 161 (in part). — Lauoho, Deuttehe Dtndr.
ed. 2, 84. — MMtor*, Oard. Chron. m>. 3, t. 172, f. 23-
27, 32 1 Jour. Bot. zxvii. 129, f. i Jour. R. Hort. Soe.
XVI. 102. — Lemmon, Rtp. CaHfomia Stat* Board For.
utry, iii. 149 {Cone-Beartr* of Califomia) \ Wat-Amtr-
iean CoM-Boaren, 60 ; Butt. Sierra Club, ii. 163 {Coni-
fm of the Paeiflc Slope) — Leibwg, CotUrifi. U. S. Nat.
Herd. t. 49.
Plnua laiiioo«rp», Hookar, Ft. Bar.- Am. ii. 163 (1839) —
Endliuber, Syn. Conyf. lOS. — Diatrioh, Syn. t. 394. —
Courtin, Farn. Conyf. 67. — W. R. M'Nab, Proe. R. Irieh
Aead. tn. 2, ii. 682, t 46, {. 7, 7 a i 47, f. 8, 9.
Finos ap., Torrajr, Frinumt'e Rep. 97 (1846).
Abiea balsomea, J. M. Bigelow, Paei/ie R. R. Rep, ir. pt
T. 18 (in part) (not HiUer) (1856). — Torray, Pae\/le R.
R. Rep. ir. pt ▼. 141 (in part).
Able* grandia, Engelmann, Am. Jour. Set. Mr. 2, zszir.
330 (not Lindlejr) (1862). — Carri^re, Traiti Contf. ad.
2, 296 (in part). — Watwn, King'i Rep. t. 334 (in
part). — Porter & Cooltar, Ft Colorado ; Hayden'i Surv.
Mise. Pub. No. 34, 131.
Pioea amabilis, Gordon, Pinetum, 164 (in part) (not Lon-
don) (1858).
Abiea bifoUa, A. Horrajr, Proe. R. Hort. Soe. iii. 320, f.
S4-39 (1863) I Oartetyflora, siil. 119 1 Oard. Chrmt. n.
Mr. iii. 466, (. 96, 97. — Hinkd A HoebiUttar, Syn.
NadtlK. 420. — MuUrt, Oard. Chrcn. Mr. 3, t. 172,
f. 28-31.
Finua Muabilli, Parlatora, De CandolU Prodr. stL pt U.
426 (in part) (not Antoine) (1868).
Pioea blfolla, A. Miirrajr, Oard. Ckrtn. n. Mr. iiL 106
(1875).
Pioe» laaiooarpa, A. Hurray, Oard. Chron. n. Mr. iv. 136,
f. 27, 194 1 f. 39 (1875).
Abiea aubalpiiiA, Engalmann, Am. Nat. x. 666 (1876) i
Tram. St. Louie Aead. iii. 597 1 Rothroek Wheel'r'e Rep.
▼i. 265 — Mu'^n, Gard. Chron. n. Mr. xv. 236, f . 43-46 ;
Jour. Linn. Soe. nil 183, f. 12-17. — Sargant, Foreit
Tree* N. Am. \(Hh Ceneue V. S, is. 211. — CoulUr, Mav.
Roeky lit Bot. 430.— Mayr, Wold. Nordam. 366.—
Baiuner, Handb. Nadelh. 466. — HanMn, Jour. R. Hort.
Soe. xir. 477 (Pinetum Danieum). — Koalina, Deuteehe
Dendr. 17, f. 7, D-F. — F. Korta, Bot. Jahrb. ziz. 426
{Fl. Chileatgebietee).
Abiea aubalpina, var. faUaz, Engelmann, 3VaiM. St. Louie
Aead. iu. 697 (1878).
Abiea Ariaonioa, Herriam, Proe. Biol. Soe. Washington,
z. 115, {. 24, 26 (1896). — Lemmon, BuU. Sierra Club,
ii. 167 {Conifers of the PaeyfU Slope).
Abioa laaiooariM, var. Ariaonioa, Lemmon, BuU. Sierra
Club, VL 167 (Conifere of the Paeyfle Slope) (1897).
A tree, occasionally one hundred and seventy-fire feet in height, with a trunk five feet in diameter,
but usually from eighty to one hundred feet tall, with a trunk two or three feet thick, and at high
elevations often reduced to a low bush with spreading prostrate stems. The bark, which on young
stems is thin, smooth, and pale gray or silvery white, on old trees is from three quarters of an inch to
an inch and a half in thickness, divided by shallow fissures and roughened by thick closely appressed
scales which are light redduh brown or nearly white on the surface, and occasionally soft and spongy.'
> Corky bark ii partioolarly noticeable on trees on tbe San Fmn-
eiieo Peaka of Arisona, where a aimilar peouliarity charaoteriu*
tbe bark of Abies eoncolor and PteudoUuga mucronala. Upon the
strength of the spongy bark of the Arizona trees and of some pe-
onliarity in tbe form of their oone-scales Dr. Herriam established
his Abies Ariseitiea. I bare seen bark equally corky, bowoTer, on
Abies lasiocarpa in Colorado and eastern Oregon and in aonthem
Alberta and British Colombia, ai ' *l80 the scales of cones pro-
duced by trees on the Blue Mountains of Oregon, which in shape
cannot be distinguished from thcM which grow on tbe San Fran-
cisco Peaks.
I ) .
I 1 1
114
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONUriHJC.
I <
The abort orowJitd tough branohoi, which are uiualljr ilightly pendulous below, generally clothe the
trunks of the oldeit treeit to nearly their baati and form denie ipire-like iharp-pointed heads which are
remarkuhit), even among Fi^t^«ell, fur their extreme alendernosi ; ' or lometimea the lower branchee
periih on the largeiit inilividualit, leaving the niauivo trunkit naked for flfty or iixty feet. The winter-
bud* are lubglobose, from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thioknoM, very reiiinouit, and covered by
light orange-brown acaiea. The branchleta are comparatively stout and are coated during three or four
yuam witii fine rufous pubescence, or rarely become glabrous before the end of their first season ; when
they emerge from the buds they are |»ale orange-brown, and, growing lighter colored during their
second season, become gray or silvery white. The leaves are flat, with hypoderm cells which form a
broken band under tlie epidermis on the upper side and are crowded along the edges and keel ; they are
bliie-green, very glaucous during their first season, marked on the upper surface but generally only
above the middle with four or five rows of stomata on each side of the conspicuous midgroove, and on
the lower surface with two broad bands each of seven or eight rows of stomata ; they are crowded and
nearly erect by the twist at their base, and on lower branches are from an inch to an inch and three
quarters long, about one twelfth of an inch wide, and rounded and occasionally emarginate at the apex ;
and on upper and fertile branches they are somewhat thickened and usually acute, with short callous
tips, and generally not more than half an inch long, while on the leading shoot they are flattened,
closely appressed, and terminate in long slender rigid points. The staminate flowers are cylindrical,
from one half to three quarters of an inch in length and an eighth of an inch in thickness, with
dark indigo-blue anthers turning to violet when nearly ready to open ; and the pistillate flowers are
oblong-cylindrical and an inch in length, with dark violet-purple obovate scales much shorter than
their bracts, which are contracted into slender tips about a third of an inch long, and strongly
reflexed. The cones are oblong-cylindrical, rounded, truncate, or depressed at the somewhat narrowed
apex, from two and a half to four inches long and about an inch and a half thick ; their scales are
gradually narrowed from the broad rounded or nearly truncate apex to the base, and, although usually
longer than they are broad, are sometimes much broader than they are long ; they are dark purple
and puberulous on the exposed parts, and about three times the length of their bracts, which are
oblong-obovate, laciniately cut on the margins, rounded, emarginate, and abruptly contracted at the
apex into long slender tips, and dark red-brown.' The seeds ore about a quarter of an inch in length,
with deep violet-colored lustrous wing^ which cover nearly the entire surface of the scales, and often
become pale yuUow-brown in drying.
Ablen lasiocarpa is an inhabitant of high mountain slopes and summits, and is distributed from
at least latitude 61° north in Alaska ' southward along the coast ranges to the Olympic Mountains of
Washington, and over all the high ranges of British Columbia and Alberta ; it extends along the
Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon,* over the mountain ranges of eastern Washington and
Oregon, and of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah, and finds its most southerly home on
' The (lender ipire-like habit of thit tree, which alwsji charao-
teriira it and niakei it eaaily distinguishable from the other Fin
of western North America, is well shown in the illustration on
page 380 of the fourth volume of Garden and Forest, which repre-
sents it growing with Tiuga Merleniiana near the timber-line on
Mt. liaiuicr in Washington.
' Tlie cone-scales of Abiti latiocarpa vary more in shape than
those of any other North American Fir-tree and are of little diag-
nostic value. I hare seen them in Montana seven eighths of an
inch long and three quarters of an inch wide, and in Ariiona
and Oregon nearly an inch wide and half an inch long, while an
examination of a large series of cones from different parts of the
country haa shown all sorts of varUtioni within theae extreme
limits of SIM.
' See G. M. Dawion, Garden and Farttt, i. fi8 ; Rep. Qeolog.
Surv. Can. n. ser. iii. pt. i. Appx. i. 180 B. — Macoun, Rep. Geolog.
Sun. Cart. n. ser. iii. pt. i. Appx. iii. '226 B.
* The moat southern point at which Ahiei Uuiocarpa haa been
noticed on the Cascade Mountains is at an elevation of Bve thou-
sand two hundred feet above the sea about ten miles south of
Crater Lake, near the extreme southern end of the range {letle
£. I. Applegate).
It is a curious fact that this tree haa been unable to cross the
lava-covered plains south of the southern end of the Cascade
Mountains to Mt. Shasta, and that it is entirely absent from the
high California mountains, although Tiuga Afertentiana, its con-
stant companion on the northern coast mountains and on the Cas-
cade Range, abounds on Mt. Shaata and extenda far southward
along the Sierra Nevada.
K>un, Rep. Geolog.
CONiriMC.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
lU
the Sun Franoiioo P«aki of northern Arizona. On the cooit mountains of Ahuka ' it fornii the timlier*
line up to elevation* of five thouund feet above the Ma-level, growing almott habitually in the uoaat
region with T»vija Mertentiatvt, and near the head of the Lewei Kiver, in latitude 00°, deMieniHng to
the ihorea of Lake Bennett, where it ia very abundant at elevation* of two thouMud one hundred and
fifty feet. In southern British Columbia, on the Selkirk Mountains, where it grows p«rhn|>s to Its
largest size, Abien latiocarpa is scattered through dense forests composed principally of the western
Hemlock, the Patton Spruce, and the Engelmann Spruce, and in all the northern Rocky Mountain
region of the United States, where, north of Colorado, it ia the only Fir-tree east of the continental
divide, it grows on wet subalpine slopes and plateaus near the timber-line, sometimes forming grove* in
park-like openings of the forest, and with the Engelmann Spruce, at elevations of over eight thousand
feet above the sea, covers the bottoms of deep canons with continuous forests ; ' on the Cascade and
Olympic Mountains it forms the timber-line with Tsuga Afertensiana on high wind-swept rooky ridge*
at elevations of from four thousand to nearly eight thousand feet above the sea,* and on the Blue and
Powder River Mountains and the other ranges in the interior of Washington and Oregon it grow* with
the White Fir and the Lodge Pole Pine, and reaches the upper limits of Iree-grawth ; in Colorado it i*
widely distributed, growing usually in the neighborhood of streams at elevations of between Htiven and
ten thousand feet above the sea, sometimes forming small groves, but more often scattered among
Aspens and Spruces, and occasionally ascending to eleven thousand feet above the sou.* On the Hun
Francisco Peaks it principally inhabits northern slopes between elevations of nine and ten thousand fuut,
scattered singly or in small masses through the forests of Picea Enqelmanni and I'miiH uriHlitlit!^
The wood of Abies lasiocarpa is very light, soft, and not strong nor durable ; it is piilu lirown or
nearly white, with lighter colored sapwood, and contains inconspicuous narrow bands of small snniniur
cells and numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is (),ii'l7(l,
a cubic foot weighing 21.66 pounds. It is probably iittle used except as fuel.
Abien laxiocarpa was, no doubt, one of the Pine-trees which Lewis and Clark noticed in Soptoinlitir,
1805, when they crossed the Bitter Root Mountains in their journey to the Pacific Ocean." Nothing
* " Near Tolcgniph Crack, a tributary of the Skeena River, in
about latitude fi8° north on the oaat side of thd coast mountains,
the Firs grow higher than other trees, dwarflng at a height of
about five thousand feet into low chaparral. This dwarflng seems
to be due as much to heavy snow as to altitude, for at the same
elevatloi. on ridges where the snow can never be deep the dwarf
and erect forms grow close together. This Fir forms beautiful
ohaparral, the flat thickly foliaged plumes, broad and fan-ahnpcd,
being imbricated over each other by the pressure of the snow, so
that the high slopes seem to be neatly and handsomely thatched.
In this form it is seldom more than three feet high, yet the bushes
bear fertile cones and seem thrifty and happy as if everything were
to their mind. In this dwarfed form it reaches a height of flvo
thousand Ave hundred feet. At a height of four thousailH feet the
trees are erect and more than flfty feet high and one foot in diameter
at the ground. The Piue and Spruce of the region lying between
the head of Dense Lake aud Telegraph Creek in great part give
place to this handsome Fir around the lake, and upward to the
north and on the mountains, the tallest being about one hundred
feet high and one foot in diameter at the ground and feathered
with short branches from top to bottom. The cones, which are
three inches long and one inch in diameter, are dark purple, with
short dark-colored bracts and very dark seed-wings. The moun-
tain side and the slopes on the west side of the lake u forested
with this tree." (Muir in lUt.)
Ahia latiocarpa, which growl up to elevations of fully five
thoniand feet at the head of the passes which crou the ooast
mountains in latitude 60°, probably grows much farther imrlli on
the mountains of the valley of the Yukon Uiver, aUhciiigh I liavw
not been able to flnd any record of its oiiitenoe on these iNuuutallls,
which arc still very imperfectly explored.
It ia stated by Dr. George M. Dawson, the director of the fieu>
logical Survey of Canada, that Ahiet Imiocarim ormtiis I he lliiuky
Mountains into the Peace River region, and grows In uiild, duinti
situations in the country between Lesser Slave Lake and lliu Athi(»
basca River (Can. Nat. n. ser. ix. 320. See, also, Mnuiiun, I'm,
Can. PI. 474). 7 have not been able to soo speciiueus, liuwaviir,
from any point east of the Rocky Mountains.
• Tweedy, Fl. Yellowtom National Park, 11, 74.
' On Mt. Rainier, in Washington, the highest of the viiIiiamIu
peaks of the Cascade Range, Abiet laiincarpa grows from four
thousand five hundred feet to the eitrenie upper limits uf (I'ua*
growth, which is ,it nearly eight thousand fuet. At its jiiwust
levels it grows with Abies nobilit and Abiet amabilit ,■ leaving llimn
between Ave and six thousand feet, it attains its best sine two
thou9.'\nd feet higher, its associate nt high elevations being alwayii
Tauga Mertenniana ; above seven thousand feet it '::lings uIusk tn
the ground with semiprostrate stems forming great mats of lliiuk
branches which, with dwarf plants of the Mountain ilsMluvk anil
Pinia albicaulit, cover the most exposed ridges.
* Brandegee, Bot. Gazette, iii. 33.
* Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 3, 120.
• History o/ the Expedition under Command of Lemii ami Clark,
ed. Cones, U. 698. See, also, Sargent, Garden and Famt, i, yp,
'ill
116
aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONimiA.
more waa heard of it until it was found by David Douglas, who collected in the " interior of N. W.
America," during his second jo^tmey to this country in 1832, a meagre specimen from which the first
description of this tree was made, although it was not well understood until 1876, when Engelmann
was drst able to point out its Ixue characters.
Abies laaiocarpa was probably introduced into gardens by Dr. G. C. Parry, who found it in
Colorado in 1862 and collected its seeds the following year. Little is known of it as a cultivated plant.
Tlie Rocky Mountain Balsam probably always grows slowly,' and in western Europe it suffers from
early spring frosts.' It was first raised in the Arnold Arboretiun from seeds gathered by Dr. Parry in
Colorado in 1873, and although it is perfectly hardy in eastern Massachusetts, the largest of the plants
raised from these seeds is now only ten feet high.'
The most wide';/ distributed of the Fir-trees of the New World, ranging through thirty degrees of
latitude, and from the coast mountains of the north, bathed in almost continuous moisture, to the arid
mountains of Colorado and Arizona, Abies laaiocarpa lives on for centuries safe in its thin needle-like
head, which offers the least possible resistance to the gales that sweep over it continuously, and in its
tough branches, which no weight of snow con crush, rejoicing in its hardiness and vigor and seeming
as enduring as the rivers of ice which often flow at its feet.
' The log ipeeimen in the Jcanp Collection of North Aneric 'U
Wooda in the American Museum of Natural Hiatory, New York,
out in Colorado, a only fifteen and three qnarten inches in diame-
ter inside the bark and ono hundred and tbirty.«ight year* old, the
upwood, whiuh is three qnarten of an inch thick, showing twenty-
eight layers of annual growth.
' At least one plant raised from seeds said to hare been collected
by RoesI somewhe'd in North America in 1874, and probably in
Coloradc, was alive in England in 1888. (See Syme, Qard. Cknn.
•er. 3, iii 686.)
* Among the plants raised in 1873 in the Arnold Arboretum is
one only a few inches high, with spreading proutrate stems, which
promises to prove an interesting addition to the dwarf conifers
that are highly prised by many lovers of onrioo* trees.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
FI.ATB DCXI. Abies lasiooabpa.
1. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size.
2. A staminate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, front view, enlarged.
4. An anther, side view, enlarged.
5. A branch with pistillate flowers, natand size.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its ovules and brack
7. A bract of a pistillate flower,, lower side, enlarged.
8. A fruiting branch, natural size.
9. A eone^cale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
10. A con»4cale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
11. A cone^scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size (from
the Blue Mountains of Oregon).
12. A cone4cale, with its bract, lower side, natural size (from
the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona).
13. A cone^cale, upper side, with one seed removed, natural size
(from the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona).
14. A seed, natural size.
16. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
16. An embryo, enlarged.
17. The end of a lateral branch, natural size.
18. Crosa section of a leaf, magnified fifteen diameters.
19. Winter-buds, natural size.
CONiniLB.
or of N. W.
lioh the first
Engrelmann
found it in
tivated plant.
BufFers from
Dr. Parry in
of the plants
ty degrees of
re, to the arid
bin needle-like
ily, and in its
and seeming
r4, and probably in
3;me, Oard. Ckrm.
rnolcl Arboretum is
Mtrate atems, vhich
the dwarf eonifen
< treei.
Silva of North Arr'cv
t' K Ffuren tit>i
'%
m
aiLVA OF NORTDAAlEliWA.
covvntL*.
*4 >t until it WM found by Dftvjd Douglas, who collected in th« " tnt«rior of N. W
•jrii.j; Ilia M>cond jourii«)i to i\m country in 18.12, a meagre specimen from wliifh the fimt
I if Ibis tree wan nude, although it was nut well understood until 1876, when Eii^'lmauii
1^ I tlilq to point oui ith true charactcrH.
Ahtaii lasiocftrpa was probably introduced into gardens by Dr. 0. C. Parry, who found it in
Coiiirmio in lWi2 and collected i(« »«d8 the following year. Little is known of it as a cultivutpd jiUnt
Til" Jloc'iy Miinntaiu Balsam probably always grows mlowly,' and in western Europe it suffers from
••riy fipring frosts.' It was first raised iu the Arnold Arboretum from seeds gathered by Dr. Parry .:
Colofftdo in IH73, and although it is perfectly hardy iu eastern M4S.'iiachusett;s, the largest of the piaoh
mined from theHo seinla is now only ten fet^t higli.'
The rnoit widely distributed uf the Fir-trew of the New Wotld, ranging tbroogh thirty degrees «■'.
Utundtt, tuid from the coast mountains of iIk! north, bath* "i i:t almost continuous moi.stiire, to the urid
wmtitMins of (Colorado and Arizona, Al/iint I'l.- xxirfxi h^.'- yn for centuries safe in its thin ncedle-liti*
IuumI, which ofli-rs ihe least possible resistaiicie ( > the gaitw tUit »waep hvit u continuously, and in itA
KiiiKh br«n«hi>A, which no weight of snow c*n cntJili, rej«)!ciug in it* hardiness and vigor and seeming
•* *i>diiring IU the rivers of ice which oft«n flow at its fiwt.
' IV 'hk •(K'oimrn in tli« Jwop (
WitwU in (Hk AinoiHmn V •Mm"
«K( In (!»l»r»4n. !• mky «tv* ■» >•
Ull' ifl«Kl> ''
I'WJ^nR* ia Morlh Amerink id 1874, ami probablj iv
. i .„i.„.< in 1888 (8««Symr '■inl.Chrvn
rtum M«<1< aaid to hsTe bMO collaetod Ui»t are highly prixed by ttMy •
am. .Ik '
prpmiwrt. t«> pro
''• in the Arnold Arlwretum i..
-M^- ii..->.,trlitt* strnitt, whiih
■ 'Iwarf conifer*
EXPLANATION OP THE PLATE.
Pl.A'nt DCXL AiirRy i a! im iKr*.
1. A brani-li with iiUiiiiinato ilxrurs, natural euo.
'i. A (taminate Uower, «nlart;e<l.
3. All antlMr, front Ti«w, enUrgeil.
4. An *nlb«r, (id* view, e'>!argrd.
f>. A braiKb with pittillate tluwem, natural win:
t>. A acaii! of a pintlllase flower, upjwr sidfl, witii ita ovaleii » id liraet
Y A Itract of a pistillalo flower, lower side, enlarged.
it. A fruiting hrsncb, natural rite.
V. A ci>ue-icale, tower ti'lo, with iU bract, natural (ixe. ^
to. A cune-ticale, upper .tiiiv with ita b«<'<1i;. natural aite.
11. A roi;«-scalu, lower nii!.?, wilh its lirart, natural size (from
the Hluo Mountains of Ori'gon).
12. A cono-aeale, with its bract, lower side, natjral sir.e (from
the San KranriMO Peaks, Arizona).
1.3. A contvscalri, iip]i«r i>i.]e, with one svad rcmored, natoral size
(from the San Francisco I'eaks, Arizona).
14. A ^e«d, natural size.
15. Vertical section of n luteA, enlarged.
16. An embryo. enlar^M-il.
17. The end of a lateral iirannh, natural size.
18. Cro4s section of a leaf, inagnitied fifteen diameters.
19. Wiuteivl uua, natural size.
I.'ONIKER*
I, Mv\ rrabablj iv
nold Arlwrctuni i»
Anxe striiift, wbiLh
^.11 ilwtrf ooniCen
Silva of North America,
C.EFairon. del.
Tab DCXl.
EnuHitneitf so.
ABIES LAilOCARPA.Hook
AJiioiyviu- iluva- ' Intp J. Tanrtir Parij-
U-1
oomnRiB.
BILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
117
ABIES QBANDIS.
White Fir.
Bracts of the cone-scales short-oblong, obcordate, laciniate and short-pointed at
the apex, much shorter than their scales. Leaves dark green and very lustrous above,
silvery white below, conspicuously emarginate, or on fertile branches sometimes bluntly
pointed.
Abiea grandis, Lindlejr, Penny CyeL i. 30 (1833). —
Forbei, Pinetum Wobum. 123, t 43. — Spaob, Hilt.
Vig. xi. 422. — Nuttall, Sylm, iiL 134. — Lindley & Gor-
don, Jour. Hort. Soe. Land. t. 210. — Corri^re, Traiti
Conif. 220. — Cooper, Pae\flo S. S. Sep. zii. pt U.
26, 69. — Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 143. — Henkel A
Hoohttetter, Syn. NadeUi. 160. — (Nelmn) Senilii,
Pinaeeee, 38. — S^nfolauze, Conif. 9. — Hoopea, Ever-
gretni, 211. — Engelmanii, Tram. St. Louit Aead. iii.
698 (ezd. var. deru\fiora) ; Oard. Chron. n. ser. zii. 684 1
ziT. 720, f. 138 ; Brewer & Wation Bat. Col. ii. 118. —
Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. zt. 179, f. 33-86, zriL 400 ;
zziv. 663, f. 128-131 ; Jour. Linn. Soe. zzii. 174, t 3, f.
4, 6 i Jour. R. Hort. Soe. xiv. 192 Veitcb, Man. Conif.
97, f. 23, 24. — Kellogg, Porttt Trees of California,
28. — Laaohe, Deuttohe Dendr. ed. 2, 83. — Sargent,
Forest Trees N. Am. lO't Cinsus U. S. iz. 212 — Mayr,
Wold. Nordam. 334. — Lemmon, Rep. California State
Board Forestry, iii. 146 (Cone-Bearers of CaHfomia) ;
West-Ameriean Cone-Bearers, 63 ; BuU. Sierra Club, iL
164 (Conifers of the Paeifle Slope).
Pinus grandis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 163 (not D. Don)
(1839). — Antoine, Conif. 63, t. 26, f. 1. — Hooker &
Amott, Bot. Voy. Beeehey, 394. — Endlieber, Syn. Conif.
106 Lawson & Son, List No. 10, Abietinece, 12. — Die-
trich, Syn, T. 394. — Coortin, Fam. Conif. 67. — Parla-
tore, De Candolle Prodr. zri. pt ii. 427 (ezol. syn.). —
W. R M'Nab, Proo. R. Irish Aead. ser. 2, ii. 678, t. 46,
f. 4, 4 a. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 476, f. 132. — Han-
sen, Jour. R. Hort. Soe. ziv. 467 (Pinetum Vanieum)
Eoehne, Deuiiehe Dendr. 16.
? Abies aromatioo, Rafinesqae, Atlant. Jour. 119 (Antamn,
1832); New Fl. i. 38. — EndUcher, Syn. Conif. 126.—
Carri^re, Traiti Conif. 266.
Pioea grandis, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2341, f. 2246, 2246
(in part) (1838). — Knight, Syn. Conif. 39. — Gordon,
Pinetum, 166 ; Suppl. 62 (ezd. syn. Pieea Parsonsii). —
Newberry, Paeiflo R. R. Rep. vi. pt iii. 46, 90 (in part),
f. 16, t 6. — A. Murray, Oard. Chron. n. ser. iv. 136, f.
28, 194, f. 40, 42.
Abiea amabilis, A. Murray, Proe. R. Hort. Soe. iii. 310, {.
3-9 ; 321, f. 40 (not Forbei) (1863) ; Gartet^fiora, ziiL 118.
Abies Gordoniana, Carribre, Traiti Conif ed. 2, 298
(excl. syn. Abies Parsonsii) (1867). — S^nMauze, Conif,
9. — Bertrand, BuU. Soe. Bot. France, zviii. 379 ; Ann.
Sei. Nat. sir. 6, zz. 96.
Abies grandis, a Oregona, Beissner, Handb. Conif. 71
(1887).
Abies oonooTor, Leiberg, Cotitrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. t. 48
(not Lindley & Gordon) (1897).
A tree, in the neighborhood of the coast from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet in
height, with a slightly tapering trunk often four feet in diameter, and spreading somewhat pendulous
branches which sweep out in long graceful curves, and on the mountains of the interior rarely more than
one hundred feet tall, with a trunk usually about two feet thick, or frequently smaller and much stunted.
The bark of the trunk, which on young trees is smooth, thin, and pale, and is marked with conspicuous
resin blisters, becomes sometimes two inches in thickness at the base of old trees, on which it is dull
gray-brown or reddish brown, and divided by shallow fissures into low fiat ridges, broken into oblong
plates and roughened by thick closely appressed scales. The winter-buds are globose, very resinous,
from an eighth to a quarter of an inch thick, and covered by thin pale reddish brown scales, those of the
inner ranks being united into cup-like covers deciduous in one piece from the branchlets. These are
comparatively slender, puberulous during their first year, pale yellow-green when they first appear, and,
becoming light reddish brown or orange-brown in their second season, gradually grow darker. The
leaves are thin and flexible, deeply grooved and very dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and
silvery white on the lower surface, with two broad bands each of from seven to ten rows of stomata, and
J 1
118
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
coHmc&s.
hypodenn cells scattered in an interrupted layer under the epidermis of the upper side and only slightly
developed on the edges and keels; on sterile branches the leaves are rather remote, rounded and
conspicuously emarginate at the apex, from on inch and a half to two inches and a quarter long and
usually about an eighth of an inch vide, and spread in two ranks nearly at right angles to the
branchlet ; on cone-bearing branches they are rather more crowded, generally from an inch to an inch
and a half in length, leoo spreading or often nearly erect, and bluntly pointed and often notched at
the apex ; on the leading shoots of vigorous young trees they are from one half to three quarters of an
inch long and acute or acuminate at thb "ipex, which is furnished with a sharp rigid callous tip. The
staminate flowers are oblong-cylindrical, and from one half to two thirds of an inch in length, with pale
yellow anthers sometimes tinged with purple when they fiiot emerge from the bud, and at maturity
hang on slender pedicels one third of an inch long. The pistillate t'owers are cylindrical, slender, from
three quarters of an inch to an inch long, a quarttr of an inch thick, and light yellow-green, with semi-
orbicular scales and short oblong bracta, emnrginate and denticulate or laciniate at the broad obcordate
apex, which is furnished with a short strongly reflesed tip. The cones are cylindrical, slightly narrowed
to the rounded and sometimes retuse apex, puborulous, bright green, from two to four inches in leng^th,
and from an inch to an inch and a quarter in thickness, with scales which are usually about two thirds
as long as they are wide, and are gradually or abruptly narrowed from their broad apex, and three
or four times as long as their short piiJe green bracts, which are only slightly contracted below the
obcordate irregularly serrate apex, which is furnished with a short mucro. The seeds are th<-ee eighths
of an inch long, light brown, with pale lustrous wings from one half to five eighths of an inch in length
and nearly as broad at their abruptly widened rounded end as they are long.
One of the most distinct of the American Fir-trees in its widely spreading <;lougated dark green
emarginate leaves, and in its green cones with included bracts, Abies grandis atti <ns its greatest size
on the alluvial bottom-lands of streams near the coast of southern British Columbia an^l jf Washington,
Oregon, and northern California. It is distributed from the northern part of Vancouver Island'
southward to Mendocino County, California,' and eastward along the mountains of northern Washington
and Idaho to the western slopes of the continental divide in northern Montana, and 80uthv>ard in the
interior along both slopes of «he Cascade Mountains^ and to the Blue Mountains of Washington and
Oregon, the Powder River Mountains of Oregon, and to the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of
Idaho and Montana. The White Fir does not grow gregariously ; northward near the sea it is scattered
always on moist ground through the forests of Douglas Spruces and Hemlocks, and on the bottom-lands
of streams with the Tideland Spruce and the Arbur Vitte ; in California, where it does not range inland
many miles or beyond the direct influence of the fogs of the Pacific, its companions are the Redwood,
which with long naked stems it often rivals in height, and the Tideland Spruce. It is common in
Washington and uo>-thern Oregon from the sea up to elevations of four thousand feet above it on
the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains ; it is less abundant on their eastern slopes, but farther
east is a common tree in forests of Spruces, White Pknes, Hemlocks, and Arbor Vittes, on moist slopes,
and in the neighborhood of streams from elevations of two thousand five hundred up to seven thousand
feet above the sea-level.
The wood of Ahina grandia is very light, soft, coarse-grained, and neither strong nor durable; it
> G. M. UawsoD, Can. Nat. n. aer. iz. 326. — Macoiio, Cat. Can.
PI. 474.
' Abits grandit ia abundant and of large aiie on the banka of the
Navarro Kirer in Mendocino County from the aeacoaat for a dis-
tance of about tweWo milea inland ((«>.'< Carl Purdy). This ia the
moat aoutbem point on the coaat of California at which I have
beard of this tree.
' The aouthern limits of the range of Atna grandit on the Cas-
cade Msuutains of Oregon are atill unoertaio, as it is not always
easy to diatingniah thia tree by the meagre specimens uarally pre-
served in herbaria from the nearly related AbUi concoloTf which
replaces it in the interior of aoutbcri Oregon. It appeara, bow-
ever, to eztcu,-! along their weateru alopes to at least as far south
as the head-waters of the Umqua River, and along their eaatern
slope to Mt. Jefferson, between Ashland on the west and Upper
Klamath Lake on the east of the mountains, the White Fir is always
Abia concolor, which also replaces Abia grandit in the interior of
California.
COMIFBBJt.
nly slightly
unded and
r long and
gles to the
1 to an inch
notched at
artera of an
tip. The
h, with pale
at maturity
ender, from
, with semi-
ad obcordate
tly narrowed
es in length,
it two thirds
IX, and three
id below the
^h'se eighths
leh in length
1 dark green
greatest size
Washington,
)uver Island'
1 Washington
hv>ard in the
kshington and
Mountains of
it is scattered
! bottom-lands
t range inland
the Redwood,
is common in
t above it On
s, but farther
1 moist slopes,
even thousand
or durable ; it
limens usrally pre-
ie» concohr, which
It Bppean, bow-
least as far south
ilong their eastern
e west and Upper
iVhite Fir is alwsjrs
t in the interior of
CONIFKRJB.
MJlt^A Of NOnm AMERICA.
119
is light brown, with thin lighter aohr»A m^ami, md (xmtains broad dark-colored resinons conspicuous
bands of small summer cells and mmt»fmi>i itimtife tnednllary rays. The specific gravity of the
abjolutely dry wood is 0.354/), a uuhitt hnit WeJ|$l(iHg 22.09 pounds. Occasionally manufactured into
lumber in western Washington and OrU|U»», it k med tot the interior finish of buildings, for packing-
cttses, and in cooperage.
Abies grandia was probably om (4 tb# V\m4tm% wJiioh Lewis and Clark saw in September, 1805,
as they crossed the Bitter Boot MMHfltftJHS m iMt jonrney to the west.' Introduced into English
gardens in 18.31 by David Doughw, wfw ft«H4 Jt Heat the mouth of the Columbia River, it has since
been ocoasion:i!ly cultivated in i\\» pftri^ m^ grtfdefls of Europe, where it grows rapidly," and gives
some promise of attaining the ma.sn\ikm\i \mt^m\m6 and luxuriant growth which make this tree one
of the stateUist and most splendid JnfjttbJtftJJk k th« fMests of the northern hemisphere.*
> The History of the Expedition under CommomiilffiDmtim^CIUfii
«d. Coues, ii. G98. See, also, Sargent, Garden and t'Hrtitl, i; ^;
Among the trees of largo growth descriM kjf f#wi« m4 ^i»fk
({. e. iii. 831) the third species was said to rascmM* W iM IHtfH tb«
Canada Balsam Fir, its trunk being d«scrilM4 «4 (fnm tWH ltH4 §
half to four feet in diameter, and iU heigbt Mt fffm cifW? (« «M*
hundred feet This description might b» (Mppw4 tH f«^'f to
Abiet grandii, which is the only Fir-tree t|wt gr»>il/§ in iim Htii^
borbood of ibe camp at the moutb of tb« CnI^wMa KilV f« Wiwf^
Lewis and Clark passed the winter, and nitefit Htn^ hi^ (itt^if ittifii
opportunities for the examination of trees ; bMt Hut ifH¥^ W#f'# ttti4
to be only one eighth of an inch long and me sU^^Ht^l Mf mi iH^ti
wide. Dr. Coues, acknowledging the unoertWHty nf ^^m d#<*f»H«*.-
tion, suggested that this tree might be Thuya giljimtm: 'fiw M#:
tbors of the journal state that " this tre« »fff»f4»f iH l>8l>4itfliiii«
quantities, a fine deeply aromatic balsam, resewkllHjg tim tmimm tit
Canada in taste and appearance. The suutll i>i»Hlii, AIM, fUi^ Uiig
a blister on the trunk and the branches. Ths hitfk fh#t t^ntaUtiti
these pistils is soft and easily punctured ; Hm g«H«F)t( ^ppfKfltill-ti
of the bark is dark and smooth, but not to r^f^f^i^j^ fof (hut
quality p.s the white pine of our country. Jb^ W»d4 H Wiiiy! Iin4
soft." This description evidently refers to snw* *)M'^if<* (tf Pifi
The statement tiiii the leaves were only S4f eighl-it n( iVN ilK-h tnHM
may have beei the result of a clerical erroF- fi»i ti0 iflt^^itfi
may have confounded Ahiet lanocarpa, vh\tM ^\H']I iHH§^ hwift' >i^ii
in crossing the Bitter Root Mountains, aw) pffAmMll *lw MM iim
continental divide, with the coast species, and i^fl^iHii/ It i» HMi !i»(g
to accept Rafinesque's name of A biea aromtlli':il, lwi^4 fHiif^if 6H
the description of Lewis and CUrk's third sf^l'U^) (Nf tht^ Whit^
Fir of the coast, although it is a year swto (ImA iAidkjf'i Attlet
j/randit.
* AUei grandie ii described aa growir.g in Belgium sometimes
M (h« rate of forty inches in height a year (see Wesmael, Garden
tuid Foreil, iii. 404); and in Mr. Schober's Pinetnm in Fatten, Hol-
bttd, Abiei grandie has surpassed all other conifers in rapidity of
f^«#(h, a tree which in 1S78 had a trunk circumference of twenty-
(#0 inches and a height of twenty-one feet four inoheS; having in
1880 a tmnk circumference of forty-four inches and a height of
(klrty-flve feet three inches, and in 1892 a trunk oircnmference jf
«l*iy-i.ine inches and a height of fifty feet. (See Schober, Tijd.
ffedert. Maatich, Bevord. Nijver. September, 1892 [Pinetian Scho-
itrianum]. The tallest tree of this species reported in Great Britain
)M 1898 was at Riccarton, Midlothian, and was eighty-three feet
ibrce inches in heigh' with a trunk three feet eight and one half
iMebes in diameter. This tree is said to have grown fifty-three feet
in twelve years, or an average of four feet five inches annually.
Seteral other specimens in Great Britain were from sixty to sev-
eftty feet tall in 1892. [See Dunn, Jour. R. Horl. Soe. xiv. 82.
See, also, Webster, Qard, Chron. n. ser. xxiii. 670.])
In th^ Arnold Arboretum plants of Abiee grandie, obtvned in
1880 by Mr. Sereno Watson in northern Idaho, have been kept
^tlve in sheltered positions, but it is not probable that trees of this
Sfrecies, to which constant root moisture seems essential, can have
tl long life on the Atlantic seaboard.
■ The log specimen of Abiee grandie, out near Portland, Oregon,
iM the Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American
Wtlsenm of Natural History, New York, is twenty-four and one
Iralf inches in diameter inside the bark and one hundred and twenty-
eight years old, with an inch and one eighth of sapwood showing
(wenty..one layers of annual growth.
ii
1.
C'
t
EXPLANATION OF THK PLATE.
Plat* DCXII. Abiks ob&ndu.
1. A branch with lUminate flowen, natural liie.
2. A itaminata flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, seen from below, enlarged.
4. An anther, tide view, enlarged.
6. A brano'n with piatillat" flowen, natural liie.
6. A Mala of a piatillate flower, upper ride, with iti braet
and OTiilei, enlarged.
1. A fruiting branch, natural rice.
8. A eone^cale, lower aide, with iu bract, natural uie.
9. A oone^cale, lower ride, with its braet, natural riu.
10. A cone^ale, upper ride, with ita aecda, natural sik«.
11. A Med, natural size.
12. A leaf of a fertile branch, natural rixa.
13. A leaf of a iterile branch, natural rixa.
14. A leaf from the leader of a young tree, natural riu.
15. Croes section of a leaf roagniflad fifteen diameters.
16. A seedling pUnt, natoral sise.
9,-AvA r.
r.yh '".rr"
^<^
.••;|-V
'-?V
i^-^*^,_
t ***!::;..
..»**
^'hi
^\z
■'5*^1
'*i*^
• *
4T>,
■■np^' .->
I
*i^
'P^ ^^
'! i
^rjaMMiWii
Fi '
it* XHK FLATK
B ?
'i. A aMwin--' « '
.1. ABM«Jk>f
4 A» *tA»<n: W '
li .• '■••I* uf « pMtiiliiU H«»<r, i:y|nri «<!• '
■ml oirule*, rnUri^wl.
7- A fraiiing briuirli, natuml tiu.
8. A cone-»>>»l<>, low«r nido, with it* brti't, iiatnnJ tit*
0. \ eone-tnU. hmer iiide, willi its hrart, nutiirkl mt».
10. A roin^^mlo, up|>ei' udr, w!i(i ii» wwb, nftturiil nUe.
11. A ue<l, natun.1 liis.
12. A lrk( of » fvrtilc !>rivnch, iifctunU ('iM.
13. A l»»f of s •terilf bnuwh, Jiatunil hm.
14. A li-af from Uin WtnUr of a y.«iti|f fr«o. nMarJ kIi*
tS. CroM teotioii of a Uaf iiia|{i<iti<Ml Uuieu iliuatum.
16. A Hwdliag plant, nataral aiu
:iH
Silv4 of North Amenc*
Tab DCXll
C. £. Fturan dtrl.
£averi//al sc.
ABIES GRANDIS, Lmdl.
A .Hiccrrnu) liimc ? l,7ip. J. Tancur, far-u.
11
1)
\i\
OOMIF
donti
uppc
fuloai
AblM
T. !
Ui.
n. 1
118
ST.
Soe
V.i
/on
V.
Ma
ZM
Mei
Val
(Pi
Co*
hy
64;
Slo
AblM
I*-
B.
PlM*
90
PlOM
Oa
n. I
PlOM
heigh
one ]
yoiin
brow
horiz
fronc
oftfa
ridge
bro\«
stem
sprei
aiLVA OF NORTH AMEBIC A.
Ml
ABIES OONOOLOR.
White Fir.
Bracts of tho oono^goaloB oblong, omurginato or nearly truncate at the broud
denticulate ■hort-pointod apex. Loavoa pale blue or glaucous, Btomatiforoui on the
upper Burfucc, rounded, acute, or acuminate at tho apex, on fertile brancbe* often
falcate, and thickened and keeled above.
Abias oonoolor, LinHlty A Gordon, J<mr. Ifort. 8oe. Land.
T. 210 (IMO). — Engnlmann, Trans. SI. Louii Aead.
Ui. 600 1 Rothroek Wh-Ur'i Jttp. tI. 255) Qard. Chnm.
n. Mr. zii. 684, M 14, 1 10 1 Brewtr A Waitm Bot. Col. IL
118. — MuUri, Qard. Chron. n. Mr. slli. 648, f. 100, 110,
mv. 660, f. 110 1 ur. 3, tIU. 748, (. 147-161 1 Jour. Linn.
Soe. xxW. 177, (. 8-11) Jour. K. Hort. Soe. xW. 191.—
Vaitoli, Man. Conif. 03. — Kdlogg. Forut Trti* of Cali-
fornia, 31, — Sargent, Fort$t Titti N. Am. lOM C«n.iu«
U. S. li. 212 I Qard. Chron. n. Mr. nv. 20. — Coulter,
Man. Rocky Ml. Bot. 430. — Miiyr, WaU Nordam.
334. — BeiMnar, Ilandb. Nadtlk. 470, f. 129, 130.—
Merriani, NorlK American Fauna, No. 7, 340 {Doath
ValUif Kzptd. ii.). — lUnwn, Jour. R. Hort. Soe. xiv. 46S
(Pinttum Danioum). — Koehne, Dtutiehe Dendr. 10. —
CoTiUe, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. It. 224 (Bot. Death Vol-
ley Sxped.). — Lemmon, Wttt-Ameriean Cone-Bearere,
64 i Butt. Sierra Ctub, u. 107 {Conyfert of the Paeifie
Slope).
Abies balaamea, J. M. Bigelow, Paoifto R. R. Rep. It.
pt. T. 18 (in put) (not Millar) (1806). — Torrey, Paeifie
R. R. Rep. It. pt t. 141 (in part).
Pioea grandis, Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. li. pt iii. 40,
90 (in part) (not Loudon) (1867).
Ploaa oonoolor, Gordon, Pinetum, 166 (1868). — Syme,
Qard. Chron. n. Mr. iii. 663. — A. Murray, Gard. Chron.
n. Mf. It. 136, (. 261 ; 194, f. 38, 41.
FlOM liowlana, Gordon, Pinetum, SuppL 63 (1862).
AbiM Lowtana, A. Morray, Proe. R. tterl. Soe. III. SIT,
(. 21-24 (1863) I Qarlef^lora, zllt. 118. — Uminon, Hep.
Califiimia State Board Forettry, III. 148, t 16, 10 (Com-
Bearere of California) ; Bull. Sierra Club, li. 164 (ConU
fere of the Paeyfie Slope). —liiMien, Jour, H. tlorl. Hoe,
liT. 102.
AbiM BTandla, Carrier*, Trailt Conif. ad. 3, 206 (not Und-
ley) (1807). — Bertrand, BuU. Soe. Bot. Franee, ivlll,
378 ; Ann. Sei. Nat. Ur. 6, zx. 04 (eiol. lyn,).
Plnua oonoolor, Parlatora, De Candolle Prodr, ivl, pt, II,
426 (1808). — W. & MNab, Proo. R. Jrlek Aead. Mr. it,
li. 081,t46, f. 6.
Ploea Lowll. Fowler, Oard. Chron. 1872, 304,
Abies grandls, var. oonoolor, A. Murray, Oard. Chron, n.
Mr. iii. 100 (1870).
Pioea oonoolor, var. yiolaoea, A. Murray, Oard, Chron,
n. ur. iii. 464, 1. 94, 00 (1870).
Finns Lowlana, W. R. M'Nab,. i>ro«. R. Irieh Aead, Mr. 9,
ii. 680. t. 46, (. 6 (1877).
Abies laaiooarpa, MMtan, Oard, Chron. n. Mr. sill. 8, (.
1 (not NutuU nor A. Murray) (1880).
Abies grandls, var. tiowiana, Mutara, Jour, Linn, Bot,
zzii. 176, f. 6, 7 (1887).
Abies oonoolor. Tar. lasiooarpa, BalMnar, Handb, Conif,
71 (not Abiee laeioearpa, NuU.) (1887) i Handb. Nadelh,
473.
Abies oonoolor, var. Lowiana, Lammon, W*et-Amtri»an
Cone-Bearere, 64 (1896).
A tree, on the Sierra Nevada of California from two hundred to two hundred and fifty fe«t in
height, with a trunk ofton six feet in diameter, but in the interior of the continent rarely moro than
one hundred and twenty-five feet tall, with a trunk which seldom exceeds three feet in diameter. On
young trees, which are very symmetrical, the bark of the tapering stem is thin, smooth, and pale gray
brown, and the comparatively short stout branches, disposed in regular remote whorls, stand out
horizontally, and, furnished with long lateral branchlets which point forward, form great flat-toppod
frond-like masses of foliage ; on large trees, which are occasionally three hundred years old, the bark
of the trunk becomes five or six inches thick near the ground, and is deeply divided into broad rounded
ridges broken on the surface into irregularly shaped plate-like scales which below are dull reddish
brown in color and above are ashy gray, the inner bark being didl orange-color, and the tall mawiva
stems, often naked for one hundred feet, are surmounted by narrow spire-like crowns of short branebttt
spreading near the very top of the tree and pendulous below. The winter-buds are nearly globoM,
122
aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERJt.
from one eighth to one quarter of an inch thick, very resinous and covered by orange-brown scales,
thosu of the inner ranks being united into a cup-like cover on the lengthening branchlet and f. Uing
in one piece. The branchlets are glabrous, lustrous, and comparatively stout ; during their first season
they are dark orange-color, and, becoming light grayish green or pale reddish brown during their second
season, they gradually turn gray or grayish brown. The leaves are crowded, distichously spreading, and
more or less erect even on the lower branches of young trees from the strong twisting of their base, and
are pale blue or glaucous, becoming dull green at the end of two or three years, marked on the lower
surface by two broad bands each of from six to eight rows of stomuta, and more or less stomatiferous
on the upper surface, their hypoderm cells forming an interrupted layer under the epidermis on the
upper side ; on lower branches they are flat, straight, rounded, acute, or acuminate at the apex, from
two to three inches in length and about a sixteenth of an inch wide, and on fertile branches and on
old trees they are frequently thick, keeled on the upper surface, usually falcate, acute or rarely notched
at the apex, from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half long and often fully an eighth of
an inch wide.' The staminate flowers are oblong-cylindrical and from one half to three quarters of
an inch long, with dark red or rose-colored anthers which turn yellow in fading ; the pistillate flowers
are cylindrical, and from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half long, with broad rounded scales
and oblong strongly reflexed oblong-obcordate bracts laciniate above the middle and abruptly contracted
at the apex into short points. The cones are oblong, slightly narrowed from near the middle to the
ends, and rounded and retuse at the apex, from three to five inches long, from an inch and one
quarter to an inch and tiiree quarters thick, puberulous, and grayish green, dark purple,'' or bright
canary-yellow, with scales which are much broader than they are long, gradually and regularly
narrowed at the denticulate sides from the rounded apex, and rather more than twice the length of
their bracts; these are oblong, emarginate or nearly truncate and denticulate at the broad apex,
which terminates in a short slender mucro. The seeds are from one third to nearly one half of an
inch in length, very acute at the base and dark dull brown, with lustrous bright rose-colored wings
which are widest near the middle, about one third longer than they are broad, and nearly truncate at
the apex.
Of the Fir-trees of North America, Abies concolor best endures heat and dryness, and it is
able to grow on arid mountain slopes where few other trees can maintain a foothold. Its northern
home is on the Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon.' It is common on the Siskiyou and other
sea;
t ,.i
\ ■'•
. i
'I
* The leaves of Abies concolor are usually rounded and only
exceptionally notched at the apex, but in dry regions they are often
acute or acuminate, and are sometimes furnished with stiff callous
tips. In California, on the San Rafael Mountaius, some of the
leaves of this tree are acute ; on the San Benmrdino Mountains fer-
tile branches bear acute leaves nearly an inch and a half long,
terminating in long callous tips, and such leaves are also produced
on trees growing on the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona, and on
the Ilnachuca Mountains of southern Arizona, and near Santa Fd
in New Mexico. On the upper slopes of the southern rim of the
Grand CnAon of the Colorado in Arizona, Abies concolor sometimes
produces very flat thin strongly falcate leaves gradually narrowed
into slender callous-tipped points ; and on San Pedro Martir, in
Lower California, its leaves are very thick and rigid, with prominent
midribs on the upper side, strongly falcate, acute ur acuminate, with
callous tips, from an inch to an inch and a half long and rathe**
more than an eighth of nn inch wide. In Colorado and New
Mexico the leaves, especially on young trees, are usually but not
always of n more glaucous color than farther westward, but the
eolor of the leaves can hardly be relied on to separate speciftcally
the tree of the Culifumia iSicrros from that of the interior any
more than the length of the leaves and the form of their apex can
be depended on to furnish constant speoiflo characters, as English
botanists have sometimes believed, for the separation of this Wliite
Fir into two species. Although trees east of the Sierra Nevada
usually bear longer and more pointed leaves than those which grow
on the western slope of the Sierras (the Abies Lowiana of English
gardens, see Masters, Gard. Chron. n. ser. xxvi. ?55, f. 14G-148),
I have gathered specimens In Strawberry Valley, in northern Cali-
fornia, with acute leaves, and such leaves may be found all through
the Sierras, while in Colorado and New Mexico trees with leaves
obtusely rounded at the apex are common.
3 Brandegee, Hot. Gazette, iii. 33.
■ In southern Oregon Abies concolor is very abundant on low
hills at elevations of between two and three thousand feet above
the level of the sea. Although I have not seen it north of a lino
drawn from Ashford on the west to Upper Klamath Lake, on the
east of the Cascade Mountains, Abies concolor will probably bo
found west of the Cascade Mountains as far north as the divide
between the waters of the Uinqun and Rogue Rivers, which, mark-
ing the southern limits nf distribution of many northern plants and
the northern limit of many from the south, is the real northern
boundary of the region occupied by the California flora. Speci-
mens gathered by Coville in 1807 at Fish Lake, which is one of
CONIFEIUK.
CONIVEaS.
81LVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
123
own scales,
and {. Uing
first season
their second
reading, and
lir base, and
in the lower
tomatiferous
rmis on the
! apex, from
ches and on
rely notched
an eighth of
quarters of
illate flowers
tunded scales
ly contracted
aiddle to the
nch and one
le,* or bright
nd regularly
he length of
broad apex,
le half of an
colored wings
y truncate at
ess, and it is
Its northern
ou and other
ractera, as English
ition of this Wliito
;lie Sierra Nevada
1 tliose wliicl) grow
towiana of English
i. 75C, f. 14C-148),
f, in northern ChU-
B found all tlirough
:o trees witli leaves
r abundant on low
lou^and feet above
n it north of a lino
iniath Luke, on llio
r will probably bo
lortli as the divide
LiverSt wbicli, mark-
northern plants and
I the real northern
fornia flora. Speci-
ke, which is one of
cross ranges of sonthem Oregon and northern California, and on the high peaks of the California
coast ranges.' With Abies magnifica it forms almost exclusively one of the principal forest belts on
the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada four hundred and fifty miles long and in breadth extending
from five thousand up to nearly nine thousand feet above the level of the sea.^ It is abundant on all
the cross ranges that divide the San Joaquin Valley from southern California, and on the San
Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains between elevations of four and eight thousand feet above the
sea,' and finds its most southerly home on the Pacific coast on Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower
California.* In Oregon, east of the Cascade Mountains, it occurs at an elevation of seven thousand
seven hundred feet on the high mountains on the east side of Warner Lake with Pinua ponderosa, and
on the Warner Range." It is common at high elevations on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada,
on the high desert ranges of the Great Basin, and in the canons and on the slopes of the high
mountains of Utah and western Colorado ; on the outer ranges of the Rocky Mountains east of the
continental divide, it is found only south of the heights which separate the waters of the Platte from
those of the Arkansas River, sometimes ascending to elevations of eleven thousand feet above the sea,
and southward often forming a large part of extensive for ata. It is common, too, on the mountains of
northern New Mexico and Arizona^ up to elevations of six thousand feet above the sea-level, but
it is less abundant on the mountains on both sides of the boundary between New Mexico and Arizona
and Mexico, where it usually grows only in the bottoms of elevated canons.
The wood of Abies concolor is very light, soft, coarse-grained, and not strong nor durable ; it is
very pale brown or sometimes nearly white, with narrow inconspicuous resinous bands of small summer
cells and numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3638,
a cubic foot weighing 22.67 pounds. It is occasionally manufactured into lumber, and in northern
California is used for packing^ases and butter-tubs.
Abies concolor was discovered by August Fendler^ near Sante F^ in 1847; in 1851 John
the most northern tributaries o( the Mackenzie, and separates tba
waters of that stream from those of the Santiam, oan doubtfully
be referred to this species. On the east side of the Cascade
Mountains Ahia concolor probably ranges at least as far north as
the head-waters of the Mitelius River southeast of Mt. JetFenon.
* K. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 176,
' Muir, The Mountains of California, 172, t.
' S. B. Parish, Zoe, iv. 362.
* Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 210.
* Merriaui, in lilt.
' Merriam, Norlh American i^auna, No. 3, 120.
' August Fendler (January, 1813-1883), the son of a carver in
wood and ivory, was born in Gumbinuin in eastern Prussia. Los-
ing his father in infancy, be was sent to the town gymnasium
when twelve years old, and at sixteen was apprenticed to the town
clerk. Afterward he learned the trade of a tanner, believing that
it would enable him to travel over Europe and America, In 1831
FiMidlcr obtained a nomination to the Royal Polytechnio School
in Berlin, but was obliged to abandon his studies at the end of
the year on account of delicate health, and in 1834 sailed from
Bremen for Baltimore, where he arrived with only two dollars in
his pocket. For ten years Fendler wandered over the eastern states,
maintaining himself by working in tanneries or lamp factories and
by teaching school.
Returning to Prussia in 1844, he made the acquaintance at
Kiinigsberg of Dr. Ernst Meyer, the botanist, who showed him the
way to his career of usefulness by pointing o»t the fact that he
could support himself by collecting for sale herbaria of the plants
of the western United States. Returning to St. Louis, where he
had previously lived for some time, he began ooUeoting pUtnta with
the advice and assistance of Dr. Engelmann. In 1847 an oppor-
tunity was obtained for him to accompany the United States
troops, which during the Mexican War took possession of Santa
Ti; here he remained during a year, and, after Wislizeous, was
the first botanist to investigate the flora of the sonthem Rocky
Mountaina. Returning from Mexico, Fendler undertook a botani-
oal journey to the region of Salt Lake, but lost his outfit before
he reached the Rocky Mountains, and was obliged to go back to
St. Louis, where he found that all his possessions had been de-
stroyed in a great fire which had devastated the city. He next
visited the Isthmus of Panama, making collections in the neighbor-
hood of Chagres, and then, returning to the United States, estab-
lished himself at Memphis, where for three years he carried on the
camphine light business. This became unprofitable owing to the
introduction of coal gas, and in 1854, craving new scenes, Fendler
sailed for Venezuela, where at Colonia Tovar, at an elevation of
six thousand feet above the sea, be remained fur five or six years,
making large collections of plants which now have a place in tho
principal herbaria of the United States and Europe. Returning to
Missouri in 1864, Fendler cleared in the forest a farm for himself
near Allenton. Here he lived for seven years, and then, selling his
farm, returned to Prussia with the intention of remaining there.
His love of the United States, however, brought him again across
the Atlantic, and in 1876 he settled in Delaware, where ho devoted
himself to botany, meteorology, to which ho had always paid much
attention, and to speculative physics, publishing at this time a book
entitled, The Mechanics of the Universe. Repeated attacks of acute
rheumatism compelled him to seek a warm climate again, and iii
1877 Fendler landed at Port of Spain, in tho island of Trinidad,
where he passed the remainder of his days, living mainly on the
<l
,\
124
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
OONIFB&a.
^!! \
J«St«f* fonnd it on the mountains of northern California, hut for many years his specimen was
bflli«v«d to have been gathered from a tree of Abies laaiocarpa, and it was not until 1873 that
Eflgelinann was able to make known the true characters and the distribution of Abies concolor.
Introduced into England by Jeffrey and by Lobb in 1852, it has proved one of the handsomest and
ffloitt satisfactory of garden conifers from southern Scandinavia to northern Italy.' On the Atlantic
gettboard it is hardy as far north, at least, as the coast of Maine ; and Abies concolor from the Rocky
Mountains growing here during the last twenty-five years always vigorously, compact in habit, beautiful
in its voried shades of blue, and free from diseases and the attacks of disfiguring insects, is now more
lull vt promise as an ornament of the parks of eastern America than any other Fir-tree.*
proflliw of ■ small piece of groond which he had bought, but
lUalHUIiiing his Mtiritf as a botanical collector.
Mniif of the plants collected by Fendler in New Mexieo were
|*tllillslied bjr Asa Gray in the fourth volume of the new series of
tbo Atptniiir' nr (A« American Academy of Artt and Sciences, in a
vtassMial paper entitled Planta Fendlerianas Novi'Mexicana, The
itame nt this honest, kindly, simple, earnest man is preserved in
out gardens In FendUra, a beautiful-flowered shrub of the Saxi-
(ritge family, of Texas and New Mexico. (See Gray, Am. Jour.
tim, ser. 3, uIt. 109. — Canby, Bot. Gaaetle, x. 285, 301 [An AuU>-
btafffaphy and tome Reminucencet of the late August Fendler].)
i See >l. 41.
* Under the names of Abiet concolor violacta and AUa violaeea,
Ihe bluest leaved forms of the Bocky Mountain tree are found in
European collections. A seedling form with erect branches {Abtee
concolor fattigiata, Carriire, Seo. Hart. 1890, 137) appeared in
France a few yean ago in the nuriery of Thibault & Keteleer at
Sceaux, near Paris.
* In the eastern states Abiet concolor from Colorado is the only
American Fir-tree which is really satisfactory in cultivation. There
are a number of specimens of the California tree in different gar-
dens from eastern Massachusetts to Pennsylvania. (See Farsous,
Gardener's Monthly, xvii. 369 [as Pieea Partomiana]. — Sargent,
Garden and Forest, vi. 468.) These appear ae hardy as the plants
raised from seeds gathered in Colorado, but they grow with less
vigor and rapidity, and the largest of them, which are from forty
to fifty feet tall, are already thin near the ground, and have passed
the period of their greatest beauty.
EXPLANATION OP THE PLATE.
il til s
Flats DCXIIL Abibs concolor.
1. A branch with stamioate flowers, natural size.
2. A staminate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, front view, enlarged.
4. An anther, side view, enlarged.
6. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, lower side, with its bract
and ovules, enlarged.
7. A fruiting branch, natural size.
8. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, nataral size.
9. A eone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
10. A seed, nataral size.
11. An end of a lateral branch, natural size.
12. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
13. Winter-buds, nataral size.
CONIVEILa.
tecimen was
1873 that
es concolor.
dsomest and
the Atlantic
m the Rocky
bit, beautiful
is now more
bnnehes {Abie$
37) cppcued io
ult & Keteleer at
onido U the only
ultivation. There
e in different gar-
a. (See Fttraoua,
siana]. — Sargent,
ardy aa the plant*
ey grow with leu
ich are from forty
d, and have paased
Silva of North Airiemca
ABl
!
li t
:• !|
/uHi
xrivA ov Nonrn amkhica.
xmavtM
V ..,* , .; vi* lUe raountaJi«» of northern Californui, but for many years hit <y<i<iwaa w**
i to hi>T« bean gathered front a trfw of /46ie4 la*iwarpa, and it waa nut lui^S lt$73 tit*'
l^QiMlfltaan «a» ablo to inuko kuowu th« tru" c.h.imcterj and the distribiitiou of Abu* %-oncnl'i'
luM\H{iic>i'i into EnRidud by .l«'ffr«y and by I.obb in 1(S5'2, it haa proved ono of the handlnouient hj.
BMist satisfactory of garden comfirH fiom noutbern Scandinavia to nortboru Italy.' On iXw Atlm '■
wiai:>oard it is liardy a« far north, at l»«a«t. ui the coast ^•>i Maiiif ; and Abies concolor from thw H.-
Mountains growinif bero duriiij? ib<! Ih-h'. iwenty-fivr jiirs alway* vifrorously, compact in habit, bp.i.
in its varisd shades of Wufc, aud fro. t'rom diseai*** and the aiuwks of diHtignring inscota, ia now u
fidl of pnxniso ha ao ornament of the jiarks of oa*t<!rn AmeriK a than any other Fir-titse.'
H I
pt.«)iim) of a atiMll ftmt of grouaH wlii';h '•- S^' '-"■'
KaKiuiiiuii; lii» »elirlt.T »« » boUiiii;«l collect
Miiiy iif the pUiit c-iUccUd hy beoillur ir. ■. » si-\'
piiblisluvl liy A«» <'.r»y tn lh« ftinrih »cTlunip o( lln> n»« .
IbH Mtmtin of «*• t-trrwan Acadm^ 0/ ArU nit^i SntK.
i'«M A Mfdlian fiM-m with nriK^t bnuichc* ( AK
<m. C«iT**ni, Hiv. Hvri. l«!)l>, lUV) »ppe»tt.>
r*— ifTo tu the nuriwry ot Tbibauh & Kfit^Wi
sIm; ti-.w
' -1 Sfr* fimcolor fi-win Colorado w tho ooi)
^;iv butisfiiotory in cuttivAtiun. Tli.'f*-
'»•' rahfoniitt trfe iu (LfT«pent gur-
. o» IVnTisjflvaiiia. (?5«<> PttfMHii,
. f\i:tn f'fjruaiisianu]- — Sargeiit,
,, ;>•<»- ApfHMr HS hardy aji the plnnU
•WM4( f/ani MXto )ittt>i<t-«t >• i'juianAo, hut tlii'y g'ruw with lew
Tip.r Miii ntsiiiUI}, kid tk» tei-dW* «{ Uieiii, which iiro fmm forty
"W «ir,KvWl.' rMiaa mA Abia noivnn, U> Dttr (net Out. wr* almnair **>* »*»' ^<>' tCnMi"!, uid luve puH-il
EXPr,ANATION OF THK PLATK.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
PLArK DCXIII. AlinCS OOMCOlflB.
A hraiirh witli stan'inMa rtuwers, natural »izB.
A atamiimte flower, enUr^eH.
An anther, front vif>ir, enlarged.
An uither, lide rinw, enlarged.
A Hninrli with pistillnte tlowors, nitunJ tite.
A «iJr of a pistillntff fl.jwer, lower aide, wiUi its bract
and otuIhi, cnUrgud.
A fraitiog branch, natural 6iz«.
A cont-scals, lower aide, with its brad, !iatur.il m.K.
A eono-eottle, apper aido, writti its sood?, natural Mte.
A aeed, uataral ihe.
A 0 mid uf a hitoral branch, natural «ij.e.
Oroaa a«ctii>n of a leaf niagnifitnl fifteen diaineteni.
Winlerbuda, natural w».c.
>< inien w».
rmcotm
II the \.
1.0.,.
iH now ».* •
t.' I ai'iif-artt! .^
1. .':, K.il.'l. . .
mdo U th« onl)
llivntiun. TL.r*
» in (l'.fl'(<r«nl g«r-
i (Svo Paruma.
nm-i]. — Sftrgctit,
trdy an ttie plnii'^
y (ifrow with IcM
ii liFH /iiim furty
Silva of Norlti America.
Tab. DCXIII.
C t: Fa.r<'n ,lel .
ABIES CONCOLOR, l.indl &Gord.
A.Hinvrcn.r MrtJ^'.
Imp ^T Tanrtir , J^iirus'
Tiapme
\
1
Ii
«=Ef.Trs««aBwaiisv*;^
aUy
CONiraRil.
UIVA or NOttTB AMERICA.
125
ABIfii AMABILIS.
Wliit0 t\t.
Bracts of the cone-8c»|ei» rb^mbk Of oblotig-obovate, gradually narrowed into long
slender tips, half as long m (h@if >mt\m, Leaves dark green and very lustrous above,
silvery white below, rounded* fU>totl6d< Of acute, or on fertile branches acuminate and
occasionally stomatiferous on i\m yppof 6Ufface.
Abie* amabUis, Forbei, Pinttum W«b#m, i^, i 44
(1839). — Lindley & Gordon, Jour, ffftft, SU: tmdiii
210. — CarriJire, TraUi Conif. 'i\9, ^ (^«||, j/iMW: LitUti
Soc. Tii. 143. — Henkel & Ho«lMt#M(>F, Sffti, Nidetk
169 — S^n&Iauze, Conif. 6. — H#»p«l, Mmgfmil, »99
(exel. tyn. Abiet Uitiacarpa). — K- Umh, Pim4f: H. jut. \h
211 (excl. syn. Abiei latiocurpa)^ r^ UHg^UnHfHii OUfdt
Chron. n. ser. xiv. 720, f. 136-1« > ffot, QltmHg, ♦»»/ 4; =
Veitch, Man. Conif. 86. — LmcIh, fimmftt timdfi »l. »»
83 — Sargent, Jforert 3V<im N. 4m, Wh (Jmm V, A bi<
213 — Muton, Jour. Linn. Soa, tm Hi, h 1^< t; 9j
Garrf. CAiwi. ser. 3, iii. 764, i. lO^i Jim, A llsfh Sttii
xiv. 189. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam, S6J/ = fc#»HH««, H»pi
California State Board Fonttry, m, \9^ {§l)m=timfiif*
of California); Wut-Ameruun Oomfimfm,6ii Bull
Sierra Club, u. 163, t 24 (OoM/tn fif tfm Po^ifk
Slope). — Beiunei, Handb. Nadelh: m, f, J8«/ = ««fr
WD, Jour. B. Hart. Soc. xiv. 466 iPhMm Smmm)i —
Koehne, DeuiMKe Dendr. 16.
FinuB grandis, D. Don, Lambert Pmun, i^, i- 0^§?);
Pioaa amabUis, Loodon, Arb. BrU. n, Sm ^ pmj, I IMi
2248 (1838). — Knight, Syn. Conif. 39. — Gordon, Pin«-
tum, 164 (ezcL tyn. Pinui lasioearpa) ; ed. 2, 213 (excl.
•yn.). — Newberry, Paeifia B. B. Bep. vi pt. ii. 61,
1. 18. — (NeUon) Senilis, Pinaeeas, 36.
Aoea grandis, London, Arb. Brit. it. 2341 (in part) (not
Abie* grandie, Lindley) (1838).
tiava amabiUs, Antoine, Conif. 63, t. 26, f. 2 (1840-47). —
Hooker & Amott, Bot. Voij. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher,
Syn. Conif. 104. — Lawson & Son, List No. 10, Abie-
tinea, 11. — Dietrich, Syn. Coaif. v. 394. — Parlatore,
De CandolU Prodr. xvi. pt ii. 426 (in part). — W. B.
M'Nab, Proa. B. Iriih Aead. ser. 2, u. 677, t 46, f . 3, 3 a
(excl. syn.).
Pinvm lasiooarpa, A. Murray, Bep. Oregon Erped. 1, t. f.
(Picea on pUte) (not Hooker) (1863).
AMefl Krandis, A. Murray, Proe. B. Sort. Soe. iii. 308,
f. 1-2 (not Lindley) (1863) ; Qartevflora, x'" 118.
Abies lasiooarpa, A. Murray, Proe. B. Sort. o'oo. iii. 314,
f. 17 (1863).
Abies grandis, var. densifoUa, Engelmann, Trant. St.
Louie Aead. iii. 699 (1878).
A tree, often two huudFiw^i ftn4 Miy tmi jfl height, or at high altitudes and in the north usually
not more than seventy or mghiy U^ t»llf wHb fl iftitik from four to six feet in diameter, in thick forests
often naked for one hundreil mA Mif (mi) Of JU open situations densely clothed to the ground with
comparatively short branches »w^}U}g AoWft Jtt graceful curves and furnished with elongated lateral
pendulous hranchlets. Uutil (b# ifm is ftbdtit otie hundred and fifty years old, when, in favorable
situations, it may he one hundred Mvl tw^ij^--|it6 feet high, the bark of the trunk is thin, smooth, and
pale or silvery white, and on (M if^m ii iisdotaea near the ground from an inch and a half to two
inches and a half in thickness, An4 k iftegahfiy divided into comparatively small plates covered with
small closely appressed reddUb hfSWn Of teddkh gray scales. The winter branch-buds are nearly
globose and from an eighth U) A qfMft#f o( ttii hioh in thickness, with closely imbricated dark lustrous
purple scales thickly coated with tmilii The btahchlets are stout, clothed for four or five years with
soft fine pubescence, light ormg»=hf§Wti dtifitig their first season, dark purple in their second, and
ultimately become reddish browHr fhs hikiea are flat, deeply grooved, and very dark green and
lustrous on the upper surfsAA An4 ^\i^y ifhite on the lower, with broad bands of about six rows of
Btomata occupying the spmm h^mi ibs ptottiinent midrib and the recurved margins, resin ducts
close to the lower side and hypo4#m mWs fomihg an interrupted border under the epidermis on both
surfaces and on the edges ; on Sim^ hftkmhea they are obtuse and rounded and notched or occasion-
ally acute at the apex, from tilfm «|UM(«tS t)t an inch to an inch and a quarter in length, from one
» ,-. ■i't&^i/rZ&'i ^■'^^
196
BILVA OF NOHTH AMERICA.
comrzRM,
sixteenth to one twelfth of an inch in width, often broadest above the middle, erect bj a twist at their
base and very crowded, those on the upper side of the branch being much shorter than those on the
lower and usually parallel with and closely appressed against it; on fertile branchlets they are nearly
erect, acute or acuminite, with callous tips, occasionally stomatiferous on the upper surface near the
apex and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length ; on vigorous leading shoots they are
acute, with long rigid points, closely appres'ied or recurved near the middle, about three quarters of an
inch long and nearly one eighth of an inch wide. The staminate flowars are oblong«ylindrical and
from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, with strawberry-red anthers, and at maturity hang
on slender pedicels from an eighth to nearly a quarter of an inch long. The pistillate flowers are oblong-
cylindrical, from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length and about a third of an inoii thick,
with broad rounded purple scales and rhombic dark purple lustrous bracts erose above the middle and
gradually contracted into broad points. The cones are oblong, slightly narrowed to the rounded and
often retuse apex, deep rich purple, puberulous, from threo and a half to nearly six inches in length
and from two to two and a half inches in dia^aeter, with scales from an inch to an inch and an eighth
wide, nearly as long as they are broad, gradually narrowed from the rounded apex, and rather more
than twice as long as their reddish rhombic or oblong-obovate bracts terminating in long slender tips.
The seeds are light yellow-brown and half an inch long, with obliquely cuneate pale brown lustrous
wings which are three quarters of bn inch in lengrth and somewhat less in breadth.*
Abies amabilis inhabits both slopes of the Cascade Mountains,' the coast ranges of Oregon ' and
Washington, and the mountains of southern British Columbia from Vancouver Island * to the vailey
of the lower Fraser River.' On the Cascade Mountains it extends from elevations of three thousand
up to about six thousand feet or nearly to the timber-line, mingling below with Tsuga heterophylla,
Picea Engelmanni, Abies nobilis, and Abies grandis, and above with Pinus albicaulis, Tsuga
Mertensiana, and Abies lasiocarpa, and at high altitudes it often grows alone on the margins of
alpine meadows singly or in small isolated groves. On the Olympic Mountains of northwestern
Washington, where it probably attains its greatest sl?«, Abies amabilis ia the most common Fir-tree,
occupying well-drained slopes and benches and less commonly the banks of streams at elevations of
from twelve hundred feet up to the timber-line, which is here about four thousand five hundred
feet above the sea, being most abundant and, with the Hemlock, forming a large part of the forest
between elevations of three and four thousand feet. On the mainland of British Columbia, associated
with Tsuga heterophylla, Tsuga Mertensiana, Pinus albicaulis, and Pinus monticola, it is common
above the forests of Pseudotsuga at elevations of from four to five thousand five hundred feet above
the sea.
The wood of Abies amabilis is light, hard, not strong, and close-grained ; it is pale brown, with
'«
' On a ridge of the Olympio Mountains aeparating the iraten of
the Sulduo from thoae of the QuUljhute, I found, on August 19,
189(1, at an elevation of four thousand &vu hundred feet abore the
sea, an Abies from sixty to eighty feet in height, growing with
Ahiea tatioearpa and Abia amaHlis, with the slender spire-like
head and the foliago of the former and the cones of the latter. It
was, perhaps, a natural hybrid between these species.
' A bits amabilit ranges nearly to the southern end of the Cas-
cade Mountains of Oregon, tbe most southern tree seen by Dr.
Coville, in 1807, being " on the eastern slope of Old Bailey Moun-
tain, which lies on the west side of Diamond Lake about twenty
miles north of Crater Lake. Proceeding northward from this point,
we did not see the tree again until we reached the extreme southern
head-waters of the WilUmette Hirer, about twelve miles north of
Diamond Lake. Here on the northern slope of the Calapooia Moun-
tains, close to their junction with the crest of the Cascades, the tree
grew in great abundance on northtrn slopes." (Coville, in litl.)
' The most southern point at which Abia ttmahili$ has been seen
by Mr. A. <T. Johnson of Astoria on the coast ranges is on Saddle
Mountain, twenty-Bve milea south of the mouth of the Columbia
River.
* In 1887 Abie$ amalnlu was fonnd on Vancouver bUnd by Mr.
John Macoun, on tbe summits of Mounts Monk, Benson, and Arrow-
smith, where it grows with Ttuga Merlauiana, (See Maooun, Col.
Can. PI. iv. 336.)
* In July, 1880, Abia amabilit was first fonnd in British Colum-
bia by Engelmanu, Parry and Sargent, on the high mountains
south of Yale on the lower Fraser River.
The northern range of Abie$ amabilit is still to be determined.
It grows so abundantly to a large siie at high elevations on the
mountains rising above the lower Fraser River valley that it may
be supposed to extend much farther north along the coast ranges
of British Columbia.
CUHiyHRA.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
127
nearly white lapwood, and contains dark-colored resinous bands of imall •URllMf entls and numerous
thin medullary rays. The speciiio gravity of che absolutely dry wood is O.'l'i'iH, a oulno foot weighing
26.35 pounds. Under the name of larch it is occasionally used in Wa«hiiigtoii in tie interior finish
of buildings.
Ahiea amabilia was discovered on the Cascade Mountains just south of th« Columbia River in
September, 1825, by David Douglas, who introduced it into Englisli gurdeiiit.'
Unsurpassed among Fir-trees in the beauty of its snowy bark, dark grmm lustrous foliage, and
great purple cones, Abies aniabilia can never be forgotten by tlioM) who liiivo seen it at midHummer
towering high above alpine meadows clothed with Lilies and gruat nodding l)))gt«)oth Violets, Dryanthus
and Cassiope, Rhododendrons, Lupins, Painted-cups, and all the other llownrs which make the upper
valleys of the northern Cascade Mountains the most charming natural gurdiiiiH of the continent. When
transferred from its mountain home Abies amabilia does not reully Hourish, although a few of the
oldest specimens in Europe have produced cones." On the Athtntio Mttbourd it grows vary slowly and
gives little promise of becoming an ornament of our gardens.*
■ Douglu, Companion Bot. Mag. ii. 93. See, alio, Sargent, Oa -d.
Chrm. a. ter. xvi. 7.
> See Fowler, Oard. Chrm. 1872, 286.
Very few pUnta having been railed from Douglaa'a aeeda, Ahit$
amabiiis haa alwaya been rare in Europe until 1882, when large
ji 'pliea of aeeda were aent to England from Oregon.
' Probably the oldeat plant of Abia amabUU in the eaitem United
State! ia in the Pinetum of Mr. Joaiah Hoopea of Weat Cheater,
Pennaylvania. It ia • graft taken from the plant in the Edin-
burgh Botaiiio Garden raiaed from aeeda oolleoted by Donglaa. It
haa grown very alowly, and in 1893, when it wna about twenty-five
yeara old, it waa only aix feet high. (See Oardm and Forett, ii.
228 : vi 468.) Id eaatem Mnaaaehniettai where Abitt amabUit
waa iutroduonl in IfMO tlinmgh tb« Arnold Arboretnia, It haa
proved ratbar tender and gtnwn v«ry ilnwiy,
Even in ita native fariiat* AliUt iimahtUii la a alow-growing trea.
The log apeoimen in tkn itomp (iitllnetlon of North American
Wooda in tba Amerlaaii Momiihi «f Natural Itiitory, Now York,
out on tba Caaeada Moundtiiia iif Of«Kn«i, near the Columbia River,
ia aevenleen and una half IimImm Ih diameter Inalde (he bark and
one hundred and eighty yiu* old, with two and one eighth inchea
of aapwood oonUiiiing MtVfNty l»yi<f« of annual growth. A tree
out in 1896, un tba baiika itt the Noldiio River, Waaliington, in a
region of eaeaaaiva rainfall ii|Ni«lally favifrable for the rapid growth
of treea, waa one bundrad iiMt twKnty.flva feet high, with a trunk
nineteen iuebaa in dl»iii«t«ri «(hI mm buiidred and fifty years old.
! !
11
I
! I
s ■
iil
)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Platb DCXIV. Abikh amabilm.
1. A bi-snch with ttaminate flowers, iutur»l aixa.
2. A itainiiuta flower, enlarged.
3. An uther, seen from below, enlarged.
4. An anther, side view, enlarged.
6. A branch with piatillatd flowers, natural siia.
6. A bract of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
7. A scale of a piatiUate flower, upper side, with its bract and
oTules, enlarged.
8. A fruiting branch, natural size.
9. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
10. A eon»4cale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
11. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
12. An embryo, enlarged.
lo. The tip of a leading shoot, natural size.
14. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
16. Winter-buds, natural size.
16. A seedling plant, natural size.
Silv* of North Arnertc*
m^'^
-::.'< 'y •
\1
if ■
'■'■'-■f4:
J
'ff'i^' 'y.:
,4'\
^
o
!
^
ir ^1
■ -■:i
»X»>tA!<IATKM or
.,•■, u.'ii Initu b«l»*. ««larfk4.
t. An kiiilinr, •ido «i<w, rnlargxl
S A btwirh witb (lialillalc llowen. n»t«n> ■••
A A brM!t u/ ■ |itttiUiU« H.'Wrr oniMKwl
1. A k^J* 'it » |*rtill»»<i llowdT 'i(.,*t M''- • ^
ovulm. «pl»rg»iL
8. A frailinjf brmnoh. nalnril »i«.
9. A c<>iM»-«i-ai<-, lower Me. wi'l' it» bfiwt, iiUurkl mm>
10. A coii»-o«a!». opptr »\if, with iu MaiU, natural mm.
11. Vertifal wfliun of • ••wl, enlirgsd.
12. An rmhryn, riilarKcH.
in. llif! tip of a Iriuliiiij ahixtt, tiaturil aits.
14. Craa Mellon of ■ le:i( maj^nilinl fiftc'Sn ilia
l.'f. Winl»r-ba(li. natural »i\ui.
m A Mwlling I'laat, natural nu.
Stivk or North Am«ncA
T4b DC XIV
I,'
C. K. Faron- dsL.
/Iitplltt tr.
ABIES AMABILIS , Forbes,
A lUarrptij: liirtw •
Imp. J !'it/ieut Pfifu
0
^qniMM
Jr J<
coMirsj
B]
rigid i
yellow
loosely
Abies V
Laud
Oardi
State
nia);
Club,
Finus V
(1836;
Pinus bi
(1837;
30.—
licher,
trioh, ;
tore,
M'Nal
Pioea bi
(18381
BrU.
cecB, 3
Toxodiu
Lambi
Abies bi
A
feet in i
long sii
pyramic
while tfa
neigh be
one ha
fissured
three
thicknei
increasi
and the
reddish
The let
base, w
long sl(
which
CONirERJB.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
129
I
;■!
ABIES VENUSTA.
Silver Fir.
Bracts of the cone-scales oblong-obovate, obcordate, furnished with elongated
rigid flat tips many times longer than the pointed scales. Leaves acuminate, dark
yellow-green and lustrous above, silvery white below. "Winter-buds large, with thin
loosely imbricated scales.
Abiee ▼enusta, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pb ii. 210 (1873) —
Lanche, Deutsche Dendr, ed. 2, 82, t. 16. — Sargent,
Cktrden and Forest, ii. 496. — Lemmon, Bep. California
State Board Forestry, iii. 161 (Cone-Bearers of Califor-
nia) ; West-Ameriean Cone-Bearers, 64 ; Bull. Sierra
Club, ii. 166 (Conifers of the Paoifie Slope).
Pinus venuBta, Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii. 162
(1836).
Pinna braoteata, D. Don, Trans. Linn. See. xrii. 442
(1837) ; Lambert Pinus, iii. t — Antoine, Conif. 77, t.
30. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beeehey, 394. — End-
lieher, Syn. Conif. 89. — Walpers, Ann. v. 798 Die-
trich, Syn.y. 393. — CJonrtin, Fam. Conif. 56. — ParU-
tore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 419. — W. R.
M'Nab, Proe. B. Irish Acad. ter. 2, ii. 674, t. 46, f. 1.
Pioea braoteata, London, Arii. Brit. iv. 2348, f. 2266
(1838). — Gordon, Pinetum, 146. — Lawson, Pinetum
Brit. ii. 171, t. 26, 26, f. 1-7. — (Nolson) Senilis, Pino-
eece, 37. — Coleman, The Qarden, zzxv. 12, f.
Taxodium sempervirens ? Hooker, lean. iv. t. 379 (not
Lambert) (1841).
Abies braoteata, NnttaU, Sylrn, iii. 137, t. 118 (1849). —
Hartweg, Jmir. Bbrt. Soe. Lond. iii. 226. — Lindley &
Gordon, Jour. Bart. Soe. Lond. v. 209. — Carri^re,
Traiti Conif. 196. — Hooker, Bot. Mag. Ixxix. t. 4740. —
Lemaire, III. Hort. i. t. 6. — Nandin, Rev. Sort. 1854,
31. — Planchon, Fl. des Serres, ix. 109, t. 899. — A.
Murray, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. n. ser. x. 1, t. 1, 2 j
Oard. Chron. 1859, 928 ; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,
vi. 211, t. 1, 2. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh.
167. — S^n^clauze, Conif. 7. — Hoopes, Evergreens,
199. — Bertrand, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii. 379 ; Ann,
Set. Nat. sir. 5, xx. 96. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iii. 601 ; Oard. Chron. a. ser. xii. 684 ; Brewer &
Watson Bot. Cat. ii. 118. — Veitch, Man. Conif. 89,
f . 14, 15. — Kellogg, Forest Trees of California, 27. —
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10<A Census U. S. ix.
213. — Masters, Gard. Chron. set. 3 ; vii. 672, {. 112 ;
Jour. B. Hort. Soc. xiv. 190. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam.
337, t. 9. — Beissner, Sandb. Nadelh. 488, t 138.—
Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 459 (Pinetum Dani-
cum). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 17. — Eastwood, Ery-
thea, T. 73.
A tree, from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet in height, \nth a trunk sometimes three
feet in diameter, and comparatively short slender usually pendulous scattered branches furnished with
long sinuous rather remote lateral branchlets sparsely clothed with foliage, and forming a broad-based
pyramid which fifteen or twenty feet from the top is abruptly narrowed into a thin spire-like head,
while the lowest branches often sweep the ground, unless the tree has been excessively crowded by its
neighbors. The bark of the trunk, which is smooth and pale above, near the base of the tree is from
one half to three quarters of an inch in thickness, light reddish brown, slightly and irregularly
fissured and broken into thick closely appressed scales. The winter branch-buds are ovate, acute, from
three quarters of an inch to an inch in length and from one quarter to one third of an inch in
thickness, with very thin loosely imbricated pale chestnut-brown ovate acute boat-shaped scales
increasing in size from below upward, the outer accrescent, persistent at the base of the young branch,
and the inner united into a cup and deciduous in one piece. The branchlets are stout, glabrous, light
reddish brown for three or four years, and covered during their first season with a glaucous bloom.
The leaves are thin, fiat, rigid, linear or Unear-lanceolate, gradually or abruptly narrowed toward the
base, which is enlarged into an oval disk, often falcate, especially on fertile branches, acuminate, with
long slender stiff callous tips, dark yellow-green and lustrous and slightly rounded on the upper surface,
which is marked below the middle with an obscure groove, and silvery white or on old leaves pale on
ISO
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFERJB.
f' i
the lower surface, with bands of from eight to ten rows of stomata occupying the space between the
liruttd tnidrib and the thickeued strongly revolute margins; they are remote, two-ranked from the
CONSplouous twist near their base, and spread at nearly right angles to the branchlets of lower sterile
iirittiohefi, or are somewhat ascending on upper fertile branches, and are from one inch and a half
to two inches and a quarter long and from an eighth to a sixth of an inch wide, with resin ducts
cluiie to the epidermis and hypoderm cells in an interrupted band on the upper surface and at the
angles and midrib ; on leading shoots they are rounded on the upper surface, and, standing out almost
At right angles, are more or less incurved above the middle, from an inch and a half to an inch and
three quarters long and about an eighth of an inch wide. The flower-buds resemble the branch-buds
in shape and in the texture and color of their scales, which become scarious and silvery white in the
inner ranks, forming very conspicuous involucres at the base of the flowers, which open early in May.
The buds of the staminate flowers are produced in great numbers near the base of the branchlets on
branches from the middle of the tree upward, while thosu ^f the pistillate flowers appear near the
ends of the branchlets of the upper branches only. The staminate flowers are cylindrical, from three
quafters of an inch to an inch and a quarter long and a quarter of an inch in diameter, with pale
yellow anthers which fade to a dark reddish brown and at maturity are suspended on slender pedicels
often half an inch in length. The pistillate flowers are oblong and about an inch and a quarter
in length, their scales being oblong, rounded above and nearly as long as thoir cuneate obcordate
yelloW'green bracts, with spreading lobes deni.iculate at the apex, and slender elongated erect slightly
ipreading or contorted or variously twisted awns. The cones, which are borne on stout peduncles
(tometimes half an inch in length covered by the scales of the flower-buds, vary from oval to
Mubcylindrical in shape, and are full and rounded at the apex, glabrous and pale purple-brown, from
three to four inches long and from an inch and a half to two inches thick, with thin scales strongly
incurved above the body of their bracts, obtusely short-pointed at the apex, obscurely and unequally
denticulate on the thin margins, full and rounded on the sides, which are graduaUy narrowed to thr,
eordate base, and about one third longer than their oblong obovate obcordate pale yellow-brown bracts
which terminate in flat rig^d tips from an inch to an inch and three quarters long ; from above the
middle of the cone these point toward its apex, and are often closely appressed to its sides, and
Mpreading below its middle frequently are much recurved toward its base. Firmly attached to the cone-
scales, the bracts fall with these from the thick conical sharp-pointed axis of the cone. The seeds are
dark red-brown, about three eighths of an inch in length and nearly as long as their oblong-obovate
pole reddish brown lustrous wings, which are rounded at the apex.
AMes venusta in its scattered branches, its large long-pointed buds covered by thin loosely
imbricated scales, its broad sharply pointed leaves which are never crowded and are alike on all parts of
the tree, and in its glabrous cones with the long exserted awns of the bracts and thick central axes,
differs more from the usual forms of the genus th:<n any nfbcir Fii-tree. Of the species of Abies now
known no other occupies such a small territory, for it grows only in a few isolated groves, the largest
containing not more than two hundred trees, scattered along the moist bottoms of canons, which in
Htimmer often become completely dry, usually at elevations of about three thousand feet on both slopes
of the outer western ridge of the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County, California, its associates
being (iuercua chrysolepin, Quercua densiflora, Quercus Wializeni, Arbutus Memiesii, Umhellularia
Cali/ornica, Acer mat-rophyllum, Pinua Coulteri, Pseudotsuga mucronata, and Alnus rhomhifolia}
' The most southern point from which A bie$ venuita hH been
fe|ior(e(] is in Hear CaAon, which faces the easti and is about twenty-
five fnites south of l^os Burros Mines, near Punta Crda, where
there is a grove of about two hundred trees. It is scattered along
the banks of the San Miguel CaBon on the eastern slope of the
(HKiat ridge, just south of the trail from King's City to Los Burro*
Mines, nnd grows in a caSon immediately north of the Swi Miguel
Gallon, and in a cation at the head of the Nacimiento, while ten
miles farther north tbe presence of two trees has been reported.
These stations are at elevations of about three thousand feet above
the level of the sea, and I have been unable to hear of trees grow-
ing above six thousand feet, aa described by Douglas (Companion
Hot. Mag. ii. 162), or of the trees of which William Lobb wrote in
1883; —
CONIFERA.
CONIFER^E.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMEIUOA.
131
letween the
from the
ower sterile
and a half
resin ducts
and at the
out almost
inch and
)ranch-hud8
vhite in the
ly in May.
ranchlets on
ear near the
from three
er, with pale
ider pedicels
nd a quarter
kte ohcordate
erect slightly
»ut peduncles
rom oval to
!-brown, from
sales strongly
ind unequally
TOwed to thr,
-hrown bracts
[>m above the
its sides, and
id to the cone-
The seeds are
iblong-obovate
^ thin loosely
on all parts of
k central axes,
of Abies now
res, the largest
"ions, which in
on both slopes
., its associates
Umhellularia
I rhomhifolia}
cimiento, while ten
has been reported,
bouaand feet above
hear of trees grow-
loiiglaa {Companion
liam Lobb wrote in
The wood of Ahiea venuata is heavy, not hard, and 00AFH9^ained \ it is light brown tinged with
yellow, with paler sapwood, and contains broad ooDspiououg reeiflOUS bands of small summer cells and
numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity tA the abttolutflly dry wood is 0.6783, a cubic
foot weighing 42.27 pounds. Although it is perhaps oooMiODally utl«d for fuel, the inaccessibility and
steepness of the canons which this tree inhabits and the HpArMMM of the population of the region have
prevented employment of the wood for other purposeg.
Abiea venuata was discovered* by Dr. Thomas Coulter^ i» lidlj in 1863 it was introduced by
William Lobb' into English gardens. Fortunately this bpftutiful tre<«, one of the handsomest and most
interesting of its race, has thus found a foothold in tba Old World/ for the fires which are frequent
and destructive in the forests of the dry coast ranges of tioutberH California seem destined sooner or
later to exterminate it from its last retreat in America *
" Along the summit o( the central ridges, and about the highest
peaks, in the moat exposed and coldest places imaginable, when no
other Pine makes its appearance, it stands the severity of the cli-
mate without the slightest perceptible injury, growing in slaty rub-
bish which, to all appearance, is incapable of supporting vegetation.
In such situations it becomes stunted and bushy, bat even then the
foliage maintains the same beautiful dark green color, and when
seen at a distance it appears more like a handsomely grown Cedar
than a Pine." (See Gard. Ckron. 1863, 436.) Since Lobb'd time
fire baa probably destroyed all the trees except those which warn
protected by the moisture in the bottoms of the deepest caSons.
> Tate Hooker, Bot. Mag. Ixxix. t. 4740.
< See iii. 84.
• See x. 60.
* In sheltered positions in the milder parta of Great Britain and
in northern Italy Abia vmiuta has grown rapidly and vigorously
and has produced cones. The tallest specimen in England of which
I have heard is at Eostnor Ca.<tle, in Herefordshire, where there
is a tree over sixty feet in height \. II.Kent tnUtt.). The largest
specimen in the park at Tortworth Court, Gloucestershire, whicb
WM prsbHbljF ptKHl«4 bstWMin 1868 and 1862, in May, 1897, was
flftyHwn tuti in b«i^t, with ■ trunk two feet in diameter at one
foot nbnvA (Im gtimu4. (8m Qard. Chron. ser. 3, xxi. 306.) Hr.
Kent r»p«rt« mnn\ otiltt healthy specimens from forty to Bfty
feet in bpiftll in iifteteni parts of England and Scotland. For
n(>t»s Ofl Abiu vmuila Ih Knrope, see, also. Fowler, Gard. Chron.
UTS, 8M. = N i«(Mlw«, aardm and Foral, U. 667 Maston^
Qard, Gkrm, mt, 8| t. 848. —J. 0. Jack, Garden and Foretl, iv.
an,
Iff tiM mitn (/Hl(«d Slates Abiet venuila has not proved hardy
iff Uiy p»r( of (Iw militfy where it has been tried.
f Abm nmmla {H'oblibly always grows slowly, as might be ex-
P«8t«d itsm th« aridity of the region it inhabits. The log specimen
in tb« JmhP (!()ll««tinrt of North American Woods in the American
MlWHin «l Nutuntl History, New Tork, out by T. S. Brandegee
iff nn« «:{ %\m mflotio of the Santa Lucia Mountains facing the
oeam, \» imm\,}l=timt Wld three quarters inches in diameter inside
(be b»rt( MhI m» bHHdred and twenty-four years old, with an inch
fff Mtpweed «m»ki\ii of torty.«ne Uyera of annual growth.
iiii
■i
-^i.™-^-
EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES.
Plate DCXV. Abixs tenusta.
1. A bnuich with Btaminatn flowers, natanl size.
2. A ataminate flower, enlarged.
3. An anther, aide view, enlarged.
4. An anther, seen from below, enlarged.
6. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size.
6. A scale of a pNtillate flower, upper side, with its bract and
OTules, enlarged.
7. A bract of a pistillate flower, lower side, enlarged.
8. A leaf, natural size.
9. Cross section of a leaf magnified fifteen diameters.
10. Winter-buds, natural size.
Platr DCXVI. Abies TBNUgTA.
1. A fruiting branch, natural size.
2. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
3. t cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds and bract, natural size.
4 A seed, enlarged.
6. Axis of a cone, with its peduncle, natural size.
I
..:^
•**-*,\
'X
■*s>
'\
.;rfl»»
■"5«^
I
i
-k**^'
iiili
H^^
Exi'iJk.NAn<>» * i«* nj^nm.
i .<>. %.rt(>irr, j**ii fron: ti«lo«', tauitMvi.
5. A br»n«li with fiMtilUtn tIow«iii, natur&l am.
C. A scuIr of a pistillate Howcr, upper ' with ita bntc) uid
T. A brnci of ^ pi»titliir** i^cfff. \-*'*. ivi', iit^ryfj/
8. A leaf, uatural iii/«.
9. Crmi Koction oF a leaf magnitied ljft«en diantoter^
10. Winter-bad«, natural bim.
Plate DCXVI. Abiks tbntista.
1. A fruitinf; liranch, natural mie.
2. A I'oiie-icale, lower 8i<lu, with its bract, natnral «ir.n.
',: A i-ono-Hcalft, upjier aid*, with ita aeedi and bract, nataral aize.
4 A aecd, «nlarge<l.
<'' Kiif of a cune, with iU pwlunele, natiral niie.
Silva of North America
Tab. DCXV.
)
u.-i
' [
Ul
C-E.Fa^rn^n tiW
Himein .
ASlES VENUSTA, K.Koch.
AfUffrmtf i/imf '
Tmp. . K Tarwtir, Paru'
^"Si
*
._,L .lir
3ia
^^'
:^
\\\ I
H
k\
ABIES VKNU3TA
III
P
I.' '
Silva of North America
T«V DC XVI
C E fii^m tiel
JUipiMf
ABIES VENUSTA, K.KocK.
A. JiiOitetw i/inw
Imp.J.Taneur. J\iris.
cotwnttLM.
8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
ABIES NOBILIB.
Red Fir. Laroh.
Bracts of the conc-scalcM sputulutc, full, rounded, and flmbriute iibovo, long*
pointed, recurved, nearly covering their hcuIch. Leaves light blue-green, diNtinetly
grooved above, rounded and emurginutc at the apex on lower branchcH, crowded,
incurved, nearly equally 4-8ided and acute on fertile branches.
▲blM nobUla, Uodley, Penny Cyel. i. 30 (1833). ~ Purbei,
Pinetum Wohum. 110, t. 40. — Link, Linmra, it. 632. —
Lkwwn & .Son, Agrie. Man, 374. — Spaeh, Uitt. Vtg. xi.
419. — NutuU, Sylva, Hi. 136, t. 117.— LindUy & Oor-
don, Jour. Hort. Soe. Land. y. 209. — Carri^re, Traiti
Conif. 198. — Hankel A Hochitfittar, Syn. Nadelh. 168. —
S^nfclkuza, Conif. 10. — K. Koch, Dtndr. ii. pt ii. 209. —
Engelmann, Trant. St. Lonli Acad. iii. 601 (in part) ;
Qard. Ckron. n. wr. xii. 684 (in part) ; Brewer Jc Wat-
ion Bot. Cat. ii. 119 (in part); Bot. QoHette, vii. 4. —
Veiteli, Man. Conif. 101. — Laueha, Dtuttche Dendr. ad.
2, 83. — Sargant, Forett Trees N. Am. XOtK Census V. S.
ix. 214. — Maatan, Oard. Chron. a. aar. xxir. 652 146 ;
Jour. Linn. Soe. xxii. 188 (excl. bab. Mt Sliiuita and
Tar. magn\liea) i Jour. R. Hort. Soe. xit. 193. — Syma,
Oard. Chron. n. aar. xxt. 396. — Mayr, Wold. Nordam.
360. — Lamroon, Rep. California State Board Forestry,
iii. 141 (Cone-Bearers of California) ; West- American
Cone-Bearers, 61 ; BuU. Sierra Club, ii. 164 {Conifers of
the Paei/le Slope). — ha\unn, ffamlb. tfitdllH, 4114,
f. l:i6, 137. — Hanaan, Jour. K. Hurl. Sue. ily. 470
(Pinetum Danieum). — Koahna, Deulinke Demtr. VI,
Pinna noblUa, D. Don, Lambert Pinus, iii, t, (IM.'I7), —
Houkar, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 162. — Antolna, Conif. 77, I. 20,
r. 2. — Hookar Ai Amott, Bot. Voy. Bssehsy, im. —
Endliebar, Syn. Conif. 90. — Lawaon 4 Non, LUt No,
to, Abietinea, 12. — Diatrleb, Syn, v. 303, — Cuurtin,
Fam. Conif. 67. — Parlatora, De CandulU Prodr, xvl, pi.
ii. 419. — W. R. M'Nab, Proe. U. JrUh AeaJ, Mr. 2, Ii,
690, t. 49, f. 20, 20 a, b.
Pioea nobUia, Loudon, Arb. Brit, iv, 2342, I, 2240, 2260
(1838). — Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Umllay * UiitiUin,
Jour. Hort. Soe. Lond. y. 200. — Oordon, Pinetum, 140 1
Suppl. 48. — Newberry, Paci/ie R. B. B*p, *l. pt. III, 40,
00, f. 17. — Uwaon, Pinetum BrU. ii. IHI, (. W, 20, (.
1-18. — (Nelaon) Sanilia, Pinaeew, 00.
Pioea (Pseudotauga) noblUa, Bartrand, Ann. Hal. Nat,
tit. 6, XX. 86 (1874).
A tree, in old age ' with a comparatively broad and somewhat rounded head, and uitiialiy from on*
hundred and fifty to two hundred and occasionally two hundred and fifty feet in height, with u niiWNivo
trunk from six to eight feet in diameter, short rigid limbs disposed in regular remote whorls, uiiil iihort
stout remote lateral branches standing out at right angles, the ultimate divisions genorully pointing
forward and the whole forming great flat-topped masseG of foliage. Until the tree is from ei^lity to
one hundred feet in height the tapering stem is covered with thin smooth pale bark and uluthed to tli«
ground with branches which form a regular open pyramid gradually narrowed to the slender itpox,
but from the lower portion of the trunks of older trees the branches gradually fall, oft«ii leaving
them naked for one hundred or one hundred and fifty feet when fully grown, the bark on the old
trunks being from one to two inches in thickness, bright red-brown, and deeply divided into brood
flat ridges irregularly broken by cross fissures and covered with thick closely appressed Hoahi*. Tho
winter branch-buds are ovoid-oblong, about an eighth of an inch in length, and covered by uvata
acute red-brown scales usually thickly coated with resin. The branchlets are comparatively Hluiider,
puberulous for four or five years, bright reddish brown during their first season, and then gntdually
> The log ipeoimen in the Jeiup Colleotion of North American thick and mth one hundred and twelve layen of annual ({rnwtb,
Woods in the American Muaenm of Natural Hiatory, New York, It ia probable, therefore, that trees of thia apeciaa live, iiiMlur favof-
out on the CRUCftde Muuntaina near Portland, Oregon, is twenty and able conditions, far beyond three hundred years, wbliill \im unuitlly
one half inches in diameter inside the bark and two hundred and been considered the limit of the Ufa of any of the Awarioan l''lf>
ninety-two yeara old, with sapwood three and one eighth inches trees.
1
Mi
134
SJ'^.VA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONIFEILS.
CONIi
grow darker. The leaves are marked on the upper surface with deep sharply defined grooves which
sometimes do not reach quite to the apex, and are rounded and obscurely ribbed on the lower surface,
stomatiferous above and below with numerous rows of stomata, dark or light blue-green, and often very
glaucous during their first season, with generally a single fibro-vascular bundle, resin ducts close to the
epidermis of the lower surface and midway between the edges and the midrib, and hypoderm cells in an
interrupted band chiefly confined to the middle of the leaf on the upper and lower surfaces and to its
edges ; the leaves are crowded in several rows and are erect, those on the lower side of the branch by
the twisting of their bases, shorter on the upper side than on the lower and strongly incurved with the
pointo erect or pointing away from the end of the branch ; on young plants and on the lower sterile
branches of old trees they are flat, oblanceolate, rounded and usually slightly notched at the apex, from
an inch to a'^ inch and a half long and about a sixteenth of an inch wide ; on fertile branches, where
they are more crowded than on sterile branches, they are much thickened and often almost equally four-
sided, acuminate and furnished at the apex with long rigid callous tips, and generally from one half to
three quarters of an inch in length ; and on leading shoots they are flat, gradually narrowed from the
base, which is about an eighth of an inch h le, acuminate, with long rigid points, and about an inch
long. The staminate flowers are cylindrici;' and from three quarters of an in ..h to an inch in length,
with reddish purple anthers, and at mixturity are suspended on slender pedicels from one quarter to
nearly one half of an inch long. Ihe pistillate flowers, which are mostly confined to the upper
branches, but are often scattered ovnr those below them, are cylindrical, from an inch to an inch and a
half long, and from one quarter to one third of an inch in diameter, with broad rounded scales much
smaller than their nearly orbicular bracts, which are erose on the margins and contracted above into
?1(>nder elongated strongly reHoxed tips. The cones are oblong-cylindrical, slightly narrowed, but fuU
and rounded at the apex, from four to five inches long and from two to two and a half inches in
diameter, purple or olive-brown and pubescent, wi^h scales which are about one third wider than they
are long, and gradually narrowed from y'.e rou)>d>Hl apex to the base, or more often are full at the
sides, rounded and denticulate above the i: \-\&, and t\\^n abruptly contracted and wedge-shaped below ;
they are nearly or entirely covered by tlieir strongly .eflexed pale green bracts which are spatulate,
full and rounded above and fimbriate on the largiiis, with brc id foliaceous midribs produced above
the body of the bract into short broad flattened points. The seeds are half an inch in length, pale
reddish brown, and about as long as their wings, whicb am gradually narrowed from below to the nearly
truncate slightly rounded apex.
Ahiea nobilis inhabits the Cascade Mountains from the slopes of Mt. Baker in northern
Washington * to the valley of the Mackenzie River in Oregon,' and the coast ranges from the northern
slopes of the Olympic Mountains in Washington ' as far south, at least, as the valley of the Nestucca
River in Oregon. Probably attaining its largest size on the high coast mountains of Oregon, it is most
abundant on the western slopes of the Cascade Range in Washington and northern Oregon, where it is
common from elevations of two thousand five hundred up to five thousand feet above the sea, and
forms the largest part of the forest between elevations of three and four thousand feet, mingling below
with
amai
Case
strea
resin
absol
luml
Sept
ama
park
the i
eastc
mucl
inha
» B
Oard.
• X
Engh
feet i
gronn
King-
■ During the sommer of 1897 Abia ndhUit wu fonnd od the
south side of Ht. Baker by Mr. A. J. Johnson. (See Corille, Gar-
den and Farat, x. 617.)
As the northern end of the Cascade Mountains has been Tery
Uttle explored, Abiea nobilU may be supposed to range somewhat to
the north of Mt. Baker, which is the most northerly of the high
volcanic peaks of the Cascades, and possibly to reach the borders
of British Columbia.
The Fir found by Lyall on the Cascade Mountains, near Lake
Chilukweyuk, and doubtfully referred by him to Picea nobilii (bal-
tameat) (Jour. Linn. Soc. vii. 143), may possibly have been Abie$
nobilis at a more northern station than it has since been seen, and
north of the boundary of the United States, but I have not seen the
specimen.
' See CoTille, /. c.
* In August, 1896, I found a single small plant of Abitt nobUit
on a slope above the Solduc River at an elevation of three thousand
feet above the sea and near the nnrthem base of the Olympio
Mountains, and the following year this species was seen by Dr.
C. Hart Herriam in the same region.
COMFS&dE.
Dves which
er surface,
often vety
lose to the
cells in an
and to its
branch by
d with the
iwer sterile
apex, from
shes, where
jually four-
one half to
from the
mt an inch
in length,
quarter to
the upper
inch and a
wales much
above into
ed, but full
f inches in
r than they
full at the
iped below ;
:e spatulatc,
luced above
length, pale
o the nearly
in northern
the northern
be Nestucca
in, it is most
, where it is
the sea, and
ghng below
lave been Abie$
B been aecn, and
ave not aeen the
of Ablei nobilii
F three thousand
}f the Olympic
tag aeeu by Dr.
CONIFERS.
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
135
with Tsuga heterophylla, Paeudotmga mucronata and Abies grandia, and above with Ahiea
amahilia, Ahiea laaiocarpa and Tauga Mertenaiana, On the eastern and northern slopes of the
Cascade Mountains it is less abundant and of smaller size.
The wood of Ahiea nohilia is light, hard, strong, and rather close-grained ; it is pale brown
streaked with red, with rather darker colored sapwood, and contains broad conspicuous dark-colored
resinous bands of small summer cells and thin obscure meduUary rays. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is 0.4561, a cubic foot weighing 28.42 pounds. Occasionally manufactured into
lumber, it is used under the name of larch for the interior finish of buildings and for packing^t^ases.
Ahiea nohilia was discovered on the Cascade Mountains just south of the Columbia Biver, in
September, 1825, by David Douglas, on a day made memorable also by his discovery of Ahiea
amahilia?
Sent by Douglas to England, Ahiea nohilia at once became a popular ornament of European
parks, in which it has already grown to a Iarg;e size and produced its beautiful cones in profusion.^ On
the Atlantic seaboard it has grown well in the middle states,' and proved hardy in sheltered positions in
eastern Massachusetts, where, however, it gives little promise of growing to a larg;e size or of displaying
much of the beauty and vigor which make this Fir-tree one of the stateliest and most splendid
inhabitants of the forests of the northwestern states.
' Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii. 93. See, alio, Sargent,
Oard. Chrm. n. aer. zri. 7.
* The speoimen in the Finetom at Dropmore, near Windaor, in
England, planted where it now ttands in 1837, waa seventy-one
feet in height in 1893, with ita lower branches still sweeping the
gronnd (J. G. Jack, Garden and FomI, vi. 14) ; and at Birr Castle,
King's County, Ireland, in 1891, there was k specimeD eighty-three
feet in height (See Dunn, Jmr. B. Hort. Soc. ziT. 86. For other
notes on Abia nobUit in Europe, see Hooker, Jour. Bot. and Kew
Gard. Mite. ix. 8o. — Hutchinson, Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc.
ser. 4, xi. 24. — Gard. Ckron. n. ser. ziz. 14, f. 2; ser. 3, zz. 274, f.
62. —Webster, Traru. ScoUiih ArboricuUural Soc. zL 61.)
' See (Jardm and Forest, vi. 4fi8.
; .
1 it
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Plate DCXVII. Abies nobilis.
1. A branch with atamiiute flowers, natural aiie,
2. An anther, end view, enlarged.
3. An anther, aeen from below, enlarged.
4. A branch with pistillate flowers, natural size.
6. A scale of a pistillate flower, upper side, with its braet and ovnles,
enlarged.
6. Vertical section of a scale of a pistillate flower, with its bract and
ovules, enlarged.
7. A fruiting branch, natural size.
8. A cone^cale, lower side, with its braet, natural size.
9. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds and bract, natural size.
10. A seed, enlarged.
11. An embryo, enlarged.
12. A leaf of a sterile branch divided transversely, upper side, enlarged.
13. A leaf of a leading shoot divided transversely, lower side, enlarged.
14. A leaf of a lower sterile branch, natural size.
15. A leaf of a cone-bearing branch, natural size.
16. Cross section of a leaf of a fertile branch, magnified iiiteen diameters.
17. A seedling plant, natural size.
Silva of Nor
I I:
!il
m
EXPLANATTO!* •'«F Ttff P?^ATK
i M '«
ft- A sVk'u jI i ^«'.iii«i*. H«»*»f, <41)M* V -■ - ' ■ !"■■
♦ i r-n. (tv Jjtaioo >< k J'jJb ol a piitillato flowpr, mth • . < .;
; A fnittinu hruirii. uMorHl mU;
8 A i-onn-fU'dlc, lower »i<li', with it» bnutt. naM""'! iliw.
9. A ronp-srale, upper sidii, with its seedn and bract, nacani mm.
10. A need, cnlar^red.
11. An embryo, enUrged.
12. A leaf of a Ktorlle branch divided transversely, npper »id«, enlarged.
1.3. A lea{ uf a les^iiug Ah(K>t divided trannversoty, lowe* side, enlarged.
14. A leaf of a lower Bterile branrb, natural .size.
15. A leaf of a eone-bearing branch, nainral size.
16. CroM section of n leaf of a fertile branch. ina)rnifleil fiiter.n diameters.
17. A !eedlin<;; plant, natural >i<>^.
Silva of North America.
Tab. Dcxv;i,
I
I i
i
C.F.Fihrofi </**/:
fm^Mimeiif . r.
ii
ABIES N0BIL:S , Lindl.
A./tithtt'u.v t/i/>Kr :
Imp. J. Tan^nr Parij.
f
CONinULS.
BILVA Of NOBTB AMERICA.
137
ASim MAONIFIOA.
fled Fir.
Bracts of the (Bon9'i»<3ttl6« oblMig^spatulate, acute, short-pointed, shorter than
their scales. Leaves hh)(u--|{r^^ fltltt often glaucous, tetragonal, bluntly pointed on
sterile and acute, crowd^U »li4 itttiUi'Ved on fertile branches.
Abies macnifloa, A. Murray, Pm, H: If»fh Sm Hi Mtii
t. 26-33 (1863); QarUnflom, m, Ji»,-- M««fc«l A
Hoohstetter, Syn. ffadelh. 4(9- ^K, Umii, Dihdf^ ». |it.
ii. 213.— Engelmuio, Trant, Mf, fiimin Amd: ))). 601;
Qard. Chron. n. »er. xij. B86, f, JMJi lifmtf * Walton
Bot. Cat. ii. 119; Bol. Giuuttg, »i», 4: = V*it*1*( Man.
Conif. 99. — Sargent, Vo,-ett frm N.- Am.- i(f(h C'eniut
U. S. iz. 214; Oard. Chron- N, m, »»¥.- m:=MMUstt,
Oard. Chron. n. »er. xw, 669, f, M# i i/mn'.- Jt: Hart.
Soe. xiv. 193. — Syme, Oard, Ohrm, ft, mt, Hf. fWR —
Mayr, WcUd. Nordam. 361.-^ |>»HH#», ti^pi OnUjifmia
StaU Board Fortitry, iii, H'i, >.. 13 {(J»m=Hmi'»t> of
California); Wett-Ainmmn Oitnti^Hmmg, 61 j MuU.
Sierra Club, u. 165 (Ooniftfl of th* J^lMUs Slopi)^ —
Beiuner, JTitiufi. Nadelh. ^9, f, l^, = Hmmil Jmlr.
B. Hort. Soe. xiv. 469 (Pinetltm fimimm)- — l/imshtn,
DmUaeKb Dendr. 17. — }li»rmm, Nnfih Aimfkm fauna,
"So. 7, 340 {Death Valley Exped. i!.). — Corille, Cowtrib.
U. S. Nat. Herb. n. 224 (Bot. Death Valley Eieped.).
Pioea maffnifloa, Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2, 219 (1867) —
A. Murray, Gard. Chron. n. aer. iii. 105, 762, {. 156.
Pinna amabiUa, Parlatore, De CandoUe Prodr. zvi. pt. ii.
426 (in part) (not Antoine) (1868). — W. B. M'Nab, Froe.
B. Irish Acad. aer. 2, ii. t 46, f. 3-3 a.
Abies amabilis, Vaiey, Bep. Dept. Agrie. U. S. 1876, 34
{Cat. Forest Trees U. S.) (not Forbes) (1876).
Finns magnifloa, W. R. M'Nab, Proe. B. Irish Aead. set.
2, ii. 700, t 49, t. 30, 30 a (1877).
Abies nobilis, Engelmann, Qard. Chron. n. ler. zii. 684
(in part) (not Lindley) (1879) ; Brewer & Watson Bot.
Col. ii. 119 (in part).— KoUogg, Trees of California, 33
(in part).
Abies nobilis, var. magnifloa, Kellogg, Trees of Califor-
nia, 35 (1882). — Maaten, Jour. Linn. Soe. zzu. 189, t.
5, f. 19-21.
A tree, in old age * iw<iA#JOM% »«Mfl«wfaat tonnd-topped and often two hundred and fifty feet in
height, vith a trunk eight or im fmi JN dittm«ft«r and often naked for half the height of the tree, and
comparatively small and short hrAmb^ UftHiged in r gnlar remote whorls, the upper slightly ascending
and the lower somewhat p9n4' l0M# AHd ftlfftished with rigid remote btoral branches, the ultimate
divisions pointing forward mA t\i§ whtAe {tmuing great broad stiff flat-topped frond-like masses of
foliage. Until it is about om bHWJfd f«tlt high the tapering trunk of Abies magnifica, like its
branches, is covered with thio smootti ^hm^J white bark which, as the tree grows older, begins to darken
near the ground ; and, when Mljf ^nmii^ ihe bark of the trunk is from four to six inches thick and is
deeply divided into broad r3!}B4s4 Mges hitiktm by cross fissures and covered by dark red-brown scales
which in falling disclosa th^ hfigUi ^nmmttiH'eA inner bark. The winter branch-buds are ovate, acute,
and from one quarter to om ihUA ut m itieh long and are covered with bright chestnut-brown scales,
those of the outer ranks being lJmti«utNtc« m the margins, with prominent midribs produced into short
tips. The branchlets are stont. JIgljt yellttW-gteen and slightly puberulous during their firs' season, and
then light red-brown and InetrOMS fm immt ««• eight years, finally becoming gray or silvery white. The
leaves, which are persistent nSHAity ftif nhmii teii years and are pale and very glaucous during their first
season, and later become hlu^grfrntf «f# flltMost equally four-sided, ribbed above and below, with from
six to eight rows of stomatft on §Mb of (ht; (mt sides, gen'^rally two fibro-vascular bundles, resin ducts
close to the epidermis and miAw^y heiUfem ih« sides and the midrib of the lower surface, and hypoderm
' The log speumen in the Je»i)p fif^f^tf^fim itf Swifc A««>«(!«n
Woods in the Amorican Museuw »f S#^f#( JJwtofJ'V J>«# totk,
which is only twenty-five inches m ^hmfl^f im4^ iim imiti It two
hundred and sixty-one yean old, with sapwood three eighths of an
inoh thick and ninety-seven years old.
!
138
SILVA OF NORTH AMh.RICA.
CONIVERJB.
oells at the four angles ; on young plants and the lower branches of older ones they aro oblanceolate,
somewhat flattened, rounded or bluntly pointed at the apex, from three quarters of an inch to an inch
and one half long and one sixteenth of an inch wide, those on ^he lower side of the branch spreading
in two nearly horizontal ranks by the twist at their base, while those on the upper side of the branch,
which are curved from below the middle, ar'> often almost erect or bent forward at various angles to the
branch ; on uppur and especially on fertile branches the leaves are much thickened, with more prominent
midribs, acute, with short callous tips, from one third of an inch in length on the upper side of the
branch to an inch and a quarter on the lower side, crowded, erect and strongly incurved, completely
hiding the upper side of the branch ; and on leading shoots the leaves are about three quarters ol an
inch long, arcuate, and acuminate, with their long rigid callous spinescent tips pressed against the stem.
The staminute flowers are oblong^ylindrical, from one half to three quarters of an inch long and about
a quarter of an inch thick, with dark reddish purple anthers. The pistillate flowers are oblong, an inch
and a half long and nearly an inch thick, with rounded scales much shorter than their oblong pale green
bracts which terminate in elongated slender tips more or less tinged with red. The cones are oblong'
cylindrical, slightly uarrowed to the rounded truncate or retuse apex, dark purplish brown,' puberulous,
from six to nine inches long and from two and a half to three and a half inches in diameter, with scales
often an inch and a half wide and usually about two thirds as wide as they are long, gradually narrowed
to the cordate base, somewhat longer or often only two thirds as long as their bracts, which are oblong-
spatulate, acute or acuminate, with slender tips, slightly serrate above tLe middle and often abruptly
contracted and then enlarg^ed toward the base. The seeds are dark reddish brown, three quarters of
an inch long and about as wide as '.heir lustrous rose-colored obovate cuneate wings, which are nearly
truncate and often three quarters of an inch wide at the apex."
Ahxts magnifica is distributed southward from southern Oregon,' finding its most northerly home
on the Cascade Mountains, where it is common at elevations of between five and seven thousand
feet above the sea, forming sometimes nearly pure forests or mingled with Tsuga Mertenaiana at its
' Mr. J. G. Lemmon hit found in the neif^liborliood of Meadow
Lake, Sierra County, California, amall and evidently ttunted treea
of AbieM magnificat vi^ conea averaging four or five iuobea in
length, which be describes •« " of a yellowish color uutil maturity "
(Abia magrU/iea, var. zanthocarpa, Ixsminon, Rep. California Stale
Board Fortttry, iii. 145, t. 14 [Cotie-Bearen of California] [1890] ;
WeMt-American Cone-Bearen, 63 ; BuU. Sierra Club, ii. 166 [Coni-
fert of He Pacific Slope']).
* On the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, on Mt. Shasta and on
the cross and coast ranges of northern California, the bracts of the
oone-ecales of Abief magnifica are full and rounded or obtusely
pointed and not acute at the apex, and are nearly a* long or usually
longer than their scales, the exserted bracts becoming bright golden
brown at maturity in their exposed parts and loosely reflexed,
leaving a considerable part of the scales of the cone uncovered.
This is : —
Abie$ magnifica^ var. Shastentitf Lemmon, Rep. California State
Board Forettry, iii. 145 (Cone-Bearen of California) (1890) ; Wett-
American Cont-Beartn, (12, t. 1 1.
tAbiet nobilit robutla, Carriire, Traiti Conif. ed. 2, 269 (1867). —
Masters, Oard. Ckron. a. ser. xxiv. 662, f. 147 ; Jour. Linn. Soc.
xxU. 102, t. 6.
Abies nobUii, var. glauca. Masters, Jour. Linn, Soc. xxii. 189, f.
18 (1887).
Abie$ Shasleniiii, Lemmon, Garden and Forett, x. 184 (1897) ;
BuU. Sierra Club, ii. 165 (Conifert of the Pacific Slope). — Co-
Tille, Garden and Forest, x. 616.
The plant figured by Or. Masters ai Abies nobilis robusla is evi-
dently of thi'i form, but the plant previously described by Carriire
under this name liad not fruited, and it is impossible to decide
from his deMriptian whether it was the form with included or
exserted bracts, and his varietal name, which is much older than
Lemmon's Skastensis, caunot therefore be safely adopted.
At the lowest elevations on Mt. Shasta, where this tree is found,
the cones are of the normal size and shape of the species, and the
bracts, although full and rounded at the apex, are not exserted or
protrude but slightly beyond the scales ; at Ligher elevations the
cones are often oval in form and not more than four inches long and
two and a half inches in diameter, with comparatively longer and
much exserted bracts. On the soutiiem SiciTa Nevada at very high
elevations the bracts of the cones of individual trees of Abies mag-
nifiea are identical in their shape with those of the north and are
much exserted, but in all the central part of the range occupied
by this tree its cone-bracts are acute and included ; and, except in
the shape and length of the cone-bracts and in the oval form of the
smaller cones produced on trees growing at high altitudes, I can
find no charaotera to distinguish from the Fir of the central Sierra
Nevada the var. Shanlensis, which is the only form from Mt. Shasta
northward. In habit, bark, and foliage the two forms seem iden-
tical, nor have I seen trees with cone-bracts which appeared inter-
medinte in form between those of the species and its variety.
* See Coville, I. e.
The most northern point where Abies magnifica, var. Skastensis,
was seen by Dr. Coville in 1897 was on the mountains east of Odell
Ijike and south of Dav^s Lake, at a point many miles south of the
moat southern station at which Abies notUis has been observed
(CoviUe, I. c).
CX>NIFERA.
>lanceolate,
to an inch
spreading
Jie branch,
ngles to tho
I prominent
side of the
completely
arters or an
at the stem.
gr and about
>ng, an inch
r pale green
are oblong-
puberulous,
with scales
ily narrowed
are oblongs
ten abruptly
e quarters of
3h are nearly
rtherly home
en thousand
isiana at its
ouible to decide
with included or
muob older tlian
dopted.
this tree is found,
9 apeclea, and the
re not exaerted or
ler elevationa the
ir incbea long iind
itivelj longer aud
ivada at very high
eea of AbieM mag^
the north and are
te range oceupied
j ; and, eicept in
9 oval fonii of the
h altitudea, I can
the central Sierra
1 from Mt. Shaata
forma aeem idcn-
h appeared ioter-
ita variety.
CONIFERS.
BILVA OF N0Ji77I AMERICA.
139
upper limits, and below with Pinua contorta and Pinua pondcrom. Tt U common on the Trinity,
Scott, and other cross ranges, and on the high peaks of tho coauf nngit ot northern California ; ' on
the slopes of Mt. Shasta, at elevations of between six thousand ilv« hundred and eight thousand feet
above the sea, it is the principal inhabitant of great forests in whi»h AMeii concolor, its constant
companion at low elevations, often appears ; southward it extends nlonK th« entire length of the western
slope of the Sierra Nevada, on which it is the principal tree in tliu tutmi lielt between elevations of six
and nine thouaitnd feet above the sea, sometimes descending in <iihi1 slindy canons a thousand feet
lower; toward the southern end of the range it ascends to elovationH of over ten thousand feet, although
above eight thousand five hundred feet, where it attains its largest »m on the fine soil of moraines
and often forms continuous nearly pure forests, it is scattered uiid usuiilly of smaller size ; ' it is also
abundant on the eastern slope of the northern and central parts uf tite Hiorro range at high elevations
and on the Washoe Mountains, one of its eastern spurs in Nevadn.*
The v'ood of Abies magnifica is light, soft, not strong, compurotivcly durable in contact with the
soil, but diSBcult to season; it is light red-brown, with thick somewhat darker sapwood and a satiny
surface, and contains broad conspicuous dark-colored bands of sniiill Niimmor cells and numerous thin
medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood in 0.4701, a cabic foot weighing 29.30
pounds. It is largely used for fuel, and in California is ocousionAlly manufactured into coarse lumber
employed in the construction of cheap buildings and for pooking^aitttN.
Abies magnifica was discovered by Fremont in Deoernber, 1840, during his second journey to
California, probably on the Sierra Nevada.* The variety Shaittemiii was discovered on Mt. Shasta by
Jeffrey in October, 1852.* Introduced into Europe nearly fifty years ago," Abies magnifica has grown
well in many parts of Great Britain' and in France and northern Italy ) in the eastern United States it
is hardy in sheltered positions as far north as eastern Massachusetts, but, like many other trees of
western North America, it gives little promise of long life on the Atlantic seaboard.
Beautiful in its early years in its symmetrical shape and in its coloring, and massive and superb in
its prime, with its tall dark stem and narrow crown, through .vhieh the light filters softly to the ground,
hardly interrupted by its slender branches and their embracing leaves, the great Red Fir, the noblest of
all its race, is a fit associate of the Sequoia, the Sugar Pine, the Yellow Pine, the Libocedrus, and the
Douglas Spruce in the forests of the Sierra Nevada which these trees make glorious.
> On Snow Mountain in Lake County, Alna magtajka, var. Shot-
leniit, ia the moat abundant tree above elevationa of aiz thouiaod
feet. (See K. Brandegee, Zm!, ir. 176 [aa i4Nei noiiUi].)
■ Muir, The Uaunlaini of California, 173, t.
' Huir, in lilt.
* Tate Herb. Engelmann.
' Tat» Herb. Engelmann.
* Abia magnijica ia aaid to have been introdnoed into England in
1851. (See Nioholaon, Oard. Diet.) Jeffrey, perhapa, drat aent
the aeedi to England, but probably ot the var. Shaileniii, ta he doea
not appear to h»r» vialM tba eentral Sierra Nevada. There waa
10 much ooiifualAtl, h«W8V»r, about the origin, the true character,
and tba mmM »f flmny «f lb* Paclflo ooaat conifera when they
were intradu««d into MHKJitnd, that It is hardly poaaible to decide
who flrat aent tlia umiU n( thia tree to Europe.
* Abiti nmgnifiim In I)«>II«vmI la b« one of the hardieat of all the
Pir-treea in Orxat Hritain, where there are a number of specimens
wbicb, in ISOS, ir«r« itum tlilrty<fl«e to forty feet in height. (See
Dunn, Jowr, H, Uerl, Heti, lif. M.)
|i
», var. Shaslmtit,
taina east of Odell
niles south of the
as been observed
KXFLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Platr DCXVIII. Abih maonifioa.
1. A bniwh with itaminftte flowen, natunl liie.
2. As Mither, lida view, enlarged.
3. An anther, front view, enlarged.
4. A branch with piitillate flowen, natural liza.
6. A scale of a piitillate flower, upper side, with iti bract and ornlee,
enlarged.
ft. A bract of a piitillat* flower, lower aide, enlarged.
I *
FLiTB DCXIX. AbIB MAOMinOA.
1. A fruiting branch, natural size.
2. A eone-acale, lower lide, with its bract, natural size.
3. A cone-scale, upper side, with its seeds, natural size.
4. A seed, natural site.
6. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.
6. An embryo, enlarged.
7. A leaf of a sterile branch divided tranSTenely, enlarged.
8. A leaf from the upper side of a cone-bearing branch, natural size.
9. A leaf from the lower side of a cone-bearing branch, natural size.
10. A leaf from a sterile branch of a young tree, natural site.
11. End of a leading shoot, natural size.
12. Cross section of a leaf, magnified fifteen diameters.
13. Seedling plants, natural size.
Platk OCXX. Abies HAONmcA, var. Shabtbmsu.
1. A fruiting branch, natural size.
2. A cone-scale, lower side, with its bract, natural size.
3. A cone-scale, upper side, with a seed, natural size.
4. A seed, natural size.
•vli'-.r
ABIES
iiiiimi^ii liiii III I iiiniiii ■ml j;-jj;b— iiiwa>>»Afti«*«m
KIPIJiJNATIUN OF Tinf fUATU.
PlATK DfXVlll
1. A knuich with •UmiiMtUi 4k'* •^
7, An Mtiiar, tUI* '>*• m>>.<i*f-<
4 A ..-.■, . >
'4 it< bTMl aad ovaJm,
'^»!«»
^<«i*> mu»mw.i
i. A :ii».'<l, nitturki tiu.
ft. Vvrtiest kwIiiii uf ■ m<k1. enlargad.
6. An embryo, enUripKl.
1. A loaf of a ntiM-ilR hranr.h Hiviiloil tranaTrnely, nnlarifod.
8. A Ivaf from the upprr aiilu ut a •.-ona-lx'arinK brnn"h, natural liw.
9. A Wnt fniiu lh« lnwcr wit: iif • conft-b«aring lirniieh. natural aiie.
10. A Imf fruin a atcrito liraiuh of a yuan;; true, natural nixe.
1 1. Kn<l of a IcadiiiK ahiKit, natural iiixi.
12. CmM Mtrtiiin of a leaf, magniUetl Hflacn (liaitu-tar*.
13. SwHilioK (tlantji, nutural titx.
Platk UCXX. AniRK MAUNmca, uar. Shaktknius.
i A fniiling lirati<-ti, natiiru) the
3. A <'w«-«<'ttl«. lower side, willi iu brart. natural niw,
3. A ea«»-«eal«, upper tide, vith a (eed. nutural (lie.
4. A M)e<l. natural aiu).
Silva of *<orth Aiti»ric»
T.», nrxviii
3
, ' E FiLivn Jc/
ABIES MAGNIFICA. A Murr
Hatn^e .^
A Jiu\reti.r iitrt\r> '
hup J /'tittf^w jUrui
LI
SilvB. of North
Tab DCXIX
i'.'£/i»ii»i Jm'
AB;F.S MA'.
f
-'f
I''
; i.
^■1
i
;
Silva, of North Americ
Tab DCXIX
VK.FtiJtm del
Rapine- sc
ABlEi MAONiriCA.A Murr
A liunr^ur liirnr ' 2mp. J. Taneur. Paru
\
SiW«, of North Amcnc*
5-^fe
"^
v
V
. l-i^A,""-,''"^ N P' '■■
I'
I
.In
I
Silva, of North Ariieno*
Tab, DC XX.
^
C £■ Faxon. dtU'
JlapuiB sc.
ASiES MAGNIFICA, vat. SHASTENSIS.Lemm
4flm¥iiiBfi mfMt
Irrji. ^/ Taflfur .^.7.".'>.
INDEX TO VOL XIL
NuBM of Ordtn an ia tMAiJ. OAmAu; of admiclad Qtmtn md
ol •yiuHiyiiu, In itallM,
W|mUt Mi4 oilMT rioft aunm. In romaa type;
AUei,06.
iINn, 1, 10, 50, as.
Abiei Ajanemu, 21,
AbieM AjanemtM, nr. mfcrmjxmia, 31.
Atna alba, 33, 37, 99.
Akiei alba caruUa, 40.
Abia Albertiana, 73.
il6ui ^fcociMiui, 21.
Abia Alcapiiana, 21,
Abiei (mabilit, 128,
Abie$ omaMu, 117, 137,
AbUi Amerieana, 33, 37, 63, 107.
Abie$ Avuricana carvlea, 40,
Abia ApoUinif, 90,
ilMtt ApoUmii, $ Panaekaiea, 99,
jl6ia ApoUinit, y Regina Amalia, 99.
Abia Araragi, 60.
i<Mef oretica, 39.
ilitef argentta, 100.
i4Met ilriamua, 113.
tAbia ammatiea, 117.
Abiea Baboreiuia, 06, 100.
Abies balsamea, 107.
AbieM babamea, 113, 121.
Abia balmmta, p Fra$m, lOB.
Abiea balaamea Hudaonia, 109.
Abia baUami/era, 107.
Abia bioolor, 21.
Abia bifida, 101.
Abia bi/oUa, 113.
Abiei bracbyphylla, 102.
i4Me( braeUata, 129.
il6ie> Bridgaii, 73.
i46ia Sninontana, 61.
i4Wef Canadetuii, 37, 63.
ilfttea Canadmiit f 73.
j4iie« Caroftniana, 69.
Abies CephaloiiioA, 96, 99.
Abia Cqahalonica, a Pamamica, 99.
Abia Cephalonictt, 0 Areadiea, 99.
Abia Cephaloniea robiuta, 99.
Abies Cephalonios, var. Apollinia, 99.
Abia Cephaloniea, var. Regina Amalia, 99.
Abiea Cilioica, 96, 98.
Abia eandea, 40.
Abia eoimuitata, 43.
Abiea ooDoolor, 121.
Abia ooneolor, 117.
Abia eoncolor, var. latiocarpa, 121.
i4M» <wneD<or, var. Lowiana, 121.
j4Mea mrvi/olia, 37.
i46«a denticulata, 28.
ylMu diverat/biia, 60.
y4Uei Douglarii, 87.
il6u< Douglarii, var. macraearpa, 98.
>4iia Douglarii, var. laxifolia, 87.
ytitei dumiua, 61.
AUes, •eonamlo prop«rti«l uf, iW.
ilUat £icU<n, lUl.
Abia EngelmamU, 43,
ilMei Bngelmanni glauea, il,
Abia tzetUa, 23, 2S, 00,
i4Ma eteelia dtnudala, 'H,
Abia txceUa, var. mtdiotimn, M,
ilMei exeiUa, var, virgata, tM,
Abiufalcala, SB.
ilMuyrrsM, 101, 103,
Abiafirma, var. i(A</a, lOt,
Abies Fraseri, lOS.
i4Me< Frauri, 107.
iiiiei ProMeri (B) nami, tOO,
iiMci Prateri, var. UudionI, t09,
Abies, fuii^al disMWi of, 101,
^Uu CMn<, 21.
ilitea Omelini, 4.
iliiea Gordoniana, 117.
Abiea grandia, 117.
/l»t« ^ratidJi, 113, 181, 130,
.ilMea gratutit, a Origomi, 117,
i4iK« grandii, var, cowotor, 131,
^Mm grandii, var, d'ni{fliini, I3A,
ylAMf grandii, var. Lomam, 131,
jlMa helerophylla, 73.
.4iK< hirltUa, 07,
ilftiM Hiipaniea, 100,
Abiea bomolepia, 90, 103,
i46ier Hookeriana, 77,
Abiea, hybrid, 07,
Abies, insect enenitM of, Ml,
Abies insignia, 07,
i4itM Japonica, 103.
i46tea Jezoeniii, 21,
i4&te< Kamp/eri, 3.
AMm Kkulrow, 23,
i4ii<t £arix, 3.
Abies laaiocarpa, 113,
i46ie> laiiocarpa, 120.
it&Mj laiiocarpa, var, Aritmtita, 119,
..4M« 'oza, 37.
i46tM teplolepii, 2.
./IfttM Lowiana, 121.
/IttM macrocarpa, 03.
Abiea magniftea, 137,
Abiea magntOea, var, 8liMt«n»ls, IfW.
.!6>M magnijica, var. lanlhoeurpg, lili,
yl.'wa J/ariarui, 28.
i4it«i medioxima, 24,
i4iin Hfenzieiii, 21, 47, 00,
ilfttea Memietii Pnrryana, 47,
i4M«» Mertemia, 77.
il6h» lUerlemiana, 73, 77>
i4MM microcarpa, 7,
ilMea microphylla, 73,
.^Ues mieroipirmo, 31,
^M« m/nor, 09.
AMm Mom), 96, 101.
ilMfO Morlnda, 22.
i^Mv mucrvmila, 87.
iIMM mueronaln, var. poluafru, 87.
ilAfea nephrolepii, 101.
i4M«* nljfni, 28, 33, 43.
i4M«/r nfjrro, * -uAra, 33.
AMm nobJ' .33.
/iM«« nn!n/ 137.
r/<MfanoMr</u»< 130.
i4WM no*"',t, var. j._ a, 138.
/(M«« ni/. >. var. /ia^{/7ra, 137.
Abim Nordmanniana, 96, 98.
Abiea Nordinanniana apeciosa, 97.
Ahia ffum'-'ica, 100.
AM^i obmiii , 24.
Abl''i Omorika, 22.
A: orimlalii, 22, 23.
Ai '^ationiana, 77.
i^Aifii Pallonii, 73, 77, 80.
i4<r<e« peclinala, 23, 63, 99.
vIMm peclinala, 0 Apollinii, 99.
Ahien pendula, 7.
Abies I'ieea, 06, 09.
i4M<f PfcM, 23.
i<Mu /%» (B) AppoUimi, 90.
Abies Ploea, economie propertiea of, 100.
Ablei Pichia, 98.
AHu Pindnm, 06.
Abiea Pinsapo, 96, 100.
Abiei Pinmpo, var. Baborenrii, 100.
Ahleipolila,21.
Abia proeera viminalii, 24.
ilA<«s Regina Amalia, 00.
Abies reliKiosa, 97.
Ablei retigioia glauceiceni, 91.
/4Wm rubra, 33, 37.
i4/rf«« ru^a ccerulea, 40.
Abies Hsohalinenaia, 97.
Ablei Schrenckiana, 26.
i4Mea sejinuaio, 98.
Abiei Shaiteniii, 138.
AMea BIblrica, 96, 07,
AMa SUnrica, var, alba, 98.
/4 Mea Sibirica, var. rwpAroJqnf, 101.
ilftfea Silrheniii, 21, 66.
/(Mm SmUkiana, 21, 22.
i4ti«« ipecia, 81.
^M«« ipectabilii, 66.
ilMe.1 ipinuloia, 22.
i4 //iff mhalpina, 113.
i4Me« lubalpina, yat./allax, 118.
i4MM laxifolia, 63, 87, 69.
i4if«s laxifolia, var. patula, 68.
t A bieiThunbergii, 21.
Ablei Torano, 21.
142
INDEX.
Abiti trigomtt 5fi.
A Met Tiuga, 60.
Abiti Tiuga nana, 60.
Abut umbellala, 101.
AbiM Voitobi, D6, 101.
A bit! yeilchi, var. .S'licWiiwiuti, OT,
Abiu veniiitn, 120.
Abitt puifaru, DO.
Abica Wubbiitim, 0(1, 08.
/4iici >r«Muiiia, 0 I'iiidnm, B8.
.i4Ai«# IVii/iunufmii, 77.
AilplgeM MbiuticoUtUt 25.
AilrlKS* Abietii, 26.
ilii'idiimi eintiniim, 101.
Algerian Kir, 100.
An(Jn>gynoiis Huwurt of Pioea. 2IK
Aiitboitvinella brachyitomai 61.
Aapidiutui Abietia, 61>
Aatcriua auda, 101.
Balm of Fir, 100.
liaUHm Fir, 105, 107, lia
Balaam, Cauula, 100.
Bnlra of Oilead Fir, 107.
BaUamea, 07.
B«er, Spruce, 31.
Black Spruce, 28.
Blue Spruce, 47.
Hlytriilium tignatum, 61.
Botrytia cinerea, 84.
Butrytia Uouglaaii, 84.
Bracteatea, 07.
Drianfon manna, 4.
Burgundy pitch, 23.
Cieoma Laricia, S.
Cnonia Abietia-Canadenaia, 61.
Cflorna Abietia-pectinatie, 61.
Calyptospora (ioppertiana, 61.
Canada balaam, 100.
Canada pitch, 6S.
Canker of Larch, 5.
Cephalonian Fir, 09.
Chermea laricifolie, 5.
Chineae Uemlouk, 60.
Chryaomyxa Abietia, 61.
Chryaomyia Ledi, 26.
Chryaomyxa Rhododendri, iiSw
Cilioiau Fir, 00.
Coleophora laricella, 6.
Colorado Sprucp, 47.
Colpoma morbidum, 26.
CoNiriKA, 1.
Daayaoypha Agaaaixii, 6, 101.
Daayscypha oalycina, 8.
Daayacypha Willkommii, 6.
Dendroctonua frontalia, 26.
Dendroctonua ruflpennia, 26.
Douglaa Spruce, 87.
Dryochotes alfaber, 26.
Kngelmann Spruce, 43.
Kuabiea, 07.
Eupicea, 20.
European Larch, 3.
European Spruce, 23.
Fendler, Angoat, 123.
Fendlera, 124.
Fir, Algerian, 100.
Fir, Balm of Gileail, 107.
Fir, Balaam, 105, 107, 113.
Fir, Cephalonian, 09.
r\t, CUician, 09.
Fir, Omik, 00.
Fir, llinialayan, 08.
Fir, Mexican, 07.
Fir, Norduiann, 08.
Fir, Had, 87, 133, 137.
Fir, Silver, 120.
Fir, White, 117, 121, 126.
Fungal diaeaaea of Abiea, 101.
Fungal diaeaaea of Larix, 6.
Fungal diamuea of I'icea, 26.
Fungiil diaeaaea of I'aeudotaugt, M.
Fungal direaaea of Tauga, 61.
Fuaiaporium Berenice, 101.
Geleohia abietiaella, 61,
Geleohia obliquiitrigella, 86.
Gibbea, Lewia Reave, 70.
Orandes, 07.
Gnipbolitba brarteatana, 84.
Greek Fir, 00.
Gum, Spruoe, 31.
Hemlock, 63, 60, 73, 99.
Hemlock, Chineae, 00.
Hemlock, Himalayan, 61.
Hemlock, Mountain, 77.
Hemlock, oil of, 06.
Hemlock reain, 66.
Hemlock, Sargent'a, 66.
Hemlooka, Japaneae, 00.
Hfuperopfuce, 50, 60.
Haptm/teuce t'alioniana, 77.
Himalayan Fir, 08.
Himalayan Hemlock, 61.
Himalayan Larch, 3.
Himalayan Spruce, 22.
Howell, Thomaa, 62.
Hybrid Abiea, 07.
Hyleainua aericeua, 26.
Hypodermella Larioia, 6.
Inaect enemiea of Abiea, 101.
Inaeot enemiea of IatIx, 6.
Inaect enemiea of Pioea, 26.
Inaect enemiea of Paeudotauga, 84.
Lueot enemiea of Tauga, 61.
Japaneae Hemlocka, 60.
Japaneae Larch, 2.
Japaneae Paeudotauga, 84.
Laehnoa Abietia, 26.
Lachnna laricifex, 6.
Urch, 7, 127, 133.
Larch, Canker of, 6.
Larch, European, 3.
Larch, Himalayan, 3.
Larch, Japaneae, 2.
Larch Sack-bearer, 6.
Larch Saw-fly, 6.
Larix, 1.
Larix Atlaiea, 4.
Larix Americana, 7.
Larix Americana pmdtila, 7.
Larix Americana prolifera, 7.
Larix Americana rubra, 7.
Larix Archangetica, 4.
Larix ■ aduci/olia, 'A.
Larix communis, var. 0 Sibiriea, 4.
Larix communis, 7 Ro*sica, 4.
Larix rammunu, var. I penduUna, 3.
Larix Dnhuricn, 4.
Larix Vakurica, a ly;>>«i, 4.
Larix Paktirica, f prolrala, 4.
Larix Daliurica, var. Kurilanaia, 4.
Larix Dohurica, var. y Japmiea, 4.
Lurix decidua, 3.
Larix dtciiiua, ■ communii, 3.
Larix decidua, y Americana, 7.
Larix decidua, 9 pendula, .1.
Larix, economic propertiea of, 8.
Larix Eumpmt, .1, 4.
Larix Europtta communi», 3
Larix Euri)/}tra cimipnt'ta, 3.
Larix Kuroptea Inxn, 'A.
Larix Kuropcea pendula, 3.
Larix KuropiTa, ■ li/pica, 3.
Larix Europaa, var. Dahurica, 4.
Larix Europata, var. Sibiriea, 4.
Larix, fungal diaeaaea of, 0.
Larix Griffilkiana, 2.
Larix GriRithii, 2.
Ijarix, inaeot enemiea of, 6.
Larix inltrmedia, 4, 7.
Larix Japonica, 2.
Larix Japonica macroeai^, 2.
Larix Kampferi, 2.
Larix Kiempferi, var. minor, 8.
Larix Kamltchalika, 4.
Larix Kurilemit, 4.
Larix tarieina, 7.
Larix tarieina, var. microcarpa, 8.
Larix tarieina, var. pendula, 8.
Larix Larix, 3.
Larix Larix, economic propertiea of, 3, 4.
Larix Ledebourii, 4.
Larix leplotepie, 2.
Larix leplotepit, $ Aturrayana, 2.
Xoriz leplotepif, var. minor, 8.
Larix Lyallii, 16.
Larix mieroearpa, 7.
Larix occidentalia, 11.
Larix pendula, 7.
Larix pyramidatui, 3.
Larix Huuiea, 4.
Larix Sibiriea, 3.
Larix tenuifolia, 7.
Larix vulgarii, 3.
Laaioapharia atuppea, 61.
Liparia monarcha, 24.
Lyall, David, 16.
Lyallia, 16.
Maekenxie, Alexander, 76.
Manna, Brianyon, 4.
Melampaora Tremube, 6.
Helexitoae, 6.
Helicla balaamicola, 101.
Mertena, Karl Heiorich, 80.
Mertenaia, 80.
Mexican Fir, 07.
Micropeuce, 00.
Momi, 101.
Monohammua eonfuaor, 26.
Monohammua deutator, 26.
Moth, Nun, 24.
Mountain Hemlock, 77.
Nectria balaamea, 101.
Nematua Eriohaonii, 6.
Nobilea, 07.
Nordmann Fir, 08.
Norway Spruce, 24.
Nun moth, 24.
Oil of Hemlock, 66.
Omorika, 20, 23.
INDEX.
Ooipem Abiatam, M.
0n(0o PiM, 90.
Pktton Spruce, 77.
Paridarmiuin Abialinum, 20.
Perideriiiium Abiatiiium, var. dMolmat, 30.
Fcridermiuin balMinaum, 101.
Paridarmium t»liinin«ra, 01.
Parldarniium Paokil, 01.
Paiiu arooaa, 101.
PieamlO.
/>ina, OS.
Pica* Ahiaa.'iO, 23.
Pioe» Abiea, andru^ynou* flowen of, iiO.
Pica* Aliiet, aaoiioiiiio propartia* o(| 9S, 84.
PisM Abiai inadioiimH, 23.
Pioan Abiaa TimiiialU, 24.
Pioaa Abiai virgata, 24.
Pioas Abiaa, v»r. iovorts, 24.
Pica* Abiaa, T«r. monatroao, 24.
Pica* Abiaa, Tar. pcnduin, 24.
Pioaa Abiea, var. pyrainidnlii, 24.
Pioaa Abies, var. atrlgoaii, 24.
Picta aeutianma^ 33.
PUxa Ajarumtis, 21, 156.
PicM Ajanentu, ■ gmiiina, 21.
Picea AJaneruiM, fi aubintegtrrimat 21.
Picta AjntietuiM, var. miemptrma, 8L
Picta alba, 37.
Picta alba caruka, 40.
Picea alba, var. arcUca, 30.
Picta Aleockiana, 21.
Picta Alcoquiana, 21.
Picta amabilit, 113, 126.
Picta Apallinui, 90.
Picea baUamea, 107.
Picta baUamta, var. Umgifolia, 107.
Picta balmmiftra, 107.
Pica* bicolor, 20, 21.
Picta Hfolia, 113.
Picta brackyphylla, 102.
Picea bracttata, 129.
Picta brtvifolia, 28.
Picta brtvifolia, var. lemifFMlnKa, 28.
Pioea Breweriana, 51,
t Picta Cali/omica, 77.
Picea Canadeiiais, 37.
Picea Canaden$i», 03.
Picea Canadensis, androgynoiu flowen of,
20.
Picea Canadensis glauoa, 40.
Picea Ctphalonica, 99.
Picta Cilicica, 98.
Picta earulea, 40.
Picta Columbiana, 43, 44.
Picta concolor, 121.
Picea crmeolnr, var. violacta, 12t.
Picta Douglatii, 87.
Picea, economic properties of, 20; 23.
Picea Kngelmanni, 43.
Picea Engtlmanni, var. Franciicttna, 43.
Picta txctha, 23.
Picea czcclta denudala, 24.
Piceii exctUa, $ medioxima, 24.
Picta iXctUa, $ viminalis, 24.
Picea txreUa, var. ntrigota, "iA.
Picea exi'Mu, var. virgata, 24.
Picta firma, !01.
Picta firma, var. A, 102.
Picta Jirma, var. B, 101.
Picea Fraxeri, 105, 107.
Picta Fraaeri Hudmnia, 109.
Picea Fraseri Hud:tonica, 109.
Picea, fungal diseates of, 26.
Pieta gUiueetetna, 01.
Pi«m (ilabui, 20, 21.
Piiuu grandit, 117, 181, 18S.
Picta hirltUa, 97.
Picta Hondoitm, 81.
Picea, insect anamiaa of, SS,
Picta Japonica, 108.
l*iae* Jasoensis, 20, 81,
Pitta Khulrow, 22.
Picta hthmaria, 90.
Picta latiocarpa, 113.
Picta laxtt, 37.
/Vra Louiana, 121.
iVm £oi(>ii, 121.
Picta magnijica, 137.
Pioaa Mariana, 28,
Pieta Mariana, 33.
Picea Mariana, var. DoomatU, 81.
Picea Maxiniowicsii, 26.
Picta JUenxitrii, 47, 86.
Picta Mtruiaii, var. critpa, OS,
Pieta miemptrma, 81.
PiVm monlana, 23.
fVna Morinda, 28.
ficM ni'jm, 28, 33.
/'imo ni'^m Doumtlii, 31.
/'uwa nigra, a ntfuamea, 28.
/>ic«a ni'yra, var. glauea, 37.
A'Ma nipm, var. gritta, 33.
/Vera ni'yni, var. rubra, 33.
/Vera noAi/if, 133.
Pieta nobilit (baltamta f), 184.
Picta Nnrdriumniana, 08,
Pi'era Numidica, 100.
Picea obovatn, 20, 24.
Picea obovata, viir. 3 Sohnnokiau, 25.
Picea Omorilia, 20, 22.
Picea orientalis, 20, 22.
Picea Parrjrana, 47.
Picta Partontiana, 124.
Picta peclinata, 100:
Pieta Pichta, 98.
Pieta Pindrow, 98.
Picta Pinmpo, 100.
Pieta polila, 21.
(Picta) Pttudottuga ncbUit, 133.
Picea pungent, 47.
ficra pungent, a viridit, 47.
/'I'wa pungtns, 0 glauea, 47.
Picra pungetit glauea pendiJa, 48.
Picra pungent, var. ATM^ i4<&er( von SacAsen,
48.
/Sera rtliginta, 97.
Pt'cra rtligiota glauetteau, 01.
Picea rnbens, .')3.
/Vera ruftra, 28, 33.
Picta rubra putilla, 37.
/Vera iSchrtttckiana, 25.
Picea Sitchensis, 65.
Picta Sitlccemit, 66.
Picea Smitbiana, 20, 22.
t Pieta Tianickanica, 26.
Picea Tornno, 20, 21.
Picea Veitchi, 101.
Picea vulgarit, 23.
Picea vulgarit, var. AUaica, 28.
Picta Webbiana, 98.
/'I'cra Withmanniana, 98.
Pieris Menapin, 5.
Pine, Oregon, 90.
Pinipestis reiiiculella, 25.
Pinsapo, 100.
Pinui, 1, 19, 59, 83, 96.
/VfHu Abiet, 23, 24, 98, 99.
f/Vmui4MM, 81.
f /Vnw >4M«f aeu(<st<iiia, 88.
Pinut Ahitt iUI<a,m.
Pimut-Abiti Am*ricana, 03.
Pimit Abin baUamea, 107.
/Vnw i4At« Camif/mju, 28, 68.
Pinui Abitt taxa, 37.
/Vnitf ^6iM /'lera, 23.
/Vnw Abia, a ptclinata, 100.
/Vnw Abiet, b Htqinm Analia, 90.
Pinut Abitt, fi Apollmu, 00.
/Vnw ilAtet, I <4/i«i/iiiu, 09.
/Vnw /46iM, I /'anaeAaica, 90.
/Vnw jIAim, I Difflino/u, 24.
Pinut Abif, • Cephttloniea, 09.
Pinw .4A<«<, var. mct/iozi'ma, 24.
/Vnw a/Aa, 33,37.
Pinut alba, 0 arnica, 39.
Pinut Atct)*fuiana, 21.
/Vnw amiibilit, 113, 128, 137.
/Vnw Americana, 28, 03.
/'mw ^merieana rubra, 33.
/%iw /Imen'eana, a alba, 37.
/Vnw Apollinii, 99.
/>inw i4rani9i, UO.
/Vnw Babortniit, 100.
/Vnw ftabamm, 105, 107.
A'nw baltamea, var. /Vweri, 106,
Pinut baltamta, var. longifolia, 107.
Pinw AiArfa, 101.
/Vnw brachyphylla, 102.
/>inw bracttata, 129.
/Vnw £runon>an<i, 01.
/Vnw Canadtntit, 37, 63, 7a
/Vnw Canadtntit fi t, 87.
Pi'nw Canadtniit, 0 nigra, 28,
/Vnw Ctphalonica, 09.
/Vnw Cilicica, 98.
/Vnw etnerra, 23.
/Vnw eommu/afa, 43.
/'tnw concolor, 121.
/Vnw Dahuriea, 4.
Pinw Douglatii, 87.
/Vnw Douglani, 0 penduia, til.
PinuM Douglatii, var. brenibraeteala, 87.
/Vnw Douglani, var. taxi/olia, f>7.
/Vnw t/umoin, 80.
/Vnw exctlta, 23.
Pinw txctlta, 0 medioxima, 24.
Pirtut Jirma, 101.
/'inw Fraatri, 106.
Pmus glabra, 40.
/Vnw grandit, 117, 128.
/•inw Griffithii, 3.
Pinw Harryana, 102.
Pinw Air(el/a, 07.
Pi'nw homolepit, 102.
Pinw Hooktriana, Tt.
Pinut inltrmrdia, I.
Pinut Japonica, 21.
Pinw Jtzotniit, 21.
Pi'nw Kampferi, 2.
/Vnw Kamtschatika, 4.
Pinw Khutrow, 22.
Pinu» too, 3.
/Vnw laricina, 7.
Pinw £ariz, 2, 3, 4.
/Vnw Lariz aUo, 7.
/'inw £arix (<4nwrtean(i!), 4.
Pinw Larix Americana nigra, 7.
/Vnw Zartz Canadensis, 7.
Pinw Zartz ni^o, 7.
Pinw Larix niAra, 7.
/Vnw £artz, a communii, 3.
144
INDEX.
I'uuu Larit, t rutm, 1.
I'mut Imtu, t nijn, 1.
/'t'niM l.nnr, A nltn, 7.
Ptnut l.nru, I laio, .1.
yinw l.nru, • rompaeta, 5.
lUntif LnriM, ^ ruttrUt 'X
I'inuM iMrir, t itthut 'X
I'inua latiarnrpn, IKI, l!iS.
l-ihUM lain, :)7, 7U.
t'inu* hnifhrnthi^ 4.
I'miui Uplfiifpu, *i.
ftnu* Linnana, till.
/'I'riMi /.jf(j//ii, lA.
/*inuj imi^i'A'Yi, 137.
lUwu A/rirmmr, *i8, lUt.
/'inui .Utiriami nthra, <'t3.
/'inuii Mrmifii, Tkr. iril^ SB.
nntu Merltfuiana, 73, 77.
Viniu mitmcarpat 7.
/>inui niynl, '.jH, ,13.
/N'nta nohilis, 133.
/'initf MWifMnnuitHi, DA.
Pi'niu Nullallii, II.
/*i'n(M f)AiiiMi/a. 2*2, 20.
Piniu nhovala, 0 .SVAnmritvina, *iS.
/'iniM f>morii-a, *2*2.
Pinu* ttrienlatu^ 22, 2A.
/*tniu imentatit, $ tongi/oUa, 3ft.
/'inu» /'nffnnMiui, 73, 77.
PinuM ptclintita, 00.
Pinui ptndula, 7, 03.
Pinuj Piem, 23, 07. 00.
/N'nu Pieta mtdiozima, M.
/•inia Pirhia, 08.
/'I'niu Pindroie, 08.
/'I'nuf Pintapo, 100.
PinutpolUa, 21.
/'inu< rtUgiota. 07.
Pt'nu ra&ra, 33.
/'inuj ruAni, B vto^iuwa, 40.
/'I'niM rutni, var. arrdra, 37.
Pimu rubra, rar. airftni longi/olia, 37.
/'tnui niira, Tw. «zru/«a, 37.
Pinui Srhrenrkiana, 26,
Pinut lelmolepii, 101.
PinuM Sihirica, 07.
Pinm Sitboldii, 00.
/>inuj Sileheruvi, 68.
/'I'nuj SmUhiana, 23.
n'nu ap. 113.
/'inut ipKtabiiii, 06.
/>iniM laxi/olia, 87, 107.
/>inu Itlragona, 37.
rfi'nuf r*uH&<r;u, 31.
/*»!» 7irAono.<t>ana, 108.
/■intu rnija, flO.
Pinut Tiugo, H nana, 60.
PinuM Veilehi, 101.
/'iniu KnuMa, 129.
Pinui viminatit, 24.
/'fMM Wtkhiana, 08.
llUih, llurxuiidjr, 23.
lltoh, Cwiwl*, IIA
Pltjoplithorua piilNtrnloa, 98.
Pul^graphua ruHiMntiia, 2A.
Puljrp4iriia uftti'iiukJia, 5.
Fuly|Miriia pirriniia, 20.
Puljr|H»riia l*ilutj*, 01.
Puljrp4irua vtilvfttua, 28.
Propuliilium 'Uiigip, 01.
P»twtt*t»utfn I hmiflntii, 87.
PMuiiiittut/n Ifimiflntti fitnutintn, 87.
Pttruittttugn l>tntt/iiniii Uu\/'iAui, M7.
Pttwiottugn Owtgltuii, Tftr. gtaura, 88.
Pttwttilguffa Ihuyiwii, vnt. mtumrarpa, flfl.
Paauilutaiiifa, eotinumir pmp«rUea uf, 84.
IHrijilut«ii|{», funfpil ilia««ai4 of, 84.
P$*wiottuifa t/tauiftvfiUt 01.
I'tnuiloUuK*, iiuiei't enemisa ol, 84.
Pacudutaugn, <Upuioac, 84.
PaeudotaiiK* J*|Hmica, 84.
Puitilofuyn Lindtryana, 87.
PaaudoUufpi marrooBrpa, 03.
Paeudiitauga inucronata, 87.
PifuilfMtugn lazi/otia, Tar. tianffata, 88.
PttudtHtuga taxi/oiia, var. auWnaa, 88.
K«h1 Kir, 87, 13.1, 137.
Red .Spnice, :«.
Rcain, llpiiiliKk, OR,
Rhagium limatiiDi, 38.
Ruat, Hpruoa, 30.
Naok-baanr, I^trah, 8.
8arf(*nt'a liiiinlook, 08.
Baw-Hy, Ureh, 0.
Hoolytua uniarinoaua, 84.
8h« Batiam, 106.
Siberian Sprun, 26.
Silnr Kir, 120.
8itka SpruM, 66.
8nak« Spruoea, 24.
Sphairclia laricina, 8.
8prmi> br«r, 31.
8pruo«, Black, 28.
Spnics, Blu«, 47.
8pruoe-biul Worm, 28.
Spmrit, Colorado, 47.
Spruce^oone Worm, 26.
8pruce, I)ou|{Ua, 87.
Spruce, Kn^lmann, 43.
Spruce, European, 23.
Spruce gum, 31.
Spruce, llimalajan, 22.
Spruce, Norwaj, 24.
Spmoe, Patton, 77.
Spruce, Red, 33.
Spmoe Kuat, 26.
Spruce, Silierian, 88.
Spmoe, Sitka, 86.
■praM, Tideland, 68.
Mpriiee, Weeping, 61.
Hpnwe, White, 37, 4S.
Hprut4tta, Hiiake, 24.
Htiiganoplyolia piiiicolaaa, 8.
Stegannptjfrha Kataliurgiaoa, M.
Siraaburg Turpentine, lOU
Tamanwk, 7, II, 16.
Taimiium mtpminnt t, 139,
Tvnu variana, *J6.
TatraiiyohuN tt>lMriua, 6.
TIdeland Npruf«, 08.
Tomieua I'iiii, 20.
Tortrii fuinifemna, 86.
Tricboaphieria paraaitiea, tOI.
Tauga, 00.
7>u|;a, 83.
Tiuga Ajantntii, 31.
Ttuga Aiherliana, 73.
Tauga Araragi, lit).
Tauga Araragi, Tar. nana, flO.
Ttugo Hrunnniana, 01.
Tauga Canadeiiaia, 03.
Tauga Caruliniana, 00.
Tauga divrraifulia, 00.
Ttugo Pimglani, 87.
Ttuga Haugltitii hrevittrarttata, 87.
Titiga Ihtugliuii fattigiata, 87.
Ttuga Douglam, var. laji/olia, 87.
Tauga duuiuaa, 00.
Tauga, eooiioniio propertiee of, 61.
Tauga, fungal diaeaaea of, 01.
Tauga heterophylla, 73.
Tiuga Hnolnriana, 77.
Tauga, inaeot enemies of, 61.
Ttuga Lindlrfana, 87.
Ttuga macrocarpa, 03.
Tauga Mertenaiana, 77.
Ttuga Merlrmiana, 73.
Ttuga Palloniana, 77.
Ttuga Palloniana, var. Hoottriana, 77.
Ttuga (Pitudnltuga) Japonica, 84.
Tiu^ RoetlU, 77.
Ttuga Sitboldii, 00.
T>u^ Sirholdii, B nana, 60.
Ttuga Silchintit, 68.
Ttuga laxifalia, 88.
riu^a Tt^ja, 00.
Turpentine, Straabnrg, 100.
Turpentine, Venice, 4.
Venice turpentine, 4.
WaUpe, 40.
Weeping 8praoe, 61.
White Fir, 117, 121, 188.
White Spruce, 37, 43.
XjrIeboruB otelatua, 26.
Xjlotanu bivittatui, 88.
1.77.
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