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^iaWfcn>a TWinwriMwr ^inm^m

A NEW

CENTENNIAL HISTORY

•>

.1 )

THE STATE OF KANSAS

BEING

A FULL AND COMPLETE CIVIL, POLITICAL AND MILL
TARY HISTORY OF THE STATE,

FROM ITS EARLIEST SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME.

'BY V •&

PROP. CHARLES r!" TUTTLE

Author of " History of Wisconsin." " History of Indiana." " History of Michigan," "HIstoiT

of Border Wars," " History of Iowa," " History of the Northwest,"

" History of Coantrles of Korth America," etc.

i^OLD ONLY Br SUBSCBIPTION.

MADISON, WIS., AND LAWRENCE, KANS. :

PUBLISHED BY THE INTER-STATE BOOK COMPANY.

1876.

Entered according to Act of CongrcBS In the year eighteen hundred anj Beventj-sl«

BY CIIAULES K. TUTTLE,

In the ofilce of the Llbrarlnn ol Confe'ress, iit WashlngtDn, D. C.

Mapi80», Wis.:

STr.nEOTTPKD AXD PBINTKD BY
ATWOUD & CULVKB.

MANrFACTVHEI) r.v

Wm. J Park & Co., 11 Kixo Sj.

Madi»u.n, Wis.

^ ^.: :.

INTRODUCTORY.

cnty-elx

U .

TV HEP r.v

Co., n Kixii Si.

J.N, Wis.

It cannot be hoped that any writer of to-day, altcmptinj; the tusk in one
brief volume, will be able to condiinse the whole of the matter necessary for
a History of Kansas from the days of the first settlement of the territory, long
before the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, to the present time; but it is
hoped and believed that by a careful collation of all known facts, and some-
times by the statement of even conflicting records, where the material for an
authentic conclusion was not available, there is now offered to the reading
public a work which will supply some of the wants of the day, and servo
hereafter as a basis of practical value, for the preparation of more enduring
literature. The genius of Buckle, Motley, Prescott and Froude, finds but few
exponents in any age, but the patience, which as much as genius itself, makes
the page sometimes valuable, historically considered, is more common, and just
that quality it is hoped has found expression in the volume now presented to
the state of Kansas, and the union. The writer has striven to avoid preju-
dice in preparing these sheets for the press, but every man is a partisan in
some degree, and with his utmost efforts cannot prevent his ccmstitulional
leanings finding utterance in his written and spoken words, when his feel-
ings as well as his judgment become interested.

The central state of the union must, in tiie progress of time, become of im-
mense importance in the economy of the nation, and may be the seat of
empire; hence it is of some moment that every possible contribution toward
its authentic lystory should be preserved in such form as will be best availiv
ble toward constructing the philosophy of its development, when Chronos
shall have ripened his fruit; and for the same reason it is to be desired that
the writer should throw no unjustifiable animus into his narration. History
should be for society and man, what the earth's crust is for the aeons of time
that have elapsed since itJ primary rocks were first solidified ; a faithful pre-
sentation of every fact and feature, whose imprint could be made before the
fugitive and protean matter had put on another semblance. The chronicler
wliose capacity may enable him to achieve a result so glorious will make a
name greater than Herodotus aimed at, or Thucydides imagined ; and there
are approaches toward that degree of excellence among the writers now liv-
ing, or just passing away. Such a design could not be fulfilled for Kansas,
except in a rudimentary and incomplete way at the present era; but it is
something to have helped in preparing the material for a great edifice, and to
llxat extent the writer hopes he has attained a measure of success.

.15^!^E'

^ ciiJiy <*' J--^is^ =iXij&^ '■.*^h^-' -■■*

^^.Fjw. f,w^u.iis^■sssfiiSissT

4 Tvttlk's IllsTOUV OF Kas'sas.

The ,..,si,ion, .limonslon., n.nnulion mul river .y.lc. of K.ns... lu^vo bm.
„„,...] u, r..i..r .hun ....■rn,..! in .....dl. because 1, --^;^ '^ j'
Lnvv..luMH.s to lum. re-ul.Tcd tlu... lull jusl n-, an-l ' '^^^ ^.'^ f / ,,,,
pnnLily to !,.■ read by the i.c.-pl., .l.o must gain thnr ul.aH b «'; ;

brl..f auration, and not by a regular course of '^'-'-; "^^^^^ ^

„,a ,., i„ „n.s.n.c..l will, so.ne inevitable,. saeritUes wluch the rtn si .1 sc 1 u
and Hiblil-Lole .ill discover. Each deparUnent already >;-'«;;•
^•hose worL abound hi just such inforniation as the n.ore ue e, t m

,,,,t sunuuarize, and to their pa.es the more pro ,und -"^; ^ ' ;
when the purpose of this work shall have been tultllled. «;"1"W' '" '
i:e 1 nl ■ invests the average reader to the extent in whe a - - - -
presence or absence of the coal nu-asures, the precious metals go. d .pan ic
1 u ding stone, and other such facts of economic value Cater.ng
ubH nd pressJd for space, speculative geology has recoved very m.
an llin.' and the circumstance requires numtion rather than "1>"1"«> • ^^"l
c e he St great aim of the merateur is to secure a buy ng and read g
c si u.ncy that will receive and renuu.erate such faithtul >" >"••'-;; »-
a e .indemand. No man has ever written for posterity alone, u Id he
"fl-s of .d failed to secure the ear of his own time. It is then ot some
imnot nee that our readers should know that Kansas coman.s none ol the
Sri-tals, and that its geological ..rn.atlon ^^^^^^^^ZS^Zl
U such discoveries. It is of greater s>gn,llcance tor "^ f ! ^^^

of the state that coal and lime and building stone abound, that salt spun s
a e uu e ous, that layers of pure salt can be found embedded among the
s n." u 1 tin t the so 1 is rich in just such principles as wdl conUnue for a
,;'ie to keep this region in the front rank among the most ertde agr -
c Uu countries in the world. Gypsum, alum and natwe sulphur, brown
h m^ite and petroleum, porcelain clay and lire clay, indicate w.ue fi Ids of
crlrpri whch will not fail to build up a gre»t commun.ty, and beyond
thlt ^Int we have not thought it expedient just now to deal w.th the geo- .

loirieal features of Kansas. . • • , .,

Km s s not densely wooded, nearly 95 per cent, of its area .s prame; but
th^-uef rests of considerable extent in some parts of the state, and m our
cm ntyskeches a careful estimate has been preserved of the per centage of
Zd b .t om land and prairie in each locality, so that the intending emigrant
Z ;' a glance whit part of the desirable region will best meet h.s pu -
Zes n ttl'ment. The climate of the state has been analyUcally consulered
s^t a 1 e merits and demerits of the several sections have been duly credited
regions and belts to which they belong, as will be seen when the reader
fc to those portions of the work which are more particularly devoted to
nieteorolo-ncal phenomena. The brevity of the winter, the dryness of the at-
molple %he umeliorating effects of tree culture, the gradual changes ob-
rvei in regard to the frequency and violence of storms, with all the mam
; ts e ating to and explanatory of the apparent change will be found so
amlled as tliat he who runs may read, so far as the limited knowledge of the
race has yet made clear the laws of the atmosphere; yet the popular reader
wUl find that he has not been afflicted with columns and pages of statistics;

ve dfiiiiiiKlctl
•ork inti'iult'il
l)y 1)111! silting
wiiole pieluro
lishcil sch'iliir
IS ita writers,
KTiil liistorirtu
liiivc rccoursf,
fology, for iii-
iliinliciUcs llio
good (luurric's
lutorini; f'>r tlu!
il very cursory
ill iipology, bc-
'jt iiml reiurmg
labor lis for tho
alone, until he
s tlion of some
ins none of the
i exijectiitiou of
ulustrial future
lat salt springs
Lied among tlic
1 continue for a
lost fertile ugri-
sulphur, brown
e wiiie ttekls of
ity, and beyond
a with the geo-

■a is prairie; but
state, and in our
iC per centage of
ending emigrant
!St meet his pur-
cally considered,
een duly credited
1 when the reader
Lilarly devoted to
Iryness of the at-
dual changes ob-
ith all the maia
will be found so
linowledge of the
e popular reader
iges of statistics;

ISTRODUCronY. *»

the writer has made a careful digest of his facts, and he submits to the public
only tlie results that are derived therefrom.

Then- U no part of the United States that has been so long and so persist,
ently misrepresented bv writers and speakers as Kansas, which continued lor
many yei.rs to Ik; described on maps and in tiooks as part of the great Amer-
lean desert ; that fact, with all of its eonsecpiences has been duly set lorlh, am
it will be found by the unprejudic.d re-,ider that Kansas has been hilly cUarcU
from the calumny once so injurious to its interests. The best answer to ho
charge of sterility is ne.:essarily supplied by the agr.:ultural products of the
state, which for quantity and for (luality have suri.assed for many years sav-
Ing only certain excei.lional seasons, not only the general average ot ho
union, but the best records of every other agricultural state. That indubiU
able fact will be seen by the reader to have been sustained by pregnant tesli-
monies which cannot be controverted. The railroads of a country fre(|uently
indicate its measure of progress, because however much speculation nmy un-
wisely extend the iron road in non paying regions, notliing but good returns,
or the immediate prospect of their attainment, will induce or enable a rail-
road company to continue to operate its lines. An authority commonly ac-
ccpted without question claims for Kansas the possession of 2,315 miles ot
railroad, and shows that there are only seven slates in the union whoso record
exceeds that aggregate. Massaehusetts has not yet 1,500 miles; 5lichigan has
not 2,000; Maryland and the District of Columbia combined present an ag-
gre-ate of less than 1,200; .Alaine, New Hampshire and Vermont, with llhodo
Island thrown in as a makeweight, still fall a few miles below the aggregate
presented by this state alone. Accepting railroad development as an index of
advancement, the prospects of Kansas are enviable in the extreme. The de-
tails of this wonderful phase of growth since the year 1801 will be found
briefly summarized in their proper place, and the contemplation of the phe-
nomena will present many curious circumstances to the mind of the observer.
The growth of manufactures, stretching in an increasing series over many
years, will be allowed as evidence of progress, and Kansas can present a very
satisfactory array (ui that basis. Ilcr manufactories of various kinds, not in-
eluding breweries and cigar factories, had increased steadily up to the year
1874, the time of the locust plague, and at that time numbered 805 ; in the fol-
lowing year the cei;sus was collected in March, before the slate had fairly re-
covered its feet ,■ i' .' that visitation, yet the aggregate had almost doubled ; tho
returns for that yeai being G04, an increase of 299, without glancing at tho
total of 108 breweries and cigar factories noted in the same return. In every
channel that permits of the registration of business activities, similar facts
might be quoted; but enough has been said to show that Kansas is building
•.trongly from the base, and must certainly become a mighty state, puissant m
manufactures as in agriculture, and equal to all requirements in the expan-
sion of her commercial relations.

The educational enterprise of Kansas is not excelled in proportion to the
extent of its population by any one of the United States; indeed il might be
easy to make it appear that too much has been done in that respect; but in
reality it is not possible for a state to procure too many educational facilities, '

|^||gf^aWiSBA%>^i^i**«^^***^«SS«*SSs^^

.«iiAaS,

All

il' -,

Tini.Ks JIisTunr of Kas'sas.

ns Ion;; ns tlic penile can \>y lione^l menus sinmrp llie arcmint ; scciii!,' tliat tlio
most (?csiriilile class of men and families will always lie allraelfd towards
that state hi wlilcli, while they find ample scopo for all their adult faeiilii<'s,
their children can he most llherally furnished with aids and incenlivej to
mental cullure. Kansas has Invested largely in schools, beyond hur means
undoul)lcdly in some few instances, but the return will not fail to he com-
mensurate before many years have elapsed. The unparalleled t'rowth of
manufaelories already referred to is one form in wliich the reward maybe
conlinuouslv recorded. {;harilal)le institulions, churches, colleges in their
several forms, slate normal schools and asylums alike testify to the praise-
worthy activity of advanced lliought and pliilnnthropic cH'ort whicli will
maintain for the state its high position. The growth of the power and im-
jicutance of the press alone would serve, were no (Mher means available, to
illustrate the steady growth of our population in industries and morale; l)Ut
as will he seen by the reader, tlie story that is told by any one department is
abundantly corrol)oraled Ijy every other.

The history of Kansas, since tlie days of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, luw
abounded in incidents as thrilling and perilous as the surprises in the drama,
or the curious ,1eiwu,iiw,ts of the modern novel, and while there has been no
attempt to e.xasrgerate for the sake of elVect, there lias been an honest eflort to
l.lace upon the printed page such a statement of causes and effects as would
make the movemenls of "Horder RuHians " and Free Settlers quite intelligi-
ble from every standpoint. Tlie movements of the several governors of the
territory, from the nomination of Mr. Kceder, in 1854, will lie found fairly and
accurately stated, os the chief events actually transpired. Tlie action of Sec
retary Woodsim, tlie conduct of Franklin Pierce, the weakness and vacilla-
tion of Gov. Shannon and his ultimate danger at the hands of his allies; the
manly resolution evidenced from the beginning by Gov. Geary and the neces-
Bity that impelled him to seek safety in tliglit, after the prot.'Ction of United
States troops had been shamefully withdrawn from him; the statesmanlike
pronuncunnnito of Gov. Walker, upon a basis settled beforehand in consulta-
tion with President Buchanan and Senator Douglas, and liis resignation when
he discovered that the president dared not abide by his promises of honest
administration; the conciliatory conduct of Gov. Denver, and of his succes-
sors, Medary and Stanton, will be found, each in tlicir order, briefly summa-
rizcd for tlie purposes of this liistory, up to the time wben the territory be-
came a state, after the election of President Lincoln, and before his inaugura-
tion because of the change worked in congressronal majorities by the sue
cess of the Republicans, and by the desperate measures resolved upon by the
opposition party in the war of Secession, which was waged long before the
fall of Fort Sumter.

There was less scope for home history after the outbreak of the war; the
impeachment and trial of Gov. Robinson and his colleagues seemed but a
small event in view of the perils with which the Union was menaced, and it
was desired to continue from the beginning in regular sequence the story of
the war as rendered part of Kansas development, by the heroism of her sons
oa the battlefields of the Rebellion, from Wilson's Creek to Pittsburg Land-

:^J

^ .^,— -—.u-jO*-,— -J -i^U^ -r'

■I'lll)^ tlllll tlio
(■led lowariU
lull fiu'ultW'!*,
iiicdiUivi'.i Id
d liur mcmw

I to he foin-

II ^TOWtll lit'

wiiiil may bo
cgcs in their
lo llic pniisc-
I't wliicli will
)\vur iiiul im-
i iivailablo, to
il morale ; but
department is

•aska bill, has
in the drama,
e has been no
lonest efl'ort to
Tecis as would
quite inlelligi-
vernor3 of the
lund I'airly and
action of Sec-
ss and vacilla-
his allies; the
and the neces-
tion of United
) statesmanlike
nd in consulta-
signation when
nises of houcst
1 of his sueces-
hriefly sumnia-
lie territory be-
e liis inaugura-
ies by the suc-
ed upon by the
ong before the

)f the war; the
i seemed but a
lenaced, and it
lice the story c»f
sm of her sons
:*ittsburg Land.

IsTiioiJi'CTonr. '

in;t, from ViekHliurR to Mi'slou Uld;;c. and from the Ki-n.snw lo the dose of
till' war at Appomattox; but there did not fail to h" occasionH when the homo
life of KiiUHtis could be (.'lanced at, as from a di«lanee, under the rule of Car-
uey, Crawford anil Harvey, the two latter actively i(h'ntiflcd with the war, up
lo the ansumption of onice by Gov. Osborne, the present incumbent. The
military record of the state has proved itself brilliant, cxcecdiiij;ly, and there
was a temptation at times to give full sway to the entlmsiusm which heroism
never fails to arouse, but the sober prose of history permitted of no raptures.
Kvcry rcginu'Ut raised by Kansas to maintain tlie slruiiitle until the end was
reached in the suppression of the greatest rebellion tiie world has ever seen,
will be found named, and ils deeds summarily mentioned, but to have d(mu
them just U'e would reciuire a library. The Drought and the Locust plague
will lie found in their proper place, recorded witliout an attempt to cloak erne
fact that seems to militate against the agricultural greatness of the state, but
with u full aiipreciatlou of the peculiar circumstances that may never more
combine to desolate the i)eople, The men who have made the history of the
state could not all be; nami'd, but a few representatives liewn from the quarry
of public life have been used as illustrations of the mass in order that the
facts and possibilities of our time might be better understood.

CHAULES R. TUTTLE.
Madison, Wis., April, 1870.

- <!»l^i8^^s8a^W«M»l«^®srws»«»*:»isa«i^^

;--Lii>wM''...>J>'! ■iiMr>iffUilPi*lMil»]iw''W^

mi- ■BBffi--ea'i'^BSyi^»i-.' "na^

CONTENTS.

CIIAITEIl 1.

Qeneuai. DKBCUimON.

Rivers and Streams — Soil and Surfiico — Climate and Productions, • 17

CIIAI>TEK II.

Hvaiioiio Conditions.

Air — Water— Soil — Timber— Geology— Stone— Coal — Iron— Lead —
Tin — Petroleum, • - - ,...48

CHAFFER III.

Eauly History.

The French on tho Missouri — Indian Warfare — French Fortifications —
American Setttlement — Mormon Farm — Mexican War— Fort Leaven-
worth—The Gold Fever, ...... 71

CHAPTER IV.

TKnniToniAL Hibtort.

The Nebraska Kansas Bill — Gold Mrners Seeing the Land — Mean Whites —
Aristocrats — Gen. Atchison — Slavery in Kansas — The Irrepressible

Conflict,

CHAPTER V.

Territorial History {continued).

Missouri Crossing the Boundary — Shepherding Selections — Tone of the
Press — Choose ye Whom ye Will Serve — Tho Dark Hour Before the
Dawn— Light Shines In the East, - • • - - 98

ms?&

TuTTLic's IIisTonr of Kaxsas.

CHAPTER VI.

TEimiToniAL IIiBTOKY [continued).

Retrospective -Emigrants Aid Associations- Limits of '^''''\^f^''-J'''
Pictures of Kansas -Widening the Circle -Founding a City- Tactics
of tlic Slave Owners — Progress of the Struggle,

CHAPTER VII.
TERiiiToniAii HisTonY (continued).

Act of Organization -Gov. Reeder- Inauguration "^ ^f ™2' "BaUot
gressional Delegate - Stuffing the Census-Courtes.es of the Ball.u
Box -Vote or Die -Some new Elections - Proslavery Law - Gov^
Reeder Removed - Causes and Pretense - Conduct of the Governor, 13.

CHAPTER VIII.

TEiiBiToniAii HisTOttK {continued).

Difficulties Before Gov. Shannon - Legislation in Shawnee -Bond and

iree- Death for Abolitionists -Sifting the Jury Panel -Sef-chosen

Legislators -Spirit of '76 -The Shawnee Force -Twm Delegates -

The Press-The word " White "- First Constitution- We are Readjs

CHAPTER IX.

Reconnaissakce (-4 Mef Digression) - Piuncipal Cities of Missouki.
Reconnoitering the J :nemy - Jefferson City -Kansas City -St. Louis -
StMph - Hannibal - Independence -Weston - Lexington - Boon^
ville, - - " ' ' ,

CHAPTER X.

TEBBiToniAL HisTonv (m«med) -Tue Wakauusa Wab.

Rein.>rced from the East-Unsettled Settle^ -Tl>e Kansas ^

-Tak-

iforced from me J^asi — uuav^iv.^ ^^^ --

ing Blood -Illegal Arrest - Wanted Three Thousand Men - Platte
County Riflemen 1 Congress - Munitions of War -Abolition Scalps -
': The Governor in Lawrence- The Blaei: Mag Conspiracy, - .24-

CHAPTER XI.

TEBiuToniAL HI8T0BY (continued) -K^m^^ Cokflicts - Events o,- 1856.

Sinister Rumors - Negroes Excluded - The Territorial Register- Kickapoo
tngers-Murdefof Capt. Brown - Organizing a Crus'.de-Now or
Never-The Hoodwinked President -Aid ing Kansas -Vote and Fight-
We want Armed Men- God and Our Rights,

— *rA«»i«4WtSff;S7S5fl*^5!^

Contents.

on — Pc;

— Tactics

. 120

•nt — Con-
he Ballot
aw — Gov.
ernor, 135

Bond and
3elf-chosen
(clegates —
are Ready,
173

IlSSOURI.

It. Loula —

n — Boone-

- 205

;ion— Tak-

tcn — Platto

)n Scalps —

. 243

iia OF 1856.

— Kickapoo
iC — Now or
and Fight—

. 277

CHAPTER XII.

Territouiat. History (<-on<t>iM,i) — Early Kansas Conflicts— Events of

1850.

In the Free State Camp — Waiting, not Resting — Waiting lor Spring- Ad-
dressing the President— Pierce or Davis? — Gross Injustice to Kansas —
Mustering Militia— Reviewing the Situation — Reasons for Change —
Will Free States Submit?— Unseating Whitllcld — No Delegate in Con-
gress — Knavery Defeated, ..---■ 293

CHAPTER XIII.

Tkrritorial History (continued) — 'EAV.hY Kansas Conflicts — Events

OF 1850.

Free Settlers Helpless — Not Homes but War — Lectures on Kansas —
Wood's Exit — Shooting Jones — Arrest of Robinson — Seargent-at-
Arms — Imprisoned — Ct<l. Sumner's Duty — Atchison on the Stump —
Tenderness to Women— Wearing the Spoils— Defense Inevitable —
Mercy Misplaced — Leavenworth Order, - - - 815

CHAPTER XIV.

Territorial History's (eontinned) — Tue John Buown War- Events

OF 1856-7.

Blood will Tell — John Brown — Arms and Men — Southern Kansas — " Old
Brown" — Brown Captured — " Kansas Aid " — Congressional Art —
Presidential Campaign — Sfrenghenifig Topeka — Shannon Commands —
Sumner's Dragoons — Divergent Views — Painful Duty — Marshal's
Brag, 836

CHAPTER XV.

Territorial History (continued) — Tuk John Brown War— Events of

1856-7.

Sumner Superseded— Franklin Captured — Lovely Woman — Disbanded
Militia— Prisoners Liberated — Bail Bonds — Robinson's Trial — Look-
ing Ahead, * _ - ■ - 856

CHAPTER XVI.

Territorial History (continued) — End of the John Brown Wab —
Gov. Geary's Rule — Events of 1856-7.

Manly Record — Border Dismay — Secretary's Protection — Missouri Mi-
litia—Lawrence Reinforcements— Kickapoo Murder —Changed Con-
ditions — Preserving Peace — Moral Tone — Fruitless Arrests — Cataline
andCato, - ' - 370

i 1

ir * '
iiJ:

Tvttle's HisTonr of Kassas.
CHAPTER XVII.

TEBniTOKiAL IIisTOUY (continued) - Gov. Geary Cohclui)E9 - Events

OF 1857.

Governor's Message -Faction Fury -Sheriff Sl.crrard-riatol Encoun-
ter - Kansas Converts - liouest Advice - Soutliern Fury - Biclin?
Events, ..---■

CHAPTER XVIII.

Territorial History (<;oft<t«uec2) - Denver vice Walker - Events op

1857-8.

Stale Officers -Unequally Yoked - Endless Debates-Supporting Judges-
Wrong Basis - Dreadful Music -Bravo Douglas- Trying Bribes -De-
cisive Victory- Log Rolling— Impotent Conclusions, - - 40a

CHAPTER XIX.

Territorial History (roft<t;i«erf) — Denver Succeeding Geary — Strife

m tue Soltueast.

Further Troubles -Probable War - Governor's Movements- Legalized
Oppression -Jay Hawker's Revenge - Peace Convention -Enemy
Flanked— Closing Accounts, -.----

CHAPTER XX.

Territorial History («)n«j)iw«f?) - Denver, Med.uiy ajjd Stanton -

End op Civil Strife.

Settling Down - Why Changing - Speedier Growth -Territorial Sacrifices -
Defective Census -Lincoln Wins -War Record - Eastom BenevoU
ence — Grasshopper Famine- Looking Ahead, - - - 438

V CHAPTER XXI.

State History — Fighting for the Union— 1801-C5.

War Record -Before Vicksburg -Fifth Kansas -Warren Cross Roads -
Boston Mountains - Veteran Volunteers -Lancaster - Quantrell -Mur
froesboTO, - - - -

CILAPTER XXI L

State History - Fioutino for the Union - 1801-1805 (continued).

War Record -Evacuating Chattanooga -Dog Feast- Bragg Routed —
Capturing Clarkson- Civil Government -Kansas Prospects, 478

y-VH-.ji.-- 4Mti^

;.T-^L _rrt"'#'^^?"

3 — Events

jtol Kncoun-

iry — Bidini;

- 39-t

-Events op

ling Judges —

Bribtis — De-

- 405

ABY — Strffe

s — Legalized

tion — Enemy

- 419

ID Stanton —

irtl Sacrifices —

btorn Benevol-

- 4S3

31-65.

Cross Roads —
uaatrell— Mur
. 448

5 {continued).

ragg Routed —
>ect8, 478

COXTESTS.

CHAPTER XXIII.

Educational Prookess.

Settling Down -Heavy Responsibilities -State System- Compulsory Ed
ucalion — State Agriculture— Sound Instruction — Beautiful Edifices

County Results — General Outcome,

513.

CHAPTER XXIV.

Population — State Institution — Railroads - Rivers- Agriculture and Live
Stock, ^^^•

The Plague of Locusts,

CHAPTER XXV.

CHAPTER XXVL

County Sketches.

568.

Allen 581

Anderson o*^

Atchison l^'l

Barbour 587

Barton 588

Bourbon 0°"

Brown 591

Butler 592

Chautauqua J"*

Chase 5M

Cherokee o95

Clay 500

Cloml 597

Cofiey 598

Cowley 509

Crawford 601

Davis «04

Dickinson "Ois

Doniphan ^Oo

Douglas "07

Edwards «iO

Elk ejo

Ellis SJi

Ellsworth 5io

Ford 6-8

Franklin ^\»

Greenwood 615

Harvey «}5

Jackson 618

Jefferson "i"

Jewell 620

Johnson 6Z1

Labette 622

Leavenworth 633

Lincoln 635

Linn 626

627

M'on nSa

Marion «*°

Marshall 6?9

McPlierson 630

Miami 631

Mitchell 632

Montgomery 63^

Morris 633

Nemaha 634

Neosho 635

Norton 636

Osage '^J7

Osborne »°^

Ottawa ^

Pawnee 640

Phillips 640

Pottawatomie 641

Reno 643

Republic 643

Rice 644

Riley 644

Rush 645

Russell 646

Rooks 646

Saline 646

Sedgwick 647

Shawnee "*°

Smith 650

Sumner 651

Wabaunsee 6M

Washington 663

Wilson 653

Woodson 655

Wvandotte 6.J0

i Graham 6.^°

iHamilton 658

Tuttle's IIisTonr of Kansas.

CHAPTER XXVII.

BiooRAPiiicAL Sketches.

Gen. Halderman 659

Gov. Osborne 664

Hon. Hiram Griswold 007

Gov. Crawford 073

Hon. Orrin T. Welch 070

Hon. .lames Hanway 677

Hon. Thos. H. Cavanaugh 081

Hon. Daniel W. Wilder 083

Dr. A. M. Eidson 085

Hon. Samuel Seward Benedict. . . 687
George D. Stinelaugh

Hon. Hannibal Cicero St. Clair. . 688

Hon. Columbus G. Bridges 690

Hon. Wm. Ludley Parkinson 091

Hon. Harvey Seburn 093

Capt. S. 8. l^routz 601

Hon. Geo. "\V. Fox C9T

Hon. Byron Judd 700

Capt. Perry Hiitchinson 70'i

Hon. Harlan Page Dow 704

Brev. Maj. Gen. Carr 700

' 708

^^.xm-':

t'nniiiiii|iiim'iiiii'iij"i>iin-ii"i*i "T"' I '"""* I' "V'r

St. Clair. . C88

dgiis 690

tinson 091

C93

6»4

09T

700

)n 703

w 704

700

708

^^msiu^^Jsm^

Ill

-p-nsw

.*« , .. . l.iJIM

■A->!»^»l g 'Jli'^i"

(1 ,

■\|1 h

iujJ.UWMiimi«>ii'

TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF KANSAS.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

Rivers and Streams— Soil and Surface — CI imatf and Productions.

The state of Kansas has, for its southern boundary line, the
parallel of thirty-seven degrees, and for its northern, the parallel
of forty degrees, north latitude. The adjoining states and terri-
tories are, on the east, Missouri, on tlie north, Nebraska, on the
south, the Indian territory, and on the west, Colorado. The di-
mensions of the state are four hundred and thirty miles long, by
two hundred and ten miles wide, and its area contains ninety
thousand square miles. This state has peculiar claims upon pop-
ular attention because of the troubles which have from its ear-
liest settlement been endured by the people, but before dealing
with these several items of history, it wili be best to delineate
briefly the topographical features of the country. Between
Missouri and Kansas flows the Missouri river, in some places half
a mile across, narrowing down considerably in other localities, as
for instance at Leavenworth City, where a bridge of one thousand
feet spans the mighty stream. Tliis river is the boundary line of
the states mentioned, for a long distance, and Kansas has a water
frontage of nearly one hundred and fifty miles, in the numerous
windings of the Missouri. The navigable river which thus leaves
the eastern border of the state has an ever increasing value, which
must continue to be immensely important in the transport of
heavy freights, notwithstanding all the facilities that can be pre-
sented, by the iron road. Steamboats can ascend the stream two
2 ,

•iiaintWi'- r^iir 1'nf'r- ^''iffill'li' Tinfliitini '■'•' '"

--•i!"*"""""^"

niMij ix.iili*'*''*!'"^^'*"^'^''

il
ill

18 Tvttle's lIisroBY of K.iy.^AS.

thousaml fiv. nundrccl milca beyond the northern boundary
of KansriP, north and west to Fort Benton, near the Rocky Moun-
tains; and to the southeast, tlie navigation is unimpeded to the
point, five hundred miles distant, twenty-five miles above theeity
of St. Louis, where the waters of the Missouri flow into the Mis-
sissippi river, and the tonnage of all the nations of the world
might float upon the greatest river known to commerce. The ma-
jestic Amazon has no pretensions to compare with the Mis.sissippi,
in its value as the highway of the New World. The Missouri i?
so great in its proportions that the other rivers and streams which
flow through and across the state of Kansas are apt to be under
valued in the enumeration, but they are in many instances ol
great volume and considerable length. The Kansas or Kaw
river is one hundred and fifty miles long, the two streams known
as the Republican river and Smoky Hill river, flowing into one
channel near Junction City, to form the Kansas. This river re-
ceives many streams oh its course. The Big Blue nver, aftei
flowing one hundred and twenty-five miles, from its source in Ne-
braska territory, empties itself into the Kansas, at Manhattan, and
the Grasshopper, which is a stream seventy-five miles in length,
also joins the larger river on the north side. There is only one
lar-e confluent entering the river on the south bank, and that is
the°Wakarusa, which after a course of fifty miles, with innumer-
able windings, finds its home in the Kansas, near Lawrence, flow-
incr onward with that stream until it enters the Missouri nearly
due east from the junction of the parent streams, just where the
mightier river bends to the east and quits the boundary line ol
the state. The Smoky Hill river, whose course we have traced
from near Junction City, has its fountain head near the Rocky
Mountains, in Colorado, and that stream is enriched with others,
which come over immense stretches of territory. One of these,
the Saline river, runs about two hundred miles, and the Solomon
is fifty miles longer than the Saline. The other constituent of he
river Kansas, the Republican, is a still more extensive traveler.
Bising in Colorado, the stream flows through Kansas in the north-
west of the state, into Nebraska territory, and then returning to
Kansas, more than one hundred and forty miles from the eastern
boundary of the state, finds its way to the Missouri as before de-

-t;A^I^

MtrnjuwU't'

■nim.mw.i-mawMwi'Wiuiw'iiMW

"mm^-'^mm

Gknnual Description.

n boundary
look3'M()un-
peeled to the
30V 0 the city
into the Mis-
of the world
le. The ma-
i Mississippi,
0 Missouri is
trcams which
to be under
f instances o)
isas or Kaw
reams known
iving into one
This river re-
le river, aftei
source in Ne-
anhattan, and
iles in length,
e is only one
ik, and that i?
vith innumer-
lawrence, flow-
issouri, nearly
just where the
undary line oJ
ve have traced
jar the Rocky
;d with others,
One of these,
d the Solomon
istituent of the
msive traveler.
IS in the north-
jn returning to
om the eastern
ri as before de-

cribcd. The length of this river from its source to the point
near Junction City where it becomes part of the Kaw or Kansas
river, is just four hundred miles. ^ c *u

Northern and Southern Kansas are the terms used to dcfmcthe
portions of the state which lie to the north and south respectively
of the line described by the Smoky Hill and Kansas rivers, about
two- thirds of the state lying to the south of the streams mentioned.
Steamboats have ascended the Kansas river, and in one instance
a steamer reu-hed Fort Riley, clear beyond the junction of the
two streams, on the Smoky IliU river, beyond the debouchure of
the Republican, but there was no commercial value in the fact, as
the stream is not naviga\,le, except as an exploit more curious
than profitable. The River of Swans, or Mamh des Cygnes, as the
French named it, has the honor to have been celebrated in immor-
tal verse by the Quaker poet, Whittier. This stream rises some-
what to the east of the geographical center of the state of Kansas,
and flows one hundred and twenty-five miles, with sundry bends,
mainly east and by south, before it enters the state of Missouri,
near Fort Scott, and changes its appellation to Osage river i he
Neosho runs a course of about two hundred miles, before leaving
the state of Kansas for the Indian territory, about twenty-six
miles from the southeastern angle of the state. This river also
has its rise near the middle of the state, and is the receptacle, in
its route, of the Cottonwood and of several other streams, some
of them of considerable volume, capable of manufacturing utility.
The Cottonwood, just mentioned as a confluent of the Neosho is
the larger stream of the two, just before the two rivers join their
currents near Emporia. The Cottonwood is one hundred miles
loner from its headwaters to the junction. Another river, which
flows about one hundred miles in Kansas, is the Verdigris run-
nincr almost parallel with the Neosho, and receiving into its bosom
the'Fall river, which joins it from the west after a course of about
sixty miles. The Arkansas is quite a mighty river, having a
couie of about two thousand miles, from its rise far up in the
Rocky mountains, in what is known as the South Park of Co^-
r.do to its junction with the Mississippi river, between Memphis
and Vicksbur<r The river traverses Colorado, Kansas, the Indian
territory and Arkansas state before being lost in the vaster stream,

'i ''

lUuMflUmiMMli'*

TUTTLhfs IIlSTOUY OF KaNSAS.

and it lias numerous tiibularios. Tlio courso of tlio Arkansas,
wliicli, willi its connuenls, waters and drains fully two-thirds of
soulliorn Kansas, anu)unts to very nearly live hundred mile; m
the state of Kansas alone, so numerous are the convolutions by
whieh it npjiroaehes, wiiile it appears to be retreating from, its
• destination. Many of the streams of southern Kansas flow into
the Arkansas river after that stream has entered the Indian terri-
tory. The prineipal tributaries of the Arkansas in this state are
tlio Walnut, whieh flows into the main stream near Arkansas
City, after running a distanee of about seventy-five miles, and be-
ing enriched by the Whitewater, a eonsiderablc stream ; the Little
Arkansas, about seventy-five miles long, a deep and strong river,
whieli enters its larger namesake at AVichita; the Cow creek, a
stream little short of seventy miles in length, is another of the
feeders, and the remainder need only be named, as Ash Fork,
Pawnee Fork, the Sh.akuska, the Good river, the Cowskin, and
several others, whieh vary in their length froin forty-five to sev-
enty miles respectively. The Cimarron flows through the south
•westeiii angle of the state for a considerable distance, and the
river receives many tributaries, which vary from about fifty to
one hundred miles, but in consequence of this portion of Kansas
not being properly surveyed, their exact bearings cannot be
given. Nescutunga, Bluff creek. Medicine Lodge, and Mule
creek are among the principal of these tributaries. Kansas is
perhaps the best watered prairie state in the union.

Katisas may be said to have a type of beauty entirely its own ;
vre have seen that its river system is really vast, and it remains
to be said, that the word prairie, although it is the proper word
to express the character of the country which predominates in
Kansas, will give but a very inadequate idea to the general
reader as to the surface and scenery of this state. The traveler
in Kansas finds hiinself on table land, elevated and undulating,
the surface very gently falling from the altitude of the western
boundary, where it is three thousand five hundred feet above the
level of the sea, until it descends to the eastern boundary, only
seven hundred and fifty feet above the sea level, where the
Kansas river pours its volume into the Missouri. The gradual
ascent of the surface of the state may be illustrated by reference

GeSKUA !, DhSClill'TlOy.

10 Arkansas,
vvothirild of
red mile; in
'olutions by
ing from, its
«i3 flow into
Indian terri-
his state are
ar Arkansas
liles, and be-
II ; tlie Little
strong river,
Cow creek, a
other of the
, Ash Fork,
;owskin, and
yfive to sov-
;h the south
nee, and the
bout fifty to
m of Kansas
s cannot be
, and Mule
Kansas is

•ely its own ;
d it remains
proper word
lominates in

the general
The traveler
I undulating,

the western
!et above the
undary, only
;, where the
The gradual
by reference

to the gradients on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, where the route
is a continuous climb from the eastern to the wcHtorn bomidury.
Tlie first two liundred miles show an ascent of more tliaii six
hiindicil feet, tliroe hundred and forty-eight of which are between
Wanicgo and iirookvillc, tliciice to Ellis, u distance of otio hund-
red miles, shows a rise of seven hundred and sixty-nine feet, and
from that point to Kaglc Tail, the station nearest the western
boundary, the continuous ascent approximates to one thousand
tlirei! hundred and twenty feet. Such a rise compressd into a less
distance would become formidable to engineers, but spread over
a territory so extensive, it hardly taxes their ingenuity in tiio
least. Up the aide of this vast incline, the traveler, who has timo
for observation, finds that ho is passing between and across tiio
system of rivers already parlieularized, and he perceives, that
along the watercourses there are bottom lands which vary from a
quarter of a mile at the narrowest, to three miles at the broadest
l)arts, except in the western section of the state, where tho.se
streams, still large, must at some remote period have been
majestic, as the bottom lands now stretch from five miles to ten
miles acros5s. For many years past there have been no submer-
gences of the bottom lands, or if an occasional freshet has for a
brief term induced the rivers to break bounds, they soon return
to their u.sual propriety and decorum, flowing in their channels
from fifteen to twenty feet below the levels, which were at one
time the beds of the several streams. Hence, these bottom lands
are very desirable locations for agriculturists and stock raisers, as
the producing power of the soil is immense. Many of tlie.se
bottom lands are well wooded, more especially in the eastern
section of the state, where about one-half is timbered, and the
rest open cultivable soil, ready for the grazier or the farmer at
once. Some of these streams have what is known as a second
bottom at a still greater elevation, and varying from quite an
insignificant belt to a breadth of nearly three miles. The line of
the second bottom, where it is found, is seldom straight, more
generally it presents a ssries of hills and dales, never consider-
able, but running almost at right angles with the streums. Some
of these eminences and depressions are little more than two
liundred yards from the depth of the valley to the apex of the

ir^

9S TUTTLh.-'s lIlSrollY Oh' K ASS AS.

Iiill, and otlieivs Htrctoli fully half a iiiili; fnnii tlio lowest ]K)int to
tlio liigliCHt, tho variations of uliitiiilc iiingiiig from twouty to
forty feet. Wlioii it is borne in niiii<l, tliiit in adilitioii to tlio
curvt'M already nientiont'tl, these holtoin lands have graceful
bends toward the rivers, which flow through the lower strata, it
will b(! seen that the line of beauty, never a straight lino any-
where, is fully exeinplilieil in tho topography of this state. Tho
drainage of lands so undulating, and intorseetod by rivers, could
hardly fail to bo perfect.

We have gradually ascended from one side of the state to the
other, an altitude of about two thou.sand, seven hundred feet,
supplying a grand watershed for tho Mi.s.souri and the Mi.ssi.ssippi
by tlie route of the Arkansas river; we have since then gradually
folhnved the contour of the river banks, until we have risen to
the boitom lands, and the second bottoms, and we come now to
the higher ridges or bluffs which tower above tho cullivablo
lands, in some places fully three hundred feet, and in others not
more than fifty, with every degree of elevation intervening, and
the angle of ascent varying from twenty to thirty degrees. " Alps
piled on Alps" would not describe the scene, as there is nothing
alpine nor mountainous in tho aspect of the country. The trav-
eler who has been suppo.sed to have .set out upon his journey,
with sudicient time at his dispo.sal to enable him to view the di-
verse beauty of the country, having ascended by successive steps
from tho river bed to the second bottom, has now climbed the
ascent and mounted tho blufT, from whence tho upland prairies
stretch away in an illimitable perspective of depressions and ele-
vations, just the counterpart of the smaller valleys and eminences
before described, but of course in larger proportions. The long
swell of the sea which the voyager has sometimes seen in the
tropics, when the clipper would lie just

" Like a painted sliip
Upon a painted ocean,"

but for the rolling of the vessel from side to side, as if she meant in
sheer despair to send her top hamper overboard, or at tho least to
immerse lier yard arms, to give them the benefit of sea bathing.
In the long swell of such a sea, which probably Coleridge had

4s..

Gf.sf.ua I. Dt:s< •Hirrms.

:)west ]ioint to
1)111 twenty to
liiitioii ti) tlio
liavt! gi'Mccful
owtT strata, it
(i,ht lino any-
lis Htiite. Tlio
y livcrrt, could

lie Htntc to tho
hundred feet,
;lio Mirt.si.ssipi)!
;lion gnidually
liavo ri:^cn to

0 conic now to
the cul Livable

1 in others not
tcrvciiing, and
_'grceH. "Alps
icre is nothing
■y. Tlic trav-
1 his journey,
to view the di-
ucccssive steps
w climbed the
ij)land prairies
ssions and ele-
and eminences
ns. The long
s seen in the

if she meant in

at the least to

)f sea bathing.

Coleridge had

in er seen wlicii he wrote his "Ancient Mariner," tlio traveler
has witnessed just such a Hcrie« of rounded billowH uh now salute
llif* rtight, but perhaps the hills are just a trille higher, the valleya
a little niurw depressed, and the green of tiio upland prairie dif-
fers soniewhat Iruin the bluish green of the deep sea; still tho
resemblance is sulheieiilly great to arrest tho attention of tho
least iuuigiiiutive observer, and to suggest that Dauio Nature, in
a fanciful mood, concluded to copy on the land the superb courses
t)f tlie never resting sea. The crests of tho hills arc from four
hundred yards to a mile apart, and tho elevations vary in tho
same proportion, from about twenty to eighty feet. Tho crests
of these hills aro already engaged in th(;ir daily work, enticing
the rain drops to leave the clouds, in which they have traveled
from the sea, and to descend by the blade of grass to the soil, by
tiio earth to the lowest line in the valley, and there striking hands
with associate drops upon a partnership for a journey, they form
a rivulet, soon to become a stream, and commence their pilgrim
ago toward tho Atlantic once again. Down the miniature valloy
they trickle, until some tributary of tho Kansas or Arkansas is
reached, and by any of these tho rain drop is at length rolled
along over its many thousand miles of travel, never lessening
its volume, until it flows and dashes in the mad sport of giant
winds, in the billows of the ocean. IIow many millions of years
may have {jassed since tho sun llrstdrew the cloud forth from the
ocean, to descend upon the earth as rain, to refresh vegetation
with its dews, to give music to the murmuring spring, to givo
volume to the dancing river, and give health to the rosy cheek
of beauty when tho ages should at length permit of the birth of
mankind, it entcreth not into the heart of manhood to eonceive,
but the simple beauty and eitectiveness of the process should fill
our minds with the hope that this green earth will never lapse to
the chaos from whence it came, nor advance into the arid cheer-
lessness and frozen despair of the pale faced moon. But perhaps
that part of the earth's business may for the time be dropped at
this point, and we will proceed with the history of Kansas.

The hills and bluffs arc fretjuently broken by the rills and
streams formed in these upland valleys, and along their banks
are belts of timber, more or less considerable, in proportion to the

■—— tSpE.-

24 TuTTLffs History of Kansas.

extent, to which the formation of the country protected isolated
spots Uom desolation by fire. These prairie fires, terrible as they
are. or rather were, for in the settled districts their frequency l.as
been reduced until they are scarcely dreaded, were not, ana un-
fortunately we are forced hereto use the present tense are not,
the worst'destroying agencies known in this region. 1 here was
a time, scarcely more tlian eighteen months since, when Kansas
was smiling like a garden in almost every valley. The g.-een
earth had been " tickled with r. hoe, and it had laughed with a
harvest" as usual, when one day there was a black cloud seen in
the air, and as the impending darkness fell upon the earth, it was
found that the locust of scripture, the grasshopper of our own
time, had come down upon the community with a worse than
Egyptian plague. All the plagues seemed to have been rolled
imoor.e in this terrible visitation. The trees were covered by
the unwelcome host of visitors, and soon the crashing sound of
their mandibles could be heard by every cottager, as they de-
stroyed his fruit trees, and his harvests, his growing erop.s and his
garnered grain, leaving no green thing visible for miles, and uoth.
L befoie the despairing husbandman but blank starva om
Tiiere had been nothing before like it in the eNper.nce of se t led
America. In vain did whole populations turn out to fight the
destroyer; the name was legion, and ten millions o the invading
coleoptera destroyed hardly made an atom of d.fTerence m the
consumption of food which had been meant for the sustenance of
men, women and children. Trenches dug across the line of march
arre ted enough of the locusts, too tired for flight, to cause a
stench of decomposition in the air, but the -- -g--
.pon the wing to descend upon the next orchards and field v ith
the scorching effect of flame. When everything had been con-
urn"!, the youngandstrong grasshoppers unfolded their wings and
rose sailing before the wind, to "fresh woods and pastures new.
S'on. men who had not realized until now the extent of lieir
m X°tune, came out to discover the utter nakedness of the land.
B ! t scourge came down upon them, they were moving

g^ onward to independence, now they had not enough c.-
frops remaining for the next season's seed ; they had not food
enough to keep starvation from thedoor one month, they had not

AtMJK.

-'•''^mmmm^m^^^i^^^^^^^^^^^''

General Descriptiojt.

iter! isolated
riblc as they
equeiiey lias
not, ana un-
nis( , arc not,

There was
,vhen Kansas

Tlie green
ighed with a
:;lou(l seen in
earth, it was
" of our own
n worse til an
'e been rolled
e covered by
ling sound of
r, as they de-
crops and his
lies, and noth-
k starvation,
nee of settled
It to fight the
f the invading
lerence in the
I sustenance of
! line of march
;ht, to cause a
! vigorous rose
\nd fields with
had been con-
;heir wings and
pastures new.
extent of their
ess of the land.
y were moving
snough of their
,' had not food
b, they had not

credit to procure a barrel of flour, nor a saclc of potatoes, not be-
cause men doubted their sterling honesty, but that they knew
there was not a prospect of payment until another season's crop
should be harvested, if even then there might be a chance. In
vain did the poor fellows quit their homes to find employ-
ment elsewhere, for wherever their failing, unfed strength could
carry them, similar misfortunes sat upon the face of the country,
andinen who had toiled for years to become possessors of their
homesteads were now marching forth penniless, to begin the liat-
tle of life anew. Famine brought death in its train, and whole
families were swept away. The Egyptian plague of the worst
kind carried off only the first born; this worse affliction was fatal
to whole groups, and destroyed confidence, made it doubtful
whether the old days of plenty would ever shine again ; but there
is a fine old adage that the darkest cloud has a lining of gold.
Just as, when the fire in Chicago destroyed a modern ciiy, the
whole civilized world as one man rose up with succor, as well as
with sympathy, and the city rose from its ashes to a splendor
greater than before; just as when the potato famine fell upon
Ireland, and the wail of despair resounded across the ocean, there
was an all but unanimous response with substantial help, which
gladdened those who were ready to perish, and brought thousands
out from under the darts of death ; so in this Kansas misfortune
there was an earnest wish to alleviate the sufferings of the dis-
tressed. From all over the land railroad companies volunteered
the use of their freight cars to convey help to the broken people,
and committees of men and women in every locality divided thtir
cities and towns into canvassing districts, which were allotted to
proper persoii.s to be worked, and the results attained in unifica-
tion of the races upon this continent will, in the course of years,
be W'.rth more than all the sacrifice and suffering by which the
end was rendered possible.

It must not be supposed that even in the presence of such a
misfortune, there was charity in every heart to the extent of ac-
tual giving to the needy. There are, unhappily, thousands who
are so°constituted that they a-'e impregnable to the voice of mercy.
Sydney Smith said that "benevolence is universal, because A
never hears of B being in trouble without at once concluding that

.-a

Tuttle's History of Kansas.

N :'*

C onglit to assist'hiin;" but in this case something better tlian
vicaiiouri generosity was demanded, and many who are prepared
to talk mercy would give nothing, for fear they might establish a
bad precedent. Tlie priest in the fable would give his blessing
freely, but he would not discount his beatitudes to the (xtent of
one farthing. Aminadab Sleek would not give a cent to assist
the widow and family of a bricklayer, who had been killed by-
falling from a .scaffolding, for fear it might induce other brick-
layers to fall from other scafl'oldings, to leave other widows and
children dependent upon such charity. The world owes much to
philosophers of that stamp. In the city of Boston there was such
a man, and although he belonged to a church, and fared sump-
tuously every day, wearing the purple and fine linen of wealth
and respectability, it had been impossible to draw the smallest
atom of fractional currency for the poor people in Kansas and
Nebraska. His clerks had been asked and had given freely from
their stinted means ; he, with his $2,000 per day of certain in-
come, could not for many days be bled in the smallest degree.
Ills cashier doubled his own subscription rather than assume the
responsibility of making an appeal to the money grubber, to
which he had been unfeelingly urged by a committee. A delega-
tion was at last found hardy enough to

" Brave the lion in his den,
The Douglas in his hall."

And they wrestled in spirit with the miser, until, as r. result of
two hours' pleading, and, perhaps too, in dread of a possible longer
stay, the ancient banker consented to give something, he would not
say what ; but he would give something, not money ; he would
give his tithe in kind, if not in kindness. There was triumph
Tn the hearts of the benevolent delegation, because when such
a tough old sinner could be melted, adamant might be welded
like an easily worked metal. The day wore on, and it was
evening before the newly awakened benevolence of the hard-
ened money getter brought itself to the point of making the
sacrifice. The old man had examined his wardrobe a dozen times
over, but the shabbiest garment there was ten times too good to
be sent to a grasshopper region ; and at last with many a sigh of

.■i,smm

iit0amMiimt

General DEScniPTioy.

; better tlian
ire prepared
.t establish a
bis blessing
lie ( xtent of
:cnt to assist
eu killed by-
other brick-
• widows and
iwos much to
ere was such
fared sump-
eu of wealth
the saiallcst
Kansas and
n freely from
ot certain in-
allest degree,
m assume the
/• grubber, to
;e. A delega-

as p. result of
)osslble longer
;, he would not
ey ; he would
3 was triumph
ise when such
rht be welded
n, and it was
! of the hard-
)f making the
3 a dozen times
les too good to
many a sigh of

regret, more poignant than the grief of the average sinner on the
anxious seat, he concluded to send to the committee "one salted
mackerel," very salt indeed, folded in a copious pamphlet on
"Original Sin." That night the banker sullered so much from
the reproaches of his conscience, or of his cupidity, that he re-
solved thenceforth never again- to waste his substance in indis-
criminate charity. Kansas found so rich a harvest last year that
the s(jrro\V3 of the preceding summer \vrerc forgotten, and the rash
philanthropy of the man who gave one mackerel, from out of all
his wealth, to assuage the agony of so many thousands of people,
may afford an opportunit}' for a smile.

The scenery of a state, formed as Kansas is, could not be " flat,
stale, and unprofitable," nor could it be monotonous, nor ill
drained, nor badly irrigated. The wayfarer, whoso course we
have attended to the bluffs overlooking the upland prairies, finds
a scene which is unique in his experience. The picture which
we have tried to present shows the hills and valleys running at
right angles with the streams ; and that is as nearly the fact as a
general statement could be ; but the hills are not two alike, so
infinite is the variety of nature's operations, even where the grand
combination might seem, under description, to be monotonous,
and the rivers flow with an individuality which produces a per-
petual surprise, until, as though speaking of the work of some
great artist, one exclaims in the language of the bai'd :

"Age cannot wi her,
Nor custom stale, bis infln'te variety."

The streams bending toward every point of the compass as
they follow the course shaped by two forces, the strength of the
current, working upon more or less yielding strata, have all the
changes possible in the kaleidoscope of form, and the bluffs present
every variety of wave-like outline, here a long swell breaking
off short and almost sharp in a billow, that would seem to have
dashed itself against an invisible cliff, there graceful as the ring-
let of the maiden waved by the wind, then for some distance flat-
tening and extending the heave of the land, until there appears
to be a plain, but the wave like contour is never lost. Sudden
or slow, the form of the never pausing sea is stamped upon the

"^i

■ .•ai'li'iliiliil'' itflMfi l"r iTiralttTfrii

i %

28 Tuttlk's IhsToiiY of Kansas.

soil. Enilless similarity and endless cliange are visible at every
turn. The streams are alike in their unlikeness, to each other,
the prairies eurve into ten thousand lines of change, in which the
general feature is always the same, but the detail as dissimilar aa
can be imagined, where valley, plain and hill are the factors of
the occasion. The bottom lands, which follow the windings of
every stream, stretch out in some favored spots to a breadth milea
in extent, and again there seems to be no valley at all, only a nar- ,
row margin by the river's brim, the changes being rung upon these
several possibilities ad infinitum. The bluffs seem to have in-
dulged their grim humor in the mazy dance, and to have been,
petrified in their several attitudes. Here the bluff is an aggres-
sive character rushing to the front intrepidly, there a more yield-
ing temper is displayed in a curtsy which half grants and half
refuses, and yet again there is the attitude of the suppliant bare-
ly rising from the earth. In some of these forms the rude earth
has cast aside its coverlet of grass, and in others the adornment
of emerald pervades every step from the silvery stream at the
base to the rounded parapet where the bluff loses itself in the
upland prairie. Those various forms advance and retreat con-
tinuously, but no two forms are found alike, and in every in-
stance the completes! dissimilarity is a manifest outcome of the
same general principle of development. Forest and pasture al-
ternate and blend in a thousand different ways, and the witchery
of loveliness is over all the landscape. Men who have traveled
much in Europe, ^nd have then visited Kansas, find that the
scenery bears a kind of general resemblance to the Champagne
country in France, and all are agreed that there is nothing more
lovely in the world, than the grander aspect of this state. When
prosperous and general settlement shall have dotted the earth,
with the homes of men to whom life is a series of luxuriant de-
lights, under whose direction, the vast natural lawns will assume
th'e elegant growths, which the landscape gardener knows so well
how to°produce, and when their palaces will stand on the knoUa
which seem to have been intended for edifices such as C'aude Mel
nolle describes, " Lifting to eternal summer their marble walls,"
and backed by the park forests which are so useful, so profitable
in every sense, and still so grand in their repose, the beauty of

General Descriptiok.

ible at every
0 each other,
in which the
dissimilar as
;he f ictors of
e windings of
breadth miles
11, only a nar-
ng upon these
n to have in-
to have been
is an aggres-
a more yield-
ants and half
suppliant bare-
the rude earth
the adornment
stream at the
s itself in the
id retreat con-
d in every in-
outcome of the
,nd pasture al-
id the witchery
) have traveled
1, find that the
he Champagne
is nothing more
s state. When
3tted the earth,
i luxuriant de-
/yns will assume
r knows so well
id on the knoUa
h as Claude Mel-
■ marble walls,"
ul, so profitable
se, the beauty of

Kansas will be the unit of admiration by which other excellences
will be judged. Turning from the contemplation of natural beau-
ty, we find ourselves examining the earth, upon which this loveli-
ness is superimposed, and it is worthy to be classed among the
best soils known in the world for the purposes of farm and gar-
den. There are those who would say that because Kansas has
suffered by drought, by locust and by border violence, in the
long struggle when state sovereignty was to have been wrested
into forming a weapon for the slave owner, therefore Kansas is
not an eligible field for emigration. As well say that because
Lisbon was once swallowed by an earthquake, therefore, the city
is not a proper residence for men, or that Chicago and Bostoa
having suffered terrific conflagrations, both cities shall henceforth
be tabooed. Droughts come more or less in every part of the world ;
the border outrages which were incidental ">,o the struggles of the
south to retain supremacy are being very rapidly erased from
living memories, and as to the locusts, it may be well to remem-
ber, that the lightning does not strike twice in the same spot.
The soil of Kansas is deep and fertile, requiring only moderate
care and skill to secure good crops every time ; the average crop
of Indian corn in fifteen states, in the year 1865, showed that the
most productive states in the union only gave thirty-seven bush-
els per acre, while the state of Kansas gave forty-one. In the
year 1869, the largest yield per acre in any other state was thirty-
four bushels in Vermont, and Kansas gave forty-eight In the
same year there were but two states that exceeded Kansas in
the yield of potatoes per acre, the quantities being in Kansas one
hundred and forty-nine bushels, in Michigan one hundred and
fifty-five, and Vermont one hundred and sixty, the average for
that year being thirty bushels of Indian corn, eighteen bushels
less than Kansas, and one hundred and sixteen bushels of
potatoes, thirty-three bushels less than Kansas. It would be
easy to continue these contrasts, all to the advantage of Kan-
sas, but no good purpose could be served by persisting in an
array of figures. The fact indicated, as to the fertility of Kansas,
may be tested by any person who is curious enough in such mat-
ters, to induce him to consult blue books, and the returns of the
agricultural department, and we turn therefore from the tables of

■1

f: . ji'-y/l !'>'-"""" '""*"

rii.-

s (|

Tuttle's History of Kansas.

lits tocan.,^ the .oU ^^^;^:^Z^:"
tillage o£ a border state, bardly yet qvuetecl irom

of the unscttlca times. .^^nlete • that we have already

seen in U,= contour of *;'»;''•"'; ''„„,„,, „tifKa„l diainage «
„ay bo a trifle too mo„t for tfl a^o > ^^^^^^^^ ^;

mdc aaxiliary to the natural tormauon. 1 1 ^^^y_^;,^^

Kansas for the growth of w.nter "^ »t '» » e » ^_^

fact,. In that prticular ■ -,f * "jf X "y fo« "«='•«. ""<>
tte bottoms the -i"'-™^^;*:';: , ^theri are .any s,«ts
tlie maximum ten feet. On the P'" ^ , ■^ ■„

,he,e the soil is hardly more than o .nch« ^^ ^^^^^^^^
usually very froduefve »"^- *;^^;P^, J.^y ,„.ors the idea

exeocds "'i't^'^- -^''^/j' :nd permanently fertile, in eon
that the soil oi Kansas wui mineral salts in the earth,

sequence of ^1^^ ''^^^^"^^ V'"'^ ^L^known as "buffalo wal-
There are some peeuliarly ^--" jf^\ ^^^^^^ a sulphate of
lows," which in dry seasons «-"' ^^ "^ j^^.^s which have a
magnesia; but with P-f J- ^^^^

reputation so unfavorable, can ^^ ve^ ^he old fashioned

good crops of almost every ^e^cnp on ^.^^ ^^^^

farmer, who prided ^;7 ^ j;; ^r^Xontact with a dim-
learning, finds himself at ^ heavy a ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^
eulty of this description, which to his ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^

- - :s de.crip^n;;;^^«^ - - a^;Sows appear to

thought a trial ot his skn . descriptions for the min-

havc been frequented by »"™f ? j' °'^;„:TJearth. The "salt
eral quality «hich they obta n d by l.c^n ^^^ ,^ ^^^^ ^^^

lick " is at all t,mes a spot ^''"^ '" °> \„^ j^^ soil into a

the wallowing and lickmg of *;;;;tr water, when for miles
cavity sufficient to afford a ^8™" , , .„^a These hard and
„„Jd the rest of the -"tj --^ ^ ™\^ .„e „m.er rains
depressed spots alternate y soaked »n^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ description

and summer's heat, are lew ana ^.^^^^^^^ ^^j^^„^^

c« *e soil would not be comp = J^«^,^^ ,^„^ ,„ ^„„,„, ,,
to this peculiarity. Ihe ^l^^ni y ^ comparative

small indeod -"hether -^^^^^^^^rO^, readers are of course
statement D.tween this.tate ^^^^'^^^ ^ ^, farmed ; by

aware that there are two ways in whicti

-"%,

GKyEttAL DESCniPTIOJf.

pi5, in tlic rurle
c disturbances

3 have already
■){ the bottonis
■ial drainage is
)cial fitness of
he established

0 Illinois. In
our inches, and
[ire many spots

deep, but it is
the soil hardly
r favors the idea
y fertile, in con-
;s in the earth.
iS "buffalo wal-
er, a sulphate of
s which have a
be made to give
e old fashioned
itance with book
itact with a difft-
;ely comes to be
xllows appear to
lions for the min-
jarth. The " salt
,nd in many cases
orn the soil into a
r, when for miles
These hard and
ly the winter rains
but a description
without reference

1 in Kansas is very
es or a comparative
eaders are of course
lay be formed ; by

the disintegration of rock, affording a lodgment to seeds and to
moLsturc, out of which a sparse vegetation springs; and by the
decomposition of vegetal matter, wliich gradually coats the ox-
idized stratum, or in the processes of cultivation, becomes incor-
porated therewith, and supplies an endless variety of growths. In
some parts of Kansas, sandstone has been made the base of the
agricultural lands ; in other parts, limestone, the first is found to
be of excepticmal value in the cultivation of fruit, and it is always
ready for the operations of the farmer, before the limestone soils
can be approached. In many of the bottom lands, all these qual-
ities combine, and all that is necessary to attain perfection for the
agriculturist is just so much of art as will relieve the earth of
superabundant moisture at particular spots. Upon a careful cal-
culation made by competent persons, with whom circumstances
have brought the writer in contact, it appears that there is not
tliroughout Kansas an average of one acre in five hundred in
which the rock is so exposed as to preclude cultivation, and in
the few cases in which such exposures occur, the number of
springs and the area of running water make the country pecu-
liarly valuable for grazing and stock raising purposes. The value
of these exposures in other respects will have to be considered in
another phase of our treatment of the surface and capabilities of
Kansas. The soil of eastern Kansas is usually black, that of
western Kansas is lighter in color, with an inclination to redness,
from the iron present in the earth. The soil of western Kansas is
much deeper than that of the east, but except in the bottoms, it
contains a very small amount of vegetable mold, that deposit
seeming to have been washed out of the higher lands into the val-
leys, or by some circumstance to have been arrested. The qual-
ity which is largely lacking in the light colored soil of the west-
ern section abounds in the east of the state. The bluflf formation
has qualities which make it of peculiar value to the agriculturist ;
for many growths, indeed, it is fully equal to the black soil, rich
in vegetable deposit. "When the bluff deposit underlies the darker
soil, as we have seen that it sometimes does, the farmer occasion-
ally brings up the subsoil by deep plowing, and after exposure to
the air it will give as good crops as the bliick soil so much praised.
In some parts of Kansas the soil seems to be made up of a finely

i^^:i&fi}f'mr:ri^s0ifi}'^-'i--^

nmi

32 TvrriE'i} HisTuHr of Kaxsas.

pulverized sand which shows no grittiriess on boing handled, yet
never bakes like a clay soil, and is ready for the plow sooner than
any other land on the record. This (luality is found more or less
prominent wherever the bluif deposit predominates, and it ia often
found in combination with vegetal mold, supplying in that form a
wealth of soil such as the whole world cannot excel. Kansas is
only beginning to be appreciated as a grazing and stock raising
country ; in the course of a few years, when the agriculturist of
this state shall have enjoyed full opportunities to become acquaint-
ed with the capabilities of the soil, he will learn that Kansas can
produce more and better stock than any other state in the union.
The farmer will carry on his multiform operation, producing the
crops best suited for'his winter avocations, growing hedges, groves
and belts of trees in the positions best adapted for shelter, allow-
ing his cattle to graze down the magnificent blue grass which
abounds for summer feed and for winter hay, without an atom of
trouble beyond cunng and saving, and making his dairy an item
in his daily work, which, at little cost, will supply all the wants
of an extensive household.

There need be no waste in time or substance in the business of
the successful agriculturist. His stock will give us much in one
form as it takes in another from the soil, so that the farm will be-
come richer every day, and if due care is observed in procuring
the very best crosses, the state will soon obtain the repute, worth
more than money in the market, of producing the best qualities
of live sU)ck in the union. Iowa, in some of her counties, has
done wonders, with but little outlay, in this respect, and m some
parts of Kansas, at this moment, there are breeds of cattle which
will hardly be surpassed in the next quarter of a century.
Bakewell, the English farmer who first introduced the idea of im-
proving^ the breed of domesticated animals in his own country,
was se^down as little better than an idiot by his neighbors, but
he persevered in his subdued, enthusiastic way, until some few
persons were won over to a half belief in his theories. The sheep
of his day were remarkable for their points ; indeed, they were all
points, carrying as much bone as Don Quixotes Rosinante, and
as little meat as the Knight of the Rueful Countenance himself.
Bakewell pointed out to his few listeners that it was possible to

OEJiEIl.iL DESCliU'Tiny.

t liiindled, yet
w aoonur than
1 niore or less
and it is oftea
ill that form a
el. Kmisus is
I stock raising
griculturist of
lomeacquaint-
at Kansas can
i in the union,
producing the
hedges, groves
shelter, allow-
le grass which
jut an atom of
! dairy an item
y all the wants

the business of
s much in one
le farm will be-
J in procuring
e repute, worth
i best qualities
;r counties, has
ct, and in some
of cattle which

of a century.
[ the idea of im-
3 own country,
; neighbors, but
until some few
ies. The sheep
id, they were all

Rosinante, and
enance himself,
was possible to

reduce the mileage of b(., , and to increase the acreage of meat
by judicious breeding, and very soon ho had something more con-
vincing than argiunent to support his theory. J lis sheep and
cattle cost no more for their keej) tlian the animals raised by his
neigliliors, l)ut the drovers who came to buy for the London mar-
kets were ready to pay a better price because there was moro
meat for the consumer, and that product was of better (puility.
Some of the rare old true blue conservative farmers, of whose
successors Karl Kiissell said in his younger days, that " tlu^y were
more stupid than the cattle they raised,"' stuck to the old ways
and were ruined. Tiic younger and brighter race profited by
their experience, and the same law of selection which resulted in
the production of "pedigree wheat," and " Southdown mutton,''
was applied in a hundred diflercnt ways, until the farmer and
grazier in England at the pretsent time is a .scientist, following a
profession, instead of a plodding, stupid sort of man, running liia
chances and grumbling at every phase of fortune. What Bake-
well did, other men in this country have carried to still greater
perfection. The best thing that has been accomplished by Gold-
smith Maid, under the eye of the public, is but a limited exhibi-
tion of what she would do, it the occasion warranted her owners
in taxing her strength and speed, and by continuous care in .selec-
tion, every quality that is thought desirable can be secured, not
in particular individuals, but in a large percentage of the animals
raised from certain stock. The interest of the producer demands
that he shall not waste his energies on quadrupedal weeds, when the
sun, Goil and attention which he can bestow, will be as productive,
to say the very least, of the finest type of animals. In that de-
scription of enterprise Kansas is destined to take a very high posi-
tion, and to reap very considerable profit. '-

It would be difficult to find, for any purpose, better and more
enduring lands anywhere than the valleys of the Kansas and Ar-
kansas rivers afford. The soil is quick and strong, and every crop
tells of the staying powers of that rich agglomeration brought
down by rains and rivers from the uplands and the bluflfs during
unnumbered centuries.

The climate of Kansas would ta.sk the powers of a master to
give an adequate description without overstating the virtues of
3

34 Tvttle's IfisTonr of Kaxs.is.

tlic roqion. TIktc arc many vnritilions of every licauty, but
thero arc some drawbacks also in tlio iMOtcoroloj^'ical dmraetoristica
of this state. Tlio heat sometimes reaelies one liiuulreil degrees in
the shade, and this to many persons accustomed to the mois. at-
mosphere ot Chicago, or. to some of the cities of Michigan, border
ing on the lake, suggests a sweltering warmth, which would jus-
tify one in dressing like a Sandwich Islander, or in basking in the
shade like the Neapolitan /((...^(n-o/H; incapable of work, unless it is
labor to eat fruit and some jn-eparation ot maccaroni, and able
only to appreciate the doke far nknte, "the delicious do noth-
ing." as these unique idlers phrase their indulgence. Men who
bave lived in Kansas can tell quite a different story ; the air ia
dry and clastic at those seasons, until there seeuis to be no
pressure upon the vital column, or only just sufTieient to bold one
to the earth. Tlu^se who in Chicago, when tbo tberinometer
stood at 9(3" or C7" could bardly draw their reluctant limbs after
thorn in tbe moist not air, and were in danger of destroying their
wbole sui^ply of paper collars every day, in an insane attempt to
look frigid, can. liarcUy dream of the exhilarating character which
belonfrs'to the air of Kansas when tbe register shows a range of
from 80' to 100°. The Cbicagoan, who will oblige us by remain-
in.r on the stage for purposes of contrast, may realize within one
day in ibc middle of summer, almost tbe extremes of change
which a resident in Kansas will be called upon to endure, from
tbe earliest day in spring, to the last in the autumn, until the
children be<nn to calculate the -.lumber of days before old Santa
Klaus wiir descend the hospitable chimney, with his presents
touched with a rime of frost. The sufferer in Chicago can hardly
casp out over night, his customary laudation of the metropolis
of" the -reat northwest, so intense is the oppression of that
warmtb,\nd when he finds his pillow, his first care is to throw
off every coverlet save the linen sheet, and still the small
hours of morning are well nigh run out, before he falls into
1 fitful doze, from which he is awakened by a dream of arctic

1 UUZ.C, lHJiii .....V... ,,,.11. 1

riL'ors to find the breeze from tbe lake blowing half a gale
into Ihe open window, and himself praying in vain for just an
hour more of the broiling, sweltering air of yesterday. The
days of summer in Kansas are bright and full of sunshine.

beauty, but

(;liiiractori:itica
Ircd (U'groeri in
-) tho inoii-u iit-
I'higun, bonier
fl\ would jus-
biiskiug in tlio
)rk, unless it is
roiii, and ablo
iious do noth-
lee. Men who
tory ; the air is
,'ni3 to bo no
ent to hold one
3 thermometer
tant limbs after
lestroying their
pane attempt to-
iliaracter which
ows a range of
c us by remain-
lize within ono
smcs of change
to endure, from
tumn, until the
)eforc old Santa
ith his presents
eago can hardly
: the metropolis
ression of that
are is to throw
still the small
re he falls into
dream of arctic
ing half a gale
vain for just an
esterday. The
all of sunshine,

Gesesal Demcjuptk H

but it is the brl-rJitncsH of Italy, with tti s«me df^ fjluo sky,
hardly fli-ckod by a pa>*.sing cloud. The -at that i.^ described
by Dickens in Litif,- /)„rritt, in his pen and ink skou-li of Mar-
seilles, is a matter of theory to the rosidcnt in Kansas, unless ho
lias traveled. Ko hccs nt homo no quivering of the hot air ns it
rises from the heated roads, like the radiating warmtli of a kiln.
The air is warm for liim, hut he concludes that lOU" in the sliudo
is not a had experience after all, when it is followed by cool ninlita
with almost the regularity of clock work, and the sleeiu'r tinds no
dilli'Mdty in enduring a fair average of bed clothes. Then again
his winter is not a severe and arctic freeze, any more than his
summer reminds him of the torrid zionc. He cannot, in fancy
even, travel during the seasons from the burning sides of llecU
to an unpleasant coldness, cast away upon an iceberg. Ilis tran-
sitions come slowly from the topmost range of summer to a win-
ter temperature, only on rare occasions falling below zero. The
workman whoso calling must be pursued in the open air, seldom
sulfers from coup de solell in the summer, or from frostbite in the
winter. The farmer can pursue his avocation through the live
}f>ng year with abundant profit, without experiencing the vicissi-
tudes and extremes whicli wait upon his neighbors in Iowa or
Illinois. There is one drawback in this climate which the young
people occasionally make an occasion for murmuring; the merry
sleigh bells are not heard, and of course the delightful parties,
which can face a snow storm with delight, must find other provo-
cations to hilarity, but the farmer does not complain of a climate
in which the plow will run through the soil during ten months
of the year. December and January are the winter months, and
in some seasons ice eight inches thick is formed during that season
of cold, but more generally the range is from four to six inches,
and some years there is no ice worth storing. Spring comes with
February, and the trees are soon in bud, ready to burst into the
garment of green which is so grateful to the eye, so full of prom-
ise for mankind. The cold days have just Ijeen sufRciently severe
and frequent to make the vernal season more delightful, but the
fact that sleighing is not the fashion, says emphatically that the
winters are mild by comparison with the rigors endured in other
states. The absence of haze from the atmosphere is a subject of

TvrTl.hfn lUsTUHY OF K.iNSAS.

coimiioiit aiiioii^' tiiivoltTH ; llu' air biiiigs every object witliin tlie
raiiKo i>i hiyhl elear up into view, and at tiiiics it appeuiH as though
it wero piK^-sible to perceive refracted to our lino of vision things
whicli arc bcU)W the line of the horizon. Wo do not nunui to
cimvry tliat the Kata Morf-inia, wliich can he ween at tiniea on lia
coa.Ht of Cahd)ria, is ever pre-t.-nted to the eyes of the Kansas resi-
dent at home ; the refraction referred to hIiow.s no reversal of tho
object, but it is as though the encircling air raised up a picture of
every object in .lilu by some occult power whicli our knowledge
of the law of sight will not enable us to grasp. Tlic clear air of
Kansa.s gives an iinpiession of nearness, when ga/,ing at distant
objects, which is another result of its dryness, becauso incu necea-
snrily compare the present with the past, and all their conclusiona
in this respect arc arrived at by remcnd)criiig llie moist media
through wliich they saw everything in less favored localities.

'I'lic wimls are very strong in Kansas; perhaps the vapor which
loads the •iiuKisphcro in some states is due to the softer airs in
which tho earth is lapped, but there are nuuiy regions in which a
kind of fog is almo.st always present, although ihc winds come
occasionally with the force of a hurricane. Tho want of forests
in Kansas has been already referred to, and of course the baro
prairie oilers no abating force to the gales which sometimes sweep
over the lan<l. Groves are springing up now in many places
which seemed to be permanently bare, lincc the lircs once annu-
uily prevailing have been beaten back by tho growth of settle-
ment, and farmers arc planting trees with very good judgment, in
dilTcrcnt parts of the country. Perhaps the state government
would do well to give such matters their careful .supervision also.
The cool breezes of the summer nights arc pleasant as well as
profitable to tho sleeper, but the strong winds may, and probably
will be, moderated by tree culture, and other means which it
would bo tedious to particulari/c here. Certain it is that wind
und rain can be largely governed by circumstances which arc under
man's control, although the simoom and the cyclone in their fury
bear him down as the reed is bent in a tempest The cultivation
of hedges is a step in the right direction. The records, so far as
they extend, abundantly show that rains fall with greater fro-
quency and with less violence in Kauoas of late years, than was

■ I I UIU

Okskha l hhscuii'Tioy.

«T

A'illiin the
fta though
iun things
t juoau to
lU'ti oil iio
iiiisiis ruai"
real of tho
|iic'tiirc of

<ll()\vlL'ilgO

ik'iir air uf
at distant

[liCll llt'COd-

oncUisiona
iiist media
lilies.

ipor wliiuh
tor airs in
in w!ii(;h a
nnds conio
; of forests
iQ the bam
UK'S sweep
liny plaees
once annu-
h uf settle-
dgment, in
;ovci'nnient
vision also.
; as well aa
d probably
IS which it
■? that wind
h arc under
1 their fury
cultivation
Js, so far aa
greater fre-
•s, than was

tho oxporionon f)f tho older settlers when tlicy locited themselves
in tiiis territory, '['lie number of rainy days durinj^ the year in-
creased within three years from about sixty days to nini^ty, speak-
itij,' in round nnml)ers, ancl this by steady accretion. Sneh a fact
taken alone would be too narrow to bo assumed as a bnsis for
rl>asoning, but wdieti it is considered tliat all tho facts of f)ur timo
tend to the same result, and that our coinpletest obsei'vations posi-
tively demonstrate tho power of tree.H over rainfall, wdiil(> they
more than suir^rest that railroads and telegraph wires wield an in-
flu(Miee on tin' freipieney :ind duration of cleetrie disturbances, it
will be .sen that we are juslilii'd in relying upor\ tho increase of
rainy days during three years of close observation, as part of tho
phenomena which prove that man is slowly accnmidating power
over the elements, by the observation of tho jihenoiuena of lui-
ture. Wlii'n the Aformon leader, Ibigham Yourig, led his follow-
ers into the valley of tho Salt Lake, encamping at the foot of tho
Wahsateh mountains, just where tho city of Salt Tiako now
stands, he j)romised his disciple^ i miracle, and to this day they
believe his promi.se was fuHillc'l. The Great Salt lake, a mass of
water ajiparently without an mtlet, except by means of eva])ora-
tion, had accumulated the salts of tho earth in that region during
unnumbered years, as every stream and spring brought with it to
tho lako some mineral in .solution. When the sim drew up its
.supplies to make rain, only the pure vai)or roso to form the
cloud, the .salt must need.s remain behind, being too ho.ivy to be
vaporized by that simple process of attraction, and ceaseless rep-
etitions of the operation of the same attractions and repulsions,
during all the centuries that have elap.sed since tho lake .system
extended across tho continent, and gave to this body of water its
outlets toward the ocean, such as lake Erie and lake Michigan
now enjoy, have resulted in making the Gioat S.ilt lake as full of
mineral substance as the name implies. The continuance of sim-
ilar causes through more extended periods would have resulted,
it is probable, in filhng the valley with a mnh bed .-'uch as the
crust of the earth has many examples of ; but to pursue that
question further would lead away from our present topic.
Mr. Brigham Young had spent much time among the Indians,
and although a man of very moderate attainments, he has excep-

f ,

38 TuTTLifs HisroitY of Kansas.

tional shrewdnesg, so that when he heard from the red men the
axiom of the tribes, that "The pale face brings his ram with
him," he could liave had very little dilFiculty in compi-ehending
the natural law, under which the fact referred to by the Indians
must be explained.

The red man had allowed fires to sweep over the country year
after year unchecked, if not caused by his operations, denuding
the prairies of every tree and bush and blade of grass over thoa-
eandsof square miles, leaving the soil a blackened waste untd the
grass roots by mere force of vitality would once more place a robe
of emerald upon the earth. Where such fires did not occur, and
the primeval forests raised their heads to heaven asking for
clouds and rain, there was only one obstacle to careless and
thriftless denudation, the laziness of the savage and the imperfec
tion of his tools. When the white settler came to the land to
make his home, his first care would be to isolate Lis homestead,
as completely as he might, from the probability of being swal-
lowed up in prairie fires. That isolation meant protection for the
forest which was always trying to make head against the de-
stroyer. Examine the patch of grass under your feet and you
will find not only grass, but shrubs of a thousand kinds, in min-
iature, trying to find room for expansion. Ten thousand trees are
browsed down in a day by domesticated animals. Millions of
trees, that have never risen more than a span in height, are liable
to be eroded by the pettiest fire, and still nature maintains her
ceaseless effort to cover the soil with forests. The white man
assists nature, because he has his iiome to protect, his wife and
little ones, his Lares and Penates to defend. The crops in the
earth, the fences around his farm, the grain in his store, the fur-
niture in liis dwelling*, the stock grazing around him, are all pre-
cious possessions, and fire is his direst enemy. He bends all his
enercies to avoid conflagrations. The season of the year havmg
come in which fires are most to be dreaded, he selects a day on
which the wind or the lack of wind favors the operation, and he
burns a broad protecting line around his home and farm, far
enough away to minimize the danger, carefully beating out the
last embers of the utilized flame. When the settlement grows,
the protected area increases until the prairie becomes almost as

in iljUIW |l>iHi>jB(WW

General DEscsiPTioy.

■ed men the
s rain with
ipreliending
the Indians

iountry year
IS, denuding
3 over tlioa-
ste until the
place a robe
)t occur, and
asking for
careless and
;be imperfec-
tbe land to
s liomestead,
being swal-
;ction for the
vinst tbe de-
feet and you
inds, in min-
5a nd trees are
Millions of
;bt, are liable
naintains her
le white man
, his wife and
crops in the
5 to re, tbe f ur-
n, are all pre-
bends all his
e year having
ects a day on
■ation, and be
and farm, far
;ating out tbe
ement grows,
rnes almost as

safe as the city. Then from the willing soil the earth once again
gives out its teeming forests, this time to find a better welcome, so
that thousands of square miles, which were annually blackened
by desolation, are now groves and forests of considerable size,
making the air salubrious by the breathing of their myriad
leaves, claiming moisture from the passing cloud and feeding tbe
springs and rivulets with murmuring streams. The trees planted
by settlers are but a small item compared with the immense for-
ests jilanted by nature which grow up under his protection. This
then is one of the ways in which " the pale face brings with him
his rain." When Lesseps, the great French engineer, commenced
his great canal work, his first coup was to plant trees along tliQ
line of his operation, and before his work had been completed
those trees were making a pasture land of the desert, bringing
down rain upon the parched sands, and holding the fluent earth
together. Brigham Young knew enough to be aware of the open
secret which would enable him to modify the forces of nature,
and he promised his disciples to work a miracle by the means at'
his disposal. The margin of the lake proved that the body of
water was diminishing, as comparatively recent high water marks
were indicated by deposits of various salts upon the beach. His
miracle was to consist of an increase of that body of water.
The disciples heard and believed, waiting only for the realization
which they were snre would come. They carried out the orders
■which were duly made, that every man should plant trees upon
his allotted ground. Orchards, when fruit trees could be ob-
tained, but trees, whether fruit trees or not The streams that
came down cool and clear from the mountains were carried
through channels in every street, and shade trees were planted in
convenient locations, until the whole valley resembled a park and
a garden. Where streams bad run into swamps and morasses,
trenches were dug, and the unprofitable land converted into first-
class pasture, additional acreage moreover for trees. " The pale
face brought with him bis rain," because he used the means ne-
cessary for that purpose and the result was just as inevitable as
that the punka of the East Indian and the fan of the civilized
American woman should give coolness to the heated brow.
Years passed and the work of drainage was slowly going on.

TcrTLifs IIisroRY of Kaxsas.

rains became more and more frequent within the basin of the Salt
Lake, and tliere being few swamps now to arrest tlie natural
course of the falling waters, the Salt Lake slowly expanded
toward its old bounds, actually increasing in depth from ten to
twe^vo feet over its whole area. The miracle, to the accomplish-
ment of which Brigham Young stood pledged, is now pointed ta
by old Mormons as an accomplished fact, and few of the rank
and file of the faith are sufficiently cultivated and informed to be
aware that there was not an atom of nuraclc in the whole trans-
action. The iron road and the wires and telegraph poles which
now traverse the continent, from Maine to the Golden Gate, have
doubtless assisted in the same direction, and in every state the
processes of protection and cultivation, sensibly and insensibly
carried on, have tended to make rains more frequent and more
gentle, just as the experiences of the state of Kansas exemplify,
consequently we are not building upon a narrow and insecure
basis when we claim, from the facts referred to, the changes which
" are manifest

In Kansas and all over settled America, the change of climate
and of temperature progresses. The earth is fed with rain and it
answers with herbage and flowers, with trees, springs and rivers,
which maintain coolness and freshness in the air. Arrest the
process of tree planting and protection, employ the axe of the
•woodman to denude an area of country, and you find the answer
to the insane proceeding in wells without water, springs that have
run dry, creeks that have no rivulet, meadows with a dry and
stunted grass, the whole earth feeling its way back again toward
the primeval desert, where the slowly oxidized rock could not
sustain the simplest vegetation. Tliis is not theory alone ; it is the
outcome of applied science proved by instances which are his-
torical in cause and in effect. The rain drop is the first great
factor in civilization, nay, even in life itself. The rain pelted
traveler, in rubbers and overcoat, with his umbrella turned
■wrongside out, and his hat a wreck, may have some difficulty in
realizing the poetry of the position, but once safe at home and his
mind aglow with the exercise forced upon him, he can see much
better how that ocean, which has probably never increased nor
decreased an iota since earth and sea came into their present

General Description.

of the Salt
the natural
expanded
from ten to
accornplish-
T pointed to
jf the rank
armed to be
vhole trans-
poles which

Gate, have
iry state the
[ insensibly
it and more
! exemplify,
nd insecure
mges which

e of climate
I rain and it
! and rivers,
Arrest the
axe of the
I the answer
gs that have
1 a dry and
gain toward
k could not
)ne; it is the
lieh are hia-
e first great
rain pelted
rella turned
difficulty in
orae and his
an see much
icreased nor
iheir present

forms, has sent those rain drops on errands of mercy, which are
but the reduplication of similar operations which have gone oa
since this world came out of chaos. lie can see then, that nearly
all of the herbage upon which his cattle are fed, nearly all of the
grain, fruits and vegetables which come to his own table, are, in
the main, utilized rain drops. When he pursues the subject a
little further, he finds he is little more than a few buckets of rain
water, some lime and a handful of other ingredients himself, save
the divine essence which has made the race one from its earliest
recorded act, and which gives to his strangely compacted brain his
memorj'. The solid looking man becomes positively astounded,
as he reflects, that of the less than one hundred and fifty pounds
that make up his bulk and weight, more than ninety pounds
consist of water. There may be too much rain in a particular
locality, but the rain drop, even in. profusion, is better than the
desert in which no blade of grass can flourish, no living thing
exist There is another reason for greater coolness: When rain
falls upon a soil never broken by the plow, it finds a surface
hard and matted together by the pressure of the atmosphere, the
hoofs of animals and the continually interlacing roots. Over
such country the rain passes without permeating the earth, and
the cooling influence is lost almost entirely. The husbandman
comes upon that land and his plow speedily destroys that close
matting of roots. The harrow completes the work commenced
by the plow, and the atmosphere reduces the broken clods to
powder. The rain falling now, sinks into the soil, fills the sub-
soil, which, like a sponge, may be charged with water, and over the
whole area the process is going on, which i.« applied when a water
pitcher of porous ware is covered all around with a damp cloth,
u kind of refrigeration proceeds on a grand scale, because a moist
surface is always an evaporating surface, and that coolness is the
climatic change which we find progressing side by side with
settlement. Rain would come more readily upon such land than
upon an arid soil, because the coolness condenses the cloud into
drops where heat would rarefy it into lighter vapor. The num-
ber of springs in the state of Kansas is known to be much greater
than formerly, for the reason that the earth is now the receptacle
of rain instead of its thoroughfare only, and that the rains come

: ,iii*iiii»!*%i(**ar»'

Tuttle's History of Kansas.

more frequently. The operation of tlie same law will continue
to improve the rivers and streams as aids to the manufacturer,
because the water course which ran full to the banks during
vvinter, and was unmanageable because of its volume, became a
tiny rivulet in the summer, or dried up altogether, so tha". the
mill was idle at both extremes, but under the processes meidental
to .settlement and cultivation, the earth becomes a never failing
reservoir out which nature can bring her hydraulic powers at
will to feed the spring, the stream and the river, so that the rush
is moderated at the worst, in winter and in spring, and the river
is supplied when, under the primitive rule, there wasa drought.
"The pale face brings with him his rain," and his spring, and U3
river, and his forest, and his plenty also, because he is an mtelli-
eent observer of the formulas upon which nature works, and he
thankfully acts upon the hints which God gives him in the reve-
lation of seience. The end is not yet. The thinker and the
worker of to-day are but at the outer door of the temple o
knowledge, listening to the words : " Knock and it .shall be opened
unto you," and whether at St. John's eve, or at any other season,
the reverent soul is anxious to fathom the will of the Great
Artificer of the universe, for his law is always full of mercy for
the raec. Kansas is found among the most productive of twenty
states in some crops, and above the average in all. The day is
not far distant when it will lead in every respect as an agricul-
tural state, and when, in addition thereto, it will be ranked among
tbe most favorable to manufactures. The state may be said to
be part of the system which culminates in the Rocky mountains,
and the inclination of the surface toward the Missouri and the
Mississippi, by the Kansas and its tributaries in one case, among
many and by the Arkansas and its tributaries in another, is an
indicntion of a force which can be converted into wealth, every
minute of the day and night, whenever the works are set going,
bv which the whole world will be made rich without the opera-
tion of the often quoted curse, which rests upon the brow of man.
The rainfall in Kansas is not only more continuous and more
gentle of late years, but it has been demonstrated by returns of
a reliable kind, only too tedious for quotation, that the growing
months of the year, from March to October, are specially noted

Hygiesic CoxDiTioys.

vill continue
iianufacturer,
)ank3 during
die, became a
•, so that the
3CS incidental

never failing
lie powers at
that the rush
and the river
'as a drought,
pring, and his
e is an intelli-
vorks, and he
n in the reve-
inker and the
the temple of
liall be opened
r other season,

of the Great
.1 of mercy for
jtive of twenty
.1. The day is

as an agricul-

ranked among
iiay be said to
;ky mountains,
ssourl and the
ne case, among
I another, is an
» wealth, every
5 are set going,
lout the opera-
3 brow of man.
lous and more
1 by returns of
at the growing
specially noted

as the season during which rain more particularly falls. As we
have before mentioned, the spring commences in February m
Kansas, and the hard frosts, when they come, belong to Doccmbcr
and January. The average of rain in nineteen states, besides
Kansas, shows a much smaller quantity of rain in tlie growing
montlis tlian that recorded in Kansas at the corresponding tune.
Eastern Kansas is more rainy than the western section of the
state, but the observations of scientists, extended over many
years, leave little cause for doubt, that in western Kansas also
the average of rain increases. ,

CHAPTER II.
HYGIENIC CONDITIONS.

Air - Water - Soil - Timber- Geology - Stone - Coal - Iron - Lead —

Tin — Petroleum, etc.

The liist question that a wise man will ask with regard to a
new country, of which he may become a resident, will be, and
should be, as to its hygienic conditions. He will ask for the sake
of his children as well as on his own behalf. The old question,
" What shall it profit a man though he gain the whole world and
lose his own soul, or what shall a man give in exchange for his
soul," had a bearing on the temporal life as well as upon the
eternal. There are circumstances in which it becomes a noble
self sacrificing nature to abandon life for the sake of his country,
his kind, or for the object of his love; but in choosing a home
for himself and his family no such occasion arises. The condi-
tions of life in health are of paramount importance, and he
would be held little better than an idiot who would, with his
eyes open, select a location for a home in which ill health must
be his companion all his days until an early death came to
shorten his misery. Sick men with sick thoughts are not the
usual condiments served up to the traveler in Kansas. To those
who assume that a Lapland winter is necessary to develop and

TVTTLK'fi JllSTOliY OF K.IKSAS.

sustain vigorous licaltli, it vill be useless to say much in praise
of Kansas; the niaximum of Wame is conveyed in tlie fact that
Blei.Lfhing is not the custom of the state during winter, and that
spring commences with February. The northern states havo all
the superior advantages of frost bite upon exposure, in which
Kansas can hardly ever compete; and then within doors, the cus-
tom of shutting out every current of fresh air, heating their houses
by furnaces in the basement, and practically living in an ex-
panded flue, with an occasional atmosphere of coal gas to breathe
right and day, an open fire place treated as a waste of coal and
caloric, and an iron stove the only method for warming residences,
not provided with the poisonous furnace, may be remarkably in-
vigorating, but we would much rather take our chances in Kansas
where such means are in much more limited application. The
nights in summer are almost invariably cool enough to permit of
healthful sleep, and the days although warm arc not oppressive.
There are more instances of sun stroke in New York city in one
year, than have been recorded in this state from the days of its
first settlement ; and that fact comes as much from the superior
vigor of the population as from the clearness and freshness of the
atmosphere that fills the lungs of the population, and is the me-
dium for the transmission of the sun's rays. Summer and winter
alike, whenever the weather permits of exposure without incon-
venience from rain or snow, people are accustomed to enjoy their
leisure out of doors; and their sports in the open air are numer-
ous and popular in this state. The happy mean between heat
and cold, avoiding either extreme, favors every out of door pur-
suit, and those who understand the first principles of "health can-
not fail to see that under such conditions, if anywhere, life may
be enjoyed. Food of good quality, in sufficient quantity to sus-
tain strength being supposed, and such clothing as will protect
the body from undue exposure, with homes comfortably secure
from winds and rain, it must be perceived that exercise in the
open air, whether in labor or in recreation, will supply to health-
ful men and women all that is required to maintam body and
mind in the highest order. The blood enriched by necessary
supplies of diet will reach the heart in proper volume, wanting
only the action of the atmosphere to complete the round of

iijmwiur^i|^>|>^M|iiiiWiiiWffMWW^|W

Hygienic Conditions.

ucli in praise
the fact that
iter, and that
ate.s have all
are, in which
loors, the cus-
r their houses
ig in an ex-
^as to breathe
e of coal and
ng residences,
^rnarkably in-
ccs in Kansas
ication. The
li to permit of
ot oppressive,
rk city in one
lie days of its
1 the superior
eshness of the
,nd is the me-
ler and winter
without incon-
to enjoy their
lir are numer-
between heat
b of door pur-
of "health can-
here, life may
lantity to sus-
is will protect
ortably secure
xercise in the
)ply to health-
ta.n body and
by necessary
lume, wanting
the round of

strengthening and renewal. The brisk walk upon the breezy
hill side in congenial company, or participation in any healthful
sport that will lill tlie lungs, will establisli such contact as is de-
manded between oxygen and ozone in the atmosphere, and the
blood which has just returned, dark and venous, from making the
circuit of the system. The blood, which with every breath be-
comes thus fully oxygenated, returns to the heart a briglit arterial
red, ready to start once more upon its rounds, every corpuscle
carrying its freight of oxygon to assist in burning up the waste of
the system, and in the maintenance of animal heat. "Scholars,"
says a sterling thinker, " liave their heads warm and their feet
cold;" and very generally he is correct, becau.se the scholar is
too often only a book worm, accustomed to enjoy the delicacies
that may bo found in literature, but not in the habit of applying
science to the improvement of his own life. Persuade the an-
choret of the study to cast aside his fur lined slippers, abandon
his coal stove or his furnace for a few hours every day, and take
just so much of exercise in the open air as circumstances will per-
mit, and there will be much loss reason for complaint. lie will
eat his food with a relish, and will require no stimulating draughts
nor sauces; his blood will dance merrily, where aforetinae it
sluggishly crept; the expanding chest will take its fill of the best
air that can be obtained, and there will be no inducement to
crowd almost into the stove to procure warmth. The brain sup-
plied now with blood fully oxygenated, will lose the febrile
symptom which once seemed never failing, and the sleep of such
a man will improve with every reasonable increase of his exercise.
He will think better, read better, eat better, and sleep better, in
fact the whole range of existence will be improved with his ap-
proach to an observance of the laws of nature ; and for all such
reforms a temperate climate is best adapted. Where the summer
heat is exhausting it would be folly to expect men to expose
themselves ; and where the thermometer shows a teniperature of
40° below zero the expectation would be just as absurd ; but the
climate of Kansas presents neither of these severe extremes, there-
fore it is best adapted for the perfection of health and vigor.

Figures tend to show that men are healthful, and enjoy the ad-
vantages of exceptional longevity, in proportion to their exercise

TUTTLEfs HiSTOIiY OF K.iXSAS.

in tho open air. It may be assiitncd that the carpenter and shoe-
mnk'or of to-day are in tho average of eases, as temperate in their
liabits as the farmer, but vital statistics t(!nd to sliow a eonsider-
nblc per centagc in favor of tho agriculturist. It lias bc^n ascer-
tained that if one thousand farmers of the age of forty-tlvo years
be notcil and observed, during the ten years next ensuing, thero
will be precisely twelve deaths among them, or rather more than
one farmer of that thousand per annum. Tho observation has
been made and rei)eated in many countries by statists of high re-
pute, under circumstances which forbid the probability of mis-
take, and the results, with merely fractional variations, arc always
the same. That is the probability of life for the farming class
during the decade innn forty-live years of age to lifty-live. Turn
now to the carpenter, and it will be found that he with his indoor
oeeu]iation sustains an increase of mortality equal to three on the
thousand during the like term of corresponding ages, and tho
shoemaker with his sedentary pursuit presents an average of six-
teen deaths in the thousand during a corresponding period. The
main conditions of life vary chiefly among those several classes in
the greater exposure to fresh air, of the class that disj)lays great-
est longevity. Thero is a very marked increase when the miner
becomes tho subject of investigation. One thousand miners forty-
five years of age will lose of their number within ten years, just
twenty jiersons where the farmers lost twelve, the carpenters, filtocn
and the shoemakers sixteen, but the circumstances of their calling
abundantly explain the larger average of death. They are liable
to greater risks in going to^and returning from their daily and night-
ly toil, their habits, as a class, are less temperate as well as less
enlifrhtened, and far down in the bowels of the earth where thev
pursue their perilous avocation they may be crushed by falling
masses of rock or coal at any moment ; may be drowned by a
rush of water from abandoned workings ; may be poisoned by the
fumes of choke damp issuing through some accidental crevice,
from the place where the foul m;asma was imprisoned in close
custody, by nature's forces, millions upon millions of years ago ;
or may be burned to death by the ignition of fire damp from an
uncovered flame, such as many ignorant men persist in carrying
when at their work in spite of all the monitions of science. Those

'- i iiMiiirt'y&iwiAiM

imimmiitmmiKmmlf'tittitmtmKt

Hygienic Conditions.

irpontcr and slinc-
;crnpci';iti! iii tlieir

show ii coiisidcr-
[t has bc'jn ascer-
)f forty-tivo years
xt ensuing, tliero
ratlier moro than
i observation has
tatista of liigh re-
i)l)ubility of mia-
ations, arc always
ho farming class
> lifty-iive. Turn
be with his indoor
al to three on tho
ng ages, and tho
in average of six-
ling period. The

several classes in
lat displays great-
j when the miner
sand miners forty-
n ten years, just
carpenters, filtocn
!es of their calling
They are liable
ir daily and night-
ie as well as less

earth where they
rushed by falling
be drowned by a
e poisoned by the
iccidental crevice,
prisoned in close
3ns of years ago ;
re damp from an
ersist in carrying
f science. Those

arc but a few of the many exceptional causes which make tha
miners life especially full of risks, and vital statistics sliow how
far these adtlcd dangers increase the death rate. The puri)npe to
be sorvcd by this limited quotation of figures, whore an endless
variety is ofTcred, is to demonstrate as nearly as may be possible
witli a few examples, the influence of exercise in fresh and whole-
some air on health and longevity. For many years it was be-
lieved that our ancestors enjoyed greater longevity and better
health, as well as greater strength than their descendants in the
present day, but the idea is now all but universally abandoned.
The armor which was worn by picked men in the highest civiliza-
tions of six hundred years ago cannot be worn by the average
man of to-day, it is entirely too small. The swords and other
weapons which they used cannot be wielded by the average man
of to-day, as the handles are too small, and when so far as circnm-
stances permit, we examine their houses without windows or
chimneys, more huts and kennels, there is no difficulty in recon-
ciling the fact with our knowledge as to the part which ventila-
tion must play in all such respects.

Kansas can give to its resident population a climate in which
exercise in the open air is possible without serious inconvenience
during three hundred days of the year, and its air is exceptional-
ly dry. There are no marshes to exhale miasma, no defaults of
<lrainage to increase disease. So dry is the air that meats can be
kept without salting for long terms and be at all times fit for use.
Persons whose lungs are affected, or whose bronchial tubes gave
them increasing trouble farther east, are in this state very consid-
erably relieved if not cured, more especially in certain parts of
Kansas. There are medical practitioners who assert that the cli-
mate is specific for asthma, but there are no well established facts
to sustain that position, still the circumstances quoted in support
of their theory go far toward proving that Kansas can assist where
it may not cure. Kansas embraces three degrees of latitude, con-
sequently there is a wide range of variation between the northern,
southern, eastern and western sectiona " The plains," as they are
called, have little rain by comparison with the western slopes of
the Eocky Mountains, and the eastern slopes, although far from
rainless, are less favored in that respect then the^west, but those

•!'■

liililMllW.WiMiiliiWiiiriilifn

TvTri.i'fs JfisToiiy oy Kansas,

foiituro.^, in Hotno form of ViifiiUiDii, an) common to moan-
tuiiioiM coiiiilrios. The oxplonjrrt who havo returned within tlio
last ton .years from Africa after lindiiig tlio soureei4 of tli' Nile,
mention the conjuring tricks of the rain makers in that country,
nini tlio miserable superstition which accepts their Mumbo .luinbo
ns Gospel. Superstitions are very generally forms of aborted
knowledge, and it is probable that their ancestors were wise enough
to comprehend the practical means, by which rain could bo in-
creased in favorable r(>gions, but the degeneracy and laziness of
the class in modern times contents itself with necromantic tricks,
and ceremonies, which, should rain follow within a brief period,
will bo credited with having produced the result, while the ab-
sence of rain is charged upon the superabundant sinfulness of the
comnmnity, or the want of a sufliciently liberal present t(j the per-
forii r. Men of the priest class have generally u way prei)arcd to
cover every dilliculty ; when a Devonshire parish clerk handed up
to the rector a numbei* of reciuests for prayers, ho made his commen-
tary on every item, and upon arriving at the note which requestcul
rain for the farmers in the neighborhood of Dawl'sh, the prayer
having been three times repeated without result, ti.o complacent
clerk- observed, " The fools ought to know 'tis no use praying for
rain while the wind stays in this quarter." Perhaps there may
have been some fault in the rector who was little better than one of
the Japanese prayer mills, for when a lady of his flock sent him a
note to the efl'cct ; " A mariner going to sea, his wife desires the
prayers of this congregation." The oflicial prayer master thus
rendered the petition : " A mariner going to see his wife, desires
the jirayers of this congregation."

The Vegion in Kansas in which the minimum of rain falls is
considered very favorable to persons suffering from lung diseases,
and dyspeptics find much advantage from prolonged residence
here. Persons who have come through wasting diseases in
different parts of this state, and in Colorado, come here as they
approach convalescence, as the dry atmosphere assists them
materially toward strength of body and a vigorous circulation.
Nervous exhaustion demands rest which can hardly be found in
a moist region without more than compensating dangers, hence,
the reputation which this state is maintaining for healthfulness.

Hraitwic Comutios'i^.

mm to mouii-
■nod within tlio
•es of til' Nile,

I tliat CDUiitry,
Mumbo .luinbo
■ins of iiboi'toil
cro wise enough

II coulil bo in-
and lii/.inorts of
iniiintii! tricks,
a brief period,

,, while the ab-
infuliioss of the
,'sent t(j the per-
vay prepared to
lerk handed up
ide hiscomrnen-
vhieh requested
["sh, the prayer
the complacent
use praying for
haps there may
jtter than one of
lock sent him a
wife desires the
er master thus
his wife, desires

of rain falls is
n lung diseases,
)nged residence
ing diseases in
le here as they
e assists them
0U3 circulation,
lly be found in
dangers, hence,
r healthfulness.

Should some onteri)risiiig medical practitioner establish in this
region a lirst class hygienic institution for the recuperation of worn-
out bodies and minds, by plain food, good sleej)ing, perfect rest
from anxiety, and a minimum of drugs, he will make for himself
a fortune, and a reputation cijual to that of Vircent I'reis.snit/ at
Orucfenberg, besides making the value of this country known fur
and wide over the whole world. The patent medicine vendors who
in some states absorb a largo share of every man's earnings lind
little profit in Kansas, so exhilarating is the air, and so general
the tone of health in the coininunity. The state e(jmbiiics tlio
advantages of elevation, without being absolutely moiinlainous,
and even in the lowest levels, where chills and fever were preva-
lent in former years, the progress of settlemeiit and cultivation
has almost efTaced the last remains of the old plague. One of the
essentials of health is good water. Soon after the lirst settle-
ment of Terre Uautc, Indiana, the river on which tlie city is
situated fell considerably, the wells became exhausted, or wore
very much reduced in supply, springs failed, and for many years
the region continued to be little better than a pest house. There
were other local circumstances which helped to deteriorate the
healthfulness of the region, but the want of pure water for drink-
ing purposes was the chief factor. Kansas as a whole, in every
section, east, west, north and south, has good springs, good wells,
and good rivers. There are some few localities in the state on
the high divides, and in isolated tracts elsewhere, where water
cannot be obtained without an artesian bore, but they are few
and far between, and in such instances the supply of rain water,
which can bo inexpensively stored in cisterns, will serve every
purpose of health, comfort and convenience. In the extreme
western sections of the state there are quicksands, in which
.streams disappear for some miles, when they reappear in slightly
diminished volume, and a well sunk into such strata anywhere,
must needs be fruitless. The presence of salts of various kinds
in the earth in many parts, as instanced in the bulTalo wallows,
where a sulphate of magnesia forms on the surface in dry seasons
'tis a white powder, renders it undesirable that settlers should
depend on surface water, necessarily impregnated with such salts,
but a little care in selecting proper spots for sinking will usually

TvTTiJ:'s UisToiiv OF Kassas.

result iu fi,uli.>« excellent well vvutcr ^unicient f-;v|^^P;;n--
,,. nrmv srcliuns of the country the nvcU. give ,.>.(.•. t> .olt
:::r;;^;..e.ultof,e..e.ationananU..i;.nt^^^^^^

WluMT liiiRwloMO Htmlii teeil the wells the icsuii is
LI:;:, ^ut the w.eMS peHectly .holeso,no^ J^^^^^^^^
i„,rea.ea tlio voUnne ui rivers nnd Htrciuns, an.l H is - ' ' ^
:; : U^a .^nn^s have beeenne ot lato years n.ore ^^^^^^^
formerly; i ^vill MUn, also us a matter ot course, that tm.. w 11
no tlKM.uuUty of the creek waters, by reclucmg the qnant ty
r .i 1 .oil or by distributing them in Hueh a way as thu
1; i be less liable to eontauunate springs and rnnnu.g
B^^ ' n b.a for tbe present, scMlers w.U do well to depend on
:r;:h'o possible,^.nd in the last resort on n.m w.t^ --
in cisterns. There could bo no greater error tl n tl-t -
i^ involved in the statement, onec commo.dy made, ^l- tj-^ '^^
Heks water for sustaining stock. There ,s no country b tt.r
tie an that which we have described, thrcn,gh wind
"m Is nighty strean,s (low for many hundreds of mdes, fed
; ' :i:eraU > libutar.es. and alnu,st every ^^^y ^-^ ^ ;;-
.prinus bursting through the soil of the pra.r.e n> ^i ^ ^^ -
bave' been comparatively arid until now, or - y^;- f f^
oicntlv bv passing rains to preserve the carpet of livmg green.
Iv tm- 1 rs were so circumstanced that they journeyed ueros
he d w rs of the several rivers, and remained unaequa.nted
vil \ e more pron.inent topographical features of the country^
T s^ vho have come into the state to settle and eult.ya te the
ih„se wno na. everyway more beneficial, and

T'^ It t r» of Ws subject dun„g tl.irty yea.^, =o"-
"1: n W .0 oW^od'suincicut i„Ior,nation to pre

ex cathedra on m>«t quKlons, a,o •'°''^' , to venture an

"".'■'": "'yz::^j:rt:^:z <;riC; s..«H=red ve^.

T:; J t.:: -e »„„»»,., ....,r,,, ^res, ...ere are bel. a„d

tutmtui

iitfitiiiflHii

IIYOIKSIG COSJJITIOS'^.

ovory pnrpoxe.
c. porffi-tly >«i>ft

Ui ia of course
Sclllcmenl \\m
nd it is notice*
0 coininon tliiiii
_', lluvt time will
ing llie (iiiantily
A\ ft way a*< tliat
.rs ami rnnniiia
jH to di-pmiil oil
•ain water stored
tliiin that whicli
ado, tliat Kansas

0 country better
, tlirougii wliieU
cds of tuilcs, fed
lay there arc new
js in spots wiiiclj
nly watered sufil-
t of living green.

• journeyed across
lied unacquainted
es of tlie country,
and cultivate the
re beneficial, and

1 Frenchman who
■ York state, when
jd to collect and
t three years, and

thirty years, con-
iitormation to pro-
len who pronounce
rom limited oppor.
Tied to venture an
itry sheltered vege-
there are belts and

groves of timber of j^rcat size and ni^o, but the open country is
very largely dennde<l, save where new growths have siirung up
recently. 'I'lie eastern section of the state is most favored in thia
respect, and few farms in that region arc more than two miles
from bodies of timber sunieient for fuel, fencing and building.
The quantity of stone available for building purposes makes
the demand upon wood for the bettor class »)f resiliences very
light indeed.

The western section of the state is less liberally endowed with
timber, but cultivation and protection will soon remedy that de-
ficiency, and meantime the railroads are bringing supplies from
the pineries of adjoining and distant states, at prices which mako
the defect on our own hands hardly a misfortune. The soil, where
treeless, is still fertile, and it is an advantage to be able to run
the plow through an entire farm, without let or hindrance.
When the settler has concluded to his own satisfaction, as to th o
quantity of timber land desirable on his estate, and the positions
best adapted to serve the purposes of protection, for his home, his
cattle and his crops, he can choose between allowing the native
timber to grow up and supply his wants, and the bettor alterna-
tive of planting just such groves as will serve him best; in any
case, the supply will very soon be sufficient to meet his demands
for slielter, for consumption, and for beauty. It is noticed in this
state as well as elsewhere that the wild grasses become modified
by the fact of settlement, even where other vcicties of grass are
not introduced. The practice of curing and stacking, which has
been introduced, leaves on the earth a better show for the young
and tender shoot, and the wild hay cut and saved at the proper
season contains all the nutritive properties of the feed n their
best form. When the grass is allowed to harden on the land,
cattle might just as well be expected to procure nourishment
from dried twigs, and the younger growths are choked in the
ground. Farmers depend very largely upon the wild grasses,
which are numerous and varied, although they are covered by
the generic term, " prairie grass." The prairies, in some sections,
will produce three tons of hay per acre, without an atom of ex-
pense beyond the curing and stacking, but in some places the
quantity falls as low as one ton per acre, and the cost of saving

TUTTLlfs JllSTOUY OF KaXSAS.

is in the inverse ratio to the quantity on which the mowers oper-
ate. The bloom of the prairies, and tlie scent of the wild flow-
ers in the air might afford themes for a whole volume oi senti-
mental poetry. The soil which can give a larger average of pro-
duction than almost any other state in the union, wherever due
care is bestowed upon the conditions, commonly necessary to suc-
cess, must be good, and yet the natural roads of the country are
more generally clear of mud than such roads arc often found,
■where the soil favors the occupation of the husbandman. Some
men are of course ready to complain when they find themselves
on rare occasions ankle deep in mud, in the best portions of Kan-
sas. Perhaps it would do them good to reflect on the two extremes
which they avoid in this happy medium, between the black mud
on which Chicago is built, in which men and horses could at one
time sink until they were with difficulty extricated, and the desert
cleanness of Cheyenne, which has hardly as much soil as would
grow a bed of radishes, unless the earth has been imported by
the Union Pacific lload from beyond Laramie City, or by the line
which joins that railroad from Denver, in Colorado. Dwellers in
towns find refuge from such troubles in the prevalence of city
improvements. With few and rare exceptions the natural road-
ways in this state are very good ; the heavy rains which used to
fall upon this area, before settlement came to modify the climate
and the pluvial visitations have left certain portions of the di-
vides almost as well adapted for driving or walking over as a
graveled track, and except a few of the bottom lands which are
away from the route of travel, there is hardly any wet soil to be
found a few hours after the rains have ceased. In the cities lime-
stone is being used to Macadamize the streets at very little cost,
and in some places Nicholson pavement is being tried, as it is be-
lieved that wood will answer well for roadways in this country.
The material available for bridging the principal streams where
railroads are not made will soon cover the whole state with thor-
oughfares seldom equalled in a newly settled state, with such ag-
ricultural and mineral wealth at the command of its popula-
tion. In the foregoing chapter we referred to the strong
winds which prevail in Kansas, and which it would be
desirable to modify by the cultivation of timber. There

— «agii>mnu»ui>ui-H»iMMiB»i -

HraiEXic CoNDirioys.

iG mowers oper-
f the wild flow-
/olutuc oi senti-
■ average of pro-
n, wherever due
necessary to suc-

the country are
ire often found,
andman. Some

find themselves
portions of Kan-
thc two extremes
n the black mud
rses could at one
id, and the desert
ich soil as would
leen imported by
ity, or by the line
ido. Dwellers in
)revalence of city
the natural road-
ns which used to
lodify the climate
onions of the di-
ralking over as a
1 lands which are
my wet soil to be
In the cities lime-
at very little cost,
>■ tried, as it is be-
s in this country,
al streams where
le state with thor-
ate, with such ag-
id of its popula-
l to the strong
ch it would be
timber. There

arc advantages which must not be overlooked in even the
most disagreeable features of theory and practice. When earnest
missionaries among the Kamtschatkians found that their preaching
of eternal torment, as the punishment for sin, only resulted in
more flagrant vice, they succeeded in ascertaining that the half
frozen savages were trying to secure a long lease in perpetual
lires, so that it was deemed advisable ever after to denounce the
chastisement of thick-ribbed ice for transgressors. The w? ids of
Kansas are plainly chargeable with the brisk and exhilurating
character of the atmosphere, and wherever it is found necessary
to use wind power in mills the supply is ample. When a small
village in Scotland, after suffering much inconvenience for want
of mill accommodations, caused a windmill to be erected it was
found that the grinding power was not sufficient for the desired
grist, but for some time, a second mill was pooh-poolied, as all
the wise men agreed that there could not be enough wind in a
small village to drive two such mills. There is no such dread in
any part of Kansas. Machinery can be driven, wells can be
pumped and any number of operations can be carried on by wind
force. The quantity of coal, readily obtainable, renders the wind
mill soniewhat obsolete, but there are many regions in which it is
convenient and profitable.

There are many exposures of bituminous coal in different parta
of Kansas, and these exposures reveal the several measures to
which they belong. The strata have been fully mapped by sci-
entists to ti,3 depth of two thousand feet, but their calculations
have not been exhaustively tested by borings, and may not be so
established for many years to come. The eastern quarter of the
state belongs to the carboniferous system, in which all the bitu-
minous coal measures are found ; but the upper carboniferous pre-
vails, as the lower carboniferous only appears in the southeastern
angle of Kansas. Besides coal, this measure contains limestone,
sandstone, marl, shale, slate, fire clay and selenite, varying ia
thickness in different areas, and in some places it appears that
different strata were more or less eroded by local causes, before
the next deposits were superimposed. Borings alone can serve
the purpose of demonstrating the presence or absence of coal in
paying quantities in any particular spot, but the outcrop in many

M-

TUTTLffs If IS TORT OF K.iXSAS.

.;?!

localities saves the miner and the capita list from risk, and it is
evident that for all purposes of manufacture, as well as for domes-
tic supply, there will be enough coal for tliis community for many
hundreds of years. The deposit is supposed to cover an area of
seventeen thou sand square miles. Tlic coal beds worked in Kan-
sas have not exceeded four feet in thickness ; some of the layers
are too thin to be of workable value, but none have been found
to verify the expectations of science, which pointed to beds seven
feet in thickness. The immense deposits of sandstone and lime-
stone known to be present in the strata, varying in thickness, the
former from live feet to fifty, and the latter from one foot to thirty,
will give employment to an immense aggregate of labor and cap-
ital. Magnesian limestone and beds of gypsum abound toward
the west, in what is known as the upper and lower Termiau sys-
tem ; but neither in that nor in the Triassic — or new red sand-
stone— has coal been found in such quantities as would pay for
•working. The cretaceous system ca.uoson the eartlvs crust at
this point to the foot hills of the Rocky ISIomil. os, covering the
whole western portion of Kansas. The fossil. : i cretaceous

formation arc much valued by geologists in al.' , ■ : )f the world,
and the strata in Kansas have contributed additional varieties.
The soil which overlies the cretaceous rocks is customarily good,
but in this state it is exceptionally rich, as the loam contains lime
and organic remains in very serviceable proportions. An inferior
description of coal known as lignite, about three feet six inches
in thickness, is found near Wilson Creek, and from thence extend-
ing on either side it underlies a wide area of country. It is valu-
able as fuel, but it cannot compete with bituminous coal, either
for present and immediate use or as an article of commerce. The
Kansas Pacific Railroad Company used lignite as fuel for sonie
time, but it would not give nearly so much heat, bulk for bulk,
as coal, and the waste was prodigious. It will supply local de-
mands for an indefinite time, and the quantity is supposed to be
much in excess of present discoveries. Salt is found in very con-
siderable quantities in this formation, and when works shall have
been constructed to cleanse this valuable mineral' from attendant
impurities, there will remain enough pure cliloride of sodium to
supply all the dinner tables in the United States for the next live

w>i|i«**'

Hygienic Conditioss.

I risk, and it is
3II as for domes-
lunity for many
;over an area of
worked in Kan-
le of the Uiyers
lave been found
id to beds seven
Istone and lime-

II thickness, the
lie foot to thirty,
if labor and cap-
abound toward

er Pcrmiau sys-
i' new red sand-
s would pay for
eartK's crust at
■IS, covering the
'i 1 cretaceous
t.':' ■)f the world,
itional varieties,
ustomarily good,
ain contains lime
iiis. An inferior
e feet six inches
m thence exteud-
ntry. It isvaiu-
nous coal, either
commerce. The
as fuel for sonie
;, bulk for bulk,
supply local de-
3 supposed to be
)und in very con-
works shall have
\\' from attendant
fide of sodium to
for the next live

hundred years at least. The limestone strata in parts of the cre-
taceous formation, run into a pure chalk, such as underlies the
British channel, through which it is proposed to construct a tun-
nel connecting Eiiglan 1 with France, and such as appears in the
world famous clill", celebrated by Bacon or by Shaksperc, which-
ever it may have been of the two worthies, to whom we are in-
debted for the Shaksperc dramas. All these features combine
to prove beyond doubt that the region now known as the state of
Kansas was for a prolonged term submarine, and many of the
most valuable properties now found in strata and soil are due to
that period of submergence, a full consideration of which would
amplv repay the careful student. Tlie inspired writer said : " Of
making many books, there is no end;" but when the fullest in-
vestigation shall have enabled scientists to reveal the steps of pro-
gress^from the fire mist of the chaotic age, through a myriad of
changes to our own era, his pages will be the delight of the think-
ing world. Quarries for building stone and exposures which will
be°quarried in course of time are very numerous in this state, and
at least ninety parts in one hundred of all the stone so exposed
consist of various shades of limestone, some of which permit of a
finish almost equal to marble, and will endure tremendous pres-
sure. The sandstone found in those quarries is also generally of
very good quality, and the deposits o£ gypsum — covering sixty
thousand square miles — will become invaluable in the operations
of the agriculturist, the builder and others. There are but few
faults in the geological formation of this state, the several strata
overlie each other as they were placed in order by natural forces,
and the contour of the country has been shaped into present
forms by streams and winds eroding and abrading the several
rocks, and disintegrating their surfaces where they come out on
the banks of the rivers, until the rise from the river bed of to-day
to the foot hills ot the mountain chain represent a series of ter-
races bearing each a layer of soil composed of all the qualities
most in demand among farmers. The settler upon the hill side
can quarry his stone from the bed upon which his fertile acres
stand, and in the process, if he has an eye for deciphering the
hieroglyphics of nature, he will read by what wondrous mechan-
ism the rocks were made and placed in situ preparatory to their

! ,

TVTTLlfs lIlHTOliY OF KaXSAS.

i,;*

transformation into food, clotliing, homes, wealth and culture for
mankind.

Extensive works arc now in operation preparing salt for the
market, and in every analysis it is demonstrated that the rich
deposits of that mineral contain no chloride of caleuira, the
ingredient wliich gives a bitter taste to salt generally, and
wliieh with the exception of the Kansas beds has been found in
all the purest salts prepared for consumption. It is anticipated
that Kansas will take a very high position in the production of
live stock, and the shipment of carcasses and packed meats
in consequence of the vast area of fertile land and nutritious
food available for stock, the excellent and plentiful supply of
water, and tlic superabundant store of salt available in the pro-
ces.ses of curing. The salt obtainable in Kansas is especially
suitable for the manufacture of butter, and will assist to give a
high character to the produce of dairy farms in this state. An
area more than twice the size of the state of Massachusetts is
underlaid by coal in the state of Kansas, without taking into
account the lighter formation known as lignite, and in many
places these deposits are being worked, giving employment to
great numbers. Near Leavenworth City a shaft has been put
down more than seven hundred feet, and the vein now in work is
more thaji two feet thick, but it is intended to sink the shaft
about three hundred feet lower, as it is supposed that a layer at
least three feet in thickness will be obtained at that depth. Even
the thickness now worked pays moderately well. Some of the
deposits are only worked from the river banks by a kind of quar-
rying process, but where the veins are thick, and in some places
veins of nearly 50 inches have been fou-jd, the deposit is won by
the more approved method of sinking shafts. Near Chetopa, in
Labette county, mining is very extensively prosecuted, about
three hundred men being steadily employed by one company alone,
and fifty carloads per day are frequently shipped. The veins vary
considerably, the thickest being about four feet, and from that
quantity the variation runs down to twenty-four inclies, and the
quality cannot be surpassed, as the coal is singularly free from
sulphur. The supply of fuel in Kansas is abundant The next
requisite after coal for a state aiming at greatness as a manufac-

Hygiexic Conditioxs.

md culture for

g salt fo:- the

that the rich

calcium, the
generally, and
been found in

is anticipated
! production of

packed meats
and nutritious
riful supply of
ble in the j)ro-
s is especially
issist to give a
bis state. An
iissaclmsetts is
ut taking into

and in many
imployment to

has been put
now in work is

sink the shaft
that a layer at
t depth. Even
Some of the
a kind of quar-
in some places
)osit is won by
ar Chetopa, in
secuted, about
lomjVany alone,
The veins vary
and from that
inclies, and the
irly free from
lilt The next

as a manufac-

turing power, is iron, aiid in this respect it is satisfactory to
know that there is hope for Kansas. The western part of Kan-
sas is supposed to contain immense quantities of iron ore. In
Missouri iron ore is abundant, at a distance of only one hundred
miles from the eastern border of this state, and in Colorado only
three hundred miles from the western boundary, it is available in
almost any quantity, consequently there is likely to be a great
resource for Kansas also, in this particular. Many specimens of
iron ore have already been obtained in different parts of Kansas,
among which was one sample of brown hematite containing sixty
percent, of iron. This specimen was procured from western Kansas
where it appears to be anticipated by scientists that the largest and
best deposits will be found in the tertiary strata. Should the supply
of iron ore or its quality not be found suflicient, the presence of coal
will as a matter of course lead to the ores being shipped for manu-
facture from some region less favored with fuel. The time is not
very remote when immense forests were hewed do wn to carry on
the smelting process, and iron works were looked upon with
dread by large and influential classes, but the discovery of the fit-
ness of coal for such employment has revolutionized the iron
trade, and now wherever coal can be cheaply obtained as at
Chetopa where an immense deposit is reached at a depth of only
a few feet, the growth of a great iron trade may be safely predict-
ed. The discovery of iron ore within the state would give a
status to its manufactures at once, supposing the quality to be as
good as the sampl- of brown hematite already mentioned and the
quantity abundant There are lead mines in Kansas which were
probably worked by the race which preceded the red men in the
possession of this territory. Some lead has been obtained in
small quantities in Linn county, Kansas, but the extent of the de-
posit can only be determined by experience, and the Indians dis-
play a great deal of unwillingness to assist, and jealousy to ob-
serve discoveries of minerals. They say that their Great Spirit
forbids them to help in any such enterprises. Probably their
sachems have told them to conceal the mineral treasures of the
coutitry, in the hope that by such means the march of empire
would be delayed. When the Frenchmen first landed at Du-
buque to experiment on the mines, the Indians were by no means

gg TuTTU-^f^ HisTonr of Kaxsas.

friendly to tl.c movement, and as is well known, after the death
o tbo'leader of the white party, every obstacle was p.n n tl^
v^av of the followers who would have eontmued their woil lor
Tome Ion tin.e the Indums proseeuted the undertaking hem-
Sves but their ingenuity or their industry was soon exhausted
"d alter that time the mines were idle, until white seUlers came
;;i: when the mines were reopened, the red "-"-^y^^'- -
ti^ns resembled the dog in the manger, they could not cat the
;;ien^clves. and they were unwilling to let anybody else
Z tl ei • f ar f.r the anger of their Great Spirit did not preven
thevn CO I.^ in to carry away the wealth, which the whUe miners
had n rr:ady for removal, at the tin.e that they were compel-
J^d to nit the mine and the settlement at Dubuque by the mih-
1 Osa.e county is said to be the locale, of a rich deposit of
S ore but the Indians who imply that they know abou the
n at .lull back on the Great Spirit, as their apology for silence
That score, and it maybe many years ^efo-/---';^
be made. Near the excavations in Linn county there were del, i.
Ih'h showed that the works had been rudely prosecuted many
Tears ago, but whether the mound builders were the miners, or
who the operators may have been, there are no means of ascer-
rininT The practical question is of course whether the mines
r worth the tn^uble and expense; of working at that po^nt, or
ataly other. The only point to be determined is as to the quan-
1 the quality is known to be good. Howard county is another
oeaiion o\ lea/ore, and a sample from the works there showed
nearly eightyseven parts of lead in one hundred. Franklm
colty is also supposed to be favored, but "o^lving definite s
known and geolo-'sts pronounce against the probabihty of the
^etllbeing found in such quantities, as would pay for the in-

vestment of capital and labor. , . • • +t,^

Tn is a verv rare mineral; the number of tm mines m the
world is very small, but the Indians have, on many occasions, m
K.n- produced fine specimens of rich protoxide of t^n, and as
^ ";! ably evident that they could not have a temptation to
fraud L /possibility of compassing a swindle xn this respect, rt
they desired so to do, there is a reasonable probability that nature
iJson such surprise in store for science and industry, whea

MIWWIIW.J-"-^"''

soi^isis^isiwpm*

..ii ■ii-i .-ii''iimii

after the death
'as put in the
lieir wovl;. For
ertaking them-
3on exhausted,
le settlers camo
ien,by tb'ir ac-
lid not cat the
anybody else;
did not prevent
lie white miners
3y were eonipel-
jue by the mili-
, rich deposit of
:now about the
ilogy for silence
i discoveries can
there were debris
irosecuted many
re tlie miners, or
> means of ascer-
lether the mines
; at that point, or
is as to the quan-
county is another
rks there showed
ndred. Franklin
othing definite is
probability of the
1 pay for the in-
tin mines in the
nany occasions, in
[ide of tin, and as
^e a temptation to
5 in this respect, if
lability that nature
id industry, whea

UraiKJiK CoyoiTioys. *•

the crust of the earth shall be thoroughly overhauled. Should
^vestern Kansas reveal eruptive rocks in any part of its compara-
tively untested area, it will become more probable that tlic red
men were honest in their statements. Meantime there are so
many other lines in which industry and capital may be advan-
tairecHisly invested in tlie state, that we can well alTurd to wait
fc'r the soluticm of this problem. The presence of petroleum in
Kansas is demonstrated, but it has never yet been found m rpian-
tities that paid for working. >' 'ch money has been expended ni
bovin.'sand experiments in ^i.uni county, and m nearly every
case oil was found, but the greai returns necessary to pay for
operations at a thousand feet from the surface have not been ob-
tained. Possibly there is a great body of oil below the coal meas-
ures, but they lie deep in the many districts in which the oil has
come to the surface, and it must remain [or accident, or for asso-
ciated effort, expending a large sum of money, contributed from
many hands, to settle the mooted point, by boring in many differ-
ent localities to a depth of at least one thousand feet, through the
strata which may overlie the treasure. Among the other minerals
which may be developed in the future of Kansas, alum has beea
found in combination with othermatter, and in some instances m
viure crystals. Lignite is found in two places combined with
alum and about twenty miles west of Fort Riley on Chapman s
creek, a combination of lignite, saltpeter and alum has been
found. The presence of alum in such combinations, and in pure
crystals, as at Zeandale and in Wabaunsee county, on Mill creek,
will give to our chemical works, wherever they may be estab-
lished, great advantages in competing with manufacturers who
are obliged to calcine and pulverize slate and other mineruls to
procure their alum. Hydraulic cement has been found in great
quantity in several places, extending from the Arkansas river, in
Cowley county, to within a few miles of the city of Lawrence, and
it is quite possible that one vast bed underlies the whole of that
extensive area. The quality has been tested, and the deposit
Rives an excellent article. Some of it has been under trial for
many years, and it answers admirably. It is a brown liydrauho
limestone, which extends over Leavenworth county, and through
Atchison toward the southern and southwestern boundaries ot

S -.

iyaKmWti iiiiifiiniiiiMiiiMi

ipir

Ti-TTLKs History of Kaxsas.

1 \

III.' I

f'lfi'

the state. Mineral paints, some of wliicli arc fire proof, liavo been
found Jiniong tlic coal measures in many places, the bed near
Parkvillo being fully ten feet thicl:, and it can bo traced in the
Missouri bUilfs for the whole distance from Wliite Cloud to Wy-
andotte, extending up the Kansas river to the city of Lawrence,
and it is also visible away to the southeast at Mound City. South
of Mound City at Fort Scott, a similar deposit lias been worked
very advantageously, and has become an article of commerce. At
Osage City, there is a similar deposit which occurs at a depth of
five feet from the surface, the bed being twelve and a half feet
thick, three quarters of a mile broad, and about one mile and a
quarter in length. The stratum immediately underlying the
ochre is limestone, after which clay and shale, limestone, slate
and shale, coal and fire clay, give a series of valuable substances
extending nearly thirty-five feet from the surface of the soil. Of
this deposit ninety-eight parts in one hundred arc ochre, the
remainder, in equal parts, alum and lime. The paint is largely
in demand. Clay for bricks is very plentiful and the manufac-
tured article produced is admitted to be of excellent quality.
Poor bricks would have no show whatever in competition with
such stone as may easily and cheaply be obtained in this state,
and the fact that the demand is considerable says everything that
is necessary to establish the goodness of materials and workman-
ship. Fire clay is an important item in a state where furnaces
will become the foundation of a vast manufacturing power, and
it is satisfactory to know that the supply is ample and well dis-
tributed. Limestone, as we have already seen, constitutes about
ninety per cent, of all the rock exposed in the state of Kansas;
every farmer finds it underlying the soil of his estate, and he can
easily procure enough for every building necessary upon his farm,
as well as for the manufacture of quicklime, but usually he
encourages division of labor, and procures his supplies from quar-
ries near at hand, the article being customarily first class. ;
There was a time when the western portion of Kansas was re-
ferred to as forming a part of the Great American Desert ; but
since that period so many thousands of persons have passed over
and through the country so libelled, that it is only necessary here
to say that the slander has been entirely refuted. Buffalo, deer

«\

mti4n'Lmitmm'l^

mmi»

II YG IE SIC CosDirioss.

roof, have been
, tlie bed near

0 traced in the
Cloud to Wy-

y of Lawrence,
id City. South
3 been worked
;()Uimerce. At
s at a depth of
and a half feet
one mile and a
Lindcrlying the
limestone, slate
[ible substances
)f the soil. Of
arc ochre, the
paint is largely

1 the manufac-
jcUent quality,
mipetition with
d in this state,
jverytliing that

and workman-
where furnaces
ing power, and
le and well dia-
)nstitutes about
ate of Kansas ;
ate, and he can
upon his farm,
)ut usually he
alias from quar-
3t class.

Kansas was re-
n Desert; but
ive passed over

necessary here
Buffalo, deer

and antelope grx/.o and fatten in the territory thu« descnlied, and
in that fact we have evidence that the land will umply repay tlio
enterprise of gra.icrs and raisers of stock. The plains before meu.
t.oned which com(>rise an area of fro.n two to three hu.ulred nu es
in width toward the south, and which stretch across Kansas north-
v^ard into British America, a distance of f.fleeu hundred .mlcs m
all are covered by line pasture, on which cattle not only feed Imt
fatten, the herbage ranging from three inchea high to six. iUo
.rrass on the plains is of a singularly prolitablc variety, or, rather,
of several varieties, which would pay for cultivation. In some
districts outside of Kansas, the bullalo grasses are found, growing
on lands which are so 'strongly impregnated with alkali, that tue
traveler, carried over the surface at the rate of frofn twenty to
twenty-five miles an hour, on the Union Pacific and other roads,
finds his lips parched and cracking, and his eyes becoming m-
flamed, but there are no such regions known m Kansas. Cattle
cannot thrive on such lands, not because the grass is wanting m
nutrition, but because the surface water is strongly unprcgnated
with alkali. When alkali lands are broken to cultivation and
properly treated, they give splendid crops of all kinds, as many
of the saints in the church at Salt Lake are well aware, ihe
canons of Kanab have their patches of alkali, but the Danites, who
now cu tivate the arts of peace in that locality, are very prosper-
ous farmers notwithstanding. Buffalo grass has many peculiari-
ties which make it of special value to the farmer who is interested
in stock and in dairy operations, but such matters of detail will
more propeily come under their appropriate heads in the further
prosecution of this " round, unvarnished tale."

The fact is becoming apparent that stock raising will be one o
the staple industries of Kansas. The lands which are novv grazed
by herds of buffalo, to the number of many thousands, will neces-
sarily be made available for domesticated cattle, when settlement
has banished or killed off the /em naturae, and it will then be
found, as it is now believed, that the short dark grass, with crisp,
curled leaves, which practically cures itself upon the stem in
autumn, contains a very large average of nourishment m its best
form, which can be converted into profit without cost by the agri-
culturist, upon the very lands which have been spoken of so

ifi%fi^**t. k^iuMucvubHi

Tun I' iihiT'''iffitM»'''^i*i<"»'''

1*1

•«!m><iM

63 TuTTLtfs HiffTonr of K.is's.nf.

slightingly by cursory obacrvcrs. Tlie land is ndinirably ondowod
hy nnturo for such pursuits; the stronnis luv nutnerous niid gen-
erally fresh — the- Siilino river and the Solomon an; braekish aloii!?
only H part of their course, and iii the valleys of these streainrf
there are numerouH tributaries to which cattle resort freely, and
which would suflice " the cattle upon ft thousand hills," should
they come there to slake their thirst. Living ami dead, Kansas
contains all that is necessary for the succe.ssfnl prosecution of en-
terprises in which cattle can be converted into currency. Tlic
soil holds moisture, which, during the vicissitudes of an ordinary
season, will ward off Ihc evil consequences of drought ; the win-
ters arc hardly so severe, as a rule, as to require that cattle should
be hou.Jed, although the best care is cu.'-.tomarily rewarded with
the best results ; the native grasses are plMtiful enough to sup-
ply feed for all seasons, provided the farmer will preserve in the
autumn what he will require for his stock during the winter, and
"when the cruel war is over," and his beeves in the abattoirs are
being made ready for shipment, if it is thought advisable to pack
the beef, instead of sending the earcas.ses fresh to the nearest mar-
ket, Kan.sas salt, exceptionally pure and wholesome, will aft'ord
him the means of cure without any of the deleterious ingredients
common in the best .salts procured in other localities.

In the valley of the Eepublican river, there is a great deal of
land waiting for settlement, but so many persons have of late had
their attention directed to its good qualities, that before long the
whole of that territory will be occupied. Some of the settlers ia
that region write in the most encouraging terms of their prospects,
and the beauty of the location is a theme on which they are
never tired of expatiating. They have timber enough for present
needs, and the young wood springing up in all directions will, in
a few years, provide amply for much more extensive settlement.
They find abundant mill sites in almost every section, as the in-
cline of the country gives great force to the several streams. The
fertility of the soil is beyond question, and the fact that for ten
months of the year, on an average, the lands can be handled for
cultivation, gives to Kansas a very great advantage over many of
the neighboring states. Somp portions of the plains are found to
be particularly eligible for dairy farming, as they produce grasses

-.i^mtmm.

\y ondowpd
IS nml gon-
ckish along
leso stream!*

freely, and
Ha," slioukl
lad, Katisas
iti<in of en-
encv. Tlio
an ordinary
it ; tlio win-
!attl(! shonUl
.varded with
igh to snp-
serve in the
winter, and
xhattoirs are
ihle to paek
nearest mar-
, will afford

ingredients

reat deal of
; of late had
tre long the
10 settlers ia
nr prospects,
ich they are
h for present
ions will, in
; settlement.
1, as the in-
•eams. The
that for tea
handled for
iver many of
[ire found to
iuce grasses

<mmm»

Hvd IK SIC CoxniTioss.

^hich are green all throu-h tlio winter, and others whirh come
up youn.,' and sweet in Man-h, upon which cattl.; prosper, and
from which the very hest results are ohtained in hutterand cheese.
Willi is known in New York state as the early Juno grass has
its counterpart in this portion of Kansas, and when it is young and
green it is in great favor v'th " the milky mothers of the herd."
Some of the grasses arc especially suited for haymaking, as tliey
nlVord very nutritious food during the brief and not very severe
winter. Tlio region is liable to severe storms at times, and .hiring
tlu if continuance it is an advantage fur llio eattlo to be able to
iind shelter in groves or sheds. Tlie blue joint grass i-, found on
the plains t(^ be slowly but surely supplanting the bulTalo gras.s,
and in the fall there is a variety of wild sage, which is ajit to give
a somewhat bitter taste to the milk ; but as a rule there are very
few herbs that unpleasantly affect dairy produce. The river
water and numerous sprii:-s. which here, as well as elsewhere in
the state, arc found to be increasing in number and volume, afford
generally all the water that is required for domestic use and for
stock, and the quality is excellent. Where such supplies are in
any danger of failing, a well and a windmill, such as readily can
be procured and sunk at little cost, will give a continuous sup-
ply of the needed element for man and beast, at all seasons of
the year. During nearly the whole of the winter cattle will graze
upon the plains, finding quite enough food for themselves ; but
when snows come, as they do occasionally, it pays to house cattle
and to give them as much food as they require, as they readily
convcrt°liay into wholesome beef, milk, butter and cheese. Dur-
ing the summer the heat is not excessive, as the elevation of this
region secures fresh breezes and a dry, clastic atmosphere, atul the
nights are all but invariably cool, consequently the dairy farmer
has in Kansas very favorable conditions for his business.

A gentleman, in every way capable of forming an opinion on
the several subjects on which he writes, says that " Kansas can
grow good beef and produce the very best of cheese, at prices
which will enable that state, if need be, to undersell every other
in the market, while in fact the quality of the products brought
to market will command the very highest figures ruling." The
same writer very reasonably concludes from those and other

m^t'

i|iiii^"*i>wW

Trrn.i:'s IfrsTonr nr K ass as.

>\x

prem'iKi'H, tlmt " Dairy fartning cnuiiut fail to become one of tlio
mo.st j»rotit!il)lc oceiipiitiuus in a state which will have a broailcr
raiij^c of oiili r|iri.so.H than any otlior state; in the nnion." 'I'lic old
economists used to say, that "A man who can make two blades
of grass grow where only one grew before is a public benefae-
tor," and most assuredly a state which can produce and feed two
cows at the cost wi.i.'h will only produce and feed one cow in
another state must, otiier things being ecpial, be on the high road
to fortune. From the Alderney cow raised and fed in Ohio, the
average yield of cheese ia found to be slightly in excess of one
pound from ten pounds of milk, that weight being the rcprc'^enta-
tive of one gallon, and similar cows raised and fed upon the buf-
falo grass and the blue joint grass upon the plains in Kansas
will give on an average more milk, and from their milk, bulk for
bulk, oneseventh more cheese. The .settler will bear in mind,
that in addition to these undoubted advantages of superior rich-
ness and less cost, he has two months longer in the abbreviation
of tlie winter .season, during which he can pursue his dairy avo-
cation.s with advantage. The demand for dairy produce ia usu-
ally large in the state of Kansas, and the market has never yet
been glutted, fair prices ruling generally. Ilice county is one of
tlie counties through which the river Arkansas flow.s, and the
region is abundantly drained and watered by numerous tributa-
ries of the great stream which empties into the Mississippi, after
a course of about two thousand miles. The county is very
spanscly timbered, but the soil is very fertile, and there are many
localities in this area exceedingly beautiful. Settlement is rap-
idly advancing in many parts, and the Arkan.sas bottoms have
proved very productive in corn. Some of the tributaries of the
Arkansas are very well timbered, indeed wherever shelter has
been .secured by some local cause, timber is commonly plentiful
all over the state, and the supply will go on increasing. The
valley of Walnut creek is one of the favored spots in which tim-
ber abounds, and it extends, with varying breadths, for about
one hundred miles, the bottom lands yielding splendid crops, and
so far as experience has yet gone, no one has suffered from inun-
dations. The timber prevailing in the district is that indicated
by the name of the creek, and some of the wood is of very fine

.'«MilWriliiiWr»r--

IfyorKxir Coxnr tioxs.

! one of tho

0 a biomlcr
" Th.-oM
two bliuk'H

ul food two
Olio cow in
0 lii;;li road
in Oliio, the
ccesa of one
i'opros<Mit;i-
1011 tho hiif-
in Kansas
Ik, bulk for
u" ill niiiid,
porior rioh-
ibbivviatioii
A dairy avo-
ducc is usu-
i novor yot
ity is ono of
\vs, and tho
ous tributa-
issippi, after
nty is very
ro are many
iiient is rap-
Dttoms have
tarios of the
shelter has
ily plentiful
iasing. The

1 which tim-
s, for about
id crops, and
I from inun-
at indicated
of very fine

growlli and admirably grained. Tlio bulTalo jrrass whioh hixH
boon Hcvoral times nionticmod as very sweet and nutritious for
eattlc, and whieh wo have mentioned as being supplanted by blue
joint grass oil the plains, is said to be a peculiar growth, whieh
dies out when the soil is loosened by cultivation, and immedi-
ately therouiion a bettor product comes to tho front, as nature is
seldom cijiitent to carry only ono arrow in her ipiivor. y\i\ Dar-
win, in his "Origin of Species," mentions many ins».»nees whero
the .soil of a region having been burnt ovei, another variety of
l)laiit,s, such as tho oldest inhabitant had never seen in that area
before, im!"odiatoly appeared. Similar results were ob.sorvod
wlien soil f. )m e-iisidorablo .iepths was .spread upon the surfaoo
of the land, and n<. lin wh n the subsoil was brought to the surface
in many ca.ses ther ■ were uistinet lloia theretofore unknown in tho
country, or found only in rare iiistanc . at some disttuicc, unless
the soil had been disturlicd. S' ji more curiously it apjK'ars, that
in dilferont loealities tho sue '•-. i..i of varieties can be calculated
upon ;ifter a few oxjieriments, with very -reat certainty. Whether
thcso changes are pn/.u : d by seed.^ hit. •■:. in the soil biding their
time, or whether tin .sam.. roots are capable of .sending up varie-
ties under diiTorent circumstances and surround;^- , it boots not
now to infjuire ; tho one fact in which we aro interested is, that
the bullalo grass when giving ])laco to the blue joint or any other
variety, when tho conditions of growth vary, merely repeats upon
our Kansas soil tho aame law of progression and development
which lias been seen in operation during the era of observant
philosophy in which man has been content to take his facts a3
from God, and to shaiio his theories tentatively and reverently in
accordance with what may seem to bo all that can bo known oa
the sub-'ect. Men who cultivate on the plains and elsewhere,
whercr^: i-. j bulTalo grass has been tho staple pasture, need only
plow about eight inches deep and they suffer no further intrusioa
from the old pos.sessor of the soil. The plains, when treated in
thi;i; way, may well become the granary of tho west, so rich is the
earth in all the mineral ingredients whieh stimulate growth, re-
quiring only plowing and irrigation to produce largely from any
seed that may be committed to the earth. Texas cattle are a
considerable source of profit to dealers in this state, and many

iwiiriihiii-wiimiiiiim.^-

gQ TUTTLl^S IIlSTOllY OF KaKSAS.

Wo. a.e tun.ing then - accoun. W « tl.. with the
best varieties, ...lainung that a large P ofit esults. i
question have descended from ammals f ^^^ ^^ f ^^^f^^,^^
Spaniards, soon after that time when Corte. and his followers

" stood silent on a peak iu Darien."

I„ „,1 tl,o time ttat has since elapsed tbeve 1"- •'"--^'^^f,

1 ..t- +i>nf tlip ralvcs were conaiicu auu.

stowc.1 upou them ''^'''i'\f2,TJ m n,e rest o£ tl,eir Jo-

braiulc.lat certam seasons ol the J ea. iui ,, „ .„ ™ilv

vclol»nent has heen due to natural - -"""• ^"' "fj^ " jj
fl„e'g,-ained animals, .ell worU.y »' "-J^" ;„~ ays and
diseases whioh are supposed to Wong to ^^^ °"'"-' ,f^j „,.,
everywhere, are not found --{j ^^ ^ ^ I'la tnder the
oontraeted daring the long »f ''='1'°"' '°"'"'^,., m„„,, p,„fit is
lasl> oi bruul, iguorant, and ■"1P»"» ' "^"^^ ;,/ „„,,(^i,3, ,e.

proeured by men, who ^^J^^^IZ^^^'^'^. »'*»
move them to Kansas, and theie fat en ho ^^^^^^

quality of thenreat *- °^^7-\« f^^f plains will sumce for
this their business say that the Iced on ^ ^

.1, their wants during an -orage w,ute^ aUhon b h y ^_^_^

-"n"":ait^:r;t;Tgrd'::t':;,^:^ "Sess some umore-

access to salt, ana pitui,;y b ^.-.^ .u^ graziers, on an av-

.een aoddent occurs '-- '^^^^ ° ^ ^ |;„ .heir original
erage, can clear from fifty to ^■^'"^ j <" .^^ attendance

ontlay, after liberally pay.ng all •'^V^^^J ^^y^, ^„,„„,„a.

aud feed, ^^ ^^^^^^ Je sIXLcl to many modi-
ed such operations in iexas win /

fications of such enterprise f- - ^ y^" J '^"X"^,;, „f ,.„ek ,„,

best breeds liave been "btamed and a veiy h

displace theinferior cattle now handled Even the p

that crosses with the best 'Fj;™ ""j t Ideby very

=r:^:r==::L;;tfbS=
:— r ::tdr:arsrry >Sir:u -- -f .eed.

■.ierp*<»5ft«^™'

.-lawnjwwiv

Hygienic Conditioxs.

hem witli tho
The cattle in
lexico by the
followers

)cn no care be-
corrallcd and
3st of their de-
:liey are really
ivatiou. The
tie, always and
'luhiiat, but are
L-land under the
Much profit is
3, carefully re-
3 market, as the

men who make
5 will suffice for
, they have been

must have free
>ss some imfore-
,zierrf, on an av-
)n their original
aval, attendance
Aiich has attend-
l to many modi-
e, until the very
lass of stock will
ten it is probable
)ck will be occa-
;nts made by very
lodiEying circum-
^-five bushels of
n instead of feed-
peculiar training,

pursuits before-

hand, they are bound to pay dearly for their experience, after they
have entered upon their business in this state. Tlie squatter or
sheep farmer in Australia has a climni-e wliich never demands
care for sheep, in the way of housing or shelter, in winter. It
can hardly be said that he has a winder to contend with, as there
is not a day in the whole year when water will freeze in the open
air. Usually the temperature of the rainy months, June, July and
August, does not fall below 50 degrees above zeri , and 58 degrees
comes nearer the average. In that climate, with all the udvant-
ages incidental to an immense range of country, so that the
squatter can reckon his flodks at from fifty thousand, to twice or
three times that number, the proprietor of a run must be a man of
great experience in the business, or he must have an overseer
whom he can implicitly trust, if he would avoid losing a fortune.
Foot rot and scab will kill oii his flocks, or will impoverish them
and destroy the value of their fleeces, until there will be little or
no return upon his capital, after paying the ex^ienses, incidental
to his otherwise lucrative pursuit. In Kansas, men who have
had no experience at all in the line, and even boys, have begun
sheep farming or shepherding on the supposition that the person
who is not known to be fit for anything else must be a shepherd.
There is no greater folly possible on this footstool. The care of
sheep requires special training or peculiar aptitude. A farmer,
beginning with a small flock and carefully studying their wants and
ways, can of course gradually increase his number with advantage
as he gains experience, and in the end he will probably net a for-
tune, but if a man proposes to enter upon such an enterprise, largely
from the first, without knowledge of a practical kind in his own-
brainpan, or in that of some trusty assistant, he must be a heavy
loser in the transaction. The country is well fitted for sheep, but
there is fitness required in the manager also. Pasturage is well
nigh boundless in this state, and it is excellent as well as plentiful.
Sheep crop the grass verj-- close, almost eating down to the recta
and in that way they secure very sweet and nutritious food on the
plains. Many flocks have been brought into Kansas suffering
from foot rot, and have been cured by the dryness of the surface
over which they feed, partly in consequence of this peculiarity in
their method of consuming the grass, as there remains no harbor

.^wiliiiiiHii^

iii^ ^r-f^'"'" ■•*-"■— '"-^ ■'■'

■ J

I .Ll.i I W!M »i.i«l.l'i! „'!".''"

68 Tuttle's Uistouy of KAXffAS.

for heavy dews to rest in, and tboir systems recover tone on the
tn Sued soil. East of tl. ^ississip^ 1^>e a. . am^
grou.id very often less drained naturally, and the sli.ep p y

staic. xii^i fi,„ u.Mpf qpncon of inclement weatnei,

unices snow lies deep ou tlie grouna, but m any case, i
::«,-, to give s.,cUe. .ro™ the -"-.•'"'\-; ,f J' "
.ought is to be ean-iod to ..s '"^^'J™^, , J;* ^le ven-
ti„,„„Uieated ^'-^P --= ' ^^'^^ ravfi.a'bie in western
K:::; ri' y a ' a pel't a,.aina^e incidental U, thea.ti.ude

other --'™V°'1L the market the railways are at hand
„,utton, or wool, is ready for the ma nee Colorado,

.„ .onvey the P^oduetJ. any V^ ^^^l^^ „,,, .iae

• but no such course is neces ary m I^^"^^- ^^ "^ Where lands

f:r;i^^:-rcf=^if-ep.rm.

f T;i-«lir tn 'sncceed as it does and can at>ie, au^
mg IS not likely to succeeci ^^^^^ ^^^^

re';l:e7:::r et:=;r:lt wo„l ana the .naUty

««»j. ji^fiuMjiiij-ji ri^J-? '/J^BU'l 1'

Hyoienic Convtiioxs.

f tone on tlie
is damp, the
lecp pay the
iir a locacion
supplied and
requisites for
Winter de-
lating corn or
;cetion of the
ye will afford
ment weather,
se, it is found
Id if the profit
[\ care of the
profitable ven-
ible in western
to the altitude
they fatten so

the butcher at
ire supposed to
liat score. The
ntly little shel-
eadily, and the
ater is plentiful
among sheep in
region. When
ays are at hand
. In Colorado,
locks over wide
t five miles per

when they find
will stay longer,
J the soil yields
r. Where lands
,nge, sheep farm-
jre, and it is not
. and mutton can
1 and the quality

of the meat are as great if not greater advantages for the (lock
master. Sheep are liable to suffer from scab in the winter unless
they are carefully tended, and one sheep so afflicted will commu-
nicate the disease to the whole flock, but a decoction of tobacco
applied immediately destroys the insect which is the cause of all
this trouble. Experienced men say that no man should meddle
with sheep unless he is prepared to give personal inspection to his
flock, and then he should not start in with less than from eight
hundred to one thousand in a flock. The wool will then pay all
expenses and the lambs will remain as clear profit There are nu-
merous books on sheep farming obtainable, but one man who had
gone into the business, with a determination to know everything
on the subject, found in his catalogue from a New York house,
"Euskin on Sheep Folds," he made the remittance, procured the
work, and was disgusted on receiving a very artistic production
on church architecture.

Mule breeding is found very profitable in Kansas, and the men
who are most competent to pronounce on the subject, say that with
a moderate capital wisely invested and carefully attended to in this
line, any man can make a fortune in ten years without excessive
labor or undue anxiety. There are but few enterprises in more
settled communities which, with the same outlay in money and
labor, can be expected to pay so well. So much has been said
about buffalo grass and prairie grasses that it may be necessary
here to repeat what has been said or implied in many places
already, that tame grasses, such as blue grass and timothy or
clover, will flourish anywhere in Kansas ; and in many parts of
the state it is spreading rapidly from early experiments made by
traders among the Indians, and by an old missionary to the
Shawnees many years ago. Blue grass has been found very suc-
cessful indeed. Osage orange hedges are rapidly extending in
eastern Kansas, making manifest improvements in the aspect of
the country, as well as providing cheap shelter for stock, and pro-
tection from their ravages on cultivated land ; and it is found that
an impregnable hedge of this description can be raised for fifty
cents per rod ; with this advantage over fencing, that it protects
against the weather, and after being once brought to perfection,
it may be said to be a perpetual hedge. But little trouble is

i,l.ij*.ViUi*»i'.1liiife**F'

■ •HJIJI^WiH Jl HI!

mm" !i'ij""W»ifi¥W - ■ III', -I

TuTTLK's lIlSTOHY OF KaSSAS.

necessary to preserve the line of demarcation, by planting afresh
in any spot in which accident may have damaged the enclosure.
Kansas is found to be eligible as a fruit growing country; but
there are vicissitudes in every climate under the sun, and it is not
to be supposed that Kansas will be free from them. The settler
has, of course, to wait many years before his apple trees will
bear; the world was not built in a day, and Home took longer,
so the fruit grower will wisely adapt himself to circumstances,
make his orchards, and, while waiting for their produce, give his
attention to small fruits, which arc almost invariably successful.
AmoiK' the most certain of these we note strawberries, raspberries,
grapesrblackberries, and pieplant or rhubarb, as safe investments
always. Apples and peaches are very risky fruits everywhere,
but they are not especially so here in Kansas. The profits on
grapes are very considerable, and when the practice of rais.n-
niaking has been matured in this country, it will be still more
advantligeous to convert large areas into vineyards.

navinc. thus honestly and fairly glanced at the general features
which make Kansas worthy of more particular regard, it devolves
upon us now to look more especially into details, in considering
the orowth of towns and cities, the establishment of counties and
townships, the growth of agricultural communities, and industna
enterprises of all kinds, and their influences upon the 03sthetical
development of the state. The subject is as broad as human
history, and as deep as the soul of man can penetrate ; but con-
scious of all short comings, we shall try to present the subject in
such a manner as shall make it worthy of perusal for its own
al tf not for the style in which it may be handled The reader
wto has accompanied us so far will have no difficulty in continu-
ing to the end. •

,(i. !

4UJU!iU

Eaiily IIisTonr.

)lanting afresh
tlie enclosure,
country; but
n, and it is not
1. The settler
)ple trees ■will
3 took longer,
circumstances,
:)(lucc, give his
ibly successful,
ies, raspberries,
\h investments
ts everywhere,
The profits on
ctice of raisin-
L be still more

general features
arcl, it devolves
, in considering
of counties and
?, and industrial
1 the a3stbetical
road as human
ctrate ; but cou-
nt the subject in
isal for its own
ed. The reader
2ulty in contiuu-

CITAPTER III.

EARLY HISTORY.

The French on the Missouri -Spanish Amen itios-Incliun Warfare- French
Fortilicalions — Auieriean Sultlcnicnt- Mormon Farm — Mexican War-
Fort Leavenworth — The GoUl Fever.

The French government was much more energetic in the mat-
ter of colonization two centuries ago than we find the same power
to-day. The tiobility of France, cut off from trade by the rules
of their exclusive caste, could only hope for distinction and wealth
in warlike pursuits, or in the colonies, and war was no longer the
lucrative undertaking that it had been. When the great Dugues-
clin was constable of France, an officer who spared the life of an
enemy in battle held him at ransom, just as tlie brigands of to-
day in sunny Italy are apt to do, and a few prisoners might en-
able a fortunate soldier to realize a competency. There was, of
course, a possibility that "the shearer might come home shorn,"
if he came home at all, after an unsuccessful raid. The chivalry
of France made little booty at Crecy, Poictiers and Azincourt,
but these were blanks such as might come in any lottery.

The colonies were open to men of eqm't, and the Baron La
Salle had displayed considerable enterprise in penetrating the in-
terior of the western wilds, long before the states were dreamed
of. In the fall of 1681, the Baron ascended tlie Cliekagon river
from Lake Michigan with four canoes, and making a portage to
the Illinois, found his way to the Mississippi. He had reached
what is now known as South Bend, and using the portage at
Kankakee — then known as Ilankiki — had entered the Iliiuois
valley eleven years earlier, but he now had reached the Missis-
sippi along the track explored by Father Marquette, eight years
before ; and his colony in Illinois continued without much growth
for many years, his successors in the work falling to the level ol
their surroundings. A valuable map of Lake Superior was pub-
lished in Paris in the year 1672, under the direction of the

72 Tcttle's IIl^tohy of Kansas.

Fatliersof tl.c Society of Jesus, and the relations establislied with
ths Indians enabled the French to procure information and aul
from tl.c native tribes. The Mississippi having been reached by
Baron La Salle in 1681, and having been explored as far south
as Arkansas in 1673, by Marquette, it is not wonderful that, m
•the year 1705, after an interval of twenty-four years had made
the French familLv. vvith the red men and their country, an ex.^
ploring party ascended the Missouri river as far as the mouth of
the river Kansas. The natives were very friendly, as savages
usually arc when first approchcd by civilized men, and untd the
worst specimens of the superior order have found opportunities to
poison and destroy the confidence of the In.rbarians. For some
time thereafter, certainly for more than a ccuuuy, the mtercourse
then begun, continued, and a very profitable trade was carried on
with the Indians by the Canadian voyarjeurs and their employers.
In the year 1719, fourteen years after the adventurers on the
Missouri had established themselves and their trade, the gover-
nor of Louisiana, M. Bienville, equipped an exploring party un-
der the command of a young ofiiccr named Duquesne to ascend
the Mississippi river and extend the dominions of the king, his
master. It was the era of the Kegency of the Duo D-Qrleans in
France, and John Law was master of the situation. The famous
Mississippi scheme, a financial bubble, was to enrich all the world
and the madness of Europe had extended itself to Louisiana, only
what was frenzy in the old country became attuned to sober and
manly enterprise on this continent. Defoe, describing a similar
mania which prevailed in England under the name of the South
Sea Company, the last word being changed to "bubble in his-

°^^' ^ ' "Some in clixnclcstine companies combine-,
1 Erect new stocics to trade beyond the line ;

I With air and empty names beguile the town, ^

And raise new ciudits flrst, then cry 'em clown ;

Divide the empty nothing into shares,

And set the crowd together by the ears."

The Mississippi company was formally incorporated in 1717,
with exclusive powers to trade on the river Mississippi and with
Louisiana on its western bank, the expectation being that gold
and silver, and indeed all the metals, would be found in abund-

■m^Mms^mn^

"il »i||i IjIB.IiinilLii' tnKBI'l illll»liWilHi|IIW

Emily JfisToitr.

jlislicd with
ion and aid
reached by
\s far south
irful that, in
s hp.d made
mtry, an ex-
lie mouth of
, as savages
nd until the
lortuniticri to
;. For some
e intercourse
as carried on
ir employers,
turers on the
le, the gover-
ing party un-
sne to ascend
the king, his
D'Orleans in
The famous
all the world
uisiana, only,
to sober and
bing a similar
of the South
bble" in his-

rated in 1717^
iippi and with
ing that gold
nd in abund-

ance, and tliat a very profitable trade with the child-lilco savage
would replenisli the colfers of tlie nation, all but ruined by tho
■wars of Louis XIV, and the revocation of the edict of Nantes.
John Law and his scheme have been blamed far beyond their do-
merits, because the madness of the time could not keep within
bounds the expectation of business like profit The scrip of the
company rose so rapidly in value, that what had been originally
obtained for one dollar was eagerly purchased at $100, and cculd
then be sold within twenty-four hours at cent per cent, advances,
day after day. Men accustomed to the hazards of the gambling
table abandoned rourje et noir, because it was tame and unevent
ful, to become dabblers in stock. The government participated
liberally in the scramble, the Regent breathed gold and dreamed
hilleii de Innique, and while this charm was working in Europe, M.
Duquesne, the young French officer, acting under inspiration ivom
Paris, was commissioned by tho governor of Louisiana to explore
the river and the country, which was to justify these extravagant
expectation!?. Thus it happened that a military expedition on a
very small scale ascended the Mississippi as far as the Sabine
river, in the year 1719. The eventual collapse of the Mississippi
bubble, the ruin of John Law, the absolute bankruptcy of France,
and many other events which the next twelve months saw con-
summated, will not affect our history, as the conscription of men
levied in Paris in 1720, to work the gold mines, which had not
been found in this country, never came to Kansas, and this vol-
ume is not further interested in their operations, than to show how
the perturbations of court life on the banks of the Seine brought
a gallant and successful band of explorers along the Mississippi to
wklen the domain of France. M. Duquesne traveled westward
from the Mississippi after reaching the Sabine river, until after
about three hundred miles of rocky, broken and timbered coun-
try had been passed, as nearly as he could judge by what the
sailors call dead reckoning, he came to a village of Osage Indians,
not far from Osage river, probably about five miles from that
stream. The village contained about one hundred wigwams, but
the warriors were generally absent engaged in hunting or in war-
fare. Other tribes were visited, the Pawnees to the northwest,
about one hundred and twenty miles, and westward from them

^^ TvTTLffs irisTour OF ICiysAS.

„ta„. tour In,„>l,ca a,Kl lUt, miles, a '■"^'' ^■''"';° 'l^i l^l^^

Tth .n-crcl.'n, claimed tl,e vvl.ole co„,>t,-j,by a nsl.txV.eh o!

r.for:::r::ir.T:ie .... .o -Mp,.i ,...«,,.„,

„ „-,.e ot .l,a. name i-^^^'-^'llf^.^J/tl ."'h":! -^^^^^

The expectation of gold on tlic banivs oi t p,\ ,„i,,,„ and

. 1 i>„ tl,n «nme lioue. Cortoz and i izauo,

Vespucci were moved by the ban e iiojc.

?: It a^d cl'on .'heir voyage I,om Sou* Ameriea to Sp-
F en°h eourtiers and merehants would naturally assume that the
S^lo conTineut was auriferous and argentiferous and oven w.ll ■
whole coniuie... andeia, the partiei-

'" 7' ""llr; :"s tuM ., t ;: il'sioni.ed ^^ months of

-ri:\re^i;°:nhrn:rrved\^^^

r„\;Jlt*X,vesmastersof the territory before Franeo

least, and to restnet the F'JJ^^ ^„ „„„^ „„ „bjeet as

trtmi:;rX>on?rThieh wonders .night he evoUed
meie -^ t^, „, _„. lutle known to modern times.

X:rrete:lt^'Sust the Freuoh, it was ueeessary to

EMtr.Y IflSTollY.

[\mc, as spelt
and rivwuecs
is. No gold
c P'rcnclunan
I in llio namo
^ht, which, of
in had not a
1719, on the
M. Duciucsne
river, finding
of tlio stream,
psippi was not
3oluinbus and

0 from the na-
•s of Amerigo
f. and rizarro,
in such quan-
3d l)y the reac-

1 other English
he treasury of
idcn with gold-
nerica to Spain,
issumc that the
and even with-
iei s, the partici-
id by months of
) on the qui vive
I. Duquesne be-
to the debatable
ry before France
ntention was to

against all com-
lie Mississippi at
unds as possible,
inch an object as
night be evoked
times,
was necessary to

Bubiacato the natives, by whom the Freeh party had boon fav-
o ed a^ Z tribe of Missouri Indians had iin,t to be ext.rnnn.
1 The Vruvians atul Mexicans had been so easily overpow-
::d b 'a h :a;;:i ^f .non in eaeh case, one portion of the natrv^
Ui . ^ct a.niinst an..ther, that the Dons wont to their work with
^^ r ^c CO :^dence. 'H.o Pawnees and the Missouris were at war,
Td r 1 bono dillieult matter to form an alliance wth ho
; St : 1 stroy the second, '-ae proposition went on memly
S \Ltilc mins were found, the scheme su^stcd, .^^
the allir,native was only delayed until they could --"^ ^^^-^
warriors, and then in the night, within two days from the fi st
Toposal two thousand braves, in their war pan.t, fell upon tho
S : nsh Caravan and destroyed the whole body, except one pnes^
those tonsure probably saved him, and he returned to banla le
: ::;hrthe mystery.' The Spaniards had mistaken the v ago
of the Missouris for that of the Pawnees, and ha( re.iue.ted the
con ding Indians to assist in the destruction of tl-nr own tnbe.
The Mirsouris had temporized until they cou d answer with om-
alawk and scalping knife, and the battle of Fort l^eavenworth, a
t^r in which no combatant on the Spanish side escaped,
x^d it possible for-the French to come in as friends and estab-
"i h 1 ortification there, near the banks of the Missouri. Ijor^^
Orleans was the answer of the French to the insolent and fatal
advance of the Spaniards, and a large force ascending the M.ssis-
irto the Missouri, then following the Missouri from their juiic-
made their fort;rication on an island in .le last named rive,
above the point at which the Osage river discharges it.elf. 1 lom
tZZ. treaties of commerce with the Indians were earned on.
Ind Mendly missions were prosecuted which secured for tlie sub-
teets of Louis XV all the advantages they could reasonably de-
itre Bou mond, the officer in command at Fort Orleans, leaving
: officerTcharge of the island fortress, made a tour among he
Ldges of his allies which continued from July to November 1 24
and his diplomacy had been perfectly successful. That was the
Te all ani end all " of the Gallican expedition, trade and military
'p lit being the purposes of the advanced po^t, and .^^^^^
Lnt being a matter entirely beyond the genius of the people.
The colony in Illinois was destroyed, in 1812. by our forces, be-

TvTTT.tfti UlSTOHY OF KaXSAS,

cnnsc tlie IiidinnH, lialf castes, voyarjeurs, and others who made up
the village on the banks of Peoria lake, wcro known to bo in sym-
pathy with the enemies of the United States, and Louisiana liad
bocoino A truM-iean by p\irchase from France. Tlic geni us of I'ranco
does not favor colonization. It makes Noumea or Now Galedoiiiu
a convict settlement in the I'ucilic, but it is not a colony. It sends
nn army into Algiers, and it roasts Arabs in caves, where thoy
have taken shelter, bnt it does not colonize the country. It pos-
sesses Cayenne, but it is only as a place of terror for })olitical
prisoners, and the idea of a colony, in its best sense, has yet to
dawn on France. Wlien the purposes of the moment had l)een
served, a trading post remained, and the men who had initiated
commercial relations with the tribes in 170.">, carried on their
peaceful operations none the better, if none the worse, for the
prci'^ciicc of the Fleur de Us and the soldiery of the kingdom of
Fro nee.

]sinoty-ninc years after that commercial invasion, Messrs. Clark
an I Lewis, under a commission from the general government,
conducted an exjjedition up the Missouri river, the lands along
which were still almost a terra incognita to the citizens of the
republic, and across the continent from the head waters of the
Missouri to the Pacific ocean. Where the Kansas river flows into
the larger stream they made a temporary camp, and procured
plenty of game. They found no white men on their journey, but
near Atchison there were the bones, as it were, of an old fort and
village, remaining from the days of the French occupation, and
at another point a house and a trading post, but the men who left
those signs had long before passed away. The Indians were curi-
ous and friendly, but they had not been civilized by the long
intercourse their fathers had enjoyed with their F^reneh allies for
very nearly a century. Major Long, who, in the year 1816, had
surveyed the Chicago river, was, in the year 1819, in command of
a small steamer, the first that ever plowed the waters of the Mis-
souri along the borders of Kansas. That officer, with a corjos of
engineers detailed for topographical duty, was on his way to the
Yellowstone, and his duty did not involve any action in which
Kansas as a state is further interested.

The value of the fur trade along the Missouri river had been

who inndo up
to bo in flym-
Louisiana had
liusof I'ranco
icvf CaUiiluniu
ouy. It snnds
9, whero thoy
ntry. It pos-
• for political
iHt>, lias yet to
iient had heon
had initiated
•lied on tlieir
worse, for tlie

0 kingdom of

Messrs. Clark
government,
le lands along
•iti/ens of the
waters of tlio
ver flows into
and procured
r journey, but
n old fort and
cupation, and
men who left
ans were curi-

1 by the long
juoh allies for
ear 1816, had
1 command of
srs of the Mis-
ith a cori^s of
lis way to the
ition in which

iver had been

Early HtsTour.

recognized for many years, and tnidors had reaped tnornious
l)iolits from the tratlic. During the fifteen years immediately pro-
ceding tho cx[)edition of Clark and Levvis, tlio aggregate value of
the furs which were luiiidhHi in St. Louis amounted to ,'?.">,( )^<i,2i"iO,
on a niodi-nilcly close estimate. The lirst wiiite men that occu-
jiied the soil of Kansas to make a living there were hunters and
trappers. The men who were engaged in such undertakings dis-
covered tlio south pa.ss, which made the j(jurney to CaliCoriiiu and
Oregon the easy po.ssibility that it now is, iiisleud of coiiipclliiig
millions to endure the horrors of the voyage round Capo Horn, or
the still more onerous discomforts of the pa.s.sagc by Panama. It
is not placing the ligures at all too high to assert that during tho
period from tiie expedition in 1801, until scttleriient rendered tho
prosecution of tlie business no longer profitable in the region nien-
tioiied, the income from furs must have a,L;gregated .>;^12, 000,000,
and when commerce, agriculture and manufactures came to assume
the place which the trappers and hunters had so long pos.scssed,
the advantage was continually increasing on the side of property
and comfort.

From the year 1823, a trade with Santa Fe commenced to grow,
the state of Missouri being the starting point, and within a few
years the trafiic averaged §50,000 annually, increasing to $100,000
afterwards. The general government assisted to the extent of
surveying and establishing a wagontrack for the journey, which
remains a much frequented line of travel, especially interesting
to certain interests now flourishing in Kansas. The Indians were
for a long time inclined to be troublesome to traders, on their way
through their territory, sometimes to tho extent of destroying life,
and very frequently stealing property and stampeding cattle, so
that it became necessary to form strong caravans for mutual pro-
tection, such as the merchants and traders crossing the Arabian
desert wait for, if they wish to avoid the depredations of tho
Bedouins. The point where the traders bound for Santa Fe
used to rally their forces, preparatory to a start, became known
as Council Grove, and the vast assemblage of wagons, mules,
horses, oxen and their owners and drivers that corralled here,
afforded themes for novelists and sketch writers, and paragraphs
for the press, which were read all over the states by persons

T''::Lt.'s His WHY oy K ass. is.

Ill' vrrrtVQ

intorcstcil in tlic nilvonturous tisido across tlic phuiiH.
WHS, lis ihe iiiinic iini-licd, well tiinborud, ami tlio iilcntitul sup-
ply of water for Htock wns also of much impDitancto in determin-
ing the location, KansaH soon nttrnetcd attention as a very
desirable point ot dciiurtiire for trudors (Mij,'iiged in this hiorativo
tradie. Independence, in the state ot Missouri, was tht piineipal
depot from about U:\2 to 18-l.S, but during nearly all that time
Kansas had been growing into favor. Where Kansas city now
Btands was the site of the tirst depot attempted near tliis st!ite, and
goods were landed in IHIM to form part of an e(piipnicnt for the
caravan to New Mexieo. The increase from that point has been
steady.and now almost the whole of the busincssover thewagon road
is traiwaeted in the stores at Kansas City and at Westport. This
has been the ease almost entirely since the year 1850. The value
of the business secured may be gathered from the fact, that the
transportation alone involved an outlay in one season of nearly
$2,000,000, and that in the year 1800, there wore nearly six
thousand men, more than two thousand wagons, over four hund-
red and sixty horses, close on six thousand mules, and very
nearly eighteen thousand oxen in the caravan. Leavenworth
rose into notice in consequence of a fort being established at that
point to protect the interests of the traders just mentioned. The
cantonment (jommenced in 1827, and the name of the city was
taken in honor of the colonel of the regiment which was stationed,
here in 1832. The importance of the position was more fully
recognized when the Mexican war broke out, because it alTorded
a remote base of supply until the end of that era of hostilities.
The gold fever, which spread all over the world the fame of
California, was still more momentous to Leavenworth, because
the men who proposed to reach the diggings overland naturally
desired to postpone to the last moment the purchase of an outlit
■which must become an incumbrance as soon as the bargain had
been made which transferred the goods of the trader to the
shoulders or to the wagon of the enthusiastic gold seeker. When
Missouri became a state, the general government conceived the
design of removing the Indian race west of the Mississippi. " Go
west" young man," was the advice of Horace Greeley, " go west
and settle and grow up with the place." Just such advice was-

iiMi»itif Hi-iUnrrwii i\umtt,/mKmiiki

mfm

E.iuiY ItisTonr.

Tho grovo
iitiful sup-
1 dctermiii-

na II very
i liior.'itivo
c principal

that time
s city now
< st!ltl^ find
iciit for tlio
it liiis been
wa^onrond
[)ort. Tliis

Tlic valno
3t, tliat tlio
1 of nearly

nearly six

four hund-
1, and very
cavcnworth
?hod at that
oned. The
he city wa3
as stationed

more fully

it afforded
[ hostilities,
tho fame of
•th, because
id naturally
of an outfit
bargain had
ader to the
ker. When
nceived the
sippi. " Go
y, " go west
. advice was

tcndi'rc(I to tlio red men by tlio (government ; and llioy camo
west, tribe after tribe, until about tlio year ISoO, tho last tribe had
crossed tho MissisHippi, and tho wostorn country v.as literally antl
entiioly in tlic hands of tlit; Indians, ho eoinpletoly, that no whito
man cuuld make his Ikmuo in Kansas without tlio eunsent of tho
tribe or tribes upon whoso possessions ho was held to bo intrud-
ing. Tho whito population was to increase and multiply within
tlie states; the territory was to be for the Indian, his heirs and
a.'signs, forever. " Man proposes but God disposes," is the terse
pn.vorb of the French, and tho outeome of that intention illus-
trates the fiict. Nobody supposed that the Kocky mountains would
bo crossed by hundreds of thousands of men and women within
a few years, when the first train of emigrants were led toward
Oregon by that route in tho year 18-1-1. The following year saw
the Mormons a.sseinbling near Atchison to commence their pil-
grimage across the plains. They were a prudent people, and
moderately veil goneraled. Atchison was the rallying point
for all their stragglers for many years after this date. Some of
their party, compelled to leave Nauvoo on any term.s had been
loreed to winter in Iowa, facing an inclement season with hardly
any provision against its trials and privations, forced to scrape
bark from trees to make bread, and su.ffering terribly in conse-
quence, many dying in agony as the result; but all that lived
wore under orders to come on to this point as the rallying spot
beft)re the final start was to bo made. Salt Lake was to make
amends for all cares and sorrows. Tho streams flowing from tho
Wahsatch to water a paradise of orchards and shade trees would
soon wash out all signs of grief, when the faithful could comfort
each other, and no Gentiles would be at hand to cause them pain.
The farm which was established hero as the rendezvous of tho
saints is known as Mormon Farm still, and the house which they
builded long remained to prove that they understood that kind of
business at°any rate. They had not a great deal of money, for
•whenever they had left a temporary settlement, on their way to
this spot, they had been forced to leave their improvements,
. small or great, for whatever price might be offered by new
settlers who had to rely on stout thews and sinews, rather than
on bank accounts and plethoric pocket books, but they honestly

^j,:Aill.tUL 1^

'1WH^'-H'

80 Tuttle's Histoby of K^iXSAs.

(lid fhcii- best, and it was manifest that they meant to make
friends cvcrj where as their passport to safety and to empire. _
^I'he year ISiy saw an immense gathering of troops at this
point, and the commissariat destined for Mexico was concentrated
here en route, and when the celebrated march to Santa ] e was
xmdcrtaken by Gen. Kearney, the plains of Kansas were the first
to welcome the tramp of his soldiery and the music which her-
alded the way to battle. Kansas was now the highway of the
nation. Across its prairies marched the troops that were to win
honor in a war which had been commenced in a manner by no
means creditable to our chief executive, but the men who fought
and the ofTicers who commanded were not responsible for any-
thincr beyond the duty which they accomplished, like the heroes
the/undoubtcdly were. Along this highway came, when that
war had ended, the army of gold miners, the bones of thousands
of whom were to whiten the plains across which they traveled in
search of wealth. It laS been estimated that ninety thousand
pensons passed through or skirted Kansas in the two years, 18i9-
50 on their way to the l^acific slope, mostly stopping by the way
at Leavenworth, St. Joseph or Kansas City, to make up parties
sufficiently strong to defy the assaults of the Indians on the way.
Re-iments and armies miles long would organi;2e and start out
upon that tremendous pilgrimage. We, who have only gone over
the ground by the Union Pacific Railroad in Pullman's palace
cars°may think that we know something of the discomforts of
the journey, but we cannot imagine even the beginning of their
hardships The journey which cost them a week of toil wc
passed over in luxury in less than half a day, without watching
for the stealthv advance of the Indian, or having to spend hours
in recovering" cattle which had strayed, to say nothing of the
meals which we were able to secure in luxury at Cheyenne and
Laramie, at Ogden and elsewhere as a set off to the destmy under
which they were toiling along, bearing a burden of necessaries
which they were hourly tempted to throw away on the track, as
thousands had done before them, because of the absolute despair
and indifference which overpowers manhood, m the realization of
deep physical fatigue, intensified by mental exhaustion. The
Mormons, men, women and children, who had gone over that

to make
ipirc.
)s at this
icentraiod
ta ] e was
e the first
vlnch her-
'ay of the
3re to win
ner by no
ho fought
\ for any-
the heroes
when that
thousands
traveled in
■f thousand
;ars, 1849-
)y the way

up parties
n the way.
id start out
^ gone over
in's palace
comforts of
ng of their

of toil we
it watching
;pend hours
ling of the
eyenne and
;stiny under

necessaries
;he track, as
lute despair
salization of
istion. The
e over that

Early IIistory.

..round before this army of gold miners, yoked to handcarts and
Tn manv other ways full of toil, facing the desert, as the plams
were called, had endured more privations than fell to the lot oi
ilie hardy trooi), whose course we are now observing, ana the
wonder increases as we consider the facts of their journey, that
they should have lived through it. Nothing but faith, or fanati-
cism, its most effective substitute, could have sustained them ;
as hun-ry, ragged, footsore and weary beyond the power of words
to telC thcv came one winter into the mountains and were
" snowed in'" without food sufficient to sustain life, if they dared
attempt the herculean task of moving the heavily packed banks
of obstruction, which snow plows and extra engines are often
unable to overcome for days at a time, on well made iron roads,
with all the advantages of snow sheds into the bargain. They
would have been possessed of sufficient food, but incompetent
leaders, who had lingered too long by the way, had encouraged
if they had not induced them to leave food and other essentials
behind, taking only as little as could be made to serve their pur-
pose, on a forced march across the salt plains, if they were able
to proceed without a halt; and now they were " snowed in, the
bleak canons towering above them snow-laden, the ground cov-
ered deep, so that they could neither move over the obstruction
nor through it, even though they should abandon all their bag-
gage The prospect of leaving their bones in the wilderness had
not been so cheerless and terrible, as this realization of death
^vith the fleecy robe of winter for a winding sheet, and strong
men more readily than maidens, sat down and wept. In the
very acrony of their despair relief reached them. Brigham Young
and his council in Salt Lake city, knowing that the train of erai-
crrants were on the way, had hourly looked for their arrival, and
when days and weeks beyond the proper season of travel had
passed, and still they came not, every available man and horse m
. the settlement was despatched with food on numberless wagons,
and with tools to quarry a way through the snow, if the sufferers
could not otherwise be reached. It seemed a crowning mercy,
. when the voices of friends came through the freezing air to their
ears as they were mourning their desolation, and their impotence
suddenly became strength. Beyond the snow there were shelter,
6

KM!

g2 Tuttle's History of Kaxsjs.

und .-agons and food, and better than all, loving friends They
IZ the snow with their hands, throwing it to he side of the
t k They traniplcd it unde^- their feet until .t became sohd
r^^blo • then- shouted songs of joy, and they embraced each otha
r he r'deli.-iun, as they heard the cries of the.r dehvere s even

t "e. The sceL, when they conld ^-c ^ ^ ^^^^^
force hand to hand, face to face, beggars words. The shame loi
hum. Hy s overpowering, when we remember that the men who
ir^cd in'that eirgency, and many of t^^— ;^;j-;rt
in tint hour from death, were partunpants, a few ^ears late , m

heMlunTin Meadow n.assaere, when more than one hundred
u armed men, won.en and children were treacherously sho

d Idb-^^-^ ^<> '^^''^ ^" ^"^^^ blood, when they had come

oZ the plains to Utah, on their way to the,r chosen home m Cal-

'''S!e wa.on route was a lively scene in the early days of the
.oW fever- Every " prairie schooner" would start for the near-
?s no n f r its loading at St. Joseph, Kansas C.ty or Leaven^
; ^h and having be^n freighted, would return tojts alloUed
lampin.^ ground to abide the directions of the commandei. Tl e
po7 lis us that, "Order is heaven's first law," and rn a ruue
rouc'h way, ther was order and discipline in that eurs.ng, howl-
nfcamTThe roar of the vast multitude filled the an-, every
i Takin. readv for the cry which would start them on heu-
. " urs^Th: last straggler is in his place, the number .s comp ete
th l^der is on horseback, the prudent dnvers are m then- places
t word is passed through the throng and they are moving but
o v^st IS the turmoil in that crowd, that considoraoly mo,^ than
Inl^u 0 n^se. from that time before the monster of traffic has
iXi df and the last wagon has got upon the track Mules
TelK^ses, men, are on the march. The schooners of the pra.
ric I'u' e wac^ons overed with double canvass, broad wliee.ed tu
";ic ;;■ ^ e bng easier over the sandy waste, drawn by five span
of n es to on^h load, or six yoke of oxen, move le.sare ly along
. d I cc of about ;mrty-five yards from each other, to avoid
Ik g n each other's dust, and the m.sic of then- advance caa
t til on the otherwise still air many miles ahead. Some of
the d d ort of gold miners have brought along fancy wagon.

L..7 iiiiliii<'iii1iriHlr-~'-'"

as. They
lide of the
Tie solid as
each otlier
^ere.a even
3 relieving
! shame iov
c men who
ere rescued
irs later, in
le hundred
•ously shot
y had come
ome in Cal-

days of the
or the near-
er Leaven-
) its allotted
ander. Tlie
d in a rude
arsing, howl-
he air, every
lem on their
' is complete,
1 their places,
moving, but
ly more than
of traffic has
track. Mules
s of the prai-
d wheeled to
I by five span
;isurely along
then to avoid
r advance can
■ad. Some of
fancy wagons

TERBITOIilAL IIisTonr.

and light carriages which will hardly endure the pull over the
salt bush plains, and it is easy to see that when the mountains are
reached they will not be worth the trouble of further hauling.
Tlieir dandy manners disappear even before their vehicles, and they
are not bad fellows at all in spite of their crotchets, so that when
theca' iping ground is reached and the wagon master halts the train,
there is joy and contentment among the motley components of that
singular gathering. But they have got beyond our territory on
their journey and our concern is for Kansas only, so we bid them
good bye as they disappear, sinldng below the horizon of the
plains, convinced that while they keep together with their staff of
cooks, drivers and extra hands, added to the pluck, enterprise
and appetite of the throng of adventurers, no savage will dare
molest them, nor hunger long invade the sacred cpigastria which
they bear onward to the gold begemmed mountains in which
some few will find wealth beyond the dreams of avarice, and not
a few a sensation of rheumatic pain that will be thei)- chief residu-
um from the gold fever.

CHAPTER IV.

TERRITORIAL HISTORY.

The Nebraska-Kansas Bill — Pro-Slavery Manipulation — Gold Miners
Seeing the Land— Tlie Missouri Compromise — Missouri Customs —
Mean Wliites — AriBtocrats— -Lukewaim People — Gen. Atchison —
Slavery in Kansas — The Irrepressible Conflict.

We have seen that Kansas territory was in the hands of the
Indians, and that white settlers would be intruders there unless
the native tribes, on whose lands they might sit down, were con-
senting parties. That was the condition of affairs when the Ne-
braska-Kansas act became law. There was a purpose underlying
the action of the proslavery party, and it was not difficult to see
at what they were aiming by such measures. The Missouri com-
promise was, in principle, a limitation upon the power of the
slave states to increase, but the party, which should have been

'a!iii»a!tUiJaiiiyAi8iW>i«a;Mwy^

F.^^.»ll■lu'ly|■■M:'..■'^W']''J'-■^^"--

HIM,J)II_III_!UIJ'.I

Tvttle's History of Kaxsas.

bound by the spirit of tl.at arrangement, was ab-eady seeking to
abrogate even its letter, illustrating for the millionth tune in his-

° ^ " Vaulting amljitiori, wliicli o'er leaps itsello,

And fulls o' the otlier side."

Kansas was to be hermetically sealed against white settlement,
unless the black stain of slavery could be incorporated into the
act of colonization, and to that end all legislation on the side of
the oligarchy, and the social manipulation which they could more
certainly control, tended. Slavery would extend its borders by
all means. The free states should be " eribb'd, cabin'd and con-
fined " in perpetuity. The press said the country was a desert,
in which wild cattle and Indians could barely exist, and there-
fore there was no opening in such a territory for farms, towns and
cities, such as might flourish in free states elsewhere. The maps
were just as emphatic in describing ihe country as valueless.
Political parties wer». practically, the democrats, who went in for
slavery everywhere and always, as a peculiar institution, heaven
appointed for dark complexioned people; and the whigs, who
were afraid to express an opinion of any kind on a question so
debatable. Polonius, uncertain whether the cloud looked like a
whale or like a weasel, was just their type in that era of whig de-
velopment. The men who formed the free soi^ party were alone
consistent, but they were as yet only a handful in the commu-
rity and the mere outcry against "abolition," served for a long
time to answer all their arguments outside of the state of Massa-
>,husetts Still it was doubtful whether the tone of public opinion,
, uich could endure the denial of the right to memorialize con-
gress on the subject of slavery, and which could brook :. refusal
on the part of the government to convey abolitioui^t matter
throucrh the post offices, might be willing to allow the area of the
slave owners to be extended openly, so the manipulators borrowed
the tactics of Richelieu, and when the lion skiu would not reach,
they eked it out with the hide of the fox. For fully one hundred
miles beyond the limits of Missouri, the country was made safe
against obtrusive whitn settlers of uncertain opinions, by grants
to the Indian tribes, which were guarantied forever as the homes
of the red raea. Traders, misbionaries and Indian agents were the

- iti'iiffgiT'irtiin ■■^■■^~--

■!' ^.i 11*1 w ■ II* ' »'i-i^!e^-^f9i^v

Tkrhitortal HisToar.

seeking to
ime in liis-

settlement,
jd into the
, the side of
could more
borders by
I'd and con-
;ras a desert,
, and there-
s, towns and

The maps

IS valueless.

went in for

,tiou, heaven

whigs, who
1 question so
ooked like a
Li of whig de-
,y were alone

the commu-
ted for a long
ate of Massa-
ablic opinion,
norialize con-
xjok :• refusal
iouiot matter
le area of the
tors borrowed
aid not reach,
f one hundred
vas made safe
ons, by grants
• as the homes
gents were the

only persons, except Indians and half castes to whom the country
was open, and they were generally in the service of the dominant
party, obeying instructions which compelled them to turn away
froin God, and to bow not merely the knee, but body and soul to
mammon. Alirisionaries, agents, traders were owners of ^slaves,
and they were inducing certain of the chiefs to become proprie-
tors of human chattels, so that slavery had become one of the
institutions of Kansas, in contravention of the law, while the ter-
ritory was yet closed against free white settlement The elements
of growth were thus, so far as adroit contrivances could roll back
the°tide of time, made secure on the side of the proslavery party.
We saw, in our last chapter, ninety thousand gold miners and
adventurers, crossing the so called " Great American Desert," and
these men had among them as good judges of soil and position as
could be found anywliere in the world. When the men who
risked a journey toward the Golden Gate wrote back to their
friends about the country through which they passed, they were
enthusiastic in describing many parts of the so-called "Sahara"
as a terrestrial paradise, and in that way one of the barriers against
white settlement was broken down. Some of the miners came
into tlie territory as settlers themselves in due time. The scheme
of aggrandizement, which had been artfully prepared, was not
fated to win complete success, so true it is that the

" Best laid schemes of mice and men
* Gang aftagley."

In spite of all such revelations there were very few people in
the eastern states who knew much concerning Kansas in the year
1854 except that it was somewhere in the region of the setting
3un, if not indeed a trifle "farther west." It was now proposed
by one of the representatives from Missouri, in congress, that the
territory of Kansas should be organized and settled, and about the
same time that the measure in cpiestion was being incubated, it
was thought expedient to propose that the Missouri compromise
should be rep- xled. The language that was then commonly used
among the leaders of public opinion in Missouri, concerning the
sugge'^tion that Kansas might come into the union as a free state,
betokened the most deplorable want of moral tone. Mule drivers.

-rmmmmtsmr-s^i^^

•ainigl^fWili (»Jill Ji !'

gg Tuttle's Histohy of Kansas.

addressing their most obstinate cattle, could hardly have excelled
„ ;:>fanrty the phrases .Inch were used hy Missouri o^a^. m
addressing the mob on this specially exct.ng djen.e. N-then^
era were called "nigger thieves," " vermm oC the '^" ^^ ;-
L-thcrn cattle," by one of the United States sen.Uors for M.ssou .
and his words were applauded to the echo, f '^^"f ^ ^^^ J f_
become a slave state; that was the und.sgu.sed resolve otJUs
Bouri, and Nebraska was Kansas also. " Kum.ture, mul s a.^
,i.. rs " should continue the proi^evties of their possessors whethr
thTy remained in Missouri, or were carried into the new temto.y^
.' Bayonets and blood " were invoked as a means whereby the end
should be uccomplished should other means fad. The tune had
come for the repeal of the " Missouri eomprom.se, .n the mtc, st
of a brutal oligarch v, and it was very evident that the end wou d
justify any m^ans in the then inflamed condition of M.ssounans.
Many allowances must be made for the common people who were
carried along in the train of such fiery and outrageous talkers.
Schools were not only not sought within the state, but they were
rot allowed, except under .such restrictions as n.ado them value-
less, and at least one college, established in Iowa, was raided and
burned by the same ignorant rabble, because the instigators of the
outrage feared that education would expand the muu s of the
commonaltv, and thus that the peculiar institution -o".^'^ ^«^"^
dan^ered. \Tust such men as those were they who cried ■ Not
thTs^man, but Barabbas," preferring a convicted thief to the Mes-
siah, and the language of coinmon sense and sound reason were
hrown away upon them. Their passions inflamed by whisky,
loo the only rules from which no appeal could be permitted
The life of any one who would dare to contravene their will and
^0 their views on their own soil, whether he advised temper-
ance or advocated any other system of reform, would not be in-
Bured by any company that meant to pay its risks even hough
ZULZ might be calculated to cover extra risks, and prop-
erty was about as safe there as it might have been if left un-
, arded at the Five Points. Missouri wa. " a, good s ate to em -
frate from," as Daniel Webster said of New IIampsh:re, but it
dffW fT m the native state of the great lawyer and orator m
„ect ; U was not a good state in which to be born, if a person

c excelled
orators in
Northern-

■th," "

3r Missouri,
ska should
vo of Ilis-
, mules and
irs, whether
w territor}'.
rcVjy the end
lie time had
the interests
e end would
Missourians.
pie who were
;ous talkers,
ut they were
! them value-
is raided and
iigators of the
minds of the
would be en-
) cried,- "Not
if to the Mes-
1 reason were
1 by whisky,
be permitted,
heir will and
vised temper-
Id not be in-
even thougb
ks, and prop-
en if left un-
[ state to emi-
psh-re, but it
md orator in
rn, if a person

'<m^

TKiiuiroiiiAL lIisroitY. m

could be allowed to have a choice in that particular. " I"'latt.cry,"
eaith Siiakspere, " is an oil will s(jften tlie toughest fool," and that
maxim was acted upon by the demagogues who roused the feel-
ings and inflamed the arrogance of the crowd in Missouri at the
time named. There has been a great change cfTcctcd since that
era, and Missouri audiences are critical enough now as to the matter
that is placed before them. The baptism of lire and blood has
called a new H])irit into existence ; but the people still sulfer by
comparison with the populations in many states, because schools
were so slowly permitted to diffuse their ameliorating influences
over popular maimer.s. Tiiere are two ways in wliicli the popu-
lace may bo improved. First, and best, by public schoolsi where
all classes may advance in common toward the domains of learn-
ing, science and literature ; and next, where the school caimot be
brought directly to bear on the class whose amelioration is sought,
the rellex action of good training may do something. Had the
Mifisourian gentleman of that day been the chivalrous personage
lie was assumed to be, his power over the people would have been
beneficial, because he would have helped materially to create a
better public opinion. Neither of those powers have come into
operation until within the last few years. The school fund was
large enough, but it was unused, and the language quoted from a
Missouri senator represented, not the drunken ravings of some
unimportant personage, the accident of an hour, but the deliberate
utterances of a man who served in many odices, as major general
of militia, as circuit judge, as representative, and as United States
senator, a candidate, moreover, for the presidency of the United
States, Gen. Atchison, who laid the foundati )n for a much better
career by graduating in Transylvania university. The men of
education in Missouri were obliged to pander to the mob or keep
silent, so terrible was the menace under which life and property
were held in a slave state such as we are describing. The
rich Missourians were impelled by self interest, the law of self
preservation, to uphold slavery, and they were wise enough ta
know that a law of nature will not allow stagnation to coexist
with vigorous life. Their policy must advance or fall, and they
were determined it should go forward. The glove of silk, which
covered their bauds occasionally when they touched affairs of

-UliiHW'HiliT" ['"[-"^[•"•""•■'"■•"-"nTtiTi""' iiiBiiinr'rvntfwWI

W^ J I nil ■|ill]H"fl

58 Tuttle's HisTOKr of 7v.i.y.s.i5.

statooraft, concenlcnl a grasp o[ Btoel which couhl hardly ho shaken
ofE whiU; lift! rotnaii.ca. Such men arc incxomblo. iho poorer
cla«4 of wliitcs in Missouri were obsequious to their wealthy nei-h-
hors to an extent which it isdiOicult for Americans to undcrstancl.
They had learned to a degree, happily uncommon in this newest
and best fruit of civilization, —

"To bow the im'},'nant hinges of the knco ^

Where thrill miglit follow fawnius."

Icrnoranco was the least of their many vices, but it increased
them all, and they were accustomed to be spoken to, and of, as
"aovcrei-ns" whose will must needs be law. Their flatterers
v,crc not°in the habit of telling them how many millions of -'sov-
erei^iis" the United States contained; therefore they had con-
cluded that liberty of conscience and of mental power meant the
ri-ht on their parts "to think as they pleased, and to compel
everybody else to think the same." The fact of the people being
"sovereicrn" must be a claim for wider culture and more exten-
sive knowledge. The poor unlettered peasant in Europe, but
fewdecn-ees above the recently liberated Russian serf, and very
little i3,ovethe Vveu.\^ sans cu^ntte at 1789, might remain mhis
besotted darkness without immediately affecting the despotism
under which he lives, because his voice counts for nothing in the
aflairs of a nation, and he has no vote to cast. Very different i»
the state of affairs in this country; the lad whose brain is now
being prepared for the active business of life, in grammar school
high school and university, is not only a fragment of the universal
soverei-ntv himself, but he learns that every other member of
societyls coordinate with him, and able in an electoral sense -
the least informed of the whole race on this continent, as well a3
the wisest-to neutralize or overrule the decision, at which ha
arrives - Nohksse ohUge'' is the fine old French maxim, which
for manv centuries modified human action among the most pow-
erful m;n in that country, when the government was aptly de-
scribed as "a despotism tempered by epigrams; but in thiH
nation the nobility which should control every human being be-
longs ;ot to a special class in the community, but it idiei^s in
the body politic, and the civilization and enlightenment of our

TERlilTOniAL IflSTOllY.

y 1)0 sliakcn
Tlio poorer
iiltliy neigh-
undcrHtiuul.
this newest

it increased
o, and of, as
uir flatterers
ons of " sov-
cy li'itl Con-
or meant the
(1 to compel
people being

more cxten-

Europe, but
icrf, and very
remain in liis
he despotism
lothing in the
ry different is

brain is now
immar school,
' the universal
cr metnber of
itoral sense —
ent, as well as
, at which he
maxim, which
the most pow-

was aptly de-
" but in this
man being be-
t it inheres in
enment of our

covorning fa.nily docs not embrace only the cuUns ot the wisest,
?he spirit of the best, but it is, and must be the resultant from
the ignora,>ee and passion of the basest soul, eolhdmg w.th the
macmanimity of the noblest. That knowledge makes h.m h.s
.'brother's keeper," ai>d in proportion to his love for the country
of his birth will be his zeal and prudent effort to make the collec-
tive sovereign, the whole people, worthy of the great destmy to
which they are culled. He cannot ovor,H)wer the hydra headed
fellow sovereign and hold it down, he n ast instruct, and inform,
and train to the fullest realization of .•csponsib.lit..s, as well as
itnportance, the man with and by whom he is to work for ho
best aims of hu.nanity. In Missouri, during the " i.repvess.ble
conflict," the best men were compelled to remain silent spectators
of «reat wrongs, which they were powerless to assuage, for many
years but " verily they had their reward." Many men from the
east and north were among the noisiest and most obstreperous
demagogues for a time, just such creatures as the mere camp fol-
lower may easily become, but their hearts were repelled from the
"institution " which they had not been taught to consider sacred,
and when the time came they fell away from the ranks winch
thcv had only increased in clamor and numbers, not in actual and
enduring strength. The worst class of all was that which had
"defiled the ark of the covenant," the men vowed to the service
of the eternal, who had gone back upon humanity, refusing
justice to God's creatures, turning away from men and women, as
thouMi they could be less than " the least of these my little ones,
and denouncing, in the language of intolerance an(l hate, all those
who presumed to say that slavery was other than the Divme will,
findin- justification for their fanatical rage in the stringing to-
setherof texts, irrelevant to the circumstances in which they and
their times were placed. Such men gave the sanctions of religioa
to the wrong cause, and the spirit in which too many of them
them read their scrip .ral i^ssons, reminded one of

" The selfish sensual crew,
To carnage and th6 koran given,
"WIio think through unbelievers' blood,
Lies the directest course to heaven."
The preacher of average abilities who was so placed between

i»iiiw»<'iii''iiiiiii" "'" — " ''"'""

.1 .iiigwr^

QQ Tutti.e's IIisTonr OF Kas'sas.

two r.ros, that he must \,c untrue to his couHoiencc or flml himself
Z.n. ;c<>,.g.,.,tion,may have our sympathy but he c^no
.hare our achmn-.i.n, if he ehose " the llesh pot. of Egyp , mtu r
thua the higher law ; and iheic were thousands of such men n
the south, who, with a quaking of Ounr own hearts, we.-o am o
n.ake a louder outcry than their neighbors lest they should em
to be utterin.^ "an uncertain sound " on the dread isiue of their
generate. The very few that were futhful found themselves ,
turrounded by a menacing public, living under censure, secre y
applauded by a minority that dared no. speak, and almost da^^ly
r cipicnts of some brutal message, which kept before then o>es
the poHsibUity of outrage, perhaps murder, from the rude loafer
class of the population, who were anxious to please the mo,o
wealthy and refined of their side, by doing deeds winch no good
man eould approve. The preacher so placed had "o opt.on bu
to leave the state. His mute protest was practically without
avail His cliureh almost always had deserted him, and an at-
tempt to exercise his vocation in the streets might have procured
S coat of tar and featlier.s, but could nardly mich the hearts
of the slave tinctured populace, with whom it wa.s in vain he tried

'"^ Manfof the slave owning aristocracy must have dissented frorn
the course which the rabble pursued, but they were outnumbered
by the crowd of wealthy men, inferior in mental endowments
7hose riches depended almost entirely upon the --"^-^^^ °^
Ivery and who possessed enough sagacity to be a.vare that an-
an a ways increasing area could be obtained i- -^ ^^^^J^
off the slave, their raw material and manufactured article, the
basis of tbei; eminence must crumble away beneath their feet
Such men knew, long before Mr. Lincoln uttered the truism, tha
slavery must subjugate the whole union, or must be subjugated
bv it and they were resolved to keep their side uppermost,
"'co ; ^hat eom'e might," hence the blatant talk about " northern
cttle" whose demands were to be answered by 'bayonets and
bod," before the new territory should be adm tted to the umou
a a ree state. Such were the unpromising elements of wnich
Lety was composed in Missouri, and the press was tA.e onb^
;oweTxLainins'in the absence of schools and church. The

iKlllllll ll!jlf»i

Tkhhiivuim. llisroiir

\)l

find himself
I ho cfxnnot
rypt," nit.uer
such men in
we'o fain to
should seem
siuo of their
I thcinrtclves
sure, secretly
ahnost daily
ire their eyes
0 rude loafer
ISC tlie more
hi eh no good
lo option but
Lially without
Ti, and an at-
lavo procured
ich the hearts
. vain he tried

Hsscnted from
; outnumbered

endowments,
maintenance of
ivvare that un-
which to trade
ed article, the
ith their feet
he truism, that
be subjugated
le uppermost,
lOut " northern
"bayonets and
;d to the union
aents of which
i was the only

church. The

power ot the newspaper prcSH ns a ref.,rnun- agency .s vastly
overrate.1. The advertising sheet liv.s only by its aeeeptanco
anx.ng the public, conse.p.ently it ..uu.ot alb.rd to run counter
to pubUe prejudices on any of the great cpiestions o the day, uu-
less son>c party strong enough " to run the .naclnne assun.es t .0
responsibililv of maintaining the paper. Suppose the propr.c or
ricl> enougli'lo dare public opinion in that respect, and to utter
his thought, what could he hope to accomplish if no .nan read his .
fulnunations? In Missouri, at that time, he woul not have had
to complain of in.liilerence, for his olUcc would lave been
wrecked, his h.,use burned, and he would have been ";1'1^" «"
»rar - a.-ross the borders. Ncwsi.ai,ers are very much like otuer
b- .-<s ventures, and although some few odices arc strong enougH
to utter the voice of conscience irrespective of popular clamor
the great majority would and must cry with the crowd, not ha
man but liarabbas," rather than see a subscription lis d.^'loted,
the advertising columns empty, and the compositors feeding oa
their own pi. Many of the directors of the press in Missouri were
not bad men, but their views had been shaped for them m the
growth of a depraved sentiment, in which they had been con-
Lived, nurtured and developed, and it needed the strength of a
giant to tower above such surroundings. They were chivalrous
Fellows many ot them, but they were, unfortunately for them-
selves, and for society, enrolled under the wrong banner, hemmed
"by circumstances, and going with the " multitude to do evil
without malice prepense in their own natures, illustrating the
maxim of Hood, that

" Evil is wrought by want of thought,
\8 well as want of heart."

Hence the popular sentiment in Missouri was entirely on the side
of the slave power. Gen. Atchison, whose influence for many
years was all powerful in that state, while the Missouri comprom-
ise repeal was being agitated, was a violent demagogue. He is
older, and may be wiser, at any rate he has the discretion to be
silent now; but a few words concerning him must form part of
our history. He was a Kentuckian by birth ; he became Missou-
rian by adoption, having moved into that state immediately after

It TuTTufs Ifisronv OF K.ixfiAff.

quittin-^ tlin nnivnrsity in wliicli ho had grnduati'd. Lonniiiig ia
Bnid to soften inaiinorn, but the young gmduatc with \m email it
marts hcciuno itntnt'diiitcly "no of tlu! most violent rcprosontativoa
of popular tliouglit, or want of tlumglil, in tlio locality to which
ho had migrated. He was a lawyer, and ho had mastered his
brlof, winning notoriety, if not fame, by liia inteMiporato zoal in a
cau8o which could hardly be advanced by better m>ri la. li- was
8ont to the state legislature in I.SIM, and again in rhe yrnr l''<"i3.
In the year 1840, he was defeated, but was soon afterward i made
n circuit judge. While in tho legislature, the young Kentuekian
■was made iiuijorgcneral of a militia force, which saw no service,
but which might have been called upon to act in an Indian war,
if the war had otdy transpired. Tho mle '' general " sat moro
gracefully than his shoulder straps, upon i-lio warrior, and that
■vas tho only memento by which the state vva^ "vor reminded of
that time of bloodless strategy, lie became LniU'd States yon-
fttor in tho year 1848, for jmrt of a'l une.v})ircd ti'if.:, and contin-
•ued to fdl the position until 1854, when ho was elt>;led to stay at
homo. Popular sovereignty was his continual theme at the time
of his defeat, and in proof of his conscientiousness he became for
eomc time one of the most distinguished leaders in the disgrace-
ful proceedings in Kansas which were to have made the rifle the
means of determining the question, not wdiether slaves should be
owned in that territory, but whether any free man should be al-
lowed to remain unless he could be led to tho ballot as the mere
retainer and liege man of the slave owners. Tho general had
been one of the loudest talkers about bloodshed and the bayonet,
as dcsirablti alternatives compared with Nebraska as a free state,
and he strove to live up to his declarations. Missouri was re-
solved that Kansas and Nebraska should extend the range of
slavery as well as increase its voting power in congress, and Gen.
Atchison was with his party, or rather ahead of his party, in all
the worst demonstrations of the time. It was his aim to be pres-
ident of the union, and the violence of his demeanor was consid-
ered one of the best planks in his platform, so rampant was
democracy in that era, so dark was the hour which immediately
preceded the dawn. In considering the further developments of
the Kansas difficulty, we shall have frequent occasions to mention

T»»w«ag*aa»wiwwit«HtiWiwi»i»»g»"»

rjoaniiiig is
'ith his emolUt
cpresontntives
iilily to which
tna.stortvl his
3 rate zonl in a

ifu^ycnr l'^"3.
:crwai(! I rnafle
g Keutiurkiaa
aw no service,
m Tiidiaii war,
•ral " sat moro
I'ior, and that
■r reminded o£
U'd States scn-
:.:, and contin-
;led to stay at
nc. at the time
he became for
n the disgrace-
Ic the rifle the
ives should be
1 should be nl-
ot as the mere
B general had
d the bayonet,
as a free state,
issouri was re-
the range of
;ress, and Gen.
is party, in all
lim to be pres-
lor was consid-
I rampant was
h immediately
Bvelopments of
ons to mention

.~J

•~\m\f^>l'.. .'!HA--V>*»i''^

■m

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

<° Mi..

:/.

1.0

I.I

2.5

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11-25 11.4 IIIIII.6

0>J

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

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~r-^_:,,,,: v^ss^ssv.zm.jsmmm^^^mfi^^^is^^fl^^^^'^'^^^^^^

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

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Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductlons historiques

*■

is^s^^^tt»:.

*6|*r, ■-*>'"''""!!?? rf>At(fpyT '

.,,i;u.i>ff.M **9-nj'^r'r' '_«^-'■>ftfli'.^jMfJ*^■#'"'V"*W^" ■"-■"" * •

TEKiiiroRiAL History. w

the general, and for that reason it was necessary to introduce him
in due form. His talents were not brilliant, but he possessed con-
siderable powers of adaptation, and lilsC Falsta{f\ ho had " a kind
of alacrity in sinking " to the level of the class which ho hoped to
make useful for his advancement. The general will need no fur-
ther introduction.

It is not sought to make it appear that the Missourians were ,
worse than other men similarly placed might have become. The
great historian and philosopher. Buckle, lays it down as an axiom
that there never was a class of men possessed of irresponsible
power which they did not abuse. Probably he was correct. The ,
party which disgraced itself in Kansas, by such scones as it will
fall to our lot to describe, was too well represented in congress by
the chivalrous gentleman who felled Cliarles Sumner to tlie floor
of the senate. " You do not gather grapes from thorns," and it
is proverbially difficult to " make a silk purse from a sow's ear."
The poison infused into the early training of the proslavery party
rendered it impossible to make them believe that abolitionists
"had any rights which they were bound to respect." We have
seen what manner of men formed the rank and file of the Missou-
rian force, and the type of character from which their leaders
would be chosen has been glanced at. Sir Walter Scott's cele-
brated etching of Dugald Dalgetty might have been made from
some of the soldiers of fortune who hated nothing worse than
" those piping times of peace," when their peculiar talents were
not in demand. Not only Missouri, but the whole of the south,
was overrun by such gentlemen at large, who sat a horse as though
Centaur had been realized, and who could have tamed the steed
that bore Mazeppa across the desert They had courage for any-
thing except soiling their hands with hard work, and they had
no convictions of any kind except such as a judge and jury mi^ht
have helped to fasten upon them. They were " free lances " of
the nineteenth century, and it happened that the slave owners who
wanted their services were the men with whom they were nearest
in sympathy, because they also thought that it was beneath the
dignity of a gentleman to work. There was just so much in com-
mon between the man and his master, and when the oligarchy of
the south used such tools, it is useless to pretend that they were

iitiiiiiiWi

miae«iMiB«)*><Ml»' '

Tvttle's JlisTonY OF ICiyt^AS.

in any considorable degree better than tl.cir acts prove them.
They inav in some instances have said jnca culpa, and have turned
froni tlie'crror of their ways since then, in which case their mis-
deeds mav and will fall into oblivion, but such deeds can never
he justified, and they cannot honestly and fairly be glozed over.
When ^rissouri, by her representatives and senators, worked in
con-res. in the sessions of 1851-2, in favor of organizing Kansas
territorv, there was a foregone conclusion in the minds of all the
parties \o that movement tliat slavery should be engrafted upon
the soil. True the Missouri compromise should have rendered
it imixxssible for the party to entertain such an idea ; it was morally
as well as le-ally wrong, a violation of the letter as well as of the
spirit of a deliberate undertaking for value received. The men
of the south were unable to see their way to such an act as Gen.
Atchison proposed ; it did not seem possible that it would succeed,
and for that reason the bill was allowed to die, according to the
forms of congress. The r-onclusion arrived at by the slave own-
ers and their friends was, that it would be better to allow the ter-
ritorv to remain in the hands of the Indians than to risk the pos-
sibility of its becoming a rallying point for the " free soders, and
events proved that they were right in their calculation The
scheme was not abandoned, it merely changed its form ; the i ro-
tean suggestion came now in the Kansas-Nebraska bdl, coupled
with a definitive assertion that the Missouri compromise must be
repealed, and that the settlers in the state at the time of its organ-
ization should be the authority in the exercise of sovereign nghts
as a state, to determine whether slavery should be one of the
institutions of Kansas. The language implied a choice on the
part of the people; the intention was that the settlers should be
coerced into voting in favor of slavery, in the event of their sov-
ereicrn will inclining against the peculiar institution. My son
said°a thrifty Scotchman, "get money, honestly if you can but,
my son aet money." That was the idea also as to additiona ter-
ritory fo^the profitable working off of slave stock. Honestly or
dishonestly, it mattered very little which, the end was to be
attained, and the cry about the rights of sovereign states, the
specious plea for popular sovereignty, so taking at the first glance,

f;'i>fiiri|yi!>)i'.

TKliUlTOIilAL IIisTonr.

prove them.
\ have turned
ase their mis-
3ds can never
; glozcd over,
rs, worked in
lizing Kansas
nds of all the
ngrafted upon
lave rendered
it was morally
5 well as of tlie
ed. The men
an act as Gen.
would succeed,
jcording to the
the slave own-
) allow the ter-
:o risk the pos-
ee soilers," and
culation. The
form ; the Pro-
a bill, coupled
romise must be
me of its organ-
sovereign rights
be one of the
I choice on the
ttlers should be
3nt of their sov-
)n. " My son,"
f you can, but,
3 additional ter-
k. Honestly or
end was to be
reign states, the
; the first glance,

was like the dead sea aiiplo, fair to look upon, alluring to the eye
of the uninitiated, but ashes and bitterness witliin.

Slavery was to be the domestic curse in Kan.sas, as already it
was the curse in every one of the states, which vaunted it as a
blessing, and on that issue ar.^se the " Irrepressible Conflict " once
int)re ; but this time never to be truly pacified, even for one day,
until the north and south had met in a death grapple, and the race
which had committed and allowed the crime, had rained blood upon
the dishonored soil of the union, and had trampled out the wrong
— so far as moral turpitude can be effaced — by one of the most
stupendous efforts that the world has ever seen. The ^lissouri
compromise was repealed, and in the fact of that revocation it
was claimed that there had been an understanding ; not an argu-
ment in so many words, but a tacit arrangement to the efTcct that
Kansas would be permitted to assume slavery as one of its condi-
tions under the constitution. The settlement of the question in
that way was, to tlie Missourian instinct and hope, reasonable,
natural, inevitable, and on that basis northwestern Missouri com-
mitted itself to the work of organization.

Geographical limits determined the views of men very largely
then as now, and perhaps to a greater extent, because the press
and its supporters were narrower, less cosmopolitan. When a
very moving discourse had been preached in an English village
in which an able orator had explained the necessities of the
poorer class of his parishioners, enforcing their claims utjon the
sympathy and aid of their wealthy neighbors, every eye was wet
with tears in the vast auditory, save the optics of one stolid far-
mer, who listened with intelligent interest, but exhibited no si^ns
of emotion. After service had ended the tearless man was asked
to explain his immobility, and the answer was a perfect solution
from his standpoint. He did not belong to that parish ! Mis-
souri had rights, interests and sympathies within her own borders
enough to close every aperture against the ideas prevalent in the
free states, and it long remained a mystery that any statesman
should doubt the perfect right of the slave owner, not only to
his human chattels as long as they remained in his possession,
but also to their restoration to his custody, should they escape

iiliiiiMMMii«iT»ilMiiMMi«l1l\«ririit»ilitliiWli«fSii1li!ltowi«iW^

riliirMiiiiiiiljjiiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiMMelMiiaWMig

90 TuTTLifs History of Kaxsas.

and be vecogni.ed flying tlwougli the states, where slavery bad
iKU.i.il V becMue repugnant to tbo law. The sacred nghts of prop-
erty in that light outshone every other consideration, and the peo-
ple bad become so bounded by the sentiment prevailing in this
Uion, that conscience as much as self interest seemed to be their
.nttive power. Wc must give due weight to that c.rc.;mstunee
or else we fail to render justice to a large class that meant to be
honest, but could not see their way in the darkness ha pin^-
vailed, where the press was but a borrowed light at the bes , an
^here the lurid glare from many pulpits distorte the ae^ a d
objects upon which they shone. The picture of " JM, U . /.
1 ich wa given to the reading world by llobert Burns, the plow-
n n poet o1 the eighteenth century, had counterparts nmun.era.
ble among the occupants of Missourian pulpits, and their v.o en
B If suffidency was their best passport to the hearts and minds o
their hearers. The mint-marks of religion were freely stamped
upon every enormity, and the people were thus strengthened m
their course, which however intrinsically wrong, had fo, them
extrinsic authority, and the highest pretensions to righteousness.
The other side, with broader views and a more subtle compre-
hension of human rights, was just as determined as Missouri, and
when the organization of Kansas first won their favor, it was
with a full understanding of the Missouri compromise and its
obligations, which left no room for doubt that whatever addi-
tional states might come in, must reinforce the free states in con-
oress and lead the way toward a proper solution of the slavery
problem The idea of introducing slavery into the territory,
althou-rh it had been carried into practice years before, was never
mooted in congressional circles until the thirty-third session was
far advanced, and the suggestion awakened the hot indignation of
almost every class in the middle and eastern states. Many of he
more prudent had doubted the wisdom of their extremists, be-
cause they could see the terrible revulsion which must dislocate
society, should the great wrong be righted in a precipitate man-
ner • "and they were inclined to repeat the old form of prayer in
their daily lives: "Give peace in our time, O Lord," but they
could see now, as never before, that unless they could stamp out
slavery the black stain would cover the whole union. Standing

WIIJ^^»ii>*piHf»-

TEitinroiUAL II is Ton v.

e slavery liatl
fights of prop-
1, uiul the pco-
^-ailing in this
led to bo their
circi'vmstuncc,
it meant to be
ness that pre-
t the best, and
1 the facts and
' Jlohj WiUk';'
urns, the plow-
arts innumera-
id their violent
,s and minds of
freely stamped
trengthened in
, had for them
) righteousness,
subtle compre-
is Missouri, and
ir favor, it was
)romise and its
whatever addi-
ee states in con-
n of the slavery
a the territory,
cfore, was never
bird session was
ot indignation of
3s. Many of the
r extremists, be-
1 must dislocate
precipitate man-
orm of prayer in
Lord," but they
could stamp out
mion. Standing

still was no longer a possibility, and with the alternative of a ret-
rograde movement staring thcni in the face, they i)rcpared for
aggressive action. Their more logical neighbor.s, who had for
many years talked and printed abolitionist ideas at all hiizards, be-
came more powerful with every step toward the appropriation of
the Nebraska-Kausas territory by the southern party. The teach-
ing of their lives was being verified by outcropping events, and their
voices had now the ring of prophecy in them when they linnicd
the inevitable future, unless Kansas could be brought into the
union with every constitutional guaranty against slavery. Tho
opposite sides were setting their battle in array, natural allies
were drawing together, and there would soon be a vigorous but
friendly emulation for the fore front of the conflict. Congress-
ional action defeated the free labor party, but the struggle was
relegated to Kansas itself, and it became an oliject to possess tho
land with men ready for every emergency. The men who went
to Kansas upon that errand, did not know until they bad " set
their hands to the plow," with what completeness their antago-
nists had prepared the way for victory, nor would they have
turned their backs upon the conflict, even if they had known
that the act of organization had been carefully elaborated by sev-
eral of the ablest lawyer.'? in the land, skillful in veiling a pur-
pose with words, which yet would bear only an interpretation
exactly securing the object, of which a casual reader would never
dream. They did not know the terrible odds against which they
fought, but they were ready for any fate, save eventual defeat.
They could say even to death itself, in the words of Fitz Greene

Halleck :

" To the hero when his sword
Has won tlie battle for the free,
Thy voice sounds like a propliet's word;
And in its hollow tones are heard
The thanks of millions yet to be."

Under the act before mentioned, slave property could be held
in Kansas, and there was no enabling power under which the ter-
ritorial legislature could defeat the machinations of the slave
owning party. The people were powerless against the wrong
which unjust congressional manipulation had perpetrated, until

0g TuTTLif^ Ilisronr of K ass. is.

the time -^vhu.h could bo advance.l ^^ set b.ek by Missouri -
h.a nrrivcl, .hen the state constitution shouUl be ^'•=\';;^'l- '^«
president favored tl>e shave power, and >t rested vvMth h m o
nppoint every territorial ollicer. Missouri could send a . k,1o
population across the dividing lino to locate claui.s, and to sunu-
late, if not create public opinion. Shwe settlement -- i| -ady ^^^^^^
cl imated in Kansas, and had been pushed forward u.to the t tory
for many years in furtive but irresistible ways ; and against a 1
these agJndes and powers there eould only be opposed the on u^
.ias,u of the free soil party, which said in the language o 11 .y
Wilson, "The past is yours, the future is ours; and wh.U
daring the ehanSes of annihilation in a noble cause, addressed its
members in the language of the hero :

« Strike — for your altars and your Arcs;
Blrike — for the gruen gnives of your sires ;
God, and your nativo land."

CHAPTER V.

TERRITORIAL HISTORY.

S,°vc,y Prop.e«..da-Cho„.o Y« >>•!.»»> VcW,|l Sc,.e-TUe Dallc
Hunt tef.iro Iho D««ii - Ugl'' SI"™"" »"= E""'

TIME had become an object among men who had >-«*;J '»
m*c Kansas a reflex o! Missouri, and m eonseqaenoe, ,.e fmd
The more active and unscrupulous, including many of the wea th-
cr r" cros ing the western boundary of the slave state before
Kat'territor/was legally open for -">--«■ ^^'^^^'^
tal.e time by the forelock There were two purposes ^ b s rv d

by their precipitancy ^'^l^l^ZT^^:^^

v Missouri —
ramcd. The
with him to
jcnd a w'.iolo
and to siinu-
us already ac.
0 the territory
d against all
?cd the enthu-
agc of lletiry
" and which,
, addressed its

lepherdiiig 8elcc-
1 Operaiion — The
crvo— TUe Dark

tiad resolved to
quenee, we find
y of the wealth-
xve state, before
;, determined to
ses to be served
)f the soil for its
•culated through
; the population

M ijiwjiniPlwyilii

wimmmfm*

TEitiiiroitiAL l{isToi; r,

9fl

near at liatid had long known the virtues of rncsquit and bulTalo
grass, and the oxcoptional fi'rtilityof the prairies, plains, and bot-
tom lands of Kansas. The second object, was for many ot the
emigrants, scarcely less important than the first, and it was en-
forced by all the powers of persuasion possessed by the popular
leaders, who w'ere found using in the press, the organs of their
party, and no other press could exist in Missouri, sucli language
as, " Let every man that owns a negro go at once into the territory
of Kansas and settle, so that our beloved northern br:3thren may
have the advantage of seeking a location further nortli. ' Stand
not upon the order of your going, but go at once.' " Those who
came very 'early were able to procure the best selections so far ns
their journeyings extended, but tlie whole country was a garden
in the month of May, when these operations commenced, as spring
opens in February in this favored region. The bottomlands were-
not so much an object, as the higher and drier ground, among the
men, who really meant living in tiie territory, as Mis.sourian exper-
iences had made almost everybody wise as to certain hygienic
conditions, but very many who came had no intention to reside
on their claims ; they wanted merely to secure so much territory,
in such places as would in effect take the eyes out of the country,
leaving, as they hoped, a residuum of unattractive land, upon
which colonies from the eastern and middle states would have no
desire to settle. In many cases they were content to perform the
preliminaries for the erection of a cabin, as a colorable pretext of
settlement, or they would mark the chosen spot by driving stakes
in the unsurveyed land, po that at some future time their inchoate
rights might be revived, p-* a means of profit in some instances,
and in others to assist in ., i:'^ying such settlers, as might come in
the interests of the free soil organization. The best parts of east-
ern Kansas were staked, blazed and claimed in various ways, be-
fore settlement was possible under the law, but there was an un-
derstanding among the Missourians, that as between themselves,
there should be no notice taken of such trivial irregularities, and
when every man had laid out his estate upon his own magnificent
designs, the selectors returned to Missouri, to abide the time, when
they might become squatters, and begin to realize the pleasures of
Kansas sovereignty. The Indian title had nqt expired, and the

iiat'iif^i'i ifi'^"-^~'-'" >■- -■■^-"i^'i

,iriiii.itlii-|r"it-rjimriitfiii

(j'iiWHJTililillBMm'iaeiiJiiBMt**'^

100

TvTTihfs Hisrour of K..ssas.

„Ku.vho were now aisrogarding all the guaranties which had
■been extcndocl to the tribe, were the same person, that hnA bcu
^;;ll heard nu,st clan.orou. in demanding the -.u«^o^
Vublic faith, by the exclusion of wlute settler, so long as bo
L.l..n>s and their braves were the principal defense ag.jnst t a
forn.ation of a free state. There was hardly one n,an u. U . st to
of Missouri who had not done son.ething .n the way of s cuun,
uclain. in Kansas land, and when parfes were formed to nako
tours of selection, it is not wonderful that hundreds coneladca to ,
transfer all their possessions into the territory, winch was so soon
0 bo organized. Men who had been aceu.ston.ed to the evees of
the Mississippi, and to the slowly n.oving waters of he Missouri,
o m in th legion which they now explored .swift llow.ng rivers
hundreds of mSes long, running between high banks, on winch
mills and factories could bo erected, to use a never waning su^
ply of water, and they could leave the exhausted ands of ho
older settlement, for virgin prairies surrounding such aids to or
tune, without one sigh of regret. The parklike areas, with lieie
and there a few groves and clumps of trees possessed beauty such
as m ' it well fascinate the observer, and but little examination was
nes^ary to convince the initiated that the sod would produce
crops of almost every kind with such profusion as Missouri had
n3 known. Thus, many who came only to establish c aims re-
Xd to make homes in Kansas, and row that the midsuinmer
riessof their first entrance has .^-n outlived. U.eya^^^^^^
reckoned among the best citizens in tins state. Manuactones,
"« and agriculture, aided by free labor and inventive ski 1,
h riong since convinced them, that the true «1--. the only
G d onitts, whom it could serve the purposes of -d.zed men^o
e^nploy in their undertakings, are the rivers trained to do their
biddil with never ceasing regularity, the winds in their circuits
pepfn" their food, drawing their supplies of water and per^
fmg other such desultory labors, and the steam engine which
; ill catry them against winds and tides across the ocean, convey
Tarn p duce from the Atlantic to the Pacific, pump dry the
^L quarries, and morasses, transport iron as easily as man
Sf can convey straws, and increase the food of human kii^
ty le easing and multiplying their labors, if only fed by a few

• i"

I wliich liml
liiit liail been
liiiluimiico of

long aa tbo
e iigoinst the
n in tlio sUvto
f of Kocuriiig
incd to inako

concluded to

II was so soon

I the levees of
the Missouri,
ilowing rivers
nks, on which
;r waning sup-
l lands of the
ich aids to for-
i-eas, with hero
)d beauty such
lamination was
would produce
; Missouri had
blish claims re-
he midsummer
, they are to be
Manufactories,
inventive skill,
iilaves, the only
iivilized men to
ned to do their
( in their circuits
water, and per-
il engine -which
e ocean, convey
pump dry the
1 easily as man
of human kind,
ly fed by a few

tmmmmmmmmKm

TtiuitinmiM. llisioii v.

101

tons of carbon nnd sunlight por day, whicli wore stored in the
bowels of tlie earth, a hundred million years ago.

The elements will \w our .slaves if we will only u.se them, by
means of .^rienec, and the me<;hanieftl appliancerf which liavo
been made possible by Hcientille knowledge. In 3'jur room
as you now write, there is a l)Utton in the desk or in tho
wall witliin easy reach of your hand; it represents a saving
of human labor equal to the possession of many human chattels,
nnd it degrades no man. .Nfessengers waited in tlio ante rooms
of the great cmly a few years since, ready to bo summoned by
the .stnmdof the human voice, to perform a duty which caused
perpetual toil in its continuing recurrence, and which was too
often inelTective for want of speed. See now the way in which
science has come to your aitl. Y'our ancestors were not persons
of distinction ; they were artisans and tradesmen, nothing more ;
centurii!s after "Wamba, son of Witless, was the born thrall of
Cedric tho Saxon," and as his fool, was expected to amuse hi.s
master and owner, by tho antics of folly. Yet you po.sscss in
that button by your side such a talisman as Richelieu in France,
Charles V, in Spain, or Henry VIII, in England, would have
given a fortune to possess, as it would have secured to cither of
them a mastery over his subjects, or over his enemies, worth more
than the discovery of the fabulous stone, that would change all
metals into gold. You have also affairs of state, for manufactures
and great engineering works are subject to your direction, and
the results of your cogitations must be conveyed without delay,
from one side of a continent to another, or even on occasions
round the world. Richard III, in England, and Louis XI,
in France, had horsemen and stables of swift animals, waiting at
intervals along the principal roads in their kingdoms, to despatch
important messages post haste, and they were convoyed on an av-
erage at tho rate of seven miles an hour. You are not a king,
but you desire to send your message, and having no lamp such
as Aladdin used to rub when he wished the services of tho genii,
you slightly touch that button. It is the connecting point of an
electric bell, and it is answered by your telegraph clerk in two
seconds. Your instructions are given in as few words as will
eecure a full transmission of your meaning, and within an hour,

- iiiiiifiVirSinli'iiiii"iriif"r6it«'»»MMii>iiiiin

TVTTLKS IllSTuur Oh' A'.l.NW.JV.

you luvvoyour answer from Ni;w York or from San Francisco, with-
in Imlf ft ilay your intcMlions* arc comi)n!liuiuloil imd rt-poatcd from
TftriM, ViiMUKi, St. l'olcr«biirgli or Loiidon, your conc-<[iomlciiW
Lttvclnrii found iiml luivo rci>licd toyt)ur coiiiiiiuuiuulioiiH, witliout
furlhur troublu lluin u fow message boys taking a saunter through
the Hlreets of tho cai>itals of the worUl. Willi such shivcs as the
elements waiting upon our every caprice, it socins a brutal fancy
thai would desire to hold our fellow nu>n in bondage. The mas-
ters of slaves are not often i)crsons for whom the world is solici-
tous, and where the slave owning is the only chum to distinction
they never can be. J'^sop is remembered and lii.s fables aro
quoted by tens of millions, who do not recall the fact that he wa.s
a poor, deformed man and a slave, but out of a million readers
you shall not find one who will give you the name of /Ksop's
master, or tell you of one claini that he over pt)ssessed to be re-
membered. But the men who were swarming over into Kan.sas
from lilissouri liad no such thoughts to interfere with tlieir
movements ; their main idea at tho outset was to shut out " north-
ern cattle," and '• nigger thieves," from tho territory aooa to bo
opened for settlement, and they sometimes quoted an old saying
that, " Any stick will do to beat a dog with." The lands which
they did not want to settle would do to hold against the new-
comers whom they were prei)ared to hate, so they "shepherded"
claims and selections, staking them oil' ami lying by after dis-
charging some petty duty, performing some inlinilesiinal labor,
■which would enable them to say that they were enrolled among
the settlers in Kansas, and could speak like tho centurion of old,
" as one having authority " on matters pertaining to the future of
the prospective state. The big talk which %yas indulged in on
Salt creek, in Kansas, in June 1854, innncdi.itely after the Ne-
braska-Kansas act became law, and at many similar meetings in
various quarters in the same terri :.ory, was little other than the
hruium fuimcn of unscrupulous politicians who wished to pro-
duce an effect at a distance which might deter the better class of
people from coming to the field of emigration which they ' -l re-
so^-'.>d should be monoplized for the benefit of the slave ,.owor.
T!ie pretentious "Whereas" with its designing and deceptive
preamble had no more weight with the class which the movers

TKiimrouiA i. IlisTonr.

103

propose! toalTocl than such blank cartridgo dcservwl, iin.l tho
" thoi-cforo lu^olvocl," fell poworlos.s. Wliilo tho di.strict svm
known only aa tho Groat Auiorican Dosort, it was easy to Hhut
ofl tho tide of eniigralion, hut tho Califoriiian oxodus and gold
fovor disposed of that barrior, as tlio obsorvations taken by tho
miners en routr to their destination had gone broad east all over
tho world. Tho trado to Santn Ko was oonlined almost entirely
umoiig Missouriuns and their dei)endents, who wero not likely to
publish among northerners tho results of their experionco. Many
of the wealthiest Missoniians had amassed their gains in that lifo
of adventure, eonse(iuently they knew well the country which
tliey licrsistenlly decried and wei'o determir.ea to possoss. Tho
ubolitionista having had their attention called to tho subject in
many ways, since the debates in congress upon this territory first
arrested notice, there was a largo and important organization
which would not bo sileneed nor could bo deluded, on tho score
of the fertility and manifold advantages of Kansas; and all over
the country now tho press teemed with lucubrations on this most
interesting subject. Correspondents, special and general, who
would huvo paid forfeit with their lives if thoy could have been
identified, wnHe from Missouri full particulars of all the inten-
tions of the oligarchy and their supporters. Editors, more and loss
informed, commented in glowing terms on the latest items of news,
and discoursed on tho newly discovered charms of the projected
state. Abolitionists, who had ventured into the forbiddcai region,
wrote back us wiil» pens of flame, vivid descriptions of events
which caused the nerves of men to tingle as they read. One per-
son who had been brought to trial for having taught a slave to
read, although the accomplishment h.id been conferred, with the
full consent, and at the request of the proprietor of that chattel,
sent back into civilized society a narrative of his perils, and a de-
seription of a tyrannical combination which aimed at overriding
all lawbythc'jui-'sdictionof Judge Lynch, and generally tho
public tone was growing more and more resolute on the question
of the day. In the southern states generally, and in ^lissouri
more especially, the tone of the newpaper press on this question
was vaunting and defiant, and the demands of the slave power
became every day more perplexing to democracy in the middle

104 TuTTLpfs HisTonr of Kassas.

and enstern statc^'. Such men ns Stcpl.cn A. Dougliis could not
hveak away fn.in their old associations, sufficiently to keep on terms
of amity with the southern branch of the vast party, which they
Bought to wichl. They were under the necessity to apologize to eas'-
ern°democrats for concessions to southern feeling, which were not
large enough to placate the men whom they were intended to win ;
and the press of the world looking on from a distance, in which
passion could hardly affect the observer, pronounced oracularly
a thousand times within ten years, that the union would be de-
stroyed in the death struggle between the manufacturing and
commercial interests of one party, and the chivalrous instincts of
the other. There was almost by common consent on the part of the
British press, a conclusion that the spirit of the old Cavaliers of the
days of the first Charles could be seen among the gentlemen of the
south, but in that case the courage and fortitude of the Roundheads,
the brave old Puritans, who were the Ironsides of Cromwell and
the Pilgrims to Plymouth rock, lived in the ranks of those who
fou'dit and won the battle of freedom for the second time on this
continent; and as for the absurd worship of the titled gentleman
in which John Pull is just a triHe too apt to indulge, it might be
well if that old worthy would remember a distich which was
very popular among the working class of his countrymen in the
days of Wat. Tyler.

" When Adam delved and Eve span,
Where was then the gentleman ?"
The V7ork=ncr men and their newspapers had no such oympatny
with the south, and when Lord Palmcrston might have been per-
suaded to give his adhesion to the proposal of Louis Napoleon,
to reco-nize and sustain the south, the tendency of the aristocrat
was controlled and held back by the strong popula. . -ament in
favor of liberty, which Britain had long before given to ner slaves.
The Encrlish operative is almost always a republican, and only m
a very moderate way a respecter of titles. For a lord per se who
possesses no other claim upon his regard, he has the same feeling
that was expressed l)y Burns in his quatrain :

" Sec yonder Bivkie ca'd a lord, . ,. •

t ' Wha' struts and stares an' a' that,
Tho' hunners worship at his word,
He's but a cuif for a' that."

ould not
on terms
ich they
;e to east •
were not
\ to win ;
n which
racularly
(1 be de-
ring and
stincts of
lart of the
crs of the
icn of the
indheads,
awell and
hose who
ne on this
rentleman
miglit bo
diich was
en in the

hjmpatny
been per-
Napoleon,
aristocrat
..ament in
her slaves,
nd only in
ner se who
me feeling

TEHniTORFAL HlSTOIiY.

105

The press which represented that sentiment in England wag
true to tlie union, but it had necessarily very little weight with
the unreading south, and !^^issouri drifted on toward her share
in the Kansas difTiculty. The faculty fjr organizing had been
cultivated with such effect, that it had long been dangerous in
that state for any man, wliatever his position, to show a disincli-
nation for promoting their domestic institution, " to hint a fault
and hesitate dislike" concerning the abominable crime of negro
slavery; and now that system of organization was being extended
beyond ^Missouri to cover and to blast the territory of Kansas.
The Nebraska- Kansas act had come into operation, anu it was
time to move if there was to be any substantial advantage gained
by the Missourians in the contest with their resolute opponents,
the much abused " northern cattle," of whom, in spite of all the
bluster so long indulged in, the slave power was very much
afraid. Some men, who had only selected lands in the territory,
came now in hot haste to occupy and improve their locations.
Others, as we have seen, came to hold mass meetings, and to
feign a confidence which they could not realize in the righteous-
ness of their cause, and the success for which they were prepared
to hazard everything. They had learned that a society had been
formed in Massachusetts, which had for its object, the rescue of
the land from their ownership, and the conversion of its fertile
acres into additional temptations for the escape of the negro from
bondage. They had learned that the society was already incor-
porated with a capital stated in millions, and they did not know
how many millions, but they were sure that the capital would
be practically without limit, and that the object, over and above
' all pretenses of colonization and settlement, meant the establish-
ment of " underground railroads" for the more effective convey-
ance of slaves away from their lawful masters. Their rage knew
no bounds. Every syllable of information on the subject which
could be procured came tinctured with the passions and the pre-
judices of their leaders, so that within a few weeks the tempers of
men had risen to white heat. The press teemed with stories
every day, setting forth the operations of the abolition party in
"stealing niggers." The idea of the negro stealing himself was
never mooted. The enslaved race were but "dumb driven

■a

IQQ Tittle's History of Kassas.

cattlo" in tl.c estimation of tlicir owners, and the responsibility
of tlicir evasion must rest upon tbeir abettors. In that aspect of
the case, every emigrant from the free states must be an object of
susiiicion until he could purge himself to their entire sat.sfact-on,
but if he came under the auspices of any of the various emi-
grants' aid associations, of which they ' ad heard, he might be
shot down in his tracks, failing all other means to neutralize him
or to remove him from the soil where he endangered their sacred
ri.'hts The shameful manipulation resorted to in congress, to
relegate this question to the vote of the people, after .'very
jruamntv for an honest decision had been removed, was answer-
able for" a condition of aflairs which menaced the land with blood.
Men were coming into the territory, not by tens and twenties,
but by hundreds, soon mounting up to thousands, and the propo-
sition was made, as in the names of " distinguished statesmen
in Missouri," that the newcomers should "be met at the very
threshhold, and scourged back to their caverns of darkness.
Thev were to be " met and repelled," and the parties to such
decla-ations were not over scrupulous as to means. One meeting,
the t • e of a great many others which convened under the same
Kcneml direction, set forth the reason for present action, in the
assertion, that " Kansas was to be colonized by fanatical persons
and by " eastern and foreign paupers," who would exclude
«' citizens of slave holding states, and especially citizens of
Missouri, from settling there with their property and would
establish a trunk of the underground railroad, where

thousands of our slaves shall be stolen." That was t^lie mdict-
nient preferred by the slave owners, say rather, that was the
cartel of defiance, the declaration of war; for Jo an indictment
the accused person might be expected to plead, whereas here, the
culprit, for as such he figured from the first, could do nothing but
submit to condign punishment, unless he came ready to do or
die " in the q aarrel up<m which he had entered. The action to be
taken in the premises by the Missourians, was thus tersely stated
in one of their own documents, approved by a mass meeting in
Clayeountyearlyin 1854: -'Therefore, * * we do resolve,
that Kansas ought to be a slave state, and we pledge ourselves to
cooperate * * in any measures to accomplish such ends.

wmSiBiSiii'' lifliiiiia^ii^^

TkiiRiroujAL History.

107

sponsibility
at aspect of
an object o£
satisfact'on,
arioiis emi-
le migbt be
itralizc him,
their sacred
congress, to
after 'very
was answer-
with blood,
rid twenties,
d the propo-
sd statesmen
at the very
f darkness."
lies to such
3ne meeting,
ler the same
iction, in the
cal persons,"
uld exclude
T citizens of
and would
* * where
IS the indict-
that was the
n indictment
reas here, the
1 nothing but
dy to " do or
e action to be
tersely stated
iS meeting in
e do resolve,
3 ourselves to
. such ends."

mJitinnirm'T ■

They would remove emigrants peacefully if the intruders would
go upon the first warning, but, " will yc nill ye," they must go.
" Hanging and drowning" were discussed as among other " mea-
sures," perphaps tlic best adapted to such " ends," as the Mis-
sourian organization coritempliited, and onicers were apy-ointed
w.Ji powers such as good men wonld bhuddor Lu be invested
withal, for any purpose, to secure the exclusion of free negroes
from Kansas, to punish all abolitionists immediately. " I am
ready to go," said one of the speakers, and he was applauded to
echo, " I am ready to go whenever it shall be announced that the
emigrants have come, and with this right hand, I will help to
hang them, every one, upon the first tree." That was tho
pleasant prospect and the warm welcome prepared by the Mis-
sourians for their northern brethren. It was almost enough, to
justify one in saying, with the pagans of old, "How these
Christians love one another."

Secret societies were now originated ; not one, but many, but
all with one object, to facilitate the removal of emigrants, and the
Durjald DahjeUijs of the border, at whom we have already glanced,
were initiated brethren and grand masters in every such organiza-
tion. "The piping times of peace" had gone forever, and in the
prospect of war with the emigrants, they could see long vistas of
glory for themselves, with just a possibility of profit also arising
out of the transaction. Every society had its different degrees ;
the mean whites could join the grades which accorded with their
condition in the body politic, and as members of that class they
were entitled to know just as much as the wealthier and more
interested grades thought that it would benefit themselves to com-
municate. Under such sanctions crime became very soon^a word
without a meaning, unless it meant " free emigration into Kansas,"
and justice had but one symbol, "a livid wretch dangling from a
tree." The secret societies were to stand by each other against all
odds. The ribbon, or other mark of affiliation, was to be the all
sufficient appeal for aid, and the person denounced by one of the
accredited, must be dealt with on the principle that " dead men
tell no tales," unless he could be otherwise made amenable to the
rule of the slave power. Should it appear that political action of
any kind was to be taken in the territory, the societies, having

108

Tuttle's History of Kassas.

their conlon of spies, would immcfliatcly be informed, and there-
upon the forces Mvaihiljle could be mustered at the points most
convenient, ready to cross the boundary on the day when the poll
should b5,tak^i, to vole on whatever questions might arise in the
interests of Missouri. There was no difhculty in rai:;iLif, funds
for such purposes, and their modes of operation were effective.
Should it appear after all that the free soilers could outvote them,
they were then to prevent the poll proceeding by whatever means
might be available, and as we have seen, the officials of the terri-
tory being all appointed in the interests of slavery, with a knowl-
edge that their instant decapitation might follow the most trivial
aerof seeming disloyalty to their friends, the slave owners, there
was but little dango- that they would forget " the fleshpots of
Egypt," as long " as the ox knoweth his master's crib." The
slavery propaganda was thus in order of battle, and men were
able to see how much of liberty there was for the white man
where the peculiar domestic institution was in full sway. The
day was gone by for quoting texts of scripture now, unless some
passages from the Old Testament could be used to justify the
extremes of punishment. The five hundred priests of Baal who
had failed to bring down fire from heaven, had been slain, under
the orders of the man of God, and every act of murder was to be
excused by that, or some such reference, in which missionaries al-
ways figured as God's weapons, or avengers, and when their prayer
failed to bring fire from heaven upon their enemies, they did not
hesitate to supplement their other abominations by cowardly acts
of incendiarism. The common people were not expected to un-
derstand anything, and if ever there lived upon this earth a man
whose daily life dishonored humanity, that person could be found
in the " mean white." Often unable to read or write, seldom, in-
deed, able to think, never troubling himself further on any ques-
tion than to know on which side his employers would take action,
he took his fill of whisky whenever the opportunity offered, blas-
phemed against the living God by dishonoring the negro, and all
his friends, and stood ready upon the first call to offer violence
to, or to shed the blood of any man who might be indicated to
him as a person inimical to the interests of his masters. Truly,
could the mean whites only have seen it, their interests lay with

..SilMrfrfrti

iiUMiiiiitiiiiilM

I, and there-
points most
hen the poll

arise in the
\\:i\i\<^ funds
ire effective,
itvote them,
itever means

t)f the tcrri-
ith a knowl-

most trivial
)\vners, there
3 flesh pots of

crib." The
id men were
3 while man

sway. The

unless some

0 justify the
of Baal who

1 slain, under
3er was to be
issionaries al-
fi their prayer

they did not
cowardly acts
pected to un-
s earth a man
ould be found
te, seldom, in-
• on any ques-
Id take action,
r offered, bias-
negro, and all

offer violence
)e indicated to
isters. Truly,
jrcsts lay with

TKimiTOTtlAL TTlfiTORr.

109

the free soilers, a-uinst whom they were to operate, but a view so
far sighted was beyond tlieir powers of vision. They could have
believed almost anything that the oligarchy might tell them, but
even though their masters had told them so, it would have been
impossible for them to credit the truth that the free soil men were
fio-hting their battle. They were even more zealous tlian the bet-
ter informed, outstripping the commands of their superiors in tlicir
anxiety to do enough. The goldsmiths of Ephesus had an inter-
est in crying, " Great is Diana of the Ephesians," but these men
were as the ignorant rabble that swelled the throng, creating more
riot, and eflccting greater ruin than the goldsmiths themselves.
When the men who owned property in their fellow men resolved
that " Kansas was of right, and should be a slave state," they
were intelligently pursuing their own immediate gain, at whatever
ultimate cost, because they were striving to secure a territory and
a state in which tlieir slaves could be made more profitable than
they had been for many years in Missouri ; but when the " mean
white " associated himself with organizations formed to secure
such ends, he was condemning himself and all his following, so
far as his acts could degrade them, to be, and to remain for all
time, just such Pariahs as the mean whites then were, and as ho
exemplified when he stood prepared to hang men for differing
from other men in their views as to property, and for trying to
provide for himself and his children better conditions in life.
These miserable tools of the oligarchy were not long before they
found means to distinguish themselves in the exercise of their sov-
ereign will. A man who had voted and trained with the demo-
cratic party from the days of Thomas Jefferson had come into
Kansas territory to settle. He was from the neighboring state of
Iowa, and he had endured many opportunities to see slavery in
all its forms ; but having looked upon the picture he was not de-
sirous to secure its presence in his own household. When Iowa
•was first organized, many Missourians were found owning slaves
in the free territory, consequently there were few of the earlier
settlers in the territory or state of Iowa who were not conversant
•with slavery by actual contact, or by the daily conveisation of
their surroundings. This man knew quite enough on the subject
to be resolved that, whenever the time should come for casting a

■I

Txjttle's History of Kaxs.is.

110

vote l.e would rango himself against the proposal to make Kansas
us^ivo state. Immediately after bis arrival in Kansas, he .u
^,::! ime ;..ated by the spies of the seeret organjzaUo.. on Ins
lie., and^iot knowing anything about the insolent ^ . . 0 -
./.'tlJu would sit in judgment upon h.s --^-^ ^ ^^ ;
closed his views and intentions with some freedorn. il''^^ v^as
0 o .d,. There was no pretense that he was one of the no.-d, n
c tie " but all who were not for them were against them so b - ^
o e^he man eould build the house whieh was to shelter Ins s, k
familv ^e Ind been tried and senteneed. He must leave the
^'^ ^iU n t^entyfour hours, or be sei^d up like a eidpn
wl;.n.d on the bare baek, reeeiving fifty lashes. He was but
^:: with a siek family dependent upon him^ and t o e

legion. He had no option but to succumb, and he left the tern
tnrv to escape worse consequences.

Another man was accused of being an abolitionist, ai.d he wa.

Wo^^^M to trial The only evidence against him was that he had

'itU wtrds of sympafhy to a negro, and tl^e witne. was t^^^

ne.ro to whom the language of sympathy was said to have been

addressed. Against any man, accused of any other crime .ave

that o being an abolitionist, the testimony of the slave would

l.'^ been nullified bv his color ; but the black enormity of abo-

IH on bridged every chasm, and the man was convicted and sen-

Iced wUh n the iLr. His hair was shaved from one side o

SI irandsodisfiguredhewasallowedtwodayswithinwhich le

•; ♦! . .n,intrv or submit to receive one hundred and fifty

xCi bet:^^.^^

be ompl ted, a result by no means improbable. Another man was

IcusTd of having allowed a negress to ride in the same vehicle

.1 and if he had not justified himself by reference to the

,hnv vu-tim Wroncrs such as these were of daily occurrence.
^Z^JZl^ held to justify domiciliary vi,H». dur-

lliliillillliiiKiliiilllliWl'

Like Kan?a»
isas, lit: li'.ul
ions on this
i Vehm iter-
anor, lie ilis-
That was
le " nortlicrn
them, so be-
liltor liis sick
tst leave the
like a culprit
He was but
nd they were
left the terri-

t, and he was
IS that he had
itness was the
to have been
3r crime save
B slave would
)rmity of abo-
icted and sen-
tn one side of
'ithin which he
idred and fifty
lishment could
lother man was
e same vehicle
aference to the
; their servants
uld have been
ily occurrence,
iary visits, dur-
n, which might
! event of any
jrty and the life
danger. Many

TKitRiToniAL History.

Ill

persons thus threatened were obliged to become parties to out-
rages against others in order to acquit themselves of suspicion.
Such raids became almost insufferable, even in Missouri, but in
Kan«as they were removed from jealous inspection, and the men
who suffered were aliens, so there was less likelihoo.I of local dis-
turbances arising. Before the first day of September, 185-i, so in-
tolerable had the demeanor of the prosla^fery societies beoome, that
in the city of Weston, in Missouri, a mass meeting of the citizens
was called to denounce the action of the so-called " Platte County
Sell Defen:'ive Association," on that day, on the grounds that the
quiet of their families, the honor of their sons and daughters, the
security of their property, their means of living, their lives and
their good name were threatened by mob violence, having far its
object the coercion of every merchant and trader to make their
purchases only of slave owners, or in cities in which slaves were
held, and to compel every man, of whatever degree, to expend his
money among those traders who should be indicated by the organ-
ization as specially worthy of patronage. The sauce that would
do for the goose was not found suitable for the gander. The
modes of operation intended for Kansas provoked such angry
protests in Missouri that the Platte County Association was at
length absorbed into other societies. Among other demonstra-
tions, there was an order issued that all the blacks that were not
slaves should quit Weston city and Platte county, naming a time
beyond which they could not be permitted to remain. Some of
the more timid of the poor creatures fled on the first intimation,
but the citizens would not allow the ukase to be enforced. The
order was repeated twice, and on the last occasion the would-be
rulers came down in force to compel obedience. The public pro-
test was treated as of no account, but there was a final appeal
which could not be so lightly put aside. The armed rabble came
in force to the confines of the town, as brave as such persons are
apt to be while there is no enemy in view ; but when they learned
that the men who had denounced them in public meeting were
also prepared to riddle them with rifle bullets rather than permit
the city to be raided, there was a brilliant retrograde movement,
and the negroes were no further menaced. Some colonists had
arrived at the place where the city of Lawrence now stands, and

•i

-ii

112

Tuttlk's IfisTonr of Kassas.

in the absence of better slicker tliey had providcLl tbcmselvca
with tents, within which the^ rested from their labor.-!. Here wa3
UM opportunity for the negro expellcrs to try their courage upon
white nuMi. There was no doubt that they had now found their
])n)per antag.Miists, regular free soilcrs, and men who meant busi-
ness. One of the tents had been pitched, so it was claimed, upon
a lot which had been selected by a Missourian, and that afforded
a plea for an advance in force. Tlic mode of operation had long
since been defined ; it only remained to reduce theory to practice.
The emigrants had come, the trees wore at haml, and "'a long rope
and a .short shrift" would have ended that pha.se of the difiicnlty,
but that there was just a possibility that the invading force might
find themselves at the wrong end of the prescribed rope. Tho
I^Iissourians came down with colors flying, with all the panoply
of war and whisky, with wagons conveying their commissariat
and theuLselves, with rolling drum and shrieking fife, and to the
number of one hundred they encamped themselves on the other
side of a ravine, and sent their pursuivant to command the emi-
grants to remove the tent which it was said was standing upon an
allotment which one of their party had selected. The tent must
be removed, and if the emigrtints did not comply with the demand,
their as.«ailants would remove it themselves. " Touch our prop-
erty at your peril," was the effective reply. The fire eaters did
not wish to monopolize the glory of an encounter, so they ex-
tended the time within which the removal might be effected until
the next morning. The emigrants were not inclined to trust the
enemy during an armistice so mysterious, so they stood to their
arms all night, and their pickets kept vigilant watch on the enemy.
With morning there came a reinforcement of fifty men to the
Missouriuns, making their force one hundred and fifty, while the
emigrants could muster sixty men all told. The time was now
exte°nded until two o'clock in the afternoon; but at that hour the
abolitionists must leave the territory, bag and baggage, never more
to return to its emerald sward. The hour came, but the men were
not on the march ; they were ready for business, but not that kind
of business. They had gone through their drill in front of their
tents, and they handled their weapons like fellows who knew ex-
actly " where they would do the most good." Two o'clock came

mmmt

tliomselves
Here was
Liragt; upon
ouixl thuir
iR'iint, bnsi-
limed, npoa
lat atTorded
n had long
to practice.
' a long Yo\)0
le difliciilty,
force might
rope. Tho
he panoply
omniissariat
, and to the
3n the other
lid the emi-
ing upon an
le tent must
the demand,
3h our prop-
e eaters did
so they ex-
jffected until
to trust the
ood to their
)n the enemy,
men to the
ty, while the
me was now
that hour the
e, never more
the men were
not that kind
Tont of their
?ho knew ex-
o'clock came

TF.niiiToniAL UisTonr.

113

aiul with it another herald extending the time for thirty minutes
only, and unless they were then ready to inarch double (piick,
"war to the knife " would be the only alternative. Tlie emi-
grants did not scare in the least, and the tents were still standing
wlicii the fatal tlprty minutes had expired. "Too late, too late,
ye cannot cnlcr now," sings Tennyson, but the brave Missourians
were not quite so unrelenting. Tlicy had the strength of giants,
but the mercy of lambs, and a further extension of time was ac-
corded unasked. The tent could be moved within an hour, and
all would yet be well. When tho latest exten.sion of time had been
disregarded, their patience was exhausted. Tliey determined to
parley no longer with the occupants of the offending tent. All
that could be asked on the score of forbearance had been allowed ;
every man looked to his weapons ; the indomitable troops sur-
veyed the foe, as brave men only can look upon an enemy that in
a short time will be seen no more. A few words of consultation
and command, and the Missourians advanced pas de clutnjc — to
their wagcjns, leaving the enemy in possession of the Held, and
amused by their threat that within one week they would return
a thousand strong to obliterate the colony. A man of poetic in-
stincts and good memory, who was one of the patient sixty en-
camped that day upon the tented field of Lawrence, said, with
sad emphasis, as he gazed upon the wagons, which, with their
whisky soaked occupants, were being driven back toward the
frontier of Missouri:

" The king of France, with forty thousand men.
Marched up the hill, and then marched down again.' '

So true it is that hi.story repeats itself, and what a sovereign of
France did in the eighteentli century, the sovereigns of Missouri
ecliiised in the third quarter of the nineteenth.

The men who had repelled the first invasion of Kansas had
chosen whom they would serve. They were not waifs and strays
driven hither and thither by the surroundings of the hour, but
men filled with a great purpose and resolved to abide the issue.
They had seen the other side, had rejected it, and the threatening
manifestation had disappeared like the morning mist, like that
Satan that tempted Christ in the wilderness. They did not sup-

1^1
r

mmasmmi^^*

211 TUTTLffs IIlffTonV <)l' A'l.V.sMS.

pose tluil all llu' i.rosluvcry party consisted of men of tliat niouUl,
but ti.rv l.a.l iinv.'.l tlieir n.iiKls tor deadly eonllict. should need
urisc. The tlu.uyl.t if not the words nf the old rhymer oecurs
ocousionallv to every resolute soul wlu:u petty d.iVieallios bc.ot
u eourse already I'l^nned and entered upon for an end worthy ol

pursuit: , ...

* "TciiiliTly, yi>u I'liicli ft iii'tllc,

Ami ii sfmcs yoii fur your pftlns.

lim f,'riisi) it, likf II iiuiii ill' niclllc,

Ami il sol'l as silk runuiiiis."

Those men had -rasp.'d their nettle in the same spirit ns that
whioh had erstwhilos animated the eiti/.ens of Weston, and pre-
cisely the same results had followed. The nettle that wouM have
hurt its surronndinjrs ni..m more gentle treatment, shrunk away,
like a sensitive plant, from ruder and more muscular eontact.
The hand of marau.lers that could assault men, in detail, threaten
them with stripes, or with' hanging on the nearest tree, if they
were old and defenseless, had found that there were men in then-
own cities who would not submit to further pressure, an.l now
they bad ascertained that the emigrants from the eastern states
had the ]iith and marrow of true manhood which could compel
respect. ^Phc forces of Mammon which in his own day John
Milton had described in his unrivalled language, had not greatly
chan-ed their plan of operations. Still the garish light of day
abashed thorn, and sober courage did not draw forth their better
qualities, they shone best in the dimness of twilight, or,

"When nigl>t
Darkens the sncets, then wantlcr forth the sons
Of Belial, flushed with insolence and wine."

The rabble had chosen whom they would serve, and the slave
power would find in them thews and sinews when better brain
assumed direction. The intellects of more favored regions must
ueeds supply that want in the ranks of the oligarchy before " the
atmosphere of Kansas would be darkened by their negroes.
Such men as Stephen A. Douglas could stand by them up to ^
worse outrages than had vet been committed; and adopted sons
in various grades were to assume the direction of their airair.s,
supplyin-- mental power only, while the slave power gave the

Iiiit mouUl,

liollld IK'oJ
nor ocoui'rf
ilti(,rt Ix'iet
[ wurlliy of

pirit as that
m, and pre-
would have
rank away,
lar oniituct.
[\il, threaten
tree, if they
men in their
re, ami now
astern states
Mild comy)el
n day John
\ not greatly
li^ht of day
their bettor
or,

ind the slave

better brain

regions must

Y before " the

cir negroes."

them up to

adopted sons

their alluirs,

wer gave the

TF.niiirniiiA r, Ifisro/i r.

115

impulse vvhieh continuously aur;.'('(l on iukI on toward final disrup-
tion, when tnany of th(! ablest minds war|>c(l to that service,
fretted by the eoiise<inenecs of their errors, had been ubainloiieil
on the mareh, and had perished unwept by either side. It is
iicecssary to be forever on the alert to avoid 8tt)oping to tho
wrong expedient for the way back is full of toil and shame, and
the consoipieiiees of error are crushing to tho soul of the thinker.
The thought comes down from the Cireek ; the expression only iij
moderii :

"Tli()iii,'li llic inills of Olid grind slowly,

Y(.'t tlicy ;rriii(l (■xccciliiiij: sniiill;
Tlioiigli Willi iiiiticncc Ilf Htiiiuls waiting,

Willi exiictnesji grinds Ho nil."

This was tho darkest hour in tho dark days of tho union
There were millions halting between two opinions, darkening
counsel with words, all but leagued with tho destroyer; only a
few here and there had made their choice. The violence and
intimidation which hail prevailed so long where the friends of
slavery were in the ascendant had never, until now, been prop-
erly revealed to tho free states in all their native enormity ; and
it was ncctessary that the revelation should bo complete. There
are but few minds capable of hating a theoretical wrong; and
good honest hate is one of the virtues of humanity. Wrong
must become embodied in act, and be brought homo to persona in
whom wo are interested, before we fully perceive how hideous are
its proportions. Tho men of tho eastern and middle states were
now being aroused to complete wakefulness on that score. Their
sons, brothers and friends were being assailed daily by the op-
pressors of the negro, and every letter which came from the terri-
tory told them of domiciliary visits and high handed outrages
against free men who wished only to live in a free state. The
man who is at the proper moment ready to fight is the benefactor
and peacemaker in society, but he must be well informed as well
as resolute, "We owe great obligations to our fighters. The time
and the spirit as well as the action were inopportune, when Peter
smote oflf tho ear of one of the custodians of Christ; but the
Ma.ster said, "I come not to bring peace into tho world, but a
sword." That is for all time the function of him who would

110 TvTTUfs IllSVOIiY or IC.ISSAH.

iiitHMliico iiecU'il n'forins. llo is rcitaiii U. liiul iIh> «Kl wayH
nilwoni, }fL wim'titicd by ou.siom for iiuiiiy iniiulH, until tho most
trivial variation costs nlnumt u proiligious otTort, nncl nn atlciiipt
to grutlo till! track ufreslj hus all llio ti-rrors of a rovolutioii. Tho
ilflViiilcrs of oUl iiU'HS an! not nnidy to ronicinbcr that tlioro was
a tiiiu! wlion tho thoughts now crystal li/,wl into orlhoaoxy wcro
hclcroaox innovations; and tlioy light for tho ancient faith, as
they aro pleaso.l to call it. in precisely tho same si)irit which ani-
inate.l th.- liuiuisition. Tho yielding souls of somu! men shrink
from the coniliet, which then neces>arily impends over society,
und hut f.)r the backbone possessed by others, the raco might fall
into tho tamo stereotyped condition which wo soo oxoinplilicd by
"llieheatlumChinoo;" yet thanks to tho " ligiitiiig souls " that
Hhapc tho destinies of nations an.l of races; tho new idea is boriio
to the front, the battle is won for tho gooil old cause of progress,
and the men who have aided toward the end liavo fuinUod tUa
inner purpose of the all, which says :

" Build thoo more stiUely miinsions, 01 my soul,
As the Mwil't seasons roll,
Leave thy low vaulted \)>\nt,
Let each new temple, nobler than the last,
Hhut thee from heaven with a dome more vast,
'Till thou at leiiglh iirt free.
Leaving thino outgrown shell, by life's unresting sea."

If Oliver Wendell Holmes had written no words but these, he
vould have vindicated his claim to bo considered a poet and a
Tirophet among the sweetest singers of our age, and we may well
pause to study his lesson, in " The Chambered Nautilus." Our
li.vhtcr.4, who championed innovation, were building "more stately
i.ransions" when they vindicated the independence of the union
as also when, later in the work of development, they conquered
its foes in the bloody strife which had commenced long before
thai fateful first gun was fired at Fort Sumter. They were full of
the same spirit which filled Huss, Jerome and Ziska, in Hungary,
v^hich possessed Wyeliffe, in England, and Savonaro a, m Flor-
enee, before the mantle of command fell upon the shoulders of
Luther and Melancthon. The fighting instincts of the grand old
. Puritans, and Presbyterians, were the artillery which battered
down tho tyranny of the past, and

old wftyB
I thu tnoHt
111 iillotnpt
.ion. Tho
, tlioro wfts
iloxy woro
il I'ailli, us
wliiuh iiiii-
null sliriiik
■or souioty,
I might full
uplilioil by
»()iila" that
Icii is bonio
)[ progress,
xllWU'A tUa

i^r^-j^M0mim^">'', ■'-*

)ut these, he
poet and a
ire may well
tilus." Our
more stately
i{ the union,
y conquered
long before
■ were full of
in Hungary,
ola, in Flor-
shonlders of
he grand old
ich battered

Tf:iiiiirnniM. Ifisroin'. 1 17

" Fiif cvrr aiul lor ever,

A"* lonjr iiM till' rlvrr Wnwit,
Aft Inii^r IIS till' lii'iirt liittli imMMioim,

As luiiK 118 IIIV liulli woes,"

the samo wnik must continuf 'o bo done in the samo way, that
tho piirpnsps of tho Supremo may bo fiilllllod, in the di.sc'iithial-
m(Mit (if hiiiiiaii souls, The pruyer may bo (jilercd as of yore,
" Father forgive them, they knew not what they do," but, tho
wrong must be biittoi'od down without mercy, or rather the work
of destruction muft bo acciotnplislictl, in mercy to " tho millions
yet to bo," wlioso souls lie pent up and dying iti tho shell, tiie no
longer valuable form whidi li:is brought to the point of birth, tho
new life which comes into tho world only by the death of its pre-
decessor. The m^'stery of mysteries, life itself, eontains every
problem in .science, in art and in social being which eomcs to bo
fought out upon its stage. The ago was shaping a wonderful new
T)irth, but tho agony of travail east a gloom over soeiety. John
]]rown, and sncli as he, realized an intense joy in the perils of
that season, but to millions the dark hour before the dawn earried
with it almost tlie presage of death. Gethsemaiie was being re-
enacted in many minds, because they feared that what always had
been, always must be ; that it was tho destiny of mankind to seo

"Ki;;lit, forovcr on tho sciifroKl,
Wrong, forever on tlie throne,"

but even while they knelt to say, "Father, if it be thy will, let
this cup pass from me," the old coiifidenco came back again, and
they said, " Thy will, not mine, be done." The sweat of blood,
the weakness of flesh, had passed away, and they stood every man
in his place, ready to do and dare everything to upraise humanity.
You have stood on the deck of the laboring vessel, away on tho
silent sea, no sound, save tho creaking cordage, the straining plank,
the play of the rudder cliains as tho man at tlio wheel keejis tlio
ship to the course pvcs'M-ibed, the plash of the waves as they come
up in sport to dash against the wooden walls of that heaving
barque, the moaning ot the wind through the distended canvas as
the graceful expression of the builder's art turns her furrow in the
ocean; and as you have doubtingly ca.st -your inquiring glance

'-i^f?gqy**^T'-^

118

TvTTLtfs His WHY of Id ss as.

upon the wild waste of waters, that image of a maze without a
plan, there has come shooting \\\) from the horizon the pale grey-
light of dawn, a tremulous peneil stroke which says, "havefai^h;
the dark hour of your trial has gone down into the limbo of obliv-
ion. Have faith ; the broad 'ight of day is coming." Tlien as the
sounds of that admonition still seem to be murmuring their ca-
dence in your ears, you find the pencil stroke has become a pow-
erful sunbeam, harb'nger of the master who is at hand, and the
verv clouds which sulfenly barred the coming of your hope now
stand arrayed in the rosy tints of golden fire which already reveal
the day, before it has come above the line of the sea. You have
seen and heard the prophecy of God in the world, and you see in
the onrush of every wave, a new witness to the power by which
his will shall be accomplished. Thus was it also in that ship of
state, in which watchfid men at the wheel were obeying the dic-
tates of a pilot, such as no ship upon the ocean had ever seen ex-
celled. The menacing waters might look dark as Erebus itself,
the thousand fanciful forms might seem to tell of breakers and^a
hurricane, in which the mighty timbers should shiver into noth-
ing, and the crew be played wich in the billows, like snowflakes
in°the wind. But while ti'oir ears and their hearts were yet full
of the sounds of portent, really describing to the accu.stomed mar-
iner the triumph over so much of distance and trial, the spring of
the yielding timbers which bend to their work with a will, the
strain of cinvas and cordage truly fulfilling a great trust, the
clank of the mighty chain which serves for the ship the guiding
purpose, whicb in the human heart is made invincible by a nerve,
the doubt is driven off from every soul by just one gleam upon
the horizon, one peneil line of promise now radiating into a thou-
sand o-leams of light, which convert the clouds into an adornment,
painttongues of flame upon the waves as though a pentecost were
there, and soon the blessed light itself, the molten gold which
gives life to the river and fertility to the soil, comes forth to say,
"Ye may not look upon me, but I come, and the wrongs, whicli
only an hour since seemed eternal, are already banished beyond
the recalling power of king or oppressor." The men upon their
farms in Kansas had passed into their hour of trial, and were com-
ing through it into the glorious dawn of freedom. They had

3-^-ryf^ J* - v*" J^ 1'Z.^^T "^ "TV '

! without a
3 pale grey
have faith ;
JO of obiiv-
riien as the
ig their ca-
me a pow-
id, and the
r hope now
cady reveal

You have

you see in
11" by which
ihat ship of
ing the dic-
ker seen ex-
rebus itself,
akers and a
ir into noth-

snowflakes
/ere yet full
5tomcd mar-
he spring of

a will, the
t trust, the
the guiding
I by a nerve,
gleam upon
into a thou-

adornment,
mtecost were

gold which
forth to say,
•ongs, which
shed beyond
n upon their
id were com-
, They bad

TEunrroiiiAL History.

119

been failliful in a few things ; they should be made masters over
many. They had seen their undoubted rights derided by brutal
mobs, their properties made the sport of incendiary fires; they had
been forced to light hand to hand, man against man, in odds that
seemed overwhelming ; they had seen their brethren and neigh-
bors shot down in defending their homesteads ; their memories
w(M'e often busy with mysterious reminders of the past, as tliough
some pulsation of a spirit played upon the subtle chords of the
soul, and challenged fulfillment in another of the great aims which
had been all but won by him,

" The younj? aiul stvon.s;, who cherished
Nohlo lungingsi for the strife,
J3y the roiiilside fell aiul perished,
Weiiry with the march of life."

Every death among their comrades sanctified the struggle, in
which so many good men had fallen, and helped to render it ira-
])ossible that they should ever turn their backs upon the foe.
Their light was already streaming from the cast, not yet the per-
fect day shining down from the zenith, but the penciled line of prom-
ise. The word reache^l thein by every new comer that thousands
were on the way, many coming of their own strong will, having
converted every vestige of property into coin, to be spent in Kan-
sas in building up a home, which should be a fortress against
slavery, some coming from Boston, from New York, some even
from Baltimore, helped by emigrants' aid societies in such ways
as were most likely to be effective, in securing possession of the
lard upon which the slave masters sought to imprint their curse.
Every town in the eastern states had now some ramification of
those societies, which were the nightmare of the south, and when
letters arrived from liome, there were almost always words of
cheer fc" the sturdy band upon the fertile prairies of Kansas, who
seemed to be rather standing in order of battle, than pushing their
fortunes upon the lands, or building their homes in the cities,
where commerce would yet flourish, but every word in their let-
ters seemed to say as in the language of the olden writer, " Fear
not little flock ; it is thy Father's good pleasure to give thee the
kingdom."

[■upiMi»-'^'» g'

120

TcTTLifs History of Kassas.

CHAPTER VI.
TERIUTOIIIAL HISTORY.

(coniinucd.)

fletrospppti vo — Emigrants Aid Associations — Limits of tlirir Action — Van
rictnrcs of Kansas — Popnlar Entliusiasm — WiikMiiiig the Circle —
Systematic Advances — Levy en mrt,tse — Founding a City — Tactics of
tlic Slave Owners — l'roa''''-'ss ^^ ^'"^ Strll,^■sle.

WilTT-K wc liavo been busy here in Kansas watching the pro-
gress of events, not only in the territory whose fate hangs in the
balance, but aeross the border in the slave state Missouri, where
secret societies and defensive associations arc being organized to
control the movements of colonization in the interests of the
slave power, it was hardly possible to do more than just indicate
by a few jiassing words, the cll'orts that were being put forth in
Boston, in New Yorh, in Connecticut, in Washington and else-
where, to make Kansas a free state, by sending west to occupy
the territory, a population that could not be intimidated by even
the dread presence of death itself, into compliance with the will
of the brutal mobs of the proslavery party. June and July,
1854, were busy months among the free soil organizations, but
althoutdi there was a great deal of talk among the Missourians,
about the lavish employment of money by the manufacturer-cap-
italists of the eastern and middle states, in procuring free settle-
ment in Kansas, the actual work was accomplished rather by dif-
fusing information than by advancing money. As early as the
month of March, 1854, Mr. Eli Thayer, of Boston, Mass., had
conceived the idea of forming a vast emigrants aid association,
which should have for its object the settlement of Kansas by free
Boilers, as a special and particular work, while generally helping
to relieve foreign immigrants from those vampires, " the runners,"
who victimized new arrivals without let or hindrance from any or-
ganization. The society which Mr. Thayer then proposed to estab-
lish, with a capital limited to $5,000,000, did not in fact come into

M'j>iy*ii^>ii*niiM

M^iAjili'iiiMTifininr

■•■u-j'rj'fi"'""itn-''-*-^'^-"-""'— *"

Vet ion — Pen
tlic CMrcle —
— Tactics of

ing the pro-
laiiffs in the
;onri, ■\vhore
rgaiiized to
rests of tlio
upt indicate
mt forth irk
m and clso-
t to occupy
tod b}' even
ith the will
and Jidy,
i^^ations, but
Mipsouriana,
factnrer-cap-
r free settle-
ither by dif-
carly as the
Mass., had
association,
insas by free
•ally helping
the runners,"
from any or-
-»sed to estab-
ict come into

^.s»6^^^KT^ -^SKS^-iTrrr^t^k-^-^^^'^ ..J*.™*

Territohial Hihtohy.

121

existence, although a charter of incorporation was procured from
the general court of Massachusetts in Ai>ril, and the charter was
duly signed by the governor of that state on the 2dlli of that
month, in the year before mentioned. There were dilliculties in
the way of organizing the propo.sed company, and the scheme
fell through, but inasmuch as there was a society afterwards
cstablislied upon a simihvr basis, although with a snudler capital,
by the same men, it wdl be worth while to examine and con-
dense for the bcnelit of our readers, the report, in which the com-
mittee which was nominated for the work in May, submitted to
the public, and to tlie society then in course of formation, the
main bearings of their movement. The document has historical
interest, because it reveals from the best sources the animus
which prevailed in the best informed circles, and the determina-
tion with which the conflict was to be fought out to its bitter end.
It was necessary to show lirst, that such a society as the charter
was meant to incorporate ought to be formed, and therefore, the
stream of immigration across the Atlantic formed the preamble.
The fertility of Kansas and the attractions oU'ered by that region
li"ured next in the programme, as the native born citizens of the
Bay state were being induced to look beyond Iowa and Missouri, to
the unsettled region which public interests and sc.cial considerations
rendered it desirable should be possessed by men opposed to the
extension of slavery. The foreign arrivals in the ports of the
United States, during the preceding year, had a{.gregated nearly
five hundred thousand of all ages, and it was estniated that the
movement westward during the same time had engrossed more than
two hundred thousand, with a reasonable prospect of a still larger
exodus during the then current year, consequently there would
be no lack of material upon which the society could operate.
The cruel frauds to which emigrants from Plurope were subjected
continually under the irrespo'nsible system, which left the strangers
at the mercy of any scoundrel that would practice on their igno-
rance as to our customs, formed the next item, and inasmuch as
the association was expected to return a money profit to its in-
vesters, the reasonable implication followed that the people to
be benefited could better afford to pay honest friends for good
eervice, than to submit to the speculations of the agents then fat-

■■^tjijajTi

122

TcTTijfs llisrouY OF Kashas.

toning uiKtn thcni. From tlic foreiyn emigrant, the transition to
tlie nulivo born Amorican was of course natural, and tlie incon-
veniences anil dangers which then attended iipon individual set-
tlement in the west gave a theme which touched hundr^^ds o£
thousands who themselves contemplated moving into Kansas, or
who had jcceived word from their friends in that territory as to
the form in which Missourian philanthropy proposed to welcome
free men.

To mitigate as far as possible, where it was impossible to obviate,
altogether, the frauds, inconveniences, accidents and dangers inci-
dental to immigration always, but then, more especially, the society
bad been incorporated nominally to organize and systematize the
movements of the mass of humanity then tending toward the
west ; but, actually, could the pui'j.oses of lAv. Eli Thayer and
friends have been prudently stated in the plainest language, the
descriiiLion of their intentions might have been, to become a
council of adv-icc and aid to the colonists who would guaranty
Kansas against slavery in the future, to unfold the designs of
their enemies and of the enemies of the human race, in that
matter of holding the black race in subjection, and compelling
free settlers to submit to a still more galling yoke, and to assist
so far as means would allow in making the possession of the soil
by free men a safe and economical venture. Then followed a
description of the agencies which were to be tentatively em-
ployed. The capital of the company was placed at $0,000,000,
to be called up in ten years should occasion require the whole
amount, but no such probability was anticipated, and in reality,
when the society, which came into existence upon the basis
which failed to org.inize the first, the amount of money expended
was very small indeed. It was believed that the steady returns
to be expected on an investment of one-fifth of the capital would
pliint a free state and give very substantial profits to investers.
The moneyed man jier se could not be induced to see things in
that way, and necessarily it devolved upon men who were pre-
pared to invest upon the principle, that "He that giveth to the
poor leudeth to the Lord," and thty carried out the undertaking
without any considerable outlay until the end had been attained.
Among the many societies projected and formed, this baud of

aiisition to
the incou-
vidual stiO-
iiudr'Als of
Kansas, or
ritory as to
to welcome

to obviate,
angers inei-
, the society
eniatizc the

toward the
Miayer and
nguage, the
) become a
Id guamnty
! designs ot
xce, in that

compelling
md to assist
1 of the soil
, followed a
;atively em-

§5,000,000,
e the whole
d in reality,
•n the basis
3y expended
eady returns
apital would
to investers.
see things in
bo were pre-
giveth to the

undertaking
een attained.

this baud of

Ti:uniTO[{iAL Uistouy.

128

men came first to the work and alone remained unt, Kansas
became a free state. The emigrant was to be helped by being
protected from frauds on his journey ; reliable and eo.nprehensive
Information would gnard him in that direction, and the sa.ne
^vatehful care would attend him after his arrival at his desti-
nation Then followed the most important item, like tlie post-
script to the communication of a lady friend : the emigrant was to
be mainly protected by the presence of neighbors, upon whom ho
could reiy in any emergency which might arise, in the certa.nty
that he could obtain "combined assistance," and "division ot
labor ; " important considerations in a country wiiere hanging on
the nearest tree was the reward of individual exertion. 1 he pro-
teges of the association would move in large numbers, hence they
would encamp as an army of industry, with whom the slave
power would not dare to meddle. The colonies so planted would
carry wit1i them the safety and the other ameliorating influences
^vhlch attend upon the older civilizations. There would be a
section of society moved with its churches, schools, police and
press, instead of the mere desultory aggregation of atoms from
vvhich these several items of the machinery of progress would
gradually accrue. These designs were well worthy of the care to
be bestowed, and in addition to all these, the association would
provide cheaper transit, immediate shelter upon arrival, trust-
worthy intelligence as to locations, and material aid in procuring
titles where no other help would be accepted. Such an organ-
ization might well be an object of dread to Missouri, because
whether the aid so proffered to the public was accepted or not,
the old maxim, "forewarned, forearmed," came into p ay, and the
people wlio went west carried with them a full knowledge of the
diflieulties to be encountered. Practically, it is known that the
number moved by the direct assistance of the society was small,
but when men wanted information, the offices of the association,
guarantied by the good names which stood sponsors or their
Abnegation of " the world and the devil," could and did render
essential service to the good work. There were diminutions of
rates of travel as consequences of the operations of such societies,
and the influence exerted made known through the press of the
eastern and middle states the charms of Kansas soil and scenery,

I, !'

124

TvTTLffs TlisTonv or KaS'<as.

which wouia have ivpai.l a crusade, if it had hooii necessary, to
relieve the territory from the domination of the infidoh ^^ ith
such forces ill operation, "Nfissonri had no possibility of success,
in that proposal, to carry all the emigrants to suspense account
and to leave the fruits of such labors pendant from the Inabs of
trees. There was noti.ing possible for the slave state except such
overwhelming defeat as many of the more prudent citizens fore-
saw from the lirst. The society was to afford cheap shelter to
emigrants while they were engaged in preparing homes for their
families. Steam saw mills, grist mills and other such machinery,
together with printing presses, were to be forwarded to the settle-
ments, to be leased to approved persons where convenient, or to
be run by the agents of the association ; and wherever such
boarding houses, mills and machinery might be located, the com-
pany would seek to acquire titles, but in no other places; and in
every instance, as soon as the territory became a free state, the
projxn-ties so acquired should be sold and the moneys realized
therefrom be used in assuming similar duties elsewhere in multi-
plying free states. There was a disinterested earnestness in these
men which looked horrible from a Missourian standpoint, and it
is not matter for wonder that rewards were oflEered for .^^.-^ arrest
of LIr. Eli Thayer by the organizers of secret societies, and that
the press of the slave state discussed the several modes of "hang-
in-v" and " drowning," with the purp.^se of deterring further pro-
ceedings on his part, but with the effect of rendering human life
less sa°cred among a people already too low in social status and
in moral tone. The activity of the several agents was not abated
an iota by such brutalities of expression, and when words were
reduced to deeds, in many instances, the antagonism which was
evoked would very speedily have emptied the whole population of
the Atlantic states upon the territory, if it had been found essen-
tial, to conduct a migration of such an immense force to secure
the end desired.

When the barbarian hordes came down upon the cities and
the forests of Europe, in the days of the decline of the Roman
empire, there was not such an overwhelming force of humanity
back of that emigration as now e-isted in the descendants of the
fiame races of men in that qu,.'-to,- of the globe, and they were

iiifi I iiiMllriitfillllitiil

iiirWfVii'ii'"' 't'^-'

cossary, to
1(«1. iVith
of sncceps,
sc account,
he liiabs of
except such
i\zens fore-
) shelter to
les for their
machinery,
3 the settle-
nient, or to
;vevor such
(1, the coin-
ces ; and in
c state, the
!ys realized
re in tnulti-
es3 in these
oint, and it
tr i^\'^ arrest
?s, and that
!s of " hang-
further pro-
: human life
1 status and
s not abated
words were
1 which was
opulation of
[ound essen-
•ce to secure

3 cities and
the Roman
)f hximanity
dtiiits of the
,d they were

Teuiutouia l His tou r.

195

crossing the Atlantic by hundreds of thousands every year. They
were men inured to toil, hating shivery, aecusloiued to self gov-
ernment, and capable of self defense. Give them direction only,
and tliey w(nild acquire such a hold upon the territui'y as in a
few years would make them irresistible. The rill, the sli'cam,
the torrent flowed over Kansas, and Missouri shrank back before
the power which its own fatuity had evoked. The .spirit^^, called
" from the vasty deep," had answered with terrible emphasis, and
they could not be exorcised by any charm of "bell, book and can
die." The society established communication with the agencies for
German immigration, and by such means the vast populations
which, in the beginning of the Christian era, overspread the old
continent, were made conversant with the special attractions of
Kansas, its loveliness, fertility, and future greatness, the water
power in its unimproved rivers, the mines which waited only for
ex2>loUation, and the climate which might well seem a paradise to
the millions who were invited to come over and possess the land.
The end to be achieved was well worthy of an eflfort, and the vast
power which could be moved for the purpose was irresistible.
The few that formed the advance guard might be annoyed and
driven in upon the main body, but when the engagement once be-
came general along the whole line, God help the assailing force,
which had brought down upon itself a crushing power, greater
than that which followed Attila, the Hun. Men moved west-
ward by thousands every year, and now the whole energy of the
free soil party was directed into the work, to make the very best
class of emigrants from the free states settle in Kansas. Societies
for mutual aid were formed in many cities, and colonies were pro-
jected into Kansas, whereby men who had known each other for
many years, if not all their lives, moved in concert to their new
home. The discussion of rights and wrongs in congress had been
slow and tedious, and in the end there were no such results as
could satisfy the community, or settle the questions in debate,
but when the doctrine of sovereignty had been reduced to practice
in this simple way, the manipulators and wire pullers from the
lobbies at Washington ascertained that there is an appeal back of
every representative and servant, however high his title, to the
people themselves, whose voice must be final and conclusive

aiMntnata-^^tta m iii ■ *— -^

.1 ^n.-i JIJH.IIIH

126

TuTri.rf^ If IS Tony or K ass as.

■wherever the sound conUl be hesml. IMie court of final appoal
was bein>' constituted in Kansas, and with every stop toward tlio
desired eonsuniination, the oornmunity in tlie middle and eastern
states pressed forwanl more earnestly to participate. Massacln;-
sotts, with her teeming factt)ries and workshops, saw that in such
nn extension as was proposed there would be an additional area
opened to her productions, the more certain to continue because
of the unity of feeling which would result from the operations of
such societies, and the more liberal in its dimensions because of
the high tone and of the enterprise which must distinguish such
n people. From every stcndpoint advanced thinkers in the east
saw the advantages of the movement which they were help-
ing to develop, and every day increased the volume and velocity
of the stream which they were directing. The redoubled eflorts
of other organizations made the success of every society more
probable, because the aims to be accomplished were not the per-
sonal gains of the promoters, but the general good of the commu-
nity ; still every city was urged to contribute liberally toward
the colonization fund, by promises that the cities to be founded
in the west by the moans so provided should be named in honor of
the cities in the oast which had most largely provided the capital
on which they were to operate. The society first projected was
not duly organized, but another society was formed by the pro-
moters on the same basis, with less money liability, and a charter
as the " New England Emigrant Aid Society." The purposes were
precisely the same, and the capital was limited to $1,000,000, the
trustees of the association, Amos Lawrence, John S. Williams
and the much abused Eli Thayer, being foremost among the fore-
most contributors. Other such societies were operating elsewhere
as we have seen, and the territory of Kansas became the focus
toward which the forces of the abolition party converged from all
parts of the union. " The war was to be fought out on that line if
it took all summer." The general success which resulted did not
come from any one of all those organizations, but it came from
the mental and physical activities of an aroused people, able to
see the tyranny and the wastefulness of the slave system, and de-
termined to have none of it in the future of the union. Missouri
hated the aspect which affairs had now assumed, but the main

lal appeal
toward tlio
11(1 eastern
Massacln>
at in snch
tional area
ne because
erations of
because o£
jnisli such
in the east
were lielp-
nd velocity
)leil efforts
ciety more
lot the per-
he commu-
illy toward
QC founded
in honor of
the capital
ejected was
ay the pro-
id a charter
irposcs were
)00,000, the
5. Williams
ng the fore-
g elsewhere
5 the focus
;ed from all
a that line if
1 ted did not
came from
pie, able to
em, and de-
. Missouri
It the main

TKiutirnniAL Ifisrony.

127

features wore but answers to her own aggressive conduct, and in
tlu' abstract every citizen desorvod tt, applauded, when hegavo
fn)ui liis purse tind liis energy to increase the area available for
free labor and free government. The cities of the east had masses
of population, whicli souglit good outlets in regions where their
own customs and institutions could bo preserved, an*l if slavery hail
not been a giant wrong, wliich ought to die, and which was already
doomed by the fiat of nature, the jirairics of Kansas would havo
nlVordod an excellent area upon which to test the slave system
and the free system, in communities established side by side.
The oligarchy wanted no tests and no comparisons. They wanted
territory on which to sell and to employ slave stock; "the very
head and front of their offending had tluit extent, no hiore," until
they concentrated upon them.«elves that avalanche wliich over-
whelmed their puny efforts, by proposing to lynch every free emi-
grant that ventured into Kansas. Once a state of war had been
producetl, of course each party exasperated the other, and the deeds
which require enumeration were but the inevitable outcome of
events.

Where the city of Lawrence now stands, the first colony was
planted by the concerted action of the free states, in the early part
of July, 1854, and we have seen by what means and with what
results, Missouri interposed, up to the time when the " rousta-
bouts " retired from the contest without striking one blow, under
cover of a threat that they would come up one thousand strong
to wipe out that little force of sixty men. The Missourians had
not exhausted their ingenuity, although they had completed that
demonstration. The force of arms having failed, they had re-
course to oratory and manipulation. :Many a man who could be
conquered without difficulty in the stricken field can exhaust his
most powerful opponents if they will only let him talk, and Ther-
sites had many disciples in Missouri. The news had been con-
veyed into the state that on the first day of August, there would
be a meeting of settlers, at Back Bone Eidge, to establish regula-
tions under which squatters might take up and improve their
selections, with a tolerable degree of certainty that their rights
-would be respected. Such an opportunity was not to be lost, and
the several organizations sent up a considerable force to overawe

128

TuTTLffs History of Kaxsas.

tlio newcomers; if poHsiblo, to override tlicin by noise rxr-l foreign
voting power, in any ease, and to give thcin a taste of tlic quality
Inr \vl.ieli Missourians on the Btuini) had boeonie famous. An
Inaiana hiwyer named Dunliam was the orator, and he was vory
l),)werrul in liis parlieular lino, but his fiiends suiTercd a? much
as did his enemies, and like DogUmj, it is probable that lie re-
gretted that there was no man present to write him '-down an
iiss." Kvcry stroke of the piston in an air pump removes onedialf
of the atmosphere from the receiver, and the elo.piento of Dun-
ham acted in the same way ; the free state men adjourned, the
Missourians went "from labor to refreshment," and after the ora-
tor and his friends had taken their accustomed inspiration for two
hours, the settlers reassembled, adopted their constitution and by
laws, completed the business of tl.<. day by electing olliccrs, and
br.Hight their proceedings to an orderly termination, 'riic chief
ju.stice chosen by the settlors w'.s tlio lion. John A. Wakdield,
and the recorder. Brier W. Miller, a selection well worthy of the
occasion. The Missourians were nonplussed for the time, but
when it became necessary to remodel the laws of the community,
the call of the executive was communicated to the slave owners'
party once more, and numbers poured in to disturb the little
assemblage, but afte- a narrow escape from a resort to the ulUma
ratio force, the difTicuty was accommodated upon a basis which
secured the election of Judge Wakefield a second time. The
foundation of this little community was laid in July, 185-t, when
the agent of the New England Emigrant Aid Society, lion. Chas.
II. Branscombe, since distinguished as one of the representatrves
of St. Louis, in the legislature of Missouri, selected the site of the
city of Lawrence for the first colony. There were persons located
on the ground before the free soders arrived, but their rights had
all been purchased, and the few improvements attempted had
been liberally considered in the sale. The name of the city,
. " Lawrence," was not determined until the sixth of the following
October, when the appellation was 'adopted by the association in
iionor of Amos A. Lawrence, the first trustee of the society. Be-
fore that time the settlement had been augmented by several new
arrivals, the first colony of thirty having been joined by three
Reinforcements of larger proportions. It was while the founders of

iiiiiiiiwmi'iU'i'iT

\i"l foreign
tlic quality
iionrt. All
0 was VL-ry
2il as much

tliat he re-
, '-down an
/esono-half
ito of Dun-
ourncd, the
"tiT tlic ora-
tion for two
ion and by
olliocr.-^, and
Tiic chief

Wakefield,
orthy of the
c time, but
community,
lave owners'
rb the little

0 the ullttna
basis which

. time. The
1854, when
, Hon. Chas.
presentatiA^cs
le site of the
rsons located,
lir rights had
tempted had
of the city,
;he following
xssociation in
■5ociety, Be-

1 several new
ned by three
le founders of

'\%%

-"'*•-</

rr wr •f^f^TTr '''^J* "

TEBitiTonuL History.

the colony were yet encamped in their tents upon and around Mt.
Oread, tliat the military evolutions, before described, were per-
formed. The spot was chosen July 17 ; the first party to arrive
numbered thirty, and they came on the first day of August; tho
second party, of about twice that number, came fourteen days
later. The name bestowed upon the settlement by the Missouri-
ans was Yankee Town, but the appellaiions wliich were most in
favor among the settlers before the name of Lawrence was defi-
nitely acccpled, were Waukarusa, New Boston. The tents served
well as long as they were not visited by strong winds, but Kan-
sas, then more than now, was accustomed to lively breezes, and
it soon became necessary to provide more durable edilices, such
as would be suitable to meet the inclemency of the winter.
"The Pioneer Boarding House," was a primitive affair, but it
was substantial, and the long slanting roof of poles tied together •
at the ridge, and thatched with prairie grass, afforded such shelter
as many thousands were thankful to procure before better could
be obtained. Log houses of various dimensions were constructed
by the settlers for their own families, and there was no difiieulty
in procuring all the help that any man wanted, as it was under'
stood that the willing crowd rendering assistance on any occasion
would all in their turn require to be paid in kind. From the city
the settlers spread out over the country, but usually with an eye,
half military, to the possibilities of support and defense, so that
it was a rare thing to find an isolated claim. Neighborhoods
moved iu one group, as we see sometimes when a landslip occurs,
there are cottages, forests, and churches in one remove, so iu
those days all the machinery of social growth and protection waa
comprehended in the migration. The people coming from En-
gland, Scotland, Wales, and the North of Ireland, were even more
resolute on the slavery question, if that may be thought possible,
than the Americans, as they came fresh from the excited tone o£
public opinion in their own country, where Mrs. Stowe's book,
" Uncle Tom's Cabin," had been read by millions, and had beeii
dramatized with very great success, having all the force of a rev-
elation on the subject with which it dealt. Communities rein-,
forced by such men were strengthened for all contingencies. Thg
•men who could recite how their forefathers defended Limerick
9

1 '- it,'::^i^t>i.

3J'

;ri

]30 TuTTLifs Ills Ton Y OF Kaxsas.

aeainst nn nrmv of barbarians, ofTicercd by tbo Frcncli, were not
likely to fail in an emergency, where their hereditary courage and
constancy could make them heroes. Many of the choicest parts
of Kansas were taken up by little settlements, compacted of many
races, but all united on the one point against slavery. Twenty-
five persons founded Topeka in December, and early in the spring
of 1855, the number of residents was largely increased by immi-
gration, the town from the first aiming to be made the capital of
the state. The first territorial legislature convened in Pawnee, in
July, but when the convention was called together to prepare a
free state constitution, in October, 1855, Topeka was the spot
selected for the assembly, and so conclusive was the course then
taken as to the future action of the state, unless the ordinary
methods were abandoned, that the slavery propagandu may be
said to have declared war upon the instant. But we are travel,
ing too fast, and it is necessary to return to the narrative of events
in°their proper order. Topeka soon became a busy centre, and
hotels and stores were erected for the accommodation of the rap-
idly arriving emigrants, a profitable business being transacted
almost from the beginning.

Manhattan was the name given to a settlement at the junction
of the Big Blue river, with the Kansas river, to which a strong
party known as the Manhattan company came from the city of
Cincinnatti, Ohio, in the spring of 1855. The location is very
beautiful, and the citizens have enjoyed a remarkable average of
prosperity. The fourth party of emigrants from New England
made the selection of a site which has been so largely indorsed
by circumstances. There may have been, from first to last in the
year 185-i, about five hundred persons that came into the territory
luider the auspices of the society in Massachussetts, but that does
not represent a tithe of the good that the association accomplished
for free settlement and organization. Grasshopper Falls obtained its
name from a small descent of a few feet in the bed of the Grass-
hopper creek, near where a settlement was made in 1854, and of
course our readers are aware that the town has been very success-
ful. There were many other towns laid out and settlements
made, but we can only glance at the principal places at this stage
of the history. The other societies which were called into exist

' "-■"^iMjowinwawitwihffi --

TKIiUJTOlilAL HtSTORY.

181

were not
irago antl
cest parts
I of 111 any

Twenty-
ihe spring
by imnii-
capital oE
aw nee, in
prepare a

the spot
)urse then
! ordinary
u may be
are travel.
3 of eventa
lentre, and
of the rap-
transacted

le junction
3h a strong
the city of
on is very
avei-age of
V England
y indorsed

last in the
lie territory
it that does
complished
obtained its

the Grass-
Sol, and of
3ry success-
settlements
it this stage
. into exist

enccby the strong public feeling which rescued Kansas from the
taint of slavery did very little for the territory beyond directing
the attention of men and families to the promising iichl for emi-
gration whicli the territcjry presented, but the New England Emi-
grant Aid Society, directly assisted at least two tliousand persons
to locate in Kansas, and the help ailorded was all the more bene-
ficial to the emigrants and to the several settlements, because
there was no taint of pauperism in the assistance given and re-
ceived. The mass of the i)oi)uIace did the work that was requir-
ed, in a manner highly creditable to the community. When the
society already mentioned, built mills and school houses, as was
done at Ossawatomie, Topeka and Lawrence, as well as elsewhere,
assisting in the development of the localities, the investments
were made on what proved to be sound bases, and the returns
eventually justified the outlay. Hotels were built by the society
in several places, but only as business ventures to help the free
soilers, by employing capital in a way which the new settlers
could remunerate, but which would have been burdensome upon
their resources had they been called upon to supply the outlay
themselves. The soundness of the calculation made early ia
1854, as to the small sum of money that need be expended was
fully borne out by the fact, that out of the capital of the society
which was finally organized, only one-tenth, or $100,000 was
actually employed in all that was accomplished by the aid of
that association. When the orators and the press of Missouri de-
nounced the " northern cattle " that were coming upon Kansas
■with the promise of permanent occupation, all the bluster of the
loud voiced talkers and grand'loquent penmen, only widened the
circle in the eastern states which steadily converged toward and
marched upon Kansas. We have seen already the kind of blus-
ter that was meant to terrify the free soilers, but the enthusiasm
of the people answered every defiance with fresh levies and bet-
ter system, which speedily reduced the Missourians to the altern-
ative of submission, or to the worst of all arguments, hard blows.
Doubtless these proslavery men thought themselves among the
most reasonable, and the best abused people of their day. They
only wanted to expel free negroes from the country, to refuse all
traffic between slaves and white men, to deny the right of slaves

:■

183 TuTTLffs IlrsTonr of Kansas.

to hire their own time from their masters, and '-o punish ^ per^
«ons wl^odiflorea frou. them, as to their "P-'"- ;^f^ ^f ^^^^^^^ar
lo I they were dcnouneed, as if it were .K,t the highest and dear
is pHvilego of a free man, to hang such of h.s ne.g^hors^a. _
d.re abus° the privilege of thinlcing for theu>«elves. No man
t"tobrhan..od unless somebody condemned him, nor eventhen
L e that somebody was one of the presidents of an u-respons.
ble society, whose opinion was endorsed by at least wo me out
of a society of one thousand. Unless a n.an ^^^^^fl'^^^^
on principle, it would be hard to conceive of a knul of machme.y
^t^^^p^d to rnaKe the process pleasant, but U.re were me.
^vho objected to be made victims even by he Platte Co "ty bel
Defensive Association, and we are bound '^ ^^^nrne^^^
soneoof testimony to the contrary, that our abolitionist fi.ends
:r ll 7--c^ntious in their scruples. The slave own.-sai^
^! ir upporters boldly enunciated that labor in any form is slav-
:S:r:omenlho work for thei. d.ly b.ad are invari-
ably disreputable persons, many of those who ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^
the vear of grace, 1854, cannot be induced now to admit that
tev e"ei itlred such abominable heresies, but there were som
tn of no^ at that time, who declared that "nle-1-ery could
be sustained in Kansas, the neighboring state of Missouu must
be sustaineu in , ^1^^,^^ could continue to live

To dinme.«al sackdotU and ashes, and .l,»y a.e ent.tled »
Buol, Ictliean consolation as may te afforded by sdence.

Th several secret societies wlrose -vcrcnt. have been «-
ferred 10 were not organized in Missouri antd late in 1854, bat
th V l-l Ion" "oen in operation in tl,e older slave states. They
alnl n°o sudden act.vity, and there were few men who
daml incu the odium of remaining outside =uch o.|an. matrons.
Ttebrtrln of the "Social Band "reeogni^^ed a mod.hed respect-
^bdiwt "Blue Lodges," " Sons of the South." " Enends Soerc-
ties "and such like institutions, of which there were many mora
tl i would be convenient to name, save m an append,., but

■jiwvwuil'ffi '■— " "ty '" ' -""*' ' V^ J^ '

Tekihtouial HrsTorii'.

V)3

i\ all per-
ijects, and
and dear-
ijlibors ao

No man
even then
iiTosponsi-
• men, out
) hanging,
[imchinery

were men
lunty Self
in the ab-
ist friends
awncrs and
rm is slav-
are invari-
that way in
admit that

were some
wcry could
riouri must
nue to live

as virtuous

themselves
ve never re-
lers have re-
! entitled to
;e.

ive been re-
in 1854, but
bates. They
w men who
rganizations.
ified respect-
'riends Socie-
j many more
ppendix, but

all the fraternities joined in looking with suspicion, which might
soon eventuate in hostile acts, upon any man who (Icciiiicd to
amiiatc with such mm^hinory of evil. These societies wore part of
the force wliich was to be utilized in conquering Kansas. The
lodge meetings were of value because every member of tiio
brotherhood was u spy upon free soilers, abolitionists, and indeed
upon all who were suspected of thinking or doing anything that
slave owners did not approve, and it was important that every
atom in the body poUtic in Mi.s.souri should be held in readinesss
to ci.rry out tlic projects of the leaders. When the movements of
the Massachusetts society became known it was pretended that
all the organization resorted to in the slave state, was rendered
necessary by such signs of activity in the east, and had not existed
until such modes of oi)cration made it the duty of every man of
property, that is to say, of every slave owner, to prepare for " the
bloody arbitrament of the sword." Doubtless there was more rage
and more activity in Missourian circles after tlio " New England
Emigrant vVid Society " was incorporated, but for many years be-
fore that time it had ceased tr be safe for any person to express a
doubt as to the wisdom and the justice of slavery, and preachers
■who defended the ghastly abomination in their pulpits :

"Provinjr their doctrines orthodox,
By apostolic blows and knocks,"

found it difficult to speak with sufficient vun against the men and
the views which their owners — for they also were owned by the
oligarchy — looked upon as the latest spawn of hell. There
were men in the community who could not be relied upon for a
levy en masse, should Missouri conclude to make war upon Kansas,
in order to exterminate the free soilers, and it was time to sepa-
rate the wheat from tlie tares. Traders were nov,r told with whom
they should have dealings, and merchants were instructed as to
the persons from whom they should make purchases, and all the
terrors of the odious Vrhm Oericht were to visit those who might
venture to disobey. The action of the city of Weston in the
premises has been seen, and that fact demonstrated to the great
annoyanceof the oligarchy that there was division in their own
camp, while the enemy was massing his forces in front of the

«<hni£iS?

J34 Tl'TTLlfs HiSTOliY OF Kaxsas.

coveted position. T!)e ridiculous us.uult upon the nogfocs was
Z2'^a.o, .nd the truth began to da.^ that tl. /.•, e^--
would be n>ore likely to bring down the New ^^f ^'^^f ^ . [
Ly, than to bring out a respectable nmster o£ the.r own -
I 4el the attack. Free enugration in Kansas ^'^^ «-'.-;
to n.in who for n.any years ■ had endured 1'---^^ - " ^^_
BO that for the future there would bean added elen.ent lu tl^o
Quietudes of the slave owners. The strug^e wa. ^^^^^l^^
to their doors, when the men with .vhon> they '^^^ J^^^^
for years could assen.ble in pubhc uK-etajg to --' • ^^^^^^^^f
loved the union and the law better than they l^u^d .lave y a ml
h south; that they disapproved the conduct ^'^^-^^^^^
or..uu.ations, and tl>e sentin.ots which were embodied >n su -b
^ :ven.ents; that they held men to be worthy of respect and con-
fidrceirrcpective of opinion, as long as then- conduct pr.w d
therworth] ; that they held labor in such h>gh regard as could
enab Jthen'io speak of its dignity as compatible w.th moral and
^nectualstati; that they tlu.ght the Ncbrask^ar^as a
cave equal rights in the territory to every cu./en from whatever
ftute t^at they .ere competent to say who should dw.l m the.r
community, and that they wouhl not allow an ij-P--^'; --
ciaTon to d cide such questions for them ; that they d.d not thn k
Busrion u ground for punislunent; that they dul not approv of
Z-1 w, and would not tolerate it until all other law had faded.
Sever in this world was there ever seen ir. type or heard m puV
Uc mee ing a defiance more square and con.plcte than that wh. h
t's embodied by the citizens of Weston in then- pronunaan.nto
:: afwe haveLn, when the.r words were ^--^ as kUc wmd

they took up arms to vindicate the.r -"-^-->-; ^f .f^f ;itl
/ ur r..hhlP to flic'ht. Times were changing with tUe slave
r:^ifML"i -d ..esuu.«le „i«U. »=, no. ^=r *a tern-
Try of KaB^a.. but for the oontiuuous possessma of their own
state.

Ti:i!i!ii'i>i;iM. llisiouv.

135

CUAPTEU VI I,

TKimiTOUIAL HISTORY.

(C(>ft(i/IUt'i!.)

Act of OrgiiniznllDii — GoviTiior Uocder — liiiiii^^unition of (loveiiimuat —
CoiiKivssiunal Drlcjjate-l'nmlaviTy Tiictios - Krce SoiU'iindulalfs-
Vi>ling Eiiiiy niul Oltni — Slnllliis; Uic Census — Couiti'sics of tin; Uiillot
Box — Poimliir Hovcroijrnly — Vole or Die — Seriw uf Invasions — Oov.
crnor UccI.t s (Viiilicatcs-Some New Eleclious — The Ooo.l Timo
Coming -J{i'i,!,'notTein.r- Poweroltli.' I'rcss- Expelling I'lcachers-
VigilantiTs at Worii — Uiglils auU Wrongs — iSaluliug Iho (lovenior--
The I'lfsidcnt's Action — Members of Legislature Expelled — Powers of
11 Majority- Missouri refsu» Massaehusetts — .Shawnee and I'awnee^
Log lloUing-Proslavery Law — Governor llecder Removed — Cause
and Pretense —Conduct of the Governor.

Ik kvkuy legislature in llic world there is ti power, seldom
used, whicli will allow of the suspension of standing orders, and
permit ii bill, tlio provisions of whicli are tdroudy understood, to
be read, in some stages, by the mere enunciation of the .nargnml
notes. In the present stage we jjroposc to read the act of organi-
zation almost in that way, and the standing orders are suspended
accordingly. We need not read the whole act, and we do nob
propose to do more in this line than is necessary to the compre-
hension of aflair-s, consequently we commence with section 19,
which enacted the then established limitations of the territory,
from Missouri to the summit of the Koeky mountains, between
the thirty-seventh and thirty-eighth parallels of north latitude,
with some unimportant exceptions, with the express provisioa
that the constitution to be adopted by the territory should deter-
mine the admission of the state to the union with or without
slavery, and a proviso that congress should retain power to divide
the territory into two territories, or to attach parts thereof to any
other state or territory. The exceptions before mentioned referred
to the rights and titles of the Indians to certain portions of tha
territory, and the powers retained by the government to make
suitable provisions, regulations and treaties with, and iu regard to.

130

Ti'TTu:'s Tfisroiiv or Kaxsas.

tlio luilian trilK'H. Section 20 cnnctcd tliat the executive pnwct
of the territory should bo vested in t\ governor, to be npjKMntcd
by the president for four yeiira, subject to bo removed by the ap
pointin^' power, or to continue beyond the expressed term luitil
his siieeessor should be appointed and (pialified; the governor
to command the militia, exercise the usual pardoning powers,
commission proper officers, an-l enforce faithful execution of the
laws. Section 21 enacted that a secretary should bo ajipointed,
and prescribed his duties, among others that in the absence, resig-
nation or death of the governor, the secretary should be locum
teurn.^. Section 22 enacted that the legislative power of the terri-
tory should bo vested in the governor and a legislative assend)ly
consisting of a council and house of representatives; setting forth
nlso the numbers for each body and duration in ofli^c, as well as
the mode of increase in numbers and in.al limits of representation.
The section fi rther defined the (pialifications to vote for, and to
be elected to such bodies, and set forth that a census should be
taken to ascertain who were residents entitled to vote. Beyond
these provisions the rcsi)onsibility of cnrryiiig out the elections
C'-uitably devolved upon the governor only, and on his appointees,
until the first assembly should have been duly constituted,^ after
which, law, would, of course, dcllne everything. Section 23 pre-
Bcribed who should be entitled to vote in the first election, viz:
Every free white male inliabitant over twenty-one years of age.
Fcction 2-1: dealt with the limitations within which the legislature
might enact laws, subject to the suspensive veto of the governor,
and the powers of the two chambers to override such veto by
majorities of two-thirds in each chamber. Providing also for
cases in which the governor miglit not exercise his veto, but
might retain the bill in his own hands, instead of nending it back
Bigned or othcrwi.se. Section 25 was an enabling clause, giving to
the governor power to appoint officers, not otherwise provided for,
but necessary in the premises, said officers to hold their positions
and discharge the required duties until the end of the first session
• of the legisrature. After that time all such officers were to be
appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the
le<n.slature. Section 26 was a disqualifying clause. No member
of°thc legi.slaturc should, as such, hold an office creaied by the

filMr'r-i'arT"'"'-'^'"--

.■«.».»—.^ >>»»Hi '?■«

77; /,' I! IK mi AT. II is T( > n v

18t

C pOWCT

)pr,intcd

tbc ap
■m iuit.iI
rovcnior

powers,
n of tlie
ipointod,
CO, rosig-
)o locum
tlio tovri-
:\sHciii1)ly
ing forth
s well as
OTitatii)ii.
r, and to
hoiiltl be

lloyonil
elections
)pointec8,
ted, after
1 20 pre-
tioii, viz;:
s of age.
Legislature
governor,
1 veto l>y

also for
veto, but
ig it back
giving to
vided for,
• positions
rst session
I'ere to bo
>nt of the
o member
ed by the

^tmtl^

legislature of wliioh ho was a member, nor until he ha<l ce,isp<l to be
n member of that body, up(m the exjury of his term, at least
twelve months. United States oflicers, with the exception ol
postmasteiv, were also to be ineligible to bo chosen as representa-
tivos, or to hold any oflieo under the territorial government.
Section 27 provided for the cstablislnnent of the iudi<'ial power,
to consist of a supremo court, district courts, prohute courts, and
justices of tlie peace, and delined tlu; limits of tlu-ir several pow-
ers, together with tlio duties devolving upon them, with special
provisos ns to disputes between persons ns to titles to slaves, fugi-
tives from justice, and slaves escaping from their masters; in
which cases there were sucii provisions as left no doubt as to the
power to hold and to recover tl»e custody of slaves, the advantage
to be always on the side of the slave owners. Section 28 ex-
pressly enacted that the laws enacted by congress to assist in the
capture of slaves escaping from their masters should be in full
force in the territory of Kansas. Section 2!) provided for the ap-
pointment and payment of an attorney, and also of a marshal for
the territory, to be removable at the pleasure of the president, but
otherwise to serve for four years each. The same clause defiiied
their duties and emoluments. Section 30 provided that the gov-
ernor and all the oflicers of the territory should be appointed by
the president of the United States, by and with the advice and
consent of the senate, and defined the oaths and obligations de-
volving upon the said executive. The same seotion deluied the
salaries of all the said officials, and the amounts to be paid to
the members of the legislature, and to their official staff, from the
United States treasury, limiting the powers of all oflicials as to
'unauthorized expenditure. Section 31 located the government at
Fort Ticavenworth, temporarily allowing the use of buildings not
required by the military, under the direction of the governor, for
purposes directed under the act. Section 32 provided for the
election of a delegate from the territory to the house of represent-
atives of the United States, limiting the powers of the delegate
first elected, and expressly declared that congress would not in-
tervene to uphold or to prevent slavery. Section 33 provided for
the erection of suitable public buildings, under the direction of
the governor, at the seat of government, and for the purchase of

188

TlTTU:'s IIISTOUY OF KA\S.lfl.

E-f

ft library, t<i b« Icopt iit tliu satno place, for tlio uso of tlio cxocii-
tivo and till! logislaturo. Section Ul provitled for tin! re.servatirm
of certain sections, iuui\l)ori,'tl sixteen and thirty-six, in cueh town-
8l)ip us reserves to Ik; applied to school purposes in the territory.
Section 'lo guvo to the governor power to create jndieial districts
tetuporarily, and to assign the judges to such districts, pending
the first session of the legislature, when all such powers should
be subject to the will of the assembly. Section 3(5 provided for
taking due security from territorial olTicera for the faithful dis-
charge of their several duties. Section 87 provided that all laws,
treaties and engagements entered into with the Iii.I'.mj tribes by
the United Stales, so far as they alTcclcd the territory, shoidil bo
rigidly observed, and that all the agencies and superintendencics
connected therewith should remain in force, with the same
powers and duties. This act was approved on the thirtieth
dav of May, 1854, but its ])rovisions were familiar to the lead-
ing minds on both sides long before that time, in consequenco
of the debates in congress which pi-eceded the passage of the
measure.

The first governor of the new territory was the Hon. Andrew
II. llec^dcr, of Pennsylvania, and considering the course of events
which followed, it is evident that the societies which were being
organized in Massachusetts and elsewhere, exerted an influence on
liim if not upon the i)resideut and the senate. Certainly the state of
Missouri had nothing to hope from the sympathies of such a man,
however much it might succeed in extorting from his feans. The
first act of Gov. Eceder showed a desire to fit himself for his on-
erous labor, as wo find him making a comprehensive tour of tlio
region in which it was his duty to inaugurate representative
government. According to the ideas of Missouri, such an act on
his part was a waste of precious time. It was only necessary to
consult them, as to what should be done, and the body we havo
already seen at Lawrence would come up reinforced a thousand
strong, or more, to wipe out the little colony, and po.?sibly, unless
there was more regard exhibited for their interests, they might
see it to be their duty to wipe out Gov. Keeder with the rest of
the obnoxious community. Hamlet said of his mother, the Queen
of Denmark, that he "would si^ak daggers, but use none." That

' <f. tJisKsorr'i'^

L.-fei'iiffV'- '

TuiinrroiiiM. Ilisioiir.

180

ho exocu-
i'servutiDU
L'ucli town-
I territory.
III districts
,8, jKUidinj^
i!ra slioiilil
)viilo(l for
itlifiil (lis-
It all laws,

trihos by
.should ho
I tendencies

the sanio
0 thirtioth
) tho loiid-
•nsequonco
lagc of the

11. Andrew
;c of events
were being
iillueiice oil
the state of
uch a man,
'ear.s. Tlio

for his on-
♦our of tho
iroscntativo
h an act on
lecessary to
iy we have
a thousand
>iblv, unless
they might

the rest of
r, the Queen
one.'

That

wft.. for tho tim. tlM. i.ruKia.nuu. with tli- Missonnan. on Kunsa«
territory; th^y would swan,,, the i-owor.. of tluMr.sidont populu.
tion, in the ballot bo.x, and in that way wipe out their foes I ho
tour occupied about fourteen days, and wilhm thai time the gov-
ernor had made himself ac.,uainlcd with the sellleis l.y whom
lie ha.l been wehx.med most cordially. I'urlics were formed ill
every locality to escort Wnn through tho region over which the
colony was to spread, and boyon<l .h.ubt there wa.<> a common do-
Hire thai the integrity of the community should be preserved
from the assauUs whi<-h were already di.seussed, without reserve,
across the border. The man w..uld have been unworthy of a
place in tho territory, however humble, unlo-s he was desirous
that tho people inhabiting the country .should e.mtrol ihcir ..wn
nfTair.s. His lir.st duty was to divide the territory into electoral
dislricls, to enable the residents to east their votes for u delegate
to represent them in congims, for tho remainder of an unexpired
term. On the tenth di^ of November, 1854, his proclamation
was issued, and he required the several judges of elections who
were appointed by him to refuse the votes of all per.sons whom
they believed to be nonresidents in tho territory, having come
into Kansa.s merely to vote, while their domiciles were elsewhere.
The then present bona fide intention to renmin and make a per-
manent homo in the territory was set forth by the proclamation
as an essential qualification for the act of voting, and the judges
of election were sworn to reject tho votes of all persons not so
qualified. Whatever doubts thci-e may have been in the minds
of the Missourians were now resolved, and " the winter of their
discontent" came down on Gov. Ilceder with chilling ellect
Five days after the proclamation was issued, there was a conven-
tion of the propagandists held in LeavcnvN -rth, the people com-
ing by hundreds, on horseback and in wagons, from the neigh-
boring state, to denounce the governor as a free soiler and aboli-
tionist, or as one favoring such abominations by his proclama-
tion, and by deferring the election of the legislative assembly.
Every day that the process was deferred increased the number of
emigrants from the free states with whom they would have to
contend, hence their haste, and they were confident that as soon
as the legislature should be convened, their machinery would en-

irr-r-rsrrs:

.13TI— *«wri;'>t'^f\"y*y

140

TuTTLE's lIlSTOIiY OF KaXSAS.

able thcin to control the affairs of the little community. A del-
egation was aiipoiiitcd to wait upon the governor to request im-
mediate action, but Gov. Reeder could not be deceived by the
prctcuKC that they were actual residents in Kansas. Such a s.nall
community as that at Fort Leavenworth was soon recof^nizatjle,
man by man, and these persons were strangers whose incursion
and whose objects were well known. The governor courteously
but resolutely demanded further particulars as to the authoriza-
tion and the proceedings of the convention, but no such informa-
tion could be afforded without a full declaration of their identity
and aims, so the delegation, defeated for the time, withdrew in
high dudgeon. "When the parties to that movement attempted to
prejudice the public at a distance, by giving a false version of
the whole affair. Gov. Eeedcr answered the memorialists in a doc-
ument which became a manifesto to all the free states, disclosing
the fact that the men who had presumed to dictate to him the
line of duty which he must pursue were Missourians mostly, and
not entitled to an atom of consideration where the free govern-
ment of Kansas was involved. The reply was crushing in state-
ment and rebuke, but it completely destroyed all pretense? of
fairness on the part of the Missouri convention, and from that
time it was patent to all observers that the governor meant to se-
cure for the people over whom he ruled all the essentials of home
rule, so far as the means at his disposal could be made to cover
that purpose. The tempers of men were becoming roused, and
it was evident that there would be some feeling exhibited in the
pending election of a congressional delegate. Tlic free soilers
were divided between the Hon. John A. Wakefield, an avowed
advocate of free state ideas, whose name has been mentioned in
these pages before, and the Hon. Robert P. Flenneken, a friend
of Gov. Reeder, who had come out to Kansas, with the Micawber
like expectation that " something would turn up." He hoped to
win votes from free soilers, and proslavery men also, by adopt-
ing the role of the independent candidate, from whom both par-
ties might hope as much as they pleased, while he probably
■would have put in practice the maxim ascribed to the legal pro-
fession of old time, saying to the clients, " a shell for thee and a
shell for thee ; the oyster is the lawyer's fee." Like most men,

^ WF/V>W.W»<r1li4»

ty. A del-
rcqucst im-
vccl by the
Lich a p.iiall
icor^nizable,
3e incursion
courteously
e autboriza-
cb informa-
leir identity
tvitbdrew in
t tempted to
version of
its in a doc-
3, disclosing
! to biin the
mostly, and
'ree govern-
ing in state-
pretenses of
[ from that
meant to se-
als of home
ide to cover
roused, and
bited in the
free soilers
, an avowed
entioned in
:en, a friend
le Micawber
le hoped to
3, by adopt-
n both par-
le probably
le legal pro-
i' thee and a
3 most men,

Tehritohial History.

baiting between two opinions, neither hot nor cold, he was no-
where in the contest. The proslavery candidate, Gen. J. W.
Whitfield, was a Teiincsseean, resident in ^lissouri, and he de-
pended upon being chosen by Missouri votes. He knew whither
he was tending, and later in the day he held a position of some
prominence among the rebels in arms to destroy the union, lie
was a man of fine appearance and some talent, not so trustworthy
as the old chief justice, not so shrewd as his other opponent, but
more successful than either, because the strong and unscrupulous
propagandists could rely upon his sincerity. The convention at
Leavenworth, at which we have already glanced, composed mostly
of men who had not a shadow of right to meddle in Kansas
ailuirs, nominated the general as the Missourian candidate, and
the slave state could send over voters enough to secure his elec-
tion The legality of the movement was of very small concern
to the party which meant to conquer Kansas by mere lawlessness
and the right of the strongest;.

The return of a delegate to congress did not commend itself to
the newly arrived emigrants as an affair oi much moment; the
deknmte would be a person of small account in the general man-
acrement of the affairs of the union ; they would not gain one vote
in the momentous affairs in which his voice might be heard and
they were busy preparing for winter, then near at hand. Some
were expecting their families in a few days, and it was not yet
certain that the climate would favor them during the customarily
inclement season beginning with December and closing with Jan-
. uary. Many were to busy to attend meetings or to vote. Some
who attended to such duties were of opinion that Mr. Wakefield
could be of more service in the territory, where the question
"Slave or Free?" was to be decided, than in congress, from
wh Jse deliberations the matter had already passed, and in conse-
quence there was never a doubt as to Gen. Whitfield's success,
even supposing that the brutal tactics of Missouri had been omit-
ted. The day of election came, and long before the 29 th of
November, the secret societies were primed and loaded, ready for
any kind of work. The societies were manifold in their purposes.
Under their manipulations money was to be collected to pay the
expenses of armed bands of illegal voters to be sent from Missoun

;

"f.sr.nii-'inm

tuiifmt.lMi'i'pitv '--'

lajMiMgwijMwaiPj ■jpygiL»^g ly '

142

TuTTLFfs History of Kassas.

to secure the election of proslavery men to every ofTice. They
were to inJuce proslavery men to make Kansas their home for
like purposes; but their main hope was, that they would be able
to intimidate free soil men, or otherwise disgust them with their
location, so that they might secure for the proshivery or,-aniza-
tions suiM-eme control in Kansas .iffairs. To that end the lodges
of the societies were used to discuss the probabilities of the suc-
cessive elections, and the numbers which must be sent to difTer-
ent points on the day of the polling in each case, to overawe as
well as to outvote the free soil party. It will be seen that
against such an organization, so powerful, and so unscrupulous,
there was no chance for the residents in Kansas, a mere handful
against thousands. There was concerted action moreover to pre-
vent reinforcements reaching Kansas from the eastern and north-
ern states, Most of the immigrants came in the river boats up
the Missouri, and bands of armed men were detailed for the
special dn;:y of boarding every steamer at Lexington, and at other
landing places tn route to Kansas City, to compel northern emigrants,
shouhfany be found on board, to give up their arms in any cast,
and, when possible, to intimidate them, so that they should tu n
back. Such operations became common, and at length the moi
peaceful gave up all idea of reaching the territory, while those
who were not to be deterred reached their destination through
Iowa and Nebraska, at very much greater cost. By such tactics
Kansas was to be conquered, or else there was no magic in the
charm by which the proslavery party sought victory. As against
the men in Kansas they were certainly strong enough to dictate
terms ; but the difficulty arose for Missouri when it appeared that
the free states were to be as one man against the tyrannical demon-
strations on which the slave owners depended. Democrats as
•well as free soilers and the more resolute whigs were united on that
issue in sentiment, and very largely in action also. The election
held in November, 1854, was openly carried by roughs of the
worst description, who worked out the policy prescribed for them
by their leading orators and their leading journals. General
Atchison urged every county in Missouri to send its young men
to overpower the free state vote, and many of the speeches made
and reported were utterly unfit for publication. The Missouriuns

Terr ttoria l His tor r.

143

Rce. They
ir home for
uld Ik; :iV)lo
1 with their
y or^-aniza-

tho lodges
of the sue-
nt to dilTer-

overawe as
e seen that
iscrupulous,
ere handful
!over to pre-
1 and north-
k^er boats up
iled for tlie
and at other
rn emigrants,

in any case,

should tu "
5th the moi

while those
tion through
r such tactics
Tiagic in the
As against
gh to dictate
ippeared that
inical demon-
Democrats as
inited on that

The election
oughs of the
ibed for them
lis. General
ts young men
peeches made
,e Missouriuns

-were urged to do their duty by voting in the neighboring terri-
tory in the name of "God and their country." The town of
Lawrence was sjiccially favored with a demonstration, the invad-
ing liost coming by hundreds on the day before the polling was
tolake place, and that night one of the judges who was appointed
to act on the following day was threatened with hanging unless
he would consent to dispense with the oath as to residence, which
it was understood he meant to exact from the men who had come
over, fraudulently to affect the election. Unable to obtain from
the judge a promise of malfeasance, they so far intimidated him
that he°failecl to put in an appearance at the polling place the
next morning. There were two judges absent from their post
that morning, but nothing in that way could trouble the veterans
who had the business in hand. They dispensed with the neces-
sity for the governor's intervention by electing two of their own
party to act as judges, and at once installed their men without
the slightest compunction as to the flagrant illegality of the pro-
ceeding. The men who carried the election in the neighborhood
of Lawrence were from Westport and Kansas City mainly ; and
the other districts were reached from the points in Missouri most
convenient. The proslavery party did nothing by halves. In
one district where only thirty-five legal votes were polled, they
put in two hundred and twenty-six illegal ballots. In another
electoral district where one hundred legal votes were recorded,
they answered with two hundred and six illegal ballots. In an-
other place they answered seven legal votes by putting in two
hundred and thirty-eight fraudulent ballots; in another case
twenty legal votes were swamped by five hundred and eighty-
four illegal ballots, so that on the whole, eleven hundred and
fourteen °bona fide votes were neutralized by seventeen hundred
and twenty-nine men, who had no more right to vote in Kansas
than they had to exercise the same privilege in New York City.
Gen. Whitfield was of course elected by an overpowering major-
ity, and a certificate being issued by the governor to that effect,
the worthy representative of Missouri took his seat as the delegate
from the territory of Kansas. Personally no doubt, the governor
was aware that fraudulent means had been resorted tu, but it does
not appear that he was duly informed of the fact by other parties.

! ■

14^

TUTTLlfs HlSTOUY OF KaSSAS.

!l'

{ I »^

Consciucnlly it diil not ilovolvo upon him to refuse to certify.
Furllu'r, it may be mentioned that when a congressional inquny
was made into the facts, it ai^peared that all the violence and
fraud resorted to were surplusage, as Gen. Whitfield received a
majority of the legal votes that were polled on the 2t)th of Koveni-

Ler, 165-f.

Popular povereignty, as Missouri understood and practiced that
nostrum, meant overriding the will of the inhabitants of the ter-
ritory, by an irruption of mercenaries and runiaus who were
urged on by gentlemen of property and position to enter Kan-
sas" on election day, and " to vote at the point of bowie knife and
revolver." The difference between a despotism such as the Rus-
sian serf endured, and that which the free soiler was compelled
for that time to submit to in Kansas, was not entirely an advant-
age to the citizen in Kansas. However, there were other duties
besides voting to be attended to, and due provision was made for
the several judges, and for their judicial districts, so that justice
might be adurinistered. Justices of the peace were also appoint-
ed,''and the times for holding the regular courts were fixed. The
next election would neccs.sarily be for the territorial legislature,
and to that matter all Mis.souri was ready to contribute. Gov.
lleeder came into the territory, a lifelong democrat, and it ap-
pears to iiave been assumed that he would allow himself to be
manipulated by the slave owners and their tools. It is not cer-
tain that president Pierce entertained such an idea, but it is
known that when complaints were made by the slave owners and
their friends against Gov. Reeder, the chief executive made very
little delay in decapitating the offender. Before his appointment
to fill this position, it is probable that Mr. Reeder like many other
democrats in Pennsylvania, had but a very dim idea of what
slavery was. He soon became the possessor of strong views
on that subject. Chief Justice Lecompte, who was nominated by
the president at the same time as Mr. Reeder, became one of the
most violent of the proslavery party, and he was honored as well
as retained in office, the town of Lecompton being named for him,
but the other judges appointed at the same time, having declined
to become partisans, notwithstanding that one of them was a slave
owner, were both decapitated at the same time that Gov. Reeder

JaB>«i>lJi.ri»M<Hria.*J.IIUi««W"'«iii'"'»iil IMi 11.111 iililWOHM >"*"^' '"" ill*""

to certify,
il inquiry
ilence and
received a
j£ Koveui-

:;ticed that
.^f the ter-
who were
:nter Kan-
; knife and
LS the Rus-
conipelled
in advant-
,her duties
IS made for
that justice
so appoint-
ixed. The
legislature,
ute. Gov.
and it ap-
nself to be
is not cer-
i, but it is
owners and
made very
ppointment
many other
3a of what
,rong views
miuated by
I one of the
jred as well
led for him,
ng declined
was a slave
ov. lleedcr

?:■

•'kl>,;:?f'1y''l:^i "'

TKtiiiiToni iL Jljsroitr.

1 1.")

was removed. Of throe jiKlgcs tliut worouitpoinlcil iit suceessiuii
U) 111! tlio two vueancies thus ciiii.scil, it muy he worth whlh* h<'ro
to way, art 11 coiiiiiiontai-y uii the .state of Ht)cii'ty in Kansas, that
one re.-'igued !iis oll'u:e in ilisj^nist, after discovering what was re-
tinired of him, and that another refused to assume the duties of
his o/hee, after visiting tlio territory .mil seeing foi' liiniself the
condition of aITair.s that prevailed. Coming hack to the Hul)ject
of the h^gishiture, tlie go\ciiior tiiought it ueecssaiy to have a
census talcen before the election, and knowing what might he
done by the people ncro.ss the border to thwart his design, he
eau.sed all the step.s to be taken during January and February,
without liny publicity IxMng given to the fact. The ^[issourialls
.saw in that fact addition.-d evidence that the governor ought to
be recalled by the jiresident. In some eases they did cross over
and procure themselves to be enumerated among the residents,
but a,s a rule the precautions taken by the governor sufllced to
make the retuiii obtained reliabh;, as such documents usually are.
Some of the proslavery men r.niled at the governor, and talked
assassination, others threatened him with removal by the chief ex-
ecutive, and others contented themselves by striving to bribe or
to intimidate theccnsus takers to embody in their returns fraudu-
lent lists of nonresidents, as "though they actually lived in the
territory. AVhen the census was taken there appeared to be
eight thousand, six hundred souls in the territory, with a sum
total of voters nund)ering two thousand, eight hundred and live.
The census showed the governor not only the extent of the pop
nlation, but the localities in which the voters resided, a consider
ntion of some itnportance in preparing to elect a legislature. Im-
mediately after the returns were made, Mr. Roeder issued his
proclamation calling for the election of the legislature. The re-
turns wore completed on the third day of March, the notice ap-
peared on the eighth, and the choice was to be made on the thir-
tieth of the same month in 1855. There seems to be no reason for
assuming that the governor wanted to favor the free soilers ; he only
wanted to see fair play, and being a lawyer by jjrofession, all his
best instincts were trained to desire the f ultillment of the law. As
a democrat he was more likely to have favored the other side, and
had he wished merely to be on the side of the stronger party for the
10

■

nlnvnl into tlu-ir l.an-l., but he nuMTly .1.1 h.. -1. ty, a
„.:,.• n,.. wVu.h .....lo Hum. a few year, lat.r al-.-Ln S Ik

L p .>t.xt f..r the e.>,MphunU a.ul aenur.mt.on« o[ th I o l.u.O
,Jy. Both .hies were in earnest now. Co. the ^^^ ' ; ^^
It.^. (.00/- .a. really to be p—^^^^^

batable ,n>un.l wlueh wa. -I'l^^^^^ '^ ; , ,,,,« n.ul hitter
ti.Me. by the Miss....n conunonus..., »ftc,r the mtm
ai,.„ss?onH in con,reH« .luring thcscss.ons -^^ ^8 0 ; 'c
l,oen kept alive by the passages at ar„>s u, he un. s a

, i HMw, fi-Pf. ^t'lto Dartv eouhl not l)ohavo un

*'„■" an i,„prac,ioablc ori.no, but tl.c ...W --lo Lad alroa.ly

'; L y kept up .ho c-y .l,at Ka„.a, »l.oaUl « a »';- ^tau^
' lT,t rcl, "ncaccaWy il wc ca..," sakl Clou. Atclus...., bat at ll.o
allhazalils, pcatuiu , t .,.,,v,.ri of some cm nonce os-

vl nV nll„wi„ablo tbroa.s oi violence, too .oon to W

- %i^r.oe^s;r; ^ ^ ';----

°"'Zcrv o ;a^ S,ni.atlons i the miMlc and eastern state.
'e "It Wnt'n the territory «,visUca by speakers a^
l^o'^bly canvassed to bring out tbe wUole votu.g power

Tl'.UlllTOUf.lf. UlsTiilt V.

i(! ttnino
lU'plicn
ii<tu to
lIic fl'OO

ho frco
hat was

).4!ivery

" flllVO

hoU^ tlo-
I [..!• nil
1(1 biltor
lich had
y wiir at
r. l)o\ig-
-5i, warf
led to bo

0 si.le <>^
liavc im-
foto inoro

1 already
spoiikcrft

re state at
but at tho
inence as-
r the law,
.nctions of
1 rights as
Never was
d justifies

Missouri,
frau-dulent
oon to be-
ations and

the usual
^tern states,
oakers, and
ting power

of tho population ill favor of tlicir candidates in oacli district,
and of course so far as actual residents wi-ro eonccnuMl, they
had tlin battle in their own hands. The foreign eleiii'Miteould
not be reached by tlii'ir elorpu'iice, excc|)t in sti far as tho
force of their expressions nii^iilit help to exasperate their already
ntigry opponents. Tliey eou!(l not import voting power from tho
neighboring state, for the party that sympathized with them daicil
nf)t 8hf)w how warmly their feelings wore enlisted, and besiiles,
their instincts did not incline them in that way, to "do evil ihac
good might eome." Tlicir primary meetings, their eonventions,
their nominations made uii nimous in every "nso, amounted to
nothing against tho power; with, which they had to contend.
They were met and for the time completely cru.shed by an or-
ganized movement which ext(;nded from .l.isper county in tho ex-
treme south of Missouri, and Mirough r ' cry secii'-n ens; ,-\nd west
to Andrew county in tho north, whieh sent part' ■•< into Kansas to
vote for tho imposition of tiic institution ;' >hivery upon tho
state wherever it might be formed. B )ono county and C lo, east
and west went into tho matter with .vh. ;e_heart.N, and. i.; v^re was
but one representative district in K msns A^hich had not foreign
votes enough sent from Missouri to control the election. Tlu;
■whole of tho council districts were provided for in that way.
They did not merely pervade tho tei'ri^ory, they came like an
army, in many eases bringing bands of music, on the same prin-
ciple that induces the boy passing some ghostly precinct to

" Whistle aloud to bear his couriigo up."

They came armed and provisioned, and supplied with tents
like an enemy marching to more honorable war, and in every dis-
trict there were avowed nurposes to alarm the free state party, aa
■well as to decide the el ' is by an overpowering display of for-
eign and fraudulent voting power. For the time they were success-
ful, but their ill-omened success was dearer than the most costly
defeat. It was an rther illustration of the words of the poet,
" Quern Deiis vvU perdere prius dementat;" '"God willed their de-
struction, and they were made mad." The decisions of the con-
gre.s;'onal committee, which was appointed to mquire into and
report upon these unlawful proceedings in Kansas, places in a

!.*,/.-,

''!<fMP!R!!'

J4g TlTTUfs HrSTOliY OF KaXSAS.

clear au-l unquestionable light the conduct of the Missouvians^
The evidence is volunnnous and con>plcte; but the report, which
dioosts the main facts and supplies results only, wdl serve the
pvu-nose of the historian bettor than the cornprel.ensive detads on
'vhic h it is founded. The committee ascertained not merely that
there were foreign influences at work to falsify the -veral e lec^
lions, but also whence the false voters ean.e Eleven coun^cs
sent the voters that swamped legitimate pubbc op.mon m the
poUinc^ at Lawrence, and it was ascertained that those who re-
nntiued at home in Missouri were assessed to pay the expenses,
supply horses, carriages, wagons and connnissariat for the invacl-
i„l- l^ions. Provisions were aecun.ulated m rcl.able hands in
L^wrc^.ce for some days before the irruption, and the fraudulent
voters began to pour in the day previous to the poll.ng contmu-
u,o- to arrive almost to the last hour in which a ballot paper
could be handed in. There were over one thousand men m camp
near the town the night, before the election, and more than one
hundred wagons of all kinds, besides saddle horses, had been em-
ployed to convey the multitude. When

" The Assyrians came down like the wolf on the fold,
■ f ■ And his cohorts were gleamiug with purple and gold,

there was splendor in the conquering host it there was no mercy ;
bu thl horde, armed with bowie knives, guns and pistols, wb
twi i e of Lrtillerv loaded to the muzzle with musket balls
Xv'lLVy with the red light of hate upon the ittle settlement
^X to be intimidated and overridden. Bands of music were
. "ploy- to play the melodies most likely to annoy the beseiged
and give heail or courage to the multitudinous pack that pro-
rid to devour them. Mr. Blanton, one of the judges of electiou
Tlo recused to be bribed, was to have been hanged the night be-
^ he poll, but it seems probable that matters weij accommo-
date dJth Jut recourse to that process, as the judge did not
r 1 Doilincr day to exact the oath as to residence, which
''■'thave'nvolved hundreds in trials for perjury. The num-
beft eon— at Lawrence being in excess of the require-
.t of the day some of the leaders addressed the throng, repre-
ZZ^l^S^ i-ting men to volunteer to proceed to

iMrifi

pr-«

^i'TSft^ ?^^"§C*^.="

[issourians.
port, which
I serve the
e details on
merely that
icveral clec-
en counties
nion in the
lose who re-
le expenses,
I' the invad-
)le hands in
! fraudulent
ns, continu-
ballot paper
men in camp
ire than one
lad been em-

Id,
old,"

as no mercy ;
I pistols, with
nusket balls,
,tle settlement
of music were
^ the beseiged,
pack that pro-
ges of election
the night be-
ere accommo-
udge did not
sidence, whichi
V, The num-
of the require-
i throng, repre-
to proceed to

TKniiiTonTAL TlrsTonr. j^g

more remot. points, where there was a possibility that tho l.,..l

voters mioht <.„tn,imber the foreic^n oloment -ml ^

♦Vint- «v, 1 , , '•^"'^•"oii LiLmciit, and 111 ans\v(>r \n

that appeal several detachments of one hundred and fi t .nd
two hundred^ respcetively, rode post haste to Bloomin.ton III!
ory Pent Teeumsoh and elsewhere, to dragoon tl'^^^ t
men out of to leastehance of honest government. The nv.
came up to the polling place in Lawrence n parties of onl h n
<l.ed the oath proposed as to residence was set a 'd: by t^m I
•ind another substituted which would not sit uneasilv on T
consciences. The judge that was absent wa rep 3 W . 7
st.tute chosen by the lawless band around L S 11 t
oa.se ..M bo on tl.eir side, and when it l^l^^
la» «a.s to bo so ovorborno, another of tl.c jiub.es Mr Ahl,„t
ros,g„ed. The .nob i„ooec.k,l immediately to C ,, ott 't

jiihii(,e. ijie citijjens who were entitlprl t,-»

who flred „po„ the retreating body, and it was „„W i„ tl e aTer'
noon I theMissourianshad made things safe for th i" '
that tho « ,r, >& electon, were able to eome „p i„ a bodv Ind
clepos,t the,,, balloting pape,^. The pretexts of the erowd we™
m,ne,r,„s enough, as they asserted that the co t« lavL,
he two states Missouri and Ma.,aeh„setts, ^7 ; j2tZ
last stages of *„,„,„•, oould suppose that a lasting viZyeouW
be won by such sha.neful operations. The New Enda,3 V
gran. Aid Soe.e.y w.as to be m,ade the .eap;"^'!'! i'J
of M,s.so„r, ,nlo the dese,t. but the high handled outraZ of , "
m.emade,t,mpossibIe for the Pieree eabinet to Mlyendle
the proeeed.ngs of the slave owners, and in congress the rt^

would ha Jbeen foJtthttV^^reVr:.^^^^^^^^^^^^
afternoon, but for the dise.«io„ exereised b^ Col You . of

anyhow, and tl. f.Jt 'T^^Z:^ ^l' ^f- ^ -l!:

of fairness to the dav's work T^^^ at- ■ , ° aspect

ine aays^vork. The Missourmns brandished their

:yi;.ii

150

TVTTLKS lIlSTOllY OF KaXSAS.

''Wtt'

weapons repeatedly during the day, and when the pol nig luul
been complete.!, they supplemented their illegal aets by deelarn.g
that unless the governor sanctioned the election so consununatcd,
lie should be hanged. , • n

Popular sovereignty was respected and honored in a like man-
ner in the second district, Bloomington. The Mi.sourians came
in undersell known leaders from Westport and independence,
Missouri, armed at all points, and boisterous in their threats.^
They called an impromptu election for governor by way of initi-, ,
atincr their more regular proceedings, and when they had chosen
the " Lord of misrule," their protege marched with them to the
pollin.' place to demand that they should be allowed to vote
^vithout being sworn. They were not scrupulous about swearing
at lar<re, but they objected to oaths which might carry contingent
remainders in the shape of prosecutions for perjury in the long
day which they knew was before them :

" Thus conscience does make cowards of us all."

« The slincrs and arrows of outrageous fortune," were piled
mountain high that day in Bloomington, as we have seen similar
Bcenes being enacted elsewhere. One of the leaders claimed tliat
they could vote if they had been on the ground only five min-
utes and the better to enforce their claim, they procured guns
from their wagons, loaded their weapons, assumed badges to dis-
tincruish themselves from the "abolitionists," earned the polling
place by assault, smashing all obstructions and threatening to
shoot any person that dared oiler opposition. It is probable that
there would have been murder at this point, but somebody assured
the mob that there were proslavery men in the house where the
poll was being taken, and the armed band was tender in regard-
ing the privileges of tiieir own party. There were three judges
of^election, and two of them, Harrison Burson and Nathaniel
Kamse' were resolute as to the oath. The third judge, Mr.
Ellison, bowed to circumstances, if he was not in the plot before-
hand, consequently the rifles and revolvers of the mob wc^re con-
centrated upon his more worthy associates, when a sheriff from
Missouri and a band of desperadoes rushed into the room to com-
pel the acciuiescence which they had been unable to persuade.

Ji'PJW." ,Pt«.JHl«

TEnniroitiAL Ilisronr.

polling luul
by declaring
oDsuinmatcd,

11 a like rnan-
5()uriaiis caioe
ndcpeiulonce,
their threats,
way of initi-|
;y had chosen
11 them to the
owed to vote
bout swearing
i-ry contingent
y in the long

!," were piled
v^e seen similar
•s claimed that
only five min-
procured guns

badges to dis-
■ied the polling
threatening to
s probable that
nebody assured
lOuse where the
nder in regard-
re tliree judges
and Nathaniel
ird judge, Mr.
the plot bcfore-
1 mob were con-

a sheriflE from
le room to cora-
ile to persuade.

151

Five minutes by the watch of the sheriff were allowed for com-
pliance or resignation; but the judges dared the ordeal, and an-
otlier minute was allowed them to prepare for death. The com-
pliant Judge Ellison added iiis persuasions to the menaces of the
crowd ; but failing in the success which he had hoped from his
eloquence, he seized the ballot box and ran out into the safer
companionshi,, of the howling rioters, whose cries he repeated
with much fervor. The friends of the remaining jud-es now
called them outside for a parley, and they were not permitted to
return, as it was evident tliat there could be no legal election that
day.

When .^Fr. Uurson left the room he carried with liiin the ballot
poll books in Ins pocket. Some papers which were carried loosely
in his hand were snatched from him by the warlike Missouriaa
sheriff; but when, after much rejoicing over the valueless cap-
ture. It was found that the poll books were absent, an armed
party was detailed to procure them from the judge at any sacri-
lice. Mr. Burson was accompanied by a friend when the pursuit
commenced, and as it was evident that he could not escape, he
handed over tlie documents to his companion, hoping that in'the
confusion of a chase in opposite directions the pursuers mi^'ht be
baffled in their main object. The poll books were howcv°er re-
covered from Mr. Minberger, their temporary custodian, and that
gentleman was carried back to the polling place, a prisoner, to be
dealt with as the usurpers of the sovereign rights of Kansas
should determine. The residence of Mr. Ramsey, the other judc^e
of election, was visited, and the first chief justice chosen in the '
territory, pending the inauguration of government under the act,
was there taken into custody, marched down to the head quarters
of the insurgents, compelled to make a speech to amuse his mas- '
ters, like Samson in the temple of Dagon, and then, the old man
having been decorated with the badge worn by the fraudulent
voters, Judge John A. Wakefield was allowed to retire. Jud-res
were chosen to replace those who had retired from the pollhig
place, and it was openly announced that any man administerin°
the oath, and any man submitting to>e sworn, should be shot°
disemboweled, and have his heart torn out. Many in the crowd
said that they had been hired at one dollar per day to come there

- J, J:,fxe.\iS^.

152

Tittle's Histouy of Kassas.

and vote, and Ly fair means or by foul, tliey meant " to vote or
die." One citizen, Laving said tliat it required he would take the
oatl., was at onee assaulted with clubs, knives and pistols, amid
brutal and rcv(;lting cries. So the farce of election was hanging
over the verge of tragedy all the day long in Bloomington, and
the citizens were in many eases deterred from tendering votes,
•which must necessarily be inoperative in an election, which defied
law on every issue. Every act of the day revealed

" The fliisli and outbreak of a flcry mind ;
A savageufss in uurcclaimcd blood."

In the sixteenth district the rioters had things entirely their
own wa3^ Six counties sent their armed roughs into this region,
carrying out a programme which had been set forth in public
meetings all over northwestern Missouri some weeks before the
day ofdection. The invaders came fnlly;equipped with all that
could be necessary to prove their qualifications, such as bowie
knives, pistols, shot guns, rifles, and wisps of hemp twisted in
their button holes; so that on the morning of the election there
were nearly fourteen hundred persons collected near the polling
place. The oath was the stumbling block with the crowd, as at
Lawrence and at Bloomington ; and here, as there, the powers of
cajolery and intimidation were resorted to, to obviate the diffi-
culty. There were two free state men among the three judges,
and they were resolute as to the oath ; but one of them, probably
influenced bv the prospect of personal violence, resigned that
mornin.-; and when a subservient tool had been chosen by the
mob to°fill his place, the other free state judge was powerless
a-ainst the will of the majority. Indians of the Wyandotte tribe
■w°ere allowed to vote, but Delawares were refused. While the
polling was onward, a steamboat came down loaded with passen-
gers from Weston, Missouri, who voted as though they were per-
fectly ri^ht in so doing, and then returned on the boat, making
no secre°t whatever of their fraudulent acts. The voting in the
Bixteenth district was almost entirely carried on by Missourians,
as the free state men saw no advantage in lending their coopera-
tion to a process so repugnant to the rights of free men. The
Missourians claimed that if a man was on the ground on the day

MaBwwwi

■ MSBa^ja'.'ja«gt.J.i|kV>'i*-'-'i^"-'l^l!'llL JJ-lU-Ullli]

Tkiuutorlil History.

153

' to vote or
Id take tho
stols, amid
as hanging
ington, and
b^ing votes,
hicli defied

itirely their
this region,
1 in public
; before the
,rith all that
ih as bowie
I twisted in
lection there
the polling
crowd, as at
le powers of
te the diffi-
hree judges,
m, probably
Bsigned that
losen by the
as powerless
andotte tribe
While the
with passen-
ley were per-
boat, making
rating in the
Missouriansv
heir coopera-
3 men. The
1 on the day

of election, tliat made his right irresistible ; and many who had
visited the territory about twelve months before to stake oDE
claims, which they had done nothing to hold and improve, really
appeared to think that they were residents in Kansas territory,
although they were domiciled in the neighboring state; and in
any event, it was a ease of " anything to beat the north ; " which
was credited witli having brought upon Missouri the hard neces-
sity to carry slavery into Kansas legislation by force and fraud,
such as we iiave seen. One of the free state candidates who saw-
how useless it was to fight against such odds, withdrew his name
from the contest because .Mi.ssouri was there in force to determine
un issue which properly belonged to Kansas ; and his action was
loudly applauikd by tlie concourse upon whom it rained down
censure.

True satire like tiie polialied razor, keen,
■Wounds witli a touch tliat's hardly felt or seen.

Gen. Atchison was in command of the invaders, who, in an
electoral sense, took possession of the eighteenth district He
took with him a body of men sufficient to have swamped the
whole voting power of the Nemaha district twice or thrice told,
but in this precinct there was not such a surplusage of fraudulent
voting as elsewhere. Only seventeen legal votes were i^olled and
the whole number of ballots recorded formed a total of si.xty-two,
so there were forty -five registered fraudulently. The camp of the
invaders resounded with horrible profanity and threats all the
time, but no good purpose could be served by perpetuating the
bad record of those exponents of popular sovereignty, v/ho
^thought it their most glorious privilege to deprive the residents
in the territory of a voice in determining the policy of their own
government. The men who led the movement were persons of
education and standing, consequently no allowance can be made
on the score of ignorance. The language used by Gen. Atchi-
son, ex-senator for the state of Missouri in congress and ex-vice
president of the union, a lawyer and sometime circuit judge, ap-
pears to have been as bad as could have fallen from the Hps of
one who had never graduated in Transylvania university. In the
eighteenth district, the Missourians under Atchison, took the
oath without a murmur, apparently considering perjury a small

1S4

TvTTI.K's HlSTOllY OF KaX-SAS.

price to pay for succcsh, and in consequence ot the horrible tlircata
of llie iutnulors there was no protest entcrea against the election.
It wouhl be tiresome to go over the whole ground, even with
such scanty detail ; so we uppen.lonly a few figures showin.s- tho
grand results. In Lawrence, there were, as the census demon-
strated, 3GI) residents, and 232 legal votes were recorded, but the
I^Iissourian ballots amounted tr« "02. In Bloomington, 30 legal
votes were swamped by 810 nonresidents. At Stinson's, 32 legal
votes were overriden by an illegal register of 338, and so through- ,
out the twenty-five electoral precincts, 791 free .state votes, out of
a population of 2,905 pcrsou.s, were tyrannously set aside by Mis-
sourian raiders, to the number of 4,908. One of the leaders in
the disgraceful procedure, Hon. Claiborne V. Jack.^on, was after-
wards chosen governor of Missouri, probably having " made his
calling and election sure" by his participation in these scenes.
Western Missouri was almost entirely involved in the coiuiuest
of Kansas, and with a large average, there must have been
some kind of justification to override the scrui)les of con-
science which would customarily guard them from assisting in
a work so monstrous. Many of them, doubtless, believed that
Massachusetts had sent and was sending its pauper legions into
Kansas, the newspapers liad told them so, the orators of the day
were never tired of reiterating such assertions, and the pulpits, oc-
cupied by men whom they had been from their youth tau-ht to
respect, had afforded all the aid in the power of the churdies to
support the popular delusion. Perhaps many of the pastors who
took part in the agitation had been content with hearsay testi-
mony in forming their own convictions, as of course, their time
must have been occupied, to a great extent, by pastoral visits
among the parties most interested in persuading them to swell the
clamo°, and as a rule, they were not educated to weigh evidence
with the critical acumen of the legal profession. The lawyer is
governed by the facts, the pastor is much more swayed by his
feelings, and in that case we may readily see how the best impul-
ses of°a misinformed mind would tend toward encouraging con-
duct such as his better judgment must disapprove. Again, much
allowance must be made for intemperate zeal, which stops at noth-
ing while the fever of pursuit lasts. The suitor who made his

lit-

jri'iblo threats
t tlio election.
k1, oven with
i showinr; the
lensus dcmon-
)rdcu, but tho
gton, 30 legal
laon's, 32 legal
id so throiigh-

0 votes, out of
aside by Mis-
thc leaders in
on, was after-
iuL!; " made his

1 these scenes.
11 the con(iuest
St have been
iples oE con-
m assisting in
, believed that
31' legions into
tors of the day
the pulpits, oc-
outh tauiiht to
,he churches to
lie pastors who

hearsay testi-
urse, their time

pastoral visits
em to swell the
weigh evidence

The lawyer is
swayed by his
the best impul-
ncouraging con-
, Again, much
jh stops at noth-

who made hia

Ti:niii rouiAL II is rou y.

165

appeal "from riiiiip diuiik to riiilip .M)bcr," mi.^lit l.uvo found
many Pliilips in Missouri, ulthougli tlie spirit wlierewitii they
■were intoxicaled ilill'ered suuiewliat from the li(pi()r imbibed by
the ^Maccdoniau monarch, 'i'hc number of actual residents, as re-
vealed by the census, and tlie number voting as proved by tho re-
turns, leave no margin for doubt as to the dece})tion practiced on
the bulk of the Missourian comumnity. Tho total number of
persons emigrating inti) Kansas territory who had come out under
the auspices of tho New England Emigrant Aid Society before tho
March election in 1855, amounted to lOi) persons, of whom 07
wero women and children, and they received no help from the so-
ciety o\ce{)t such as had arisen from the organization being able
to cheapen their passage for thoni a few dollars, and to assist them
to move in larger bodies than they could otherwise have joined.
This party came in tho fall of 185i under the care of Dr. Ki)bia-
son, and many of them, discouraged by the political conditiou
of Kansas, soon afterwards abandoned tho field, seeking more
peaceful homes elsewhere. Some of the leaders of the proslavory
party were probably aware of the aetual condition of allairs. The
press of New York and Boston contained all the informatioii that
was available from the seat of war ; several of the papers had
special correspondents on the spot occasionally, and all of them
were in the habit of receiving communications from the territory
such as placed, beyond question, that two thousand votes across
the border from Missouri would have carried the election in the
■way that the secret societies wished, but the conspirators kept up
the excitement in their stealthy deliberations ; fed the uneducated
and illiterate with just such fragments as would sustain tho fever,
and then rushed into the mela with an army of live thousand
men, to create a tempest of indignation against tliemselves and
their objects, which in the end had much to do with the defeat of
the tactics of the south, not only in Kansas, but all over the
union. Stephen A. Douglas owed his defeat to such conduct on
the part of his friends more than to the unadorned eloquence of
Abraham Lincoln, and the most simple will not require to be told
that if Douglas had been chosen president there would have been
no attack on Fort Sumter, no rising in rebellion among the south-
ern states, and no emancipation of the human chattels whose color

ginaiM«=ssi..s:nK -

mmm

150

Tl-TTl.h.'s lllSTOIiY or K.iSSAS.

was the hiidge of their degradation. T.ess tlian one-lliird of tlic res-
idents ill Kansa.s voted for tlio legislative assutnbly ; many were
dcteiird by actual drca.l of the consequences in the face of such
threats as were commonly being uttered ; many coulil not afTord
the loss of time involved where every obstacle was placed in the
■way of the legitimate elector ; some were driven of! the ground by
overpowering numbers, and not a few concluded that the whole
proceeding was so outrageously illegal that it must be set aside
upon i)rotest. The surroundings of the polling places, and the
riotous action of inany of the mobs would sufhcc to set aside an
election, or any number of elections, in any country in which
representative institutions prevail. If the Missourians had moved
into the territory in good faith to reside there, the result might
have been deplored, but it would have been legal ; as it was, there
cannot be found one shadow of defense for their conduct. Five
hundred men peacefully colonizing Kansas territory from Mis-
souri, during the few months that preceded the great contest,
might without violence of any kind have made themselves masters
of the situation by throwing in their strength with the resident pro-
slavery population in that region, and the outcome would have
been such as oould not exasperate the free states, but the larger
issue was to arise. The elements were working for the accom-
plishment of a grand consummation, and the men who should most
heartily have striven to preserve peace invited the ravages of
war. Great numbers were ready to have made just such a move-
ment as we have indicated, but the Duyald Dahjdtys of the border
did not desire to lose their occupation, consequently, every energy
was directed toward the warlike invasion which it was believed
■would finally discourage the north and make Missouri master of
Kansas without the trouble of immediate settlement.

With all the facts that we have contemplated, and hundreds of
incidents, such as must be omitted from this record, staring him
in the face, Gov. Keeder owed it to his office and to himself, that
he should disallow the elections in every instance in which riots
had been created, or in which men had been prevented from
exercising their suffrages by intimidation. AVhere judges of
elections had been compelled to resign, and others had been
chosen in their places, by the riotous assemblages which had

IvviV'

'■"smsst

wmmmm

i^^.^f?*^

ymij.H ^1. 1, . . -_^.

Vi\ of tlie rpa-
; many were
fart- of such
(1 not ufTonl
ilacod in the
ic ground by
at the whole
, be set aside
ces, and the
> set aside an
ry in which
s had moved
result might
3 it was, there
nduct. Five
"y from Mis-
;reat contest,
selves masters
resident pro-
would have
ut the larger
)r the accom-

0 should moat
e ravages of
such a move-
of the border
every energy
was believed

)uri master of

1 hundreds of
[, staring him
I hirhself, that
n which riots
evented from
sre judges of
ers had been
;s which bad

Tkhiutorial IIlstohy. 157

created the vaca,.eies, there had been n., election in reality, and
?„'; rn '■ "''" '^'"'•^•'^""^'.V ««"te us a lawyer to be aware of the
> fact. Ihe act under which he received his appointment con-
turned provision for just such an emergency, and the f,ve state
1" ty urged upon lum his duty in that regard, but he hesitated
« Hi tcn.ponzed UKstcad of acting. Some of the precincts had
ot forwarded thc.r protests and it was proper that he should be
fonncd n. due course as to the facts. The parcy which had been
^v ongcd should have accompanied every election return with a
•ela .on o the outrage inflicted on the connnunity and a consc
l.unt protest against the wrongful election; but as it was, there
^ ere grounds enough upon which the governor might have acted
m sonic cases which would have ruled the rest as the proper steps
were taKcn to make him cognizant of the truth. The proslavc. v
party knew the importance that must attach to every step gained

• Ind wlilo\T"lT' T '^'% ''''' ^'^""^ ^Sainst public opinion,
and wl lie Mr. Eeeder still wavered they came to him with theii
requests for certificates under his hand, that they been elected
Individual applications having failed to procure the coveted doeu-
ments, they came to him as a powerful delegation to demand com-
plu nee with the law. Mr. Kceder was a democrat of the old stamp
such as took Thomas Jefferson for their model and their leS
lo him the word meant equal justice, and the conduct to which

with the Missounan edition of the time honored organization
but he was not prepared for such a demonstration as now awaited
h m The delegation must have certificates of their several
elections and he could not see his way to meet their views The
returns were before him and he could see that the men confront-
ing him had been fraudulently elected by votes largely in excess
of the whole population of the territory ; there was no option but
to refuse and immediately every man in the company produced
bis pistol, aiming it at the heart of the governor. There are
some men who would have run the chances, and dared the dele-
gation to their worst, but Mr. Reeder submitted to their pressure,
and when they left him, every member of the high handed com'
pany earned with him the governor's certificate that he had been
elected. The signature under duress was of little value, but the

'.-. iU's ,,„J■^i4^Sl*iifei-^«^

168

TvTTI.K's I f is Toll V Oh' A'.i.v>'.i>'.

fart .'f it^ liaviii^' \mm obtaiiird luulrr .luivs.i liad y«"t, to bo awh-
taiiK'd. Tlii'i.' .-till remained oiio conrso in tlio premises, and Mr.
]{»!iHlcr ad()i)tcd it: issuing his proclamation to call for fresh cloc-
tioiis, not in phu-es wlicro fraud had been most ila^'rnnt, and
because of such frauds, but for iufonnalities merely. Such tem-
porizing on his ].art was weakness; it lost him what might liavo
remained of respect on the part of the democrats, and it <lid not
deserve to win respect from the men of free state procdivitie.s.^
If there was nothing to (;oniplain of beyond an informality, then
it was hardly worth while to go over the grouml again, but with
such glaring wro.igs confronting him, and in the face of such an
i)utra^e as ho had sufTcred in the menace of violence to which ho
had personally submitted, his position was painful in the extreme.
The daring course would have been the best. The old maxim
has been well rendered by Shakspcre :

" Out of tills nett'c, ilanger, wo pluck tliia flowiT, siU'cly."

Later in the struggle there was courage enough displayed by the
governor, but just fc the moment when decision would have
endetl the dilliculty, when unshrinking lirmness must

"IIiivp bouplit,
GoUlcn opinions from all sorts of people,"

he paused, wavered and lost the best opportunity of his life.
The proslavery party convened and resolved to take no r.otice
whatever of the new elections, and in consequence, free state men
• were chosen in five districts with hardly an eflort. In Leaven-
worth, the seat of government for the time, some Missourians, to
the number of five hundred, came over and carried things their
own way, but the party could not be induced to move as a whole,
because they had secured a majority in both houses sufHcient to
override the action of the governor, to expel the free state men
elected under the second proclamation, and to illustrate in a
thousand ways, during their session, for Mr. Keeder's benefit, the

■^ " Letting I dare not wtiit upon I would,

Like the poor cat i' the adage."

The elections of May 22d, under the second proclamation, were

Mffi^^fwpVX

Tt:uiiiroiti.iL lIisroHY.

159

;ion, were

jirnctically of no account, except n« they tcndeil to exaspornto tlio
freo state party Htill more, and the connnunii;ution.s which woro
Hcnt to the eastern and middle states, during the hitter part of
IS.'u, disphiy a s[)irit which gr(!W every day mori; eager for tho
fray. Tho wliole north wan inovtMl by suc:h reprtwntations,
whicli tohl tlicm of perils and insults, hard to bo endured, being
inilieted upon men, with whom many thousands wore suflitiiently
intimate to be sure that whatever wrongs had been inflicted upon
them, had been entirely unprovoked. The lawlessness of tho
!Mi.-sourian j)<)pulation was, if })ossible, exaggerated in the corres-
pondence of the day, and as a natural result, the more daring
spirits of the other side gravitated toward the point of dang(;r.
There were men in the northern states whoso souls yearned for
coiillicl, and with the excitement now offered, they straightway
machlcned into a kind of sacred frenzy. Could sueli cities a.s
Kansas and Wcstport have looked ahead to the present day, to
have seen how much more advantageous were the conditions of
gi-owth which wotild be developed by free labor, those centers of
population would have used all their powers to prevent tho
consummation at which they now aimed with all their might.
Although the trade across the plains to Santa Fo had very greatly
concentrated itself in Kansiis City, whence it had only to erosa
the Kansas river to enter the territory, so slow was the growth of
the settlement under the mjis of shivery, that fifteen years after
the Santa P^e trade was opened, in the year 1860, when Kansas
territory had but just emerged from a series of disgraceful raids
of Missourians from Kansas City and elsewhere, besides sustain-
ing an internecine strife, fomented from the same source, which
lasted from 1854 to 1859, the city of Kansas had only a popu-
lation of about four thousand four hundred, and within the next
decade, although many years were embittered by the proslavery
rebellion, Kansas City had increased its population to thirty-two
thousand, and may now be safely estimated to hold fifty thousand.
But for the then present, Kansas City thought that all her
material interests were bound up in the maintenance of negro
slavery, and therefore every energy was addressed to the shame-
ful purpose of suppressing popular government in the adjoining
territory by way of vindicating the sovereignty of the people.

*'l

100

Tvitle's JJu^k',,'- of hASS.iH.

ni:

►Such moil as Duviil Alclii.smi lu - I'lf iiDimhir «';if, iiud lie fouiul
it <iuito long cnoiigli to Bcrvc his piirims' . llo could jtrocuro
Ifvk's of men at any niomciit to iai<l into Kiinsiis torrilory in
fiii'tlifianL't! or Ills plans, uiul when tt^rritorial govi.'rnoi-, appointtMl
liy [U'csiilKnt I'ic'iTo and liirt HUccL-Hsor, iimsidonl lUichaiKin, proved
intraclai)!o for tlio purposes of llio pro.^lavrry parly, liu could
exert Hurji an inlUient'e at the White House as would remove
llain. Tiiis jiower behind the throne was demoralizing the com-
niunily on wliifh it iinme(liatcly acted. It was known that the
general, who had by accident become vice jjre.sidenl of the union,
iiimod at becoming president, and that fact alono gave him presllije
will) the rank and fde of his followers, whieh was increased im-
mensely when it ajipcared that his frown could cause the removal
of the territorial executive, almost as soon ns ho said that it
sliouhl be done; therefore, when such a man assured the com-
mon ])eople, that they were safe in committing perjury, in order
to jirocure the acceptance of their fraudulent votes in Kansas,
they followed him with absolute trust, repeating his brutalities of
jdirase with needless embellishments.

Dark clouds, almost us black as Erebus, looked down upon Kan-
sas now, veiling the good time since reached from all but the eye of
faith ; but the men who have since then builded Kansas into a
state, which already has a population of si.v hundred thousand
f-o'ils were then a tiny handful, bufl'cted, but self-reliant even in the
very midst of the border ruffian tumult, by which they were to
have been destroyed. They petitioned congress for redress in
due time, and they found unfortunately that where the interests
of party clash with the best instincts of mankind, the worst eau.se
is too apt to win, in that congregation of the wi.scst and best.
Their faith and their fortitude were severely tr'ed, but it says
much for their honesty and uprightness, in the struggle in which
they were engaged — in which many lives were lost on both
sides — that every governor appointed under democratic influ-
ences, as long as the state constitution was delayed, became con-
vinced of the justice of the demands of the free state party, be-
fore he had been many months in Kansas territory, and had to be
removed under pressure, to make way for some more obedient
tool. The advantages in the eonflict seemed to be all on the side

Ttntni Toiti.t L Ills Ton y.

1 lie foiirul
111 |in»iiro
enitory in

, llp|)()illt*!(l
Kill, [il'ilVCll

, lie i:oiiUl
ilJ rciiiovo
ly llic com-
,'U tliut tho

■ tlio union,
liiiii prenllje
neaseil im-
.lie roiiioviil
iaiil tluit it
il the com-
ry, in order

in Kansas,
rutulitics of

1 upon Kan-
it tlie eye of
innas into ft
J thousand
tevcn in the
hey were to

■ redress in
tho interests
woi'st cause
t and best.

but it says
;le in which
)st on both
cratic influ-
becamc con-
ic party, be-
id had to be
jre obedient

on the side

of 1 uflianisin, but tho hand of (lod can be found in tho history of
nulions, US certainly as his lin;^'or is «ocu in tlie forcvor-nu)\ ing
Btars, and in thu deep recesHOS of tho H'.lont earth. In that ('md,
these hen;ic ami patient men ri'p(weil their trust. The eongijitii-
hitions which were uttered in pidilie meetings, and by the \<\vm
across tho border, did not aggravate their alUielion-s, becau.so they
could look down upon men of that class almost in the spirit ol
llini wlio said :

" FiUlicr fi)rglvo tlii'in, tlicy know not what they do."

But cvi.ry sound was a warning us to some further outrage soon
to be attempted, and tho town of Lawrence was especially a mark
at whieli the enmity of the pro.slavcry jiarty delightiHl to addii^ss
itself. Lynch law was to be the <jnly law in the territory and tho
Missourian borderers were to bo its special niinister.s. Gov.
Heeder, when he went to Washington, soon after the second elec-
tion to tho legislative a.s.sembly, was publicly warned not to re-
turn or he would bo lynched. Six days after the second polling,
just mentioned, a convention of the Mis.sourian party was to have
assembled at Leavenworth to discuss the deposition of the gov-
ernor and to nominate a successor, but probably the knowledge
that other means could be used to elleet the same purpose, in-
duced tho party to give up that proj)osition. Lynch law was,
however, not to be given up quite so easily. A newspaper,
known as the "Lidustrial Luminary," had incurred the hatred of
ex-scnator Atchison, and tho order dekmla e-st was issued. Tho
oilice was vi.sited without delay, and the press after being first pa-
raded through the streets of Parkville was flung into the Missou-
ri river. Mr. I'atterson, one of the editors of the " Luminary,"
would probably have been murdered but for the intervention of
his wife. This deed of violence was done between the two elec-
tions for tho assembly, on the l-ith day of April, 1855. Both
editors of the paper were ordered to quit the territory without
delay, under terrific penalties. The influence of a free and vig-
orous newspaper was not without recognition among Missourians,
but indiirerence or contempt would have had advantages worthy
of being considered. The churches were next placed under cen-
sorship, as some of the ^lethudist preachers of the northern
11

1G2

TcTTLTfs TIisTonr of KAysAS.

brnncli woro too froe in their remarks concerning tlie proslavcrv
party and tlicir objects. The strictures of the pulpit were aii-
R;\'prc(l l)y an order, that no ministers of the objectionable sort
should exercise their functions in Parkville, and public meetings
which were held at different points in Missouri endorsed the ue-
tion of the mob, adding by way of rider to the verdict already
pronounced, that every person saying or publishing anything that
would tend to bring reproach on negrr slavery should be ex-
lielled from the country. Such resolutions reported through the
New England press reminded the old stock of the customs with
which their forefathers had done battle, and much anxiety was
exhibited for a complete trial of the system. The end was not
yet, but it was coming, and every such movement of the pro-
slavery force reminded some men of the rhyme of Charles

Mackay :

" There's a light about to beam,
There's a fount about to stream,
There's a wrong about to vanish,
■ Clear the way ! "

The end of April, 1855, witnessed a meeting of the squatters
in Leavenworth, and in the course uf the proceedings a quarrel
arose between a man named Clark, one of the proslavery party,
and McCrea, a free state settler ; everybody carried weapons then
and when it became evident that one of the two must go under,
Mr. McCrea drew his revolver and shot his opponent. If a free
state settler had been killed there would have been no disturb-
ance, but proslavery men were precious, and McCrea was hunted
down, tired at and wounded and eventually held a prisoner in
Fort Leavenworth for a considerable time, but there was no law
under which a man could be hanged for justifiable homicide, so
that eventually the prisoner escaped and made his way to Texas.
The day following that on which Clark was shot, afforded anoth-
er example of border justice. A young lawyer, named Phillips,
had sworn a protest against the election fraud in his precinct,
thereby provoking the rage of the other side, and now the same
man was known to be in sympathy with McCrea, so he was in-
formed by a delegation from the Missourians that he must leave
the territory. At the next meeting of the rioters, th(5 committee

Tehkitortal Hn^TORr.

163

; proslavory
lit wero aii-
ionablo sf>rt
lie meetings
irsed the u.o-
diet already
■ytliing that
)uld be ex-
through the
ustoms wit1i
anxiety was
end was not
of the pro-
of Charles

the squatters
igs a quarrel
lavery party,
veapons then
list go under,
nt. If a free
n no disturb-
i was hunted
a prisoner in
e was no law

homicide, so
ray to Texas,
forded anoth-
ned Phillips,

his precinct,
low the same
so he was in-
tie must leave
;h(j committee

hnnded in their report, that the lawyer had left the territory, and
on the strength of that evidence of their power an executive of
thirty was appointed as a vigilance committee to observe all per-
sons who were open to suspicion, and to expel from the Lorritory
any who might disturb " the peace of our citizens." The chief
justice of the territory was one of the most eloquent speakers in
the meeting that made the appointment in question, and no other
fact need be mentioned to prove the utter demoralization of all
parties engaged in that shameful procedure. The committee were
not slow to carry tlic'r powers into action. Mr. Phillips had
dared to remain in the territory, in spite of the ostracism to
which he had been subjected, and in the afternoon of the day of
their authorization they proceeded to his residence to insist upon
his instant departure He resolutely asserted his intention to
continue in Kansas and take the consequences, whereupon they
carried him from Leavenworth, his place of abode, to Weston, in
Missouri, shaved one side of his head, tarred and feathered him,
rode him on a rail, and eventually, as he still persisted in his ob-
duracy, employed a negro to sell him in the streets. This con-
duct, on the part of their executive committee, was endorsed
thoroughly by a public assemblage of the proslavery party, held
in Leavenworth, and a member of the legislature against the
frauds in the election of which Mr. Phillips had protested, had
the honor to preside on the occasion. The acts of the committee
were recited in detail and approved by the resolutions adopted,
the " vigilanters " being thanked and discharged. The pro-
slavery men who had wisely suggested submission to the law,
were condemned unsparingly in other resolutions adopted at the
same time, and in words slightly varied, but the same in effect,
" war to the knife," was denounced against all disturbers, as the
only means by which " peace and harmony for the community "
could be secured. The stream was growing broader and deeper
in which the proslavery party was to be engulphed, and on which
the union was to float into the realization of grander results than
had ever before been attained by human government under diffi-
culties so prodigious. Longfellow wisely calls us to

" Know how sublime a thing it is, ' '''

To suffer and be strong." ' h

164

Tuttle's History of K ass as.

The governor, as we bave seen, had started for Washington,
but before going, he issued his proclamation convening the legis-
lature at Pawnee. Subsequent revelations from dillerent sources
show that Mr. Eeeder had many interviews with President Pierce,
in which the state of affairs in Kansas was described from the
standpoint of the executive of the territory communicating mat-
ters of fact to his official superior. The president appeared to ap-
])rove what had been done by his appointee, but at the same time
informed him that much pressure was being exerted to secure his
removal, and that there would be danger for him personally
should he return to Kansas, as the proslavery men were very
bitter against him, and his advice was that the governor should
resign. He further intimated that in the event of his counsel be-
incr followed, another appointment would be given to Mr. Reeder.
The recommendation offered by the president was very distasteful
to the governor, and he appears to have declined on the ground
that it would be dishonorable to abandon the post of duty be-
cause of an unmanly fear of consequences to himself, while the
people were so perilously placed, and when there was a probability
that his successor, not being so well informed as to the facts, might
favor the wrongdoers. There was quite a series of discussions
between the two men as to the course which should be adopted,
but they could not arrive at an understanding which would meet
the views of botli sides. President Pierce wanted to please the
proslavery party and the democrats generally, without offending
public opinion outside of those organizations. Uis diplomatic
suggestion was that Mr. Eeeder should submit a complete digest
(jfThe affairs transpiring in the territory, and explain in oetail his
own action in the premises, in an official paper ; that upon the re-
ceipt of tlie official precis, he (the president) should assume the
full responsibility of removing his subordinate, not on the ground
of disapproval of his conduct, but because it was expedient to
allay the anger of contending parties by such action, and in the
minute which would communicate officially the decision of the
chief executive, there was to have been a complete excneratioa
of the governor's conduct, covering ahke his actions and his mo-
tives. Upon that basis many interviews were had, but it was not
possible to shape the statement from Mr. Eeeder's position in such

/"ashington,
g the legis-
ent sources
lent Pierce,
I from the
eating mat-
leared to ap-
e same time

0 secure his
. personally

1 were very
rnor should

counsel be-
Mr. Reeder.
y distasteful

the ground
of duty be-
If, while the
I probability
J facts, might
E discussions

be adopted,

would meet
o please the
lut offending
s diplomatic
nplete digest
> in oetail his
t upon the re-
[ assume the
n the ground
expedient to
1, and in the
cision of the
3 excneratioa
( and his mo-
but it was not
asition in such

Tebritohial UisTonr.

165

a way as to satisfy President Pierce. He was in his first term of
oifice, and wliile tlicre was a chance of reelection it was natural
he should not wish to alienate votes ; but unless the maneuver
now in hand could be managed with supreme skill, it was possible
that he would offend both sections of his supporters. Hence the
negotiation came to nothing, because Mr. Reeder objected to figure
as a victim. An intimation that it would bs made personally
advantageous to him if he would, as of his own accord, resign,
was resented by him as an insult, and the parties were left each
to his own resources and responsibilities. There was one point
at which Mr. Reeder was vulnerable; he had become one of a
company which had urged upon the general government the sale
of an Indian reservation, and which had intimated its willingness
to buy the land in question at a very liberal valuation. There
had been nothing in the nature of a conspiracy to procure the
property for less than value, nor was there any clandestine action
on the part of the governor ; but it was an attempt to speculate
in the lands of the territory over which he temporarily ruled, and
that was the ])retext upon which the president intimated that ho
might act in removing Mr. Reeder, unless a private arrangement
could be made for a resignation. With that knowledge in his
mind, the governor returned to the territory on the twenty-fourth
of June, one month before the legislative assembly was to con-
vene. A man conscious of having misconducted himself in his
official capacity would have availed himself of the bridge of gold
by which he might have retreated into a more lucrative and less
difficult position. The fact that he did not resign is presumptive
testimony in his favor. The hard road which he had chosen to
travel was not such as any man, seeking only his own comfort,
would have pursued. Before he had been many days in Leaven-
worth, after his return from Washington, one of his enemies. Gen.
Stringfellow, struck him in his office, without warning of any
kind, while his attention was attracted elsewhere, and it was a
matter for great rejoicing among the ruffians of the border, that
one of their party had knocked down the free state governor.
The perpetrator of that outrage was afterwards elected speaker of
the house of representatives. Before the legislative assembly
convened, on Monday, July 22, 1855, there had been a caucus of

.''■■<

,1'..;

IQQ TlTTLlfs HiSTOin- OF KAXSAii.

the proslavery party to arrange their pla.i of action. They had,
as it were, a full dress rehearsal on Sunday, the twen y-h st a cl
.vere ready for every emergeney. The \"f --'-"''^^f ^i;;,^;',
in due eourse on Monday, and organized by eleeting Mr. rh-rnas
Johnston president of the eouneil, and Gen. Stnngtellow speaker
of the lower house. The first aet of the eouneil was to purge the
house of men who had been eleeted under the seeond proelama-
tion. The lower house pursued a course very nearly similar,
was in vain that the free soil men argued or protested ; they bad
no locus standi, according to the committee on credentials in botU
houses. The action taken by the governor was condemned ta
toto; the eourse pursued by the mob in every case was found ex-
cellent. The report was a partisan document and there can be
no doubt that the men who prepared it, as well as the men who
adopted it, were conscious that it was unsound from ^egimunS ^^
end, but the ends of the party must be considered, and the end
justified the means " once more, in the interminable records of
wronc^ doing. The minority wue allowed to speak and to pro-
test, but in the house of representatives the speaker informed one
of the minority that "their speeches would not change a single
vote " In every case the free state men who were chosen in tlie
second election were unseated, and those who were eleeted in
March were declared the sitting members. The election at Leav-
enworth was controlled by the Missouri mob in May as it had
been in March, and consequently there was no representative fronrx
that precinct to be expelled. In the council the s:mie ends were
reached by a slightly diilerent, process. Judge Wakefield and
Mr Wood V 3.- expelled, and Mr. Conway, the other member o
the council elected in May, baa already resigned. The expelled
members were magnanimously allowed v) protest against the aet
which unseated them, and in each ease the protest was well drawn
and forcible, but powerless, notwithstanclirg, because it was ad-
dressed to men who represented Missouri and not Kansas, and
who were amenable to a public opinion which held northerners as
"vermin " The decks were now cleared for action. There was
only one man in the house of representatives, Mr. Houston, whose
views agreed with the public opinion of Kansas, and there was
no free state man in the cauncil. Mr. Houston, finding himself

TEiiinrom. i /. II is Ton v.-

ic:

They luiJ,
nty-fiivst, and
ed at Pawnoo
Mr. Th< mas
iUow speaker
to purge the
nd proclania-
y similar. It
>d ; they had
iitials ill both
joiulemned in
vas found ex-
there can bo
the men who
1 beginning to
and " the end
ble records of
ik and to pro-
f informed one
lange a single
chosen in the
fere elected in
ection at Leav-
May as it had
esentative from
anie ends were
Wakefield and
ther member of
The expelled
against the act
was well drawn
iuse it was ad-
,ot Kansas, and .
d northerners as
on. There was
Houston, whose
, and there was
finding hinr.self

surrounded by evil influences, which he ncitlier could control nor
modify, resigned his position subsequently to escape the appear-
ance of complicity in a series of shameless acts, and reserved his
strength for occasions in which he could render better service to
his constituents.

The second act of the wo houses wns to pass a bill temporari-
ly locating the seat of government at Shawnee, but when that meas-
ure was transmitted to the governor, he returned it disallowed,
stating his objections. The act of organi^iation gave to the gov-
ernor the power to nominate the temporary place of government,
and to the legislature the right to locate it permanently, there-
fore the two houses had sought to usurp the governor's preroga-
tive and had neglected to uso their own. The reasonableness of
Lis objections only constituted an additional argument for pas-
sing the bill over his veto, and the bill became an act, under
which they adjourned to Shawnee Mission, where the legislature
convened on the day named for the reassembly. Tlie governor
had named Pawnee as the seat of government, because it would
be convenient for residents in the territory, and remote from the
influences of the border, but the legislature elected by Missouri
voters, and residing in a great part in that state, preferred Shaw-
nee, because of its nearness to their liomes and to their sources of
inspiration. The law making in which the legislature indulged
was not very laborious. The Missouri code of laws was enacted,
merely changing the words where necessary to make state apply
to territory, and in a few other verbal particulars which were com-
passed by short explanatory clauses. Special legislation provided
for giving to the legislature and to its appointees, all the patron-
age of the territory, so that the present and all future governors
should be powerless to secure fair play for the people, and what-
ever appoii'uaents ahould be made by them were to remain ia
force until after the general election in 1857, when they were cer-
tain that they would have completed their manipulations to plant
slavery as a domestic institution in Kansas as a state. The legis-
lature of 1856 was not to be sleeted until the fall of that year,
and the general eieetion whiolx would occur in the following year
would obviate the necessity for a protracted session, so that the
members could calculate upon their action in the lirst legislative

■'-^WPBW»T-jaaf'w-ffi#Tf^'^fli'i>ifiJ,tfi^^ .

«jH!HHJHlJi_.iU-i

168

Trrrrj:'s Uistouy oi' A'.i.v.sms.

assembly remuining uiicluinged until the assembly after tlie gen-
eral election to bo convened in January, 1858. The wholo
scheme was well considered, and might have been ell'ective to the
full measure of the intentions of the proslavery party, but for
the eontroling fmger of that power, which directs tbe affairs of
all mankind. The action of the pseudo legislature was intended
to bridge over the chasm from the day of its first meeting to the
time when Kansas should have been admitted to the union as a
slave state, and in the interim, every lawyer admitted to practice,
every man appointed to an office, every candidate for election,
must swear to support the provisions of the fugitive slave law.
Ko man was to be permitted to vote in an election, unless he had
first qualified by taking that abominable oath, and foreigners who
liad declared their intentiov. to become citizens were also denied
the franchise. Samson was handed over to his enemies, tied hand
and foot, but he was able to burst his bonds and confound the
Philistines without dragging down the pillars of the temple like
the blinded hero who fell ii victim to the lures of the more cunning
Delilah Their own friends were to come in by shoals without be-
in- .worn to anything, except in the way that had become second
na°u'v, and they might vote in any election, provided they had
paid one dollar each for the privlege of enslaving their fellow cit-
izens by means of the ballot box. The sheriff, one of their own
party was to be in attendance at the polling place on the day of
election, to receive the so called tax, immediately before the votes
were to be recorded. The way was to be made easy for one of
the most unscrupulous and most conscienceless invasions, ever at-
tempted in historic times ; the people to be governed were to be
the only persons without rights in the community, and this speci-
men of popular sovereignty and state rights constituted the first
finished illustrauon of the meanings of the proslavery party. Here
all discrnise was flung aside, as no longer useful, the game had
been vvon, there was only one thing further necessary, and that
rris to divide the plunder. There was always a possibility that
some m-^^n might be brought to trial, and it was important
that trial .- jury, the "palladium of jusilce," as it has been
called, in the days when it was not thought necessary for a
jnan to be without common sense to find the way to the

U-rir.-^-i .^fc^^^aafl

TKiiRiTomAL History.

109

• tlie gon-
lic wliolo
ive to the
r, but for

iiffairs of
; intondcd
ing to the
nion .13 a
:o practice,
r election,
slave law.
ics3 he had
igners who
,lso dollied
, tied hand
1 found the
emple like
)re cunning
without be-
ome second
d they had
c fellow cit-
f their own
the day of
re the votes
f for one of
JUS, ever at-

were to be
:I this speci-
itcd the first
party. Here
; game had.
ry, and that
isibility that
IS important
it has been
!ssary for a
way to the

jury box, should be made safe for the governing party. Tliat
end could readily be made safe beyond the chance of accident
ShcrifTs, as well as all other officers, must be of their own
party or they could not take the qualifying o;uhs, and th.e .'^elec-
tion of jurymen was' to be left to the discretion of the sheriff,
with this additional provi.so, that in any trial relating to slaves, no
man should sit as a juror if he had any scruples as to sanctioning
slavery. Persons accused of decoying slaves from their masters
would find in such machinery a despotism against which they
must be absolutely powerless, and the punishments which were
to follow upon conviction, transferred to the regular courts all the
abominations and brutalities incidental to the rule of Judge
Lynch, or the worst days of the incpiisition. There was one dis-
quietude on the minds of the Shawnee legislators ; they had pass-
ed bill after bill to the governor, and that gentleman had return-
ed them, saying that they were not legally constituted, because
they were not sitting in the place where lie had convened them
by his proclamation, and their adjournment to Shawnee was rdlra
vires. Had Mr. Eeeder retained the bills, they would have be-
come law by effluxion of time under the organic act, but he had
returned every bill in due course with the same carefully worded
statement. They were alarmed. They were playing for heavy
stakes with loaded dice, and they wanted to be quite sure that
after the game had been finished they would obtain the spoil, so
the matter was submitted to the supreme court, which was com-
posed mainly of their friends, and was then sitting in Shawnee.
Sound lawyers would have answered them that an extra judicial
opinion is worthless, as well as an object of suspicion, but the par-
tisans to whom the pseudo legislature had appealed replied with-
out the formality of inquiry, or hearing counsel, or in any way
qualifying themselves to pronounce an opinion, setting forth in
super laudatory terms, the high opinion entertained by the court
of both houses of the legislature, and their action in every par-
ticular. Judge Johnson refused to be a party to the farce, but
there were enough without his concurrence to satisfy the qualms
of the legislature, and thus reinforced the two houses memorializ;-
ed president Pierce to remove the offending and positively dan-
gerous governor. They afBrmed that he treated them with con-

170

TuTTLh!'s History of Kaxsas.

toinpt, ])ctrayc(l a want of interest in the afTairs of Kansas terri-
tory, liad become engaged in fraudulent land speculations, and
worse tlian all besides, that he had allied himself with the aboli-
tionists. Tlie power behind the presidential chair had, however,
antioii)atcd the course that would be necessary, and before the ac-
credited messenger of the assembly could reach Washington, Air.
Eeeder had been removed by the president, and was in receipt of
the notification. Tliat gentleman no longer stood in their way,
and they made ready to worship the rising sun if only the presi-
dent would send them a man who could not be disgusted by
their lawlessness and manifold malpractices.

Pohaius, discoursing to the queen of Denmark concerning the
madness of her son, the Prince Jlumkl, said : " For this el!ect,
defective, comes by cause." So the removal of Andrew 11.
Kecder from his position as governor of Kansas territory came by-
cause ; but there can be little doubt that the true cause was not
set forth in the dooument which was forwarded to that gentleman.
There were three counts in the indiotment under which the gov-
ernor wa,s condemned. "Speculating in Kaw lands," was one
item; that was the Indian reservation before mentioned. The
Kansas tribe of Indians were called Kaws by the French. " Spec-

ulatinc; in town lots" was the next item; and

"convening the

legislature on an United States military reserve," completed the
triangle of attack. It was something to put their assailant upon
his defense, and to be able to say, when their own procedure
might be impugned, that the man who had been their accuser
was removed from his office for improper conduct ; but the histo-
rian must examine the charges with a view to determining the
guilt of the accused. It is not enough that we should inquire,
were the facts as they are stated to have been ; we must also
ascertain if possible whether there was a wrong purpose in the
mind of the accused person. People of some acumen are in the
habit of denouncing Francis Lord Bacon, because he took fees
from suitors in bis court, a practice which is repugnant to our cus-
toms, as well as to our laws, but which, while contrary to law,
was consistent with the rule in the days of James I. of Eng-
land, and had been a practice common in the country for cen-
turies. We must go behind the dry fact always, to ascertain the

aHMMBm

iiiaas terri-
itioiiH, and
the aboli-
, however,
ore the oc-
ngton, Mr.
receipt of
tlieir waj,
the presi-
g listed by

;erning the
this effect,
Lndrew 11.
y came by
ise was not
gentleman,
h the gov-
" was one
>ned. The
h. "Spec-
vening the
ipleted the
ilant upon

procedure
sir accusei*
t the histo-
mining the
Id inquire,

must also
)ose in the
1 are in the
! took fees
to our cus-
ary to law,
I. of Eng-
ry for cen-
icertain the

'^Hfiit^ 'fi^'rir^i^m

••^mm

4^. m-xmm

T Kit It iron I. \ I. Ills Ton y.

ameliorating circumstances; and just that course of procedure in
this instance will enable us to nee Mr. Itoeder's action in tlie light
wliicli belonged to iiis time and circumstances, \Vc may be sure
that tiic propagandists were not scruj»ulous lhcm.selvcs. Gov.
Iteeder had purchased a sliare in the town of Pawnee, which wau
laid out within or near the boundaries of the military reserve
known as Fort lliloy ; and he convened the legislative assembly
to a.s.-5emble in that place, where the jjcople had engaged to pro-
vide the necessary accommodations. Tiie commuudcr of the Fort,
Col. ^fontgomcry, was the leader in laying off the town .ear by
the miliary post. The action taken in relation thereto wa * known
to the authorities in Washington, and approved by them. What
had been done at Leavenworth was repeated at Pawnee, adjoining
Fort liiley, but there was this difference that a governor of a ter-
ritory had now taken a hand in the game, paying his full price
with the others and running his chances in a territory not very
likol} to allow town lots to increase in value rapidly. The prob-
abilities simply were, that his money would lie unimproved, giv-
ing little or no interest for years, and even after all tliat, he could
have no advantage which might not just as certainly have been
secured by Brown, Jones or Robinson. It is now evident that
special surveys were made ex post facto, to make it appear that
the town of Pawnee had been located within the military reserva-
tion. Two military commissions in succession having failed
to rt .ort as the chairman of the committee on military affairs
■wished, the secretary of war obliged Missouri and Jeff. Davis by
extending the lines of the last survey, so that Pawnee should be
made a stumbling block to the governor of Kansas, who refused
to be a blind tool in the hands of the proslavery men. Land
■which was not a military reserve when Mr, Reedcr tock a share
in the town, and when he convened the legislature, ivas made a
reserve afterwards for partisan purposes, under the manipulating
hand of a man whose influence and whose purposes have since
that lime become matter of history in the red light of civil war.
Pawnee was razed to the ground by one thousand dragoons from
Texas in 1855; but there is nothing in all that to make Mr.
Eeeder blameworthy in the least. If Mr. Eeeder had allowed
himself to be made a sharer in the enterprise without purchase,

17B

Tl'TTf.H's UlSTOHY OF K.lXS.is'.

tliere woiiM have been !i sufTiciotu ground for blaming him, but
when thi) man who winked at the proceedings of jiroslavery men
nt I'^ort Leavenworth, hiyingod a town on an Indian reserve, and
dealing with it in the inannev known to have been followed iu
that case, mado the very moilcuto and legitimate action of tho
Fort Kiloy men tho pretcxi for destroying a town and dismissing
a governor, it is not diHioult to see that the pretext was not tho
canso, that tho real sin committed was tho noncompliance with
proslavcry dictation. The Kaw land speculation meant nothing
more than that Mr. Eeedor was one of a company that would
have bought part of the reservation belonging to the Kaw half
breeds, if the president had given his consent to the sale, paying
$-1.00 per acre for the land ; hut the purchase was never made.
Tho Delaware land adjoining was sold for $1.50 per acre, and no-
body was blamed for I'articipating in the venture. The charges
were pretexts, nothing more. Had the man been mercenary, ho
might have mado his own terms with the unscrupulous party that
thwarted him at every move, not because he was unjust, but
because he held the scales of justice with a hand firm and inex-
orable, and could not be influenced by party. Ilis instincts as a
partizan would have made him Missourian had the proslavery
men been guided by an approximation to fair play ; but when he
saw them moved by the lowest greed, .seeking their own end
always, by means often of the most brutal description ; when he
found them overriding the laws which he had sworn to administer
faithfull}', and expecting him to be a party to their machinations;
when he found that the principles which he admired in democ-
racy had no place in the programme of his nominal friends, he
turned from them irrespective of consequences, not to ally him-
self with the free state party, but to strive to .secure justice for
them; and his action deserves the approval of every right
minded man. He was strong, and he favored the weak, becom-
ing weak himself for their sakes, yet never identifying himself
with them in such a manner as to make them his partisans.
When he permitted himself to be intimidated into issuing the
certificates to the Missourian crowd of pseiido legislators, he did
one act which cannot be defended, but with that single exception,
his conduct as governor merited praise at every step, and consid-

'IS

tMBMB

BpS''?"N'*3IIW(RbP>

Ti:i!i!tri)iiiM. llisioi; r.

173

iiig him, but
isl livery men

reworvo, and

full owed in
iction of tho
d dismissing
, was not tho
pliiuiee with
jaiit nothing

that wouUl
ie Kaw half

sale, paying
never made,
acre, and no-
The charges
lercenary, ho
us party that

unjust, but
m and inex-
instincts as a
e proslavery
but when he
3ir own end
on ; when he
to administer
lachinations;
kI in democ-
,1 friends, he
to ally him-
■e justice for

every right
veak, becom-
j'ing himself
lis partisans.
> issuing the
ators, he did
le exception,
, and consid-

ering the time of trial, in which he came .so litth- .scathed through
th(! ordeal, lie was a man among ten thousand. The legislature
which pititioncil for his removal wa.s hounded by the organic act
which forbade the members to hold odices of omolumeut during
the time that tlioy were membcr.s, and for .some considerable time
after their terms of oflTice should have expired ; Init in spite of all
Kueli rcstriction.s, those men constituted e.icli other ollicers in vari-
ous capacities, and were not .scrupuh^us as to the emoluments be-
.stowed because every man wanted his own log rolled in turn.
They turned all their powers into money considerations. Tluiy
gave illegal privileg(is to joint stock companies, chartered works
of various kinds to bcnellt lli(!m.selve.s, and jobbed oil the location
of the capital of the «tuto for their personal advantage only. Tho
Missourians who ^ omained at home, bearing tho exiienscs of
the inva.sion, and ..^ ^roving the a.ssaults upon the citizens of tho
territory and upon their governor, had something besides applause
to bestow wlicn they found their henchmen carving fortunes for
them.selves out of tho general ruin, and perhaps some who still
posses.sed a few drachms of serviceable con.science, may have be-
gun to doubt whether Mr. Kceder, the victim of such knaves, was
really so black as he had been painted.

CHAPTER VIII.

TERRITORIAL HISTORY.

(.continued.)

DIFFICULTIES BEFOUE GOV. SHANNON.

Legislation in Sliawnec — Proslivvery Laws — Bond and Free — Death for
Abolitionists — Sifting the Jury Panel — Self-cliosen Legislators — Pres-
idential Sympathies — Revolutionary Constancy — Spirit of '70 — Pri-
mary Meeting — Shall we Convene? — Oppression Breeds Resistance —
Free States to the Rescue — Pass of Thermopylos — Democrats Denounce
Missouri — The Sham Legislature — Mass Convention — Frank Pierce
Defended — Strange Associates — Big Springs Platform — Topeka Con-
vention— The Shawnee Farce —United we Stand —Vindicating Reeder —
Ex-Governor Heard From — Delegation to Gov. Shannon — State Consti-

•m9»

174 'rrri'LH's IlisnntY nr A' i.v.v.is.

tiitlnii — ('iiiivciilion Kxt'Ciitlvo— PLMiplcH* l»ri>cl«iniilloii -- l'iiliii<"i in
ChiirciKH— I'riiyer to (\)nj{ri'»H — Twin Uclcpilcs — Dimasli lul Physic —
Pliysliiiiii IIi'iil Tli.vsclC— Twccdli'dinu iiiiilTwccdliMlrn - I't.liiiiiil MmI-
liiimiiy DtiiMuialM iirid Ki'|iulili(:iitiM -'I'lii' l'i<'s.'< — Tlio word " Wlulc "
— I'MiBl Conutilution — Tfrritorlul Kxccutivu — Wu nru Ui'udj .

Mit. Kkkkkh's rcMioval was followed by the nppoiiitinciil o£ his
BUccesHor, tlio llo'i, Wilson Sluiniion, of Oliio, tlie second in tlio
category of seven governors who were to serve in Kansas within^
the seven years intervening between tlie inangnralion of govern-
ment in tlie territory, and the election of the lirst governor of tho
state. Mr. Shannon accepted his appointment, and in due course
■will be found assuming tho duties of his ollicc ; but for tho pres-
ent, it will be well to c.xatnino the elements out of which he was
exjiected to establish a settled and homogeneous conKiimiity.
The Germans have a proverb which says that " against ilir Humheit
tho Gods arc pc rurless." Tho fool is invincible in his folly, ft
would be one of the wonders of an extraordinary age, could Mr.
Shannon have ruled such men for their good ; bui ;i bri<f digcbt
of some of tho nets of tho Shawnee legislature will best illustrate
the dilTiculties of his jwsition. To recapitulate their acts in full
is a duty which happily does not devolve upon the historian.
Tho \wi chapter closed with a few references to the personal aims
■v'hic ) were pursued in defiance of law and decency, by tho legis-
lators ; their results in the form of law making will come next in
order. We have .seen that the code of law adopted for the terri-
tory was a transcript of the laws operating in Missouri, with just
such verbal changes as were necessary to make their statutes ap-
ply to the people and tho territory to be ruled. What was done
in that case needs no further comment, because in Missouri tho
experiences of many states had been availed of in preparing the
best forms of law of which the ingenuity and wisdom of mankind
had conceived, aided by the light shed upon such abstruse sub-
jects, from the days of the banishment of Solon, to the. latest tri-
umphs of Kufus Choate. Only what is exceptional and special
demands particular notice, and in that category we include the pro-
slavery laws which were enacted in Shawnee by the representa-
tives of Missouri sentiment. The laws in that state were, as gen-
erally they may be found in most communities, better than the

IIhI'

w;y-wHftuj'»:»tjtfjtaaBiii

BH*8iPJ*#s**5;w,:^rTS^iaWK

I — I'llliliCS ill

^Irllll I'liysic —
- Piililinil Miil-

Wdlll " WlUtL' "

ml}.

itinciit (){ his
ifcond in tli','!
Kansas wilhii!
II of govcni-
venior of tlio
11 duo course
for tlio pres-
/vlii(!li lie was

coi'Kininity.
5t (Ur 'Imnhvit
his folly. It
ge, could Mr.
I brief digoBt
jcst illustrate
' acts in full
:he historian,
personal aims

by the Icgis-
corne next in

for the terri-
iri, with just
r statutes ap-
liat was done
Missouri the
preparing the
a of mankind
abstruse sub-
the. latest tri-

and special
jlude the pro-
e representa-
were, as gen-
jtter than the

i.^&m^m^vi-^i:j^'g.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

.V4i,

<: V

1.0

I.I

1^ 1^ III 2.2
1^ i2.0

1.8

■•25 11.4 11.6

*tHwi --

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

-^^Vl^

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716)872-4503

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHJVJ/ICIVIH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

*■

Terhitobial History.

17ft

. .iveragc of public thought and desire, but not quite on a par with
tlu' righteousness of the best men, who are a law unto themselves.
AVhcn the law books were reenacted with explanatory clauses,
consequent!}^, fair results were accomplished, but when special
acts were initiated and passed, the old landmarks were lost sight
of, the mariners were at sea without stars, compass or chronometer,
and they allowed their feelings to become their guides, so that
Kiuisas territory was to be governed by the sentiments of a class,
which stood in Missouri at an immense disparity, below the tone
of its adopted laws. The tendency of civilization is toward the
mitigation of punishments, and death penalties where they are not
abandoned altogether are restricted until they apply only to
offenses of the most henious description, such as murder without
mitigating circumstances. The old time savagery is being effaced
from our statute books, and all good men rejoice in that feature
of this dispensation. With that fact fully impressed upon our
minds we may examine a few of the offenses which were named
by the Solons of Shawnee, and the penalties which were to be paid
by offenders who fell under their ban for assisting their fellow
men with complexions less comely, to realize "life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness," the rights inherent in humanity under
the most sacred sanctions ever participated in by a free people.
Should any man raise an insurrection among slaves, free negroes,
or mulattoes, he should suffer death ; and any free person assist-
ing by furnishing arms, or by any other overt act, should be
amenable to the same penalty. The language of the act was man-
datory : '• Shall suffer death." The dread of a servile insurrection
must have been overwhelming when such harsh punishments were
so rigorously upheld ; but the area of offense was to be consider-
ably widened before the actual circumstances and probabilities of
Kansas territory could be reached, and consequently, the same
penalty, in the same terms, was set down against any person who
by speaking, writing or printing, should persuade slaves, free hc-
groes or mulattoes to rebel, or conspire against, or murder any
citizen. That provision was decidedly a hard road to travel, for
any abolitionist who might stand for trial before a jury of slave
owners, or their defendants, entitled in their awful responsibility
to be judges of the law, as well as of the fact, and to translate the

■ ^■m-l;ii)»i 'mifm' '-< ,.|'»"'L'«'iH*

170 Tuttle's IIisTvur of Kax.sas.

words '^ conspire," "rebel" and "persuade," by their feelings of
bate against the individual and the class assumed to be repre-
sented by liini. The last seetion of the act provided that no man
should serve as a juror in any trial in whieli slaves and slavery
were essential items, if he had conscientious scruples agauist

slavery.

Minor offenses under the act, such as helping a slave to escape,
were treated as grand larcenies, and there was an option resting
with court and jury, as the punishment might be death, but could
not be less than ten years imprisonment with hard labor. Every
variation that could be imagined of that form of offense was pro-
vided for in the same way. Any person persuading a slave to
escape, or assisting him after he had effected his escape, was to
be imprisoned with hard labor not less than five years. If the
escaped slave had made his way to Kansas from any other state
or territory, the penalty for assisting him in any case should be
precisely the same, as if his master or owner resided in the terri-
tory. Any person resisting an ollicer engaged in arresting a slave,
or persuading or assisting the slave to escape from the officer, or
from any other person having the said slave in custody, should
suffer imprisonment with hard labor not less than two years.
Any officer refusing to assist in arresting a slave who might have
escaped from his owner in Kansas, or anywhere else, must pay a
fine not exceeding $500, nor less than $100 in every such case.
Any person writing anything likely to produce disaffection among
slaves, or publishing any such writing, or asserting that men had
no right to hold slaves in the territory, could be imprisoned, sub-
ject to hard labor not less than five years. Under such circum-
stances it might well be matter for doubt who were the bondmen
und who were the free men, if indeed tliere were to be any such
ill the territory. Further legislation was still found necessary ;
the death penalty must be made more widely operative, imprison-
ment with hard labor for any number of years would not suffice,
and consequently a second and more stringent act was passed,
which made the punishment of death imperative in many of the
cases which had been more leniently considered in the first recited
act. The lower type of thought in Missouri was to govern in
Kansas, and it need not be wondered at that the better class of

TEllBlTOUIAr: IflSToll Y.

177

lieir feeling? of
d to bo repre-
led that no niuii
,ves and slavery
scruples a.^ainst

slave to escape,
11 option restin<5
death, but could
d labor. Every
oiTense was pro-
iding a slave to
is escape, was to
■e years. If the
I any other state
y case should bo
ided in the terri-
arresting a slave,
jm the onicer, or
I custody, should
than two years,
who might have
else, must pay a
L every such case,
isaflection among
iiig that men had
imprisoned, sub-
nder such circum-
fere the bondmen
re to be any such
found necessary ;
jerative, imprison-
would not suffice,
t act was passed,
'6 in many of the
in the first recited
was to govern in
the better class of

democrats, residing then in the territory, who until then had never
conic into contact with the more repulsive features of tlic pro-
slavery party, sliould draw_back with horror from such associa-
tions. It was not easy for men who had seen the unscrupulous
conduct recently exhibited at the polling places, which had been
surrounded in every precinct in Kaiisa.^, to believe tliat such men
as coinpcjsed the bogus legislature in Siiawnee were moved by
conscience flone to tlieir one sided Draconian work, merely bo-
cause they covered the pursuit of their personal and selfish ainia
with the name adopted by the followers of Jellerson. Democracy
meant something higher and better than that, or else tlie vices of
an aristocracy and the oppressions of a monarchy would be as
virtues by com})arison. Democrats were alienated from the begin-
ning from the excesses which the border ruffians had indulged in
under their own eyes, and now they commenced to draw off from
the Kansas wing of their party. Tliey meant to make Kansaa
their home, to rear around them the institutions which make life
supportable, to raise their families and themselves into affluence
and cultivation in the territory which they hoped to make into a
state, and it was natural that they should desire so much of free-
dom as would leave the ballot box free for every man's vote, as
would extend the guaranties of security impartially over all prop-
erties alike, and would maintain the rights of conscience so far as
that every person might express an opinion without danger of im-
prisonment or death supervening, even though he might presume
to assert that one man had no right to hold another in involuntary
bondage because his li2)s were thicker, and his hair not quite so
straight. If the men from whom these laws had emanated had
been honest representatives of the public opinion of Kansas terri-
tory, such enactments would have been none the less atrocious,
but the fact of their usurpation, added

•
"Gall to make oppression bitter."

The world's history had offered nothing more repugnant to
mankind, in the form of sovereign contempt for the dictates of
humanity, since Xero dishonored and destroyed his mother, to
rival the vices of another monster. The wrongs against which
our forefathers rose, when this handful of colonies first became a
12

j^g TrTTu:'s UiiiTovr or /v'i.v.sm.'^.

,,,ti(>n wero.s notlnng hy comparison ^vith tho high Inna..! in-
:n:Vf,.eo speech tlL refusal of free voti,.,. an t e >...
forc.-ce uilh jury panels ^vl.ich were now to eome into opaat.on
> cial . vc'.,Lrs under British rule son.etin.es overs eppc.

1 uv to punish oirendors a.ainst their person and d.gn.ty, bu
tself supposed every man free to express an opnnon. ev a
ho it confliet d .-ith authority, and when infraeUons were to
: u i hed by prosecutions for libel, the man who threw hnnself
'; Lcoun' , pleading justiileation ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ f!^^^^^:
Ih plea was allowed in law, often found the p.ry oHns oun -
"en \ sufTieient protection against the oppressor Now that t mc
Cored curity .'as abrogated at one stroke by n.en who had
: d themsel/es to omee in wanton defiance of tlu. comnuun^^^^^^^
to whom they dictated barbarous laws, such as would have d s
™dU.e dark ages of Europe, or the rule of the Spaniard m
Mexi o rublic opinion, which could govern congress and pres-
f] n relsewherc, would not be so readily suppressed and it came
n ot.l TJay b slow developments, but it came with such power
that verobstllc was at length removed. To petition such
out Xfs mockeries as the two houses constituting the legisla-
Tv aCe bly at Shawnee, would have been folly ; there was n.
comn on ground between the men who had usurped authority to
r t for^heir own greed and aggrandizement, and the people,
: losl e e 1.^1 stinet was to be overridden ; but there was a power
Tbove and beyond that miserable sirmdacher, .nA the appeal of
d moc-t and'republieans alike was made to the general govern-
t" t PrSdent rierce and the administration were asked to
•r eapro laination denouncing the conduct of the invaders of
Kr.as^ rritory, and calling upon all good citizens eyerywiiere
Kansas ten ly, ^^^^^^ ^^re in the territory at

to discourage «"°\ P^^^^ "; ^^^^^ ,^ ^y^^m such a proelam-
, at time ^^^^:^^,^e had the force of law,
K- ""If the 'r which were in sympathy with Missouri
.y Lf'.tr^^lo.erconX^ have been brought into play

;:^i;r^r;::.bidingeier^^^^^^

should a.pear that the president was not in svmi y

.rong doers, and obedient to ^e ^^^^^^ .^.^ ,, ,,,

other demogogues of that stamp, wuu

««>,<lii)r'*"*f:l* ■WTM*''*-'

iti^w'i»'^-i»yw'

Tr:iiiiTTORT.ir. HrsTonr.

1:0

rrh liandfil in-
[inil tlic iiit.T-
nto ojicnition.
(9 overstepped
id dignity, but
1 opinion, even
ictif)ns wore to
threw liimself
;s, althongli no
of his country-
Now that timo
7 men who had
ho community,
'ould have dis-
le Spaniard in
so-ross and pres-
;ed, and it came
ath such power

0 petition such
ting the legisla-
' ; there was nO
ped authority to
ind the people,
ere was a power
id the appeal of

1 general govern-
1 were asked to

the invaders of
;ns, everywhere,
the territory at
such a proclam-
the force of law,
hy with Missouri
)rought into play
;re, as soon as it
rmpathy with the
en. Atchison and
every day of the

power which could be exercised in that (piartcr. Tlie vcinoval of
Gov. Hccilcr was, of conr.=iC, an evidence more potent than wonld
of the truth of their claims, and when, within a short timo, two of
tho judges wore removeil from their judicMal district.^ 011 the same
gauzy pretext which had served in Mr. Ilceder's case, to cover tho
punishment of one who had not been sufficiently subservient to
their demands, there was a tolerably significant hint for Gov.
Sliannon that presidential action would support the Missourian
faction, let his sympathies go where they might. Still for some
time longer the honest democrats in Kansas territory were believ-
ers in the desire of President Pierce to give them help.

The other section of the residents had long since realized the
situation, and on them the spirit of 76 sat like the mantle which
fell from the heavenward ascending car of fire, upon the should-
ers of Elisha. They were neither rash nor pusillanimous, but
possessing tlieir souls in peace, they waited for the outcome of
events, with a constancy which did not waver, and with a cour-
age that could wait, where more timid men might have alternated
between submission and outbreak. They could no longer be de-
luded with the expectation that the general government would in-
terpose, to favor them and the cause of justice, and therefore it
became necessary to organize themselves, for purposes of defense.
In the afternoon of June 8th, the citizens of the territory were
called together at Lawrence, to hold a primary meeting in which
the aspect of affairs was discussed from every stand point, by-
able men, anxious so to shape their course, as that they should
carry along with them the fullest approval of the great common-
wealth of liberal thought. The primary meeting determined that
a convention should be called together in Lawrence on the 25th
of that month, to consider and take action if found advisable, in
reference to the legislature which was then shortly to assemble in
Pawnee. The minds of men were much exercised as to the
course which it devolved upon the community to pursue. We
are too apt to be ruled in any case by precedents which have been
formed for us by others, in circumstances more or less like those
in which we find ourselves placed, and in the experiences of the
union there was no case precisely analogous to the then condition
of Kansas ; therefore, men were compelled to reason from first

1^-

AiiawwiaMftwiH

m0*'

"■? )»L mi iiMinmw

180

Tl'TTLffs IIlSTORY OF Ka.XSAS.

principles, to determine what tliey ouglit do. Tiicre was a full
determination on one point ; tiie citizens of Kansas would not bow
down to the idol of brass with the feet of day, but the anxiety
which was exhibited took the form of desiring to avoid a wrong
inove at the outset, from which there would have to be a retreat!
Tiie representative districts of the territory in their several pre-
cincts were invited to send five delegates each to tlie conventicm,
and at the time and place named every precinct was represented.
Judge Wakefield was elected i)resi.lent of the convention, and
the siiirit manifested by the mendjers generally was as good as
could be wished. It could serve no good purj)ose to narrate the
proceedings of the body in detail ; suffice it to say that there was
no lack of courage in the emergency, but there was wisdom as
well as resolve. When John Falstafl' said that, " Discretion is the
better i)art of valor," he said what was absolutely true and note-
worthy, as more will depend upon the foresight of the council,
and the conmiand, than upon the mere animal courage of the
combatants. The convention determined that it was the duty of
every lover of freedom and justice to abandon for the present all
minor considerations, to waive all differences in mere matters of
detail, and to give and accept aid from any persons or organiz-
ations that would assist in securing freedom for Kansas. They
affirmed their indubitable right to conduct their domestic affairs
as a state untrammeled by the interference of any one outside their
own borders, and coupled therewith their determination to exer-
cise the powers that inhered in them as free men, entitled to self
government. Thoy came to the conclusion that whatever laws
might be passed by the legislature at Pawnee could have no
authority over them, as it was of the essence of republican gov-
ernment, that the laws should be made by the people, as well as
for them. They were conscious that in the struggle daily becom-
ing more imminent, they and their friends must be ready to meet
tlie assault of Missouri in its worst form, but they were not in-
timidated by the prospect ; and they finished their labors by sug-
gesting that a free state central committee should be appointed
by the electors to act as the executive of the popular i)arty, to
which every precinct should send its quota, in proportion to the
number of members of the legislature returned by each distiict.

} \

f^lf^'-

Th:iinir(u.i.[i. I/isioi; y.

here was a full
woukl not bow
lit the anxiety
avoid a wrong
to be a retreat,
eir several pre-
;he convention,
as rejiresonted.
:invontion, and
vas as good as
to narrate the
that there was
ras wisdom as
discretion is the
true and note-
of the council,
2ourago of the
as the duty of
the present all
icre matters of

IS or organiz-

ISl

s.ansas.

hey

iincstio affairs
e outside their
ation to exer-
ntitled to self
whatever laws
3uld have no
publican gov-
le, as well as
! daily becom-
ready to meet
■ were not in-
labors by sug-

be appointed
ular party, to
)ortion to the

each distiict.

Two days later in the same place the lifelong democrats resi-
dent in Kansas convened under the title of " the National De-
mocracy" Tliey were desirous to hold fust to the old ways, and
to maintain allog'ance to the organization with which tliev had
trained so long, but tiny recognized that the domestic affairs of
the territory must be amended by some means inside the old lines
of ]iarty, or beyond tliem, and for tiiat reason they had assernl)l<;d
in the manner named, to deal wit'a every issue that might arise.
Col. Jas. n. Lane was unanimously elected chairman, °and the
conventu)n proceeded to business without delay Their commit-
tee on resolutions .Irew up a manifesto, for in that light only
could their preamble and resolutions be viewed, which must have
produced a salutary effect on many minds in Washington, Mis-
souri, and throughout the states, wherever it had been assumed
that the outcry in Kansas was only being made by a few fanati-
cal abolitionists. The democrats commenced by the enunciation
of their 2)arty faith and their indorsement of the i)latform of 1852,
and going in proper form from generals to particulars, went on t7)
say that the interests of the territory demanded an early and
thorough, organization of their party upon truly national grounds.
They courteously requested that citizens of neighboring states
would allow them to manage their own affairs inlheir ovvn way,
and pronounced emphatically in a few words against illegal vot-
ing from any quarter, whether by outsiders or others. The tone
of the assembly was as entirely radical on the question at i.«sue,
as had been free state convention in the same i)lace two days
earlier. Events were now crowding fast and thick upon each
other's heels. The legislative assemblv had met at Pawnee and
had expelled all its free state member;, v-^th only one exception,
Mr. Houston, before the next meeting wr., convened on the 11th
of July The action of the i)seudo legislature had not taken any-
body by surprise, as it had been understood from the first what ■
were to be the tactics of the corrupt majority, but none the less it
was the duty of t!ie free state men to carry the public with them,
and to mark their sense of every fresh outrage in a becoming way!
The meeting was largely attended by the citizens, a!id Judge .John
A. Wakefield, one of the expelled men, was called to the chair.
There was considersble latitude of opinion as to the course which

1S2

Ti. iri.r.'s IhsTouY <>y /v'.i.vs.is.

Bhouia now 1)0 taktM). an.l seven Hpirite.l u.ia.vs.-crf were n.iuu' bo-
Bides the opening' and elosiii-,' roiiKirk.s of the cliHiiiiiiiii. Must u£
the speakers having in their luiiuls tlio faet, that there was really
no lejrishitivo assembly sitting in Kansas, inasniueh as the jo.ly
of men ehosen by the mobs from aeross the bonier, w<;re in no
sense representing the will of the territory. re.^onnueiuUHl that the
peoi)le should be at onee ealled upon toeleet a eonvention for thu
l)urpose of framing a eonstitution to be submitted to congress as
tho basis of an applieation that the territory should be admitted
into the union. One speaker, .seeing no hope of any good result
from an appeal to eongress in that manner, urged that there
should be an organization to defend tho ballot box against all
comers, except those who were entitled to east their vote in each
election. Eventually the citizens resolved that a nuuss meeting
of all free state citizens thr.)ughout the territory should be eon-
vened at Lawrenee on the KHh day of August, to consider ibo sit-
uation of KaiKsas and its government.

The general mass eonvention assembled at the time and place
named, and tho session lasted until the evening of August loth.
Uon. rhilip C. Schuyler presided, and .several vice presidents wore
nominated. Dr. liobinson, whose name will be familiar to our
readers as having brought to Lawrence the lirst detachtnont of
emigrants, under the auspices of the New England society, and
who°-c demeanor throughout the momentous events yet to be seen,
secured him tho honor to be elected the first governor of the free
state of Kansas, was chairman of tho committee on resolutions;
und the matter contained in the documents submitted by him to
the convention aflorded sullieient margin for discussion. There
■was daily occurring some new wrong which tend'd to exasperate
good men against the party then administering the allairs of Kan-
sas. Fourteen days had elapsed since the removal of Mr. Roeder,
who still remained in the territory, and his successor would not
arrive until the first day of September, pending which event the
executive function was in the hands of Daniel Woodson, the ter-
ritorial secretary, and he did the work required by the Missounan
faction with such obsequiousness that his masters in the legisla-
ture forwarded petitions to Washington to procure him the per-
manent appointment. He would have been their tool for any

A.-^-.

■■at.i.il— imJtf-'lS^irtwi

Ti:iiUlTiH!lM. lllsTollY.

is;;

wore iiiiiiu' bo-

IIWlll. Ml)St of

lieie was really
:h as tlio joily
Icr, W'.'i'o ill no
oikUhI that iho
volition for tliu
to coiigrcsH ad
1 1 be ad 11 lilted
11 y ;if()i)d result
lieil that there
)ox against all
;ir vole in caeh
a mass iiieeling
should be con-
consider ibo sit-

lime and place
[ August loth.

presidents were
familiar to our

(letachmcnt of
lud society, and
:s yet to be seen,
iruor of the free

on resolutions ;
littcd by him to
cussion. There
>d to exasperate
e affairs of Kan-
\\ of Ml'. Reeder,
issor would not
vhich event the
/'oodson, the tcr-
y the Missourian
.■s in the legisla-
!ure him the per-
eif tool for any

purpose they could name, and only such i)orsoiis wciv wanted by
the party. In all Kansas now, there was only one man, the post-
master at Lawr(!nee, holding an oflicc in iIk; terriiory, who waa
not in favor of slavery being enacted as a p'.'.rt of liie eoiistilulioii.
Among conditions so exciting there was no lack of si)ico for tho
^^pcccllcs delivered in the mass convention, and no lack of sym|)!i-
thy on the part of the audieiuto. Tho resolutions ado|ite(l on tho
1-llh of August and the following day, amid much other mailer,
denounced the legislature, which had now adjourned to Shawnee,
to be near their base of supplies, as having been imposed upon
the comnuinity by bare faced fraud, and as being in every seiiso
derogatory to the federal authority, and therefore the convenliuii
repudiated the usui'iied autiiorily ni the wrongful legislators, and
the members severally pledged themselves, by all lawful means,
to resist their enac;tmenls ; ami in the premises, the mass assem-
bled in Lawrence favored the proposal to appoint a conventioa
for the purposi! of j)reparing a state constitution, as a step toward
admission to the uniitii. Among the men who took part in tho
mass convention at Lawrence was Col, James IL Lane, who pro-
sided over the meeting of the " National Democracy," With
many others, the colonel still had faith in the president, and from
some source he had evidently been assured that " Frank Ticrco
would prefer, at any sacrifice, to se^jure freedom to Kansas." I£
there was any ouch desire on the part of President Pierce, he was
one of the best dissemblers on record, and every act of his ofTicial
career in which Kansas was concerned tended toward the com-
l)lete subjugation of the popular party. Many of the men in that
convention urged the ado})tion of extreme measures at once, and
would have been well pleased could their fellow citizens have
seen their way to the formation of military bodies, to conquer their
rights from the Shawnee usurpers, and to put an end to that
abominable burlesque ; but it was not yet time fur such move-
ments. There is but little bcnefioial heat in the sun's rays which
strike the topmost peaks of the mountains ; it is only when its
radiance floods the valleys with fertilizing warmth that great re-
sults are possible. So is it also in human aCfairs, The high and
holy resolve of the foremost man must bide its time until the
slower thinkers have realized his idea, before the grand coiisum-

ii
I

I
I

J r

jmsm-

184

Tirn. !:'.■< llisroi.y or K.wsas.

mnfiDii can 1>c ivMclicd Vi-arrf later many su"li men would Imvo
prcfiiiitati'il Al)riitmm Lincoln into tloclanitory arts which might
liuvc jeopardized tho purposes that he, as much as they, meant to
oecomplish; but it was necessary to wait upon cvent.«, find tho
fruitrt could niH he ^'athercd until they were ripe. Violent meas-
iiri s would have been fatal to union nt that moment, as the mass
convcnticti comprised m(!n of every shade of opinion, some* of
whom would dcvelo|) wonderfully within a few months; but just
now they stood hesitating by tho side of the stream into which
they were soon to bo seen plunging with tho skdl and resolution
of tiie practiced swimmer. It was a now experience for demo-
crats, whigs. republicans and abolitionists to be training together,
lind during the llr.-^t tlay there was much ca\isc to fear that tho
fittompted fusion would i^rovo a fiasco. Every man was prepared
to have eoiiccvsions made by others, but seeing that he was abso-
lutely right himsolf, it was impossible for him to abandon tho re-
motest tittle of his demands. Tho evening of tho lirst day closed
upon what seemed likely to be tho saddest blow possible for free-
ilom in the Icriitory, in tho proof afTordcd of the inevitable dis-
union between men who could only win by w<M'king slK)uldcr to
shoulder. Extremists IkuI logically insisted upon their accustomed
strong points, as if tho mass could bo warmed into enthusiasm by
logical clearness alone, and parties had boon on the very point of
drifting away from each other. During that night wonderful ad-
vances had been made. Feeling had usuriiod tho place of logic
for a time, and expediency was found to bo akin to supreme wis-
dom, where human government is involved. When the river is
stopped by the mountain, the stream docs not say : " I am bound
to run duo north, and therefore I must climb your sides and flow
over your top," but it bonds to inexorable circumstances, runs
around the base of the mountain, which it cannot otherwise pass
by, and at tho proper point, starts once more upon its cardinal
direction. Tiio men who wore resolved to free the territory from
Mis.sourian domination could not aflford to waste their time upon
smaller details then. Cassio was very far gone in li.pior when
Shaksporo depicted him arguing the question whether the eom-
inandcr's soul should be saved before that of the lioutet, ;.
Suck .utters could '• bide a wee," as the Scotch proverb has it,

'ri:iiUlliililM. lllSTiiUV.

185

1 would Imvo
wliicli iiiiglit
licy, tiicutit to
'cuts, find tlio
Violent nii'iis-
t, na tlio nmHs4
nil)!), some of
itlis ; l)iit just
\\\ into wliii'h
nd ri'soliition
ICO for diMiio-
niti^' together,
feiir tlint tlio
was prepared
t he was abso-
)andnn tlio rc-
rst day elosod
ssiblc for frco-
incvitable dis-
iiiX sliouldor to
eirac(;nstnincd
_Mit,liasiasm by
! very jMiint of
wonderful ad-
place of logic
I supreme wis-
en the river is
" I lun bound
sides and flow
mstanccs, runs
ntliervvise pass
)n its cardinal
territory from
heir time upon
n li(pior when
?tlicr the com-
ihc lieutei.
)roverb lias it,

until tlio cotntnon object had been won, ajid tlich, when the in-
vader er)uld no longer insult them with oppressive laws, assail
their freedmii, destroy their rights, and endanger their lives, tho
time would liuvo arrived again wherein it would be advan-
tngeoua for society, and for eaeli other, 'lliat dilferenees of opiii-
ion should exist. lU'fore the next daWs formal meeting, there
had been many conversational discussions, in which h.-adiiig minds
on diflVrent planes discovered that they were very near each
other, in tho irrcsenco of tho common enemy. The concessional
spirit was fully awakened when the convention resumed on tho
loth. The resolutions, concerning which there seemed no elianco
of an agreement, were earned unanimously, when a few really un-
important aineiidments in form and exjiression had been intro-
duced, and in adilition to that, it wa.s resolved, with similar uiiiiii-
imity, that the central committee, appointed us tho pojmlar exec-
utive pro Intijxm; by the convention at Lawrence on the 2.")lh of
June, shoulil be .solicited to call a " free state convention," to
meet at Big Sjiring.*?, on the 5th day of September, to take such
action as tlu; exigencies of the time, always becoming more criti-
cal, might render necessary. It was provided that the elections
for that convention should be held on the 2r)th day of August, in
every precinct, and that every electoral district should send live
men to the representative body.

There were not yet strings enough to the bow to secure every
interest in one direction, hence it happened, that on the afternoon
of the last day of the mass convention, August 15tli, ji meeting
was convened by men of nil y>artics, for citizens of every view
who were agreed that Kansas should govern herself. The object
sought by this meeting was tho appointment of an executive to
call a territorial convention as a preliminary to the formation of a
state government. Dr. Hunting was chosen as president. Tho
resolutions reported by the chairman of the committee, Mr. Geo.
W. Smith, were to the cHect that the convention mooted should
meet at To^icka on September 19th, the convention to consist of
three delegates for each representative elected by the several pre-
cincts, and tho body so formed should determine upon all sub-
jects of public importance, but more jiarticularly upon the speedy
framing of a state constitution, upon which the admission of

J
I

}

'ill-

186 TiTTf.K's IflSTOItY OF KaSSAS.

Kansas to tlic union could be sought. When so many aiflercnt
inducucos wore at work to secure unanimity in the popuhir party,
it is very evident that tlie general desire for organization and ad-
mission "to Llie union as a free state must have been very strong
amoncr the citizens of Kansas. The ratilication meeting held the
same evening, when ^Ir. C. K. Ilolliday presided, was cne of the
most entirely resolved and unanimous assemblies ever seen m tne
territory. Thus we are brought up in order of growth and tune
from the people to the delegate convention at Big Springs, as re-
solved upon by the mass convention at Lawrence on the loth of
August. The unanimity born in that time of trial had extended
its sway over the whole community in Kansas, excepting only
the few slave owners and their immediate emissaries of itissouri,
and every district was represented in the body of more than one
hundred delegates. Every man was so well known that there
was little time spent in verifying credentials, and stdl there vvere
present such hitherto diverse materials, that every individual m
the group might have asked his neighbor, in amazement, "IIow
came you here?" if there had not been a common agreement that
for this occasion all differences should be forgotten, that the
wron-s of their territory might be sooner healed. The central
fires we are sometimes told, have melted the most heterogeneous
elem'ents into the mighty rocks which form the bulwarks of the
piobe so the fires of oppression had subdued the angularity of
ten thou.-^and various minds to make the granite from which the
state of Kansas should be shaped; and every man m that multi-
farious gather" ng;

• " Wrought ill a sad sincerity:

Ilimsdf from God he could not free;

He builded better tliau he knew;
The consciou3 stone to beauty grow."

Five committees, of thirteen members, were elected to report a
platform; to consider the propriety of a state organization ; to
consider the duty of the community toward the Shawnee legio.a-
ture ■ to advise as to the course to be pursued in the coming elec-
tion of a delegate to congress; and the fifth committee of thir-
teen were allowed ample scope and verge enough under the head
of miscellaneous business. The members of the several commit

iji^l'iiiimliiiiliiiilTWif"

Ti-:miiToi;iM. Ifismny

187

lany ilifTercnt
lopnlar party,
nation !unl ad-
sn very strong
cting liL-lil the
fas one of the
,'er seen in the
)wtli and time
Spring?, as re-
on the loth of
liad extended
xcepting only
js of Missouri,
more than one
)\vn tiiat there
still there were
f individual in
zement, "How
acrreement that
)ttcn, that the
1. The central
; heterogeneous
ulwarks of the
e angularity of
from which the
a in that multi-

cted to report a
irganjzation ; to
jhawnee lej^iola-
:he coming elec-
iimittee of thir-
under the head
several commit-

tee. sixty-livc men of ability, had l.oen s.loctcd for the.r mental
pcnver and social weight, wl>ich must soon be of panun.u.nt un-
portance in their united action. Judge G. \\ . buuth was chosen
vernmnent president of the convention. Col. Lane was eha.r-
Ln of the platform c.m.ndttee, and the other selccUons were
quite as well considered from every standpoint. Col. Lanes
report was a masterly production ; it commenced by rec.lu.g m us
pieamble the mair. features of the struggle, and the surroundings
of Kansas settlers, which nuule up the critical and unparalleled
condition of the territory, and made it imperative upon all tree
men, to unite in the formation of a party, in winch for the tnno
M nunor considerations should be merged, to secure the rights
guarantied by the Declaration of Independence, the constitution
of the United States and the Kansas act. The abolition .piestum
per se was quieted for the time by announcing the union of all
classes, that fronr principle or for their own interests preferred
free labor to employing slaves; and the resolutions springing
from the preamble were equal in tone to the occasion. All minor
issues were banished from the field of vision, in proposing an or-
ganization which was to embrace Democrats and Whigs, citizens,
native and naturalized, and which was to continue until the
grand purpose had been served; after which the old innuences
mi^ht once more resume their sway over each individual. Ihe
first wrong to be crushed out was the virtual disfranchisement of
K^.nsas settlers by the action of nonresident voters at the po ling
places Next to that, in point of importance, came the cardinal
enunciation that Kansas must be a free state : but the main point
was gained on the lower ground of expediency, which might
unite them all, whereas the higher ground of principle must have
driven them asunder in the then condition of public sentiment.
The most vigorous abolitionist was able to admit " that slave
labor is a curse to the master," and it was worth while to leave
the other questions unargued for the time. Many were desirous
that all negroes, bond or free, should be excluded from Kansas,
but the convention was not asked to indorse that view. Ihe
charge of seeking the abolition of slavery, which was industriously
imputed to all free state men, was next denied, and the motives
of the accusers stigmatized with becoming energy, inasmuch a?

■ t— ■! Mil «ii iiifvrmimlWMifBinia't' "

[■ff^ryy-

188

Tuttlk's History of Kaxsas.

tlje party contained many men who could not have been induced
by pressure, to identify themselves with the abolition movement,
■which nevertheless, they were most ciFicicntly helping for expe-
diency's sake, at that stage. The charge was denounced as stale
and ridiculous, and the repudiators were undoubtedly correct.
The jilatform concluded with the resolve that the tciritory or
state of Kansas would concede to other states the Jght demanded
in this instance, to manage their own affairs, and promised the
slave owners that there should be no molestation nor obstructiori
put in their way by the people of Kansas, in holding or recover-
ing their slaves. Such, in the main, was Col. Lane's i)rogramme.
The definition of the aims of the convention was to be the re-
sultant of many forces more or less eccentric, but all agreeing in
the main direction ; so there was a very warm debate. The old
question, "what will happen when an irresistible force collides
with an immovable body? " could not be determined by contem-
plating the proceedings at Big Springs. None were iri'csistible,
none immovable -on that occasion. For many of the men the
platform was not sufhciently radical ; they wanted slavery to be
denounced fs from an abolitionist standpoint; but they succeeded
at last in tonivi-' down their expectations to a workable stand-
point. To many, on the other hand, who had been trained to
consider the negro neither a man nor a bn ;.her, the paragraphs in
■which the question of slavery was referred to seemed censurable,
because it did not expressly provide that the hated color should
not be seen in the territory. Those men abominated slavery, not
out of love for the slave, and their detestation for the name " abo-
litionist " had long been almost a frenzy. Slavery was looked
upon with horror by many men who could not help extending to
the individual held in bondage, the animosity which belonged
only to the system of which he was u victim. Such men came in to
accept the more moderate platform at last, and by their influence,
not a few men in Missouri were brought over to more rational
views of the demand enforced by Kansas. Many consented to
the platform because they knew that the end was yet far off and
that the men who were convening to train with them against Mis-
souri interference would, in the long run, arrive at more advanced
ideas on the other issue. The programme was not precisely what

TKUUITOiaAL IIlSTORV.

189

been induced
jn movement,
ing for expe-
inccd as stale
tedly ccjiTOct.
e tcu'itory or
^ht demanded
promised the
3r obstruction
ng or recover-
's programme.
3 to be the re-
dl agreeing in
late. Tlie old
force collides
3d by contem-
re irresistible,
the men the
slavery to be
hey succeeded
)rkable stand-
en trained to
paragraphs in
ed censurable,
1 color should
!d slavery, not
le name " abo-
'y was looked
.) extending to
liich belonged
men came in to
iheir influence,
more rational
y consented to
ret far off and
m against Mis-
more advanced
precisely what

any man expressing individual views only would have written,
but as a resultant of the ideas of many men, modifying and being
modified, it was the best that at the time could be effected, and it
served its purpose passing well. Tlie committee on state organi-
zation did not think that such a movement was at that time ex-
pedient, but the report of that committee was not adopted, and
anamendm..it expressing approval of the object to be avowed
by the people's convention, which had been called together for the
19th of that month in Topeka, was carried. ^h\ Emery, repre-
senting the committee to which had been entrusted the considera-
tion of the duty of the people toward the legislature reported in
effect, that the men assuming the task of law makers for Kansas
were a foreign body influenced by the demagogues of Missouri,
whom alone they represented, and that the people must therefore
repudiate all their acts as consummations of violence unparalleled
in the history of the union. In eloquent terms the report de-
nounced the usurpation under which the community then suffered
in consequence of the tyrannous interference of armed bands vastly
outnumbering the resident population, having robbed them of the
right of self government The mockery of a government, which,
under cover of fraud and violence, hud thus been imposed upon
Kansas was disavowed with scorn, as a merely hypocritical pre-
tense cf republican rule, adopted by a despotism. The report
went on to recite the monstrous deeds of the invaders ; their dis-
regard of the organic act by bxpelling members who had been
duly elected, and by seating others who had not been chosen by
the people ; by holding their sessions in a place not authorized
by law; by usurping the appointments of officers who should be
chosen by the people, and conferring such appointments upon
Missourians not even temporarily residing in the territory ; by
selling at the ballot boxes to all comers the privilege of outvoting
the resident elector, in all congressional and other elections, which
could not be abrogated ; by compelling men who would offer
themselves for office, or to vote at an election, to submit to an in-
vidious oath, referring of course to the fugitive slave enactment ; by-
suppressing freedom of the press und free speech, and in all usurp-
ing in such acts powers forbidden to congress ; it was very prop-
erly resolved that such conduct libelled the Declaration of Inde-

' ?

.««MMaibi

190

Ti'TTLIc's IflSTOItV or Kaksas.

pendcncc, violated tlie Bill of Rights, and brought disgrace on
republican institutions. The report further resolved that no alle-
giance was due to the so-called legislature; that their laws had no
validity, and that every man was entitled to resist them if ho
thought proper. The conduct of the judicial bench in becoming
partizan, and carrying the ermine of the court into contests, incon-
sistent with the high function and impartiality incident to the po-
sition of a judge, was denounced with manly vigor, and it was
resolved that inasmuch as the judiciary had, by extra judicial
utterances, prejudged every case that could come before them, as
between the people and the "outlaws" called a legislature, the
people should resist by legal means, every attempt to carry the
unjust laws into practice, and upon decisions being given against
them by the territorial judges, should carry every such case by
appeal to the higher courts, where dispassionate law and justice
•would govern the final utterance of authority. The report further
resolved that the laws .should be resisted peacefully only so long
as the best interests of the territory seemed to demand such a con-
cession, and as long as there seemed to be a hope of such means
sufficing to procure relief ; but that upon the failure of peaceful
weapons, force should be used, and to that end men should form
volunteer companies, procure arms, and accustom themselves to
discipline, that they might be ready for any emergency. They
would not allow themselves to be deprived of the elective franchise,
and therefore they repudiated especially the so-called election law
for the appointment of a congressional delegate, and concluded to
appoint their own day for consummating the election of a delegate.
The very able and comprehensive report thus summariiied was
eventually adopted without amendment.

The committee on the congressional delegation reported that
the time named for holding the election of a delegate should be
changed from the date fixed by the so-called legislature, to Octo-
ber 9th ; that the rules prescribed for the March election should
govern this procedure, except that the returns should be made to
the territorial executive committee. "This recommendation was
embodied in the proclamation issued in the name of the people
for the October election. Probably few or none supposed that
the delegate thus to be chosen would be recognized by congress,

HWMMiWi*MMHIai«l*Ml>H*>>r.

^iliMijWinillimw

'/■/■.7.7.7 nil! 1. 1 L llisroii r,

191

iijflit tlisLrracc on
vcd that no allc-
tlicir law. had no
csist tlicm if ho
lu'h in btooming
n contests, incon-
icidcnt to the po-
•igor, and it was
)y extra judicial
L! before them, as
I legislature, the
npt to carry the
ing given against
ry such case by
law and justice
'he report further
Lilly only so long
nand such a con-
e of such means
lure of peaceful
nen should form
Ti themselves to
lergency. They
elective franchise,
lied election law
md concluded to
;ion of a delegate,
summariised was

ion reported that
legate should be
islature, to Octo-
1 election should
ould be made to
mmendation was
e of the people
e supposed that
zed by congress,

but it would emphasize the statement already made, that the peo-
ple had no share in el'ctions conducted by the Shawnee fraud.
It was expedient to \\nV. t'.;eir election at a time when it might
n(jt be convenient for ilissouri to send over armed mobs to inter-
meddle, and there was also a principle involved in refusing to
recognize and act upon the fraudulent enactments of the legisla-
ture.

The committee on miscellaneous business afTorded an oppor.
tunity to the convention to express an opmion on Mr. lleeder's
conduct as governor, by recommending his nomination as delegate
to congress. The committee eulogized the late governor's con-
duct in ofTiee in the very highest terms, defending him with
logical acumen and unanswerable force against the accusations of
his enemies ; and the nomination was carried in a furore of en-
thusiasm. Many of the addresses made during the session were
masterly efforts. At one time the difficulties which were inter-
posed seemed overwhelming against the pos.sibility of men .so
wide apart in general politics being able to discover common
ground of union ; but, at a critical moment, a speech full of feel-
ing, which was made by Judge Smith, carried all hearts by storm,
and, as a matter of course, the heads soon came to an agreement
after that had been accomplished. When Mr. Keeder had been
infoi-med of his nomination as a delegate, subject of course to the
vote of the people in October, he made a very admirable address,
which showed that he combined within him the powers of the
orator as well at "^he tact and prevision of a statesman. He saw,
as all good men had long seen, that rashness must be avoided in
the interests of the union, and he enforced that idea very effect-
ively. He did not think that the soubh generally indorsed the
action of Missouri in Kansas ; he hoped that the other part of the
pro-slavery organization would rebuke the wrongs which had
been perpetrated; but failing the corrective force of public opin-
ion in that way, should moral force be unavailing, and the tribu-
nals of the country afford no relief, then it must become a solemn
duty to defend our rights by force; and the governor con* luded
with a few inspiring lines from Fitz Greene Halleck's Bozzaris,
which roused his hearers to a perfect frenzy. The scene when
Mr. Reeder concluded with the words.

199

TUTTUfs lIlsrOKY OF KAy^A>i.

" Strike for your altftrs aiul yoiir llrLS.

Strikp fur tliu uricii graves of ji)ur Bires,

God and your nulivc land,"
positively l)o-ars description. CouUl the Missourian faction
have seen the spirit of that assembly then, when the ult.njalo
possibility was brou-ht viviiUy before their mental visi -n, tl.cy
mnst have pcreeived that sueh men could not be trampled on
xvith in.punity. They had in them the indomitable eon rage of
their forefathers, and the weapons laid aside at Saratoga could bo
replaced by others more elTective whenever the moment of dread
Jcessity should arise. That speech capped the climax winch
had been reached by Judge Smith, and the once heterogeneoua
mass had been fused into igneous rock. A cojiy of the proceed-
ings of the session was ordered to be made for Governor Shannon,
and a delegation of three was appointed to wait upon that gentle-
man as soon as convenient. So ended a momentous gathering
or rather, so commenced a gathering together which was to last

for many vears. ' i - i, i q+i, f

The delegate convention at Topeka was called for the 19th ot
September, and the men were there on time, ready to initiate the
preliminary steps for framing a constitution and applying to be
admitted to the union as a free state. The session lasted two
days. The Big Springs spirit was at work leavening the whole
lump, and many men who had never approached the liberal ele-
ment before were present throughout the proceedings, and from
that time, were identified with the movements of the free state
party The first day was spent in making ready, but ail the
or^^ani/ation was completed before the convention rose, and the
^v^y was cleared for more stirring business on the morrow. 1 he
morning of the second day saw a committee of eighteen at work
prci>arincr an address which would challenge the attention of the
Ihole union to a simple and vigorous statement of the wrongs
endured, so far, with exemplary patience by Kansas. Among
manv other noteworthy things said and done by the Topeka con-
vention, the most important were embodied in three reso utions,
which, after reciting the more prominent events that made such
action a necessitv, announced the preliminary steps which were
to be taken to make the constitution a reflex of tlie public opin-

urian faction
the ultimalo
1 visi -11, tlicy
trampled on
lie courage of
toga could bo
neut of dread
.•liinax wliieh
heterogeneous
E the procecd-
rnor Shannon,
)n that gentle-
His gathering,
jh was to last

or the 19th of
to initiate the
pplying to be
ion lasted two
ling the whole
the liberal ele-
ings, and from
the free state
y, but all the
I rose, and the
morrow. The
o-hteen at work
ttention of the
; of the wrongs
msas. Among
le Topelca con-
ree resolutions,
hat made such
3ps which were
;he public opin-

TKJtiiiTQiiiAL UrsTonr.

193

ion of the territory. The delegates, speaking in their becoming
dignity as representatives of the people of Kan.sas, resolved, that
the election to bo held for delegates to form a constitution, adopt
a bill of rights, and do all other things necessary in that relation
preparatory to organizing a state government, and asking for ad-
mission to" the union, should be held in every precinct on the
second Tuesday in October, and that the convention so to be chosen
should assemble at Topcka on the fourth Tuesday of the same
month, at noon, to proceed with their onerous duties. The com-
mittee resolved further, that a committee of seven, to be named
«' The Executive Committee of Kansas Territory," should be nom-
inated by the president of the convention ; and the appointments
were made immediately to superintend the affairs of the territory
so far as was necessary for the organization of the state govern-
ment. Another step had been taken, and a duly authorized ex-
ecutive, composed of able men, stood charged with the details of
the general issue which had been and which still must be deter-
mined by the popular voice. Col. Lane was chosen chairman of
the executive, Mr. J. K. Goodin was secretary, and the other
members were M. J. Parrott, P. C. Schuyler, C. K. llolliday,
Judge Smith and G. W. Brown ; the mere mention of whose
names in conjunction sufTices to show how great a revolution had
taken place already. The people, by their representatives, issued
a proclamation, which has already been mentioned in connection
with the convention at Big Springs, appointing the second Tues-
day in October for the election of a delegate to congress ; but the
details of that proceeding were left to be determined by the ex-
ecutive committee appointed at Topeka. The proclamation call-
ing for the election of delegates to the convention on the same
day followed immediately, the regulations to be ob-served were
prescribed, the qualifications of electors, and the oaths to be
taken by the judges of election had been prescribed in the first
proclamation, and in the absence of any duly organized govern-
ment, the people were approaching that desideratum by the best
means at their disposal. In every circle the prospects of the
movement, the manly resolution of the people, the exigencies of
the time, came uppermost, and even in churches it was neither
(possible nor desirable to banish the topic of the hour. Every

tijiMiiiMiitffti'ir^"'!*'-

i»ia**Wwiftj*»Muto>H»(«sJ*»«s;*i**r*^ i»tW*!'*--l^*«i-^^i**«*^''

10^ Tl'TTf.E's JfisTonr OF A'.i.v.sM.''-.

,i,.,o <-..nlor cn„ve„c,, to talk *o n,»l.nr o«r ;Yf;;;:,.J:;':X
relocate,, iu,. 1,o„,0 fron, 0,0 ""vontu,n,tou .,".--
ionl lo a.Wrcs tlicir cn„slil«olit» <■« >"•>■■■■'• »''•" '"

rei„,.«...tativc ; a„d every -ach gatl.ermg .^» i ;, L"; „:„
,„ make »me vcmotc l-omt or »ocl,o„ ot .l,e l.o.ly r» '»° "

their inmost aspirations took the san.o diroetion, for it is even

Pope Wil CS . ^^ J,y^^ycr is the soul's sincere desire,

Uttered or unexiircsscd,
*' The motion of a liidden fire,
Tliiit trembles in the breast."

• .a r.i <5ilpnt thou^'ht" were full of prayer
"T"hp sweet sessions oi siieni uiuu^m-
everv L and .hen men rose to speak they drifted back insen-
B^v to tl e fine phrases and glorious passages in the old Iltb cw
Ws lich described a people fighting against barbarians, and
tht .kcd tith unction, as a question of their own time, as cer-
tainlv as that it belonged to Israel :

'.Why do the hcuthen rage, and the wieked imagine a vain thing-

Thcv were approaching that frame of mind in which heroism
ihcy weie -u i o ^^^^ ^^^., g^pcnenoes

unknown to common 1^^^' ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^e considerations of
of -nl-^- f -; 7, Zo^^e to imagine Curtius leap-

''::::^^::t^^^^^'^^ --^^-^^ when AmoM von
;*;?; -red ^an be'understood grasping that sheaf of Austrian
Winktlneti can ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^j,.

;rrrr;^;r«":v:'*e ... p..o,.„.e. ...

itH bonrinjriJ.
uorc eonvoii-

rehcarsc foi'
pwrsurd ns a
rus of ncrvc:^

politic more
0 of the men
ittor of prayer
itnily, the vol-
ually inclined
ICC, founil that
r it is even ua

full of prayer
;ctl back insen-
;hc old Hebrew
barbarians, and
vn time, as cer-

vain thing?"

which heroism,
ally experiences
onsiderations o!
ine Cartius leap-
■hen Arnold von
leaf of Austrian
;ast, that the ser-
broken, and that
rise into the pro-
oman that came
province, to sac-
5e, knew that her
•edominated over

Ti:i!i!iTi>itiM. IIisTony.

196

the individual, as, thank God, it often will do in nin-n;.niinou3
souls. Just so was it, when the serf and shepherd girl of Doin-
ermy, Joan of Arc, her soul allainc with the wrongs of her pros-
trato country, could penetrate the minds of the downtrodden pco-
pic with a liolief that God cared for tiicni, and that their condi-
tion therefore was not without hope. In the mere act of their
turning to fight under that idea, there waa salvation f.)r France;
the troops of England were not enthusiastic for conquest ; they
cared infinitely more for the island they had left than for all the
territory they^ had conquered by their prowess. Victory meant
routine, not e (Tort ; tht; muscles of mind and body had grown
flaccid from comparative disuse, and when their supremacy waa
questioned, it was gone. The ideal, and not the mere material,
is the invincible force with mankind. "Give me," "said Archi-
m^des, "a fulcrum for my lever, and I will lift the world." The
ideal in man is both fulcrum and lever, and the world answers its
impulse every day. It was not only the failure of the mitrail-
leuse that prostrated France, nor the terrible weapons of the Ger-
man force, but the awful demoralization of the French soldiery.
What were the weapons of the half-starved populace that cap-
tured the Bastile, defended by De Lannay and his troops? Yet
the people razed that fortress to the ground ; and the same frenzy
of patriotism, which would not be repulsed, rolled back the tide
of invasion from the soil of France when all Europe had com-
bined against the nation. The ideal is the ruling power in the
mind of the artist, the statesman, the soldier, and the church haa
its ffrand mission in every age to lift the aspirations of the race
to the highest pinnacle. The church was true to its work in
Kansas, during the terrible ordeal through which the territory
was passing, and from every pulpit there rose up before God the
sweet savor of earnestness and zeal for a cause that deserved
success. Sermons mounted to the highest plane of heroic thought
without an effort; men put aside their laboriously prepared manu-
script and extemporized undreamed-of discourses which answered
the magnetic thought in a thousand hearts at once. The very air
seemed full of the theme which compelled utterance. The preacher
became a priest and soldier of the Most High God, and there wag
prophecy in the molten words which came from him, as though

■II

19Q Ti ttlk's IlisTour of Kassas.

ho, alsc, had bocii tuM, " I'ako i.., liccl of wluil 30 shall a'vy.'
A iK.o,,lo .so iini.miU'd couM not bo con-iuercil Thoy liugi.t be
BJuor.a and oi-prcssea for a ti.m., as vv.r. the Covenantor, u.
Prcsbytorian Scotland; as wcro the rurilans, thou- ncKhbors, m
Kn.Himd; but Nasoby and Marsloii Moor answond ovory iloubt
ns t";. tho victory vvh.ol. niust oon.u to tho right sido undor propor
direction. Kor a tinio, there seemed to be no other subject worthy
of thouglit in Kansas save deliverance from oppression, and every
nerve was being prepared for the final issue - " the iron had entered
into their .souls." There arose a reas.mable hope among many
tliat congress would be nu)ved by the spectacle now o Icrcd, by
nion of every party united in one phalan.x, again.st M.ssour.au
domination, ai>d that the tyrannously impo.sc.l Icgi.s aturo tlio
fruit of cotispiraoy and violence, which had assembled at bhaw-
nee defying law and justice, would be repudiated by the larger
representative body. Unhappily, congress was, as it too often is
lull of the machinations of persons and coteries, and the voice of
the suffering people could not be heard. The forces o log.sla-
tion and administration alike failed. The settlers were driven in
upon themselves. Stephen A. Douglas missed the best oppoi^u-
ni- V of a hidierto successful life ^vhen he failed to i>erce.vo that
Ids place was on the side of the settlers in Kansas llis influ-
ence in congress would have compelled justice and sanctioned
moderation, but he drifted with the worst current of the p.-o-
sluvery party until the proper hour had passed, and, when the
time came for his eyes to be opened, he could only look back to
the point where victory might have been his for the asking.
That union of Whigs and Democrats was understood by hiin too
late lie struggled to recover the ground once lost, but iime
has a forelock only, and his effort lost him the unanimity of the
pro-slavery organization, after the purer and better spirit of Lin-
coln had already won upon the sympathies of more liberal minds.
DouMas could have concentrated for his support the whole of the
democracy -north, east and west, and the best elements of the
south, which would have left the residue too weak for a schism -
but he allowed himself to be attracted by the worst section of his
party iust when his ambition was ready for its final spring and
he fell back humbled and dying, because he had omitted the duty

111'

«MtaMMa#tiMsMMlMs

ctiwiiiiiinKnfjmiiriairirii

THitumntiM. Ifismi; y.

I'.ti

all all sny.'
ly uiiglit be
ciiuiilL'irt in
iCM^liUors, ill
jvury iloubt
imlur ))roi)or
jjecl worthy
11, iiiul every
I hail ciiltM'ci.1
luong nmiiy
V ollurcd, by
, Missouriiiu
fislaturo, the
ed lit Sluiw-
y the larger
too olten is,
. the voiec of
us of legisla-
ore driven in
best opportu-
perceive that
i. His influ-
id sanetiuned
t of the pro-
ud, when the
look buck to
r the asking,
id by hiin too
ost, but Time
miniity of the
' spirit of Lin-
liberal minds,
e whole of the
lements of the
'or a schism —
t section of his
al sjjring, and
aitted the duty

to be proHfipnt and just. Linonln, in liis home in Springtield, had
bo(Mi contiMit to he just and honest in tlie aims of his life, and
the triumph which had been denied to policy, and the undoubted
talents of the " f-ittle (liant," were laid at the feet of the L'rcatcr
man. T-ineoln, standing in the place of Doni^das, woiiM have won
the acclamation of the union by recognizing the right of the peo-
])lc to be governed by republican institutions and by men of their
own choosing, and, under the influence of such as he, eongl'cs^
would have allowed s<|uatter .sovereignty to deal with its own
problem, uiitrammeled by the action of Missourian mobs; but
the surroundings of Douglas would not permit him to perceive
where justice lay until the die was cast. The petitions to con-
gress fell unheeded upon the table. The voices which would
have championed their cause were clamored down or unheeded,
and the final ifsiio w.as once more relegated to the soil of Kansas,
to find its solution in blood.

On the first day of October Gen. Whitricld. the only candidate
for the oHico of delegate to congress, under the proclamation
issued by Gov. Shannon, pursuant to the regulations made by
the Shawnee assembly, was declared to be chosen. Nearly two-
thirds of all the votes cast for him came from Mis.souri, but there
were only about three thousand ballot papers handed in, so much
had the price to be paid for voting moderated the zeal of the
pro-slavery party. Of course there was not much necessity for a
large vote, where only one candidate was before the public, but
prudential considerations had not been allowed to weigh with
them in the former elections, when they had brought nearly
five thousand men to outvote less than half that number, even
assuming that there was not one man in the territory to cast a
ballot in the pro-slavery interest. Beyond all doubt the tax of one
dollar, which the sheriff stood ready to receive in every precinct,
before a non-resident could be polled, was a powerful sedative
among men who valued their possessions in proportion to the
quantity of whisky for which they were the equivalent, and who
objected on principle to inorea.se the funds from which their
friends, recently assembled at Shawnee, could plunder. The
free state party held their election on the second Tuesday in
October for the same ofTice, and Gov. Reeder received their sup-

ipg TllTl.L-'s IllSIOltY or /\'.I.V5.I.V.

,.ort unaui,.u>..sly, .n-v tl>an two thou.uul eight ^-^^^^^^^
Ling cast, uliLough in ,nany juvcinctH thr .lo.MU.aut f.v. Uo.
a 'bl.l .l.oir force, an.l wouM not allow a voto to ho poll.!
T wore thuH two .VlogatoH ..ho.on to .ill one vacancy, an.

i ; C nal.l« to avoia tlu> M>.-i''n alto.H,her, .n the pre^^^^

: nvo Jauaiaat.., wh.re there was only one s.-at to bo occ - ^
eonelnaea to reject l.o,l^l.nt to pay tennleaKcocM-

rejeotca aelegate. Thoy <-onia not help s..n., U NU U U r
1„ a pollea a very hn-e nnjority ot the whole of tl>e icsulens
K.n " but they knew also that the eleetio,. lu.l not been hehl
:" t; ' :e.raanee wit!, the provisions of the or.an.e aet unae a
;.llan.ationfro„.thegovcrno.-. '''l'- -••""^>"' f '=f '^^^^ ;
Lia haa receive<l a n.ajority ot all the voles polled on he 1 st
a y<> t ir/bnt the ivulenee before then. wa« u.Hiuest.onable,
S nearly all his supporters were non-rciaents who haa . H -
flea in u way repugnant to the eonst.tutu.n, u.uler a aw .1
viohitca the organic act, ana which Inul been passea by a Ug.s
Lilt: ilnbl^he result of fraua ana riot .^.snj^^^

conclusion testiluul the weakness of congress toi it th*^ g^ncru
r!u,t the aelegate. the Shawnee assembly 1>^^^ --J^^ ^^
legislature, an.l the work of inaugurating representative mst tu
t ons in Kansas luul yet to be begun, uiuler the guaranty of tlio
w le u 'on for the maintenan-e of repuhlicanisn, in essence
Is w 11 s in form. The recognition of Mr. Ueeaer, who eaine
:: Ihem as a delegate not certi.iea ^^y^^- , Shannon was n
eviaenee that they knew he repre.<entea public ^'l'- " J -
territory, yet they haa not the courage to give elleet to their

"mtZ saia that the Missourians objeetea to be taxed .hen
tl,e proceeas of the oi-eration woukl i.uu-ease the chance of
p una by the Shawnee assembly. That boay was no longer in
r "on but before their aajournment they haa votea numerous
ll" rprivileges ana offices to each other, contrary to the organic
a r la theii unofUcial eomraaeson the border had be.ome sadly
con V sunt with the fact, that there is not always " honor among
thieve." There was. indeed, the beginning of a veiy pr t y
Ji^l in the ranks of the faction, and it was mtensilied shortly
^^^.^n the several towns began to divide the .,oUa o,.aa. Leaven -

Tt:uiiW>i!i II. Ili-imiiY.

V.)0

.iiitlroil votes
iiaiit fivc'lioii
:,() he polled,
lu'iiiicy, mill
till) presoiico
bo oocupiod,
: ^'^M•.]\ of tlu!

il Mr. UiihKt
(! rosiiUiiits in
lot 1)0011 lieM
ic aot uiuU'r a
iKli}!!. Whit-
a on tlio lir.st
Kpio.slioimblo,
■ho hiul tpiali-
r a law whioU
cd by a U'jj;is-
s inconclu.sivo
it tho goneral
never boon iho
ilative iiistitu-
uaranty of llio
iin, in essonco
ilor, who came
iiuKni, was an
;)pinion in the
olloot to their

be taxed when
tlie chance of
as no longer in
otod numerous
f to the organic
d become sadly
" honor among
a very pretty
unsified shortly
piniu. Leaven-

worth was r'Mtitlcd to be tho .Ho:it of jusli.-e for Leavenworth
county, but In tli^-' ha.^te with which the Shawnee men had rushed
cvoryihitig through during tho forty days for wliieli alone they
could draw pay, however loflg the Hossion might continue, they
had .mi.llCKl to sptx'ify- Leavenworth as tho county seat ; an.l in
nuui) other . ountics there had been similar onii.ssions, .so that a
popular vote ha-l to ho enat to determine upon locations. Tliero
wore three towns ambitious of tho distinction in tho county of
Loavonw.rtli, and they spared no cfT-rt in their .several ways to
Beeviro tlie prize. The town and fort of Leavenworth, had a largo
,u-..i.ortioii of pro-slavcry men in its poi>ulation, but tho majority
was composed of frco state emigrants, wh.) were niilliiiod every
balloting day bv irruptions from beyond the .NLssouri river.
Tims Leavenworth was not a (Mty of refuge upon which tho pro-
slavery could depend unless they came in force tr. .settle every
question. Kickapoo, which to this day is but a village of less
than two thousand souls, had then tho merit of being strong on
tho pro-.slavory side, and there were no emigrants there to exer-
cise the ingenuity and waU^htubuMs of the Missourians. It was,
moreover, only ten miles above Leavenworth on the Missouri, so
that it (H)uUl be easily reached by non-resident voters, whenever
it might bo neces.sary to pay a tax for the prvilcgo of doe.dmg an
election there. This was a consideration of some weiglit. Del-
aware stood in the same category of Kickapoo, and it was eight
miles below Leavenworth, just as easy of access as Kickapoo or
Leavenworth to unlawful help. The claims of the three towns
were submitted tc the ballot box, and Delaware i)olled a consider-
able majority over Leavenworth, besides distancing Kickapoo by
nearly fiftv votes. Leavenworth was humiliated and in.hgnant
at being foiled by its own weapons. Like Cinsar folding his robe
about him, when he saw his own natural son among Ins assail-
ants, Leavenworth also said el tu Brute, but tho city did not die
with dicaiity like the Roman Impcrator, leaving some interested
Mark Antony to make a moan over " the rent the envious Casca
made " Leavenworth lived and protested, much to tho enlighten-
ment of outsiders, who could scarcely forbear saying, " physician
help thyself." Leavenworth had given the juvenile frauds their
first lessons in Kansas oppression and now it was destroyed by

i^^img^^

^*m^ rtitmrfitr^-*'^-'^

200

Tuttlk's IIistohy of Kansas.

its own pupils. The city could poll about six liumlrcd votes
without foreign aid ; Kickapoo had one hundred and fifty resi-
dents within its area, and Delaware bad only fifty, but activity
and perseverance will go further than right sometimes, so while
Leavenworth rested at borne secure in its domestic strength, tlio
small competitors ordered as much assistance as was t! ought
necessary from foreign consignors. When the polls closed on
election day, Leavenworth was nearly three hundred behind
Kickapoo, as that town had imported seven hundred voters to
assist the resident force. Dela vare had the mortilication to dis-
cover that her exertions had not been equal to the emergency, but
she had not yet fired her last shot, and the ballot was ivei)t open
two days beyond the original limit to permit of further consign-
ments of fraud determining the issue. Thus Deleware came out
ahead about fifty, having polled nearly nine hundred in all.
Had the other competing towns been occupied by free state men
only, the result would have been good enough, but although
" birds in their little nests agree," pro-slavery men did not. ^ The
Kickapoo claimants carried the question into a court, where it was
not necessary for litigants to appear with clean hands, and the
three days polling proved fatal to Delaware ; but Leaveworth had
no redress, and no consolation, except in the tearful monodies of
an indignant press.

The weapons which were meritorious as against free govern-
ment in the territory as a whole were diabolical, when Leaven-
worth could " be wounded in the house of its friends." The
papers of Kickapoo opened a fusilade against the larger guns in
the city of Leavenworth, and especially reminded the editor of
the Leavenworth Ilemld that he had been elected to the legisla-
tive assembly convened in Pawnee by precisely similar means.
There was much necessity for special pleading under the circum-
stances, and it was amusing to observe the long winded columns
of drivel which were devoted to distinguishing between tweedle-
dum and tweedledee. It was grand work for an army of border
ruffians in self defense to impose a legislature upon abolitionists
because of the high purpose which ruffianism could be made to
vindicate, but it was pronounced absurd that " the demagogues
and hucksters " of " Platte City and Weston " should be allowed

mammmss$mismiimismmmiem:-

TKimiTORiAL History.

201

1(1 red votes
lI fifty rcsi-
ut activity
2S, so while
;i'engtli, tlio
as t! onglit
; closed on
"cd behind
d voters to
tion to dis-
irgency, but
> kept open
icr consign-
e came out
I red in all.
e state men ,
it although
I not. The
,vhere it was
ds, and the
,'eworth had
monodies of

"ree govern-
len Leaven -
ends." The
i-ger guns in
he editor of
) the legisla-
nilar means.
• the circum-
ded columns
een tweedle-
ny of border

abolitionists
I be made to

demagogues
\ be allowed

to settle the location of a county seat. Sir Pckr Tmdo was
amused by the vices of Joseph Surface as long as he supposed
there was only "a little French milliner" behind the screen, but
when the article of furniture had been removed, there was a much
deeper tone in his voice as he said, " Lady Teazle by all that is
damnable." The School for Scandal was being played on a new
stage in Leavenworth county. But Kickapoo was not secure even
yet°in her victory ; she had not been sufficiently unlawful to de-
serve success. 111 a territory where the legislature disclaimed the
limitations of the organic act under which it came into existence,
and where judges could give extra judicial opinions when called
upon by illegal authorities; so Delaware, with her three days
polling, carried away the golden apple for which the three claim-
ants had been contending. "Like cures like," is the maxim of
our friends of the globule who can carry the medicine for a
whole city in a pennyweight parcel, and Leavenworth found a
very small globule of her own pliysic more than a dose for her
own complaint. The system would have cured itself in time if
the patient did not die while the contending forces were being
marshalled, but something better was in store for Kansas.

The free state party was coming more closely into communion,
while the pro-slavery organization quarreled, as we have seen.
Topcka soon welcomed the " constitutional convention," and the
men composing that body were among the most prominent persons
in the territory, irrespective of the old distinctions. There was
hardly a state in the union which had not one of its sons in that
representative body, and the sects came very near being all re-
flected in some one or more of the members; certainly every
political party icnown to the union, except the Missourian faction
of the pro-slav. ry organization, could find a voice in that diverse,
but goodly company, which had met to shape a constitution
tinder which Kansas would enter the union as a free state. Men
who had gradua.<^d in the best seats of learning stood shoulder
to shoulder with proletarians who could do little more than write
their names. Old men were there who could remember the vivid
word pictures of their revolutionary forefathers, and were ready
to imitate their example. Young men were foremost in word and
act as they are apt to be, but they were sustained by the deliber-

202

Tittle's HisTonr of Kaxsas.

ate M'soliUiou of older heads. Kot a few were tlierc because tliey
could forecast events, and being sure which side would win, wero
ready to dare all odds for a time, tt) make a sphere in which their
reasonable ambition might be gratified. Many had cast in their
lot with the movement because they hoped to find some "coign
of vantage " for the negro, in the action of men, the major part
of wlioin would have been rejoiced could the race be banished to
the remotest regions of the earth, rrofessional politicians were
there also in force, "with a heart for any fate," except being left
out in the cold, and not sufliciently wedded to any principle to
let it stand between themselves and the sweets of office. Every-
body was prepared to make the best fight possible, for the cause
which had been taken in hand, and " hojie told a flattering tale"
to many of a victory apparently near to their grasp, which would
not be attained until years of conllict had passcil. Fifty-two
members had been chosen, and forty took part in their delibera-
tions, which were described in the lucubrations of correspondents
of the press all over the union. The deliberations of the con-
vention were opened with prayer, and there was a semi-official
organ published every day that the sitting lasted. Topeka had
long entertained the idea that the capital of Kansas was to be
located on the spot where the superb magnesian limestone capitol
now stands, and with the approach of such halcyon days, the cit-
izens smiled more graciously than ever upon the cause which the
residents had always favored on principle ; while the convention
occupied all the days, the evenings were mainly devoted to a
round of gayeties, in which were readily found the company best
adapted to their particular tastes. For a brief season it seemed
as though the reverie of Longfellow was being fulfilled, and that
the time had really come, when

" The nights shall be filled with music,
Ami the cures that infest the day,
Shall told their tents like the Arabs,
And as noiselessly steal away."

There were stirring debates on every point among the dele-
gates, but in the desire of every district to secure as many of the
leading democrats as possible, that party had a majority in the
convention, and upon the question whether •' the word white "

aBsagawSHiWWwwwwa-.

Tr.iiVirouiM. Jfisronr.

203

)ecause they
d win, were
which their
:;ast in their
oine "coign
; major part
banished to
itieians were
)t being left
principle to
ice. Every-
[or the cause
Ltering talc"
vhicli would
. Fifty-two
eir delibera-
rrespondents
5 of the con-
, senii-ofiicial
Topeka had
;as was to be
!stone capitol
days, the cit-
.se which the
e convention
devoted to a
!oinpany best
;on it seemed
led, and that

)ng the dele-

raany of the

TJority in the

word white "

should be struck out from iho conslilulion, there were
twenty-four against the proposition, and only seven in its
favor. Many, perhaps, would have supported the abstract
rirrht of the negro, who were not prei)ared to embody it m a
law, which would be caviled at all over the continent: but
very many actually thought that the blacks could not wilh safety
or prolit be entrusted with a right so precious as the franchise.
The names of t\w foremost abolitionists, such as Schuyler, Brown,
Kobinson and Hunting, were of course among the supporters of
crpial riuiits, but they perhaps knew, that at that momoment, they
might have been defeated by success. The vote was almost
equally divided on the question of Squatter Sovereignty, but by
seventeen votes against fifteen, it was decided tliat neither con-
gress nor the states should interfere in local ail'airs of slates and
territories. Very wisely there was no vote taken on the proposal
that free negroes should" be excluded from the territory ; the ques-
tion stood o°ver to be determined by a vote of the people after the
state lecrislature should come into existence, then to operate as an
instruction for that body. The consequences of a vote on the
issue at that early stage of the proceeding might have proved dis-
'astrous to all concerned, and the constitution was never disgraced
by an anti-black law.

Sixteen days were well spent in moulding the first constitution,
and in the main the document so formed was the basis of further
lecrislation, so that the instrument which was at length made the
balis of the recognition of Kan.sas as a state by congress was only
an amended version of the work now accomplished in Topeka.
Slavery was expressly prohibited within the state by the first con-
sti'tution and that was the vital principle of the measure. " In-
voluntary servitude " should only be possible as a punishment
for crime, and the time fixed for the coming into operation of that
clause was on or before July 4, 1857. Male Indians, who had
conformed to the customs of civilization, might vote. The
boundaries of the territory, as set forth in the organic act, which
of course included nearly all of Colorado, were adopted into the
constitution. Topeka won the location as the capital, beating
Lawrence by four votes, in an aggregate of thirty-six, but the
permanent location was to be determined by the first general as-

t'l^yif^g'^ ■ iBi-J---

204

TvTTi.Kta HisrouY of Kassas.

1(191'

II'

iili^i

semLly. Curiously enough, among men who were perhaps more
interested in education tlian any average population in the United
States, the arrangements as to education and supervision of
schools were the most defective features in the whole measure, as
there was not even a sui)erintendent of publio instruction named
in the draft. The constitution, thus prepared, provided for its
own submission to the people to be ratified or rejected on Decem-
ber 15, 1855, and after ratification there could be no change made,
'nor any convention to consider a new constitution until after
1865. The general banking law was to be voted up or down by
tlie same constituency at the same time as the constitution, and to
be included or rejected according to the result. Supposing the
constitution to be ratified, the executive committee already-
named stood authorized to conduct elections for state officers, and
for representation in congress, and the first assembly should be
convened on July -i, 1856, a celebration which could not be oth-
erwise than gratifying to good men. The convention prescribed
all details as to the districts and polling for the election on De-
cember 15th, to decide the fate of the constitution and the general
banking law. The executive committee was empowered to or-
ganize the elections for state officers, representative, and general
assembly, and to issue scrip, within the limits of $25,000, to de-
fray the necessary outlay, the redemption of which should be the
first duty of the legislative body. The deliberative action of the
convention came to an end on Saturday, November 10th, and it
was late at night when the delegates were called upon to sign the
constitution to which they had agreed. Thus they gave their
manifesto to the world, bearing the sign manua" of each member,
and by their act said to the Missourian horde, we are ready to do
.md dare all that may be necessary to secure for our children and
for ourselves the advantages of free government. It was not
bombast on their part, for the dark days came when they were
sorely tried by adversity, but they were equal to their task, and
the people by whom they had been chosen were worthy of loyal
service.

r>si.«iw

Becoxxa ISSAS'CE.

205

lerhaps more
n the United
pcrvision of
? measure, as
iction named
'ideil for its
(1 on Decem-
liange made,
I until after
1 or down by
ution, and to
jpposing the
itee already
officers, and
ly should be

not be oth-
)n prescribed
ction on De-
i the general
wered to or-
, and general
15,000, to de-
hould be the
action of the
• 10th, and it
m to sign the
ey gave their
jach member,
3 ready to do
children and

It was not
m they were
leir task, and
rthy of loyal

CHAPTER IX.

RECONNAISSANCE.
(,A brief Digreation.)

PRINCIPAL CITIES OF MISSOURI.

Kcconnoitcring the Enemy — Jefferson City— K(\nsas City — St. Louis —
St. .Toseph- Iluuuibal —Inilepenaeuce — Westou — Lcxiugtoa — Boone-

ville.

Having brought up our Territorial History to the point at
which the first steps toward a state government had been effected,
we may as well turn our attention toward the powerful antago-
nist with which Kansas had to contend. The settlers knew some-
thing of the strength of their foes, and we cannot understand
their position without sharing in that knowledge. It is not
enough that we know what was the feeling on the border, it is es-
sential that we should see the volume of power back of that
manifestation. The ruffianism which could disturb a series of
elections might be the effervescence of an element locally influ-
ential, but expressing only the rage of a small community, hence
it is important that we should ascertain, and note for reference,
the age and extent of the Missourian force which sought to ex-
tend and perpetuate itself in Kansas first, and then over an al-
most illimitable empire. The tone of the press in all parts of
Missouri applauded Gen. Atchison and his compeers in their
disreputable work, and, as we have seen, the pulpit did not strive
to set public opinion right, save in a few important instances,
which could not affect the mass, but which were more or less dis-
astrous to the men who tried to stem the torrent of prejudice and
anger. What the tone of the press on Mis.souri soil was, at the
time of the first settlement after Mr. Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska
act passed, has been already described in one or two pregnant ex-
tracts in former chapters; it remains only to show in that relation
the complete accord established between the Missouriau at home

-'ii'tiiitiil"'

flEf?'

206

TvTTufs HisTonr of Kaxsas.

nnd liis nlly and friend in Kansas Territory. Dr. Jolin TI. String-
follow, who edited Y/ic Squatter Sovori':/)), in Atoliison, a pro-
slavery settlement, named for the cx-AHco President, thus an-
swered some eriticisms ui)on the pro-slavery party, which had
sippearcd in the organ of Horace Greeley, the New York Tn'hinw:
" We can tell the impertinent scoundrels of the Trilmne that they
mav exhaust an ocean of ink, their Emigrant Aid Societies spend
their millions and billions, their rei.resentatives in congress spout
their heretical theories till doomsday, and his excellency, Frank-
lin Pierce, a]ipoint abolitionist after free soiler as our governor,
yet wo will continue to lynch and hang, to tar and feather and
drown every white-livered abolitionist who dares to pollute our
soil." Nor was this mere idle talk, only meant to aflfect persons
at a distance, as we find in the columns of the same journal, a
description of a street fight, in which bowie knives were freely
used, and a free soiler badly injured, the following brutal com-
nientary : " We are happy to state that the free soiler is in a
fair way to peg out, while the pro-slavery man is out and ready
for another tilt. Kansas is a hard road for free soilers to travel."
Thus the practices of the streets found approval in the columns of
the press, and every ruffian that could cut his mark upon the
body a free soiler was sure of an enthusiastic indoi-sement in tuu
organs of his party. The Luminary, published in ParkviUe,
Missouri, was raided and the press destroyed and flung into the
Mi.ssouri river, for no other fault than having dared to condemn
Mis.souri proceedings in Kansas in the election of a delegate to
congress ; and the editor of the Jell'erson Inquirer, in the same
state, for similar disturbing remarks, was informed through the
columns of a contemporary, that, "lie was a nigger stealer at
heart, and would have voted with the abolitionists ;" the most
crushing form of condemnation known, among the literati of Mis-
souri. President Pierce, in spite of all his unmistakable anxiety
to carry with him their suffrages, could not satisfy the pro-slavery
party by any of his nominations to the ofBce of governor ; nor
couM anything in the way of concession meet their views, ex-
cept an unreserved submission, such as Chief Justice Lecompte,
or Gen. Atchison, embodied in their daily lives. When the first
legislature for Kansas had been elected by Missourian invaders,

-SMI

jipg^i^:p£-r^-;?^:^S^

BfJCOXyAISSAKCE.

207

n ir. String-
ison, a pro-
it, thus nti-
, wliioh hail
)rk Trlhunc:
ne tliiit they
:;ietio.s spend
rif^rcss ppout
;ncy, Frank-
11 r governor,

feather and

pollute our
ffoct persons
le journal, a

were freely
brutal com-
soiler is in a
it and ready
rs to travel."
; columns of
rk upon the
ement in tho
n Parkville,
ung into the
. to condemn
a delegate to
in the same

through the
er stealer at
!;" the most
erati of Mis-
able anxiety
e pro-slavery
jvernor ; nor
ir views, ex-
ze Lecompte,
^hen the first
ian invaders,

the Pktlc Anjiis said : " The Missourians have conquered Kan

sas

lot them hold it or die in the attempt."

The purchase of Louisiana and of all claims upon western ter-
territory from France was effected under the managemont of
Thomas Jcffer.son, for $15,000,000, in the year 1801 ; although
some time clap.sed before all the transaction had been completed,
in Itivu, and at that time there were no civili/.ed inhabitants in
the region. In the year 1804, Messrs. Lewis and Clark came up
the Missouri, and held a council with the Lidians on the spot
where Fort Calhoun was afterwards built, at a point on the Ne-
braska side of the river, long afterwards known as Council Bluffs,
about twenty miles above the city of the same name, in Iowa,
•which is connected by the fine railroad bridge with Omaha. In-
dians were then the only residents on either side of the great
river in a vast extent of territory; and many years elapsed
before the country was opened for settlement. Tribes of Indiana
had to be removed before white men could be made occupants
and owners of the soil under the sanctions of civil government,
and, in consequence, the work went on very slowly ; but in the
year 1818-19 there had been sufficient progress to warrant an appli-
cation from the inhabitants of the territory of Missouri to congress
for admission to the union as a state. The bill founded upon that
movement was amended in the house of representatives by the intro-
duction of a clause excluding slavery from that section of the coun-
try, and in that form it was passed by the lower chamber, but re-
jected in the senate. The restriction on slavery was acrimoniously
discussed by all classes of men in the press, and in every walk of life,
with such heat as must always be evoked, when vested interests long
established are assailed by an advancing thought Men identified
prominently with either side were invited to expound their views
on the question in many great centers of population, and the best
thinkers in eastern and northern churches pronounced for and
against the proposed restriction, until, not merely in every lecture
hall, but almost by every fireside, the intricacies of the difficulty
had been discussed. Both sides were fully alive to the magni-
tude of the issue, and when the subject was revived in congress
in the session of 1819-20, there was more bitterness displayed on
this issue than on all other items of the congressional programme

■y,^^-,i£'-'J,* t-.i.-..- .--5 .

,'1

■!

208

TI'TTLE's JIlSTOHY OF K.i.WS.iS.

combined. Tlu; Missouri coinproinise was tlio rortiilt of that de-
lilu'ratioii, the liiiiitiitioiiri of the state tlien formed were imule the
Loiiiidiiries of the slave power ui the Louisiana purchase, and all
territory lying north of 36' 30' north, was forever exein;itc(l
from their domination, so far as human legislation can be made
Jinal. Tlio law which embodied that compromise was signed by
^'resident Monroe on the 0th day of March, 1820 ; and for more
than thirty years there was a general assumption that the prob-
lem of negro slavery was left to its own operation, not further to
be touched by congress. Of course it is not possible for one con-
gress to tie the hands of another ; the jjcople, by their representa-
tives, are always free to annul wrong actions, or what may be
assumed to be wrong by a majority, in constitutional ways; but
contending parties were inclined to rest and be thanktul upon
their several standpoints for many years. Holders of extreme
views would not be satisfied, but the public can never be logical
and precise ; and, in this case as in many others, the formula of
thought which was accepted as the finale of the controverted
claims for limitless extension of slavery on the one hand, and for
abolition of slavery on the other, contained elements which must
liave disrupted the settlement if the mass of the community became
logical, and determined to follow their premise to its conclusion.
The public, governed by feeling and by prudential considerations,
allowed the compromise to stand unquestioned in legislative cir-
cles for many years, and when the limits of Missouri were ex-
tended, there was no express provision sought, nor was there any
granted to carry slaves beyond the line of the previously enacted
compromise. The additional territory was given to Missouri in
1836, and slaves were held therein from the first cession, but
there was no sanction of law for such proceedings. There was a
general impression, until 1853, that the territory now covered by
Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado, would be the home of the In-
dian tribes until, in the course of time, they should die out, be-
fore a civilization which they fail to comprehend ; but in that
year there was a bill introduced to congress to organize that vast
expanse under the title of Nebraska Territory, and throw it open
to white settlement. The summit of the Eocky mountains on
the west, the states of Missouri and Iowa on the east, the territory

a^4..u.uu.miimaiW!iwM

iiwiwiiiiriniiiiiiiiniii

mmmmmumit

PiiisrirM. CiT!::s or Missinir.

209

lit of that de-
veie nunlo the
chase, and all
vev exempted
can be made
vas signed by
and for more
hat the prob-
not furtlier to
e for one con-
L'ir representa-
what may be
lal ways ; but
lianktul upon
•s of extreme
ver be logical
10 formula of
controverted
hand, and for
;s which must
lunity became
ts conclusion,
onsidei'ations,
egislative cir-
ouri were ex-
?as there any
jusly enacted
3 Missouri in
cession, but
There was a
V covered by
ne of the In-
l die out, be-
but in that
lize that vast
hrow it open
nountains on
the territory

of Xew ^[cxico and the parallel of 00" 30' north latitude on the
south, and -lo ' CO' north latitude on the nortii, , t to bo the
couipivliuMsive limits of the new govenmu'ut. Towa, by one of
her representatives, took the initiative in the movement in Do-
cendjcr, 1853; and after reference to tlie committee on territories,
there were so iii:iny and such important alteraiious made that the
chairman, Mr. Douglas, of Illinois, the famous Sl('|)lu'n A. Doug-
las, founded thereupon his substitute measure, the Kansas-Ne-
braska bill, which eventually became law, and was accompanied
by a repeal of the Missouri compromise. The provisions of that
organic act are familiar to our readers. The debates in congress
and in the press had seemed violent when the ^[issouri comprom-
ise was arrived at, when the slave power snatched at and obtained
an extension of soil by consenting to a definition of limits; but
when the limits were removed in the prosecution of an aggressive
])oliey, which was never mcjre to be abandoned, until the party
fell into irreparable defeat after the rebellion, the tone of the dis-
putants had already the ring of war in its menaces on both sides.
The measure, several times amended, became law in May, 185J:,
being finally i)a.ssed on the 2oth, and being signed by the Presi-
dent on the 30th. That was the event which practically brought
invasion and civil war into Kansas territory, and wiiich eventually
removed the stain of negro slavery from our institutions.

It was pretended that the substituted bill was a compromise
under which Kansas should become a slave state, and Nebivaska
should balance that increase by admission on the free soil basis,
but the value of such compromises was too well known to allow
of the popular leaders being fooled a second time. No such
arrangement was made, nor was it dreamed of by the free soil
party ; but tlic proslavery leaders were not slow to use the pre-
text as a means of inspiring the Missourian population with a hate
m^re intense than had theretofore been realized, against every ap-
pearance of northern intermeddling with the territory which, under
another name, was to have been a repetition of Missouri.

Jekfeksox City was made the capital of the state of Missouri,
by popular vote, in the year 182], but it was not until the follow-
ing year that the town was laid out, the attraction to the spot
U

Ti'TTLf's lIlsrOUY UF K.ISSAS.

£■■:

consisting in its nearness to tho geograpliieal centre of the state.
It is tlio seat of justice for Cole county, and it stands on tlic south
bank of the Missouri river, one hundred and twcntyfive miles
from St. Lonis, and nine hundred and ei},dity miles from Wash-
ington. Tlio location of .TclTer.son City is very beautiful, as it
occupies a coinmandin^,' blnll, from which an extensive '. icw can
"be liad of a remarkably pictures(iuo country. The streets are
regularly laitl out, and well graded, the draiiuigc of the city being,
Bccurcd by its position. The public buildings of Jeller.son City
arc numerous and notcwortliy. Tlic state capitol is a particularly
line structure, dating from tho year 18^(5, when the reprcsentativea
and senators of tho state had just practically broken through the
Missouri Compronuse in congress, by procuring an addition to
the territory of the state, without guaranties of any kind for the
iionextension of slavery into the region, wliith had been specially
exempted by tho legislation of 1820-21. 'i'lio court house is a
county building, and of course it cannot compare witli the capitol,
but it is a very good looking edifice, and is made useful for nu-
merous purposes, as is common with such structures. The state
penitentiary is located at this point, and tho mode of discipline
■which obtains within its walls helps to atone in some degree for
the want of .school discipline which was noticeable in tlie earlier
history of Missouri. Tlio state armory is an establishment in
whieli it is much e(vsicr to tr'.-o pride than in a prison, however
■well conducted, and tlie institution is one of the lions to which
country cousins are invariably escorted. The executive mansion
is not superb, nor does it attempt to be gaudy, but it is well
adapted for the purpose which it serves, as the official headquar-
ters of the government of the state. Lincoln Institute is a worthy
monument erected in honor of a good man, whose name was at
one time almost a byword of reproach among Missourians, but
who lived long enough to vindicate his holy purpose in the grand
work which sanctified and ennobled his career. Missouri, trem-
bling almost on the verge of rebellion, recovered itself in time to
avoid that calamity, although many of those who had taken an
active part in her political life, up to the Fort Sumter era, went
over to the enemy. The normal school for colored youth in Jef-
ferson City betokens a vast advance in public sentiment since the

-««».

Puiscii'M. Cities of Mis la.

911

3 of the state.

I oil tlio south
>ty-fivc milo!*
s from Wash-
L'iuitiful, us it
sivo '. low can

10 streets uro
the eity being
Jeltersoii City
a particularly
ipresoiitatives

II through the

11 aiUlitioi) to
y' kiiul for the
been specially
irt house is a
til the eapitol,
useful for nu-
cs. The state
3 of tliseipline
•me degree for

in the earlier
ablishmciit in
■ison, however
lions to which
utive mansion
but it is well
cial headquar-
ite is a worthy
e name was at
issourians, but
e in the grand
klissouri, trem-
,self in time to

had taken an
mter era, went
. youth in Jef-
meut since the

days wlicn the (.^iiakor College at Salem, Iowa, was attacked by
our border ruflians under the direction of some of the secret stx'i©-
ties of the proslavery party, for fear of the inlluenee which migh*.
be exerted on Mis.-<ouri l)y the ap[>arent successes of an ediuiational
cstalilishnient. Tiie normal school is well attendeil, and " (iod's
image carved in ebony" displays an interest in the work of edu-
cation which might be emulated by the other youth of the country
with very groat advantage. The teachers provided by this insti-
tution have a wide range of usefulness before them, and their at-
tainments are highly creditable. There is an excellent seminary
for young ladies hero, and it is gratifying to observe that its ad-
vaningos are being used by an always increasing number of pupils.
The curriculum of the school is high, and the immber of gra<lu-
ntes improves every year. Some of the most successful lady
teachers in the state have found here their best assistance. The
ncw.spaper press of JefTer.son is not extensive, as there is only one
paper published in the eity, but it is a matter for some congratu-
lation that at a time when nearly all the journals in the state of
Missouri were applauding the demoniac excesses of the border
ruffians in Kan.sas, which culminated in the election of the Paw-
nee-Shawnee legislative assembly, the city of Jefferson possessed
an editor who was true to his vocation, and who was denounced
for expressing disapproval of such conduct. There is no merit in
echoing the cries that prevail in the streets, but there is honor
■won for the profession of letters when a man, having the example
of mob violence under his observation, dares to rebuke fanaticism
in the interest of the common weal. That distinction was well
earned in the city of Jefferson when the slave power was ranipant
in Missouri in the year 1855, and the sympathetic writer was
broadly accused of abolitionism. Really, the man had no such
proclivities at that time, but he could not look down upon the
rowdyism which raged around him without expressing his abhor-
rence of conduct which disgraced humanity. The state library is
a fine institution and an ornament to Jefferson, for the purpose
•which it serves rather than for the splendor of the building, which
is devoted to letters. The post office is not handsome, but it ia
sufficiently commodious for all present purposes. Jefferson City
College is an Episcopal institution, and many ornaments of the

21'2

Trrn.ic's llisrony »»/•' A'.i.vs.i'*.

climvli Imvc heir rowivcl tlu'ir tmininjr. MaimfiK-tiiriii^,' intcre.stM
ar(! !i.lviiiiciii« li.'iv; tlioro am two l:l^^'o ll..iiriii^' miU.^, ulmost
ulvvios ill full wc.rk , nn I'stuhlisliiuoiit for ll.o uKiiiufncturc) of
ngriculliirul iiniiltunonts, tin iiultistry ftlwayrt liXtciulin^; u foun-
dry, aiul a lumt of minor iii.lustrii-s. 'I'Iumo aiv tlnv,, bunks, and
the miii.Tal ivsourcfs of tho locality in.'lu.l.! iron, coal, and nn
i.luiiral.lo sand, a-laptcd for ^,'lass niaUin-. Tlio agricultural mv
n.imdingH of .IclTcrson arc Huch as to assuro tho cMty of an ox-
tcmlcd time of prosperity. The line position of tlio city, well
built find drained, on an elevated plateau, secures for the peop o
uu enviable avera-e of health, and the populiitiou -oes on steadily
inereasinj,'. In the year IbtiU, tlie number of inhabitants m .lei-
fcMNoii City was 8,082, and when the last census was taken, in
1S7(I, the number had increased to 4,120, so that we may now
safely assume a i.opulation of about (5,000 souls. The eity is w.ill
served by competing railroads. Tlie Missouri I'aeilie company
have a depot here, and a ferry transfer from a depot in tliiB city
conveys pa.ssenj;ers to the Louisiana divisi.)n of tho Chicago and
Alton railroad in Cedar City, in tlie same state, on the other sido
of the Missouri river, which is the southwestern terminus of that
line. Civil rights arc now conceded in Missouri to men and
women that were once chattels only, and some wrongs and much
Bunering have been inseparable from an overturn so sudden and
complete; still it would be folly to close our eyes to the compcn-
Biiting advantages which will give to the successors of the nu:.
who have sullercd most more than an eciuivuleiit m the future, in
the commercial, manufacturing and agricultural developments,
which would have been impossible under the thriftless systems of
slave life; and in the mental and moral tone, which the domestic
institution rendered impossible in thousands of homes, a condition
of existence in every way more to be desired. The city of Jefier-
son was comparatively little identified with the border outrages,
although some of her citizens were active therein ; but the status
of the city as the capital of the state made it imperative upon us
to sketch the predominating features of the locality.

Kansas City and Westport were among the most active par-
ticipants in the outrages in the neighboring territory. Many car-

I ■Tft^^'lriMf.litHI'"*'!'' """'■■*■'

ill;-,' intoroMts
I 111 Is, almost
111 facta ro of
iig; u fouri-
! l)anks, ami
.'oal, and nti
rultm-rtl rtiir-
,y of nn ox-
10 city, well
.r the ponplo
s oil steadily
iants in .Fof-
raa taken, in
ivo may now
10 city is well
ilic company
in this city
Chicago and
ho other sido
iiinus of that
to men and
igs and much
sudden and
the compen-
s of the mt:.
the future, in
levelopments,
;s3 systems of
the domestic
39, a condition
city of Jcfler-
■der outrages,
but the status
ative upon us

st active par-
f. Many car-

Pnisrii' II. Cuius ()/•' ]fi^sitt'Rr.

213

loads of nifTianism mado a parade of having ('^n\w from tli^- locidi
tie« named by Hliouting " All aboard for Wcstiiort and Kntisart
City," as soon as ilic business erf intimidation and fraudulent
voting had been accoinplisli.Ml in many precincts. Western Mis-
Boiiri, along its wliolc frontier line, was joined to Kansas by
iiunieroiis stcaml)oats on the river, and Kansas City, standing
close to the line of ilemarcation, witli tlie Missouri as a higliway
to any point where operations might be found necessary, and with
Wyandotte close at haml, s<"parated only by the river, which in
traversed 1)/ a very Ibie bri Ige and a street railroad, there were
cspet;ial facilities for reacliing the debatable land. When, later
in the day, an attack was to bo made in force upon the city of
Lawrence, Kansas Chy and Westport were the great nitrrpnl.'^ of
military stores and the halting place for camp followers, wlio .
hoped to find something more prolita'ulo tlian hard knocks upon
the battle lieUls in the territory. Kansas City limits were origin-
ally mapped out one mile from tlie boundary line which separates
Kansas from Missouri, on the right bank of the Missouri river,
just below the moiit'.i of the Kaw or Kansas river, two huntlrcd
mid thirty- five miles west of St Louis, and just whei-c the Mis-
Houri bonds Anally to the east, after many curves in its sinuous
course. Tlio city is tlie capital of Jackson countv and is rapidly
becoming of immense commercial importance, blading fair to bo
a yet nearer rival to tlie greatness of St. Louis. When the quar-
rel began between free soilers and the pro-slavery party on Kan-
sas territory, the population of the city could not have been much
more than two thousand persons, as in tlie year 18(50, there were
only four thousand four hundred and eigliteen inhabitants within
the city limits, and the act of incorporation had been procured
seven years earlier. The natural advantages of the situation were
entirely stunted by the wretched system of oppression and un-
thrift which the people were striving with all their might to jier-
petuatc for themselves and for their neighbors. Soon after the
trade with Santa Fe was commenced across the plains. Independ-
ence, Mo., the first great depot of the commercial caravan, fovnid
a persevering and dangerous nval in Westport, a town just four
miles from the site of Kansas City. When the trade grew into
still larger proportions, the position now occupied by the city was

214 TUTTUfs JIlSTOIlY OF Kassas.

found to offer so many advantages that a settlement was made on
the spot, and almost immediately a business was being effected
■which went on increasing slowly for many years.

When civil strife commenced in the territory, commercial pros-
perity came to a halt, and within the state of Missouri the limits
of progression under the slavery regime were supposed to have
been reached long before, so that the prospect for Kansas City
was not brilliant. On the other side of the Missouri river stood
a fair territory which could be coined by commerce within a few
years, supposing settlement to be allowed to proceed peacefully ;
but the dominant party in the state could only permit settlement
on condition that it should be accompanied by slavery, and on
that basis the difficulty was to be settled by the use of bowie
knives and rifles, articles by no means consistent with prosperity
for trade, commerce and agriculture. Kansas City had many
men in her ranks who could see the impolicy of the course on
which they had entered, but they were so completely hedged m
by the slave power and its influences, in the form of spies and
secret associations, that it was dangerous to breathe a thought to
the nearest friend, lest by some inadvertency on his part, or even
by fear where deliberate treachery might be impossible, he should
hand over the incautious talker to be dealt with by unscrupulous
organizations. Practically for such men there was less freedom
in Kansas City than there would have been in the territory be-
yond the river, because over there they would have found a party
with which to train, and from which support in some degree
could be expected; but on the Missouri side of the river there
could not be a popular party formed, seeing that no man dared
trust his neighbor. Ten years of growth under proslavery rule
had brought up Kansas City to a population of about two thous-
and in the year 1854, when the Kansas-Nebraska act came into
operation, and six years added thereto had only given a total of
four thousand four hundred in 1880, as the result of sixteen years
progression, up to the point when a free soil president held the
destinies of the states in his hands as a solemn trust. That elec-
tion was tbe turning point in Kansas City affairs, although many
of her leading citizens looked upon the event as a deplorable mis-
fortune, hardly dreaming of a possibility that within ten years

PiiiKciPAL Cities of Missouiti.

215

as made on
ig effected

srcial pros-
. the limits
;!d to have
ansas City
river stood
ithin a few
peacefully ;
settlement
iry, and on
e of bowie
prosperity
had many
I course on
• hedged in
f spies and
thought to
art, or even
3, he should
nscrupulous
2SS freedom
territory be-
und a party
ome degree
river there
man dared
slavery rule
; two thous-
t came into
sn a total of
Lxteen years
nt held the
That elec-
lough many
•lorable mis-
n ten years

from that time, their population would rise from 4,418, a number
which the city aud settlement had been sixteen yours in attaining,
to 32,260, with a prospect of almost geometrical increase for
many decades to come, aa the great center of prosperous traffic by
river aud railroad, grasping both sides of the continent, and min-
istering to the progress of an always increasing free population
on every side. The problem was solved without the assistance
of Kansas City, or rather in spite of the virulent opposition of the
community that was to be advanced; so true it is, as Shakspere
wrote, that : " Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and
some have greatness thrust upon them."

The city is built upon somewhat broken ground, commencing
originally upon the bottom lands and gradually ascending the
bluffs, but by careful grading, the major part of the consequent
irregularities have been obliterated or, at any rate, overcome.
The streets are wide and somewhat irregular, but they are well
lighted with gas ; the sidewalks are as a rule very good indeed,
and the sewerage of the city is being brought near to perfection.
There are nine railroad lines converging to this center from all
points oE the compass, and meeting in Kansas City in one com-
mon depot, facilitating business to an extent which millions of
slaves and ten states in which to coin their labor could never
have approached in profit, in speed, and in satisfaction. Besides
these roads with all their attendant advantages, five others are
now in course of construction, and some of that number will be
ready for operation before many months have passed. The Mis-
souri is spanned by a very beautiful bridge fourteen hundred feet
in length, which cost one million of dollars, and over that magnif-
icent structure the products of two hemispheres pass and repass
a thousand times every year. The little town of Westport, with
its population of nearly two thousand persons, has been attached
to Kansas City as a suburb by a system of street railways, four
lines of which have knit together Wyandotte, in Kansas, and
Westport, Mo., some seven miles distant, with Kansas City as the
common center. The city, which was once in danger of having
no press at all, or, even worse, of having a press which would
obey the dictation of wealth allied to brutality, has now one of
the best conducted series of newspapers that can be produced by

siMtrMali

iiBiiliilliiillH

wiiM

i.U j;t'.,g«.

216

Tittle's HisTour of Kaxsas.

any place of its age and dimensions, and in tlieir columns every
question of the ago can be and is discussed with all the freedom
that sound thinkers can desire, without the least fear that a specula-
tive association on the part of tlie writer, or the freest denuncia-
tion of a wrong, will call tofpther an excited crowd to hang an
editor and drown his broken press in the ^lissouri. Tiiere are
six daily papers published in the city, three of these morning
})apers and tliree evening, besides nine others which are weekly,
tri-weekly and bi-monthly, one of the number being a German
periodical, and another devoted entirely to the live stock trade,
which is one of ihe principal industries now prosecuted in the
city. The farming interest is very intelligently cared for in the
prcLiS, one of the vvecklies being devoted entirely to the granger
industry, but it is not narrow and sectional in its tone notwith-
standing, and it deals with every questi()n that arises in a truly
philosoi)hical and scientific manner. The importance of that ele-
ment in society is rapidly changing the whole tone of the body
politic, and will go on, it is to be hoped, until Cincinnatus will
once more be found ready to abandon the plow to save the nation,
and just as ready to resume the plow when the emergency has
passed away.

The vast increase of mechanical facility which has fallen in
the way of the agriculturist, within the last twenty years, has
reduced the number of laborers employed in farming by just one
third, and has double the wages of those who remain in such
avocations, as a consequence of the greater skill now demanded
in cultivating the earth ; from which facts we come, of necessity,
to the conclusion that the men who are now engaged in wrest-
ing food for the millions from the broad acres of our soil are
better qualified than were their predecessors for any intellectual
task which may devolve upon them. Every stroke of help that
science gives to the workman, in whatever grade, makes him a
more thoughtful man, because it aflords him leisure for brain
culture and an incentive to the right employment of his opportu-
nity. Assuming that as the starting point, how great must be
the mental power which has been liberated by the $oOO,000,000
which has been invested in the farm implements and machinery
now in use within the bounds of the Union, all representing

,Peixcii'al Cities of Missol'iu.

217

Dlumns every

tlio freedom
lat a hpcculu"
ist denunjia-
1 to hang an
. There are
lese morning
I are weekly,
ig a German

stock trade,
cuted in the
ed for in the

the granger
one notwith-
ss in a truly
e of that ele-

of the body
cinnatus will
/e the nation,
nergency has

has fallen in
,y years, has
y by just one
lain in such
•w demanded
of necessity,
jed in wrest-

our soil are
y intellectual
of help that
nakes him a
ire for brain

his opportu-
eat must be
$500,000,000
id machinery

representing

labor-saving contrivances which aim at lifting man above the
mere savage, or the poor unrequited toiler, which for so many
centuries he remained. The struggle which ended so gloriously
on this continent in the interests of oppressed humanity depend-
ed on two requisites — money and muscle. Shorn of cither of
these essentials, we might have lost our opportunity to liberate
the black. Our crops represented the money necessary to i)ro-
cure the materiel of war, as well as the food necessary for our
combatants and others; but the labor required for reaping under
the old system would have thinned our ranks to such an extent
that defeat would have been among the possibilities. At that
point machinery came to the rescue of the human chattel ; the
grain was reaped by ingenious mechanism, and our thews and
sinews so liberated won the battle for the Union and for human-
ity. It is only one of the boons that scientific methods have
conferred.

There are no less than twelve banks in Kansas City, and there
are twenty-eight churches, so that the money-changers are proba-
bly helping to sustain the temples in our day, from which they
were driven nearly nineteen centuries ago in Jerusalem. The
educational interests of Kansas City are in excellent keeping;
there are fourteen schools well graded, and presided over by first-
class teachers of both sexes, who are as well paid as the average
of ladies and gentlemen engaged in tuition in the northwest, but
not well enough, considering their talents and fitness, and the
responsibilities under which they labor. The attendance of
children is quite up to the average of the states generally, but it
may be safely averred that not more than half of the children in
any city of the Union reap the advantages which society offers
for their acceptance in the public school system. Kansas is nob
an exception to that rule, and, perhaps, so long as teachers con-
tinue to rank among the worst paid professionals among us, it
will continue to be fallacious on our part to anticipate that boys
and girls will give themselves enthusiastically to learning. The
golden age for study was when every avenue to preferment de-
manded scholarship on the part of the candidate, and when
learned men, for their own sakes alone, were welcomed in every
court in Europe. Erasmus, a monk relieved from the obligations

' - ii'imiBliiiiTr

■MS««i«Mi»MiitatiiiB>Beati

■ ■WWjiii'll "tiiP'M»li.i.' H'^

!^^^

218

Tuttle's IIistoet of Kansas.

of his onlcr by the Pope, as a recognitition of liis attainments,
visited all tlie principal trans-Atlantic kingdoms, and was hon-
ored by special concessions everywhere, because of his wit and
his mastery of the lore of his time, yet there were many more
learned than he in that age, immediately ushering in the Kefor-
mation in Europe, and the scholar had not even the honor of
legitimate birth to commend him to the notice of the great world.
He was honored and rewarded with pensions from many courts,
that he might be enabled unreservedly to devote himself to a
studious life, in an era when the publication of books did not
pay the author, and his example was quoted in every seat of Eu-
ropean learning. We give scarcely any honor to our teachers,
and we pay them so badly that they are actually compelled to
" board round " to eke out a subsistence in innumerable instances,
yet we wonder that our youth does not become penetrated with
admiration for a calling which is fed with husks such as the swine
did eat when the prodigal was in a far country. We must amend
our school regulations in that particular, before the best possible
results can be achieved; and, only when teachers can win first-
class emoluments by proficiency in their avocation, will the rage
for school training become general and beneficent among all classes
in the community.

There are two medical colleges in Kansas City, and they are
very well sustained in the work which they have assumed —
teaching the men and women of this age how to make life a
blessing, and how to mitigate the woes of the afflicted. It is as-
tounding that so little is really known about our common hu-
manity even among ,the students, but when we compare what ia
compiehended now with what was commonly accepted among
professional men as truth in the beginning of this century, it be-
comes difficult to realize that the human race has lived upon the
globe so many years, that .

"There's not a dust that floats on air,
But once was living man."

Modern science has effected more for humanity within thiscen-
tury than had been accomplished before in the same direction
since the commencement of the Christian era, and yet every dis-

w>iim_'.i.'^f"j!^'

Principal Cities of Mlssovhl

219

attainments,
nd was hon-
his wit and
I many more
in the Kefor-
die honor of
I great world,
many courts,
himself to a
)oks did not
y seat of Eu-
our teachers,
compelled to
ble instances,
netrated with
ii as the swine
1 must amend
best possible
can win first-
will the rago
ong all classes

and they are
e assumed —
I make life a
ted. It is as-
common ha-
npare what is
cepted among
century, it be-
ived upon the

vitbin thiscen-

same directioa

yet every dis-

coverer feels that ho has but gathered one pebble upon the beach
of the vast sea of knowledge, whicli God holds in the hollow of
his hand, waiting only for the proper means of search to bo used,
to become the heritage of our race. Every college, opened for
the dissemination of science, widens the range of observation,
and improves the capacity to recognize phoenomcna, upon which
sounder views of our condition and powers may become possible ;
and one of the most hopeful features of the medical faculty ot
our own time is the fact that most of the limitations which pre-
vented reforms in theory and practice in former days, are being
wisely removed by the leading minds. Kansas City has much
reason to be proud of the learning which is embodied in the
faculties of her two colleges, as well as of the spirit which is
daily growing more and more manifest, which would open all the
stores of knowledge to both sexes, so that the patient, the nurse,
the medical attendant and the consulting physician can meet upon
common ground with such intelligence as will assist materially m
combatting disease. There is an able medical journal published

in this city. . .

The Roman Catholics ire as usual foremost in identifying
themselves with good works, and they have been ably seconded
by many worthy Protestants in providing a hospital for the alilict-
ed, and a seminary for young women, from which much good has
already come. The city hospital is a fine building, and the
means of the institution are well administered, the ward room
being usually sufficient to allow of the reception of urgent cases.
The claims of charity in other respects are not overlooked, as the
spacious accommodations devoted to the orphan asylum, and the
workhouse ami women's home amply testify. Pleasure as well as
benevolence have their efficient staffs of servitors here, and the
two theaters which flourish in Kansas City are at least as well
supported and as well managed as the average of such establish-
ments in provincial cities. The opera house is used for many
purposes besides legitimate opera, but it is in nearly every re-
spect a benefit to the people, so far as it affords wholesome and
irnocent entertainment for faculties apt to be too much engrossed
in the pursuits of the almighty dollar. The government of the
city is in the hands of a mayor and council chosen by the people,

iiaiiiiftii-ti i' inn

„.tmmm

220

TvTTufs JFisToKi or Kas-sas.

and the police system is moderately cfTcctivc. The dangers
which arise from conflagrations are guarded against uy an excel-
lent fire department, and the fire signal method in operation here
secures srreat ].romptitudc at all times. The surrounding coun-
try, which makes Kansas City its shipping and trading renter, is
very fertile and well settled, so that its agricultural resources
will not be soon exhausted, and in addition to farming, stock
raising and dairy operations, there are abundant mineral treasures
whicirwill give employment to thousands of men in the future.
Coal is already mined to a very considerable extent, a soft bitu-
minous deposit being found underlying an immense area of coun-
try. The coal mines at Fort Scott are developing very rapidly,
as we may gather from the subjoined figures. Five years ago
the railroad lines which centered in Kansas City were almost ^en-
tirelv dependant upon wood for fuel; now coal from the Fort
Scott mines is almost the only fuel consumed, not only upon all
the roads, but through all the Missouri Valley, as far north as the
city of Omaha, Nebraska. The state of Kansas has the majority
of the mines at present, but the deposit extends so far, and is so
generally in good form for working that shafts will be sunken in
many localities in Missouri within a few years at farthest. The
quantity of coal which was received in Kansas City in the years
1869-70 aggregated less than 1,500 car loads, but the year 1871
saw an incivuse to 5,000, the following year, 9,900, and the year
1873 brought to the city 11,022 car loads of coal. The deposit
is said to contain fully twenty-five per cent more available power
for the generation of steam, than the average of coal used in the
eastern states, and if that claim can be sustained the industry
will be found still more elastic in the future. Manufacturers as
well as railroad companies will see the advantages to be secured
by the use of such fuel, and the number of mills and factories in
Kansas City must increase immensely. Lead, iron and other
minerals are found in this locality in such quantities as must as-
sist to build up the future of this manufacturing, commercial and
mining metropolis.

The live stock traffic of the vast area west of the Mississippi is,
however, the main reliance of Kansas City at the present time,
and that industry has increased with wonderful rapidity since the

—II .ijiiiilWilii«ilW''Wi^

I'uiscii'AL ('irii:s OF Missouri.

S91

The dangers
; uy an cxcel-
)»ieration liere
■)unding cjun-
(ling renter, is
iral resoureea
farming, stock
neral treasures

in the future.
It, a soft bitu-
e orca of coun-
; very rapidly,
:'^ive years ago
irere almost en-

from the Fort

only upon all
far north as the
as the majority
) far, and is so
,1 be sunken in

farthest. The
ity in the years

the year 1871
0, and the year
. The deposit
ivailable power
oal used in the
id the industry
anufacturers as
^s to be secured
and factories ia
iron and other
lies as must as-
commercial and

e Mississippi is,
he present time,
ipidity since the

year 1873, wher. the Missouri, Kansas and To.Kas Iladroad was
completed, opening up tlio stock raising regions of Icxas to tuo
cntcruriso of the Atlantic states. Before that time a great trade
had been carried on, but the droves of cattle suflcred terribly from
ill treatment, added to the waste incidental to traveling across the
plains, and the cost of the food thus brought into market was
largely increased, while the (luality was yet more depreciated.
Sto" k raisers found the Texan cattle profitable for crosses, and the
meat excellent, when due care was observed in watering the stock
on the overland journey; but railroad companies arc adepts lu
the process of " waioring stock," and the public must lu the end
be great gainers from their operations in that respect. 1 he cattle
which find their distributing center in this city are now brought
through Indian Territory at a mere tithe of former cost, without
takin" into account the loss of time under which the purchaser
suftered in having his capital so long locked up in a venture al-
ways diminishing in value from the time of starting. In the year
1873 the receipts of cattle were 227,669 head, and the aggregated
value $3,il5,035; .luring the same year there were over four
thousand horses and nearly six thousand sheep, also among the
receipts of live stock. Pork packing is an industry which has
commanded much attention for many years past, and it is still
progressing, as we find that in the year 1868, there were only
13,000 hogs packed in this city, but five years later, there wera
220,000 packed, and the amount of capital invested has been
largely augmented since that date. The receipts in the year last
mentioned showed an aggregate of 220,956 hogs, valued at $2,-
181 178. The figures are small by comparison with that industry
in Chicago, but°the results are grand for Kansas City. Every
branch of business testifies to a corresponding advancement in the
city which feared ruin unless slavery could be made a part of the
constitution of the neighboring state. The sales of merchan'lise
at wholesale in 1873 showed an augmentation of nearly $2,000,-
000 over the business of the preceding year, and the receipts of
grain during the same term increased by 717,000 bushels. Like
many other places, Kansas City has triumphed in a defeat that
has brought blessings to a community which must have been
cursed by success. Comfort as well a? the salvage of property

■^

Miniaiinnimmmiiiifiiii

<^yY"^^'--'- "■ ^MH- ■'■1^-?'VliWri»i»

«iilil»i»iiii.uui.;ii»

222

TuTTLnfs History of Kassas.

from fire have been consulcred by the city corponition. by tlio
establishment of water works on the Holly system, comi-nsiug
the reservoir and stand pipe, as well as the general features of the
Holly method, at a cost of $1,000,000, which, when fully cj^rK-a
out, will have provided twenty miles of supply lupcs, served by
two spacious reservoirs which arc capable of containing twenty
million gallons of water. The risk of fire will be miminized by
the construction of three hundred hydrants in ei>mmanding posi-
tions, when the works are completed, and should the city extend
until it joins Westport, there will be no practical difiiculty in in-
creasing the water supply accordingly. Kansas City has long
since dispensed with vigilance committees, but the watchfulness
of the city has multiplied rather than diminished with the change,
until even the lightnings are set to work by the Metropolitan Tel-
egraphic Agency, to convey to every fireside and counting bouse
the messages of affectionate solicitude and business acumen which
help to diffuse the blessings of civilization and prosperity through-
out the land. The commercial development of Kansas City is
presided over by a board of trade, which has been in operation
since 1872, and has distinguished itself by very able contributions
toward the comprehension of the great problem of transportation,
which can never be fully solved until the industrial populations,
capital and machinery o'f Europe are brought en masse to our fer-
tile prairies and wooded streams, to build up cities great enough
to consume the fruits of the earth, and to supply in return all that
is wanted by a rural community to enable them to participate in
the triumphs of art and science, in the successes of mechanical
invention, and in all the comforts and luxuries which render life
enjoyable without tending toward effeminacy. Kansas City, by
her delegates, won favorable notice in the convention of congress-
men at^'st. Louis in the summer of 1873, and when the senate
transportation committee sat in that city, a report from this board
was one of the ablest papers submitted on that question. The
National Board of Trade received delegates from this city shortly
afterwards, and accorded recognition to the local body as repre-
senting the tenth city among the trade centers of the union.
With the extension of railroads, the river has of course become of
less importance ; but in the year 1873, the steamboat arrivals

e^wf^tv^j^iw

mm^m^^

iM II .H'HIHW"

JUIU . llEiJliA _. _.

PiiiscirAL Cities of Missouri.

223

nitiDii. by tl\o
11, coiiiprisiiig
features of the
n fully CPiTied
pes, served by
aining twenty

miniinizetl by
imanding posi-
he city extend
liiTiculty in in-
City lias long
le watchfulness
■ith the change,
jtropolitan Tel-
counting bouse
) acumen which
perity through-
Kansas City is
en in operation
le contributions

transportation,
lal populations,
nasse to our fer-
es great enough
1 return all that
;o participate in

of mechanical
hich render life
Kansas City, by
tion of congress-
rhen the senate
from this board

question. The
this city shortly
il body as repre-
s of the union,
ourse become of
amboat arrivals

amounted to sixty five, and companies are being extcndal to
make the Missouri a more ciTicient aid to the growth of Ka.m3
City Since the rebellion was quenched, Kansas City has dis-
played an admirable courage and perseverance, and her successes
indicate her acquiescence in the policy against which the pro-
slavery party fought

Sr Louis, the capital of St Louis county, is beyond question the
oldest settlement in the state of Missouri, and the city stands next
to New York and Philadelphia in population, being the third city
in the Union in that respect The numbers inhabiting the three
cities now may be roundly estimated at 500,000, 750,000 and
1 000,000, the largest being, of course. New York city, and the
third St Louis. The first settlement on the site of the city was
made in the year 1764, when M. La Clede established the Louisi-
ana Fur Company on this spot, calling the settlement Saint Louis,
in honor of his royal master. King Louis XV, who was no saint
at all, unless history and the Duchesse du Barri were both very
much mistaken. The Governor General of Louisiana gave to his
countryman, M. La Clede, the charter, under which the settlement
was founded and the company established. The population of
St Louis did not progress very rapidly, but colonizing is not a
work in which France has ever been very successful. In the year
1780 when the French soldiery were narrating to their families
and friends the possibilities and the prowess of a free people on
this continent, the young city in its sixteenth year numbered 687
people, and nineteen years later the population was only 92o, m
the year 1799, four years before the sale was effected to this gov-
ernment. Nor does it appear that after the Louisiana purchase
in 1803, there was any considerable acceleration, as in the year
1810 there were only about fourteen hundred souls in the city ;
but from that period there was rapid growth, comparatively
sneakincr, as in 1823 there were 4,800, in 1830, 6,694, m 1840
^^ 1850, 74.439, in 1860, 160,773, in 1870, 310,923 and
subsequent enumerations have brought the numbers up to 4o0,000
in the year 1873. The railroads, which wait upon the conveni-
ence and necessities of the citizens of St Louis, are the St Louis
andiron Mountain; the Atlantic and Pacific; the Pacific Kail-

T-"-.!,' ---■*'«.**'''*'"' "

■I

224

TvTTi.hfs JTisTonr or K.wsAfi.

I'iiU

roii.l of Missouri ; tlio St. Louis, Kaiisna City uikI Northern,
foniicrly known as llio Northern Missouri; all ot which havo
thfir ti'fuiinii here. Ik-siik's these, by way of the great l)ri(l^o
t)Vir the Mississippi, there are additional facilities by the Koclc
ford, Uoek island and St. Louis; the Toledo, Wabash and West-
ern ; the Chieago and Alton; the Indianapolis and St. Louis ; the
St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute and Lidianapolis; the Ohio and
Mississippi: the St. Louis and Southwestern, and the St. Louis,
Alton and Terre Haute Kailroad.s, besides other lines whieh are
projected, and some of them considerably advanced. AVith such
aiils toward development it would be strange indeed if St. Louis
should not thrive, and as we saw recently, when the great bridge
across the Mississipjii was opened to commerce, the people aro
-well worthy of the opportunities with which they are and have
been favored. When Kansas Territory was first thrown open to
settlement, St Louis iiad a popu'vtion of over one hundred thou-
sand souls, but the small malignity which found utterance in the
columns of the J'lattc Aiyu.s, was only in a very modified way
echoed by the press of the metropolis, in whreh better sentiments
ruled, ^he people were in favor of slavery as a domestic insti-
tution, but the more repulsive features of Missourian proceedings
in the adjoining territory were not realized by the nuiss of the
people who were too far from the debatable land to take an active
part in the conllict. Assessments were made and responded to
occasionally by the St. Louis men to sustain the policy of annex-
ation, and some of the more adventurous spirits visited the seat
of war, but the city as a whole was exempted by its geographical
position from being incriminated in the raore blamable excesses
of the day. The commercial and mining ventures of St. Louis,
and the capital already at that time invested in manufactures put
the city in a very different category from those places which re-
lied entirely upon the slave owners, and carried all their eggs in
one basket. The analysis of occupations which now lies before
us shows how the population of the city was employed in 1870,
but there had been no violent overturn, so far as this particular
place was concerned, to disrupt old industries, and it may be
safely assumed that the relative proportions of the several avoca-
tions had undergone no material alteration. There were then two

IliM* W I — |i|IB!H*W«iWffl>Wl

a^wlWUlwWlllii II u8*MWiWM*Wil|MWWIMi>*>*»^'*-

■**-1^r'>-*"T=^»IMjPM»^ T-WI)P»M»iJ^lj^=y^

Pbincipal CiTiF.ft OF }fissomi.

S85

I Northern,
wliieli liiivo
;rt'!it hriili^o
y tlio JvDclc
1 iiiid West-
, Louis ; tlio
lie Ohio ami
10 St. Louis,
L'3 wliirh uro

With such
if St. Li)uis
great bridge
L» pcojilo aro
re and have
own open to
indrcd thou-
Tancc in the
iodified way
r sentiments
tnestie insti-
procecdings

mass of tho
kc an aetive
•e.spondcd to
3y of annex-
litcd the seat
geographieal
ible excesses
of St. Louis,
ifactures put
;es which re-
thcir eggs in
w lies before
yed in 1870,
lis particular
d it may be
Bveral avoca-
ere then two

Imndrcd clergymen, over ninety journal i.st.<», six hundred lawyer.-*,
five hundred surgeons and doctors, nine; hundred and fifty teach-
ers, thirty thousand laborers and domestic; stirvants, over twenty-
eight lliousand men engaged in trade and transpnrtfition, and
more tlian thirty-eight thou.sand occupied in mining and in manu-
facture.-J, end)raciiig all tho various avocations in demand wlierc a
population of some hundreds of thousands have coiigrrgated.
Tlie tone of such a great center could not be governed l»y tho
jiclty wire pullers of Westport and Weston, and the interests of
the people were too numerous to allow of fanatical unanimity on
such an issue as that which would have enslaved Kansas.

Tho city of Su Louis, on tho west bank of tlie Mississip[)i,
sixteen miles below the mouth of the Mi.ssouri, is one of tho
most beautiful in the Union, and it covers an area of flfty-five
square miles, extending fourteen miles along the Mississippi
bank, on which it stands, and stretching inland from the " Father
of Waters " fully nine inile.s. The usual phenomena of terraces
rising above the river's baidcs can bo seen hero in great per-
fection, the city standing on three terraces, the highest fully two
hundred feet above the level of the stream. The .streets, which
aro well graded, run parallel to, and at right angles with the
course of the Mississippi as it flows past the city, and the bu.sy
wharves, b.icked by handsome and commodious buildings of every
description, produce a very favorable impression upon travelers
who approach the metropolis by the river. Indeed, it would be
diflicult to name a direction from which St. Louis could be
entered by a peison blessed with eyes, which would not produce
upon him an impression of that kind. The streets are wide, and
most of them well shaded; the warehouses indicate by their
massive proportions the value of the area on which they aro
erected, and tho wealth of their owners ; the factories aro standing
protests that their proprietors have the command of abundant
capital to marshal an army of industry, whenever desirable for
the accomplishment of their aims. The hotels are superb edifices
which embody all that is most beautiful and commodious for the
convenience of the traveling public, and for the large section of
the people of St. Louis, who find it more to their taste to live in
such caravanseras, than to occupy cottages of their own and
16

lis Trrri.i'^ Uisthuy or K.iss.is.

nHSiuno the rc«i)nnsil)ilitiort of hotisokopping. Many of the huhit'
lies of tliost! gnnid hotels iiw men niid woiiion of j/iTut wciiltli,
niul otlitTrt iir«i c'IitUs just I'litcring ujioii flu'ir inatiirnotiial ciucit
on Htiiiill f<!ilarics, hut for ovcrv one tho Hita(;ious cstahUsliriitMitH
havir aiiipio ronrii, ami iho UM; d'lmlr is as vaiiod and rich a*
might servo for tho groat Mogul. Tlio private resiliences vary
just as widely as the eircuinstaiiecs of the persons hy whom they
are o;'enpied. Hero is a niiseralile rookery of a plaee, whieli
might he dated from the days of M. lia Clode, for all that appear-
ances my, and the poopl(' that throng the habitation, irrespoetivo
of the <lemands for so many eiihie feet of hreathing room, as per
hygienie regulations, are always under the eyes of the police, or
HUppoHcd to 1)0 so, except when they arc serving their often
allotted sentonecs in jails and penitentiaries. This is almost a
palace, and the man for whom it was built began life completely
under the weather, but thanks to his native courage and sagacity,
thanks to his luck, as some of the less fortunate phrase their
e.Kplaiuition, he has touched a hundred ventures with the finger
of Miilas, and now, not yet an old man, he is one tlio richest
inhabitants of St. Louis, lie might have honors innumerable,
but he (iLv-lincs them, and is content to enjoy his declining years
surrounded by his family and friends. lie lives in an elegant
building and the luxuries of both hemispheres are at all times
available in his unostentatious way for his friends, but he fares
simply as a philosopher him.self, and the result is seen in the
bright light which dances in his eyes, and the merry smile which
is forever waiting about his mobile lips. He was not favored
with a first class education in his boyhood, but when opror-
tunities served he made up for all deficiencies in that line by
reading men and things with the deep scrutiny of experience, and
there are now few (i[uestions of moment likely to arise, upon
which he cannot indicate the point where all the ascertained facts
and phenomena are lost in vague conjecture, waiting for the
master whose key shall unravel the mystery by unveiling the full
orbed truth. The house inhabited by our friend is large and
elegant, but it is not so beautiful as his own career has been, and
the city honored by the presence of such men is tolerably sure to
win prosperity. The higher terrace is very largely occupied by

■MIWMMMIi

jr of tlio hithlt-
groat wealth,
rnoiiial caiccr
.stahlislitiinils
I iiiid ricli as*
siileiiccH vary
ly whom they

phico, which
1 tliat ajipwir-
1, irri'spectivo
J room, as jut
tlic police, or
g their often
s is almost a
fo completely
and sagacity,

phrase their
ith tlio linger
10 the richest
innumerable,
cclining years
in an elegant
e at all times
, but be fares
s seen in the
y smile which
i not favored

when opror-

that line by
:perience, and
0 arise, upon
iertained facts
liting for tho
eiling the full

is large and
has been, and
erably sure to
r occupied by

I'lllS'ilI'M. ClTIF.S or }flSSOItil.

•ja7

private residences, and it is CMy to sec that the average resident
in this busy center, believes in making liis homo as comloriablo
as his means will permit without caring too much for appear-
ances. The public buildings are, some of them, very hamlsomo
indeed, but they arc so numerous that wc must content ourselves
with merely cataloguing their names ami purposes, only saying
in addition, that they assist to make St. Louis look like a city of
c.Miuisitc beauty and boundless wealtli. Tho city hall and court
house with its graceful dome cost,$l,(l(i(»,000, and is built of magne-
sian limestone, occui>ying the center of u lino square, bounded by
Fourth street, Fifth, Chestnut and Market. It is one of tho most
l)rominent ornaments of a city whicii has, during the last twenty
years, been stcadly improving its architectural appearance. Tho
custom house and post ofllce is built of Mis.souri marble, and tho
building is also used by tho United States courts. The founda-
tion on whicli the splendid edifice was to bo erected, not bcin<'
supposed sulliciciitly stable to endure tho superincumbent weight,
the didicully was obviated by driving numerous iron shod piles
into tho earth, to a depth of twenty feet, with a ponderous tilt
hammer, which seemed powerful enough to have disturbed tho
granitic rocks themselves. Since the building was raised, tiiero
has been no settlement observable, nor is it likely that there will
bo a misfortune of that description to bo chronicled. Tho first
theater built in St. Louis stood where the custom house and post
ofiicc are now erected. In the southeastern quarter of tho city
the United States arsenal stands, and it is one of the most sub-
stantial looking edifices in the neighborhood. The merchant's
exchange is the temple of commerce and manufactures, and Pluto
could hardly desire a handsomer representali . o of the twin wealth
producing factors of civilizition. The asylum for the insane is a
very admirable institution, tho building being orocted on the
best modern plans which are found much more conducive to
recovery than the methods which were in vogue at the com-
mencement of this century, and, of course, that idea is the ruling
thought among men who devote their lives to the treatment of
mental alienation. The marine hospital is, as its name implies,
mainly devoted to the treatment of diseases and accidents among

,, -, ..jii.iji.iTO^Miiiv. ijn-.>gmi t i««ii .liljiimi :' in .1

njiiimn'i^^, n i^r«iui,i»ij«i!jiii*i»i'

228

TuTTLhfs llisroiir of Kaxsas.

men " who go down to tUo sea in ships," but under peculiar cir-
cunistunces the liniitutions are sometimes disreguraed.

it will give our readers some idea of tlie importance of the
shipping interest in St. Louis, when we mention that in 1860,
the last year belore the commencement of the rebellion, there
were no less than 4,371 steamboat arrivals, representing a ton-
nage of 1,120,039, and although the long continued war almost
destroyed the river traffic, there has already been secured a
very near approximation to the old figures, notwithstanding
that railroads are now competing for the carrying trade of the
continent as they never competed before that time. It will
be seen that there were good reasons why a marine hospital
should be established in St. Louis. The Mercantile Library
Uall is a fine building, and the library consists of about 50,000
volumes, many of the works being exceptionally valuable ; and
besides this fine collection of books, there are many minor treas-
uries of knowledge, offering to the men of this city and county
such cliances for culture as might have turned the brain of half
the world, could the same openings have been presented a cen-
tury aero. The public school library contains 30,000 volumes,
the St! Louis library 25,000, the court house library 8,000
and the Washington University library 7,000, many of them
standard works, and not a few works of reference whicli supple-
ment collections in private hands. The Merchants Exchange is
sometimes descrioed as the Union Merchants Exchange, and it
may be said to represent all the varied interests of trade, com-
merce and manufactures under one roof, moving harmoniously
together like motor and sensitive nerves in one sheath, almost
oire, yet happily various in their capacity to serve and inform the
brain of society. The Polytechnic Institute is much thought of
by the citizens of St. Louis, and it really well deserves the inter-
est always manifested in its progress. Tne library has nearly
thirty thousand volumes, and the apparatus available for the
illustration of scientific truths is truly a valuable collection.
Tlie building is an ornament to the city, and the purpose to which
it is devoted argues a still higher beauty in the hearts of the men
who are mainly to be thanked for its establishment Some of
the insurance companies in St. Louis have very handsome build-

■'■**imji'n'-rmiPf*t»'^m3Vi'i9'!?fmv»!i::

I I,. m*>»^'i*iiVfV^^

TFW'T^^">Ti)WLPipi

M*i*wi?Fli«»*5^

• peculiar cli-
d.

)rtance of the
Lhat in I860,
bellion, there
scnting a ton-
d war almost
an secured a
)twithstanding
r trade of the
line. It will
arine hospital
mtile Library
about 50,000
valuable; and
y minor treas-
y and county
! brain of half
resented a cen-
t.OOO volumes,
library 8,000
many of them
which supple-
is Exchange is
change, and it
of trade, com-
harmoniously
sheath, almost
and inform the
uch thought of
erves the inter-
ary has nearly
ailable for the
ible collection,
irpose to which
larts of the men
nent borne of
andsorae build-

rnisciPAL Cmns of ^fIssornl.

ings, but onr list is already too long. Some faint idea of the
rapidity noticeable in the development of St. Louis may bo seen
in the fact, that during the year 1872, there were no less than
1,559 new buildings erected, and that 1,228 of that number were
dwelling houses of various dimensions, from the cottage adapted
for the mechanic and his family, to the abode of fashion shaped
from magnesian limestone or Missouri marble, or from the excel-
lent bricks manufactured in and near this city. East St. Louis,
in Illinois, is now part of the grander city in Missouri, having
been joined thereto by one of the finest pieces of engineering
•work known to the nineteenth century. Two immense piers in
the lliver Mississippi and massive abutments at each bank of the
river, sustain this grand highway fifty feet above high water level,
and the structure consists of three arches, the central arch being
525 feet in its span, and the side arches only ten feet less. The
The piers have been carried down to the solid rock, one finding
its foundation sixty feet below the bed of the stream, and the '
other pier being carried thirty feet deeper. The diflficultios at-
tendant upon such operations need not not be insisted upon here ;
it is enough that we chronicle a pronounced success. The bridge
has two stories sustained by steel arches, constructed of hollow
cylinders, that being the form and material which gives the max-
imum of strength and lightness for such structures. The upper
story of the bridge is appropriated for foot passengers and for
carriages, and it is continued by a viaduct to Washington Ave-
nue, at a point more than a thousand feet west of the river shore,
being sustained by five arches. T. ^. lower tier is sustained by a
double tunnel, which ends in the Great Central depot, after an
underground journey of four thousand, eight hundred feet. The
bridge itself is 2,230 feet long, having cost the city more than
$8,000,000, beside the amount expended by the various railroad
companies interested in constructing the approaches on the Illinois
side of the river. This work alone would tell the whole world
the quality of manhood that governs in St. Louis. The pyramid
builder Cheops, Suphis, or Shufu has perpetuated his own
doubtful cognomen, by a work more curious and incomprehensi-
ble, but the genius of the people to whose good sense an under-
taking must be commended in our day would decline to vote

S80

TUTTLlfs HlSTOUY OF K. IKS AS.

one cent toward another pyramid, while the common consent of
all concerned allows the wisdom of this grand expenditure, for
the purpose of more securely knitting together the commercial
welfare of adjoining states. It is most assuredly an advantage
to have been born a workman in the United States of America,
in the nineteenth century of the Christian era, rather than ia
Egypt, although one of the governing caste in the time of Shufu,

2,500 B. C.

St. Louis is important as a manufacturing district; there is no
city west of the Alleghanies to which she must give precedence.
The iron works in the city are numerous, extensive and continu-
ally increasing. When the last census was taken in the year
1870, there were just eleven foundries and furnaces, and in the
year 1873 there were forty-five, a ratio of increase such as few-
cities can equal. The iron products of St. Louis in the year 1872
may be stated in round numbers at $5,500,000. When the lead
mines of Dubuquo were opened in the later years of the last
century, Julien Dubuque found in St. Louis his steadiest support,
and that branch of industry still continues to be prosecuted here.
In the year 1871, there were 17,433,138 pounds of lead and
27,000 pounds of zinc produced here, besides which there are
about 5,000 tons of white lead and 250 tons of red lead and lith-
arge produced annually. The items just given will sliow that St.
Louis maintains her preeminence long since assun>ed in lead
works. Turning from that department of industry we find that
in the year last named, 1871, there were twenty-seven steam
flour mills in the city, producing 1,507,915 barrels of flour, while
the pork packing houses killed and salted 500,000 hogs. There
were then twenty-five breweries in St. Louis producing within the
year 411,000 barrels of beer, and only one of the many wine com-
panies, operating in 1872, manufactured one hundred thousand
gallons of wine, and one million bottles of champagne. The
manufactures of the city in the year 1870, approximated to
$158,000,000, and since that date the increase has been steady.
St. Louis owes much of her prosperity to her geographical po-
sition, almost in the center of the Mississippi valley, the great
food producing area which might sustain the whole population of
the globe, supposing the whole twelve hundred millions to rely up-

PiiiNCii-AL Cities of Missouri.

m consent of
)enditure, for
I commercial
in advantage
of America,
ther than ia
me of Sliufu,

; there is no
e precedence,
and contiiiu-
\ in the year
!s, and in the

such as few
the year 1872
^hen the lead
rs of the last
diest support,
3secuted here,
of lead and
lich there are
lead and lith-
show that St.
imed in lead
y we find that
f-seven steam
3f flour, while

hogs. Tliere
ling within the
lany wine com-
Ired thousand
npugne. The
iroximated to
i been steady,
lographical po-
licy, the great
3 population of
ions to rely up-

on the granaries of this region ; and the rapid growth o the com-
mercial center is largely due to the fact that the people come to
the food, and build up their factories in the source of supply, m-
stead of remaining in Europe to bo fed. To be only the farmer
and food purveyor for the transatlantic nations is not the am-
bition of this people. The soil so drained of its fertility to sup-
ply the wants of a foreign population, must before many years re-
alize the worst form of barrenness, in complete exhaustion, while
the whole profit of the transaction would fallinto the hands of
carriers and agents, conducting the transfer. The farmer so c.r-
cumstanced would be little better than a hewer of wood and drawer
of water for well fed foreigners. He wisely chooses in preference
to become his own manufacturer and engineer, his own artist and
writer, master of the lore of every age and every profession, adept
in every trade, and inventor or improver of every design to mul-
tiply the results of human labor. It is but the barest justice to
assert that there is more inventive skill in the average American
than in any other average man that can be found in any nation
on the globe, and he is wise enough to cultivate this faculty for
his own sake as well as in the interests of mankind. He has be-
neath his feet supplies of coal which will endure for numberless
centuries after the coal fields of England shall have been ex-
hausted, or will require to be followed to a depth so great, that
the deposit so won will be too dear to be used in manufactures ;
and the American begins to assume his position as the great pro-
prietor of fuel, having a corner upon this indispensable necessary
of hfe His food can be sold to tlte millions of miners who will
come here to win his coal from the earth's crust, and he is by so
much exempted from seeking a foreign market. He has iron ores
of the very best description equal, even to the best qualities that
are found in Sweden, and he builds up a Pittsburgh near to one
coal mining region, as he can build up similar communities else-
where, until he can rival the whole world in the production of
iron and steel, as well as in all the wares that can be manufact-
ured therefrom, and very soon, thanks to the enterprise o one
section of our people, and to the ingenuity of another, his axe drives
the English production out of the market among woodmen in far
away Australia, and indeed all over the world, while his cutlery

• ~]

232

TVTTLlfs lllHTOIiY OF K ASS AS.

finds ready l.uyers among the wiser manufacturer^? in Sl.emelcl,
who cl>o(.se to import from our factories, an exccUcnce, with
which tliey eonnot compete. Thus again we fetch the con.sumer
to the soil that will feed him, because having the ores, the coal,
the market and the machinery, it is our manifest destiny to be-
come the employers of mankind instead of only their farmers. The
whole round of industry falls sooner or later into the same widen-
in.v circle, and from all over Europe the best handicraftsmen
make their calculations for a pilgrimage to this Mecca of pr.^gress,
in the country where the toiling masses rule, and are content to
share with capital the profits of every enterprise. The grand
prairies become now worthy of the highest skill of the husband-
man, because the golden grain which can be reaped from his la-
bors, can be turned into ingots of the circulating medium at the
door of his granary, and the man that buys his produce can
change the fleece of his sheep into broadcloth, can make for his
farm°tlie very best descriptions of machinery, can put into hi»
pocket a watch of native manufacture better worthy of being
carried and trusted than one-half of all the products of European
workdiops. The water powers which were only availed of to
saw lumber and to grind corn, have now a hundred other purposes
to serve in supporting millions of men and women engaged in
hundreds of employments which convert our food crops into
higher forms of wealth, and we send to less favored lands, not the
products of our fertile acres but the more honorable export, the
ffuit of our brain power which may raise our clients into a
better appreciation of the dignity of manhood. St. Louis is en-
tering upon that phase of progress, and her advancement to the
first half million of her population within the Centennial year,
is but the harbinger of more rapid growth during the balance of
the nineteenth century. The vast area of which St. Louis is the
natur' 1 port, the system of railroads which offers its aid in the
work of building up commercial success, the mighty river which
will carry to the ocean whatever wealth is committed to its care,
the mines, the ores, the soil, our workshops, enterprise and inge-
nuity, are all contributing their quota toward the realization of a
future without a rival in the world's history, which will cause the
unnumbered millions inhabiting the valley, between the Appal-

?«rw?"'"^'"^WT'5r***

«ws!«m«5*<r

FiiisriVAL Cities of Missouri.

888

in SlicfTiclil,
Hence, with
iio consiuner
res, the coal,
stiny to bo-
irniors. Tl\e
saino witlen-
ndicraftsmen
I of progress,
re content to
The grand
Aie husband-

froni lii.s Ui-
3dium at the
produce can
malco for his
1 put into his
•thy of being

of European
ivailed of to
ither purposes
n engaged in
d crops into

lands, not the
lie export, the
clients into a
I. Louis is en-
ceraent to the
ntennial year,
the balance of
)t. Louis is the

its aid in the
ty river which
ted to its care,
)rise and inge-
realization of a

will cause the
sen the Appal-

laehian chain and tlie Rocky Mountains, to accept St. Louis as
their commercial metropolis.

The clmrclics of St. Louis are numerous and handsome, and
the educational institutions of the city are under the management
of a board of twenty-six citizens, known as the Board of Public
Schools, and the school fund amounts to nearly $4,000,000.
There were 58 school houses in 1872, with 482 rooms, in which
were instructed during that year 34,431 pupils, and upwards of
600 teachers were engaged in the work. The value of school
property was estimated at that time at $2,235,803, and schools
were provided very properly for colored children as well as for
white. The schools are graded, and admirably presided over by
the several stalls of teachers. There is a good normal school in
the city, a cenf.ral school, and there are four branch high schools,
fifty-four district schools, six of that number for colored youth,
and seventeen evening schools, to meet the wants of those who
are at work during the day. Nor does this grand array of public
and free schools include the whole of the educational machinery
of St. Louis, as there remain, in addition to all these, the Poly-
technic Institute, before mentioned in naming the libraries of the
city, the Washington University, and three Roman Catholic insti-
tutions: the St. Louis University, the St. Patrick Academy, and
the Collccre of the Christian Brothers. Beyond these again there
is provision for special training for what are now looked upon as
preeminently the learned professions, medicine, law, engineering
in its higher branches, literature and art. The St. Louis Medical
Colle-e, the Missouri Medical College and the St. Louis Law
School are institutions of great merit, av.d the associations for
science and letters comprise the Academy of Sciences, the En-
gineer Club, the Historical Society, the Institute of Architects,
the Acrricultural and Mechanical Society, the Medical Society,
the Union Literary Association, the University Club and the Art
Society The progressive thought, born of so many and such
various institutions, gives a high tone to society in St. Louis, and
the influence is visible in the press, which ministers to every
phase of advancement. The newspaper and periodical press in
St Louis consists of about eighty publications, eight of which are
dailies with a reputation established throughout the Union.

■>

r,>'^^^^^

234

Tl'TTLbfs IIlSTOUY OF K.IXSAS.

Party politics have tlioir exponents here as elsewhere, but there
is culture to be found in the most virulent of the effusions of i)ar-
tisanship. Abstract thought and science are represented admira-
bly by the Medical and Surgical Journal, Medical Archives, The
Southern Iteview, The Inland Monthly Magazine, and although
last in the list, by no means least. The Journal of Speculative
Pliilosoi)hy is one of the ablest exponents of abstract thought that
can be found on this continent

Having thus hastily glanced at the origin of St Louis, its pro-
gress as to settlement and as a city, to an eminent position as a
centre of trade, commerce and manufactures, its beauty of posi-
tion, and the added excellence of architectural adornment, its rail-
way and river facilities for shipment, and its immense develop-
ment in the interests of education, its engineering works, and its
numerous libraries, its public buildings and private dwellings, it
becomes our duty to glance at the charitable institutions, which
minister to the woes of the suffering poor, and at the parks and
public grounds, which help to fend off the ravages of sickness in
so great an assemblage of humanity. Parks are the lungs of
great cities, and they cultivate the beautiful in thought as much
as they stimulate healthful action in the circulating system.
Until within the later years of the city's growth parks were
hardly considered in the economy of development ; but there are
some very fine inclosures now which invite the public at all suit-
able seasons to come into the open air and enjoy the luxury of
an invigorating atmosphere. One park of thirty acres has been
named after the Marquis De La Fayette, and around its margin
are grouped some of the most elegant residences in the city. The
largest park, known as Shaw's Garden, contains three hundred
and thirty acres, and within its area are comprised herb and flower
gardens, hot houses for plants whose habitat is in tropical coun-
tries, fruit gardens, and an arboratum, in the ornamentation of
which the skill of the gardener has been developed to the highest
point The St Louis fair grounds form a well grassed park,
shaded by numerous trees, and its great extent of eighty-five
acres gives room for promenaders and for elegant drives, even
when the grounds are occupied by agricultural and industrial ex-
hibitions. Tower Grove Park is an inclosure comprising very nearly

P It IXC W A I. Cirih.S OF MlSSOVUL

235

*e, but there
isions of par-
iited iidinira-
rohives, Tho
11(1 although
Speculativo
thought that

ouis, its pro-
osition as a
Luty of posi-
nent, its rail-
ise (levelop-
)rks, and its
dwellings, it
tions, which
B parks and

sickness in
he lungs of
ht as much
ing system.

parks were
)ut there are
c at all suit-
e luxury of
res has been

its margin
i city. The
ee hundred
) and flower
epical coun-
lentation of
' the highest
■assed park,
: eighty -five
drives, even
idustrial ex-
; very nearly

three hundred acres, t)nly second in beauty to Shaw's Gardens, and
there are fourteen smaller sijuares and inclosures in the difTorent
parts of thecity. God's Acre, as the Germans at one time called
their grave yards, has been made very beautiful in the cemetery of
Bellefuntaine, about five miles from the court house, and tho in-
closure consists of three hundred and fifty acres, in which monu-
ments and foliage combine to make the living envy the repose of
the honored dead, whose careers have ended in victory. Charity,
■which covereth a multitude of sins, has been well considered by
the citizens here. Two of the hospitals have been already men-
tioned, but the Sisters' Hospital, a Koman Catholic institution,
deserves notice; besides which there are ten orphan a. urns, un-
der various managements, a home for the friendless, a house of
refuge, and a reform school, all in good condition, whether sus-
tained by contributions from the treasury of the state, or sustained
by direct help from the pockets of the public. The street rail-
ways of St. Louis are almost perfect ; the city is well lighted with
gas, and supplied with water pumped by steam force from the
Mississippi into an immense reservoir, one mile from the city
limits. The police force is efficient, the fire department always
ready for emergencies, the signal system simple and effective, the
city generally healthy and well governed, and St Louis may well
be pronounced one of the most prosperous and promising cities
in the world, now that the enslavement of the black is no longer
a blot upon its escutcheon.

St. Joseph is the capital of Buchanan county, on the east
bank of the Missouri river, 565 miles by the river from the city
of St. Louis, just described, and by nearly that distance nearer to
the seat of war in Kansas; but only about five hundred miles
distant from the metropolis overland. The city was first laid out
by some Kentuckians in the year 1843, and consequently the
settlement was little more than eleven years old when the quarrel .
arose as to the annexation of Kansas by the slave power. The
Black Snake hills constitute the site of St Joseph, which was at
first very uneven and broken ground, but attention to grading
has reduced such inequalities. When the border war com-
menced, there was considerable difference of opinion between the

■.,1- i.»i(j I iifM' III""

236 TvTTLtfs IlisTour of Kassas.

Kentiickiiui settlors in St. Joseph and those from the free states,
but th« scnthnnent, as a whole, went with the pro-slav.My party,
and appeared to consider that ruin stared in the face of every
man uidess Kansas could be brought into the Union as a slave
Btate. There was, besides, a very general impression that the
Kansas Nebraska act was the outcome of a compromise^ under
which Kansas should have gone for slavery; and tliat idea, sedu-
lously strengthened by certain leaders, was a cause of much bit-
terness against the New England States, which were said to be
violating^ an implied compact. The position was radically un-
sound, but it was none the less p.)werful. The country around
St. Joseph is very rich, and, under free labor will long contmue
fertile. The city is moderately well built, and contains numer-
ous churches and public buildings, among which the structures
erected by the county of Buchanan are most prominent. Many
of the business blocks, banks and hotels are very handsome, but
St. Joseph has lost one source of wealth which in its earlier days
was of very great importance : the outfit of emigrants going
across the plains to the golden land of promise and elsewhere.
At one time, this city was a favorite point ot departure, and there
is still acousiderable trade carried on in that direction, but the
railroa<ls have deflected the line of traffic very much, and even
those who pass over the same road can provide themselves with
necessaries more conveniently in the cities where they efifect their
shipment. The Rocky Mountain settlements and settlers on the
plains and along the Upper Missouri still make St. Joseph their
base of supply. In the exciting days of the Pony Express, be-
fore the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad, this was the
starting point for the mails to Pike's Peak and the contiguous
country. Railroads are being forwarded to St. Joseph very rap-
idly from many points, but many of the residents sigh for the
good old times which they fear will never be equalled. The city
has excellent facilities for shipment by the river, and, in addition
to those advantages the following railroads have stations or ter-
mini and depots here: the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the St. Jo-
seph and Denver City by steamboat transfer, the St. Louis and
St. Joseph, the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluflfs, and
the Maryville branch of the road last mentioned. So far from

PniaviPAL Cities of Missnvpi.

23(

free states,
very party,
:o of every
as a slave
)n tliat the
misc. under
; idea, aedu-
»f much bit-
said to bo
adically un-
ntry around
ig continue
ains numer-
c structures
icnt. Many
ndsorne, but
earlier days
grants going
i elsewhere,
re, and there
;ion, but the
jh, and even
niselves with
y effect their
3ttlers on the
Joseph their
Express, be-
this was the
e contiguous
eph very rap-
sigh for the
3d. The city
.1, in addition
ations or ter-
h, the St. Jo-
3t. Louis and
iil Bluffs, and
So far from

realizing the ruin which the city at one time dreaded, has St. Jo-
seph been, that its railroail facilities have been steadily inc-rcas-
in-' for many years, and the iK)puKtion, which was oidy 8,0:32 m
im, had become ll>,5(5o in 1870. There arc ten ncwspapcT.'J
published in the 'jity, and there arc twelve churches, but the
schools are not so numerous nor so attractive to the juvenile
population as they might be made. The industries of St Joseph
arc rapidly extending and among them wo (hid enumerated fac-
tories tor the manufacture of carriages, machinery, lumber, Hour,
wagons, pork packing houses and other such cstabli.shments.
The city is lighted with gas, and well governed by a mayor and
council under the city charter.

lI.vxxiu.VL is the capital of Marion county, on the west bank
of the Mississippi river, 150 miles by that means of inter-
course from St. Louis, and only fifteen miles below Quincy, 111.
Coal is quite abundant in this locality, and much capital wdl be
expended in that branch of industry. Hannibal is a rapidly
growing city, having numerous flouring mills, tobacco factories
and other extensive works which give large employment to labor.
The lumber trade from this point with other .parts of Missouri,
with Kansas and with Texas, is quite an important item, the an-
nual sales of lumber ranging near one hundred and fifty million
feet The city is handsome and surrounded, or partly so, by
hills on which very beautiful residences have been erected in
commanding situations. Th business blocks, private dwelli gs
and public edifices have a very substantial aspect. The railro.id
facilities for Hannibal, which supplement and, in some instances,
supplant the river traffic, are furnished by the Hannibal and St.
Joseph, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Toledo, Wabash ami
Western, and the Mississippi Valley and Western railroads. The
Toledo, Wabash and Western Eailroad crosses the Mississippi at
this point, upon a splendid bridge built of iron, but resting upon
stone abutments, which was built in the year 1872, and has added
immensely to the importance of Hannibal. The Hannibal and
St. Joseph Railroad Company have located at this point the ter-
minus of their line, and, in connection therewith their very ex-
tensive machine shops and general offices which are prominent

238

TvTTLE's IflSTOHY Of A'.I.V.s'.l^".

features in tlic elegant city. There are looatod liere about three
liundrod business establisiimcnts, indu.linii four banks, one foun-
dry, ear works and machine shops, saw miUs, I'laning nnd flour-
ing nulls, and ono daily nnd two weekly papers. In the y ar
18(i'>, the population of Hannibal was 6,r.05, and, wbr^n the last
census was taken, there were 10,125; but since 1870 there has
been a very considerable augnientation whi. leaves no doubt
that the city n(.w contains from fourteen to fifteen thousand peo-
ple. There are fifteen churches in the city, some of them of
great beauty, and all well supported by the sects which they rep-
resent. Kducation is carol for by several private schools nnd
academies of conspicuous merit, and there are seven public
schools located in handsome building.s, the grading well nigh
perfect and the teachers among the best that cnn be found in
Missouri. The attendance is slightly above the average, but in
this city, as in many others in this state, the school system was
unwi.'^dy delayed because of the peculiar domestic institution.
There is an excellent college in Hannibal which draws its support
from all parts of the state, and many of the ablest men in Mis-
souri have participated in its advantages since the abolition of
slavery has removed the embargo which was once laid upon
learning for fear of its ameliorating influence upon the degraded
race.

Inpkpexpkxce was for a long time the great depot of the Santa
Fe trade, which flourished here for some years before Kansas
City site was first settled. Independence was one of the strong-
holds of the proslavery party in Missouri, many of the Santa Fe
traders having invested all their earnings in slave plantations, and
of course their influence was all but invincible at this point.
This is the capita! of Jackson county, and it stands ten miles east
of Kansas City, being connected therewith by a narrow guage
railroad. The city was first founded in 1827, but until the over-
land routes to. Oregon, California and New Mexico made this set-
tlement a kind of headquarters, there were but few people who
knew anything about the location, three miles from the Missouri
Kiver, which had slowly arrived at its very moderate importance
after the passage of the Missouri Compromise, under the directing

-■.w

PniSriPAL ClTlK>i OF ,V/>.vOfff/.

230

about throe
s, (tiic foun-
; and flour-
[\\ the yar
i(;n the hist
0 there ha.s
3 no (U>ubt
ousand peo-

of them of
ich tliey rep-

scliools ami
loven public
ig well nigh

be found in
erage, but in
[ system was
c institution,
vs its support

men in Mis-
5 abolition of
cc laid upon
the degraded

)t of the Santa
lefore Kansas
of the strong-
the Santa Fe
antations, and
at this point,
ten miles east
narrow guage
until the over-
made this set-
!w people who
n the Missouri
tte importance
r the directing

Land of Ilonry Clay, in 1820. There are two collcgos .n c,t
besides public and private .sch.oI« ; but Independc-ncc has not
burst its old bonds compU-loly, and may not develop into a re-
Humplion of the influential pla.e it on-e (,ccupied i,. pubhc estoen.
for many years. The city is well built, but .t doe.s not extend,
,Uhough it contains among its residents many wealthy and ente.-
prisinJmen. There are two banks and two weekly newspapers
i„ Independence, and its population in the year 187 J, when the
last census was taken, showed a total of 3,184. Many res.dents
and property owners in this city arc now identified with prosper-
cus firu.s in Kansas City, and in that way they are mc.re than
compensated for the passing away of the old yun,; but there arc
not a few fossils in this locality who can.iot be persuaded that it
was other than an overwhelming misfortune for the whole union,
when Kansas came in as a free state.

Westox, onco famous for its power during the border war, i«
in Platte county, Missouri, and it was by no mean, satisfied to
submit to prosiavery dictation, but being surrounded by the
agents and influences of Gen. Atchison and his «««;«'^\^«';* J^;
not possible to stand out of the ring. The Platte County D fen-
sive Association was, however, broken up by the determined re^
Histance of the Westonites in 1854, and the people deserved a
better outcome for their efforts. The village stands on the ^f-s-
souri bank, on the line of the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Coun-
cil Bluffs Kailroad, having some manufactures established here,
and a considerable shipping trade. The city of /^^^"^^f J^
Len miles below Weston on the other side of the nver, and
from this point thousands of ruffians from many count.es used to
make the r incursions into the territory during the invasion.
Weston stands thirty miles south of St. Joseph, but the village
does not, increase in the same ratio with its surroundings, ihe
township of which it is the postal village, only contained a popu-
lation of 2,453 in the year 1870, and Weston has 1,614 mhabit
ants The school arrangements of Weston are pnmitive but
respectable; the ehurehes are not splendid, but they are moder-
at ly well upported. There is only one weekly newspaper pub-
lished here, but it is believed the place will rise out of sleepy
hollow.

■il "WStWfc—

240 TUTTLlfs IIlSTOIlV oh' K ASSAIL.

Lkxixgton is doubtkvsrt fuiniliar to our mi.lora as ono of tlio
lui.aing places on tho banks of tl.o Missouri Uiver, wl.ic-l., in tho
years l.S.'.l 0, usod to be rcsorle.l to by border rulVuins to ascer-
tain wliellier froo soil emigrants wen* on board tiio nvcr boats,
ui.il if so to compel them to return whence they came, or at any
nito to force them to surrender any weapons of which they might
bo possessed. This system continued so long in opt.-ration and
became so annoying, that eventually large numbers came to kan-
Hus Territory through Iowa at very much greater cost. Of eour.se
Nvhen the free soilers came on in large bodies, they were duscreetly
allowed to pass unmolested. The people of Lexington were not
in any sense responsible for the oppressive system which was part
of the mechanism of the pro.slavery party all over the state during
the border troubles. The city is tho capital of La Kayette coun-
ty and it stands on the south bank of the Mi.ssoun lliver, on a
phiteau three hundred feet above high water mark, being in con-
Bciuence tolerably safe against inundation. Coal of the best kind
has been found in this locality, and Lexington is one of the oldest
Bcttlements in tho state, as well as one of tho most prosperous.
There are four weekly newspapers published in the city, and in
the year 1870, there was a population of 4,;573. Tlio Sedalia
branch of the Missouri Pacific llailroad has a station here, and at
North Lexington on the opposite side of the river are dei)ot3 of
tho St Joseph and Lexington, and the St Louis, Kansas City and
Northern, which runs along the river bottom, incamng of course
the second bottom of the stream. The city is 250 miles by rail-
road from St. Louis, about 370 by the river, and forty miles east
of the boundary lino of Kansas. It was a position well chosen
fur such inquisitorial visits as Missouri once thought it necessary
to pay to families traveling Kansasward upon the river. Kemp
was at that time one of the badges of the proslavery party, which
organized the raids into Kansas, as well as one of the most popu-
la° prescriptions of Judge Lynch, when combined with a branch
of a tree and a free soiler, to assist in converting the territory into
a slave state; and it is very interesting to ascertain that this city
is considered the center of the hemp growing region in Mussoun,
now happily converted to more peaceful and more civilizing uses.
The coal trade is a very important branch of the industries of this

■^"^

J'lnsciiAL (UriHs or Mtssonu.

941

ono of tlio
vliich, ill llio

UlS to UHl'Cl'-

river boiit.s,
nc, or ul ftny
ii llicy niiylit
[Hjration aiul
;iuuc U) Kun-
;. Of cour.se
ere cliscroctly
;ton were not
li'jli wart part
! Htato lUu'iiig
^'ayette coun-
i River, on a
being in con-
thc best kind

I of tbe oldcat
t prosperous.
i city, and in

Tlic Sedalia

II bcre, and at
are depots of
msaaCity and
iiig of course
miles by rail-
irty miles cast
a well chosen
it it necessary
river. Ilemp
r party, which
lie most popu-
with a branch
3 territory into
. that this city
a in Missouri,
civilizing uses,
tlustries of this

locality, and the supply is almost nnlimit.d. '1 he city was firs
Hctllcd ill l«a7, the siluali..n is one of the best on the banks ot
the Missouri for the pivscrvalion of hoalMi, and the prosperity ol
tl.c place has been cnlinuous. Lexington was tlio seetie of some
brilliant engagements during the rebellion ; the hill to the north-
cast was held by Col. James Mulligan and a force of 2,800 men
for the Union, against Cen. Priee and a Coiifediuate force of
25,(100 strong, and although eventually the town and garrison sur-
rendered to the enemy, the position was recaptured, and the pns-
oners of war released within ono month. There was another pas-
sage of arms on the same ground in 1804. There are ten churches
in Lexington, and tliev are well sustained. The city has tliree
Bcininaries for young ladies, and there are cKcelleut pub'. c schools
free to all clas.ses in the community, ..nder Ih-st cla-i management
ivnd well graded. There is <iuite a large German rlemenl in the
population, and as a matter of course such ooioiiis.s ure ahvays, as
a rule, law abiding and induslrioas. There j..o four 1 iks \u
Lexington, and the city presents all the signs of great pi . ,)erity,
which is well deserved and is likely to abide.

BoONEVlLLE was for some time a Confede ate c nnp during too
rcbellion, but in June, 1861, the forces unuor Col. Marmaduko
were routed by Gen. Lyon, the Confederata force abandoning
their camp, ciuipage, guns and clothing. Booneville is a p.rt
on the Missouri river, and the capital of Cooper county, --7
miles from the city ot St. Louis by water an.; :87 miles by land.
The c<nnmerce of Booneville is very considerable, and it stands
in the center of a very rich agricultural country, being naturally
the port of shipment for an extensive area. The position of the
city is very favorable to good hygienic rules, as it occupies a
bluff one hundred feet above the level of the river, and the neigh-
borhood is especially favored ivith mineral wealth, having an
abundance of lead, iron, coal, marble and hydraulic lime, which
will almost of necessity bring to the place large investments of
capital for the employme.^f of skilled labor. The city has rail-
road communicatioi- b .^ branch line of twenty-five miles, which
joins the Missouri Pacific line at that distance from the port
The popul-tion of Booneville in 1870, was 3,506, and there are
16

II .<! .■ii.iinJlBW' T;n)H"Ti[i|»»w"»p^M)Wi",'!^iif ''^%'f^

242 Tcttle's TTistory of K.iysAs.

three wecldy papers published here. The churches of the city
a;o eornmoaL', but not superb, and the school system .uU soon
stand in need of extension.

We have glanced at the principal cities of the state of Mis-
.ouri and it is eviden. that when the great descent was made
upon Kansas territory, the movement was due not to the consen-
tTncous action of t^n great centers of commerce and population,
b't the influenc of ^unscrupulous demagogues operatmg upon
a scattered and uneducated populace, remote from the ,nfl en e
of the school and the newspaper in the better sense, mou ded m
secret societies by the prestige of wealthy men whose mmds weie
of the lower order, and deluded by politicians who we,, con tnt
to pander to the lowest passions of the mob, u. the hope that
h^- by they might secure the prizes of a contemptible ambition
With a forc'e suc^h as we have seen scattered over a «tate so vas^
there was not a possibility of success for the mvaders, when the
public spirit of'the eastern and middle states had once been
J 'd, but the free soilers, fighting almost for hfe itself, and
bile a; any moment to be overwhelmed by an -«- f ^-^-
rians could not have held their own in the contest but foi the
ass s'ance which poured in from the New England states and
Twhere to strengthen their hands against the enemy^ We have
T,..sed bevond the time when a quarrel around the ballot box
r^p ented the modus operandi of the pro.lavery party; the
Xin " of a state constitution and the systematic procedure by
wirdit was to be submitted to the people, had about it an
: pott business which must be intercepted and destroyed by
thetvorite tactics of the enemy, unless the antagomstsof p og^
ts were prepared to lay down their weapons and acquiesce in a
";:,r gainst which they had in a thousand ways sworn venge-
ance The population in western Missouri was reinforced by
Tmbers from Arkansas and the southern states prepared to fight
lorteperpetuation of slavery, and we shall resume the errito^
rial history of Kansas the better qualified to comprehend the
^s^tusl^the prospects of each party for the bncf digression
and hasty reconnaissance in which we have indulged.

t>.i>..iiiLllniiWil«ai«H'*""

The WAKAiiusA War.

243

? of the city
;m will soon

5tate of Mis-
It was made
) the con sen -
I population,
crating upon
the influence
!, moulded in
e minds were

were content
he hope that
ble ambition,
, state so vast,
ers, when the
ad once been
life itself, and
flux of barba-
;t but for the
ind states and
ny. We have
the ballot box
iry party; the

procedure by
id about it an
I destroyed by
;onists of prog-
[ acquiesce in a
■s sworn venge-

rein forced by
repared to fight
ume the territo-
•omprehend the
brief digression
ged.

CHAPTER X.

TERRITOHTAL HISTORY
^renumed.)

THE WAKAUUSA WATl.

Reinforced from the East -Town Drummers at Work - TJnscttled Settlers -
Sickness PrevailinR- Acting Governor Woodson -Lexington Confer-
cnce Manifesto -The Kansas Legion -The Doniphan ^,r;)««''- Milita-
ry Organizations - Law- Secret Confederation- Proslavery Outrages -
Personal Assaults - Kelley - Butler - Governor Shannon - Concdiuliug
Missouri -Law and Order Tactics -Shannon's Mistake— General Cal-
houn-Law mns Order- Talking Blood -Hostilities -Trespasses and
Sins — Deliherate Murder— Public Demonstration — Incendiary Fn-es —
The Missouri Slicritl- Illegal Arrest- To the Uescue- Design on Law-
rence—Wanted Three Thousand ]SIeu — Assisting Jones — Major Gen-
eral Richardson— The Warlike Proclamation- Platte County Rifle-
men-Wakarusa Encampment -Wading Waist Deep-The Situation
in Lawrence -Committee of Safety- President Pierce- Commander-
in-Chief Robinson -Congress -Fortifying the City - Munitions of
War -Brigadier General's Discretion - Colonel Sumner - The Assau-
ants Chagrined - United States Troops - Governor Shannon Informed-
His Vacillation -Visit to the Camp -Attempt to Mediate -Making
Discoveries -Plots and Countoriilots - Change of Base - Indian Al-
lies-Abolition Scalps-Biding the Issue -Thomas Barber's Death -
Scenes in Camp - Negotiating u Peace - The Governor in Lawrence -
The Treaty - Husbanding Forces- Pacification Feast — The JilacK
Flag Conspiracy — Brave Women.

While the events which have been described in preceding
chapters were being enacted, the settlers in Kans:-,s territory con-
tinued to send home to their friends in the free states detailed de-
scriptions of the wrongs under which they suffered, because they
were not sufficiently strong to resist the enemy, and the result oj.
such disquisitions was found in a more decided setting of the tide of
emigration this way. The several emigrant aid societies worked!
with an intelligent appreciation of the circumstances, such as couldj
only come from continuous correspondence with the leading minds
engaged in the struggle. Not only the old Bay State, bi3,ti ?enrv>

-.-^ ^- -^firnif^^.yr, ^y

iJt|j«TflHU^I)J>J(.'llll1^

214

Tuttle's History of Kaxsas.

sylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Midiigan, Iowa and Wisconsin
supplied each their quota, not by drafts and conscriptions, but by-
assisting as far as possible the ardent vc^lunteers who were desir-
ous to be in the front rank where the battle raged its hottost
Daring the later part of the spring and summer of 1855, great num-
bers came in to reinforce the free soil party. The New England
Emigrant Aid Society alone sent out five hundred, and most of
these were men who could be relied upon in an emergency.
There were splendid locations away back from the border, which
seemed to invite settlement by their remoteness from the scenes
of disturbance as well as by their natural beauty and other
charms, so that many of the new comers were scattered as it were
broadcast back from the Missouri river toward the sources of the
Kansas river. The settlers who now came in were not all pos-
sessed of the martyr spirit, or if they were, the power to control
their feelings in some cases must have been immense. Many of
the first to arrive in the spring of 1855 had laid out towns upon
their selections, before their most expeditious friends could fol-
low, and upon the arrival of the next detachments they were able
.to demonstrate almost to their own satisfaction, that the place
which had been so fortunate as to secure their approval could
not fail to be the capital of the future state, the seat of justice
for the most prosperous county, the center of a mining district,
• compared with which Golconda would have no charms, the site of
manufacturing enterprise which would put Lowell and Pittsburgh
in the shade, and the abode of so vast and varied a commerce,
that within the next decade Chicago, St. Louis, Philadelphia and
New York would in succession hide their diminished heads be-
fore the new luminary destined to outvie the metropolitan cities
of both hemispheres. All this, and perhaps a little more, was
hashed and rehashed, by instalments, by energetic, unscrupulous
and enthusiastic drummers, for towns which had hardly yet even
an existence upon jiaper, while the land itself had not been sur-
veyed, and while the title necessarily might be open to a thous-
'ind questions. The towns which had been laid out in the fall of
1854: were most of them destined to survive, but many of the
settlements now projected did not come alive through their in-
fantine ailments ; some died before they were even christened, and

1 "Wisconsin
ions, bvit by
) were desir-

its liottost.
3, great num-
rew England
and most of

emergency,
order, which
n the scenes
:y and other
cd as it were
)urces of the
3 not all pos-
rer to control
3e. Many of

towns upon
ds could fol-
ley were able
hat the place
proval could
eat of justice
ning district,
lis, the site of
id Pittsburgh

a commerce,
ladelphia and
3d heads be-
politan cities
tie more, was
unscrupulous
rdly yet even
lot been sar-
in to a thous-
t in the fall of

many of the
ugh their in-
tiristened, and

The WAK.inusA War.

246

not a few have left names only, which the prudent historian will
find it no easy matter to locate, before another decade shall have
passci .vw. y Even where the towns had been wisely located,
the grc-.. in in value was not speedy, for there were troublous times
before Kansas. Many of the new comers were sickly sentiment-
alists, who wanted to colonize Arcadia to the -.lusic of the tune-
ful shepherd's pipe, and to rise each morning fro.-n the soft lullaby
of their night's repose, only to bathe their manb frames in rose-
water, until they should be summoned to r.,aoutinal feasts more
luxuriant than their beds of down. For such men there was no
opening in Kansas. The work before the settler in that territory
had the clangor of battle in it, rather than the soft allurements
with which they were enamored. Many found that they had not
vi'for enough in their town reared bodies, to breast the difficulties
which opened up before them at every step. Some men retired
from the field because the unsettled aspect of affairs would not
■warrant them in retaining their families around them, and others,
hoping that they saw the probability of a solution of all difficul-
ties only a few months ahead, sent their wives and children back
to their old homes for a season, while they encamped upon the
temporary battle ground prepared to acquit themselves like men.
The wonder is that so many remained to face the hardships of
pioneer life, added to the special disturbing causes whicb were
operating in the territory, but when the r---\nd is once resolved
upon a course, the body possesses a wonderiul power of adapta-
tion, which can accomodate itself with something akin to pleasure
to the most incongruous surroundings. The shibboleth upon the
outset of the Kansas movement very effectively sent back the
men not suited to the undertaking, hence it happened that in the
hours of trial which were impending, the spirit of the old revo-
lutionary times seemed to have a home in every breast. Among
those who concluded to remain, there was so much work on hand
that but few could afford time to dig wells, and springs were more
rare in Kansas than they are at present, so that there was soon
much suffering for want of water. The summer of 1855 was hot
and dry in the territory. When rain fell there was a violent
storm, but the hardened soil did not drink in the water, and it
ran off through the creeks and water courses to the rivers. Some

u',«a^»iS^S»^' ■

246 TuTTu:'s Histouy of Kassas.

men, anticipating such visitations, had erected temporary dams,
^hich served tl.eir purpose, so far as that they secured supphes
of water, but the surface water in Kansas holds so much sa t of
various kinds in solution, that sickness became terribly prevalf nt.
Cholera and fevers decimated the colony, reducing the stmngest
men to mere shadows, and putting many under the sod. Wliere
wells had been secured as the primal requisite, the worst evils
were avoided, as the health of mankind depc.ids more upon good
water than upon any other item that can be named. Those wbo
were so fortunate as to obtain their supply from filtration through
sandstone procured water soft enough for the purposes of he
laundress, yet as clear of unwholesome quality or sediment as the
aquapro'u of the philosopher's dreau.; and their hea tlis were not
impaired by other hardships. Still there was no bed of roses for
even the most fortunate settler in Kansas territory in the year

1S55

The most supple man in the territory in that trying time was
the acting governor, Daniel Woodson, the secretary o^^he admin-
istrationof which Mr. Reeder had been the head. Whe" ^^^^^
gentleman was removed from office there were seveml bills pend
?n. which had not been signed by him, for the sufficient reason
te the legislature had gone beyond its limits, but no sooner had
he been relieved from his responsibility than Mr. Woodson ap-
pended his signature as the acting governor to every document
so that there was nothing wanting that executive power could
confer to make the action of the pseudo legislative assembly valid
law The slave power found in such a pliant man just the ma e-
rial" necessary for its purposes. He was not a bad man but he
was accommodating and ambitious, and having seen the first gov-
ernor destroyed by the influence of the proslavery organization
he laid himself out to win the approval of the power behind the
throne. In that aim he succeeded completely, and even after it
was understood that the Hon. Wilson Shannon of Ohio had been
nominated for the position, the legislature and its friends memo-
rialized the president to appoint Mr. Woodson governor of Kan-
sas The fact that a man from Ohio had been named made the
party even more solicitous on behalf of the secretary, as a free
state man could hardly be otherwise than an object of suspicion

tffliiiBirirriliii*' iiiii >«>«■ i*«"i

lorary dams,
■ed supplies
much salt of
ly prevalfnt.
the strongest
3od. Where
Q worst evils
re upon good
Those who
Uion through
rposes of tlie
diment as the
Jths were not
l1 of roses for
{ in the year

ifing time was
of the admin-
When that
ral bills pend-
ITicient reason
no sooner had
Woodson ap-
ery document,
3 power could
assembly valid
just the mate-
i man, but he
Q the first gov-
y organization,
wer behind the
id even after it
Ohio had been
friends memo-
vernor of Kan-
imed made the
etary, as a free
)ct of suspicion

TuE Wakakvsa War.

247

to persons conscious of sirnster means and dubious ends, which
only an unscrupulous executive could be oxpecled to assist.
The Virginian, Daniel Woodson, they had found an able ally,
and the new appointee might prove a worse antagonist than Mr
lleedor, so they redoubled their solicitations for the sub.t.tutu.n
of the name of their proved friend and accomplice. Mr. ^\ ocxi-
Hon was an able man undoubtedly, he had been ^^^'tcn-of Uo
Lynchburg llepublican, the most influential paper in the littlx
city in his native state, and in that position had won by his ser^
vices to the party, the appointment of secretary of the territory of
Kansas before he was thirty years of age; consequently there
was no lack of capacity in the too compliant journalist and secre-
tary, but with such a man as governor, the free soil men in the
country west of the Missouri would have had a far rnore difTicult
task before them than that which they accomplished. The pro-
slavery party in Missouri did not succeed in changing the nom-
ination, but their outspoken doubts as to Mr. Shannon, and their
undoubted influence at head quarters had an unmistakable inllu-
ence in determining the earlier movements of the appointee.

While these matters were yet in abeyance, the proslavery party
in Missouri held a conference at Lexington City to discuss the
affairs of Kansas at a distance of forty miles from the boundary
of the territory most interested in their deliberations The con-
ference continued its sittings for two days and nights, but nothing
came of all their labor except a puerile manifesto intended o set
themselves and their illegal purposes right with the world at
large by a volume of abuse against emigrants' aid societies, ihe
usual incoherences were indulged in by the several speakers;
they were right in their aims or they would not move one step,
they were determined to win whether right or wrong and they
appealed with confidence in their address to that public opinion
which they constantly defied by their assertions even in the press
of their party, that they would carry their object into effect at
the point of the bowie knife. Their speeches, where they were
not brutal violations of all the canons of good breeding and sound
policy, were just what the poet has described as

" One wild, weak, wasby, everlasting flood,"

.■ta^&iWBiilSWIMWllkllihlllWlllWiW'"*"'

248

Tl'TTLll's IIlSTOIiY OF K.iXSAS.

^l■il

of the smallest of small platitudes; but tlicy evinced their wis-
dom by urging upon tlic legislature of their own state, than no
Etatetnent of free soil views should circulate in ^lissouri.

The Free Soil party hiid of course learned from the demonstra-
tions of the 30th of March, 1855, when the elections were carried
against them by the invading hordes of border rufBans, that the
best cause cannot prosper without organization, and inasmuch as
the proslavcry party had numerous secret suwicues, it was thought
advisable to establish similar associations among the resident free
settlers in the territory. The outcome was " The Kansas Legion,"
^vhich was for some time a great comfort to its promoters, untd ita
grips and passwords became the property of traitors to the cause,
and its objects were belied in the columns of the Missourum
press. The encampments of the Kansas Legion were then aban-
doned, but not before the fact of such an association being
formed had been hoisted into a justification for the vari-
ous similar bodies, with less justifiable purposes in view, which
had preceded the Kansas Legion by many years. There was no
aim in the most secret purpose of the Legion, which was inimical
to good government, nor any desire covered by its laws, which
would have denied to other men the rights which the members of
that body sought to defend for themselves and their families ; but
the machinery'was heavy and complex, and except where a con-
spiracy for some bad end is to be furthered, such institutions are
rarely of value in modern times. Hiram, the Master Builder,
lived in days when the press was not a power in the land, and
when public opinion had no existence, otherwise, it its probable
that the craft which he originated would have been modified in
many important particulars ; but most assuredly there will be no
new Hiram in modern times, nor any such temple again seen, as
that which he built in honor of the Great Architect of the
Universe. The men engaged in fighting the battle of free thought
in Kansas, in 1855, had everything to gain by the fullest exposi-
tion of their purposes and workings, as wherever their action was
published there would be ten friends called to their help foi
, every enemy raised up against them. Most of the leading mea
in the Free Soil party were dissatisfied with the organization, be-
fore the expos6 which was made of the workings of the order,

' ttJBiiiiiJiiiiiiiaMli****

Tm: Wjkarusa Was.

249

1 their wia-
,te, til an no
ivi.

demonstra-
jvcrc carried
ins, timt the
iiasmuch as
i\'as thought
•esident free
sas Legion,"
;erd, until its
;o the cause,

Missourian
B then aban-
iation being
r the vari-
view, which
^'here was no
was inimical

laws, which
s members of
amilies ; but
where a con-
stitutions are
ster Builder,
he land, and
; its probable
I modified in
sre will be no
igain seen, as
litect of the
[ free thought
ullest exposi-
3ir action was
their help for
s leading men
;anizatioa, be-

of the order,

by one Patrick Lougbland, of Doniphan, who had distinguished
himself by his zeal at the Big Springs convention, probably with
the hope that ho would become of sufTicient value to be bought
by the other side. His subsequent action fully justifies the as-
sumption that he was a traitor at heart from the very beginning.
The revelation made by him was published in the columns of the
" Squatter Sovereign," and the editor of that journal himself,
beyond all question, a Blue Lodge man, and a member of every
one of the secret societies then flourishing among the proslavery
adherents in Missouri, became almost eloquent in his denuncia-
tions of the secret society. When Jajo, attracted to the street by
the outcry, on the night when he had hoped that Cassio would
kill Roderigo, and Roderigo, Cassio, found instead of that con-
summation only both men wounded, and therefore likely to prove
dangerous witnesses as to his own villainy, it will be remembered
that he drove his sword through the heart of his too trusting
client, Koderiffo, at the very moment that he was denouncing the
evil practice of "stabbing men in the dark." Satan is never at
any other time so much an object of suspicion as when he is re-
buking sin, and the Squatter Sovereign, deploring the formation
of secret societies, is just precisely a case in point. Stephen A.
Douglas, who was at that time following his ignis fatnus, the Pres-
idency, almost to the verge of rebellion, in combination with the
proslavery party, made quite a powerful harangue against the
Kansas Legion, in his place in the Senate of the United States.
When the Kansas Legion fell into disrepute, military companies
were formed among the Free Soil men, and in almost every pre-
cinct there was a well drilled body ready to be called into action
whenever necessity might arise. There was no attempt at secrecy
in this operation, nor any special effort at publicity, but it was
generally assumed that the fact of their being ready for war
would have a tendency to preserve peace. The Missourians were
crowding them into positions in which the wisdom of the serpent
and the harmlessness of the dove would be of small moment,
unless the strength of armed hosts could be added. The legisla-
ture had finished its work, after passing oppressive laws expressly
designed to crush free soilers and abolitionists, the actmg gov-
erno'r had assented to the several measures, the judges had pro-

■'-^^i^mmm:!,,^^

250 TvTTLhfs History of Kaxsas.

nounccd the work valid and excellent, by extra judicial opinions,
and it ordv renuuned to conn)cl the other side to trespass against
the iniquitous enactments, in any way, so that they eould bo
,„ade to feel the pressure of the Draconian systeni, written m
blood, but without the initium of justice. The jury power would
,u>t con.e to the rescue, as the panel was already packed by sher-
ills appointed for the occasion, in some cases even residents of
Missouri being nominated to that important position. The ch.et
justice was a more violent partisan than the vilest mean white m
their company, and in every way the opportunity eould never be
better than that which now seemed ready to their hand if their
enemies would transgress the statutes. The Free Sod men knew
of the trap that had been set for them, and their forbearance un-
der provocation was simply wonderful. The most insolent re-
marli of the enemy were treated as commonplaces, be^
cause it was known that a reply would be n.ade the occasion o!
a street brawl, in which the judgment of every court in the tern-
tory would tend toward exterminating the enemy of the slave
traffic, irrespective of the merits of the ease. Supposing that the
Ln insulted in the streets should be rescued by their friends and
summary justice be inflicted upon the aggressors, that wou d only
be made' i excuse for bringing down the whole force of Missou
on their shoulders, so it was necessary to be patient until heir
backs should become strong enough for the burdens that must be
carried They did the best they could under the circumstances,
they drilled themselves and each other assiduously in military
n^anoeuvers and in handling weapons, and they endured as much
as was possible until their strength should come up to the .stand-

""' Among themselves no man sought legal redress, but a kind of
rude jusSee was administered, as in a community which had not
yet been formally organized, and the knowledge tha^ -^^ -
understanding prevailed was especially unwelcome to the Mis-
sour an party A litigious free settler would have been accepted
as r blessing by the proslavery faction, but no -^ ---^
to the front Insolent words in the streets passed by hke die
^ind Personal assaults becan.e the order of the day, and that
was the line which forbearance could hardly pass, so in the

.<«•»

ai/tM-i'iMJifir

mmmmms^^

Tilt: Wakahvsa Wau.

SBl

ial opinions,
spass agaiiii't
;y coultl bo
1, written in
power would
l<cd by shcr-
reriidents of
1. The chief
ican white in
luld never be
band if their
>il men knew
ibearaiice un-
t insolent re-
:)n places, be-
lie occasion of
t in the terri-
yT of the slave
osing that the
;ir friends and
at would only
36 of Missouri
ent until their
3 that must be
circumstances,
sly in military ■
iured as much
p to the stand-

, but a kind of
which had not
5 that such an
ne to the Mis-
) been accepted
uch man came
3d by like idle
3 day, and that
jass, so in the

absence of any better police, every citi/.on could b.-conie a member
of a lin.iled liability assodatiun, the members cf wlucli were to come
to the rescue, shouUl occ-asiun arise, and so graduate ihe.r pros-
Bure upon the ullender, on the other side, that he wouKl probably
resolve not to provoke another such operation. Tlie socRdy was
formed in Lawrence, and it answered ho well, thai for a tune the
streets were orderly and peaceful; but the quiet suppression was
very distasteful to the disturbers of the community, and they
turned their attentions elsewhere. The town of Atchison was
one of the places in which there were opportunities for a system
more congenial to Missourian tastes. In that town an otl.ervviso
inoffensive man from Cincinnati, named J. W. Kelley, having
expressed his disgust for negro slavery, was nearly beaten to
deatli by a rufTian named Thomason, whose si/.e would liave pre-
cluded him from striking a blow according to the code of honor
which prevails in the prize ring. The shameful outrage was
made the occasion of a public meeting immediately, and Uioma-
Bon was lauded as though he had been Leonidas and had repelled
the unconquerable host at Thermopyla3. The resolutions, seven
in number, recited first the offense of Mr. Kelley -free speech
against slavery and the proslavery party -and commanded him
to leave the town within one hour, and then went on to denounce
vengeance of a more terrible description against him and otlier
emissaries of the emigrants aid society, should they continue
their assumed nefarious practices. Tampering with slaves was
the alleged sin of the emissaries, and hanging was to be the
punishment The assault was " approved and applauded, and
the presence of their visitor from Cincinnati was "^ b^el and a
disgrace " to their community. The work commenced by Thoma-
son was to be carried on until the town and neighborhood were
purged of all " such nuisances " as free settlers ; a committee was
named to warn Mr. Kelley to quit Atchison, and the men who
had so libelled the spirit of the age they lived in concluded by
ordering that their proceedings should be published ; and that
ever- man suspected of freesoil proclivities should be called upou
to sign their resolutions under the penalty of being treated as
abolitionists. The postmaster of Atchison was assistant editor of
the " Squatter Sovereign," and on the 16th of August, 18oo, that

.~:.r.miTno' i t" -"—"-""■""

TCTTLh'K UlSTOItY OF KaSS.XH.

official nskca a free settler, who resicVd about twelve miles from
oflTice, to subscribe for the paper, the answer of the free soil man,
Kcv. !'. Butlor, amounted to an enunciation of his views on the
quosiion of tlic day, and on the following morning, hf3 was waited
upon in his hotel with a demand tliat lie should sign the obnox-
ious Thomason resolutions. The demand being refused, he wna
Beized by a mob and dragged to the river to be drowned, but ut
the last moment more merciful counsels prevailed, his face was
painted black, and he was sent adrift upon a raft of three sawn
logs of Cottonwood on the Missouri, without any means of steer-
ing himself clear of danger, and with an intimation from his
impromjitu judges that "their hemp crop would sudice to reward
nil such scoundrels thereafter." Other such incidents, some of
them fatal in their issue, cropped up daily in dilTercnt parts of
the territory wherever the proslavcry party was strong enough to
make headway ; but it ia useless to attempt the task of enumer-
ating individual wrongs; it is enough to say, that the cup was
full to overflowing.

Into a community so C'r-.tltuted, the lion. Wilson Shannon
came as governor, and before he had reached the territory he
was made aware that he was suspected of being an abolitionist,
because he came from a state that had produced " Giddings,
Wade and Chase;" a glorious company with which any man
would now be proud to find his name associated. The governor
wanted the good opinions of all men, but especially he was desir-
ous of the approval of the noisiest members of the body politic,
in which he was to be the nominal head; hence he signalized his
arrival in Kansas city, upon the borders of the territory, by tak-
ing part in a proslavery demonstration, and being conducted
thence to Westport, addressed a crowd in front of his hotel in a
speech of some length, of which the worst thing that need be
said is, that it won the approval of the " Squatter Sovereign," the
proslavery organ at Atchison, of which Dr. Stringfellow was
editor. The address was a lamentable evidence of subserviency,
but worse and better were to come from the same source, as the
governor, like the chameleon, took his color almost entirely from
his surroundings, and while the proslavery men were civil to him,
he concluded that their opponents must be in the wrong.

Jjwjr-

». j»i,W1IWi

'0 miles from
reo soil man,
views on the
a wtvs waited
n tlio ohnox-
fused, he was
wncd, but lit
his fftce was
)f three sawn
f'ans ot steer-
lion from his
lice to reward
ents, some of
M'ont parts of
mg enough to
sk of enumer-
; the cup was

Ison Shannon
e territory he
n abolitionist,
;d " Giddings,
iiich any man
The governor
r he was desir-
e body politic,
signalized his
■ritory, by tak-
ing conducted
his hotel in a
that need be
sovereign," the
•ingfellow was
subserviency,
source, as the
it entirely from
re civil to him,
vrong.

Tin: Wakauvha Wah.

The next movement waH even more repn-hcnsiblc. W.> nud
the governor attending the political meeting whieh .muiguratcd
Gen Whillield's canvass for the po..li..u ot cougroH.s.ouu dole-
Kate, and nuiking a speech which the pro.lavery press appUuided
10 the echo. Mr. Shannon says that he was misrcported, but that
is of little consequence; 1. .vas wrong for him to have been pres-
ent in an asse.nbly convened for the purpose named while he was
governor of the territory, and while times were so disturbed as ho
foun<l them on his arrival. The worst sentiments that could bo
uttered by him could hardly intensity the wrong done by his
presence, and a man capable of .so much complaisance is not likely
to have stopped short of winning the highest plaudits ot the fac
tion. There was another opportunity for Mr. Shannon to row m
the wrong boat, and he was equal to the emergency. A number
of proslavery men assembled at Leavenworth in the begunung of
October, 1855, and appointed a committee to prepare an address
to the citizens, urging upon thom all to respect the laws and pi;e.
serve order. The men of Atchison were to bo models of obedi-
ence ot course, and those who presumed to differ from them m
opinion could figure as frightful examples on the other side. 1 he
illegal and oppressive enactments of the Shawnee usurpers were
the^nly laws cared for by tho party, but it was something to
have even the sun,danu,n of law upon their side, as a setoff to
what they called order. A convention was called to assemble in
the same place on the Uth of November, to organize the party,
and Gov. Shannon allowed himself to be so far deceived by the
the specious pretenses of the conveners that he accepted their
nomination as chairman of the assembly. Addressing men who
were not resident, in the territory, he denounced the free state
movement as a treasonable attempt which must be crushe.l.
The surveyor-general of the territory followed his chief in a vio-
lent harangue which out heroded Ilerod, and the order of the day
was lost "in most admirable disorder," when Mr. Parrott, a well
known free state man, rose to speak to the questions raised by
the governor-chairman and his supporters. Innumerable points
of order failed to disconcert him ;' other persons secured the floor
und their motions were debated, but Mr. Tarrott persisted until
it was no longer possible for the chief executive officer of the ter-

iiiirilaa«»>»l*w>"i*i»«ii

254

TiTri.f:'^ Jlisronr or '. 'v'"

ritorv to l)o muiware of liis pivscticc. Tl>o free rttatc If^vcr of law
ami Older was recognized by iho ohaii at last, but only to 1)0
hi.Hse.1 <lown amid cricH of " put l.it.i out.' Tlie lanouage of the
Hpeukers g«''u'nilly was as violout as tbougli tliey liad made Cati-
line tlieir model, but there was no Oieero to abash the faelioti,
and sueh men as (Miief .luslieo Lceoinpto and Secretary Woodson
were eonspiouous in their indorseinotit of all that was most rcpro-
hensiblc; oven to the point whero (vno of tho most sanguinary of
the crowd proposed to enforce the law with rifles, \intil the blood
of the free soil men sho'uld How like " tho turbid waters of tho
Missouri." When such abominable assend)lics were jm-Hsible,
and the governor could be induced to lend his countenance to th©
violent partisans of Missouri, tho proceedings outside the palo
•were certain to translate bad language into worse nets. Disputes
were continually arising as to claims in the difTerent settlements,
nnd wherever the pro.slavcry party could iriakc themselves strong
enough, the free soil party found their friends dispossessed. There
was no court in the territory from which redress could bo hoped
for ; hence, strong hands and rifles became the only answers pos-
sible to attempted spoliation. It was a matter of policy on both
sides to shut out tho enemy as far as po.ssible; but the proslavery
men had ai)ecial incentives to persevere, because they could rely
upon the partisanship of tho chief ju.stice and his subordinates,
should a case be brought into court. Where no preliminary sur-
veys had been made, and where there were no records to deter-
mine which had priority of location on his side, one claimant
■was ns likely to be right as another, and much bitterness naturally
resulted. Committees, in many parts of Iowa and elsewhere, de-
termined all such matters in the early settlements there with rea-
sonable approaches to equity ; but in such cases there was only
one motive known among the colonists, and that was industrial
occupation of the soil. Here the soil was also an object of interest,
but there were two parties in the community, with either of whom
the value of the land per se was as nothing compared with the
question " Slave state or free," and at least one of the parties was-
prepared to say to all comers into the territory : — , - ,

"Under which king, Bezonian? speak, or die."

ii III

IM I

mmm

Tilt: W.\KMiV!i.\ Wmi.

905

1( vcr of Inw
only to 1)0
j^uagt' of tlio
1 maiU' Ciiti-
the fiiclioii,
ry Wooilsou
\ most rcpi'o-
atigiiinary of
til the hlooil
,'atcrs ot tlio
ere jmssiUle,
ciiance to the
ido the palo
ts. Disputes
settlernentrt,
selves strong
isaed. Tlioro
1(1 bo hoped
answers pos-
olicy on both
he proskvery
y could rely
subordinates,
iliminary sur-
nrds to deter-
on e claimant
less naturally
slsewhere, de-
lere with rea-
ere was only
vas industrial
ect of interest,
ither of whom
lared with the
he parties was

One of the qunrrels arising out of n debated .daim cotn.noi.ml
what is kn..wn as " The WaUurusa War." Hickory IV.lnt, abo.it
ton miles south of Luwronc-.., on tho Santa Ki> gov.-rnnwnt road,
was a verv beautiful tract of land, part w.-U titnbcrr.l and the rest
fertile prairie, and numy of the earlier settlers who came from
In.liana ehose this location. S.me of tho persons who had taken
up claims, returned to their native state temporarily, others wont
ftway and never returr.ed. Misscmrians and others took up the
ftbandonod lots, and laid claims to others which were afterwards
re.sume.1 bv the ori-inal .selectors. A person named Coleman
had come in among the second claimants, and a dispute aro.se be-
tween him and a young man named Dow, who also had settled
upon an unc^ccupied claim. Coleman was a man of mark in the
pn.slavery party in the neighborhood, and Dow was a i>rotcr "^
Jacob Branson, the leader of the free soil men in Wakarusa dis-
triet. Dow accused Coleman of trc8pa.ssing upon bis chum in
various ways, and the intruder was duly informed that he must
desist, or hostilities would necessarily follow. The two parties
were coming rapidly toward fever beat, and on the morning i^i
November 21, 1855, one week after tbe Leavenworth law and
order conference, Dow, happening to meet some of the proslavery
party in the blacksmith shop at Hickory Point, was very vigor-
ously denounced on account of his principles and conduct, the
tirade ending bv an attempt to shoot him on the spot. The pur-
pose of his assailant was not so deadly perhaps as was indicated
by the act of bringing the gun to his shoulder, as he did not fire,
and Dow started for home. Franklin Coleman and William
Dow, the two disputants as to the trespasses already mentioned,
unfortunately fell into each other's company on the road, and
they walked together until Coleman reached his own home, where
Dow left him, continuing his journey toward his own claim. Ho
had taken but a few steps when he heard the snap of a gun,
whicli had missed fire, and turning he saw his enemy putting a
fresh cap upon his weapon. His appeal for mercy was of no
avail, and he carried no weapon which could serve him in such
an emergency, so he was deliberately shot dead by the man with
whom he had been peacefully walking and conversing not three
minutes before. The probabilities are in favor of the assumption

>jPi4'M«lll<*!»""

iipi^iiiiui»)"fj«^ ■

256

TvTTLtfs History of Kaksas.

that Dow had been condemned to death in some secret conclave,
and that Coleman became his executioner because some other per-
son had failed to carry out the sentence ; at any rate there lay
the first man slain in the Wakarusa war, and the body remunied
by the roadside uncared for until dusk, when some of the free
soil party discovered by accident what had been done by way of
settling the disputed claim. Coleman started for Westport, :Mo.,
immediately to consult his friends, and, in accordance with their
advice, the murderer surrendered himself to what was culled jus-
tice. Ue would have gone to the governor in person, but that
gentleman could not be found, and he gave himself into the cus-
tody of a friendly sheriff, who was not even a resident of Kansas
territory, although he had been appointed to the office by the
pseudo legislative assembly, which did its work at Shawnee.
Sherifl S. J. Jones was the acting postmaster at Westport, Mo.,
as well as sheriff of Douglass county, in Kansas territory, and his
subsequent conduct showed that the confidence of his friends in
his partisanship was not misplaced. He was a great favonte
amoncr the proslavery men, and Coleman was not likely to suffer
at his°hands. Sheriff Jones could not look upo i such a peccadillo
as shooting a free soiler as a crime; it was an act of war only,
and Mr. Coleman was a person of distinction. The murder was
not viewed in that light by the free state men at Hickory Point,
amoncr whom the excitement was intense. The funeral, two days
later was largely attended, and it was then resolved that on the
following Mondav a public meeting should be held on the spot
where the man had been shot, in front of Coleman's house. The
meeting was unanimous in condemnation of the crime, and a
committee was appointed to procure the punishment of the mur-
derer and his accomplices. There were about one hundred men
present, and some one, after the proper business of the meeting
had come to an end, with resolutions of 3bndolence addressed to
the friends and relations of the murdered man, suggested that tha
residence of the murderer should be burned. The proposal was
strongly opposed by the majority, and upon an invitation being
extended to volunteers for the purpose, in all that excited assem-
bla-e, there were only two persons who approved of such action.
When the minority tried to carry their design into execution, the

't'

mr^i!<ioM>nM'-m'i~>--ti-i''i'*'*---'^-^*'''''^-'^^^^^^

The Wakarusa War.

25T

•et conclave,
ne other per-
ite there Uiy
dy rernuuieil
3 of the free
le by way of
estport, !Mo.,
ce with their
IS culled jus-
son, but that
into the cus-
nt of Kansas
Dffice by the
at Shawnee,
estport, Mo.,
tory, and his
bis friends in
;reav. favorite
kely to suffer
h a peccadillo
of war only,
} murder was
;ickory Point,
3ral, two days
i that on the
i on the spot
i house. The
crime, and a
it of the mur-
hundred men
[ the meeting
3 addressed to
i-ested that the
I proposal was
vitation being
excited assem-
)f such action,
execution, the

leaders of the n.oeting extinguished the flames, and a resolution
denunciatory of such attempts was carried with liardly a dissent-
in<r voice. The general impression was that the death of Dow
w^s part of a policy of extermination aimed at every free soil settler
in Kansas, and it can hardly be wondered at that some of the
more violent should have concluded upon retaliation after the
more formal assembly came to an end. On the next Tuesday
morniii-, Coleman's house and two others were burned, and some
of the "families of proslavery men fled to INlissouri, fearing what
mi"ht be the outcome of events.

The Missouri Kansas SheriflE Jones, having consulted the gov-
ernor as to the course which should be pursued with his willing
prisoner, was instructed to proceed with the murderer to Lecomp-
ton, a well known proslavery center named in honor of the par-
tisan chief justice, but on his way to that sanctuary of refuge he
was met by some of Coleman's neighbors from Hickory Point,
and after a consultation with them it was determined that another
arrest could be made with advantage. Mr. Branson, the free soil
leader at Hickory Point, was much interested in the murdered
man Dow, who had lived with him up to the day of his death,
and it was determined that he should be arrested under a peace
warrant, as though he could be held responsible for the courts
which followed upon the crime perpetrated by Coleman. A war-
rant was procured authorizing the arrest under an information
sworn to by one of Coleman's friends, and armed with that docu-
ment and attended by a posse comiiatus of forty men, all well
armed Sheriff Jones made the old man a prisoner m his uwa
house late at night. The capture was easily made, but a boy
residing in the house gave the alarm to the neighbors, and in con-
sequence before the company which had attended the Hickory
Point were yet clear of the Wakarusa district, the arrest had been
effected, and the whole settlement was on the qui vive to right the
wron.. which had been done. The posse on the way to Mr. Bran-
son'sliad talked very loudly of the work that was to be done that
nic^ht, and Mr. S. F. Tappan, of Lawrence, who had been one of
the speakers at the meeting, found himself made a confidant in
the proceedings bv some of the more gushing of the party. He
hurried back as speedily as possible to arouse his friends and
17

■Jf

I ;

s ,

-Ifiliiiif'f ''^i^iti Wiftlffti'" ' -••'-■'""'■•

y.K'-sw-'^-y^v'^'r'

25S Tuttle's HisTony of Kaxsas.

^varn the old man of bis danger, but it was too late to prevent tl>c
arrest Tlie resolution was at onec formed to rescue Mr. Branson
from the sheriff, unless there could be good cause showed for h.3
detention, about which there could be no shadow of doubt. Ihe
rescuin- party consisted of fifteen men in all, but they were reso-
lute, aiul in such a case every man counts for many. Some o
them were armed with rifles, and almost everybody then earned
pistols in Kansas, but there was no necessity to use them. The
old man was allowed to join his friends, the warrant, it one was
really carried by the sherilT, was not produced on demand, and
that officer with his party returned to Franklin where the mur-
derer Coleman awaited his arrival. The expectation seems to
have been, on the proslavcry side, that Mr. Branson would be
rescued in the city of Lawrence, to which place he was bemg con-
veyed, and in that case there would have been an excellent pre-
text for assaulting the place with all the force that Mi.sspuri could
muster from the counties on the western border, so that the pes-
tiferous colony " might be obliterated from the path of the law
and order party." That design was partially foiled by the turn
of events, but it was not yet beyond the range of possibdity and
the men who were bent upon its accomplishment were not likely
to stick at trifles to secure their end. There were three Lawrence
men in the party that rescued Mr. Branson, and it would be easy
to find in their action the means of incriminating the city, seeing
that there would be no severe scrutiny into the pretexts of the
worthy sheriff and his aids before the work of ruin had been
effected The rescued man and his friends went on to Lawrence
the same night, and the alarm was sounded in the streets by
drums and flfes, so that tnere were few sleeping men in the city
within a few mlr.ntes of the time when the irregular cortege arrived.
Dr. -Robinson, who was afterwards governor of the state, was the
acknowledged leader of Lawrence, and to his residence the party
proceeded to submit to him a detailed, statement of the facts. The
difficulty of the situation was increasing, and at a meeting held
early m the following day it was concluded best that Lawrence
should not assume responsibilities which hrd never properly be-
lon<.d to her, as it was naturally desired that the Missourians
should be baulked in their cherished project if that could be hon-

■J,lj|«l.i'H liJItW'llli.i

D prevent tlic
Mr. Branson
bowed lor liis
d(Hibt. The
ey were rcso-
ny. Some of
y then carried
se them. The
int, if one was
ti demand, and
vhere the mur-
ition seems to
ison would be
was being con-
n excellent pre-
Missouri could
) that the " pes-
ath of the " law
led by the turn
: possibility, and
If were not likely
throe Lawrence
t would be easy
; the city, seeing
pretexts of the
' ruin had been
on to Lawrence
the streets by
men in the city
ar corieje arrived,
le state, was the
idence the party
f the facts. The
,t a meeting held
it that Lawrence
2ver p.'operly be-
the Missourians
bat could be hon-

)

TifK Wakauvsa Wati.

estly effected. Branson and the men concerned in his rescue
left the town as a matter of precaution, but while every pretext
for assault was thus removed, it was still thought advisable to
initiate measures for defense, should an attack upon the city be
attempted. An executive committee of ten was appointed to
concert means of defense should armed invaders come across the
borders to assist the enemies wh. were already assembling in the
neighborhood with unfriendly intentions against the free soil set-
tlement. The threats of extermination which were indulged in
by a mob from Missouri, while Lawrence was only a tented field,
had not been forgotten on either side, and as events proved, there
was wisd(Hn as well as money in being prepared for the worst.
The sheriU was not a man who would allow his vengeance to die

"Unwept, unliouored and unsung;"

his cherished scheme had been defeated just when the game
seemed to be entirely in his own hands, and nnless he could re-
cover the lost ground, there was danger that he would lose his
prestige among those who were now content to follow him. Dis-
patches were sent off into Missouri to Col. Boone, of Westport,
which could not fail to raise the whole of the border, for the fell
purpose now on hand ; and immediately after that fateful errand
had been initiated, a dispatch was sent to Gov. Shannon, asking
for three thousand men. -

The dispatch to the chief of the territorial executive was a col-
ored version of the truth. His posse of ten men had become forty
before Jacob Branson was arrested, but it fell back to ten men
again in the dispatch. The rescuers were only fifteen in number
when the line was formed which intercepted the official staff, but
the bulletin which announced the defeat, told of forty men
"armed to (he teeth with Sharp's rifles," and the reasonable demand
for an inspection of his warrant had grown into " an open rebel-
lion," which made a force of three thousand men necessary "to
carry out the laws." The absurd demand for troops was meant of
course to cover whatever force Missouri could send into the antici-
pated 7nelee, because there was no militia force in the territory, and
the whole population then in Kansas could hardly have sent that
number of male adults into the field. The Shawnee Assembly,

,.^3l,^,;a»iiViM»*i I'm ^v"-^C'^ ''" ^'■*^ " jl^y i^^f^^'sj?-''

260 Ti'TTLBfs HisToin- of Kansas.

before concluding its session, had nominated throe olUeors for the
niihtia ; but the major general and his two subordinates were not
an army. Gov. Shannon assumed the truthfulness ot tiie shentt,
and he sent of! instructions accordingly to Muj. Gen. Richardson
to prepare to meet " an armed military force " in Lawrence or its
vicinity, which would not allow the sherill to serve any process.
The colored picture of the sheriff had become more highly tinted
so that it is evident there must have been many details conveyed
by the bearer of the dispatch which were not well enough ascer-
tained to be included in the official document, if they were not
gathered from flying rumors as the courier hurried upon his mis-
sion. The major general was urged to collect as many men as
possible and to hasten to the aid of " the sheriS in executing the
law and in none other" purpose. The eoncludirg line indicates
that already Mr. Shannon had become aware oi some designs out-
side and beyond the law which his officials might desire to com-
pass with their forces. The orders sent to the major general were
duplicated to Gen. Strickler, and Brig. Gen. Eastin was in motion
almost at the same moment, so that no ti.ue was being lost. Col.
Boone, of Westport, was the sheriff's most efficient supporter ; com- •
pared with him, the sheriff of Douglas county, K. 1., and post-
master of Westport, Mo., was truthfulness embodied lie pub-
lished an appeal, in which Missourians were flying for their lives -
perhaps if the initial letter had been omitted from llymg it might
have been near the mark -their houses were burned down, and
their families driven out upc the prairies by unpitying mobs
The secret societies came into requisition now, and tliousands
were soon to be on the march for the purpose o '^ -;^-^'"g /^"^^
to win the great battl ■ "f slavery against the free soil paity.
Those who for any reaon excused t^e-e/ives from 3on.ng t^^
several expeditions were taxed to pay the expenses of those who
went At Libertv, Mo., a postal village which has now only
TtOO inhabitants, "the proslavery men raj^ed $1 000 .r.a two bun^
dred men for the work of annexation in one day, and m many
other places the same spirit was evinced. "Now is the time to
srow game " was the text of one dispatch sent out in all directions
fllndepeudeuccMo. ^' If we are defeated now, the territory
is lost to .the South." " Start immediately lor the seat of war,

fiijt

tmtm

tgrnn^'"

DlUcors for tlie
nates were not

of the slieriff,
ill. Richardson
jawrence or its
e any process.

highly tinted,
ituils conveyed

enough ascer-
they were not

upon his mis-
i many men as
I executing the
f line indicates
ne designs out-
desire to corn-
or general were
1 was in motion
eing lost. Col.
mpporter ; com- '
L T., and post-
lied. He pub-
or their lives —

ilyiug it might
•nfid down, and
.npitying mobs.

and thousands
xssisting Jones"
free soil party,
rom joining the
es of those who
, has now only
)0 sr.a two bun-
Y, and in many
J is the time to
t in all directions
)w, the territory
be seat of war,"

i-iiw,it;wyi<«ii«jpi«»

TbE WjKAIiVSA WaB.

261

was the nrgont appeal of another dispatch-monger, who considered
that all Missouri was identified with shenfl .Jones. Col. Boone
was a man among men in such an era, and Baron Munchausen
was not a circumstance in his way when pure invention became
the order of the day. The militia of the brigadier general's sec-
ond brigade were commanded to asse ' ole at Leavenworth, Decem-
ber 1, 1855, "armed and equipped according to law," and of
course seeing that there was no militia in the territory, there could
be no doubt as to the destination of the forces from the western
counties of Missouri. "Many citizens," who discreetly withheld
their names from the scroll of fame, issued a manifesto headed
" to arms," describing the peaceful city of Lawrence as "outlaws
one thousand strong and armed to the teeth," and this excitinw
publication was circulated through the border counties of the ad-
joining state, calling upon "lovers of law and order to march to
the scene of rebellion," which of course meant Lawrence, and the
destruction of that city was already a foregone conclusion. By
the light of subsequent events we can perceive that Gov. Shannon
wanted to do his duty, but just at this moment he was under the
baneful influence of men who would serve their own ends by the
ruin of the union itself, and he, like Othello the valiant Moor, was
"perplexed in the extreme." His proclamation bears date No-
vember 29, 1855, and it was in all probability Sec. Woodson's
work in every item except the signature. The statements con-
tained therein were of course believed by him, and assuming his
basis of action to be true, he was fully justified in every line of
that document ; but the pretended facts were fabrications from
beginning to end. The rescuing party of fifteen with eight rifles
and some pistols had grown into a "numerous association of law-
less men armed with deadly weapons and all the implements of
war." The rescuing prjr; v/ere also said to have burned down
houses, destroyed personal property, and declared that they would
regard no law in the territory. They were also said to have armed
for the purpo.se of taking Coleman, the murderer of Dow, from the
eheriflf, to execute him without a judicial trial. In the face of
such an array of force and crime, the govrnor would have been
justified in doing something more than calling upon well disposed
citizens to assist him in reestablishing order. The governor

-1
-i

- w ■

'a-

262

Tuttle's lIisTojir OF Kaxsas.

would have been more than justified if he had gone at once to the
alleged scene of riot and spoliation, to have ascertained beyond
doubt the condition of the territory, and of the people uninten-
tionally libelled by his proclamation. Gen. Atchison, e-v Vice-
President, came over with his riflemen to assist in the work of
•' wijjing out " the city and people of Lawrence, because he re-
ceived a letter ostensibly signed by the secretary of the territory,
asking him " to call out the Platte county rifle company." The
secretary does not admit that he ever sent such a communication,
but the letter was certainly received and acted upon by the gen-
eral.

Westport and Independence were the first ^Missouri towns to
send a force to assist the sheriff, and that nucleus of a large body
encamped at y'rauklin, four miles from the doomed city. Com-
panies came in rapidly on and after the 29ih of November, the
date of the governor's proclamation. Before tlireo days had
elapsed after the arrival of the contingent i'rom Westport, there
were fifteen hundred men in camp, and, from Clay county, Mjs-
Bouri, the force, not being able to complete their armament other-
wise, had brought the whole of the available contents of the
United Stafis arsenal — swords, rifles, revolvers, ammunition and
three six-pounder guns; there was an understanding that such a
trifling irregularity as that would attract no comment, consider-
ing the good purpose which the heroes were to accomplish with
the weapons borrowed from Uncle Sam. The Wakaruaa en-
campment was a lively place in those days, and every man
wanted to be led on to the assault. Franklin, four miles from
Lawrence, stands in theWakarusa bottom lands, and the village
was then as busy as the arch-demon is supposed to be when a
gale of wind is 'jlowing. The main force of the enemy was
here, and nearly all wore Missourians, not only here, but in all
the encampments at Lecompton and elsewhere, Vvhich surrounded
the town. North of the Kansas river. Gen. Atchison and his
Phtte county riflemen stood ready for the fray. It has since
been ascoriained that there were only eighty residents of Kansas
in all the force tb n under arms, including the Kickapoo Eangers,
who supplied more than half of that grand total. The rest were
all Missourians except a few from Arkansas, who had come in to

=iawgAjW.M!!Wj!lt!^i?ftjaimi»W^!'WiH^

Ill m«> ■■iiin

TiiK Wakauvsa Waii.

2G3

; at once to the
tained beyond
oople uninten-
liison, ex Vice-
in the work of
because he re-
f the territory,
nipany." The
;ommunication,
ion by the gen-

isouri towns to
af a large body
ed city. Com-
November, the
liree days had
rVestport, there
ly county, Mjs-
rmament other-
ionteuts of the
mmunition and
ing tliat such a
meat, consider-
ccomplish with

Wakarusa en-
nd every man
our iTiiles from
and the village

to be when a
the enemy was
lere, but in all
lich surrounded
;chison and his
. It has since
ents of Kansas
ikapoo Eangers,

The rest were
had come in to

get a lesson in the fine art of "wiping out" free soilor.^^. Tt was
hardly possible for any one to enter the city or to leave it with-
out submitting to be searched by mounted patrols, lest they might
have field pieces in their vest pockets, or cannon ball^ dangbng
from their watch chains.

" Mnn, proud man,
Drcst in n little brief uuthority,
Most ijjnomnt of wiiat he's niDst fissured —
His glassy essence — like an angry ape,"

is but a nui;\T,nce at the best; but persuade him that he is a sol-
dier without a superior to restrain him within due bounds, and
he becomes the most oppressive creature that can be found upon
this footstool.

The " Squatter Sovereign " was suspended until the end of the
war to allow the two editors to see the ensanguined stream of
■which they had written so much, one of the staff expressing his
expectation, in a brief valedictory, that he should " wade waist
deep in the blood of the abolitionista" The men were more in-
jurious as writers than they were likely to become as warriors, so
that there was some brief compensation even in the Wakarusa
war.

Having seen for ourselves the means that were used and the
forces that have been brought against Lawrence, we may as well
return to that city for a time to ascertain what is being accom-
plished by the free sellers as a setoff to the panoply of war
beyond its borders. Those of the rescuing party who did
not belong to the c:ity, returned to Hickory Point immediate-
ly after the fracas, but Mr. Branson remained in the city, and
so did the three residents, Messrs. Tappan, Wiood and Smith,
■who may be suid to have been the directors in that business.
Their first impulse was to quit the place, to deprive the as-
sailants of a pretext for their rebellious proceedings; *)ut,
-when it became evident that " strike high, or strike low," the
pro-slavery party could not be satisfied with anything short of
the complete destruction of the settlement, they resolved to re-
main and bear their part in the encounter. After the Wakarusa
<jamp was formed, their removal was counselled as a prudential
measure which might eventually prove serviceable to the city,

IW!

M*-iii||^$ri«Olita

264

Ti'TTufa History of Kaxsas.

and tlicy allowed tliernselves to be governed by tlioir friends' ad-
vice. The coinmittoe of safety had, some days before, enrolled
the citizens in bodies of twenty, and they were ready for ser-
vice at a moment's warning, having their weapons with them
always in their several places of business. When the design
of Missouri became more apparent, a call was sent out over the
whole territory, signed by the committee, asking for settlers to
come in to their "aid, prepared for any emergency." Tliis ap-
peal bears date December 4, 1855, but the dread purpose of
the Missouriuns had been understood far and wide before that
time, and gooil men and true were marching to the rescue
from every precinct. There was to be no child's play in the
business, nor had the settlers waited at home with their hantls
folded until the summons came. From Leavenworth, a delega-
tion came to counsel peace and submission, and, to their intense
surprise, they found that peace reigned in Lawrence, and had not
been broken there during all this time of turmoil, the people,
•with arms in their hands, being strictly on the defensive against
foreign ruffianism. This delegation brought the governor's proc-
lamation which, until then, had not been seen in the city, and a
committee was immediately appointed to answer its erroneous
allegations. The reply of the committee was crushing in every
particular, as they were able to show that the state of affairs
against which all good citizens were called to aid the governor
existed, not in that city, but among the armed hordes from whom
they were striving to defend the city. While these matters were
progressing, the forces in Lawrence were daily being recruited.
Topeka sent out one hundred men armed and equipped with
■weapons which they well knew how to handle, and squads and
companies of various strength marched into the beleaguered city
constantly. President Pierce was informed, by means of a terse
but comprehensive dispatch, that the city was besieged by armed
men from a neighboring state, who were threatening the destruc-
tion of the city and its inhabitants, and who were even then
committing depredations upon persons and property. The dis-
patch further adverted to the fact that the invaders were said ta
be under the orders of Gov. Shannon. The president was called
lipon to remove the invaders and restore peace. The command-

Ar friendrf' ad-
cfoi'o, enrolled
ready for sor-
)iis with tliem
icn the design
t out over the
for settlers to
!y." This ap-
id })urposo of
de before that
to the rescue
I's play in the
;h their hands
orth, a deloga-

0 their intense
;o, and had not
ail, the people,
fensive against
overnor'a proc-
the city, and a
.' its erroneous
ishing in every
state of afiairs

1 the governor
des from whom
se matters were
eing recruited,
equipped with

nd squads and
eleaguered city
leans of a terse
ieged by armed
ng the destruc-
vere even then
erty. The dis-
jrs were said to
[dent was called
The command-

^'^mt^'mm

The' Wakaul'sa Waii.

265

ant at Fort Leavenworth, Col. Sumner, was at the same time in-
formed of the condition of afTairs at Lawence. Of course, as a
military man, he would not be moved from his line of duty by
any roprcsentation made to him by civilians, but it was somothing
to have given him an inkling of the facts, when their own friends
in Leavenworth had not comprehended the actual condition of
affairs. Their letter said to the commandant what had already
been said to the president, and concluded by re(iuesting that a
sufTioient force should be sent from his command to quell the riot
and prevent further invasion. Such language was not what
might have been expected under the circumstances from lawless
rioters, and it seems p.obable that Col. Sumner could understand
better what was being done and attempted than Gov. Shannon.
Congress was memorialized, showing, in a brief but comprehen-
sive sketch, the action of the governor and the eonsequenoes en-
suing therefrom, the invasion of Kansas by Missourian troops,
and all the wrongs that must follow upon an invasion where every
man is a commander. The proclamation by the governor, some
military orders which had been issued, and a letter from the sec-
retary of the territory were appended to the memorial, which
closed with a prayer for adequate inquiry into the facts which
the citizens set forth. This document bore date : Kansas Terri-
ritory, December 5, 1855.

It will be seen that since the delegation from Leavenworth
showed to the iien of Lawrence the manner in which they were
being libelled ; there had been no time lost in recovering their
character from such vile aspersions, but they did not rest upon
protests and verbal defenses. The Wagoner who prayed to Hur-
cules procured no help until he bad prayed with his shoulders,
and the citizens of Lawrence were ready to protest with their
rifles when all other means should have been exhausted. The
city was in an attitude of defensa The committee of safety nom-
inated Dr. Robinson commander-in-chief of the forces, and Col.
Lane, his second in command. There were now about one thou-
sand men under arms, many having come in who lid not belong
to any company, and there were eight hundred regularly enrolled
and under drill. The commissariat for such a force was no small
affair, but every house held its quota of soldiers, and the citizens

Tittlk's JIiSTour of Kaphas.

Jlv!

nssiiiiifil all tlio responsibilities of provisioning tlie ironps. For-
tillfiitioiis woro conslructuil on Ma.ssaciiusflts strcot nciir J'inck-
ney, as a retreat for tlio women and cliildren, should an attack bo
made ; and also on the aamo street near Henry, where the redoubt
having bastions, the eaimon could be worked with effect against
an attacking force. IJotwcen Massachusetts and New lianipshiro
streets north of Henry there was a circular redt)ubt which could
be held against a very considerable force of the guerilla sort
Another redoubt was designed to meet a possible attack from the
Mt. Crcad direction, and on Kentucky street a fifth redoubt cov-
ered a point which might have been approached by a ravine to
the west of the city. One brass cannon was brought into Law-
rence from Kansas City while the beleaguering force was in po-
sition, and two ladies brought a quantity of }K)wder from the
country beyond the lines of circuinvallation. Many of the ladies
made cartridges for the soldiery, while their husbands were occu-
pied in their hastily assumed military duties. There was no
bravado among the Lawrence men, but there was unmistakable
courage, and the leader.^ from the hostile camps who had free in-
gress to the city at all hours could not help feeling that there
would be warm work for the attacking force before the defend-
ers, now more than one thousand strong, would bo compelled to
surrender. Brig. Gen. Eastin agreed with Falstaff that " Dis-
cretion is the better part of valor," and he addressed a dispatch
to that effect to Gov. Shannon, in which he wisely stated the
strength of the "outlaws," and suggested the advisability of in-
viting the regular troops from Fort Leaven v/orth to do what he
deemed unlikely to be effected by the irregulars. The sugges-
tion from the Brigadier was one of the wisest movements possi-
ble at the time, and it commended itself at once to Mr. Shannon.
A telegram to the President and a dispatch to the Fort betok-
ened bis appreciation of the emergency. The telegram told the
storv of the Kansas difficulty as he saw it, and asked for author-
ity to call the United States soldiery to his assistance. The dis-
patch told Co'i. Sumner what he had done, and requested him to
be ready, should a reply in the affirmative come to hand. The
commandant at Fort Leavenworth recommended the governor to
make his application extensively known, and to countermand all

wmm

. .1 J. II|II)H

"JJfH

7 '//a; ir.(A'.i/a,!)/i H'.i«.

AST

ti'dojij*. For-
t noiu' I'iiick-
I ail utluuk bo
re tlio redoubt

0 flout iigiiiuat
•w iiuinpdhiro
it which could
guerilla sort
ttack from the
1 redoubt cov-
by a ravina to
gilt into Law-
rce was in po-
tvder from the
y of the ladies
lids were occu-
rhere was no

unmistakable

0 had free in-
ing that there
re the defend-
e compelled to
;aff that " Dia-
led a dispatch
ely stated the
isability of in-
to do what he

The sugges-
vrements possi-

1 Mr. Shannon.
le Fort betok-
;gram told the
ced for author-
nee. The dis-
juested him to
;o hand. The
he governor to
)untermand all

orders wliic;li might Hoom to authorize pivmuturo movotp.cnts

among tiie mililia siirnmiiding IjUwriMU'e. 'I'iie advici;

tliiis given

was wise and it prodiioi'il instant eireets. Shorill' .lonos was in-
formed of the steps which liad been taken, and oi tlie pnjbability
that the whole force from Fort Leavenwortii would come down to
the rescue of the constituteil autiiorities, and, as a conse(pierice of
suL'li an outlook, that oCicial was instructed to wait for further
orders. There was no escape from the tone and tenor of the com-
munication; elTusion of blood was to be avoided, the writs were
not to be served pending the answer from Washington, the sher-
iil was only to retain near iiim a sufTuMent force to protect liis al-
most forgotten prisoner, and " the law abiding citizens," meaning of
course tlio ruflians from over the ' >rder, were to be removed to a
distance where their lives won' t be endangered. The gov-
ernor had written to Gen. Richa. tson to the same effect, and he
gave orders that the letter thus summarized should bo exhibited
to the oHicers in command. Af r. Sliannon concluded with an in-
timation that he should probably accompany Colonel Sumner.
There is a personage who is supposed specially to hate holy water,
and the sheriil must have understood the peculiar prejudice of
Satan when he saw his scheme of vengeance being thus suddenly
and unexpectedly thwarted, but he did not give up without
a struggle. He wrote a long letter in too much haste to be gram-
matical, in which he urged, that his troops were weary of in-
action and might disperse unless they were allowed to attack the
city, but he veiled that purpose under the mild form of making
a demand for his prisoner, Jacob Branson. The letter displayed
much eagerness to carry Lawrence by assault before the regular
troops could come in to compel the usages of mercy and rob his
friends of their satisfaction. The letter contained besides some
information as to the writs which he desired to serve, but every
sentence, read by the light of subsequent events, must have con-
vinced Gov. Shannon, that sheriff Jones had purposes in view,
concerning which he did not think it wise to take the chief execu-
tive officer into his confidence. Maj. Gen. Richardson also re-
plied to the dispatch advising the governor to insist in any event
upon the citizens of Lawrence surrendering their arms, but the

268

Trrn.K's llisronr of K ass as.

fruitlossiKvs of such udvico rcinli'is it unnecessary to do more than
noto the fact of its having been tendered.

'I'lic presifU-nt sent n reply to the governor, saying that tho
reciuisite orders shoidd be sent to the coU)nel coinmunihint at
Fort FiCnvcnworth, as soon as tlic proper forms of tlio war depart-
ment coidd be complied witli, and on the strength of tiiat com-
munication Mr. Shannon hoped that Col Sumner would eomo to
the rescue. That oflici • consented to do 80 at first, but upon
further consideration declined to move until he could receive his
instructions in due form. Perliaps the nuirvclous influence of
Mr. .IclVcrson Davis in the war department had more to do with
the delay than either governor or president imagineil, for tho
game of the south was being played with consummate tact by
the leaders of the proslavery party, up to the time when tho elt.c
tion of Abraham liineoln, in 18(50, disconcerted all their projects.
While this delay was ;.,iving u pause for relleetion to both gov-
ernoi and people, tho c'tizens of Lawrence concluded to address
the chief of the territorial executive, sending to him a letter by
two trusty men. There wa.s nothing very remarkable in their
commisnication, as they merely, from their stand j)oint, informed
Mr. Shannon of the then aspect of affairs, asked whether tho
armed men from a foreign state were in Kansas under his orders,
and icnues: "^ that he would take steps for their removal, plainly
sia'' tha' '-other means and higher authority" remained as
flit . ;)atives. The delegation had some difliculty in reaching the
governor at Shawnee Mission, as the. place is almost on the bor-
der, and the Missouri men were very jealous of communications
between Lawrence and Mr. Shannon, but on the 5th of Decem-
ber Messrs. Lowery and Babcock obtained the interview, on
which much more depended than the mere delivery of a dis-
patch. The sitiiation had been carefully concealed by the pro-
slavery party, but the delegation were able to show him that the
territorial law, which he suppo-sed was the bone of contention, had
nothing to do with the quarrel between Lawrence and the ruflfian
hordes from Missouri. The men chosen for that delegation were
" right men in the right place," and their case was clear enough
to have made stocks and stones eloquent and persuasive. The
facts were so clearly in favor of Lawrence, that before the dele-

-■■^BSOmSlmKmm

to do more than

saying that tho
corninaiuhmt at

tlio war depart-
;th of tliut coin-
r would como to

first, but upon
lould roocive his
ous iiilhiencc of
more to do with
iiaLfined, for tho
iiiiunato tact by
0 wlicri tho el(;C
.11 their projects.
ion to both gov-
ndcd to address

hitn a letter by
arkable in their

j)oint, informed
ed whether tho
aider his orders,
removal, plainly
y " remained as
' in reaching the
nost on the bor-

communications
0 5th of Decem-
le interview, on
ilivery of a dia-
lled by the pro-
ow him that the
f contention, had
e and the rufldan

delegation were
?a3 clear enough
)ersuasive. The
before the dele-

-•.m&iiSliSt^-f.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

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[fi^ IIIIM

1^ 1^ 1 2.2

Hi i^ 111112.0

11.25 i 1.4

1.8

1.6

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PhotDgraphic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHIVI/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

The Wakabusa Wah.

269

gation left, the governor began to discover liow the land lay. ITo
had been told that Lawrence eflected the rescue of ]?ranson, and
had burned the houses of sixteen families, driving the shelterlerfs
people out upon the prairies; and it came like a revelation when
he learned that only three houses had been burned ; that no fami-
lies were at the time in either of the houses; that Lawrence stood
ten miles from the scene of disturbance and had taken no part
therein ; that there was no evidence to show who were the offend-
ers, and that the rescue of Branson was an event of which Law-
rence knew nothing until some hours after the occurrence. The
question of obeying territorial law had not been raised by Law-
rence, and most assuredly the city would not resort to force until
all otlier mean.s had failed. The mission of the representatives
of Lawrence was perfectly successful, because it induced Mr.
Shannon to see for himself, where hitherto he had used the eyes
of others. He determined to repair to the camp at Wakarusa,
and at all hazards to prevent bloodshed if such a consummation
proved possible. That step should have been taken by him
many days earlier, but " better late than never" is a proverb old
as the hills. Until now Mr. Shannon had believed the Lawrence
citizens brawlers and law breakers, seeking occasions for the
shedding of blood, and the Missourian border ruffians figured in
his imagination as self sacrificing missionaries, crossing the bor-
der only to promote harmony. Instead of his Arcadian dream
being realized, he found in the camp at Wakarusa gray haired
old men and their sons and grandsons, anxious to be led to
the attack of an unoffending city which had done nothing to in-
jure its assailants, unless it was a sin to think and speak. The
men whom he had wished to have removed to a distance, for fear
they might be first in some sanguinary encounter, were sleuth
hounds aching for a battle which they in their ignorance sup-
posed would be but a scene of slaughter, with timid traders a?
their victims. There was not a moment to lose. The force by
which he was surrounded had never been well officered, and their
sympathies were entirely opposed to all his instincts; moreover
the men whom they were accustomed to follow, if not to obey,
would favor any enterprise inimical to the peace of the territory.
They had been for many days living at free quarters as among

'■f

270

Ti-TTLK's HlSTOliY OF K.IXSAS.

tMicinics, stopping and ransacking every vehicle tliat approached
the city, and gratifying tlieir petty malice by a tiiousand exac-
tions ; it would be an irksome tusk for eoiKjuerors such as they
to inarch back into village obscurity without ra/ing and pbinder-
ing one city of abolitionists. In the midst of such material the
governor entered ujM)n his task as a diplomatist, anxious above
idl things to restore ])eaee and prevent bloodshed, even thougli in
pursuit of that aim he must lose the admiration of the proslavery
party, and convert his fiendish exponents of law and order into
implacable enemies, clamoring to Washington for his instant
decapitation.

A conference of proslavery leaders from Lecompton camp as
well as Wakarusa, about forty altogether, being assembled to con-
sider his proposals for pacilication, had only a small min(M-ity of
one that would assent to his suggestion, and that man came near
fighting before the sun went down, in defense of his pacificatory
disposition ; the rest demanded that Lawrence should be destroyed
root and branch, that all arms and fortifications should be sur-
rendered, and that every printing press should be destroyed.
The conference was a complete failure, except in so far as it re-
vealed to Frankenstein the monster that he had called into being.
A dispatch to Col. Sumner at Fort Leavenworth, bearing date
Dec. 6, 1855, shows how much Mr. Shannon's views had been
changed within twenty-four hours. His desire now was primarily
to save Lawrence and eventually the whole territory from the men
by whom he was surrounded, and he thought the crisis should
warrant the commandant in moviug without express orders from
Washington. lie stated in effect the eagerness of the invaders to
destroy Lawrence, and that they would soon be beyond all his
powers of restraint He had discovered that while only in the
pursuit of peace he had called to his aid a set of guerillas who
would have war at all hazards. The substance of the governor's
dispatch was known to some of the officers, and arrangements
were made to arrest his messenger en route to the fort, whereby
the proslavery force would gain time to make the assault in spite
of him and his remonstrances, before the United States troops
could arrive upon the field. The scheme succeeded, but thanks
to the loyalty of Gen. Stickler, the governor was informed of the

The Wakabvsa War.

271

tliut approaclictl

tliousaiid e.xac-

jrs such as they

ig and pl'inder-

yh material the

anxious above

even thougli ia

I the proslavery

and order into

for his instant

npton camp as
isemblecl to con-
lall minority of

man came near
his pacificatory
lid be destroyed

should be sur-
be destroyed.

so far as it re-
dled into beinsr.
th, bearing date
lews had been
V was primarily
y from the men
le crisis should
ess orders from

the invaders to

beyond all his
iile only in the
: guerillas who

the governor's
1 arrangements
} fort, whereby
assault in spite
I States troops
led, but thanks
n formed of the

outrage, and before daylight on the morning of the seventh, a
courier sent by an unusual course reached Leavenworth with ^^r.
Shannon's letter. The Colonel could not venture to move even
in such a strait, but his suggestions to the governor were eminent-
ly judicious. Mr. Ander.son, one of the members of the late
Shawnee legislature, wrote to Gen. Richardson on the 7th of De-
ceniber, that ho believed the black flag would be raised in tlie
camps at Lawrence and Lecompton, on the morning of the 8th,
and that the guerillas would march upon the city without orders.
In the event of TJnited States troops interfering he believed the
Missourians would fight that force also rather than be baulked of
their revenge, and already he believed there was no safety for the
executive save in complete submission to the terms of the pro-
slavery fighting men. Lawrence was not asleep during this try-
ing time, nor did the leaders rest because Mr. Shannon had been
brought to a .sense of the situation. They knew better than ho
what kind of a crowd it now devolved upon him to control if an-
archy was to be stayed, and they wrought accordingly. An en-
voy was dispatched from Lawrence on the morning of the 6th,
to carry dispatches to the free states, fairly describing the con-
dition of affairs in the city and territory, and calling for efBcient
aid, as whatever might be the fate of the one settlement the war
must not be abandoned. Before the emissary had left the open
camp of the defenders, spies had revealed the movement to the
officers in the Wakarusa camp at Franklin, and a detachment
was detailed to arrest Gen. Pomeroy. The design of the defend-
ers was in that way defeated, and their messenger subjected to
very considerable annoyance and suffering until Gen. Atchison,
in command of the Platte county rifle company interfered. The
dispatches meant for perusal by free soilers in the eastern states
were first served up in the columns of the Missouri press, subject
to such falsifications as would serve the purposes of the assail-
ants. The Indians in the territory were of course alive to the
probabilities of a battle, and they were desirous to share in the
entertainment. The Delawares and Shawnees sided with Law-
rence, but the committee of safety hesitated about accepting their
aid, but a company of Pottawattamies was brought into camp at
Lecompton, proud in the belief that they would carry with thei.i

272 TuTTLifs History of K.ixsas.

buck to their reservation a rich harvest of abolition scalps. Tlio
Indian agent for the Pottawattamics brought tliis cbominable
contingent into the camp at Lecompton, and that olhcial with
most of the territorial dignataries rode patrol and played at sol-
diers during the protracted siege. The forces in Lawrence felt
that they had done all that they could reasonably be expected to
attempt, toward peace, and now with arms in their hands they
were prepared to abide the issue. At the worst they were resolved
to sell their lives dearly for their altars and their hearths, and their
wives stood pledged among themselves to assume the weapons of
defense, should their husbands fall, to avenge the cause of liberty.
While things were at this pu...s, one of the free state men, Mr.
Thomas W. Barber, who occupied a farm at a distance of about
seven miles southwest of the city, concluded to ride home with a
few friends to see how affairs were prospering at home, intending
to return the next day. He was unarmed, but his brother and
the friends accompanying him carried weapons. Mr. Barber had
left his wife on the farm, when it became necessary for the fight-
ing force of the settlement to concentrate at Lawrence. About
four miles from the city the little party was accosted by one of
the patrols of the enemy, and ordered to accompany that body to
the camp; upon their refusal Mr. Barber was shot by one of the
party and died of his wounds shortly after. Several shots were ex-
changed afterwards, but this murder was the only casualty in the
Walvarusa war, witli the exception of the crime committed by
Coleman at Hickory Point, when his victim Dow was shot. This
murder was perpetrated by a body of men who were then on their
way to the camp at Wakarusa to insist upon the free soil party
in Lawrence surrendering their weapons as a preliminay of peace,
and several of the territorial staff were spectators if not accom-
plices in the deed. The body of Mr; Barber was conveyed back
to Lawrence and a carriage was sent to bring his wife into the
city. The scene when the poor woman became aware of herlosa
was excruciating, audit was with difficulty that the chiefs in com-
mand could restrain the troops to which Barber belonged, from
rushing upon the enemy to avenge the untimely end of their
much loved comrade. While this sad event was being witnessed
in Lawrence, the scenes in the camp of the enemy disclosed

scalps. Tho
3 eboininablo
t ofTioial with
)l;iycd at sol-
Lawrenco felt
le expected to
r hands they
were resolved
,rths, and their
he weapons of
luse of liberty,
tate men, Mr.
iancc of about
e home with a
)me, intending
s brother and
[r. Barber had
{ for the fight-
rence. About
sted by one of
ly that body to
by one of the
I shots were ex-
casualty in the
committed by
vas shot This
re then on their
free soil party
:ninay of peace.
3 if not accora-
conveyed back
s wife into tho
vare of her losa
le chiefs in corn-
belonged, from
y end of their
being witnessed
lemy disclosed

Tin: Wakmhs.i W'au.

273

numerous net:- of injustice and oppression, bonlcrin;^ upon mur-
der. Wo liavcseen wliat occurred in tiie case of (Jen. I'onieroy,
and almost every man that had business outside tha city was
liable to be carried as n. prisoner to Lecoinpton or Franklin, to
have papers seized and conliscated, and sometimes property stolen,
for the Missourians were not all immaculate on that score. A
medical man driving from the city to his farm with a delirious
l)ationt was made a prisoner, and both parties detained for a con-
siderable time. The correspondent of the New York Trilmiie,
Mr. Phillips, has made the whole world ac(pKunted with his ad-
ventures, as they were j)ubli.shed in -the eolumn.s of Horace
Greeley's paper, and many citi/sons from Leavenworth, Topeka
and elsewhere, were captured and held in durance for various
terms, where they would hear the drunken rullians clamoring for
the blood of one abolitionist. More than once ])i eparations were
made for hanging these prisoners, but the oflicers succeeded
in rci)ressing such tumults. When the hostilities of 1855 were
brought to an end by the governor's interposition, there were sev-
eral prisoners liberated from the camps of the enemy.

Immediately after Mr. Shannon had sent the letter last men-
tioned to Col. Sumner, at Leavenworth, he forwarded notice to
the authorities in Lawrence that he wished to visit that city, and
wa.s awaiting an escort for the purpose. Mr. Lowery, one of the
delegation that waited upon the governor at Shawnee Mission,
was named the leader of a company of ten citizens, who rode out
to the Wakarusa camp to bring in tlieir visitor. The committee
of safety received the governor and three Missourian colonels in
their apartments in the Free State Ilotel. The staff attending the
chief of the territorial execu'n e consisted of Col. Boone, of West-
port, Col. Strickland, generally •iescribcd as from Missouri, and
Col. Kearney, of Independence. Dr. Kobinson, the commander-
in-chief, and Col. Lane, his efficient aid, were the negotiators for
the settlers in and about the city, and the interview lasted about
an hour. Mr. Shannon said that he had relied upon statements
made by Sheriff Jones, and had, consequently, misunderstood the
people of Lawrence ; but while suggesting the propriety of a regu-
lar treaty between the opposing forces, he proposed that the free
state men should surrender their arms as a preliminary. He
18

974

Ttrri.i.'s Ilisroiir of Kassas.

fouiul aftr wanl- tlK\t sncli n, condition of pence woiilil liavo in-
fallibly k'l to u.unlor, aiul lie conUl tlit-n lu-ttcr ni.protMato tlio
indignant (.'fnsal witli wliicli liis sn<.'<.'cstion was rcpollod. Tpon
liis rctnrn to the Wakarusa oainp, the govLM'nor llrst learned of
the l)la('k Hag conspiniey, and his measures thereupon were such
as the responsibilities of his ofliee demanded. Maj. Gen. Rich-
ardson was ordered to repress all disorderly movements, and to
use his whole foree, if neeo.'^pary, to prevent an uiianlhnri/.ed dem-
onstration upon Lawrence. The governor was truly governor at
last. Cion. Strieklcr received similar instructions at the samo
moment, and early the next morning the best dispo.sed prominent
men in the proslavcry camps were eolleeted to form a council for
the preservation of peae(\ A committeo of thirteen captains was
nominated, after nuich debuting, to meet a similar body which
would be sent that day from Lawrence, to arrange the prelimina-
ries of a pacitie.ation : and the governor went back to the city
much pleased with the progress he had made. It might seem
that it should have sulllccd for liiin to order the invading force to
leave the territory as soon as he became aware what were the real
facts of the case ; but it must be remembered that he was not
handling di.sciplined troops, well olTicercd, and he was properly
desirous to avoid bloodshed. The arrangements to be made in
the city were easily carried tlu'ough. Uv. Shannon had prepared
a paper setting forth the main points of the treaty to be sub-
scribed, but upon the presentation of a similar document, prepared
by Dr. Eobinson, after consulting the leaders of the free state
party, that instrument was readily accepted. There were speeches
froin the front of the hotel when ihe negotiations were thus
brought to an end, and it became necessary to assure the populace
that no concessions had been made which would commit them to
a recognition of the laws passed by the Shawnee usurpers. They
were ready to die fighting in the trenches and on the prairies
rather than be governed by a legislature imposed upon them by
foreign force. The treaty was, of course, subsequently published,
although it was not then read to the assemblage, and its terms were
substantially as follows : The misunderstanding arising out of
the rcjcue of Jacob Branson, at Hickory Toint, having been re-
cited in the preamble, together with the desire of all parties to

Tin: TI'(AM/,T.s ( Il'.i//.

275

uM liavc in-
[i[iix;oiato tlio
I'llcd. I'pon
st loanicil of
111 were such
ij. Goii. IJicli-
noiits, ami to
Llmrized ilcin-
^ govHM'iior at
at the snmo
iod proniim-nt
!i council for
oujitains was
r boily wliich
the prelimina-
k to the city
; miglit seem
ailing force to
, were the real
at he was not
was properly
.) he made in
had prepared
ity to be sub-
nent, prepared
the free state
were speeches
ins were thus
3 the populace
)mniit them to
urpers. They
n the prairies
ipon them by
itly published,
I its terms were
arising out of
iving been re-
all parties to

avoid bloodshed and civil strife, the terms of settlement were next
set forth. The citizens protested that the rescue was not their
act, nor had tlicy been consulted thereon before the event; that
they would aid in the service of any legal process, and were not
cognizant of the existence of any organization in the territory for
tlu! resistance of laws, and that whenever called upon by the
proper authority they would help to preserve order in the town
of liawrence, under proper provisions for the safety of person and
l)ropcrty against unlawful depredations, even when committed by
the sherifT and his posse. The governor, on his part, diselnimcd
having authorized foreign invasion, and any intention to authorize
any such action ; and all the parties declined to express an opin-
ion as to the validity of the laws passed by the recent territorial
legislature at Shawnee.

When Gov. Shannon went back to the Wakarusa camp that
evening, Gen. Kobinson and Col. Lane accompanied him at his
particular rcrpiest, and speeches were made by all three parties
before the council of thirteen proslavery captains already named,
the result being an agreement between all parties to end the im-
hroijlio by withdrawing ami dispersing the sheriff's friends. "When
the business was thus terminated the night was tempestuous in
the worst degree, and that may have been the reason why Dr.
Robinson and Col. Lane were not provided with the guard which
had been jiromi.sed them, but very strong suspicions were enter-
tained that both gentlemen were to have been waylaid and assas-
sinated on their return. Only one man mustered to form their
escort, and he continued with them only a few minutes after they
had started. The pobabilities are largely in favor of the good
faith of the leaders, whatever individuals in the ranks might have
plotted, and it is very likely that the weather which kept back
the appointed guard also prevented an irregular assault upon
Lawrence that night under cover of the black flag. On the morn-
ing of December 8, Gov. Shannon i.ssued his orders to disband
the forces concentrated with the several camps, and the command
was obeyed, but the parties thus dispersed were very uncompli-
mentary in their remarks concerning that functionary who was
pronounced a traitor and a fool with many adjectives. Some of
the guerillas remained in the territory for many days, but the

.-j^mmrnmrmmftiMmm^

^70 TlTTLh's IIISTOUY or Kass.is.

major p.-vrt wrnt liotno in dis-.ist as soon as it boainic ovideut
tlial liiiwrcnuc wius .^afo against tln/ir dcsign.s.

'riio free rttato incm in tho city bold a social gathering on the
evening of l)(.-con.ber 0, in tho fioo stuto hall, and th-; g.)Vc..nor
was one of tho inorriosl n.on in tho throng , bni whdo tho tostivo
l-aity was full of tho gayoty propor to an o.rasion of tho kind,
word was brought that tho irregulars wore u.assod m tlio noigli-
l«,rhood, throatoning to attack tho place now unprepared for a
dofenso. The coninianders originally nominated by the conunit-
toe of safety, Dr. Uobinson and Col. I.ano, were at once author-
i/.od under the governor's hand to use the enrolled forces for tho
defense of the eity and its vicinity, a tolerably conclusive proof that
he Unew tlie manner of men with whom he had to deal. There
was no attack made, but perhaps the knowledge of such prepara-
ration might sl.)ne have been the deterrent power. The following
evening, Monday, Dee. iO, saw a more motley gathering m the
Free State hotel, when soldiers of both sides assembled to partake
of a feast in honor of the recently concluded peace. Shoriil Jones
was present, and it re.iuired all the command that men could
possess, in consideration of his being an invited guest, to save
liim from being made to comprehend the peculiar esteem in which
he was held. It was not easy to forget that all the tribulations
through which they had passed arose from his plotting; but he
was their guest, and that was his protection. The troops were
disbanded on Tuesday, Dec. 11, i«5o, after being re.iewed and
addressed, and every man was more than paid for his exertions
by the presentation of a certificate of his service in the defense,
liut who shall certify the noble spirit which actuated the women
of Lawrence in all this time of trial? They were true daughters
of that exalted band which crt)sscd the Atlantic in the Mayllower
to Plymouth Hock. New England might well be proud of such
representative souls. They were not found cowering with fear
when danger threatened, startled like timid hares by every sound,
but their example nerved the bravest of their brave companions
to deeds of more lofty daring. The commissariat was their es-
pecial duty, and their doors were hospitably ope to all comers ;
but when such work had been dispatched, they were to be found
moulding bullets and making cartridges for the defense, and it

■Mtei««M*M

iiia,i!i:. wwteiiri*^

mio ovUlcut

iriiig on the
I'! govmnor
! iho tLvstive
)f ilio kiiiJ,
II tho luiigli-
jpuiod for a
iho i;ominit-
)iici! iiuUior-
orcesi for tlio
vc jjroot tliivt
Iwil. There
.m:\\ prepiira-
'he following
eriiig in the
!il to piu'tuko
Shoriil Jones
L men could
uost, to siive
ecni in which
! tribulations
,ting; but he
5 troops were
*e,iewed and
his exertions
I the defense,
d tho women
rue daughters
he Mayllower
)roud of such
ing with fear

every sound,
e companions

was their es-
,0 all comers ;
e to be found
lefense, and it

Kaxsas CoxFt.icTs— Krhwrs of If^.y}.

277

was known tliat many of (he worthy baml had oxcri'iscil each
other witli their rifli-s witli sneli olTcet that if occasion ha<l ari^nn,
thoy could have helped in a still more cfl'ectivo way to defend
their liomes from tlio invader. They liad como from the ea-^tern
and northern stnfiN, where they had been tenderly nurtured nil
their lives, but thi-y had beeti taught to value prinei[)lo beyond
life, and, hail tho saerifiee boon demanded, they would have
marched to death itself before they would have submitted to com-
])romise the battle ^or human rights on which thoy had valiantly
entered.

CIIAPTKR XI.'

TEIUJITOHIAT. lltSTOllV

(conliiiued.)

KAN.SA8 CONFLICTS— EVP:NTS OP 1850.

Blnistcr Kinnors — Constitution Ailoptnl-- Negroes Exeludec! — Geneml
Eiistin's Mililhi— Polliii!;-n;iy Solicitudes — Tlie Tcrritoriiil Hee;isti'r —
Platte Coiuity lieuMilMlors — Choosinir Mtiile Olllcers— nollini,' the Tick-
(.t_H(.<T\iliiisTi'inin pliant— Governor Itoliinson — r<eaven worth A'w('»<« —
ExociUive Coniinitlee — 8tiilti Legislature —Eastou Uiots — Kickapoo
llangei's— Figlit lor IJallot Boxes — Free Sin (; Prisoner — Keseue of
ypailis — Kil/'etl, AVouuded and .Missing — Murder of Captain l?ro\vn —
Cowardly Outrage tiv Hie Kickapeos — Legislative Sympatliy — The Mar-
tyr Host — Monruing CorTliirty Hays — Free Settlers Warned — Missouri
Bucks Down— Tlie South to llic Rescue — President I'ierec's Message —
Shawnee Law Ueoognized — Free State Treason — lleconunendations to
Congress — Missouri must Win — Organizing a Crusade — Now or Nev-
er— Sherill' Jones — Question for Trial — Breach Growing Wider-
Kansas Conquests— Mounted Patrols- Distressing the Enemy —Arming
tho Party — Preparing for War — Down with Tyrants — Kiekapoos to tlie
Front — Altars and Firesides — Abolish Abolition — Ex-President Lnqui.
tur — "(ioiX and U.I ury" — The Hoodwinked President — Lying a Sci-
ence — Temporary Successes — Justifying Riot — Jeflerson Buford's Card
— Bounty for Conquerors — Press of the South — State Votes and County
Qifts — " God and Slavery " — Southern Bights — Aiding Kansas — Vote
and Fight — Southern Sharpshooters — Extending the Area — Scenting
Battle — Come, and Come Speedily — Fierce War Unavoidable- Institu-
tions at Stake- We Want Armed Men— God and Our Rights.

278 Tittle's Uistohy of Kassas.

The departure ot the Missourian horde had not lulled Law-
renee into a false seeurity, because tl,e eitizens knew that the un-
derstanding arrived at between the governor and the settlers did
not toueh the living issue which the proslavery party wanted to
accomplish. The recognition of slavery as an institution in Ivan-
sas was as much as ever the bone of contention, and every ex-
pression of thought and will among the free state men continued
to be met by menaces of the irost truculent description from the
other side. Sinister rumors filled the air, and it was too evident
that before many months had passed, the struggle would come
once more to the verge of civil war, if indeed the whole commu-
nity was not dragged into the vortex. Nothing less than the de-
struction of Lawrence could satisfy the Border men, and even
that would be only one morsel which must be followed by the
devastation of every free state settlement until the whole territory
would .'ubmit to Missourian dictation, and every voter remaining
there would aeee,.t his proposition as a slave owner or a mean
white The situation was not encouraging but it did not daunt
the defenders of free thought, and events were crowding too thick
upon them to permit much time for simple meditation When
the defenders of Lawrence were dismissed from their arduous du-
ty there remained only five days before the popular vote was to
be taken upon the constitQtion framed at Topeka. Ihere
would have been no small amount of stump oratory on a question
of so much importance, had circumstances permitted, and the
variou. speakers had been appointed for the purpose, but the well
known maxim, salus popuU supreme le.c, had dominatea every
other consideration. The salvation of the people had become the
first law of the day, and the constitution, a thing only second in
importance, had fallen out of the range of .....a for a time.
The leading men from every precinct concentrated in Lawrence,
so that audiences and speakers were alike absent from their ap-
pointments until it was time under the arrange.r.^nts made by the
executive committee to proceed to a vote, and even then in mos
of the border settlements the enemy loitered so that it was not
possible to give undivided attention to the ballot The eonstitu-
Ln had been printed and distributed freely, and where possible
the requisite notices had been published, but in Atchison and m

■■i - '. ;'iiuiu'ti» iiii Villi mi iiif'i rti' — '^■''-

Kaxsas Coxfi.icts— Kvi:sts of J\>i!.

3TO

ulled Law-
liut the un-
settlers did
,- wanted to
lou in Kan-
d every ex-
n continued
on from the
too evident
rvould come
lole coinmu-
tlian the de-
n, and even
)\ved by the
ole territory
3r remaining
3r or a mean
d not daunt
ing too thick
:,ion. When
arduous du-
■ vote was to
leka. There
n\ a question
ted, and the
, but the well
linateu every
A. become the
nly second in
I for a time,
in Lawrence,
[rom their ap-
3 made by the
1 then in most
hat it was not
The constitu-
vhere possible
;chisou and in

f!ome other towns it was imjiossible to proceed to a vote. For
that reason, among others, the polling was not as large as it other-
wise would have been, but the constitution was carried by an
overwhelming majority. There were 1,777 votes cast for and
against the measure, and of the whole only forty-seven men said
nay. On the general banking law there were 1,68J: votes, and of
these 5G1 were in the negative, so that the proposition was af-
lirmcd by more than two to one, and on the cpiestion whether
mulattoes and negroes should be excluded from the territory,
thei'c was i)roof positive that the free state men wore not all abo-
litionists, as a total of 2,231 ballots were cast, and oiii- 153, or
seven more than one-fifth of the number polled on that issue fa-
vored the icsidenceof free negroes and mulattoes in the territory.
Many negatived the proposition because they thought that the
slave owners in Missouri and elsewhere would send their worn
out stock into Kan.sas to become a burden upon the people when
they could no longer earn enough upon the plantations to pay for
their keep. It will be seen that more votes were polled on this
question, for and against, than on any other issue.

It has been mentioned that in some towns no vote was taken,
and in others the election was carried through under peculiar dif-
ficultly 3. It will be well to instance a few of the means which
were used by the opposing party Gen. East on commanded his
militia force to muster in the town of Leavenworth on election
day, then and there to receive their discharge, under which they
would become entitled to draw pay from the general government
for their services in Kansas. The charm worked, of course, and
from early in the morning the town was flooded by hundreds of
Missourians, whose interests and whose prejudices were alike an-
tagonistic to the vote that day to be taken. At noon, these fel-
lows, duly officered for the occasion, assaulted the polling place,
drove out the judges of election, and almost killed one of them
named Wetherill, by beating him with clubs, and trampling upon
him. They procured possession of the ballot boxes and paraded
them about the town, making a demonstration in front of the office
of the " Territorial Eegister," which they threatened to sack and de-
stroy, because the proprietor, Mr. Delahay, a man favorable to slav-
ery as an institution in other states, was desirous to exclude it from

280

TVTTI.KS IJlSTOHr OF Kaxsas.

tlio territory in wluch ho resiclea. Aftor such inanifpstations of
their zeril, tlie Kansas inilitla from Missouri were addressed by
their conunander and thanked for tlieir eminent services. ^ The
following Satuiday saw the consummation of that enterprise ni
the destruction of the press, so threatened, by a company of Platte
County Regulators which had been o.ganizcd at Kickapoo, not
far from Leavenworth in the same county. There were no dilTer-
ciiccs of oi)inion tolerated by the proslavery men, and the adhc-
rniis of Stephen A. Douglas had no better show than abolition-
ists unless they would swallow the whole of the proslavery plat-
form. The well known democratic views of Mr. Delahay did not
gave his ofllec from being sacked, his presses from being broken,
and the whole of the offending material from being drowned in
the ^[issouri. Perhaps if the editor had been at hand he might
Lave shared the same fate as his property, but happily he lived
to render good service to the state. Seven days after the consti-
tution had been adopted, on the 22d of December, 1855, a con-
vention at Lawrence nomimted state officers, and the unanimity
•which had prevailed in the constitutional convention no longer
clia"!!>torized the proceedings of the fr(^e state party. A minoi'ity
*' bolted " the regular nominations, and prepared an anti-abolition
ticket, still favoring the maintenance of l\ansas as a free state :
but the common sense of the great majority in the community
terminated thit manifestation by electing the regular nominees
on the loth of January, 1856, both sections of the party being
represented in the list, as will be seen by glancing at the sub-
joined luimes and their respective offices: Dr. C. Robinson, gov-
ernor; W. Y. Roberts, lieutenant governor; P. C. Schuyler, sec-
retary of state ; G. A. Cutler, auditor; J. A. Wakefield, treasurer ;
II. Miles Moore, attorney general ; M. Hunt, S. N. Latta and M.
F. Conway, supreme judges ; S. r>. ]SrcKenzie, reporter, and S. B.
Floyd, clerk of the supreme court; John Speer, state printer;
M. W. Delahay, representative in congress.

In Leavenw' >rth a free state mayor had been elected, but after
the December election cmeuie, that officer, despairing any chance
to carry out his duty, tendered his resignation, and a proslavery
mayor was chosen. In January, when the state officers were to
be elected, the new may(jr prudently forebore to hold an election,

■

Kansas Conflicts — Evexts of H^-jC.

281

^stations of
dressed by
ices. The
itorpvise ni
y of Platte
■kapoo, not
c no dilter-
I the adhe-
1 abolition-
aveiy plat-
iiay did not
in<f brolscn,
drowned in
d he might
ly he lived
• the consti-
L855, a con-
3 unanimity
1 no longer
A minority
iti-abolition
X free state :
community
ir nominees
party being
at the sub-
binson, gov-
ihuyler, sec-
d, treasurer ;
,atta and M.
;r, and S. B.
ate printer;

sd, but after
<; any chance
L proslavery
cers were to
an election,

and issued a proclamation forbidding any such proceedings. The
ballot boxes were carried round the city on polling day, and
about two hundred ballot papers were deposited in that irregular
manner, but although the executive committee consented to Lssue
certificates of election to the members so chosen, the legislature
in lue course pronounced the vote invalid, and Leavenworth had
no representatives in the constituent body that assembled in March.
Easton was even more unfortunate than its neighbor, Leaven-
worth. The Kickapoo Kangers indulged in so many threats of
violence that the polling was postponed until the 17th, two days
beyond the time appointed, but on that day the election was held
in a house half a mile from the village. Most of the men who
voted went armed as a necessary precaution. Capt. Brown and
some others went to the village from Leavenworth. There was no
disturbance during the day, but in the evening a party of horse-
fnen, about thirty in number, attacked the house in which the
polling had been conducted. The free state men came out in
fQrce armed for defense, and after several ineffectual orders to
charge, the assailants retired. Demands for the ballot box were
several times sent to the house, but they were disregarded, and
many persons passed to and from the village without further an-
noyance. About two on the following morning it became known
that a free state man named Sparks had been captured by the pro-
slavery party at Easton, and Capt. Brown with a party went co
the rescue. Sparks was surrendered without a fight, but with
many threats as to ultimate consequences. After the two forces
had separated, many shots were fired on both sides, and a pro-
slavery man was killed. About eight in the morning the free
state men from Leavenworth started for home, and when about
four miles from that town, they were met by several wagon loads
of armeu •-'^n, so numerous that it was impracticable to make a
defense against them, and upon a promise of personal safety, the
little company of eight men surrendered. Capt. Brown was one of
the prisoners. The wagon loads of men, armed with bowie knives,
hatchets and rifles, were the Kicknpoo Rangers. They were
maddened by whisky, and by the knowledge that a proslavery
man had been shot during the /raws of the precedir,- night The
prisoners were taken to Easton where an investigation was then

'>'in*m''ii<pwwuiWJn»''-

282

Tvttle's IIjstohy of Kansas.

ponding. Otlicr prisoners were broiiglit in during the day. Capt.
Brown, wlio had boon in command of tlio rescuing party, was put
upon liis trial for murder, and it soon became evident that ho
wouhl be condemned by his accusers and judges. An opportu-
nity wa.s afTorded to the disarmed residue of tlie prisoners lo es-
cape, and tlicy availed themselves of the chance, in the hope that
tliore would be some means found to save their comrade, but no
such chance occurred. Capt. Martin, the ofTiccr in command of
the Kickapoos, did his best to defend his prisoner. While the
examination was onward the accused was kept closely confined
in a room for his own protection, and when the proceedings ter-
minated it was announced that Capt. Brown would be conveyed
to Leavenworth to stand his trial under territorial law. The
chances wei-e very few for a free state man under that regime, but
nothing but the instant destruction of tlieir victim would suffice.
The room door was forced by the crowd, armed with knives and
hatchets, and the prisoner saw his fate before him. lie pleaded
in vain against such overwhelming odds, offered to fight any man
they would select, if they would give him a chance for his life ;
but they would run no risks, and he was literally hacked to death
by them with their hatchets. When it was evident that no sur-
gery could save him, he was bundled into a wagon, without
shelter from the freezing air, and jolted over the hard ground to
his home in Leavenworth, a distance of ten miles. lie was still
alive when he reached home ; had strength enough to tell his
wife that he had been murdered by cowards, without cause; and
so perished one of the bravest and truest men in the free state
party in Kansas.

The legislature of the free state organization, which convened
in March, in Topeka, took cognizance of his services in the de-
fense of Lawrence, and of his death in the service of the terri-
tory, by passing a series of resolutions which ordered mourning
for thirty days for the man whom they recognized as one of " the
martyr host whose blood has watered the tree of liberty." The
widow and her child were condoled with in eloquent terms, and
it was impossible for any person to avoid seeing that the crime of
the ruffians had sunken deep into the hearts of all the legislature
which had been assailed in the murder of their fellow-member.

3#"""'

MMMMItMitol

MMMM

Kaxsas I'oSFUCTs— K\i-:sts Of /s.v;.

283

0 (lay. Capt.
urty, was put
lent that he
An opportu-
isoncrs to es-
,he hope tliat
trade, but no
corntnand of

While the
iely confined
feedings tor-
be convoyed

1 law. The
t regime, but
ould sufTice.
1 knives and
lie pleaded
jht any man

for his life ;
ked to death

that no sur-
on, without
d ground to
He was still
I to tell his

cause; and
e free state

;h convened
1 in the de-
)f the terri-
1 mourning
one of " the
erty." The
terms, and
the crime of
; legislature
3W-meraber,

A monument was ordered in commemoration of the virluos ami
coura.'c of the d.. .used, and the resolutions arrived at were pub-
lished" in the free state papers. Not appeased by such a mani-
festation of their prowess, the free state men were next ordered
by the nK.b at Kaston to clear out from that portion of the terri-
tory Notices were served upon them in their houses, but they
concluded to stay and tight it out. Every man barricaded us
liitle fortification as well as he could, and word being sent to the
nerrhburing settlements, Topeka and Lawrence sent parties to their
deFense in the face of which the Missourians backed down, i he
winter of 1855-56 was unusually cold for Kansas, and the
houses of the settlers were in many cases little adapted to give
shelter from such unusual rigors, but when, in addition thereto,
every house which stood detached from immediate support was
liable to be carried by assault at any moment and the inmates
driven out upon the prairie shorn of every vestige of property, it
xvill be perceived that the battle was of a kind to try the souls of
men. Against a people so circumstanced the whole of the south
was now to be roused by incendiary appeals which would hardly
have been justified if a jungle infested by tigers had been the
object of assault instead of a free state settlement, and it is highly
probable that tigers would have been treated with much greater
consideration. While such was the situation of aiiairs in the
territory, President Pierce, who had been so slow to respond to
Governor Shannon's appeal for aid against the Missounan horde,
when that organization, or disorganization as it may be more
fitly denominated, menaced Lawrence, took occasion to pre-
sent a special message to congress, dealing with the Kansaa
difTiculty as a party movement of a wholly unju.stifiable charac
ter on the part of the free state settlers. The laws made by the
usurpers at Shawnee must be upheld against all protest, and it
was very plainly intimated that the action of the men who de-
sired to form a free state, in opposition to Missounan dictation,
weie already on the verge of treason. But the .loeumeiit from
which we quote may be allowed to speak for itself so far as it
bears upon the question at issue. After writing at some length
on the affairs of the territory. President Pierce goes on to say :
« No principle of public law, no practice or precedent under

IVJ||MMaihife*»K:..,

2S4

Tittle's IIistouv of Kassas.

the constitution of the United State, no rule of reason, right or
common sense confers any such power as that now claimed by a
mere jiarty in the territory. In fact, what has been done is of a
revolutionary character. It is avowedly so in motive and in aim
as respects the local law of the territory. It will become treason-
able insurrection if it reach the length of organized resistance by
force to the fundamental, or any other law, and to the authority
of the general government.''

There was a power behind the throne which dictated the lan-
guage used by Mr. Pierce, and that power could assure the pro-
slavery ])arty of harmlessness when he said :

"Entertaining these views, it v;ill be my imperative duty to
support public order in the territory ; to vindicate its laws, whether
federal or local, against all attemjits of organized resistance, and
to protect its people in the establishment of their own institu-
tions, undi.sturbcd by encroachments from without, and in the
full enjoyment of the rights of .self-government assured to them
by the constitution and the organic act of congress."

The recommendations of the president were, that congress
should autliorize the people of the territory to frame a constitu-
tion under wliich they might be admitted to the union, but no
steps were to be attempted to secure the expression of the will of
Kansas in that matter instead of that of Missouri, as declared by
the ruffians on its western boundary. Elections carried by bruta
force, l)y invaders, were to be recognized as the essence of repub-
lican government, and laws iniquitous as hell itself, the out-
come of such tyranny, were to have all the power of the execu-
tive of the United States arrayed in their vindication. The pres-
ident could go no farther than that, even to secure the approval
of the proslavery party. Thus reinforced, Missouri was prepared
to resume the offensive, and the fruitless issue of the last cam-
paign added exasperation to energy in preparing for the next.
The courage manifested by the whole of the free state men in
defending Lawrence showed them that there was no easy task
before them, but it was only necessary to organize a crusade, the
more comprehensive on that account, into which the whole south
must enter with an impetus which would leave the eastern states
■with their sympathies far behind. Extermination was to be the

Kansas CustucTs — Evksrs of iH'tO.

285

ason, rif;!;ht or
claimed by a
n (lone is of a
ve and in aim
'conie troason-
rosi'itanco by
the autliority

stated the Ian-
sure the pro-

•ative duty to
laws, whether
'csistance, and
• own institn-
t, and in the
ured to thenm

that congress
me a constitu-
union, but no
of the will of
IS declared by
rried by brute
snce of repub-
5elf, the out-
of the execu-
in. The pres-
I the approval

was prepared
the last cam-
for the next,
state men in

no easy task
a crusade, the
3 whole south
eastern states
was to be the

watchword henceforward, and if the free settlers had only been
compelled to surrender their arms at Lawrence, that task would
have been greatly simplilied. Sheriil' Jones addressed a note to
Gen. liobinson and Col. Lane on the irJth of January, asking
them whether they did not pledge them.selves in December, 1855,
to assist him with s. po.s.sc to arrest any person in Lawrence
against whom he might hold a writ. Tliere was a purpose be-
hind that inquiry of course, but the men to whom the note was
addressed were not blinded by any undue partiality for ^fr.
Jones, and their reply stated carefully the cvact truth, without a
possibility of its being misunderstood; tiuxt they " would assi.st
any proper ofTicer in the service of any legal process," and fur-
ther, that the sheril! would be allowed to " arrest one of the res-
cuers of Branson," in order that an appeal to the supreme court
of the United States might determine the validity of the laws
enacted at Shawnee. The sheriff had taken nothing by his mo-
tion, but he had now ascertained beyond doubt that the breach
between the free state men and himself was as far as ever from
being filled. They stood on their guard against him at every
point. His authority and the laws of his party were alike ques-
tions to be tried, and no syllable of concession could be discov-
ered in the memorandum of the free state men. Long before
this time the sounds of preparation had come across the border,
and here in Kansas the men were by no means laggards at their
work. Of a scene slightly differing, Shakspere said :

" The hum of either army stilly sounds,
That the fixed sentinels almost receive
The secret whispers of each other's watch.

Fire answers fire; and through their paly flames i

Each battle sees the other's umbered face.
Steed threatens steed, in high and boastful neighs,
Piercing tlie night's dull ear; and from the tents,
The armourers, accomplishing the knights,
With busy hammers closing rivets up,
Give dreadful note of preparation."

Missouri was resolved this time to make assurance doubly
Bure. The hordes had massed themselves in their full strength
before Lawrence, and boast as they would of the bravery that

tiMBiaf'iijlwMI

immtmm

itm

mmfUtm*''

286

TvTTLE's HlSTOIfV OF K.lXS.iS.

tlicy liail not yot pro'-'-'', ilicy could not ileny tluit tlic free state
men wcro unilauntod and unyiflding; therefore tliey were con-
strained to look further afield for help against their daring antag-
onistH. The country which they boasted having con(iuercd was
not yet an uiKine.stioned possession, and in their seeiet associa-
tions, when tiie j)rospccts of the war were discussed, it was use-
less to eciuivocatc as to the fact, that the decisive battle was yet
in tlie future. Tlans were discussed and arranged in the blue
lodges and then submilte<l for indorsement to public meetings in
Missouri. Tt was suggested that a i)artial famine could be in-
duced bv establishing mounted patrols of fifty to traverse the ter-
ritory where free state men were congregated, to prevent the plant-
ing of their lands, and by such means they might be starved out
of Kansas. Another proposition was, that the Shawnee legisla-
ture should be convened for a special session, to make laws still
more oppressive, us a means of distres.sing the enemy, and now
that the president had been made to speak, it would not be easy
to imagine a law too hard in its exactions for them and their nom-
inees to enact and bring into operation. The disabilities which
had incommoded the movements of the proslavery men at Hick-
ory Point, and at Lawrence, could all be legislated away, now
that President Pierce had assisted them with his message; and
with laws and weapons both on their side, to be used without
scruple, the victory must be theirs.

The " Squatter Sovereign " was once more rampant, demanding
arms for the Atchison militia, to be supplied by the government
of the territory by the sale of town lands, and there was almost a
shriek of agony in the cry for an opportunity to determine which
party should rule. The rifles which were possessed in Lawrence
were terrible weapons in the estimation of the proslavery jiarty,
and Colt's revolvers must be provided by and for the proslavery
party by way of setoff. " We have the men, we must have arms."
The emergency seemed to justify almost any extreme to put
weapons in the hands of the president's x>rote(jes. Another paper,
the Kansas Pioneer, came out with columns of leaded type, de-
claring that " forbearance was no longer a virtue," seeing that
the Easton men had dared to vote for state officers, to retain their
own ballot boxes, and even to defend their own Uvea against at-

MiiwBMfniiiiimw

K.lXS.iS CdSFLHTS— EVESTS OF iS.'ift.

ti87

it the fret' stato
tlit-y were con-
r daring antag-
conquered was
seciet nssoeia-
*cd, it wiXA use-
battle was yet
ed in the blue
)lic meetings in
e could be in-
traverse the ter-
event the plant-
i be starved out
iliawnee legisla-
niake laws still
noniy, and now
uld not be easy
I and their nom-
sabilities which
y men at Ilick-
^ted away, now
is message ; and
c used without

ant, demanding
the government
;re was almost a
letermine which
!ed in Lawrence
roslavery jiarty,
r the proslavery
lust have arms."
extreme to put
Another paper,
leaded type, de-
ue," seeing that
s, to retain their
ivea against at-

tack. " Tlic tyrannical dogs " must be driven from Kansas. In
the immediate presence of tyrants, who would not hear an assault
without retaliation, it was difficult to say what niiglit not bo done,
and it was declared that the men of Kaston had recommenced tho
war. ''i'lie proslavery party were a(ldres.scd as "law and order
men," and conjured, " strike for your altars, strike for your fire-
sides, strike for your rightrf; " which, of cour.se, meant that they
sliould as.sail the altars of their neighbors, drive them from their
Jl resides, and despoil them of their rights. The answer to all,
which was given wlien the men of Easton barricaded themselves
in the homes from which they refu.scd to be evicted, and being
defended in their position by the citizens of Lawrence and Topcka,
they were enabled to drive back the Missourians once moie, in
spite of the Kickapoo Rangers and all the threats of the enemy
that they would abolish abolition, and leave not a " vestige of ab-
olitionism." E.\-Vice President Gen. Atchi.son had been among
the men who supported Gov. Shannon in his final movements at
Lawrence in December, 1855, which ended in temporary pacifica-
tion, but by the -ith of February, 1856, his temper had slightly
changed, lie was a candidate for the presidency, let it be borne
in mind, and the present incumbent had pronounced in such a
manner as might win him the southern vote. It was necessary
to outbid the demagogue, and at a meeting held in Platte City the
gallant general repented almost, as it were, in sackcloth and ashes
liis action in December. lie swore like a mule driver, and among
other pieces of counsel equally murderous, said, speaking of Kan-
sas : " They have held an election on the 15th of last month,
and they intend to put the machinery of a state in motion on the
4th of March. Now, you are entitled to my advice, and you
shall have it I say prepare yourselves. Go over there. Send
your young men, and if they attempt to drive you out, then,
damn them, drive them out. Fifty of you, with your shot guns,
are worth two hundred and fifty of them with their Sharp's rifles.
Get ready — arm yourselves, for if they abolitionize Kan.sas, you
lose $100,000,000 of your property, I am satisfied I can justify
every act of yours before God and a jury."

It was necessary to keep the authorities at Washington on their
side, but that duty was not arduous, as long as Jefrersou Davis

988

Tt'TTLtfa Ifisronr of Kaxs.'s.

■ 1,^

and iM.'ii <.f liis caliber held tlio consuicnce of ilic lax'sidciit in
commission. Tiioy scut Hi)eciul mcsrten},'cr.s occasionally as tliey
wcro advised, and ncitl.cr Mr. I'icrco uuv his cabinet would
believe uiiylirmg in opposition to the rose colored statement- oE
their nmlonbted friends, the men who were even now contemplat-
i„- the dismemberment of the union. The democrats of the
n>nah were assnred that there had been no outrages committed by
them. The democrats of the south were less scrui)ulons, and to
them they oidy promised victory, being well assured that if that
end was attained, there would bo little scrutiny as to the means.
They did not wish nor expect their friends in the south to think
" that pro.shivery men were being driven from the country." The
whole tone of their jires-s went to show the exact opposite of any
such statement. But in Washington they had that story always
prepared for presidential ears, and they shone as bright particular
stars of loyalty ftnd patriotism. Their invasion had been a self-
denying effort to rescue their friends from destruction and to
assist tlie governor in an emergency, when, but for them, the laws
would have been inoperative. Every act of the free state party
was turned into treason by their lagodike coloring, and Dr. Hob-
inson, the newly elected free state governor, figured as the em-
bodiment of a conspiracy against law and order, which had its
ramifications all over the New England states. The success of
such representations could be seen in the organs which specially
expressed the views of the president, and editorials, evidently in-
spired, were daily asserting that the free state party in Kansas
bad violated their i)romises to the men who had befriended them
in their need, and that their action in proceeding to a vote on
their state constitution had induced the other side to show their
indignation against the flagrant disregard of solemn pledges. In
the kxae of such jiunica Jide.% a few smashed bottles, boxes, and
other casualties were mere bagatelles. Riot was a virtue in
Washington, viewed from that stand point, but it became vicious
in the e°xtreine when men defended their . ghts, their property,
and their lives, and had not the privilege of representing their
action to Mr. Pierce, through an astute secretary of war in hia
cabinet, a man so able as Jcilerson Davis.

There was a time when the south, in a high and chivalrous

-:i^^>ivl"<iifift»i-iiniiiii«rf

prcsklcnt in
lally as llioy
ibiiiot would
lalcjuicnt- o£
: ooiiloinplat-
;cnus vi tlio
omiuitUicl by
uIdus, aiul to
that if tluit

0 the means.
:iiuh to tliiiik
)UMlry." The
[)osite of any

1 story always
rht partiuuhir
i been u solf-
iction uiul to
hem, the hiws
se state party

and Dr. Eob-
;d as tlie cm-
diich had its
he success of
lich specially
, evidently in-
rty in Kansas
friended them
to a vote on
to show their
1 pledges. In
es, boxes, and
,3 a virtue in
)ecame vicious
heir property,
resenting their
of war in his

md chivalrous

iViii.4i>rii<i*i»*'

^\i

• i

Kansas Cdxilkts— l-^rns'Ts or /s,V»'.

289

ffl )

1,'h • '"*

f .«

rill!'.'

wny, ( 1 1 -ooveretl iL ■ unjust acts of tlu! wcsti-rii coiinticH of Mis-
souri, but that tiino hud passotl iiwiiy, boforo tiio oiiil ot ly.')."). In
ih. luttcr purl of Noveiubcr, n canl was publislicil at lar^^o in tlio
.southorii u(.«w.-<|)apors calling for a f.jivo of tlircc liiinilrfil yoiin^
men abli' u* btjar arms iintl willing to go to Kansas. Mr. .IclTcr-
.son IJuford, a man of prop' rty, j)roposcil to ;.^ivo ,$2'>,00(> of liis
own means and to .solicit funds from others to pay the traveling
cxponae.s of tho troops and tlio cost of thoir keep diirin«j; the llrst
yc.ir, as well as a liomcstcad of forty acres of f.,'ood land for each
of the company in consideration of their military services in tho
territory. Those who .should helj) him with the funds were t*) re-
ceive their eipuvalents in land. Gen. Atchison said that tho
property of Missouri and the South wouhl be reduced in value to
the extent of .$L(tO,()()(.»,()0(), should their design in Kansas be de-
fiiated, and in the movement of Mr. JJuford there was a recognition
of the same fact in a ])ractical form. Thocont(ueror8 who should
guard the south against a loss so stupendous might well deserve a
few thousand dollars worth of land; ami it was hardly possible
lor them to imagine that they were fightingan inexorable destiny.
Tho attempt of Mrs. Partington with mop and pattens to drive
back the Atlantic was a feasible scheme by comparison with that
upon which they had entered, but they had no conception of a
(iod in history, except in .so far as God had ordained negro slav-
ery for the comfort of southern gentlemen. The scheme grew in
favor daily, the press of the S(nith praised Mr. Buford enthusias-
tically ; he was greater than Joan of Arc, Cincinnatus, Quintus
Cuitius and William Tell embodied in one nuxn, and the Major's
expedition to Kansas was the grand theme of southern eulogy.
The south was said to be moving like a strong man in his sleep,
and then the writers became scriptural, talking of a stirring of tho
waters which were to heal Kansas or submerge her, according as
tho passions of the day should determine. Virginia and Tennes-
see were said to be arming for the fray. South Carolina, Georgia
and Maryland were emulating the glorious example, and every
warm and true heart in the south was yearning towards Buford,
the magnanimous [)hilanthrophist and hero. Meetings were be-
ing held in all directions. Some gave him their prayers and
blessings, many their commendatory •' whereas," and "therefore

1!)

"I
if

ill

290 TUTTLES lIlSTOUY OF KaSSAS.

rosolvca," and not a few gave him their money in consiacratioii
of the nuuerial purpose to be served. Col. Gayle of Dal as
plccked the people of his county for $5,000 or more. In Ala-
bama the legislature appropriated §25,000 to equip and forward
emigrants to Kansas. In the village of Gainesville, Mississii)pi,
u public meeting denounced ab.jlitionists as " Traitors against
God," who had ordained slavery, and then went on l^y way of
iinti-elimax to mention that they were also traitors to the laws of
the country and the people of Gainesville. The meeting there-
upon resolved themselves into a society to assist emigration to
Kansas in defense of southern rights. Eveiy member engaged to
pay one dollar to aid in the object sought. The Missourian in-
vaders were thanked for their action in Kansas, and the legisla-
ture was called upon to vote $25,000 for the purposes of the ex-
pedition. That recommendation was acted upon, and from many
other districts in various states there came word that the clans
were gathering, with money and .inns for the terrible work of ex-
termination, which was euphonistically covered under the amiable
phraseology of aiding Kansas. South Carolina was to send
Col Buford and Col. Trcadwell, with; a gallant array of heroes,
who were indifferent whether they wrought the salvation of the
territory, by ballots or rifle bullets, but Kansas must be saved
for the south. Florida waited only for the spring to dispatch
Col Titus to the seat of war with her contingent. Virginia had
commissioned Col. Wilkes to assist the resident population of
Kansas by voting for them with his noble band of warriors, and
to^lrub them into becoming submission and thankfulness, should
they be unable otherwise to appreciate his goodness. Kentuck}'
was prepared with Capt. Hampton to convert the abolitionists of
the sinful territory to new views of human happiness, ihese
several commanders, with their forces, were all in Kansas m the
sprincr soon after the flowers began to bloom upon the prairies,
and they came announced as southern sharpshooters, who were
about to extend the area of slavery, carrying rifles and well sup-
plied w^th munitions of war. Wherever the south lacked energy
for the holy war on which border rufhanism had entered, the red
hot eloquence of Missouri was shipped to the spot immediately,
and the response was almost everywhere procured.

— «**f^'-^(^-.-^*»

K.ixs'Afi Conflicts — EvExrs of ISrS.

291

Dnsidcration
3 of I>all;is
PC. In Ala-
antl forward
Mississii)pi,
tors against

1->y way of
• the laws of
eeting there-
mitfration to
r engaged to
issourian in-

the legisla-
L!S of the ex-
1 from many
at the clans
! work of ex-
r the amiable
was to send
ly of heroes,
^ation of the
Ast be saved
; to dispatch
Virginia had
)opulation of
warriors, and
Iness, should
. Kentuck}'"
bolitionists of
iness. These
Kansas in the
I the prairies,
3rs, who were
and well sup-
iacked energy
tered, the red
immediately,

It was no longer scenting the battle afar o(T, the troops were
already in tlie field, the perfume of powder filled the air, south-
ern chivalry was in the saddle, and the Puritan Koundlicada
would not easily win Alarston Moore and Naseby against such
odds, unless a Cromwell should be found to direct them. Tiie
fiery Rupert of the ]\rissourian forces, ex-Vice President General
Atchison, could figure as a new.spapcr correspondent ufion occa-
sion, as well as do his devoir upon the tented field, and one of his
lucubi-ations went through almost every paper in the routli. The
border ruffians wanted to stand right before the world. Their
sufTerings were greater tlian they could bear. The young men of
the south must come, and that speedily, to Missouri and to Kansas.
They must come well armed and provided for a stay of at least
twelve months. The year could not pass before fierce civil war
would commence. There was the tone of prophecy in his words
when he said to the "far southern men:" "If we fail, the war
will reach your doors, perhaps your hearths ;" for the events o£
only a few years saw the failure in Kansas followed by the deso-
lation of the south in the vain attempt to uphold the evil custom
in defense of which he was then striving. The institutions of the
south were at stake in the same sense in which a mortified limb
is at stake when the experienced surgeon uses the only means to
save the life of the patient. " We want money and armed meu "
was the perpetual cry of Missouri, and it was heard all over the
south. It told the slave owners there that their patriarchal cua--
toms were endangered by progressive thought, which would ex-
tend liberty to all mankind without distinction of color, race or-
country, and it told the men of the eastern states that if they
me.' nt to save the little band of noble men and women there ia
Kansas, there was no time to lose. There was to be no more
pacification. The man, who more than any other held the move-
ments of western Missouri under control, said in the letter before;
mentioned : " I was a peacemaker in the difldculty lately settkdl
by Gov. Shannon I counseled the ruffians to forbearance • bufe"
I will never again counsel peace." It was to be a battle to the
death between civilization and barbarism. The barbarians were
as brave as the Huns that fought under Attila, but they were bar-
barians still. Human life was to them a little matter compared

«-■— .ir-^iii,i«i»Me-s..*» -.

I ^tfttmam^i^^m^wmff^'^^': ^ - ■•.-w. -jW ;7

292

TvTTLE's lIlsroiiY OF Kaxsas.

irt

1 1

•with the narrowest views of self interest, and they were unable to
sec the eoniponsations which advancing knowledge gave for the
deprivation of unholy rights. Tliey had planted themselves in a
position where society could not aid them without deplorable
retrogression ; could not advance without crushing thcni and their
cherished system into the earth. Compared with the price that
was to be paid in responding to the cry, " We want armed men,"
it would have been an act of economy and a deed of mercy to
have bought every bonds:iian at his market i)rice and set him free
to earn his bread ; but no such terms would have been listened
to for a second. The south held the destinies of the Union in
her hands. Her young men officered the army and the navy,
and her old men ctmtrolled the councils of the nation. The sec-
retary of the war department possessed the talents of a warrior,
an orator and a diplomatist, and standing where he then stood,
bis words becoming the language of the president, the south
through Jefferson Davis dictated the policy of the United States,
with one chief aim, the consolidation and extension of the slave
power. Who could believe that a confederation so vast, so full
of talent and of wealth, so unrelenting and so unscrupulous, could
be doomed to an early and crushing defeat, at the hands of a peo-
ple apparently diverse in aims and interests, the g-eat majority
of whom at that moment would, if they had been polled upon the
question, have pronounced abolition "impracticable" and -'a
chimera." The still small voice that was heard by the prophet
could move the hearts of men more than the salvos of artillery
and the thunder of the heavens reverberating through the eternal
dome ; and that voice had spoken the surcease of slavery. The
cloud no bigger than a man's hand had covered the whole sky,
and down upon the thirsting earth, arid with the wrongs of the
oppressed, came the rushing torrent that should wash away into
the limbo of oblivion every vestige of the power but now so bru-
tally triumphant. They were not all bad men who held man-
hood in bondage ; there were thousands who strove with all their
might to live up to the highest plane of the teachings of Christ,
in spite of their surroundings, and they were able to point to
many of the greatest names that adorn the pages of our history
as having been identified with the slave system. They would

Kaxsas CoxFLicTs — Evh'yrs of 1856.

2U3

3 unable to
ave for the
isclves in a
deplorable
n ami their
3 price that
■med men,"
)f mercy to
let him free
en listened
e Union in
, the navy,
. The sec-
f a warrior,
then stood,
the south
lited States,
)f the slave
vast, so full
ulous, could
ids of a peo-
lat majority
3d upon the
3" and -'a
the prophet
5 of artillery
1 the eternal
ivery. The
! whole sky,
•ongs of the
ih away into
now so bru-
3 held man-
fith all their
gs of Christ,
to point to
: our history
They would

have made great sacrifices in defense of their fatherland, had they
seen it menaced by a foreign foe ; but it seemed hard that they,
the old territorial aristocracy, who could trace their lineage back
to the days of Sir Walter Kaleigh, should be taught their duty
by a mushroom growth of yesterday, because their instruetoi'3
had grown rich with the endowments of commerce and science.
While yet they were hesitating on the verge of the conflict, the
battle had begun, and loyalty toward their friends and their party
would admit no further misgiving. All their best qualities tended
then to their undoing, and they saw every shred of their wealth
pass from them, their names compromised by acts which they
would have shuddered to authorize, and their homes left desolate
by the fires of internecine war. The price was terrible, but it
must be paid because the insane cry had now been raised, " Comw,
and come speedily, wo want armed men."

CHAPTEE XII.

TERKITOUIAL HISTORY.

(.continued.)

EARLY KANSAS COXFLICTS — EVENTS OF 1856.

In the Free State Cfuiip — Wiiiting, not Resting — Disquieting Rumors —
When, Wliei-e ami How — Certainty and Uncertainty — Lawrence and
Topelia- Will the East Intervene?- Waiting for Spring - Ik>aily, aye
Ready — Strengtliening Fortifications— Tlie Sentinel — Company A —
Couriers in the Saddk--Free State Arsenal -Delegation to Congress —
Legitimate Lobbying — Appeal to Free States — Addressing the Presi-
dent — Praying a Proclamation — Prayer Answered — Pierce or Davis ? —
The Proclamation — Dangers of Warding Danger — Dogberry in High
Places -Popular Sovenngnty Maligned -Gro.ss Injustice to Kansas —
How will it Operate?-l8 Ruffianism Licensed? -Gov. Shannon's Au-
thority — U. S. Troops — Growing Responsibilities— Sprinirtime Com-
ing - Waiting for March 4th — Mustering Militia — MountedRiflemen —
Free State Legislature —Treasonable Insurrection — Legislative Session—
Gov. Robinson's Message — Reviewing the Situation— Defining Duties —
Responsible Government - Reasons for Change — Conduct of Missouri —

..-^i-^/^sSK.^i^JittV'.'^'

ayi

TVTTLES HlSTOUr OF Kaxsas.

AttitiHle of l',vsi.l..nt-l'.Kl.' ..1' L;.ws-UniU-a Slules Scimtors- M.-
,„orial for Congress -Slu.iirs M..mo.-a.ulun. - K.vculiyu l;''!""^-^ ^' "
isl.iclory Cond«si..u-Tl.c Way il was Attained -t^cn,. but in. M. n-
..y - Perpulual Molnm - Nunq,u,m />«/v/u» - The End Crowns .ho
Work - Siibniission lo Coi.g.e.s - Causes of Delay - Costs oHN ukarusa
War- First Free State Legislature -Congressional Action - House aud
Senate - The Speaker - Anti-Slavery Triumph -Two Delegates -\\ hit-
licUl Uecx-ived- U'e.ler Contests- Kansas Connnittee- Powers and Du-
ties- Persons and Papers -Seope of In.iuiry - iJeyond Inlimidalion-
V S Military Protection- Deware- luvestigate and Report- Ihe Meu
Is mned -Session ut Leeompton-lleeder and Whittield- Deposilious at
L,„vrenee- Vohimiuous Evidence- Coming to Daylight -Uepoil -
Organized Invasion - Illegal Legislature - Partial Admiuistrat.oii -
Whitliehl and ForeiLMi Votes- Ueeder's -Majority Irr.'gular- tair Llee-
tiou I,ni.ossible-O...stiiution Expressing Popular Will -Committee a
Success-AppoinimeulUilterly Contested -Facts for the North -Be-
ginning of the End -Will Free States Submit V -Border Madness -
Break the Union - Blockading Missouri- Political CiuarauUue-Lex.
iugton Law -Tar and Feathers- Prospective Hanging -Unseating
Whittield — No Delegate in Congress — Knavery Defeated.

Having seen the enemy mustering tlieir forces in the far south
and collecting their munitions of war to come down upon Kansas
in the spring of 1856, it becomes our duty to visit the camp of
our friends, to ascertain whether they are aware of the terrible
strait in which they stand, menaced by the forces of many states,
and denounced as the enemies of God and mankind. The free
state men are waiting, not resting, and they are ready for instant
action ; but every hour that the attack is delayed is being im-
proved to make the position stro'^ger against the hour of danger,
which, from their nearness to the frontier, may come at any mo-
ment. The social gathering on the night of the ninth of Decem-
ber was signalized by a rumor that the enemy was concentrating
an irregular force to attack the city, and so likely was such an
event at that time that Gov. Lane gave a written authority to
Gens. Robinson and Lane to defend the place with the forces then
enrolled. From that day there had never ceased to be some dis-
quieting expectation.

Eumors often exaggerated and painfully indefinite were contin-
ually being half revealed about deep laid plots to surprise the
little settlement, and leave it a smoking ruin, are combining a
carnival and a massacre within its walls. Well known proslavery

:S»&mxii>r-

^Kaxsas CoxFucTs — ErFsrs of If^rA

295

: llcport— f^iit-
I but no Mon-
d Crowns .he
ts of Wukiirusa
1 — lluuso auil
legiilfs— Wliit-
['owers uiul Du-
liiiiinidiilion —
,1)11 — The Meu

- Deposilious at

i,fhl — Hq»"'"~
luiiuistiatiou —

ur— Fair Elec-

— Couuuiltee a
lit! North — 13u.
•ilur Mildness —
arantiuo — Lex-
iig — Unseiitiug
■d.

the far south.

upon Kansas

the camp of
•f the terrible
[ many states,
lid. The free
idy for instant
d is being im-
)ur of danger,
iiie at any mo-
nth of Decein-

conceutratiiig
y was such an
n authority to
the forces then
to be some dis-

te were con tin -
to surprise the
■e combining a
own proslavery

leaders onmo to Lawrence in hot haste, hold whispered consulta-
tions with their adherents, and were off for all that could bo
known, to carry out some nefarious scheme already coticoctc.I for
the destruction of the free state party. Tlie press in the border
counties continutilly breathed lire and sword, and there was no
means of ascertaining at what instant the customary braggadocio
might cover the sinister movement long anticipated. Messenger.'}
had long since a.ssured the ever wary authorities of Lawrence
that stores were being collected on the border, and none could
doubt their eventual destination. Civilized nations do not cr.m-
mence hostilities until there has been ilrst a declaration of war,
but there could be no surety when the fatal blow would come
from an enemy that declared war every second. The assault
must come; on that point there was no difference of opinion, but
when, where and how, were the momentous anxieties of tho
troubled citizens. A cainisado was the event mo.st dreaded, and
men hated the thought of being surprised in their beds by aa
enemy so relentless as the foes across the border. The certainty
and the uncertainty were alike disturbing causes, but the leaders
took such precautions as were possible, and trusted the rest to
Oo.l. Lawrence was known to have earned almost a monopoly
of ^lissourian hate, but Topeka had latterly begun to concentrate
upon herself the baleful regards of the proslavery party. One of
the ideas which obtained currency was, that an attack would bo
made on one or both of the cities by bands of armed men coming
suddenly from different directions, and, under the pretext of law,
carrying off the principal citizens as prisoners, to be tortured to
death as Capt. Brown had been. From that ghastly thought it
will be seen that law was not considered in Kansas a protection
for the weak asrainst the strong. In the larger and broader sig- ■
nification, the Kansas free settlers were willing to commit their
interests to the decisions of the courts, but the local enactments
and their administration were compounded largely of farce and
tragedy. The eastern and northern states were continually
warned that the war bad hardly yet commenced, and that the
next act in the drama would assume more terrible aspects than
anything yet seen in the territory. The little community did nofc
fear that they would he forgotten by their friends, but was it pos-

290 Tvrn.i's Ifisronr or K.tss.ts.

Bible that in the cili('S two lliuu.san.l miles tiwny, in which life
and property were \.y conipurisun sacred, the con.lition of ail'urs
j.revuiliny in Kansas would be fully coinprchcnde.l? They could
not help u terrible d.nibt sometimed that a full reah/.ation of tin
force a-ainst which they were combatting would only reach the
population in the free states after they had all fallen fight.ng at
their posts; but in any case they would do their duty, warn their
friends as they best might, and commit the event to the God of
battles. It was a question of time merely. The mails brought
them intimations that there were thousands making ready to
come down upon them in the spring, even supposing the assault
to be so long delayed, and for all that appeared, there was no
Bword of Damocles suspended over the rebellious horde which
vas ready to violate the most sacred tics in the name of law.
The reinforcements wiiich they knew had been long called for
from the south were already on the march, and the forces were so
nearly balanced that a few hundreds added to the ranks of the
enemy would render the struggle all but hopeless, unless the free
States moved with energy and speed. Even though a sulUcient
number of men should start at once to sustain the gallant defend-
ers of right, there was no certainty that they would -rrive before
the contest had been ended fwr the force now struggling; as the
natural highway to the Kansas territory before railways had yet
entered this region was by the ^[issouri river, and that avenue
had long been guarded against emigration from the free states
The- knew all these facts right well, and by repeated letters had
warned their friends at a distance; but even the post-offices were
in the hands and under the directions of enemeis, such men as
Sherift Jones being preferred to every position that would enable
the Missourians to harass the colony. Still there would be one
satisfaction in any event, the free settlers were in the line of duty,
ready to die in harness if the cause demanded that sacrifice, ready
to do and dare to any extremity rather than submit to dishonor-
ing conditions. The fortifications were strengthened and guarded
'With redoubled care ; the earthwork at the foot of Massachusetts
Street, which covered an approach from the river, was paced night
und day bv watchful men, and the barracks within the inclosure
would hold and shelter the «OKlic- s necessary for defense with ali

KjSS.iS ('(IXFI.ICTS — KvLSrs OF 1S.')().

20*

I which life

II of atTiiir.s
Tlicy could
tion of tho
y reach tlie

fiL'ht'.iii' at
warn their
the Ciod of
ila brought
g ready to
the assault
ere was no
ordn whicli
rue of law.
f called for
rces were so
anks of the
[ess the free
a sulUeient
lant defend-
rrive before
ling ; as the
ays had yet
that avenue
! free states.
[ letters had
-offices were
uch men as
rould enable
ould be one
line of duty,
erifice, ready
to dishonor-
and guarded
[assachusetts
paced night
,he inclosure
ense with ali

the weapons and ammunition re(piisitc to repel a sudden and
brief onset. The work itself was one hundred feet in diameter,
four feet wide on the top of the ram[)art, and live feet high on
the risiiiL' ground ascending from the Missouri, so that unless the
citizens allowed themselves to be lulled into a false security, there
was no danger of a fatal surprise. Company A was but one of
many excellent bodies of men, equipped and mustered for pur-
poses of defense, and carriers were ready at a moment's notice to
scour through the territory, to warn outlying settlers to concen-
trate at the point of danger for mutual safety and 2)rotection.
There were few noncombatants among the settlers ; even the
women were prepared by careful practice with firearms to act
with precision, if street fighting should become inevitable; and
there was a common understanding that the whole body would
die in the last ditch rather than submit to insolent dictation.
The Free State hotel, in which the pacification feast had been
held less than two months ago, was once more a barrack, an
arsenal and a magazine, in which the ofTieers slept, with their
arms within reach, when there was reason to anticipate an alarm.
The troops distributed in their homes knew the rappd which
might call them to battle, and tliey were aware that everything
might depend upon their alacrity in responding to the first tap of
the drum. There was a fierce pleasure in such readiness, but the
necessity out of which it arose was cruel.

Some time before this, a deputation of eminent citizens had
been nominated by the executive committee of the territory to
visit the chief cities of the free states, and, by viva voce, represen-
tations, to make the people conversant with the facts. That nomi-
nation was made on the 4th of January, 1856, and the same
delegation was empowered to convey to Washington and to lay
before congress the constitution recently adopted by the settlers.
There was to be some legitimate lobbying on behalf of the free
state movement. Such men as Charles Sumner and his immedi-
ate confreres would not need to be refreshed by their representa-
tions, but there w^ere men in both houses who, at this juncture,
could be roused from tame acquiescence in the right course, to
vigorous participation ; and there was an absolute necessity for

Sits

Trni.ii's JlisToiiv or Kaxsas.

every man in congress to work with a will against tlic party ot
the south, anil oi Missouri more espceially :

" Where t!ie emit of demoeiaey dwelt on the lips
Of the f.ir;;er.s of feUeis ami lliu wicliler.t of whips."

The liglit of battle was now on the faces of men; disgnisea
were thr.nvn asi.le ; Douglas was (;n the side of wrong, as he had
Lcen all his life, doing the work ot a giant, and earning the defeat
of which he died, when the men whom he had served with hardly
a scruple deserted him in the crisis of his fate; Sumner was soon
to be answered by the deadly assault made up.m him by Preston
S. Brooks, in the very halls of legislation; AVilson was to bo
challenged to meet death, because he denounced the outrage ;
but eve°y movement was tending toward the end, and the lobby-
ists from Kansas were very valuable adjuncts. The governors
of free states were appealed to by the executive committee, and
only from Indiana was there one word of rebuke for the very
natural action so initiated; from the other executive officers of
free states came words of encouragement an,l hearty assurancesof
constitutional support. Governor Wright of Indiana, like the
priest and the Levite, passed by on the other side, havmg no sym-
pathy to bestow upon the men who had fallen among thieves, ex-
cept'the hollow suggestion, "that if the people of the territory
were aggrieved, it was the duty of the president of the Lnited
States to redress them." Assuredly, that was the presidents
duty, but would he dare to attempt its discharge ? The commit-
tee had not allowed him to remain unasked, for, on the 21st of
January, the facts of the intended invasion were clearly stated in
a dispatch to that official, and a "respectful demand" was made
that the commandant of United States troops in Kansas should
be instructed to prevent "an inhuman outrage." On the 2dd ot
the same month another dispatch was forwarded by safe hands to
the same quarter, urging upon the president his duty to issue h.s
proclamation forbidding an invasion of the territory. They ac-
companied their prayer for constitutional protection with such
evidence of the bona fides of their representation as could not be
gainsaid; and, in return, on the 11th day of February, after a
lapse of nearly three weeks, they were answered by the pubhca-

Kaxhas L'i>SFI.I<TS — l-:\i:XTS of 1<>>>-

209

-he party of

n ; dipgnises
12, as he had
IK the dcfoiit

I with hardly
nor was soon

II hy PrcHtnn
11 was to bo
the outrage ;
d the h)bby-
be governors
inmitteo, and
for the very
/e officers of

assurances of
ana, like the
,ving no sym-
ig thieves, ex-

the territory
f the United
le president's

The commit-
a the 21st of
arly stated in
d " was made
[ansas should
3n the 23d of

safe hands to
ty to issue his
iry. They ac-
ion with such
i could not be
)ruary, after a
y the publica-

tion of a document whic-h romindi'd i readers in Kansas of
"those jngirliiig liends," against whom the bravo Macbelli in-
veighed ; —

"Tliiil puller with m in n doulilc sense;

That keep llie word dl" piomise to our car,

Anil lireiik il lo our liope."

It might well be ([ucstioned whether the hand of the ]ircsideut
or that of JefTeraon Davis, his astute minister of war, had writ-
ten the proclamation which made the offense of self-protoclion
among tlie free settlors as reprehensible as the invasion t(j which
they had been subjected, and with -hich they were again men-
aceil. i'nless the document in question was expressly designed
to give succor to evil doers in their trespasses and sins, and to
discourage the settlements in Kansas from any further attempt to
bold the territory, we are constrained to the conclusion that Dog-
hern/ had taken ' possession of the White House in Washington,
and was learnedly rehearsing his directions to the watch :

" If you meet a thief, you may suspect him, by virtue of your
office, to be no true man ; and tor such kind of men, the less you
meddle or make with them, why the more is for your honesty. *

* The most peaceable way for you, if you do take a thief, is to
let him show himself what he is, and steal out of your company.

* * For indeed the watch ought to offend no man, and it is aa
offense to stay a man against his will."

The ruffians of the border who could come and go under the
provisions of the law made by their accomplices, were hardly
touched by the president's pronunciamento ; but the settlers who
desired to realize republican rule, "the government of the peo-
ple, by the people, for the people," were to be hemmed in at every
point, "corralled" in fact, for the greater convenience of their
persecutors and oppressors. But the proclamation is public prop-
erty and it will speak for itself. The president says :

" Whereas, Indications exist that public tranquillity and the
Bupremacy of law in the territory of Kansas are endangered by
the reprehensible acts, or purposes of persons, both within and
without the same, who propose to control and direct its political
organizations by force ; it appearing that combinations have been
formed therein to resist the execution of the territorial laws, and

800

Tirri.i:''! Ifisnu.y "/•' A'. i. vs. is.

th.m in rtr.-ct, sul.vnt bv vIoUmuv .11 present constitutional ami
W.uthuritv; it also appcarin- that persona rcsi-ln.;.^ w.tl.out
this tc.rritory/l.nt nrar its bordors, cont.-niplatc anno.l interven-
tion in tho alTairs thereof; it also app.'aring that other persons,
inhabitants of remote states, arc collecting money and provuling
arms for the same purpose ; and it further appearing that combi-
nations in the territory are endeavoring, by the agencies of emis-
sarics and otherwise, to induce individual states of theinumto
interfere in the afTairs tl>ereof in violation of the constitution of
the rnite.l States; and, whereas, all sneh plans for the determi-
nation of the fnfire institutions of the territ(,ry, if earric.l into
a..tiou from or w thin the same, will constitute the fact of insur-
rection, and from without that of invasive aggression, and will m
cither case justify and rcpiir-^ the forcible interposition of the
whole power ..f tlic general gm-crnment, as well to maintain the
laws of the territory as those ol the Union. ,. . ,

"Now, tlierefore, T, Franklin Picn..e, rresidcni of the 1 nited
States do issue this my proelamati.m, to command all persons
en.'a<'cd in unlawful combinations against the constituted author-
itv^)f the territory of Kansas, or of the United States, to disperse
and retire peaceably to their respective abodes, and to warn all
such persons tb^.^ an attempted insurrection in said territory, or
acmressive intni.iion into the same, will be resisted, not only by
the emphn-ment of the local militia, but also by that of any
available forces of the United States ; to tho end of assuring im-
munity from violence and full protection to the persons, property
and civil rights of all peaceful and law abiding inhabitants of the

territory. ... ,

" If in any purt of the Union the fury of faction or fanaticism,
inflamed into disregard of the great principles of popular sover-
ei^nty, which, under the constitution, are fundamental in the
Jiole structure of our institutions, is to bring on the country the
dire calamity of an arbitrament of arms in that terntcry, it shall
be between lawless violence on one side and conservative force
on the other, wielded by legal authority of the general govern-

""^'acall on the citizens, both of adjoining and of distant states,
to abstain from unauthorized intermeddling in the local concerns

Kassas Cnsti.icrs— I\\ i:.\i-< 01- /%>».

titiitioiial nml
i'liiii,' witliout
iii-<l iiitiTveii-
(itlior jHTf.ons,
:ind proviiVmg
i<r that coinbi-
iicit's of ctiiis-
tlio Union to
;onslitution of
»r the (letcrmi-
if carried into
! fact of insur-
)n, and will in
losition of the
0 maintain the

of the l''nite(l
id all persons
titutcd author-
itcs, to disperse
nd to warn all
id territory, or
id, not only by
)y that of any
of assuring im-
rsons, property
iiabitants of the

n or fanaticism,
poj)ular sover-
amental in the
the country the
erritcry, it shall
nservative force
general govern-

»! distant states,
le local concema

of the territory, admonishing thorn that its ..rgai.u; la a" : -be
cveculcd with impartial jusiire ; that all individual act« ■ l?le-
l;u1 inlorloroneo wdl incur condign punishment, and that uuy cu
dcavor to iulerfcro bv organized force wdl bo lirudy withstood.
" 1 invoke all good citi/cns to promote order by rciidcnng obc
dicnco to the law ; to .sock remedy for tompora.y evils by P'>aee-
ful moans; to discounlonanoo and repulse the counsels and the
instigations of agitators and disorgani/.ers ; and to leslity tlu'ir
attachment t., their pride in its greatness, their api.rocalion ..f
the blessings they enjoy, an.l their determination that roi-ubiioau
institutions shall not fail in their hands, by c.uperaUng to ui.lu.id
the majesty of the laws and to vindicate the sanctity of the coii-

slilulion. Ill

"In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and

caused the great seal of the United Stales to be allixed to these

^"''dLio at the city of Washington, the eleventh day of Feb-
ruary, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and
lifty-six, and of the Independence of the United States the
eightieth. ^^ ^^ ^^^^ President. Fuanklin Piehck.

" W. L. Maucv, Secretary of State."

The purpose of the president's action was unmistakable. Pop-
ular sovereignty, about whi.h there had been so much unmeaning
talk, even .squatter sovereignty, in the only .sense in which it was
justifiable, where the squatter was an actual resident in the terri-
tory, was maligned by the chief executive and an injustice of the
grossest description was aiflieted upon Kansas. It was an ofTenso
of the gravest kind to have called in question the enactmenta
passed at Shawnee in violation of the organic act; and to have
sou<^ht by the only possible means to ascertain the will of the
people ; but beyond that there was nothing said by Mr. Pierco
which might not, like the words of the Delphic oracle, be road in
contrary ways. It still remained to be seen how the charm would
work, for the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle invari-
ably to the strong. Would ruffianism receive the proclamation
as a license? Would it be acted upon in that sense by Gov.
Shannon? Would the officers in command of United States

flOi

TfTTI.K's lllSTOUV or h'.WS \s.

troops in tlio torritorv In' (»lili,!j;i'(l or iiiiliu'cd to rend it in tluit
wny ? Tlic tiiiruiiiltit'rt liDiii'ly tliii'l^i'iiin;^' woiiKl noon liniif/ alt
tlicHO issiioH to tlii'ir tcHt ; nnd tlio poopio looked toward tlit; ivi'iit
with Jiiiicli arixinty. Five dtty« nftcr tiio proclamation wii.s issued
the j/ovcrtior of the territory was authorized, under a letter from
Secretary Mney, whieh did not reach him until nearly the end of
that month, to call upon the ollicers in command at l''ort Uilcy
and at licavenworth, for aid to suppress " insurrectionary combi-
nations," and "resistance to the execution of the laws." Tho
j)Cople in Kansas were still weighted in the rac(\ because Missouri
would not ipnirrel with tho Kansas laws which had been made
by Missoiirian nominees to forward the aims of the proslavery
party ; the only persons discontented with the scandalous enact-
ments were tin; men who knew that the jiopular V(jico had been
oxclude(l from the lepislaturc in which the laws had been framed.
Meantime the unusually severe winter of 1 800 5*5 had come tO'
an end and tin; attack was still deferred; spring had come and it
was known that troo})s were concentrated upon the border, ready
to cross the Missouri upon the signal being given. The fourth
day of March was the time named for tho free state legislature to
assemble, and (ien. Atchison had nameil that date for his attack
in force. On that day he would call upon his indomitables to
march into tho territory. Tho news[)apers in Missouri, at Inde-
pendence and elsewhere on the western frontier, had called upon
the militia oi tho border counties to assemble at V'^:'o Scott, the
present capital of B-jurbon county, Kansas, on the last day in
February, and that notice also pointed to the probability of
offensive action being soon resumed. The men thus to be mus-
tered were mounted troops, armed with rifles, against whom tho
territory had no corresponding arm of defense. The assembly of
the state legislature was held to be an oflense under the jirocla-
mation recently issued, and should the ollicers recently elected or-
ganize and subscribe their several oaths, it was contended with
some show of reason, that every man might be adjudged guiliy
of treason ; at any rate guilty enough to warrant their enemies
from across the border, in coming to the rescue of the territorial
executive, against " organized resistance, such as the message of
Mr. Pierce bad described to congress, as treasonable insurrection.""

Kaxs.is 0>,vf7-/<"r.v— A'rA.'.vr.v or /n.V;.

303

c'ld it ill tli.'it
soon Ipiiiijr alf
ward tlic c'Vi'iit
lion WII.S issued
r a h'ttcr from
iriy till' (Mill of

at l-'orl Uiley
;ionnry coiubi-
) hiws." Tho
•aiist! Misso'iri
lul Im'cii iimdo
tlio jiroslfivcry
ndiiloufl enact-
.'(jifo Iiiid been
I been framed.
•t5 hud come to
d come and it

border, ready
1. Tho fourth
3 logisliitureto

for lii« attack
idomi tables to
4ouri, at Iiule-
id called upon
*''^rL Scott, the
be last day in
probability of
lus to be mus-
nat whom tho
le assembly of
er the jirocla-
itly elected or-
antended with

[judged guilty
their enemies
the territorial

he message of
insurrection.'*^

There wore many eouraL^coiH friends of the free st.'itc movement,
who Ha\v in .such a eonibiiiatiou, at .such a nioiiieiit, cause for prii-
doiit hesitation: and they did tlieirbest to di.ssiiado Dr. llobinson
and (uhcrs against assuming tho responsibilities of oIl'Kic, le-it un-
der the pretense of law, every one of the jiopiilar leaders should
be arrested :uid held for trial, under the territorial en;ictment«.
supported by the whole force of tho genenil governmeiit. In
spite of every scruple tho legislature met at Topeka at tho time
appointed, ami the newly elected ofTicers wore also present, an-
swering the call of tho chairman of the executive committee.
Col. Lane called the assembly to order, and the se(!rctary noiii-
in.itcd for the occasion, after calling the roll, a<lministered tho
ofiicial oath. There were thirty-two men that answered to tho
roll call, and one member, Capt. Brown, ha<l long before answer-
ed the mil elsewhere, having been murdered by the rabble known
ns the Kickapoo Hangers. Mr. T. .Miiiard of Kastoii, one of tho
men that had been obliged to barricade his hou.so to prevent
eviction, was elected speaker, and Messrs. Goodin of Blanton,
Tappan of Lawrence, Snoilgrass, Goodin Juni"i' and .Mitchell as
clerks and sergcant-at-arms respectively. Tho .senate was also
organized and the oath having been adii mistered in a similar
form by Mr. Curtis, president pro tern,, the two houses held a
joint session for the installation of the governor and tho other
ofiicers of the state. The business of the day came to an end
without any attempt at a disturbance by the other side, but tho
vigilant .sherifl, Jones, was present during tho whole of the cere-
mony, and it was evident that ho was taken aback by the cool-
ness and unanimous disregard of consequences which was evinced
by the free state ofRcials. The inaugural address of Gov. Eub-
inson was delivered immediately upon his installation, but the
houses deferred its consideration until the next day, the interval
being used in printing and distributing the document among
those who were entitled to that courtesy. The governor's mes-
sufj;c came under con.sideration on the second day of the session,
and it was found to be a very statesmanlike production. The
peculiar dilBculties vhich had obstructed the course of tho free
state party were adverted to with much care, but it was evident
that there had been much discrimination in the use of language,

30i

TcTTLi^'s History of Kassas.

and the rclutivc positions of the state ofricials and the territorial
bjvennnent wore so handled as while tlio truth was told, there
was no wa"tonness of expression, such as might be likely to an-
tagonize those who were still neutral on the questions of the day.
Dr. Eobinson referred to territorial organizations as neeesssrily
transient, and intended to prepare the way for state institutions,
such as the people had now authorized on their own behalf. The
provisional character being thus defined, there was no attempt to
question or deny the validity of the territorial appointments
pending the recognition by the general government of the state
constitution and the oflieial stall elected. Good reasons were
given for the expectation that the action of the people would be
indorsed at Washington, by the admission of the state of Kan-
sas to the union, whereby the government would become respon-
sible to the community governed, instead of owing allegiance
only to a remote and half informed body of men, necessarily un-
conversant with the wants of the population. The peculiar tyr-
anny which had invested the institutions of Kansas from their
proper functions to make them the means of oppression were in-
sisted upon with cogency and force. The fact that outrages of
the most flagrant kind could be committed in Kansas territory,
by the friends of the usurping legislature which had assembled at
Shawnee, and that such crimes remained unchecked and unchal-
lenged by the authorities, was cited to prove that the executive
power ill the territory was inoperative for good, while there had
been evidence enough that the same officers could act with crush-
ing force on the very lightest pretext, against law abiding resi-
dents. The conduct of the neighboring state of Missouri was
submitted to a scathing criticism, and the action recently taken
by Prest. Pierce was animadverted upon with the freedom which
belongs of right to a citizen of the great republic, the equal of any
officerin every respect save in the representative character con-
ferred upon him by the people.

The task of codifying the laws for the state of Kansas, subject
to the will of both houses after the work so assigned should have
been completed, was handed over, by joint ballot of both houses,
to three commissioners. Col. Lane and ex-Gov. Reeder were
chosen as United States senators for the state, to assume their

JUr-

Kaxsas Coxflicts — Evexts of 1%C>.

305

ic teri'itoiiiil

3 toltl, there
likoly to au-

4 of the day.
3 necessv.rily

institutions,
Dchalf. The
lo attempt to
ippointnients
of the state
reasons were
dIc would be
state of Kan-
come respon-
ig allegiance
;cessarily un-
peculiar tyr-
as from their
sion were in-
t outrages of
isas territory,
assembled at
and unchal-
the executive
lile there had
ct with crush-
abiding resi-
Missouri was
scently taken
'eedom which
e equal of any
iharacter con-
Kansas, subject
i should have
f both houses,
Reeder were
assume their

positions, of cour.<o, upon the admission of Kansas to the Union.
The laws and customs which govern deliberative assemblies were
adopted, and some unimportant acts of legislation were carried
through. State officers were allotted their respective salaries, and
their duties were dclincd. The importance of agricultural im-
provements was recognized by the passage of a bill for its encour-
agement, and a joint memorial to Congrcs-s prayed for the admis-
sion of the state to the union, under the constitution framed at
Topeka and accepted by the people. The session was brought to
an end on the loth of March, eleven days from the opening, when
the legislature adjourned, to reassemble in the same place on the
4th of July, 185G. There had been no treason dreamed of, and
there was none uttered, but it would have been an interesting
matter to have perused the well ft.sed notebook of the sherifl of
Douglas county, in which Mr. Jones most diligently entered the
words and acts of the several members, with, it is probable, many
flourishes, such as his own economy in the use of truth would
naturally suggest. Tliere remained now one duty to be done to
complete the programme: The executive eommittee, to which
the work of organizing a state government had been entrusted,
must give an account of its stewardship, and in so doing, pass
away. The committee made their report with considerable de-
tail, in a document remarkable for its perspicuity, which was pub-
lished in the llerald of Freedom, and commanded the approval
of those who were best informed. The committee had discharged
many of the functions of a provisional government for the free
state party, and had won the respect of all classes, until the con-
vention first nominated for the purpose had framed the constitu-
tion ; accepting, then, the additional duties imposed by the con-
vention, the constitution had been presented for the decisive vote
of the people, and when that conclusion in the affirmative had
been arrived at, it became the duty of the same body to convene
the peo])le for the nomination of the officers whose inauguration,
under their arrangements, ended the existence of the temporary
executive. Col. Lane and Mr. J. K. Goodin were the chairman
and the secretary of the body which had now become functus
officio. When the executive first assembled in Lawrance to form,
as it were, the nucleus of a government, the organization was
20

^■yiyw^i^yy'^

gOg Tuttle's HisTOiiY OF Kaxsas.

without money or means, except such contributions as the imli-
vidual mc.i.bers subscribed from their own resources, and the
scrip wliich they had been authorized by the convention to issue,
to be rcdoe.ned by the legishiture which they were to ass,st_ in
l,rocurin.^ Thoy had carried out the several elections, organ./.ing
the tcrrit°ory for that purpose into electoral districts, and had con-
ducted the elections of October 0, 1855, for delegates to the con-
vention Tliey had then distributed tlirough the territory, by
special messengers, the documents necessary to procure an ex-
pression of the popular will upon the constitution which had been
ramed, and on tlie 15th of December, 1855, had earned the bus-
ness of polling the population successfully through. One m.^ H
later the executive had submitted to the people the official ticket,
which, in spite of a seditious attempt, had obtained popular ap-
Lva covcrin.^ all the expenses of the several steps in succession
Ty u of s^rip. Dariiig the month of Dceember, when tlic
vote upon the constitution was pending. Gen. Schuyler was sen
lo the astern states to collect funds to assist the executive, and
ns miss o was crowned with success ; but during his absence he
c tyTLawrence had been defended against the ruffians, and the
ominittee, instead of reimbursing themselves ^oMheiiMndivid
outlay, devoted all the money so obtained to paying t^^^M^ense.
of Sliding the settlement from invasion. Mr. Parrot, of Leaven-
wo tl who tried to be heard in the law and order convention, o
I i >f r. Shannon, on his lirst coming to the territory permitted
; -if to be made'chairman, visited the east ^^^^^^^
of tlie executive, to convey an accurate statemen of I^^" ^^ ^^^^^^^^
to members of con-ress, and to whomsoever might assist in mouid-
t^^^Z^^^ the free states. One member had been com-
elll Jcnt himself from the sessions of the com-ttee dunng
n rly all the time, and in consequence nearly all the exeeu ti c
: .1. had devolved upon four men, who had only suceee^^^^^^
their onerous task by dint of sleepless energy, nearly allied to per
tual motion. Tlie discomforts endured by these unwearying
uW savants, without fee, or the probability of reward excep
at o seiousness of a duty well done, and in the gratitude of
LI fellow colonists, is beyond all praise, ^he de aded ^^^^^^
ment of their actions and expenditure was presented to the k.is

Kaxsas Conflicts — EvESTfi or IS'iG.

807

as tlic indi-
rccs, and the
ition to issue,
3 to assist in
ns, organizing
and liad eon
es to the con-
territory, by
•ocure an cx-
liich had been
rricd the busi-
. One month
ofhcial ticket,
i popular ap-
s in succession
ber, -when the
uyler was sent
executive, and
his absence the
ifTians, and the
heir individual
g the expenses
•rot, of Leaven-
convention, o£
tory, permitted
er the auspices
[ Kansas affairs
assist in mould-
r had been com-
mmittee during
1 the executive
ly succeeded in
•ly allied to pcr-
ese unwearying
reward, except
the gratitude of
} detailed state-
ted to the legis-

lature during tlio y,h\\'c\\ session and duly audited, and it then
appeare<l that tlic whole cost of their action in bringing the state
government to perfect organi;5ation, pending the action of con-
gress, hardly exceeded $11,000. Their labors were then com-
pleted, and, as tliey looked round upon the able and self-sacrific-
ing body of men, democrats and whigs, abolitionist and pro-
slavery, whom they had united under the free soil banner to
uphold the integrity of Kansas territory against the Missouriaii
faction, they were able to say with satisfaction : " The end
crowns the work." They had carried their undertaking to a suc-
cessful issue within six months, and had found leisure to assist in
the defense of Lawrence, as well as in the negotiations arising
therefrom ; and there were none who could say that they had
omitted one duty which it devolved upon them to do, or had
shirked one danger on account of their manifold labors. There
were some who inquired why the constitution had not been sub-
mitted to congress as soon as it had been pronounced upon by the
people in December? but when it is borne in mind that the
house of representatives was not organized by the election of
a speaker until the end of January, 1856, after a nine weeks con-
test, which ended in the choice of a man upon whom the free soil
men could entirely rely, there was no cause to complain of the
wise discretion which had been used.

The murder at Easton and the necessity to conciliate the free
soil forces in that quarter, to prevent the proslavery Missourian
faction driving every free soil settler from his dwelling, had
taxed the energies and the time of the executive considerably,
bringing their proceedings down to the date when the legislature
was about to assemble; and when only a few days more would
suffice to enable the members of that body to ad'l their memorial
to congress to the constitution, which remained to be submitted,
it was thought best that the completed work and the evidence of
the perfected organization should be forwarded together ; so that
the friends of the free state movement could answer the sneers
and insinuations of the dominant faction as to the lawlessness of
Kansas, by pointing to the best possible proof that the settlers
who were maligned, and who had been almost trampled ujion,
were a law abiding, intellectual class, capable of well wielding

308

T utile's II is Ton r of K ass. is.

the powers with which they ought to bo ondowca. It was now
bcgiiiiiiiig to bo ovidout to careful observers, tlial the rcigu of the
democratic party was drawing near to its end, and that the peo-
ple, the great mass of the conmiunity whicli holds aloof from
party organizations, were dubitating whether the great thought
which had been made to live and move in the old organization
by the patriotism and the genius of Thomas Jefferson, had not
long since died. The balance of power, whicli had been lield for
so many years in the house of representatives, had gone out of
the hands of the democracy, and in the senate, brutal violence
rioting almost unchecked, was giving a fatal indication, that m
the growing weakness of the better thought, the worst features
of party existence were assuming direction. Under such circum-
stances delay might help the men of Kansas, and could hardly
injure them, when their friends were improving their position

evei'y hour.

The costs of the Wakarusa war were found to have slightly
exceeded $1,000, in addition to the sum expended after the re-
turn of Gen. Schuyler from the east, hence tiie amount of scrip
to be provided for by the state legislature showed a total of
$15,26(3, bating a few cents. That amount would have been pro-
vided for in due course, according to the promise contained in the
Topeka constitution, but the first state government could not sur-
vive tlie difficulties with which it gallantly struggled, and event-
ually the scrip became of no value in the market ; but the men
who had bought it had not gone into the venture for the sake of
pecuniary gain ; they had given freely from their means to sustain
a gallant struggle, and they were inoie than repaid by the event
The members of the first free state legislature in Kansas were
men of intellect and courage, and their names will live in lus-
tory ; without that record the history of the conflicts of 1856
would be incomplete, and they are given in this place for more
convenient reference.

/Senators. -Adams, J. M.Cole, J. Curtis, J. Daily, - Dunn,

L Fish, r. Fuller, J. C. Green, 13. Harding, G. S. llillyer, H. M.

Hook J. M. Irvin, D. E. Jones, S. B. McKenzie, B. W. Miller,

J E. Pillsbury, J. K. Rhaum, T. G. Thornton, W. W. Updegraff.

Iiei>resentalives.-S,. N. Hartwell, J. B. Abbott, John Hutching-

.i.iMm \M'\Uttmmtim

Kassas Conflicts — Evr.yrs of 1856.

309

It was now
rcigii of the
Kit tho peo-
aloof from
eat thought
ui'gai ligation
on, hat' not
eeu held for
gone out of
tal violence
tion, tliat ill
arst features
such circum-
;()uld hardly
leir position

lave slightly
after the re-
^unt of scrip
id a total of
ive been pro-
itained in the
ould not sur-
d, and event-
but the men
)r the sake of
ms to sustain
by the event
Kansas were
. live in his-
licts of 1856
)lace for more

ily, — Dunn,
lillyer, H. M.
B. W. Miller,
\V. Updegrali'.
»hn Hutching-

son, IT. F. Saunders, James Blood, C. Ilornsbury, E. B. Purdam,
J. McGoc, M. C. Dickey, W. R Frost, W. A. Sumnerwcll, S.
^fcWhinney, S. T. Shores, S. R l^aldwin, David lieos, D. W.
Cannon, Isaac Landers, J. M. Arthur, II. II. Williams, II. W.
Lubor, A. B. Marshall, J. D. Adams, T. W. Piatt, Bees Furby,
]5. II. Brock, John Landis, E. It. Zimmerman, W. T. Burnett, L.
P. Patty, F, A. Minard, Isaac Cady, Thomas Bowman, J. Brown,
Jr., Henry Tt)dd, J. Hornby, Abraham Barre, lliciiard Murphy,
"William Hicks, B. R. Martin, William Bayliss, J. W. Stevens,
J. K. Eilsaid, S. J. Campbell, S. Go.slin, II. B. Strandiford, Isaac
B. Higgins, T. J. Addis, D. Toothman, William McClure, J, B.
Wctsori, William B. Wade, A. Jameson, A. D. Jones, Willio.m
Crosby, S. S])arks, li. P. Brown, A. Fisher.

Congre.'!sional action during December and January, 185o-8,
became of great moment to the settlers in Kansas. Nine weeks
were consumed in ineffectual ballotings before the house of
representatives could organize by electing a speaker, and at
length, when it had become apparent that there was no party in
the house strong enough to obtain an absolute majority of tho
members present, it was resolved to end the deadlock which was
injuriously aflecting public bu.siness, by allowing a plurality of
votes to carry the sense of the house. The result of that move-
ment was, that Mr. N. P. Banks was chosen speaker, and in that
fact, a man well known to Massachu.setts, and in every way
worthy of trust by the freesoil party came to the front. In the
house the popular party had olstained control, and were not to lose
their ground again until many years had pas.sed away. In the
senate there were savage attacks upon men because of their social
position, or their want of social position, which were soon after-
wards to degenerate into a form of brutality still worse, but tho
popular party were daily gaining ground. The house of repre-
sentatives had for Kansas more interest, because to that body, the
two delegates recently chosen in Kansas territory. Gen. Whit-
field by the ruffians from Missouri border, and Mr. Reeder by
the popular vote without the sanction of legal forms, must appeal
for a decision. In the beginning of February Gen. Whitfield
presented himself as a newly elected delegate, the forms of the
house were complied with, the member was intToduced, the cus-

pwr«Ma|*«o«*WMP>^

810

Tvrrjjfy llisrouy of Kaxsas.

tomary oatli was subscribed, atul the general assumed the scat.
No sooner had tli;it i)roceas beeu eouipletud than cx-(Jov. A. II.
Iteeder announced in proper form his intention to contest the
position, and so well was the case laid before tlie house, that
instead of the customary handing over of such matters to be dealt
with by a committee on tlie si)ot, a special committee of liu'ce
was appointed on tlie IDth of March, armed with all the powers
of the house itself, with aununoning ollieers and clerks sullieient
for every purpose, and with a si'.flicient appropriation to cover all
the outlay necessary during a journey of two thousand miles to
the scene of disturbance, and a full investigation into all the
statements made in the process served by Mr. lieeder. The men
forming tnat potential body were not limited b^'- questions of dry
law; they were competent to look into the ecpiitics of the case
under eoiisideration, to call for persons and papers, to administer
oaths, and to compel the attendance of witnesses. Although the
claim made by Mr. lieeder was the beginning of the investigation,
the committee were not limited to that question, but were fully
authorized to examine into and report upon "the troubles in
Kansas generally," touching all elections under the organic law,
"and under any pretended law."' The scope of the inquiry and
the powers <;f the court were alike as full as the occasion might
require, and should there be manifested at any point a design to
intimidate and overawe the members in the execution of their
duty, the president was requested by the house to cause military
aid to be aiTorded, sufTicient to enable them to pursue their inves-
tii^'ation unmolested. This was a new feature in Kansas experi-
ences. Men of the Leeompt class might be influenced, if not
intimidated into acquiescence or vigorous partiei}iation in the
sciiemes of oppression, but this committee could not be reached
by any mechanism known to the Missourian faction. The press
in the border towns of Kansas might be broken and castjnto
the Missouri, so that men feared to say the thing which lay
nearest to their hearts, lest the result should be not only a
ruffianly assault, but the destruction of the means whereby a
livelihood could be procured and further good work accomplished
for the cause ; but in the movements of this committee the presses
ail over the union would be set to work, and the records of crime

niiiffiMJiitrfi-ifiir"

titimlileiA.

Kansas Coxrucrs — E fi-:yTs or l^'>n.

311

id tlie scat.
Gov. A. 11.
contest tho
house, that

to be dealt
;ec of ilireo
tlie })ovvcrs
:s sulUcient
to cover all
lid miles to
iito all the
The men
Lions of dry
of the case
I administer
Ithout'li the
vestigation,
t were fully
troubles in
rgauic law,
inquiry and
ision might

a design to
ion of their
use military
their iiives-
nsas experi-
leed, if not
ition in the

be reached

The press

id cast. into

f wliich lay

not only a

whereby a
ccomplished
5 the presses
rds of crime

lil&IWiMiSiiM'

wliich had been systematically denied in one place, while boasted
of ill another, would find currency all over the world, to the dis-
grace of the men and ))arties who had lent their countenance and
support to such abominable pmccedings. There was do time lost
ill preliminary business; there was urgency in the business, and
before Gen. Atchison and his party were quite sure that tho
spring had set in, the committee were at their labors in Leeomp-
ton. The committee nominated by the new speaker of the house,
consisted of Messrs. John Sherman of Ohio, Win. A. Howard of
:Michigaii, and Mordecai Oliver of I^Iissouri. They commenced
their sittings in Lecompton, April 18, 185(), and the two dele-
gates who were present were requested to give the committee their
assistance in fathoming the truth, by making such suggestions as
were likely to prevent a wrong statement going uncontradicted.
Witnesses named by them were subpcunaed by the committee,
and the public papers likely to affect the case were duly copied.
From Lecompton, the committee adjourned to Lawrence, where
the work went bravely on, and from that point to others all over
the territory, until four months had been spent in procuring evi-
dence which supported, among other "facts and conclusions"
now slowly coming to the light, .,ach results as justified the com-
mittee in saying, " that each election * * had been carried
by an organized invasion from * * Missouri." ''That the
alleged territorial legislature was illegally constituted * * and
their enactments * * void. That these laws bad been used
for unlawful purposes." That Gen. John W. Whitfield's elec-
tion was not valid, and that the election of Andrew 11. Reeder
" was not held in pursuance to law," but that Mr. Reeder re-
ceived more votes of resident citizens than Mr. Whitfield. It
was also evident to the committee that no election could be fairly
held without ''a new census," a stringent, well guarded election
law, "impartial judges," and "United States troops" in every
precinct ; and that the constitution submitted to congress " em-
bodied the will of the majority." The committee did not give
satisfaction to Missouri, but they had not been appointed for that
purpose ; they had succeeded in finding the truth and they gave
it to congress and to the world in more than three hundred depo-
eitions, with numerous documents, filling more than twelve hun-
dred octavo pages.

:.mi .•«».;.

312

Tittles llisrouy of Kassai^.

"Mnuy partio.s had joIirmI to procure the nomination of that com-
mittee, some believing tliat tlie free state men would be found as
much to blame as the border rufhans ; others thought there had
been much exaggtiratiou ; the abolitionists having faith in their
friends, wanted the whole truth to be made known ; and the gen-
oral public acquiesced in the nomination as a step toward the
reali/.aiion of justice. Tlierc was, of course, a party which had
fought the iufpiiry step by step ; they had nothing to gain by
coming out into the daylight ; and on a closely contested vote, in
■which 191 members were represented, the committee was only
carried by a majority of eight. The facts of which the north had
now become possessed more than justified all that the press had
hinted in its occasional correspondence, but not one syllable of
such conlirmation would have been obtained if the proslavcry
party could have negatived the motion. They knew that when
the truth became known, the beginning of the end would have ar-
rived, and that unless in the meantime they could so arrange their
forces as to defy jjublic opinion, their chance of ultimate success
was small indeed. Kansas was, and they knew it, the key to
their position, and they were prepared, to fight for victory to the
bitter end. The facts were now patent to every reading man, and
indeed to every man that walked the streets. The newsboys in
the pursuit of their vocation shouted the main items of sensational
matter as an incentive to the purchase of their sheets. Congress
rang with the clamor of debute night after night, and editorial
columns from such men as Horace Greeley demanded an answer
to the question : " Would the free states submit to see a free col-
ony dragooned to death by border rufTians because they dared to
say that the area of slavery should not be extended? "

The men across the border had not been held back even dur-
ing the time that the committee sat ; they weie now as near to
madness as was consistent with their being outside the walls of
lunatic asylums ; they said that all their forbearance had been
thrown away ; their conduct became worse than ever. Congress
had no longer an atom of their respect, the general government
•was beneath contempt when it could not prevent an exposure
such as must now supervene, the union was no longer worth pre-
servinjj, and against all the forces of earth and heaven, they would

uiJ>B<rtW»ilN<fa***M

^mVt 1

7v'.I.V.v.l.s' COXFLK'TS — E VESTS OF 18')6.

313

f that com-
)C fouiul aa
t tliorc had
til ill tlioii'
id tlie gcn-
Loward tlio
which had
to gain by
ted vote, in
c was only
3 north had
e press had
syllable of
prorilavery
,• that when
lid have ar-
rrange their
nte succesa
the key to
t;tory to tho
ig man, and
iewsb(jys in
' sensational
Congress
id editorial
d an answer
c u free col-
ey dared to

V even dur-
w as near to
the walls of
e had been
'. Congress
government
in exposure
r worth pre-
they would

bring tlio machinations of the nethermost jiit to make Kansas a
slave state at all hazards. Tho war became more bitter nt every
step. The policy of extermination was the only alternative that
remained. The Missouri lliver had long been watched by gangs
of men at Lexington and elsewhere to annoy ami assault emi-
grants from the eastern states who might be so indiscreet as to at-
tempt that dangerous passage ; while the committee sat in the
territory the system of surveillance was being carried on about
forty miles from the territorial boundary, and of course evidenco
as to that fact was certain to reach the committee. A steamer
having on board a quantity of rilles was detained at Lexington,
the weajions seized as contraband of war, and the mob of Missou-
rians armed with the property of other men. The idea was moot-
ed in tho press that the Missouri Kiver should be regularly block-
aded, and a political quarantine station established at Lexington,
where every boat should be regularly searched for free state pas-
sengers and their weapons, and that no infectious papers should
be permitted to pass that point. Neither mails, cargo nor jiersons
should be safe against their most odious inquisition ; and when
the free settlers were thus cut off from being succored by their
friends, there would be less difTiculty in disposing of the settle-
ments which were to be ridden down by the mounted riflemen
and sharpshooters from the south. Immediately before the com-
mittee commenced their session at Lecompton, the Eev. P. Butler,
who has been mentioned in these pages before, as being set adrift,
after many indignities, on a Cottonwood raft on the Missouri at
Atchison, was once more seized by a mob in the same town, and
subjected to innumerable insults, which ended in a mock trial
and a sentence of hanging. The ruffians engaged in this exquisite
sport were some of the chivalrous young men of the south re-
cently imported in response to the cry, " we want armed men."
The noncombatant clergyman was of course fair game on which
to try " their 'prentice hands," so that they might earn their pas-
sage, their sustenance, and their bounty in land, by doing essen-
tial service to the cause. Having failed to " extend the area of
slavery " by such enlightened proceedings, they next stripped the
defenseless man to the waist, tarred and feathered him, and then

3l4

Tirrr.t.'s llisrour or Kashas.

w;iit liitii on liis jounioy with iiii iissuniiico tliiit lie would bo
liuiigi;il .should ho ever agiiiu bo soeu iu Atohi.soii.

Tho Kansas conimitteo subinitlod iho ovidouco and thoir ro-
port to the house of ropro.suntatives on tho lirrft day o£ Julji
18")(!, and ininu'diatoiy after that cvont tho conmiittoo on con-
testod I'loclious oanio tlown to the liou.so with their rcconuncnda-
tion tliat (ion. Whilliolil .shoidd bo unseatod, and his opponent,
tho Hon. A. 11. Jiooder, be declared the .sitting ineniber. Tho
resolution embodying tho two proposilion-s, wa.s lost; but upon
the (pu'stion being divided, the liouse unsealed Mr. Whittiold on
August -Itli, by a vole of ilO again.-l !I2. Tiie pro-slavery party
was one vote weaker than when tho conwnitteo was appointed, and
tho popular vote was stronger by nine. The proi)osal to seat Mr.
Iloeder had a rospeetablo minority of 8S in its favor, but it was
iiegative.l by Ho. Tlio tide had turned, but it moved .slowly
and it was somethii) \, that by tho middle of iHolJ, a vote so strong
as that eould be obiained on that i.ssuo in the hou.sc. Stephen A.
Douglas had been heard on his popular sovereignty nostrum in
the .senate, and had been answered with many withering rebukes,
and tho whole of the inllueneeof Ma.ssaehusetls, which printed and
circidated more new.spapers than tho liftceu southern states, was
being moved like tho strength of one nuin against the tyrannous
party which had stricken down with a coward's blow one of tho
ablest and truest men in the senate, and then had justified the
outrage with such words as were even worse than the physical
as.sault upon Charles Sumner, The year was bearing fruit, and
the popular party was advancing steadily to the front.

i; iMitf^mUltamm

mil" liiiiiiifii

0 would bo

ml their ro-
ay of July,
Ltoo on coil-
cct)ii\inonda-
is opponent,
•nibcr. Tho
t ; but upon
WliitticKl on
luvcry piU'ty
•pointed, and
il to seat Mr.
I', but it wan
oved .slowly
oto so strong

Stephen A.
^ nostrum in
ing rebukes,
li ])rinted and
II states, was
lie tyrannous
)W one of tlio
justified the

the physical
ng fruit, and
t.

Kas'sas CoShLKTs— l-:n:s'rs of hiki.

815

CllAI'TKU Xlll.

TKlilllToltlAli IIISToUV.
imnliiiutil.)

KAltLY KANSAS ( ONFLUTS- KVKNTS OF IHM.

Free H(tll<ts IIclplcss— I'loclumMtioii WoiUin.i:--Frf«' Stato Sympiitliy —
Miishriiii;- :''>i' I'.iiulf— Anniil muI l{(;»ay— Not II'>iui's l)iil Wiir — Pub-
lic Miriiii;,'s— Lccliiri's oil Kaiisiis — .1 ml,i;c Wooil — C'xii.siiiii'.iinml Ol).
lljjiilioiH — Oiif-siilfil l{ocii«-.)uUy — «oulli«iii F.nces — I'li'siaciillul
Autlidiiiy — niitonl'!* Contiiif,"'"' — II"i»''"^''''"l'* ■'"'' Sliiui,'liti'r — Mine
iiLiri'liiiic -TiikiiigtlicOalli — Soullii'in lloiior — I'hiii olOpciiitioiis —
AiTcst 1111. 1 I'rdsecilto— Woiul und tlu' SlicrilV— l\cci)iiiK Siililialli — Ucs-
(Mic Smiiilit — Sieziii-i' ot'Tappan — Slrikiiiu; llii' Slu'iiH'— Tioopi^ l)<inand.
t.,l_Tcii SiililuTs— Col, Hmnner's Coun(^Hy — I'unisliiii.i; t"«iileinpt —
Illc;.'al Delfiillon— WihmI'h i'.xil-- Slioniiiin .loiics — hawn'MCf Dcuoiin-
co» AssuHsin— Ucward lor Arrest — SlicrilV Deputy —Coiiliiiuoiis Ar-
rests— UriiiisDir.s Uoscucrs— Free SctllerH at Hay — Trooii.s Marching —
Lawrence F.iviroiu'il— Kansas InvesliiiatoiH — WhiHiiilil's Fears — Slmn-
iioiiK's DiscM-elioa- Sumner not Wanted — Sumner and Uoliinsou —
Vindieatinj: Lawrence — Arrest of Ueeder— Pnt-Sluveiy Hate — Coa-
gi-essional I'rivile.ire— Nulnral Hii?lits— High Treason — Chiel' Justico
Leeompte — (Iraml llatloii — Arrest of Stale Oovernment — Missouriim
Designs— Mine and Counlermine— Delendinj,' Institutions — Arrest of
Uobinson — The Govern()r's Wile— Detention Unauthorized — Shannon
ft Tool — Prisoner iu Danger — Ueeder Escapes— IJrown Captured —
Sheltered by Love — Indicted lor Treason— Marching to Lawrence —
Rulllim Pretexts — Horder Motto — Shannon Censured — .Marshal's Pro-
clamalion — City Alarmed — Appeal to Governor — Horder Coercion —
Abandon Defense — Citizens Ueplication — Leaders Absent — Anarchy —
Safety Conniiiltee — General Pomeroy — Submission — Discontent —
Southern Chivalry — Depredations — Sergeant-at- Anns Imprisoned —
Manifold Seizures — Terms for Surrender— Denial of Accusatiims —
What do you Seek — Constituted Authorities — U. S. Marshal— Tho
Keeder Escape— Conqueror's Taunt — Insolent Kll'rontery- Still Plead-
iug — Visiting Shannon- Envoys Imprisoned — Troops Vv'aiting Or-
ders- OfVer to Surrender — Deputation Arrested — Hideous Night-
mare—Murder Reigns — Uesistance is Rebellion —Col. Sumner's
Duty— Doomed to Destruction- May 21, 18.10- Policy of Weakness —
Southern Rights — Weeping not Fighting — President's Victory — Mak-
ing Arrests — Slieriff Jones Commander- Pitiful Declaratiim — Sur-
render Arms — Submission or Bombai'duient — Cannon Abandoned —

mmmmmmitnii^J^' ''' ^

^0 Trrn.r's Ilismity of K.ixs.ts.

AtcliUon on the Slnin|.-/W, ,.'/./ ./.< r<,rthnfr>-Trm\rrnv*» to
1\'omfn-rinul Oniric - Army witli Uiinnrrs— Hnpniur Hikt --Hul)tcr.
f„,„,,_V..nu'fuiuT-n..wn wllli tl.o I'rcsH - Fluiui' Uisiiitc I.. Il.uvfii —
AVurk .11' Uuiii — Writ- Ia'tuLmI — lUot luxl I'IiuhI.'I — Killol iiml
Wuun.l.'d- IIhin.' Slc.tlin-- Wnii-inv ilir S|.oils -Soi.il.cn. nisKUHl-
Ilum..n U.'J()lclnK*-ll..l.')inK HmiTs - hcvH Kv.iy S(nl....r.,i - Slmn-
noiiN (•..i.i|.liM.i.<--IIai'vcHl r,ml,.n,i;i'ml-I).'rcnsc Incvit.ibli'- U-i.n-
B„ls _ Frr.. Slut.' (lu.rillas - I'lvHC-ve I'r.uM! - Ci.t. Wulkcr-^.VH) lor
ft |[,.,..l-C;.u.tur.rsCni.llve-Mr.rN Mi^plm...! -.I...l,«.; WukHlrl,! Pns.
..M.T-Ouoru'lim Ki.lcri.rlst.-Ass,i..lls iu..l Mi>l..iiw- Fn.slinK hh.m.
lion— Sciircli |\,i\Vfi»ipniiH-('ongiv«Hloni.l('nmmiil.r — Cnpt. Hemp —
Lciivcnworth Or.l.T- Vi'-'ilmu'.' Coi,imi..„l<T- Wurrm I). Wilk.'!t —
U(l,'n of Tirror— How Lou',', (> Loril! How Long I

TiiK free settlors in Kiinsas were now holi)lcH8 in the presence
of their enemies, not beeauso ilu<y litid uoi .-tout hearts and
Htrong arms, as well as trusty weapons as of yore, when they had
held the forces of the Missonrian faction at arms length and dic-
tatc.l the terms upon which a pa.'ification had been concluded;
but the president's proclamation was doing the deadly work that
was designed by its fabricators, and, in its letter and spirit, the
free state men saw that tluiy could only proceed with the vuidica-
tion of their rights as .•ili/cns of the United Slates on Kansas
territory by entering upon a contest with the whole force of the
Union. Prudential considerations as well as patriotism said that
they must bear and forbear greatly rather th.an be betrayed into
a position so terrible as that. The sympathy of the free states,
whicli was now steadily rising to fever heat, would have gone
down to zero in a moment if it had appeared that there was a
desi-n to rise in rebellion against the general vernment, how-
evei^mistakcn had been the policy of Mr. Pierce, and their own
feelings forbade one step in that direction. Supposing the con-
flict to continue, as it had con.menccLl, between border ruffians
and free soilcrs, there would speedily have been an end of the
fight ; nor would the addition of a few hundred or thousands from
the southern states have been an insuperable difficulty, for the
men from the eastern states and the noilh were mustering for the
onslaught, armed and ready, in such numbers and with such en-
thusiasm as would have borne down the southern troops twice
told, and the men who came at this era were not speculators seek-

K.issAS CoxFUCTn — KyKSTs OF i>'.v;.

SIT

Triulfriiri** to

Uacr --Siililcr-

111? tolliiivi'n —

r — Killiil and
licrii l>isKii»«i —

lciU''Ml, — Sllllll-

vitiiblc — Ki'iiri-
ilkcr — i|i.VM) lor

Wiikftlilil I'lis.

KiMsi'm^' Slum-
-Cnpt. Ili'iup —
I, I). Wilk.s —

iho presence
It hcartrt and
'hen thoy Imd
Migth nntl tlic-
•n concluded ;
lly work tliat
md spirit, the
th tlu! viiidica-
;ea on Kansas
e force of the
)tisni said that
betrayc<I into
he free states,
dd have gone
it there was a
rernment, how-
and their own
osing the con-
border ruffians
an end of the
thousands from
fficulty, for the
istering for the
1 with such en-
n troops twice
peculators seek-

inj? investin.M.t., nor srlllor. primarily in search of ho.u.v, but
„>en whose nunds ha.l been tired by the recital of the wrongs o
their kindred and eager for battle in their behalf. Ihero had
been many public meetings held in the free states, and lectures ou
the condition ..f Kansas had aroused such interest m the move
n.ents of the resident population as must find an outlet u. tlio
ubundant energies of the n.orc warlike in every comnuuuty.
M.ny .,t the lighting men were settlers also, but the necessity for
H struggle had tor then, a higher char.n than the eu^crald green
of the fertile glades in which they would make their homes, or
h.y down their lives, as the chances of war n.iyht deter.nme.
.lud.n, Wood, not th.en risen to the offiee which entitled him to
the appellation, had gone e:ist after the Wakarusa war was over,
because it was advisable to avoi.l an arrest for lus share m the
rescue of Branson, and he was one of the ablest lecturers on the
wrongs endured in the territory. In April, 185(5, he came back
to his ado,,ted city, bringing with hi.a one hundred free settlers
prepared to share the toils and the destiny of the colony 1 here
hud been no wrong d,)ne by liim in rescuing Branson, for whom
he had acted as an attorney, demanding to see the m.strument
u.ulcr which the old man had been captured, but his absence from
Kansas had been advised, because, in the then condition of the
courts, neither law nor justice would be administered unless it
suited the Missourian faction. The men that accompamed Mr.
Wood on his return, and hundrcls besides who were sooi. to
join them in the land of their adoption, were of course poweness
to help the cause which they had at heart, bccaiise o the one
sided reciprocity established by the president, in winch free state
men must sit down meekly under oppression, and the pro-s avery
party could enforce their usurpations under the name and or.u
of law. The southern recruits veru just as enthusiastic as ti.e.r
opponents, and there was nothing to damp their ardor. If they
were in the wrong, they did not know enough to be aware of tha
discouraging fact, as they had been born and educated among
slave institutions, taught to consider the ordination of n go
bondage as God appointed, and accustomed to think he wd.
earth as only meant for slave plantations; moreover, the> were
reinforced at every point by the presidential proclamation.

818

'TvTTijfs UisroitY Oh' K.tys.ts.

Ill speaking thus of the men from the south, it must not be
supposed tliat they were all so high toned as to care whether they
were right or wrong, and many a southern gentleman saw enough
of his comrades in his first campaign to determine him against
any furtlier participation in the difhculty. Many of the men who
formed Col. Buford's contingent were such characters as no honest
man would willin ^ly associate with, attracted by mercenery con-
siderations mainly, and looking more toward plunder than even
to the warlike service for which they were not disinclined. The
commandant of the force was robbed by his own gang before they
arrived in the state of IMissouri, and many of the border ruffians
shrank from such disreputable company. Their ideas of rneum
et tuHiii were so lax that tliey did not even practice " honor among
thieves." Their homesteads, should they be obtained, would
speedily melt into whisky, and there was no danger of their be-
coming permanent residents in the territory, unless strong prisons
were built for their accommodation. Before entering the terri-
tory, the Buford company were sworn on bended knees in a man-
ner revolting and brutal, which would have made " Kirke's
Lambs " .shudder, black as they have been painted by Macaulay.
But such items do not call for detailed statement, and their mis-
deeds will speak for themselves. Pending the commencement of
active service these worthies were quartered in the border towns,
and Missouri must have borne its daily cross with many shrugs
of impatience and discontent. The other companies were vari-
ously composed of men who believed they were engaged in a holy
enterprise, and others who sought nothing but free quarters in an
enemy's country for twelve months, and the pay which would re-
ward their brutality ; with all the grades of character necessary
to fill in between the two extremes. Now that the levies from
the south were in position, it was necessary to move with such
skill as that the forces of the Union should be neutralized, or
compelled to act with the proslavery party. While Jefferson
Davis remained secretary of war in the Pierce cabinet, there would
be no uncertain sound from that quarter, but it was necessary to
be wise as serpents, although they did not emulate the harinless-
ness of the dove. The territorial enactments, as we have seen,
were oppressive in the last degree, as well as the work of usurp-

■W;m!>-»W!Pt-WJ 'gJ^PPW

luuui I ,< .ij^itfUuaueB)*i»K

Kansas Coxflicts — Evexts of 1856.

319

must not be
whether thoy
1 saw enough
} him aj^ainst
the men who
i as DO honest
ercenery con-
ler than even
iclined. The
ig before they
lorder ruffians
leas of rneum
honor among
ained, would
er of their be-
strong prisons
ing the terri-
lees in a man-
ade " Kirke's
by Macaulay.
and their mis-
mencement of
border towns,

many shrugs
ies were vari-
iged in a holy
quarters in an
lich would re-
cter necessary
[le levies from
ove with such
leutralized, or
hile Jefferson
!t, there would
IS necessary to
! the harmless-
we have seen,
!7ork of usurp-

ers, consequently they were distasteful to free settlers, and it
would be only necessary to enforce tliem in letter and spirit to
evoke some show of discontent, sufficient to warrant a demand for
a posse covutatus, failing to obtain whicli, the president's message,
proclamation, and orders would suffice for every purpose of spoiU-
ation. Tlie scheme was devised with devilish ingenuity, and it3
execution was worthy of a fiend. Old and trivial offenses were
rehashed to justify arrests. Shortly after Mr. S. N. Wood s return
to Lawrence, Sheriff Jones took him a prisoner April 19, 18ob, for
the old offense in the case of Branson, but a diversion was effected
in the streets, ^fr. Jones was disturbed in the execution of his
duty, and Mr. ^Yood walked leisurely away. The sheriff went
to Lecompton, procured a posse of four men and returned to the
eitv on the Sunday following to arrest the men who had inter-
fered with him. J^Ien going to church were called upon to aid
liim in the execution of his self imposed duty, and when they
went on to their places of worship their names were duly entered
in the sheriff's book as guilty of contempt. The plot was work-
ing well. The search for Wood was of little consequence, except
as°a means of annoyance, but while it was onward, Mr. Tappan,
who had also been in the Branson escapade, was seized without u
warrant, and roughly handled by the officer. After satisfying
himself that Jones had no authority to touch him, the gentleman
assailed illustrated the force of a blow sent square from the
shoulder, and the sheriff retired with more rapidity than grace.
There was provocation enough now to warrant extreme proceed-
ings and a requisition was penned immediately for United States
troops to aid in the arrest of nearly all the principal men in Law-
rence Gov. Shannon had now fallen back under the control of
the Missourian party, and he complied at once with the demand.
Under the circumstances, that officer was bound to do as he was
requested, and Col. Sumner sent a detachment of ten men under
a lieutenant to assist the sheriff. The detachment left Fort Leav-
enworth April 22, 1856, and at the same time the commandant
sent to the mavor of Lawrence a very courteous note, informing
him of the action taken, and counseling compliance with the laws,
but expressing no opinion on the merits of the dispute.

The troops arrived on the following day, and six men were

820

TvTTLKs HisToitr OF Kass.is.

arrested for having gone to clmrcb on Sunday instead oE •'^S'^>^ting
the sherifT in arresting persons that ho was unable to find, ihe
citizens arrested should have been taken before a justieo at once,
but instead of that e.uirse being taken, they were lodged m cus-
tody, in violation of law, apparently in the hope of further exas-
peration affording greater scope for ofTieial tyranny. Tlut niglit,
while the sherifl' remained in the tent of the dragoon officer, lie
was shot by some person, who succeeded in keeping his secret so
well that it has never yet transpired. The injury was not mor-
tal, but it provoked the citizens of Lawrence more than any other
event in the war, as it tended to cast the blame of a.ssassi nation
over the whole settlement. Tliere were few in the free settlers
camp that doubted that Uv. Jones had committed crimes of a deep
dye against society, that deserved punishment, but no man had
one w°ord to say in defen.se of assassination. A public meeting
was convened to give expression to the indignation of the com-
munity, and a reward of $500 was ollered for the conviction of
the oilcnder ; but no discovery resulted. An event more unfor-
tunate for Lawrence could hardly be imagined, because it gave
to the men across the border precisely such an excuse for :it. >ii
as they had sedulously endeavored to find. A deputy w.
pointed to earrv on the sheriff's work, and arrests were now o-
tinuous. Numbers wore seized on the pretense that they had
contemned the authority of the sherifl, or refused to help him,
and the United Slates marshal, a man from South Carolina, made
himself conspicuous in such proceedings. The rescue of Bran-
t;on was made the plea for innumerable processes, and the men
threatened by these jacks in office sought refuge in the surround-
ing country, being hunted from place to place by the dragoons
acting as the sheriff's posse. All this whde the ruffians from
across the border were marching upon the city. Before the shot
was fired at the sheriff, the Delaware reservation had been occu-
pied for several days by one company, and now the whole coun-
try was scoured by patrols on horseback, so that no man could
enter Lawrence or leave it without being subject to an inquisi-
tion. The Kansas congressional committee were then sitting
here, and Gen. Whitfield declared that himself and his witnesses
were in danger, but the committee could not be induced to ad-

Kassas ('itxi-i.icrs — K\j:m.s or />•'»'».

321

(1 of assisting
Lo find. The
slice lit once,
oilgcd in CLis-

furlher cxas-

Tli.it niglit,

lon officer, he

i^ his secret so

was not mor-
han any other

assassination

0 free settlers'
imes of a deep
, no man had
ublic meeting
•n of the coni-

convietion of
t more unfor-
eeause it gave
!use for :u, '•>n
leputy V.
were now '/''■
that they had

to help him,
Carolina, made
escue of Bran-
s, and the men

1 the surround-
' the dragoons
! ruffians from
Before the shot
tiad been occu-
he whole coun-

no man could
; to an inquisi-
•e then sitting
i his witnesses
induced to ad-

journ until the work at that i)oint was completed. The environ-
ment of Lawrence having become known to Col. Sumner, tiiat
officer proceeded from Lfavenworth to Lecompton with his wholo
command, to oiler his advice and aHsi.-laiice to «iov. Sliamion,
and a simple acceptance of that aid by .\[r. Shannon would have
dissipated the war cloud at once; but the help which cituhl bo
invoked .<o freely against the .settlers was not wanted for their
defense, and the military were now relieved from duty, except
that the services of a small posse would continue the show of Uni-
ted States trooi)s on tlu; side of the faction, witln>ut endangering
the succc.'^s of their ultimate intentions. While near Lawrence,
Col. Sumner wrote to Cov. Uobin.son, giving his views as to tlio
course which should be taken, ami the doctor replied, showing
what had been done by the citizens to show their regard for law
and order.

The continued presence of ex-Cov. lleeder in the sessions of tho
committee, where he examined liis own witnesses and cross exam-
ined the witnes.ses of the other side with great acumen was au
eyesore to his enemies, and he was subp(jona(!d to come before tho
in-and jury of Douglas county, lie was aware that his attentl-
ance upon the committee representing the highest court in the
union, congress itself, was a sufficient answer to the summons of
the grand jury, and he acted accordingly; for which act of con-
tempt a writ was issued and Mr. Iteeder was arrested in the com-
mittee room. The motive could not be questioned ; the prosla-
very men had long hated the governor that would not be gov-
erned, the lawyer that could not be duped, and beyond all doubt
he would have fared badly at the hands of the border party, who
were now in force at Leeonqiton. When the copy of the writ
was handed to him in the presence of the investigating commit-
tee, Mr. lleeder claimed imm\inity from arrest in his iiaasi con-
gressional capacity, and as being cited to attend their inquiry;
but the committee hesitated to assume a responsibility, about
which there might have been room for doubt; although un-
questionably the claim made by Mr. Reeder embodied sound par-
liamentary law, and showed much intimacy with the kx et conm-
<.iud<> parlkuiiciiti.

The committee said neither yea nor nay, but Mr. Reeder was

mifitmm

m ".

322 Trrri.i:'^ IIistoiiy ov Kassas.

„Hu.b more (\c.M^ an,! the marshal, intimiclated by appearanooB
final,..' the ccntestant delegate detormined to try ... nat,..-al
ri.d.t<' whe,-e the law te.nporarily failed hi.n, retn-ed to Pra..k l.n
Jtho.t his p.-is.„u<r. Chief J.istioe Leeompte bad leg been t...
brai,.s of the te>-ntorial usun-ers, and be had ful,...,ated a p.-ojec
fo,- a .n-a,.d button that should bring down the whole of be .ate
!;ov:,;,.ent at one shot, as well as every other of the lead.ng f.-oo
state men in Kansas. The gi'and ju.-y found true bdls nga.n.t
every man presented for indictment, and of course a pet.t ju.y
would have no dimeulty in finding verdicts of gu.lty. .gh
treason, usurpation, larceny, perjury, contempt of court ; there
was a eku-ge to suit every ease fron. Andrew II. Heeder through
a lo.,.' list to Gains Jenkins. The desig.. of the proslavery men
was t; arrest all the principal men idctified with the state gov-
ernn.e..t, and then whatever became of the accusat.ons, ultimately
the government would be broken up, as the executive would be
unable to carry out the duties devolving upon them. Ti e
scheme was to have been met by a cou.itermme, aiul the state
le.nslature was to have been convened at an earlier date to
autbori.e the levying of state forces to defend the u,stitutK^^^^
recently organized ; but the proslavery party succeeded n making
Tany of their arrests, and the o.gani.ation fell into hopeless wreck
To The present. The state governor, Ur. Robinson, bad been
see ted to visit Massachusetts and other free states to asccrtam
vtat belpvvould be forthcoming, as there would be plenty o
I me for 1 im to go and come before the adjourned session would
«• and as there seemed to be some danger of the volum-
nous evidence taken by the committee of investigation being
estroyed bv a mob, bis visit to the east was to be u ilized for
b onveya;iee of the depositions and other valuable documents
to\?^^hi gton. The doctor and bis wife went down the Missour
reV^ fui-as Lexington, but at that point he was taken from lA.e
s te nbo at on some Missourian .ritof nee.eat^ and cletained w.th^
TZr nrctcnse of ri-'ht until an indictment could be issued
:: il^im many dl3°s later, and be was then brought back
Sa r^iisTt o'from Gov. Shannon. Happily the documents
Trtrded by the committee were in Mrs. Kobinson's custody,
^^„^ them to their destination. After his return to

K.i.\>>AS Coxru<'rs — Kvi:.\Ts or /^V)(>'.

323

ppearaiicos,
,s " nat>iral
to Franklin
ig been tliO
3d a project
of the state
leading froo
)ills against

I petit jury
lilty. High
;ourt ; there
der tlirougli
islavcry men
10 state gov-
s, ultimately
ve would bo
tliem. The
nd the state
:lier date to
! institutions
ed in making
apcless wreck
)n, had been
1, to ascertain

be plenty of
session would
)f the volum-
igation being
ic utilized for
ale documents

II the Missouri
aken from the
detained with-
)uld be issued
brought back
the documents
ison's custody,
r his return to

the territory there was so much danger of the prisoner being mur-
dered by the border rufTians that many of the leading men on
their side constituted themselves his bodyguard in his temporary
prison, lest he should share the fate which had befallen so many
<rood men already. He remained in Leavenworth until .lune 1,
■when he was conveyed to Lecompton, where for the present we
will leave him and sec how the battle fares elsewhere. Kx-Gov.
IJecder knew when he had defied the marshal and his warrant,
that his days could not be long in the land, imlcss he escaped
from Kansas territory without delay. For a short time he re-
mained in the neighborhood of Lawrence, and then struck for the
Mi-ssouri river as his best chance. All the border towns were
guarded, and the steamboat landings had a numerous picket on
the watch for the enemy, far down the river; but, disguised as an
Irish laborer, with an axe, that might prove serviceable, ujxin his
shoulder, the man they most wanted sauntered through their
ranks, and had the satisfaction to learn that he was an object of
solicitude to many hundreds. Taking a deck passage^ by steam-
boat, Mr. Eeeder passed down the river in safety to St. Charles,
forty- five miles above St. Louis, and, disembarking there, he had
no difficulty in crossing the country to Illinois, well pleased for a
time to be out of Kansas, anil more resolved than ever to fight
the common enemy. While Mr. Reeder was in Kansas City
waiting for a steamer, the editor of the " Herald of Freedom,"
■who had been absent from the territory for some time, retimed
to that pohit on his way to his home in Lawrence. He joined
Mr. Jenkins here, who had been .he ex-governor's escort, and the
pair set out for home on horseback. They were arrested and
held in custody for many days, being conveyed to Westport as .
prisoners. Their wives having learned what had become of them,
proceeded to Westport, Mo., to share their captivity, and it has
been shrewdly guessed that but for the affectionate zeal with
■which their better halves watched over them, the captives would
have fared much worse in duress. There were times when the
violence of the so called guards could with difficulty be restrained
from murder ; but some rudiments of gentler training seemed to
hold them back from the committal of their worst deeds with
women as spectator?. ,

<i^iiMM iiinr6Kirft*fi»a»*

iMi

324 Tirii.i:'s HismitY of Kaxsas.

The inaict.ncni f,.r treason against the loaders of tl.o Free State
puny sol forth, as tho fnulingof tho grand jury of Doughts county
that Andrew II. Hocder, Charlos Kobinson, .lan.es 11. Lane,
Goorgo W. Brown, (ieorgo W. Deit/Jor, George W . Sn.ith, Sam-
uel N. Wood, Gains Jenkins, late of the oounty of iK.ugla., had
intended " to levy war against the Unitcnl Stales with a great niul-
tilude of persons," with nu.eh i.ther sueh matter too piteously
stupid for reprinting, but at the tiu.e a most malicious and not by
any means stupid production; the treason being of course a
quality that the accusers i. lliesc instances could and did subse-
(luentiy supply until the market was glutted. Ibu'ing disposed
by arrest and dispersal of the leading men from whom a wise and
vi-orous defense of Lawrence might have been dreaded, and bav-
in" arrayed on their side em,ugh of the Ignited States troops to
,nve a siiow of authority from the general government, for al
Their subsequent proceedings, while as we have seen the command
tinder Col. Sumner had been declined lest his inllucnce and au-
thority should have restrained the vicious purposes of the assail-
ants of the Free State party, the Missourian faction now began to
march upon Lawrence with fell intent. The failure to arrest Mr.
AVood had been availed of to bring the new levies from the south
into Kansas, and of course the sliot that wounded the shenii
served every purpose that the proslavery party desired. Much as
they ai>preciated the services of that oir,c.al, they would have
been willing that he should have been mortally wounded rather
than that they should lose so excellent an excu.<c for seeking
their revenge on Lawrence. "The total destruction of the
Union" was said to be a small price to be paid lor ''levelling
Lawrence," and judging from the subsequent action of the men
that made that statement, their description of their own feelings
UKiy be implicitly believed. The border motto was to be War
to ihe knife and'no quarter," an excellent show of courage on the
• part of men who had just succeeded in disabling the eilectives
among their opponents by a cowardlike use of sham legislation
Gov. Shannon was freely blamed for having invoked the aid of
United States troops when men so brave as the Kickapoo Hangers
^ere ready for militia duty and to settle all difficulties with abo-
litionists. The United States marshal suddenly became an au-

K.IXSAS COXFLICTS — EVEXTS OF iS.l^;,

o-2o

Free Stf\to

;la3 county

n. Lane,

ihitli, Siini-
)ugla: , IkuI

great niul-
■) piteously
and not by
[ course a

did subse-
ig dis])osed

a wise and
d, and liav-
:.s troops to
;3nt, for all
,e command
nee and au-
f the assail-
)w began to
) arrest Mr.
m the south

the slierii?
1. Itluch as
,vould have
inded rather

for seeking
.ion of tlie
r " levelling

of the men
own feelings
to be " War
urage on the
,he effectives
1 legislation.
2d the aid of
ipoo llangers
ies with abo-
came an au-

thority on all afTairs pertaining to the territory, and seeing that so
much success came from proclamations, he tried Iiid skill in the
same dircctio-i, and sent the document freely through the border
counties of ^fissouri, calling upon " law abiding citizens of the
territory " to muster at Lecompton in numbers suflicient to en-
force the laws. Tiie marshal knew where the citizens that he
wanted could be found, hence it was only accident that the pco-
jile of Lawrence became aware of the incendiary manifesto. Tliat
document was daced May li, 1850. On the same day the men of
Lawrence alarmed by the frequency of the '^ 'Sedations of the
southerners and the hostile array that was surrounding the city
on every side, addressed the governor pursuant to a resolution
adopted by a public meeting on the evening previous, informing
him that it was believed that guerrilla parties had been formed in
]Vtissouri to destroy their town and its people, and praying for
protection by the United States t-oops under his orders. The
answer displaj'cd in the boldest characters the border rulTian in-
spiration which now- controlled ^fr. Shannon. The force of which
the citizens complained was only tlie largely constituted posse of
the United States marshal and of the sherifl, and he would not in-
terfere with those officers. As long as Lawrence remained armed
and organized, he left the town to the consequences ; as though
there had not been special provit?ion in the United States consti-
tution that every citizen might possess arms without in any de-
gree sacrificing his claim to all the protection of the constittued
authorities. This answer was dated May 12th, and the following
day the marshal's proclamation was reviewed by the citizens in a
terse and vigorous way, such as the untruthful document de-
served. The absence of the men who in the former trouble had
assumed the direction of affairs was now severely felt, and an-
archy was perceptible where hitherto the greatest unanimity had
always prevailed. The old committee of safety had been broken
up, but a few of the members remained, and they, seeing that they
must fight against United States forces, if they moved at all,
counseled submission.

Gen. Pomeroy, who had been absent in the east for sometime, re-
turned just as a new committee of safety bad been elected, and the
new body coincided with their predecessors in the conclusion that

liftMn'llriiL>7i»iit:'Ji ^. ■iWiTiiTjrigp-oi:

:)2t{

TUTTLtj'a lllSTOUY OF KaSSAS.

iIk; ivspoiisibility of the siliiiition iitUicliod to the goncnil gov-
urmiifiil, and cuiisdiii iilly llioir policy must bo noiirosistaiicc, 1ft
tlie coiisofiucncfs bu wlialcver tliuy might. A cDiulitiim of things
HO Kiianicfui coiilil not coiitimic, and it re.inircl no small amount
of constancy to recommend submission, but placed as the cti/.en.s
were, there was no other course open, without seeming to incur the
guilt, and certainly incurring the odium of rebellion. The peo-
ple demurrc-l with much spirit, but that line of conduct was car-
ried out. There were many proposals by way of modilication,
but the time wore on and noii resistance remained the only
cour.se open to the community. The sturdy lighting men, who
could not remain in the town while such dishonoring conditions
were being adopted, left Lawrence, and were ready, should any
change of policy sui)ervene, to come to the rescue with such force
as they could ccMiimand. The companion from other towns which
were already marching to the rescue were warned to return
whence they came, but the Wakarusa company would not be
warned back, and they stood ready for action all the time. The
U. S. Marshal's proclamation reached the "law abiding citi-
zens" for whom it was intended, and they came by hundreds
like comorants scenting carrion, to Hock round the standard at
Lecompton. The Platte county rillcmen, under their distinguish-
ed commander.s, the chivalry of the south, recruited from almost
every jail in the union, CUevaliers d' Indudrieivom their birth, and
not a few good men who were now to see for the first time, the
type of humanity with which they were brigailed, came to the
call of the representative of constituted authority, to compel the
defenseless people to submit to terms which no conqueror in his
senses would offer to sane men. In a few days the morals of
Buford's contingent seemed to have pervaded the whole host;
nothing'was safe from pilfering fingers, and while the common sol-
dier stole without disguise, the more gentlemanly t)fficer " pressed
into the service " all that he coveted of his neighbor's goods, but
in the end it made little difference whether property was re-
quisitioned or merely robbed. The assistant sergeant-at-arms of
the investigating committee was some time a prisoner among the
legions, bu° was at length allowed a pass by way of compliment

to congress.

Muskets, provisions of all kinds, and men were

lOMai*

"■■■!-l"..'i.l.'!"!.l.l'l'-'

Ka.ssas Coxrijcrs ~ En:.\Ts of I^'iti

lucral gi>v-
^istaiicL', lot
111 of tliillgrt
nil aiiiuuut
llio o'lizeiirt
lo incur llio
TIh! pel)-
icl was car-
Anlilicalioii,
1 tlio only
; men, who
conditions

slioulil any
1 such force
owns which
to returu
ulJ not bo

time. Tho
ibiding cili-
ly hundreds
standard at
distinguish-
from almost
!ir birth, and
•st time, the
;ame to the

compel the
ueror in his
3 morals of
whole host ;
common sol-
;cr " pressed
s goods, but
erty was re-
nt-at-arms of
• among the

compliment
d men were

seized, and when citi/cns declined to stand upon the first onler,
they were rained upon i._, bullets. A delegation to the I'. S.
Z^larshal asked for terms that would allow of that <.Hicia! enter-
ing the town unaccompanieil by the regimenls with which John
FalstafT would not liavo inarched through Coventry, and that
grandiloipient ..(Ticial gave as his ultnnatum that every man
ji'j-.'iinst whom there was a warrant .should be surrenden^d, that
all munitions of war should be given up, and that the citizens
should [>ledgo them.selves to obey the territorial enactments in
every respect. The conditions were the occasion of a letter from
tho citizens, denying idl charges of disloyalty, but calling atten-
tion to the proclamation circulated on the other side of the bor-
der, and delinitely a.sking what was sought by such an armed
force as the inar.shal had gathered together. The citizens appeal-
ed to the constituted authorities of the union to defend them
again.st such hostile designs as were freely spoken of by the
pn.sar. cuiaUiUiix, and ouce announced their willingness to render
all proper aid in any legal proccs.s. The reply of tho marshal
could hardly have been more pompous in its tone had the Czar of
all the Kussias been the writer. The fact of ^[r. lieeeler's escape
figured as a charge against Lawrence. The coiKpieror by antici-
pation taunted his suppliants as one holding the power of life and
death would not have done, and the whole communication was a
finished specimen of insolent efifrontery. Tho (;itizens wrote
again, calling the marshal's attention to the depredations commit-
ted by the posse ostensibly called together to enforce the laws,
but IK) answer was vouch.safcd to that letter ; it was indeed unan-
swerable. The citizens strove to move the governor to some
action which would caU United States troops to the front,
instead of the ruffian horde, but that gentleman was implacable.
Their envoys sent to him were detained and subjected to number-
less indignities. An ofier was made that if Col. Sumner would
encamp with his force in the vicinity, the citizens would surren-
der all their arms into his keei)ing, to be returned after the mar-
Bhal should have made his arrests.

The congressional committee was appealed to, but they were of
course powerless in such a case ; they could only note the facts
for future action. Col. Sumner was personally kind and just, but

*^?i

wmissBmm

838

TiTit.E's llisnuiY or Kassas.

Lis liaml; were tied unless the proper autliority called for his in-
terf.Teiiee. The olTer to snrrendor tlieir arms ^>/V) trm. to Col.
Sumner was at one time listened to, but when the deleg.ition,
nfter being for some time held as piisoners, returned, the eitv.enn
were told that their arms must bo given up to the marslrd or to
the ^'overnor, or else the nlterr ivo was war. Miii'(h-r was now
in order. A young man earrying provision to his mother's house
was shot without one syllable of provoeation, by the marshal's
•' law abiding eitizens ; " some boys, going to the spot where tho
young man was killed, were fired upon and one of their num-
ber murdered, and still in .spite of an indignation whiuh almost
defied coiiirol, the i)oliey of nonresistance was maintained; and
every modiliealion that pointed toward a demonstration in foren
was re.solutely voted down. There was no hoi)e fo.- Lawrenec
wive in the intervention of United States troops, but the eom-
mandant, Col. Sumner, eould not depart from the striet rol>- (J
duty, which left him under e.\isting eireumstanees no discretion-
ary jjower whatever. The faet that murders were being <n)mniit-
ted was matter for the civil government to consider, and his jKwi-
tion did not entitle him to interfere uidess the governor sent him
a recpiisition. The eily was doomed to destruction, and the press
were already moving to aeccMuplish their end. The morning of
Afay 21, iSoti, was the time named to commence the work of det*-
olation, and before daylight the enemy was in the .saddle, making
the final dispositions for the advance. The sweet morsel of re-
venge so long anticipated seemed almost too delicious to be real-
ized, now that tho hour was at hand, and the assailants eauK^ on
toward the .sleeping town like men dreading an ambu.scade at
every ste]), or fearing that a mine would be sprung beneath then-
feet, to send them nearer to heaven than their deeds deserved.
The .same month and the .same year .saw Cliarle.-, Sumner pros-
trated by a blow as cruel, in the j)re3ence of the supreme power
in the United States, and in both ca.ses the stroke recoiled upon
the party which infli(;ted it with a vengeance which reminded men
in after years that the sins of mankind, in tho abstract as in the
concrete, arc sure to find them out. Preston Brooks committed
what was denounced in congress •' as a brutal, murderous and
cowardly assault," and at that moment the air was filled with ru-

K.issis ('i>Mi.irrs — /'.'r/A'/w "/' h'lH.

;i-j(»

I'll for liis iii-
/'///. to Col.
I' (li'k'g.itioii,
I, the t'itv.t'rirt
lai'sli"! or to
■(ler was now
ollicr's Ikmi.sr
lio inarslial's
lot wlicre llio
C tlaMr iiuiu-
k^Iiiuli almost
itaiiiod ; ainl
ilioii ill forco
ti.' Lawreiico
lut llic {'oin-
slric't }vlit (if
lo (liscrctioii-
L'iiig coinniit-
aiicl his j)osi-
iior sent liiiu
lud the press
inoriuii!' of
work of (losv
Idle, inakinq
[lorsol of re-
us to be rcal-
iiits caiiif^ on
nbuscade at
(cncath tlieir
Is deserved,
lumner pros-
>reme power
;coiled upon
minded men
)t as in the
i committed
•derous and
led with ru-

mors of a coin paiiion crime against a community: tlie leader of
the partv, .^lei.lifii A. I)<Mi^'las, staiidiiiL,' sponsor for both otTenses,
beeausr of an ambition which blinded him to the misfeasances of
his supporters. The men who led in these olTenscs lire known
but by their (,'rime.<», and the f,'reater man who became tlieir ai)ol-
fx'ist failed in the very crisis of his fate, be-' inse of the faithless-
ness of th(! party for which he had sacrificed his duty to (iod and
the race. The rullians and their leaders would not be absent at
such II time, when the policy of weakness had been foree<l upon
their enemies. The southern forces were content to ligure in many
Hueh triumphant scenes, if southern rights could be secured by
the wrongs inilictcd upon Kansa.s. There was little danger and
no glory in such coiupicsts over men whose hands were almost
literally tied behiml them, ami ov(>r women who could weep but
dared not tight, because they would have endangered the ultimato
success of a cause which they esteemed more dearly than their
own immunity from sutrering. It was the jiresidents vii'tory
they knew, although the glo.nting smile of triumph sat upon a
thousand meaner faces, as though their jirowess had maile them
con(pieiors. When the sun arose, Mt. Oread was in the hands of
the foe and their Hag floated over the city, and in suecicssion the
several positions from which, in a military sense, their weapons
would en.ible them to command the city were occupied, the troops
all the time playing at danger as though tliere was cause for fear
from the silent inhabitants. Messengers and scouts sent into the
city reported that perfect order prevailed, and an ofTicer with ten
men rode into the place, summoned the principal men to act as
his posse, and proceeded to make arrests. That work being ac-
complished, the force was handed over to sheriff Jones, and that
functionary assumed the command with a characteristic oration.
The committee of public safety had subscribed a most pitiful decla-
ration while the marshal's pos.se was at work in the city, promising
in a manner reprehensibly abject, to obey the territorial enact-
ments, and asking for safety under the flag of the union, but even
that terrible humiliation was not enough ; the sherifl rode into
town in the afternoon and demanded at the head of an armed
troop that all the weapons in Lawrence should be surrendered,
allowintr'ten minutes for the completion of the work of disarma-

iv.h>

Trrri. !:'■•< IIisiouy "/•• Kas'sas.

irinit aiiil .stucUiiig tlio rilk-s in tho strecU, to savo the place frotn
beiii^' (•aiiiKniiuIi'.l. At lliiit point a stiunl was partially iiuule,
the caiiiion cliuulil ho kuitcikIoiciI for tho .sako oC poaco, but tho
woapoiis tliat woro privato proporty .nhouhl bo hoKl l)y their own-
ers. Tho ooiiditioiirt thus iiisisti'd upon woro aooepttul, ami tho
p;roat guns wero uiioarthoil from thoir iiiiliiig placcjs. Sonio ritloa
wore also haiidoil ovor among tho tropliios of the viotor.s.

Thoro was a faint hope that tho oml of tho aboiuinablo outrage
had boon roaohod, but no such idea prevailed in tho oamp of tlio
Missouriuns and Houtherners. The great comniandor, Uen. Atiihi-
Bon, luountcd the breech of a gun and made an inllanu.\alory
ppcooh to tho Kiokapoo Rangers, deolaring hinisolf oua of tlioir
iiunibor, glorying in tho victory before thoui, which ho in jiart
uccounted for, uniutentionully, by saying that "the abolitionists
did not dare lire a gun," and then after recognizing tho fact of
tho peace which, S(> far as the citi/.ons woro implicated, reigned in
Lawronoo, he wont on to delino the several acts of wanton ruin
which were to perpetuate their revenge. Printing pres.ses wero
to be destroyed ; the Free State Hotel was to bo dctnolishcd, and
they were to act as southern gentlemen ; but if they found a
woman cs-irrying the arii s of a soldici', they must tramj)lc her un-
der thoir feet Tlie horrible profanity of the siioech may well be
left to the imagination, as it would soil tho i)ago of hi.story. Non-
resi.stanco being rigidly adhered to by the citi/ens, tho murderous
instincts of their enemies were held in chock, but the city could
be dismantled. Tho final orders were given by Mr. Jones, in ac-
cordance with the i»rograinmc laid down, and the terrible army
with baimers marched on under the several flags which formed
the rallying point of each section ; a motley crew of thieves and
ruffians, who could scarcely keep their hands out of each others'
pockets as they marched, followed a piece of bunting which pro-
claimed tho supremacy of tho white race, while another contin-
gent more consistently ranged themselves behind a crouching tiger,
and Southern Eights, as usual, flaunted over the throng of wrong-
doers. The grand jury, when indicting men, had indicted build-
ings also, and as the men, wherever found, had been imprisoned
without tho idle form of a trial, so tho odifiees were now to bo de-
stroyed. The Free State Hotel, the Kansas Free State News-

place from
iiilly nuulo,
CO, but llio
■ their own-
ed, niul tlio
Soino rillod
ins.

bio outrago
limp of the
Gen. At(!lii-
ll!uni.\!ili)ry
no of their
ho in jiart
ibolitionists
the fact of
, rei;.^nnil in
,';uiton ruin
tresses wore
)lisliocl, and
3y found a
iplc her un-
any well be
ory. Non-
! murderous
3 city could
'ones, in ac-
rriblo army
lich formed
thieves and
Dach others'
which pro-
ther con tin-
aching tiger,
ig of wrong-
.icted build-
imprisoned
jw to be de-
state News-

7v.i.v.v.i.'H' (DsiLirjs — t-U-i:.\Ts OF /s.v;.

881

pnpcr onice, and the lb raid of Kroedonj wore visited in sucecs-
nion. Tiie presses and typo were broken and d«'slroyed, and part
of the material carried to the river until the rullians grew tired u(
drowning iron and had; the bookrt and pai-er m Mnr\< were torn
and burned, and the Herald of Freedom olUee repeatedly hot on
lire. (Jannon, planted in front ni tlie hotel, baltert-d its walls for
Home time, without producing any pereoptiblo ruin, so pow.ler
was employed to blast the nliliee, and when that charm failed, tho
assailants had recourse to ineendiarisui, in which they were natur-
ally better .skilled. The hotel was soon enveloped in llames, wlueii
mounted to tho sky in mockery of eternal ju.'ice, while tho fac-
tors of desolation rejoiced a ju.I in the ruin w'dch they and the
proident had wrought. \V)'.on tho building was on fire beyond
lu.pi; .,f ri'scue, tho sherifl dismissed his po.sse in pursuit of indi-
dividual gratilicalion, with the anhwuneerucnt that the writs had
been executed, and plunder followe-l domoli'' ... 'i he stores
containing clothing were, of course, greedily s "ght, .some con-
tenting themselves with adorning their bod.e^ and liUing their
pockets; others, who had been bette" wcrneu, had wag« .s to en-
able them to steal in wholesale -luai .icie. while much lI at could
not bo conveniently carried away \,us wrecked in pure malice,
Before the eonciuerors retired, they set lire to Dr. Uobinson',.
house, at the foot of Mount Oread, and by its flames tho rear
guard was illumiatcd as tho rulRans rctarned to their camps to
celebrate their exploit in drunken o-gie.-. While tho work of
piUa^^o was going on, one man gave chase to a retreating porson-
a-e whom ho believed to bo ex-Gov. Jieoder, and the pursuer
being unable to keep his saddle, fell and broke his leg in the
eervrce. That was the only man wounded in the inglori.Mis sack
of Lawrence, and one man was killed by a brick aceidcnlally
falling from the Free -v.-.te Hotel, which he was assisting to de-
etroyr Every kind ot ovime that long experience could devi.se
found favor among the warriors at Lecompton, and the proceeds
of robbery were 'vorn in tho camp with as much pride as the
Indian finds ir iliowing the scalps that ho has taken ; but horse
Btealing was the strong suit among the upholders of " law and
order," the Chevaliers d'lnduslrie. in whose companionship the U.
S. marshal emulated the glory of his leader, Franklin Pierce, the
slayer of liberty by proclamation.

332

TvTTLi:'s History of Kaxsas.

to!

Many ol the gentlemen from tlic south who had supposed until
now, that they were taking part in a holy war, abandoned the
enterprise, when they had seen how the cause they believed in
"was ehampioned at Lawrence, but that was not an advantage to
Kansas, because the worst elements. were now uuchecKcd by
even a vestige of moral purpose. The groceries around tlic camp
at Franklin were plundered, and Gen. Atchison passed through
Lawrence in triumph at the head of the riflemen who were on
their return to Platte county. It was not enough that one city
had been sacked ; the newspapers across the bonier deprecated a
return home until every free state settlement had been leveled
with the ground, or until the people now living therein had been
driven out by the proslavery pai'ty. There had been a purpo.so
declared long before, to scour the tei'ritory with mounted patrols,
and prevent the fields from being cultivated; a work as baleful to
the cause of freedom could be done by destroying the harvest, or
by preventing it from being gathered, so there were bodies of
troops left in the territory, in part under the command of Coleman,
the Uickory Point murderer, who had once been nominally the
prisoner of the sheriH and was now his comrade. The company
that was engaged in robbing the mail bags, stopping wayfarers on
the road, plundering wagons, and continuing the manifold depre-
dations which have been before described, honored Gov. Shannon
by assuming to be his sharpshooters, and the man who should
have represented justice and the honor of the United States had
not one word of censure for such misdeeds. There is a point
beyond which submission is impossible, and that limit had been
passed. United States troops were no longer in the field, and
there was no earthly reason wh}^ men should not defend their
own propert}' from marauders. So, many of the men with arms
in their hands, who had left Lawrence before the city was sacked,
united with settlers in the open country to form guerrilla bands,
which soon passed from the simple work of defense to the equally
natural process of aggression upon the scoundrels who were
ravaging the country. Reprisals became the order of the day,
and it was soon apparent that the free state fighting men were
more than a match for their enemies, but the settlements all over
the territory suffered terrible devastations. Lecompton, the hea^l

Kaxsas Cosfuct^ — Evi.wts of 1851!

833

posed until
iidoiicd the
believed in
Ivaiitage to
heeiced by
d tlic eaiiip
13d til rough
lio were on
at one city
eprecated a
een leveled
n had been
. a purpose
ted patrolrf,
s baleful to

harvest, or
3 bodies of
)f Coleman,
minally the
le company
ayfarers on
ifold depre-
V. Shannon
vho should

States had

is a point;
t had been
; field, and
efend their
1 with arms
was sacked,
rilla bands,
the equally

who were
of the day,
; men were
nts all over
n, the hea^l

quarters of ^[r. Shannon, was in hourly turmoil lest the free state
party should demolish the dwellings of their enemies, and the
t'overnor. seeiu'' his allies driven in confusion before the men
whom they were about to exterminate, found tiiat it was hid
duty to call in the aid of Col. Sumner. Troops were statit)ned at
Lawrence, Tojieka and Lceompton, to keep the peace, and the
incompetent ofhcial once more breathed securely. Cai)t. Walker
was one of the ablest of the guerrilla leaders ihnt the troubled
times brought to the front, and his name was somewhat famous
in later days in the command of Union troops against the
southern rebels. His head was valued at $.")0U by the Mis-
sourian faction then, but the day came when they would gladly
have purchased it at a much higher valuation, :^[ally schemes
were clabijrated to win the reward, but somehow the captain
alwavs knew the jilans of his enemies in time to have his troop
of friends around him, and occasionally the pursuers " caught a
Tartar." Twelve men came to his house at midnight on one
occasion, to surprise him in his sleep, and the stillness of death
seemed to be only broken by their own stealthy tread as they
rode up to the defenseless dwelling. Revolvers and knives were
already in imagination flourished over the heart of the slowly
awakening prisoner, when the reverie of the capturers was dis-
turbed by a volley of rifle shots directed at their horse.s. There
was a mad rush to escape, and one of the marauders with diffi-
culty extricated himself from his dead horse, but there was no
bridge of gold for a flying army, and two prisoners were secured
by a second troop of defenders who had been posted in anticipation
of just such a retrograde movement. Death at the nearest tree
would have been a fit reward for such a ruffianly enterprise, but
Capt. Walker and his friends dismissed the penitent captives on
the following morning with a caution, and were rewarded by the
rascals with a full description of the settlers whom they had
recognized, so that there were many additional names added to
the number already outlawed and constrained to fight for liberty
and life.

Judge Wakefield, who was one of the defenders, and deserves
honor for the fact, having learned that a writ had been issued for
his arrest, started for the east to procure reinforcements, but he

334

TuTTLE's UlSTOUY OF Kassas.

111

was arrested and brought to Leeornpton, whore he soon ro,i.'!uncd
his liberty. In one instanee, where a party of Georgian horse-
men liad assailed a house on Wasliington Creek, the oceupant t-nd
his friends fortified the positit)n as well as they could and fought
like men. The attack had been seen and notice was given to the
troops at Lawrence by a lady living in the neighborhood. Four
dragoons were dispatched to the scat of war and some of the free
state ])arty rode with them, but the assailants retired when the
reinforcements hove in sight, and the party from the city, riding
up to the dwelling, were fired upon by the brave defenders by
mistake. Two of the rescuing party were wounded and two
horses killed in a twinkling, and it was not until the next day
that the misunderstanding was explained. The times did not
warrant men-at-arms in approaching a detached dwelling without
ceremony. South Carolina, the state that reelected Preston S.
Brooks with crlct after his assault on Mr. Sumner, had now ob-
tained complete control of Mr. Shannon's conscience, and the
men from that state could mold him to any purpose. They flat-
tered him as though he had been riiillip the Great, and feasted
him like Sardanapalus, and, in return, the more than Macedonian
marched through the territory at the head of a party, searching
for arms with a delirium of zeal that was not always due to mere
enthusiasm. The congressional committee adjourned from Law-
rence soon after the Eeeiler dilUculty, the work in that city being
ended, and subsequently they assembed in Leavenworth; but
they had never been popular among the Missourians, as was natu-
ral, considering the fight which their friends in the house of rep-
resentatives had made against an inquiry, and they had grown in
disfavor with every sign of vigor in pursuit of the truth. This
had been well understood before the documents and depositions
collected by the committee had been entrusted to Mrs. Kobinson
for conveyance to the east, and there were now many manifesta-
tions on the part of the ruffians, that only a pretext was wanted
to embolden the mob to break up the sessions of the terrible tri-
bunal, destroy the accumulated evidence, and take the conse-
quences. Lawrence was sacked on May 21st, and soon after-
wards the military force at the fort was distributed over the ter-
ritory by Mr. Shannon's requisitions ; on the 26th of that month,

Kaxsas Cos'i'r.icrs'— Evkkts or l''^')0.

335

on iTL'uincil
I'giau liorsu-
jcupant iMid
ami fought
givoii to llio
lood. Four
J of tlio free
:d whou the
city, riding
eferidcrri by
cd and two
c next day
nes did not
ling without
L Preston S.
lad now ob-
rice, and the
They flat-
and feasted
Macedonian
ty, searching
due to mere
i from Law-

at city being
nworth ; but
as was natu-
louse of rep-
ad grown in
truth. Tliis
I depositions
rs. Kobinson
ly nianifesta-
t was wanted
e terrible tri-
:e the conse-
1 soon after-
over the ter-
that month,

the "law abiding citizens" that had sacked Lawrence under the
cvos of the United States marshal were asseml)ling in Leavenworth
in , msidcrable numbers, and a "reign of terror" was .sough t t.i bo
established there. The Missourian committeeman was of course ,
understood to be on the side of his own state, but the two others,
Mcssr.s. Sherman and Howard were warned by " Capt. ITemp'"
by a notice served on them by affixing it to the door of their
room, that they could no longer sit there unless they changed
their "obnoxious course." Two days later, the "Leavenworth
Herald," a pro-slavery organ, gave publicity to the suggestions of
the Missourian press, that every free state settlement must be
abolished, and meetings were called in which resolutions were
adopted to carry out that design. A vigilance committee was
nominated, the command entrusted to Col. Warren D. Wilkes
from South Carolina, and the names of all the prominent free state
residents handed over to that gentleman, with instructions that
they should be compelled to quit the territory. Mr. Conway,
one of the clerks of the' Kansas investigating committee, was ar-
rested, among others, by the zealous commander, who paraded
the streets in°ridiculous state at the head of the Kickapoos and a
band of southerners, and arrested everybody that was named in
his list and could be found. The arrest of the clerk was denied,
but the seizure continued until thirty men were in durance vile,
and at night many of the prisoners were permitted to escape on
theirl parol engagement that ihey would finally abandon the
territory. Thus the war of extermination was waged against the
little band in Kansas, which represented the advancing thought
of the age, and the men in high places were on the side of the
oppressor's, until thousands all over the land as they heard of the
wron<vs whir>,h were being perpetrated in the name of South ern
Rights, cried out in the agony of their inaction, " How long, O
Lo°d, how long" shall Thy vengeance against the persecutors of
Thy people be stayed?

330

TcTTLEa History of Kassas.

i Si!

CIJAPTP]R XIV.

TKKJUTOUIAL JlI.STOltY

iandinuvil.)

THE "JOIIX BHOAVN" AVA1{— EVENTS OF 1830-7.

Koc'k Ffinndntidn — T51iio(l 'Will Tell — .Tolm Drown — Mililury Citrcfr — Tic-
tn)il SuriTiuler — Uc'liiiiiMis Eiilliiisi.isiii — NdIiIu Pro.iiciiy — Uurrct Smitli

— Aiuoiig Negroes — Kiuisiis lloiuu — Abolitionist Zeiil — Marciiiiig On

— Anns and ]^Ic'ii — Oriitoiv — Airninsl Slavery — Harper's Ferry— Funds
Mild Weni)ons — Southern Kansas — l)ccds ii(>t Words — Faitli in (Jod —
lleseued Slaves — Y(ninir JJrown — Saekiiiir Lawrence — Ossiiwaloinic —

— ]5ell Eviction — Starvini;- Family — Insolent Tactics — Exterminiition

— Fiulitinjr Men — Tlu^ .Mareli — Sliihliolelli — lu'i)risals — I'roslavery
Victims — Heac^tion— Fresh Troops —Dispersal — Shannon's Sliarpshoot-
crs — After Drown — Caiitain Pate — Prisoners Shackled — Insanity —
Eneaminnent — Palmyra — Driiiru'ed Preacher — Ifiotons I'limderers —
Prairie City — Armed Worshippers — '• Old I.rowii " — lliintini: .Missoii-
rians — Combined Forces — IJrowii and Shore — 'M to 50 — Cross Fire —
Knllians Itetreal — Shooting Prisoners — "White Flag — Demanding I'atu

— I'ncondilional Surrender — Brown's Camp — JIul'ord's Company —
Leconipton's Surjirise — Failed to Connect — l{ecovering Plunder — Can.
non Recaptured — Dull Creek — Aiiiu'oaching I'almyra — (governor's Or.
der— Sumner's Force — Deputy Marshal — llickoiy I'oint — Guerrillas

— Drown Caiilured — Enlreuclied Force — ^\■llite Feather — Merciful
Captors — Pate Ceiisun'd — Drowniles Disperse — Wliilfield's Cnnfji' —
r. S. Canip — Punic Faitli — Canlral Shot— Prisoners Murdered — Ossa-
■watomio Sacked — ^lajor Sedgwick — Defenseless — Huinous Devasta-
tion— Rogues JIarch — War Prevailing — ^Missouri Pirates — Robbing
Immigrants — I'urloining Clothes — Traitors Death — Hang Abolitionists

— Food 'Wanting — Eastern Solicitude — Congressional Report — Doubts
Resolved — " Kansas Aid " — "Mr. Deecher — Duy ing Tlilles — Wabaunsee
Colony — New York — Illinois — Wisconsin — Free States — Free Kansas
Friends — Nntional Committee — Stores Intercepted — Arms, Money and
Jlen — Boston Relief — Proithelic A rmameut — Presidential Campaign —
Furore — RuHian Portraiture — Kansas Refugees — (^)ngressional Art —
Southern Reinforcemonts — Lying and Relying — Taxing Friends — More
Troops — State Legislature — Strengthening To]ieka — Road Inspectors —
Popuhir Convt.'niion — Leaders Absent — Robinson's Deputy — Shannoa
Commands — Disperse Traitors — Sumner's Dragoons — Woodson's Hope

— Special Session — Divergent Views — Regular Session — Rumonstruuco

IIMliHMMJii..-' -I- .

■«l!ja(Jftl«Jt.{,:',.l.ia.UrJ.J.4.J»liU J !\

Tin: Joiix J>/;unx Wai:— 1850-7.

88T

«0-7.

y Ciirc.T — Dc.

— Gcrrct Siiiitli
-^Marcliins^ On

Fcny— Funds
Kaitli in Odd —
'Jssiiwaloiiiic —

Exti'i'ininiilioii
Is — I'loslavi'iy
n's Sliurpshuot-
il — Iiisimity —
I Pliindcri'rs —
11 II ti Hi: .Alissou-

— Cross Fire —
L-miiiiding I'ate
's Ciinipany —
I'liiiidi'i- — Can-
Oovcriiiir's Or-
iit — (JiU'i'i-illas
lior — ^Miicil'iil
field's C'li/if/r —
irdci'i'd — Ossa-
iiuHis Dcvasta-
Ues — IJohbing
igAbolitiiJiiists
I'port— Doiiliis
s — Wabaunsee

— Free Kansas
nis, Money and
al Campaign —
ressional Art —
'""rionds — More
id Inspector!? —
uty — Sliannoii
"oodson's Hope
• Kemonstruuco

— Woodson A; Company — Terrilorial Siall— (iovernmeiil by I'loilanui-
tion — I'eojde's Meeting — Marslial's Hliinder — Oliligiiig Uystanders^
FoiirlJi of July— Hail Columl)ia — Day we Celebrate — The Deelaraliou

— Calling Uidl — Sumner's Speeeli — Must Disperse — Painful Duly-
Obeying Orders — Murshal's Brag — J)ispersed.

While iho governor and the committee of safety were arrang-
ing the details of tlie lirst paeilleation, John Brown and hi.s four
ijons were among tlie defenders oi Lawrence, and they were so
resolute against concession of any kind to the enemy, that it was
necessary for Dr. liobinson to assure the coui'ageous crowd that
no copditions committing tliem to obey the territorial enactmenta
were included in the treaty before Mr, Shaimon and the representa-
tives of the free state party could go to the Wakarusa camj).
The old man and his sons were "rock rooted" in the best sense.
Their ancestor was one Peter Jirown, a sturdy pilgrim that landed
on Plymouth lloek from the ^layflowcr on that day in December,
1620,

" In the Old Colony days in Plymouth, the land of the Pilgrims,"

concerning which Longfellow has sung in matchless numbers in
"The Courtship of Miles Standish. " Peter signifies a rock, and
of such materials the Brown family were compacted. There was
a regular succession from that Peter to represent the family in
every trial through which the colony of New England passed
from Dee. 22, 1620, until the revolution of 1776, when one of the
noble stock died in the service, captain of a train band near
New York City. Twenty-four years after that event, the grand-
son of the revolutionary sire, John Brown, who was to die for his
courage displayed at Harper's Ferry and elsewhere, was born May
9, 1800, at Torrington, Conn. Blood will tell, and the child had
come of good stock on both sides. His mother's father was one
of the men of '76. Soon after Ohio had been admitted to the
Union, the father of John Brown moved his little family into
that state, where he settled in 1805, and during the Indian-Brit-
ish war of 1813, Owen Brown was engaged in procuring supplies
for our army. The boy John accompanied his father on his ex-
peditions, so that he was not without insight as to military mat-
but the conduct of Gov. Hull, at Detroit, in lamely submit-
22

g3g TUTTLK's IflSTOIiV OFK.iySAf!.

thv' to the cnonncs of the Union, gave a special tincture of dis-
f,ust for cowardice to tl.e wliole o[ his afterlife. Had he re
inainrdin Connecticut he would have hecn well educated; mt
the removal to Ohio, a state only three years admitted to tl>o
T^nion, when he was live years old, rol.bed him of nmny school
udvantuges. Tlnve years after leaving Torrington his mother
.lied, and that deprived him ef <• : best teacher that elnldnood
knows, just at an age when training was most important m ho
formation of character. The boy's fondness for his mother be-
came one of the dearest memories in his career ; and she was, there
can be no doubt, an admirable woman. Religious enthusiasm
was the substratum of the character thus being formed by toil and
privation, and it continucl to manifest itself in every crisis of his
life Tie had learned the trade of a tanner, but his design was to
enter the church ; and but for his eyes failing him while he was
preparing for college, it is tolerably certain that he woald have
been an eftective Congregational preacher. Resuming his old
avocation and becoming a farmer, he was twice married, and
twenty children were the noble progeny that were m part left
when two of his sons with himself were sacrificed for their zeal
on behalf of the slaves in Virginia, in Charlestown, Dec. 2, 18o9.
Business vicissitudes in 1849 left him penniless; but Gerret
Smith, to whom the abolitionist proclivities of the veteran wei^
known, gave him a piece of land in New York state, m the Adx-
rondak mountains, where he made his home for some time, i he
settlement in which Brown then lived consisted in part of negroes
befriended by Mr. Smith, and his family made the.r home there
to the end When John Brown was executed, his remains were
buried in the graveyard there. The wool trade, in winch he
acvain embarked in 1851, took him to Ohio, and he remained there
for about four years; but, in the year 1855, when reports came
back from the early settlers in Kansas that they were being tyran-
nized over and insulted by the border ruffians, the old man, now
rapidly approaching sixty years of c>ge, and having little more
than tour years of his career to run, turned his attention towards
the territory His four elder sons were among the earliest emi-
grants, arriving in Kansas in the spring of 1855, when the Pawnee
legislature was chosen by Missourians. When the young men

Tit/: .foils /?/i"ir.v W'.ti;— h^)6-7.

;i;^!)

urc of clis-
liul lie re-
lated; Init
:,tod to tho
luny school
Ills motlicr
, cliildliood
-tiint ill the
mother be-
0 was, there
enthusiasm
by toil and
crisis of his
csign was to
?hile he was
wojkl have
ling his old
narriod, and
in part left
or their zeal
Dec. 2, 1859.
; but Gcrret
veteran were
i, in the Adl-
,e time. The
art of negroes
V home there
remains were
in which he
emaincd there
reports came
e being tyran-
old man, now
UK little more
mtion towards
e earliest emi-
en the Pawnee
le young men

saw that thcMv must be fighting in the territory, ihcy wrote homo
to their fatlicr to send them arms; and he, scenting danger, car-
ried tlie weapons, together witli his own harness, to the scene of
tlic confUct. Tims it hapi)ened that he was in Lawrence with his
young men when the treaty was made. Kansas was to be his
iiome for the future, because he could sec that for some years to
come the warmest corner in the in-oslavery battle would be made
in that location. He was " marching on " to the great purpose of
his life, the war against slavery any where and at any cost. He
was no holiday parade man, but a veteran always ready for the

battle,

lie went cast in ISofi, to detail what he had seen in Kansas,
and his sons accompanied him, his object being to make the peo-
ple understand how terrible the struggle must become. Tie was
requested to detail his experiences before the legislature in the
old Bay state, and he addressed that body in a vigorous oration
early in January, 1857. IIari)er"s Ferry was already in his
mind's eye, and the weapons were ordered at this time which
were eventually used in that adventure. Every movement of his
life was now dominated by his desire to consummate abolition.
At the antislavcry conference held in Canada, he was the master
s]iirit, but when it became more evident than ever that help was
rcfpiired in the territory, he used all the influence that he pos-
sessed to secure a troop of men sufFicient to strengthen the set-
tlers against southern aggression. Without funds and weapons,
it was "lot possible to fight the battle successfully, and so large a
proportion of the munitions of war sent from the east had been
seized in transit by the enemy, that continued appeals had to be
urged upon the friends in the free states. May, 1857, saw him
once more in Ossawatomic, prepared by doughty deeds, as well
as by spoken words, to testify his faith in the Lord of Hosts,
who was to him essentially the God of Battles, by whose fiat sla-
very must be ended. It was from this point that he set out in
1859, upon the enterprise which has left his name imperishably
•written upon the page of history for his faith sake, and he car-
ried with him there a number of slaves that had been rescued
from their masters in Missouri. But wc have to deal with the
John Brown war in Kansas, and we must not wander too far

yio

Tittle's Ilisnmy of Ka.ssas.

alioiidoC our thoiiio ; besuk's wliicli, llio con.-luding year of liis
career lias bocii tliu llienie of .so niany, and such glorious utter-
ances by till! vvorkl'rt groat tliiiikera, that there is no ueea to tres-
pass upon tluit territory. We are in Kansa.s, and the city of
Lawrence is at the point of being sacked. Among the men
mareliing to the re.-^eue of the threatened city, we find Capt. John
Bruwn, Jr.,son of the okl man, now absent in the east. Sixty
men inarched with him, but the policy of weakness prevailed,
and they, with many others, were turned back from what might
otherwise have been a sanguinary eneounler. The city was
sacke.l, the men were disbanded, and things were once again fall-
ing into old grooves, when the i)ro,slavery faction became pos-
sessed of the idea, as wc have seen at Leavenworth, tfiat every free
settler must be driven out. Ossawatomie was one of the places
chosen for the exhibition of that line of policy, and one of the
settlers named Hell, who had come from ^[issouri to settle among
proHavery men, was especially ofTensivc ; not for anything done
by him, but because he, having lived in Missouri, had yet the
indiscretion to avow free state opinions. He was compelled to
leave the house he had been occu])ying, in sjMte oi the sick-
ness of his wife, and when he had gone to a distance to procure
food for his homeless and starving family, he was sei/.ed and held
a prisoner by the insolent foe, regardless of the i)eeuliar circum-
stances of suffering, which were intensified by every hour of his
absence. In addition to this instance of wanton cruelty, the
Missourian settlers about O.ssawatomie availed themselves of the
absence of the free soil fighting men, to visit and insult their
wives and ftimilies, giving them orders to quit the territory on
pain of death. There may have been no deliberate intention
back of all these threats, but there is abundant reason to be
found in the tactics of the party elsewhere for the assumption,
that every free settler would have been compelled to vacate his
lot, if he could not defend it by his own right arm. This con-
dition of things remained when " Old John Brown " returned
from the east, and it did not tend toward softening his feelings
against the proslavery party.

The belief was common that the whole settlement, and the
Browns more particularly, would be destroyed by an act of sim-

TiiK JoJis B HOW'S II '.(//— ts^n-7.

841

your of his
)rious uttor-
ic'Cil to trcs-

the city of
vr tlic men

Ciipt. John
■list. Sixty
4 pi'ovuiloil,
wliut niigiit
10 city was
:e again fall-
bocanie pos-
at every free
f tlic places
, one of the
settle among
lything done

had yet the
jonipcUed to
of the sick-
le to procure
/ied and held
jliar circum-
I hour of his

cruelty, the
iselves of the

insult their
3 territory on
ate intention
reason to be
3 assumption,
to vftcate his
n. This con-
irn" returned
; his feelings

lent, and the
an act of sim-

ultaneous nsfassination, and tliere were very few that wished to
f^it (!alinly down and wait for the consummation. A council
of war was held, and " Old John ^'advocated war on the iii.-tant.
Tlio majority inclined to bide the course of events, waiting f.>r re-
inforcements and watching the enemy rlo.'Cly, but a small minority
of nine, including the leader, declared for the arbitrament of the
sword. It is not easy for us to determine which policy was the
best. The younger Browns were not atnong those \v'ho followed
tlic more impetnous leader, but the men who had chosen the more
eventful career were soon heard from. The little army of obser-
vation determined, upon mature consultation, that certain men
who were the leading spirits of the proslavcry section, and had
made themselves peculiarly conspicuous by their evil deeds dur-
ing the Lawrence invasion, should be held responsible for tho
actions of their party, and if any indication appeared that the
scheme of murder was to be prosecuted, they should be destroyed
insUnikr, as a precautionary measure. On the 24lli of ^fay, 1857,
during the absence of the leader of the little band, five men thus
marked down as specially dangenms, Messrs. Sherman, Wilkinson,
Doyle, and two sons of the latter, had committed outrages again.st
the free settlers which pointed toward the speedy realization of
the larger design, and the war policy determined upon in council
was executed'^ the oll'enders were brought from their several
dwellings and killed. The event was one of the shocking inci-
dents of°a warlike time, and it is not easy to determine where the
blame primarily belonged. When Napoleon returned from his
ill-starred invasion of Russia after Mo.^cow had been burned, and
when his army was nearly destroyed, he complained to his minis-
ter of police that some one had said the " assault upon the Czar
was a crime." "Sire," replied Fouch6, "It is worse than a
crime ; it is a blunder." Fouchc was wise after the event. Apart
from the criminality of this cold blooded line of conduct, it was
a blunder, because it cooled the ardor of their own best friends,
and in a corresponding degree it infused greater rage into the hearts
of the dominant faction. But there never yet was a quarrel be-
tween two sections in a community where all the right was on
one side, and all the wrong on the other. Tho constitution of
humanity forbids any such phenomena, and the war in Kansas

'M'2

Ti n'i.i:'s llifiTouY OF K\ssAs.

was of :i kind I'spiviiilly c'llouIiiU'il to carry extromo iin'ii on liolli
Hidos to tlioir worst (U'(M Is, It is liowovcr only f;iir to tlioinvrticip-
ants ill tlioso cxcoiitiona to say tliiit oKl Ciipt. lirowii, who was iib-
Hciit !it the tiinc, fully iiidors.Ml the action o[ hiscotninand wliiMi he
roturiHMl, and it is |)rol):il)lo that In; km'W mon' than will uvor ho
told as to the provoi'afion whii.'h Ik- licld to bo suflicient. Tho
Ixji-diT nowspaiHTs teoiiu'd witli inllainmatory a|)i)oals onoo more,
there was a perocptihlo roai-tioii within the territory itself against
abolitionists, and the governor was itnportiined to supply every
proslavery man with weapons, while many wanti'd all the United
States troops tliat were proeurable preeipitated at onee upon the
olTeiiding (iistriet. Olliccrs were dispatehed with siiiall detach-
ments to Ossawatomie and to Pottawattamie (Jroek, to ascertain
the facts as far as possible, and to disperse armed bodies of in'Mi,
should any be found to have giithered. C'apt. lirown with eighty
men was found by one of the olheers, and he, upon being ordered
to disperse his force, did liomage to tlio IT. S. uniform by com-
manding liis fr'or.ds to repair to their homes. The lieutenant
in command reported all quiet in consccpienee of that act of
obedience, but there were parties not to be so easily contented.
After the sacking of Lawrence, one Capt. Pate, a Virginian an
editor and newspaper correspondent, remained iu the territory m
command of a troop of freiibooters, who assumed tho name of
" Shannon's Sharpshooters," and were for some time a terror to
peaceful travelers. The report.s sent to the press by the gallant
commander were a.s wonderful as the exploits of Pam/o-s himself,
but in reality his command were more dangerous to henroosts
than to free state settlers when armed for defense, ^[r. Pate had
stayed in Kansas contrary to orders, after the sheriil's posse bad
been dismissed, because his command would cease when he
crossed the border, and he hated to realisje ^'Olhello'a occupation
gone," with " all the pomp and circumstance of war." The cor-
respondent would be a freebooter rather than relapse into private
citizenship, so he remained ready to carry out any designs that
might be suggested against the other side. The hoped for chance
had come, he would capture Brown, and before anybody could
suggest a doubt as to the success of a proposition so feasible, the
dashino' ofTicer was at Ossawatomie, and had failed to find the

L_.

MMH

Tin: Joiis /.*/.'/ II. V ir.i/;. — /sV/-?.

'M^

iii'u <)i> l)oth
ilu'lKirticii)-
vv'ni) was iil)-

Itvl wluMl llO

will i!Vi'r 1)0
icietit. The
^ Diico more,
it.sflf ii<.raiiist
luiiply every
II the riiitcd
)(■(( upon the
mall ilctacli-

ti) ascertain
xlics (i[ iniMi,
1 with eighty
eing ordered
)rm by com-
ic lieutenant

that act of
ly contented.
Virginian, an
c tcrrilcii-y m
the name of
lie a terror to
y tlie gallant
'■(i/lrs liimaelf,
to henroosts
Mr. Pate had
I's posse bad
ase when he
s occupation
r." Thecor-
B into private
' designs that
ed for chance
lybody could
) feasible, the
1 to find the

man of whom he was in search. The old mini \vn.<» absent, but
ho found two of liis sons, made pri.sontrs of ihcm. put them in
irons, burned houses, arrested any per.«.n that objected to hi.s
homo being set on lire, and generally deported him,«?elf like ii
brave commaLUci of irregulars, who wants to create sensational
incidcnl.s, when there is no armed force to comjiel respect for
property and life. The .b)hn Un.wn war had commenced in so-
ber eariie.st, and May olst found ^^everal O.-^sawatomie settlers be-
ing driven, iKUulcuficd and iroiied, from camp to camp, on their
way to liccompli'ii. Two of the captives were John IJrowii, .Ir.,
a memberof the Topcka legi.-^lature, and Ja.son, his brother. T.ut
little time ehqised before the old man was made aware thai \ua
eons were in the hands of tlie en'.-my ami that he had been in-
quired for. Perhaj>s it may have been politeness, or atTection, or
u mixture of both feelings, bvit he eertaiidy became more anxious*
fur an interview than Capt. Talc himself. The freebnotcrdouhled
and turned like a hunted hare, trying to recover its form, but the
prisoners could not move <piile as rapidly as he desired, and they
Bullered accordingly. Eventually the captives were handed over
to Lieut. Wood and a detachment of dragoons, and conveyed to
their destination, at Lecoinpton, wIkmicc they were transferred to
Leaven worth, where young John lirown became insane. The
town of Palmyra was the next point of attack for Capt, Pate; it
was just as dcf«>nsclcss as Ossawatomie, and entirely taken by-
surprise. The troop came upon the iilace by night, enjoyed tho
privilege of plunder, took several prisoners, and among the rest
an old and unoll'ending Bai)tist preacher, whom they bound, and
then compelled to swallow a quantity of whisky which, except
for such malicious purposes, they would not have spared from
their own throats. Having finished their Saturday night's work
at Palmyra on Sunday morning, they went next to Piairic City,
about fourteen miles from Lawrence, a small village of about five
hundred inhabitants now, but tlien with little more than a tithe
of that number. Tiieir success in the smaller village of Palmyra
had given them confidence for laxger exploits, and the villagers
at church were astonished by the sounds of an armed force in the
streets. It was a time when prudent men went armed, even to
church, and unfortunately for the assuilants the villagers did not

S44

Trrn.i's Hi'Hi'r ur I'AS'^.tff.

know tliiit tlio troop wa.s invincil)lc, ho tli'y .«tillic'l out from tlu'ir
place of worship, iiiailo Kotiic few i>ri!«onors ami drove tlio balaiico
of tlic fri'dxiotors away in ^Mvat disor-lcr. Tlir pursuer f)t I'ato
vas now close ujioii liis track, ami on Momlay iiiorniiig new.s was
ol)taiticil as to the wliercnboiit.s of tlio cncampinoiit of the pro-
slavery I lien.

Jolin l^rown had formed an alliaueo with Capt. Shore f)f tho
Prairie City Company, and between them the two commanders
could Urin^,' twenty-six men into tlio field, when they ascertaine<l
^vllerc the "spoil eneuinlicnul foe" was postc<l. The enemy num-
liored llfty, and b(;ing on the defensive, could use their wagons as
n fortification, so lliat the odtls were largely in their favor. The
alarm was soon given tiiat the attack was imminent, and the free-
booters were drawn up behind tlieir line of defense. The force
of the assailants had been divided, and the warrior journalist was
vinder h cross fire for which he was onlircly unprepared. Five
ininiilL.. if sharp firing dislodged the freebooters from their wagon
fortress, but the prisoners were left in a tent exposed to the fusil-
lade of their friends. One of the Missourians concluded that it
devolved upon him to shoot the prisoners, who were lying flat
upon the ground, so that the bullets of the attacking party whis-
tled above them, doing no harm. Already a (lag of truce had
been sent to the assiiilants, asking for quarter, but pending the
result of that ai)pecl it would be perfectly safe to murder their
own captives, who, being umler fire, might bo supposed to be
killed by their comrades on tho hill. Dr. Graham, who had been
eei/.ed at Palmyra during the eamissado on Saturday night, was
to have boon tho first dispatched, but he made his escape and ran
to join Brown's party, regardless of a few musket shots, one of
■which struck him in the hip. That made the murder of the rest
too risky, when a surrender on any comlitions was to be preferred
to instant death, and puni.shmcnt for such a crime would certainly
follow. The firing lasted just three hours, when the Missourian
force at Black Jack sent to pray for quarter from a force just half
as large as their own, but free settlers have or should have always
a marked advantage over freebooters. John Brown respected the
■white flag so far as to allow safety to the bearer, but he would
not treat with any man except Pate, and that worthy being noti-

Till. .I"ii\ Ili.DWS W'.ti;— l>'>i'>-7.

345

. frmn tlicir
tlio lialinicn
lUT of I'ato
^ news wns
of the pro-

'lioic nf till!
nimuiUliUM'S

asoortaiiKMl
nctiiy imiii-
r wngoiiH as
avor. Tlio
lul the froc-
Thc force
irnalist wii*
ircd. Five
their wa^'oii
to the fusil-
ulod that it
•0 lying flat

party wliis-
t truce had
pending the
lurdor their
|)osed to be
lo had been
/ night, was
ape and ran
hots, one of
r of the rest
be preferred
,ld certainly

MissoLirian
ree just half
liave always
,'sj)ected the
dt he would

being noti-

fied of til." fact, cp.rdily nnswercd tlie dctimnd in por^«on. A
graphic c..lunui for the "'Missouri Ilopublican " mi-ht have been
written bv its correspondent as tolas own appearance in that fate-
ful hour, but the powers of deseriptio!i, which revelled in hen
rooHt vietorics. failed in the Insk of describing an i^ntMninious do-
feat of liflv valiunt troopers by twenty-six of the cohmists. The
surrender was iineoiiditioiial, and ('apt. Ib-own with a detachment
of live men proceeded lo tlie camp on Hlack Jack to receive sub-
mission, anil more prisoners than all his party could have guarded
but for reiiiforeements wiiich now began to arrive from fiawrenec,
Franklin and elsewhere. The ralmyra plunder and prisoners,
aiiil all the camp eipiipagcof the plunderers fell into the hands of
their masters A fortitied camp was established in the woods
back of Trairie City, on Middle Ottawa Creek, and John lirown
with his command was rea.ly for all comers. The forces of the
enemy were moving this way, and so were troops of supporters.
Franklin was of course near at hand, little more than ten mile.q
distant, and Maj. Ibiford with his company remained there ready
for emergencies, and guarding the spoils obtained from Lawrence.
When the mountain would not go to Mahomet, the pi'opiiet made
a merit of necessity by going to the mountain, so when Ibiford did
not se(!k his enemy, the free state men went in search of him.
A few parties from Lawrence planned the attack on his force, but
the Wakarusa contingent failed to connect, and the free state men
blundered into the fight, each section figliting its own battle with
an undivided force fully prepared for the assault. The result in
spite of all disadvantages was in favor of the settlers, the small-
ness of whose numbers could not be ascertained in the darkness,
and before morning Ruford's men had abandoned their guard
house with all their munitions and stores. The spoils of the vic-
tors embraced the cannon surrendered at Lawrence, and more of
the goods which were stolen during the sack of that city than the
free state companies could carry away, before the United States
troops would V)e upon them from Lawrence, only four miles off.
Bull Creek was the camping ground of a force organized under
Gen. Whitfield, who failing to secure a seat in congress was glad
to obtain a jiost. Palmyra was selected by him as a good point
for operations with a force of three hundred men, including many

346

Tutti.e's JfisTonr of Kaxsas.

notables from over tlic bonier, because from his position there he
could menace his opponents with much damage. Coleman, the
murderer, was one of his council, and could give information as
to the men who served in the opposing ranks, and the best way
to distress them.

The pro-slavery men were uniformly worsted in every enc oun-
tcr, and it was time for their patron to come to the rescue, so Gov.
Shannon issued a jiroclamation commanding a truce. All armed
bands were to di.sper.se, and Col. Sumner v;ith his dragoons was
comm issioncd to cai IT out the order. Arrests were to be made
fit the same time, and the d(!puty marshal accompanied the United
States forces fur that puri)ose. The proclamation prevented some
of the free state men rallying witli their comrades at Hickory
Point, but a formidable company of more than one hundred as-
sembled there to watch Gen. Whitlield, and to intervene effect-
ively if his three hundred border rufUans should a.ssail Palmyra.
The two camps were about one mile apart. All the guerrilla
leaders on the free st.;te side were in the neighborhood, and their
united forces made about two hundred o])posed to abt)ut five
hundred Missourians and their allies. On the 5th of June, 1856,
Col. Sumner arrived near Palmyra and commenced his labors in
breaking up the panoply of war. The free state men dispersed
at the first order, because nothing would induce them to come
into hostile contact with the forces of the Union. Capt. Shore
was the first officer to disband his troops. Brown having com-
municated with the colonel, seeking an interview, was encouraged
to come out of his strong entrenchment in the woods and made a
prisoner; but he was not dismayed by that circumstance, having
well grounded faith in the commandant. When he led the
United States troops to his camp, they found twenty seven prison-
ers guarded by fifteen settlers, in a position all but impregnable.
The deputy marshal was the same personage that had once taken
ex-Governor Eeeder under a writ and allowed that gentleman to
escape from a discreet regard for his own personal safety; he had
come now with Col. Sumn-c^- under the pretense that he must
make arrests, but iiis conscience was mastered by a sense of the
possibilities, and he declared that he had no writs for the men
around him, and John Brown and all his men were at liberty to

The Joirx Huows W.m—lSoG-l.

Sll

tion there he
Uoleman, the
iforrnation as
,he best; way

'ery enc oun-
5cue, so Gov.
All armed
rairoons was
to be made
d the United
ivented some
at Hickory
hundred as-
rvene effect-
lil Palmyra,
the guerrilla
id, and their
) abt)ut five
June, 1856,
;U3 labors in
en dispersed
em to come
Capt. Shore
having com-
i encouraged
and made a
ance, having
he led the
leven prison-
mpregnable.
i once taken
gentleman to
:ety ; he had
lat he must
sense of the
for the men
It liberty to

retur-i homo. Tlic freebooter Capt. Pate was set at liberty with
his gang, but Col. SumMcr reprimanded the worthy wuimander
for his misdeeds. Capt. Prown represented that he and his men
were only acting in concert to save their homes and properties
from the Wliitlield party close at hand, but, upon the .listinct
promise that the enemy should be dispersed immediately, he and
his friends went on their various ways to resume the industries of
peace. The other camp was visited in good faith, and, upon an
express encnu"jinent entered into by the congressional delegate of
the MissouV-ian faction, that there should be no further hostilities
on his part, tlie colonel commandant went into camp near
Prairie City for one night, and then returned to the fort. Gen.
Whitfield was a man of his word, as it is believed that many
prisoners were murdered by his force on the following day, and
certainly a young free-state settler named Cantral was shot as a
traitor to Missouri, because he had formerly resided in that state,
and had since borne arms against .slavery. The facts were wit-
nessed by the free state prisoner Bell, whose case has before been
mentioned, who was also an old Missourian resident, and had
been captured when conveying food to his sick wife and home-
less family. Col. Sumner would have rescued Cantral, but that
he had faith in the promises of Mr. Whitfield, and perhaps that
gentleman may have been overruled by comrades with less honor
than himself. The invaders availed themselves of the absence
of Coj. Sumner to divide their forces instead of dispersing, and
Ossawatomie was menaced with an attack. The commandant
was certain there would be no hostile act, but, in the event of
such an outrage being attempted, Maj. Sedgwick with a sufficient
force was left in the locality ; thus it happened that Ossawatomie
was a second time defenseless in the hands of the enemy, and,
after the departure of the major, the village was sacked, houses
were burned, and the ruffians retreated precipitately with all the
spoil they could carry away. During the whole summer sueh ex-
ploits were the order of the day, all the horrors of civil war
prevailing in Kansas in addition to the outrages incidental to
invasion, and the assailing force had only to cross the border or
to come under the protection of United States troops, commanded
by the Centurion Shannon, to be personally safe from repri-

348

TrTTLKS IllSTUliY OF K.tss.is.

sals. The rule of ^[r. Shannon meant ruin for the territory.
There was no house safe from inidni<rht robbers and asssassins,
wlio made partisanship their pretense for carrying on their dep-
redations, and found safely in the governor's protection, un-
less they were suspected of free state proclivities. Men were
sliot down and robbed on the highway, women were overpower-
ed and outraged in houses, woodmen procuring fuel for their
families were hanged on the branches of trees which they would
have felled, homes were attacked and set on fire in the night,
eo that women rud children were left without clothing, shel-
ter or food in the ojien prairies, harvests were destroyed in
the field, burned in the granai'ies or left to perish upon the
ground, so that food became scarce in the last degree all over the
territory, and supplies sent from afar to succor the starving were
talccn by the pirates on the ^lissouri, or thrown overboard into
the river. No men could enter upon an undertaking, however
iegilimate with a reasonable expectation of reward, and all the
time new^ arrivals were reporting that they had been robbed on
their way to the territory, deprived of money, weapons, clothing
and food, and forbidden to proceed into the accursed land under
the penalty of death. The evils of civil war ravaged the coun-
try, and nil the time the forces of tlie union were compelled to
serve on the side of the oppressors. The blockade of the Mis-
souri was more complete than ever, and although the fact had
■been publi.sbed far and wide, Franklin Pierce had not even a
proclamation that could be hurled at the ofl^enders. The press
of the Missourian party knew so well that there would be no
action on the part of the chief executive, that a project was dis-
cussed in cold blood for hanging abolitionists trying to enter
Kansas i y the river highway, in order that the spectacle of a few
boat loads, meeting the fate of traitors, should dSter others from
attempts of the kind. The spring of 1857 found famine prevail-
ing all over Kansas, except among the Missourians, and accord-
ing to all appearances the state of siege was going to be continued
as long as the beleaguermenc of Leydcn, where for one year the
Netherlanders resisted Spain, and fo; seven weeks the defenders
were without bread before the Prince of Orange could come to their
rescue. There was no lack of solicitude on the part of all classes

The Jons Bu(>»s ir.i'.' — 7^50-7.

349

ic territory,
(1 ass?assins,
1 their dep-
tectioii, \in-
Men were
overpowcr-
cl for their
they would
n the night,
thing, shel-
lestroyed in
;h upon the
: all over the
tarving were
irboard into
ng, however
and all the
1 robbed on
)ns, clothing
[ land under
3d the coun-
ompelled to
of the Mis-
he fact had
1 not even a
. The press
i^ould be no
ject was dis-
ng to enter
acle of a few
others from
nine prevail-
and accord-
be continued
one year the
he defenders
nome to their
of all classes

except the duly constituted authorities, but food, clotlnng, arms
and reinforcements were all contraband of war upon the Missouri,
and there was no force available to compel justice, i he tree
states were being aroused to a pitch of bitterness never before
realized, lecturers were traversing the country from city to city,
bearing aloft the symbols of distress, and in no tame or msuE-
n,.ient\vay, describing the woes which must be relieved. Some of
the men so engaged had fought for the side for which they were
pleading, and money was readily procured to send aid to the suf-
ferer. 'The incompetency and favoritism of Mr. Shannon were
insisted upon in the press, on the platform and in congressional
circles, but that procured no redress, because it only tended to
convince Mr. Pierce and the senate with whom the appointing
power rested, that they had given to their friends, the proslavery
faction, a valuable ally, The congressional report had become
public property in August, 1856, and during the whole winter the
Lass of evidence which accompanied the fmding of the committee
of investigation had been served up by the press, as well as com-
mented upon in lecture halls, resolving the doubt of the com-
munity. It was idle for the other side to say that the evidence
was not worthy of credence, for the committee had published .he
depositions of well known democrats as well as of whigs and free
soilers, and many of the witnesses were men for whose verac, y hun-
dreds on everv side were ready to swear. It became the fashion
^vith one section of the people, and the passion with another, to form
" Kansas Aid Societies," and meetings under such auspices were
attended by hundreds of thousands. Some went because they
had relatives engaged in the struggle from whom they had not
heard for months, in consequence of the destruction of mails.
Many more, because they were interested in the principle for
which the emigrants were fighting, and not n few who sought
only to gratify an idle curiosity, or to float with the stream be-
came fired by the recital of the occasion, until they would have
foucrht Satan himself, to assist the oppressed. In such cases as
well as in that desribed by Goldsmith, the orator realized that,
" Truth from liis lips prevailed with double sway.
And fools, who came to scoff, remained to pray."
Henry Ward Beeoher was one of the men whose voices were

■^MMMIM^MMa

i"'

&5()

Tvrn.ifs llismur of Kaxsas.

being beard on tlic question, and liis oratory thrilled his hearers
everywhere; he was a man entircily in earnest, and he eould an-
swer [or a daily increasing congregation in Brooklyn, as well as
for many hundreds of thousands to whom his name was a house-
hold word. At one meeting in New Haven, Conn., where he lec-
tured, contributions were collected instantly to purchase fifty
rifles of the best descrijition, and Tlymouth church stood pledged
for half as many more, irrespective of what individual members
might give, for the outfit of the Wabaunsee colony, now flourish-
ing as one of the most prosperous communities in Kansas. Wis-
consin was represented in the movement by a great meeting in
the city of ^[ilwaukee, in which a quantity of arms was given and
$3,000 in money, besides which every county in the state was or-
ganized to jiroeure assistance. Companies were being raised and
drilled to marcli into the debatable land, and determine the whole
diflienlty by skillfully propelled lead. Chicago, as usual, stood
for Illinois, and when it was reported that some emigrants from
that state had been robbed, ill used and turned back by the Mis-
sourians, there was a meeting held in the great metropoli.s, which
witliin one hour contril)utcd $20,000 to remove obstructions from
the Jkfissouri River. Other parts of the state were equally ou the
qui vice, and there was to be no dearth of treasure for carrying on
the war which the south had wantonly provoked. When the
free states held their conference in Buffalo, N. Y., Illinois was
represented by three delegates, the other free states having one
each, and a society w; organized which eollceted and distributed
money to the amount of $120,000, besides sending other material
aid which w;,^ contributed by members and friends all over the
free states. 1 o meetings ol the Directorate continued until Jan-
nary, 1857. Iriends of free Kansas were becoming a consider-
able body, and in spite of all that could be do:^ j in the way of
intercepting aid, ^Missouri had done more to mcrease the impetus
of public opinion against the system of slavery, than all the abo-
lition presses that had been at work since Benezet published his
book on the subject in this country in 1762. Massachusetts had
a society of its own whic'u ( olleeted f n- similar purposes nearly
$100,000 in money, besides arms, clothing and food in consider-
able quantities. This association, or rather two societies in sue-

nWiiWWtfWI.'WHItiW

Till-: Jons Ihtows W.ui— 1>^''0'7.

obi

\ his hearers
10 coulil aii-
1, as well us
,vas a house-
vhero he lec-
irchase fifty
;oocl pknlgcd
lal members
low flourish-
iiisas. Wis-
meetiiig in
as given and
state was or-
g raised and
no the wliolo
usual, stood
igrants from
by the Mis-
)polia, which
uctions from
ually oil the
• carrying on
When the
Illinois was
having one
3 distributed
;her material
1 all over the
;d until Jan-
a consider-
n the way of
the impetus
allthe abo-
ublished his
:;husetts had
30ses nearly
in consider-
ieties in suc-

rcpsion, worked in the old Bay State from the early part of 18o6
until nearly the end of 1858, and rendered good service all the
time, .sending at first only contributions to the commissariat of the
free settlers, but at length contributing arms and ammunition.
Two hundred rifles which were sent by the society, through s.)mo
misunderstanding, remainc' m Towa until 1850, when John Bnnvn
carried them along to Harper's Ferry, and they fell with h.m into
the i.ands of the I'hillistines. While all this excitement was pre-
vailin-, the presedential campaign was in full blast, and m many
tr,Nvns usually quiet, the bonfires were piled to mountainous
heights to receive the efTigics of the more noted leaders of the
bonier party, after they had been paraded round the neighbor-
hood by torchli-ht processions. The outrages committed m Kan-
sas were the main stock from which illustrations were drawn, and
the proslavery men wonW have luul good grounds for complaint,
us to the manner in which their faces and forms were libelled lu
the free sketches by which ihey were presented to the populace.
There were not a few Kansas refugees among the speakers in the
•n-and rally aiid mass meetings of the season, and the vivid de-
scriptions which they could give of personal dangers, as they
" Simko of most (Ubiiistrous chiuices,

Of moving acci Jenls by flooil ami rtcld ;

Of hair broadtli 'scapes i' tlie imminent deadly breach;^

Of being taken bj' tlio insolent foe,

And sold to slaverj',''

made the territory and everything thereto pertaining the absorb-
incr theme of conver.sation. The picture which had been exhib-
ite°l by cc.ngressional art had not been sufficiently realistic to
present the tTutli as these men rendered it, without incumbrance
with the fovrvis which pertain to question and answer before a
congressional n ibunal.

The other side was not without similar machinery throughout
the south, and in every state where proslavery sentiment pre-
vailed. Every act of the free settlers, whether reprehensible or
praiseworthy, came in for appropriate coloring to suit the taste of
men who were opposed to a^.olition. IMissourian settlers were
being murdered in their beds, they were falling victims to whole-
sale "incendiarism, they were the majority in the territory, but

352

T utile's HisrouY or Kaxsas.

their jiHt Iruvs were disre.iranlctl by :i tyniimieiil fiietinii, and tlie
Kouth was a.sked wiielher gentlemen desirous to ui)liold tiio cus-
toms of tiieir forefathers sliould be overridden by '• ineehanio
slaves with greasy aprons, rules and hanmiers," who were riot lit
to come "betwixt the wind and their nobility." Thev were
pleciinir their last president, and yet they were obliged to eontent
themselves with a man who could not be relied upon to favor the
extension of slave territory, while the friends of Millard Fillmore
and John C. Fremont were able to command 122 electoral votes
against the 17-1 which elected the president in 185t); a strange
contrast with the vote in ISCO, when Abraham Lincoln received
180, and Stephen A. Douglas only 12 ; the remainder being
divided between Bell, f',)r whom 31) were recorded, and Breckin-
ridge, who obtained 72 iroin the pro.slavery men, because Mr.
Douglas would go no farther ihau squatter sovereignty for their
purposes.

Lying in and relying on the south, the proslavery men taxed
their friends freely to supply them with arms and treasure, and
companies of men were arriving continuou.sly, subject to none of
thr drawbacks which decimated or destroyed the aid sent to the
other side. An anxious time was now approaching, as the free
state legislature was appointed Lo convene al To])eka, July -1,
1856, for the adjourned session, and it was anticipated that the
IStis.sourian faction, with Mr. Shannon as the mouthpiece, would
strain every nerve to prevent the as.sembly. A mass convention
of citizens in the temporary capital was called for July 3, the
intention being- that a body of men should be in that way pre-
pared to defend the legislature against rufTian aggression, but
there were so many road inspectors and guerrilla parties on every
line of communication, that hundreds were afraid to leave their
families unprotected by their absence. Some men could see no
advantage likely to be gained in the then aspect of affairs from a
ineeting of the legislative body, and they would not take part in
the movement ; some could not be notified of the intention be-
cause nea.ly all the free state presses in the territory had been
destroyed; still, with all these disadvantages to mditate against
the demonstration, there were about a thousand men in Topeka
on the 3d of July, and fully half of these bore arms, so that there

wi»iwwJii>iJ'iiiw*wj'Mi ■jm«i»Wii»ji -mKfmjmt'"

The Jons Biuns's WAn — lS56-7.

353

oil, and tlie
)1(1 tiu! cus-

'• ineclianio
wore not fit

Tlu\v were
I to content
to favor the
ird Fillmore
;ctoral votes

; u strange
[)ln received
indcr being
lid IJreckin-
jeeause Mr.
iitv for their

r men taxed
reasure, and
t to none ol

sent to tlic
', as the free
elca, July -i,
ted that the
piece, would
i convention
July 3, the
hat way pre-
jression, but
;ies on every

leave their
iould see no
.ffairs from a
take part in
ntention be-
ry had been
itate against
n in Topeka
so that there

were enough to have made a suflicient defense if only the border
men and their natural allies came to the assault. The convention
men came in in considerable numbers the day l^'fore, but all the
leading minds had been scattered or were held in bondage. It
was thought advisable that an e.xtra session of the legislature
hliould be convened, and, in the absence of Gov. Robinson, his
deputy, John Curtis, called that body together on the 3d of July
to consider and order as to the best course to be pursued. The
territorial governor had gone to St. Louis, having left orders for
the dispersal of the legislature with Col. Sumner, and his instruc-
tions were imperative ; consequently the dragoons were ready to
act on the Fourth. Mr. Woodson, the supple secretary, hoped
that there would now be a collision between the settlers and the
military ; but the meeting on the day before in an extra session
was not contemplated. The members on that day might have
adjourned over the ith, but there were many diflering views, and
many urged a battle rather than forego the secular session, but to
the great majority it was evident that the game was not worth
the candle.

Before this time. Col. Sumner had been consulted by a com-
mittee, to ascertatn whether there might not be some arrange-
ment, but the answer of that officer, given in writing, was cour-
teous, but precise ; he hoped they would not drive him to ex-
tremities, but it they did, he must still disperse them, and do his
duty. Mr. Woodson, once more governor ex officio, had taken up
his quarters in the cainp, and on the morning of the fourth of
July, that personage, with Judge Elmore, the XJ. S. marshal, and
some others by way of stafl officials, came into Topeka, and with
much ceremony attended tlie popular convention, where they
were accommodated with seats upon the platform allotted to
speakers, much to the astonishment of all concerned. The mar-
shal was called upon to speak, and he modestly deferred to the
judge, who thereupon read to the crowd a long winded proclama-
tion of his own, indorsing that issued by President Pierce, and
in furtherance of the system of government by proclamations,
wound up with an announcement by Col. Sumner, that he must
enforce the order against the assembly of the legislature. Some
of the bystanders could see the absurd blunder that was being
24

I-

TVTTf.K'ti JflSTOltY OF KaSSAS.

macle, but tl.ev did net interfere until the U. S. marshal an, Ins
8,iuaa were le:iving, when some one tokl him that he had been
^v-asting his sweetness upon the convention, while ho thought l.o
had been fulminating his thunder in the legislature. At mgU
noon on the day we celebrate, Col. Sun.ner entered Toneka, h>.
band playing "Hail Columbia," and his troops being stat.one.l
with military precisi.>n. The day was being honored by a par-
tial review of voluntoers, which in the prosenco of border rul-
fians might have proved a more practical illustration of the art o£
soldiering. Col. Sumner, having adopted every precaution to sc-
cure the execution of his orders, if necessity should arise, enterea
the assembly chamber and was accommodated with a seat.
Those who were to be molested by him in the exercise of an un-
doubted right knew that his own manly instincts would no
have tended in.such a tyrannical direction. When the roll had
been called by the clerk, the colonel rose and said : " Gentlemen :
I am called upon this day to perform the most painfu duty of
mv whole life. Under authority of the president s proclamation,
I am here to disperse this legislature, and therefore inform
YOU that you can not meet. I therefore order you to disperse
God knows that I have no party feeling in this matter, and will
hold none so long as I occupy my present position in Kansas i
have just returned from the borders, where I have been sending
home companies of Missourians, and now I am ordered here to
disperse you. Such are my orders, and you must disperse, i
now command you to disperse. I repeat that this is the most
painful duty of my whole life." The members remained until
C had as'certai/ed that force would be used .f necessary ta
carry out the orders of the executive, and the house then dis-
per/ed In the senate the colonel was equally courteous but
just as decisive, and in answering a question from one of he
hodv he said • " My orders are, that you must not be permitted
I I; t; business.-' The pompous marshal who had already
distinguished himself enough for one day, was de-ous to indor
the views of the commandant, but no person appeared to notice
hin^'and the senate, at the suggestion of Col. Allen, after a few
tords from the members, concluded that no session could be

held. During

the whole procedure. Col. Sumner impressed tae

HUUMJiM.UiHPIIiilMJill'* MIII'IMi

jmmoak. hhjlww jMiwtg*j"iH^t^m**aw

The Jniis linows Wah — IS^G-I.

866

■shal and liis
iic liiul boon
J tliouglit \w
re. At uigU
Toj-icka, hid
ing statioiietl
red by a par-
£ border ruf-
i ot the art o£
caution to sc-
arise, entered
with a seat.
;ise of an lin-
ts would not
1 the roll had
" Geiitlerncii :.
fiinful duty of
proclatnatioii,
ireforc infona
u to disperse,
atter, and will
in Kansas. I
e been sending
rdered here to
ist disperse. I
lis is the most
remained until
if necessary to
ouse then dis-
courteous, but
■om one of the
>t be permitted
ho had already
irous to indorse
eared to notice
len, after a few
;ssion could be
• impressed the

men against whom he was compelled to act, with a high .scn.sc of
his appreciation of the unconstitutional .duly which had devolved
upon him.

CHAPTER XV.

TEUKITOHIAL HISTOUY
(cunMnued.)

THE JOHN BUOWN WAU- EVENTS OF 1850-57.

Sumner BuiK-rseJcd - Major Gcnerarn Record -Gon. P. F. Smith -Lane's
Army -Guerrilla Movements— llnlHiins Fortifying -Fort Ossawulo-
mio- Washington Creek -Ma.j. IIoyt-Treailwell's Treason - Franklia
Captured - Fort Saunders - Col. Titus - Near Lecompton - Herald
Type-Capt. 8hombrc-To Lawrence- Maj. Hedgwick - Disturbing
' Clark - Sliannon at Lawrence - Second Treaty — Solemn Oath - Uuf-
flanism - Abolition Scalps - Lovely Woman - Shannon Resigns - Gov-
ernor's Status — Wood8.m rfrftru-ws — Embodying Militia— Proslavery
Terrors — War Bulletins — " To Arms " — Insurrection — Newspaper
Praise- Exterminate -Norllieru Emigrants — Lane's Record — Uieh-
ardsou- K "jbing Quakers — Mlssourian Rout— Anderson, Cliue &
Shore — In Time — Camp Plunder — Casualties — Old John Brown —
Reverend Murderer — Reed's Command — Ossawatomie — Defense —
Destructive Fire — Cannonade — Infantry Charge — Town Demolished —
' Proslavery Brown — Promiscuous Stealing — Wesport, Ho ! — Prisoners
Murdered— Revenging Black Jack — Merciless Evictions — The Com-
mander - Murderer Executed - Gen. Lane - Singular Record - Incon-
sistent Order — Reed's Escape — Douglas County — Pursuing Lane —
Col Cook — Level Topeka — Loyal Disobedience — Topeka Protected —
Lecomptoa Attacked - Rescue Prisoners - Col. Harvey - Where's
Lane?- Slough Creek — Surrender — Abandoned Plunder — Foolish
Mercy — Capitol Hill — Disbanded Militia — Prisoners Liberated —
Leavenworth Horrors- Death's Harvest- Regulators- William Phil-
lips— Polar Star- Capt. Emory - No Refuge — Anarchy - Murder —
Mystery — Growing Worse — Around Lawrcp'^e — The Defenders — Gen-
eral License — State Ottenders — Bail Bonds - Nolle Pros.— Robinsons's
Trial — Looking Ahead.

Some of the popular party supposed that Col. Sumner had
been needlessly harsh in his conduct toward the free state party ;

mtmmm

■^gi^iva i^-».-M- - - -^ ^- - • ■',-'■■, -n- ■r^.M^m

^ii*dewss-*v(wrs)^«#MP"'

350 Tvttlk's HisTviiY of Kashas.

but oouia llK.y l.avu lo.>kca into the motives of th.t oiV.cor and,
above ull,<.>uia tlu,.y Iwvvc u.xlerstood the ,u;cs.u..e vvL.ch was
bruu.-l.t to bour upo" hi-.' "» the dischurgo of In. dui.y, undo, the
vl.nli;utwutchfulnLotthe.o.oUu-y<.fvvHr,ldrersonDav.vvlw.^B

l,j;,t fully infur.nod u,s to his nioven.enis, us «cen from a south-
en.er-s standpoint by Gen. Atchison, the.r judKn.cnts would have

been uu>eh chunged. His subse.,uent -"-'•' ^^;"''"« ^^''"^u
ro.o to the rank of n.ajor general, lighting the battles of the « no
on many a bitterly contested held, showed that Ins syn.pa b.es
..ere on the side against which the duties of his position m W
.as eon.pelled him to act, because the chief executive o t e
United States had assumed the role of a partisan; bu h s ^
uu.val from the command at Fort Leavenworth in the latter pait
of July, 185G, left no room for doubt that his manly and non-
partisan coui.;, in the discharge of a peculiarly trying duty, had
' V n the Missourian faction much cause of oiTense. They wanted
tuch an ollicer as would carry out the policy of repression agams
.ee soilers, and they found m him one who wou d «« 3-^ -
as the position demanded, and where justice could not be st. ictly
observ d, tempering even law with courtesy and consideration,
anie condition^f things which might have supervened in Kansa
during the time that Mr. Shannon was governor, had Col. Sumnei
be n a man after the heart of Atchison and his confreres, requn-es
'o Tucidation. The leading men of the ^- f te Ijar ty ^h.,
came most into contact with the commandant, did not fad to len-
r him justice as to his desires, and as to the discrimination with
thich he sought always to give sound advice and the prote^-
of abstinence from action to the struggling settlement. Disci
lie ed him as it must rule military men worthy of the name
e'ry where; but his heart was in the right place, and for tha
e o be ell under the ban of the power behmd the throne a
W.lin.non. Uis death seven years later, m 1863, was a loss of
J.::;'moment to the union cause. 1^-dent Pierce .jowe^njuig

.ear the end of his ^. in ^ sentGe. -^^ R^f^
outrank and supersede Ool. bumnei, auu 111 tu &,

Xsourians found an ol!icer whose sympathies were entirely wUh

Jhe piolavery men, although his failing health did not allow hnn

0 re'^ain long iu the position, nor while he coutmued therem, to

— -''*;-'ar«?H3EFV*St^ ■

ofiicor, and,
■0 wliich was
ly, uiiilor the
Davis, always
I'oin a Hoalh-
s would liavo
iiig whiuli liu
s of tlic union
is syinpalliic's
<itioii in Kan-
jutive of the
i; but his ru-
thc latter part
inly and non-
ing duty, had

They wanted
ression against

go just so lar
not be strietly

eonsideration.
!ned in Kansas
ul Col. Sumner
ifrcros, requires
bate i>arty, who

not fail to ren-
ri mi nation with

the protection
.ements. Disei-
hy of the name
je. and for that
id the throne at
)3, was a loss of
rce, now coming
ufer F. Smith to
; gentleman the
ere entirely with
id not allow him
inued therein, to

Tjh: Jons liiKnrx ir.iw— Xn.30-7.

857

render my very brilliant service to his nccompliciH. Horn ia
IVMUisylvauin, Ih; had passed a Iari?o portion of his lift- in Lotiisi-
una, and had become entirely subject to the views of life and the
prejudices as to color, by which ho had been for so many yeiirs
surrounded. The storming of Monterey had proved liini, long
before, a brave and capable odicer; but, happily, the chaii-iing
circumstances of the time were of such a characlcr as to deprive
him of active occasions to display his zeal against free settlement
in the territory.

The complete blockade of the Missouri, long since described,
had rendered it indispensable that a new road should bo found
unless a naval or mililnrv force could be brought into o|)eratioii
against the jiirates, an'' the beginning of August, 18o(), a force
began to arrive in u, lorritory through Iowa and Nebraska,
Gen. Lane, who had long before gone to the northern states
on a mission to jirocure reinforcements, had arranged the plan
of operations, and the .settlers and lighting men, some of them
accompanied by their families, were known as Lane's northern
army. The general was the first to come by that route in this
movement, although many had reached the territory through
Council Bluffs and the site where Omaha now llourishes, before
that date. The action which preceded the resignation of Gov.
Shannon had given to Col. Sumner the opportunity to disperse
the guerrilla parties in the territory, and most of the free state
men had gone to their homes content with the promise of security
which his action oflcred ; but the southern allies of Missouri
having no homes to which they could retire, and not being
encouraged to return to Missouri, had for a time scattered far and
wide in comparatively harmelss disarray, but during the latter
part of July, and more especially after Col. Sumner had been
relieved from duty, they once more became dangerous, assembling
in the Indian reservations, and in places remote from settled
habitation, where they established fortifications, and were soon
prominent as robbers. In the places where the armed bands
found shelter, they put up fortifications, and unarmed or solitary
travelers passing near such places were frequently molested.
The mails were often interrupted and plundered, crops were
destroyed, robberies of all kinds abounded, incendiarism was

TI'TTLK's UlSTOUY OF KANSAS.

common, ami it bciciuuc noi-cssiiry !il).)iiL the ciM of .Inly to imiko
uii fNaiuplo of a fort iioar Ossawaloiniu. Some troo state lueii
loiiil.u.cil for the work, and on tho morning of August oth, tlio
Georgian raiderrt Hceing a woiw fato before tlietn, unle«.s they
moved oxpeditiously, abatidoii.Hl all the spoil that had been
uceiiinuialed, nul lied for tlu-ir livis. The Htroii-hold, v'neh
might have been lii;hl for some lime by courageous men, w;it. fti
unee destroyed. Tho foreo whieh had retreated from Ossawatonn.*
joined another body on Waslnngton Creek, and precisely similar
outrages were reiloubled at a point whieh brought their railius of
operaUons oidv a few tniles fn)m Lawrenee. If Col. Sumner had
been in eommand, it is probable that he wouhl huvr earried out
his former instruetions, or yet, more jjrobably, tho reivatation that
he "bore would have relieved him of any such nc'eshity ; but
under the n ■st condition of all'airs the military were not a\ ■llal'le
to repress outrages against the settlers. The forlilicatiMh on
Washington Creek was called Fort Saunders, ,uid the citizen.. ■>£
Lawrence sent an envoy to the enemy on the 11th of the montii,
to procure a cessation of robberies and brutalities by peaceable
means. Major Iloyt, a man held in high esteem by his fellow
cil zens, was chosen for the visit, and he was well received by
(?.ol. Treadwell, the ottioer in command of tho rullians, but on his
•way homo after the interview, he was waylaid and inurdered, hia
body being shot through in all directions. Such an abominable
outrage fully justified tho reas.sombling of guerrilla baiuls, and the
headiiuarters at Franklin, where the Wakarusa camp once stood,
and where the proslavery party still maintained a formidable
show, was tlie lirst point attacked. The position, only four miles
from Lawrence, could not be left untouched if war was to be the
order of the day. The forces were found strongly fortiiied, and the
demand for a surrender was answered by whistling bullets, and
•■ the light lasted about three hours, when the defenders, fearful of
being burned out of their nest, surrendered their arms, ammu-
nition, plunder and cannon, being only too glad to escape with
their lives. The force so escaping retired to Fort Saunders,
where a strong body was now assembled, and on the 15th, three
days after the" murder of Maj. I). S. Iloyt, Col. Treadwell, with
all his command, a medley of Georgians and border ruffians,

eK»>»»«»«|MBW*«SS»M«»P!«<K«<*'''»>

( .luly to niuko
(roo Hluto men
.ugust otli, tlie
n, iuilt'«.s they
lliiit lisul Inn-n
)iigli()Ul, ^''iic'li
ua inoii, w;i; ; '
n\ Orisuwuloinc,
ii'ooii^oly similiir
, llu'ir nulius ot
1)1. Siuiuicr liiul
11I.VV ciirrieil out
ropatatioii tliiit

nc'csfiily ; but
ro not a\ 'il;iblu
fortilicuti Hi oil

tlic citizens of
li of the month,
js by pciiceable
11 by liiri fellow
ell received by
liuns, but on his
d UiurUered, his
1 iin iiboiniiiuble
a bands, and the
;anip once stood,
3d a formidable
, only four miles
'ar was to be the
fortified, and the
ling bullets, and
endcrs, fearful of
eir arms, aminu-
d to escape with
) Fort Saunders,
n the 15th, three
, Treadwell, with

border rufKans,

IMAGE EVALUATION
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HiotDgraphic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

:7SS»SS»S«*?a!^S^«|!*3

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Hisl-'tricai IVIIcroreproductlons / Instltut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

The John Buows War — 1'^'>(>-7.

359

stampeded from Fort Saiuider.s on the approach of Gon. Lane and
Col. Grover. Once more an immense spoil fell into the hands of
the free state men, and many who had been robbed recovered
their projxirty. Many articles were recognized as luwing been
taken during the sack of Lawrence. Only one stronghold re-
mained south of the Kansas liiver, and that was a fortified residence
near Lecompton, occupied by Col. Titus, a well known desperado,
who was always surrounded by proslavery bands. This place
had long been the territorial capital, and many fears had been
entertained as to the possibility of an assault from free settlers,
which were intensified, when on the morning of August 16, 1856,
the guns of the assailants of the Titus fortilication were heard. The
well planned attack was a complete success, after only about half
an hour's fighting. A cannon planted in front of the building was
loaded with shot made from the type of the " Herald of Free-
dom," which the ruffians had destroyed in Lawrence, and the
reissue was more forcible than any leaded article that had ever
issued from editorial hands. There were five prisoners held in
the house ; of course they were released, and for one of that num-
ber, the rescuing party were only just in time, as he was to have
been shot that morning. Titus, the leader, made a piteous appeal
for his own life to be spared, and his appeal was granted much
to his surprise. Capt. Walker, whose name is familiar to our
readers, was one of the attacking party commanding one division,
while Col. Grover led the other. There were killed and wounded
on both sides, Capt. Shombre, from Indiana, being the most
notable loss among the settlers. The prisoners and spoil were
carried off to Lawrence, and that city was once more the center
of attraction.

While the assault was being made on the Titus stronghold, the
Lecompton citizens were in a terrible state of trepidation, as they
naturally expected that their habitations would next be ransacked,
but they were doomed to disappointment. The United States
camp was only two miles from the city under the command of
Major Sedgwick, whose removal from Ossawatomie was the
means of that town being demolished by ruffians and he found
his quarters overrun by people seeking shelter from the onslaught
which was dreaded. The troops were set in motion to find Gov.

860

Tuttle's IfisToity of K.wsas.

Shannon and to ascertain wlictlicr that gentleman liad any orders
to give in the emergency, but tliere were no instructions, and tlic
whole of tlie territorial ofTicers had fled. ^faj. Clark, the surveyor
general, who was accredited, perhaps wrongfully, with having
shot the free settler Barber, who was murdered by the patrol, was
Bpecially an object of solicitude to Mv. Shannon, v.'ho was
amiably fearful that the assault was disturbing Clark. Maj.
Sedgwick was not likely to attempt interference on his own ac-
count, as he belonged to the Sumner school of oflacers, and stood
high in deserved respect among the free soil men. The governor
visited Lawrence again the next day accompanied by Maj. Sedg-
wick and some other officers, and while there, a sec(Aid treaty was
made with the settlers, under which Titus and his band were sur-
rendered by the city in consideration of an engagement that five
free state men taken prisoners since the attack on Franklin shoulil
be set at liberty, and that no further arrests should bo made un-
der the territorial enactmtiits ; besides which the howitzer taken
from the city at the time of the sack of Lawrence should be re-
turned to its original possessors. To all the conditions of this
treaty the governor bound himself by a solemn oath, and during
the brief remainder of his days in the territory, it is evident that
he tried to keep his word. He was no longer the obedient tool
of the proslavery faction, and they for some time had been hop-
ing that in the event of his resignation or removal. Secretary
"Woodson, their unscrupulous abettor, would procure the nomina-
tion, Euflianism was rampant as ever, and hardly a day elapsed
without some outrage being perpetrated, and Leavenworth was
now the head-quarters of the gang, the presence of United States
troops under the nevr commander, affording no protection to the
minority. A ruffian made a wager on the 19th of August in the
town of Leavenworth, that he would take an abolition scalp with-
in two hours, and he won his bet, having shot an unoffending
young man named Hops, for that purpose ; nor did the murder-
ous frolic end there, as one the bystanders having expressed his
horror at such an inhuman assault was himself immediately shot
dead. The village of Bloomington was the scene of a horrible
event. A young lady was seized in her own house by four
Bcoundrels, and conveyed to a distance of more than a mile, where,.

Tni: Joiix BnowN War—ISoG-?.

361

ad any orders
lions, anil the
:, llic surveyor
with having
lie patrol, was
on, who waa
Clark. Maj.
1 his own ac-
lers, and stood
Tlic governor
by Maj. Sedg-
hxd treaty was
)and were sur-
inent that five
•anlvlin should
. bo made un-
lowitzer taken
should be re-
iitions of this
li, and during
is evident that
obedient tool
lad been hop-
ival, Seeretary
re thenomina-
a day elapsed
venworth was
United States
otection to the
August in the
ion scalp with-
n unoffending
d the murder-
expressed his
nediately shot
of a horrible
louse by four
a mile, where,

being gagged and bound, her tongue drawn from her mouth and
tied with a cord, the last indignity was innicted upon her in spite
of her mute intreaties for merey. Thus day followed day in the
territory, and there was no redress save in recourse to arms which
permitted scounderlisrn to assume the guise of eillier party to
carry en their career of spoliation. Mr. Shannon resigned his
ofhce August 21, 1850, and must have been, there can be no
doubt, pretty well informed as to the intrigues for his dismissal, as
the dispatch, which would have removed him, if he had not re-
signed, camd to Lecompton on the same day. He was never
strong enough for the position, yet he had too much conscience
to become the tool of Atchison and his party unless the force of
ruffians around him was sufficiently powerful to overcome every
scruple. Doubtless he was in his heart a proslavery man, and
his first impulse undoubtedly pointed to an alliance with that
party, but the dose wliich was tendered for his acceptance was on
several occasions too much for him to swallow, and before leav-
ing the territory there were doubts whether his own life would
be°safe from his boisterous allies in the " Law and Order" associ-
ation over which he presided in Leavenworth. When he came,
Mr. Woodson was wanted, and tliat official was now more than
ever in demand. The secretary was governor pro tern., whoevei
might obtain the permanent appointment, and there was no time
to be lost. Mr. Shannon had disbanded the militia at a time
when the Missourian faction hoped that they were marching to
certain, because undisputed, victory under the oegisot the United
States flag and it now devolved upon the secretary to bring the
so called Kansas militia again together from the border counties
of Missouri. At that point Mr. Shannon had refused to move and
the secretary was a man to be relied upon for any work demand-
ed by the party. Mr. Eeeder being removed because he would
not sanction Shawnee legislation, Mr. Woodson signalized his
temporary accession to office by signing all the bills. Now,
also, when Mr. Shannon had resigned rather than call out the
forces that Missouri hungered and thirsted to send into the terri-
tory, this man was again ready for the emergency. He found the
proslavery men demoralized by fear, actually flying with their
families before the demon they had aroused, and he did all that

ggg TuTTLE^ lllSTOllY 01' K.IKSAS.

lav in Im power to give tl.e.u fresh courage. War bulletins,
clLfly nSlc for their sensational untruthfulness, had been
a^^i: j::hen t,. robber strongholds were broken uj, bu tho
governor stood in the way of an efi'eet.ve reply \^^^^l
Lin. " To arms " as the seared leaders repeatedly d d, so lo, a.

in^n across the border knew that they .ou d l>av.Uo ght
their own battles with the free settlers, unaided by the mdita,
I'd in the then mood of the governor, that -s the. pro^^^^^^^^
With the removal of Mr. Shannon secured should ^"^ ^^^ J'^ •;
sin, other arrangements were possible and expre.se. w-'O en

fr^ vd. the border counties, once nu>re carrying appeals togeter
wkh Secret- inforn.ation that the forces arriving wouldbe mustered

in as territorial militia. , . -

Wa y Woodson can.e into his kingdom on the even.ng of
Au "4^^^ on the 25th of the same month the terr.tory
t"° c ned in a state of insurrection, the militu bemg called
r iTthe same proclamation. The border press overwhelmed
the supple secretary with laudation. He was more than a Dan-
Si come t uagm/nt ;" he wa. a Draco, prepared to ^ecu e a
most odious laws in the blood of his subjects, and but for the
Sn s o he later Athenian philosopher, they would have
"orn 1 at he was Solon also. E.xtermination was now to be ear-
Td intotstant practice before an inconvenient successor m.ght
riecl into insui p ... .i^a the call far and wide, with
arr ve, and western Missouu caiiitu li

r ^„^,.a "To arms'" "To the rescue! IheieNNas

ZZt:i tZer to be^ ulted, nor a weak, changeling of a
^ovemc r who might fail them in the very pnich of the game^
There w^s only one source of disquietude. The army of the north
IrJTjfnto the territory via Nebraska, and it was necessary
To let" alorce to intercept them without delay before they coukl
1:1: identified with the settlers. They w- ed by a man wo
had .iven the proslavery party some cause to dread ^^"^-Col.
Lane -a native of Lawrenceburg, Indiana; a man now foity^
two years of age; was admitted to the bar in his native state, m
mo enlisted a a private in a volunteer corps in Ind.ana, in
fsfe'; r fto beeome'colonel and commanded a brigade at Buena
^tta when Gen. Zachary Taylor " dechned to accede o the ^e^
quest" of Santa Anna to surrender his force of o,200 to

Tin: Joiix linons W Mt — lSr>0-7 .

3(i3

rar bulletins,
398, had becu
n up, but tlio
t was useless
litl, so long a3
have to figbt
the military,
heir prospect,
lie fail to re-
uses were sent
ipeals together
Id be mustered

the evening of
11 the territory
ia being called
i5 overwhelmed
3 than a " Pan-
to execute the
ind but for the
y would have
5 now to be car-
juccessor might
and wide, with
> !" There was
'hangeling of a
jh of the game,
■my of the north
it was necessary
3fore they could
d by a man who
ead him — Col.
nan now forty-
3 native state, in
? in Indiana, in
brigade at Buena
iccede to the re-
ef 5,200 to the

20,000 of the enemy ; and when ho followed up 1- -f^'-^ ^^ ^
Complete repulse of tl>e enen.y. Cul. Lane had -.se-pu- t^^
seen son>e s rviee before coming to Kansas, and he was a n>an of
^.l^lbted courage, although essentially irregular. In h. naUv.
state he had serve.l as lieutenant governor, and was m congress
X. the Ransas-Ncbraslca bill passed h> 1«54. Beu.g n^>et.d
for high treason after the defense of Lawrence from th i ..t a
lault he had gone cast and north to the free states and had be n
linly instrumental in bringing the reinforcements of winch ho

■w.is to assume command. . ,

Tie day before Gov. Shannon resigned. Gen Richardson had
sent hin> a dispatch announcing the approach of " Lane s army
:: that he had called out the militia of ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^;;^^^
invasion Mr. Woodson wrote, approving the nieasuie, and at
ZZ. time ordered Gen. CoHey to take the field wit . the un-
itla of the southern Kansas district. In addition to the mov^-
nients of the acting governor, the Atchison newspaper, the
..Squatter Sovereign," ungrammatically shneked its demand o
additional forces to wreak a " tenfold retaliation " upon the lee
settlers, with the watchword, "extermination, total and complete
This was to be the last time of asking, as no man would be lef
alive to give further trouble to the invaders after this movemen
had been completed. Gen. Atchison, always ready for an effoit
or the kind, was one of the first to respond to the call, and he
b ought with him a force of four hundred and fifty men Tl.^
was a Quaker mission on the Shawnee Reservation and the mst
exploit of the Missouri-Kansas militia was a descen upcjn the
harmless noneombatants, who were robbed and brutally dl used.
So prompt had the response been, that although the Proclama-
tion that called out the militia only bore date August 2oth, on
that very day a force of Missourians encamped neai- Ossawato-
mie one hundred and fifty strong. As we have already seen, thi
promptitude was not extraordinary, seeing that prior notices had
been given for the Missourians to be in readiness to cross the bor-
der as soon as the publication should be made, and before the
free state men would be able to get ready to receive them with a
warm welcome. The new comers were quick, but they were not
quick enough, as three companies, consisting of 118 men, under

^i;

'''<*,

864

TvTTI.es lllSTOllY OF KaSSAS.

the cornnianil of Captains Clivc, An.lerson aTi.l Shore, encamped
in the uoi^liborhood of the invaders the same night, and by noon
on the 'illUi the camp of the Missouviatia had fallen into the pos-
session of the free state force after a total rout of tlie niin.-ns.
The attack at that moment saved the life of a free state man who
was to have been hanged before dinner, but he escaped and was
able to participate in the repast which the invaders abandoned,
with much other valuable property, in their hasty movement
back toward the soil of Missouri. One of the free state men was
wounded in the assault, Lieut. Clivc, who afterwards died of his
injuries. There were many prisoners taken, but on the followmg
day they were liberated ujion their parole engagement never to
serve against the settlers again. Old John Brown was the com-
mander of this valiant force of defenders, although he was not
present at the assault in person. It was not anticipated that an
action so decisive would be fought before a larger force had been
massed, or the veteran would not have missed the opportunity to
be present. Three days later a band of iOO Missourians in part
commanded by the Kev. Martin White, started from Bull Creek
for Ossawatomie with the intention to reach that place about mid-
night, but they did not reach the point of attack until the morn-
ing of the 30th of August, when the clerical warrior signalized
his command by slaughtering two young men who were found at
their work in the fields. One of the young men was Win. Gar-
rison, the other Frederick Brown, son of old John Brown. The
defenders of Ossawatomie were speedily on the alert, but they
numbered only forty in all, and their assailants four hundred,
with cannon, and otherwise well appointed. The old man whose
eon had just been murdered, was in command, assisted by Capts.
UpdegrafI and Clive. After an obstinate fight the little band,
having inflicted great losses on the assailants, were obliged to

Tf*ti rp

Capt. Eeed, the officer in command of the Missourians, had
subjected the defenders to a cannonade for some time before they
gave ground. Seveial prisoners were taken and some of the de-
fenders were killed before the invaders became masters of Ossa-
watomie, which they this time completely demolished. The vil-
lage had been originally founded by a pro-slavery man named

■•fe;

The Joiix Bnows ]yAii — 1>^^0-7.

nr.5

re, encamped
and by nuou
into the poa-
the ruirii'ns,
ate man wlio
i])od and was
3 abandoned,
,y movement
tate men was
,B died of his
the following
nent never to
was the coin-
h he was not
ipated that an
;)rco had been
)pportunity to
urians in part
tn Bull Creek
ice about mid*
itil the morn-
ior signalized
were found at
ivas Win. Gar-
Brown. The
ilert, but they
four hundred,
)ld man whose
sted by Capts.
he little band,
sre obliged to

issourians, had
me before they
3me of the de-
asters of Ossa-
;hed. The vil-
ry man named

Brown, who was the principal loser by the vengeance of the
party with which he was identified. lOvery building and sto.;c
was plundered and then set on lire, so that, after the foe retired,
only four cottages remained in Ossawatomie, and they owed their
eontinuance to no favor on the part of the enemy. Stealing was
evidently one of the accomplishments of the M.ssounan- Kansas
militia, and when they made war upon a settlement they took
wagons along to secure the booty. As soon as enough had been
secured upon whirh to realize a return, the cry was heard W est-
port llo! and it was necessary to dispose of prisoners who vvere
of the wrong color to be sold. Two of the prisoners were Mis-
eourians and free settlers who had been participants on the as-
sault at Black Jack creek, when the journalist captain and his
troops had surrendered, and for that high crime and m.sdemeanoi-^
they were led out in cold blood and shot Others, who had not
added being Missourians to the crime of being in favor of a ree
state, were only conveyed as prisoners to Kansas City, where they
were put on board a steamer, and ordered never again on pain of
death, to set foot in the territory. The murderer o Irederiek
Brown was chosen a member of the Lecompton legislature, and,
while there, the Itev. Martin White described in glowing terni.s
the service he had rendered to the state by his cowardly deed o
slaughter, being rewarded with many plaudits for his heroism ; bu
Mr White never boasted again of his misdeeds. At the end of
the session he started on his way home, but was not seen again
for some days, when he was found stretched on the prairie, with
one ball through his heart. His boast had reached one man that
could not allow a double mun^ to go unpunished, and who had
removed the only shadow of d.cut as to his guilty Who was
the avenger? It is written, "whoso sheddeth mans blood, by
man shall his blood be shed."

The father of Frederick Brown was last seen after the unavail-
ing defense of Ossawatomie, when, unattended, but fully armed,
he had struck off from the settlement looking very like a person
that no one man would wish to encounter; but, inasmuch as no-
body heard from him, it was naturally supposed that he was
dead A week later, when Lawrence was once more surrounded
by armed rufHans, bent upon completing the work of destruc-

Sfirt Tvttlf's IIisroiiY or Kassas.

ti„„ u,c., ».,.„ only .ou,. |u,„.,roa ^'-^:z!::;::::z

rculyto .ell Lis lile .>h ■''■■»''yf .'"%'" '"l^uerea earn,, Mi»t
,,er,i, tl,e .,1.1 e.„n,namle,- .t,,»le ,u.o t - l' "^ ^^^^ „„;„,„,
L quiclj as l.e Lad left Ossawatom.c, a «^ y - j^,.

J.,l,n Brov,n was requested to assume tl.e .Ineelion

"IL we Lave le,t t„e assailants o. O»watonaie .eUeati,,. .i*
0,ein.l-dernae.but„i,^thev,.a«ea .<«^^^^
raovoiiients in puisuit. C..1. Lane, ''"""•'" ,„ i„i„cept

,.eeo,ds,se.ontwill, afor.«of tl,,-.. '"""'re, , Uetd was L
the encny, and. lmvi,.g ,n(..rn,atK.n tl a C^ «= ,„ ^,,„

eam,,ed o„ Hull Creek, Lis t..rees rr<««'»'';'™ f^ , „ ^,„^,|3
• f 1 i>.ittloirround but for some reason, .just wni.li

r^ir: r::l:t:;-^»' ordere., a retrograde u,—^ u;"^

„„a,,y er.ea„n.e.l ej^i;. »"« ^J^^ :°Z Jrltl^^o ilis-

rr;:it"r:: ifo.— .ya.re^^

uaecinal to tl.e encounter before *«">. ""f -•,^;'; "^.t^^i,;
in deelining to light tl.e enemy .bat ^f- "^ ,^,,„,:A.e
«re in good eondition, ^''■''f ':;:;;''t;::: fbla^ed'aen.
„nes witbout food. Some ot ' " J'^ J days in eonneetion
Lane, and often .luote. t ns '""^''"V " j '^ „„ ^vi.lonee that ee-
„itb bis unhappy death by Ins own han ^as an e ^

knowledge ol tbe taets w. ^^^^^ ^^^ ^,j„„^

'° t ;reT:r:uee -erl-rnm beyond doubt, but dur-
would have uccn u ^u^-v. .lisnositions for a

i,„ the night Keed ^^^Z^tl^^^eL assault was
foreed mareb, and ^f''? * "'" ""^^ J ^estport Gen. Lane,

^•■2er r;:::::: t,;; scene o. P-^rthitmt uTS
i:tt=eTeiu::!rS::s^-ti-»--

fortiricalions
ery uiim was
linews would
ed cinupiust
non consent,
n of llic iU>-

troating v/itU
sc, tlieio wcro
■ivl ill Kansa^^
I to intercept
Heed was en-
c-quick to tlie
when a battle
lovement, and
ssibly, be pru-
tlian t\ie Mis-
3(1 march, were
le acted wisely
le Missourians
ed twenty-five
13 blamed Gen.
3 in connection
kfidence that ec-
no man with a
ise in declining
k. The attack
doubt, but dur-
ispositions for a
! an assault was
port Gen. Lane,
im, returned to
bom murmuring
chance of grap-
antages.

!tivity, and every
the semblance of
nade on the most

Tin: Jons llunws ir.i/.'— ^'■'''-7-

307

t^ ::r 'L :;; ;« M . I™';: ;i„k« »..■-. t^.., .., ;,„..

county WLrcjusiu^iiio r,,;,,,,! St..ted dra^ooiiH. Lano

„.„. „.,w to be -i;"X' ;;~ , ; 'j ' ; „.,itc,t mud, .lacrl.y

S :; W 1.1 in .vem. ».>y», ».ul ...c .o-co t„at l.ul ^^

^ •.,^f p.,i>t liced were nuulc extiemciy

evel To 'ka so that not a breastwork should rcn.a.n to protect
t rife d of the state capital, should an attack at any time be
n d It t .0 colonel had the loyalty to disobey the order uiul
Zt^ compliance with the req^stof f-"^^" ^^ ^1
The design was well considered, beyond doubt, but the c usa
^Ic. w^s overwhelming, iust at the ^^-:^^^^
seemed to favor an aggressive purpose ^^^^J^^Zo
inhabitants, the leaders of whom were to have been kept m do e

;::! iT»;:; 1 :u "u Nr*' te .,0 . „avo i,ce„ ...„

„ ty L saL force, and all t>,e,e ''--"l-';-'-'-;-
.1 waited by the gentlemanly inatmcta o! Col. Cook. He nu
t Itw B« undfr the eomn>and of Gen. Lane, an..,ou» to (all
1 *c eTemy at Bull Creek, were made up in part of the 1..
ka eompany, most of «hom were young men; an. on he
Ltnl ° atto, that aborted aetion, they wer-e roused from tho
r„™"°a„d dejection of di^ppointment by a message telhng them
d,at heir homes were even about to be assaile.1. There wns no
o g any room for dojeetion in their full hearts whde then- roof
tre's were possibly being desecrated by the mvader and rapu ly
as hey had marched the day before to the assault, they were s.,11
IrrLrce in their anxiety to be on time for the defense, lat.guc
tod no longer a meaning (or them ; the weaned smews beean,o
vigorous once more, their muscles ready for the ray, and as they
Zde over the intervening ground, it seemed as though ,n>pa„c„ce
rgh almost lend them wings that they m.ght the sooner co.oe

308

Ti'iTi.f's Jlisrouy of Kashas.

in contact with their foe. Tlio ruin which thoy saw biin^' workod
in Leconipton, as they inarched past, only nuuh; tlicm nii)ro ami
inoro anxious for tlio safety of tlieir ilear ones at honie, ami they
had s(;aicely cars for tlie story uC iho wrongs which were being
inflicted upon tlieir niMglihors, whoso delegations sent to ask for
justice were successively imprisoned. The urgency of the needs
of t)thers was for the time swallowed u[) in the eager solieilude
with which they looked towards their «^wn hearths; but when at
length arrived near their destination, thoy learned that Topekii
was not in danger, not oven tho gladness of relief could cheer
thcin further. Physical fatigue, which had in vain appealed to
their mastering einotion.s, so completely po.ssessed them now that
nund)ers sank exhausted on the prairie rt)a(l, and slept there, all
unconscious until tho sun shone down upon them next day to
invigorato them for fresh labors. The power that an overwrought
mind has over physical action in a chapter in human history, and
but seldom has there been a more complete exemplilication of tho
phenomena than in that march from Bull Creek to Topcka.
Meantime the olTonsos of the proslavery party at Leeompton were
calling for vengeance, and it was determined by the free state
men that it was time to carry rescue to their brethren. The men
who had been taken prisoners, unconscious of wrong doing, must
be at any cost set free, and tho headquarters of the enemy might
be perhaps improved in some respects by the polite attentions of
free soil men. The attack upon Leeompton was determined upon
on the third of September, and the forces were at once set in .mo-
tion. Col. Harvey, commanding one section, marched on the
north side of the Kansas river, and was in position immediately
north of the town, ready to bear his part in the concerted assault
early next morning. Gen. Lane, witli the other section of the
attacking party, started on the south bank of the Kansas river at
the same time, and should have been in position at the same
hour, but for some reason that has never been explained, that
ofiicer saw fit to delay his march so that he did r. ' appear on
Capitol Uill untd 4 o'clock on the afternoon of the luurth, when
Col. Harvey, assuming that the movement had been abandoned,
had turned his attention elsewhere.

Leaving Gen. Lane with guns in position on Capitol Uill, de-

jjng workod
I tiiDro a 1 1(1

0, untl tlicy
weio being

L It) ii.slv for
jf tlin iiuciIh
r .stjluMtudo
but wlit'ii at
hut Tupt'ka
could cliecr
apiK'aled to
;ni uovv that
!pt tlicro, all
next da}' to
overwrought
history, and
;jation of tho
to Top(.:ka.
jinpton were
le free stato

1. The men
doing, must
ncmy might
attentions of
[•mined upon
;;e set in nio-
jhed on the
immediately
erted assault
ction of the
insas river at
at the same
plained, that

' appear on
iuurth, when
1 abandoned,

itol Uill, de-

Tut: Jons liitows Wmi— tS'Al-'7.

mnnding tho immediate siirrt'iidcr of al! :he fri'o sfato |iris<inor!*
in Lecompton, without conditions, we will seek for Col. Harvey,
lie was a nuin usually to bo found whore duty was tho most iin-
porativo, and there was good reast)n for liis absenoo now. Sit-
ting idly on liirt post, waiting for Gen Lane, was all very well as
long as tliere seemed a reasonable probability that tho attaiik was
yet to be carried out, but when that time had passed, other work
must have attention. At Slough Creek, fifteen miles from Le-
compton, was a camp of rullians that had for some time been an
eyesore to tho neighborhood, and tho time favored oalling them
to an aonount. " Quiok maroh," was the order, and Slough Croo'k
■was soon reached ; the camp was surrounded, so that not one
man escaped, and Col. Harvey was in a position to conunand u
Burrcnder. One of tho party lired at tho free soil men an aimless
shot, vhieh only told of the malice of tho individual, and tho
answer wasgivcm in a deadly hail (jf rilllc balls, which more than
decimated the rulTums, for the weapons used were arms of precis-
ion, within point blank range, and the men who used the rifles
■were only too well actiuainted with their powers. Once, when
Napoleon was asked whether, in quelling a riot, he had lired
over the heads of the malcontents, he answered : " That would
have been ill judged mercy ; it would have cost more lives after-
wards." So these free state men were very careful not to fire
over the heads of their enemies, but like wise soldiers, they were
more desirous to wound than to kill. The robbers did not wait
for a second volley; they laid down their arms, and the plunder
found in the camp revealed the extent of their peculations; but
Col. Ilurvey was much too merciful with such cattle, and allowed
them the privilege of going at large to join some other body of
marauders, content only to have given them a lesson in the art of
war, and to have procured their asseverations that they would
never again bear arms against the force that spared their lives.
Having dispatched that piece of work. Col. Ilarvcy was return-
ing to Leeompton, when Gen. Lane brought his battery into
position and made his formal demand, preparatory to an attack in
force. The military under command of Col. Cook were en-
camped only two miles from Leeompton, and the commander was
on the hill confronting Gen. Lane before his messengers could
24

M«ia*MMW»-'

gjQ Tvttle's Histohy of Kansas.

retuvM. A change had come over the spirit of the dream ; the
militia which was to have done such wonders had been dis-
banded, and the prisoners were ah-cady released; there was a
new power at work in the governing machinery of Kansas, and
Secretary Woodson was no longer able to obey the dictat.ons o
Missouri. Elsewhere in Kansas horrors were being enacted, and
more particular! v in Leavenworth, where the reign of terror l.ad
T.ot yet been outlived. Death reaped its daily harvest in that
city, and we find Gov. Shannon bearing testimony as to the
shameful proceedings of a gang of men called regulators, who,
maki.K^ tlieir own brutal wills the law of the land, announced it
as their sovereign pleasure that all free state men must choose
between death and an immediate departure from the city and ter-
ritory ; yet when they attempted to leave they were just as likely
as not to be shot down by other parties for trying to escape. A
man named Emery, a mail agent, was the leader of the_ gang.
Mr William Phillips, the lawyer who was ordered long since to
quit the territory, for having sworn an information as to the ilie-
sality of the first election to the legislature in Leavenworth and
who was taken to ^Yeston to be tarred and feathered and sold for
a slave, because he refused to submit to the dictation of the pro-
slaverv party, was visited in his own house by a band of marau-
ders and pierced by a dozen bullets, but he had slain two of his
assailants before he fell. His wife was an agonized rpectator of
the rulTuinly assault. There were more than fifty residents in
Leavenworth collected in one batch, and driven like cattle to a
corral, by Emory and his band, on board the Polar Star steamer,
the captain being laid under an embargo not to ..-.. until fur-
ther orders. The band of regulators, eight hunared strong
paraded the streets all that day and the next, and on the second
dav of September one hundred more were added to the cargo of
the Polar Star steamer; men, women and children, without any
provision for their journey, and with an escort ready to shoot
them down, they were forced away upon their ill starred course.
There was no refuge for the people of Leavenworth. Some, who
i'cnorantly thought that under the folds of the stars and stripes
they must find protection, were warned to leave the Fort, and
driven back upon the streets where murder reigned supreme.

'«„,„.

The Joifx Bnowy War — 1856-7.

871

.ream ; the

been dis-
lere was a
ainsas, and
ictat.ons of
lactcd, and

terror bad
'est in that
' as to the
.ators, who,
inounced it
nust choosG
;ity and ter-
ist as likely
escape. A
f tiie gang,
ong since ta
I to the ille-
nwortb, and
and sold for
I of the pro-
d of marau-
n two of his

rpectator of
residents in
;e cattle to a
3tar steamer,
, , until fur-
dred strong,
in the second
I the cargo of

without any
3ady to shoot
;arred course.
Some, who
■s and stripes
he Fort, and
led supreme.

Many were lost sight of in those days and have never been seen
nor heard from since, by sorrowing and anxious relatives, but
until the graves render up the dread mysteries, none can know
how many died in that fearsome anarchy. Leavenworth was
hell, with a diflerence in favor of the infernal region, and the
fiends that were reveling in wickedness in the streets of that
afflicted city had none of the dignity of the father of evil. It
was simply impossible that anything could be imagined worse
than that era of abomination. The ease with which T-aven-
worth could be reached from the western border of Missouri, and
the cei-tainty that within that region the faction were masters,
brought hundreds to this point, who would have shunned a con-
flict with equal forces, because in and around Leavenworth their
tyrannical lusts might be indulged with' the license common in
the country of an enemy, and without danger. Humanity for-
bids that the veil should be further lifted from those horrible
days in Kansas.

Lawrence was to be again visited, and this time with an over-
whelming force. The proclamation of Sec. Woodson had that
city for Tts object more than any other in the territory, and to-
ward that point all the forces bent themselves, until the city was
surrounded. But there were no half hearted men in the little
troop of defenders who had joined hands to save the city from
another desecration. John Brown was there, as we have seen, his
heart bleeding with personal wrongs, but without one pulsation of
weakness as to the enemy. There were fresh accessions to their
ranks just now, for the state prisoners held in durance for four
months were set free upon bail bonds, to come up for trial when
called upon, as the government was not ready to proceed to trial,
and of all the prisoners so arraigned but one was ever tried, so
flimsy were the charges of treason upon which they had been held
so long. When spring came, the accused men surrendered for
trial, but the prosecuting attorney had entered his nolle prosequi
in every case save that of Dr. Kobinson, who could not be found
guilty of the crime of usurping an office which had no existence
under the law. But this chapter has been so full of incident, and
so mi;ch remains untold, that it is necessary to begin afresh with
the new record, which the disbanding of the militia and the re-

372

Tvttlk's History of Kaxsas.

lease of the prisoners at Lccompton tell us will before long
change the asj)ect of Kansas history, substituting for the blood
stained records of faction the peaceful progress of a happy and
contented people.

CHAPTER XVI.

TEUKITOUIAL IIISTOUY.

icoiiUnueU.)

END OF THE JOHN BltOWN AVAR -GOV. GEARY'S RULE-
EVENTS OF 1856-7.

Pierce's Best -Gov. Geary- Soldier Administrator - Manly Record -
Clianged Aspects - Border Dismay- Blockade Relieved - Missouri
Snoclacles - " Kansas Militia "-Great Guns- Proslavery Hate- Caus-
hvr Famine- Lawrence- Woodson's Allies- Suppression - Secretary s
?;;..', ion -Foraging Parties -Delay Geary - Tlireatcned Assissina-
ti„n _ Fort Leavenwortli - Emory- Military Concurrence -Lecomp-
ton Reviewed -Governor's Address -Wi.e Suggc^^ion - Disband
Forces -United Slates Troops - Miss<mri Milit^ i- Kmsas F..rce-
Proslavery Design - Brigadier General - Return Home -Special
Agents -Visiting Lawrence - Fearing Lane - Comrades - General's
Departure - Marauders Attacked - Grasshopper Falls -Fortihed -Capt.
Stephens-Disbanding-Lawrence Reinlbrcements-lu)rt Redtieed-
Cainon'sMouih-Cook'sCumnuiud-Col. llarvey-AiTests-P. n^
ers' Fare -Judge Cato- Murder - Bail Refused- Inhosp, able - Com-
n uuler Titus -Sentences -Geary Intervenes- Escapes- Better Days-
P^tning Power-Threatening Lawrence - Woodson's Work-Orders
Slmned-Sharp scrutiny- Lawrence Ready-A.^^^^^^^^
Citizens Armed -Governing Kansas -Miiitia Moiae- Jones D.s-
c. uiitS - Union Haters - Destruction - Farewell Missouri - Justice
rimsed-Ten-it.,rial Officials -Laborious Idleness -Wrongs Every-
,,;;_Zeal Misplaced -Kickapoo Murder -Executive Wunesses-
^ Reward- Murderer Found-Straw Bail - IWest - Executive
Quarrel - //.6..S C7<>r^«. - Hegulur CWs - Lecompte Evades -C^^^^
iction- Prisoners Released - Official Misfeasance- Manly Effort-
Marshal's Devices-Troops Refused -People Protected-Industr.al Ar-
' y !! True Settlers - Good Faith -Why Interfere .-North and South -
BHnging Artillery -Redpath's Troop - Governor's P«-'-t - Dragooa
Gua. d - Peaceable Citizens - Changed Conditions - P*^rplexing Duty -
T^peka Inspection -Preserving Peace-Officers Supported -Warlike

Gov. (iEAin's IiuLi: — lSoG-7.

373

3[ore long
the blood
lappy and

) RULE—

y Record —

1 — Missouri
IliUe— Caus-

— Secretary's
jtl Assissina-
;e — Lecomp-
111 — Disband
isas Force —
lie — Si)ecial
s — General's
rtified— Capt.
•t Reduced —
;sts — Prison-
table — Coin-
Better Days—
'ork— Orders
ts Rampant —

— Joues Di3-
)uri — Justice
'rongs Evcry-
; Witnesses —
it — Executive
I'ades — Cato'8
anly Effort —
Industrial Ar-
1 and South —
iiit — Dragooa
lexiugDuty —
ted— Warlike

Societies— Otlicr Side — Good Reasons — Impartial Endeavor — Peace
Guarantied — Comn\orce Sustained — Leavenworth liuielcd — Law
Rules — Tiianksirivin,!,' — Jloral Tone — First Impressions — Inevitable
Results — Wooing Peace — Fruitless Arrests — Catu' iuo and Calo.

PitKSiuENT PiEitCE coiild iiot li.ive been entirely in the hands
of the proslavery party, or else most assuredly he would have
sent them one man e-\aetly such as they wanted to serve as gov-
ernor, lie could be influenced to issue a destructive proclama-
tion, but when it came to appointing the chief territorial execu-
tive, he found some democrat acceptable to the senate, who could
not be tortured into complete acquii:.scence with their policy in
Kansas. Tlie Keeder experience we have seen, and altliough
there was one blamable concession in the concession of certificates
of the lirst elections to the legislative assembly, he proved in the
main an lionest and capable man. Tlie weakness and fatuity of
Mr. Shannon were painfully visible, but there were points beyond
•which he was immovable, although he knew that his firmness
would cost him his office, and might possibly endanger even his
life. The last nomination by Mr. Pierce showed still greater in-
dependence. Ik[r. Geary was no nursling of fortune, and he had
no southern proclivities, although he was a democrat. To work
was a disgrace according to the creed of the south, and he had
been a worker all his lifetime. Born in the village of Mount
Pleasant, in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, he was early
thrown upon the world with a widowed mother dependent upon
his exertions, but his speedily attained proficiency as an engineer,
gave him the means to acquit himself well of every obligation.
In the second regiment of his native state he rose from the ranks,
and duriu^- the Mexican War, in which he participated from Vera
Cruz to Mexico, he became colonel in active service, being once
wounded, and always distinguished by his faithfulness and cour-
age. When the ca;^ital city was captured, Gen. Zachary Taylor
gave him the command of the citadel, and he proved therein his
administrative capacity. When San Francisco was passing through
some of the earliest tumults of the gold fever, and when Mont-
gomery street was not the array of palatial buildings that is now-
seen, he was one of the foremost men, not only in organizing the
postal service of the Pacific coast,' which was specially his duty,

jjj^ Tittle's History OF Kaxsas.

but in every organizing movement his genius for administration,
blenacl with military and engineering precision, being just what
the city wanted to repress such excesses as were at length quelled
by vioilance committees. The population of San Fra..cnsco rose
from a few hundreds in 18i8, when gold was lirst found m Colo-
ma county, Cal., to 250,000 in 1852, so that it will be seen that
there was work for an administrator in such a vast aggregation of
humanity rapidly attracted from every quarter of the globe, includ-
ing beacii combers, gamblers, and a chance medley association of
all kinds Mr. Geary was very i)opiilar in the city, and when he
ceased to be one of 'the oHicial staff of the general government,
the citizens elected him ghadly to their highest ollices, in which
they recognized his eminent usefdness as a governing power, as
well as his acumen and impartiality as a judge. Four years of
private life had, in part, but as we shall see not wholly, weaned
him from the haughty demeanor of the camp disciplinarian, but
that term passed in Pennsylvania could not assist to make him a
southern tool, and his arrival in Kansas was opportune. Later m
his manly record he became a general of division in the Union
army, and after the close of the civil war he was twice elected
governor of the state in which he was born and reared, buch
men as he must have faults, but they are venial, and his coimug
into the territory at this epoch gave a changed aspect to all tlie
affairs of Kansas. Kis appointment as governor by President
Pierce dated from July, although Mr. Shannon did not resign
until Au<rust, and there can be no doubt that his influence was
felt in Le°compton when the militia was disbanded and the pris-
oners released as Col. Cook communicated to Gen. Lane. Ihat
he knew something of the difficulties with which he would have
to contend in his new appointment is made apparent from the
fact that on his way to Kansas he paused at Jefferson City, the
capital of the neighboring state, to confer with the governor o
Missouri, from whom he procured a promise that the pirates o
the Missouri should be compelled to raise the blockade of tnat
river He was in that city on the 5th of September, and imme-
diately after that date the Missouri could be traveled as securely
as any other stream in the Union. It was something that there
was an earnest man of business to govern the territory. The

Crov. Geary's Ecle — 1856-7.

o — *'

linistration,
g just what
gtli quelled
Uiicnsco rose
iiul in Colo-
)e seen tliat
gregatioii of
obe, includ-
woeiatioii of
irul when he
government,
;es, in which
iig power, as
'our years of
3lly, weaned
linarian, but
make him a
le. Later m
n the Union
twice elected
jared. Such
i his coming
ect to all the
by President
id not resign
influence was
and the pris-
Lane. That
e would have
rent from the
rson City, the
e governor of
the pirates of
ckade of ttiat
!r, and imme-
id as securely
ing that there
;rritory. The

spectacles which i Ji his gaze on the steam route to his destina-
tion were not such as to reassure a timid person, but they must
have given pith to the arm of one able and resolved to do hia
duty.

At the village of Glasgow, seventy-two miles from Jellersoa
City, and two hundred from St. Louis, he witnessed the embark-
ation of Capt. Jackson and a company of so-called Kansas militia,
■with a cannon for the purpose of invading tlie territory, over
■which he was expected to rule with such aid. The lesson was
not lest upon a man of his stamp. The comments which he could
not fail to hear on his voyage with such companions left him very-
little in the dark as to the aspirations of jMissouri, and as to the
hatred which they bore to himself, by anticipation, as a person not
pledged to their policy, nor identified with the institutions of
slavery, lie was a democrat, but that was not enough; Mr,
Douglas also was a democrat, but he had lost the nomination for
president in spite of his eminent services, when Mr. Buchanan
■was chosen in the year now passing, because there were limits
which "The Little Giant" would not pass in serving the pro-
slavery meo, and where the line could be so rigidly kept against
him and persevered in, as it was so vindictively four years later,
how could the moderate democratic views of Mr. Geary support
him among the worst specimens of the extreme section of that
organization ? Already there were two democratic parties in fact,
and he, without knovN !ig it, was drifting toward the republican
party. It must have interested him exceedingly when an address
put forward by Mr. Woodson's allies showed him what was the
ga :ie of the faction, and that he was an intruder upon their man-
ipulations. That address said in subtance — for it is long and ia
a literary sense worthless, so it need not be republished — that
the proslavery party wanted a man, such as the supple secretary,
although they did not name him, wedded to slavery by choice rather
than by birth, who would do just what they wanted, caring noth-
ing for any wider horizon of public opinion ; and they contrasted
with that picture the unlovely appointee himself, that President
Pierce had sent them in their need. Their obligations to Mr,
Woodson were readily and freely acknowledged, as well they
mio-ht be, but no one could say how soon be would become pow-

n«KM«^»«(aK^lNs^'

876

TlTTLK's lllSTOUY OF KaXSAS.

erlcss, and tlicrcforc tlioy must act before the new man could in-
terfere, and all Missouri was invited to come, as he then saw it
coming, and heard it bellowing at every landing place, from
Glasgow to Kansas City, with muskets, cannon and all the
munttions of war, to demolish the free settlers, and so give peace
to the seat of his government. lie found from the conversation
going on around him, which was public property, for it was
almost hissed into his ear, that famine was largely relied upon
to do the work of the invaders ; that Lawrence and other free
state settlements were supposed to be on the last gasp for wart of
food, and that every road which could carry supplies to the prac-
tically beleaguered people was closely watched by plunderers,
who would not allow one scrap of provision to escape their vigil-
ance, nor succor of any kind, unless they found them unexpected-
ly overmatched. The end could not be distant, for neither men,
arms, ammunition, nor supplies of any description, could run the
blockade of the I^Iissouri to sustain the defenders, while they
were living evidences that well fed reinforcements were daily
pouring ii° to help the invaders, who must win before the new
man ca°me, or they might lose their chance for ever. Their chance
was already gone, but they did not know that, for although Mr.
Geary could not fail to make mistakes, being only a man, he
could neither be cajoled nor intimidated. So long as Secretary
Woodson continued acting governor, there was little hope for the
party to which he stood opposed, for his unvarying answer to
every story of spoliation and wrong was, '-Acknowledge the ter-
ritorial enactments and then you shall have protection." Because
the free state men could not submit to such conditions, and be-
cause their food was daily being stolen by marauders, they were
forced at last to send out foraging parties and make reprisals on
the enemy. If they must starve it should be in company with
the proslavery residents in Kansas, and their barns were laid un-
der contribution. Burlington, Tccumseh and Osaukee were pro-
slavery settlements, and the farms in their several localities were
favorite places of resort for young men and old who could not
in any other way maintain the commissariat at home. Their
stomachs if not their consciences must be satisfied, and the moral-
ity of a state of siege differs very materially from that obtaining
at other times.

could in-
,l)en saw it
Inec, from
id all the
give peace
)iivei'sation
for it was
died upon

other free
[or wart of
o the prac-
plundercrs,
their vigil-
mcxpected-
iither men,
lid run the
while they
were daily
ire the new
heir chance
hough Mr.
■ a man, he
s Secretary
lope for the
; answer to
Ige the ter-
." Because
3ns, and be-
3, they were
reprisals on
mpany with
ere laid un-
3e were pro-
;alities were
0 could not
»me. Their
i the moral-
at obtaining

Gov. Gk.iuy's IiuLE — 18nG-7.

377

The jiroslavcry men wanted Gov. Geary delayed at any point
aiid on any pretext, until their .scheme of extermination could be
carried out ; but he did not wear the aspect of a man that would
invite aggression, and although when he stepped on board the
steamer at Jefferson City he was warned by an excited personage
that unless he did what was wanted in Kansu;i he.sliould be a.«sas-
sinated, he went on his way with an unfaltering purpose, deter-
mined to adnnnister the affairs of the territory as an honest man.
Tliere was much excitement at various places along the banks of
the river, but no man was commissioned to seize the new gov-
ernor, and nobody wanted to r>in chances; so, in spite of every
malevolent design, the rapidity of his movements outwitted his
loyal militiamen. He arrived at Fort Leavenworth September
9th, and the scenes which were being enacted daily showed him
that the talk on the boat had been no vainglorious boasting. An
officer, detailed for the protection of three free settlers with their
wagons, made his report that, in spite of his authority, the men
and their property had been seized by the notorious regulator,
Capt. Emory and his gang, with an overwhelming force, who had
carried of? the settlers as captives to some unkown fate, and had
confiscated their property as spoils of war. This piece of robbery
had been consummated almost within gunshot range from the
fort. A detachment of U. S. troops brouglit in Emory as a pris-
oner very speedily, and set at liberty the men who had been
seized ; but the property was not recovered, and the unabashed
leader and his confederates were set once more at liberty, to find
in additional brutalities to others satisfaction for the mild rebuke
then administered. Mr. Geary exerted himself to procure the re-
covery of the stolen property, that duty being devolved, by special
command, on Col. Clarkson and the militia force in Leavenworth.
The governor left Leavenworth on the lOtb, and arrived in Le-
compton, the territorial capital, on the 12th of September, where
he found everybody on the tiptoe of excitement, talking about
Lane's recent visit, and the stampede they were not proud of hav-
ing made before an enemy that did no harm. His own desire was
that bygones should be bygones, that peace should now reign,
and that all armed intervention should cease. He issued an ad-
dress full of sound advice, but for the fact that it was given to

nuaaMWiwaBiWi

378

TcTTLtfs History of Kaxsas.

deaf cars on ono side, and to men powerless to give cfTcct to liia
policy and theirs on the other. lie engaged to do justice at all
lia/cards, and he urged that the residents in Kansas alone had the
remedy for all wrongs in their hands. In theory he was right,
and it was not easy for a man newly come into the territory to bo
aware how far the practice had gone astray from the proper
course, under the influences of such militia nonresidents as he
had seen i)ouring in upon the people. Ue commanded all officers
of militia to disband their forces instantly, as there were sufliciont
men at his disposal in the U. S. forces to serve in every ])robable
emergency. He was determined, at all hazards, to have none of
the force that he had seen gathering along the Missouri under
the insolent pretense that they were the territorial militia, and at
the same time he called upon the residents in Kansas to arm and
enrol themselves, ready to be mustered in and used by him in any
emergency that might arise. Herein were the elements for a
crushing defeat of all the designs, and it is very clear that his
boat ride on the Missouri had been the occasion of many valua-
ble lessons. lie had seen that there was an intention to make
war upon Kansas under the speuious disguise of the array of
militia, and he was taking the best possible steps to compel aban-
donment of the strategem, whereupon, should the foe avow the
purpose of aggression, he would have at his disposal the military
already encamped in various parts of the territory, as well as in
Forts Leavenworth and Scott ; as well as a formidable embodi-
ment of free settlers, to fight under his direction, and send back
the invader in most admired disorder. Immediately upon his
assuming his position, a letter came to his hands which had been
meant for Mr. Woodson, announcing that Brig. Gen. Heiskill had
eight hundred men in the field, ready for action and impatient to
begin. It must have been painful for the brigadier to receive in
reply an order to disband his forces, and return to his and their
homes. That and the governor's proclamation were the only
replies vouchsafed to so much mistaken zeal. Finding that it was
not possible to depend upon the statements of his surroundings
as to the condition of the country, Mr. Geary had initiated a sys-
tem of special agents, such as he had long before had in use in
California and in Mexico, to supply him with complete reports as

Gov. C!i:.iitY's nrr.i:—l'^:)(!-7.

379

efTect to his
justice at all
lone bad the
he was right,
jrritory to bo
1 the proper
sidenls as be
cd all officers
icre suflicicnt
■ery probable
have none of
issouri under
lilitia, and at
IS to arm and
)y him ill any
iments for a
ilear that his

many valua-
;ion to make

the array of
compel aban-
foe avow the
1 the military
as well as in
able embodi-
id send back
ely upon his
ich had been

Heiskill had
I impatient to
to receive in
his and their
ere the only
ng that it was

surroundings
litiated a sys-
lad in use in
lete reports as

to public feeling and the several dangers of which he had heard ;
and the answer which came from Lawrence by such means showed
him that the people there residing tiould not break up their organ-
ization, because they were threatened by a force of mure thjin two
thousand iivc hundred men, who would once more sack their
homes and imperil their lives, unless they renuxincd ready for de-
fense, lie was in the saddle immediately, ai\d reached Lawrenco
without delay, finding less than four hundred men under arms;
but he still tliought that, in a military sense, they had overesti-
mated tlieir dangers. Tlie city was found well fortilied, and the
people were strengthened in their resolution by the few manly ^
words that he addressed to them during his first visit. It was
easy to see that although Mr. Geary did not court popularity by
any unworthy devices, he was bound to become popular in his
rule. His brief absence from Lecompton had worked a change
in the capital, as he found upon his return that some rumors of a
visit to Osaukee had filled the city with a panic lest Gen. Lane
should come and devour them all. The terror under which the
proslavery party were suffering was probably assumed to win a
point upon the governor, the facts not being of such a character
as to justify extreme fear. Col. Lane had served in the same force
in Mexico, although not in the same regiment, with Col. Geary,
the one having risen from the ranks in the regiment sent by Indi-
ana, and the other in one of the regiments from Pennsylvania ; but
Col. Lane was sufficiently acquainted with the morale of the
governor, to be sure that, under his control, Kansas would soon
find peace, consequently there was no need of his services in the
field, and he concluded to leave by way of Topeka, returning
upon the road then known as Lane's trail, through Nebraska and
Iowa, so that during his journey he could give succor and coun-
sel to the new emigrants coming by that route. It was not safe
to travel alone, but the force with him was very small. When at
Osaukee, the general was informed that some ruffians had been
raiding Hickory Point and the neighborhood for some days. On
the day of bis setting out, the robbers had attacked Grasshopper
Falls, a village about twenty-five miles from Leavenworth, and,
as their last request, the people begged him to break up the
Stronghold. Reinforcements having been procured from Topeka

>i^miigi,ttgi^^^/-r. -Tf*---^

i480

Trrn.K's IIistdi.-y of Kaxs.is.

Tindor th(> command of Capt. A. D. Stcphoiis, better known aa
Capt. Wliipplc, (Jen. Lano proceeded to Hickory I'oint, wlioro
tlic <'iiciiiy was foiuiil str(>n<;ly fortified in three lioiiscs, under
coiiii)ctcnt cominaiidcr.s. Witlioiit artillery, notliin},' could be
done, and, wliilo waiting for such assistance from Lawrence, the
proclamation of the governor disbanding all armed bodies,
reached his camp, and of course he had no option but to leave
the nuitter as it stood, only notifying the reinforcements which
were to have reached him at OsauUce, that he had abandoned the
expedition for the reason assigned. The force tlicn commanded
by Lane broke up, some going to Toi)eku with Cai)t. Stephens,
others accompanying the general on his journey, conscciueiitly
Lccompton had ncjthinj;- to fear from the man that was tnost
dreaded. The Hickory Point marauders did not, however, escape,
as a force from Lawi-ence, with a twelve-pounder cannon, bom-
barded the rude fort for about si.\ hours, and, after .some slaught-
er, the enemy capitulated. Knowing very little of the facts, but
being assured that warlike proceedings were being prosecuted in
the neighborhood after hi.s proclamation should have procured a
cessation of all hostilities. Gov. Geary sent Col. Cook with a
force of dragoons to enforce obedience, and on the night of Sep-
tember 14th, Col. Harvey, with a force of over one hundred men,
surrendered to the dragoons, and every one of the body so found
in arms was in fact arrested and held prisoners on very scanty
fare indeed. The fact of their being in arms could not be de-
nied, and there could be no justification of that offense before
Judge Cato, who had so jften committed the like offense on the
other side. The prisoners were accused of murder, and bail was
arbitrarily refused, although the murderers of Dow, Barber and
Brown had never been even examined upon the charge which
laid at their doors of deliberate and unprovoked murder, and, in
this case, the oflense that was imputed could only amount to eon-
structive murder at the most. Gen. Smith refusing to retain the
men as his prisoners, they were handed over to the civil authori-
ties and were guarded by Col. Titus, of whom we have some
knowledge, but their treatment was on the whole deplorable.
They were tried in the following month, and sentenced to long
terms of imprisonment with hard labor, dragging the ball and

day. (iHAiiv's Uvi.t: — l>^i'y^'>'7.

nsi

r known as

I'oint, wlioro
oiisos, under
ig cDiiltl be
luwrence, the
mod bi)diea,
;)Ut to loiwo
neuts wliicU
)iiiulone(l the
cointniinded
|)t. Stephens,
e()iisc([iieiitly
lUt wuH most
revcr, csenpo,
cannon, bom-
iome sliuight-
the facts, but
)i'oseeuted in
e procured a
Dook with a
light of Scp-
uiiidred men,
lody so found
1 very scanty
i not be de-
»f!ense before
flense on the
and bail was
, Barber and
charge which
urder, and, in
[nount to con-
; to retain the
civil authori-
se have some
le deplorable,
jnced to long
the ball and

chain at every step, but the governor exorcised his power to an-
nul tlie degrading feature of tlu; punishment, and many of the
men made their escape, so that thirty-one could not be (.mud lu
Doeember. The remainder were then handed over to the custody
of Capt. Hampton, who behaved very kindly to tlio men under
his (iliarge. Many escapes coiitinuo<l to oe(;ur all the time, so
that in March only seventeen remained under guard, and on tho
second day of that month, 1857, (Jov. Geary used the pardoning
power vested in him to return the remainder to their homes, iii
eomplianco with petitions fr.)in all parts of the territory.

Following to an end the story of Col. liarvey and his company
has temporarily carried us away from Lawrence and its all'airs;
but a stroke of the pencil carries us back to September 14, 1850.
Secretary Woodson is now at Wakarusa under directions from
the governor, striving to induce his friends to rccross the border
and surrender their impossible revenge ; but it is said to bo easier
to raise the Devil than to induce his Satanic majesty to return to
sulphurean shades after his allies would like to dispense with
him. Some such experience was now falling in the way of Mr.
Woodson. His prochunation had been the means of bringing the
pro-slavery men into Kansas, but his protestations and entreaties
could not remove them, and it is doubtful whether he would
have ventured into their den at Franklin, without an escort of
United States dragoons. His eloquence failed to impress the
border chiefs, and the disbanding order was treated with con-
tempt. They had come into the territory to destroy Lawrence,
and nothing would induce them to leave until that town and ev-
ery other free state settlement had been razed to the ground.
The same day Gov. Geary rode to Lawrence, accompanying Col.
Cooke and all his force, resolved to be ready for the worst. Al-
ready, of course, he knew the threats that were being fulminated
against himself, but he was not cursed with timidity, and he
meant to grasp the nettle with energy. He could sec now that
the danger was not being overrated in the city. Nearly three
thousand men were in the old Wakarusa camp imploring to be
led on to the destruction of Lawrence, and in the city there were
only three hundred men at arms, for the force under Col. Harvey,
all good men and true, bad been relied upon as codefenders.

,«ki »'iiiHl««nill<»-*««-*<*'

Ti'TTufn IltsTitttr or A'.i.\w.is.

8SJ

Rlill there w«. no .l<ml,l on il.. 1-rt ol llic Ii«, ,Mc men tlmt

, ,,, j,„i," ,u,.l n„», liKl.lin« fur tlnnr wive. .,,,1 elnU ron, and

: .en,kr n,e ri« ot 1 e, conM n„t ■'""" ■";; ;;^; ™

.n, tl,c ,iirl,tsi.le. TI,o .,1.1 e,„n,u»n.ler, ln,.vc . Urn »...«.., ha,

0 n,ne» of ,»hun„n., nn.l hi, ene,,.v an,, -'"" -;;';;f ;, " .^
t„ .very .nan a,hlil.".,al ,f„«rce, u, ll.o |,erf..olc. t,..l of all »
Z^^ Three hnn,lre,l n.en, eaeh hohllng a r,lle wh.eh 1ml

0 , lne,l ...ain an,l »^.»in in .ho faee of .h.naer.aml wn.eh neve

*> :lin« ..-. i-» »''- '""• !r.::;::: :.;„;;:;

,„ch ,. ,,ow e,n,.r,,lle,UhA ..,,n.o..^^^^^^

"™ '''";\;;;:';;'u: e i, r, , t > - "- j-'«- "-"■

:::; ; "Whi l Zheathen ra.o, and the wicked in.as,ne a van,

"' ni' hn- the »,-,ow hy distant f.re^ide,, it wonld hayo been well

,ht,'.e,-oe» defending I.uv,enec shouhl have been allowed a

Id and .,o tav,.r, to end ,.t o.,ec a,.d for ever tl- ™"ng» ^

li e e.°ie,,; hnt oLv. Oeary wa» right, a.nl the l.ght of bat e

t a le" V ;.lea,,K,l npon those faee« fonn,l „p,,ortun,t,e» el, •

Isuc as that for which they were then m arms. Ihe govt, no
ound e ly access to the city ; men soon discover the nn press o£
1 m'hood, and he had fonnd his way to tl- -^ ;;j-^ ^
Tie cime to tell thcn» that the troops were ready to defend thun
on X elmy, and would discharge that duty to the last m .
T ey wer rea/; to disarm and disband at once if he so ordered
b Xt 1 nol his will ; he desired them to keep the. weapo
ready in the last resort to defend their ho.nes and then lives as
thX city might yet require them all. The next mormng was the
time niedir the assault, and the governor started early and
2LZ the invaders' camp. He was t^-ee mdes rom the c.y
nnd about one mile from the encampment, when he met he ad
TalfofLr hundred preparing for .he ^^^^:^;;^^
^ho they were, and what was their purpose, with a few supeittu

tl,,\: Ht.Miv's /;r/,A'— iS>/>-7.

383

vtc men that
\ spiti^ i)t llio
liiil. Imth liirt
cliiltli't'ii, uiul
lull lliiiy woio
n Ui'own, hml
conrai^o (.'two
itrol of nil liw
Ic which Imil
il whicli never
, and tnusclofl

Hcareil by ten
iiowii bceame

danger thiek-
i words, a^ ho
imagine a vain

have been well
been allowed a
• the ravings of

■ light of battle
[lortunitics elae-
) the sacriliee of
d the self sjuno

The governor
r the impress of

■ hearts already,
to defend them
to the last man.
,f he so ordered,
3p their weapons
a their lives, as
morning was the
started early and
les from the city,
I he met the ad-
Having learned

h a few superflu-

o,H fulir.-tives ll.ow" in by his inf..r.nant, to give pomt to tho
statement, ti.ut "Lawicnco was U. be wiped out, and every aboli-
ti„ni«f:" ho coinfHftnded his territorial ...ilitia to "right about
{■,cc," an.l convey him to the center of the Wakarusa f.,.ro. 1 ho
cuinmand.r i.. .;hiet rc-iuired no vo.ichcr as to hiscai.acily to rule,

and ho was obeyed.

Ti.e olVu'ers who could say n.. and swear to it when Mr. Wood-
Hon was the orator, found that ihoy had other mettle ix.w to com-
,,.■1 attention. Some men such as Jones, not the shenll, and a
low others, urged the attack against U. S. trooi-s, and even the [: niou
iHolf, for ahvudy many of them saw to what maelstrom they were
drifting, but tho more dangerous because the more ratiotud eon-
eluded that they must obey the proclamation and disband. Iho
more rulhanly were compelled to ac<iuiesce api-aiently in a course
which they hated, but on their way out of the territory they in-
flicted all the injury of which they were capable upon the settlers
whom they grudged to leave with even life itself. The John
Brown war had ended; and although it had cost him dearly in
his very heart's blood, there yet remained two sons and himself,
with other men now around him, to raise the question of abolition
elsewhere, to be answered with their lives at first, and thereafter
with the blood of hundrqds of thousands, until the terrifio prob-
lem should be solved. Missouri falls back now from our pages
as a lighting force, and Kansas enters upon a better era of her
history"; but some time must yet elapse before the relics of tho
old quarrel will altogether cease to be found, as well in tho plowed
fields of tho territory as in the more curious fields of social and
political memories. Missouri was fighting for a bad cause, in
which she could not fail to be vanquished in the end, and her
leaders descended to the use of weapons, which every honorable
man should avoid, but, beyond doubt, the escutcheon of the causo
was sullied by the deeds of her allies.

The country was approaching the days indicated by Isaiah,
when " The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard
shall lie down with the kid," but there was much work yet to be
done. When Gov. Geary visited the Wakarusa camp he found
Judge Cato, one of the territorial staflf, whose name has frequently
appeared in these pages, doing duty as a soldier, m spite of tho

384

Tuttle's HisToiiY OF Kaxsah.

proclamation ordering that all forces should be disbandeil. That
fact will stand as a general indication of the disloyalty with
which it was necessary to do battle in order to bring the adminis-
tration of the territory up to a presentable point. Partisanship
had abused all the functions of justice and law for the advantage
of a faction. Murder by a proslavery man was hardly reprehen-
sible, but for a free state man to strike in self defense deserved
the severest penalties known to the judiciary. They were always
wrong men in the wrong place, from Chief Justice Lecompte
downward to the sherifl; and his deputies, slaves of party using
all the powers with which they were invested to prejudice the
cause of the people, and to hand over Kansas, bound hand and
foot for the foul designs of slavery. The duties of the judges
had been nominal alnriost ever since their arrival in the territory,
as ever since the enactments were passed at Shawnee, every free
settler avoided the courts as he would the plague ; but in their
idleness, the several judges were laborious finding excuses for
activity that common sense would have impelled them to shun,
and on the wrong side their zeal was prodigious. The partiality
of the judges was never questioned by their best friends, nor was
that considered a fault, provided that they never gave judgment
against their friends.

On the way back from Wakarusa the governor was accompa-
nied by Judge Cato, and they were all but witnesses to a brutal
and cowardly murder, committed by one of a troop of Kickapoo
Kangers, within a few miles of Lecompton. A cripple named
Buff urn was at work in a field, and six of the troop set upon him
to steal his horse. Lame and weak at the best, and not quarrel-
some at any time, the poor creature was easily robbed ; but after
that end had been secured, one of the troop in sheer wantonness
shot him in the abdomen, so that he died in great agony. While
Buffura was dying the governor and Judge Cato came to the stop,
and the governor received the dying statement of the murdered
man. The murderer was arrested after two months ceaseless de-
mand on the part of Col. Geary, although a reward of $500 had
been offered for the discovery of the criminal, but after Hays, the
murderer, had been committed to take his trial for murder in the
first degree, Judge Lecompte allowed him to go at large on straw

andea. That
si oy ally with
>• the adminis-

Partisanship
the advantage
•dly reprehen-
ense deserved
y were always
,ice Leconipte
)f party using

prejudice the
ind hand and
of the judges
L the territory,
tiee, every free
; but in their
g excuses for
them to shun,
The partiality
lends, nor was
;ave judgment

was accompa-
ises to a brutal
[) of Kickapoo
cripple named
) set upon him
id not quarrel-
bed ; but after
eer wantonness
igony. While
,me to the stop,
the murdered
as ceaseless de-
i of $500 had
after Hays, the
■ murder in the
t large on straw

Gov. Geauy's BcLK—18r>G-7.

3S5

bail. The course so pursued was manifestly defeating the aims
(;f justice, vand if the prisoner liad been a free state man accused
of only expressing his dislike for slavery, there would have been
no bail and no consideration on the part of the chief justice. The
governor ordered a ro-arrest, and being absent from the capital for
a few days, he found upon his return that Mr. Lecompte had lib-
erated the prisoner a second time upon a writ of Ii'iheas corpus.
Thus an executive quarrel arose which in the end so far exasper-
ated the governor that he resigned his position ; but we must not
look too far ahead, and it is a good plan to avoid jumping before
we come to the stile.

The holding of regular courts at stated intervals, and the en-
couragement by the judiciary of all attempts to bring wrong doer.s
to justice, engaged the attention of the governor, and he did his
best to impress upon the judiciary his view in the matter, but his
success was very moderate indeed. The state prisoners consisting
of Col. Ilarvey and his men were then waiting for an examina-
tion, but instead of bringing them to trial at once as might have
been done, the chief justice went off on his pleasure, leaving word
that the one hundred and one prisoners could be conveyed to
Leavenworth in three .weeks from that date. Tlie governor was
absent when that order was made, but upon his return Judge Cato
was requested to make the examination, with the results already
described. The jnisfeasance of officials had long been a source of
complaint in the territory, and not without adequate cause. From
every quarter came charges which could not be rebutted, and the
govcrr or brought down the whole stafiE upon him by an earnest
and manly effort to arouse ther : to a sense of duty. The U. S.
marshal, he of the proclamation, used his opportunity to proc:ire
troops u.^der escorts, of which he sent his deputies to arrest free
state men, but no other duty could be thought of, until the chief
executive refused to supply dragoons to bolster up misapplied au-
thority, and the people were protected thenceforth from displays
of insolence which had been all but unbearable. There were thus
daily accruing evidences that Col. Geary meant to hold the scales
of justice fairly, and from all quarters there came testimony to the
essential manliness of his character.

The industrial army, which was spoken of long since as Lane's
85

3S6 Tuttle's History of ICiSfiAfi.

army of tlic north, was not an invading force, but a band or rath-
er many bands of settlers who came on to malvc their homes in
the territory, but who, knowing how their brethren had been
treated by tlic Missourians, came armed for purposes of defense on
the route as well as after settlement. They were coming ^^d,en
Mr. Shannon resigned, and indeed during the very earliest days
of xVugust, three weeks before his resignation, there were five
hundred immigrants and sixty wagons encamped near Nebraska
City about ninety-six miles from Omaha by the Missouri, ready
to enter the territory of Kansas. This number had gradually ac-
cumulated, some had attempted the Missouri passage and had
been driven buck with the loss of nearly all their possessions, and
none could say what obstacles would be presented to their en-
trance in this direction, hence the first comers waited for additions,
and now they had indeed become an army in dimensions, nor
^v-ere they altogether unprepared, should a fight become inevit-
able The south had thoroughly roused the spirit of the north at
last; but notwithstanding all that, these men wanted peaceful
homesteads in Kansas and would only give battle when other
means failed to secure them their rights. Some brought with them -
stock and agricultural implements, having determine'' upon farm-
in- and stock raising as their pursuit, but they were not without
more warlike weapons to use when requisite. The little assem-
biaoe contained almost as many various projects as there were
men in the company, but actual conquest by force of arms waa
not one of them. Peaceful possession and armed defense, if neces-
sary would much more truthfully express their intentions. The
force came on with abundant proof of their bona fides, founding vil-
lages such as Plymouth, Lexington and Ilolton, the first now a
po° tal village and railroad station on the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fe Railroad in Lyon county, the second grown into a town-
ship on the Kansas River traversed by the St. Louis, Lawrence
and Western Railroad, with a population of over thirteen hun-
dred, and the last a city, the capital of Jackson county on the
Kansas Central Railroad, having two newspapers and a popula-
tion of five hundred persons. ,
Enouc^h has been said to show that these men with their fami-
lies meant settlement, and not war, and that they were well adapt-

■■*dp^-r^ IlliHWir^ri

Gov. Geary's liuLK — lS5G-7.

3S7

land or rath-
iir lioincs in
?n li!\d been
)f defense on
;oinin,q; when
earliest days
■re were five
!ar Nebraska
ssoviri, ready
gradually ac-
age and had
sscssions, and
to their en-
for additions,
nensions, nor
3Conie inevit-
\i the north at
nted peaceful
e when other
ti-ht with them
e' upon farm-
•e not without
; little assem-
as there were
e of arms was
fense, if neces-
;entions. The
, founding vil-
he first now a
1, Topeka and
m into a town-
ouis, Lawrence
r thirteen hun-
county on the
1 and a popula-

,'ith their fami-
^ere well adapt-

ed to select sites for their future habitations. The men who made
these settlements also left the streams temporarily bridged, so
that their successors could come on with less delay. Tlie balance
of the party came on to Topeka, where many made their homes.
There was in this rush of emigrants nothin^r to alarm any man,
unless he saw in the increasing power of the free settlers a death
blow for his hope that Kansas could be made a slave state ; but
the territorial authorities wore men of that type, and for the same
reason that they would welcome a rush of a like kind over the
Missouri border, they hated to see the new arrivals via Nebraska.
Air. Woodson, during his term of authority, telegraphed to Presi-
dent Pierce that one thousand armed men had arrived on the
borders of the territory ; twenty thousand such would have been
a gain, and not a source of alarm ; there are now 600,000 people
in KansaB, any one of whom might be proud to entertain the
humblest in that armv.

The idea of an invasion from the iiorth, with such designs as
had just been defeated from the south, was presented to the mind
of Gov. Geary in the latter part of September, and inasmuch as
he wished to avoid the chance of Kansas being made merely the
battle ground of a faction, he despatched a force to inspect the
new arrivals, said to be one thousand strong, and just ready to
swoop down upon the territory. The company was found one
hundred and thirty only, and they were all arrested and conveyed
to the capitol, where the governor saw them, and being satisfied
that they were peaceful and desirable immigrants, although armed,
gave them a kindly welcome and permission to settle where they
would, unmolested. Continual alarms of this description occurred.
Three hundred dragoons were sent to arrest a force of seven hun-
dred men with cannon and small arms, and instead of any such
perilous force there were only three hundred immigrants, just as
well armed as iheir predecessors, and as peaceable. A delega-
tion from this body, on the first of October, had an interview with
Col. Geary to disabuse his mind of an erroneous impression ; but
of course the necessity for such precautions could not be other-
wise than annoying to the persons molested, whatever the motive
of the authority by which the obstruction comes. Subsequently
there were two stories as to the delegation and their friends, and

.,j

888

Tittle's lIisTonr of Kansas.

it is not easy to assume that either side was entirely wrong. Two
men disputed about a shidd, one saying that it was gold, the
other that it was silver, but before settling tlie question in the
orthodox way by fighting, one of the two was wise enough lo
chan<rc positions, and he found that the shield was gold un the
one sitle, and silver on the other. Gov. Geary reported what he
saw, and wliat was reported to liiin, in his own way according to
his belief, wliilc the immigrants and tlieir friends gave their ex-
perience from a different standpoint. American citizens happdy
are not accustomed to be inspected by dragoons, and they don't
take to it kindly; that is of course very proper. The deputy
United States marshal said that the immigrants came as an organ-
ized band in martial array, with superfluous arms, and presenting
an ai)])earance so equivocal that he insisted upon examining their
wagons. Tliere is no law that expressly provides what arms shall
be carried by citizens, and i)erhai)s the constitution would allow
every man to be bis own judge in that respect, but the exceptional
condition of Kansas may well account for preparations on one
side, and suspicions on the other. The force which came pre-
pared for war found peace prevailing, established by the wise
rule of the man whose action thev were finding so inconvenient
in their cases; but there might have been some satisfaction in
knowing that the same rule which was irksome in their own in-
stance was a means of security for their families and themselves,
when it applied to the unlawful bands of marauders that were
now permanently relegated to the Airther side of the Missouri
river. This world abounds in compensations, and their lot was
not without them. The duty devolving upon the governor was
perplexing, but if he allowed a body of men to come with arms
and munitions of war unchecked over one boundary, how could
he insist upon a cessation in another. If his predecessor had
cleared the obstructions from the Missouri, no such armament
would have been dreamed of. The whole party was arrested in
the instance mentioned, and the governor met them at Topeka,
where from his own observation he concluded that they came
within the line which his proclamation had marked out as con-
trary to the law, and therefore in order to preserve the peace, he
called upon them to disperse. The governor addressed the crowd

■'srwc^

Gov. GiJ.uiv's Uvu: — l'^'>0-7'

3S9

ong. Two
s gold, the
stion in the
! enough to
gold un the
ted what he
iccording to
,ve their ex-
ens happily
I they don't
The deputy
as an organ-
d presenting
mining their
it arms shall
svould allow
! exceptional
tions on one
h came pre-
by the wise
inconvenient
vtisfaction in
their own in-
1 themselves,
jrs that were
the Missouri
their lot was
governor was
(le with arms
y, how could
idecessor had
ch armament
IS arrested in
ra at Topeka,
at they came
id out as con-
the peace, he
sed the crowd

at some length, explaining his policy and questioning them as to
their beiti'- aware of the terms of his proclamation before they
came acrass the bonh'r, but he showed less than his ordinary
sa'nieity when he concluded that their excuses were unsatisfactory,
inasmuch as the requisite information did reach them in Nebraska
territory. Their arms of all kinds were valuable properties. Were
they to leave them in Nebraska City wliere they would be all
but valueless, or to bring them along where their value might, in
a purely business point of view, be expected to be enhanced by
the dan-ers incidental to Kansas colonization ? Could they have
known before leaving home that he had tamed and dispersed the
ruffians, much of the exi)enditure might have been saved ; but
even then they might reasonably doubt the continuance of his
rule, seeing how often the power behind the throne had removed

Kansas governors.

The governor supported his oflftccrs in the course they had
pursued, and the colonists, who had only associated for safety m
their travel, dispersed upon the first invitation, giving therein the
best evidence of their good faith. The pacilhvation of the terri-
tory was naturally enough good news, and the governor noted
that the officer of dragoons, Maj. Sibley, who had escorted the
corps of emigrants under arrest, was honored with three cheers in
apparent recoL'nition of his gentlemanly demeanor on the march.
The warlike s^ocieties of the eastern states came in for a vote of
censure at the hands of Col. Geary, who appeared to be incapable
of seeincr, that the line of conduct which he condemned arose out
of the territorial condition which he had bent all his energies to
reform; but that, had Secretary Woodson remained master of
the situation, all these precautions, and more besides, would have
been necessary to save the free state men from absolute exter-
mination The conductors of the emigrant train averred, that
their party consisted of less than three hundred persons, whose
families were following only a few days travel behind, that they
were desirous to become residents in Kansas, that the Missouri
blockade rendered overland travel a necessity, and that they
were armed because they had reason to expect that northern
Kansas would be found infested with marauders. They com-
plained of unnecessary harshness and destruction of goods in the

390

Tuttle's IIisroiiY of KA\>t.is.

search for arms among their packiigos, and thoy dechired tlicir
mission to be peaceful without any other organization than that
necessary to preserve order and property. Botli sides wore
right, hut it is very probable that some of the subordinates put
on the importance of office in the most pompous way tliey knew,
and assuredly American citiisens are in peaceful times eiititled to
cany arms, unquestioned by dragoons. Tlie governor was trying
to be rigorously impartial, and as a consequence, he caused annoy-
ance to both sides, but in the main, however much some few of
the extremists on the jjopular side were oitended, the mass of the
community could see that Col. Geary aimed at doing che right
thing in the way that seemed to him best for all concerned. The
names of the men that acted as conductors for the party of
immigrants would, of themselves, stand sponsor for the truth-
fulness of their statements, so far as they spoke from their own
knowledge, t

It was a subject for much congratulation, that by the end of
September peace had been established all over Kansas, except ia
Leavenworth, and Gov. Geary by his energy and promptitude
Lad contributed mainly to that end. Men were able to send their
produce from their farms into cities, and to procure Ir return the
goods neces.sary for their convenience without military escort or
any fear of an assault. The bands of guerrillas that had menaced
life and property so long were effectually driven out or quelled ;
bouses were safe from assault, as well from scoundrels clothed
in the forms of law, as from others who only called themselves a
militia ; the disturbances existing were petty and trivial, such as
only served to illustrate the general peace. Where necessary, in
the neighbood of Leavenworth for instance, troops were ready
and willing to protect and convoy loaded wagons or other prop-
erty, but the condition of that city itself was still an eyesore ; and
the governor applied his will to the reduction of its disorder.
The complaints of the people had never ceased since the day
that they had first learned that the office of governor was filled
by a man to whom honesty might look for succor ; but where so
many and such various demands were made, something must be
done "first A letter bearing date, October 1, 1856, addressed to
the mayor of Leavenworth, thiiL the regulators must be dis-

Gov. Ghaut's Elu:— lSr,(:-7.

391

declared tlieir
ition tlian that
)tli sides wero
bordiiiate.4 put
^iiy tlicy knew,
rnes ciititled to
nor was trying

caused annoy-
ih some few of
he mass of the
[ling che right
ncerned. The

the party of
for the truth-
om their own

by the end of
isas, except in
I promptitude
3 to send their
; ir return the
itary escort or
; had menaced
It or quelled ;
idrels clothed

themselves a
rivial, such as
I necessary, in
s were ready
)r other prop-
eyesore ; and

its disorder,
since the day
lor was filled
but where so
hing must be
addressed to
must be dis-

banded," and so well was it known, thai wl.cii (U,]. deary spoke,
lie meant business, that the acquiescotit mayor was immediately
capable of issuing his iM'oclamation, and the regulators subsided
under regulations. " Law and order," but hap[)ily, not in the
old Leavenworth sense, once more reigned in the city, and busi-
ness was speedily seen assuming its proper proportions in the
streets where riot had prevailed so long. Tlie government was
felt to be strong in the will of one man alone, but tliat will was a
guaranty to the whole of the people. A real militia force was
mustered in for defensive purposes in the early part of October,
two b(;ing stationed at the capital and one in the city of Lawrence ;
but two months' service was pronounced enough to serve all
proper purposes; the people were secure in the good faith of the
governor, and he was confident that in whatever emergency might
ai'isc he would be supported by the whole force of the resident
population from whom he once feared so much trouble.

There had been many requests from different parts of the terri-
tory for authority to form independent military companies, but
in every case the proposition was declined, as the chief executive
of the territory was fully capable of the position, and he pro-
posed to be the actual commander-in-chief while be remained in
Kansas. The choice of a delegate to congress was thought of so
little moment, as it was hoped that the constitution of Kansas as
a state would soon pass into law, that when an election was called
for, very few of the free state party cared to vote, and Whitfield
■was elected by a posse of voters that came over from Westport
in his company, and literally made him for once ashamed of his
as-sociates ; or else he said so for the purpose of covering appear-
ances. Things having been now reduced to something like order,
the governor set out on a tour through Kansas, seeing beauties
■which might well wean the most obstreperous to the enjoyments
of peaceful life, yet amidst which but little more than a month
since the din of robbery and rapine had daily resounded ; and
upon his return, a day of " Thanksgiving and Praise " was ap-
pointed for the 20th of November. Scattered marauders were
still heard of in some parts of the territory, but officers and
troops were rendering a very good account of all such ruffians,
when the troops were recalled to winter quarters. Five thieves

892

TuTTUfs lIlSTOIti- OF KaS'SAS.

had been arrested, mucli booty recovered, and it was sornctliitig
to find the onk'ial force of tlic territory whicli had been so h)ng
engaged in worrying the people now oeeupicd in rei)ressing disor-
der and preventing outrage. The moral tone tlius given to gcv-
erninent in Kansas was a luxury.

The legislature of Vermont liad liberally voted $20,000 to as-
sist the people of Kansas in consideration of the fact that the out-
rages daily perpetrated had prevented the customary harvest
labors from being executed, but when the governor of the state
of Vermont communicated that fact to the governor of Kansas
territory, Col. Geary expressed a doubt whether any such help
was needed, reserving however the right to call upoTi the Vcr
mont people, should any cases of suflicient urgency come uiuler
his notice. During the month of November the town of Ilyatt-
villc was founded on the south branch of the Pottawatomie, in
order to find employment for a number of young men who were
otherwise likely to drift out of soundings, but the township has
long since ceased to be mentioned even by the most painstaking
gazetteer. The men most likely to succeed in a colony are just the
men that have surplus energy and can make success anywhere.
The first impressions of Gov. Geary were being very slowly
succeeded by better, because wider views of the men over whom
he was called to rule, and they were able to read him much soon-
er than he could decipher their wortli. The first work necessary
toward comprehending any person or thing is to get quit of first
impressions, to unlearn what is wrong and to prepare the way for
a careful appreciation of the actual condition of things. Col.
Geary was sure that both parties were in the wrong in Kansas,
but he was expecting to find the free state party most to blame
for the condition of aflfairs which had apidly supervened ; he
■was now slowly learning the worth of the men whom he had al-
most contemned in the judgment formed without inquiry into the
facts where alone the truth could be ascertained, lie found that
they had been patient under oppression, until patience stood on
the verge of crime or even cowardice, and that they had only
taken up arms in self defense when their dear ones at home could
in no other way be protected. He found them ready to resume
their daily avocations as soon as the necessity for armed defense

^T«*^-^ t -rvtw-n~

mfmmmmm

nor. GKAflY's iiuLK—mr,-7.

803

1 soinctliiiig
xjCii so long
jssiiig elisor-
iveu to gov-

>0,000 to ns-
that llieout-
ary harvest

of tlio state
r of Kansas
iT sucli liolp
)on the Ver

come uiulcr
rn of Ilyatt-
iwatomie, in
en who were
,o\vnship has

painstaking
y are just the
IS anywliere.
very slowly
1 over whom
I much soon-
irk ueoessary
, quit of first

I the way for
thin<j;s. Col.
g in Kansas,
lost to blame
)crvencd ; he

II he had al-
[uiry into the
[e found that
nice stood on
ey had only
t home could
dy to resume
rmed defense

had passed away, and it was singular tlr xcopt in tho instanoo
of tho Rev. Martin White, who boasted ot nis horrible exploit in
the double murder of William Garrison and Frederieic Brown,
there was no evidence of an approach to a vemklto. A commu-
nity capable of so much courage and of so much self denial
deserved a more favorable verdict from tho governor and in
course of time that result was fully achieved. His first duty was
to govern firmly and with wise impartiality, and he carried
through his role so well that no man could say ho swerved toward
either side ; but inasmuch as fair play was all that the free state
men had ever asked, his inflexible justice was a passport to their
regard, however reserved might be his manner. That day, at
Lawrence, when he refused to accept a surrender of the arms of
John Brown and his comi)'.'.ny, was a good inlet to the character
of tlie man, and it won him more than golden opinions from men
all over Kansas, wlien the story was told.

He was governor of Kansas in the best sense, at a time when
the people were dependent upon one man power, and it was well
that Mr. Pierce was able to find a man so capable. But every
quality that endeared him to the settlers was an additional reason
-why the other side should be his inexorable enemies, should even
come in bitter earnest to discuss the best means for putting him
aside by a method more expeditious and more deterrent of future
aspirants from the east, than appealing to the power behind the
throne. There was a proposition to combine the great mass of
the residents in Kansas, early in the month of December, upon a
basis mutually acceptable, which could be propounded as a com-
mon declaration of principles, but the necessity to recognize the
Shawnee legislature in any degree rendered the attempt abortive.
Still, the people were now earnestly wooing peace, and when the
time drew near for the reassembly of the state legislature, many
thought that no good purpose could be served just at that time
by continuing the struggle. The traveler, that could not be
robbed of his cloak by the strong winds that tried strenuously to
carry it away, allowed the garment to drop unheeded from his shoul-
ders in the genial sunshine. Gov. Robinson, who never failed in
times of trouble, was in^'ined to think that he could more profit-
ably serve the territory, if he resigned the office to which he had

MMPMnMHi

3i>i TirTij:'s llisivur i>f Kassas.

been clcoltMl III n'opcka, and lhi;ii bolouk lumselt to Wasliiii-tou
to work 111 the (;aii.s.- ..[ llio pi-oplo ; but owing to some misun-
derHtunding, his letter of resigmUion was not presented when the
Icgishituro convened on tiie otli of .lanuiiry, 18o7, and it was
made to apiH-ar that the doctor had fiiiU'd to show proper cour-
te.sy to his friends. Tlio lieutenant governor, who held tliC doc-
tor's letter, was also absent; but nil the discontent <lisai)peared,
on a brief explanation. The asseml)ling of the legislature guve
no heartburning to Gov. CJeary, although as usual, his reporters
were present to see how things were moving ; but another power
was visibly present, in the penson of sheriff Jones. Another
quarrel was a potent necessity in his life, and he arrived in To-
peka, armed with writs sued out from Judge Cato, to arrest
every member of the state legislature. Of course there would
be resistance, and he saw a never ending vista of war rising out
of his well concocted scheme; but when the writs were exhib-
ited to the several legislators, they took the arrests as the merest
matters of course, were conveyed to Teeumseh without a mur-
mur, came up before .ludge Cato on the following day, were lib-
erated upon their own bail in every case, and were not called
upon at any time after to stand a trial for the nominal oflense.
Catiline, the conspirator, was a second time overthrown by Cato,
and the sheriflE was cue unhappiest man in Kansas.

CHAPTER XVII.

TERRITORIAL HISTORY
(conUnxied.)

GOVERNOR GEARY CONCLUDES - EVENTS OF 1857.

Lecompton Legislature -Governor's Message -Unpalatable Truths -Fac
tion Fury -Abominable Legislation -Lecomptc's Defenders -Condon,
ing Murder— Vetoing Veto -Fomenting Strife- Sheritf Sherrard —
Insolent Official- Kold Threats — Patient Waiting — Legislative Resolu-
tion-Sufficient Reasons -Uncontrolled Rage -Malicious Motive —
- Buncombe -Illegal Law -Personal Violence -Supreme Contempt —

Coy. Gkmiy Ci>\ci.vDh:s— ISS?.

Wasliiii^tDii
OHIO ini.sun-
e<l when the

illlll it WU3

[)r()per cour-
clil I'iO doc-
disappearecl,
datiiro guvo
lis reporters
lotlicr power
•s. Another
rived in To-
to, to arrest
there would
ar rising out
were exhib-
\s the merest
hout a niur-
lay, were lib-
•0 not called
[linal offense.
)wn by Cato,

OF 1857.

3 Truths — Fac-
iiders — Oondon-
jriff Sherrard —
gislative Resolu-
cious Motive —
me Coutempt —

AsHrml)ly Piivll.'j{<.-Lii\vlcs^ncHH-Mulnlaiirm^' Di-iilty <•' !»-

dillVn !..■.•- riM..vi..rIr.l Dilll.ultlc.s - I'cpulMi' lnai,i;null law

31,.,,,i„,r_U,.pivssioii |),.mai..KMl-.M:ilcoiiicMl Maj'-rity - ( i. I*'-

n<.unml-l'isl..l KuroUhl.T-Hystiin.lr.-^ Slu.l - Munl-r- Kim CV.u-
tintUMl-ShcnMnrs IVaih - Lvml. Liiw-Tiimuli Urprcssml - J.)ue»
!;„.„,„.„_ |.,...>hiv.iyConv.nii...i-Al)M.lui.'ly Kxclusivi; - Muj..r Ueu-
cral KirliMrdsun - Slave Laws- ('.rui.tin'.' CIkui.th- Kn.'o.in.v'inv' HnH-
rn,i.ls-U.-v,.,uir SlMtu.-!)..uUy F,MW-SiiP,'lr Is.uc-.I.'IV. DuvU -
Oovcnior I'c.wiTl.ss - l'icsid..|.lial l).s.M-ti..n - Murd.-rcr lluyn -Viiullc
' tivi' Tmui.i>li - lH'i"v ''•■^■'-"^ - l'''ul<'"ii»l K.'tivHt - (Mpl. Walker -
Oovnnc.r HmUinized - Kansa.s Cu.ve.-ls - \V...k1so„-s PnMuaUuu-
]WlelKUuu^sA,MMmUee-(^.vernor^Valk..r-l•:xp.M•ien.•edS.atesmau--

r..eli„.inary (•-...di.ions - Avoidin. War - Dim-nll Pn- e.u - C...Htl.
tntional Convent i..n - Seeretary Stanton - Pn.slavery Man- le.rlto.
rial I'olicy - (iovernor Inau«unite« - Popular Apatl.y - Cooked Ceu-
sns - Fraudulent UetnrnH - Di.fnuud.l.cd - Stanton Deee.yed - (>..v.
orn...-. Address --Adjuslinstiuiurel-IIonest Advice- Certamly Vote-

ItatirteutionDonhtful-Frol.il.itinsViolence-Uatineatn.nhssential-
Anothcr Victitn - Poubters" Castle - Decline Particpatun, -- h re." H.dl
p„„,,.-.Tournalistic Disease-Topeku Orpini/alKm -Walker M sun-
derstood -Trusting Uatilieation- Press Censures -hnd,.nger.ng Kau-
T- Distrust U..iversal _ Soutl.eru Fury - Topeku CouveuUon - Stuto
Legislature — Biding Events.

When the whilom Shawnee legislature asseinble.l at Lecomp-
ton the 12th of January, there was rage in almost every heart
against tlte governor, who had .lefeated their abommable de-
signs, a,.d that feeling was intensified by the nature of his message
Col. Geary had now bee.i nearly four months in the territory and
from the dav of his arrival he had thwarted them by forcible re-
,nonstrances"and by the quiet exercise of his powers The tone
and tenor of his message showed that the whole «'tuat,on had
been calmlv considered, and that the writer did not hesitate to
utter unpalatable truths, when necessary, even though he should
thereby bring down upon him the fury of a merciless and yn.die-
tive faction. The legislature was angry beyond measure to find
that the so called Kansas militia was classed in the same category
^ith the forces that had been fighting under Gen. Lane, and of
course the governor was wrong in that instance, as the men di-
rected by the General before mentioned were using their natural
right in defending their homes, in the absence of legal authority
to protect them, while the "militia," a fraud just on a par with

uuaMHWiStniiiBr

.^■1 1^

I HI II -I, n

806

Ti'TTLk's llisroiiY OF K.iss.is.

tlio "lp;4i.il!itnir," was assailing all tliat \va« most dear to their
Hciglilioix ill a timimcr wliicli no law coiilil iiplioM. But tliat
was ii'»t tlio point takun by tlio legislature. With that body tho
movotnent-s of tho militia wcro praiseworthy in the highest de-
gree; and hi-li treason was a term too mihl to express their
horror at the eoiiduet of Lane. The gdvernor's sins did not end
tliere; ho reeonimended that the slavery laws should be ri-pealed,
and that eertain other enaettnents should bo amended to bring
them into aeeordanoe with tlie will ot tho community; besides
nil tliese several sins, tho governor coneluded with an annouiiee-
iiient of liis impartiality. When the prisoner, weeping in tho
presence of the judge was promised justice, ho candidly replied,
•' That is wliat T am afrai<l of ;" so with the legislature, they hated
the idea of an impartial govern<jr. lioforo tho Hcssion com-
ineneed, a cauous was held, and in that secret assembly it was re-
Bolved that evei'y measure vetoed by the governor should be
passed in spite of him by a two-thirds vote in both houso.s.
Jlaving arrived at that resolution, measures were introduced from
which he must dissent, in order that he might experience their
animus against him. One bill gave power to any judge to bail
any prisoner lield for any oll'ense, during vacation. This act, al-
though worthless as ex parte farlo law for tho purpose intended,
was meant as an indorsennMit of Ciiief Justice Lecon pto ni allow-
ing tho murderer Hays to escai)e after the death of Buffuin. The
objections of the governor were ridiculed by liis mentors, and his
veto was vetoed with but one dissentient vote. Availing them-
selves of the condonation of murder thus extended to political
accomplices, several malefactors for whose convenience warrants
had long been waiting, came up and were discharged from custo-
dy by their subservient friend, Judge Cato. Kvery other measure,
with only one exception, that was passed by tlie house of represen-
tatives during that session, became law by two-thirds votes of both
houses. There was a determination which nothing could unsettle
that the man who had saved Lawrence from destruction should
be driven from the territory by any and every means. Sheriff
Jones had resigned hisoflice, and the appointment of his successor
was made the occasion for a malignant display on the part of his
iriends, the county commissioners. A person named Shenard

Gov. CiKMtY Ci)SCi.i't)h:s—lS:t7.

dear to their
(I lint that
,hat botly tho
! highest do-
ex|ii'e.sH their

(lid not end
I be ri'pealed,
[led to bring
nity ; besides
an announce-
•[ling in the
lidly replied,
re, tlioy liatod
.session com-
bly it was ro-
or shoukl be
both liousos.
roduoed from
[>eriencc tlieir

judge to bail

Til is aet, al-
»oso intended,

pte •:! allow-
kiffuin. The
ntors, and his
.vailing thein-
id to political
enee warrants
d from custo-
3ther measure,
.se (^f represen-
? votes of both
could unsettle
action should
eana. Sheriff
f his successor
he part of his
med Shenard

was recfirntnended for the olHeo becftuso ho boa.stcd that ho would
involve the wliolo neighborhood in war witliin a week after his
duties commenced. Tho commi.ssionors gave liim tho nonunation,
but his ollieial authority must eomo from the governor. Thcro
was .Mome didlciilly as to tiie issuing ilie eominission when Sher-
rard lirst called al the executive olliee, an<l the appointee was very
insolent in his remarks ; threatening on the second (occasion tho
wor.-t po.ssiblo consetjuenccs to the governor personally, unless tho
document was forthcoming. Such manifestations continued, but
of course, the governor would not bo intimidated ; and while lliu
business was thus half way, tho Douglas county commissioners
became nwaro that they had made a very wrong selection, and
they called upon Col. Geary to request that ho would assist them
by withhoMing the commission until they could hold a regular
meeting and annul the appointment. The evil repute <if Sherrard
was common property, and memorials against his authori/utiou
came in on every hand, so tho governor waited , of course more
willingly because of tho brutal threats which iuid been fulminated
against his own life.

Tlio house of rt.'prcsentativcs took up tl j quarrel on tho sido
of the brawling appointee, and a resoluti >\\ was pa.ssod calling
upon tho chief executive to give reasons for his conduct, and the
application called forth a sullicient, but of course an unsatisfactory
reply. The rage of tho legislature was boundless, because every
reason that showed tho fellow unworthy of tho office, and repug-
nant to the best men in the territory, made him more fit to be
their instrument ; and it is possible that they would have taken
up his quarrel even if he had been a good man., in order to im-
prove their attack upon Col. Geary. They were brimful of
malice, and they needed no other motive to persevere in their con-
duct. Every variety of declamation was exhausted in the task
of defaming His Excellency, and profanity was freely used as a
epice for their remarks. Passing beyond verbiage, the house
passed a bill legalizing Sherrard's appointment without a commis-
sion, but the council refused to concur in that measure, although
that body blamed the governor strongly. The sheriflf elect be-
came more demonstrative than ever now, and two members of
the governor's household in succession were assaulted by him.

398

Tuttle's History of Kansas.

Following up that lead, on the 9th of February, he accosted the
governor himself as he left the house of representatives, and tried
to provoke an altercation, but the Colonel treated him with con-
tempt, and passed on, followed by the rufHan with his jms-
tol in his hand and spitting with fury. Maj. Gen. liichard-
son introduced a resolution in the house defending its privileges
and denouncing Shcrrard, but the motion was put aside, and
only a half approving remonstrance substituted to uphold the
dignity of the legislature. Judge Cato had been more cotnplaia-
an°t than the other officials until now, but it became evident at
this time that he was in league witli ex-sheriff Jones and Sher-
rard, against the chief, so that although a warrant had been pro-
cured against the assailant, no service could be effected, and re-
dress was at last abandoned. The governor was learning what
" law and order " meant in the esteem of the territorial authori-
ties'. Popular indignation was manifested everywhere, in mass
meetings in many places, and one such assembly was convened
in the capital; the proslavery men demanded that the governor
should f.ib'd the meeting, but he declined to take that course
very properly. The audience was largely made up of the Mis-
sourian faction, and it soon became apparent that a fight would
be more in order than a debate. Sherrard, who was present, used
some expressions which were tantamount to a challenge to any
one that supported the governor, and when a Mr. Shepherd de-
fended Col. (xeary's conduct, the sheriff elect drew his six shooter
and fired every barrel at him. The gentlemen thus assailed, was
thrice wounded before ho could remove his gloves and use his
pistol, nor was his weapon then available, as the caps were wet,
and seeing that his assailant was about to use another pistol, he
rushed upon him, using his own as a bludgeon. The fight con-
tiuued in that way for some time before the crowd could separate
the combatants, when Mr. Shepherd was removed, woqnded in a
manner supposed to be mortal. Another person in the meeting
had been shot in the assault. Mr. Jones, a member of the gov-
ernor's household, who was present, was next assailed by Sher-
rard, but that gentleman seeing the revolver raised to shoot, drew
his own weapon and the firing became general. Sherrard fell
mortally wounded, and his companions wanted to hang Mr.

■ ■ '■' ^•:l'<^^tti'vr ■*'K:a -f*^

■awMTiWIi^WfaMfc''^**"

mmv

Gov. Geary Coscludes — 1857.

399

accosted the
ves, and tried
lim with con-
•with hi3 pis-
jen. 1-Jichard-
its privileges
at aside, and
3 uphold the
lore cotnplais-
me evident at
les and Sher-
lad been pro-
'ected, and re-
learning what
jorial authori-
^here, in mass
was convened
t the governor
ke that course
ip of the Mis-
a fight would
3 present, used
illenge to any
Shepherd de-
his six shooter
IS assailed, was
res and use his
caps were wet,
>ther pistol, he
The fight con-
could separate
woqnded in a
in the meeting
ber of the gov-
iailed by Sher-
1 to shoot, drew
Sherrard fell
, to hang Mr.

Jones, but the opposite side was too strong to allow such an act
of revenge, and the riot was quelled at this point. Jones made
his escajie through Nebraska, or he would have been lynched, as
a reward of $500 was offered for his execution. Before leav-
intr, he was examined by Judge Cato, who held him to bail in
the sum of $5,000. The governor's eyes were opened now to the
luetics of the proslavery party, but too late for his convictions to
be of value to the territory. Several preliminary meetings in
different places had begun in January, 1857, when the Lecomp-
ton legislature met to organize a proslavery convention without
disguise, and that no man should have a seat therein who was
not sound on the single issue, was the expressed determination
of the party, but at the last moment and in deference to northern
democratic feeling, the name was changed to "National Demo-
cratic Party." The convention meetings, as long as they lasted,
were concurrent with those of the legislature. Maj. Gen. Rich-
ardson, one of the very few men in the house of representa-
tives, who was not lost to all sense of honor, died while the
house was in session, and his loss was formally mourned.

The slave laws were vindicated with much asperity against the
governor's message ; charters were granted to many towns, some
of which never came into existence in fact, and legislation to en-
courage the building of railroads was advanced ; but of course
every movement of the kind indicated some personal end to be
served. The treasurer had in hand two dollars and some cents,
the total revenue for the year being less than '$2,000, and the
indebtedness of the territory exceeded two years' income at that

rate.

From Col. Geary's standpoint, it now became apparent that he
was surrounded by deadly enemies ; but he supposed that the
democracy all over the union, and the president, would sustain
him against his foes; but he speedily found that the power
wielded by the secretary of war was still in the hands of Jeffer-
son Davis, who would sacrifice his old comrade in arms without
a scruple, to satisfy the slave power. Gen. Smith, at Fort Leaven-
■worth, would send no troops for his protection, and his plea was,
" orders from the secretary of war " designating the troops for
other services. The moneys due to him from Washington were

•.■-^*f(*i-.|S*«»'""-r

400

Tuttle's History of K.issas.

refased, his dispatches were left unnoticed, and even in the case
of the murdcroi- Hays, Socretiiry Murcy took sides against the
best ofTKnal ever sent to the territory. The men who had been
quieted at Leave..wortli and elsewhere had carried their wro;igs
to lieadfiuarters, and tliey enjoyed their vindictive triumph. Un-
able to bear up against such injustice, Col. Geary resigned his
appointment of the -ith of March, but although that act was not
to take eflect until the 20th, he was compelled, for prudential
reasons, to save his life by a precipitate retreat before the morn-
ing of the 5th, being aided therein by Capt. Walker, the well
known free state guerrilla leader. The first impressions brought
by the governor to Kansas militated largely against his success
in the <rnice, but, in spite of that drawback", he had succeeded re-
markably, as we have seen, so long as U. S. troops were allowed
to support him in the honest and manly course marked out; but
when he was left' alone and unsupported by the general govern-
ment, under President Buchanan, t:ere were but two courses open
before him : one to remain and be assassinated, and the other to try
the chances of a precipitate retreat. It is claimed by the friends
of Chief Justice Lecompte, that his intervention alone prevented ^
the murder of Col. Geary. The dangers run by Mr. Shannon and
by Mr. Reeder were already well known in the free state cities,
and in each of these instances a inan was converted to free soil
views by uie horrible lawlessness of the law makers in Kansas.
Once more Secretary Woodson was ex officio governor of the ter-
ritory, pending the arrival of the successor of Col. Geary; but
when President Buchanan nominated Gov. Walker, another Penn-
Bylvanian, to that office, he promoted Mr. Woodson to be receiver
in the Delaware land district, so that the territory was no longer
cursed by his assiduous zeal for slavery.

The new governor came into office under special promises of
protection from the president, and he was also the friend of the
great Stephen A. Douglas. He was essentially a statesman and
a man of considerable powers of mind, as his previous career had
made manifest. He was a lawyer in good repute, son of Judge
Walker, of the United States supreme court, and had been secre-
tary of the treasury in President Polk's cabinet; consequently he
was a man of mark. lie had scrupled to accept the nomination,

r -:y^ .,-'vyu"Jfe'»:

•"WHf

Gor. Geary Coxcludes—1857.

401

ill the case
aiiiiiiist the
lo had been
their wrongs
iumph. Uu-
resigned his
t act was not
jr prudential
re the morn-
leer, the well
sions brought
t his success
succeeded re-
were allowed
■ked out; but
neral govern-
) courses open
he other to try
by the friends
3ne prevented
Shannon and
ce state cities,
ed to free soil
!rs in Kansas,
nor of the ter-
^1. Geary; but
another Penn-
to be receiver
was no longer

al promises of
: friend of the
statesman and
ioua career had
, son of Judge
had been secre-
ionsequently he
he nomination,

but that it was urged upon him that unless peculiar talent was
employed in adjusting the ulluirs of Kansas, the wliolc union
would be involved in civil war. The problem of avoidance was
not to be easily solved by any one, but Mr. Walker was assumed
to be the man best calculated to attempt the task. Years later ho
was a tried and trusted friend of the great President Lincoln, an
evidence that he was no mere time server, but a truly patriotic
man. lie discussed his policy with his friends Buchanan and
Douglas, and he carried out as well as he was able the cour.se
which they had mapped ; but even tliey could not divine the
purposes of the proslavery party. Tiiere was a probability that
the Topeka government would vindicate and uphold its authority
by force of arms, aided by the free states, which dared not allow
the free settlers to be crushed, while, of course, the south and
Missouri would send their hordes to sustain the pseudo legisla-
ture and territorial authority, and the consequences could not bo
imagined without a shudder. Pour years later the end was only
at hand, when Abraham Lincoln's administration ended the dis-
pute by procuring the admission of Kansas to the union as a free
state, after Mr. Buchanan had been dellected from the straight
course of honesty into devious channels, which made the whole
of his after life an attempt at vindication ; after Stephen A. Doug-
las, worn out and cast i.side, had only life enough remaining to
send liis dying message to his sons, urging them to be true to the
union, which ho had tried to .serve at his last moment by advice
and aid to his great rival. President Lincoln. But tlie struggle
must be evolved and ended in its own way ; there was no other
pcssible. The policy determined upon in Washington was, to
uphold the territorial enactments by all the power of the United
States, and at the same time to convene an assembly of the people
to vote on the question of a state constitution, under all the guar-
anties that proper force could offer, for fair voting only by bona
fide residents in the territory. The new secretary, Mr. Stanton,
was a man of different stamp from his predecessor, but he came
full of proslavery prejudices, and he was necc-^sarily liable to be
misled by proslavery advisers in matters of detail, very important
in their influence, with which he must deal. The new secretary
preceded the governor, arriving in Lecompton April 15, 1857,
99

tmimmitmm

iiiiiiiri'^iim-

402 TuTTLTfs HrsTOEY OF Kansas.

and he at once assumed the direction of affairs In a very out^
1 con .'ay, he denounced free state men and the.r pohcy of
oppo n. t/rritorial enactments. He was the first to promulgate
tho'poli^y already resolved upon, and the stc,. necessary to rre^
pare for the constitutional convention were at once ^^^S""- ^ '^^
Lvernor followed one month and twelve days later, and h,s in-
aulural address followed immediately; but until the M.ssonnan
Lotion and their southern allies began to denounce the appom.ce
of President Buchanan, there was a singular apathy throughou
Kansas. It was not possible to induce free state men to consen
to take an interest in a constitutional convention assembled unde
the auspices of the usurpers, calling themselves the terr.to al
e'is atl, and 3"Bt at that point the difficulty was --F-b «•
The census neJessary to be taken, before an election of delegate
to the convention could be held, was authorized by an act of the
Lc mpton legislature in February, but the sheriffs of counties
te TcolleeUhe required information and make the returns, so
that there was no guaranty for fair play from the - f^*^";'' -
reality, less than half the counties were represented when the
ensus'was said to be complete : fifteen counties only were de^t
with out of thirty.four, and the returns were grossly unt ue in
every respect in which falsity could help the proslavcry faction^
No person could vote unless his name appeared on the list and
the delegates were allotted for the whole territory to the fifteen
counties wrongfully returned, while nineteen counties were left
l^lu representation; while hundreds of nonresidents were
Inumerated where the sheriffs thought they would do the most
sood This act of disfranchisement was the first work of the new
LrJtary, but Mr. Stanton had, beyond doubt, been deceived,
The borier counties, almost alone, where Missouri could vote
with ease, were included in the wrongful apportionment. Wh n
the error became apparent to the secretary, it was too late to
amend; and, unfortunately, penitence will seldom undo a wrong

^''^^e governor's inaugural address was mainly addressed to the

free state party, and he used all his lawyer-like persuasiveness to

nduce them to vote in the June election, when the constitutional

convention was to be elected. Kis good will appeared m every

mmtLiiMMV

Gov. Gkauy Coxcia'des— 1S57.

1 a very out-
eir policy of
) promulgate
jssary to r re-
begun. The
, and his in-
le Missourian
the appointee
y throughout
ten to consent
lembled under
the territorial
,3 insuperable,
)n of delegates
' an act of the
ffs of counties
the returns, so
outset, and, in
ited when the
inly were dealt
(ssly untrue in
slavery faction.
)n the list, and
f to the fifteen
nties were left
iresidents were
Id do the most
vrork of the new
been deceived,
luri could vote
mment. When
yas too late to
a undo a wrong

iddressed to the
lersuasiveness to
be constitutional
)peared in every

line ; he was, moreover, a man possessed of an intellect, and, in
that fact, his proslavery allies soon discovered that he was a very
inconvenient person to be governor of Kansas.

Among other reasons why every man whose name appeared on
the census should vote, Mr. Walker called attention to the fact
that the enactment providing for the convention contained no
proviso for the submission of the constitution when framed to a
ratification vote by the whole people, and although he stated,
toward the end of his address, that such an omission ought to
afford a reason why congress should reject the constitution, he
still urged every resident to cast a ballot in June for delegates to
the convention. The address was lengthy and well compacted,
and it contained the statement that he was sustained in his views
by Mr. Buchanan and his cabinet; but beyond the points named,
and an implied engagement that violence would not be allowed
to prevent a full ballot on polling day, there was nothing else
noteworthy. The fact that Mr. Walker demanded ratificatioa
became almost immediately a bone of contention among pro-
slavery men, who saw in tliat movement the defeat of all their
schemes ; and in spite of the president and Mr. Douglas, the gov-
ernor was already set down as another necessary victim to their
policy. The free state men who had lived in doubters' castle
until that paragraph was penned, saw therein an indication of a
means to nullify the whole procedure. They would not send
delegates to the convention, but when the measure was submitted
to a popular vote, they would use their right as they saw fit.
Should there be no attempt at a ratification, then they were sure
that the constitution would never pass through congress; their
friends in the lower house were strong enough to place that ques-
tion beyond doubt. Supposing that the census had been com-
piled fairly, the free state party could have carried a convention
of their own friends without difficulty, as their numbers had
largely increased ; but there was no such chance under the false
and fraudulent system adopted, so that there was no inducement
to recognize the Shawnee-Lecompton sham. False voting was
now the only resource of the faction. Their numbers had so
materially decreased in Kansas that the Atchison thunderer, long
active and pernicious as the "Squatter Sovereign," ceased to be

IM«niiil Hill"

lau i.«,i'«iliiliiiiMi>i>'-

i,n:ivmtmtm9fm0m0mf0»immi»HKmH>0i«W'''-V.'' ' Ujlilmii

T«H

404

Ti'ttll's llisroj^y of Kassas.

l)ublislied about the rniddlo of 1857, and no such imper has at
any time since disgniced the territory or the state. Perhaps if
Col. Geary had propounded such a scheme in January as Mr.
Walker advocated in May, after tlie people had come to know
and appreciate him, there might have been u different result; but
l^Ir. Walke was not known, and in that fact added to his south-
ern associations, there was ground for reasonable doubt ; so the
free state men coricludcd that they would adhere to the Topeka
constitution and organization until some material improvement
should be offered. They would trust to the ratification or non-
ratification of the Lecompton constitution, and express an opinion
then, if ac all. Tlic southern and the Missouri press denounced
that clause with all the interperative skill that belonged to their
repertoire, and Gov. Walker was told in fifty different ways, that
he was endangering Kansas for the slave power by such words.
Thus the means that were to have ended the difficulty seemed to
be only a new beginning of trouble, and distrust, which had been
sectional only, became general. Southern fury was unmistakable,
and Gov. Walker's law was rudely questioned.

The free .state men held a convention in their capital, in which
it was formally resolved that the Lecompton fraud should not be
countenanced, and the .state legislature was duly convened on the
9th of June, six days before the time named for the election.
The chief of the territorial executive was in the city when the
state legislature met, but that gentleman sought peace, and their
session was not disturbed. The state legislature ordered a census
which would serve to show how falsely the enumeration had been
taken by the make-believe sheriffs and their assistants. The
election of state officers in August, 1857, having been provided
for, and Topeka having been expressly designated as the capital
of the state, the legislature concluded to rest from its labors until
the outcome of tLe new line of policy should appear. There
■were many who were already shrewd enough to assert that before
the year had ended, Mr. Walker would be numbered among the
men convinced of the rectitude of the free settlers' demands in
Kansa.s, by actual contact with themselves and their opponents.

ifmi-H^i"

I paper has at
3. Perhaps if
muary as Mr.
;ome to know
iiit result; but
.1 to liis south-
doubt ; so the
to the Topeka
I improvement
cation or non-
ress an opinion
ress denounced
longed to their
rent ways, that
by such words,
ulty seemed to
vhich had been
1 unmistakable,

ipital, in which
I should not be
onvened on the
>r the election.

city when the
)eaco, and their
rdered a census
ration had been
ssistants. The

been provided
d as the capital

its labors until
appear. There
!sert that before
ered among the
ers' demands in
;heir opponents.

Dksver vice Walker — lSo7-d.

CHAPTER XVIII.

! TEURITOIUAL HISTOKY.

DENVER VICE WALKER -EVENTS OF 1857-8.

StaU' Omccrs— Liino Organizing — Grasshopper Falls — August Eloclions —
Menacing Lawrence — About October- Walker's Promises — Sluulow
and Substance— Recognizing Dimcultics — Designed Unfairness— Uu-
equally Yoked — Another Ell'ort -Territorial Taxes — Reluctant Assent —
JLuss Convention --Delegates Convened — Ballot Conquest— Fair Test —
V/ise Concession — Lane Le.uling — Endless Debates — Sound Conehi-
Blon — Delegate Nominations — Supporting Judges — Despondent Ap-
peal — Success Unexpected— Congressional Delegate- Ccrliflcates Re-
fused— Cato's JNIandamus — iMagnanimity — Cato Vanquished — Consti-
tulional Convention — Popular Disgust — Settlers Convention — Lecomp-
ton Fraud — C()nstituti<in Unratified — Washington Jlanufacture — AVar
Secretary — Slave Code — Flagitious Procedure — Fraud Invited — Ma-
liirnant Influences- Soliciting Invasion — Wrong Basis- Refuse Vot-
ii^g _ Looking Buck — Daring Stroke — Secret Machinations - Two
Wrongs — Cailioun's Maneuver— Masked Batteries- Proslavcry Si)ies —
Walker's Scruples — Buchanan AVavers— Dreadful Music — Governor
Resigns — Manly Statement — Kansas Unconquerable —Changed Instruc-
tions—Acting Governor— Another Convert — Extra Session — Stanton's
Message — Difficulty Unsolved — Organization — Honest Voting — In-
vestigation—Frauds Punished — Congressional Work — Test Election —
Stant'on Removed — Gen. Denver— Sec. Gov. Calhoun's Report — Two
Pictures — Leavenworth Democrats — Buchanan Stoops — Political Cou-
science - Senate Action — Brave Douglas— Congressional Battles — A.
H. Stephens- Bill Admitting— Crittenden's Amendment- Conditional
Admission — Popular Verdict— Trying Bribes — Congressional Lobby-
ists—Dirty Hands — AVithering Denunciation- Territorial Ticket —
Brutum i^HZmw — Further Doubts — Lawrence Convention —AVou't
Vote — Try Again — Bolters Convene — Decisive Victory — State Organ-
izatiou— Views Differ — Territorial Work — Denver's Message— State
Constitution — Minneola Capital— Log Rolling — Impotent Conclusion.

The delegate convention, which we have seen in session at To-
peka, nominated officers for the August elections, and reiterated
the scorn for Lecompton and its legislature which had been ex-

IUIIWH1J»«IWUI'II''MII'''"«'"

iMniaitflNIMliMlHMiiHHM^

"ilHiy"^

mtftmmmmm » i **mt >J.'» JP '.j^'ii iii«i"ii«jj i

406

TvTTLtfs History of K ass as.

pressed by the Topeka legislature, and in consideration of rumors
of Misi5oui-ian aggression to be consummated in August, Gen.
Lane was requested to organize the people in every precinct to
protect the ballot. The course to be taken as to the October
elections was relegated to a mass, to be convened at Grasshopper
Falls toward the end of August ; when a delegate convention
would also assein-)le, charged to carry out the views of the peo-
ple. The voting in August showed 7,2(i7 as the highest vote re-
corded, and the ticket nominated by the convention was of course
carried. There were only 34 votes against the Topeka constitu-
tion, and 7,267 affirmed its fitness. Lawrence having refused to
organize under the charter passed by the Lecompton legislature,
Gov. Walker unwisely tried to compel submission, and the city
•was surrounded by about six hundred dragoons, but the men of
Lawrence persisted in contemning the charter and in i)reparing an
organization of their own, and the troops were at length called oflf
after a few weeks of useless exercise. The October elections were
still the topic everywhere, and the governor's promises had in
them the ring of sincerity, so that many were disposed to partici-
pate in electing a legislature not under territorial enactments, but
under the organic act. It seems wonderful now that any men
hesitated when an honest vote of over 7,000 could be polled un-
der some show of fairness, but many argued in favor of abandon-
ing the substance de facto government in the territory, for the
shadowy glory of a nominal state organization ; and not a few
went for both together, certainly the best course then available.
There were many difficulties in the way, among the rest the un-
fair census and an unjust apportionment of representatives by the
leaders of the proslavery party availing themselves of the gov-
ernor's local newness, but the obstacles were not insuperable.
The objects aimed at were indubitable, and the prospect of suc-
cess for the Missourian faction lulled that party into a false secur-
ity, so that even their frauds helped to defeat them. Precincts
were unequally yoked together so that a populous city like To-
peka could be outvoted at Fort Scott, and counties where Mis-
souri could readily muster undisturbed were allowed to return
more members than other two counties where resident voters were
more numerous. The principle being thus stated, it is useless to

vtion o! rumora
August, Gen.
ery precinct to
o the October
at Grasshopper
<xte convention
ws of the peo-
lighcst vote re-
n wns of course
opeka constitu-
ving refused to
iton legislature,
)n, and the city
but the men of
in preparing an
3ngth called oflf
r elections were
romises had in
)osed to partici-
jnactments, but
r that any men
. be polled un-
ror of abandon-
jrritory, for the
and not a few
then available,
the rest the un-
jntatives by the
^es of the gov-
lot insuperable.
)rospect of sue-
to a false secur-
lem. Precincts
us city like To-
ities where Mis-
owed to return
lent voters were
i, it is useless to

Dhwncit vicK Wai.kj:ii — 1S57-8.

¥ft

burden the reader with the tiresome details of the purposed inva-
sioii, under which a remote precinct with oidy a score of inhabit-
ants far from the probabilities of observation could return a vote
of hundreds, or if necessary of thousands, to counteract honest
polling elsewhere. The ^lissourians were now sure of their con-
quest" another effort and they could carry Kansas for slavery.

Judge Cato had just decided that no man could vote who had
not paid his territorial taxes, but Governor Walker took an op-
posite view, and was ready to act thereupon. This was an object,
not for the amount but for the principle involved. Many were
thus won to a reluctant assent to participation before the mass
(convention, August 25th, at Grasshopper Falls. The debates
were very spirited on that occasion, and the delegates who were
on hand at the same time were versed in every phase of the is-
sue; hence, after much discussion, it was resolved that a fair test
should be put upon the governor's promises of justice and protec-
tion by an attempt to conquer their own liberties as citizens at
the ballot-box. State Governor llobinson, whose resignation had
never been handed in, was one of the advocates for square and
solid voting. The preamble and resolutions of the convention
showed a fine perception of all the circumstances, and suggested
the reasonableness of trying what could be done in the premises.
Efforts were to be made to remedy the apportionment of repre-
sentatives, and, under the adroit leadership of Gen. Lane, that
gentleman was empowered to offer to Governor Walker the sup-
port of the force organized by him to protect the ballot during
the August elections. Those who opposed participation made
their position strong by able argument, but the event proved the
wisdom of effort, and Kansas has cause to be proud that a coa-
clusion so fortunate was arrived at on that occasion, and in sub-
sequent assemblies. The convention nominated Mr. M. J. Par-
rott as delegate to congress, and the nomination was sustained by
the vote. There were precautions adopted to minimize fraud and
facilitate detection, and a committee appointed to secure proper
support for the judges of election. The address to the electors
contained the energy of despair, and the times warranted that
tone, but to the surprise of almost everybody the election of Oc-
tober 5th gave to the free state party a preponderance of more

e^>.*|g»l!"'<t—

■^g,*^M'!iffiiipri"ii"»*»!>-'^-

40S

Trrn.ifs Ifisroiir or /v. i. vs. is.

tlian two to one in tlio council, an<\ nearly two in one in the
house of icprosontatives. Tl.o dclogatc to congrcs.s was clioson
by a niaj..ritv of over four thousand. Tho nmi-hinory of fraud
ha.l been tried, hut so closely had the work been foHowcd, that
the defeat was really crushit)g. In one villaj/c, where less tlian
100 h<^al voter.-^ resided, there were nearly 1.700 polled, ilic bal-
ance eomin.4 from Missouri, and other .such frauds, smaller in de-
gree, were c.mmou. The governor, true to hi.^ promises as to
fair i)lay, refused certificates where the evidence would warrant
such action on his part, so that persons claimin,^' to be elected
could not take their seats. Judoo Cuto, the willing instrun.eut
of hi.s party, gave the fraudulently elected men mmuhinmes to
compel the^s.-Hio of eertiftcates, but the governor refused to take
any notieo of the command further than to restate his obje::lious,
and to ofler the judgo whatever assistance he rerpured to enforce
the mmi<Ia,H'i.^ or W\> arrest for nonobservaiicc if he saw lit. Tlie
judge saw that the battle had been earrie.l far enough, and ho
subsided. The judges in Kansas were men bound up by their
devotion to party, and it is difTieult to imagine what might have
been the eonserpienee had the governors been as bad as tliey. Of
cour.sc there were good men nominated as judges, but only such
as would be suk^ervient found favor with the Missouri faction.
We have seen that the vote on the T..peka constitution was car-
ried by 7.267 against 3-1. The constitutional convention was elected
by only 2,200 votes, with all the help that the border counties of
Missouri could give to the pro-slavery party. The eonven.iu,,
orf'anized, September 7th, in Lecompton, and, after sitting four
days adjourned until October lOth. to allow the members to pre-
pare'for the territorial elections. When the result of that move-
ment was seen, the disgust of all classes found free vent against
the convention, which did not represent the people and yet was
about to assume the duty of framing their constitution. Some
would have suppressed th.eir sittings by force, but their apjioint-
ment had the form of law and the substance of protection by
United States troops, so they sat in peace under the presidency
Mr John Calhoun. The settlers held a convention in the same
town at the same time, protesting in a very forcible way against
the fraud which their own votes at the proper time might have ren-

Pa'.vi'WW i/'7v WAi.Kh:it— If^'TS.

409

one in tho
was clio.'jcn
ery of fraud
)ll()\vc(l, t*mt
?ri! loss tluvn
lied, ilio l):il-
tnallcr in de-
itnis*ps art to
[)uld warrant

1 bo ('l(H't(Ml

r instrument
(niliimuaes to
used to take
is obje^ilions,
:nl to enfort'O
4aw lit. Tlio
)ugl), and lie

nj> by ihoir
i tni,<,dit have

as tlicy. Of
)ut only such
souri faction.
Uion was car-
)n was elected
or counties of
ie convent I'lM
r sitting four
;mbers to pre-
of that move-
j vent against
3 and yet was
tution. Some
their apj)oint-
protection by
he presidency
m in the same
le way against
aight have ren-

dered impossible, but tortl.o fact that the people and tho governor
did not know each other nt the time that the inaugural address
was given to the territory. Conventions of the .same desmptiou
were held in all parts of Kansas, an.l, so strong was publie opin-
ion, tl.al for many days a .piorum could not be obtained to ^l.apo
a constitution. The Leeon.pton outrage was two weeks undergo-
ing tlu! proce.-^fl of incubation, and then the document was signed
by only forty-three of the sixty members elected ; but that was,
of course, enough. It seems probable that the original intent.oa
was to submit the constitution to the people to be vot.'d upon.
Calhoun, the pre.Mdent, certainly announ.rd tbat purp'-s.- wlieii
he was a candidate for eleetion, but eviutually that idea was
abandoned when the constitution, sent from Washington ready-
made by the i.ro-slavery leaders, was f.nuul too dangerous to bo
publi^ied. Mr. Biu'hanau was only halfway admitted to tho
perilous secrets in which his war secretary was more deeply in-
volved ; hence it happened afterwards that one headed his party
in the greatest rebellion ever known, and the other drifted into
petty compliances that embittered his life without .securing him
even the gratitude of the pro-.slavery men. It is easy for ^[r.
Davis now to talk philanthropy and science at agricultural meet-
in<'s, but no man can doubt that ho was for years planning the re-
volt,' upon which he eventually made the great failure, by which
he is (listingui.shed; and that he did not scruple to abuse the
trust rep(j.sed in him by tlie whole Union, while he was secretary
of war and afterwards while chairman of the committee for tho
like i>urpo.=e, to leave the Union helpless in the hour when trea.<?on

sliould strike lier.

Kansas was to have been made the occasion of a civil war, un-
less slavery could be fastened there ; but Mr. Douglas was not a
power that could be warped by such a man as Davis, beyond the
point where the " Little Giant" said " stop." The conditions as
to slavery in the constitution would have made that peculiar in-
8tituti(m imperative, from the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains,
until after 186-i, and would have refused permission to free ne-
groes to reside in the state under any circumstances. State ofhcers
were to be elected in January, 1858. It was necessary to go
throu-h the form of submission to a popular vote, but every step

r^TwiB— ■riMiaBip

410

'J'tTTLK's JlisTonv Oh' Kassas.

was an insult to tliu ballot box ; tlic result would bo known to
Calhoun only, and In- could misivprcsi-nl the rclurnH, unclialU;iigcd,
in nny way that ho thought lit. Tho niachincry for testing pub-
lic opinion Hnggc(*ted Iraud at every step, and various tcstH, nfter-
wanlM applied, prove that the whole inovetnent was u eoiicertod
crime in the interests ot .slavery. The most malignant iiifluonees
that ever oppressed u people operated then in Kansas to falsify
tlie will of the community ; the whole appeal was placed upon a
wrong basis, as tho convention was a fraud from its inception to
its ending, and invasion of the ballot box was invited at every
Blage, in the choice of tho delegates first, and in the pretended
ratilleation afterwards. No wonder then that the poo))le wero
furiou.sly indignant in every quarter when tho ghastly farce wna
being played, which it was hoj)ed would rob thetn of their birth-
right. The other provisions of the con.stitution were oppressive,
but tho shivery proviso was that upon which both parlies wero
most bent, and the remainder need not be recited. Tiio vote upon
the constitution was so entirely ino})erativc that the free state
party in Kansas refu.sed to take part in the election, but many
were heard to regret that they had carried their nonintervention
so far wlien the constitutional convention was being elected, but
for which it now seemed that they might have been very near the
end of all their territorial dilicultics. Still there was little use
in looking back ; had they carried the convention the other party
would have rushed to the polling places and carried the territo-
rial elections, the military would have been called oil from pro-
tecting the convention, and in somo other form their troubles
■would have been continued until the liberal part;, procured the
control in congress. Still the danger was considerable that they
might now fall victims to the daring scheme attempted at Lecoinp-
ton under the pretext of " law and order." There wero orguni^ia-
tions at this time on the free state oidc which were prepared to
end the whole struggle in one gigantic tragedy rather than submit
to the audacious crime, but happily their proposals remained in-
cboatc, as two wronjj.s never yet made one right ; but the schemes
of the Lecompton faction were carried on with the deadly precision
of men who used masked batteries, and had undermined the most
cherished possessions of a free and intellectual people. Spies era-

■WTiiga

■ulWIUiUltitllll

Miuiwawi

DKSVKii VICE Walkku— 1S57-8.

411

1)0 known to
iiiicliatliMigoil,
r testing pub-
US to»tH, nftor-
8 u coiiccrtud
lilt iiifluormos
irtiirt to falsify
)Iacocl upon a
i inception to
itcil at Qvcvy
lic3 pretcmlcil

poo})li! wcro
Htly farce was
jf their birth-
re oppressive,
I parlies were
[Mio vote upon
the free state
on, but many
)nintervention
I eleuteil, but
very near the
was little use
ic other party
ed the territo-

ofl from pro-
iheir troubles

procured the
ible that they
;d at Locoinp-
vere orgimi/su-
e prepared to
r than submit

remained in-
t the schemes
!idly precision
ined the most
e. Spies era-

ployed by the leaders of the free state movement brou.;j;ht froin
the innermost recesses of tlio secret associations a full rcvchitioii
of the means that were to be resorted to after the constitution had
been neeeptwl in ctingress. So well had thoy prepared the way
tlicre that success was abnost a dead certainty, and perhaps but
forCiuv. Walker, they were jiistilicd in their anticipations. Tiio
fltate oiUcers chosen under their constitution could be manipulated
by admitting or rejecting returns to securo thqir own party, tho
immes published at tho last moment woidd allow of tho dominant
party assuming jiower immediately, the hordes which had so often
overrun the land could have come then with greater certainty than
ever, and the battle of liberty would have been endctl for many
years. Calhoun hold all the returns, and he steadfastly forebore
to make announcements pending tho action of congress. Tho
doings of the convention had for some time disquieted the gov-
ernor, and toward tho end of November, 1857, ho was in Wash-
ington, leaving Mr. Stanton governor ^jto (em., recounting to Pres-
ident lUichanan the story of fraud which was culminating in the
constitution and the election of state olTicers, against tho well
known desires of four-fifths of the resident population in the ter-
ritory. Just such an avowal as Mr. Iteeder made to President
Pierce was now submitted to President Buchanan by Mr. Walker;
the details differed, the principle was the same, and unhappily
there was the same abnegation of high principle on the part of
the chief executive. The president " knew the right and yet the
wrong pursued," because he feared somewhat and hoped moro
from the faction that had lifted him into power, and the dreadful
music that told him of the woes of an oppressed people driven to
the verge of armed resistance agonized him without possessing
the power to rouse him to his duty. Tho vei^,- condition of things
which his instructions to his friend the governor in July, 1857,
had anticipated, had come to pass, and he was incapable of veri-
fying his engagements. The action of Mr. Buchanan in favoring
the convention left Mr. Walker no option as an honest man but
to resign his oflice, and in doing so he submitted to his ofRcial
superior a statement of his motives which must have caused the
cheeks of the president to tingle with shame, unless the possession
of a purely political conscience is a guaranty against the better

ifciJMiii irtBrtiaaMWfai

wBiPWtwarjTBitiiw

rviW*

•v^r

412

TvTTui'ii History of Kaxsas.

feelings of humanity, ^fr. Walker could not cany out the
changed instructions whieli must follow the president's message
without violating his engagements towards a people whom he
now believed to be uncon([uerable, without a civil war which
miglit commence at any moment.

Tlio acting governor, Secretary Stanton, whom we have seen
addressing the most deliunt words to the free stato men, threat-
ening them "with war to the knife" uidess tliey submitted to
territorial enactments, was n(.nv si)ee(lily becoming a convert to
the honesty of their views and the rectitude of their demands.
On tlie first day of December he convened an extra session of the
newly elected legislature to consider the situation, especially
with reference to tlie Lecompton constitution and the acts of tlie
convention. When tliat body met on the 7th of the month, his
message pithily described his views on the question of the day,
and left with tliem the duty to devise, if sucli were possible,
some means of extrication for the imperiled and alarmed con-
stituency represented by them. Tlie legislature, having organized,
concluded to act upon the message by affording the electors a
bona fide opportunity to show whether the constitution and its
promoters had their approval. The difficulty would not be solved
by such an operation, but it would be something to have ascer-
tained beyond question, what was the popular will. Committees
were also nominated to inquire into certain alleged frauds in
election precincts, and the men who had procured admission
therefrom were unseated ; their places being filled by the men
duly entitled. Before the end of the session, Mr. Stanton was
removed for the course which he had pursued ; but when the
legislature rose on the 17th of December, the Lecompton con-
ve°ntion had been disowned, and the act, under which it was made
possible, repealed. Congress had been memorialized disclaiming
the constitution, arrangements had been made for taking a popu-
lar vote on the great issue, ami such provisions had been made
against election frauds as could not fail to deter many from such
practices as had too long been common. The proslavery party
secured another victim in Mr. Stanton, but K; nsas had made
another convert to its demands in the fifth governing man sacri-
ficed, because he could not 1 elp seeing the justice of its cause.

.JVflBBB--

■"■^f^fif^W"!*^

Dj-jnver vice Walker — 1S57S.

413

•ry out tbo

It's message

e whom he

war which

5 have seen
ncn, threat-
Libmitted to
, convert to
ir domauds.
33sion of the
1, especially
! acts of the
3 month, his
of the day,
jre possible,
armed con-
i<I orcranized,
le electors a
tion and its
ot be solved
' have ascer-
Committees
;d frauds in
d admission
by the men
Stanton was
ut when the
Mnpton con-
it was made
[ disclaiming
king a popu-
l been made
ly from such
slavery party
IS had made
i<i; man sacri-
! of its cause.

Gen. Denver was nominated to succeed Mr. Stanton as sec-
retary and acting governor. Already it was known at head-
quarters tliat the governship would be vacant, but it was neces-
sary to sujiersede Mr. Stanton immediately, before worse might
happen to the proslavery men. The general was found to be a
man of good address and engaging manners, the son of a farmer,
a civil engineer and a lawyer ; he had won his promotion in
^Mexico under Gen. Scott, and was in every way deserving of the
confidence of the community over whom he was called to rule.
He had filled many important offices prior to this time, and in
every position, had won honor and respect. He was not to
remain long in Kansas, as events proved, but he would do
nothing there that should sully his Uiurels, and under the ban-
ner sustained by Abraham Lincoln, he would yet revisit Kansas,
as well as distinguish himself on many glorious fields, fighting
always for the union. The general had been engaged in Indian
affairs, when he was called upon to assume the functions of act-
ing governor, so that he was then upon the spot. For that
reason, mainly, it is probable that he was chosen, as there was in
him no fitness for the work of a faction. Ue won his way to the
esteem of the free state party with more readiness than any other
Washington appointee. Immediately after Mr. Stanton had been
relieved, Mr. Calhoun took the vote on the constitution clause
referring to slavery, and as he stated the result, there were 6,226
votes east for the constitution with slavery, and only 569 against
slavery. Commissioner afterwards appointed ascertained how
the fraud had been committed, but there was a much speedier
way to find that the return was a falsehood, as on the 4th of
January, 1858, a fair and open vote was taken on the main issues
imder the provisions of the legislature convened by Mr. Stanton,
and the results were, for the Lecompton constitution without
slavery, 24 ; for that constitution with slavery, 138 ; and against
the constitution, root and branch, 10,226. That fact, without one
word of comment, is the justification for Mr. Stanton's procedure
as the acting governor of Kansas, and the figures have never
been controverted in the smallest particular. The democrats of
Leavenworth denounced the fraud attempted by a section of
their own party, and memorialized congress to throw out the

414

Tvttle's History of Kansas.

constitution, but the president stooped from his high estate to
become tlic servitor of the ftietion that had obliged him to super-
sede the much nobler man, the secratary. Public opinion
strongly sustained Stanton and Gov. Walker, but Mr. Buchanan
wishal the state of Kan.sas to be admitted with the Lecompton
constitution. The document just named, and the president's
message were handed over to the proper committee, and in due
course^ the report came back to the senate recommending the
admission, as before stated, under the constitution named, but
Stephen A. Douglas brought up from the same committee a
minority report, denouncing the constiution and the convention
as alike unworthy of support, as the will of the people of Kansas
was not represented in either one or the other.

Thu^. act was a catastrophe for the proslavery party, and it was
remembered when. Breckinridge was nominated for president by
the proslavery democrats against Mr. Douglas, but it was a deed
of heroism for which that senator deserved gratitude from his life
long opponents. Congressional battles were once more acti'-^.
and it seems curious that the leader of the democratic part/ ir-
the senate and in the union should, on this issue, have been oii;'
the mouth piece of a minority, but it must be remembered thai
he had long been the intimate friend of Gov. Walker, and had
been one of the chief agents in sending him to Kansas. He
would not leave the side of his friend in such an emergency,
whatever might be the action of the president, and it was impos-
sible for him to suppose that the people whom he had served so
well were prepared to abandon even himself, rather than abate
their pretensions on the slave project. Hon. Alex. IT. Stephens
readily assumed the side popular with his own party, and as
chairman of the committee appointed by the house, brought up a
report to admit Kansas on the Lecompton basis. Then also a
minority report revealed a wide diversity of thought, denounced
the constitution and the party by whom it was wrought, calling
attention to existing evidences of fraud. The bill in the senate,
to admit Kansas, was met by a substitute in the hands of Mr.
Crittenden, who demanded as a condition precedent, that the con-
stitution should be ratified by a popular vote, and that if rejected,
the people might frame a constitution for themselves; and even

..qi.^^gwa^^i^f^il^Uj'J^JM^

iWMM^flHMttWfM

Denver vice Walker — 18'>7-8.

416

^li estate to
im to super-
lie opinion
r. Buchanan
i Lecompton

president's

and in duo

lending the

named, but

committee a

convention
le of Kansas

f, and it was
3resident by
t was a deed
from his life
more acti'"",
atic partv in
ve been on. •
umbered thai
ker, and had
Kansas, lie
1 emergency,
it was impos-
lad served so
r than abate
, n. Stephens
party, and as
brought up a
Then also a
bt, denounced
ought, calling
in the senate,
hands of Mr.
, that the con-
lat if rejected,
v^es; and even

in the prnslavery senate there were 2-i to support the amendment
to 34 in favor of the constitution. The house took up and car-
ried the Crittenden amendment; the senate refused concurrence,
but requested a conference, and in a joint committee a compro-
mise measure was agreed upon, which passed both houses, offer-
ing liberal land grants and s[)ecial bonuses to Kansas, provided
the Lecompton constitution should be ratified by a popular vote,
as the basis of admission to the union, but otherwise postponing
admission until the population had reached, by enumeration,
93,500 souls, the rate of representation. The schemes of coer-
cion had failed and concessions wore now to be offered on any
other point, as a setoff to the proslavery clauses. Washington
lobbyists worked with such vim on that occasion, as was never
seen equaled, unless the Credit Mobilier, or the Pacific Mail cor-
ruptionists borrowed anew zeal from that experience; and in
1860, the means of operation were revealed by a committee un-
der Judge Covode, who prepared and carried a stinging denun-
ciation of the system which descended to money bribes, where
such unworthy artifices would suffice, and where proscriptions
had failed to suborn men and organizations to the vile designs of
the proslavery section of democracy. There have been terrible
revelations since that time, but never one in which terrorism was
used in such an unblushing way to supply the machinery of cor-
ruption, in order to force through congress measures against
which the honor and the common sense of the whole people re-
volted. Happily, the days of the faction were near the end, and
we may hope that no such era of violence and fraud can ever

recur.

Keturning now to the territory, we note that the officers under
the Lecompton constitution have been elected, and by way of
emphasis to the assertion that the constitution makers did not
represent the people, it is worthy of special remark that they
were unable, with all the corruption then possible, to carry their
own staff of officials. They did their very utmost to se^ .re that
end and failed. The removal of Mr. Woodson from the helm of
affairs was no small gain to the free settlers, for the proslavery
men never succeeded as an organization, unless they could im-
port brain power that had germinated elsewhere. The faction

rrpp-i^r. ;<hM!SB»-'' "

.jTriiiiiiiiiiiirtiii

nmn !■ r'li I ill i-**!!

■ juiiMIJi,Tl.>H"

410 Tuttlk's lIisTOiiY OF Kansas.

a..sc.ul>led ut Lecompton, Dec. 7, 1S57, ai.d n<Mnnnjtea a ticket,
a.iug little else beside. ulRrnung the desirability of tbeu- pet con-
.stituU... and denouncing the governor and ^-^l^^'^'^l
their words had no power within ^1- terrUory he ud^^^^^^^^^^^^
worthless, und the nuu.es may rest where they fell, ihtio vue
now renewed doubts an.ong the seltler.s, whether they ^"^^-^^^^
, ticket for the san.e list, or rest upon the Topeka const a .on
and organization. This happened to be the top.e of u eon^^^^^
tion in Lawrence, Dee. 2, 1657, but seen.g th.U <^^^^^
kH'islature had been convened, it was thought advisable to awa t
tht-ir aeiion on that question, should any course be found possr-
lle. When that body had given up that part of the prob le.n
the Lawrence convention resumed, Dec. 23d. Dunng tvv-o dajs
the debate was p.olonged, and a majority of delegates favored
votin.s but a majority of the full representation, if every d.stnct
bad been adciuulely represented, favored nonvoting; so the non-
■ voting party, among whom Gen. Lane was conspicuous sueeeed-
Id b;a\tratagcm, in procuring the vote by districts which nc^
atived the more reasonable course of voting for a icket. 1 he
actual majority present determined to try again, and the bolt- .
ers" as they were called, having convened, nominated a ticket
^di'ich uiiitcu all classes opposed to the Lecompton faction.

Almost the whole of the settlers resolved to help tue persistent
majority, and the consequence was, that had the constitution be-
coine law, it would have been administered in favor of the people
by the free state officers. Every office was earned, and in the
senate they secured thirteen members against six; in the house
twenty-nine against fifteen. Fraudulent -tes b^ough up he
number polled by the proslavery governor to 8,o4o Still e was
beaten by 830, although thousands were deterred from voting uy
tl" I tracted policy li the day. Tlieir prospective officers now .
tei-: Governor, G. W. Smith ; Lieut. Gov., WY Roberts ; sec-
retary of State, P. C. Schuyler, Treasurer, A. J. Mead ; Aud. o ,
J KGoodin; and Congressional Representative M J. 1 auott.
Their duty would have been, of course, to have helped the people
to make or amend the law in such a manner as to render it cou-
ccurrent with popular sentiment. There were uow three govern-
ments in Kansas: That just elected under the LawrencQ conven-

ed a ticket,
cir pi't con-
uintoii, but

ticket \\M3
Tlici'« were
should rua
constitution
,f a convcn-
e territorial
ble to await
found possi-
he problem,
ig two days
ites favored
svery district

so the non-
ous, succeed-
i, which neg-
tickct. The
d the " bolt-
lated a ticket
action.

the persistent
nstitution be-
of the people
d, and in the
in the house,
jught up the
Still he was
•om voting by
'e officers now
Roberts ; Sec-
ead; Auditor,
M. J. Parrott.
ped the people
t render it con-
/ three govera-
vrencQ conven-

i. ;

^11.

<i!

liii

Ill IjJI'l

Desves vice Walker — lS:>7-8.

tion ; the Topcka organi/.ation, with Dr. Robinson for governor,:
and the territoriiil, reprcscntetl by Gen. Denver. The first named
body, limited their action to an appeal to congress, to disallow
the constitution. The second, remained intact, striving to prepare
the way for ellicient state government, should an emergency arise.
The message of Dr. Robinson to the Topeka legislature resulted
in a session adjourned to Lawrence, where an address was pre-
sented to the territorial legislature, urging such action as would
help forward the larger design. The adjusttnr-nt proposed by the
Dr. and his friends was not acceptable to tl. legislators in pos-.
session, but, of course, on such an issue, there was room for very
widely divergent views ; still, the proposition was not negatived,
it was only deferred until circumstance.-? might favor another
course. Thus, the territorial authorities were masters of the field,
and it is matter for regret that they were not equal to other and
better work than that which they transacted for the people. The
legi.slature assembled at Lecompton, January 4, 1858, and organ-
ized as in the extra session, without dissent. The message ot
Secretary Denver was brief and to the purpose, and there was a
prospect of valuable work being accomplished; but the men.
■were mostly unused to such labor of course, and the time was
frittered away. The legislature adjourned to Lawrence, January
5th, and remained in session until February 12th. The appointment
of commissioners, to investigate the late election frauds, took
many of the best men available, and that work was, on the whole,
effectively carried through. Their report was made available for
congressional action afterwards. The legislature provided for the
elestion of delegates in the following month, March, to frame a
constitution, to be submitted to the people for ratification prior
to b-^ing adopted as the basis for the admission to the union ; but
on the whole, perhaps, it may Uccve been inevitijible under the cir-
cumstances, that the first territorial legislature elected by the set-
tlers must be pronounced a failure. Log rolling became, to a large
extent, the occupation of members, and many small jobs were hur-
ried through for local and personal ends. The Missouri code,
which should have been amended in all its odious provisions, re-
mained practically untouched. The unjust apportionment of
members, which had been blamed in their predecessors, was not

»: ,t/»*iimtamtamimm

41*8

TvTTLifs IIisTonr of Kansas-

'. itl

nmonaod as it might liixvc been, and the poor body came to a" most
lame and impotent conclusion." Upon one point there was do-
cided action, but it decided nothing, because it did not cxpresa
the will of the people, which, more than the letter ot law, .s essen-
tial to give vitality to enactments. The territorial capital was lo-
catod at Minneota, a kind of no place, within a few miles oE
rrairic City, and grants of land, and a charter of incorporation,
helped to build up that impossible metropolis, but it came to
nothin-. The bill was sent back by Gen. Denver with his ob-
jections, and the two houses used their two-thirds power to pass
it again over his veto : but at that point the folly came to an end,
and°no body ever cared anything further for this measure. There
was no reason why the towns, which had fought the battle ot the
people so long, should be discounted now in favor of a center to be
created for the purpose, merely because some few manipulators
could exert an influence over men unused to the stress of legisla-
tion The people of Kansas had now, after much stormy naviga-
tion, reached port; or, if not exactly in port, they were beyond
Hurlgate, with a fair prospect of the wished for haven.

CHAPTER XIX.

TERUITOUTAIi HISTORY
(continued.)

DENVER SUCCEEDING GEARY -STRIFE IN THE SOUTHEAST.

Purlher Troubles -Southeast Counties - Capt. Montgomery -Reprcsenta-
tivc Man -Probable War- Sound Advice - Missouri Advantages -
Quiclc March -Mound City -Covert Convention -Wily Schemes -
Cool Courage - Colonel Fox - Postponed Meeting - Sophistry Fails -
Osawatomie Raid - Further Alarms - Enf.-rced Flight - Systematized
Plunder - Geary's Mistake - \ isiting Lawren6n - Guerrilla War - Con-
sternation - Speedy Justice - Reprisals - Governor's Movemen^ -
Texan Rangers -Making Points- Surrounding Enemies -Spoiling
EKVptians- Thrilling Situation -Perilous Escape -Under Clouds-
New Departure - Operating in Stock - Church Difficulty - Collision -
Great Odds - Awkward Responsibility - Legalized Oppression - Cash

Tio to a " most
there was ilo-
l not cxpresa
■ law, is cftsen-
japital was lo-
fcw miles of
incorporation,
at it came to

with his ob-
powcr to pass
in^c to an end,
(asure. There
3 battle ot the
; a center to be
' manipulators
res3 of legisla-
stormy naviga-

were beyond
,ven.

S SOUTHEAST.

lery— Rcprcsenta-
Liri Advantages —
Wily Schemes —
Sophistry Fails —
:lit — Systematized
crrillaWar — Con-
r's Movements —
nemies — Spoiling
-Under Clouds —
ulty — Colli sion —
Dpprcssiou — Cash

SriiiFi: IS THE SovriiE.isT.

419

Ball — 0|)iiiion.s Changv. - Shameless Tyranny — Unwelcome Neighbors —
" .TdliM IJi'Dwii " — Soliinion'^ .Iud,i;ment — Coiupiilini; Hiu'hl — >[!irshal
Little— ira>ty Hi'trcat — (icncriil Lane — Secret (Organization — After
OllViulers — Timid Counselors — Fort Scott— Broken Promises- War
Policy — Enemies Corralled — Plunderers — Demoralized Force — t^uar.
tering on Knemy — Self Del'ense — Faitlilul Spies- Murderous Pro-
scriptioii — JnyliawVer's Ilevenge — Ilumillon's Tactics — Wanhington
Lobbyists — Montgomery Moves — Little Thermopylic — An Armistice —
U. S. Prestige — Following Hamilton — Putnam's Leap — Choosing
Blood — Murder en Mamie — Flying Miscreants — West Point — Mas-
sacre Averted — Denver's Messenger — i^Iarslial Walker — Murderera
Arretted — Agent Clark — Tiiuo Bargain — Surrender — MDiitgomery
Taken — Governor's Visit — Manly Platform — Peace Convention — Hc-
suming Hostilities — Continuous Outrage — Summary Process — Free
Immigration — Brown's Party — Traitorous Confereneo — Discreet Retire-
ment — Brown's i{esoluti(ms — Fellowship — Releasing Rice — Causual-
ties — Brown in Missouri — Canada Expedition — Singular Punish-
ment— Enemy Flanked — Law Triumphs — Amnesty — \Vrong Hamil-
ton — Closing Accounts. . , . ,

Although the difficulties in Kansas generally were being
subdued when Gov. Denver was first nominated secretary of the
territory, there was still much trouble in the southeast which
must be briefly reviewed, as the two parties were pitted against
each other there, and blood was shed freely. The career of one
leader, Capt Montgomery, the ablest and most noted, may be
followed with advar*age, as his movements had a representative
character which will render it needless to follow the other par-
tisan commanders. Montgomery, originally from Ohio, had spent
some time in Kentucky, whence he had removed to Missouri, in-
tending to settle in Kansas, but had changed his purpose iipon
being informed that Misitouri was resolved at any cost to make a
slave state in the territory. Bending to what seemed good ad-
vice, he concluded to remove to Missouri, until his mind rein-
forced by what he saw in the older slave state, he resolved to as-
sist in repelling slavery from the new. Once determined on that
point, there was no delay, and he speedily arrived in Mound
City, in the vicinity of which there was no difficulty in buying a
claim for little money from a Missouri family dissatisfied with
the location. Movi::g his family to the purchased claim, he re-
mained in Missouri to earn money for its improvement, and to be
invested in stock. The character of Montgomery was intrepid,

420

TvTTI.K's lIlSTOllY or K.ISSAS.

and yet con.sidcratc ; a felicitous combinatiuii of sound judg-
ment and mercy.

In April, 1855, Montgomery, wlioso Hojourn in Missouri had
given the proslavery party a claim upon liini, as they supposed,
attended a convention in Mound '''ly, five miles from hi.> home,
where candidates were being noim.iated to the legislature, which
afterwards assendjlcd in Pawnee. The directors of the conven-
tion were from Mi.ssouri, the settlers were not well informed as to
the real issues, and it was liopcd that shivery would not be named
during the canvass, although that was the main purpose to bo
served by the election. The free settlers were told that the time
had not come for dealing with that (pie.-^tion. The meeting was
going well for the proslavery design, when Montgomery, who had
been nominated .secretary, addressed the people, giving his rea-
sons why Kan.sa? should be made a free state, and enforcing the
necessity for vigilance. Col. Fo.\, the convener and prospective
candidate in the Missouri interest, was compelled to pledge him-
self against slavery, to secure a chance of nomination, and then
the convention was postjwned to secure a larger attendance of
actual settlers. There was a nmeh larger gathering on both
sides when the convention resumed, and much sophistry was
used to carry the populace toward the policy favored by the
neighboring state, but the audience was almost entirely on the
other side, and Montgomery might have had the nomination, but
after exerting his eloquence to convince waverers as to the proper
policy, he thought it best to choose Fox, binding him by his
prom'ises, as well as such gentry can be secured. The Missouri
party ran the election on polling day, as we have seen, and the
legislature was so completely an outrage that the free state men
convened at Mound City as well as elsewhere, and repudiated its
ennetments.

Circumstances favored the southeast so that there was no show
of armed force in that section, except the raids on polling days,
until the autumn of 1856, when Fort Scott sent a proslavery con-
tingent to assist in the attack on Ossawatomie. The conduct of
that party has been described elsewhere. Mound City was soon
alarmed by an appearance of armed men encamped at Paris, and
it became known that free state men were to be driven from their

rj^

Sritu'i: IS rut: Suvtiif.ast.

421

pound judg-

Missouri had
cy supposed,
in lii.:; home,
laturc, which
[ the convcn-
iConned n.s to
not be named
)iirpo.sc to bo
that the time
meeting was
lory, who had
zing his rea-
en forcing the
id prospective
:; pledge him-
ion, and then
attendance of
rint' on both
sophistry was
vorcd by the
iitirely on the
imination, but
I to the proper
I him by his
The Missouri
seen, and the
'ree state men
repudiated its

3 was no show
I polling days,
)roslavery con-
Che conduct of
City was soon
1 at Paris, and
ven from their

homes in Kansas. The city was deserted almost entirely, and iho
Mis.-<ourian.s plimdorcd tlio homos of tiio fugitives, whom they
wore at the sumo time harassing in their llight. After about tlweo
weeks tiie major part (^f tlio settlers hail returned, when they
were once more tlireatened by their antagonists, and Montgomery
was delegated to submit n statement of tucir case to tlio now gov-
ci'iior, (ieary. That gcntleiuairs distrust of the free settlers in-
duced him to turn almost a deaf ear to Capt. Montgomery, and
the (lelegMte went to Lawrence, whence the army of boi.ler ruf-
fians had just been removed by the resolute action of (ieary, as
el.icwhere described. The citizens of Lawrence could not leave
their own city to defend another, but they sent arms and good
advice by Montgomery, and there was some hope that the policy
pursued by the governor, so largo an improvement upon that of
his itrmiediato predecessor, would protect the settlers from out-
rage in the future. The hopelessness of the territory was aj)tly
illustrated on his return to his home, where he found that his
neighbors had been driven away, his own family insulted during
his absence, and that his life was especially sought by his adver-
saries. It was considered an evidence of peculiar turpitude on
his part, that he, having been a resident in Missouri, was yet iden-
tified with free state views. lie availed him.self at once of hia
knowledge of the country to attack the marauders wherever he
could find an advantage, and at that work he was "a host in him-
self," so that he soon spread consternation among the gangs that
had been so long despoiling the whole neighborhood. Every de-
sign succeeded, and the invaders were soon in deadly terror of a
clump of brush, an angle in the rocks, or any cover that might
conceal their foe. One man against many, he seemed to be a
match for them all. Organization having failed, he had been
forced back upon his natural rights and they seemed ample for
attack and defen.se. The enemy never imagined that one man,
untiring in his movements, was the author of so many discom-
fitures. His courage and successes brought additional force to his
standard. His army consisted now of seven men, including him-
self, and after a council of war it was resolved to attack the house
of one of the chiefs of the Missouri raiders. This man Davis
was one of the party that had been called out and armed by the

422 TufTLhfs JlisToiiV or Kassah.

acting K'ovornor, vmhv the pr.tonso tl.ut ll>o.y consiilutea a Kan-
BUS n.il.tia force, wlnlo really they were earrymg u..l the designs
of Missouri. Davis being a captain, his house was an armory ami
for twofold reascs it was desiral.le that the weapons should bo
in better han.ls. The attacking party found that tho.r nuun ob-
ject had failed, as Davis, with his gang, had gone away to avo.d
a collision with (Jov. Geary, who, with three hundred men, was
disarming all such bands. The little armament captured a quan-
tity of ammunition and some arms, but a prisoner that had been
Bceured, made his escape, giving the alar.n to others who would
otherwise have been visited. Twenty miles south of Davis a
place, the Texan rangers were startled on the same day, towar.
evening, by Montgon.ery s party, and upon their arrival in l^ort
Scott the dimensions of tlie guerrilla band had become magn.Ued
into an army. The proslavery settlement at Fort Scott was al-
most a desert within an hour after the report was circulated

An excursion into Missouri was the next exploit, to attack the
points where proslavery men customarily assembled before niul-
ing Kansas, and to which they returned with their plundei% i ho
little band of seven made themselves masters of the points as-
sailed, captured and destroyed a quantity of arms, procured fresh
horses and returned to the scene of their former operations none
the poorer for their expedition. Soon afterwards the guerrilla
chief attacked a camp of invaders .nt Bull Creek, but the party
fled without fighting, and he proceeded with a little s<iuadron of
ten determined fellows to liberate negroes in Missouri, as it was
considered good policy to carry the war into the enemy s country.
Keturning home alone, resolved on abandoning warlike enter-
prises, he had just got beyond the old Wakarusa encampment
from Lawrence, when his bridle rein was sei^.cd by a couple of
xnilitia men of the opposite side in politics. He was commanded
to surrender, and with the speed of lightning he dismounted on
the side farthest from his captors, using the device common among
Indians, of making his horse his rampart of defense, and his re-
volver pointed at the soldier whose musket was half way to hia
shoulder, caused a very considerable alteration in the views ol
the militiamen. Some minutes were spent in the rencontre, bu
as soon as the position was realized, the would-be custodians of

•<^»tg.. .

a— .i*^--

toil a Kan-
the designs
irmory, and
< sliould bo
iir tniiiii ob-
iiy to avoid
I men, was
red a (juan-
It had been

who would

ol Davis's
day, toward
ival in Fort
10 mat' ni tied
icott was al-
nilated.
o attack tbe

before raid-
under. The
10 points as-
•oourcd fresh
^rations none
the guerrilla
,nit the party

S(]uadron of
uri, as it was
ay's country,
■arlike enter-
encampment,
)y a couple of
3 commanded
ismounted on
)mmon among
56, and his re-
al f way to his

the views of
rencontre, but

custodians of

SritlFH IS rilE SOVTIIKAST.

Montgomery resolved to be (luit of his eo.uininy. Not another
word was .a.d, but enough had been convoyed in that noiseless
huran-'ue with the revolver to end the controversy. i.o eaptor.s
rode o"n without their prisoner, and the almost captured man wont
on his way rejoicing. A rogi.nont of sueh men as Montgon.ery
could have held Kansas against all the rulUans of the border _

Aflrr the free settlers left their claims under the terror of m-
vision in the wh.ter of 18oU-7, their antagonists took possession
of 'their property in the southeast, as well as elsewhere, mau.ta.n-
inc a kind of military rule, under which the chances were largely
against repossession by the r.ghtful owners: but new arnva s m
1857 in the so called " ^lorthern Arn.y" s) far reinforced the
despoiled men that it wa. i)ossiole to commence operations to re-
cover the stolen property .md the fraudulently held dauns. iho
fuNt step was to gather up the viv>,.g[uMy appropriated stock and
that step was not carried tlu-ough w. hout sor.M> llghung, still, in
the nuiin, the end was accomplished. The re, -««ession of chums
was next attempted, and the first diflicuhv ( xurred with a pro-
slavery preacher named Southwool ylio, knowingly -r not, was
in a house built by a man that he i bc-n driven fro-n ;.;.c ground.
Two liundred men assembled to assist Southwood, by expelling
Stone, the free settler claimant; but eight resolute men held u...
cabin against them, and, after many days spent in threats and ex-
postulations, Southwood vacated the claim. The like scenes
'vere occurring more or less fro :uently all over the temtory
When the United States court opened at Fort Scott, numbers of
the free settlers were indicted for oflenscs more or less imaginary,
the object being to procure the absence of popular leaders, and
just now the judicial staff was at war with Gov. Geary, so that
bis rule was drawing to a close at the moment that he began to
understand the wani- ../ Kansas. Some of the men indicted were
held prisoners in ioi. Scott, bail being refused. Montgomery
now came upon the scene once more, and a body of men under
him approach^ Fort Scott to procure the release of their friends.
Peaceful apr.aiensions for their liberation on bail resulted in an
insolent proposition that $800 cash should be deposited as secur-
Hy for each prisoner to be released, and no other bail would be
accepted. Judge Williams, on the bench, was as haughty as

:irjrii;iiiTii'ffiw<irwffiWi"r-fliirfy'°"°

fW^:-

424 Tuttlk's History of Kansas.

eatan ^rontrromcry believed that he could inOucnce the opinion
of the court, °and largely control its action. Having arrested a
pro^lavery man and held him in custody long enough to impress
his mindVith the idea that he had been in great peril, he inci-
dentally mentioned in the prisoner's hearing his intention to sack
Fort Scott and release the prisoners unlawfully held. Tlie pro-
slavery man was soon afterwards liberated, and immediately after
his storv reached the judge, the prisoners were discharged upon
their own recognizances, with many remarks intended to be com-
plimentary and soothing. The charm had produced its effect,
and ^font.'omery was looked upon as a competent legal authority.
Several citizens were arrested for trying to resume possession
of their homes, but any charge would suffice in the then condition
of the courts in Kansas, and judgments went invariably against
free settlers. Sometimes their properties were seized without
form of process, or' trial, and sold by proslavery sheriffs to the
highest bidder, the governor in vain trying to rescue the vic-
tims of oppression from the wrongs which he had at first believed
to be merely illusory. Fort Scott was now the stronghold of the
proslavery magnates, who had been driven out of the northern
and middle sections of the territory by Gov. Geary's strong peace
policy; and they made the surrounding country very warm for
free settlers. Fnding that there was no redress for them in Fort
Scott, the popular party initiated a court of their own, calling
their chief justice "John Brown," and while the proceedings of
this assembly burlesqued, in the freest possible spirit, the action
of the official staff in Fort Scott, there was still so complete an
arrangement for carrying out the judgments arrived at that, pro-
slavery men dreaded citation before the new tribunal.

Capt. Abbott, the well known guerrilla leader at Wakarusa,
was the sherifT, and if the decisions of the judge gave token of a
Solomon on the bench, the vigor of administration was fully on a
par with the other features of the movement. The proceedings
of the court attracted so much attention, that an order was made
at Fort Scott for the suspension of the squatter court, and all its
members were to be arrested. Marshal Little was instructed to
carry out the mandate, and he came, with seventy armed men, to
-within about ono quarter of a mile of the court house ; but at that

■rHliVi ^'WHIIU'III

Strife in the Southeast.

425

he opinion
arrested a
to impress
il, he inci-
on to sack
Tlie pro-
lately after
irged upon
to be com-
. its effect,
[ authority,
possession
n condition
bly against
ed without
riffs to the
le the vic-
rst believed
hold of the
16 northern
itrong peace
y warm for
lem in Fort
awn, calling
oceedings of
t, the action
complete an
at that, pro-

Wakarusa,
e token of a
is fully on a

proceedings
ir was made
, and all its
nstructed to
med men, to
: but at that

point he paused to hold a parley, at the end of which he retired
with his force, apparently satisfied that the court should be up-
held. Some few days after, he appeared with a force considerably
augmented, and with a tone correspondingly changed. Tlie court
was allowed thirty minutes within which to surrender or be fired
upon. There was to be a fight, as the court would not surren-
der, but the dispositions made by Capt. Abbott with the few men
at his disposal were so complete th;u tlio attacking force was
taken in the rear just as the assault began. One man and one
horse sustained injuries, and Marshal Little, with his two hundred
men, made very quick time back to Fort Scott. While a renewal
of the attack was daily looked for, there was a change being
worked in tlic aspect of Kansas by the election of a legislature
and the appointment of ofTicers under the auspices of the free
state party, so tliat the reign of injustice, not quite over, was
drawing towards a close. Gen. Lane came up from Lawrence to
ascertain the actual position of affairs, and prepare the way for
the new regime whicli, if possible, was to be inaugurated peace-
fully. But for the presence of United States troops at Fort Scott,
the place would have been captured ; but, under the circum-
stances, peace was thought better than conquest, and nothing was
accomplished beyond the establishment of a secret society, whose
object was to defeat the Lecornpton constitution.

The Fort Scott difficulty was perennial, and in February a force
was organi;5ed to arrest some offenders in that town, Montgomery
being nominated to carry the writs into effect. Some of the more
timid of the free state party tried to arrange matters peaceably
beforehand, and in consequence the expedition was a failure, there
being none of the offenders in the town when the vindicators of
justice arrived, and Montgomery and his men had to content
themselves with fair promises and an excellent breakfast. The
promises were not worth much, having been made only to serve a
temporary purpose until United States troops arrived.

Capt. Anderson, with a detachment of troops, came to Fort
Scott, and the free state men were challenged to " come on.''
Montgomery procured a howitzer from Lawrence, and his inten-
tion was to force all the proslavery men into Fort Scott, so that
he might reduce them by starvation during an extended siege.

x^''S"i>waMMHMMMIi

426

TUTTLffs HiSTOliY OF IClXSAS.

Pursuant to that plan many of tlie worst characters were visited,
and such of them as could be found were chastised. A man
named Zuaskault was shot but not killed. He had the repute of
having committed many murders. The proslavery men at Little
Osage and elsewhere asked for aid from. Fort Scott, but Capt.
Anderson told them that they must come in if they wanted pro-
tection, as his force must not be scattered in outlying places.
The result was that the country outside of Fort Scott was tolera-
bly clear of marauders, and, leaving the command temporarily in
other hands, Montgomery retired to his farm.

The officers left in command of the troops unfortunately abused
their position by allowing recourse to plundering, and in conse-
quence the men who were most worthy of confidence left the
ranks, the resf becoming utterly demoralized. It became neces-
sary for Capt. Montgomery to resume his position to prevent his
men becoming a pest to the territory, but by his means the mis-
chief was soon remedied. Some few, who were constitutionally
thievish, went ofiE under a congenial leader, and in due time ob-
tained their deserts, but the great majority became loyal soldiers
again under good hands. Montgomery was not so entirely. scru-
pulous as to refuse his men a chance to quarter on the enemy
when military necessity rendered such a course advisable, but he
preserved the morale of his company with great success. There
was quite work enough on hand to occupy the time and energy
of the force, as the Missouri men who had been driven out came
back with reinforcments, and numerous lives were lost on both
sides. The men of the north were warned to be ready if needed,
but Montgomery believed that his own strength would suffice,
provided he could uphold the spirits of a few that were ready to
stampede the whole party. Some few successes on the free state
side produced the desired effect, and all was safe, for tlic time, at

any rate.

Montgomery's bands were known as '• Jayhawkers," because of
the suddenness and certainty with which they swooped down up-
on the enemy at times most fatal to their purposes. This was in
consequence of the leader having under his orders a faithful spy
in each of the secret lodges in Fort Scott, and at the most danger-
ous spots in Missouri, from whom all necessary details could be

SjftMaiJut aiwafWB,' Ml nnnjijiiMiirm

Strife in the Southeast.

427

ere visited,
1. A man
e repute of
3n at Little
, but Capt.
ranted pro-
iiig places,
was tolera-
iporarily in

tely abused
lI in conse-
ice left the
2ame neces-
prevent his
ns the mis-
5titutionally
ue time ob-
lyal soldiers
ntirely.scru-
n the enemy
lable, but he
3ess. There
and energy
en out camfi
lost on both
ly if needed,
ould suffice,
ere ready to
the free state
: tlic time, at

I," because of
led down up-
This was in
I faithful spy
most danger-
iails could be

procured, so that whenever there was a scheme afoot that threat-
ened evil consequences to his party, the mine was countermmed,
and at the fateful moment, "the engineers were hoist with their
own petard." The men thus defeated came to believe that Mont-
eomcry had unearthly aids, and their superstitious fears were in
lar.^e port his allies on many occasions. There was one man
named' Hamilton who distinguished himself as a leader among the
border ruffians, and it was ascertained beyond question that this
man was to attack in succession about seventy free state men,
capturing them in tens and putting them instantly to death. iUe
list of men to be murdered thus was supplied to Montgomery, and
the order in which the successive executions would occur, at the
rate of about ten every week. Hamilton appears to have been
rather an amiable man, and one in whom reliance could be placed,
until after the proslavery party lost ground in Kansas, when he
became desperat'e, associated himself with secret societies for the
suppression of free settlement, and became identiRed with guerrilla
operations ; a career which almost invariably unsettles character
The lobbyists in Washington had become certain that they could
push the Lecompton constitution through congress, and their con-
fidence communicated to the party in Missouri, induced redoubled
effort to secure the results of victory upon the law coming into

operation.

Threats of the complete demolition of the free state party were
commonly heard everywhere on the borders, and Hamilton s
threats would have passed with little note but for the lists al-
■ ready procured ; but when his fulminations were combined with
the detailed information referred to, Montgomery concluded that
it was time to bring him to an account. The troops were to be
withdrawn from Fort Scott, and Hamilton was on hand, so that
it seemed probable that he would seize the opportunity now to
carry out his design ; consequently Montgomery made an attack
on some of the proslavery party near the Marmiton, hoping that
Hamilton with his force would come to the rescue and permit of the
quarrel being fought out ther.. Hamilton took refuge in Fort
Scott and induced Capt. Anderson with the regular troops to take
up the quarrel without a requisition from the governor. The ap-
pearance of United States troops caused Montgomery to retreat at

MSMMRS

!*#.«-.

428

Tvttle's History of Kaxsjs.

full speed toward Yellow Point Ci'cok, hotly pursued. A narrow
defile just at the point named afTorded him an opi)ortunity for
defense, and his men were speedily so placed as that they could
have repelled twiee the number of assailants. Anderson wxa
wounded, his horse killed, his troops routed and one man killed ;
only one of the free state men being wounded in the affray. An
armistice to remove Anderson from under his fallen horse was fol-
lowed by a timely retreat, and two hundred and fifty troops after-
wards refused to attempt the arrest of Montgomery. An<lerson
resigned to avoid a court martial, and the prestige of United States
troops was considerably damaged by his conduct.

^[ontgomery followed Hamilton persistently and tracked him
to his house, but it was too strong to be attacked with small arms
only, and before his howitzer could be brought up, the United
States troops came to the rescue of their ally. Montgomery's
men were told to scatter for the time and rendezvous about eight
miles oil the next morning. Two of the party were not wise
enough to obey instructions, and in consequence they were pur-
sued, narrowly escaping capture by leaping a declivity which
their pursuers would not descend, remembering probably the es-
cape that was made during the revolutionary war by Putnam.
Hamilton escaped into Missouri, "nursing his rage to keep it
warm," and Montgomery submitted to the sheriii" a statement of
the designs entertained by that dangerous citizen.

The scheme long deferred was not abandoned, but the origina-
tor o: the murderous design could not readily find instruments
for his purpose ; many brave men refused to be mixed up with a
deed so horrible. At a meeting held on the 19th of May, just
across the border in Missouri, there was an appeal for volunteers,
and twenty-five men mustered for the first expedition. The time
was opportune, as the delay had lulled suspicion, and Hamilton
had no difficulty in gathering in the prisoners that were wanted
near Chouteau's Trading Post. Nineteen were arrested, eleven
were shot and five fell mortally wounded, the rest feigning death,
and all save one wounded remained alive to tell of the horrible
barbarities in which the miscreants indulged after the murders
were as they thought consummated in each case. Montgomery
was immediately in request to lead the pursuit, about two hua-

-%ini-ni iirmimii

StBIFE jy THE SovriiEAST.

429

A narrow
I rt unity for
tliey could
ilorson \v\3
nan killed;
ifTray. An
jrse was fol-
;roops after-
Anderson
nited States

racked him

small arms

the United

ontgomery's

about eight

re not wise

sy were pur-

ivity which

ably the ea-

by Putnam.

to keep it

statement of

the origina-
instruments
3d up with a
of May, just
r volunteers,
1. The time
nd Hamilton
were wanted
ested, eleven
gning death,
the horrible
the murders
Montgomery
3Ut two hun-

dred men mustering under his orders, but it was too late. ^^ est
Point was supposed to be the resting place of the murderers, but
the place was visited in vain; the citizens expressed their horror
at the outrage, but they either could or would give no informa-
tion that would lead to their arrest. Noi.hing therefore remained
but to return from Missouri and guard the borders to prevent the
consummation of the remainder of the scheme. Kcgular troops
under Capt. Weaver soon assumed that duty.

Hamilton never found an opportunity to complete his purpose,
but while waiting and watching for him and his gang, an oppor-
tunity occurred for Montgomery to communicate with Gov. Den-
ver offering to surrender for trial himself and all his men, if the
governor would allow the settlers to elect their own sheriff, and
withdraw the troops from Fort Scott. The communication also
sucr<rested the desirability of a personal investigation on the part
of °the new executive. Capt. Walker came down to arrest Mont-
gomery on two charges, but he found the guerrilla commander in
hicrh repute among the settlers, and therefore as deputy marshal,
being himself a free state man, he never saw Montgomery for
many days. The marshal consented to arrest some murderers at
Fort Scott, and Montgomery in disguise accompanied the party.
Clark, the Indian agent, was one of the men named for arrest,
and he made a great show of defense, but five minutes having
been afforded him to think the matter over, he surrendered to
save his life. Montgomery's presence in the posse was pointed
out to Capt. Walker, and there was a likelihood of trouble, but
Montgomery, who had no doubt of a fair trial, now surrendered,
bein<- however set at liberty by the sheriff again as soon as it had
been°discovered that the authorities in Fort Scott had released
Clark and the other prisoners just arrested.

Gov. Denver acted upon Montgomery's suggestion, and visited
' Fort Scott to make himself conversant with the affairs of south-
eastern Kansas. His visit was extended through a wide range of
the territory, and in every place that was stopped at, he made a
host of friends. His arrangements contributed largely to the
pacification of Kansas, as he prevented Missourian invasions,
repressed the action of troops where the action of law should suf-
fice, and assisted the people to a fair field for self government.

BBtaMntwmi.i I.I iii.iiii«wiiiil»w

kmtmi^^-^

i^^lli^■y^^pil(»^jr^

430

Tvttle's History of Kas'sas.

The arrangement of old troubles was proposed by liirn on tlio
basirf of an anniosty for political ofTenscs, and that suggestion was
8ubse(picntly carried out, as it met with cordial approval from
nearly all the actual settlers. There was a convention held 'it
P'ort Scott in consequence of this visit, and all jiarties agreed to
start fair, abandoning the quarrels of tlie past, but even whilo
the convention was still sitting, tliere came near being a renewal
of hostilities among the members.

It is not easy for men who have been for years accustomed to
issue their own writs in the form of a rifle ball to settle down
into the observance of peaceful regulations, and thus it happened
that in southeastern Kansas for some time, continuous outrages on
one side or the other, perpetrated of course by the least worthy
members on both sides, prevented pacification and led to a resump-
tion of hostilities. Horses stolen in Kansas were followed by
their free state owiiers to Missouri, where the men were shot, one
dying at once, the other being able to reach home and tell of the
outrage. Little Osage settlement was plundered soon after by
Missourians. Then an attack was made on Montgomery in his
own house, but the leader was not injured; Then arrests were
made on old writs in brea';h of an implied covenant made when
the treaty was signed, but the prisoner was liberated on Mont-
gomery's application. The influx of free settlers continually in-
creased the majority against slavery, but it did not tend to make
the proslavery party more amiable.

A free settler named Rice was arrested in violation of the com-
pact, and his release was demanded. A convention called to
arrange matters almost ended in fighting, and it was evident that
peace was near an end. Returning from the convention, Mont-
gomery learned that Old John Brown and his party were to be
attacked in a log house not far from his own ; of course he went
to the rescue, having only fifty men, but he held the place against
four hundred, and the assailant, McDan'cl, dared not risk an at-
tack. Next day, McDaniel proposed to Montgomery that he
should attend a convention of free state democrats, aiming at
pacification, and he did so, the basis of affiliation being drawn
by Blown. Fellowship was thus extended to the successful
leader, but he would not abandon Eice, who was still a prisoner

-■.ji jdltiiM iitewatwti^**

fmlm

liirn on tho
gestion was
[)roval fr(Mn
tion held at
33 iigrced to
even wliilo
g a renewal

3Ustomed to
settle down
it happened
outrages on
east worthy
to a resunip-
followed by
sre shot, one
d tell of the
)on after by
imery in his
arrests were
made when
3d on Mont-
ntinually in-
end to make

I of the com-
>n called to
evident that
ntion, Mont-
y were to be
irse he went
place against
)t risk an at-
ery that he
s, aiming at
aeing drawn
e successful
ill a prisoner

Stuife /.v the Southeast.

431

in Fort Scott. The night'of the loth of Doc, 1858, was named
for the adventure of setting him at liberty, to do winch, it was
necessary to capture the town, and the work v;as accomplished
by sixty-nine men, including Montgomery. Marslud L.ttlc fired
on the party, and was himself shot, the prisoner was released,
and the town saved from destruction by the prudent leader.

John Brown accompanied the party until near the town, but
he did not enter Fort Scott; and soon afterwards he was heard of
in Missouri, where he released a number of slaves from their
masters, enraged the proslavcry men almost to desperation, jm-o-
vokcd the offering of two rewards for his arrest, watched the bor-
ders to prevent incursions in pursuit, and in due time set out for
Canada with the party that his enterprise had rescued from ser-
vitude, five years before Lincoln's proclamation. He did not
escape without adventure. He was attacked by 42 proslavcry
men at Holton, but his assailants were routed, and he revenged
himself on four prisoners, by refusing them permission to swear
during five days, and making them say their prayers. Slavery was
bein- attacked on its own territory, the enemy was flanked the
legislature was in the hands of the people, and at the special re-
quest of Gov. Denver, such action was initiated as in the end
enabled the settlers to right their own wrongs. The districts
in which violence had been most marked were in some degree
relieved by the nomination of Lawrence as the place where of-
fenders should be tried, until better times should come. Mont-
gomery went to Lawrence for trial, but an act of amnesty re-
lieved him and some hundreds beside, from the ordeal. During
the time that the amnesty was first operating, Capt. Ilami ton
arrived in Lawrence with some prisoners, and the name leading
many to suppose that it was the murderer before mentioned
caused a great riot, but no loss of life, as it became known that
■ the wrong Hamilton was being pursued. The prisoners newly
brought in were set at liberty, the reign of peace and content-
ment, not yet perfect, was about to commence, and would go on
with varying fortunes, until the parties between whom the troub-
les had come should find their advantage in the grand develop-
ments which God's providence will always accomplish.

432

Ti'TTLE's IflSTOHY OF K ASS AS.

CUAPTER XX.

TKUKITOIilAL IliyPOUT.
ieoncluaeil.)

DENVER, MEDARY AND STANTON -END OF CIVIL STRIFE. ,

Settling Di)\vu— Cliaiigcd Aspects — nucliuimn Ailviseil — ClmngiiiK Front-
Shivery Si'liemcs— Washington Orders — Abortive Effort — Dying Or-
giini/,a( ions — Why Clianging — Topekii Government — Natural Decay —
HeneflcenI Mortality — Convention of 185^- State Ticket — Negro Suf-
f,.njrc — General Indifference — Early Grave — Lecompton Rubble — Stu-
l)\d Legislation — New I'artics — Republicans Organize — Democratic
I'lallorm- Nouctjmmitlal- Speedier Growth- Old Orgunizatiou-
Horace Greeley — New Legislature — Useful Laboi'— Denver Resigns —
Governor Medary — Counting Cost — Audit Commissioners — Actual
Allowance — Congressional Neglect— Territorial Sacrifices — Great Em-
bnrrassment — Interesting Relics —Convention 1859 — AVoman's Rights-
Negro Question— Topeka Capital — Popular Ratification —State Offl-
ciu'ls — The Legislature— Defeclive Census — National Features — Amer-
ica's Growth — Living Principles — Early Notice — Marquette — La
Salle — Nation's Heart — Social Basis- Development- Wliitc Set-
tiers- Santa Fe — Natural Beauty — Washington Irving — Missouri
Compromise — CIcngressioual Legacy — Early Trials — Enduring Cour-
„ge —Barbarous Laws — Flourishing Cities — Levying War — Governing
Marshals — Posse Comitatus — State Suspended — Lincoln Wins — War
Record — Troubles Past — Governor Stanton — Legislative Differences —
Kansas Famine — Climatic Causes — Forest Influences -- Fearful Story —
General Failure — Water Poisonous — Fodder Gone — Going Back —
Starving Remainder — Eastern Benevolence — General Response — New
York — Wisconsin — Illinois — Indiana — Ohio — Jleteorological Fea-
tures — Desert Theory — Grasshopper Famine — Looking Ahead.

WiTKK Douglas and Buchanan joined in urging the successor
of Geary to assume the task of governing Kansas, there was a
foregone conclusion in the mind of the democratic leader, that the
slavery struggle was dootned to defeat at the hands of squatter
sovereigns in the territory, and his hope pointed toward some fav-
orable compromise that would recuperate the party as a whole,
and the slave owning section in particular, for the reverse imme-

''"Hl!!, lyii »ii '!'» fflrimnfTga

J STRIFE.

giiijf Front —

- Dying Or-
urul Dfiniy —

- Nfgro 'suf.
Jul)l)lc — Stu-
-Dcmocnitic
giinizutiou —
•cr Resigns —
icrs — Actual

— Groat Eni-
tin's Kiglits —

— State Offl-
[ures — Amer-
iircpiettc — La

- Wliitc Set-
ig — Missouri
iduring Cour-

— Governing
Wins — War

Differences —
L'arful Story —
oing Back —
iponse — New
alogical Fea-
Aheacl.

le successor
there was a
der, that the

of squatter
•d some fav*

as a whole,
verse imme-

i :

1 i

t ■

I I

PHIUDDLrHM

\^y.yi^X'<- iBggffllBMagl^gl^ MJMiailgSigili'^ -->-—■<■-

it *

>=!=»< MAY1(r'*MO»M18IM0"l8«J

■ ^■—iijMriT

itr..A. * -^

End of Civil SntiFE.

4U3

vDMBiRMr* tare.

tliatcly iinj)ciuliiig. lV'rrti)iiiilly, ho did not euro, ns lie said in \m
debutes Willi Jjiiicolri, wlictlicr slavery wua voted up or voted
down; but in the ititerests of the party that he led, it was desir-
able to inuiiitain nseendaiiey at almost any cost. Walker, him-
Belf a statesman, saw the danger of a division in the ranks of do-
raoeraey, eommeneing in the Kansas struggle, and with all hia
might he endeavored to hold the disintegrating atoms together.
Possibly ho might have suceeedod if allowed to manage alTairs in
his own way, but that was not part of the designs of providence.
There were signs of setthng down in Kansas. Democrats, ojiposed
to shivery, had been joined with republicans on that issue until it
began to appear that tho question could only be settled in one
way, unfavorable to the purposes of tho south, and then with
changed iispeets in regard to that issue, parties began to rally
under their several standards as of yore. Walker's policy would
have assisted in that direction, pacifying the territory, solidifying
democracy and looking elsewhere to lind room for tho expansion
of slavery, llis advice tendered to Buehanaii was sound as a mat-
ter of policy, and his first utterance in the territory evidenced a
change of front ; but the proslavery men were reluctant to give
up their aims, and when orders from Washington enforced the
necessity for the Lecompton constitution, that wing of the organi-
zation, powerless to win a substantial victory, had sufHcient vital-
ity to prosecute an abortive effort in the forlorn hope of the At-
chison clique. Walker was placed under a ban, as other gover-
nors had been, and when Buchanan was at length induced to
espouse the "Lecompton faction, Walker resigned. The action of
Douglas, whether it was due to policy, principle or personal re-
gard for Walker, helped to kill the organization in Kansas, which
had united democrats and republicans. Free state men did not
abandon their resolve, but they sought its fulfilment in different
directions, each under old alTiliations. The Topeka constitutioa
and state government resulting from a compromise necessary at the
time was now unsatisfactory to both sections, and the out of date
party fell into decay, such as the circumstances of the time de-
manded. Compromises are, at best, only temporary makeshifts,
and they find their end in a mortality blessed by every looker on.
Some men clung eagerly to the old names and forms from which

■)(*-

wmmimtliiia^^

434

TvTTr.h's III' ^':\ J/- KAyi>Aa.

■8

lifo liad <lopnrtC(l, but when on the 4t'i ol March, 1858, thcro
fihonld havo been an aHsembly of the K>giHlatiire, no quorutn
could bo prociin'il. 'Plii! loading minds wero busy in roconsiruct-
ing their altered force under belter auspices, ko that there re-
mained nothing for the dying govorment but to abandon powera
that had never been truly and efficiently exercised.

The constitutional convention, which assembled at Mineola on
the 23(1 of Marcl), had in it more vim and liberality than re-
inained in the Topeka party, but the people had no faith in its
legal anthori/ation, hence no popular enthusiasm waited upon its
decisions. There was a constitution framed better than that of
Topeka, y)ccausc it did not continue the negro disability as to res-
idence, and it ojiencd schools to the children regardless of color.
There were other features equally good, but the minds of the com-
munity were not interested. The nomination of a convention to
prepare a state ticket was duly ordered, and there was vigor in
the convention thus as.sqmbled ; but neither the ticket oHered nor
the resolution to oppose the Lccompton constitution by force of
arms, if necessary, roused the people to action. The nominees of
the convention only obtained 8,000 votes, 1,000 voting on the
other side, but generally men would not cast a ballot ; and in
January, 1859, there was no grief when the measure died of neg-
lect in congress.

The vote on the Lecompton constitution, on the 2d of August,
1858, occasioned a much larger manifestation of zeal, no less than
18,088 votes being cast on that iss.ue, with a majority of 9,512
against its adoption, although there had been such inducements
ofTered by the pro-slavery party under tlie English bill. The
new territorial legislature was chosen under many disadvantages,
in consequence of the stupidity that marked the action of its
predecessor; but, in spite of the old and unjust apportionment,
which had not been changed by the men just relieved of legisla-
tive labor, there was a much better set of men elected to assume
that important duty. The pro-slavery section of the Democratic
party was now all but lifeless in Kansas, and it was time to raise
the standards of the national organization on each side. The
convention held at Lawrence, November 11, 1857, was so clearly
Bepublican in its tone that Democratic allies were repelled, and

Fsit OF Civ 1 1. SrniFt:.

435

, 1808, tliero
no (luoruin
I roooiisinict-
mt there re-
itulon powura

t Mincolii on
lity than ro-
f) faith in its
ited upon its
than that of
lity as torcs-
lless of color.
h of the corn-
convention to
was vigor in
et offered nor
')n by force of
e nominees of
noting on the
)allot ; and in
! died of neg-

Id of August,
1, no less than
ority of 9,512

inducements
sh bill. The
lisadvantages,

action of its
pportionment,
red of legisla-
ted to assume
he Democratic
i time to raise
jh side. The
was so clearly

repelled, and

the old party deprecated an uburulonment of its war cry before
Kansas had bceu adiiiittod as a free state; but, for all prmticul
purpoHCS the orii^inal (luarrcl had come to an « nd. Thorcuiiou
the Douiocrata tried to fashion a j)latform on the 2-4th of tho
Bume month, at TiCavenworth, that would enable free atate nict> to
unite with tho pro-slavery parly for national and territorial pur-
poses. It was somewhat dill'icult to make terms between the op-
posing sections, but at length a noncommittal policy was agreed
uj)oii, with vigorous metital reservations, that served for a time.
The convention at Big Springs, to renew tho life of tho old frco
state party, May 12, 1859, was a reupcctablo failure; tho purposes
of that organization were now safe in other hands, and tho conven-
tion was almost a funeral. One week later, tho Kepublicana
completed their party organization at Ossawatomio, when Horace
Greeley was the lion of the hour on the ground made classic by
the heroism of Old John Brown a few months later. The Demo-
crats completed their organization the day before tho Big Springs
convention.

The actual government of Kansas was now vested in the now
territorial legislature, which assembled on tho 8d of January,
1859, and tho work devolving upon that body was well done.
After meeting at Locompton, the legislature at once adjourned to
the more congenial atmosphere of Lawrence, and the statutes
v-hich had too long disgraced the community were repealed or
amended as public opinion seemed to demand. The end of Gov-
ernor Denver's administration had, before this, arrived, and his
departure was regretted by the people, but his masterly conduct
in tho matter of the treaty at Fort Scott in the spring led to such
representations at Washington on the part of tho Democrats that
ruled Buchanan, that his name was added to the list of sacrifices
by his resignation in October, 1858. Governors henceforth were
of so little moment in Kansas affairs, comparing them and their
action with the eventful times and the men that governed, from
1854 to the end of 1858, that it will suffice to say here, that Gov-
ernor Medary was in due time succeeded by Governor Stanton,
whose rule ended upon the inauguration of the state govern-
ment in 1861.

The cost of all this turmoil had now to be estimated in the

'«-|IL.f l»<l# ''I'

^0 Tuttle's HisTonr of Kansas.

hope that congress would bear its proper share in the outlay, but
it was difficult even to procure an audit commission. Ex-1:tov-
ernor Shannon would not serve, but the Hon. J. H. Stnckler ac-
cepted the position, and, as the rusult of his labors, it appeared
that $301,225 had been claimed, and $254,279 allowed by J.^mon
three hundred and fifty applications. The operation of the audit
had however, been abridged by numerous circumstances, and
another commission, with larger powers, came into existence to
examine into all claims for damages sustained m the territorial
troubles from 1855 to 1856, an attorney being appointed to ex-
amine more ellectively into the hona fides of ^Pplicants rhere
was a much larger total now presented, no less than $454,000 be-
ing allowed by the commission, and it was estimated that other
valid claims could be made out raising the aggregate to half a
million of dollars. Congress, ruled to a large extent by the
Democratic party, would not make an appropriation to cover the
loss, and in 'consequence there was a vqry heavy embarrassment
thrown upon the legislature which hud, in part, taken upon itself
the liability recognized by the commirsion. The time of private
sacrifices for the public good had come to an end, and the losses
now incurred could only be carried to the same list with the out-
lay incurred in sustaining the first Topeka government, and the
efficient executive committee that organized the territory to fight
the battle commenced in 1855.

The English bill provided that in the event of the Lecompton
constitution being negatived by the people, there should be an
election held to determine whether a state government was desired
by the territory, and if desired, a convention to frame a constitu-
tion should be chosen. Pursuant to that diriction, the convention
was elected in June, 1859, and 14,000 votes were cast in the elec-
tion- the largest ever at that time honestly polled in Kansas.
The 'assembly took place on the 5th of July, at Wyandotte, and,
under the baton of President Winchell, one of the most import-
ant bodies ever convened during the days of our territorial exist-
ence carried into form the will of the people. The constitution
framed at Wyandotte became the basis of our admission as a
state, and the men engaged in framing its provisions had, in ^eir
ranks, some of the brightest and most powerful intellects in Kan-

-- ■^ajflUi.tJ-lli.ltg

EsD OF Civil Stsife.

437

iitlay, but

Ex-Gov-
rickler ac-

appearrd
by iiimon

the audit
inces, and
istence to

territorial
;ed to ex-
ts. There
54,000 be-
that other

to half a
nt by the
) cover the
arrassment
upon itself

of private
[ the losses
th the out-
\f, and the
)ry to fight

Lecompton
3uld be an
was desired
a constitu-
convention
in the elec-
in Kansas,
adotte, and,
lost import-
torial exist-
constitutiou
lission as a
nad, in their
3Cts in Kan-

sas Woman's rights procured an interesting debate, but the con-
stitution fell short of conferring the suffrage. Attempts to ex-
elude negroes from the territory were lost, and the color Ime,
which would have shut out negro children from common schools,
was also defeated; but negroes were not allowed to vote. The
fucritive slave law was not indorsed, and slavery was forbidden
in'the state, all but unanimously. Topeka secured a nomination
as the temporary capital of the state, but provision was made for
submitting the appoii.tment to popular ratification, before a per-
manent location could have force. When the work was com-
pleted, on the 28th of July, the democrats opposed the constitu-
tion as a whole, but the republican majority was sufficient to
carry the measure. The people ratified the constitution by 10,-

421 against 5,530.

The election of state officers under the constitution, ready for
the possible passage of the bill through congress, resulted, on the
6th of December, 1859, in the choice of Dr. Eobinson as governor ;
Joseph P. Boot, lieut governor; J. W. Eobinson, secretary of
state; Wm. Tholan, treasurer; G. S. Hillyer, auditor; W. R.
Griffith, superintendent of public instruction ; Thos. Ewing, Jr.,
chief justice ; S. A. Kingman and L. D. Bailey, associate justices ;
B. F. Simpson, adjutant general, and M. F. Conway, member of
congress. The highest vote cast was for the chief justice, 8,010 ;
and the highest vote on the democratic ticket was 5,567, for the
congression°al representative. The senate was republican by
twenty-two to three, and the house by fourteen to eleven. The
census was taken at this time in a very incomplete and unsatis-
factory way, as, while the population was nearly.100,000, the re-
turns only showed a little more than 70,000; and this faulty
enumeration was made a pretext for further delay in the desired

admission. i tt •

Thus had another state arrived at the threshold of the Union,
thirty-fourth in the list of actual admissions, thirty-second in
order of application ; as Minnesota and Oregon were both admit-
ted after Kansas had formed a state organization. The order and
regularity with which this nation grows is a new feature in the
art of government. The Indian population gradually retiring
before the more civilized races, leaves a tract of country but par-

MwMUiWiikMaMWMte

AattMai9m^^^^9Ulr»tarti ■■

438 Tur tie's History of K ass as.

tially occupied, and settlers establish colonies in all parts of the
territory at their discretion, exerting the powers of local govern-
ment from the first. The number within the territory having be-
come suflicient for the purpose, organization is permitted in duo
time, the state succeeds the territorial regime, and the nation is
greater by one individual in its federative unity. The conditions
under which Kansas fought her way to the front have no paralle
in the Union, because of the crisis in the peculiar institution of
the south, which was being reached just as the settlement of the
territory was commencing; but there are many instances in which
states have Embodied a great principle in their foundation and
growth, and the success which has been attained by peoples so
established may be accepted as arguing for Kansas a special
greatness in the future. The name of John Car.er is not more
intimately associated with the government that originated in the
Mayflower, nor Koger Williams with Khode Island, nor Lord
Baltimore with Maryland, nor William Penn with Pennsylvania
than is the soul of brave John Brown with the territory in wnich
two of his sons were sufferers, and to which he devoted the last
years of his eventful career on earth. The stiugg e that was
inade to plant slavery in Kansas was largely repe.led by the
abolitionist principle for which he died, and which triumphed
• over secession when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox.
It will always be a source of pride for Kansas, that such men
as Lincoln, Greeley and Seward aided in the struggles by which
she became one of the constituent states in the greatest nation
that the world has ever seen, and that the war for liberty for the
white s ave owner, as well as for the African in bondage, com-
mencea upon this soil. The earlier records of our visitations
have been given on other pages, and we can claim a remote
antiquity for a territory on this continent, in the fact, that before
Mai-quette and La Salle had in succession found the Mississippi,
this re<^ion of Kansas had been opened up by De Solo, under a
commission from Pizarro, and had been traversed north and
south by his comrade, Coronoda, before the year lolO. The
heart of North America, its very center, lies within oui state, and
its central position cannot fail at some period in its career largely
and beneficially to affect its destiny.

-rsMESMBBSer

iK»i«,a'i»<nu»»wwMw>*iwi"'i''

EsD OF Civil Strife.

439

irts of the
il govern-
laving be-
;ed in due
i nation is
conditions
10 parallel
jtitution of
lent of the
s in which
lation and
peoples so

a special
is not more
xted in the
, nor Lord
nnsylvania,
-y in which
Led tlie last
,e that was
led by the

triumphed
omattox.
,t such men
IS by which
itest nation
erty for the
ndage, com-
r visitations
m a remote
, that before
Mississippi,
:)to, under a
I north and

1510. The
av state, and
areer largely

The social basis upon which Kansas was founded gave little
promise of the great position since attaine.1. A few traders
Indian agents and missionaries, and a few Frenclunen, who by
lone, consorting with the tribes, were almost as Indian as them-
selv°es in tastes and manners, constituted for many years the
whole white population ; and amongst these the custom of hold-
inc ne^^ro slaves had become so much a custom, that the Indmns
adopted the practice and retained it for a considerable time ihe
purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon, the cession of F onda by
Spain, the Seminole war, and all the incidents of warlike adven-
ture therewith connected, are twice told tales ; but there are few
citizens that have ascertained by their own reading and observa-
tion, that all those events contributed to establish the basis for
our social edifice. Mexico contributed at a later date toward
our extent of territory, that portion east of the 23d meredian
and north of the Arkansas river, having been acquired from that
power in the war of 18i6-7. When congress, after much debate,
extending over two years, consented to admit Missoun to the
Union as a slave state, the questions then raised contained Kansas
and its difneulties, as the acorn contains the oak, and the com-
promise then made, to be so often broken and violated before it
was at last repealed, enunciated the first syllables of the com-
pleted sentence which was fulminated by Kansas against slavery,
in the long struggle beginning in 1854 and concluding in I860

The commerce of the plains began with a wagon track that
passed through Kansas, from just across the Missouri border, in
1823 and tbe traffic from Independence to Santa Fe may be
. almost said to have revolutionized South America, as well as to
have led to the redemption of California from the miserable con-
dition in which the half Indian-Spaniard lived under the curse of
Spanish institutions, surrounded in pride and laziness, with a
- squalor that especially belongs to that nation. For many years
■ this region was preserved as the home of the Indian tribes mov-
ing west before the tide of settlement that was slowly covering
the eastern sections of the territory purchased from Napoleon ;•
but before that policy was yet matured, one of the most .harm-
^ ing writers of this century, Washington Irving, in his Tour on
the Prairies," had published to the world a pen picture of our

I I

tuhimJmim»li^^-

440

Tuttlk's History of Kaxsas.

scenery, such as might have seemed a charming panorama im-
magincd by the novelist ; but which we know to be true in its
every feature to our beautiful country. Our grassy plains, inter-
spersed with forests and groves, dotted here and there with park-
like lawns and clumps of trees, formed under his pencil an ever-
changing loveliness, as it is, in the bounty of nature around us,
whenever and wherever the rivers and streams are refreshed by
the wise handiwork of man, and the soil opened to the generous
raindrops. Irving wrote after having visited the region watered
by the Arkansas, the Grand Canadian, the Red River and their
tributaries in 1832, just at the time when the several missions at
Wiandotte and Shawnee were being established ; five years after
the first fort was built at Leavenworth, and when the trade over
the Santa Fe trail had already become a large item along the
borders of Missouri. " The fertile and verdant waste," of which
he wrote, were popularly supposed to be deserts, and were
described as part of " The Great American Desert " by map
makers and geographers years after his visit, although every
writer and traveler spoke of the elk, buffalo and wild horse as
abounding here in good condition, such as few animals would be
likely to maintain in an arid and desert land ; but when a mis-
apprehension has once become master of the public, it is a long
and tiresome task to root out the misleading thought or fiction.
The Arkansas was spf^cially described by Irving, and he fairly
revelled in its beauty, which need have no higher praise than
to have been thought worthy of his pen.

Two years ai p*- Irving's vis-it there was a printing press at work
in Kansas, at tV : Ottawa Baptist mission, and the speedy increase
of missions which fallowed the transportation of Indian tribes to
this country must have had an effect in count<^-;acting the preva- .
lent mistake as to the condition of the soil. Col. Fremont pass-
ed through this country on his way to Oregon over the Rocky
Mountains in 1842, repassing on several occasions, after the ex-
ploration of the South Pass, to examine the Great Salt lake, and
•the grand features of Alta California, as well as eventually to
aid in the punishment of the Spanish authorities, whose churlish-
ness to our countrymen cost them very properly the country
Y'hich they were not worth;,^ tc retain. Tue selection of the site

!i!WtWf»^ivwaBiiatinap

sgj^sss^asasae^i^Hw*'^

anorama itn-
e true in its
plains, inter-
•e with park-
!ncil an ever-
3 around us,
refreshed by
the generous
gion watered
er and their
1 missions at
.'6 years after
he trade over
m along the
;e," of which
;s, and were
rt " by map
hough every
vild horse as
lals would be
t when a mis-
c, it is a long
;ht or fiction,
uid he fairly
r praise than

press at work
)eedy increase
dian tribes fo
ng the preva- .
Fremont pass-
er the Rocky

after the ex-
5alt lake, and

eventually to
hose churlish-
■f the country
on of the site

EsD OF Civil Stkife.

441

of Fort Scott as a military post, waa not long afterwards fol-
lowed by the Mormon exodus across the plains, the Mexican ,
war, the gold discoveries in California, and the passage of the
Kansas-Nebraska act, under which the territory was organized

in 1854-5. .

It was an act of cowardice on the part of congress that remit-
ted to the people, who were then about to settle in Kansas, the
question, " shall this state go for slavery or for freedom? " but in
the hands of the Great Ruler, even cowardice is not without its
uses. The people were equal to the emergency to which they
were called, and the answer of squatter Fovereignty, given by
less than one hundred thousand people, has since been indorsed
by forty millions. What was indeed meant as a trap into which
Kansas was to fall, as of her own free will, became the means for
the emancipation of four million slaves. Still the combat of so
few against so many of disunited settlers scattered over the coun-
try engaged in building up their homes against an organized
government, moved from headquarters to concentrate every en-
ergy upon the establishment of slavery, and assisted by troops,
as"well as by ruffian hordes, was a cruel attempt to enslave a lib-
erty loving community, and the conduct of Presidents Pierce and
Buchanan cannot be too highly reprehended. Briefly we may
be permitted to review the story of that momentous straggle.

Every governor was appointed in the hope that he would serve
the mistaken purpose of his party, and from Reeder to Denver,
every man \vas plotted against if not removed as soon as he failed
to carry out or to help their designs. Every judge and territorial
appointee was made right for slavery at the outset, or was remov-
ed until p-oslavery men were secured. The laws as well as the
legislature were foisted upon the people by organized and inso-
lent fraud, which hardly designed to be hypocritical, so certain
were the manipulators that they could ride rough shod over the
free settlers, or compel them to abandon their claims. With law
and by it, or against law and in spite of its provisions, slavery
., must needs be made a pari of the institutions of Kansas, and the
Dracoian will of Missouri was to be written in blood. At that
pomt commenced the contest between north and south, which
should possess the land, and the densely peopled north could

^ ri'vTTLhfs lilSTOUY OF KANSAS.

send hundreds of l.cr teeming population more easily than the
Bouth could send its tens. The lir.t advantages were won by
Missouri, because she was ready to begin inmiediately ; the act
was passed, whereas the free state men were obliged to travel im-
mense distances, only to reach the debatable land, but in the end
ri.ht triumphed, although the battle had cos; hundreds of human
lives and at the very least $2,000,000 before Abraham Lincoln s
election ended that contest to commence another on the same
issue extended and largely improved.

Leavenworth was a fort before the days of settlement, and
around that point the Missouri men established one of their earli-
est towns, with a mixture of the free state element in smal pro-
portions. Atchi.son was a proslavery scttlemeni almost entirely,
and at one time it was dangerou.^ for a free state sett er, or ti-av-
el-r to express hi« views concenm.g slavery within the linnts ot
the 'village, but it has entirely outgrown that unhappy condition,
and is now largely indebted to the once objectionable element for
the con<lition of prosperity to which it has attained, as one of the
chief commercial towns in the state. Lawrence and iopeka
owed their existence from the beginning to free state enterprise,
the first being the great center of the struggling settlei-s when the
mobs came over from Missouri and the armed bands from the ^ar
south to overawe the opposition which could not be argued down
Topeka was the seat of the first attempt at a state government,
and it is now the capital of the state which its courage greatly
helped to form. When the first legislature, after its removal to
Shawnee, made infamous laws against the liberty of the press,
a-^ainst free speech, and against common sense restrictmg even
trial by jury, .ntil it became a tyranny instead of a defense, those
owns aid a few oatlying settlements fought the good fight
aoainst organized anarchy, and won the battle, although it was
^ ■ --psisted upon that to refuse obedience to the enactments of the
Shawnee legislature was treason against the United States and
equivalen. ^o a levying of war. The laws made by an dien
legislature were administered by alien officials without regard to
honor or justice. Murder v as not an oilense if a free settler was
the victim, but a whispered word would suffice to arm the shenfl
v^ith a hundred writs against men suspected of abolition senti-

,.<,w.,«i.,«''»'«'"i I'l! 'J .' ■-""":" J"". ' '"

than the

) won by

'; the act

travel im-

n the end,

, of human
Lincoln's
the same

iment, and
their earli-
small pro-
ist entirely,
ler, or trav-
he limits of
\} condition, :
element for
s one of the
nd Topeka
3 enterprise,
jrs when the
from the ^ar
rgued down,
government,
rage greatly
3 removal to
of the press,
itrictlng even
lefense, those
J good fight
:iough it was
;ments of the
d States and
! by an alien
lOUt regard to
ee settler was
rm the sheriff
volition senti-

Esi) OF Civil Stiufe.

413

„,ent, and, as we have seen, a shorilT's posse might cons.st of two
^.ouLnd seven hundred men. A combination of the sheriff .uul
the marshal outnumbered the law and the I'-l'^f Jj ;";| J^^
Judges were men who thought it no d.sgrace to read th ta utes
n t?.e angry eyes of their partisan leaders and their follower
The record of Kansas during the internecine strife by which it
.vas torn and sundered, and the still grander showing that she
made durit.g the civil war that saved the Union, are matters that
W been i^i part dealt with already, and for the rest wil be pre-
sented in pro^'r form elsewhere; saffrce ^^ only to say that dung
her troubles in the past there is no page of which Kansas, as a
whole, has cause to be ashamed. _

The adjournment of the territorial legislature from Lecomptoa
to Lawrence on the 6th of January, 1860, only four days after
tlie assembly, gave needless oilense to the governor, and some
kX en utd, but after some little time had been useless^
1 n^uarrels the legislation demanded in the interests o the
p'eo 1 was undertaken." An event of much greater importance
E any code that was ever framed by mortal was 1-t desc^nd"
inc as with the impetus of desolation, upon the territory. Kan-
afws decimated by famine. For seven months hardly any ram
ell in the territory, certainly not enough to enable the earth to
L forth its abundance, and at the first glance this will seem to
Lebeen an event against which human f-S^^ J^J^^ ^^
could avail nothing ; but, as has been proved f--^«f , -\ ^^
demonstration certainly, but in a manner that leaves butte
margin for doubt, much has been done in many co-tnes to
make rain more plentiful, and in the same ratio to aff- th fer
tility of the soil, consequently more yet may be aecompl shed m
heLe direction. Countries tl.at were arid and ^^-^fy^^^'
able, while t.-eeless, have been changed into fertile and d hgl^^
ful homes, for a people blessed with plenty, by ti.e p anti^, x-
such sites as were best adapted to increase the ^'^-^'^ ^^^ ^
calities to be aflected. The deposition of mois ure speed^^ nour
ished the grasses that were struggling and sapless, ana the earth
could once more feed its springs, so there comes in -any anj va^
rious ways an answer to the prayer for ram that is presented by
every leaf that lifts its face towards Heaven.

a?ait>iiyfiifc'inrlfTii»anr<riiJ«nii'i''iri'''*ii'

■ 1 ' -. ^fi;'.lrli[,. I." '' "''*" 'i"T'*'^i ''"'*

wm. wj^H'WD'-nr^f^^'^*^-'**^'*

I •

444

Tci'TLffs History of Kansas.

Kansas had been cursed by internecine strife for so long a
period that settlers could not carry out improvements upon their
farms ; or, if they liad time to attempt such works, there was an
ever present doubt as to the ownership and title to their claims, so
that a makeshift policy prevailed all over the country. Men did
not sink wells in many cases, where no other resource could
possibly supply their families with wholesome water during the
year, and much sickness resulted from the use of surftice water,
more or less stagnant, and impregnated with the saline properties
that abound in Kansas soil. During the winter of lSo9-60, theio
were only two falls of snow in the territory, and those were so light
that the ground was not entirely covered, and the rains that came
at long intervals hardly moistened the parched surface of the
land. The winter is very brief, seldom commencing before De-
cember or lastingbeyond January, and when the heats of summer
commenced, the ground cracked and yawned in great fissures.
The grass had long ceased to be green, and was now converted
into hay just at the season when it should be full of sap ; still, it
served as food for the cattle, but the difficulty was to supply them
with water. In many parts of the country there was hardly
enough for human consumption, and the winds, blowing like hot
blasts from a vast furnace, increased the thirst of every living
thing. Under such circumstances it was inevitable that the crops
shoiTld fail, and the people, impoverished by long continued war
and strategy, were not prepared to endure this new affliction.
Famines were once very commonplace events; now we may
thank God that they are more rare.

The snow, lying and melting upon the ground, served to
moisten the soil, so that the fall and winter wheat appeared irx
due season, and there was hope in every green blade ; but unfor-
tunately no rain came to raise the crop beyond its earliest
promise, and over a large area of country there was not half a
bushel per acre raised on land that had been noted for its fertility.
It was a rare event to find a county that averaged one bushel to
the acre, and in many jwrts there was not more than an eighth of
a bushel. The other crops failed for the same reason. In Shaw-
nee county there were only ten bushels of potatoes raised from
two hundred and seventy-nine acres. Corn averaged about one-

HUMWyjfcM'ggS'"

r so long a
s upon their
iliere wns an
eir claims, so
T. Men did
ource could
■ during the
rftice water,
16 properties
159-60, theio
were so light
ns that caine
irface of the
I before Be-
ts of summer
;reat fissures.
)W converted
sap ; still, it
supply them
! was hardly
wing like hot
every living
that the crops
ontinued war
lew affliction,
low we may

d, served to
appeared in
e ; but unfor-
i its earliest
raa not half a
or its fertility.
)ne bushel to
a an eighth of
>n. In Shaw-
3 raised from
ed about one-

ExD OF Civil Strive.

445

third of a crop on tho bottom lands, and elsewhere, notlnng.
Over a large area of thousands of aero., corn only averaged one
bushel and one-third to the acre. Timothy and clover failed en-
tirely. The native grasses held out better, a.ul when withered on
the stalk were still good feed. Wells gave out, that had been an
unfailing source of supply until now; springs and creeks had
"ong be£re dried up. Those who had been unable to dig wells
were destitute much earlier, and in the greater part of the country

suEEering was intense. . , , „« v^orl

There were parts of Kansas where the drouth was no, so bad,
as for instance in the Kaw or Kansas Valley and along the Mis-
souri in the low lying lands about two-thirds of a crop of corn
was obtained, but there was no surplus anywhere to relieve the
want that afflicted the larger part of the territory. The settlers
v^ere generally in very needy circumstances m ^^"^^y;";^ "^ ^
losses and idleness enforced upon them during o5-6-7, and
many had gone into debt for the means that prepared for the crop
now ruined Those who could raise the wherewithal abandoned
the territory, and fully thirty thousand left ^or the northern
states; but many were at death's door for lack of food and had
no means to procure a supply. They had come into Kansas m
the hope chat labor would be in demand, and that with their
earnings they would speedily be enabled to take up c aims ; in-
stead of which they found the wealthier settlers barely able to
preserve their households from starvation, the more needy not
free from the ravages of hunger. There was nothing possible for
such poor families but to succumb to want, unless benevolence
came to the rescue ; but to the honor of humanity it may be said
that as soon as the tidings reached the eastern and northern cities
of the union, there was a response ample to cover the demands o
th. most necessitous, and for all that sought such aid, seed wheat
was sent in abundance. Committees were formed to spread the
contributions of the north over the are- of suffering in the manner
most likely to give relief, and thousands who were strangers to a
full meal for months, had so much manly pride that they de-
scribed the sufferings of their neighbors who were fit subjects for
relief, but there came from them no murmur as to their own
wants.

446 . Tl'TTUi's UtSTORY OF KaSSAS.

New York, t]>e largest and wcultl.ics city in tl.o umor, wn«
one of the first to respond to th. cry for aid, as Mr. UuulynH
Ilyutt of that city had Imnself vl.ited the territory and coul. cer-
tify fro.n per-nal observutlo. u-e fearful -f^^^"^^;;;^^
p^ndation was borne down. Soon every « -^-^V" nl tt o b
fo receiving contributions, merchants establ.shed organuat.onB

0 the sanre purpose; those who were unable to Bp.-e money
sent provisions or clothes, and committees assumed th < ty of
forwLing to the proper quarters all such ^« P - -" ^J^^^^^^^
cured. The legislature at Albany interpreted the desire of New
Yorl- State by voting <;oO,000 towards supplying Kansas wi h

1 d wh t a.l Wisc°on;in was similarly liberal through the Ic^s-
ZL at Madison, while her citi.ens individually were as^n^ -
ous in their donations as their means would permit. HI no.s,
never slow to answer a claim on her benevolence was not out
dolebv the liberality of other states, and Indiana, Ohio and other
sections of the union made a handsome series of remittance.

The worst result for Kansas, from the time of sufTering now
aeJeribrd, consisted in the fact tl.at hundreds of thousands wer
influenced by this disaster into believing that all the old storiea ,
abou he GiL American Desert were true, and in consequent
the population that was increasing rapidly up to this ime in sp. e
S?ar'andits privations suffered --ere arre.t and continuo . .
diminution, which for several years injured the state, ihir y
ulsand persons who left Kansas in the year 1 HO, -me o t e
after a very brief stay, readily concurred in such views, and then
came he w'ar with L excitements day after day to preven a ro-
Ton'ideration of the facts, until the error became Bohdihcd an
Tmrnonly accepted as a truth. The relief funds ot^ north,
states continued to arrive until far on -m March, 1861 when the
territory had become a state, and the great president had been
"atcd, and the south had drawn off to n.ake ready for Us
ter ble striL, before .hich all the wrongs of Kan.sas seemed as
nothing, and the worst suffering here but as a tale of yesterday
: Before dealing with the history of the state .t may be well a

this point to say that with increasing cultivation all over the
country there ha's been an improving average of rain, and violent
Storms have become more uncommon. The mean annual temper-

^nJIB!»<M»WBieW9W*ftW""' *

Esii OF Civil Stuifk.

417

union, wnB
r. Tliailyiirt
I conl<l cer-
r wbitili tiio
med its day
rganizati()i\8
pare money
the (Uity of
oukl be pro-
sire of New
Kansas with
igh the Icgia-
ere ns gener-
lit. Illinois,
was not out-
liio and other
littances.
mffering now
ousands wero
be old storiert
1 consequence
, time in spite
id continuous
state. Thirty
some of theia
ews, and then
> prevent a re-
solidified and
if the northern
861, when the
dent had been
:e ready for its
nsas seemed as
e of yesterday,
may be well at
(1 all over the
lin, and violent
annual temper-

ature at Lawrence, ealoulatcd for seven years, ^'^ « ^ " f J^ ;
ranging fr.,m 108 > at the topmost of .ts sununcr heat to 3 bohnv
ero i' winter. Burlinga.ne, in Osago county ranges f.n, 0
ubove to 6" below. I eavenworth fro.n .<,) '^^--to 20 blow
and Manhattan fro.n 03" above to 12" below g.v>ng 52 81 t^
loan for twenty years. The rainfall in Kansas .s registered .n
I e belts, the eastern boU including Fort Leavenworth, Olathe,
S^dlr^ Lawrence, and Baxter ^I'--^^. -tl-lt.J- --;||;;;^
from 850 to HOC feet above the sea, and .n th.s b the
rainfall of the year as shown by the records of nine and ten >c. s
aroul to 37^7 inches, b.-ing divided into 4.92 .n wmter, ..UO
rautumn U.26 in summer, and 9.99 in spring. In the second
or mddle belt, ^ ling Fort lliley, Fort llarker, and l;ort
Ln d he mein afaUfor the year is 23.61, the propor Uons
Iwin r a less disparity between summer and sprmg ; and n the
wesl n belt, including Fort Dodge, Fort Atki,>son. Fort Wa lac
r, d Fort Lyon, the mean for the year is 19.48, beu.g ealculatc.1
? om four year in one station, three in another, and .n the rem m-
der onlye'r only. It will be seen that there is no cause for .
in a eouLy well ^P^^^d with nve. w^.e. ju^-^^
am-d and where wells seldom fail, ilie warmm u
n^t oppressive, because the cool bree.e every night gives e lef^

^ million, are quite as encouraging as can be found m any state
* the Union of the same age.

liffeMtWy '■^*"""' '' •"-"■11" .■ "■""' •'•-

arai»i»e'»iS»i*'S'M

448

Tittle's IIistohy of KxysAS,

CHAPTER XXI.

STATE IIISTOUV FIGHTING FOU THE UNION- 1«01-05.

Will- K.cnid — Govfvnor Robinson— HiuhiimmV Logiicy- Const itntli.nnl
Hiile- rirst Shot — Smnnionlns VoluntcL-rs— Kiinsiw UcspomU— First
Itt'-inipnt- I)i'll/,l.T's lJrii{ml.i- Wilsons Cruel; - Lyon's Di'Utli- Hiiril
Fighting- Willi Grunt— Iklori! VUksburj;- Yazoo Ulver — Second
KunMis — Dug Si)rlnKS- Heavy Losses— Ueorgani/.ation-Lexington —

JJ.itlery Cai.ture.l - IJoonsboro- Prairie Grove -Fort Smilli Ihtrilu-

uollt, — Slight Mistake— Uarkers Springs — General Steele - Ivirby
Smith - Jenkins Ferry - Uoseville - Little Hock - Fil'lli Ka., ^aa —
Colonel Johnson ■ Clayton's Connuand — Carthage Guerillas — Salem
Fight — Ulaek \{\\ ■■:■• - Major Walker — Marnuuluke— Arkansas Post-
Mount Elba- Warren Cross Uoails- Sixth Cavalry— Drywood - Quau-
trdl — Jacknian- Pursuing Cooper— Coon Creek— ^'.vtonil( -Old
Port Wayne — IJoston Mountains — Van Buren— Carney's Fears — Prai-
rie de Anne- Seventh Cavalry - Shiloh- Buzzard Koost Station -
Tallahatchie - Florence — Veteran Volunteers - Tupelo - Eighth Kan-
BUB - Nashville — Perry svillu — Lancaster — Quaulrell — Murfroesboro.

i'HO ,; this point the liistory of Kansas becomes larger in its
character; it censed to be a territory, struggling for recognition,
and challenged respect as a component of the Union, doing its
devoir to maintain, on a broader scale, the principles for which it
had so long borne an unequal struggle. No other state in the
Union sent so large a proportion of its population to the front as
did Kansas, during the war of the rebellion, and in consequence
we may be excused if, from the commencement of hostilities, we
turn the major part of our attention away from local politics and
politicians, to notice the larger issues of the time. Before Pres-
ident Buchanan retired into private life, hostilities had actually
commenced against the United States under the orders and mach-
inations of Jeflferson Davis, but the predecessor of Abraham Lin-
coln lacked the inclination to protect the general government
from outrage. Edwin Stanton, his attorney general, urged ^fr.
Buchanan to send supplies and reinforcements to Fort Sumter^
but without success, at the time that Kansas was being admitted,

mui-05.

)i)stitiUii<nnl
Diids— First
until— Hard
VY — Si'coiul
[it^\illgtl)u —
iili Diirclo-
L'lc • - Ivirby
li Kiiii^iia —
hts — f'lili-m

IU1HH8 l'l)8t —

ood — CJimn-
itDiiin — Old
'ciira ~- Pnil-
st Station —
Eighth lum-
[urfi'oesboro.

xiger in its
ecognition,
1, doing its
or which it
jtate in the
he front as
onsequence
stilities, we
politics and
;efore Prcs-
ad actually
i and mach-
iraham Lin-
government
, urged Mr.
brt Sun^ter
ig admitted,

«#«!?

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

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HioiDgraphic

Sciences

Corporation

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„.i^.--.. ■*. .— —

State IIistoiiy — ISO 1-5.

after tlie proslavery party had practically abandoned the strngglo
in the senate at Washington, and stood committed to deadlier
eilorts.

Gov. liobinson's term in oDSce was very brief, and the war
record mainly arose during the rule of his successor, Gov. Thomas
Carney. The struggle for election after the state had been ad-
mitted, would furnish an inviting theme for the historian, under
other circumstances; but already tlie alarm had been sounded,
and, while the people were mustering their forces for war, the
civil and legal contest would prove comparatively tame. Robin-
son failed to win again the honorable eminence to which he could
present valid claims; but there was nothing in the conflict and
the triumph to remind one of the darker days through which
Kansas had passed. The people were being governed under their
own laws, and a constitution framed by themselves, so that the
successes and reverses of party combinations were in no sense ex-
ceptional. The governor chosen in 1861 served until the rebels
had been finally beaten at llichmond, and had surrendered their
last valid hope with Lee at Appomattox.

The first shot was fired by the secessionists against Fort Sumter
on the 12th of April, 1861, and the month of May was signalized
by the call for 400,000 volunteers to defend the Union, to recover
the properties and possessions seized by the rebels, peaceably if
possible ; but to recover them at all hazards. Between the 20th
day of May and the 3d of June, Kansas raised her first regiment,
and the commissions were issued by Gov. Charles Robinson.
Circumstances so narrowed the time for recruiting that it may be
said that nearly the whole work of enlistment and organization
was effected within one week. The men who rendezvoused at
Camp Lincoln, near Fort Leavenworth, were solicitous to move
at once to the front, and it was not long before their qualities
were tested under fire. Col. Deitzler, of Lawrence, was a maa
in whom the regiment reposed full trust, and he proved himself
worthy of their confidence. He was ably seconded by officers
and men. The regiment, although newly formed, contained many
who had served their apprenticeship to war, since their first ad-
vent on the soil of Kansas, and the necessity for rigorous drill
was understood from the beginning.

i ;.i

! I

TZ^^^M^^^^^^^

TtMii^^Si^l

450

TcTTf.ij's IfisToar of /v'.i.vs-.i.'^.

Tn tlic village of T;it;in, across tlic border in ■N[i??oari, about
eight miles above Kort i.cavenworth, a rebel ensign bad been dis-
played, and a force (^f six men under Sergeant Drenning pro-
ceeded witbont orders, to haul down the insolent flag. Three oi
the six men were wonnded, on the 5th of June, but they brought
away the flag as a trophy. That was the only sign of insubordi-
nation that challenged notice during the brief era of camp life.
Moving shortly after to Wyandotte, and thence to Kansas City,
the troops were soon placed where blows fell thickly, but they
were capable of playing their parts like men. Soon after Gen.
Lyon had broken up the rebel camp at Booneville, in June, the
first regiment, joined by Maj. Sturgis with a battalion of U. S.
infantry and two companies of U. S. cavalry, moved towards
Grand lliver, where a junction was efTccted with Gen. T-yon's
force, on the 7th of July. Many skirmishes occurred almost
every day for some time, and it became evident that the enemy,
under Gens. Price and McCuUoch, were concentrating their for-
ces on Wilson's Creek, in the hope that the army under Lyon,
unsupported and cut oflf, would be compelled to surrender, or at
least to fight under every disadvantage except want of courage.
The battle" at Wilson's Creek, on the 10th of August, was the
best proof of the spirit that animated our men, when 4,500 troops,
mainly volunteers, attacked a strong camp held by 25,000 men,
four-fifths of whom were effectives, and compelled the foe to re-
tire. Gen. Lyon fell in the conflict, much lamented, but the
boys of Kansas won high praise. Maj. Sturgis, who took part
in many a well fought battle during the war, said at a much
later date: "For downright hard, persistent fighting, Wilson's
Creek beat them all."

The army evacuated Springfield the next morning, and
marched without impediment to RoUa, ten days journey, from
which place the wounded were sent id St. Louis, and soon after-
wards the troops themselves followed. The march to Rolla, from
Springfield, Mo., was through a line of country well adapted for
harassing operations, if the enemy had not been thoroughly dis-
heartened; but no movement of the kind was attempted. The
forces under Lvon fought for a safe retreat, and they achieved
their purpose, in the face of an army largely outnumbering

S T. I TI-: II IS Tun Y — 1861-5.

451

iri, about

been (lis-
uing pro-

Tliree oi
y brought
insubonli-
carnp life,
nsas City,

but they
after Gen.
June, the
I of IT. S.
[ towards
?n. r,yon'3
3cl almost
he enemy,
their for-
:ler Lyon,
ider, or at
f courage.
t, was the
lOO troops,
»,000 men,

foe to re-
1, but the
took part
t a much

Wilson's

ning, and
rney, from
!oon after-
lolla, from
lapted for
ughly dis-
>ted. The
' achieved
numbering

themselves, carrying awa^' their baggage undisturbed, and
$250,000 besides, which would have proved invaluable to Price
or ^MeCullocli.

The movements of the first Kan.sas regiment were multifarious
from this time. They were ordered to Pittsburg Landing in ^fay,
18G2, where Grant had won the battle of Shiloh on the 7th of April,
with an army that had been surprised and all but defeatdl on the
6th, in his absence, but the retreat of Beauregard from Corinth,
previous to their arrival, rendered reinforcements at that place un-
necessary to Gen. Ilalleck, and they were dispatclied to Columbus,
Ky. The i-egiment led the pursuit of the rebels, as part of Gen.
McPherson's brigade, after the battles of the 3d and 4th of Oct.,
18G2, at Corinth, when the enemy under Van Dorn and Price
were compelled to retire precipitately to Ripley, Miss., by the
determitied valor of the troops under Rosecrans. The retreat of
fifty miles was marked by many vigorous encounters with the
rebel forces. Tlie confederates fought well. When Grant con-
cluded on making his first advance upon Vicksburg, and moved
towards that destination, the first Kansas regiment, forming part
of Gen. Deitzler's brigade, was generally in advance, and marched
through Holly Springs, Abbeyville and Oxford, compelling the
enemy to retreat at every step.

The surrender of Gen. Grant's base of supplies, at Holly
Springs, by Col. Murphy, rendered it necessary for the campaign
against Vicksburg to be abandoned, and the first Kansas regi-
ment, now fifty miles in advance of the surrendered post, was
ordered to march on Holly Springs to prevent the escape of Gen.
Van Dorn. The Kansas boys were just arriving 'in camp when
the order arrived, but they, with the seventh regiment from their
own state, were the first to reach the position, and although the
brigade and forces under Deitzler were unable to capture the gal-
lant leader of cavalry, they succeeded in taking a portion of his
rear guard, the rest being saved by a precipitate retreat. The
movements against Vicksburg, under Gen. Grant, which contin-
ued from Jan., 1863, to the 4th of July, when that fortress was
compelled to surrender, were participated in largely by the Kan-
sas First.

-After the beginning of Feb., 1863, Gen. Grant employed this

""?JS^S8

462 Tuttle's History of Kassas.

rciment as mounted infantry for eighteen n.onths. Tl,e aecisivo
ami brilliant aetions in which Grant clefeated n. sucees.cn, the
Zo hostile armies under Pemberton and Johnston at For G b-
son, at Jackson, at Champion Hills and at Bhack IW Bndg
.vh n Pemberton was forced to take refuge m A icksburg, on the
18th of May, afforded the Kansas First excellent opportunmes to
'idi tincti;n, and their record was never dimmed by one ma.^
o ndeeision. After the fall of V.cksburg and the surrender of
Pembe.^on on the ^th of July, the regiment was ordered to

Natchez. Miss., to hold the post.

.t:;skirn;ishes and heavier engagements followed the occu-
pation of Natchez, and in October the regiment returned o Vicks-
C. being stationed as an outpost on Black R.ver Bridge with
p ek;t posrs on both sides of the riven When ^en. McAnhur
moved up the Yazoo River, the Kansas first formed part of the ex-
pedition,'and there was some good fighting «" both sides. The
time of service having expired on the 1st of June, 1861, the le-
Tlt of the regimint, except two companies of veterans was
Zbarked on transports for Fort Leavenworth to be mustered out
a^d the vessels wei. cannonaded on the followmgday byane.gh
In battery near Columbia, Arkansas, with some loss to the hrst
fansas, aJd very considerable damage to ^-^^^^^
The battery was planted at the point named by Gen. Magiuder.
T e veterans already named continued to serve m Mississippi,
Louiliana Arkansas and Texas until the rebellion was put down
and tTey^vere mustered out at Little Rock, Arkansas, on theSOth

"' TlXcond Kansas regiment was raised in May, 1861, and having
rendezvoused at Lawrence, was mustered into the service o the
un on on the 20th of June following. The second regiment was
" t of the force commanded by Maj. Sturg.s at Chnton, Mo
and formed one brigade with the first regiment under Col
De hz er, The second came under fire at Forsvthe, 40 mde
southeast of Springfield, Mo., for the first t.me, on t^.e 22d o
July 1861, and the men behaved gallantly. The skirmish at
Dug Springs proved a more serious engagement than was intended,
but the en°emy was compelled to retreat. The movements of he.
rebels after Dug Springs showed a determination to cut off the

Stati: I [ is Toll 1 — isOl-').

453

; decisivo
ssion, the
I'ort Gib-
r Bridge,
g, on the
tunities to
one mark
rreader of
rdcred to

the occu-
\ to Vicks-
■idge, with
McArthur
, of the ex-
ides. The
56i, the re-
terans, was
istered out,
by an eight

to the first
)rt Arthur.
. Magruder.
Mississippi,
3 put down,

on the 30th

, and having

irvice of the

egiraent was

Hinton, Mo.,

under Col.

le, 40 miles

the 22d of

skirmish at

^'as intended,

ments of the

) cut oflE the

r.'troat of the force of Goii. Lyon, and made it necessary for tlie
lililc army of 4,r)00 to engage 2r),()()0 men, but the result of the
buttle at Wilson's Creek, although only intended to secure a re-
treat from an untenable position, had all the effects of a decisivo
victory, the movement to Holla being as unimpeded and orderly
as could be desired. The brunt of the battle fell u[)()n men but
recently called from peaceful pursuits, yet they behaved like vei-
eran troops. The second regiment was making its admirable ad-
vance on the crest of the hill on the front center, when Gen. Lyon
marching at its head, fell mortally wounded, Col. Mitchell com-
manding the regiment being disabled at the same time ; but the
hill was°carried, and the success of that maneuver compelled the
enemy to retire in confusion. The hill was held by the first and
second Kansas regiments against several attempts to recapture the
position, and the troops well deserved the high commendation
bestowed upon them after the splendidly won victory. The rebel
generals claimed to have won the fight at Wilson's Creek, but if
they really deserved that credit, they were entitled to still higher
praise for their politeness in allowing the small force under the
command of Maj. Sturgis, all the honors and immunities usually
attendant upon success, in the privilege of continuing their line of
march unimpeded with their baggage and their wounded undis-
turbed, through difficult country to the railroad at Rolla.

One-third of the second Kansas regiment was lost in the Wil-
son's Creek engagement, but the men never flinched from their
position. After Wilson's Creek, the second regiment accompa-
nied the troops marching to Rolla and to St. Louis, but from that
point returned to Kansas for muster out and reorganization as a
cavalry regiment, having in the meantime been engaged in four
sharp fights, at Paris, Mo., on the 2d of September; at Shelbina
on the 4th, when 600 men held in check 3,500 with a strong bat-
tery under the command of Gen. Green ; at St. Joseph, where the
rebels were surprised by night and defeated with great loss : and
at Litan, where a large force was dispersed. Price had captured
Lexington for the south, with a confederate force 25,000 strong,
on the 20th of September, and as he was threatening Kansas, the
second regiment was ordered to Wyandotte to resist his onset, but
on the 16th of October Maj. White recaptured the town, taking

454 Trrn.h's IfisTonr of Kassas.

oomc of tlic confcaemtes prisoners, the (Uity devolvit.o; upon the
second came to u bloodless end. The regiment was nmstcrcd out
on the yist of October, 1801.

I'ursna.it to the understanding already arrived at, the second
^vas immediately reorganized, with necessary changes as a cavalry
regiment, known as the twelfth Kansas volunteers, on the 8th of
November, 18(51, the rendezvous being established at l-ort Leav-
enworth. Companies were organized in successio>i during the re-
mainder of November, December and January, and ui Deceinber
the governor added four companies of Nugent's regiment of Mis-
Bouri iiome guards. The conduct of this body of men won honora-
ble mention on many sanguinary fields. The name of the regiment
was afterwards (March 27th) changed to the second Kansas cav-
alry. The duties and exploits of the troops were so various that
it is found impossible even to review them in detad, conseiiuent y
only some few leading events can be noticed in this record. 1 he
re"iment did much hard service and good fighting, and was noted
for being always in position obedient to the call of duty. It is
worthy of special mention that the second Kansas cavalry is the
only regiment of horse in the west that captured a battery during
the war. llollister's battery, a force of 150 noncommissioned of-
fleers and privates, was formed from this regiment, and their six
ten-pounder Farrott guns did excellent service on many occasions.
Kebcl raiding parties were frequently pursued and chastised by
this mounted force ; a service of this kind was very elTectively
performed on the 25th of August, 1862, the rebels being under
the command of Col. Shelby. On the fourth of October the re-
girnent was dispatched to Newtoiiia, to reinforce Br.g.-Gen. balo-
Lu, who was menaced by a superior force, and their presence
caused the enemy to decamp. The regiment did good service at
Pea llidge on the 20th of October, 18G2, and continuing on duty
in Arkansas there was to have been a night attack on the enemy
in Marysville, but owing to a failure to connect on tne part of
o^e of the troops which should have cooperated, the rebels
escaped. There was no blame attached to the Kansas second, as
in the enc^agement that followed, that regiment, unsupported car-
^^ed the Confederate position and eai-ried off the ^^^y^
guns. The conduct of the second was superb, the attacking

Sr.iTi:- IfisTonr — I'^Ol-

455

upon the
noi'cd out

10 second
a cavalry
the 8th of
ort Leav-
iig the re-
December
at of Mis-
)n honora-
e regiment
ansas cav-
irioua that
isequently
ord. The
was noted
iity. It is
airy is the
,ery during
ssioned of-
d their six
f occasions.
:iaslised by
elleetively
eing under
jber the re-
Gen. Salo-
ir presence
d service at
ng on duty

the enemy
the part of

the rebels
s second, as
)ported, car-
tery of four
e attacking

force being only 197 n.en and the rebels, stn.ngly posted, we o
4 000 strong. When reinforcements came up on the 1 nion s.do
the rc.bcls were completely routed and driven in great disorder.
The battery captured by the serond was organi/.cd and n.anncd
being thereafter known as Hopkins' battery, but continued to act

Willi the regiment. ,

The engagement near Rhea's Mills resulted in another rout o
the rebels on the 7th of November, when a (lag was ••aptured
and the enemy driven ten miles towards Van Buren. Many pris-
oners were taken. Gen. Marmaduke, with a force cstmmtcd at
6 000, was encountered near Boonsboro on the 2Sth of Novem-
ber, and so unfortunately were the troops placed, if the genera
had made a bold movement he might have captured or killed
every man, and secured a battery; but temporary indecision los
the opportunity, and the attack made by the Union_ force about
noon proved irresistible. The second led the pursuit of the fly-
inc' enemy, which continued until the evening, with continuous
Bklrmishing and much execution, after which the force encamped

at Boonsboro. , , , n

An outpost was driven in by a strong rebel force on Cove
Creek, where the roads from Fayctteville and Cane lIiU join, on
the 6th of December, 1862, and by successive attacks, the picket
not having been reinforced as quickly as could be desired, the
enemy gained some advantages, but the battle being continued
durin- that day and on the 7th, the ground was eventually re-
gained, the enemy retreating before the army of the frontier with
great celerity and some loss. The conduct of the second in this
series of battles won much praise, as during part of the Uh they
dismounted and served as infantry when their services as horse-
men would have been of less value, and immediately that line of
duty had been accomplished, they mounted once more and rea-
dered great assistance in retrieving the fortunes of tlie day. '

The Second Kansas bore a prominent part in the expedition,
which, on the 23d of August, 1863, crossed the Arkansas river
to Honey Springs in the Creek Indian territory, traversed the
country, destroying the enemy's supplies at Terry villo, capturing
money, mules and stores of great value, drove Gen. Cooper with
a lar-e force of Confederates, captured Fort Smith and cleared

450

TL'TTIE's lIlSTollY OF K.iSSAS.

tho coutitry of iclwl fnivc,-;. >f()viii<,' fmin l-'nrt Sriiitli on tlio
first of Sci)tciiibei', llu' it'L'itiuMit wiis in ndvniico wlicii, at back-
bone mountain, a foivo umlor Oen. Cabbell was overtaken and
routed after sonio lioiirs' sliarp fij,'lifin^. 'I'lu; cnomy was cm-
countcix'd with siiniliir fortune at Dardancllc, Arkansas, later in
Septendjcr, about eighty niiles above Little Hoek. It wa.< con-
sidered advisable, in November, to station a company of tiio
Second Kansas at Dardancllc to prevent the possibility of a rally
in that region.

An impetuous charge of fifty men under Capt. fiardner of tho
Second Kansa.s, on the loth of November, broke the lines of the
enemy at Booneville, 600 strong, under the command of Col.
Brooks, but unfortunately, .some of the brave fellows, who dis-
covered too late tiie strengtli of the force attacked, found it im-
possible to charge through the lines again, and were killed or
captured. The major part of the nttaeking force escaped with
little injury. The same officer was surprised in camp on the 27th
of December, near Dalla.s, where his company was engaged in
outpo.st duty, and it was with .';ome difficulty that the sleeping
soldiery could be rallied in the bitter cold of that season, yet the
assault was repulsed and the rebel commander killed. The
pickets, well posted to avoid surprise, had in some way been
evaded, and no fault was imputed to the commander of the out-
post. The winter quarters of the enemy at Barker's Springs,
eighty miles from Waldron, being assailed by a strong scouting
party of the Second, on the night of the 20th of January, 1864,
many prisoners were taken and 'the encampment destroyed, the
rashness of the exploit being, perhaps, the main cause of its
comp]"te success! The Second Kansas Cavalry brought their
prisoners into camp.

Gen. Marmaduke was menaced by the Seventh Army Corps,
frontier division, under Gen. Steele, at Prairie de Anne, on the
12th of April. The Second Kansas was with Gen. Steele, and
the movement was intended to cooperate in a grand assault upon
Shreveport under Gen. Banks, w'ho was to lead an expedition up
Eed river. Banks was too late in every attempt that he made,
and his part of the stratagem terminated most unsuccessfully.
Marmaduke was to delay Steele's advance until Banks could be

Sr.i TE llisTon r — 1801-5.

467

itii on tlio
1, nt llack-
•takeii and
y was en-
as, later in
t wa.A cou-
ny of tlu;
of a rally

iicr of tlio
nca of the
1(1 of Col.
, who (lis-
mid it im-
killed or
ia[)ed with
n the 27t]i
niraged in
3 sleeping
•n, yet tlie
led. The
way been
f the out-
! Springs,
: scouting
^vy, 1861,
'oyed, the
Lise of its
ight their

ny Corps,
e, on the
teele, and
mlt upon
dition up
he made,
cessfnlly.
could be

defcntccl by Kirliy Siaitli, aii<l tlu-ii the two forces woro to combino
with (iiMi. l'ri<'e to c-rush the Union force under Steele. Tlie dila-
toriness of Hanks' own movements defeated hirn, as certainly
na did the army under Kirby Smith, on the 7th of April and the
two followiiit,' days, so that the roniainder of the scheme of the
enemy couM now be brought into opcratiDii. There was a great
race now for the fortified town of Camden, which was held by
the rebels, and Steele, having outgeneraled his adversaries, took
the lead. Marmadnk(! attacked the frontier division on the loth,
three miles east of I'rairic de Anne, and the Second (!avalry
won laurels by their conduct on that occasion, as Marmaduko
was forced to retire, and (icn. Steele still maintained his advan-
tage in being ahead of Price.

The rii.sr by which ^fannadiike was deceived and frustrated by
Maj. Fisk and the Kansas Second was entirely successful, and, on
the Kith of April, Steele with all his force had taken possession
of the fortifications prepared by the rebels at Camden. Stedo
remained at Camden until April 27th, when he moved towards
Little liock, 110 miles to the northeast. Kirby Smith, with a
large body of rebels, attacked his rear at the Saline river, on the
29th, and a severe engagement at Jenkins' Ferry followed on the
80th, but the Union force made good its passage of the river, in
spite of superior numbers and the best ground being in the hands
of the assailants. There was no recourse but retreat, as there
were only two days' provisions in the commissariat when Steele
evacuated Camden for his supplies at Little Hock.

Fort Smith was several times assailed by rebel forces, but Capt.
Gardner and the Kansas Second could not be driven out, and
their assailants suffered severely. The war was drawing towards
a close, and while the Union forces were, as a rule, well fed and
well armed, fhe rebels were becoming more and more dilapidated,
hence the movements on the side of the union could, as a rule, be
carried out with much greater spirit and success than those of the
enemy, although the confederates were certainly courageous and
fought admirably. Many companies were now being mustered
out, their time of service having expired, but recruits were still
coming in, and the veterans still remained on duty, determine!
to see the war to an end before they would relinquish their exer-
tions.

45S

Tt rri.i:'K Ilisroin' of Iv.iss.is.

Kurly in January, 180.'. Lt. Col. l^ussott, with a .•onsi.l.MMhlo
force Irft Fort Smith for Little, H. rk, on tho stcanihoal Ani.m
JucobH. 'I'l.ieo oilier Louts wimo procooiling at the mitno time ; and
at H.wovillc, Nvhero thclucobsslopiu-a D take in w.khI, oiuj of tl.o
otluM- bo^tlH i-assod ahou.1. Sl.orlly after, when M. Col. Ha.Hsctt
reHuino.l his voyaye, ho found tho boat that ha.l proocchHl hini ly-
i„„ by tho river bank and ou lire. The si-eed of tho Anmo
Jacobs being increased, it was found, when only half a nule from
tho burning vessel, that there was u strong rebel foree with a bat-
tery in position, and the guns opouod lire upon the little .squad-
ron. The boats were run agrouud on the sandbanks where the
men eould land just before tho steamers were disabled. Tho
tr(K;ps and refugees on board tho several steamers escaped eap-
turc, and but few lives were lost. After a delay of two days,
Bas.sett and his eommand proceeded to Little lloek, and were m
duo eourso mustered oiU, tho time of service having expireil.
One of the troopers in the Kansas Second deserves special men-
tion for courage, where all behaved well, and the name of Vin-
cent Osborne will long be remembered by his comrades for his
conduct near Roseville.

Captain Stover, of the Kansas Second, with a four gun battery,
distinguished himself und his corps by the defeat of Col. Broolcs,
with a rebel force of 800 men at Dardanelle, on tho loth of Jan-
uary, 1805. The force routed by Sto.ver took their revenge upon
the dcfen.seloss boats loaded mainly with noncombatants after
wards cannonaded near lloseville. The war was now practically
ended ; tho Kansas Second was mustered out at Lawrence on the
the l-'th of August, 1865, and the honorable record won by the
troops in service has, in the main, being followed up by lives as cre-
ditable in the peaceful business of home industries and enterprise.
The Fifth Kansas Cavalry corps commenced active service on
tho 17th of July, 1861, when two companies took their departure
from Port Leavenworth for Kansas City. The first engagement
was at Ilarrisonville, Missouri, where the rebels were attacked
and driven frc Vac town. The rebels were only forty -five miles
from the boruors of Kansas, but the loyal party was strong
enou-h in Missouri to prevent the governor and the disaffected
from°carrying out their designs, so that Kansas was largely spared

Stath Ifisronr— M"/-.*).

450

isidtM'iiblo
oal Aiinio
time; and
3I1U of tlio
)1. Uiissott
i!(l him ly-
tho Aniiio
i mile from
.vitli !i bat-
Lilt! .si[ii;ul-
where the
led. The
leaped eap-
twi) days,
id were in
ig expireil.
pecial men-
mo of Vin-
ftdea for his

;un battery,
lol. Brooks,
!5th of Jan-
ivcnge upon
itants afler-
r praetieally
rence on the
won by the

lives as cre-
d enterprise.
re service on
ir departure
engagement
ere attacked
ty-fivc miles

was strong
le disaflected
irgely spared

from lioHtik visitations. The battle <.f Drywood wu^ f-u^ht o„
the 2d of Sei.lember, and Homo of the men were woundcl ; nn.l
on the 17th a rebel ivgimont was attaekr.l at Morrist..vvn, where
Col. Johnson fell n...rtally woundcl. The enemy was routed
with great Ions of men and camp ciuipage; and the Fifth kansa.s
lu'xt distinguished itself by its imi)etuous onset on tlie .-.a- .,t
(Icn. I'riee's retreating army near O.sceola. When rriro, rem-
forced strongly, had captured Col. Mulligan's command at Lcx-
in.'ttm, Missouri, the regiment was stationed at Kansas City, l)iit
the attack expected at that time was averted by other operations.
When Cieii. Fremont rai.sed an army in Missouri the tlfth was in-
cluded, but the operations of the gallant commander were cut
short by the orders of (icn. Hunter, and the fifth had no fnrlher
adventures of moment beloro retiring to winter <iuarters at Camp

^^^"^■^''■- , />i.i re 1

After the fall of Col. Johnson, ut Morristown, the fifth sullcrcd

from incompetent commanders until February, 18(;2, when Lt.
Col. Clayton became colonel, and under his direction the regi
mcnt achieved a great repute. On the 19lh of March, the fifth
made valuable captures at Carthage, Mo., where a guerrilla cora-
pany, in course of formation, was taken by a brilliant charge under
Capt. Crict/. Oth(;r advantages of a strategic nature and vast
gains to the commissariat were reaped by the proceedings of the
fifth under Col. Clayton. There was full employment every
hour in perfecting the drill of the troops, when they were not un-
der fire or en<^aged on commissariat or other duty. The guerrilla
band commanded by Coleman was driven out of the country near
Houston by the regiment, and had afterwards, during June and
July, opportunities iov gaining distinction at Salem, Arkansa.s,
and at the Black Kiver, near Jacksonport, routing in the iirst
action an Arkansas regiment of cavalry, and in the latter, routing
a strong force of Texan rangers, who tried to capture the baggage
train The detachment that won the two victories named was
under the command of Capt. Crietz. The capture of guerrilla
troops, of greater and less extent, was a matter of almost daily
occurrence, and in spite of pursuers, more numerous than nis own
force thrice toM, in many directions, Crictz carried his little force
to the main body without loss. Maj. Walker, long since favora-

i»«WJ^^w»«M!S^^W^sa'

460

Tvrrr.KS HisToitr of Kaxsas.

If'

bly known in Kauritis, was in his element as tlic .scourge of guer-
rillas. The expedition against St. Charles and Little Eock gave
the fifth good openings for pluck and daring, although the enemy
had evacuated the position at St. Charles. The pursuit of Col.
Dobbins, and the light with Gen. Marinaduke's force, won great
praise for Col. Jenkins and his command, during an expedition
from Helena. Col. Clayton developed brilliant qualities in the
field, and his troops sustained him with the bravery of veterans.
The battle of Helena was a great victory for our arms, opposed to
vastly superior nirmber.s, under Marmaduke. The fifth accom-
panied Gen. Steele in his advance toward Shreveport, which failed
only because of the slowness or incompetency of Banks, and boro
their share in the masterly strategy that prevented a crushing .le-
feat of the union forces in that quarter. The capture of Little
Eock was an admirable movement, at once smart and effective.
The rout of Marmaduke's forces at Tupelo, and the capture of the
camp equipage complete, as well as the position, was a feat en-
tirely due to the Kansas Fifth and their colonel, moving from Pine
BMl on the night of October 1, 1868.

The fifth had their next great encounter on the 25th of the
same month, when Marmaduke with 3,000 men and twelve pieces
of artillery attacked Clayton's position, where there were only
600 men well placed to repel the assault. There was hard fight-
ing i-n- about six hours from nine A. M., and thirty-seven of our
gallant fellows were slain, but the loss on the other side was four
times as great, and the Union arms were victorious. Marmaduke
was very confident that he must carry the works, and the repulse
was on that account more severe and bloody. The defeat of Shel-
by's forces at. ''^-inchville followed in their record on the 19th of
January, 1864, and the fifth under Col. Clayton were on the Cam-
den road on the 21st. The fortunes of the expedition toward
Shreveport have already been generally described in naming the
exploits of the second cavalry. The fifth were at Montieello giv-
ing battle to Gen. Dockery when Steele was near Camden. Clay-
ton's force of all arms was about 1,000 strong, but he manoeuvered
in such a way as to deceive Dockery into the belief that he was
all but surrounded by an overpowering combination, his aim
being to drive the rebels out of the country from Bayou Barthol-

S TA TIC His tou r — M'>l-5.

461

c of micr-
Liock gave
;lic cnoiny
it of Col.
won great
3xpc(lition
iies ill the
; veterans,
opposed to
[th accoin-
hich failed
3, and bore
'usbing de-
3 of Little
. effective,
ture of the
a feat en-
; from Pine

25th of the
elve pieces
were only
hard fight-
even of our
ie was four
^larmaduke
the repulse
:eat of Shel-
the 19th of
)n the Cam-
tion toward
naming the
nticello giv-
den, Clay-
lanceuvered
that he was
m, his aim
ou Barthol-

omew to the Saline. Night marches and picket fires were the
nu'iins employed. On the next day Shelby fell back toward
Princeton, and on the 30th there was smart fighting near Mount
Flluiford, the chief command on our side being assumed by Col.
Jenkins. Dockery's force, far outnumbering our own, were the
assailants, but they were met with a terrific lire at less than sev-
enty-five yards, the howitzers pouring canister and shrapnel into
their ranks, and the rifies of our men being handled splendidly.
Tlie confederates held their advance well, but bravery availed
nothing against a fire so fearfully intense and well directed ; they
were broken and :.rced to run at last, pursued by the fifth Kan-
sas for a considerable distance. Ten miles from ^[ount Elbaford
the fifth met Col. Clayton commanding the first Indiana and sev-
enth Missouri, and Clayton led a charge of his old regiment
Once more the discomfiture of the rebels was complete, although
they fought admirably. They were driven five miles further,
when the chase was abandoned. Dockery's wagon train was cap-
tured and manv prisoners taken, and his troops driven from the
country until Banks' disastrous campaign reopened the territory
to their operations. The fifth was with Steele at Marks Mills
when the enemy captured the baggage train, and some few of
ours were made prisoners. On the 17th of September, at_ Warren
Cross Roads, there was a bard fight and part of the Union force
scattered, but the fifth Kansas with the first Indiana and seventh
Missouri repelled the enemy and saved the artillery ^^d^ch was
at one time in great danger. Lieut. Jenkins, of the fifth, with a
small command, was cut off from the main force in that engage-
ment, but a dashing charge brought him through the lines of the
foe back to his comrades. The remainder of the services of the
fifth were matters of routine until the end of the war. _ _

The sixth regiment consisted of cavalry, and was organized in
the month of July, immediately before the battle at Wilson's
Creek They were enrolled mainly for the defense of the south-
eastern portion of Kansas. Three companies of infantry, known
as the Home Guards, developed under the advancing necessities
of the time to much larger proportions and a Complete change of
seivice. Garrison duty was the first work devolving upon the
sixth, with occasional scouting expeditions. The battle of Dry-

_ .,!,t3^^mt0iasEis^mmiim<imam'*i'n-

atfi^mmmmggfsns^SfK

I .

462 TuTTLhfs History of Kansas.

wood was commenced by a company of this regiment ; but in the
sprin.' oC 1802 it was found necessary to reorganize with better
system and efTect. Soon after the reorgani/.ation, when the Ilomc
Guard was mustered out of the service, and its members rcenbsoed
for ■ :.neral duty, the regiment was engaged in breaking up small
companies of guerrillas under the notorious Quantrei., Si. Gordon
and rp Hayes, in Missouri, and a successful raid having similar
'purposes was made as far as the Sni. Hills, during which no less
than ei-ht camps of bushwhackers were broken up, and over sev-
enty killed and wounded. Those operations gave peace and pro-
tecti.m to a wide range of country for three months, until the
rebel Gen. Jackman marched into this section of Missouri with a
large force, and all the powers of evil were once more let loose

upon society.

In June, 1862, the sixth under Col. Doubleday, took part in
the battle of Coroskin Prairie, and won distinction, which was
more tl.an sustained on the 4th of July in the Cherokee country,
when Col. Clarkson and a considerable force of rebels were cap-
tvi-ed, the remainder of his command being pursued by the Kan-
sas rcoiment. There was a brillant attack on the same day, upon
a rebel encampment at Stan. Waite's Mills, when the enemy was
routed by two companies of the sixth, and vast plunder procured
for the commissariat. Scouting service now mainly fell upon the
sixth, extending beyond the Arkansas river with occasional ski r-
mishcs of some moment. Operations against the Cherokee Chief,
John Ross, were conducted with success, by Capt. Greno of the
sixth and a detachment of sixty men, in July, 1862, resulting in
the capture of Ross and other officers of the rebel army, a move-
ment that largely determined the subsequent action of the Chero-
kee nation. The danger of a surprise being attempted on Fort
Scott caused a retrograde movement, during] which a rebel party
at Maysville was captured, and information obtained which alter-
ed the plans of the union commanders materially. In all those
movements the sixth bore a conspicuous part. In August, the
whole force proceeded towards the Missouri river, in pursuit of
Gen Cooper and five thousand rebels, which were overtaken and
defeated at Osage river, the routed force being pursued until
nicrhttall. The enemy got off during the night with only a wreck

S T. 1 77; Ills TOll Y — ISGl-i).

463

but in tlie
rith better
the Ilonio
rci'iilisted
^ up small
Si. Gordon
iiig similar
licli no less
I over sev-
ce and pro-
5, until the
ouri with a
ire let loose

)ok part in
which was
;ee country,
s were cap-
ly the Kan- '
3 day, upon
enemy was
ler procured
ell upon the
asional skir-
rokee Chief,
jreno of the
resulting in
my, a move-
)f the Chero-
)ted on Fort
I rebel party
which alter-
In all those
August, the
in pursuit of
vertaken and
ursued until
only a wreck

of his command. The action at Coon Creek, where Lieut. Col.
Bassett was repulsed by an outnumbering force of the eoiifedor-
ates under Shelby, was in every way honorable to the ,si.\th, as
the attack was sustained by them with great courage, and the re-
treat to Lamar was conducted in perfect order. ^

The concentration of union forces at Co.Kie's Creek gave the
sixth constant exercise, as there was no other body of cavalry in
the brigade which kept open the communications with Cen. Tol-
ten nea° Springfield and Mount Vernon. Many brilliant engage-
ments of skirmishing parties relieved the tedium of outpo.^t duty.
The attack on Newtonia was a much more considerable operation,
and the 30th of September, 1862, will be remembered for life by
many a gallant fellow, as the hard fought field was prolific in
wounds and death. The enemy were routed in the field, but tak-
ing refuge in the town, where there were strong reinforcements
and heavy guns, they could not be dislodged, and the sixth had
assigned to it the honorable duty of covering the retirement of

the assailants.

On the 4th of the following month, the attack upon Newtonia
was renewed, and this time with complete success, the rebels
bein-r driven with much slaughter until the pursuers desisted in
consequence of fatigue. On the 22d of October, our men attack-
ed Cxen. Cooper at old Fort Wayne, and were as succesful as
could be desired, dislodging and driving a force of 3,000 rebels
with a loss of the battery — captured by the Kansas second —
battle flag, artillery, horses and the baggage train taken in pur-
suit by the sixth. The union force encamped at old Fort Wayno
after this victory, but scouting parties were in the sadde incessant-
ly. Gen. Marmaduke was dislodged from Cane Hill by the army
of the frontier on the 28th of October, and pursued to a sj>ur of
the ::oston mountains, where a desperate effort was made by the
rebels to hold a position, but in spite of some very gallant fighting
the union force prevailed, driving the rebels across the mountains
with great precipitation. Several times when a strong position
afforded an opportunity, picked ^orps of the enemy made a stand,
attempting to cover the retreat of their comrades, if not to repel
the advance, but no substantial success attended their efforts until
night gave them a respite, and they returned under shelter of the

s^^m^'

'i u

464

TrTTi.i:'s llisronv of Kaxsas.

darkness. There was much loss on our side, but on the other it
must have been terribly severe.

Prairie Grove, on the 7ih of December, was a great light,
brouglit on by the courage ami enterprise o£ our men. T!ie
fight'^coniinue.i al! through the day, and until darkness rcpdered
furtlier operations irniM).<sible, when arrangements were made to
resume at daylight, but the enemy escaped during the night,
having mulUetl their artillery wheels to secure silence, and in the
morning Gen. llindman procured a personal interview with Gen.
Blount to secure a longer start for his demoralized forces. This
battle opened under many disadvantages for the union men, but
the victory was complete. There was an interval of comparative
rest for a'few days, but on the 27th of December, Blount's com-
mand, including the Sixth and Second Kansas, were near Van
Buren, in Arkansas, routing Texas troops, capturing their camp
equipage and train, and driving the enemy in confusion. Van
Buren was entered immediately afterwards, and commissariat
stores of great value, with four steamboats, were secured. Fort
Gibson and Fort Davis were taken by a detachment of the Sixth
during the same campaign, and the force returned to Missouri to
winter quarters.

Eecruiting operations were prosecuted during the winter, but
Gov. Carney feared that the drain upon the resources of Kansas
would be too great if the farming community should be further
depleted. Ceritainly, the state had done wonders in the prose-
cution of the war, but the people were not tired nor willing to
allow anything to stand in the way of oomplete success. The
Sixth was under fire at Honey Springs on the 17th of Jiily,
1868, and the union men there engaged drove ba k the enemy
with great loss, and after a hard fought battle added another to
their long list of victories. Scouting operations with varied but
general successes occupied the time after the engagernent at
Honey Springs until the Sixth joined the army of the Frontier,
First Division, en route toward Shreveport, to cooperate with
Gens. Steele and Banks, taking part in memorable Camden expe-
dition.

The regiment was in the skirmish at Prairie de Anne on the
10th of April and two following days, and repulsed an attack on

he other it

;reat fight,
men. The
I.S rcpdercd
1-0 made to

the night,

and in the
r with Gen.
irces. Tills
n men, but
jompurative
ount's com-
e near Van

tlieir camp
ision. Van
ommissariat
nred. Fort
)f tiie Sixth

Missouri to

winter, but
;s of Kansas
d be further
n the prose-
)r willing to
lecess. The
rth of J*uly,
k the enemy
d another to
h varied but
gagement at
the Frontier,
operate with
lamden expe-

Anne on the
an attack on

State Histouy— 1801-5.

465

the 13th. Throughout the whole of the Camden movements,
rendered necessary by Banks' failure, the Si.vth did its duty with
groat clTect, except in repelling the attack on the ford at Sabino
river, when the regiment was detailed iu other directions. The
march to Little Hock, the affair at Uardanelle on the 9th o£
May, and the occupation of Fort Smith, have been described
elsewhere. Muzzard Prairie, ou the 2(jth of June, was the scene
of a conflict with bushwhackers, and on the following day a
battalion, under Maj. Meflord, was surprised and attacjked by
2,000 rebels, the force, lU men, being forced to surrender after a
gallant resistance.

The Sixth had no further striking opportunity for the disj)lay
of its excellent qualities before the war came to an end. The
affair at Cabin creek on the IDth of September, 1864, was the
latest heavy lighting, but numerous small engagements followed
in rapid succession, until hostilities having ceased the battalion
WHS honorably discharged at Leavenworth, Kansas, on the 21sc
of August, 1865. The losses of the Sixth, in the period of
service, amounted to nearly 80 per 1,000 of the whole number,
the average loss of the state being only about 61 per 1,000, and
that largely in excess of the average loss of the army.

The Seventh Cavalry was organized on the 28th of October,
1861, at Fort Leavenworth, and was seat into tlie field at once,
being engaged on the 11th November with rebels under Up.
Hayes. The rebels outnumbered our men largely, but they were
driven from then position and the camp destroyed. All the
horses were captured. There were expectations of a march to
New Mexico, but orders were countermanded, and later, in 1862,
the regiment was sent to Pittsburg Landing, but the rebels,
under Beauregard, having retired from Corinth, after Grant's
battle of Shiloh, Gen. Ilalleck caused the Seventh, with other
troops, to be disembarked at Columbus, Kentucky. Cavalry skir-
mishes were continuous in the movements of the regiment to
Corinth, Jacinto and Ilienzi, where the Seventh was incorporated
in Sheridan s command, and remained until September, 1862.

The battle of luka was participated in by part of the seventh,
on the 18th of September, and on the 4th of October at Corinth,
as well as in the pursuit of the enemy to Eipley after the defeat^
80

4QQ TvTTLifs UiftTonr of Kaksas.

the re-iment was conspicuous for bnvvcry and cmcicncy. Kc-
turnin^ to Corinth after il.c pursuit, the seventh was d.spatchccl
into Alabama, with a hxrgc command, which drove the rcbok
from Bu/.zard Roost station, and took many prisoners, rhence
the rc-imcnt proceeded to Grand Junction, Tennessee, and joined
Gen Grant's armv, which was intended to capture V.eksburg.
Pembert.>n was encamped at Holly Springs with a rebe army,
which was afterward beaten and captured by Grant nt\ icksburg.
Gen. Jackson, well known all over the union as an impetuous
and successful chief of cavalry, met the seventh near Lamar, on
the 8th of November, with a column 6,000 strong, and the pro-
ceedings of that day caused the force under Pemberton to retire
from Holly Springs, from which the rebel garrison was routed on
the 28th of the montli by Col. Lea, the Kansas seventh being m

tlip idvincc

The advance to Tallahatchie from Holly Springs was a suc-
cession of skirmishes, in whieh the seventh was specially distin-
guished. When Van Dorn swooped down upon the supplies a
Holly Springs, the seventh was ordered out in pursuit, but could
not reach the point of attack before Col Murphy surrendered and
was cashiered in consequence. The further pursuit of A un Doin
was continued through Tennessee and to Pontotoc, Miss.

The next action in which the seventh took part was at lus-
cumbia, Ala., where the rebel brigade under Gen. Roddy wa^
driven irom the town on the 24th of April, 1863, and the great
cavalry battle of Leighton followed, a few miles beyond Tuscum-
bia -Roddy had been largely reinforced, but our men, under the
command of Col. Cornyn, of the Tenth Missouri Cavalry, drove
him from the field with great slaughter. Three days later, at
Town Creek, there was another great battle, when the enemy was
driven from a strong position with much loss. The eavalry
moved south from Burnsville after this action, as a feint to dis-
tract the attention of the confederates while Col. Grierson njade
his celebrated raid through Mississippi, and won honors which
have never been dimmed. There was substantial work effected
by the seventh during this march, and skirmishes were a ways
active At Tupelo, on the 5tli of May, the rebels were driven
from the town and the place occupied, and when attempts were

ncy. Kc-
lispatcbcd
;he rebels
Tlicnce
vnd joined
/"icksburg.
bel army,
ricksburg.
impetuous
Lamar, on
[1 the pro-
)n to retire
; routed on
h being in

was a suc-
ally distin-
supplies at
, but could
ndered, and
: A^an Dora
iss.

vas at Tus-
Koddy wag
d tbe great
nd Tuscum-
n, under the
valry, drove
ays later, at
B enemy was
rhe cavalry
feint to dis-
ierson made
lonors which
rork effected
were always
were driven
.ttempts were

.S' r. I TH Ills TOH Y — ISGl-i).

467

made to recapture Tupelo by a large rebel army under Gen.
Gholson, the Seventh Kansas, cooperating with the Tenth Mis-
souri, repulsed and demoralized the enemy, driving him from the
field and cai)tunng many prisoners. The fighting on this occasion
was brilliant and long continued.

Ten miles from Florence, Ala., a rebel force was encountered
by the Seventh Kansas and otlier troops, on the 2fith of May, and
the enemy driven to the outskirts of the town, where a strong
position was occnpied by a much larger body of troops, assisted
by a battery, posted on a hill which commanded the advance.
Against all those advantages the cavalry force pursued the pur-
pole upon which it had been dispatched, driving the enemy
through Florence, capturing the town and procuring a vast quan-
tity of stores and ammunition. Moving toward Hamburg, on the
Tennessee, there were many severe skirmishes, usually with
severe loss to the rebels, and an attack on the rear of our com-
mand, while crossing the river at Hamburg, was repulsed with
great slaughter. The regiment marched night and day for six
days in siujcession, on this raid, and returned to Corinth on the

81st of May, 1863.

Skirmishing was now the order of the day. There was a smart
cavalry engag°ement at luka on the 9th of July, when Cornyn'a
brigade defeated Gen. Koddy with very great loss. Swallows
Bluff on the Tennessee, on the 30th of September, was signal-
ized by a battle between two companies of the Seventh, which
attacked the rear guard of a rebel force and succeeded in cap-
turing a great number of the enemy. Byhalia and Wyatt,
Miss.° on the 12th of October, was the scene of a heavy fight,
when' Gen. N. B. Forrest, with a large rebel army, was attached
and defeatad by the cavalry division under Col. Hatch. For-
rest was driven across the Tallahatchie in great confusion, with
much loss. The losses on our o^'ii side were also considerable.
There was another battle with the troops under Forrest at Rip-
ley, on the 1st of December, when that oHicer was moving to-
wards the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, and the main pur-
pose sought by the attack, the retardation of the rebel advance,
was gained. The Seventh was much praised for its conduct on
this occasion. A detachment of the army under Forrest was

^.OT»s«iasiS»es!geBssaww9Kt«6^f*S^-

Tvttle's History of Kassas.

again encounlcrc-r and clefoatoJ by a battahon of the Seventh^
near Jack's Creek, Tennessee, on the 24tU of December Ihe
troops on both «ides ^ouaht well, but the victory was won by the

Seventh. . , ■,. . ■ ^ i rt7-„„».

Tl>c tirst icgiment to rccnlist as veterans, m the district of West
Tennessee, was the Seventh Kansas Cavalry, on the 1st of Janu-
ary. lbC4, while bivouacked at La Grange, Tenn with hardly
anv shelter from the severe wintry weather, and nmny of the
men sulTering severely from frozen feet; but they w-e not going
home until the war should end in victory for the north. There
was a brief furlough of thirty days after reenhstment and the
re-nment was equipped, after which we find the Seventh protect-
in^ working parties engaged in the repair of the Memphis and
Charleston Kailroad in June. Early in July, it moved in ad-
vance of Gen. A. J. Smith's infantry column to attack Gen. l^or-
rest. The movement continued in this order, other cavalry be-
inc. on the flanks, to Cherry creek, where Forrest was strongly
entrenched, six miles below Tupelo. Making a feint of intend-
in.r to attack the entrenchments. Smith turned suddenly toward
Tupelo, on the 12th of July, and the Seventh Cavalry became
the rear guard, having to sustain the whole force of Forrest s ad-
vance in his eager desire to protect the town. The battle eontin-
ued in this way from five in the morning of the 13th, unt. eight
at ni-ht The battle of Tupelo followed on the two following
days,°and when, on the 16th, Gen. Smith returned to La Grange
the Seventh, still doing duty as rear guard, fought the Second
Missouri Rebel Cavalry, at Ellistown, winning honor at the cost

of heavy losses.

Gen Smith advancing from La Grange once more, on the 1st
of Auoust, to attack Forrest, the Seventh Regiment bore a con-
spicuous part in all the principal actions of the campaign, having
been enc^aged at the Tallahatchie when the river was crossed, on
the 8th Tin the capture of Oxford, on the 9th; and, seven days
later, in the great cavalry battle at Hurricane creek, sustaining
the honor of the Union in every conflict When Gen Smiths
expedition returned to Memphis, the Seventh, under orders from
Gen. Rosecrans, reported at St. Louis, Mo., on the 17th of Sep-
tember.

State IfisTonr—l'^Ol-o.

469

Seventh,
3er. The
ju by tho

t of West
, of Janu-
th hardly
,ny of the
not going
h. There
t, and the
,h protect-
mphis and
ired in ad-
Gen. For-
javah'y be-
,s strongly
of intend-
nly toward
Iry became
orrest's ad-
ttle contin-
until eight
) following
La Grange,
the Second
at the cost

on the 1st
bore a con-
lign, having
crossed, oa
seven days
:, sustaining
ren. Smith's
orders from
7th of Sep-

The remainder of the rcbol forces were now being takon in do-
tail while Grant dealt with the main body at Kidummd, and
there were but few events worthy of special mention unul tlie
end of the war. Under Lieut. Col. Malone, the Scvonlh took
part in the campaign against Price in Missouri, and fougiit
wherever it was necessary to uphold the honor of tho Unu)ii by
such means. Their charge at Lidependence, against a force supe-
rior in numbers, which was broken and dispersed by their im-
pact, proved that thev were indeed veterans in the field. Two
pieces of ordnance were captured at Lidependence, and the cam-
paign, if not the war, was ended. The remainder of their term
' of service was employed in subduing guerrilla parties, which,
until far on in July, continued to infest Missouri. From the bt
Louis district to Omaha City, from thence to Fort Kearney, and
from that point to Fort Leavenworth, their last march as a regi-
ment had been made ; they had marched, exclusive of carriage by
rail and by transport, 12,050 miles in the service of their country
and they were now mustered out free to pursue their individual
profit, rewarded with the thanks of the nation.

Kansas was persistently called upon during the war, and at ,
everv epoch there was a fitting response. The state had gone
through a long apprenticeship to war, and there were earnest
souls In the population that could not rest at home as long as the
battles of the Union were to be fought and won. The Eighth
Kansas was a regiment of infantry, organized in August, 1861,
under orders received by Gov. Robinson late in July. The first
intention was to organize only for home service, because it was
anticipated that the state would be invaded by the rebels, who
had long since learned to consider Kansas as their special prey.
In the long run it began to appear that the rebel party had pro-
cured so n°any lessons of defeat on Kansas territory that they had
no wish to increase the record. Expecting to operate in a sphere
so limited, it was thought expedient to raise a regiment consisting
of eight companies of infantry and two of cavalry. The savages
and the rebels could both be held in cheek by a force so com-
pounded, and on that basis the regiment was raised. There were
already six regiments in the field, sent to the front by Kansas,
and the seventh was being formed ; hence the present was nom-

aeWHUJwJ'Bs***'^

470 Tvttlk's IfisTonr of Kaxsas.

inatcd tho cightk Uocruits came in rapidly, nc.twitl.stan.ling tho
inultinlicity of doinaiuls, and before tl.e o.ul of Soplciubcr, six
full co.npa.,ieH had been ..n.slcroa in. Major Wcs-sels was ap-
pointed colonel, and he brought to his task the advantages of
traini.ig at West Point, as well as many years of active service in
Florida, Mexico, and on the plains. The appointment was fortu-
nate for the regiment, and was very generally approved.

The work of preparation commenced in October, when Lol.
Wessels assutned the command. Lawrence was the hcad.iuarters
of the regiment, pending orders, and tho organization was com-
pleted in November. Col. Wesscls was renu)ved in l-cbruary by
orders from Washington, which called him t(, his duty in tho
regular army, and his departure was much regretted by his com-
ra.les in arms, who had learned to appreciate very highly tho
qualities which won for hira undying distinction. Lieut U.I.
Martin assumed the command of the regiment on the 8th o l^cb-
ruary. The winter was spent upon the border, and the cold was
very severe in the early months of 1862. The headquarters of
the ei-luh were fixed at Ossawatomie for some time, and scouts
werp sent in all directions, to Missouri more freciuently than in
any other direction, as the border counties of that state wero
known to be disloyal, and it was found necessary to guard against
the formation of rebel companies to cooperate with confederate
troops, known to be hovering about the state. The monotony of
camp life, unbroken bv incidents out of the groove of mere routine,
became exceedingly tiresome before orders arrived to give a new
current to events. That long looked for relief came when the
month of May was nearly spent

Pittsburg Landing was the objective point when the route ar-
rived Gen. llalleck was to be reinforced, anticipating an attack
from the forces under Beauregard, but before the eighth and
other Kannsas troops could reach their destination, instructions
were received deflecting them to Columbus, Ky. Corinth had
been evacuated by the southern general in consequence of the
defeat suffered by his troops on the second day at ShUoh. ihe
regiment, with others, went into camp on the 2d of June 1862,
on a commanding bluff at Columbus, just outside the rebel forti-
fications recently abandoned. Gen. Mitchell's command moved

Stath IlisTour— l^iiU-^t.

•17i

mding tlio
jmbcr, six
la was up-
aiiliigcs o£
service in
was fortu-

when Col.
aili quarters

was com-
.'bi'uary by
ity in tlio
y his coin-
liighly tho
liieut. Col.
ilh o£ Fcb-
le colli was
Ljuarters of
and scouts
tly than in

state were
lard against
oontederate
lonotony of
lere routine,

give a new
le when tbe

be route ar-
ig an attack
eighth and
instructions
Corinth had
lence of the
;hiloh. The
June, 1862,
e rebel forti-
aand moved

,outh on the 8th, through Clinton an.l Moscow, Ky, to T, mdu
City, in Tonnossoo. From thence tlioro was a fonH-<l niarch to
Tri'nton, where the rebels were expected to make an attack in
force. I'robably the rapidity with which reinfurcetnenta were
iiushed forward prevented tlie attack ; at any rate no assault waa
made. Moving from Trenton, under orders the eighth was at-
taelied to the connnand of (Jen. Uosccrans, and was almost inline-
diiitely afterwards reported against as being mutinous and demor-
alized.

Kansas held stronger view.<» on the slavery question than any
other western .state, and while the troops marched through Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, they had not hesitated to give protection
to any slave that was willing to remove from the area of boiulagc.
Gen. Butler had declared slaves " contraband of war," and tho
Kansas boys were acting on the same principle; butCen. Quinby,
an ofRcer of the union forces, commanding in the district through
which the Eighth had marclicd, reported that body of men as
•' mutinous and demoralized." Gen. Quinby was a war democrat
with strong proclivities for slavery, and his rage against the Eighth
induced him to threateii that he w.^nld muster them out of the
service, because they couhl see a trillo further ahead than him-
self Rosecrans would not allow himself to be prejudiced against
the men without full inquiry, and in consequence the regiment
was put through a course of inspection within twenty-four hours
after their arrival in camp. The Eighth was pronounced a lirst
class body of men after the fullest examination, and Gen. Ciuinby
was discounted. While the regiment remained under the imme-
diate inspection of Gen. Koseerans, many advantages v^ere enjoyed
which had not been possible before, and the Eighth omitted no
opportunity to become thoroughly versed in the details of a sol-

dier's life. nni t r ^

From Corinth the Eighth moved to Jacinto on the 22d of July,
and on the 2d of the following month proceeded to Eastport. This
tQwn contained a depot for commissary and quartermaster's sup-
plies, and it was threatened by guerrillas in large force. The
re-imcnt occupied the town for fourteen days, scouting the coun-
try in all directions, breaking up every guerrilla force large or
fimall that could be found, as well as procuring supplies of van

473

Tt'TTI.E'K lllsroUY 1)1' Kassas.

;

oua 1<in(l-i that lia.l »uvii Hti)l(<ii from union .sfttlor.-? or ^maj^'gU-l
throiigli our lines fur llio iho of tlio oncMiiy. Mfiny priaomTK wero
nlso tnkrii, atwl niunitionH of wnr to (luito n largo rKtent. Flor-
ence, Aliil)aniiv, wns r-mchod on tlio 2kl\ of August, nn<l it was
tli(>n nuule known tliat tin- oomman.l under (Icn. MitclioU w.-tx to
reinforce Ooii. Huell, wlio was tlireat.Mied hy two urrnics under
V>nvj<i and Kirliy Smith, the first of whr»m had crossed the Ton-
nesseeat llarriscmaboveCliattanooj^a and traversed the Se(niateliie
Valley, while the other had i)ushed forward tliron-jrh (!nml)orland
(lap, hotli forces to unite in Louisville or Cincinnati, 'riiere was
not a moment to he lost, and from Kloronce the troops went for-
ward in liglit marching order carrying nothing that could bo dis-
pensed with witlumt decreasing the immcdit.tc eirectivencss of the
nrniy. The march coiniriencod at two A. ^^. on the 2fitl\ of Au-
gust, and the troop,s wero rapidly initiated into all tlic hardships
nttendant on forced marches, half rations, little water and that
poor, the sun shining as hot as flro upon the shoulders of the
inarching regiments, and the clouds of dust rendering the air all
but unbroatheable. To many of the men these were new experi-
onoes, but there was no murmuring at what was known to be in-
evitable. When hard bread gave out there was flour, and every
man contrived to get cooked as much as would ward ofT absolute
starvation ; b>U it is a puzzle now to know how time or means
were fouml for sncb ends, when it is borne in mind thattiiere was
a march of from twenty to twenty-four miles every day, and pick-
ets to bo maintained.

The march into Nashville, a route of nearly forty miles, was
commenced at four in the evening of the 3d of September, and
the troops, stragglers excepted, were in Nashville the next fore-
noon at eleven ; the Eighth being specially noticed for their solid-
ity and rapidity on the march. The next march after leaving
Nashville was lengthened by countermands and returns, until a
distance of 47 miles occupied 43 hoursalmost incessantly moving.
From Bowling Green the troops moved at six A. M. on the 17th,
hoping to overtake Bragg just ahead. Just such experiences day
after day, and Bragg always contriving to escape, while the troops
that followed were almost starving because they were temporarily
unable to reach their commissariat, and could not pause lest the

r ii

*^*»'"fr'*W"»B*t^iv --

lOTK'M were
ent. Fl<jf-
sitiil it wna
iioll w.'i.x to
nicrt unilor
(I the TtMl-
Scipiatcliifl
!miil)orliUi>l

'I'llOrO \V!13

•H went for-
)uUl bo (lis-

iMlCSH ot tllO

»fitli of Au-
c li!inlsliii>3
•r and tlmt
lers of tlio
f tlio air all
new expcri-
?n to be in-
, and every
ofT absolnto
ne or moans
at tliere was
,y, and pick-

f miles, was
tcinber, and
e next fore-
r their aolid-
[ter leaving
irns, until a
itly moving,
on the 17th,
eriences day
le the troops
temporuriiy
ause lest the

.<fT,i/r UisTonr—ISCtl-S.

473

cnomy hIiouM nnally osoapo. Hig l^arrft. River was forded, and
a divnching ruin followed tinring a march of eighteen miles, tho
rain oontimiing through the who!.- night while the troops tried to
Hlecp without shelter or food. Similar hardshii'S, varying in do-
tail one day after another, and still tho ene-ny only ju.st ahead,
on.- smart bit of fighting between Hragg's roar guard and Wood's
division alono varying tho monotony, and tliat for only a vry
few hours, before l^ragg ha-l safely --rossed (Ireen Uiver and was
safe fnnn pursuit. The army reaehed Louisville at la.st, and was
received with enthusiasm by the citi/ons, but ev.'u tlie Hight of
provisions in plenty could hardly prevent the eyes of the troops
closing in slumber while the apeeclies of tho grateful people were
ringing in their ears.

Hard marebing had cfTeeted the rescue, just as completely as
hard fighting could have done, and perhaps more so, but tho
ordeal was terrific and long continued. During nine marching
days, the troops had averaged twenty-two miles per day, to reach
Nashville, and then from Nashville, Teun., to Louisville, Ky.,
during thirteen marching days an average of sixteen miles per
day, one day of nineteen hours covering thirty nine miles, and
other davs making ordy from four to to., miles. The manage-
ment wa.s certaiidy as bad as it could be, but the endurance of
the men was beyond praise.

Four days rest in Louisville, and tho army was once more in
motion on the tirst of October, marching towards Banlstown,
where the rebels were supposed to bo in force. On the morning
of tho 7th. Bragg's army was found deployed to the north and
west of rcrryville, in an admirable position, one of the best that
could be desired. During the remainder of that day there was
but little other than an artillery duel between the two armies,
althouMi there was some skirmishing also. The men slept on
their Trms that night. The second day's fighting • commenced
with daylight, but it was not vigorously prosecuted, as for some
reason it was thought undesirable to bring on a general engage-
ment. The second day closed with some advantages gained by
the union forces, and on the morning of the i)th, when the troops
advanced to the attack once more, it became evident that Bragg
was retreating, leaving only his rear guard to keep up appear-
ances, while the army made its escape.

474

Tcttle's HisTortv of KaiXSAs.

Tlic assailants bivouacked on the third night with some ap-
proach to comfort, on the field which they had won. Perrysville
was the first great battle field in which the eighth bore a part,
and the courage and endurance of the troops merited commenda-
tion, more especially wlien it is considered that the army was
not, as a whole, weil handled on that occasion. Good general-
ship, sucli as Grant could have shown on such a field,' would
have left no wreck of Bragg nor of his army, but the men were
sound to the core, and the fault complained of was attached to
few, but thpy were in a position where their want of energy al-
lowed a first class opportunity to pass by half improved. The
The eighth could and would have done much more under proper
leading, and so would every regiment in that three days' fight,
could their officers only have obtained permission to go ahead.

The troops marched on the night of the 10th to Nevada Sta-
tion, remaining there until next night, when another march com-
menced, towards Ilarrodsburg, changing from time to time, the
enemy was once more in our power on the 1-ith, at Lancaster, but
just as Gen. Mitchell had brought his forces into position, he was
restrained by positive orders " not to bring on a general engage-
ment ; " precisely the same policy that robbed the union of half
the victory that was reluctantly grasped at Perrysville. The
enemy escaped through Lancaster, carrying an immense traiuof
bao-gage, part of which consisted of plunder, and none of which
would have escaped, if a vigorous attack had been made as soon
as Gen. Mitchell formed our troops.

Lancaster was entered on the morning of the 15th, much to the
delight of the inhabitants, and some smart fighting w'th the rear
guard of the enemy ensued, many prisoners being ta' ;en. Kose-
crans assumed the chief command on the 3d of November, and
his coming was taken as an earnest that the deeds o<" luka and
Corinth woulii be repeated, carrying destruction into tht, mnks of
the rebels. Other changes made at the same time were just as
cheering to the men, and all that was now wanted was the enemy.
Eeconnoisances were made from time to time, the eighth being
often employed as skirmishers, with excellent effect in such expe-
ditions, but'the close of the year saw the brave fellows back in
Nashville, acting as provost guards, and looking anxiously for-

^»A^.w^.i. jamajM-t-.t-iH-ii »' '■

State IIistou r — ISOl-o.

475

h some ap-
L'errysville
)ove a part,
omtnencla-

army was
1(1 gcneral-
eld,' would
; men were
attached to

energy al-
)vea. " The
idcr proper
lays' fight,
;o ahead,
[evada Sta-
march com-
,0 time, the
ncaster, but
ion, he was
ral engage -
lion of half
iville. The
nse train of
ne of which
lade as soon

much to the
rth the rear
;en. Kose-
vember, and
of luka and
tht ranks of
were just as
s the enemy,
eighth being
a such expe-
3WS back in
iixiously for-

,ard to more active duty. The battalion m Kansas, dunng o
year just dosing, had engaged in many expeditions, pui.u ng
^^Jrell and o^er guerrilla leaders, having ^^^^^^^
a force under Cofley, Cockrill and Quantrell, on the 18th ot
li;:; tl. resuU being the com^^ete defeat and t-F- ;
, , 1 , Otliov Qiifh cnr'a'i'ements, on a smaiiLi

i-.ovanl of the cnemv- Utnoi suou i^n^^^a^' i . • c

efwtbtushwhalkers, gave the troops many opportunities o
uthlir s, but they naturally looked with much desire toward
• I ^Le'r fields I which their --des were winning g or ,
fi.htin.^ the battles of the union with more effect He e. th
b o d°as well as at home, had proved the possession of soldieily
nullities such as the nation at that time especially rieeded.
^ K^ hvi le was just then the abode of some of the nK^st aban-
donJ^ L-acters that could be found on this oont-n^and the
duty assigned to the eighth regiment was delicate -"^ 7;^^^^^^^^^^
The city was a favorite rendezvous for rebel spies, and fully three
t^rt of the population sympathized with secession, yet or
Xc.«.wasn.es.ry.^

dtrimhiate between the lawless classes, whose designs were m-
toal to the Union, and those orderly citizens who looked to
Wastinln for succor in their need. The disciplineof the troop
Wted th°em above temptations which might have destroyed some
e^men completely. Theatres, which had been closed becuuse
of d'orderly scenes continually recurring, were reopened soon
after te eighth assumed provost duty, and the streets became as
olrly as The most peace loving could desire, ^f^^l^^
as its most worthy citizens were concerned, rejoiced in he pres
Tn e o tie li htk The dutv was so discharged that there was
Xay a pat olt thestreet^^^ men being relieved every two
hours and a strong reserve was ready whenever called upon to
act ai a minute's notice, to quell any disorder that might ansa
"immediately after the eighth assumed ^^^y as describ^^^^^^^^^
Nashville Murfreesboro battle was fou„ht, on the 31st December,
fnd flwfnl days. Rosecrans had followed Bragg as fax-^as
Stone verhavinl left Nashville on the 26th of December, when
SrooHssurpHsed and routed by Hardee under Bragg, who

■--?r,S»o«^*««t»IWM«»MIWa*n*«^«*'«'»*»*»^^

476

TrTTi.i:'!^ History' or Kaxsas.

If
i 1

^i3!

It
' ' V-

1' *,'

if'

■i

" *i

■ if

i !l

liad been reinfoired. Tlie center and left, led by Rosecrans and
Thomas, held the field on the first day with much hard fighting,
and on the succeeding days the advantages became more marked
on the side of the Union, until on the 3d of January, 18fi3, Bragg
evacuated Murfrecsboro and decamped during the night. Wlule
the battle lasted stragglers were steadily drifting into Nashville,
and it became the duty of the eighth to send deserters under a
proper guard to the front. Prisoners taken from ]?ragg's army
by Thomas, afterwards known as " The Kock of Chickamauga,"
and by Rosecrans himself to the number of over 2,500 men, were
all provided for during their stay, held in safe custody without
any of the brutalities that were known in Andersonville, and
within one week dispatched to the prisons in the north. Some
of the wounded secessionist prisoners were inquir«,'d for vyth much
anxiety by the wealthier secessionists in Nashville, and the pro-
vost guard saw an excellent opening for a moral lesson; the
wounded rebels were billeted upon their sympathisers, and from
that moment the urgency of their pity made no further sound in
the public ears. The conversion was effected on both sides.

On the 13th of April, it was found that many of the more
prominent citizens of Nashville were holding communications
with the rebels, and although it might be considered quite natural
on their parts to do so, seeing that their friends and their interests
also, as they believed, rested with secession, it would have been
the extreme of folly for the United States authorities to allow
such conduct, once discovered, tc pass unpunished. All right
thinkers agree on one point, that the first duty of a government
is to maintain its own existence, although, unfortunately, as long
as the spirit of seces.*ion remained unquelled, it was well known
that traitors, plotting the downfall of the Union, were cherished
in the very heart of the nation, and permitted to shape its policy.
Gen. Eosecrans, having reason to believe that there were traitors
in Nashville, used his power to subdue treason by ordering the
arrest of one hundred prominent citizens. The provost marshal
and the eighth regiment carried out the order. The men might,
some of them, have been able to show that they were harshly
dealt with, but military justice cannot afi'ord to go slow, stern
necessity imposes upon all tribunals of the nature of courts mar-

S TA TE HiSTOR Y — JSdl-'j.

477

)socrans and
\vd fighting,
inrc marked
1803, Bragg
rht. Wliile
•) Nashville,
ters under a
Iragg's army
ickainanga,"
0 men, were
ody without
onvillc, and
Drth. Some
r wyth much
and the pro-
lesson ; the
Ts, and from
ber sound in
h sides.
of the more
imunications
juite natural
heir interests
d have been
ies to allow
. All right
government
,tely, as long
well known
ire cherished
pe its policy,
were traitors
ordering the
ivost marshal
3 men might,
were harshly
o slow, stern
f courts mar-

tial speed and vigor during the prevalence of war, and where citi-
/.ens are conHieling with the safety of a nation, or arc assumed to
be, there is less consideration than for a suppc^sed nulita.y offender.
Rosecrans made his order, the arrests were ellectod, and one
hundred men were transferred from comfortable homes to su-
premely distasteful prisons, witli hardly more clamor than might
be caused in ordinary times by the removal of an oilicuil from a
post ollice. Those who were not arrested feared that then- own
turn would come next, and alarm was deep seated among those
who knew that they had behaved disloyally. Every man that
was not menaced was suspected by his disloyal friends of having
given information against the others. Of the prisoners, some were
sent south within the lines of the rebels with whom they sym-
pathized, some were sent north of the Ohio and there set at lib-
erty upon parole, and others were confined in northern pn-ns
until the end of the war. Nine days later an order was made o.
Gen. Mitchell that every person in Nashville over 18 years of
acre should take the oath of allegiance, or noncombatants' parole and
crive bonds, or be escorted south of the lines. The provost's office
was rushed immediately by men whose every word had until
then menaced the union, and it was found necessary to extend the
ten days named for the oath or bonds to twenty days to permit of
the requisite papers being made out. Within twenty days over
fifteen thousand persons took the oath, or gave their parole, and
bonds were taken, varying in amount from $500 to $20,000, ac-
cording to the requirements of each case. Two hundred persons,
who v\°ere too honest or to obstinate to comply with those con-
ditions, were sent south and escorted outside our military lines so
that they could no longer serve the enemy within, and were bound
to desire the speedy settlement of the quarrel which many of them
had helped to intensify. , ■ wu

Discharging so many and such arduous functions, the eighth
had won good wishes of all loyal souls in Nashville, and when on
the evening of the 8th of June, orders arrived for the regiment to
come to the front at Murfreesboro, there was a series of protests
by telecrraph from all the authorities, civil as well as military, that
the eicrhth were indispensable to the good order of the city; but
the answer speedilv came, that the men were wanted at Murfrees-

^«^'*

H .'i

]1i

478

Tuttlk's History or Kansas.

ST\TE HISTORY -

boro, for other duties not less important, and on the morning of
the Otli tlic favorite regiment marchea out of tlie city following
its band to the fine refrain of "John Brown." The good feeling
of tlie loyal portion of Nashville could not have been manifested
more heartily tliun by the cheers and farewells of the crowd that
filled the streets. We .shall sec in our next chapter to what du-
ties and high responsibilities the loyal eighth were called, and
how bravely they did their devoir.

CHAPTER XXII'.

-FIGHTING FOU THE UNION- 18C1-18C5.
IconUnued.)

Wir Record - Eighth Kansas - Murfrccsboro - General Rosccrnns - Gen-
eral Brae-' - Tulhvhoma ^lenaced - Shelby villc - Successful Strategy -
Clearing Tennessee -Liberty Gap -Hoovers -Wading to Victory -
General Sheridan - Scattering Guerrillas - Winchester - Georgia -
The Tennessee -Evacuating Chattanooga - Rosecrans Concenli-ales -
Ura-T's Ueinl-orcements - Dead Man's River - Chiekamauga - Terrible
C^irnage- W..od's Mistake - Longstreet's Uash - Terrible Alternatives -
Slieridan's Rally - Supporting Thomas- Holding Chattanooga- Regi-
mental Spirit- Rock „f Chiekamauga- DcfeudiugChattanooga- Army
of the Cumberland - Erecting Forlilicutious - Starving but Merry- Bad
We'ither-Do-' Feast— Unfailing Humor — Cannonade — Hooker Ail-
vancin— General Grant - Ros.'crans Superseded - General Thomas -
Liberaf Rat ions - General Slierman - orchard Knob - Desperate Fight-

iuK _ Victory Secured - Headquarters - Mission Ridge - Lookout
Mountain - Hooker's Attack - Ciiarging Chattanooga- Awful Cannon-
ade - Hardee's Corps - Bragg Routed - First Flag - Utter Dcmoraliz-
ation - Noble Emulation - Counting Spoils - Decisive Victory - Com-
manding Genius -Burnside- Eighth at Knoxville- Sheridan's Com-
mand - Veterans - Resaca, Altoona Pass - Kenesaw - Atlanta - Mari-
etta-Rocky Face Kidge- Pulaski- Columbia -Frauklin -Nash-
villc Victory -Crushing Hood -Ninth Kansas - Locust Grove -Van
Buren - Quantrell- South Kansas - Capturing Clarkson - Bentonville
-Eleventh Kansas - Governor Ignored -Night Marches - Fighting
Guerrillas -Indian Warfare - Twelfth Kansas - Teric Nor Swamp -
Thirteenth Kansas - Fourteenth - Moscow - Fifteenth - Sixteenth -
Seventeenth - Colored Regiments - Batteries - Civil Government -
Kansas Prospects.

'■,'ji!,,,, ^^..uiUiwiiKm-i iMiiw"'"''

le morning of
;ity following
; good feeling
en manifested
he crovvd that
r to what du-
e called, and

— 18C1-18C5.

tosccrnns — Gen-
."ssful Strategy —
ig to Victory —
ter — Georgia —
1 Concenlnitcs —
uuigft — Terrible
lie Alternatives —
ttttuooga— llegi-
ttauoogii — Army
but Merry— Bud
le — Hooker Ail-
■neral Thomas —
• Desperate Fight-
iidge — Lookout

— Awful Cannon-
Utter Dcmoraliz-
B Victory — Com-

Sheridan's Com-

- Atlanta — Mari-
'rauklin — Nasli-
;ust Grove — Van
sou-^ Bentonvillo
irclies — Fighting
re Nor Swamp —
ith — Sixteenth —
I Government —

State HisTonr— 1S01-'>.

479

WiiKV the Eighth arrived at Murfreesboro it was 700 strong,
and within a tew days was ready as ever for <lnty in the field.
Some of the oniccrs remained in Nashville for a few days to in-
striiet their sueeessors in the work devolving upon provost mar-
shal but by the 17th of June, every one exeept Capt. Austin,
who was detailed for a further stay in Nashville, had arrived in
camp The regiment was forty men stronger than it ha.l been six
months before, on the occasion of its being stationed in Nashville
It is no part of our purpose to give in this place a connected
history of the war; but in order to present a reasonably correct
sketch of the proceedings of Kansas regiments, it is necessary to
give occasionally some details of general proceedings. The army
under Eosecrans had not been idle since the battle of Murfrees-
boro, which concluded on the 3d of January, 1803, with the re-
treat of Bragg ; but no offensive operations had bean undertaken,
as h was claimed that reinforcements and supplies were necessary.
Especially was it said that he lacked cavalry in sufficient num-
bers for the work before him. On the 24th of June, the army
advanced from Murfreesboro. Bragg occupied a strongly fortified
position at Tullaboma, with 15,000 men, and P.ak's corps of
18 000 was at Shelbyville, besides which Hardee, with 12.000
men was at Wartrace, between the other two positions, torty-
five thousand men so placed, with the advantages possessed by
them for defensive operations demanded a large disparity m the
attacking force, or some stratagem that would bring the enemy out
of their fastnesses. The plans of Rosecrans had evidently been
well considered, and they were well executed in every particular ;
but one point had not been thought of, and precisely that point
was all but fatal to the general and his army. Demonstrations
were made by the general against roads that led over a range of
mountains, leading through Hoover, Liberty and Guy s gaps.
Some of the demonstrations were feints merely, and others had a
direct purpose which Bragg could not immediately divine ; the
result was as Rosecrans anticipated ; the intrenched troops were
compelled to come out and meet him on more equal ground in
order to protect their communications. Three guns and five
hundred prisoners were taken at Shelbyville; all Middle Tennes-
see was cleared of armed confederates. Bragg, sustaining little

■ «WWIJI-L' ■•' • "T "l"' '"" '-'■^'"'

i\"mt^*^^

IB \ .
fr'

i • 1 1! ,

> V i|»'f.

\ m-

480

TVTTLU's IfjSTOIlY Of A'.l. V.S.I."?.

I0S.S, retrcatecl, possibly with ulterior Jesigtis, as move than once
i„ Ins n,ilitary career ho turne.l sudaenly upon his pursuers when
thev felt thcni.selvcs most secure, and snalchea a victory out of
tl,e\-ery jau-s of defeat. Bragg, apparently eompellecl to take
such action bv tl.e pr-.eedure oi llosecrans, who had crossed the
Te.uiessee at several points, abandoned Chattanooga without hght-
in", and was now in full retreat.

The ci"l.th advan.;ed with the division to which it was at-
tached, orT the 2-lth of June, toward Shelbyvdle six miles then
crossing the conntrv to the left gained the Wartrace road, and
camped at Old Millensburg. Tliere was continuous skirmishing
durincr the day, and Johnson's division made a spirited attack on
Liberry Gap, which was carried with a loss of sixty men knled
and wounded. Attempts to recover the po.sition were unavailing,
lloover-s Gap was surprised and held by Wilder's cavalry until
the infantry came to hold the pass, so that the enemy had lost
two of the three strong passes, and was forced back to his in-
trench ments. The weather was deplorable, rain descending in ■
torrents, roads impassable, or nearly so. artillery could be nK>ved
only with the greatest difficulty, wagons were immovable in many
places, and even infantry found it diflicult to proceed. A march
of twelve miles through soil where men sank ankle deep at every
step, and oftentimes even knee deep, put a heavy strain upon the

attacking force. .

]<:arly on the morning of the 25th the Thirty-Fifth Illinois and
Eicrhth'Kansas were detailed to protect the train, a duty especial-
ly "irksome ander the circumstances. The wagons were parked in
a plowed field, the rain still falling in torrents, and it required
twenty-four hours patient and incessant labor to get the train up-
on the road. Gen. Carlin's brigade suffered severely on the after-
noon of the 26th. The following day the rain still continued, and
although the men were ready to set out at three in the morning,
no movement was made until the afternoon, and even then only four
miles march could be effected. This was more regretted beciuse
heavy flrinc^ was heard ahead. The same record for the following
day a march of eight miles to Manchester through a delugo of
rain and a camping place three inches deep in water, with mud
below that, yet the fatigue so complete that sleep came readily.

State IIistouy— 1^01-').

481

•I'c than once
urrtucrs when
ictory out of
>lloil to take
I crossed the
without light-

ch it was at-
X mik'rf, then
!ice road, and
18 skinnisliing
itcd attack on
;y men killed
;re unavailing.
! cavalry until
lemy had lost
ick to his in-
descending in •
uld be nn>ved
vable in many
led. A march
5 deep at every
strain upon the

[th Illinois and
, duty especial-
were parked in
nd it required
et the train up-
ily on the after-
continued, and
in the morning,
1 then only four
sxretted bec! use
ar the following
igh a deluge, of
^atcr, with mud
?p came readily.

The weather already discribed, continued until the ;JOth of June,
but on the firnt of July there ean.c bnght warm weather, and the
rebel stronghold at TuUahoma, evacuated by J?ragg, was entered
by tlie eighth and otlicr troops at midnight, six guns und^consid-
erable supplies being captured. '

The success of the movement was cotnplelo. Slieridan s di-
vision had a brush with the enemy ai Klk River on the 2d but
the retreat was continued. The weather alone saved llra-g from
a worse disaster than flight, and the pursuit was ma.nuuued wiUi
some eagerness, wadi.ig rivers waist deep and permitting no ob-
stacle to delay the advance. Guerrilla companies were destroyed
or scattered by scouting parties, stores were captured, and, gener-
allv, everything went well, although the coininisanat was faulty
in the last degree, the men were shoeless, and shoddy generally
made the supplies of little value. The campaign had been suc-
cessful, and in face of that fact all the troubles of the march were
as nothing. The enemy had been driven out, 1,700 prisoners
taken, and the conduct and bearing of the Eighth Kansas was
made the subject of circular orders, which are of great value,
while the force was encamped at Winchester.

The division broke up its encampment on the 17th of August,
and crossing the Cumberland Mountains was in Stevenson, Ala-
bama on the 2Uh. The route traversed was full of peculiar dif-
ficulties, but it was direct The army was to ford the Tenne-
see at Caperton's Ferry at daylight on the 29th. There was
preat peril in the attempt, but all was made ready for the service
in .^ood time. The Eighth Kansas and Fifteenth Wisconsin led
cov^ered by heavy batteries, masked by the foliage on the bank of
the stream; but after the passage had been effected it was found
that the enemy had fled panic stricken just at the time when a
determined resistance must have been fatal to hundreds and might
have checked the progress of Kosecans army altogether. Tlie
gallant conduct of the eighth and the other troops formmg the ad-
vance elicited much praise from the commander-in-chief and other

officers

The troops were now moved towards Chattanooga. Two di-
visions had crossed at Carpenter's Ferry, others at Shell Mound,
Bridge Port and Battle Creek; Crittenden's corps had moved di-
81

i-.Wt»*P*»«**P"

k-mm.XM.Iwt:'!

.•■9 1 uir ^**i^^ipsy^

n "v

.'!:'

432 TvTTI.e's IIlSTOllY OF K.iSSASi.

rectonClmttanooga; Tl.omas had pushed over Lookout range
nn.l readied MeLeniore's Cove; so tliat Bragg was driven by Ins
fears out of Cl.attanooga, on tlu; fitli and 8tl. of Srptend.er, a'.d
Crittenden occupied llie position on the 9th, advancing soon after-
wards to Kinggokl, Oa. Tlic several movements indicated had
broken the for^'cc under llosecrans into detached parties, an.l had
concentrated Bragg's command completely, besides which he was
now daily obtaining reinforcements. Buckner, Johnston, Long-
street were at hand or soon arriving, and every man that the reb-
els could send to his aid was being sent to the front with all pos-
sible speed.

The necessity to concentrate the scattered forces was perceived,
and on the 13th movements with that object in view were com-
menced, but the enemy just as persistently strove to prevent such
a consummation, but at lengtli, on the 19th of September the
eighth came upon the field at Chickamauga just after the battle
had commenced. Tlie troops were about equal in numbers, prob-
ably 55,000 on either side, but those of Kosecrans hastily coming
up,\hose of Bra^gwell in hand and concentrated to deal a crush-
ing blow. Tlie first advance of the rebels won some trilling suc-
cesses against Reynolds' and Van Cleve's divisions, but the eighth
and the°division with which it was operating came upon the run,
formed in line of battle, going in where the fight was hottest and
saved the fortunes of the day. There was terrible fighting on
both sides and the carnage was awful. The fire of our troops
was perfect, being delivered with great precision, and every volley
cut its way through the lines of the foe. The brigades that were
in the hottest of the fight on the first day lost forty per cent, in
kUl'^d and wounded. The eighth suffered tremendously, but it
m'' vred with the precision of a machine and never gave ground
except under orders. The work of the 19th had been fearful,
but the result was indecisive as the courage of our men could not
more than equal the courage of the opposite side, and their troops
were, some of them, quite fresh and in good order. Two brigades
of Davis' division had fought two full divisions and had not been
beaten, still the battle was not decided.

The next morning found the troops on both sides ready to re-
new the struggle, and the battle was beginning hotly, when Gen.

STA IK UlSTOli Y — Mil-a.

483

vout range
ivcn by liis
LMiibor, avid
soon after-
ioatcd had
38, and bad
icb bo was
;ton, Long-
lat tbe rcb-
ith all pos-

; perceived,
' were corn-
revent such
tember the
!r the battle
nber.s, ])rob-
itily coining
eal a crush-
trilling suc-
it the eighth
I on the run,
hottest and
fighting on
if our troops
every volley
les that were
per cent, in
)usly, but it
gave ground
been fearful,
en could not
[ their troops
Pwo brigades
had not been

3 ready to re-
y, when Gen.

\ x)d, misunderstanding an order, broke the union lino by mov-
ing to support Reynolds. Tlie gap thus made was turned to fatal
ac°c.unt by Longstreot with liis firsh troops, four coluuuis deep,
coming down from the rising ground occupied by the enemy.
The first and second lines of the rebel advance were shattered by
the fire of our men, so that there seemed to bo no doubt that wo
were winning the day, when it became apparent that tlie gap liad
been peiietrat.'d, and the right and center had to choose between
three alternatives, all terrible : retreat, annihilation, or surrender.
The wonder is that one man should have escaped. Everything
that courage could accomplish was ofTected, but there was no
chanee of retrieving the fortunes of that day under the circum-
stances. The division reduced to a wreclc, without a commander,
severed from the main body, all but surrounded, still rallied near
the Chattanooga road and checivcd the advance of the enemy for
a time. Tlie fragments of the division marched toward Mis.sion
Ridge, and numbers increased ut every step; Gen. Carlin,
with part of his brigade; Gen. Sheridan with part of his division ;
and that olTicer immediately assumed command, extricating the
troops from their terrible dilemma and moving them to a position
three miles from liossville, from which Gen. Thomas could be

reached.

Gen. Davis, who had come in from another direction, was at
Eossville, and a brief consultation between the two generals, suf-
ficed to determine, that the troops should move to the support of
Gen. Thomas, who still held the field of Chickamauga against
the enemy. The movement had just been efllected and the ral-
lied troops were near Gen. Thomas' right, when orders came that
they should return on Rossville, which order was obeyed, and
about midnight on the 20th, the army concentrated at that point,
expecting a renewal of the attack. Early in the morning of the
21st, breastworks were thrown up at Rossville, and our men re-
mained upon the field, but the enemy did not appear, and at
midnight the troops withdrew to Chattanooga, reaching that place
about°daylight on the morning of the 22d. The conduct of Gen.
Thomas, worthily named " The Rock of Chickamauga," for his
action on the 20th, is simply beyond praise, and tbe ultimate
event of tbe struggle, thus untowardly begun, leaves little to be re-

'8„

If:

ill

III

.11

484

Trrn.K's llisrouv of K ass as.

grottoil ill its progrc.'^.-!, save tlic lives of iho bnivo incii sacrificed
by llic blunder that broke our line.

The Kiglitli Kunsurf bore itself bravely all the Jay tlirough i»3 •
most perilous miseliaiices, and tho pen of Homer could not do
Justice to the desperate heroism which tried to wrest victory from
imi)Ossible odds. Wlicu the eiglilh went into the battle of Chick-
auiauga on the lOlh, it consisted of -1()() rank and llle, and when
it retired to llossvillc in the evening of the 20th, it had lost in
killed, wounded and missing 243 ; only lfi;j remained, and there
were no stragglers from the regiment. Tiic record is of a charac-
ter which deserves to stand willi that of Leonidas, and his heroic
sjjartans at Therinopyhe. Tiic crossing of tho Tennessee near
Sand Hill mountain, and the second day at Chickamauga may bo
named among the best deeds of a brave regiment, although in tho
first no lives were lost and in the last there was not the .solace of im-
mediate victory to crown the lives of the innnorlal dead. The loss
cf the brigade under Col. Martin during the two days was 719,
out of 1218, and yet the brigade remained in order of battle on
the field after the conflict closed. Numbers of the slightly
•wounded returned to duty within a few days, and the spirit of
the force was undaunted.

The army arrived in Chattanooga at daylight on the 22d of
September, having lost 18,000 in the two days of terrific fighting
immediately precedent, and there were only 30,000 men fit for
duty to hold the point upon which the issue of the campaign rested.
Bragg, llnslied with his success, and his army larg ily outnum-
bering ours, with reinforcements hourly arriving, hemmed us in,
surrounding Chattanooga convinced that he would capture or an-
nihilate the force which had troubled him so long. His right
rested on the Teimessee river northeast of the town, his lines run-
nino- in front of Mission Ridge to the southwest below Chatta-
nooga creek, on the south to Lookout Mountain running over its
point, and his left resting on the Tennessee in the Wauhatchie
Valley. The series of positions had been splendidly taken, and
he was justified in thinking that so posted, he was invincible
against ordinary troops.

There were only two or three unfinished forts on the east and
south of the town when our army entered Chattanooga on the

»<• m: TTisi r— istir \

485

ficcJ

\ sacn

lirougli i*3 ■
lid not do
ctory from
oof Chiuk-
and wlien
lid lost ill
, und thero
)t a charac-
1 hid lioroio
ncaseo near
iga may bo
jugh in tlio
jlacc of im-
. The losa
i was 719,
)l battle on
lie slightly
he spirit of

the 22d of
iflo fighting
nen tit for
luign rested,
ily outnum-
imed us in,
pture or an-
His right
is lines rua-
ovv Chatta-
ing over its
Wauhatchie
r taken, and
3 invincible

he east and
5oga on the

22d, and the iwvr. tho Cui m-rland commoiiccd llit- wmk of
fortilleation almoM i (he tuce- of tho eiieniy. The liiicM wito u
half circle, resting its IciL on Uuj Tennessee, the Ilth corps in tho
center, and the right also on the river. The right aiitl lefl ies[)ee-
tivcly wire tho 2t)th and 21.st army corps. Tho eighth, forming
part of iien. Davis' division, was on the extreme left ..f tho 2Ulli
corps, facing south to Lookout mountain and th(! (Miallanoogu
valley. Sleep or rest had almost been strungers to the army
Hincc dayligiit on tho liUh. The brigade which included tho
eighth was detailed for picket duty on tho morning of the 22d,
after two hours had been given to cook and breakfast as well na
.sleep. During the forenoon, half the men watching while tho
others worked, a light lino of rillo pits was thrown u[) along tho
irregular banks of tho Chattanooga creek. Helioved from that
duty at noon, there was one hour for rest, and then a heavy lino
of breastworks had to be constructed on the front. 'I'iio work
was kept up with terrible vigor until midnight, after which, orders
were made that one-half of the men should rest while the others
labored at the fortifications. Sleep fell upon tho eyelids of tho
relieved troops wherever they sank down, but they were ready
once more as soon as the call of duty was heard.

One line of fortifications followed another, day after day; not a
moment could be lost, not a chance allowed to the enemy ; forts,
redoubts, curtains, made every point as nearly as po.ssiblo im-
pregnable, with such men for their defense; but as the works
advanced, thero was no longer such urgency as to demand inces-
sant labor. There were hours of rest occasionally, but the forti-
fications were being improved by details of men, falling to their
duty in rotation. Then the weather became wet, the flats where
the troops were in camp were flooded, cold winds presaging win-
ter, but not cold enough to harden the ground, chilled the lightly
clothed men as they huddled round camp fires, or busied them-
selves trying to construct efficient shelter from the elements with
the debris of old buildings. Food was becoming terribly scarce,
and the army mules were dying for want of support in their ter-
rible labor of drawing supplies from Stevenson, sixty miles away,
over two ranges of the Cumberland mountains. Gen. IJosecrans
made an order that only one-third rations should issue, and there

4»0

Trrri.K's Ifisroiir <>i- K'.i.vsiv.

I .1 1

was an absolute i.r..lnl)itioii tliat uOk'erH ^ll(>ula l)o allowcu to
l)iirdiaso more than tlio quantity \mivA to tlio Hoklicr. Tho
iitHii'ssiti.'s of tlio jiDsition nood have no stronger conitnont. Tlio
cattle that were killed wore almost 'yit)K<>f starvation, so that
their (Icsh scciiicil to increase the (amine rather than allay its
pangs. Slaughter houses were haunted for oiTal, and men cooked
with avidity what they would have turned from with disgust in
times of ordinary searcity. Thus terribly did the defen.se of
Chattanooga open, the work of fortifieation making awful de-
mands on physical and mental vigor, the rain and cold increasing
the stress of sulTering, light clothes refusing warmth to enfee\)led
frames, little sleep possible save in tho very extreme of exhaus-
tion, and food so scareo that a few crumbs of crackers falling into
the road as boxes wero removed from tho commissariat wagoiis
were eagerly scrambled for by gaunt men, solicitous lest their
strength should give out before the i. oment of relief.

Tho Prodigal Son envied the husks which wero fed to the
Bwine, and that fact could bo easily understood when it was
necessary to station a guard over the corn doled out to the fam-
Lslied artillery horses, back of our camp, lest human competitors
should deprive the poor quadrupeds of their scanty provender.
An ear of corn was a feast, and a strange dog wandering m the
camp was convtrtn-l Into means of defense for the Union. There
was no despondency among our brave fellows, nor was there any
leisure in which such an indulgence could be enjoyed. One week
after reaching Chattanooga, the heights of Lookout Mountain and
Mission Kidge. thundered with the crash of great guns, opened
upon us by the rebels, and from daylight until late into the
night the sullen roar continued at intervals, day after day, but
the men remained at their work, building shanties, improving
fortilications, cooking their meager repasts, or, at their leisure,
watched the effects of the enemy's guns, and that of our own in
reply, with an uUindon that cannot be understood, except by
those who have been a long time under fire. There was an en-
during faith on the part of our men, that we were thus cooped up
for a time ordy, to give zest to our ultimate victory; hence,
perhaps the gaiety and recklessness that maintained a general
good humor, and flashes of genuine wit, among men almost

iSi

Statu IIistohy— MU-'u

48r

[\lli)weii to
lier. The
UMlt. Tlio
1)11, so tliat
II allay ilrt
lien cooked
I (lisgiiHt ill

(loflMlHO of

awful tie-
1 iiicroasing

0 cnfoebleil
of oxliaiis-
falliiig into
rial wagons
.s lest their

fed to the
lien it \va3
to the fain-
competitora

provender.
M'ing in the
ion. Thoro
irt there any
, One week
ountain and
una, opened
lite into the
ter day, but
I, improving
heir leisure,

our own in
, except by

1 was an en-
13 cooped up
ory ; hence,
id a general
men almost

nt the point of death, sulVoring from hunger, cold, and want of

"K^irly in October the breastworks were «o far ..oniploted that
ineessiuit l»b<,r ceased to bo imperative, but there was still enough
work to be done to prevent tlie time hanging heavy on our hands.
I'i.-ket dntv Nvas harassing a.ul eontinuous, but it was done by
men who knew the value of unceasing watchfulness. 1 he army
of llic Potomac sent good news to the beleagueir.l force on tho
2d of October, when two cori.s, the eleventh and twelfth, arrived
at Bridgeport, only twenty-three miles below, under the comnia.ul
of (I,.,, Hooker. Oen. Orant found Hooker there, and having
a-ssumed the command in chief, directed the clearance of the
river, so that supplies could reach the famislied defcndc.s. Iho
com.nand in Chattanooga was changed under (Irants orders;
Gens MeCook and Crittenden were relieved, the three corps were
consolidated into two, the fourth being committed to the c largo
of Gen. (i ranger, and the fourteenth to Gen. Thomas. Other
chan,.>s were made, part of which consisted in the eighth being
locat;,! on the extreme left. Orchard Knob and Mission Kidge
w, ,. in front of the line, which rested on Fort Wood, the largest
fo tifu-ation in Chattanooga. Gen. Rosecrans Was superseded by
Gen Thomas, when the changes just named had been completed
and"on the 23d Gen. Grant arrived in Chattanooga, in command
of all the forces in the department. The resistless energy was
now at our head that must bear down all opposition, and every
man know that we were about to win our greatest vietory, one
that should make the record of Chiekamauga a petty detail,
and give to the war an enduring remembrance among the na- ^

lions of the earth. , .

Supplies came in after the 26th with greater reguhmty, and m
compinUive plenty. Gen. Ila.en had descended the river to
Brown's Ferry, below the spur of Lookout Moun ain, and efTect^
ed . landing which was permanently maintained ; so that with
Hooker's forces in the Wauhatchie, there was no fear of famine.
On the 12th of November the supply of food was increased to
two-thirds of a ration for each man, twice the quantity that had
been served out for along time, and of bettor quality. The
strencrth of the men required some building up after a fa.t of so

i (11

1:18

488

TvTTI.E's IflsTOHr OF K.tXSAS.

long continuance, and the work to be effected wanted the exhilara-
tion of suflieient diet. Gen. Sherman arrived on the lotli of
November, in advance of his army, which was coming by forced
marches, to the point wliere the fight wouhl be hottest ; and his
force was diverted to Grant's left, up the Tennessee, on the 21st,
as soon as they came in. There was general understanding that
we were to attack and carry the several positions of the rebels,
without an hour's unnecessary delay, but we did not conceal from
ourselves that it would be a work for giants to accomplish.

The 2od of November arrived, and the eighth Kansas went on
picket duty at daylight, the line covering the front of the brig-
ade, and along the railroad embankment from north to south.
Until noon there was the accustomed monotony of v;aiting and
watching, but just as the sun reached its meridian altitude, a
strong reconnaissance was ordered to develop the enemy's force;
the division, with that of Gen. Sheridan, would form line before
tlie breastworks, and at the bugle call the eighth Kansas picket
line would advance on Orchard Knob, three-quarters of a mile
in front. The line of breastworks crossing Orchard Knob was to
be carried and the rebels dislodged by the eighth, if possible,
and if not, then by the v;hole line of battle. Orchard Knob
must be carried, so there was work before us at last.

Picket reserves were doubled on the advanced lines of skir-
misliens, additional ammunition Avas supplied, and the bugle was
heard sounding " Forward." The regimental bugles took up the
strain, and every heart leaped to the music that meant raising the
siege of Chattanooga. It was a grand sight to see our men ad-
vance, with the confidence of veteran troops, not undervaluing the
foe, but determined to conquer. The embankment and an open
field were passed, and the small arms of the confederates were
answered by a volley and a cheer before our boys rushed on
again, deliberately, but v.-ith unswerving resolution. There was
a stubborn conflict in the woods, the crash and the roar were in-
spiring, as the yelp was drowned in the hearty hurrah, that told us
how the Kansas eighth was bearing down all opposition. The
best blood of the army had its representative in that advancing
line, and the rebels could no more stand against it than could a
feather resist a whirlwind. One-half of the rebels were captured

Sta ti: lIisToii Y — i>>0'i-5.

489

c cxhilara-
10 lotli of
; by fnix'cd
;t; and Iiis
)n tlie 21st,
nding that
the rebels,
inceal from
)lish.

;as went on
)f the brig-
h to south,
i'raiting and

altitude, a
jmy's force ;

line before
nsas picket
•s of a mile
Cnob was to

if possible,
hard Knob

ines of skir-
e bugle was
took up the
t raising the
ur men ad-
rvaluing the
and an open
derates were

rushed on

There was

•oar were in-

that told us
sition. The
it advancing
ban could a
ere captured

in the fierce onset, and the remainder broke in wdd confusion,
carrying dismay to the rear. Through the woods rushed the
combatants, pursuing and pursued, while the great guns were
now heard boomin- out from Fort Wood and Mission Rulgc,
shell answering shell, as they crossed in the air over our heads,
or fell in the forest, through which we were tearing our way.
The rebels seemed to rally once or twice, but they were scattered
in a second, and there was no actual pause until their reserves
were reached behind the entrenchments at Orchard Knob.

The fhrht was once more furious, the battle of the day was now
before us; the proceeding up to this time had been a race as well
as a conflict, but Orchard Knob was our objective point, and our
honor was involved in carrying it before the main line of battle
could come up. The rebels knew as well as we did how im-
portant was the position, and the advantages of the ground as
well as of the works were all on their side. Fierce and swi t
were the volleys, yelp and cheer swelled the din, and the crash
and roar of battle seemed to fill the air; but the decisive moment
came, the ringing cheer that reminded us all of Kansas and the
wron.rs that we had suffered, told of victory once more ; the boys
rushe°d over the first line of breastworks, the rebels faltered for a
moment, and then fled in hopeless disarray. We had won Orchard
Knob, and driven the foe a hundred yards beyond, where they
paused and reformed under their second line of breastworks.
The skirmish line was established with the regularity of a com-
pany on parade, and the brigade came into position behind the
captured works. A position assumed to be impregnable was won
and the key to the enemy's position was in our hands Both
sides felt the value of that capture. The enemy would bend all
his energies to drive us back, and the orders on our side were
that it must be held at all hazards. The artillery fire was terrific,
as the batteries on Mission Ridge were well served, and they com-
pletely commanded Orchard Knob. Other skirmishers were now
sent out, and the Eighth called back to the main line at the
mound just carried. Solid shot and shell struck the ground at
every angle, the stones were driven from place to place with the
force of the solid balls that had propelled them. Branches were
torn from trees and hurled to the ground by the impact of mis-

f ^1

490 TVTTUfs IIlSTOIlY OF K.IXSAS.

silcs ; and for fully one hour the iron bail continued without slack-
in- its fury, still the Eighth held their ground like heroes until
darkness came to give some measure of rest. The night was
spent in strengthening Orchard Knob, a line of breastworks wuti
abbatis in front, was constructed before one in the morning, a
battery was placed in position, the picket line was doubled, and
then the men were permitted to snatch a brief repose; but one-
half of all the number passed a sleepless night. Before daylight
every man was aroused and standing to arms, as it was thought
possible that the rebels, maddened by their defeat, and ea culating
upon the fatigue attendant upon our triumph, would make an as-
sault before dawn ; the more likely because they were acquainted
with every foot of the ground, and all the approaches that l>ad so
loner been in their hands. The day opened cold and dull, ram
feirnearly all the day, the fires would scarcely burn when their
heat was most wanted, and a sullen cannonade was maintained at
intervals. Orchard Knob became the headquarters of the army.
Mission Ridge and the valley in its front could be plainly seen
from this point, and Lookout Mountain to the right and rear
could be commanded; there was no better position possible for
men who were to control the proceedings of an army. Grant and
Thomas took up their headquarters on the Knob, and a signal
station was established whence nearly all points on the line could
be instructed. Howard, Sheridan and Hooker were among the
earliest visitors, and after them came Schurz, Wood and W ilhch
each intent on the business of the hour. Sherman, Davis and
others were off to the right having a work of some magnitude be-
fore them. Ilazen, llarker, Granger, Palmer and Baird gave
their counsel, received their orders, and were of! on their several
missions, untroubled by the hail of death which fell around them
Sherman crossed 8,000 men to the .south side of the Tennessee at
dawn on the morntng of the 24th, and took up a position on the
hills to the left of Mission Ridge, and in the afternoon Hooker
carried the enemy's works on Lookout Mountain. The advance
could be seen from Orchard Knob in spite of the falling rain as
our men gallantly won their way in the very teeth of battle. Ihe
panorama of victory was then clo.sed by an envious mist which
concealed the conclusion of the struggle, during which the south

iMiBe

Stati-: llisToitr — JSUl-^

iiout slack-
eroes until
niiflit was
works witti
morning, a
(ublcJ, and
> ; but one-
re dayliglit
i'as thought
calculating
Tiake an as-
acquainted
that had so
I chill, rain
when their
aintained at
if the army,
plainly seen
ht and rear
possible for
Grant and
nd a signal
16 line could
! among the
md Willich,
, Davis and
asnitude be-
Baird gave
their several
iround them.
Tennessee at
sition on the
lOon Hooker
The advance
"ailing rain as
[battle. The
3 mist which
ich the south

„„, that t,lu,nl.W.l "t Oictara Iv.u.b, a>u ""°^- ' ' "''^i,,,.
treLl.cl tWra.clvcs a^ain.t the enen.y, who,,, they had d,»as

'■■^th;'— re e,o.ea in upc„ the^eeneot conflict a-uUhe
ei-hth stalioned on OrchaiJ Knoh, wouhl have enjoy e.l e
™'h o thch- aeeuston,ed eamp fire., but pru.lenee ,len,e,l he
:; !o „ M, would have vende-ed every »-»«- 8'^^^'' *
Tu sol ;heene„,y; and the dis,na. hour. 1— ^ ■■; « ^\
weariness, only ehee,ed by the remenrbrancos ^ y^^.^^
the hopes of tomorrow. When day dawne<l t *>cc»'no ev .,
hit Z- meant to make his great fight on M,ss,on K-'ISe- *
Itartiire^y was eoneentrated there, and h s ^^^<;^;^^,
hill had been materially strengthened. So much hail in 1
«„„s thus observable improved the ^^^ °i ^^^ ' ^^

rrrrrroi" g-erw-afh-eld .a preliminary .0 the next

''SLionBidge ran parallel with our "-/J^'-J^'Xn
heiKht with p,omonto,ies or spurs jutung mto the valley, ana

rise, surmounted by 'f^^^:^^^^^';::^ ,.ide, where the
earthworks a plateau of »^™' ^J^"'^'^^ /„^^ broken by our ad-
rebels had been ,n eamp, untd <>"-' '"";' '^ , f„/hundred

vane. Then beyond Jhe plateau .he Mg,-1^^ ^^^

fee, high towered ^^"; ; J^^^^ ,/„„ ,„„„«„„ party from
ground «h,eh must *>» P'^J^'^ ° ^y J „,, commanded by con-
Orchard Knob to the « ' ;^ *]Xrine.s that could rain death
^I^ZZtC^^^'^^-^^ Bragg might well
-tro'ri'ueZrrand Sherman stiU pounding oa

492

TrTTr.E'.s- IIlSTOliY OF K.lXSAf^.

the right, winning some advantages continually, but stubbornly
contested .it every step. Gen. Thomas was now ordered to ad-
vance liis lines and the troops formed in front of the breastworks.
The division in which the eighth was incorporated was directly
in front of Orchard Knob, the brigade occupying the centre,
formed in two lines. There stood the troops, waiting this time,
not for the bugle call, but for the discharge of six great guns
from Orchard Knob in rapid and regular succession. When the
sixth gun boomed out, the line of assault would move forward
like one man. The signal and the order came, and the army was
in motion. The right had been strengthened to resist Sherman,
and the center was in consequence somewhat weakened, but it
was still strong, and there was terrible work to be accompli.shed
by our men. The tramp was commenced in silence, the troops
almost held their breath as they moved rapidly on, but the flame,
smoke and thunder along the Kidge told us that we were looked
for by watchful enemies. Under such a fire death was the price
of delay, and the men started at double quick, as it were, by in-
stinct. The rebel pickets fired incessantly, but the a.ssailants
never returned one shot as they pressed onward over every obsta-
cle, yet maintaining their line with wonderful precision. The
woods were passed through at a run, and the troops had gained
the open field. Then, and not until then, there was a cheer, full
of fierce exultation, from men who recognized the inspiration of
victory. The fire was more deadly here because the batteries
converged upon this ground, and the rifles in the rebel line at the
foot of the hill rained down upon our fellows without one mo-
ment's intermission. From the summit also, the bullets were
droj)ping through our ranks, and many a brave soul winged its
way from that field of blood to eternal glory, but no soldier
wavered in the advance, and before many seconds had elapsed,
our force was at the foot o.f the abrupt rise, proceeding to take
the line of earthworks which had been so well and valiantly de-
fended.

The grey lines were broken now, for the forces on the summit
in their eagerness to disable the attack, were firing upon their own
comrades in the earthworks, and human nature could not stand
against such a combination. Some rushed to the rear of the pla-

stubbornly
U-rccl to ad-
jirastworks.
was directly

tlic centre,
ig this time,
: great guns
When the
ove forward
le armv was
st Sherman,
uned, but it
ccomplished
3, the troops
it the flame,
were looked
•as the price
were, by in-
le assailants
every obsta-
lision. The
i had gained
a cheer, full
ispiration of
he batteries
il line at the
out one mo-
)ullet3 were
[ winged its
; no soldier
lad elapsed,
:ling to take
'aliantly de-

the summit
)n their own
d not stand
r of the pla-

Statk HisToiir — lsi',J-'t.

493

lean and tried to Kcale the hill. Nearly all threw down their
muskets and surrendered, trying to shelter themselves, meantime,
behind their breastworks from tlie cruel lire of their own com-
rades, but no such jjrotectiou could be allowed them, nor could
any force be spared to hold them prisoners ; they were merely
ordered to charge upon Chattanooga, and without more ado tliey
sought shelter in hasty flight, toward imprisonment beyond the
lines, from which the attacking army had advanced.

This was the limit assigned for the attack, and there w'as a brief
halt ; but it was only momentary ; no force could live on that
plateau while the ridge was held by an enemy such as that now
firing cannon and small arms upon our ranks. The regiments
moved on as if by common consent, grim as the task they had
voluntarily assumed, and silent as death itself. Five hundred
feet to scale, with musket shot and cannon balls pinging and
hurtling through the air, it seemed like climbing the sides of the
infernal pit, surrounded by its atmosphere. The line, maintained
until now, was broken at last in the general eagerness to grapjjle
with the foe. Who should be first, was now the effort, and truly
it was a race for life. Should those men be hurled back upon
the plateau, not one in five hundred would return to tell the tale,
so that there was every motive as well as heroism to urge on the
intrepid assault. From Orchard Knob that gallant onset was seen
by men deeply interested in its success, and fully able to appre-
ciate the dire and terrible necessity, which made victory sure.
Regiments were seen intermingled in the advance, and almost
struggling with each other for the lead, then gradually order rose
out of the confusion, each regimental battle flag became the apex
of a pyramid, and following its lead the troo])s marched with a
step that never wavered. Slowly and with much slaughter the
ascent was won, whole ranks falling for the gain of a few feet in
some places, but in spite of cannonade and rifle ball, the crest
was being attained, and the heroes in blue could not be daunted.
It was a sight once seen that could never be forgotten while life
endures.

Still onward and upward, like the march of the Union itself,
the attacking force carried into the minds of the men upon the
Eidge that defeat must be their portion. In vain they poured

>':AA'm'^w]\mm^iii,4mtM^iSiM^^^

494

TVTTI.ffs UlSTOUY OF KaXSAS.

tlioir (^"iidlicst fire ilown that stecj) doclivity, destroying liundrcl!--,
and woutiding tliousands, the thinned ranks filled again and
breasted the mountain resolutely as before. There was no quail-
ing, as men will sometimes fliiieh from a rifle ball instinctively,
every man looked straight ahead, anxious only to mount the
Kidge and grasp victory. ^Mainly the order in which the troops
started was maintained, although the line was broken; our eighth
was in the centre, mounting one of the half circular bend.s. Ila-
zen's men were on the right, breasting a point, and Beatty's to the
left. An Ohio regiment of Ilazen's was fierce in rivaby with two
of ours for the honor of planting the first flag on the rebel lines,
and there were but a few yards to be won ; danger was forgotten
in that struggle, and the cheering was wild and incessant. Let
who may say that there is no use in the brave hurrah, that cry
sent terror through the rebel ranks ; there was a tone of victory
that could not be misunderstood, and before that hand to. hand
fight with bayonet and ball began, the result had ceased to be a
problem. The intrencliments were carried, the momentum of
assault drove back the Confederate force, resistlessly, the flags of
our regiment fluttered along the works, and within a space of
seconds, the rebels were dashing down the hill beyond, to find
shelter if not safety in the woods.

There was a movement in pursuit, which in a few minutes
might have left the Ridge once more in the enemy's hands, for
every man had been considering the battle as lost or won on his
own standpoint ; but the enemy's cannon trained upon us at this
instant, reminded us that there was a general victory to be won,
as well as our particular triumph. One moment and the ranks
were formed, prepared to charge along the breastworks, left and
right, when the whole line gave way, breaking into sudden tumult
and confusion. Wildly and with distraction in every aspect, the
troops in grey divested themselves of every weapon and impedi-
ment, running for dear life. Officers strove to rally them for a
final effort, but in vain ; they were caught in the maelstrom them-
selves and hurried along with the flying mass. Batteries limbered
and ready for order-5, waited in peril for the return of command-
ers who were involved in the confusion which they had tried to
stem ; and at length dashed madly off, running at last into the

State Histoky— ISiU-i).

495

ig hundreds,
[ again and
ras no qiiail-
nstinctively,
I mount tlic
ill the trooj)s
1 ; our ciglith
bends. Ila-
iatty's to the
Iry '.vitli two
e rebel lines,
iras forgotten
lessant. Let
rah, that cry
le of victory
and to. hand
3ased to be a
omentum of
•, the flags of
n a space of
^ond, to find

few minutes
/■'s hands, for
r won on his
)on us at this
•y to be won,
nd the ranks
)rks, left and
dden tumult
■y aspect, the
and impedi-
[y them for a
Istrom tliem-
ries limbered
jf command-
had tried to
last into the

position where capture was inevitable. The vigor of the pursuers
increased with the pa-.ic of the pursued. Whole sciuadr.-ns sur-
n'ndercd upon the first summons. The army under Bragg was
not oniy beaten, it was den.oralizcd, an.l l>ad bceon.e a mob in-
capable of military duty. Mission Ridge was won, and the dch-
ant rebel force so lately sure of its invincible strength had no-
where an abiding place.

One hour and fifteen minutes from the time that the si.vth gun
wa" fired at Orchard Knob, our men had carried the ndge, an.l
terminated, in one bla^e of triumph, the siege of Chattanooga.
We have followed the fortunes of the Eighth so closely that it
xni.'ht seem as though no other force had been engaged on the
side of the Union ; but, in reality, as our readers mu.st be well
aware, when Gen. Grant, at Orchard T .nob, saw the men who bad
carried the first entrenchments dash np the hill in front of them
he had ordered an advance of the whole line. The forces of
Sherman, Hooker and Thomas clasped hands upon the Kulge
which every section of the army had helped to win under the <l.rcc-
tion of the master spirit. Gen. Grant. There were men m the Eighth
who had not recovered from their wounds at Chickamauga, and
others, suffering from the ravages of disease, who rose froni their
sick beds that day and fought as though they had never known
an ailment. There was never a more beautiful sight in the an-
nals of war than the attack on Mission Ridge, and its success
was the more glorious, because it stamped afresh the genius pos-
sessed by the leader to crush out the evil of rebellion, and con-
verged upon him so much popular regard that it was impossible
longer to doubt his fitness to control the whole armament of the
Union, and to secure for the nation the blessings of peace, by
vifTorous, well planned war.

There were substantial benefits immediately accruing from this
campai<^n. Forty pieces of artillery were taken and many thou-
sands ol small arms, while the prisoners actually encumbered the
armv The eighth Kansas had more prisoners by far than there
were men in the regiment, besides which, it had captured four
guns and five hundred stand of small arms. Tt is claimed that
the eighth planted the first flag on the entrenchments of the
rebels on the Ridge; but, where so many gallant regiments claim

496

Tirn.E's JlisToiir or A'.i.vx.i.s-.

tliiit lionor, itwoulil be iiiVidiuus, if not iinpoi^siblo. to pronounce.
Tliorc was no longt-r a force capable of' resisting tlie I'niou in the
country controlleil by the Army of the Cninberhuul, and Hiat
force, in able liamls, snch as had now been fonnd, could answer
foi- a large section of several states. Burnsidc, who hail been
shut nj) in Knoxvillc by the superior force under Longstreet,
eouki now be relieved by the troops under Gen. Sheridan; but,
before retiring, and in the hope that he might win a victory
"while Sheridan wa.^ on the way, Long.street made an as.sault upon
Fort Saunders on the 28th of November. Burnsido repulsed his
assailant with great slaughter, and, immediately afterwards,
Sheritlan, with whom was the brave remnant of our own glorious
Eighth, came upon the scene, driving Longstreet back to the
Army of Virginia, and setting Burnside free and reinforced to
retain in east Teiinessee a proper sense of what was due to the
Union. The success of Grant at Mission Kidge was the hinge
U[ion which turned wonderful results.

There was but a brief rest for our friends in the Eighth after
the well won series of battles at Chattanooga, as we lind them en
route to Knoxville, at 3 P. M. on Saturday, and on the 7th of
December tiiey had reached their destination, having passed, in
the interval, tlirough Ilarrisonville, Decatur, Sweet Water, Mor-
gantown and Maysville, a distance of rather more than 150 miles.
The men were shoeles.s, or nearly so ; it was winter, and the
roads were stained by their bleeding feet, while their sleep at
night was rendered unrefreshing by the want of suflicient cloth-
ing. There wiere substantial services, but no more battles to be
won by the Eighth during 1863. The sufferings of that winter
in Tennessee would have broken the hearts of a dainty soldiery,
but the regiment and the corps had seen hard service and was full
of the importance of the grand work that was being surely ac-
complished.

Veteran regiments were now called for — men who bad seen
service and would not require to be taught the rudiments of the
soldier s art. The term of service had expired, or nearly so, and.
the Eighth sternly faced the necessity for a further term. The
order calling for volunteers was read to the men on the 2d of
January, 186i, and, on the ith, four-fifths of the whole number

Sta tk lIisTouY — 1861-5.

497

) pronounce.
Union in tlio
ml, and 'hat
oultl answer
lo had been
' Loiig^treet,
eridun ; but,
in a victory
assault upon
repulsed liis

afterwards,
jwn glorious
back to the
•ein forced to

due to the
la the hinge

Eighth after
lind them en
I the 7th of
ig passed, in
^Vater, Alor-
in 150 miles,
ter, and the
heir sleep at
licient cloth-
battles to be
f that winter
nty soldiery,
and was full
Ig surely ac-

30 had seen
nents of the
jarly so, and,
term. The
on the 2d of
lole number

reenlisted. Of the remainder, some who were at the time uiiablo
to respond to the call, fell into the ranks again but shortly after-
ward.

The retreat from Dandridgc was covered by the Eighth Kan-
sas with conspicuous valor and patience, and, after a brief sojourn
in camp near Maysville, on the 2od the regiment marched to
Chattanooga to bo mustered in as veterans, and then enjoy a brief
furlough before resuming active duty in the field. The return
home from Chattanooga was a succession of fde days in Nash-
ville and in other cities where the name of the Eighth and the re-
membrances of friends made all classes proud toshi)w them every
attention. Kansas did honor to itself by showing every mark of
hospitality to the brave defenders of the Union at Atchison City,
Leavenworth and elsewhere.

The tuilough of thirty-five days pas.sed speedily amid home
friends, and, on the 5th of April, 1864, the regiment was once
more ready for duty. The transit from Fort Leavenworth to
Chattanooga was an arduous and toilsome work, carried through
in the best possible spirit by brave men, and there were opportu-
nities to review some of the battle-fields of the Army of the
Cumberland before the next great campaign was entered upon ;
but, as our brave fellows are now mustered at Chattanooga to
serve under Sherman in his campaign against Johnston, we can-
not do better than just briefly glance at the proceedings of that
officer generally, before proceeding to mention in detail the
services of the Eighth.

Slierman advanced with lOO.O'OO men from Chattanooga in
May, 1864, being chief in command in the west, under Grant,
who was now general in cbief of the armies of the union. Gen.
Joseph E. Johnston with 54,000 men, knew the prowess of Sher-
man and his troops too well to risk an engagement with such
odds against him, and he retired at once on the road toward At-
lanta, Georgia, but availed himself of every advantage on the
road to render the march of the union troops slow and perilous.
There was a stubborn fight at Resaca on the 10th of May, and it
was only by flanking the position that Sherman compelled iis
abandonment Every such engagement cost the union force a
loss largely in excess of that suffered by the rebels, and the de-
82

408

Trrri.r.'s IIistouy of l<Asy.[ft.

eign of Johnston was to («ontiimc such action until the two nrinio.s
niif-'ht be V-ron^lit iiciiriT to an ('(luiilily in numbers, or if possibl.;
until liis force .stciulil y recruited .sliould hiivo the lulvuntag' in
the iiclfl.

Aihiirsvilli' !iii<l Ciissvillo were smaller editions of the same
kind as the battle of Uesa(!a. AUatoonu Pass was mnch worse
than Ucsiica, and it cost Shernnn many days of lighting and
flankiii.L' before .lolmston's position could bo turned. Kenesaw
mountains, (lanked by Tine and Lost mountains, had been connect-
ed by strong field works, and there was desperate fighting on both
Bides before Sherman eould compel his antagonist to abandon his
position. It will give some iilea of the success of Johnston's
scheme of defense, i)repared long before hand, to mention in one as-
sault at Kenesaw on the 27th of June, it cost the union arms
8,000 men, including Generals Dan McCook and llarkcr, to inflict
a lo.ss of only 442 men on the rebels.

The position was practicably impregnable, but Sherman flanked
the enemy and .Johnston was compelled to retreat or bo cut ofl
from his communications. Johnston, whose plan had eo.st Sher-
man so dearly, was now reliex ^d of his command by the confed-
erate president, because he had not won victories with 54,000 men
against 100,000 of the best lighting men in he union armies,
aUhongh a man possessed of military prescience must have seen
that he was achieving marvels in defense. I lis army at the out-
set was only 54,000, and when he was relieved by Gen. Hood at
Atlanta, it was still 51,00i) strong, so nearly had his recruiting
come to restoring his cfTective force.

Sherman captured .Atlanta on the 1st of September, 1864, after
protracted and destructive lighting, which cost the confederates
more lives than all the operations under Johnston from Chatta-
nooga to Atlanta. The union force under Sherman remained in
Geo'rgia until Hood marched into Tennessee, when Gen. Thomas,
our old friend of Chickamauga, being left to give an account of
Hood and his army, Sherman was able to carry out Gen. Grant's
long cherished scheme of "The March to the Sea," with which
our°p:ighth had not the honor to be identified, having been detailed
for duty in Tennessee at that time. With this brief sketch we re-
turn to the Eighth leaving Chattanooga.

<S'7M /■/; Ills 1 1)11 y — l!^!')!-.').

400

0 two nrtuKM
)!• if piissililo
.tlvanta^'i. in

:)f tlio same
iniicli v.'orso
ightiii'^ iiiiil

1. KlMlOSlWV

)ecn connect-
itiiij^ on both
alcindon his
f .lohnston's
;ion in one us-
union arms
•kor, to inlliot

rman flanked
or be cut oft
(I cost Sher-
ly tlic confcd-
h ij-t.OOO men
inion armies,
ust have seen
y at the out-
}on. Hood at
his recruiting

er, 1864, after
3 confederates
from Chatta-

1 remained in
Gen. Thomas,
an account of

Gen. Grant's
" with which
f been detailed
[ sketch we re-

Tho eij:litli starti'd frum ('hattan<i(»ga on the !)th of June, to
rcji>in the brigade, bill \\;\:* dt'Iayrd to c.-icort a |Kiiitooii Iraiii, so
that it camped at Ringgold, (ia., on the loth, then ihroiigli Ual-
ton, KoHaca, Adair.svilic, Kingston and (yartersville, reaehing
Etowah Hridge on the 17lh of .Iiiiie. Aliatoona mountain waa
the next camping ground following over the scries of battle gmund.s
which had been mad(! memorable by their comrades ami com-
patiions in arms. The bridge over the Ktowah was snp[)osed to
be in danger from tho rebels, and in con.scipience the eigiilh was
relieved from escort duty by Gen. Sherman's orders on the 20th.
Breastworks were constructed at ilie threatened point, and tho
rotmtrj well .scouted, but the rebel cavalry did ni)ta])iicar, and on
the 2(ith the regiment proceeded to rejoin its brigade in front of
the Kenesaw mountain. Picket duty and resisting night attacks
kept tho eighth from falling into halnts of idleness. Tho eighth
was the first regiment to enter the works at Kenesaw when tho
rebels abandoned that position bccau.se of the Hanking move-
ments of Sherman. Two hundred persons were taken.

Beyond Marietta it was found that Johnston was in force be-
hind a strong line of earthworks at Smyrna oamp ground, where
the eighth was brought into active .service. On the 4th of July
the army started in pursuit of the rebels, who onco more found
their works untenable, driving the enemy to beyond the Chatta-
lioochie river near Vining's station, where earthworks were c(>u-
Btructed on both sides, the regiment being under fire and engaged
for nearly thirty hours. The action at Pcich Tree Creek was a
very spirited and successful affair in which the eighth showed to
great advantage, and at every movement, the enejny now under
Ilood, who had relieved Johnston, suflered considerable lo.ss. In
front of Atlanta the eighth constructed a line of earthworks
in fifteen minutes, only 500 yards from the works of the enemy,
and but 100 yards from his picket pits, which afforded good shel-
ter from musketry. Such facility said much for their courage as
well as their defensive skill, as the works were carried on under
a terrible artillery fire of shell, shot, grape and canister.

The earthworks thus formed were occupied for thirty-three
days, and during the whole time there was no cessation of firing,
and every kind of missile was to be looked for at all hours.

mi«ii^>!imsm3sm8itism^&si^-

p aba m i^ttfviw

gno TfTru:'s IfisTour or A'l.vs.i'.

Tlierc Wfts one fine movement by the eiKhtli, cli.'*l()<lgin« and driv-
ing tl.o enemy from tlioir picket pits, on tlio 2Stli of .luly, winch
won and <le.serve.l liigli pmise, tlio resull being mncli greater
safety for the Union line. There was another brilliant alTair of
rille pits on the y.l of Angusl, in which tho eighth figurea to ad-
vantage, na tho cnemy'd picketa were nil ariven in or captured.
There was no further relief from monotony until the 25th of
Au-'ust, when or.lers were issued to flunk Atlanta, and the troops
inov"ed forwanl with alacrity. Tlie result of Sherman's general-
ship was that Hood was forced to nban.lon Atlanta after burning
and otherwise destroying all tho stores and works that permitted

demolition.

The eighth bore its share in all the movements that necessi-
tated lb>od\s retreat, and from the 28ih of June to the 5th of
September, a period of sixty-seven days exclusive, was under fire
no less than sixty-three days and forty-four night.s. The army
was now allowed a brief term for recuperation, and it came none
too soon, for the duties of the campaign in a climate so warm had
been very oppressive. There was rest until the 2d of October,
when there were stirring orders once ratjrc, and the eighth was
among the earliest in motion. By noon on that day the regiment,
passin.' through Atlanta, had reached the Chuttahoochie, and
thenee° continued through Smyrna camp ground to Kenesaw
The fact pioved that Hood, reinforced by Hardee, had passed
Sherman's right, and was threatening the capture of Allatoona.
The post was i>cld by Gen. Cor.se with less than 2,000 men, but
BO well was tne general prepared for the defense, that repeated
assaults were slaughterously repulsed until the enemy was beaten

^ The corps with which the eighth was incorporated was in the
advance, but the assault by French's division of the rebel army
upon Allatoona could not be averted, and when the union force
came up, French was already in full retreat. _

The enemy made a feint of attacking Resaca, which could
have held out against all their force, and contented themselves
with destroving railroads and works, making also some small
captures at'Dalton and Tilton. There was a prospect of hard
fighting at Rocky Face ridge, which range the enemy held m

1^ niul (Iriv-
July, wliitih
iich groater
[lilt alTuir of
i^nreil to ail-
ur cmtturctl.
tlio 25111 of
id tlio troops
m's general-
fter burning
at permitted

tliat npcessi-
) the 5th of
as under firo
The army
it came none
so warm had
I of October,
a eighth waa
the regiment,
hoochio, and
to Kenesaw.
I, had passed
>f Allatoona.
000 men, but
that repeated
ly was beaten

ed was in the
le rebel army ,
le union force

which could
3d themselves
0 some small
spect of hard
nemy held in

Statk IfisT(my—l>>OI-'>.

BOi

ptrong force, and tlu.-re were but few gaps at wide intervals capa-
ble of oh.slinate (U'fi-nse. Sherman carried the works by u bold
movement, such as Ilood ha<l never dreamcil of. 'i'ho gaps were
to be defended to the last extremity that was clear, and a great
loss must be incurred in forcing them. Sherman suddenly massed
two corps, the 1-ith and that whicli included the eighth Kansas,
and ordcnul them to carry the precipitous hill-.side, moving with-
out a single piece of artillery, becau.so of the nature of the ground.
The enemy, taken completely by surprise, abandoned the gap.s
and fell back, having learned a new fact in the art of war. Tliis
Huccesd was achieved without the loss of one man on the Union
side, and the victory was in every sense comjilete.

The eighth was in Chattanooga on the 80th of October, and
moved thence to Pulaski, where defensive works were soon after-
wards erected. Hooil had been deflected from Georgia, so that
Sherman could carry out his famous march. Thoma.s, reinforced,
would hold Tennessee, and the eighth was in an excellent country
to see service. Hood having crossed the Tennessee near Florence
with an army of 55,000 men, the army of 30,000 at Pulaski was
unable to cope with his force, and the troops were withdrawn to
Na.shville. The armies were very near each other, both moving
towards the same point at Columbia, but an attack, although
threatened, was not put into execution, and the disparity was too
great to warrant offensive operations on our side. There was
some skirmishing, and strong ea.'thworks were thrown up ; but
the union troops were so well handled that Hood was unable to
destroy their communications. All the arrangements of llood
were perfect to compel the smaller force to fight him, where it
must surrenderor be destroyed in detail ; and just when he be-
lieved that nothing remained but to enjoy his victory, he found
that the army was on its way to Nashville, and too far advanced
to give him any chance in pursuit.

The action at Franklin, in a bend of the Ilarpeth, was a fine
display of defensive war. Gen. Schofield had then only 20,000
to oppose 55,000, but his position had been taken with good
judgment. The union troops only arrived about noon on the
80th of November, and the assault was made in the afternoon.
The repulse was bloody and disastrous, as five generals fell and

r,me:^ss>imia»wmmtmii&^'»*i»ssi^'^sait»^aimi^:

602

Trrruc's Histo/iv of iv'.i.v.s'.i.'?.

nearly 5,000 rebel troops. The generals were Cliburne, Gist,
Adams, Trahl and (Jranbury. The losses on the side of the
■union were great, but not one-half so great as those of the confed-
erates. Several times the assault was repeated, and every time
■with like results until the rebels concluded to allow the union
troops to proceed on their way to Nasliville without further mo-
lestation. The punishment of the 30th was so distressing that
the march of the 1st of December, 1864, was hardly assailed, and
the comnin.nd of Gen. Schofield arrived in Nashville on the after-
noon of that day.

The eighth was completely at home in the city now to be de-
fended, and they constructed a line of breastworks with great
hope that they would be called upon to hold them against
the enemy. Hood followed speedily and was in position, pros-
pecting for weak places, on the 4th, but his impetuosity had
been greatly cooled off at PVanklin. It was in fact an impudent
and imprudent act, on the part of Hood, to sit down before Nash-
ville, with Gen. Thomas defending the town, now that the con-
centrated Union forces were nearly equal to his own ; but he was
encouraged by the quietness of Thomas to believe that he was
about to achieve the defeat of an officer whom Bragg's army had
been unable to subdue under circumstances much more favorable
to the attacking force. Hood called up every possible reinforce-
ment, and still Thomas remained quiet until the loth of Decem-
ber. Gen. Grant appeared to have been just as unable to under-
stand the strategy of T'homas as Hood himself, but in due course
the whole scheme was developed with complete success.

Thomas aimed at securing the fruits of a campaign from one
battle, and the weather was sufficiently severe to make it an ob-
ject that his troops should be protected as much as possible. On
the evening of the 14th word was passed along the lines that an
advance on the enemy's lines would be made soon after daylight
the next morning. All ready before dawn ; but the attack did
not commence until 10 o'clock, when the brigade that included
the eighth charged the works on Montgomery Hill. The distance
irom our works was just three hundred yards, and it was Hood's
Strongest position. The position was carried in less than ten
minutes, the assault being made in splended style. Forty pris-

iburiie, Gist,

I side of tlie
if the confed-

II every time
)\v the union
, further ino-
itrcssiiig that
assailed, and
on the after-

low to be de-
s witli great
them against
oriition, pros-
etuosity had
an impudent
before Nash-
that the con-
; but he was
that he was
g's army had
ore favorable
ble reinforce-
th of Decem-
ble to under-
n due course
ess.

ign from one
ake it an ob-
Dossible. On
lines that an
iter daylight
le attack did
hat included
The distance
; was Hood's
ess than ten
Forty pris-

.S'7M77; iriSTOIlY—lSOl-rK

SOS

oners were taken, and the brigade comnuuuler named the eighth
as the first regiment to enter tiie works of the rebels.

Tlie second movement was not made until nearly 1 o'clock,
when the eighth had a second time in one day the honor of being
first within the lines of the enemy. This time the attack was
made along the whole line, carrying the works of the heretofore
besieging force, and taking a large number of prisoners as well as
a battery of brass guns. The rebels were driven in great confu-
sion for about one mile when the api)roach of night rendered it
necessary to return to the captured works where the union army
bivouacked.

The morning of the 16th was cold, wet and disagreeable, but the
advance was resumed at daylight. Hood still had faith that there
was a victory before him, and he had taken up a strong position
on a range of hills four miles south of Nashville. The move-
ments of Thomas showed the acme of generalship. The eighth
was in the hottest of the fight but space will not allow of full jus-
tice being done to the attack ; suffice it say that Hood's army was
demolished and driven towards Alabama. Hood crossed the
Tennessee at Bainbridge with the debris of his command.
Thomas captured in all in this brief campaign, 72 guns and about
12,000 prisoners, besides administering the amnesty oath to 2,207
deserters from the confederate ranks. East Tennessee was com-
pletely cleared of rebel forces and the wisdom of the line pursued
by Thomas become apparent to all concerned except Hood.

After this brilliant exploit the army encamped and remained at
Huntsville during January. Early in February there was a sud-
den movement back to Nashville, and that time no serious or
dangerous duty arose until the war was ended by the surrender
of Lee ; the rejoicings over which event were soon changed into
deepest grief by the dreadful message, " Abraham Lincoln is as-

sasinated."

Contrary to expectation, the troops were ordered to Texas on
the 13th of June, instead of being mustered out as soon as tho
war was over, but true discipline secured compliance with orders
and the eighth was not mustered out until the 9th of January,
1866, and the record of the regiment will bear comparisou with
that of any in the world.

iia3iBSa^s»^^S^e^««*aaiHiai[»WeW'^SiS«iM««l*»«WMW

\ :'4^^

504

TrTTufs History of Kashas.

ill'

The ninth Kansas volunteer cavalry was formed by the con-
fiolidation of independent battalions on the 27th of March, 1862.
The earlier record of the regiment deals with comparatively local
events, such as guerrilla scouts and the Locust Grove fight in the
Cherokee nation. The ninth took part in the engagement at New-
tonia toward the end of September, 18«2, and did all that men,
armed as they were, could effect against superior numbers. Tiie
fights at Cane TTill and Prairie Grove were participated in by two
companies of the ninth. The raid on Van Buren was very mater-
ially aided by this regiment, and escort duty fell heavily on this
arm of the service at all times, but the ninth never failed to do its
duty thoroughly at all hazards.

Affairs with bushwhackers were of frequent occurrence, and one
portion of a company of the ninth, under Capt. Flesher, fell into
an ambuscade of this class of desperados near Westport on the
17th of June, 1863. There was little blame to be attached to
Capt. Flesher, and he and his men fought well after the first sur-
prise was recovered, but the event was much handled by enemies
of the regiment. The assf'bnts were very severely punished
afterwards by scouting parti, '-^rr^ the ninth.

The Quantrell raid on tl . v )f Lawrence was made in Au-
gust, 186&, and two compan^.o j the ninth were the first troops
upon his trail. Quantrell's rear guard was overtaken at Brook-
lyn, and from that moment a series of harassing attacks continued
on the enemy. Other companies of the ninth, and one squadron
of the eleventh Kansas fought the guerrilla and killed many of his
command, recovering much of the property stolen at Lawrence.
The cry of the' raiders was "no prisoners," and they were made
to fully comprehend the meaning of their motto before the debris
oi the scoundrels found a retreat in the fo. dsts where they were
safe from recognition or pursuit.

The services of the ninth were called into requisition to oppose
the forces of the rebel Gen. Shelby some few weeks after the
Quantrell raid, and Gen. Ewing with his command rendered effi-
cient service, pressing the pursuit until the enemy crossed the
Boston Mountains. It is a matter for regret that men in every
■way so well qualified for higher service should have been forced
to do duty against bushwhackers and guerrillas as the Ninth did,

<>-, -•,'*

by the con-
aivh, 1862.
lively local
finrlit in the
jntnt New-
1 that men,
bers. The
1 in by two
v'ery mater-
vily on this
ed to do its

ice, and one
er, fell into
port on the
attached to
he first sur-
by enemies
r punished

lade in Au-
first troops

at Brook-
s continued
le squadron
many of his

Lawrence,
were made
e the debris
! they were

m to oppose
:s after the
mdcred effi-
crossed the
len in every
been forced
$ Ninth did,

Sr.iTf: IfrsTonr — ISC)!-!}.

605

but beyond all ([ucstion they were efTicient, although it was their
misfortune to hunt vermin instead of being engaged in more
worthy pursuits. So much was this felt by the regiment, that
applications for assignment to other duty were repeatedly made,
and at length complied with. The regiment mustered 1,200
strong when mustered to join Gen. Steele's expedition to Shrove-
])ort; but the failure of Gen. Banks, and the subserpient disasters
of that campaign, deprived the Ninth once more of its covot(>d
opportunity for distinction on other and larger fields. The pow-
ers of endurance of the regiment were largely tried, but the more
brilliant feats of arms that win renown were not demanded by the
course of events.

While serving under Gen. Steele at Little Rock, the ninth
rendered important services against the rebel leaders ^[armadake,
Shelby and Fagan at different times, the affair at Brownsville be-
ing one of the most brilliant, and in that conflict much execution
was wrought upon the rebels under Shelby. The loss on our
side was also large, but the punishment inflicted on Shelby's
force saved the country around Little Kock from further raids foi
a long time. The duties customarily devolving upon the ninth
were arduous, dangerous, and yet not such as could win glory or
even distinction, therefore it is high praise to say in their behalf
that they behaved with fidelity and courage, and deserved well of
the nation as well as of the state.

The tenth Kansas was formed by joining the third and fourth
with some of the fifth, under orders from the war department.
The regiment was 800 strong, and the men were well fitted for
active service. Many minor services might be named would
space permit, but the expedition of part of the Tenth against the
rebel Clarkson and his command on the 8d of July, 1862, must
be recorded. Col. Weer devised the plan of attack, and the re-
sult was the capture of Clarkson and 155 of his force, besides
about 70 killed and wounded, and a very large quantity of camp

equipage.

The tenth operated repeatedly against the guerrilla chiefs, Cols.
Coffey and Cockrell, and sometimes with considerable distinction ;
but that branch of the service is not looked upon with favor by
troops of spirit, and therefore the tenth desired other employ-

»B»IIWiai»l*tl«8«»ll«M''l>!i.lW>WlilM*''

S|liiWSW*«(*WBa»'SB5»a)»i~K?*«i**--<-'

50G

TcTTLK's IflSTOIlY OF KaXSAS.

meiit. The iilTair near Xcwtoiiia in Soptcinbor, lS<i2. when the
rebel geneiuls iJains, C-)iTcy iind Cooper, strongly reinforced,
stood !it bay, would have given the desired opjiortunity, but for
the inconipcteney of Cicn. Solomon tein[)orarily in eharge of Cien.
Blount's division. The troops, more especially the tenth, wanted
to advance, but Solomon would not allow his Command to ap-
proach the rebel lines, his limit being one mile and a half from
their position. The return of Gon. ]^)lourit alone saved the com-
mand from mutiny or demoralization.

The troops now inove<l back to Ncwtonia, where the enemy was
routed and driven towards Arkansas, and the Tenth assisted in
the pursuit of the flying rebels. The action at Bentonville, Ar-
kansas, was but to a small extent participateil in by the tenih on
the 20th of October, but the regiment marched all night to reach
the field in time for the light. After the battle of Old Fort
Wayne just named, the regiment was largely occupied in scout-
ing. The engagements at Cane Hill and Prairie Grove gave a
reasonable opening for the courage of the regiment, and it fulfilled
the expectation of its friends, us it led in the defeat and pursuit of
the rebels from Cane Hill, until the force disappeared over Bos-
ton Mountains, and Gen. Marmaduke's force was completely

routed.

The advance of Gen. Ilindman broke the repose of the tenth
in camp at Cane Hill, and it was evident that an army and not a
scout had to be met The general engagement was not brought
on until the 7th of December, when liindman succeded in flank-
ing the force engaged, and made a retrogade movement inevita-
ble; but the 'tenth succeeded in reaching Gen. Ilerron's com-
mand, by Rheas' Mills, before the design of the rebel comman-
der could be realized. The conduct of the tenth elicited much
commendation. The loss of the regiment in that engagement
amounted to 23 per cent., and the outcome of the battle, consid-
ering that our force only numbered 12,000, fighting an army of
28,000, with thirty pieces of artillery, was very creditable to the
arms of the union. Ilindman retreated precipitately during the
night after the action at Prairie Grove, leaving his dead and
wounded.

The tenth moved out of camp again on the 27lh of December,

Sr.iTK JfrsTom' — J'>01-'>.

507

)2. wlicn the
' reinforced,
iiity, but for
argc of Cjen.
jutli. wanted
nand to ap-
a half from
zed the com-

e enemy was
I assisted in
tonville, Ar-
il le tcnili on
iglit to reach
of Old Fort
cd in scout-
rove gave a
id it fulfilled
id pursuit of
cl over Bos-
! completely

of the tenth
ly and not a
not brought
ded in flank-
nent inevita-
erron's com-
pel comman-
licited much
engagement
attle, consid-
■r an army of
itable to the
f during the
is dead and

)f December,

18fi2, to strike niudinan at Van Buren and put an end to his
nruiy. Tho service was very severe, but the regiment did all that
was"expectcd in the way of disabling the rebels, and gave peace
for some time to the region in which the action occurred. Mar-
maduke next invited the attention of the tenth, with a force of
0,000 cavalry, advancing to Springfield, Mo. The regiment
made a forced march to Springfield, in conjunction with a brig-
ade of cavalry, in very severe weather, making thirty-five miles
a day, and by their advance forced Marmaduke to retreat, Tlio
brigade followed Marmaduke, and routed him at Sand Springs,
thirty miles beyond Springfield, and the rebel in his hurried re-
treat fell into the hands of Gen. Warren, who completed his^lis-
oomfiture. The campaign of 18G2 finished in a manner very
honorable for the tenth The regiment was mustered out of ser-
vice in August, 186-i, but immediately reorganized as veterans.
The tenth served against Hood in Tennessee at Columbia, Frank-
lin, Nashville, and in pursuit of the routed foe, winning distinc-
tion, always being assigned to the skirmish line on every import-
ant occasion, and their losses abundantly testify to their courage

and endurance.

The regiment was dispatched to Fort Gaines, Ala., on the 7th
of March" 1865, and operated in that line of country until a
junction was effected with Gen. Steele, and the works of the
enemy at Fort Blakcly captured. The tenth was named in the
reports oflicmlly made, in a man.ier exceedingly gratifying to the
state. The final mustering out occurred on the 20th of Septem-
ber, 1865, at Fort Leavenworth. The troops thus honorably dis-
charged, as well as their ofiicers, deserve the highest encomiums
that°can be bestowed on faithful soldiers and brave men who
rendered important services to the union in the greatest rebelliou
the world has ever seen.

The eleventh Kansas was recruited and organized by the chief
justice, Thomas Ewing, Jr., under authority issued by Gen. Lane,
on the 6th of August, 1862. The authority of the governor was
entirely ignored on that occasion. The state had sent ten regi-
ments into the field, and despondency was everywhere, because of
the reverses suffered by the troops under McClellan before Rich-
mond; yet Kansas responded as before, with its full quota, by

.>ja»««WSail»!*W«Bte«»««»«««B«BWK>«l^^ ; «»»OB«3B«fWE i-.: 5,q«s««^v.«*--««««=Sfe^

608

Tvtti.e's Histoky or Kaxsas.

voluntary onlistinciits in tlic briefest time ever oecupicd in such
an undertaking even in tliis state. The rcgimeat started on its
first campaign on the 4tli of October, before either pay or boun^^^y
had been received, and when there were no arms for them except
muskets dating from the year 1818. The march then executed
to Pea Kidge, Ark., by way of J^ort Scott, would have been an
honor even to veteran troops.

Under Gen. Blount the eleventh Kansas was at once engaged in
night marches and surprises, and had the honor to assist in rout-
ing (Jen. Cooper and his rebel force near old I<\irt Wayne, on the
20th of October, 18()2, having double quicked over six miles to
be in time. Cane Hill was tlie next scene of activity, where
Marmaduke was routed, and the eleventh was engaged in every
action, from the first assault to that which drove the enemy over
Boston Mountain."}. Prairie Grove and the defeat of Ilindman
speedily followed, the regiment being rewarded with high encomi-
ums for its services, and the rebel general having to resort to a
disgraceful ruse to save bis armv and himself. The march to
Van Buren commencing on the 27th of December, and the ser-
vices rendered there against Ilindman need only be briefly indi-
cated. The victory was complete, but the service told heavily
on the men who were engaged during that inclement season.
The regiment lost one-third of its number within nine months
from its iirst organization. Soon afterwards the service was
changed to cavalry, and new companies were recruited, the alter-
ation having been made as a reward for the conduct of the regi-
ment, and at the request of the men.

Border duties and encounters with bushwhackers now fell to
the lot of the eleventh, until Quantrell fled into Texas. The
campaigns against Shelby commencing in September, that in
the Cherokee Nation against Stand Waitie, and agains*, Price at a
later date, were all participated in by the eleventh, besides a
host of minor duties. Little Blue was nominally a defeat for our
arms, but, actually, it led to the detention of the rebels until
Pleasanton could strike their rear and lead up to the decisive
victory at Big Blue. Cold Water Grove, Mound City and Fort
Lincoln, are worthy of remembrance in connection with services
of the eleventh against hateful marauders.

•^•S:'*-\ATJlt^ .Vi-f

.-art?H?J; ^»'/ty ^atf'Sgy-^^iaiga-^if.ig'W^y'^^ fJWBg' "OeflWfW^sraR^

lied in such
rtoil on its
or boun*^^y
liem except
■n executed
ro been an

engaged in
iist in rout-
yne, on the
ix miles to
nty, where
id in every
;neniy over
; Ilindman
gh cncomi-
resort to a
! march to
nd the ser-
riefly indi-
•Id heavily
ent season,
ne months
3rvice was
1, the alter-
Df the regi-

now fell to
ixas. The
er, that in
^, Price at a
, besides a
feat for our
ebels until
he decisive
y and Fort
th services

-S' TA TK J I IS rim Y — lsOl-5.

609

The eleventh won much experience of Indian warefare by
their operations against the Sioux between Laramie and Platte
Bridge, as well as later in tlie campaign of ISO.'), which linally
taught the Indians to behave with greater circumspection. The
service was harassing in the extreme, but it is creditable to the
eleventh to say, tliat it held its own against much larger num-
bers continually, and was never driven from the field. The
maintenance of the mail route across the Plains from Califor-
nia, was for a long time entirely dependent upon the services of
this re ■ lent, but the line was never bn)ken, although it became
necessaiy at times for the men to horse the mails as well as sup-
ply drivers and escort, so persistent were the savages in their
attacks. Some of the Indian raids were bloody and terrible,
and it required no small amount of courage to subdue the infuri-
ated savages, but in every instance, in spite of temporary reverses
and checks, the eleventh compelled the Sioux to fly at last. The
slaughter of Serg. Custard's party in the latter part of July,
1865^ when twenty men held 2,000 Indians in check for six
hours, will give our readers some idea of the work accomplished
by the eleventh on the Plains.

The regiment was recruited among the citizens of Kansas,
their discipline was exemplary, their intelligence and m<iral tone
of the liighest order, and their successes were commensurate.
Many privates were promoted from the ranks of the eleventh to
officer other regiments, and it would be difficult to imagine a fact
more honorable to a body of men.

The twelfth Kansas was organized in August and Sejitember,
1862, the authority for recruiting being addressed to Senator
Lane, and under certain restrictions the duty of officering troops
also, devolved upon the senator. That fact and others of the
same type, carry their own comment. The regiment servej. at
Fort Smith, and on the Camden expedition, winning lanrcls in
the battle of Prairie de Anne. The affair in Terre Nor Swamp
was very trying to the troops, and the reverse at Poison Springs
was in no way discreditable to the men engaged. The crossing
at Saline River was brilliantly effected, and the march to Little
Rock was a marvel of endurance. Throughout its period of
service to the end of the war, when the twelfth was mustered

_iSWW*WS4W«S**i'»**iW*«l*«^--<-''*''«-«**''*'******'*'*^^^

610

Tittle's Uistouy of Kassas.

out oil tlio r.Otli of Juno, ISl').'), thovc wan not one of its records
that faiK'<l to rcllcct (Mvdit upon tlie n'L'iiiictit,

'I'lio tliirtoiMitli Kansas was rccMMiitiMl under the saino ••iuh-
pices as tlio 'I'welfili, and at ahout tlio same date. Tlie first
en<jrag(Mnent was with Martnadul^e, at Cane Hill, on the 28th of
November, and the enemy was routed, as also subt'-equentlv,
after an obstinate fight on Boston Mountains. Tiio regiment,
next took part in the victory at Prairie Grove. The march to
Van lUiren, Arkansas, cost the regiment more men than the
subsequent engagement with the enemy and capture of the town,
brilliant and clTectivo as that o]ieration undoubtedly was. The
weather was terrible. Guerrilla suppression was an unpleasant
duty, which the regiment, a<lded to its other exploits performed
without a murmur, until ordered to Little llock on provost guard
and garrison duty, where it continued meritorious at all times
until the end of the war.

The fourteenth Kansas cavalry was recruited by Gen. Blount
in the spring of 1S63, and it entered on picket duty almost
immediately. The regiment fought with distinction at Prairie
dc Anne and at ^foseow, winning ground from the enemy on
both occasions. Pois<in Springs, Jenkins Ferry and the march
to Little Hock, tried the courage and endurance of the men with-
out abating their reputation ; and after returning to Fort Smith
picket duties were exceptionally heavy on the fourteenth. Mine
Creek and Wcstport, and the surrender of (icn. Marmaduke, are
incidents honorable to the regiment. Engagements with guer-
rilla bands were continually recurring, and the fourteenth having
been raised when the confederates were in highest hope of even-
tual success, the services demanded from the men were incessant.
They served to the end of the war.

The fifteenth Kansas cavalry was raised about the time of the
Quantrcll raid, when 143 unarmed citizens of Lawrence were
murdered in cold blood, and the business quarter of the city
burned to the ground. The regiment was filled in less than a
month, and an extra company toward the sixteenth ahso. Cir-
cumstances confined the regiment mainly to expeditions against
bushwhackers and marauders but the duty was thoroughly accom-
plished, although there are no brilliant services to be recorded.

- i9^j» Jn>4''i3^?'^Tr^'gim»it^!wri'9vrtm»!ifi'*ipii9iir9fea^^^

its records

stimo nuH-
The first
tlie 28tli f)f
bso(|iU'ntIy,
10 n'girucnr,
e iiiixrcli to
n than the
)f tlie town,
■ was. The

unpleasant
s perfoi'med
ovost gnarcl
at all times

len. Blount
luty almost
I at Prairie
3 enemy on

the march
e men with-

Fort Smith
;nth. Mine
naduke, are

with gner-
3nth having
ipe of even-
re incessant,

time of the
/rence were
of the city
less than a
also. Cir-
iona against
ghly accorn-
recorded.

Sr.i TK Ifisroi! r — isni-rr.

Bll

The si.xtoenth KauHas can>o into the sorviro too lato to share so
liberally as the regiments already named in th.> gl.-ru.us record
of war, but it served on the Plains a.-ui.ist Mn- Indians and
rendered essential services in other particulars, useful, if not .lis-

titiguished.

The seventeenth Kansas was called up in IS(U to s.-rve for one
hundred davs, commencing July 4th in ihat year. 'I'l,e regnnent
was incessantly engaged from the day of its organisation to the
end of its term, in such movements as preserved Kansas from as-
sault, and it participated with honor in tlie alTair at Mine Hun.

The first Kansas col-.red regiment was recruited iii August and
September, 1802, under authority furnished to (len. Lane. There
>vas a conflict between the civil and military authorities as to this
,,,-aui/ation, but the regiment was raised. An engagement with
twice the number of Cockrell's band, on the Sjjth of October,
proved the courage and capacity of the troops at the camp near
Butler, as the enemy was very severely beaten and i)ursucd.
Colored troops on this occa.sion, for the iirst time in the war ^>r
the Union, proved their efficieiiey. On the ISth of May IS();., a
fora<nn.' party was surprised and attacked by the rebel Major
'Livim4)n, with 300 troops, the small force .)f 45 men being
neccs^lirily defeated. The colored prisoners and slain were treated
with unheard of barbarity, but Col. Williams commenced a sys-
tem of retaliation which at once arreste.l such practices, iiere
were many instances of courage and enterprise that deserve hon-
orable mention, at Cabin Creek, Honey Springs, and on the Cam-
den expedition, but space will only permit the statement tnat the
men behaved admirably under fire and won high honors every-
where. T • . n

The second Kansas colored regiment was mustered into the ser-
vice on the Uth of August, 1863, at Fort Scott, and was first se-
riously engasred in the Camden expedition, under Gen. Steele,
havinc^ pa°ticipated with honor to itself and much loss in that
campai<m. The record of the second colored regiment was hon-
orable Tn every particular, and in some instances high distinction

was gloriously won.

The first Kansas battery served with distinction on many glo-
rious fields, but the adjutant general was not supplied with a

^^WBK«**«a*KiPMM«Kae'aBs^H»wraw^^

m*!*^>*»^i'«fBKr*ini%mfm^m*^W'

i»JWtti»at»*»rt*it' ■-

512

TiTTi.i:'s Uisioiir or Kassas.

• »

•A

formal rccnrtl of its proceed ing«, Ik'hco wo can only, in a general
way, nu'iitioti its scrvic-i-s,

'i'lio st'(!(>n(l Kansas battery was raised by Mnjor HIair in Au-
gnst ami Si'iitcnibor, iMii'J, and its roconl during the war showed
Bcrviees at Newtonia, I'ea J^idge, (.'ane Hill, Uliea's Mills, Sher-
wood,(Jabin Creek, (irand JViver, Honey S|iiings, I'erryviile, Kort
Smith, Westport, and everywhere, and always with honor to the
battery and the state by whiidi it was manneil.
, The ihinl Kansas battery was formed in the latter part of ISCJl
for the New Mexican expedition but nuuiy changes occurred be-
fore it assumed the name and organization now recorded as the
nundicr borne by the buttery implies. The origin of tiiis organ-
ization will bcct)rne clear to our readers when we state that tlie
guns of this command were captured from the enemy and first
known as "Iloplvins' Kansas Battery." The command distin-
guished itself at Old Vort Wayne, Cane Hill. Boston Mountains,
J'rairie (.Irove, \'an Buren, Weber's Kails, Fort Gibson, Honey
Springs and Little llock, being mustered out of service and hon-
orably discharged on the IDth of January, iSOo, after a long term
of active labor.

Having thus clo.«ed the military history of this truly eventful
])eriod it remains oidy to be said that Kan.sis was as true to the
Union at home as .she proved herself in the leld, although Gov.
Kobinson and his friends were for a time defeated in the civil
government by the /.cal which carried so many soldiers to the
front. Carney was on some occasions more than suspected by the
general government of want of zeal for the service in the war ;
no such idea could for one moment have attached itself to Gov.
Robin.son. The .state had suffered immensely from the war with-
in its own bonkr-i, and by tne drouth before the rebellion arose
to tax the energies of the people, but the zeal of the free state
men never failed to respond in every emergency, although popu-
lation increased but slowly until the war came to an end in 18(35.

The attack by Quantrell's gang on Lawrence, in 1863, was one
of the most horrible scenes enacted during the war, as it was con-
ducted by cowardly ruffians again.st a defenseless town, whose cit-
izens were murdered in cold blood with every mark of extreme
brutality ; but already the city was resuming its accustomed pros-

'■MinUIIOHil i-ii 'liH,"

J'.^MH...i'ViP'''ll"t'JI''T".

ElX'CAl I'tSAL l*U()(illKSS.

513

n a general

llair ill An-
v;ir showed
yiills, Shor-
yvilli'. Kurt
oiior to lliO

art of 18(51
(H'urred be-
(li(l as tlio
tliis organ-
tu that tlie
ly anil first
1111(1 (listin-
MountainH,
son, Ilonoy
ie and hon-
I long term

ly eventful
true to the
lough Gov.
in the civil
liers to tlio
cted by the
in the war;
elf to Gov.
3 war with-
jllion arose
3 free state
augli popu-
id in 1865.
33, was one
it was con-
, whose cit-
of extreme
onied pros-

perity with more than its former extent, and wc «haU sec in our
future chapter.-* that the .ntato generally wa.«J commeneing a earecr,
prcKsperous and glorious for tlio people within, as well as for tho
nation beyond and around its bonlers.

CHAPTEU XXIII.
EDUCATIONAL I'UUUUKsa.

SetlUnLr Down -Peace PrrvailinK- Intern..! Improvomonls- U.iiln.uaM-
Hrnatur Luno - SurcsMv (Jov.r.u.r^ - School Sys....n - Kansas (our-
u,r,._. Diillcultics Fac.cl- S..umt Policy- Hcl.ool Properties - Ln.low.
„r„,.,s _ F,s.in,at..s - Hemissness - Uapi.l OrowtU - Sui..rinten.lfnt. -
'IVrriloriul Schools- Color Line- Dislinclio,,. Aholi.I.ea - Zcah.us
Labor - Low Compensation - Heavy Uesi.onsil.iliti-'s - Inspection -
Trustees -Knieienl Teaching -City Schools- E.lucalK.nal Finuls-
H..porl8 - Summaries - Stale System - Direction - Supervision -
Hrhool Districts -Ora.lcl Schools -T..ichers' Institutes- Lil.ranes-
E.li.cational .Journal -State lluHr.! - Compulsory K.lu.alion - General
Uasis-Statc ri.iversily-A-ricultural College - Normal Schools-
Curriculum of University -Super). IJuiUling - Lawrence Gci.eroMty-
Con-ressioual Emlowmcn. - State Agriculture- Practical Ira.nmjr-
Dist met Courses - Annual Growth - Emlowments - Emporhi Normal -
Successive Years -Somul lustructlon-Stuilents' Engajrument - Leav-
..nworth Normal -Concilia Normal - Aamiral.lc Provision - Uapul
Dfvelopment- Ueligioiis Thought" iJ. ..ominational Ficdom -Church

l}r..wlh - Presl.ylerian Community - licaiitilul Eilitic.s - Coii-rega.
tional Church-Thc llaptists- United Preshyteriaus-Metboclist Ki.is-
copal - Episcopal Organizations - Roman Catholics - County Kesults -
General Outcome.

HvviNG followed in some degree the eflorts of Kansas to sub-
due the great rebellion, and having glaneed at the sufferings of
her citizens in the iield, where noble deeds beyond enumeration
were accomplished to her honor; where the arms of the union
struogled against fearful odds to maintain the principles of free-
dom and unity, It is now time to turn our attention homeward.
Peace is at length won from the red fields of war,^ and the soldier
has become a citizen once more.
!i3

In moat kingdoms the armed

i.- *«4ai3"

514

Tvtti.k's Ifisronr of Kas'sasi.

;•;!!,:

forco woulil rcniaiii :i iiu-nacc to liberty, niid a porrnnncnt with-
dmwnl from tlio |)roilnciiiy forces of tlio imtion. fii this ropublio
the soldier is at oticc :il>st)rbe{l into tlio army of industry us soon
ns tlio biittcri<'s of the rnomy have been silenced, and tli(> last foo
disanncd. Tims it happened that Kansas eonld ;^ivc her atten-
tion wilhont delay to internal improvements, to the more efheient
organization of her eities, to tlu; estal lislitnent and working of
new railroails, and to works of various importance toward stiito
ndvancemcnt.

The governors successively called to the Viighest oflice in tlio
State were no longer the forefront of a battle, as when (lov. Hob-
inson was first chosen. Tliey represented law where order reigned
supreme, and it is enough to say concerning them that Carney
■was f()ll(nv(.'d by Crawford in ISfio, who, in 1860, surrendero I the
lead to Harvey, and was further succeeded by Gov. Osborne in
1873, to rule until 1877. " Blessed is the land that has no his-
tory," says a somewhat parado.xieal writer, one of the class that
believes history to consist of wars and perilous mischances; wo
are content to say that the land is blessed wherein the people rule
themselves, untouched by the calamities of war, and in which
peaceful history is made in the progress of arts, sciences and in-
dustry, embalmed in tiic happiness of the domestic circle. One
incident of a personal kind needs must be mentioned in this rela-
tion, before we give our attention to new interests and, compara-
tively s])caking, to new men.

Maj. Gen. Lane, who.se name occurred so often in the stormy
days of territorial history, and whoso deeds in the council, as well
as in the field, often reflected honor on the free state party, pas.sed
from this life soon after the conclusion of the war, and it would
be unpardonable to allow that event to pa.s3 without some notice.
Before his arrival in Kansas he was already a man of mark. In
the struggles of the free state men, ho won distinction as a mem-
ber of the government which confronted the Shawnee legislature,
and as major general of the forces of the people. Indicted for higii
treason and for murder by the common enemy, he was acf!ui.-te?l
by the popular voice. Sent to the senate of the United States by
the state election of 1861, he was reelected after ■.; considerable
8tru'"'le in 1865. His conduct during the war in raising regi-

''*THii»WII!l!miii II III,

^'«l^^^'^.^»^'|'1^^>W.»rBrJ

nnnont with-
this ropublio
istry as soon
I llic last foo

0 licr utteii-
now. cfllciciit

working of
toward Htato

olTioo ill tlio
n (iov. Hob-
^nlcr rcigtu!il
that Carney
roiiilero 1 tiio
. Osborno in
it has no his-
he class that
^chancos ; wo
I! people rule
nd in which
sncca and in-
circle. One

1 in this rela-
,nd, cornpara-

■» the stormy

uncil, as well

party, passed

md it would

some notice.

)f mark. In

:)n as a rnem-

;e legislature,

icted for hit'I;

van acnui'.ted

ted States by

considerable

raising regi-

KuvcA 770.V. I /- PiKKi in:ss.

615

ments in obedioinT to the call of the conntry, irrcsi)Octive of the
will of Gov. Carney, had not failed to athl ti> his list of onemica ;
but he triumphed over them all, so strong was his hold upon the
community. In the year bStJll, when he ha<l yet only attained
the ago of iVi, his frame, injurisil, no (h)ubt by his services in the
field in Mexico, in Kansas itself, and later as a brigadier general
during |)art of the rebellion, was enfeebled by a stroke of paraly-
pis, and it seems probable that his once vigorous intellect suH'ercd
materially from the same assault, as it falls to the lot of the histo-
rian to record, with deep regret, that he fell by his own hand on
the 11th nf July, 18(16, in Leai'enworth City.

The s':ito sustained Al)raham Lincoln by arms in the field, and
by \s vote at the ballot box, remembering how manfully the
prrs'dent had upheld the cause of Kansas long before there was
I' Drobabililv that he would (!ver be I're.Mcnt of the Union. In
the electii i of 1801, when McClcllan mistook his role, and oirercd
himself •■,• ouceessor for the brave man then in ollicc, the state
gave a liiujority of 12,750 for tlu-ir tried friend the upholder of
u >v Union, the pn ■■ ^ar vote for McClcllan being only a, 01)1. The
vote for rrcsident (irant in 1808 was 31,0-18, and in 1872, although
the opponent was their old '■• Hiate Horace Greeley, they upheld
Grant with a vote of 67,048, a majority of 34,078. Having thus
set. forth the political record of Kansas as a state, it is time that
we .'^hould look to its evidences of social and educational advance-
ment.

The school system of a country is not only the mark of its
present status in society, it is also the measure of its ultimate ad-
vancement. Schools may certainly c.\ist, before or after the peo-
ple shall have risen to a comprehension of the place that academi-
cal instruction should occupy in human history, as for instance in
those kingdoms in which the schoolmaster's art must be supple-
mented by compulsory legislation on the one side, a case by no
means uncommon, or on the other as illustrated in the fact, well
known to every student of history, that the schools of the lloman
Empire still subsisted long after the barbarians had overrun
Europe, and when the people had no desire for intellectual cul-
ture. It is the glory of Kansas that the school .system now ope-
rated in the state is due to the will and the intelligence of the

..Mumnp^Ei*'^^

616

TuTTLhffi JllSTOUY OF KaXSAS.

people themselves, and in that faet consists their chief fitness and

special value, ■, a • i

The courage of Kansas has been conspicuously marked m the
readiness with which school burdens have been assumed, and Lhe
difficulties attendant upon the establishment of good schools in a
sparsely settled country have been faced. The cost of good budd-
ings and ample furniture is but slight where millions of people
are congregated within a small territory, but when a few thou-
sands, or a few hundred thousands are scattered over a territory
so great as Kansas, the load to be carried would be intolerable to
men of only average attainments, long before there would be
school accommodation of the most meagre kind within the reach
of every child. Kansas has breasted the ascent in this struggle
with the same manly energy that marked her sons in the great
battle at Mission Ilidge, and the result cannot fail to be similarly
victoriouF. The policy is sound that will contemn the present
difficulty, however great, if it can by any means be mastered;
that will permit the children of the state to be educated to the
highest point that their own ambition and good sense may render
possible. The school property of Kansas has gone on increasing
every year from the beginning ; but not to weary the reader with
details, there are now 3,715 schools in Kansas, 211 having been
built in the year 1875, and no less than 399 of that number hav-
ino- been constructed in the year 1874.

°Many of the buildings indicated are plain and inexpensive, ten
of the schools erected in 1875 were only of logs, but 1^6 were
frame buildings, 10 were of brick and 42 were stone. Within
the same time, $9,815 was expended in furniture and apparatus,
to permit of the work of tuition being prosecuted in the manner
most likely to prove efficient. Thus it will be seen that Kansas
oflers to the whole population of the world a wide area for settle-
ment and industrial progress, with the special advantage of such
facilities for training as elsewhere can seldom be found, except in
the throng of great cities under the pressure of heavy rentals, and
the terrible competition that grinds down labor to its lowest stage
of remuneration.

The maintenance of the school system depends upon a state tax
of one mill, which yields $121,000, the interest on the school fund

ai^fcv»jww*aA.w4.R,'.,''<-.vt!^.'^4..aH^femaA'gg»tHa8iJ.ai

,ef fitness and

narked m the
imed, and Lhe
d schools in a
of good build-
ions of people
in a few thou-
ver a territory
intolerable to
lere would be
thin the reach
n this struggle
ns in the great
to be similarly
nn the present
5 be mastered ;
ducated to the
ise may render
; on increasing
he reader with
.1 having been
it number hav-

lexpensive, ten
, but 146 were
stone. Within
and apparatus,

in the manner
en that Kansas

area for settle-
■antage of such
ound, except in
ivy rentals, and
its lowest stage

ipon a state tax
the school fund

EV UCA riOXAL PliOG hESS.

517

invested which yields $91,000, the interest on obligations for
school lands sold, $1U.000, and the remainder from local taxes.
The endowments of the schools are not clear and satisfactory.
There are claimants on many parts of the lands set apart for school
endowments who appear to have been in possession before tho
allotment was made, and some portions fall within Indian reserva-
tions, but all such mistakes and remissnesses will be remedied in
due time, when we shall be able to say .something more of the
magnificent .system of endowments that is conveyed in the phrase
tha°t school lands are " estimated " to contain, or are " estimated"
to be worth so much.

The permanent school fund is steadily growing, and bringing
interests of from 6 and 7 to even 10 per cent, according to modes
of investment. Sales of school lands are always being ^added,
and the aggregate reached last year, that is to say, in 1875, was
$1,159,923. Another fund nearly as great is now due on unpaid
installments for lands sold on time, so that the permanent fund
will soon be very large indeed. The system of superintendency
in Kansas leaves no room for doubt that the whole amount will
speedily be made available for the purposes intended to be served
by the' endowment. The rapid growth of the community itself
is steadily paralleled by the increase of the permanent fund, and
.here is an ever growing resolution that the sum shall be forever
sacred from encroachment for any purpose whatsoever.

The development of the school system of Kansas has had two
eras : that of the territory, under the organic law, which was
warped to evil purposes by the Shawnee legislature; and that of
the state, determined by the voice of the people. There is now
an able supervision and wise control of the machinery of instruc-
tion and training, but there was nothing of the kind in the days
preceding the overthrow of the Lecompton constitution. There
was no school law until 1855, fourteen months after the first or-
ganization of the territory. In the year 1855, the law proviJed
that common schools should be open to white children and per-
sons ranging from 5 to 21 years of age. After the Lecomptoa
party had been ousted from office, that law gave place to another,
in 1858, which said the schools shall be open to all children, free
and without charge. Distinctions were abolished, the hateful

li t

1 :

618

TUTTLtffS IIISTOIIV OF K ASS AS.

color line was abamloned, and ever l.rain should have incentives

to training.

The election of territorial sujierintendeni-. began with an ap-
pointment by the governor of the territory, in February, 1858.
and thereafter was made by tlie vote of the people. The salary
of that ofhcial was small, much too small for the work imposed,
being only $1,500 per year, but it is the good fortune of Kansas
to h^ve in the ranks of its well educated industrial classes many
hundreds of men, so desirous for the successful prosecution of
school training, that they gladly give their services for smaller
amounts than their talents would command in other walks of
usefulness. The names of Noteware, Greer and Douglas occur
in the territorial record from 1858 to 1861, when the state organi-
zation came into force, and those who are best acquainted with
the duties and the men will bear witness ihat there was no lack
of ability for the prosecution of an onerous duty which was dis-
charged with conspicuous zeal.

County superintendents were not appointed until 1858, and
the amounts allowed to them by way of remuneration were
small indeed ; but necessity has no law, and it must be allowed
that if the pay was small the range of duty was certainly ample.
The responsibilities and the reward have alike increased of late
years, and, as a rule, the men elected to this class of offices de-
serve well of the community for the painstaking and conscien-
tious way in which their work is carried through. Under the
law of 1855, there was an inspector and three trustees in each
district, andtbose men were absolute masters of all educational
facilities, the chief, if not the only, qualification being the oath
prescribed by the Shawnee legislature to prevent free state men
assuming the position of trustee, inspector or teacher.

The new system gives all rule into the hands of the people, by
the officers of their choice, without any degrading oaths or any
obligation except to further the cause of education. The system
now in force gives to the people the fullest control of the machin-
ery and of the men also, within reasonable limits, by whom the
system is administered. The school law of 1855 was the school
law of Missouri, the code of that state having been adopted in
globo by the men at Shawnee, with such changes of name and

*3l^

siasasiSwsteswaMWJ

Em'CA TiosA L Pnoa iii:ss.

5ia

re incentives

with an ap-

bruary, 1858.
The salary
ork imposed,
ne of Kansas
classes many
rosecution of
? for smaller
iher walks of
(ouglas occur
; state organi-
]uainted with
5 was no lack
'hich was dis-

itil 1858, and
neration were
st be allowed
rtainly ample,
reased of late

of offices de-
and conscien-
1. Under the
istees in each
.11 educational
being the oath
free state men
ler.
the people, by

oaths or any
1. The system
of the machin-
1, by whom the
was the school
len adopted in
\ of name and

place as the adoption called for, and such punitive additions as
were supposed likely to deter abolitionists and free soil men from
interfering in public business, even to the extent of giving an
opinion on any of the matters most nearly related to their own
interests and those of their children.

The provision made for education, in 1855, was in every way
inadequate to the wants and demands of the people, and, just as
soon as the people were permitted to govern themselves, change in
every direction became the order of the day. More emcient
teachers were found, and, when procured, were better treated, and
the formation of union or graded school districts became an ob-
iect of solicitude, no provision of that kind being found in the
territorial enactments. Missouri had been governing Kansas, and
the border counties of that state had no sympathy with the
schoolmaster in any part of his vocation. Possibly, the ferule
and the birch -which have been called the tree of knowledge —
were the only means by which the teacher could make impres-
sions upon the people of those districts.

Teachers' institutes were not favored in territorial days. Com-
mon schools were restricted by the means as schools in the broader
districts, and the imposition of taxes was vested in the trustees
and inspector. Practically the law was inoperative, as, except m
rare instances, the free soil party, the great bulk of the comrnum-
ty would not obey the laws, nor be assessed by the taxes of the
Shawnee clique. With the advent of popular rule, even to the
extent that popular rule obtained in 1857-8, the change for the
better was remarkable. It was now evident that funds were to
be provided by men of family who wished to see a reasonably
efficient plan in operation, under which their children would pro-
cure a fair share of the scholastic training of the age.

The annual report of territorial days might be anything or
nothing, and was not likely to be of much account, all power and
all labor being devolved upon the ofTiccrs before named, who
were to receive no remuneration, and who had for their head the
secretary of the territory, Mr. Woodson, a man with sufficient
education to be dangerous, but without the slightest sympathy
with the people of Kansas. The report now demanded for the
information of the legislature, and through that body, of the prcs9

r.i

fi-
ll; ■

'■'.'is:''
fit *S .

620

Tvttle's IfisTour of Kassas.

and the people, is an intelligent and intelligible digest of the
progress made, and made possible, by the system administered in
the state ; and it is the duty of the state superintendent to iiro-
cure such returns from every institution as will enable him to
Bubmit his facts in good order, and with a reasonable approach
to completeness. There was no summary of school returns in
1805-6 or 7, and in 1858 the returns were only partial, as we
find that only three counties reported concerning school affairs, in
which only fifty districts were organized, and only 806 children
were reported as of school age. There was a material improve-
ment in 1859, when sixteen counties out of thirty-five reported ;
222 school districts were organized, 88 districts sent in their re-
ports; 7,020 children of school age were found in the several dis-
tricts, and 2,087 were enrolled and in attendance more or less
complete.

There was a larger average of peace in the territory than had
been realized at any former time, consequently schools were more
in demand among all classes, as well as better organized for all
purposes of tuition and correspondence. $7,045 was raised for
Bchool buildings in 1859, and private subscriptions amounted in
the same year to $6,883, besides a sum of $6,233 that had been
raised by taxation for school purposes. Private schools were re-
ported in 1860 to the number of 132, and Supt. Greer implies
that there had been private schools in considerable number
through all the time of trouble. The families coming into Kansas
from the northern states were naturally desirous to procure train-
ing for their, children, but it will be seen that their means and
opportunities must have been very limited, when it is remem-
bered that midnight assassins, incendiaries, robbers and border
ruffians, thronged in all parts of the territory, making life a tor-
ture, and education almost an impo.ssibility.

The state .system of education dates from 1861, and its provis-
ions are in the main just and prudent. The legislature is called
upon to encourage intellectual, moral, .s(>ientific and agricultural
improvement, by uniform sy.stems of scl- ols in the several grades,
including normal, preparatory, collegiate and university depart-
ments, making no distinction in the rights of males and females.
The laws of 1858-9 were adopted with some few amendments.

'•'MiiiMimRminw.u I mil

ni'if'Jt,''. .

EnvcArioxAL rnonnESS.

621

igcst of the
ninistcreil in
1(1 en t to pro-
able liiin to
)lc approach
il returns in
artiiil, as we
■)()1 affairs, in
B66 children
'ial improve-
ve reported ;
in their re-
e several dis-
more or less

)ry than had
)ls were more
nized for all
as raised for

amounted in
hat had been
lools were re-
jrreer implies
able number
T into Kansas
procure train-
ir means and

it is remem-
s and border
ing life a tor-

nd its provis-
ture is called
1 agricultural
cveral grades,
crsity depart-
1 and females,
amendments.

Free and complete education for all classes was the object aimed
at, and the means have been proportioned so far as the condition
of the state would permit. The state superinto,Kk-ntss..ary,
made onlv 1^1,200 per annum at first, was increased to $i,UUU in
1873 The choice of ofTicials is in the hands of the people, unless
a vacancy occurs at any time between elections, and the duties of
the superintendent are various and important; such as usually
fall to such officers in the most enlightened states of the I nmn
Teachers' institutes are expressly provided for in every senatorial
district, every year, and the state superintendent is charged with
their supervision. The men who have held the oflice suice Ibl.l,
are Wm. A. Griflith, S. ^L Thorp, Isaac Goodnow, 1. McVicar
and IL I). McCarty. The present incumbent is John Fraser, who
assumed ofTice on the 11th of January, 1875.

County superintendents were only allowed $2.00 per day for
the time actually employed on their duties under the ' - of 18bl
but since that time tlieir remuneration has been :-J.e to depend
upon the e.Ktent of the duty devolving upon them. Those hav-
inc. school districts with less than 2,000 children of school age re-
ceive now $3.00 per day for the time necessarily employed, and
others with higher numbers varying from $1,000 per annum, if
over 2,000 and under 3,000, to $1,500 for those having districts
with 5 000 children and over. Incorporated cities are excluded
from all such enumerations. Those who receive fixed salaries are
expected to give the whole of their services in consideratioa
thereof to the work of education in the districts in which they
serve The duties devolving upon county superintendents are
such as may well employ the whole time of men of Erst class
ability with great advantage to the children under supervision

The formation of school districts is a duty incumbent on the
county superintendent, who is expected ^o provide in the most
efficient manner for the convenience of the genei-al public within
the county under his control. The powers of school dislncts and
provisions as to their indebtedness have been defined by the legis-
lature with practical wisdom, and the school system genera ly can-
not fail to prove satisfactory to the people of K^"«^«^« ^""^ ^^
they are capable of controlling their own affairs. Ofhcers are
chosen by popular vote, and their terms of service are brief, the

,ii

522

TvTTLhfs IfisTouv or Kaxsas.

nominations to temporary vacancies only falling into tlic hands of
the county superintendent.

L'liion or graded schools, and the districts within which they
arc to 'operate, have been cared for in an especial manner, as it is
seen that the higher branches of education arc those in which
eocictyhas the largest interest. The teaching of teachers by emu-
latii)n, attrition and mutual help is provided for under the ar-
rangement for teachers' institutes, as already set forth in naming
the duties of state superintendent. Public schools in the cities
of the several classes where they are incorporated under special
charters, are entitled to procure their share of the school fund
subject to such regulations as may have been made and approved
for control and supervision.

School district libraries arc made objects of particular legisla-
tion, as it is wisely thought that well selected books, well used,
are equivalent to university training for some orders of minds.
Such libraries may be procured by a direct tax, if the people so
•will, but it is expressly provided that the books shall consist of
histories, travels, biographies and scicntilic works. Probably the
limitation thus placed is perfectly necessary, as in many libraries
almost the entire demand is for works of iiction, and even in
works of that class the most sensational and trashy are most pre-
ferred. Teachers' associations for all purposes of culture, are es-
pecially commended to tlic fostering care of state superintendents
and all other ollicials as it is perceived that every means that will
tend toward improving the teacher must act advantageously upon
the pupil who .is capable of being taught Independent of legal
sanction and support, there is in Kansas an admirable association
of teachers, which has achieved very valuable results, having
been in operation since 1863, and its annual sessions are looked
toward to with interest, not only by those engaged in tuition, but
by all classes of the community, because of the high intellectual
grade of the men and women who are identified with its opera-
tions. Institutions of that class are rare even in states much
farther advanced than Kansas, and it is an honorable fact in the
history of the young state that there has been so much of perma-
nency and solidity in an association which originated in a year so
marked by depression as 1863, in the acme of the rebellion, whea

•Mii^

^^!?«S?T5!Prrarw?r^?s^

?s^

Edvcatiosa l Vnor.itKss.

523

lie hands of

.vliich they
icr, as It is

0 in which
jrs by emu-
:ler the ar-

in naming
in the cities
iler special
school fund
id approved

liar Icgi.sla-
I, well used,
's of minds,
le people so
II consist of
robaljly the
ny libraries
nd even ia
■e most pre-
ture, are es-
irintendents
,ns that will
:!ously upon
lent of legal

1 association
ilts, having

are looked
tuition, but
intellectual
h its opera-
states much
J fact in the
h of perma-
in a year so
ellion, whea

Quantrell and such as he believed that the flag of the union could
be trailed beneath their feet. It is, however, only one instance
indicating the high tone of Kansas.

The Educational Journal of Kansas was assisted by a proviso
that cverv school district should be provided with one volume of
that publication, and it was doubtless anticipated that the work
would make its own way subsequently among those pcr.sons who
were thus enabled to peruse its pages; but unfortunately, there
was a withdrawal of state support in 1874, and the work carne to
an end, because a publication peculiarly sectional could not ap-
peal to the general public, accustomed to read for amusement
quite as much, if not more, than for instruction.

A state board of education was provided for in March, 18 3,
the members being the state superintendent, the chancellor oE the
state university, the president of the state agricultural college and
the principals of the state normal schools. State diplomas are
issued by the board to teachers who are found worthy of such cer-
tificates of merit after two years' teaching in the state. The board
is authorized to issue diplomas of various grades Under that
law three annual examinations have bee^n held, and 36 certificates
have been issued in all, in 1873-4 and 5.

In view of the fact that some parents and guardians are not
mindful of the duties properly belonging to them as the education
of youth, an act was passed in March, 1874, compelling all such
persons to send the children under their control to school for at
least twelve weeks in every year from the time that they attain
the age of eight years until they are fourteen years old. The chdd
xnay be sent to a public school or to a private school, at the option
of the person in charge of the child, but six weeks of the time must
be consecutive. There are limitations to the compulsory power
as in cases of ill health, or extreme poverty, and the entire want
of such clothing as would be essential ; but failing compliance
with the law where no valid excuse can be assigned, the penal
clauses are of such a character as will be likely to secure compli-
ance with the enactment The duty to give proper training to the
mind of a child should be held by every state to be as imperative
as the necessitv to provide food for the body. Of course none but
the depraved or eccentric would require the operation of such a

524

Ti'ttlk's History of Kassas.

law ; bat it is well to find that foremost tliinkera are grasping tlio
nettle danger with so niucli vigor and suecess. The details of the
enaetmcnt are eomplete, and tlie officers who are to carry out the
provisions of the measure are specifically indicated.

School funds are protected and directed by legislative action in
Kansas in accordance witli the congressional act of 18-il, and the
division of the proceeds of all such funds, as well as of any in-
crease that may come from time to time, is so guarded that it
seems imj)robable that any malversation can at any time occur.
The support of the common schools f)f the state rests upon the
interest of the permanent school fund which is divided pro rata
among the school districts ; the state tax of one mill on the dol-
lar, divided in the same way as the other item; the county school
fund from estrays, fines paid for exemption from military duty,
or for breaches of the penal laws; every county dividing its own
lines among its own school districts jirorala; and district taxes
levied for school purposes in the district by which the sum is to
be expended. The moneys thus allotted from the several funds
are to a certain extent earmarked, so that moneys meant for one
purpose cannot be applied to any other.

The cpiantity of land to which Kansas is entitled under the act
of 1841, has not been definitely settled ; but it is expected that
not less than 2,000,000 acres will be thus appropriated. What-
ever the quantity may be to which the state is entitled under the
act of admission, it will not of course be as liberal as the promises
made, should the state accept the Lecompton constitution, and in
consideration of the services rendered by the sons of Kansas from
the breaking out of the war until its end, as well as on account of
the certainty that the a{)propriation will be well used, the most
liberal construction should be placed upon the law in this instance.
The provisos, as to the sales of land so granted for school pur-
poses, are of such a character as that there can hardly be a doubt
that the children will receive the full advantage of the endow-
ment in the cultivation of their God given faculties, which will
be used, if properly trained, for the advantage of the state and of

the union.

Some idea may be gained as to the progress of education in
Kansas from the quotation of but a few figures. There were, in

ng:E^.';d'4*t- .,m^A:'iisimmr<

KmcATiosM riioanHss.

525

;rasping tbo
[•tails of tlio
irry out the

re notion in
■41, and tho
of any in-
(Icd that it
time occur,
ts upon the
3(1 pro rata
on tlie dol-
unty scliool
litary duty,
ing its own
strict taxes
le sum is to
veral funds
;ant for one

nder the act
pccted that
ed. What-
d under the
he promises
tion, and in
J^ansas from
1 account of
;d, the mo!?t
his instance,
school pur-
be a doubt
the endow-
, which will
state and of

education in
lere were, in

1801 only 12 counties reporting, and, at the close of the rebel-
lion.'there were iio, which in the last year, 187'., had more than
doubled, as lliore wore 71. In tlic lirst year of state government
there were 217 organized districts; at the close of the wir, 84/ ;
and in 187^ no less than 4,5(;0. The districts do not all report.
Only lU reported in 1801, and in 1805, 721, but in the last year
reports came in from -4,280. In 1801, there were 2,!}10 children
enrolled, and there are now U2,G00, with an average daily at-
tendance ol 85,580, employing 5,383 teachers, of whom more
than one-half are women. The value of school property is now
estimated at $-1,096,527, and in 1861, it was less than ;jU),000.
Much more might be said on the several points glanced at, but
ih'ures must not be pushed to excess.
°The State University, provided for under the law already
named, is an institution of great merit, and it has achieved much
good for the community; but it is only in its infancy, and may
be said to have scarcely commenced its greater usefulness. Lit-
erature, science and the arts are to be cultivated, and a love of
learning in every, branch disused by the university. The act to
locate the institution was passed in February, 1863. and at or
near the citv of Lawrence was named for the site of the build-
ing. Educational work commenced on the 12th of September,
18°66 The start should have been made with six departments:
Science, Literature and the Arts, fir.«t; then Law, Medicine,
Theory and Practice of Elementary Instruction; Agriculture;
and, finallv, the Normal Department; but circumstances rendered
the complete accomplishment of that design impossible, and only
the first department of Science, Literature and the Arts has so
far been established. The curriculum is high; much more exacting
than that of many European colleges and universities ; but the
superior energy and the fair facilities afforded have enabled many
to graduate with honors. Students desiring to confine their at-
tention to special branches are allowed to do so, subject to the
advice of the faculty. The apparatus of instruction includes all
that is necessary for a complete course of laboratory practice in
analytical chemistry ; equally complete preparation for students
of astronomy, engineering, and for a wide range of experiments
in mechanics and physics.

i.fnii'^'

620

Ti'Tti.k's IfisToiiv or K.iysAS.

Tlif ciihini't. rolU'ctioiH for tlio study of natural history contaiti
ii|.waiils of li(>,(tOO spccinuMis iti botiitiy, geology nticl /.oolo^'y
mainly, hut cvt-ry (U'liartmcnt is well supplied. Tlio library is
increasing rapidly, and is very large already. There ni'o no
charges for th(< full enjoyniont of all the advantages named, c:;
cept'a contingent fee of $5 per session, which sum is rcturne;! to
those who are so unfortunate as to fail in the preliminary exami
nations. Orphans of soldiers, or of those who were killed in the
QuantrcU mas.saerc, are exempted from even that small fee. Un-
der such circumstances, there are few, indeed, having the ambi-
tion to study, who need be shut oil" from the benefits of univer-
sity training. The expenses of living arc generally so light that
students can be boarded for about $4 jier weelc, and those who
cUib together live on inuch less than that small sum, while tliey
are amassing treasures of knowledge and habits of culture wortli
more than the stream of Tactolus.

There arc two buildings; one finished in 1806 was used at the
outset for purposes of instruction. It is a stone edifice on a lot
of ten acres within the city limits. The new building, half a
mile to the south, is in a lot of forty acres, just outs.de the city
bounds. This structure \'as first occupied in December, 1872.
Lawrence voted $100,00o as a free will oflicring toward the new
building, in b^ibruary, 1870, and also gave to the state $10,300 as
the nucleus of a permanent fund for the university, the old build-
ing and the two lots of ground. Such muniliceiice on the part
Lawrence cannot be too highly prai.sed. The whole amount is
estimated by the board of regents at $180,300. The sum given
in money, besides that earmarked for the building, was originally
a gift for educational purposes from Amos Lawrence, in whoso
honor the city was named, as he was one of the few wealthy men
that responded to the first call for help to establish free state
men in Kansas when the Kansas-Nebraska bill became law, ami
it was evident that Missouri, if not the south, had resolved be-
yond recall upon making Kansas a slave state.

The f^overnment of the university is vested in a board of regents,
and the immediate control of the departments as they may be sev-
erally formed, will be committed to their several faculties. The
general government has made an endowment of seventy-two sec-

EnrcA Tins tf. Pmxiit nsfi.

62r

ory coTitiiiii
III /.oology
1! library is
TO nr(! no
iianiod, cs
rctiu'tie;] to
mry exarni
ilk<(l in tlio
1 foe. Un-
; the ainbi-
of univor-
0 light that
those who
while tlioy
ilturo worth

used at the
ine on a lot
ling, half a
(le the eity
mbcr, 1872.
,rd the new
Q $10,300 as
le old build-
on the part
; amount is

sum given
:is originally
ce, in whoso
ivealtliy men
h free state
me law, and
resolved he-
rd of regents,

may be sev-
iulties. The
2nty-two sec-

tiona of land, besides wliatevcr Jnny be given in Mupimrt of tho
mmn object by the .state, and it is exprossly providivl that no
religions sect or sects .shall at any time coutml the ntiiversity nor
the common schools of tho state, nor the funds of those institu-
tions. Thi.s ])rovi.so is one of the articles of tlic state constitution.
The state annually makes an appropriation to cover the expcnse.i
of the university, ami some small amount is received by way of
ooiitingcnt fees, but tuition in every branch of study is frc<'. Tiio
lands granted by way of endowment hav(> not been sold, and con-
sequcntly no income has yet been derived from that source. The
total amount of the several appropriations by the state legislature
to the present time amount to $2(l2.!>78.

The state aurieultural colleg(! commends itself at the first glaneo
to every ob.server, because it promi.-ses to cu.'iblc men to deal m a
more intelligent and elTectivc way with all the problems of culti-
vation, whereby the earth can be made to give forth its increase
for the sustenance of the human family. The reader of books
find.' therein a jtriceless pleasure, which in some way sooner or
hiler may bring material prolit to him or to his, but, immber.s aro
unable to look far enough ahead to disviover the gain that cfjmes
from book learning. There is no such drawback from even tho
commonest appreciation of the value to be found in the study of
agriculture as a science. The veriest clods have seen lands on
which science has expended its lore, side by side with other lands
dealt with under the old regime of stolid ignorance, and the result
has been as marked and as continuous as the How of a river.
There is no ba.sis for the doubter as to the worth of sound agricul-
tural training, and precisely for that reason colleges of this descrip-
tion arc being sustained in all parts of the Union. The Kansas
Btate agricultural college is located near Manhattan in Riley county,
pursuant to an act passed in 18(53. Congress i)asscd a law donat-
ing lands to every state that should establish colleges in aid of
agriculture and the mechanic arts, in July, 1802, and that wise
provision has led to the formation of numerous institutions, in
some of which the work of instruction is perfunctorily executed,
and the students take as much or as little interest as they please
in a study that seems to be bereft of practical application.

There is no such drawback upon the usefulness of the college

..4»ssii»»Sia«w«»"»e<W'i'^**'*****'"'**'^^''^^^^''

Trrn.i:'s Uisiituv or Kassas,

nt .Nf. iilialtaii, tli«' iiioii tciicliiiij^ iiiul the iiioii taiii^lit ai'o tlion.u^'lily
jinifiical in tlioir inodcM of ()|ii.'ratiiiii. 'I'lmy want tlicorii's, and
will master tliciii, because tliey are the soul ami essence of prac-
tice, hut they will not, rest with either half of the two i)rocesses,
thought and fleed, out of wliich tho work of progress must ho
(•lal)orated. 'V\u> work was <'ommen(!ed on tho second of Septem-
ber, l.S(i3. There are four departments engaged in aiding to de-
velop: agriculture, mechanics arts, military science and tactics,
and literature and science. Prominence is given to agricidture
und to the several nu'chanic arts, just in proportion as tliey seem
to be adapted to ttie wants of Kansas, ami to the several i)rauclies
of science and learning as they tend to tho furtherance of the
great aim of tho institution. The curriculum is adapted to curry
out that scheme of instruction, and there are courses of study for
t(ix consecutive years eminently adapted to supply Kansas with
n class of farmers, mechanics, strategists and literati whose learn-
ing in their several lines of study must materially aid their own
course in life, while contributing to make them invaluable citi-
zens. The studies of the several classes oll'er an intensely inter-
esting picture of tlic pursuits on which human life nuiy be ex-
pended with pleas)ire and profit.

The inoid<s of old were hard working men, devoting tiiemselves
to farm work and other arduous employments, perhaps some of
them having very worthy ideas as to the application of thought
to the cultivation of the soil, but they soon fell into easier cus-
toms. The student of agriculture has his term of study diversi-
fied by the a})plication and working out of his ideas, but with
the knowledge that he must soon return to the field to work out
liis problem alone with nature and art. lie finds himself called
upon in his course of study to give one term, consisting of five
recitations in each week to algebra; two terms to political econo-
my and practical law ; two to jiractical horticulture ; three to
practical agriculture ; three to geology, mineralogy and meteorol-
ogy; four to drawing; five each to botany and zoology; ph^isics
and chemistry ; practical mathematics and political economy.
But he is not yet through ; he must take up fhiglish and history
for seven terms ; legal, mental and moral philosophy for six ;
shops and practical mathematics, eight each ; and then conclude

EUVCM li>SA '. I'lidOtlh'SS,

699

tliormi^'lily
licorit's, iitid
iictj of prao-

0 processes,
!88 Miu.st be

1 of Soploiii- '
.itliiig to do-
uiid tacticH,

a},5iii;iilturo
IS tlicy seem
ral i)n\Mclios
ranco of the
itt'd to curry
of .study for
Kansas with
wlioso Icarn-
nl tlioir own
aluublo citi-
ciisely inter-
I may be ex-

[f tiieinselves
ips some of
1 of thought
;o easier cus-
udy diversi-
as, but witli

to work out
mself called
uing of live
litical ecouo-
re ; three to
ud meteorol-
)gy; physics
al economy.

and history
phy for six ;
icn conclude

with twelve terms of fu'ld and sliop proctioo. The man that is
capable of pii.-sing th" 'i^h .siicli a .s_)stL'in of study witliout briyht-
cning liis faculties may well be given up a.s a hopeless case.

Tiie curriculum for tljc ulht-r sex is varied, of course, but in
every way just as completely practical and tliorougii. It would
bo interesting, would space pmi.it, to summari/.e the course, but
that, unfortunately, is not prai-ticuble. The r('cords of the eoliego
show that the practical tliought of Kan.sas trends in this direction,
and inasmuch a.s every form of industry must needs be aided by
the course of investigation pursued, it is not dillicult to perceive
that some of the ablest and most su'^ccssful men and women,
whose names and lives will adorn the future of the state, are now
procuring their culture at Maidiattan. In the collegiate year of
1873-4, there were 124 male and 5l> female students — in all, 183 ;
and in the calendar year, 20b. The avera-ge age of students is 18
years.

There are five buildings, the old college, the new building, tho
mechanical buildi'ig, the boarding house, and a carpenter's shop.
All the buildings are of stone. The grounds include lawns,
nunserics and college farm — in all, 2o5 acres. The Bluemount
Central College Association gave the old college buildi!i;.r .ind
appointments with 100 acres of land for the purposes of the agri-
cultural college. Manhattan township gave $12,000 to helj) pur-
chase the farm, and the congressional grant was 90,000 acres.
Some of the lands indicated fell within railroad limits, and being
of higher value were reckoned as equal to two acres for each one.
That reduced the grant to 81,601 acres. The total endowment is
valued at $432,005. Tuition is free, as it should be, but whea
investments are completed there will be an income of about
$50,000 per annum. The aid received from the state up to No-
vember, 1875, amounted to $129,643. In all such statements we
avoid fractional amounts.

The government of the college is vested in a board of regents,
consisting of the governor, secretary of state, superintendent of
instruction, president of the college, and nine others, nominated
by the governor and confirmed by the senate ; but not more than
three of such nominees shall be members of the same religious
denomination. The board of regents has power to remove^ any
84

,iasismmmii)iSiSiiiamm

aimK0iif«m»

R(ga?5>-5f5S!fi«:*!r»m«?»~<i««-'.5:'J'«-'S'«

630

TuTTLi:'f! TTisToiiY OF Kaxsas.

or all of the profcppors should cause arise, but the immediate gov-
ernment of oacli (Icpartniont is vested in tlic faculty, guided in
some degree by the advice of the board. The value of such an
institution so administered needs no further comment. '

There are three state normal schools, located severolly at Em-
poria, Leavenworth and Concordia, and the course of training in
each institution aims at the complete prepivration of both sexes
for the work of tuition. At Emporia worlc commenced in 18G5.
Latin and German may be acquired, but students may decline if
they choose. Every other part of thorough training is impera-
tive. During the second year French may be acquired, but it is
not insisted upon. The same may be said of Greek in the third
year. The system pursued is being further developed every
year to render the {professional training of teachers as nearly as
possible perfect ; not to cram the mind of the learner with dry
facts, but to prepare the intellect for the grand work of develop-
ing the resources of other minds. It is saying much for an insti-
tution to assert that it even approaches to completeness in so
large an aim.

The first term of the school in 1865 saw only 18 students in
February, closing in June with 42, and in 1874 there was an
atro-re^ate of 236. The building is of brick and stone, and the
city of Emporia gave .$10,000 toward the erection. There is a
land endowment which accrues to the state for normal school
training, under the act of admission, under which 38.460 acres
came into the possession of the board of directors, and only 480
acres have been sold. The income of the school comes mainly
from state appropriations, as only an incidental fee of $2.00 per
term is charged to each student. The amount voted by the state
up to November, 1875, aggregated $168,373.

Students are admitted upon tbeir signing a pledge that they pro-
pose to devote themselves to teaching as a profession in the state
of Kansas. The board of directors is nominated by the gov-
ernor to the number of six, and the several state officers are also
members. The advantages of the institution are open to both
sexes, and without regard to color. Persons not entitled to ad-
mission by law, may be admitted on payment of fees, if the
board of directors see fit to make an order to that eCect. Exper-

Cnvncn Orgaxizatioxs.

531

nmcdiate gov-
Ity, guided in
e of such an
It. '

'erolly at Em-
of training; in
of both sexes
jnced In 18G5.
may decline if
ng is impera-
lircd, but it is
;k in the third
-•eloped every
s as nearly as
rner with dry
rk of devclop-
;h for an insti-
leteness in so

18 students in
there was an
stone, and the
n. There is a
normal school
I 38,460 acres
and only 480
comes mainly
le of $2.00 per
3d by the state

! that they pro-
on in the state
by the gov-
)fficers are also
I open to both
entitled to ad-
of fees, if the
3Cect. Exper-

imental schools are establi.'^hed in connection with the normal
Fchool, so that the methods inculcated in daily training may be
reduced to practice under propor inspection. Applicants for
admission are required to pass a preliminary examination, and
the character of each person is also considered a fit matter for
full investigation when necessary.

The normal school established at Leavenworth is conducted on
precisely similar principles, and it was located at that jioint in
consequence of an offer from the city to supply for the purpose a.
school building, which with its furniture and apparatus cost.
$80,000. The board of education undertook to keep the build-
ing heated, insured and in perfect repair in consideration of the^
normal school being located there ; and the fourth story being
used for the normal school proper, the high school department
under the Leavenworth board became the practicing departments
for the normal school students. There were other arrangements
and provisos, looking more particularly to the personal conven-
ience of students, which determined the government to close
with the decidedly advantageous offer. The amount appropri-
ated by the state to sustain this school, has aggregated $32,533,
and the school has no other source of income.

The state normal school at Concordia was established by the-
government on precisely similar conditions, the government is.
similar, the plan of study and practice the same, and the degree
of success bears a very similar proportion. This school waS'
established in September, 1874, when there were 66 students,
which number increased to 171 in 1875. State appropriations
constitute the only income of the institution, the amount received
up to November, 1875, being $5,297. The diploma issued by
either of the boards is a life certificate of fitnes to teach ia.any
school in Kansas.

CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS.

Religious thought had from the first been the base of coloniza-
tion in Kansas. Christian equality was the idea that brought
old John Brown and the men who acted with him, clear and
strong in Puritan resolve, to fight the battle of the slave upon
this soil ; and the ribald element with which they contended, only

..^-,..«=^^-^5SjaBEaHP5g!«SHB3[^ESS^»Ksa«<!S#»-i«Mi»S.-

632

Tcttle's History of Kansas.

made them stronger in their primal convictions. Ilundreds of
the men, whose lives were spent in the cllort to make Kansas
free, and who were sent to the front later in the struggle to main-
tain the union, could look back as he did to the Mayllower and
its remembrances as a source of strength. "With sucli men, and
a community built and defended by them, religion was broad
based, and could not fail to give a tone to society. Tlie influence
of that fact is seen in the vital progress already made by the
state, in works of charity, and in schools, which from before the
days of state government were open to all classes, without regard
to color or condition. There was no uniformity of creed, no cov-
enant signed or insisted on as between Presbyterians and Inde-
pendents, as the price of help, the views of men varied from the
farthest extreme of orthodoxy on one hand, to the widest
latitudinarianism on the other, but back of all these was an en-
during faith in God.

Hence, there has been wide diversity, yet constant agreement in
the main, among the several classes, securing breath, freedom and
strength among the churches in Kansas. This is an element of
power to the community. Men who are seeking homes for their
families, desire to settle down where religious thought is well
founded, and where the school keeps pace with the church. The
state owes much of its speedy development to that cardinal
strength, and its population of six hundred thousand souls, will
soon become millions, because of the same motive continuing in
action. There is no organization that aims at or could succeed in
bridling free thought among our citizens, into a stunted and tame
orthodoxy ; but men rally to their several churches, under mani-
fold names, like regiments and companies to their flags, making
one glorious army to fight against sin and wrong, with a broad
manly recognition of the value of every creed, and more especi-
ally of the freedom out of which those creeds and their conse-
quences arise.

There are portions of the Union, outlying and remote, not yet
built into the great arch of freedom, under which the nations of the
world must pass ; where church organizations are few and far be-
tween, but there are not many such, and they are but rudimtnt-
ary. When civilization and law come to take hold upon them,

Clinic II ()l{(lASI/CA TlOXf!.

533

Ilundreds o£
make Kansas
niggle to main-
Mayllower and
such men, and
;ion was broad
The influence
I made by the
[rem before the
without regard
; creed, no cov-
•ians and Inde-
/aried from the
to the widest
ese was an en-

nt agreement in
th, freedom and
s an element of
homes for their
thought is well
3 church. The
that cardinal
iand souls, will
e continuing in
ould succeed in
iinted and tame
es, under mani-
r flags, making
;, with a broad
d more especi-
ad their conse-

remote, not yet
e nations of the
few and far be-
but rudimtnt-
)ld upon them,

order and religion, with the school as their concomitant, will be
found not only as their auxiliaries but as their vouchers before
socii^ty, shorn of which there can be no substantial advancement
by accretion from without. Kansas has passed through no such
elementary condition. The church in the souls of men came with
the first colonizing force to the site of Lawrence, and its allar fires
have never been extinguished.

The several religious organizations in Kansas would, if they
were treated in detail, make an extensive book, and in conse-
quence, there can only be a summary statement of the proceed-
ings and strength of a few of the more prominent churches, still it
will be understood that each body thus named is, to a large ex-
tent, representative in its character, and stands for all the subordi-
nate divisions of the radical idea from which the larger agglom-
eration naturally resulted. Some of the ehurcli organizations in
this state have histories stretching back many years before there
was an attempt to build a state upon this territory and it is de-
sirable to ])lace on record the main facts in connection with their
first establishment This will serve as a kind of datum, to re-
solve the question what churches and how many should be
specifically noticed in these pages. The notices will stand in the
order suggested chronologically, as the missionary spirit sent for-
ward advance guards and videttcs, to skirmish over the ground,
preparing the way for the grand army of truth and love with its
innumerable battalions now in force and irrcsistiVjle.

The Catholic church came first into the valley of the Missis-
sippi in the person of Pcre !^^arquette, and it seems to be perfect-
ly in order that its mission house should be the first in Kansas.
DeSoto and Coronado, also Catholics, were in the heart of Kan-
sas a century before the Jesuit missionary, and his companion,
Joliet, who also had been educated by the Fathers. The voy-
ages, journeys and expeditions of La Salle, one of the same
school of religious thought and training, had made the civilized
world comparatively familiar with our rivers and soil ; and the
Jesuits had never loosed their hold upon the Indian tribes, as
they moved toward the west. Father Quickenborn, superior of
the Jesuit house of Florissant, performed missionary labors among
the Osage Indians, near the site now known as the Osage mission,

8^it»iwga»taaigawB^aa!iB;%g»^8>^sWiNg»»i<ww*^^

634

Tuttle's HisTonr of Kansas.

ft'
I

early in tbe year 1827. Tins was in Labette county, although no
counties were th(;n dreamed of, and for many years later this
country was considered the |icrmanent abode of the Jndian race,
where the tribes were to dwell together in peace, under a protec-
torate of civilized power. There was a recommencement of mis-
sionary effort among the Pottawatomies at about the same date.
AVe say recommencement, advisedly, because the first mi.ssion
established on Lake Superior, in the .seventeenth century, had
commenced the relation of religious teacher, with the ancestors
of that nation, and established an enduring regard for Christianity.

Leavenworth City was made the location of the lirst mission
among white settlers, near the old fort, in the year 1855, when
the Et. liev. Bi.shop Meigs said mass and preached to his lirst
Kansas congregation, consisting of only nine persons, In this
city a church was built in the same year, as the Catholics slowly
increased in numbers, and the bishop had many opportunities
to witness the success of his labors. This was not the lirst
church building necessarily, seeing how long the mission had
been established. Father Odin erected a church at the Osage
mission in 1829, and in the same year a church was built at the
Pottawatomie station, by Father Felix Verreydt, but the churches,
BO called, were mere huts, not to be compared with some of the
log chapels built in a day, in western New York and in Maine,
when the lirst missionaries attempted to Christianize the Iroquois
Nations and colonize Acadia, in the se\-enteenth century. It
•would be difhcult now to find a vestige of. tho.se buildings.

The bishop had been consecrated for missionary labors among
the Indians in March, 1851, and under his leadership thus tians-
ferred by the spread of the Union to a more populous Held, the
church has now in Kansas 202 ■ >rganizations, the congregatHi~s of
which, nur'/oering children of Catholic parents as members, ag-
gregate 37,198 persons, with 165 church buildings of various
kind.s, of an estimated value of $40ii,C00. The growth of the
church is marked and significant.

The Methodist Episcopals came next in point of date, being
second only among the Indian nations, and first among the
churches to attempt organization among the white settlers. The
first missionary effort among the Indians was coud acted by the

CiiuiiCH OiiGAyizA rioxs.

535

ty, although no
r'ears later this
,he Indian race,
under a protec-
iceinont of mis-

the same date,
c iirst mission
;li century, had
li the ancestors
or Cliristianity,
lie first mission
ear 1855, when
ihed to his lirst
irsons, In this
!atholics slowly
y opportunities

not the lirst
10 mission had
1 at the Osage
vas built at the
at the churches,
ith some of the
and in Maine,
ze tlie Iroquois
Lh century. It
uildings.
y labors among
ship thus tians-
lulous Held, the
iongregat)ii"s of
IS members, ag-
ngs of various
growth of the

t of date, being
rst among the
3 settlers. The
id acted by the

Kcv. Thomas Johnson, on the Kansas or Raw river, about eight
miles from its junction with the Mississippi, in the year ISol, four
years after the beginning of the Osage mission by the Eoman
Catholics. The first organization of a church took place in
March, 1832, under the same pastor and the lirst converts were
gathered in from the Shawnces and Delawares; a chief of the
latter tribe being among the most inlluential upholders of the
work. There is no record to show how soon after this date, tho
first church was erected by this denomination, but an old log edi-
fice near what is known as the White Church, Wyandotte coun-
ty, was probably the first, and a frame building, about five miles
west of the large Manual Labor School, among the Shawnecs,
must have been built shortly afterwards, as both were dilapidated,
although still in use in the year 184:3, when the first reliable rec-
ord ciMicerning them appears. Probably both churches were
built during the pastorate and under the superintendence of the
llev. Thomas Johnson. It is interesting thus to mark the begin-
nings of labor in what was emphatically the day of small tilings
and to place in order the men by whom the work was accom-
plished.

Missionary labors among the Delawares, Wyandottes and
Shawnees were certainly established as soon as possible after
the tribes commenced to be located on this tci'ritory ; and a3
soon as settlement was begun, under the provisions of the organic
act, known as the Kansas-Nebraska bill, several missionaries
were accredited to preach to and organize the community into
what was certainly a church militant for many years. The
ministers thus sent by the Methodist Episcopal church were the
Kevs. Wm. Goode, A. Stell, James S. Griffincy and A. L. Downey.
They were all located at Wyandotte, pending such developments
as would allow of their being more particularly placed, but soon
afterwards, still in 1854, we find them distributed to the Dela-
ware mission, Sliawnee, Leavenworth, Atchison, Fort Kiley
and other places, vigorously extending their sphere of operations,
organizing congregations wherever possible, and preparing the
way for increased usefulness.

Church buildings were commenced in 185-1-5, and not long
after there was a special interdict placed upon the utterances of

t. y j?.* 'j*3»rs«^Ei?sni:K^*f;?^sC''^«eFe'*'

636

Tittle's JIistohv of Kaxsas.

Methodist proafhors, wlioso tone did not accord witli the views
of tlic border rnni.'Uis tmd tlicir directors ; but to llic great glory
of the church, such lueiiaces did not prevent the preachers and
organizations continuing tlieir labors. The ^fethodists grew
stronger because of such denunciations, and the first building com-
pleted was the edifice in the city of Lawrence, wliero there arc
now seventeen ]irospcrous churches of various denominations.
The church at Leavenworth was second in order of completion
by the Methodists, and that edifice stood almost alone, where
there arc now twenty-seven commodious buildings devoted to the
"work under the superintenucncy of the" several denominations.
The ^Methodist P]piscopal church has now in Kansas 621 organ-
izations, ninety-six church buildings, the church property being
estimated at $340,400, and the mcMubership of the church, only
reckoning those who have voluntarly associated themselves with
the work, being accepted after due inquiry, reaches the satisfac-
tory aggregate of 22,696.

The Presbyterians date their missionary enterprise here from
about the year 1837, seven years before the beginning of white
eettlement, although there were already white men scattered over
the territory in connection with Indian agencies or as traders, or
otherwise associated with the nations. Highland, about twenty-
five miles north by west from Atchison, was the first location, as
it is still the most favored, being the site of an excellent Presby-
terian university; but the labors of the missionaries, Revs. Wm.
Hamilton and S. M. Irvin, speedily made them known all over
the lerritor}'. Most of the churches now operating in the state
in connection' with this denomination were organized by those
zealous and untiring workers, or by the aid of the missionary
effort in which they cooperated. The Westminster church at
Leavenworth City, and tl o Presbyterian church at Junction City,
near the confluence of the Smoky river and the Republican,
where the Kansas river is formed, are the only exceptions to the
rule just named. The first church organization of the old school
Presb-terians seems to have been formed near the site of the city
of Ottawa in the year 1840, but the name of the founder of tho
church does not appear. Thoy were more intent upon effecting
the work than anxious to write their names on the records.

.-..■iDuj i-)r¥.apwi-i"a»'ajafeU''t^»uimm*"pJ^ "

i«iwiuumiwiwfc»a»;-."

Cnviicu Oim.iyiZA rios.

887

;li the views
) great glory
■cacliors and
lodists grew
uiklingcorn-
!ro there arc
nominations.
[ completion
ilono, where
ivoted to the
nominations.
s 621 organ-
operty being
church, only
mselves with
the satisfac-

le here from
ing of white
mattered over
IS traders, or
3out twenty-
; location, as
lent Presby-
, Revs. AVm.
nvn all over

in the state
;ed by those
e missionary
n' church at
unction City,

Republican,
ptions to the
:ie old school
te of the city
lunder of tho
pon effecting
jcords.

The second church was formed in Doniphan county, some-
where in the northeastern extremity of Kansas, under the joint
labors of the missionaries already named, but the exact location
is not Mccified. This work dates from October 21, 184;], and
beyond doubt, the prcacliers founded their well ventilated church
cdifuic. under overarching trees, with the green sward for their
luxurious carpet. When territorial organization began, there
was a movement toward the settled districts, but it was not rapid,
and it seems to have waited for a call, as the earliest church
oivmnization in that troubled era is recorded on the first of .lan-
ua°-y, 1856, under the pastorate of the Rev. C. D. Martin, well
and favorably known among the old settlers, as a sterling worker.
The New School began their organizations two years later, in
1858, when settled government was beginning to be enjoyed, after
the people had passed through their major troubles. The labors
of the Rev. James Brownlec found responses at Brownsville,
Gardner, Blacac Jack, Olatta, De Soto, Spring Hill and Centro-
polls. Churches were erected at Auburn, Siiawnee county, by
the New School, and in Leavenworth City by the Old School,
soon after this effort, but tlie dates have not been ascertained,
and there are now 181 organizations, 82 church buildings, with
church property in all valued at $370,800, and an aggregate of
6,826 members. This, of course, does not include the children
of members nor any persons who have not voluntarily come into
the several organi;?ations of the Presbyterian chrrch.

The Baptists inaugurated their missionary labor in Kansas
about the year 1837, by the ministrations of the Rev. Mr. Meeker,
among the Ottawas when that tribe first made its settlement in
Kansas. The date of his coming is only approximately given,
but he began the work of translation and soon afterwards caused
to be printed in the language of the Ottawas, the sacred books of
the scriptures, making the word a true gospel of glad tidings to
that nation. He was amply rewarded for his enterprise, as a
church organization was effected speedily, and nine-tenths of the
Ottawas became members. The Ottawa tribes had welcomed
Jesuit teachers nearly two centuries earlier, but the truth as now
presented made so great and lasting an impression that when the
first white settlers came into the country in 1854, seven-eighths

538

TrTTLii's lIisTonr or K.iss.is.

<j[ Jill llio adult males of the Ottawa nation wcro nicMnbcrs of tlio
Baptist cliuivli, and professing Christ. Tlic first organi/.alion
among tlio white suttlci's was made in 1855, in the month of June,
nearly twelve months after settlement eonnnenced, when :^evea
members were formed into a cluireh under the pastorate of tho
]{ev. ^fr. Ilall. The first ediliee erected now stands in the city
of Atciiison, having been raised under the leadershi]) of tlie Rev.
Mr. Alderson. There are 28() Uajitist organizations in Kansaa
with a mcmbcr.ship of 12,197 persons, and Oo church edifiees val-
ued at $24(5,050.

The Congregational church commenced missionary work in tho
midst of the troubles at Lawrence, in the year 1854, when it was
doubtful whether the little handful of white .settlers would not
be driven out of the territory, or worse, by the infuriated hordes
by which they were menaced. Tiie Hev. S. Y. Lum could not
be intimidated by the worst threats of the border rufTians, and he
persevered in his labor .so that there was an organization efTccted
under his jiastorate during the latier part of that year. The first
church building connected with the Congregational denomination
in Kansas was raised in the same city in 1857, and the organiza-
tion has since that time so extended its operations that there are
121 churches, with a membership of 4,458, pos.sessing church edi-
fices to the number of 53, valued at $25(5.550.

The Episcopal church began its missionary effort in 1850, in
the city of Leavenworth, when tho Eev. lliram Stone organized
a parish under the name of St. Paul's church, on the 10th of
December. The edifice now occupied in that parish was com-
pleted and consecrated by Bishop Kemper as St. Paul's church,
on the 7th of December, 1857, after two years persistent mission-
ary labor. The Right Rev. Thomas II. Vail is now bishoj) of the
diocese, and there are 34 organizations in the .state, consisting of
1,130 mcmbcr.s, with 22 church edifices, and property valued at
$173,000.

The United Presbyterian church began its labors at Bcrea, in
Franklin county, in April, 1857, when the Rev. J. N. Smith rcj)-
rcsented the Associated church or Seceders. In July, three
months later, the Rev. B. L. Balbridge was sent by the general
assembly of the Associated Reformed Presbyterian church to

wf9iimmiiiM>n.[«mmm*MVKm

oinbcrs of tlio
, orj,'aiii/.!\lioa
iDiitli oi June,
I, wlien ;^ovcn
storato of tho
Js in tlio city
p of the lliiv.
n.s in Kansas
h edifices val-

J'orii.ATioy.

539

operate in Lcavenwortl., (Jeary City, «.ium<lan, and 1'^^^^ ^ ' ■
?,,ero were thus two organizations in the IK-Ul, but they coalc. .
in May, 18:,«, forming the Vnitc-a I'resbytman chur..!.. Iho
Lt o^anization was fonned in Herea by ^n^ Snuth u. W,
and in Leavenworth by Mr. J^albridge in 18.8 church bud-
in.rs being erected in the two cities in 1858 and '..!) r.spc Uvely.
There are fourteen church buihbngs, valued at ^-ll.,200, and
thirty-nine churches with a inenibenihip of 1,313.

y work in the
I:, when it was
!rs wouhl not
iriated hordes
am could not
ifTians, and he
iation efTected
;ar. The first
denomination
the organ iza-
tliat there arc
ig clmri'h edi-

rt in 1850, in
3ne organized
1 the 10th of
•ish was com-
Paul's church,
istent mission-
bishop of the
, consisting of
;rty valued at

s at Berea, in
S^. Smith rej)-
1 July, three
ly the general
an church to

CHAPTER XXIV.

POPULATION - STATE INSTITUTIONS -RAILROADS - RIVERS-
POPULAIU ^^^^j^^^jLTURE AND LIVE STOCK.

POPULATION. Many curious calculations have ^een made of
late vears to <Mve a definite meaning to the sentence, Centie of
plra V'^often used without special correctness m ordma^
S . ani conversation. (Jen. Walker, who supermtended the
To Itlon of the ninth census of the United States, went .nto
particularly nice discriminations on this subject m compuUng the
Always chancing centre for the United States as a whole and for
tXetl ^tat^sand territories individually. It would be or-
ei.n to our purpo.se to enter at large upon tins subject, but t is
necessary thus briefiy to say that the same process as that e-
sorted to by him has been substantially applied to resolve the
centre of population for the state of Kansas, and ,t js found
that there haS been a continuous change in this respect fronx the
t p operly taken census to the present time. The change was
oleen'miL to the east on the same parallel of hvt.tude, from
1860 to 1870, since which date there has been a tendency of the
Itre toward the southwest, so that it now rests m the northeast^
erlv part of Lyon county. Popularly speakmg, every city, town
ani hamlet is'a centre of population, but when aiming to speak
with a scientific accuracy, the term conveys a retcrence to that

WjWWlt^awfWKBnfflUg"''*^

640

TvTTLK'S lltSTOliY OF KAXflAff.

point \vlii(.li is prcini'ly tlio centre of tlio great nins.s o/ human
life distributed ovor a range of country more or less extended.
The present eentrc as determined by careful computation in 1S75
lies in ?>^' ;U' 4."." latitude, and longitude 9")' nH' 2(1", but the
daily increase and change of jjopulation and settlement will con-
tinue to change our centre as long as there ia life and motion in
Kansas.

When the census was taken in 1800, there were 107,20(i per-
sons in tlie state of Kansas, and of course the depletion incidental
to the rebellion, which called from Kansas a larger proportion of
its male i)0|>nlation than from any other state in the union, and
the peculiar circumstances under which our troops fought, the an-
imus with wliich they struggled to sustain the union, as on the
bloody field of Chickamauga, at Mission I{i,igo and elsewhere,
causing in their ranks a larger average of mortality than among
the soldiers generally from other states, it might be expected that
our increase during the ten years ending in 1870, would show but
a small aggregate of gain. The result came out much larger than
many dared to hope, as in 1870 there were 30-1,390 inhabitants, as
ascertained by the census of that year, showing an improvement of
nearly 240 percent., or to speak with precision, of 23.9 per cent, per
year. The gain of the United States as a whole, during the .same
term, amomted to 2.22 jier cent, for ten years. The population
was ascertained in 1875 to con-sist of 628,437 person.s, and there-
fore cannot now be less than 600.000 as elsewhere stated. During
the five years from 1870, the ascertained increment was 30 percent.
The suHcringof the state from the locust visitation during the fall
of 1874, led to a very considerable temporary decrease in popula-
tion, as numbers who have not abandoned their residences here
•were absent in other states where they have sj)ent the winter, and
thus failed to be enumerated, although still substantially part of our
population. The census was collected on the first day in March,
just before the tourists and temporary absentees to the number of
thousands returned. Opportunities occurred several months later
in 1875 to test the population by a comparison of our voting
•with the election returns of former years, and it is evident after
making every possible allowance for error, that the actual popu-
lation of Kansas in the fall of 1875, was in excess of 568,000.

ssag.vwi'tf'it'a'MB'iiwitf-'rTri'iartjiTjrmjJ^^'tgjM^fyj'^

Statu IssTiTrrioys.

IS Ocf Iminan
s c'xtondocJ.
ion in 1S75
!0", but the
lit will con-
I motion in

07,20(1 pcr-
!i incidental
•ojiortion of
union, nnil
iglit, tlic an-
as on the
clscwliore,
,lian among
pccted that
Id show but
larger than
abitants, as
ovcment of
icr cent, per
ig the same
population
and there-
d. During
30 per cent,
ing the fall
in popula-
lences here
-vinter, and
part of our
in March,
number of
onths later
3ur voting
'ident after
tual popu-
>68,000.

State LvstITI-TIONS. — *V/afc A/ojlum for the DvnJ and n.iw''.—
The advanced intclligenco which has marked the ])r< ..icsa of
the state, from the earliest days of territorial struggle, naturally
prepares one to expect high tone in all matters aU'ecting philan-
thropic ellort, and the arrangement made for the education of
the deaf and dumb of the state, between the ages of ten years
and twenty-ono, fully bears out that idea. The asylum is lo-
cated at Olathe, under a law passed in 18(5(1. rrit)r to that
time, there had been only a partial assumption of this important
duty by the state. Trot. Kmery opened a school of this de-
scription in Baldwin City, Bouglais county, in December, 18(51,
and, being a semi-mute, there was peculiar fitness in his effort.
He had procured ample experience in the Indiana institution of
the same kind, where he hud served as an instructor. The cir-
cumstances of the time would not warrant the state in establish-
ing an asylum at its own co.st entirely, but there was such an
urgent desire to efTcct something, that the legislature passed an
act, in March, 1862, making an appropriation in favor of Prof.
Emery's school. Similar appropriations were made in the two
years following, after which changes were made, and during the
year 1805, such further arrangements became necessary as re-
sulted in the present asylum coming into operation in the year
1866, at Olathe. The act was passed in February, ^^^56, ar; I
Prof. Mount, who had become principal of the school lu tht in-
terim, was transferred in the same capacity to the asylum. Prof.
Burnside, of Philadelphia, assumed that position in April, 1867,
but having resigned in the following November, was succeeded
by Prof. Jenkins, whose services have given excellent results.

" The legislature of 1873 made appropriation for the erection of a
suitable building, of which only the east wing has yet been erected ;
but there is already a very handsome structure, and a promise of
one of the most elegant edifices of the kind in the United States.
The government of this asylum, and of all similar asylums for the
blind, and for the insane, is vested in boards of trustees, appoint-
ed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate,
under limitations to prevent any one county procuring a prepon-
derance in their direction, and any persons being nominated to
more than one such board. All persona who are in need of the

. 1 1

642

Ti'Trr.i:'s UisntitY of Kassas.

'■I

ndviitiffvpos ofTciiMl by the !isyliiin nro cli^'ililc for adinission upon
coiiipliiiiicij Willi tho niU'X. Tlioro is no fee (iliargi'iihlo for iMwinl
or tuition, nrul no ccrtifKvito nor rocommonilation is necossiiry.
Tlic proper course is for tlu' pi-rson who is intcrestod on belialf of
the (Miniliilato to write to tho principal, Htatin,ur the particulars of
tlKM-asc so far as known, ai.i' ;is soon as possible theioalter infor-
mation is sent as to tin- lime ;, 'Ahich (he pui)il will bo received;
but whenever n eandidate eomcs lov admission nt tho cominencc-
inent of a session, he is received iriiMpectivo of any such pro-
Bcribed formula.

Persons uiuler ten years of a,^'e, or above twenty-one, ean be
admitted by tho board of trustees if they seo fit, and pupils from
other states are rceciw^d on payment of $250 per session for tui-
tion and maintenance, Six years is tlie recognized torm during
■which ])U|iils usually reiiKii >. but exceptions may be made by the
prinei{)al and trustees in spccinl rases of merit or distress. Pupils
must be bron^i t at the eoniincricoment of each session well sup-
plied with clothes, and must remain until tho end of the session,
tho second Weibiesday in June in every year. No exceptions
are made in this respect, unless in ease of sickness. Tlie session
commences in September. The design of the trustees is to ren-
der the institution and the pupils self-supporting by tho prose-
cution of useful trades. The girls are instructed in housework,
needlework, millinery, and such avocations, tho boys having a
choice of various trades, work in the asylum or in the gardens
and on the farm. The vacation is customarily spent among the
friends of the pupils, and none are admitted who are mentally or
physically incapable of education. This institution is clo.sely
guarded against expenditures for any purpose outside the avowed
purposes of education and training, and it will be seen that much
good ean thus be accomplished under a perfect system with com-
paratively little outlay, contrasting the results aimed at by tlie
asylum with the appropriations devoted to attain the end.

There is a complete staff of attendants under Mr. Jenkins, and
the number of pupils has gradually increased from 28 pupils in
1868, to 70 in 1874. The report for that year says : " The male
pupils now do considerable labor upon the grounds of the asy-
lum. They have this fall plowed all the land devoted to tho

m' .

-,.-^-;yt.;,v^i-jeTsav'?s3CEWsa»»^^

»<ivl-;A--;^JSiaSJte-l

iiHsion u))nn
ilo for lioiinl
s iioct'Hsiiry.
:)n beliulf of
.'irticulars of
ciiltcr iiifor-
bc rcccivoil;
) cominetico-
ly such pro-

-one, can be
pupils from
ision for t\ii-
torm (luring
riiiule by tlie
CriS. Pupild
on well sup-
the session,

0 exceptions
Tlio session

!C3 is to ren-
)y the prose-
housework,
ys having a

1 the gardens
t among the

mentally or
in is closely
; the avowed
in that much
m with com-
ed at by the
3 end.

Jenkins, and
28 pupils iu
" The male
Is of the asy-
voted to the

iii«*>.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

iJo

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y.
^

1.0

I.I

■-1^ III 2^

110

1.8

IL25 IIIIII.4 IIIIII.6

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICIVIH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreprcriuctions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

.-S<*t^*-?» 5*'^4-' ''J*^*'' ■

State Institutions.

543

garden, and performed much other laLor to prepare it for the
raising of vegetables. T\wy have, moreover, performed much
work-in clearing away rubbish made by the workmen upon the
east wing, and otherwise labored to render the grounds agreeable.
I thiidc the time has now arrived for the introduction of the trade
of shoemaking. I would suggest that the necessary tools be pro-
vided, a room set apart for a shop, and a workman engaged to
instruct a portion of the pupils in that handicraft at the opening
of the next term of the school. The female pupils have per-
formed much domestic labor. Indeed, as tlic number of male
pupils has greatly exceeded that of the female pupils, the latter
have had rather more than their share of work to perform. Sev-
eral of the female pupils have learned to operate a sewing ma-
chine, and all will be taught its use as soon as they are old
enough to be trusted with a machine. They also do considerable
sewi°g for themselves and for the asylum." There are two
build °ig3 connected with the institution, and besides the fifteen
acre lot°on which the buildings stand, tliere are 160 acres used
for farm purposes, about two miles east. The asylum is sup-
ported by state aid, but so nearly has it become self supporting
that the total amount appropriated to all purposes, except build-
ing, from the commencement, has been only $151,038, a mere
bagatelle in such a relation.

,Siate Asylum for the Blmd.—T\us institution is located at Wy-
andotte, and is free to all blind children in Kansas from the age
of nine to twenty-one years, except as to clothing, traveling and
incidental expenses. The government of all the institutions was
described when referring to the asylum for the deaf and dumb.
There are ten buildings, and the institution owns a site of ten
acres. The purpose of the state has been to establish a family
school, in which the youthful blind may be educated to become
self supporting so far as is possible, considering their deprivation ;
but the limited means at the disposal of the government will not
permit of its being converted into an infirmary for the treatment
of diseases of the eye, nor can the institution be made into a hos-
pital for the sick, nor into a home for the ailing and infirm. The
asylum is necessarily limited to the preparation of blind youth
for the practical duties of life ; a design in every way bemficent.

f'fi'i

64A

TuTTLh's IIlSTOIiY OF KaXSAS.

The pui)ils are taught reading in Boston type and New York
points, spelling, writing with grooved cards, arithmetic, geogra-
phy, grammar, physical geography, rhetoric, printing in New
York point, ancient history and history of the United States,
together with its constitution, geometry, and vocal an.I instru-
mental music. Many of the inmates are admirable musicians, and
ou the occasions on which their accustomed practices are held, it
is quite pleasant to watch the intellectual eagerness depicted upon
their sightless faces, when it almost seems as though the well
tutored nervous system can be made to compensate the lack of
vision. Boys are taught broom, brush and mattress making, and
the girls receive instruction in sewing, knitting and fancy work.
Many of the specimens of bead and other work exhibited to vis-
itors are surprising specimens of ingenuity and good taste, so
much so that it is difficult for one who has not seen the exqui-
site effects that can be attained by the sensi of feeling, to believe
in the genuineness of the exhibits.

During the year 1868 there were 13 pupils, and in the year
1874 there were 35. With larger means the area of usefulness
could be extended, but even in the manner described the asylum
has achieved excellent results. Superintendent Parker is a very
efficient officer, and he is ably seconded by the matron, his wife,
and the departmental assistants It is very properly claimed that
parents and guardians of the blind should cooperate with the
officers of the institution, by training them before they arrive at
the age for reception in the asylum, as well as by continuous
effort in the intervals between the sessions. Many domestic du-
ties can be taught at home and among relatives more easily than
by strangers after the children are admitted. The rudiments of
arithmetic can also be communicated in the same way, and the
spelling and meanings of common words, with such facts in
geography and history as may readily occur, forming a basis upon
which subsequent training can raise a superstructure. It is found
that in some families blind children are petted almost into imbe-
cility, while in others they are entirely neglected, as though the
absence of one sense rendered all the others of no avail. Blind
children are as a rule very docile under proper training, and they
can be taught almost everything that is desirable for persons ia

a New York
letic, gcogra-
tiug ill New
11 i ted States,
1 anil instrii-
lusicians, and
!s are held, it
lepicted upon
igli the well
3 the lack o£
making, and
fancy work,
libited to vis-
ood taste, so
in the exqui-
ig, to believe

PHILAOeLPKIA U.B. AMEHIO/I ><Xj<;

MAYIOT'.'WOyBMBIMO" 1876.

:^^O$»$)0^-_ 1 TMPJPiaifi^gf^gg^ai^

':|i

L in the year
of usefulness
d the asylum
'ker is a very
ron, his wife,
claimed that
rate with the
key arrive at
y continuous
domestic du-
e easily than
rudiments of
way, and the
uch facts in
a basis upon
It is found
)st into imbe-
i though the
avail. Blind
ing, and they
or persons ia

PHILADSLPHI.

-^og:^^rg^iaiBiiaa'^^^^»'i"^'^ '>E^ismiBi(gaM--ff:^x>^-:

vMi

■■-m^

»ji>illy, miHljlljH 'P

5r.i r/; Ly^TirvTiuss.

545

llicir condition, provided that tlic requisite special and improved
means are at tlieir disposal.

The asylum is so managed, that imbeciles or persons of un-
sound mind, and those who have contracted improper habits, arc
excluded from its advantages for the sake of the other inmates.
The same rule applies to confirmed invalids, as it would unwisely
increase the expense of running the iurititution, supposing a hos-
pital and set of nurses to be employed to meet the wants of the
sick. The same rules as to being supplied with proper clothing
and being present at the commencement of each session, apply to
this asylum as have been named in connection with that for the
deaf and dumb. During the summer, there is no provision for
the support of pupils, consequently they are returned to their
friends at the commencement of vacation. The institut'cn de-
pends upon state aid, but the total amount appropriated up to
November, 1875, only amounted to $90,969, a very small sum,
considering that the asylum was founded in 1868. There are
20,320 blind persons in the United States, as represented by the
census, but there may be many cases of deprivation not enumer-
ated; and there are twenty-seven asylums for their protection and
education. There are only thirty public institutions of the kind
in Europe, but there are many of great excellence, which are
local and special in their operation. The first school seems to
have been opened in Paris, in the year 1784. The first in this
country was opened in Boston, in 1829 — the Perkins Institute
and Massachusetts Asylum. The Paris asylum was initiated by
Valentine Hauy, an albe, brother of the celebrated mineralogist
Ilis attention was called to the subject by his acquaintance with
a blind pianist. The founder of the school was never successful
in administration, but he invented the system of teaching by
raised letters, and is properly named the " Apostle of the Blind."
It was said of Valentine Hauy, by Dr. Howe, that " The Abbe
possessed genius, generosity and zeal, his only lack was common .
sense." There are millions who are lacking in common sense,
who have none of the other high qualifications to call attention
to their want.

The world is, in one aspect, completely shut off from the blind.
The rich feast of colors, in which nature delights to robe the out-
85

51G

TcTTLEs HisTonr of Kassas.

wanl semblance of things, depends largely upon the adaptation
of the human eye, and, for the blind, all those conditions have
no existence. Their universe is circumscribed by the distances
that can be reached by their lingers, save when the soul txpands
itself into infinitude, hence they have a peculiar claim upon the
more favored humanity that is blessed with all the senses.
Cheseldcn cured a blind boy who had attained considerable
age before having the use of his eyes, and, although up to that
time, all possible care and tuition had been bestowed upon the
child, it was two months before his optic nerves could be edu-
cated to know that pictures were meant to represent solid bodies;
after that time, the truth grailually dawned upon his intellect,
and then he was disappointed when he touched each picture to
find that it was only a plane surface.

State Asylum for the Insane. — This establishment is located at
Osawatomie, the name of the region being arrived at by a junc-
tion of the appellations of two tribes, the Osages and Pottawato-
mies, who were combined for state purposes upon their removal
to Kansas. Hence the name Osa-watomie. The government of
the institution requires no specific description beyond that already
bestowed upon asylums. The superintendent, steward and ma-
tron arc the resident officials. There are 160 acres of land be-
stowed upon the asylum, and the buildings consist of a miain
structure, in two sections, each 40 by 75 feet and three stories
high. There are also outbuildings, an ice house, a barn and a
cow stable; but the buildings are falling somewhat into disrepair.
The money cost of the' asylum used to be charged to each coun-
ty, but it is now met by direct appropriations from the treasury,
and it is found that the cost of maintenance per head is a fraction
under 20 cents per day — a scale that amply provides a good
dietary.

Patients, who are to be supported at the cost of their friends,
are admitted under proper precautions, the probate judge of the
county and at least one practicing physician must certify as to
the insanity of the perse n to be admitted, and sufficient security
is obtained for the satisfaction of proper demands. The insane,
who have no friends capable of maintaining them, are admitted
•with much less ceremony, and the state assumes full responsibility.

'imnaMnu'-

i-'vlttfatoiii ■

»^**r^a» •K^-T— ^S- *^!^

•iW"*^"

lliil 1 1 l"i H, III IIIWU

Sr.ir/i? IssTiTUTioNs.

517

! adaptation
litiona liavo
lie distances
oul (.-xpaiuls
m upon tho
the aeniiCH.
considerable
I up to that
id upon tho
uld be edu-
solid bodies ;
his intellect,
li picture to

is located at
it by a jnnc-
d Pottawato-
heir removal
)vernment of
I that already
ard and ma-

of land be-
f3t of a main
three stories

barn and a
nto disrepair,
to each coun-
the treasury,
I is a fi'action
'ides a good

their friends,
judge of the
certify as to
jient security
The insane,
are admitted
•esponsibility.

In the year ISfiS th(>ro were 41 pationta in the asylum, niul, in
the yoiiV 187r>, there wore llo, besides which tho returns showed
that there were 300 insane i)ers()ns in the itatc not being treated
in tlic asylum. There is no endowment, but the cost of mana'j;e-
inent is defrayed by annual appropriations, after deducting tho
amounts received by way of fees. Tiie appropriations up to No-
vember, 1875, had been only $338,736.

Much careful thought and investigation has been bestowed up-
on insanity of late yeans, and many curious theories have resulted
from the crudity of the material upon which men have arrived at
their conclusions. According to some there should be no restraint
at all in cases of mental aberration, and at Gheel, in Belgium, a
colony or village has been established in which insane persons
live together, more or less correcting each others' dclusion.s, but
the result has not been of such a kind as to render a continuance
of the system desirable. The government exerts particular con-
trol in tho village, which has been a special resort for idiots and
deranged persons since the seventh century, when the shrine of
St. Dyrnphnea, here placed, was credited with peculiar virtue by
and for idiots. In later times the farmers resident in Gheel made
the treatment of such persons part of their means of livelihood.

The number of lunatics registered of late years in every civil-
ized country has exhibited a marked increase, and many have
concluded from that fact that cerebral derangement is increasing
at a greater ratio than population, the general result being unfav-
orable to mental culture; but fuller investigaticn shows that the
average of cases is not really greater, but that :; .- fineness of dis-
crimination, and the completeness of registration .ally account for
the apparent increase. In England, according to the methods in
force in 18-11, there was one idiot or lunatic registered for every
802 of the population, the proportion increased, in 1859, to 1 in
585, and in 1871, to 1 in 400. But in all that time the actual
number of admissions to asylums continued to average about 1 in
2,100 of the whole population of the country. The same law is
found operating in the United States, where, in 1860, the regis-
tration showed only one in 728, and in 1870 had increased to 1
in 637. Dr. Mandsley, a very high authority, says that there is
no evidence of increase, in fact, although the returns are more

5iS

Tl'ttlk's UisToiir or Kaxsas.

ample. The census bceonies more coiiiiilete ami reliable every
year, and the number id increased in apiiearancc, becauno many
persons are now treated as insane, who were of old times only s'.b-
jeeted to medical treatment. The rate of mortality is less amon-r
lunatics, under the better systems now in operation, than it has
been at any former time, which of eourse accounts for a larger
number being in existence at one time, without necessitating the
assumption of a larger average of casea occurring. E.xercise and
development of brain does not lead to insanity, as a rule, any
more than exercise and development of the muscular system pro-
duces weakness, unless in either ease excess eventuates in injury.
Delaware, Florida, Nebraska and Nevada are the only states in
the Union in which there is no provision made by the state for
the treatment of lunatics. All the other states have one or more
asylums, but in siome cases the systems found in operation aro
very faulty, more esjjecially as afTecting the pauper insane, who
arc boarded out and otherwise neglected. The philanthropic exer-
tions of Miss D. L. Dix have contributed very materially to im-
prove the methods in operation all over the United States, and
by sympathy over the whole civilized world. There are numer-
ous private in.stitutions for the insane in all the older and wealthier
states, but in communities so young as Kansas, the state must be
relied upon to provide the machinery requisite for the sequestra-
tion and treatment of insanity, which certainly has a tendency to
affect the minds of those who are continuously engaged in observ-
ing its wonderful phenomena. Kansas seems to have obst^rved
the happy mean in the management of this branch of its V'anevo-
lent works, and there can be no doubt that as its wealth increases
tli.ere will be still more liberal provision for the demented.

*S7rtte Pe)ntentiary.—Th\» institution is located on a tract of forty
acres, a little distance south from the city of Leavenworth. The
county jail of Leavenworth was used by the state until proper
buildings were erected, after the year 1863, pursuant to a vote
taken in that year by the legislature. The penitentiary is a com-
modious building of stone, and the support of the institution to
date has cost $906,940. There were 21 prisoners in 1881, and in
1874, that number had increased to 425, so that while our popu-
lation had increased by a multiple of five or little more, our crim-

liable every
cauno many
03 only 8'ib-
les.4 amoni^
than it has
for a larger
!aitating the
Cxcrcise ami
a rule, any
system pro-
33 in injury,
nly states in
the state for
one or more
)peration arc
insane, who
ihropic exor-
'rially to im-
l States, and
I are numer-
nd wealthier
tate must be
be sequestra-
, tendency to
ed in observ-
ive obst^rved
)f its I'onevo-
ilth increases
mted.

tract of forty
worth. The
until proper
int to a vote
ary is a com-
institution to
1881, and in
lie our popu-
)re, our crim-

STATh: fssTiririos's.

549

in.ilsseem to have incroiiscd by a multiple of more than 20 ; a
result mainly due to the groat improvomcnt in our syst.Mii of
police undt-r settled institutions. Tlie penitentiary is governed
by a board of three dirccti)rs, one being nominated every year,
and the term of service being three years, so that there is always
a change going on in the direction, or at any rate tlio opi-ortu-
nity for a change arises, without such violent disruption as migiit
be feared if all the directors could be changed at one time.

The system observed in the penitentiary may be brieny stated
ns foUows : Every prisoner must wear prison clotliing, and sub-
mit to the operations of the state barber; he is then instructed aa
to the rules enforced in the penitentiary, with the penalties that
will follow any transgression, and the rewards that attend upon
full compliance. Every cell has necessary articles of furniture,
to which the prisoner may add other prescribed articles, when he
has earned the means to do so within the pri.son walls by actual
labor. Cleanliness is strictly enforced, and silence is peremptory.
There must be no communications between prisoners on pain o£
certain deprivations, should a discovery of any breach be observed.
Books are allowed under limitations, and those who have earned
the means by honest labor under duress may purchase other books,
provided they are of a character approved by the authorities.
Facilities are aft'orded to improve ihe educational status of prison-
ers, as it is found that ignorance is very largely associated with
crime, to such an extent as to suggest the relation of cause and
effect. Those \vho are capable of learning a trade are assisted in
that direction. The demand for labor from the prisoners is inces-
sant. During the year the working hours average nine every day ;
the length of the day in summer being ten hours and one-half,
and during the winter six months from sunrise to sunset ; so that
none can eat the bread of idleness.

The quantity of work exacted is proportioned to the capacity
of the prisoner, and laziness is properly punished. All violations
of the rules of the institution have appropriate penalties, but none
of them are severe and degrading except in the last extremity,
when appeals to the better nature have signally failed. Ball and
chain punishments, and close confinement on one meal per day,
are among the heaviest that are ordinarily inflicted; but in very

r :.^t-^s.--^-nm.jfi.m>mm00t \ i —

650

Ti rri.i:'s IlisTnny of /v.ja'.sm.v.

n^rtrmvattvl cascM, dark coll.i, tiMnpomry ili- privation of food and
othtr piini-tlnnt'iits aro pcrHcvcTod in nntil tlio ixviuiaito condition
of iniiid luiH boon Hiiporiiidnoed, unioas tlio lioaltli of tho prinoncr
is iMidaii!^'i'i'od. Prisoners anr OMi|)loyoil on oontraots in some
cases, ill tlio ipiarrios and on .stoiio cnttiii^' in otiiors, besides
W'liioli tlu'ir av'ttoations inoludo bnililiiigs and improvonionts, work
in tlio yard, in tho kitohon, dinin;^ room.-*, bako hoiHCS, colls,
driving toatns, in tlio laundry and repair shops, in tho fonialo
prison, cells, hospitals, and ainoiig tho sick; so that there is work
for every variety of slroiiglh ami eapa'.-ity of intellout. Tho aim
of the penctontiary is, as it should bo, tho amelioration of tho con-
dition of tho condomnod without making pets of tho jjrisoncrs.

There arc two systems of jirison discipline now in force in this
country, tliat of I'eiinsylvania and that of New York; that of
Pennsylvania prevents coiiimunieations between prisoners at all
times, and is so administered as that the individual does not know
nny of his fellows, and cannot bo recognized by them, should they
meet under other eireumstaiices after tho term of punishment is
concluded; that of New York separates the prisoners completely
after working hours, but permits of their laboring together in
■workshops during the day, subject always to the enforcement of
silence at such times as well as during their meals in common.
There is no corporeal punishment by stripes in tho Pennsylvania
system, but that of Now York permits of such applications occa-
sionally. Under both systems there is an efTort to compel and
encourage gainful industries, and both places aim at making the
prisons self supporting. There are good arguments to be adduced
on both sides, and cither of them will give excellent results when
well administered by competent men. The Kansas method may
be described as eclectic, as it aims at the embodiment of tho merits
of each system.

Railkoads IX Kansas. — Ten years ago there was hardly a
mile of railroad in Kansas ready for operation, and in view of that
fact, the progres" made in regard to transportation is surprising.
The Shawnee Irgislature, as our readers will remember, signalized
the end of their disgraceful session by certain acts that looked to
the enrichment of members, contrary to the organic act, by grant-

mmmmmtl^

n.\ti.uo.ir)fi.

551

if food and
I] condition
ho prisoner
U in Horiio
T.-^, besidiid
iiciit.s, work
llSCrf, collrt,
thu fcnialo
ere i.s work
Tho aim
of the con-
•isoncrs.
)rco in this
•k; that of
iier.-j at all
3 not know
ihould they
lishmont is
completely
;ogether in
)rcement of
1 common,
nnsylvania
.tions occa-
orapel and
naking the
je adduced
suits when
ethod may
: the merits

s hardly a
iew of that
surprising,
signalized
; looked to
, by grant-

ing oiVuxM, inonop<.lieH and privileges, grants for railroads among
tho number; but tho territory was not benelUed by surh modes
of operation. In th.; year mS, th.o Atchison num. wlio had al-
ways enjoved wliatever favors could bo procured from tho Shaw-
nee as.«emi.ly, began the formation of a railroad; but it made jts
start from the Missouri bank opposite to Atchison, and was meant
to connect Kansas with other parts of the union, but not to trav-
erse the terrilorv itself. The advantage aimed at was for Atchison
merely, which must tluis become tho commercial metropolis of tho
infant state. The road was completed in 18G0, connecting Atchi-
son with the Hannibal and St. Joseph lino at St. Joseph, Mo.
Kansas men and money did the work, but tlie Hue was in Mis-
souri altogetlier, and tho benefit was to be local, as nearly as that
end could be secured. This line was carried to Weston near
Fort Leavenworth in 1801, and the enterprise made a stop at that
point until the end of tho war, although there had been i.u>ny at-
tcmi.ts to inaugurate work on other ])rojected lines prior to and
after the commencement of the Atchison and St. Joseph Railroad
already mentioned.

While the civil war was progressing, the next cfTort took its
rise under the congressional act, which provided for building a
road to the Pacific ; and the Kansas raeiflc Railway was begun
in 1863. Near Wyandotte where the work of construction was
inau.rurated, at the state line, was than a dense forest, and before
tho e°nd of the summer the grading had been carried a Ion- dist-
ance westward up.the valley of the Kansas river; but there was
tiothincr to give immediate promise of value to thr undertaking; it
had n^rgrip on east or west, because Missouri, then traversed by
United States troops, guerrillas and confederate forces, was a
slave state, without sympathy with Kansas, unless the institution of
slavery could find favor.

The man who was pushing on the work of the railroad, Sam-
uel Ilallett, was assassinated in the streets of Wyandotte in Au-
gust 18G4, about eleven months before the war came to
an end and the work then passed into the hands of St. Louis
capitalists shortly before the end of the war. Mr. John D. Perry
• became the director of the undertaking at that time, and the line
of road has two termini, at Wyandotte and at Leavenworth,

552

Tuttle's History of Kansas.

Tvhich join at the city of Lawrence to run in one line up the val-
leys of the Kansas river and Smoky Hill river through the whole
state and thence to Denver, Colorado. A line of about one hun-
dred miles then connects with Cheyenne, Wyoming, where there
is a junction with the Union Pacific Kailroad, running through
from Omaha to Salt Lake City by the junction at Ogden ; and
through Sacramento to San Francisco. The line at Denver has
connections with all the railroads of Colorado, besides which
there is a branch line from Kit Carson to Fort Lyon in the state of
Colorado, and from Junction City to Clay county, Kansas.
This is the most considerable line in the state, and by far the
most important for its interests.

The Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe runs across the state di-
agonally from northeast at Atchison to southwest at Hutchinson,
striking Topeka and Empoi-ia, where it crosses the Neosho river
and follows the Cottonwood to its station on the Arkansas.
From Hutchinson the line runs up the valley of the Arkansas to
Pueblo, where it joins the Denver and Rio Grande narrow gauge
line. An important branch runs from Newton south to Wichita,
where it strikes the Arkansas and is intended to connect with
the Southern Pacific at some point in New Mexico.

Junction City is the starting point of the Missouri, Kansas and
Texas, and from this point the Kansas Pacific road runs to the
southeast, striking the Neosho river at Parkerville, Following
the general course of the Neosho the line crosses the Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe at Emporia, and crosses the Leavenworth,
Lawrence and Galveston road at Chanute. After crossing the
southern boundary line of the state this line crosses the Indian
territory to Texas. Another line of the same road runs from
Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi river through Missouri en-
tering Kansas near Fort Scott crossing at that point the Missouri
River, Fort Scott and Gulf Road. This line connects with the
Junction City Branch at Parsons. The road has connections at
Dennison, Texas, that run to the Gulf of Mexico. A branch
road, the property of the same company, runs from Holden,
Missouri, on the Missouri Pacific to Paola in this state.

The Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, already men-
tioned, runs from the mouth of the Kansas river at Wyandotte

JiMLIlOAIiS.

553

le up tliG val-
igh the whole
)out one hun-
f, where there
ning through
Ogdcn ; and
at Denver has
)esides which
in the state of
nty, Kansas,
nd by far the

the state di-
t Hutchinson,
Neosho river
le Arkansas.
5 Arkansas to
larrow gauge
li to Wichita,
connect with

, Kansas and
] runs to the
. Following
lie Atchison,
Leavenworth,

crossing the
3S the Indian
d runs from

Missouri en-
the Missouri
sets with the
Dnnections at
A branch
ora Holden,
te.

already men-
t Wyandotte

through the counties of the eastern tier, to the southern boundary
of tho^state, crossing the Missouri, Kansas and Texas line at Fort
Scott.

The Missouri Pacific runs from St. Louis, Mo., and enters Kan-
sas at Wyandotte, from which point, following the main direction
of the Missouri river, it passes through Leavenworth to Atchison.
This portion of the road from Wyandotte to Leavenworth is
known as the Missouri liivcr Road, and thence to Atchison it is
called the Leavenworth, Atchison and Northwestern; but the
Missouri Pacific operates both lines, having leased them of the
constructing companies som<^ years since.

The Atchison and Nebraska leads from Atchison northwest to
Lincoln, the capital of the sister state, the distance being ^146
mile-s. This line crosses the St. Joseph and Denver at Troy,
Kan., and at Lincoln connects with the Midland Pacific and
Omaha and Southwestern. A branch is being built from Salem,
Neb., to Nebraska City, and the main is being extended north
from the" capital to connect with the Union Pacific at Fremont.
Thus the Atchison and Nebraska, Missouri Pacific and Missouri
Eiver, Fort Scott and G \\i roads are continuous along the eastern
border from the north to the south line of Kansas.

The Central Branch Union Pacific leads from Atchison to
Waterville, in Marshall county, a distance of 100 miles west.

The Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston runs from Leaven-
worth, crossing the Kansas Pacific at Lawrence, and through the
second tier of counties south of the Kansas to the southern line.
A branch runs from Cherry Vale to Independence, Mo., and an-
other from Ottawa to Kansas Cit3^

The St. Joseph and Denver traverses the northern counties from
the Missouri river opposite St. Joseph to Hasting, Neb., connect-
ing with a line that joins the Union Pacific at Fort Kearney.
This line runs through Kansas about 140 miles.

The Kansas Central runs from Leavenworth to Holton, 56
miles west, crossing the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe at Grass-
hopper Falls.

The St. Louis, Lawrence and Western runs from Lawrence
through Olathe to Picasant Hill, Mo., where it joins the Missouri
Pacific, being operated by that company.

fT?

654

Ti'TTLE's HlSTOIiY OF KaKSAS.

The Lawrence and Southwestern extends from the city of Law-
rence to Carbondale, along the valley of the Wakajnsa river,
where it connects with the Atchison, Topcka and Santa Fe roiid.

The Midland runs from Topeka along the valley of the Xansas
through Lawrence to the Missouri line. The Atchison, Topeka
and Santa Fe company operates the Midland road.

A line from AVathena to Doniphan connects with the Atchison
and Xebraska, and is operated by the company owning the road
last named.

The Manhattan and Northwestern is not yet completed, but
has been <ir;idcd up the valley of the Blue to Irving from Man-
hattan. Several miles of track have been laid, and the work will
progress. The P\)rt Scott, Memphis and Southeastern runs nine
miles from the points named, connecting Fort Scott and Memphis.

The state is traversed east and west by six lines of railroads,
two running the whole length, and it is spanned by a line ncitli
and south along the eastern 1 (M-der. The great valleys of the
Kansas, Arkansas, Neosho, and Blue, have also their lines of rail-
road. Certainly no staN; of its age can compare with Kansas in
this respect, and the lines join the great railroad systems of the
continent by direct routes. From the eastern states the Chicago,
Eock Island and Pacific comes to the borders of the state, having
termini at Atchison and Leavenworth ; the Hannibal and St
Joseph has termini at Atchison and Kansas City; and the Bur-
lington and Missouri River road has its western terminus at
Atchison. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas connects at Hanni-
bal, on the Mississippi, with the Toledo, Wabash and Western,
and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and crossing Missouri
in a southwesterly direction, enters Kansas near Fort Scott. The
Missouri Pacific comes direct from St. Louis to Wyandotte, and
running thence through Leavenworth to Atchison, has branches
that reach Holden, Mo, and Paoli, Kan., as well as from Pleasant
Hill, Mo., to Lawrence.

Tlie St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern, is another direct
line from St. Louis, which strikes the Kansas system of roads at
Kansas City, Wyandotte and St. Joseph. The Kansas City, St.
Joseph and Council Bluffs line traverses the Missouri valley
along the east bank of the river from Council Bluffs to Kansas

Rivers.

555

jity of Law-
ajnsa river,
ita Fe roud.
the Xansas
ion, Topekn

le Atchison
ig the road

ipleted, but
from Man-
e work will
n runs nine
1 Memphis.
if railroads,
I line ncith
lleys of the
ines of rail-
Kansas in
terns of the
le Chicago,
■ate, having
)al and St
id the Bur-
erminus at
s at Hanni-
il Western,
Ig Missouri
scott. The
ndotte, and
xs branches
ra Pleasant

>ther direct
of roads at
as City, St.
Duri valley
1 to Kansas

City, with stations at the principal Kansas cities on the Missouri
and at Council Bluffs, affording direct connection with the Union
racilic as well as with the lines of Iowa cast and north. By the
Atlantic and Pacific there is communication with Brownsville,
Cherokee county, and of course with St. Louis.

There are eight great competing lines running to the east,
northeast, southeast, north and south, which connect Kansas
with the railroad system leading to the Atlantic. Two great
lines lead to the markets of the mining countries in Colorado,
New Mexico and Arizona and afford direct transit to the Pacific
coast. Texas and the Gulf of Mexico are also easily within reach.
The crisis of 1873, temporarily stayed the progress of railroads in
Kansas, but there are signs that the recommencement is at hand,
and the rapid growth of the state in population and productions
must have increased facilities until every portion of the state can
be reached readily, and can send the raw material and the manu-
factured article, which will unite to become their staple, into
every market in the union. Works projected and in progress
promise to assist in meeting those demands, and it is satisfactory
to observe that forty- nine counties in Kansas are at present pene-
trated or traversed by railroads. There remain twenty-four
counties, or less than one-third to be supplied. The total mileage
of roads now operated in the state amounts to 2,084^ miles.

The Rivers of Kansas. — The Missouri is the great river of
Kansas, as it forms the eastern boundary from Wyandotte to
Nebraska. It is almost always navigable by steamboats of the
largest class, and affords a channel of communication which can
only be le^ ^ened in value by the development of competing lines
of railroads, which must always find in the river a rival that
will insist on lowering the rates of traffic to their minimum.
Over this broad stream bridges, ft once elegant and enduring,
constructed of iron, for railroad and for wagon traffic, stretch
from Wathena, Atchison, Leavenworth uud Kansas City. The
Kansas river has been navigable to Fort Riley, but unless very
considerable improvements are undertaken, that line of traffic
will never prove practicable. In the year 1869 a boat of light
draft made several trips from the Missouri to Lawrence, but since

556

TuTTLh's History of Kassas.

tliat diite the stream has been spanned by several bridges at
Wyandotte, Lawrenee, Topeka and Wainego. The riverd Ar-
kansas, Neosho, Republican, Solomon, Verdigris, Blue, Cotton-
wood, Spring, Marais de Cygne, Delaware and Nemaha, are all
considerable sieams, affording water powers more or less available
at all seasons of the year. There are dams in tlie Kansas at
Lawrence; in the Blue at Manhattan, Blue Hapids, Watervillo
and Marysville ; in the Neosho at Burlington, Neosho Falls, La
Roy, Humboldt, Oswego and at other iwints; and in the Delaware
at Valley Falls. There are few rivers in the west that excel the
water powers of the Blue, Neosho, Solomon, Republican, Cotton-
wood, Delaware and Marais de Cygne. There are few new states
in which the rivers and creeks are so generally bridged, and
the bridges are as rule of good workmanship and substantial,
materials frequently consisting of iron on stone abutments and
piers.

Roads and Highways. — Few countries can offer to the trav-
eler such roads as the state of Kansas. The philosophy of this
fact, and the fact itself, have before been set forth in this work,
but may here be once more summarily adverted to, in order that
this department may be complete in itself. The country is so
formed that it gives perfect drainage. The streams have cut deep
into the strata of the surface, so that the bottom lands can be,
and are, easily drained by side ditches. There are no swamps,
and a f' jugh is very rare. The surface of the higher lands, where
linco of travel mostly lie, offers a beautiful surface for vehicles or
pedestrians, and but little expense is involved in the maintenance
of good roads. The great highways that passed through Kansas
before it became a territory, and soon afterwards leading to Cali-
fornia, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado, followed the " divides,''
and the sagacity of the early adventurers has been indorsed by
the continuance of their routes. The early legislatures made
those lines of travel into public highways, but more recent cus-
toms have complicated the first system by many zigzags, bending
to township and section lines.

Electric Telegraphs have kept pace with the wants of the
community, being run along the railroad lines, and operated by

[■'■■M^WwtWwriW

IMMI

MMi

— *"V;r-^" >.■«*•

Aguicviture.

667

al bridges at
he rivord Ar-

Blue, Cf)tton-
imiiba, are all

less available
ihe Kansas at
Is, Waterville
)sbo Falls, La
I tbe Delaware
that excel the
)lican, Cotton-
"ew new states

bridged, and
d substantia],
butments and

er to the trav-
isophy of this
in this work,
in order that
country is so
have cut deep
lands can be,
3 no swamps,
!r lands, where
"or vehicles or
3 maintenance
rough Kansas
iding to Cali-
;he "divides,''
I indorsed by
Matures made
•e recent cus-
zags, bending

wants of the
\ operated by

tbe Western Union, so that nearly every section ot_ the state is
penetrated, and hardly a village can be named that is not withm
easy reach of some telegraph station, connectmg with all the
world.

AaiiTCT-T.TUUK IX KANSAS.-" Bleeding " and "starving" Kan-
sas is a paradox and a pu.zlc to the rest of the states because, in
spite of its misfortunes, it is one of the most fertile and productive
if not the most fertile and productive, of all the states in the union.
The best pri.es have been carried olf from all tbe other states re-
peatedly, in fair competition, as well in quantity as in quality, by
this stale, at Richmond, Philadelphia, New York and Newark ; its
fruits, its cereals, and its root crops, being alike wondrous, and it
is known that all those results have been attained while the state
is yet in the infancy of its development. The growth of popula-
tion in Kansas, and the high average of intelligence evidenced by
census returns, alike give promise that the qualities inherent in
the soil will be improved to tbe highest point of excellence in the
future, at no great distance ; and it is moderately certain that in the
vast a-n-egation of wonders that are now being gathered into the
^vorldrshow at Fairmount Park, the state of Kansas will be able
to contribute from its products in 1875, such evidences of agricul-
tural wealth as will procure for her the very highest place among
the states in the lines of production in which she wih be a com-

^'ThT wonder and the paradox arise because the misfortunes of
Kansas have been crowded into a few years of her life. Ihe
civil war was an incident forced upon Kansas by the quarrel of
north and south on the great issue afterward brought out on a
broader field. The poverty of Kansas when the drouth came
upon her was one of the consequences of that war. The drouth
itself was intensified by the neglect of ordinay precautions, which
the state of war and the uncertainties of the season just closing
had mainly contributed towards. It is not too much to say that
with more cultivation, more trees, more works for irrigation, the
dryness of the summer would have been tempered to far different
conditions, and there would have been no agonized appeal to the
..hole world in the name of Kansas. The civil war was the basis

n 'wa-.it '.^ f w.»*f''t«|glW

558

TcTTi.i:'s HisTonr ofKaxsas.

of tlie wlinlc scries of misfortunes, and for that circumstance con-
gross was responsible, in tlic fact that it did not possess the
stamina to settle the slavery question by its own vote, instead of
relegating the debate to the soil of Kansas, to be determined by
the arguments and retorts of the bowie knife and the rifle. It is
not {)roposcd to make congress answerable for the colcoptera that
ravaged our fields and devoured our harvests, but it is fair that
the combined wisdom of the nation should carry its own burden,
and leave Kansas with nothing to damage her repute as a state
except the grasshopper invasion.

Kansas was libeled before it was even named as a territory, by
the fact tliat its area was designated as a part of the Great Amer-
ican Desert, and continued to be thus described by absent minded
geographers and map makers long after the testimony of Wash-
ington Irving and other eminent, disinterested men should have
removed the stigma. The public mind has thus been prepared
to receive the false impressions about this state with great readi-
ness. Elsewhere a drouth or a grasshopper raid would be treated
as an exceptional incident ; here it is easy to procure the impres-
sion that it may be the rule. There have been times of drouth
in other states which are still known to be good farming coun-
tries, affording on the average of years better profits to the farm-
ers than to any other class, but merely because of the time that
has elapsed since their first settlement, there is an answer to those
who would torture the exception into the rule. Kansas can only
answer all those who assail her repute as a producer, by referring
to the sentence comparatively common in official reports, " Kansas
again leads in the average yield per acre." Sahara can present
no such record within historic times.

Men have settled upon lands in this state almost without as
much money as would pay for their first year's seed, trusting to
fortunate accidents to pull them through, with a faith equal to
that of Jficawher, that something would turn up. In many of
the older states men would not venture upon wild land without >•
capital, stock, implements and a reserve fund such as would be
available against a wdiole year without returns; here there were
men who settled down without any such aids, and they were
overtaken by misfortune at their first venture. Many came here

mmmmmmmum

AcniCULTVIiE.

559

umstance con-
)t posses.s tVic
ote, insteiifl of
letcrmincd by
he rifle. It is
olcoptera that
it is fair that
3 own burden,
ute aa a state

a territory, by
5 Great Amer-
ibsent minded
any of Wash-
1 should have
3een prepared
1 great readi-
uld be treated
re the impres-
T>es of drouth
farming coun-
3 to the farm-
the time that
iswer to those
.nsas can only
r, by referring
irts, " Kansas
I can present

)st without as
d, trusting to
aith equal to
In many of
land without •<
as would be
re there were
id they were
ny came here

well provided with goods and gear, but the rufTian hordes ran oil
their stock into Missouri, their houses were burned over their
hea<ls, so that they were glad to escape with their lives, even
though their last cent had gone up in the smoke. There was ab-
solute bravery in the persistent resolution with which such men
stood up to wrestle with nature for further supplies, which were
to <nve to the heroic settler provisions for the future as well as build
up°homes and buy cattle. Their failure is not fairly chargeable
upon the soil of Kansas. The fact remains unquestionable that
Kansas has produced under ordinary circumstances, and can pro-
duce again as long as the earth gives forth her increase, better re-
turns per acre upon fair and adequate farming than any other
state in the union. That is a broad and sweeping assertion, but
it is safe because of its truth, as may be ascertained by any man
who will be at the pains to examine the agricultural returns for
the last ten years and compare the fruitfulness of Kansas with
every state individually and all in a mass.

Add Indiana to New York and Kansas can beat them both in
area ; add Maine to Ohio and Kansas is larger ; the same may be
said of Maryland, Delaware and New England. Kansas is more
extensive than the aggregate of those states, so ihat there is a
wide range of country within which the competent agriculturist
can seek his best location for farming. Four hundred miles m
length by two hundred miles in breadth, give an immense terri-
tory. Only 68 per cent, of this state, little more than two-thirds,
85,750,600' acres but of a total of 52,043,520, are comprised in the
organized counties. The cultivated land in 1875 only aggregated
4.748,901 acres. Little more than an eleventh of the whole area
is improved, the remaining ten elevenths being still wild prairie,
slowly, very slowly exchanging its accustomed verdure for blue
grass and clover, or timothy. Kansas with a population of only
600,000, has ample scope and verge enough for 7,0C0,00O. That
fact is full of significance for the emigrant, with or without cap-
ital, who is willing to put his labor into the soil, and is content to
grow up with the place, as Horace Greeley used to phrase it in
his homely and forcible way. • j v

The area yet unorganized lies within what is described as the
third or western rainfall belt. The eastern and middle belts have

tMmmiUm

iM'-^i"ilWiil>iiii^''

y}-

•Tr— ""

860

TiTTi.ifs IlisTour OF Kaxsas.

been favorcil so fnr by tlio great preponderance of population.
Since meteorological observations have been made in this state, it
has been ascertained that the average rainfall of the eastern belt
is 87 inches, that of the middle belt, 24 inches, and that of the
western belt, 10 inches ; but taking tlic mean by seasons for the
whole state it appears that the western has a fraction more rainfall
tlian the middle belt during the growing seasons. The winter is
the season of the year in wliich the least advantage comes from an
excessive fall of rain, and it is precisely during the winter that
the western belt has its minimum of pluvial visitation. The
average fall in the western belt during winter is only one and a
half inches, or, to be precise, rather less than that amount The
middle belt has then four inches, and the eastern belt five inches.
For stock raising purposes dry winters are desiderata, and no-
where in the wopld can such vast ranges of nutritious grass bo
found for the winter feed of cattle as here. Buffalo have fattened
here, guided by their unerring in.stincts. Surely then the situa-
tion must be well adapted for an industry which depends on the
presence of grasses and the skill of the practical herdsman.
Those who have made their ventures in this line in the western
belt are not among the men who complain about Kansas ; they
are increasing their capital with tolerable rapidity, and as that
multiplies they are steadily doubling and trebling their invest-
ments ; so that there is tolerably good ground for the conclusion
that the area known as the western or third rain belt will prove
tolerably successful in the long run for a deserving class of men.
When Kansas was organized as a territory, in 1854, its best
lands were Indian reservations, whereon the nations from New
York state, the Pottawatomies, Delawares, Ottoes, Kaws, Kicka-
poos, Missouris, Sacs and Foxes, Wyandottes, Shawnees and oth-
ers, were assembled in the eastern section ; while the west was
occupied in a semi-predatory and nomadic life, by the Comanches,
Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kiowas and other wild and warlike tribes.
When men migrate to any other territory to build a state, they
mean, primarily, to farm ; that was not the case with the men that
came to Kansas in 1854-5-6, to anything like the same extent.
They came primarily to settle the question of a free soil, and so
strongly were they imbued with that sentiment, that when the

I,.

f population.
1 this state, it
3 eastern belt
1 that of the
asoiis for the
more rainfall
rhe winter is
ornes from an
e winter that
tation. The
ly one and a
iiount The
t five inches,
rata, and no-
ous grass be
lave fattened
len the situa-
pends on the
d herdsman.
1 the western
vansas ; they
and as that
their invest-
le conclusion
ilt will prove
jlass of men.
.854, its best
s from New
Haws, Kicka-
lees and oth-
the west was
5 Comanches,
arlike tribes.
a state, they
the men that
same extent.
i soil, and so
at when the

€ '

- ■ ■ ■ I ' ■-^''

vmn I

AaiiicvLTntK.

661

war for the Union cvciituatctl, tlic Htato conlriltuU'd to the Holii-
tiori of thnt proljicm 'iO,Olt7 sohliors, or nearly oiieliflh <»f the
total sutu of tliu whole population of the state in 1801. Kan&as
gave .'S, i.'!3 men more than her quota, under cireunistance.s which
sli(nil(l have minimized her responno, but for the faet tliat tlie pop-
ulation comprised men warring for an idea, witli more than the
average of the John Brown inspiration in tlieir nerve power.
The state may well bo proud of such men and their dced.^, and
the nation has cause to be thankful ; but the soil was not likely
to get more than the average of fair play at their hands, and in
the actual fact they were not agriculturists.

Until the war was ended Kansas industries as a whole were
fstagnaiit. The men who sowed did not know who would reap.
The men who built a workshop did not feel sure but that the
brand of the incendiary would swallow up the fruits of long years
of labor and skill. The men of daring were in the tield already,
or they were prepared to fight guerrillas at a moment's notice.
That frame of mind was not favorable to commercial and manu-
facturing enterprise. Until the war came to an end, so complete-
ly were the people absorbed by the contemplation of the great
issue that agricultural statistics were absolutely neglected here
until the year 1865. That fact tells its own .story as significantly
as the figures themselves could possibly have done had they been
prepared and preserved. The department of agriculture supplies
some data touching Kansas, from the year 1862, but they are in-
complete to such ah extent as to render them little better than
random guesses at important facts. There appear to have been
405,468 acres of improved or partially improved land in the state
in 1860, and in ten years from that time only 1,971,003, and as if
to indicate how many conflicting causes had been at work in that
interval of ten years, more especially in the first half, the increase
within the next five years brought up the total to 4,748,901.
The increase in the first ten years was 1,565,535 acres, against
4,343,433 acres, in fifteen years.

The inclination to immigrate was minimized during the war,

and, when the term of hostility had come to an end, there was a

lack of means as well as of inclination among the persons in

every grade most likely to emigrate to assume new risks. We

UMiMiHia

MMUk«««\U»>.W^

562

Trrn.K's llisronv or Kaxsas.

Imtl 11 (io[)uIiitii)n of S,(|(»l in iS.Vt, wliich increased, in ppitc of
nil tlniwliiicks, to 107,'2(l(S in 1S(I0. but tlic next five \onvn only
niliU'il iiliont ;i;{,(Mj(i to our wniltli of liuman lifo. In 1870, tliero
wore Jii;4,;i!»i) ; in 187(5, over 528,4^7, nnd wc Imvo now over
(500,000 nt the most inodonitc o.stinwite. Tim figun.-rt just quoted
arc clofiucnt nnd descriptive to an extent seldom pos.siblo within
the rani^c of arithmetic. Kansas drew from the northern states
to the extent of very nearly 100,000 within live years prior to
1860, for no reason, more surely, than because tlio people were
committed to a struggle on belialf of human rights. They came
not to bargain for town lots so mueli as to remove a stain with
which a certain i)arty was proceeding to lower the moral status
of the territory. They came not to ft farm, nor to a laboratory,
but to a battlefield, nnd they prosecuted their design with the
chivalry of Crusaders, with this dilTerence, of course, that the
territory, m a commercial and agricultural sense, was well worthy
of the struggle, as the city of .leru.salctn was not supposed to be ;
but that fact hardly entered into their calculation at the time.

When the war had concluded, the people, who had on a large
Bcale fought the battle of this state, as Kansas on a more re-
stricted field had been engaged in battling for the I'nion five
years before Sumter was threatened, turned their attention to the
land which had been seen from afar, and had won, meantime, a
repute Un- value scarcely second to Ilymcttus, whose bees, per-
liaps, do not really make honey sweeter than that of their neigh-
bors. The era of hostilities did not favor migration. Immi-
grants from over sea enlisted to fight, or they found employment
in the great cities of the free states beyond the arena of war.
The peacefully disposed would as soon have thought of taking
their children to settle in the sulphurous glades of Inferno as of
bringing them here to colonize Kansas while the state was send-
ing its manhood to remote battle-fields, and at home was being
desolated by the followers of Quantrell. We only increased a
fraction over six per cent, per annum for five years after the war
began ; but then came a time of preparation to move towards the
west Around camp fires, and on the march, soldiers had told
their comrades about the soil, the mineral resources, the sites for
cities, the rivers and water power.s, and the exhilarating atmo-

1 1.—

iiiili

AaFrrvLTCRB.

663

, in ppitc of

0 voarH only
II 1870, tliero
ro now over
« just quoted
issiblo williiii
rthoiii states
iiwA prior to

pe()j)lo were
Tlicy ciituo

ft stiiiii with
nionil status
ft laboratory,
lign witli the
irse, that the
s well worthy
) posed to be ;

the time,
id on a large

1 a more re-
Q Union five
fcntion to the
, meantime, a
■»sc bees, per-
t their neigh-
ition. Immi-

employment
irena of war.
;ht of taking
[nferno as of
ite was send-
ne was being
y increased a
after the war
e towards the
iers had told
, the sites for
xrating atmo-

pphero of Kiinsas, about nil which thoy eouM bo eloquent;
statesmen looked " this diieetion, and the press soutnled our
praiscrt — an exodus on a irrcat scale was inovitablo.

TIkto was a pause ui\td men could realize advantageously
upon their ohl investments in the north, a little time within
which to enjoy tlio sc<;ic-ty of friends fi'OMi whom they had been
long parted, and tlieu Kansas, no longer blockadetl on the river
at Lexington or elsewhere, no longer recpiiring an array such as
that known as "Lane's army," became the eynosure of all eyes.
From that time, until 1878, investments for capital were in dc-
niaiiil, greenbacks Were plentiful altliougii gold was at a premium,
and properties readily found purchasers. Kansas began to re-
ceive a population intent on imlustries, bringing with them capi*
tal available for iuvestments, or even for speculation. The re[)Uto
of Kansas grew with every day, but the collapse of 1873 rudely
stayeil the stream of immigration just as it was broadening and
deepening at every source. Men that would have sold their pos-
sessions in more northern states to move this way, had no longer
a market available, unless they would give away their property;
still there has been a large increase within the past five years —
from 8(U,3<.)9 in 1870, to 528,437 in 1875 — rather more than 130
per cent., but a large margin below that of the preceding five
years — from 140,179 to 804,399, or almost 190 per cent.

Several circumstances have helped toward this result. The
corn crop Huctuated in 1872, and afterwards, then the crisis in
1873, and immediately following the perturbations of Wall street,
the visitation of locusts in 1874. The corn crop receded 29,000,000
bushels in 1873, a fall of 87 per cent, on the crop of the former
year. This incident affected Kansas materially, although the
failure applied not to this state in particular. Other products
suflfered in degree from the same causes, and the means of the
people were narrowed before the crisis applied its terrible squeeze
to the sponge. All those circumstances slackened the stream to
Kansas, and of course the locust temporarily turned the tide in
other directions; but there are signs of the times, such as cannot
be misunderstood, pointing to a compensating growth again within
the next decade. Even now we can see by looking back that
there has been no positive cessation of effort through all the timea

vtif*vJM^it^»^»eimiSi^'''

664

Tuttle's His tor r of Kaxsas.

of disaster, judging from tlie area of land brought under cultiva-
tion, as the figures amply prove. In giving the few statistics
necessary, no harm can accrue from stating in round nuiibers,
dropping in every case the hundreds, making them rate as a
thousand if they come above five hundred, and dropping them
altogether for the sake of brevity of statement, when they fall be-
low that mean.

During the war it seems probable that the actual area was below
that cultivated in 1860, at all times, and in 1864 there was only
244,000 acres under improvement. The next year gave an in-
crease of 30,000 acres ; in 1867 there was an area of 562,000, or
more than doubled in two years, a rate of increase which was ex-
ceeded in 1868, when the area rose to 1,360,000 acres. The year
1872 brought up the aggregate to 2,531,000, and, the corn crop to
the contrary notwithstanding, there was mi advance to 3,038,000
in 1873, which in spite of the crisis grew to 3,670,000 in 1874,
nor could the grasshopper cause it to recede in 1875 ; our last
record as the acreage then tilled was 4,750,000. The figures here
given are authentic except as to hundreds, as before mentioned.

Authorities are now recommending that Kansas should in the
future give more attention to wheat and less to corn, because the
easier and larger crop is subject to such distressing fluctuations.
No wise farmer will carry all his eggs in one basket, and no harm
can come from increasing the number of productions, more espe-
cially when the average of profit can be increased thereby. In
1870, corn gave only 17,000,000 ; in 1872, it grew to 47,000,000,
and in 1874, it had fallen to 16,000,000, while wheat was increas-
ing steadily all the time from 2,391,000, in 1870, to 13,209,000
bushels in 1875. Certainly it should be recorded that in 1875,
corn reached the enormous aggregate of 80,799,000, but that only
serves to illustrate, in a manner more marked, the fluctuation in-
cidental to that crop, which has no corresponding uncertainty in
wheat by way of set off. The practice in Kansas is gradually
changing toward the cultivation of wheat, and will become more
decided.

The increase of wheat cultivation has become an ascertained
and indubitable fact, and it is well for Kansas that it should be
so. Climate, soil, and market alike indicate wheat as the best

ifffW—

Stock.

565

under cultiva-
e few statistics
•ound nuTibers,
them rate as a
dropping them
en they fall be-

area was below
there was only
fear gave an in-
i of 562,000, or
! which was ex-
3res. The year
the corn crop to
ice to 3,038,000
170,000 in 1874,

I 1875 ; our last
rhe figures here
ifore mentioned.
IS should in the
)rn, because the
ng fluctuations.
;et, and no harm
ions, more espe-
id thereby. In
V to 47,000,000,
leat was increas-
}, to 13,209,000
3d that in 1875,
0, but that only
e fluctuation in-
; uncertainty in
ias is gradually

II become more

B an ascertained
bat it should be

beat as the best

product. The rainfall of Kansas is especially adapted to wheat,
and far less dangerous in its fluctuations to that crop than to corn.
It falls when it is wanted for the one, and it is apt to cease when
the lack is fatal to corn. The state is specially favorable to win-
ter wheat, and the farmer, finding that crop a good paying invest-
ment, is steadily increasing his area. Figures could be quoted to
prove this statement, incontestably, but the reader sliall not be
deluged with arithmetic. Practical farmers have advanced from
2,391,008 bushels in 1870, to 13,209,403 in 1875, the increase
being steady all the time, and apparently beyond uncertainties,
to an extent that must make the crop more and more a favorite
among producers, and winter wheat is preferred over the spring
growth by a wide margin. Kansas will make its very best show-
ing in that direction.

Stock in Kansas. — Stock must be an object in every farm-
ing country, but in Kansas that branch of industry has peculiar
claims upon attention. Dry winters will become better under-
stood as experience widens to indicate that Kansas, more espe-
cially in the western belt, is adapted for stock raising. The mini-
mum of shelter is required, the maximum of food is provided by
nature, a..d the wide range of country available gives to the pru
dent operator every possible advantage. There is a steady m-
crease in the capital invested, the grade of cattle is being im-
proved still more rapidly than even the advance in numbers. In
the year 1860 there were only 93,000 cattle and 138,000 swine,
which had change. . by the end of the war in 1865, to 202,000
and 95,000 respect! .-ely. There are now, or rather there were m
1875, 703,000 of the one and 293,000 of the oiher. Sheep also
are securing attention, as in 1860 there were only 17,569, and in
1875 they had increased to 106,224. Since that return was col-
lected large investments have been made in sheep, and there is
good reas°on to believe that mutton and wool will become in
everv year more important items in our aggregate of wealth ; pro-
vided always, that some means can be devised to stay the rav-
ages of worthless curs, that are more destructive and worrying to
sheep in Kansas, than the dingo or wild dog on the sheep runs
of Australia.

Wff'Jf'^y^^^tfT^t^f*'^* *»»]^. ■jrf*t<ff'q

iMv^ :^iiii4|wi

066

Tittle's Histovy of Kaxsas.

In tlie west sliccp are licrdi-'d in large flock.?, with an almost
unlimited range of country, and the sparse settlements scattered
at wide intervals do not supply a sulRcient number of d()g.< to
affect this arm of enterprise ; but where farmers give part of their
attention only to small flocks, the dei)redations of dogs are sim-
ply ruinous to the effort. About 75,000 dogs are reported by
the assessors, and they are said to have destroyed no less than
5,200 sheep, at an aggregate value of over $12,000. It will soon
become necessary to determine which is of the most value, the
dog or the sheep, and the most valuable should be preferred by
actual legislation. A dog that kills sheep is worth one bullet, or
a small dose of strychnine, and the case should be attended to
without an hour's dela}-. Wool and mutton are invaluable, as
any one may discover wiio will consider the growth of the sheep
runs in Australia; year after year ; and the western belt of Kansas
could produce as fine wool and as good mutton with the same
average of attention, besides being nearer to the best wool mar-
kets of the world. The middle and western belts are rapidly
developing this industry. Eussell and Osborne counties have
added 27,000 to their flocks since the return was obtained, and
increases have been largely progressing in other counties by im-
portations fiom Colorado and Isew Mexico. The best Merino
stock is being cultivated, and Cotswolds are also in favor wher-
ever the dog nuisance can be abated. The climate is found pref-
erable to that of Michigan, Illinois, Iowa and New York for
sheep raising, and the diseases of sheep in Kansas are almost
nominal. A cross of Merinos with the Southdown is said to be
the best for all purposes, except in fenced pastures, when Cots-
wolds are preferred.

This branch of industry requires peculiar training and experi-
ence to win success, and in that respect it does not differ from
other pursuits. The successful practitioner in any line is he that
has added first class experience to good capacity. The sheep far-
mer wants nothing more. The climate banishes foot rot and
catarrh, which are the scourges of the Australian squatter, and
other diseases common among sheep are here unknown. It is
even claimed that sheep already affected by disease before com-
ing into Kansas find the climate specific, but there is no such

■ iii|inmjj«»q»>'n>»ix

Stock.

66T

th an almost
nts scattered

r of (l()g;< to

part of their
ogs are sim-

re ported by
no less tlian

It will soon
it value, the
preferred by
)ne bullet, or
! attended to
iivaluable, as

of the sh eep
3lt of Kansas
th the same
st wool mar-
! are rapidly
aunties have
>btained, and
anties by im-

best Merino

favor wher-
i found pref-
w York for
1 are almost
is said to be
, when Cots-

; and experi-
t differ from
ne is he that
he sheep far-
Eoot rot and
quatter, and
lovvn. It is
before com-
e is no such

mass of evidence as to establish the statement ; still there arc so
many a.ivantages within the reach of the sheep raiser, as must
make the pursuit increasingly popular every year.

Shepherds must be employed in Kansas to look after the largo
herds, and the sheep must have a wide range because of the dogs,
wolves and cayotes on the one hand, and further, because ni the
absence of tame grasses the native pasture would be destroyed i
eaten too close, as sheep will eat when kept withm a Inu.ted
ran^^e. Good sheds during the winter .nonths and a summer cor-
ral°where the flock can be protected at night, with moderate
attention in the matter of food, and a flock is a fortune. Mocks
will average as much as seven pounds per fleece unwasiicd. The
mild climate, short winter, dry rolling prairie, abundant streams
and ample feed are justly praised, and when tame grasses can be
added the results will be .till better. One flock of full blooded
Merinos is reported as giving nearly ten pounds per fleece of un-
washed wool! Clearly, the purer the blood and the Ingher the
grade, the better the product.

One man, writing on the wool question, says : M\ e can raise
as much wool on land worth from $5 to $10 per acre as can be
raised in New York on land worth $100, and we can send our
wool to that market for three cents per pound.' It is said that a
farmer can raise one sheep for every acre farmed without inter,
ting with his farming operations. In Ellis --ty, sheep we e
only corraled about four days during the winter of 187-1, and
e^ en when the wenther was at its coldest, found feed in the ravines
and broken ground ; but it is laid down as an axiom that what i
expended on food is more than repaid in wool More might be
safd on this subject, but enough has been placed before the reader
to indicate the immense value of Kansas as a field for the opera-

tions of sheep raisers. , • b„o

Horses have increased by nearly 90,000 - -f ^ "i.^^^
years, from 1870, as the last returns show a total of 207,376 ui
March, 1875 ; but ju.t at that time horseflesh was in Poor dmand
and the rates of value were consequently very low ; hence, the
stimated worth was only increased $1,240,353. ^^^^^^^
have given very great attention to improvecl grades of late years^
The Indian and Mexican pony stock is disappearing, and that

tfirti ■imiiiir <ufiimm

I -;n, 11.11 mtwrttmrnmr^.

AH.

TuTTLtfs History of Kashas.

fact will not fail, in the long run, to make this market one of the
main resorts of purchasers who require first-class animals, and
will not have weeds at any price. There will be still greater im-
provements, in all respects, now that breeders have given the
matter substantial attention.

In the year 1870, the total number of asses and mules in Kan-
sas, as returned to the state board of agriculture, only amounted
to 11,786, and in 1875 that aggregate had improved to 24,964, or
1,392 more than cent, per cent, of increase. The improvement of
value in five years was just $608,474.

f^ The increase of milch cows was very large within the same
term, as in 1875 there were 225,028 ; there were in 1870, only
123,443, so that 101.585 had been added. Butter and cheese have
been very noticeably increasing on the whole, although some
counties show a decrease in each article, the results on the whole
state being an increase in cheese of 1,014,003 pounds, and in but-
ter of over 3,805,000 pounds. The nutritious native grasses, the
brevity of the winter, the genial mildness of the climate, and the
bufialo grasses on the plains, which are generally available all
through the winter, afford such advantages as few states can rival
for the prosecution of dairy farming; and this industry is clearly
yet in the infancy of its developement. The native grasses per-
mit of being cured with little labor, and the nutritive qualities,
although lessened by the process, are still considerable. The in-
crease of cattle other than milch cows has been very large during
the five years indicated, almost amounting to cent, "^er cent The
returns obtained by the state board of agriculture show that up
to March, 1875, there had been an improvement in point of num-
bers to the extent of 227,768 head, a result that will be its owa
comment

CHAPTER XXY. ^ ■

THE PLAGUE OF LOCUSTS.

The term grasshopper is frequently misapplied, to cover a
family much larger than that to which it really belongs, as, for

warn

et one of the

animals, and

11 greater im-

ve eriveu the

(lules in Kan-
nly amounted
. to 24,964, or
provement of

hin the same
in 1870, only
d cheese have
Ithough some
on the whole
Is, and in but-
e grasses, the
mate, and the
■ available all
tates can rival
stry is clearly
e grasses per-
tive qualities,
ible. The in-
i large during
ler cent The
show that up
point of num-
ill be its own

3, to cover a
elougs, as, for

The Plague of Locusts.

569

instance, it is often used to indicate the Kocky Mountain locust
{calopteuus q>reUis), a true locust, of the same family with that
which is named in scripture among the plagues of Egypt and else-
where; we may, therefore, be excused, it, without venturing
further into the realm of technical phraseology, we give some few
particulars about locusts in general, and the llocky Mountain
locust in particular. They are known all over the globe, and are
only welcomed in some few places, where people of cultivated
palates use them for food. Pulling off their vrings, the bodies
are said to be very pleasant articles of diet when fried in butter
or in oil, or pickled for the table. Wc do not pretend to envy
the locust eaters their peculiar and costly delicacy. The noise
produced by the locust is not vof',al but mechanical merely, as the
elytra, or wing covers, come in contact, and the rubbing of the
one against the other produces the harsh sound referred to.

The mi<^ratory locust is very destructive, and it moves in
swarms The vegetation immediately surrounding its place of
birth being consumed, it takes flight to adjoining districts, and
continues its raid until every green thing has disappeared. Some-
times the mass is so great as to shut out the sun at noon day,
and the spots upon which the visitors alight are at once converted
into a desert. In some parts of Central Europe, in Egypt, in
Syria generally, and nearly all over the south of Asia, the locust
comes periodically, spreading dismay at every visitation, and
leavincr little besides starvation for the people. In the southern
portions of Europe rewards are offered for collecting the eggs
and the perfect insects, and by such means the frequently recur-
ring placrue has been effectually fought and reduced. The same
method lias been pursued with good results in China and in
Turkey. There is a record that in one season, in the year 1613,
a sum equal to $4,000 was paid in this way, and considering the
difference in money values then and now, that is about equiva-
lent to an outlay of $20,000 in our own time. Southern Africa
is sometimes visited by terrible swarms of locusts of very gorge-
ous colors. . , A t u

The scriptures abound in descriptions of the locust, and of the
manner and completeness of the destruction which procured
for them the repute of special ministers of the vengeance of an

wiTrii'ii

570 Trrruc's History OF K.iysAs.

offendea Deity. Tliey covered the whole hirul in Egypt so that
the carlli \va.s"'darkenecl, and tliey devoured every green herb of
the earth and tlie fruit of every tree that the hail had left. Ka-.-
sas is not the only state in the union that has suffered from visita-
tions of the locust, as we find that in the years 1818-19 vast
hordes of those insects called grasshoppers, but really locusts,
appeared in Minnesota, covering the ground, as Kiell mentions in
his historv of that state, three and four inches thick, and destroy-
ing cvcrytliing in their track. Canada has sometimes been vis-
itLHl, and the lied river country in Manitoba has suffered terribly.
About the year 1820 or '21 the western counties of Missouri were
desolate<l by their presence, as they devoured every green thing,
but they came late in the season, the country was then but
sparsely settled, and only a few old residents besides the Indians
can give any account of their ravages. The locusts filled the earth
with their eggs, which were hatched in the following spring, but
the insects took flight as soon as their wings were developed, and
comparatively little harm was done in the second year. Those
portions of Missouri in which cotton, flax, hemp, wheat and
tobacco were planted, are said by another authority to have
suflered much in the second year, but corn was not injured.

Kansas was included in that raid, beyond question, ns its posi-
tion between Missouri and the Kocky mountains, the habitat of
the locust would necessitate a passing call, and the late arrival in
Missouri argues a prolonged stay here en route. They were again
in Kansas just after settlement began, in the autumn of 1854,
when the few residents near Lawrence were much occupied by
the encroachments of other plagues, and there were but few crops
to be destroyed, except at the missions and on the Indian reserva-
tions ; so that few particulars can be ascertained. A resident in
the Delaware Mission says that there was no visitation from the
time of his arrival, in 1837, until thirty years later, nine years
ago ; but a resident at the Osage Mission, whose experience com-
menced in 1847, remembers the locusts desolating the country in
1854, after a very dry summer. The grasshoppers, he says, came
like a fall of snow, covering everything, destroyir.,, -"rdons, even
eating the bark oflf peach trees. They went away in Octcber,
after filling the earth with eggs. The winter was particularly

7"iiE Plague of Locusts.

871

;pt so that
n\ herb of
ah. Kiv.-
rom visita-
S-iy vast
ly h)custs,
lentions in
id (lestroy-
3 been vis-
;d terribly.
5Souri were
reeii thing,
5 then but
he Indians
!<! the earth
spring, but
sloped, and
;ar. Those
wheat and
ty to have
jurcd.

as its posi-
3 habitat of
te arrival in

were again
m of 185-i,
occupied by
jt few crops
lian reserva-
L resident in
on from the
, nine years
erience com-
3 country in
e says, came
-^rdens, even

in Octc'ber,

particularly

severe, bat that did not destroy the eggs buned m he sod and
on hard roads, so that when spring came tliey were hatched, and
much destruction followed. Oats, corn and the grass on the praines
were destroyed. Corn was thrice planted, but destroyed as often
and the horses had to be sent ^o Missouri. Uad the v.s.tat.on
been general, there would have been some record of so much
suffering among the settlers, and at the other missions. Natur-
ally, those who were visited in 1854-5 would come to the conclu-
sion that the whole country was desolated in the same way as the

Osage Mission. „ ,

There was another passing call in the autumn of 18b6, when
the locusts are said to have descended like a rain on the gardens
and in a few days all vegetation was destroyed i^- j-s m
September, and the fields and gardens were alike destroyed. Ihe
crops had been saved before they came that year but their egg
were hatched in the spring of 1867 very early, and U.ere seemed
a prospect of a terrible visitation, when a freshet washed away the
microscopic plague from the Osage mission, and the crops were
saved. Some distance from the mission, where the local freshet
did not avert disaster, there is said to have been much suffermg
from the locusts in 1867 ; but the statistics of the time only re-
cord that there were 562,120 acres of land under cultivation m
that vear in the state, and that the produce in wheat and corn
e e S^ely amounted to 1,537.000 bushels of the forn^r and
6,487,000 of the latter. The corn crop -rtainly was not a air
averaee and perhaps the locust is answerable for that fact
CI ly the prosper w'y to derd with the locust plague xs to offer
a p m'ium lor their eggs in the first place, and then or the per^
feet insect, before the ovipositor has been emptied in the other, so
that a war of extermination may be carried into the enemy s
country as a precautionary measure. ^

ThI Book/Mountain locust only diSers from the common lo-
oust n being monger, and therefore capable of a ^or.goTi,^>
wi U »o rf iucing its power a, to render it easy to combat the
lie. The female has two pairs of horny valves, wh.ch can be
• fo^ in the ground and then opened by a great muscular eHo.t,
wiTthe time comes for depositing ova ; that operatmn bemg per-
rormed, the eggs fill a space almost equal in s,.e to the abdomen,

.■A

ftrfV"it;" ■"■""»'*'^'^''^''''^"'-^-

572

TUTTLhj'a IflSTOLV OF KA^fSAS.

which lills the hole bored by the valves, ami the eggs arc custom-
arily buried about an inch below the surface. The eggs are held
in position by a lluid something like the white of an egg, wl\ioh
probably serves some nutritive purpose also. Sometimes, but
rarely, the eggs are placed much deeper in the earth where some
root may have been devoured and a cavity occasioned, which
gives the insect a new starting point. The number of eggs will
vary from 30 to 100 in the sheath or pod, and the envelop is
closed over the eggs. From the first hatching to the develop-
ment of wings, about two months will elapse, so that there is a
plenty of time to lay bare a considerable range of country with
fair diligence, before an opportunity for flight can offer.

The young are said to fly toward the southeast as a rule, and it
is claimed that the matured insect moves in the same direction,
sometimes even -flying in the very eye of the wind to preserve
that course. The insects travel most by day, but they are most
ravenous at night ; still they seldom appear to suffer from want
of appetite. They never make long flights except in cases of ne-
cessity, and although it is not easy to drown them, they avoid
broad streams whenever possible, having perhaps heard that some
of their ancestors had been relished by fish in such transits.
When the insects have their choice, it is clear that they prefer
depositing their eggs on dry and compact ground. Meadows and
pastures are often used when the grass is bare and the earth not
swampy. Newly broken and plowed land is too loose to accord
with their ideas. Abundant opportunities have been afforded to
entomologists to study this very curious and destructive insect in
every portion of its economy, or perhaps it would be more proper
to say of its extravagance, for there is very little economy in a
flight of locusts.

The damage came from the northwest and approached the
southeast in 1874, and the eastern parts of Kansas suffered least,
because the crops had been mainly secured before the arrival of
the pest. In the western portion of the state, the young corn,
which happened, moreover, to be the principal crop, suffered ter
ribly in 1874, but the insects passed on before depositing their
eggs to any great extent In the longitude of Topeka, eggs were
deposited largely, and much fear was entertained that the whole

Tin: PL.invK or LocrsTs.

673

! arc custom-
'ggs are held
a egg, \vl\ioli
nctinies, but

where some
ioucd, which
of eggs will
3 envelop is
the ilevelop-
lat tlierc is a
iiountry with
Eer.

a rule, and it
ne direction,

to preserve
liey are most
2r from want

cases of ne-
1, they avoid
rd that some
uch transits.
; they prefer
leadows and
the earth not
3se to accord
a afforded to
tive insect in

more proper
conomv in a

•roached the
uffered least,
;he arrival of
young corn,
suffered ter
lositing their
:a, eggs were
lat the whole

lig-

of the crop of 1875 would be destroyed in co,>scqucnct The
urcs for Ihe two years show that in If "t/ -— « »^f 'J^
acres of land under cultivation, and in the following >' - "i' ' ^^
901; the respective yields of wheat and corn f"^'! ;" >f^
being, in 1874, 9,881,383 bushels of wheat, and lo,0 9,0 8 o
eorn; in 1875, 18,209,403 bushels of wheat, and f ^'^^-J* ■' "^
eorn so that there was no substantial ground for alarm m 187o
The insects continued to deposit from the tune of thor arnval
in and near the longitude of Topeka, until they had crossed the
eLtern line of the state into Missouri, late m the season, by
which time the crops were safe. , i „u

The operafons of the locust family in 1875 were closely ob-
served in the neighborhood of Lawrence. The young were first
en on the southern slope of Mount Oread, which foru.s the er-
^aUon of the ingh prairie, and is one <^ the blufls a^ the ,n^r-
section of the valleys of the Kansas and Wakarusa. The Indian
pla tain was being fed upon by some of the locusts, but myriads
were at rest on the ground, and could have been destroyed eas.ly
They were minute, almo.t microscopic, but would jump abou
two or three inches high, when disturbed. Ncirly Jwo Imnc -d
were caught by one sweep of the hand ^/f ^^"t ^f'
and the process of hatching was very widely distributed. They
were firs^ seen early in April, but their movements caused no
Lious apprehensions until the 10th of May, and even then coin-
Led and'systematized destruction would have preserved a wide
ran.^e of country. Ten days later their ravages were terribly ap-
parent and it was seen that much valuable time had been inex-
cusably lost. Many even then were able to save their crops by
.. the ditchiuK process, as the insects were still wingless, and could
be ar etd or deflec'ted by slight obstacles. Three men whose
cropB were in danger ditched and destroyed 320 bushels of locusta
in ten days, by actual measurement.

The city of Lawrence was invaded on the 25th of May, and
nearly all the gardens were destroyed soon after, so that a green
spo was an oasis for the eye to rest upon, except where moder-
1 precautionary measures had been taken to save the trees, a
the insects were still unable to fiy and cou^d be confined to the
lawns and flowering shrubs. Seventy bushels of the pests were

ms0im

574

Trrnj.'s Ifisronr ofKaxsas.

destroyed by one man wlio valued liis garden and grounds at tho
price of so much effort and outlay as was involved in the oxter-
iiiination of some millions of the locust army. About a sixt': of
the city of Lawrence stands between the river and the paved
streets, and neither of those lines of fortification could be, or were,
crossed by the scourge, consequently, tho gardens and grounds
were safe in that area. Many farms were saved by some such tri-
vial incidents oflcring insuperable obstacles to the army of glut-
tons. The size of tho locust was still so inconsiderable that
128,000 were found in one busliol in the beginning of June, but
from that time they increased in bulk very rapidly, doubling
their dimensions within five days. Fifty-five days elaj)sed from
the time that the first larva was seen until the first winged locust
was observed, and the departure from tho neighborhood of Law-
rence coinmence(| about the third and concluded about tho fif-
teenth of June.

Difiorent observers give widely varying descriptions as to the
direction of tiio flight of the locust, some saying that they always
fly southeast, and others, that they persistently fly northwest;
probabh- the fact may be that they are governed by local circum-
stances, and that each looker on has pronounced ex cathedra, upon
a basis of observation, too narrow to ?.jver a general conclusion.
Locusts arc said to sufTer much from parasitic insects as well as
from birds, and it is believed by some that the outcome of eggs
not laid and hatched in the mountainous region are not so strong
as those that start from the Bocky Mountains.

The ravages of the locust in Kansas in 1875 were confined to
a narrow strip on the eastern border, and even there the injury
that was eftected was sufficiently early in the season, to permit of
replanting, so that the crops of that year covered the losses of the
year preceding, and have increased the wonder of the union at
large by the abundant evidence afforded of the fertility of the
state. The suflferings endured by the people of Kansas, in con-
sequence of the locust invasion of 1874, have already been re-
ferred to in the preliminary chapters of this book, but there are
matters of detail which could not then be given, and which ought
not to bo omitted from the record. The legislature was convened
in an extra session and made such arrangements as were then

"■-la i" ~ t.,*.. l,=Jt..

•oiinda at tho
in the extcr-

nt a sixth of
1 tlic pilVCtl
il bf, or vvure,
mil grounds
ome sucli tri-
rmy of glut-
ilorablo tlmt
of June, but
ly, doubling
.'laj)scd from
'ingod locust
ood of Law-
bout the flf-

ns as to the
they always
■ northwest;
local circum-
tthedra, upon
conclusion.
Its as well as
ome of eggs
lot so strong

! confined to
e the injury
to permit of
losses of the
the union at
tility of the
nsas, in con-
uly been re-
jut there are
which ought
as convened
s were then

Tut: Plaove or Locvsts.

675

possible to meet tlio noccssilics of the case, being seconded there-
in by those wlio were in a position to assist the needy by loans or
other temporary aids.

Tlio legislature was convened for its regular session in Janu-
ary, 1875, and, in anticip-ation of that event, the ful!e-t informa-
tion was procured from ail sources as to tlie amount of destitu-
tion arising from the destruction of crops by the locust plague in
the state. An elTort was also made to ascertain ai that time what
amount of help would be reipiircd to supply rations, clothing,
seed and feed for animals requiri'd in the working of farms, to
tide over tho difliculties of the suffering class, and enable them
to resume their customary avocations with tho least possible de-
lay. Gov. Osborn submitted the facts that could be obtained
prior to the 20th of January, 1875, in a message to the legisla-
ture, and in that report there were returns from all the organized
counties except Comanche, Harper, Kingman and Ness. The
state was, in the report submitted, divided into live groups of
counties, and rejiortcd upon in that order.

In the first group of 23 counties, with a population of about
270,000, part of tho returns being from an earlier census, there
■were 1,680 persons in need of rations, 300 men and 300 women in
■want of clothing, and 729 children in tho same condition. Neo-
sho, Lyon and Woodson were the distressed localities, but in
Lyon only one-thirteenth of the population would accept help ;
in Neosho, one-twentieth, and in Woodson, one twenty-fourth ;
the proportion fov the whole group being about one one-hundred-
and-sixtieth part.

In the second group, including 19 counties, with a population
of 160,000, there were 7,927 in want of rations, 2,201 men, 3,217
women, and 6,103 children in want of clothing, besides some
places wanting clothing, but giving no estimates as to numbers
and amount of required relief. Jackson, Marion and Marshall
proposed to deal with their own distress without assistance irom
beyond their own borders.

In the third group, comprising nine counties with a population
of 60,089, there were 8,015 in want of rations, 3,164 men, 3,976
women, and 5,808 children in want of clothing. In the fourth
group of nine counties, with a population of 35,703, there were

67e

Tvtti.k's IlisTonr of K.iss.is.

0,02(1, or ovoroiicfoiii'tli, in want of ration^ ami l,!SnO men, 1,042
wcmu'n, and ;;,4;iti chil.liv.i wanting clotl.o.s. Tlio iHtli group of
twelve oiganizcil couiiticH, and two other«, including a popnluiion
of 13,038, had r.,841, or (J78 lo^s than one halt of the wliolo
population in want of rati..ns, and 522 men, (123 wonu-n and SK)2
children in want of clothing. In the gross, there were 32,(114
requiring to be s-upplied with rations, and there were upplieantB
for clothing to the number of 8,077 men, y,7.j8 women and 10,472
children It was proposed to supply rations where re(iuired untd
Juno 1, 187.-,, that is to say, fi)r 120 days, and the estimated cost
was !?r.47,01o. Many of the counties subsequently increased tho
number of jiersons requiring aid, because many who had been
hoping to bear up against the disaster unaided were compelled to
surrender to their necessities at last.

The returns niade by tlie several counties were not actual
transcripts of suilering from the locu.st plague, as in some counties
there was a determination to keep their sorrows at home, and in
others there was an evident resolve to tabulate all distress to pro-
cure as much aid as po.ssible from all sources. In some instances,
where the answer was made that the counties would be self-sus-
taining, there were agents sent from those counties soliciting re-
lief from other states, and of course, every agent that addressed
an audience was bound to have telling facts to reach the sympa-
thies of hia hearers, whether he succeeded in giving a just pic-
ture of the condition of Kansas or not. Thus it iiappened that
there were several different stx)ric3 going the round of the press
and of the community at the same time as to the suffering in
Kansas, which some would deny m toto, while others magnified
to the utmost of their power.

The want of seed was severely felt, and the estimated value of
the assistance demanded was in all, $78,795 ; being for the first
croup $14,789 ; for the second, $18,780 ; for the third, $16,032 ;
for the fourth, $18,516 ; and for the fifth group, $10,676 This
estimate was based upon the actual planting in 1874, and deduct-
ing such areas as were certain to be planted by the owners or
tenants without external aid. There was an effort made by those
acting on behalf of the government to vary the crops in the state,
beneficially in some respects, by offering only such seeds freely as

.T'-Viiiifi y •'- •*^-" •^■'•■^^ ■■'

lO men. 1,042
fill group of
n populiiiion
of tin; wliolo
noil anil 5»U2

vvcro 32,01-4
ro applicants
m ftiid 10,472
•o(iuirc(l until
stimatcil cost

incrcascil tho
lio had been

compelled to

re not actual
some couutiea
home, and in
listress to pro-
oine instances,
d be self-sus-
i soliciting re-
hat addressed
,ch the sympa-
ng a just pic-
iiappened that
I of the press
,e suffering in
lers magnified

mated value of
ng for the first
third, $16,032 ;
$10,676. This
r4, and deduct-
the owners or
made by those
)ps in the state,
I seeds freely as

TiiH Pi.torp: OF LnrrsT!^.

577

were known to he best adapted to give fair rct.n-n.. I here was
specially an attempt to increase the area occupied n, the grow h
„f flux, as that cr.,p is very prodtablc and desirable as a possible
U«M.s of Other industries.

Most of the flax cultivated in Kansas has been under a kind
of mortgage to the proprietors of oil nulls in Missouri and else-
wnere, outside the limits of the state. 'Phe propnet<,rs loan to
farmers a limited quantity of seed on (..nditions, that f.r every
bushel advanced li shall be returned, and tho whole crop bo
sold t<, them at a price llxcd by the parties making the oa..
The borrowing farmer must eontn^et to deliver the whole of lis
crop to his creditors at their price an.l at their p ace, besides
.ivL' 2:. per cent interest for the u.se of the seed. The arrange-
inent^is objectionable from every point of view, and on hat
account the government endeavored to change tho basis of flax
cultivation, but the monopolists mot them at every P"'"*-;^''"^
gling to maintain the system which secures to them ••ons.deruble
returns at a minimum of risk and a complete control of the
,narket below ruling prices. The rccommendut.ons of the gov-
crnor on the basis suggested by the state board of a riculturo
were eminently judicious, and as a rule the a,ms of tne govern-
ment were seconded in a liberal spirit by outsiders from all parts

the union. r t 1 r i,-^,^,.

Calculations had to be made for the supply of feed fui ......

to be employed in farm work until the farmers could get their
work advanced .to a point at which they could depend on their
own capital, credit and exertions. That item alone uwolved an
estimated outlay of $123,645. The largest amoun '-^"o"^;^^^;
one group being $31,648 to the fourth group, and the smallest,

<{?19 050, to the first . . , -i j

The attempt to meet the dilTiculties by legislative action faded,
because, while everybody admitted the urgent necessity of the
:Z, some wanted to grant a loan, merely, whdc^ others argued
for a gift, and in the end the needy j.ere left -^^bout ass.sUnce^
There w^re other impediments to legislative action, which looked
in the direction of local jealou.ies; but the result, eertainly
pitiful and blamable in the extreme, was, that the urgent demand
i the interests of sound policy and generous sympathy remained
87 ^ -

,4JI«««1UIIW!«MJ...lllW

578 TuTTLtfs HisTony of Kansas.

untouched by the men who.T special business it should have
been to meet the woes of the state from its own resources, by a
direct levy, or by contracting a public loan for the purpose.
The two houses differed and could not be reconciled on the ques-
tions of the hour, although conference committees were appointed,
and the appropriations fell through.

The state board of agriculture w(is worked throughout the
time of trial with singleness of purpose and an energy that never
flagged, and failing to procure appropriations from the legislature,
there remained no resource but to use such outside help as could
be procured. Seeds of various kinds were sent from persons,
departments, societies and institutions, all of which were dis-
tributed according to the known wants of districts upon the basis
already given ; but, of course, there were cases of extreme ^^'ant
that could not be adequately dealt with upon means so limited.
In many cases there were two or three different authorities acting
in reference to the wants of one group, while another procured
only ixpro rata allotment of seeds from the state board, but such
results were inevitable where proper concerted action had not
been secured from the first

The Kansas central relief committee issued an address to the
people of the state in November, 187i, at the instance of the gov-
ernor and leading citizens, setting forth the necessity for such
action as was then taken ; and the people of the eastern states
were reached by the same document. It was necessary to answer
those at a distance who were continually asking for authentic in-
formation touching the needs of Kansas, and it was desirable that
there should be unity of action among Kansans themselves, i he
fact was duly promulgated that many exaggerations had been re-
sorted to by interested parties for specific purposes; but above
and beyond all such misstatements, the reality of distress was
properlv urged upon all classes capable of affording a degree of
relief ' Winter had then set in, and it was known that there were
families and neighborhoods to a large extent destitute or very
poorly supplied at the best with clothing, fuel, food, bedding, and
other essentials to sustain life; more especially among pioneers

and new arrivals. , .1 i • i

The failure of the government to meet the case by the legisla-

, ^j -..-.. — ■:.^ ^ .. -»-- ..-^^-

should have
^sources, by a

the purpose.
[ on the ques-
jreanpointeil,
' \

roughout the
■gy that never
be legislature,
help as could
from persons,
ich were dis-
jpon the basis
extreme want
ins so limited,
horities acting
ither procured
Dard, but such
ction had not

address to the
tice of the gov-
essity for such
eastern states
5sary to answer
r authentic in-
5 desirable that
;mselves. The
IS had been re-
563 ; but above
of distress was
ing a, degree of
that there were
istiiute, or very
i, bedding, and
mong pioneers

by the legisla-

The Placue of Locusts.

579

ture in special session, a foreshadowing of the ultimate failure,
already mentioned, was pointed out, and it was stated that the
distress was limited, not general, inasmuch as the older counties,
long settled and comparatively rich, could deal with the want
arising within their own borders, but could not cope with the dis-
tress known to be prevalent in other counties newly organized,
or not yet organized, and where no machinery of benevolence
could ijome between the necessitous and starvation. In the fron-
tier counties there was distress because a great tide of worthy citi-
zens had poured into that portion of the country within a few
years, and the visitation had overtaken them completely, swamp-
ing their means before they could be expected to have established
a reserve fund in any form. Such men certainly deserved gen-
erous aid from every source. The wants that should be met were
briefly stated, and while the fact was insisted upon that very
many of the worthy suffering class could hardly be said to be
citizens of Kansas, so recently had they arrived ; still in view of
the fact that they were bona fide settlers honestly aiming to make
homes for their families and themselves in the state, it was the
duty of the older residents to protect them from want until they
should be able to provide for themselves. Justice, charity, and
sound policy combined to render it advisable that the state should
deal with its own distress, however arising, assuming that course
to be possible. The central committee offered itself as the medi-
um for distributing assistance, and the urgency of its appeal to
churches, societies, and other organizations, produced excellent
results in regard to promptitude.

The unworthy motives of soma of the parties, who were then
in the eastern states soliciting aid in the name of Kansas, were
glanced at in such a manner as must have led to the discourage-
ment of their efforts, and if after that publication any persons in
the east gave their money to unknown and unauthorized men,
when they might have sent it to the central committee with a
certainty of fair dealing, they were merely offering a premium to
dishonest solicitors and fraud. With emphasis and truth the
committee asserted what must long continue to be believed of
Kansas, that its citizens lacked none of the essentials of true man-
hood and womanhood, although they had been overtaken by mis-

580

Tvttle's History or Kas'sas.

fortune, and it is due to the people of the eastern states to say
that the appeal to their sterling generosity was not made in vain.
The results were not adequate tc permit of complete and satioiac-
torj aid being given to every known case of want, but there was
mitigation, and that amounted to a great deal where every man
and woman was striving to accomplish all that was possible. The
central committee received in cash from many sources $73,863,
and besides that there were supplies of various kinds, amounting
to 265 carloads and 11,049 packages. The carloads were brought
by all the railroad companies free of charge, and they were ave-
raged at $400 each in value ; the packages were found to be worth
in money about $5.00 each, so that the supplies, independent of
cash, were worth on the whole about $161,245. As distributed
by the committee, most of those supplies were worth more than
they would have brought if sold for cash ; but on that basis the
amount apportioned by the committee was §235,108.

The time is now past and gone, and it is hoped that the lessons of
thrift and economy then taught in the hard school of experience
•will hereafter benefit Kansas, so that no future misfortune will
place her before the world a postulant for its benevolence, but
should that time ever arrive, it may be hoped that the first step
of the constituted authorities will be of such a kind as to dis-
courage individual solicitation from the cities and states at a dis-
tance witliout such indorsements as will satify the generous
givers that they are not bestowing their aid in vain. There
is not a state in the union that deserves more from its sister states
than Kansas, and there is not one in which the spirit of self help
and proper pride is better developed. , •

The state has resources which will command support in the
future, and will give returns upon sound investment. The mines,
tiie quarries, the rivers, the soil and the pastures of the state in-
vite an ever increasmg immigration. Men who have money can
find here openings for its employment. Men who can offer nothing
more valuable than clear heads, sound bodies and honest inten-
tions cannot fail to discover in Kansas their proper spheres of
activity. The rural districts and the cities are both increasing in
importance and in wealth, and the whole state is broad based
upon natural advantages, such as hardly one component of the

HrfwiilAaMWMi

County SKErciiKf!.

st.ites to say
lade in vain,
ami pati'jiac-
ut tberc was
•e every man
issible. The
rces $73,863,
i, amounting
(vere brought
ley were ave-
i to be worth
dependent of
.s distributed
,h more than
that basis the

the lessons of
)f experience
isfortune will
3Volence, but
the first step
nd as to dis-
tates at a dis-
the generous
vain. There
;s sister states
t of self help

ipport in the
The mines,
: the state in-
/e money can
1 offer nothing
honest inten-
per spheres of
I increasing in
broad based
ponent of the

United States can e.xcel in every particular. Kansas has endured
trials and vicissitudes enough to test the courage of a nation, and
has come through tlie fire of persecution and suffering undiinmed.
Let us hope that her days of privation have gone by forever.

CHAPTER XXVI.

COUNTY SKETCHES.

The counties of Kansas are, Allen, Anderson, Atchison, Bar-
bour, Barton, Bourbon, Brown, Butler, Chautauqua, Chase, Cher-
okee, Clay, Cloud, Coffey, Comanche, Cowley, Crawford, Davis,
Dickinson, Doniphan, Douglas, Edwards, Elk, Ellis, Ellsworth,
Ford, Franklin, Greenwood, Harvey, Harper, Howard, Jackson,
Jefferson, Jewell, Johnson, Kingman, Labette, Leavenworth, Lin-
coln, Linn, Lyon, Marion, Marshall, McPherson, Miami, Mitchell,
Montgomery, Morris, Nemaha, Neosho, Ness, Norton, Osage, Os-
borne, Ottawa, Pawnee, Phillips, Pottawatomie, Pratt, Reno, Re-
public, Rice, Riley, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Saline, Sedgwick,
Shawnee, Smith, Sumner, Wallace, Wabaunsee, Washington,
Wilson, Woodson and Wyandotte.

Allen County was organized in the first year after the pass-
ing of the organic act through congress in 185-4, consequently its
history commences with 1855. The governor of Ohio has the
honor of being perpetuated, if not immortalized, by his name
being given to this county because he favored the doctrine of
popular sovereignty as applied to Kansas. The county contains
504 square miles, and in 1875 had a population of 6,638, having
decreased, in five years, 384, after increasing in the preceding ten
years, 3,940. The sexes are evenly balanced in Allen county
which is in that respect a fair reflex of the world, as there are
3,419 males to 3,219 females. Every state has contributed to the
population of this county, and so have most of the countries of
Europe. Manufactures and raining contribute to the employment

ir ■»)i.i.|.l».r-* -T*.*^

682

TuTTLtfs HisTOJir OF Kaxsas.

of the population, to a small extent, but o\'cr 67 per cent are en-
gaged in agriculture. lola is the county seat, 79 miles from To-
pcka, to the south. The general surface is level, with bottom
lands averaging about one and a half miles in breadth and com-
pri.sing one-tenth of the county. There is a fair averag^^ of tim-
ber land, but 94 per cent, of Allen county is prairie. The princi-
pal streams are the Neosho, Little Osage and Marmaton. The
chief creeks are Indian, Martins, Doer, Elk and Elm. The Neo-
sho and Marmaton run from northwest to southeast, the Osage
from southwest to northeast. Springs and well water are moder-
ately plentiful. Coal has been found in the county in veins
about three feet below the surface. There is good building stone,
red sandstone and blue and red limestone abound. The county
is traversed by two lines of railroad, the Leavenworth, Lawrence
and Galveston, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas. lola, the
capital, is 78 miles south of Lawrence, by the L. L. «fe G. R. R.
The village has a bank, three churches, and some manufactories
of furniture and other goods, that give a fair average of cmjjloy-
ment, for which the Neosho river gives water power. There is in
lola an artesian well which affords mineral water much valued in
some diseases, and an inflammable gas which would supply a
large town with fuel and illumination if properly utilized. The
village has a postoffice, which accommodates the township and a
population of 1,759 persons. There is a good weekly paper, the
Neosho Valley Register. The agricuHuial resources of the coun-
ty a-ssist to build up the capital, cud there are good prospects for
the village and district, although there has been temporarily a
falling oflE in population. The distress in Allen county, after the
locust visitation, was not excessive ; about 300 persons were rep-
resented as in need of rations and 300 women and children as in
need of clothing. Humboldt is another very considerable village
in Allen county, on the Neosho river and on the L. L. & G. R. R.,
as well as on the M. K, & T. R. R., 80 miles south of Lawrence.
The Neosho is here crcssed by a bridge. The village has a pop-
ulation of 1,200, and the township of 2,000. There is a weekly
paper and a monthly periodical published in the village, and a
coal mine near the village which has also several fine business
houses, a bank, a cigar factory and other industries of some im-

wtmmk

County Sketches.

583

cent are en-
lies from To-
with bottom
Ith and com-
srago of tim-

The prir.ci-
naton. The
. The Neo-
St, the Osage
T are moder-
nty in veins
ailding stone,
The county
th, Lawrence
IS. lola, the
.. & G. R. R.
nanufactories
e of cmjjloy-

There is in
eh valued in
lid supply a
tilized. The
vrnship and a
ly paper, the
1 of the coun-
prospects for
emporarily a
nty, after the
)n3 were rep-
hildren as in
Table village
i. &G.R. R,
)f Lawrence.
;e has a pop-
! is a weekly
illage, and a
ine business
of some im-

portance, including two steam flouring mills and a steam furni-
ture factory. There are al.so in the county, at Geneva, a steam
saw and grist mill ; at Osage and at Deer Creek similar mills run
by steam power. The county has 57 school districts and 55
school houses, the number of churches of the various denomina-
tions is equally liberal, but unfortunately there are no returns as
to libraries and it seems probable that there are none in the coun-
ty available for public use. Dairy products have exhibited a
marked increase in butter and cheese since 1870, and sheep farm-
ing would be largely followed but for the ravages of dogs, which
are far more destructive to flocks than even the wolves are.
Farms are well managed in Allen county, and the vineyards,
orchards and nurseries here attract and deserve much attentioa
for the skill with which they are managed.

Anderson County was organized at the same time as Allen
county, in 1855, by the Shawnee legislature, being named after
Col. Anderson, of Lexington, one of the first members elected
by Missouri interposition to the territorial legislature of Kansas
The area of the county is 576 square miles, and the population
5,809, in which the males exceed the females by 233, and all
countries seem to have contributed to make up the total. The
growth of the last five years has been quite slow, only about two
per cent, per annum, but prior to that time, had been very rapid
:?or ten years. There are about 7 per cf it engaged in mining and
manufactures, and over 75 per cent, in agriculture. Forest and
prairie divide the land in the proportion of 6 of the first to 94 of
the latter, and 10 per cent is bottom land, the bottoms averaging
about two miles in breadth. The Pottawatomie is the main
stream, with two forks, the north running east, and the south
northeast There are smaller streams, such as the .Cedar creek,
the Sac, lantha, Thomas, Indian, Deer, Little Osage, Big and
Little Sugar. Well water is found usually at from fifteen feet to
twenty- five, and springs are numerous. There is good coal, but
the seam is not thick, as it varies from eight to twenty-two
iiiches, but it is free from sulphur and is only about four feet
below the surface at the deepest, within the range of the county.
It is mined for domestic use only, and in the scarcity of timber

684

Tuttlk's IIistoky of K Ays as.

for fuel is of much value. There is good building stone in the
county and excellent fire clay nine inches in thickness, besides
rvhieh lead has been found in two places, and a vein of ochre,
which will become of commercial value. There are three rail-
road stations, at Garnett, Wf idon and Colony, on the L. L. and
G, li. R, which runs through the whole county. The distress in
Anderson, arising from the locust plague, was very considerable,
as about 12 per cent, of the whole population were in need of
rations, and 326 were in want of clothing. There has been a
decrease of cultivation since that time, to the extent of about or
nearly 2,000 acres. In th.o county also the value and number of
sheep killed by dogs exceed the ravages by wolves. Cheese and
butter have increased in quantity in this county during the last
five years, but not very largely. Bees are kept to some extent,
and orchards, vineyards and nurseries occupy about 2,000 acres.
There are four excellent water powers in the county, but they
are comparatively little used, and could be made of great value
with a small outlay of capital for manufactures. The city of
Garnett is the capital, and it is 58 miles in an air line southeast
of Topeka. The city has a railroad station, three grist mills, one
saw mil), a cheese factory, a furniture factory utilizing the native
•woods, an oil mill and a planing mill. There is also a saw mill
at Central City. There are two banks at Garnett and two weekly
papers. The Paola, Garnett and Fall Kiver line intersects the L. L.
and G. R R at this point. There are 8 churches in the citv .md
a college under the auspices of the United Presbyterians. The
village is well built and all departments of business well repre-
sented, the population being 1219. The union school building
is extensive and admirable in every way. The city lies 52 miles
south of Lawrence. There is a Catholic parochial school at Gar-
nett, there are two at Emerald, and at Scipio there is a monas-
tery, with a college and parochial school attached. There are
sixty-five organized school districts in the county, sixty- two
schools, and the school property is valued at $68,586. There are
nine church edifices in Anderson county and seventy-five private
libraries are registered, with an aggregate or 7,381 volumes, dr
more than 100 volumes in each. The other principal towns have

tmnt-itxL.

issssmmasmmmmam

CouxTY Sketches.

585

stone in the
kness, besides
rein of ochre,
re tliree rail-
the L. L. and
ho distress in
considerable,
re in need of
1 has been a
t of about or
id number of
Cheese and
ring the last
some extent,
. 2,000 acres.
ity, but they
great value
The city of
ine southeast
ist mills, one
ig the native
10 a saw mill
I two weekly
3Cts the L. L.
the city and
erians. Tlie
s well repre-
3ol building
lies 52 miles
ihool at Gar-
! is a monas-
There are
V, sixty-two
. There are
-five private
volumes, dr
towns have

been named, but the mineral and manufacturing resources of
Anderson have been hardly touched.

Atchison County was named in honor of the proslavery
leader David K. Atchison, whose zeal deluged the territory in
sorrow for several years. He was for a short time vice president
of the United States, and evidently hoped that his zeal for slavery
would give him the higher nomination. There are 409 square
miles of territory in tne county, with a population in 1875 of
20,187, having increased nearly 5,000 since 1870. The males ex-
ceed the females by 785 in this county. Manufactures and min-
ing occupy about 19 percent of the population, agriculture 81
pe" cent., and trade and transportation about 3-1 per cent. The
capital seat is Atchison, long the head quarters of the proslavery
party and the locale of the squatter sovereign, but now much
more wisely engaged and prosperous in proportion. The face of
the county shows about 15 per cent, of bottom lands, the rest be-
ing upland. Prairie and forest divide the area ' :i the proportions
of 90 and 10. The bottom lands range from two miles to one-
fourth of a mile in breadth. The timber growing in this county
is valuable for manufactures. The principal streams are, the In-
dependence creek, which runs east to the Missouri; the Big
Grasshopper, which runs south to the Kansas ; and the Little
Grasshopper, its tributary ; Deer creek, tributary to Independence ;
Walnut creek, flowing into the Missouri; Camp, Little Stranger
and Big Stranger creeks, which empty into the Kansas. The
county has good well water at from twenty to thirty feet in depth,
and springs are numerous. Coal has been found, but so far only
in small quantities ; the other mineral treasures found are sand-
stone and limestone, well nigh inexhaustible, yellow oxide of
iron, in and around the capital, fire clay of good qualtity, and
excellent pottery clay. The city of Atchison has a very charm-
ing appearance on the western bank of the Missouri river at the
extreme western point of the great bend. This city is the western
terminus of the Missouri Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island and
Pacific, and the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroads ; it is the
northern terminus of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line ;

586

TuTTLtfa History of Kansas.

the eastern torniinus of the central branch" of the Union Pacific ;
the southern terminus of the Atchison ard Nebraska ; and the
western terminus of the Burlington and Missouri line. Tlie
Kansas City, St. Joseph and Missouri Kiver line al.so runs through
Atchison ; hence the city is a great railroad centre, ar.d one of
the chief commercial towns in Kansas, There are published in
the city, three daily, three weekly, and three monthly papers,
the principal of which are the Daily Champion, Patriot and
Courier, the last named being German. The Champion of Sun-
day, June 13, 1875, was published on the first paper manufactured
in the state, at Blue Rapids. There are two national banks and
two private banks in the city. There are four public school
buildings, the principal of which cost $50,000, besides St. Bene-
dict's college and three private academies. There is a very hand-
some Catholic cathedral, and seven other admirable church build-
ings. There is also an iron and brass foundry of considerable
dimensions, and there are four large furniture factories run by
steam, three steam flouring mills with a capital of $110,000, a
steaia saw mill with a capital of $70,000, cigar factories, brew-
eries, wagon and carriage factories, agricultural implement facto-
ries, a steam stone dressing factory, and other important works.
The city has a population of 10,927. The papers published in
Atchison supply the whole county.

There are other centers of less importance, but considerable,
and among them are distributed a water power flouring and grist
mill in Grasshopper township, with a capital of $2,000 ; a saw and
grist mill in Walnut township ; two water power flouring and
grist mills in Kapiowa township ; two wind power flouring mills
in Centre township ; and a cheese factory at Effingham. The
water powers on the Grasshopper are very valuable, but they are
only utilized partially, and will eventually give employment to
many thousands of both sexes before many years havt passed.
When the locust plague fell upon Kansas in 1874, Atchison
county was self supporting, and received no external help as might
have been expected, from the fact that the county was the first to
become connected with the railroad system of the continent, and
was the only county in Kansas so placed before the war. There
are 67 organized school districts in the' county, and 71 school

Jiiion Pacific ;
iska; and tho
ri line. Tho
i runs through
p, ar. i one of

published in
mthly papers,

Patriot and
ipion of Sun-
manufactured
lal banks and
public school
des St. Bene-
! a very hand-
church build-
; considerable
tories run by
f $110,000, a
ictories, brew-
jlement facto-
ortant works,
published in

considerable,
ring and grist
)0 ; a saw and
flouring and
flouring mills
ngharn. The
, but they are
iployment to
have passed.
7i, Atchison
help as might
as the first to
ontinent, and
war. There
id 71 school

)«JP^4*(WM«|H^V

Cor STY SKhriciiES.

687

buildings, the properly being valued at $120,000; besides which
there are other faeilitierf fur ediieation, including St. Benedict Col-
lege, in charge of the Benedictine Friars; an academy for ladies
under the patronage of the sisters of the Benedictines; and a
large parochial school connected with tho same church. Tho
churches in Atchison county number altogether thirteen edifices,
which belong to the Presbyterians, Baptists, Congregational,
Methodist, Episcopal, Catholic and Lutheran organizations. The
central branch of the Union Pacific Railroad Company owns all
the unsold lands in the county. There is no information afforded
by the returns as to libraries, public or private, but the latter
must be numerous and extensive. There are 2,673 acres of land
in the county occupied as nurseries, orchards and vineyards, and
apiaculturo has commanded much attention, as there are 505
stands of bees returned, from which 3,874 pounds of honey were
collected in 1874. The bridge over the Missouri River at Atchi-
son is a very handsome and substantial structure of iron on stone
abutments, and supported by stone piers. It is used for railroad
purposes, and is sufficiently high to permit the navigation of the
river to proceed unimpeded. \' ■

Barbour County was named in honor of a very estimable free
settler, who was killed in sheer wantonness by a proslavery pick-
et, during the troubles in' Douglas county in 1855, as he was re-
turning home from Lawrence. There are 1,134 square miles of
territory in Barbour county, but tho population is very small in-
deed, being only'366 in 1875, of which all save seventeen were
born in the United States. There are thirty more males than fe-
males. The larger part of the population is engaged in agricul-
ture. Medicine Lodge is the county seat, 198 miles from Topeka,
in an air line southwest Only one per cent of the area is tim-
bered, the rest being prairie. About ten per cent is bottom land.
No coal has been found, but large beds of gypsum will become of
great value, and they extend over one-fourth of the county.
There are no railroads, but the cultivated area extends annually,
the increase in 1874 being 1,411 acres. The population suffered
much from the locust plague, as there were 262 needing rations,
and about the same number in want of clothes, when tho state

588

Tuttlk's HisTonr of Kas'sas.

Wrd of agriculture procured returns early in 1875 for the infor-
mation of the logisliiture. The population prior to the locust in-
vasion wns over 600. The county contuina twelve orginized
school districts, and only one school house. The vacant lands
are mainly Osago trust lands, or belong to the government.
There are two saw mills, no banks, no newspaper, and only one
church organization, the Roman Catholic. The county was
organized in 1873, or the name might not have been permitted.

BAHTOiSi CoUNTV was organized in 1872, and named in lionor
of a lady philanthropist well known for her services in the cause
of sanitary reform during the war for the Union. There are
1,332 square miles of te/ritory in Barton, and a population of
about 2,100. In 1870, there were only two persons in the area.
The males exQeed the females by ibout seventy. The bulk of
the population is engaged in Jigriculture. Great Bend is the
county seat, 174 miles from Topeka, westerly. There are forty
per cent, of bottom lands, but only one of forest. The bottom
lands on the Arkansas river range fully seven miles, and on
the creeks about two miles. The uplands are undulating but
available for cultivation. The Arkansas is the great river
giving the name to the county seat Walnut creek and Little
Walnut, its tributary, fall into the Arkansas. There are three
other creeks worthy of note — Blood, Deception and Cow creeks.
The county has few springs, but well water can be reached at
from ten feet on the bottoms to sixty feet on the uplands.
Coal or lignite is found in the northern part of the county, about
twenty inches thick. Sandstone is abundant, and so is limestone
in the west and north. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
Railroad has station'^ at Ellwood and Great Bend. There has
been an increase of over 7,000 acres in cultivation in the last
twelve moaths reported. The dogs are not so numercuc &i>d de-
structive here as in some counties. There is good water ])ower
on Walnut creek, but no manufactures appear to be located there.
Great Bend is the post village and capital, and is situated on the
Arkansas river, very near the center of the state. There is a
bank, one newspaper — the Great Bend Register, a weekly, a fine
brick court house, an excellent graded school, churches, hotels,

I for the infor-
3 the ItKMist in-
elve orgmized
3 vacnnt IiuhI.h
c g»)vornmciit.
, and only one
0 county was
;n pertnitted.

imed in lionor
es in tlie causo
»n. There are

population of
IS in the area.
Tiic bulk of
t Bend is the
here are foi'ty
The bottom
miles, and on
mdulating but
le great river
eek and Little
'here are three
id Cow creeks,
be reached at

the uplands.

county, about
so is limestone
and Santa Fe
d. There has
3n in the last
nercue ai'd de-
i water }>ower
J located there,
situated on the
?. There is a
weekly, a fine
lurches, hotels,

CovsTV SiaiTcir^iJ.

680

and a good trade. There are in tlic conuiy, 01 urgruu/cd «ch..ol
districts and 22 school houso.x, with i)r(.p.-rty valued at $23,5)20.
There are no libraries, but there are ten chinch organizations.
The locust plaeue afTected Barton heavily, as there were 1,000
persons, or nearly half the then population, wanting rations and
other help in 1874.

Boi'KHoN County is one of the earliest organizations, dating
from 1855. There arc 637 .square miles of territory, with a
l)opiilation of 15,07fi, which has increased within the last live
years 1,753. Rather more than half the population is engaged
in farming, and about one-eighth in mining and manufactures.
The capital of the county is at Fort Scott, 100 miles from To-
peka to the southeast. There is about 10 per cent, of forest in
the countv, and the bottom lands are about 17 \viv cent., with an
average breadth of one mile. The timber is usually of valuable
varieties. The principal streams are the O.sage river, with Lime-
stone creek, its tributary; Marmaton river, with Mill, Wolverine
and Shiloh as its northern, and Yellow Paint, Pawnee, Hock and
Moore's Branch as its southern tributaries. Drywood is another
stream on tl south line, with Walnut creek as its northern tribu-
tary. Springs are numerous, as usually is the case near wood-
lands, and well-water varies from live to twenty-flvc feet in depth.
Coal has been found under about one-third of the county, varying
in depth from one foot to fifty, and in thickness of vein from six
inches to three -feet. This deposit must materially affect the fu-
ture of the county. During 1874-5, the mines were worked to
the extent of about 150,000 tons, and the quality is moderately
good bituminous. The expense of working is very light, as the
coal can be supplied at the pit mouth for $1.90 per ton. Lime-
stone, sandstone, hydraulic cement, mineral paint, fire clay and
pottery clay are all plentiful, and lead has been found, but not m
paying quantities. Fort Scott, the capital of the county, has
stations on the Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf, and on the
Missouri, Kansas and T^xas Railroads, which bisect each other
at that point, and traverse the county completely. This city is
880 miles west of St Louis, Mo., and 98 miles south of Kansas
City, and is situated on the Mariniton river. There are three

111

jl • '

I't

I-

600

Ti'TTI.k's lllSTOIlY OF K.iS-flAS,

iiowHpapci'n i)nblislic(l hero, ono diiily (tlic Fort Snott Monitor),
ami two wiokly. Tlio mini's and rnini'ral paints and oolircs lead
to nmny important iiulnstrios already, but tlicy arc yet in tho in-
fancy of their development. The liydraulic eement works must
become very extensive, ns the quality of the article supplied is
cxcellpiit.

Anionj,' tho enterprises now flourish in j,' in the city of Fort Scott
nro a steam brewery, two steam flouring mills, steam paint and
cement works, steam planing mill and eabinet works, steam flour-
ing mill and elevator, steam foundry and ma('hin(5 shops, steam
castor oil works, steam woolen mills, wagon and carriage factories,
marble works, several eabinet factories, lire, pressed and building
brick mai:u factories, breweries, soap factories, cigar and tobacco
factories, and in addition the state grange has recently erected
valuable works, so that the aggregate of capital invested is
already more than $400,000 in industries which arc certsiin to
grow with increase of population. Many businesses of great im-
portance have not been enumerated, and the poi)ulation of Fort
Scott ii- 4.072. The county of Bourbon did not rerpiirc help dur-
ing the locust plague. There are no water powers utilized in Fort
Scott, nor more than one in the county of Bourbon, although
many such could bo made available at little cost; but steam
power is preferred because it is so steady in its operation, and,
therefore, more economical in the main. The other principal
manufactures in the county are in P>eed<im town.ship, where there
is a steam saw and flouring mill ; at Timber Hill town.«hip, simi-
lar works; at Scott township, a steam flouring mill ; in Franklin
township, a saw mill ; at Xenia, a flouring mill ; in Marion town-
ship, two steam saw mills and one flour and saw mill, driven by
water power; and at Cato, one flour mill and one saw mill.
There are only two banks in the county, those at Fort Scott, the
First National and the Merchants' National, with an aggregate
capital of ,$250,000.

There are in the county eigty-seven organized school districts
and eighty-six school houses, valued, with furniture and appur-
tenances, at $63,216, besides which the Catholic Church has
established a school for young ladies. Seven townships only
have made returns as to libraries, in which are included one pub-

Scroti Monitor),
uiul oftircM lead
re yet in the in-
cnt works must
icio hiipplicd is

ty of Fort Seott
Lcntn pnint nnd
•ks, Htcatn flour-
1(5 sliopn, Htcnin
irrinj,'i' factories,
!d iuid building
ar and tobacco
ecently erected
tul invested is
are oortiiin to
!es of groat iin-
ilation of Fort
quire lielp dur-
utilized in Fort
irbon, although
ost; but steam
operation, and,
:)ther principal
ip, where there
township, simi-
I ; in Franklin
1 Marion town-
lill, driven by
one saw mill.
Fort Scott, the
1 an aggregate

chool districts
•e and appur-
3 Church has
jwnships only
iided one pub-

COVSTV SKKTCllKf!.

lie and eiKhty-8cvei> private collections, of 13,087 volumes alto-
gether. Dogs are numerous and destructive, as more sheep have
been destroyed by dogs than by wolves by more than three to
one. l^itter and cheese are largely nuulo in thi.-, county, and
there are nearly 5,000 acrea planted in vineynrds, nurseries and
orchards,

Bnowx County was organized in 1855, and named in honor
of a senator and ex governor of Mississippi, wlio seceded with
Jefferson Davis in 18»;i. The territory comprises f.07 square
miles, and has a population of nearly 10,000, which is still in-
creasing; the males preponderate about 040 over the females. .
Over 80 per cent, arc employed in farming, and about 11 per cent,
in trade, transportation, mining and manufactures. The county
seat is at Hiawatha, fifty-seven miles from Topeka, to the north.
There is only about two per cent, of bottom lands and eight per
cent, of timber. The forest woods are of good quality. The
principal streams arc Walnut creek, Grasshopper, Wolf, Boy's
creek. Spring and Mulberry creeks. Well water ranges from
twenty-five to forty feet in depth, and springs arc plentiful, Coal
has been found, but the extent is unknown. Where found near
. the surface, it runs from sixteen to twenty-two inches in thick-
ness, and is not of very good quality. Limestone is found of
good quality in the western part of the county. The county seat
at Iliawathk is also the principal station on the St. Joseph and
Denver City railroad, which traverses the county nearly cast and
west. St Joseph city is distant only forty-two miles east. There
are four fine churches, a bank, two newspapers, several schools,
a steam flouring mill and two elevators. Th capital is in the
center of a fine agricultural country and does an excellent busi-
ness. The water powers are excellent, but they ate mostly unde-
veloped, and there is only one water mill in the whole county,
on Walnut creek. There is a 8te£\m saw mill in Robinson town-
ship, a water flouring mill in Hamlin township, and a grist mill
in Padonea township. The population of Hiawatha is under 800
souls. Barnett, Morrill & Co. are the bankers at Hiawatha.
There are in the county 72 organized school districts, with 69
school houses, valued, with all appurtenances, at $80,814. There

—viPMmvm' K ■i>m<m^" '

592

TuTTLE's IIlSTOltY OF KaXSAS.

lire six churches erected in the county, but many organizations
have no buildings. There are four public and eighty-one private
libraries reported, with an aggregate of 6,728 volumes. Brown,
being one of the oldest counties, required no help at the time of
the locust plague, but the dogs are a plague from which the
county continually suffers, in the damage inflicted on sheep
farmers. .

Butler Counts was organized in 1855, being named in honor
of one of the proslavery champions representing South Carolina.
The territory comprises 1,428 square miles, and has a population of
nearly 10,000, in which males preponderate to the extent of about
900. Nearly 30 per cent, are engaged in farming, and about 9
per cent, in trade, transportation, mining and manufacturing.
The county seat is at Eldorado, about 107 miles from Topeka
southwest, on tlie Walnut river. The town has a national bank,
a newspaper, an academy, two churches, two flouring mills, and
good water power which cannot fail to be improved eventually, as
it stands in the midst of a fine farming country. The population
of Eldorado in 1875 was 1,136, and amoug the other industries
not mentioned are, a tannery, a cheese factory, and a furniture
factory for the promotion of which the native woods are well
adapted. Elsewhere in the county are two water mills and one
steam mill for flouring. At Augusta, there is a steam lumber
mill, at Towanda a water grist mill and a cheese factory, and at
Douglass two steam saw mills. There is only one bank in the
county besides that at Eldorado, the second institution of the
kind being at Augusta, where also the Southern Kansas Gazette
is published. There are in the county 124 school districts organ-
ized, and 90 school houses, valued inclusive at $80,500. Libra-
ries are but partially reported, and they show an aggregate of
1,332 volumes in one public and 37 private collections in seven
townships. There are only two church buildings, but the organ-
izations are much more numerous. Butler suffered heavily in
the locust plague, as nearly one-ninth of the population wanted
food, and 190 wanted clothing, as appears by the report of the state
board.

Chautauqua County is one of theyou:,g counties, having

ippji. t,i»^-m>t.i,f-mim'

County Sketches.

593

y organizations
hty-onc private
umes. Brown,
p at the time of
rom which tho
cted on sheep

lamed in honor
iouth Carolina,
a population of
extent of about
g, and about 9
manufacturing,
i from Topeka
national bank,
ring mills, and
d eventually, as
The population
)ther industries
nd a furniture
voods are well
mills and one
steam lumber
factory, and at
le bank in the
stitution of the
vansas Gazette
districts organ-
80,500. Libra-
m aggregate of
ctions in seven
but the organ-
ered heavily in
mlation wanted
port of the state

Dunties, having

been organized in 1875. It has an area of 651 square miles, and
a population of 7,417, having been prior to its separate organiza-
tion part of Howard county, which was made into two counties,
Elk being the other. Howard had only 19 inhabitants in 1860,
and when divided it possessed 13,632. Fully 85 per cent, of tho
population of Chautauqua is employed in farming, aud nine per
cent in trade, transportation, mining and manufactures. Sedan,
the county seat, is 135 miles from Topeka, towards the south.
The village has but little manufacturing, no bank, and but one
journal, a weekly. The manufactures of the county consist of a
water power saw and grist mill at Peru ; a saw and grist mill,
and a steam saw mill at Cloverdale ; a water power saw and grist
mill, and another driven by steam at Boston ; a saw mill, a grist
mill, and one mill combining both branches at Cedarville ; a
steam saw and grist mill and a grindstone manufactory at Graf-
ton ; a steam saw and grist mill at Matanzas : a steam saw mill
at Salt Creek, and a steam saw mill at Elk City. There are 80
organized school districts and 71 school houses, valued inclusive-
ly at $32,555. The Baptists have ten organizations, but no church
building. There are libraries public, and private, 4 and 87, with
an aggregate of 5,914 volumes. In this county as in every other,
dogs are destructive. Chautauqua was organized at the time of
the locust plague, but as part of Howard it was included in the
list of sufferers, as that county stands rated at 600 needing
rations and 1,500 in want of clothing

Chase County was organized in 1859, and named in honor
of the chief justice. The change in administration within the ter-
ritory is broadly marked between Atchison and Chase. The ter-
ritory includes 750 square miles, and has a population of 3.116
in 1875, the males preponderating by 412. Three-fourths of the
population are engaged in agricultural pursuits, over one-tenth in
mining and manufactures. The county seat is located at Cotton-
wood Falls, 67 miles southwest from Tokepa, as the crow fliea.
The land is divided into bottom and prairie, 12 and 88 ; about 5
per cent is timbered. The valleys of the streams are shut in by.
bluffs, but otherwise the country is undulating. The timber is
good for manufacturing purposes. The principal streams are Cot-
88 ~

* '.

iUlii

1^lKn9»»S^-'-^'

Tvtti.e's History of Kansas.

tonwood river, and its tributaries on the north, Ruckeye, Peyton,
Fox, Diamond, Middle, Silver and French creeks ; and on the
Bouth Jacobs, Bloody, South Fork, and othei-s mucli smaller.
The county is pretty well supplied with springs, and well water
of good quality may be found at about a depth jf 25 feot. Coal
has been found, but not in quantity. Building stone of excellent
quality may be procured in abundance. Magnesian limestone of
very choice kinds, raised and quarried in this county, ornamenta
most of the great cities in the state, and is in great demand. Cot-
tonwood Falls is a depot for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
Eailroad, and, as the name implies, the county seat is located on
the banks of the Cottonwood. There is at this point an excellent
series of water powers, but little used at present, although there
are manufactories, chief among which are two flouring mills run
by water powQT, and stone sawing works. The Chase County
Bank is at Cottonwood Falls, and there are two newspapers, the
Leader and the Courant, both weekly. There are nine public
libraries in this young county, containing an aggregate of 1,252
volumes, and 43 private collections, with a total of 3,816 volumes.
There are 36 organized school districts in the county, and 32
school houses, valued inclusive at $31,563. There is one denom-
ination school. Catholic, at Cottonwood Falls. There are three
church buildings in the county, valued at $6,800, but there are
many more organizations with small memberships. Chase County
court house displays the magnificent taste of its projectors. The
manufactures of the county have progressed but little up to the
present time, but there are valuable works rising into local and
general importance, among which are : a flouring mill at Bazaar
township ; a water power and hand loom ; a water power flouring
mill at Toledo ; a flouring mill at Falls township ; a flouring mill
at Diamond Creek; a grist mill at Cedar Point; a saw mill at
Elmdale ; a saw mill and a saw and grist mill at Silver Creek, and
a saw and grist mill at Safford. The amount of capital invested
in these several works is not large, but the industrial enterprises
mentioned pay tolerably well, and will develop with time and
population to much greater dimensions. In this county it is a
noticeable fact that the dogs are not so destructive among sheep
as the wolves. The locust raid did not very severely affect this

keye, Peyton,
; and on the
luch smaller,
id well water
15 feot. Coal
le of excellent
1 limestone of
ty. oni amenta
leraand. Cot-
and Santa Fe
; is located on
t an excellent
Jthough there
ring mills run
Chase County
3wspapers, the
'e nine public
■egate of 1,252
},816 volumes,
ounty, and 32
! is one denom-
'here are three
I, but there are

Chase County
ojectors. The
little up to the

into local and
mill at Bazaar
power flouring
a flouring mill
; a saw mill at
Iver Creek, and
apital invested
irial enterprises
with time and
i county it is a
^e among sheep
jrely affect this

^j<»f^ y ^jif.^l^lllilB.j.i I

CousTY Sketches.

65)6

county, as only 50 persons required assistance with clothes and
rations, and the people helped one another.

Cherokee County was originally named McGee, but was
changed in 1868, in consequence of the Indian reservation named
being partly included. The organization was first effected in
1855, and McGee was one of the Missouri legislature at Shawnee.
The area of the county is 589 square miles, and it contains a pop-
ulation of 12,223, by steady increase since the people became
masters of their own government. The preponderance of males
in this county is about 700. The population of this county has
come mainly from Illinois, Missouri, Iowa and Indiana, in the or-
der in which the states are named, and about 72 per cent, are en-
gaged in agriculture, 10 per cent in mining and manufactures,
and over 11 per cent, in personal and professional services. The
county seat is at Columbus, 135 miles southeast from Topeka.
This county suffered from the locust raid considerably, but the
people were old residents to a large extent and no outside help
was accepted. Columbus is a post village as well as capital of
the county, and it has a population of 1,279. It is fifty miles
south of Fort Scott, and it supports two newspapers, the Journal
and the Courier. There is a water power flouring mill here, and
many small industries, giving a large aggregate of employment
There are three banks in the county, but the principal is that at
Columbus, the house of Hobart & Middaugh. There are two
other papers published in the county, at Cherokee and at Baxter
Springs, both weeklies, and the manufactures beyond those al-
ready ;numerated are four water power flouring mills at Lowell
township ; two water power flouring mills and saw mills at Shaw-
nee township; stejim spelter mills at Cherokee ; and a cigar fac-
tory and a brewery at Baxter Springs. There are 90 organized
school districts and 83 school houses, valued inclusive at $64,650.
Libraries are not returned in the voluminous records from which
we quote, but there are five church edifices and more numerous
organizations from which the presence of libraries may be in-
ferred. Butter and cheese are very successful industries in Cher-
okee county, but sheep farming is robbed of its profits by the
ravages of dogs, the loss in that way being valued at $582, while

/ [

' i -

—'»^''^l- *-i

,r:^,;jf -^tm

696

Tuttle's History of Kaxsas.

wolves have only destroyed within the same time to the amount
of $37. Nurseries, orchards and vineyards occupy over 4,000
acres in the county, and bees are being every year more highly
valued as additions to profit with little outlay or trouble.

Clay County was named in honor of the compromise states-
man, but for whom the quarrel between north and south might
have fallen at a much earlier date when the outcome would prob-
ably have been less advantageous for humanity. This county
was organized the year after the conclusion of the war in 1866.
The territory is 660 square miles, the population 6,672, and the
increase continuous from the first organization. Males prepond-
erate by nearly 500. There are 37 per cent, employed in farm-
ing, mining, manufactures. Trade and transportation only employ
about 8 per cenf. Clay Centre, the county seat, is 81 miles from
Topeka to the west, and 125 miles west of Leavenworth, on the
banks of the Republican river. This village has a station on the
Junction City and Fort Kearney Eailroad, operated by the Kan-
sas Pacific Company, and one newspaper, the Dispatch, an able
weekly. The population of Clay Center is 1,134. This county
suffered much during the locust plague but only 70 became charge-
able upon the general fund lor rations and 110 for clothing, when
the population was 6,000. There are two steam grist and saw
mills at Clay Centre, and a similar mill worked by water power,
besides other enterprises on a smaller scale. The Clay County
Bank of J. Higginbotham is conducted at the county seat The
number of organized districts is 85 ; the schools number 63, and
the value of buildings inclusive is $29,794. There are four
church edifices, but many organizations are not supplied with
buildings for worship. There are eleven townships in the county
and of these six report 100 libraries with an aggregate of 8,811,
all private collections except as to eight volumes. The returns
before us are incomplete as to the other manufactures prosecuted
in Clay county. The water powers in this district are valuable,
but they are not much used so far. There are about 450 acres
laid out in orchards, vineyards and nurseries here.. Butter is au
increasing branch of industry, but cheese decreases in Clay coun-
ty. The land is good, 11 per cent, being fertile bottom lands,

■"W^\.

Couyrr Sketches.

697

3 the amount
f over 4,000
• more highly
uble.

romise states-
south might
I would prob-
This county
war in 1866.
1,672, and the
[ales prepond-
yed in farm-
1 only employ
31 miles from
iworth, on the
station on the
by the Kan-
tpaich, an able
This county
ecame charge-
slothing, when
grist and saw
' water power,
Clay County
ity seat The
imber 63, and
acre are four
supplied with
in the county
gate of 3,811,
The returns
res prosecuted
are valuable,
lout 450 acres
Butter is an
in Clay coun-
bottom lands,

•with an average breadth of three-fourths of a milo. Forest only
covers about 4 per cent, but the wood U of good quality. The
principal streams are the Republican and a number of creeks in-
cluding Petes, Five, Timber, Lincoln, Fancy, Otter and others.
There are few springs, and wells must be sunk about 30 feet on
the bottoms, and on the uplands from 60 to 75 feet

Cloud CouNTr was organized is 1866, and named after Col,
Cloud, who distinguished himself as commander of the second
Kansas cavalry. The area includes 720 square miles, and the
population is 7,170. Males preponderate about 450. About 84
per cent are employed in farming, and 6 per cent in mines and
manufactories. The county seat is at Concordia, 111 miles from
Topeka, northwest, 60 miles from Junction City, on the Republi-
can river. There are two weekly newspapers in Concordia, the
Empire and the Expositor. There are no banks in the county.
The manufactures of the city and county are in the city, a water
power flouring mill, a steam flour mill, a carriage and wagon
factory, and a brewery. Some salt springs of great apparent
value have been found, and a company formed for the purpose
will test the practicability of salt works. There is in Buffalo
township one saw mill, and in Lincoln township a steam grist and
saw mill ; besides these, there are in Meredith and Elk townships
two steam saw mills, and in Solomon township a water power flour
and saw mill and a steam saw mill. Cloud county suffered con-
siderably from the locust plague, as 775 wf-^e in want of rations,
and nearly twice that number in want of winter clothing, besides
other assistance. There are no railroads in this county. There
is about 10 per cent of bottom land and 3 per cent of woodland
in this county ; the remainder is upland prairie, but all cultivable
soil. The bottoms of the Republican average four miles across,
and of the Solomon, eight miles. The timber only follows the
streams in belts of from 10 to 80 rods in breadth. The principal
streams are the Republican with its tributaries, Camp, Hay, Salt,
Little, Upton and Elk creeks on the north ; end Mulberry, Beaver,
Elm, Plum, Oak, Lost and Buffalo creeks on the south; the
Solomon river with its tributaries, Asher, Fisher, Yockey, Criss,
Mortimer and Pipe creeka Chapman creek, one of the feeders

r^'^* m^m\ _mmft^ t^-

698

TvTTLE's I/isTony of JCu\sas.

of the Kansas, nses in this county. There are but few springs
and wells vary from 10 feet to 100. Coal is found under hS
the county near the surface, from 15 to 80 inches in tK Lne

about 2o feet below the general surface, running shafts in from
the s>dcsof ravines, and the eoal can be put in the market fo^
about $2.50 or $3.00 per ton. Stone of p'oor qualhyl t d
mostly foss.l,ferous limestone and sandstone. Pottery clay is

LsLr'oT r'' 'P'"^^ "'^ "'''' "'"-g*b« advanfages pos
Bessed by Cloud county. There are verv encouragin.. report^ as
to the fertility of the soil, and apparent./reliable, show^inTretl:
o 21 bushels per acre of spring wheat in one case, and 20 in an-
other, the first planting. Another report shows 70 bushels per
acie of corn after five crops had been raised ; others speak of 33
bushels of barley to the acre on bottom lands, and 23 bushels of
spnng wheat, 63 lbs to the bushel, and 800 bushels per acre of
potatoes. There are many more such reports, which speak vol-
umes for the fertility of Cloud county, which will soon be able to
bid defiance to locusts if the settlers can maintain such returns.

mer^hiruuT": "'"^ '''^'''''''^ ^" 1^^^' ^«'"g named after a
member of the temtonal council. The area of the county is 648

square m.les, and the population 7,235. Males preponderate to
the number of 350. Illinois. Indiana, Ohio, lowf and Missouri'
in the order named, sent the largest quotas of population. There
are seventy-seven per cent engaged in farming, five per cent ia
trade and transportation, and nine per cent in mines and manu-
factures. There ,s about thirteen per cent of bottom land, and
eight per cent of forest, the timber being of valuable kinds.
Burlington, the county seat, is 59 miles southwest from Topeka.
28 mdes southeast of Emporia on the right bank of the Neosho
Kiver, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas ]?ailroad, which has
here a good station. The water power is abundant, and there are
two good weekly papers, the Patriot and Independent ; a national

mOOO, two steam saw mills and a flouring mill, water power
With a capital of $55,000. There are elsewhere i; the county a

iiiit.ii,i..y .1.. II •mmmmmtn

but few springs,
•11 nd under half
les in thiclcness,
been worked at
J shafts in from
I the market for
uality is found,
Pottery clay ia
idvantages poa-
iging reports as
showing returns
J, and 20 in an-
70 bushels per
ers speak of 33
1 23 bushels of
els per acre of
lich speak vol-
3oon be able to
iuch returns.

named after a
county is 648
reponderate to
and Missouri,
lation. There
re per cent ia
les and manu-
;om land, and
iluable kinds,
from Topeka,
•f the Neosho
d, which has
and there are
it ; a national
J which cost
a capital of
J^ater power,
the county a

iiii,rwii|M»'liwyfW'

Couyrr Sketches.

steam saw mill in Hampden township ; a steam flouring mill, a
water flouring mill, a steam saw mill and a brewery in Leroy
township, and a water power saw mill at Strawn. The water
l)()wers of the Neosho have not been one tithe developed. Bur-
lington is a handsome village laid out with great regularity, with
unbounded space for expansion. The Neosho is the principal
stream in Coffey county, and its tributary creeks are Spring, Long,
Wolf, Turkey, Big, Rock, Lebo, Crooked and Crow. The Potta-
watomie and other small, streams completely drain the n.-n and
give abundant water for all purposes. Well water of ex oUent
quality can be found at a depth of about twenty feet. Coal is re-
ported as underiying the whole county with a thickness of about
fifteen inches, and at depths varying from the surface to 100 feet
below. The quality of the vein is highly praised, but up to this
time it has been mainly used in the locality, although some has
been shipped by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad. The
quarries of building stone near Buriington are good, and deposits
of gypsum abound in the northern part of the county. Cheese
and butter are largely manufactured here, ani sheep farming
would flourish, but the profits go to the dogs. There are over
4,500 acres of land planted in orchards, nurseries and vineyards;
bees are much cared for, and the returns are good. School houses
to the number of 63 correspond with the number of school dis-
tricts, and the stated vilue inclusive is $86,700. There are ten
church edifices, but organizations are more numerous ; and returns
as to libraries show two public and ninety-five private collections
of books, amounting to 10,771 volumes. This county suffered
considerably from the locusts, but the people bore their own bur-
den and assisted each other, the answer to outside sympathizers
being that Coffej county is self supporting.

Cowley County was organized in 1870, being named ia
honor of an officer in the ninth Kansas cavalry, who died at
Little Rock, Arkansas, after the Camden expedition. The area
of Cowley is 1,112 square miles, and the population 8,963, males
preponderating to the number of 715. There was in 1874 a much
larger population before the locust famine overtook the locality,
And since the census for 1875 was collected, the number has

.if»ii.ia>#i<fiiit ■'•ritfiifnifrhfittiii

iisimf

TuTTLhfs History of Kaxsas.

increased ngnin very considerably. When the report was pre-
pared in 1874-5, to submit to the legislature of Kansas, there
urere 475 in want of rations, and 1,400 in want of clothing for
■winter. Unfortnately, the legislators bickered among them-
selves, and there was not as much appropriated as would pay for
framing the report. Illinois gave the largest quota of population
to this county, Missouri next, then Towa, Indiana and Ohio.
Agriculture employs eighty-two per cent, of the population,
manufactures and mining seven per cent and trade and trans-
portation a little over three. Winfield is the county seat of
Cowley county. It is 144 miles from Topeka in a southwesterly
direction. Bottom lands rise in this county to the average of
thirty-three per cent, so that it will be seen that Winfield is the
center of a fine agricultural county. Woodlands average six per
cent, the timber being of choice varieties, valuable for manu-
facturing, such as walnut, oak and other such woods. The bot-
tom lands of Arkansas river average five miles, the Walnut twa
miles. Grouse, Dutch and Rock creek, one mile. The principal
Btreams are the Arkansas river and its tributaries, Walnut and
Grouse. The Walnut tributaries are the Rock, Dutch and Tim-
ber creeks. The Grouse has one important tributary, Silver
creek. This county has good springs, and excellent well water
can be procured at depths varying from fifteen to forty feet.
The mineral resources of the county are coal and building stone.
The quantity of coal is yet unknown, but the quantity and
quality of magnesian limestone are both excellent No railroads
have yet been constructed here. Butter is largely manufactured
in this county, but cheese is a small product ; farm animals thrive
and sheep would prosper but for the dogs. The increase of land
in cultivation in 1874-5 was over 82,000 acres. The water
powers of the Walnut are perfectly reliable except in heat of
flummer when there is apt to be a failure. Three mills, are now
depending on this stream. The manufactures of Cowley county
are, in brief, in Cresswell township, a steam saw mill and two
water power grist mills ; in Spring Creek township, a steam lum-
ber and grist mill: in Winfield township a steam saw mill,
three water power grist mills and one brewery; in Lazette
township, one grist and one saw mill, and in Silverdale township^

^MtiM

■fll

>ort was pre-
Cansns, there
clothing for
mong them-
ould pa}' for
if population
a and Ohio.

population,
lo and trans-
unty seat of
louthwesterly
e average of
infield is the
erage six per
le for manu-
Is. The hot-
Walnut two
!'he principal
Walnut and
ch and Tim-
atary, Silver
tt well water
o forty feet,
lilding stone,
quantity and
No railroads
nanufactured
nimals thrive
irease of land

The water
t in heat of
lills. are now
»wley county
nill and twa
a steam lum-
ni saw mill,

in Lazette
lie township^

CouxTr Skhtcuks.

one saw mill and one grist mill. T..v.re arc several banks in
Arkansas City, at the confluence of the Arkansas and Walnut.
This town commands a large trade, and although it is only three
years old it already runs ahead of all competitors. There is a
good weekly paper, the Trareler, now published on a spot winch
was an Osage hunting ground three years since. The Indians
come back to their old grounds to trade occasionally. The sup-
port of Arkansas City is the Texan cattle trade, traffic with the
Indians and supplying the fine agricultural country by which it is
surrounded. The Arkansas City Bank and the Cowley County
Bank in this town transact a considerable business. There are
two banking houses in Winfield also, the aggregate capital of the
four banks being $51,300. There are three papers published in
Winfield. The county has fifty-eight school houses and 108
• districts : the value of school property being $63,476. There are
four church edifices valued at $11,500. There are seventy private
libraries and one public, with an aggregate of 4,631 volumes, but
returns only came from six townships out of twenty-two.

Crawford County was organized in 1867, and was named in
honor of Gov. Crawford, who commanded the second colored in-
fantry regiment raised in Kansas. The area of this county is
592 square miles; the population 9,386; the preponderance of
males nearly 700. Illinois contributed a larger quota of popula-
tion than any other two states, the next largest being Missouri.
Farming employs 79 per cent of the population, manufactures
and mining 8 per cent Girard is the county seat, 114 miles
southeast from Topeka, 126 miles soi th from Kansas City, and
i^^e village has a station on the Missouri River, Fort Scott and
Gulf RaHroad. There is quite a considerable trade done at this
point among farmers, stock raisers and dairymen, who are the
main supporters of the post village and capital of the county.
There is a savings bank in the village, two good hotels, a grain
elevator, a grist mill five churches, and quite a large array of stores.
Two weekly newspapers flourish in this county — the Press and the
News — both good. Besides the trade and manufacturing inter-
ests in Girard, there are elsewhere in the county : in Lincoln
township, two steam flouring mills, one saw and corn mill, and

,-t,.i.^.;,-j,-rl|--,fglt(fli^'-r-^''"f''TfT '■'T'~ ■"-••— ' ■ "' .>.v.rW.^--.>'-^-jig-

602

Tuttle's History of Kaxsah.

one steam saw mill ; in Slicriilari township, one steam grist mill,
one steam mill and elevator; in Monmouth township, a steam
grist mill ; in Crawford township, two ilonring mills, and ono
steam suwmill and elevator; and in Cuto, two steam grist and
saw mills, and one grist mill. There are no -uilable water-
powers in this county. The bottom lands in Crawford eounty
are 15 per eent, and forest 10 per eent,, the timber being of good
kinds. The bottom lands vary from half a mile to one mile in
breadth, and the timber belts are about half a mile wide. The
soil is, as n)ight have been anticipated, above the average in fer-
tility. The principal streams are the Lightning, Thunderbolt and
Limestone ereeka, Big, Little and Middle Cow creeks, Walnut,
Dryvvood, Bone and Cox creeks. The Ozark range runs through
this county, dividing the two sets of streams, which run in oppo-
site directions. There but few springs, but well water, at from
10 to 80 feet deep can be relied upon at all seasons. Coal is
plentiful, as it underlies the whole county, and the veins vary in
thickness from five feet downwards. The quality is good enough
to create a demand at a distance, and much is exported, while the
consumption at home is general. Sandstone, limestone and slate
are found, the two former generally well distributed and the
quality excellent. Drywood and Cherokee have stations on the
Missouri lliver, Fort Scolt and Gulf Railroad, and the Missouri,
Kansas and Texas liailroad has stations at Ilepler and Glenwood,
besides flag stations at other points, so that the country is well
furnished with facilities for travel and traffic. During the year
187-1-5, nearly 31,000 acres were added to the area formerly in
cultivation. The reports from all quarters concur in praising the
fertility of this county. Butter manufacture is steadily and rap-
idly increasing. In this county, as in most others, the dogs are
very destructive to sheep. Over 3,000 acres of land are devoted
to orchards, nurseries and vineyards. There are 98 schoolhouses
and 100 districts, the value of school property being $53,544,
Three townships have two public libraries with 230 volumes, and
twenty-one private collections of books amounting to 1,400 vol-
umes. There are eight church edifices, but the organizations are
far more numerous. When the locust plague came down upon
Kansas, in 1874, the people of Crawford county, although thej

•ammmmm

COVSTY SKhmilKS.

im grist mill,
nship, a steam
iuHh, and one
3am grist and
•uila'ble water-
wford county
being of good

0 one mile in
le wide. The
iVernge in fer-
underbolt and
eeks, Walnut,

runs throtigU

run in oppo-

t^ater, at from

sons. Coal is

veins vary in

1 good enough
ted, while the
tone and slate
uted and the
tations on the
the Missouri,
nd Glenwood,
auntry is well
'ing the year
A formerly in
n praising the
idily and rap-

the dogs are
d are devoted

school houses
sing $53,544.
volumes, and
to 1,400 vol-
inizations are
J down upon
Ithough thej

had Buflcred heavily, nupported the burden within their own
borders, and were self-supporting.

Davis County was nana-d and organized in 1855, in honor of
the president of the confederacy already in the egg, only waiting
for time, Pierce and Buchanan to hatch it out. When ttie county
was named, JellerHon Duvis was secretary of wa- and chief (lirec-
tor of the conspiracy against tlie peace and prosperity of Kansas.
There are 407 scpuue n.iles in the area of this county and the
population in 1875 was 4,611, showing a decrease of more than
900 in five years. The males preponderate here to the number
of 800. More than half of the population, 57 per cent., are
occupied in farming, U per cent are employed in mines and
manufactures, and 8 per cent, in trade and transportation. Junc-
tion City, the county sea^ is 62 miles west from Topcka, is situ-
nted at the crown of a low bluf!, at the confluence of the; Smoky
Hill and llcpuV)lican river.s, when the Kansas river is formed by
their union. Tins post village has the advantage of two lines of
railroad, the Kansas Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas
Kailroads. There are many churches and schools in Junction
City, beside.1 which a savings bank, flouring mills, manufactories
of various kinds and water powers equal to all demand. Quarries
of magncsian limestone abound near Junction City, very easily
worked and much u.sed in building. Near the town Clark's
creek is crossed by three Howe truss bridges, and the town is a
busy centre all, the year round. There are two weekly papers,
the Vnion and Tribune, and those serve the whole county in local
matters. The Davis County Savings Bank is located at Junc-
tion City. Only two water powers have yet been improved at
this point, one on the Smoky Hill and one on Clarke's creek.
Two water power flouring mills and a steam flouring mill are
busily employed, giving work to great numbers of hands in the
county seat ; and besides these, there are a cigar factory, two
breweries, and factories for the manufacture of furniture, soap
and brooms. Agricultural implements and wagons, and all the
necessary lines of business requisite for a country trade, are made
and supplied in Junction City. The other manufactures in the
county are — in Jackson township, a water power flouring mill;

ll'ii

I f

604

Ti'TTi.h^fi IfisTony OF Kaxsas.

in Milfonl, n steam grist nnd saw mill ; niul in Smoky Hill town-
Bliip, ft cliecse factory, a water power flouring mill and a salt bora
Tho number of school districts and school houses agree, both
being thirty-four, and tho value of the property $3{),7flO. There
is a parochial Catholic school also at Junction City. There are
seven church edifices in the county, valued at about $43,000, but
other buildings are now projected, as tho demand is always in-
creasing. There can bo no information procured as to libraries.
■ The population of Davis county was much larger before the
locust plague fell upon tho land, but in tho winter of 1874 there
•were 375 persons reported in want of food and 500 in want of
clothing. Many left the locality until the return of spring nnd
had not resumed their avocations when tho census was taken in
tho beginning of March, 1875.

Dickinson County was organized in 1857, and named in
honor of the senator who first enunciated in the senate of the
United States by specific resolutions the doctrine of popular sov-
ereignty. When this county was first named there was a great
hope that the Lecompton constitution would be made acceptable
to congress and tho country. The area of Dickinson county is
851 square miles, its population 6,841, males preponderating
about 500. Farming employs 79 per cent, of the population,
trade and transportation 5 and mines and manufactures 9 per
cent The county has only 8 per cent of forest, but the wide ex-
panse of bottom lands, fully 20 per cent of the whole, gives much
promise of fertility. The average width of the river bottoms ia
about two miles. Such timber as there is can be made very use-
ful in manufactures, being too good for fuel and rough purposes.
The principal streams are the Smoky Hill river, which has for
its tributaries Hollands, Turkey, Deer, Swenson and Lyon's
creeks on the south, and the Mud and Chapman creeks on the
north. Very near to the boundary of the county the Solomon
joins the Smoky Hill. Springs are rare, but well water can be
found at from 20 to 60 feet in depth. The mineral resources of
the county can hardly be said to include coal, although there are
veins, but they are too thin to pay for working, as reached on
Chapman's and on Holland creek. That is the dictum of the

CoVSTY SKKTCHKa.

605

ky Hill town-
id a Bait bora
i agree, both
:),790. There
r. There are
t $-13,000, but
[ is always in-
8 to libraries,
?r before the
of 1874 there
00 in want of
of spring and
was taken in

,nd named in
senate of the
[ popular Bov-
re was a great
ido acceptable
ison county is
ireponderating
le population,
facturcs 9 per
it the wide ex-
le, gives much
er bottoms is
lade very use-
ugh purposes,
fhich has for
I and Lyon's
jreelcs on the
the Solomon
water can be
1 resources of
)Ugh there are
as reached on
dictum of the

authorities. There arc fine (lualiiies ot limestone in endless pro-
fusion at many points along the bliilTs and banks of streams,
gypsum is also found in the Bouthwest, and near Knlerpnso
tl.LMO is a very choice description of pottery clay. There are very
excellent water powers on the Solomon and the Smoky lldl, as
also on Chapmana and Turkey creeks, which although ut.li/ed
to some extent, could be still largely improved with but slight
outlays ..f capital. Dickinson was in the second group of coun-
ties among the sullerers by the locust plague ; 200 i.er.sons were
wanting food, still more wanting seed for their lands, and 4u0
were without clothes adapted to the rcmirenient of wmte-, but
there was an effort only partly successfr to provide for dl the
wants indicated within the county. Abilone, tho counfy seat, is 84
miles westerly from Topeka, by an airline, but 1)5 n-dosbyrad.
This is a great center in the cattle trade, rmny the : sands being
shipped from this point to the east Abilene has one news; -ner
weekly, the Chronicle, there is another weekly, the Qazv: ;ub-
lished at Solomon city, the two supplying the whole county.
The only bank in the county is the Abilene bar :c. Ihe manu-
factures at the county seat are, a water power 1. >unng mdl and
such minor industries as require little machinery to assist hand
labor, as in handicraft employments. The other factories and
mills in the county are, a water power flouring mill at; Enterprise,
and a water power woolen mill, a steam saw mill, a steam sorghum
factory, and a steam vinegar factory ; at Solomon there is a water
power flouring mill and an elevator ; at Newburn there is a flour-
ing mill, water power ; and at Chapman's creek and on Turkey
creek there are three water power flouring mills. School houses
number 70, and the school districts 86, the value of property
being estimated at $68,500. There . -o 5 church edifices, and the
libraries reported aggregate over ^,,'.0 volumes, the great bulk
being of course in private collections. The country about Abi-
lene has some very beautiful ■'pots and the handsome buildings
erected indicate the faith of the people in Kansas prosperity.

Doniphan County was organized in 1855, being named in
honor of a Missouri colonel of a cavalry regiment who was deeply
interested in making Kansas a slave state. The area of the coun ty

■J

606

TuTTLEfs History of Kansas.

is 379 square miles, and the population in 1875, 13,943, males
preponderating by nearly 500. Farming employs 67 per cent ;
10 per cent, are engaged in mines and manufactures, and 6 in
trade and transportation. One-fourth of the whole area is bottom
land, and 16 per cent forest, so that there are all the physical
aids to success in farming and manufactures. The timber is usu-
ally excellent The bottoms average one mile in breadth. The
principal streams are Wolf river and its tributaries, running to-
ward the Missouri. Springs are numerous, and well water can
be found at from 10 to 60 feet in depth. There is no coal so far
as discoveries have been made within the county that will pay
for mining. Building stone is said to be good, and pottery clay
abundant Troy is the county seat, 60 miles northeast from To-
peka. There are two railroads that make their principal stations
at the capital, the St Joseph and Denver City, which crosses the
Missouri at Elwood, having stations at that point, at Wathena and
at Severance ; and the Atchison and Nebraska, which has other
stations at Doniphan, Highland Station, Iowa Point, and White
Cloud. The St Joseph and Topeka Railroad can also be reached
from Troy by a brief detour. There are two newspapers in the
county, the Kansas Chief, at Troy, and the Reporter, at Wathena.
There are two banks in the county, one at Troy, and one at High-
land, and the manufactures worthy of note are : a steam saw mill
at Iowa township ; a furniture factory and flouring mill at White
Cloud; a steam flouring mill at Burr Ook township; breweries
at Highland and Wathena; a steam flouring mill at Wolf
River ; a steam flouring mill at Centre township ; three steam
flouring mills at Washington township, and in Wayne town-
ship a ste^m saw and flouring mill, a steain flouring mill, a
wagon and implement factory, two wine pressing factories, and
a water power flouring mill. The water powers in the county
are limited, but several flouring mills are supplied, and more can
be run with little outlay. There are 68 organized school districts,
and 71 school houses, valued inclusive at $89,500. The Presby-
terian University, at .Highland, under the supervision of the
Synod of Kansas, is valued at $75,000, and there are Roman
Catholic Schools at Doniphan and Severance. Library reports
are very few and restricted, only showing about 3,278 volumes.

j^t^l.'*"

County Sketches.

607

ia,943, males
! 67 per cent ;
;ures, and 6 in
area is bottom
1 the physical

timber is usii-
breadth. The
es, running to-
well water can

no coal so far
' that will pay
d pottery clay
beast from To-
ncipal stations
ich crosses the
; Wathena and
hich has other
nt, and White
Iso be reached
'spapers in the
r, at Wathena.
i one at High-
steam saw mill
mill at White
lip; breweries
mill at Wolf
) ; three steam
Wayne town-
)uring mill, a

factories, and
in the county

and more can
chool districts,

The Presby-
vision of the
e are Roman
library reports
,273 volumes.

There are 19 church edifices in Doniphan county, but several
organizations and denominations have no church buildings. This
county was self supporting during the distress arising from the
locust plague.

Douglas County was organiTied in 1855, and was named in
honor of the great Stephen A. Douglas, whose powers were, un-
fortunately, to a great extent, warped by thu influences of party,
against the interests of progression. This county is one of the
most famous in the history of Kansas, because it was the scene of
the Wakarusa war, and of all the troubles that for a long term
of years occurred and reoccurred to Lawrence. The population
of the county in 1875 was 18,505, and the area is 469 square
miles. The population in 1870, in this county, reached higher
figures by 2,087 than in the year 1875. The preponderance of
males in this county is only 163. Farming only employs 47 per
cent, of the population in Douglas county, 13 per cent, being em-
ployed in trade and transportation, and 14 per cent in mines and
manufactures, Lawrence, the county seat, is 25 miles east from
Topeka, the capital of the state. The city is built on both sides
of the Kansas river, and ranks only second in the state, both as
to population and wealth. In intellectuality and public spirit
she has no superior, and the sufferings and losses endured by the
citizens of Lawrence on behalf of the state, and of humanity at
lar^e, deserve to be commemorated in such a memoir as will en-
dure in the history of the race. The first point settled upon by
the free state party on their arrival in the territory was certain to
monopolize, or nearly to monopolize, the special hate of the ruf-
fians, and the onslaughts made upon the liberties of the city were
borne or repelled, according as wisdom or necessity dictated, with
unfailing heroism. In spite of sieges and raids, from the first in-
cursion to the Quantrell outrage, all of the same class and spirit,
Lawrence is now one of the most beautiful and enterprising cities
in the great northwest The dam recently constructed across the
Kansas river at Lawrence gives nearly 2,000 horse power, which
will add materially to the wealth producing power of the city.
A flouring mill connected with the work in question is a great suc-
cess. The other manufactures in and near the city are iron foun-

608

Tuttle's History of Kaxsas.

dries, machine shops, a woolen faotory, the largest pork packing
establishment in the state, planing and flouring mills, seven wagon
and carriage factories, two agricultural implement factories, grist
mills, elevators, breweries, a tannery, a soap factory, pottery
■works, furniture factories, mineral water factories, operated by
steam power, a steam foundry, and a brick manufactory. The
other manufactures in the county are dwarfed by comparison with
such enterprise, and in view of the wealth that must accrue for
such labors well directed, Lawrence can well give liberal endow-
ments to promote liberal education and the dissemination of
knowledge among all classes in the community. Six railroads
center in Lawrence, giving facilities for intercourse with all parts
of the world. The Kansas Pacific has here its principal station;
the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston makes this city a
depot; the St. Lpuis, Lawrence and renver, the Lawrence and
Southwestern, the Kansas Midland railroad, and the Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe connects itself by means of its junction with
the J^awrence and Southwestern at Carbondale. The banking
accommodations of the city are provided by four banks, three of
which have an aggregate ca})ital of $113,250 and the National
Bank has a capital of §100,000. The press of Lawrence is metro-
politan in tone and management The issues are The Republi-
can, Journal, Tribune, Standard, dailies and weeklies, The Spirit
of Kansas and the Sentinel, weeklies. The state university is
located here, because of the magnificent gift of $100,000 and other
sums, already named and particularized in giving a sketch of the
institution. The Roman Catholics have parochial schools in this
city. There are seventeen churches here, representing all the prin-
cipal denominations among Christians, and an excellent public
library, available to every person desirous to procure information,
and willing to protect the excellent property placed at his dis-
posal.

The school system of Douglas county is the same as that of
other cu.inties in the state, but the numbers and wealth, no less
than the spirit of the people, secure the most liberal administra-
tion possible under the law. There are in the county 84 districts
and 93 school houses, valued, inclusive of furniture and appara-
tus, at $196,560. The Baker University, at Baldwin City, under

h»ata»MMn.ai r I T r |U>

.jffLiir 1i 1- ^■■itniiinillYl

iili__*.uLiHiji iiiiliiiiiirt I iiirtnitiiiim rTJiftft iH" -"^'^T' ^t''

County Sketches.

ark packing
seven wagon
Glories, grist
ory, pottery
operated by
ictory. The
parison with
t accrue for
aeral endow-
mination of
nx railroads
nth all parts
ipal station;
this city a
iwrence and
16 Atchison,
unction with
Phe banking
iks, three of
he National
nee is metro-
he Republi-
3, The Spirit
university is

00 and other
ketch of the
bools in this
; all the prin-
jllent public
information,

1 at his dis-

le as that of
alth, no less
[ administra-
f 84 districts
and appara-
City, under

the supers 'sin of the Methodist Episcopal organization, is a fine
establishment, although necessarily denominational, as is the Cath-
olic parochial school at Endora. There are in the county 22
church edifices, valued at $200,000, some of which are very
handsome indeed. The public libraries have an aggregate of
5,200 volumes, and 39 private collections in five townships have
2,917 volumes. The business and trades practiced in Lawrence
comprise nearly all that can be honestly pursued in any city in
the Union. In this county, as in every other, the ravages of dogs
among the sheep are expressly named as a cause of loss to a val-
uable industry, and it is certain that either law or administra-
tion fails to terminate or at any rate to reduce the nuisance.' The
number of acres devoted to nurseries, orchards and vineyards in
Douglas county, sums up a total of 5,682. The increase of cul-
tivated land in the county, during the year 187'i^5, amounts to
38,779 acres. Coal is supposed to underlie the whole of the
county, at a depth of from ten feet below the surface to the un-
known extreme, with a thickness of vein varying from 12 to 20
inches, so far as is known, but the quality so far as the seam has
been developed is not good. Building stone has been found in
limitless supplies and admirable quality in many directions, and
recently there have been excellent developments of fire clay and
pottery clay on Mount Oread, quite near to Lawrence. The chief
railroad stations, besides Lawrence and Baldwin City, are Prairie
City, De Soto, Olathe, Carbondale, Topeka, Lecorapton and En-
dora. The principal streams are the Kansas river and the Wa-
karusa, which are fed by numerous small streams. The county
is well supplied with springs, and well water can as a rule be ob-
tained of excellent quality at about 25 feet from the surface.
About one-fifth of Douglas county is bottom land with an aver-
age breadth of one mila Forest covers about six per cent, of the
soil only and the country is undulating generally. The locust
plague struck some parts of Douglas county very heavily and out
of its population of 23,262, the largest of any county, except
Leavenworth, in the state, there were 800 persons reported to be
in need of rations, but the generosity of the country was nobly
aroused on that as on many former occasions. It is manifestly
impossible in a brief and cursory sketch to do justice to a county
89 >-

aatiiiitii'iiiwifri.

•«^

610

Tuttle's History of Kansas.

\ I

like Douglas, but it is something even to have perceived that
fact.

Edwards Couxty was organized in 1874, and is therefore
young, but not among the youngest of the counties. The " Mas-
sachusetts Colony " made the first settlement in 1873, and the
name was given in honor of the Hon. John H. Edwards, of Ellis,
Kansas. The area is 972 square miles, and the population, in 1875,
234. Kinsley is the county seat, 216 miles southwest from
Topeka, on the Arkansas river, 34 miles east of Fort Dodge, 60
miles north from the salt fields on the boundary of the Indian
territory, to which this is the nearest point at which shipments
can be effected. Kinsley is a station on the Atchison, Topeka
and Santa Fe R R. The first house was built in Kinsley in
1873, and a paper, the Reporter, a weekly journal, was started
soon afterwards. It is edited by a lady, and obtains a large
measure of support. When the county was organized, in 1874,
, there were about 600 inhabitants, but the locust plague consider-
ably reduced the population. The climate and the soil are good,
and Edwards county, if it has little history, has fair prospects.
The preponderance over females on this small population is still
marked, the numbers respectively being 138 and 96. Agricul-
ture employs 67, mining and manufactures, 16. The county has
little or no timber ; the Arkansas bottom is three miles wide, and
the rest is upland rolling prairie. The Arkansas is the chief
stream, and Big Coon its tributary. No coal has been found ;
common limestone can be procured in sufficient quantity, and
Kinsley has a station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R.
R There are now about 2,000 acres under cultivation. There
are no banks, no manufactures and no water powers. There is
one school district and one building valued inclusive at $530.
The Congregational church has one edifice valued at $2,000, but
no libraries .are reported, and vacant lands range in value from
^1.50 to $5.00 per acre.

Elk County is still younger, having been organized in 1875
by the subdivision of Howard county. Elk river gives the name.
The area is 651 square miles, the population 6,215, in which the

•| f'nf 'rf '-'fY f 'i-^-- J*-' ^'-

irceived tbat

is therefore
The "Mas-
873, and the
irds, of Ellis,
,tion, in 1875,
ithwest from
:,vt Dodge, 60
I the Indian
ch shipments
lison, Topeka
Q Kinsley in
I, was started
tains a large
;zed, in 1874,
igue consider-
soil are good,
air prospects,
ilation is still
96. Agricul-
le county has
lies wide, and
1 is the chief
been found ;
quantity, and
[ Santa Fe R
ation. There
jrs. There is
sive at $530.
at $2,000, but
in value from

mized in 1875

ves the name.

in which the

M^^^^^ft^^M^L^

CovxTY Sketches.

611

males preponderate 291. Farms employ 83 per cent, and manu-
factures and mines, 9 per cent. The increase of cultivation is
large, and reports indicate great fruitfulness, as 44 and even 45
bushels to the acre of Mediterranean wheat have been certifiod ;
as also 60 bushels of corn. Potatoes yielded 366 bushels to the
acre. Butter is increasing rapidly as a staple. There are some
mills and factories, including a water power grist mill at Union
Centre, and a broom factory ; a wagon factory in Howard, and a
steam grist mill at Paw Paw. There are three newspapers, the
Courant, at Longton, and the Journal and the Ledger, at Elk
Falls. Howard city, the county seat, is 113 miles southwest from
Topeka, but the banking business of the county is transacted at
Elk ^..iL T^ere are 74 districts and 59 school houses valued
inclusive at $20,907. Libraries in four townships give a total of
1,739 volumes. Howard, the parent county, suffered from the
locusts ; this county was organized afterwards.

Ellis County, named in honor of an officer killed at Jenkins'
Ferry, when Gen. Steele was retreating from Camden to Little
Eock, Ark., was organized in 1867. It has an area of 900 square
miles, and a population of 940, having decreased about 400 in five
years, in consequence of stock raising and grazing having become
the chief pursuit Males preponderate by 116 ; mines and manu-
factures employ 23 per cent, and a like proportion prevails in
agriculture ; trade and transportation employ nineteen per cent
Bottom lands average 15 per cent, of the area, and forest one only.
The principal streams are the Smoky Hill, the Saline and Big
creeks. There are but four springs, but well water is found at
depths varying from twenty to sixty feet. Coal has been found,
but the vein is thin and poor so that it is little used. Magnesian
limestone abounds. The Kansas Pacific has main stations at
Hays City, the county seat, and at Ellis ; that is the only railroad
in th' jounty at the present time. Hays City is 196 miles west-
erly from Topeka, half a mile from Fort Hays, and 289 miles
west from Kansas City. The architectural embellishments consist
of a county court house and a large school house. The popula-
tion of Hays City is 320, and the Sentinel is published weekly
here. There is a bank at the county seat There are no manu-

Tvttle's History of Kansas.

fucturos reported; the Saline and Big Creek give good water
powers, but they are not utilized. There are two organized school
districts and three school buildings, valued inclusive at $10,280.
Church organizations show an aggregate property of over $2,00U.
Ellis suffered from the locust plague considerably.

Ellsworth County was organized in 1867, and named in
honor of Col. Ellsworth, who was slain at Alexandria, Va., in
1861, after lowering a rebel flag. The fact of the naming has
been disputed, and another sponsor found in an officer of an Iowa
regiment, once employed on the frontier. The area of the county
is 720 square miles, the population 1,758, in which males preiu
derate 250. Farms employ fifty-six per cent, trade and trans-
portation eight, and mines and manufactures sixteen per cent of
the small aggregate of population. The area contains eight per
cent of bottom land, and one per cent of forest, the rest is upland
and prairie. Smoky Hill Kiver, and its tributaries. Mule Bluff,
Turkey, Thomson, Ash, and other creeks, drain and water the
county, which is well supplied with springs and gives good well
water at from twenty to sixty feet deep. The Kansas Pacific
Railroad follows the line of the Smoky Hill Biver, and has its
prinoipal station at Ellsworth, the county seat Coal has been
found in different townships in the southwest, but it is a poor kind
of lignite from twenty to thirty inches in thickness, and although
near the surface, very little has been mined. Magnesian lime-
stone of poor quality is found, and hydraulic cement, mineral,
paint, fire clay and pottery clay are reported in different localities.
Good yields are reported wherever good husbandry gives the
soil an opportunity to do its best The herd law is in operation
in this county, under which owners of stock are obliged to keep
their cattle of all kinds out of their neighbors' crops ; but reports
from the several counties vary as to its operation, the preponder-
ance being in its favor, as it certainly is in Ellsworth coiaity.
The post village capital of the county is 223 miles from Kansas
City, and 415 from Denver, Col. It is one of the main points of
distribution for Texas cattle, as many as 150,000 head being
handled every year. The village is prosperous, and it has a fine
brick school house which cost $20,000. There are in the town-

mm^Mt^)^

)od water
aed school
t $10,280.
er $2,00'J.

named in
a, Va., in
.rning has
tf an Iowa
ho county
cs prci
md trans-
er cent of
eight per
is upland
ule BluflE,
water the
good well
as Pacific
id has its
has been
poor kind
I although
sian lime-
t, mineral.
I localities,
gives the
operation
d to keep
>ut reports
preponder-
;h co'Uity.
tm Kansas
1 points of
ead being
has a fine
the town-

CorxTV Sketches.

ship five excellent hotels, a bank and a newspaper, the weekly
lic.porler. The surrounding country is excellent for grazing pur-
poses, which is a desideratum in the chief i)ursuit upon which
Ellsworth is growing rich. There is one saw mill in'Kllsworth,
and there is a cheese factory at Fort Ilarker. There are in the
county eighteen school districts and seven school houses valued
at $18,080. Church edifices are not numerous, but organizations
include almost the whole community. This county suitcred
much from the locusts, as about one-eighth of the population re-
quired rations and clothing in the winter of 1874.

Ford County was organized in 1873, being named in honor of
Brig. Gen. Ford. The area is 1,008 square miles ; population in
1875, 813, with a preponderance of males as of 626 to 187. Dodge
City, the county seat, is in one sense the county also. There are
no banks, no libraries, no newspaper, no church edifices, and one
school building, valued with all appurtenances at $1,525. There
is only one tannery at Dodge City to represent manufactures in
the county. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad has
a station at Dodge City. The county seat is 251 miles southwest
from Topeka, and the whole population of Ford county is cen-
tered in that township. One-fifth of the county is bottom land,
and there is only one per cent, of forest The principal streams
are the Arkansas river, Mulberry, Duck, Sawlog, Crooked, and
other unnamed creeks. Springs and well water abound. Coal is
indicated, but no great discoveries have been mada Good lime-
stone is found near Fort Dodge. The county received no help
after the locust plague.

Franklin County was among the earliest organizations in
1855 ; its area is 576 square miles ; its population 10,108 in 1875,
the greatest population at one point being in the city of Ottawa,
2,595. Farming employs 67 per cent of the population ; trade
and transpoiation 8, and mines and manufactures 11 per cent
The bottom lands in this county amount to 17 per cent, and for-
ests 8 per cent. The principal streams are the Marais des Cygnes,
Middle Creek, Ottawa, Pottawatomie, Mud, Coal and Appanoose
creeks. Springs and well water are plentiful. Coal underlies

Tuttle's HisToiir of Ka^^sas.

■'I

one-fiftb of the area, with an average thickness of two feet, rang-
ing from the surface to twenty feet deep ; the quality is good and
the coal much used by local raanufr.cturers. Limestone and sand-,
Btone are well distributed. Ottawa City is the station of the Leav-
enworth, Lawrence, and Galveston Railroad, and a line operated
by the same company runs to Kansas City. The distance from
Topeka is 87 miles south east The manufactures of the county
are in the oounty seat ; a soap factory, cigar factory, oil mill, two
steam grist mills, one foundry, one steam furniture factory, a
steam saw mill, and a steam wagon factory. There is a cheese
factory in Stanton, a steam saw mill in Centropolis and in Lane,
a steam flouring mill, steam saw mill, and a cabinet factory at
Appanoose ; two steam saw mills and a cheese factory in Cutler
township ; a steam silk manufactory, and a steam grist mill at
Williamsburg ; and in Peoria township a steam saw mill. There
is good reason for believing that silk culture will flourish in Kan-
sas; as in Europe, the best regions are the lower slopes of the
mountains, from 500 to 1,500 feet in altitude. The mulberry tree
thrives in Kansas, and that is the best food for the silkwrorm,
which prospers best in a dry and windy climate. The superior
vigor of the silkworm in this state is an ascertained fact, and that
results in larger cocoons being spun. The works at Silkville are
carried on by M. De Bossierre, a talented Frenchman, who has
given much scientific and practical attention to the subject. There
are good water powers on the Marais des Cygnes, but none have
been improved. In this county wolves are more destructive to
sheep than the dogs are. That fact is rare in Kansas history.
There are two newspapers in Ottawa, the Republic and the Tri-
umph, both weekly. There are three banks in that city, the
First National, People's National, and the Ottawa Bank and Sav-
ings Institution. There are 83 districts organized, and 81 school
houses erected, valued, inclusive of furniture and apparatus, at
$84,250 ; besides which the Ottawa University, controlled by the
Baptists, is largely used by other denominations. There are four
public and 241 private collections of books in the country, aggre-
gating 17,768 volumes. There are fifteen church edifices, with
an aggregate value of $38,000. Franklin was self-supporting at
the time of the locust plague.

•MtNtaMMHitJWMM

m^*d f-^i ^fi^^mm'i^^t'

County Sketches.

615

[eet, rang-
good and
and sand^.
the Leav-
) oporated
ance from
he county
, mill, two
factory, a
is a cbeese
d in Lane,
factory at
' in Cutler
'ist mill at
U. There
ih in Kan-
>pes of the
ilberry tree
silk\TOrm,
le superior
t, and that
ilkville are
1, who has
jct. There
none have
itructive to
as history,
nd the Tri-
,t city, the
k and Sav-
i 81 school
>patatus, at
lied by the
jre are four
itry, aggre-
lifices, with
pporting at

Greenwood County was organized in 1802 and named after
an agent who made treaties with the Sacs and Foxes, and other
tribes of Indians in southern Kansas. The area is 1,155 square
miles ; the population in 1875 was 6,483. Males predominate to
the extent of about 300. Farming occupies 80 per cent, of the
population ; mines and manufactures 9 per cent. The county
seat is Eureka, 91 miles southwest from Topeka, in the center of
a lino grazing country; the town has line county buddings,
an excellent school house, and five good church edifices ; the pop-
ulation of the township is 1,040. There are two weekly news-
papers, the Herald and Censorial Eureka has a steam flouring mill
and a steam flour and saw mill, and two banks. The other man-
ufactures in the county are steam saw mills in Lane township j
eeveral portable saw mills ; a saw mill at Janesville ; a saw mill
at Madison; a water power flouring mill at Twin Falls; two
steam saw mills at Kenton ; and in Quincy a steam saw mill and
one driven by water power. Reports as to the fertility of this
county include returns showing yields of corn 170 bushels; of
potatoes 480 bushels, and St. Charles white corn, 117 bushels to
the acre. The water powers on Fall river and on Willow and
Otter creeks are good, and they have been partially improved,
but there is still room. There are in the county 74 school dis-
tricts and 67 school houses, valued inclusive at $78,620. One
public library and 111 private collections make a total of 6,320
volumes in seven townships. There are six churches with an ag-
gregate value of ,$8,400. Greenwood was self supporting at tha
time of the locust raid.

Harvey County was organized in 1872, and was named in
honor of the governor of the state, who is now representing
Kansas in the United States senate. The area is 540 square
miles, and the population in 1875, 5,506, in which males pre-
ponderate to the number of 500. The Mennonites have come
into this county in considerable numbers; they are found very de-
sirable colonists. Some of them prefer hooks and eyes instead of
buttons, many of them wash their feet, but they are not worse
citizens on that account. They baptize by sprinkling and abjure
immersion, but the main reason for their persecution in Russia vac

MRBtt^^^*"' ' '

'<^''

616

Ti'ttlk's JFistory or K.iXfiAS.

modern times has been their tenet under which they refused to servo
in Lao army. They conscientiously object to nwearing, lighting
and capital punislunents. Some ot their -sect wore invited to
Pennsylvania by the (Quaker founder of that colony in 1083 und
in that year they formed the nucleus of n considerable and worthy
colony. The foundation of the sect dates from the time of Mar-
tin Luther, when Menno was a follower of the great reformer.
The sect sufTered terrible persecutions, and until the days of
Frederick the Great, found no asylum in Europe. They first
eettled in Russia in 1790 during the reign of the Emperor Paul
•who was Assassinated under arrangements made by his own fam-
ily. During 1874-5, the Mciinonites came into Kansas to the
number of nearly 5,000 and the tide still flows in this direction.
They are honest, simple and industrious, and they assist each
other in procuring the very best breed'^ of animals for stock raising
purposes, hence their cattle were highly valued in Russia and
would bring large prices in excess of the stock raised by their
neighbors.

When the Mennonites concluded to migrate from Russia and
other parts of Europe, they sent authorized agents to examine
this Qounty and report upon the best locations ; when the action
of the delegations had determined the main body in favor of
Kansas, representatives were sent to make arrangements, such as
buying or securing land in localities best suited. All the pro-
ceedings were wise, liberal and economical. The settlements in-
clude village lots, but no person is allowed to sell intoxicating
liquors nor tobacco within their locations. The social needs of
the community as to schools, churches, stores and public halls,
approach communism, but the communistic idea does not remove
responsibility from the individual to render all the help possible
by his own brain and hands. After worship every Sunday there
is an assembly to resolve upon the matters of common interest,
and all the affairs of this peculiar people are carried out with
much decorum, Shade trees, fences and such works are deter-
mined by votes of majorities, and all churches and schools are
erected by the common labor of the mass. The government of
the colony is arranged by agents appointed for the purpose, but
every question is determined in the popular assembly named.

'">ri>iiii»

MMkMVtiMMM

CovsTY Sketches.

scd to scrv'O
ig, tightiiifj
invited to
II 1083 untl
and worthy
no of Mar-
t reformer.
tic days of
They first
iperor Paul
s own fam-
isas to tho
s direction,
assist each
ock raisins?
Russia and
ed by their

Russia and
to examine
the action
in favor of
[its, such as
.11 the pro-
lements in-
ntoxicating
al needs of
iiblic halls,
not remove
}lp possible
inday there
an interest,
d out with
1 are deter-
schools are
ernment of
urpose, but
jly named.

Their church nfTair.q arc settled in the same primitive way, and all
their ofTicers in every capacity serve as a duty without remunera-
tion of any kind. Every church has a ])reaclit'r, and over tho
whole of the churches and c 'onies in Kansas there is n bishop;
but neither preacher nor bishop is a salaried ollicor. Cliildrca
must attend school from five to fourteen years of age, when they
they arc supposed to know enough to entitle them to be bapti/.cd
into the church if they can pass an examination. Tlicy appoint
their own teachers, but of course they arc paid. Schooling in-
cludes tuition in mechanic arts, and the result is seen in the readi-
ness with which the Mennonites accommodate themselves to all
circumstances. When a boy is exempted from attendance at
school, he may pursue such studies as he sees fit, but he is ready
for practical work also. The poor are aided as they m.-vy require,
but there is no pauperism, as every man pays back in labor as ho
can all such assistance. Three counties in Kansas, Marion, Mc-
Pheraon and Ilarvey, have been located upon by Mennonites, the
three colonies joining in situation, but independent in rule.
Should any member of the community commit crime — a rare
occurrence — he is handed over to the state authorities. Tho
colonists are quite well plea.sed with their location, and they aro
good neighbors. The blooded stock required for the whole com-
munity is possessed in common. Most of the land held by them
•was purchased of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R E. Com-
pany.

Eeturning ncj? to Harvey county, and its affairs more par-
ticularly, seventy-three per cent, of the population is engaged ia
farming, and about nine per cent in mines and manufactures.
Newton, the county seat, is 113 miles southwest from Topeka.
Forty per cent, of the county is fertile bottom land, but there is
hardly any timber. The Little Arkansas river. Jester creek and
White Water, are the principal streams in Ilarvey county.
There are fine springs, but the main dependence is well water at
a depth of twenty-five feet. No coal has been developed, but
there is some building stone and large quantities gypsum. The
railroad communications of the county are supplied by tho
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line, which has stations at Wal-
ton, Newton, Halstead and Benton. From Newton a brancli

618

Tl'TTLbfa IIinTour OF Kaxs.

rutiM to AVicluta in Sodgwiok county. Winter wlioat is -ai.l to
Imvo given returns of tliirty bushels per noro, iiiul Hixtyfour
pounds to the busliol, in this eounty, nt n cost of $7.50 per ftcro.
The hcrtl hiw is liighly approvea in Ilarvoy co>inty, ami has been
in operation long enough to tost its applicability well. The Littlo
Arkansas gives good water powers, but they are little used.
The inanufactures of tho county arc in llalstcad township, a
water power flouring mill; in Sedgwick, a steam flouring mill;
in Newton, a wagon and carriage factory; and in Alto township,
a water power flour mill. There aro two banks with a capital
combined of $10,000 in Newton, and in Sedgwick City. Thcro
are two papers in tho county, both published in Newton, tho
Newton Kansan and tho Harvt'i/ County Keica. There aro sixty-
soven school districts and thirty-nino school houses valued at
$43,807, with furniture and apparatus. There aro more organ-
izations than churches, the edifices numbering only three, with a
valuation of $8,600 in all. There are 113 libraries, public and
private, with 5,022 volumes. Harvey county suffered heavily
under tho locust plague, as 1,109 persons were reported in want
of rations, and 662 in want of clothes.

Jackson County was organized in 1867, and named in honor
of Gen. Jackson, the seventh president. The county had been
established and named in honor of John C. Calhoun in 1855 with
the first batch of organizations. The area is 658 square miles ;
the population in 1875 was 6,681. Males predominate to the
extent of over 800. Farming occupies seventy-nine per cent, of
the population, mining and manufactures six per cent. Bottom
lands make up thirteen per cent of the area, and forest five per
cent The streams in the county are, the Muddy, Walnut, Little
and Big Straight creeks. Elk and Bill's creeks. North and South
Cedars,°East and West Muddy, Little and Big Soldier, Cross and
Little Cross creeks. There are numerous springs and well water
at from ten to sixty feet deep. Thin veins of coal have been
found but none of any value, and wood is the fuel chiefly used.
Building stone is plentiful and good, and mineral plenty ; pottery
clay and gypsum are said to be abundant In Jefferson town-
ship a salt vein was bored through recently in sinking a well,

«a^

CorsTY Skktcuks.

«•

[\t is '".till to
\ Hixtyfour
'.CO jicr aero,
mil liua been
. ThoLittlo
t little used.

township, a
ouriiig mill ;
I to township,
ith ft capital
[Jity. There
Newton, tho
re are sixty-
03 valucfl at

more organ-
three, with a
3, public and
ered heavily
)rted in want

mod in honor
ity had been

in 1855 with
square miles;
ninate to the
e per cent, of
ent. Bottom
orest five per
Valnut, Little
ih and South
er, Cross and
nd well water
al have been

chiefly used,
enty ; pottery
ifferson town-
aking a well,

and that may load to devrlop.nent.s. There are railroad.^ running
through tho county, tho Kansas Central, and tho Atchison, Toi)ol<a
and Santa Fo raih-oads.

liolton, the county seat, is 20 miles north from Topoka, and 58
miles west from Leavenworth, with a station of the Kansas Con-
trul. There are two banks in tho city, flvo churches, an excel-
lent high school, a steam flouring mill, and a weekly newspaper,
tluj Express and News. Tho region is noteworthy for fruit and
for stock raising. There are but few factories, and tlioso on a
Huiall scale. There arc many water powers, but they are not
utilized to any considerable extent. Several mills are now being
erected in diilcrcnt parts of tho county. Tho manufactures in
the county of Jackson, generally, are: in Franklm township, a
Btcam llouring mill and two water power flouring mills; m
Straight Cicck township, a water power grist mill; in Cedar
township, a steam saw mill ; in Jcflorson township, a steam savr
mill ; in Soldier township, a steam saw and flouring mill. There
are 63 school districts and 48 school houses, valued, inclusive, at
$52,837. There are six church edifices in the county, valued at
$15,900.

Jkffeuson County was organized in 1855, and named in
honor of Thomas Jeflerson, third President of the United States.
Its area is 665 miles, and its population in 1875, 11,716, having
decreased 810 in five years. Males preponderate by 532. Farm-
ing occupies 80 per cent, and mines and manufactures 8 per
cent Fifteen per cent, of the area is bottom land and 5 per cent,
forest. The countv seat is at Oskaloosa, 22 miles northeast from
Topeka. The Grasshopper river. Reck creek and several smaller
streams flow in and through the county ; springs are abundant,
and well water of good quality can be obtained at from 20 to 40
feet Coal has been found in three places at from 5 feet to 20,
and the quality is tolerable; nearly 2,000 tons were mined in
1874, and it sells readily at $4 per ton. Good building stone is
found in many places. There are three lines of railroad m the
county: the Kansas Central (narrow gauge), the Kansas Pacific,
and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe; Winchester and Grass-
hopper Falls are the stations on the first ; Perry and Medina on

€20

TuTTLpfs History of Kaxsas.

the second. Grasshopper Falls is the main station in this county
of .^he Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line. There are striking
testimonies as to the fertility of the soil in Jefferson county.
There arc good water powers on the Grasshopper, and some mills
have already been established. The manufactures in the county
are, two steam saw mills in Union township, three grist mills and
a woolen factory water power in Grasshopper township, a water
power grist mill in Ozawkio, water power grist and saw mill m
Kentucky township, steam saw mill and steam gr^st mill in Rural
township, cheese factory in Medina and another in Valley Falls,
and in Winchester, one steam saw mill. There are four b^nks,
two at Valley Falls and two at Oskaloosa, with an aggregate
capital of $91,881. There are three weekly papers, one at Valley
Falls and the others at Oskaloosa. There are 89 school districts,
and the same number of school houses valued at $128,529 ; be-
Eides these, th^re are two Catholic parochial schools at Newman
and at Valley Falls. There are 13 church buildings valued at
$32,000. The aggregate of books in five townsi7ips was 6,250
volumes, of which all but 300 were in private collections. Jeffer-
son county was self-supporting in the locust era.

Jewell County was organized in 1870, and named in honor
of a lieutenant colonel who died of wounds received in the engage-
ment at Cane Hill in November, 1862. The area of the county
is 900 square miles, and the population in 1875 was 7,651. Males
preponderate about 600. Farming occupies about ninety per
cent, of the population. Bottom lands amount to six per cent of
the area, and forest about three per cent The Republican River
runs about ten miles along the northern boundary, and the other
principal streams are White Rock creek, Johns, Big Timber, Por-
cupine, Smith, Montana. Walnut, Burr Oak, Buffalo, Limestone,
and numerous smaller creeks and streams. Springs are numer-
ous, and well water is found at depths varying from six to one
hundred feet ; but the average is about twenty-five. Good coal
has been much sought hero, but only a poor lignite discovered
about twenty inches in thickness. Magnesian limestone is found
in many places, and sandstone is also found occasionally. In the
southeast corner of the county is a salt marsh, but it has not beea

liifiriiiiintii

County Sketches.

621

I in this county
jre are striking
Gferscn county,
and some mills
5 in the county
I grist mills and
wnship, a water
nd saw mill in
3t mill in Rural
in Valley Falls,
,re four bcjnks,
1 an aggregate
■s, one at Valley
school districts,
; $128,529; be-
lols at Newman
dings valued at
ships was 6,250
lections. Jeffer-

named in honor
id in the engage-
i of the county
as 7,651. Males
)out ninety per
> six per cent of
epublican River
y, and the other
ig Timber, Por-
ialo, Limestone,
mgs are numer-
rom six to one
ive. Good coal
;nite discovered
lestone is found
ionally. In the
t it has not beea

developed. There are no railroads in this county. Jewell Cen-
tre, the county seat, is lii miles northwest from Topeka ; it is
built on a beautiful plain, and has a weekly paper, a large school
house, churches and nurseries. There are no water powers avail-
able, and manufactures are represented by one steam saw mill at
White Mound township. Jewell city publishes a weekly paper.
There are no banks in the county. There are 118 districts and 44=
school houses valued at $26,259. There is only one church, built
by the Methodists at a cost of $800. Jewell county suffered much
from the locusts, as 1,500 persons were reported wanting rations.

Johnson County was organized in 1855, and named in honor
of a Methodist missionary among the Shawnees from 1829 until
the territory was settled. The area is 480 square miles, and the
population in 1875 was 14,580. Males preponderate to the num-
ber of 564. Farming engages the attention of seventy- two per
cent of the population, and eight per cent are employed in mines
and manufactures. The county seat is at Olathe, 48 miles east
from Topeka. Bottom lands make up ten per cent of the surface,
and there is about sixteen per cent of forest The streams are
Indian, Blue, Turkey, Mill, Cedar, Clear, Captain's, Bull and Kill
creeks. The creeks run from near the center of the county.
Springs are numerous, and well water is found at from ten to
forty feet deep. Coal has been found at several places, but the
vein is only seven inches thick. It is claimed that a seam of bit-
uminous coal three feet six inches thick can be obtained by sink-
ing 530 feet Building stone is plentiful, and it is said that hy-
draulic cement, red ochre, fire and pottery clay are also to be had
in considerable quantities. The county has excellent railroad fa-
cilities, as the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston ; the Mis-
souri River, Fort Scott and Gulf; the St Louis, Lawrence and
Denver, via Pleasant Hill ; and thf^ Kansas Midland railroads, are
competitors for the favors of the public. There are no water
powers worth naming in the county, and but few manufactures.
Among the principal may be mentioned a steam grist mill at
Spring Hill, and similar works at Olathe, De Soto and McCamish
townships ; at Shawnee there is a saw and grist mill, as also at
Monticello, and Olathe has besides a steam factory for making

maiiiin

. p

«t&ati;.w-%-v-xm»imDi

•jmrnamtftuitm'

t,'U'9^^r^^'^^'-

€22

TuTTLifs History of Kansas.

spring beds, and a cigar factory ; cheese factories have been estab-
lished in some few places on a small scale only.

There are three banks in the county, one being located at
Olathe, the county seat, where also there are two weekly papers
published. There are 90 districts, and 80 school houses valued at
$65,851. The Catholics have three parochial schools, at Shaw-
nee, Edgerton and at Aubrey. There are 20 church edifices in the
county, valued at $44,700. Books, mostly in private collections,
are reported to the extent of about 6,000 volumes. There are
unsold lands in Johnson county. This county was self support-
ing at the time of the locust plague, because there was no open-
ing for new settlers unless they could buy out their predecessors.

• Labette County was organized in 1867, and was named iu
honor of the river. The area is 649 square miles. The popula-
tion in 1875 was 14,574, males preponderating by just 900. There
are about 64 per cent, engaged in farming, 9 per cent, in trade
and transportation, and 10 per cent, in mines and manufactures.
Bottom Ian Is are about one-fifth of the whole area, and there is
10 per cent of forest. The woods are of good varieties. The
Neosho river runs along the east line of the county, and the
other streams are the Labette, Hackberry creek. Deer, Pumpkin,
Turkey and Snow creeks, besides many smaller streams. Springs
are few, but well water is found at from 20 to 40 feet in depth.
Coal has been found underlying 75 per cent, of two townships,
and from ten incuc'-i to two feet in thickness, varying in depth from
two to twelve feet The quality is good, and large shipments are
effected. Limestone f.nd sandstone are plentiful and of good
quality. Pottery clay and gypsum are also found. The railroad
facilities of the county are supplied by the Missouri, Kansas and
Texas, and the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston, the prin-
cipal stations being at Parsons, Labette, Oswego and Chetopa.
Oswego is the county seat, 131 miles south from TopeL'a, and the
river makes a horse shoe bend at this point, which would give u
fall of nine feet should a race of one mile be cut, consequently
the time cannot be distant when the water power of the Neosho
•will be utilized largely. The works now prosecuted in Oswego
are a brewery, steam flouring mill, broom factory, cabinet factory,

■v.w»T^ B^mKVimmM.y^-^

CousTY Sketches.

62a

ive been estab-

ng located at
weekly papers
»useo valued at
ools, at Sliaw-
i edifices in the
ate collections,
es. There are
is self support-
e was no open-
ir predecessors.

was named iu

The popula-

ust900. There

cent, in trade

manufactures,
la, and there is
varieties. The
untv, and the
)eer, Pumpkin,
jams. Springs

feet in depth,
two townships,
I in depth from
I shipments are
1 and of good
The railroad
ri, Kansas and
eston, the prin-

and Chetopa.
opeka, and the
1 would give u
t, consequently

of the Neosho
ited in Oswego
cabinet factory,

brick factory aid a cheese factory. The other manufactures of
the county are, in Kichland, a steam furniture factory and two
steam flouring mills ; at Neosho, a steam saw mill ; at Liberty, a
steam flouring mill ; in the city of Parsons, a foundry and ma-
chine shop, a pottery and drain tile factory, a brewery and a
steam furniture factory ; in Montan.., a flour mill and saw mill,
and in Chetopa a steam foundry. There are four banks in La-
bette county ; two in the city of Parsons and two in Oswego, the
county seat. The newspapers published in the county are five in
number; one at Chetopa, two in Oswego and two in the city of
Parsons, all weekly. There are 95 school districts and 86 schools,
valued at $118,270. The churches number 15, some of them
very fine, and the estimated value is set down at $53,000. Libra-
ries are reported to the extent of 12,230 volumes. Labette was
self supporting at the time of the locust plague.

Leavenworth County was organized in 1855, being named
by its contiguity to Fort Leavenworth, so called for the general
who selected the site for a fort in 1827, when it was the farthest
outpost of the United Staves. The area of the county is -155
square miles, and its population in 1875 showed a decrease upon
the returns of 1870, of 4,746. The enumeration in 1875 was
27,698, in which the two sexes were nearly balanced, but males
slightly preponderated. Missouri gave to this county 6,344,
while Illinois, the next largest contributor, gave less than 1,500.
This was the strongest Missourian settlement in the territory.
Farms employ only 40 per cent, of the population in this county,
13 per cent, being engaged in trade and transportation, and over
22 per cent, in mines and manufactures. Twenty per cent, of the
area is bottom land, and ten per cent, forest, the timber being
generally of very valuable kinds. The Missouri is the great
river, of course, the lesser streams being the Kansas river, Big
Stranger, Little Stranger and Nine Mile creeks, with numerous
3treams not yet named. Springs are numerous and well water
unfailing. Coal underlies about seven per cent, of the area,
thickness 28 inches and depih varying from 50 to 700 feet, the
quality good and much in demand. A shaft put down at Leav-
enworth City, 710 feet, has reached a seam of 30 inches, which is

■■**-'^ti'*fr' •• .t-f-^

i.>*l»i fi'ffl.Wl'!!. W,'^

t n. ■) If lii^ ji» [ jy I ji» ,^i,jtmtf^jy^

624

Tuttle's History of Kaxsas.

now being mined. Good flint blue limestone underlies the whole
county. The railroad connections of Leavenworth include the
Kansas Pacific with stations at Stranger, lleno and Tonganoxie ;
the Missouri Pacific, with stations at Leavenworth, Fort Leaven-
worth and Kickapoo ; the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific has
one of its termini at Leavenworth City, crossing the Missouri
river on the superb iron bridge at that point ; the Kansas City,
St. Joseph and Council Bluffs, with a station at East Leaven-
worth ; and the Kansas Central Narrow Gauge, which starts from
Leavenwo.th, running to Valley Falls and Ilolton. Leaven-
worth, the county seat, is 43 miles northeast from Topeka, 39
miles from Kansas City, Missouri, on the west bank of the Mis-
souri river, 812 miles, by land, above St. Louis, Missouri. The
city is one of the handsomest in Kansas, and as seen from Pilot
Knob, is pictui;esque in the extreme. There are in the city 27
churches, nine commodious school buildings, several private sem-
inaries, a state normal school, the St. Mary's academy, two or-
phan asylums, four daily and six weekly newspapers, four month-
ly periodicals, two insurance companies, six banks, a paid fire de-
partment, and four miles of street railroad. The state peniten-
tiary is four miles south of the city, and Fort Leavenworth, which
joins the city, has a military prison. Manufactures are numerous
and extensive in the city, including carpets, furniture, stoves, en-
gines, mining machinery and iron bridges. This is the largest
city in Kansas and from the earliest ciays of the territory it has
carried on quite an extensive trade over the plains. The elegant
residences and beautifully shaa d thoroughfares of Leavenworth
are topics commonly adverted + ) by all visitors. All the rail-
roads that enter the county make Leavenworth their terminus or
their most important station. The bridge over the Missouri is a
very handsome structure. There are other manufactures outside
Leavenworth City, but they are small by comparison, although
in themselves considerable. There are numerous water powers,
but they are not utilized, because steam is more constant and
more rapid in operation. The chief industries in other parts of
the county are, in Easton township, a water power flouring mill
and a steam saw mill ; in Stranger township, a steam saw mill ;
in Tonganoxie to.vnship, a steam cheese fact'^ry and a sceam

»*!*f"-

lies the whole
1 include the
Tonganoxie ;
Fort Leaven-
id Pacific has
the Missouri
Kansas City,
East Leaven-
3h starts from
on. Leaven-
a Topeka, 89
k of the Mis-
issouri. The
en from Pilot
n the city 27
I private sem-
lemy, two or-
s, four month-
1 paid fire de-
state peniten-
nworth, whicli
are numerous
re, stoves, en-
is the largest
erritory it has
The elegant
Leavenworth
All the rail-
ir terminus or
! Missouri is n
ctures outside
ison, although
water powers,
constant and
other parts of
flouring mill
am saw mill ;
and a sceam

'.l^^i^uitf^l;:** ■■,•;■ ^.y

Couxrr Sketches.

flouring mill ; and in Alexander township, a steam grist and saw
mill. Among recent additions to the industries of Leavenworth
City are soap factories, cigar factories, breweries, brick factories,
cooper shops, and beef and pork pac' .ng houses on a large scale.
There are 74 school districts and 82 school houses, valued at
$310,210, three Catliolic parochial schools, the state normal school,
St. Mary's academy. Catholic and Maple Leaf seminary,, and at
Fort Leavenworth, a Catholic parochial school. The churches of
the county comprise 27 edifices, all commodious and some truly
grand, valued in all at $-151,300. There are 2-1 church organiza-
tions in the city of Leavenworth alone. The libraries of this
county, chiefly in private collections, amount to more than 19,000
volumes. Leavenworth county was self supporting during and
after the locust plague, the community being the oldest and most
numerous in the state of Kansas, as well as having been saved
by circumstances from many of the afflictions that hove befallea
the city of Lawrence. The reign of terror, after the nomination
of Gov. Geary and prior to liis assumption of control, was the
worst misfortune that ever befel the city of Leavenworth, and that
did not desti'oy the city itself.

Lincoln County, named in honor of the great president, was
organized in 1870- its area is 720 sruare miles; its population, in
1875, 2,'493, in which mjiles predominate to the number of 230.
Farms employ 92 per cent, -tf the inhabitants. The county seat
is Lincoln Centre, 132 miles west from Topeka, Bottom lands
make up 15 per cent, of the area, but forests are very small in
Lincoln coilnty. The Saline is the principal stream, the creeks
and tributaries being Table Hock, Elkborn, Owl, Brush, Bui! foot,
Oak, East and West Twin, Twelve .Vfile, Beaver, Yauger, Lost,
Spiliix.i-n and Wolf creeks. Springs and good well water abound.
Coal crops out on banks and ravines, but it is not good, and little
use is made of it at present. Some of the /eins are from 10 to
20 inches thick. Building stone of the wintf magnesian order, and
of beautiful quality, is inexhaustible in quantity. Salt springs'
and marshes have been found, but not yet properly developed.
There are no railroads here. There are good water powers on the
Saline, and some mills are already in operation. The manufaC'
40

mtti'MW

xxw- *fmmttmet iiatig

626

TuTTLK's HlSTOllY OF Kaxsas.

,;;*•

turcs in the county most noticeable are, the steam saw mill in
Grant township ; saw and grist mill and saw mill in Indiana town-
ship ; and a water jjowcr saw and grist mill at Kocky Hill. Tho
only newspaper is the Farmer, published weekly at Lincoln Cen-
tre. There arc no banks here. The number of school districts
organized is 32, and of school houses 17, valued at $12,149. Re-
ligious organizations are many, but only $1,500 has been invested
in church buildings, and there are no libraries reported. Lincoln
suffered very severely in the locust plague, as there v.-ere 750 per-
sons reported wanting rations, and 600 in want of clothing, or more
than one-fourth of the whole population.

Lixx County was organized in 1855, being named after a Mis-
souri senator. The area of the county is 637 square miles, and
the population, in 1875, ll,5i6. There had been a flecrease dur-
ing the preceding five years. The preponderance of males is
nearly 400. Agriculture engages the attention of 71 per cent, of
the settlers, and 9 per cent, are occupied in mining and manufac-
tures. There are two claimants for the honor of being considered
the county seat, Pleasanton and Mound City, the first named 80
miles southeast from Topeka, the latter 78 miles. There is 20
pel cent, of bottom land in Linn county, and 10 per cent, of forest,
the timber being of excellent qualiity. The streams are Marais
des Cygnes, Middle Creek, Big and Little Sugar, East, Middle,
Lost, and Mill creeks. Springs are numerous, and good well
water can be found at an average of 20 feet. Coal is plentiful in
tho eastern portion of the county, and nearly all the hills and
streams have outcropping seams. The shaft at Barnard has pen-
. etrated a 3 feet 6 inch vein at 90 feet, and the coal pays well.
The Barnard sandstone is in good demand, and building stone
generally is excellent in Linn county. The railroads have not
neglected this refjion, as the Missouri Kiver, Fort Scott and Gulf
Kailroad br.3 staoons at La Cygne, Barnard, and Pleasanton.
There are saveral mills in ,>neration, and the water powers avail-
able are fiiat class. Among the works most noticeable in the
county are the factories in Scott township, comprising a furniture
factory, soap factory, wind power grist and saw mill, hoop factory
and two steam saw mills ; in Valley township, two water power

""'Imi irniiMi.w inuwiiii u' i ii.w.y

saw mill in
uliaiia town-
' Hill. Tho
Lincoln Cen-
:iool districts
12, U9. Re-
leen invested
id. Lincoln
vere 750 per-
bing, or moro

I after a Mis-
re miles, and
lecreasc dur-

of males is
. per cent, of
ind manufac-
ig considered
■st named 80

There is 20
ent. of forest,
is are Marais
East, Jtliddle,
d s;ood well
iS plentiful in
;he hills and
aard has pen-
al pays well,
luilding stone
lads have not
cott and Gulf
1 Pleasanton.
powers avail-
ceable in the
ig a furniture
, hoop factory
I water power

CouyTY Sketches.

C37

saw and grist mills ; in ilound City, a furniture factory, planing
mill, cheese factory, wagon and carriage factory, and a grist mill,
and in Pleasanton, two grist mills and a grist and saw mill. There
arc three banks at Pleasanton and La Cygne, and three newspa-
pers, weekly, publi.shed respectively at Mound City, La Cygne,
and Pleasanton. There are 95 school districts, and 83 school
houses, valued at $85,583. Libraries are reported with a total
of 5,357 volun.es. There are 11 churches, with a valuation of
$21,500. Linn was self-supporting at the time of the locust plague.

Lyon County was organized in 1858, and named Breckin-
ridge, but when the vice president had gone to the bad with Jef-
ferson Davis, the name was changed in honor of Gen. Lyon, who
fell nobly iighting against great odds at Wilson's creek, Missouri.
The change was made in 1862. The area of the county is 858
square miles, and the population in 1875 was 9,542, males pre-
dominating about 430. There are 67 per cent, engaged in farm-
ing, 8 per cent, in trade and transportation, and 10 in mines and
manufactures. Emporia, the county seat, is 52 miles southwest
from Topeka, between the Neosho and Cottonwood rivers, six
miles above their junction, in a fine stock raising, agricultural
region. A large trade is done in Emporia, and it is one of the
best built towns in the state, a center of railroad traffic, as the
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe crosses the Missouri, Kansas
and Texas line at this point, The name will be familiar to our
readers as the site of a State Normal School. The court house
and normal school, with which is associated a fine graded school,
are architectural ornaments. There are three banks, two news-
papers, flouring mills and factories in the city, including two
flouring mills (water power), and one steam flouring mill, two
water power saw mills, and two steam saw mills, a steam power
foundry, a water power furniture factory, a steam soap factory, a
carriage factory, a cigar factory, a brick factory and a brewery.
The other manufactures demanding notice are, at Americus,
where a cheese factory and a steam flouring and saw mill give
extensive employment ; Center township, steam saw mill ; Elmen-
dare township, steam saw mill, steam saw and flouring mill,
water power flouring mill ; Jackson township, two water power

■. -« -iiiVy-,

628

Tuttlk's History of Ka>:sas.

'i''lii.'

flouring mills, and wind power flouring mill and carding machine ;
Pike township, water power flouring mill, steam saw mill, and a
steam saw mill at Waterloo. There are 76 school districts, and
80 school houses, valued at $74,669. Libraries sum up a total of
18,470 volumes. Churches are numerous, and some of diem very
handsome. Lyou was heavily visited by the locusts, and 930
persons were found in want of rations and clothing in 1874-5.

Mahiox County was organized in 1865, being named after the
revolutionary general. The county was established in 1855, but
changed afterwards. The area is 954 square miles, and the popu-
lation in 1860 was 74 only ; in the year 1875, it had a population
of 5,907. Males preponderate about 500. Seventy-nine per
cent, are farmers, and 11 per cent, are engaged in mines and manu-
factures. !^[arion Center, the county seat, is 87 miles southwest
from Topeka. Bottom lands make up 16 per cent of the county,
but there is little timber. The streams of this county arc the
Cottonwood, Doyle, South Fork, French, Clear, Middle, Bruuot,
Martin, Muddy and many minor creeks and streams. Coal indi-
cations are numerous, but no considerable finds have been made.
Building stone of many descriptions and good quality abounds,
including magnesian limestone (white and cream colored), and
hydraulic cement, mineral paint, fire and pottery clay, and gyp-
sum have been found, so that the mineral resources of Marion
county are various and great. Railroad connections are made by
the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line, which has stations at
Florence and Peabody. The returns show that the soil is very
fertile, indeed it would be more correct to say prolific. The herd
law, much 'blamed in some localities, is said to operate well in
Marion county, enhancing prosperity. There are many excellent
water powers on the Cottonwood, Muddy and Doyle creeks ; but,
with the exception of two mills on the Cottonwood, .the powers
are not used. The noticeable manufactures in the county are, in
Peabody township, a steam flouring mill ; in Doyle townshijj, a
■water power flouring mill ; in Center township, a water power
flouring mill ; in Clear Creek township, a saw mill ; in Marion
Center, a furniture factory and a cheese factory. There are two
banks in the county at Florence and at Peabody, and two news-

ling machine;
w mill, and a

districts, and
I up a total of

of diera very
uats, and 930
in 187i-5.

imed after the
. in 1855, but
and the popu-
i a population
cnty-nine per
les and manu-
les southwest
af the county,
ounty are the
iddle, Brunot,
IS. Coal indi-
VG been made,
ility abounds,
colored), and
lay, and gyp-
3CS of Marion
s are made by
as stations at
le soil is very
ic. The herd
perate well in
lany excellent
e creeks ; but,
)d, .the powers
county are, in
ie township, a
I water power
11; in Marion
There are two
nd two news-

COVNTY SkETCUKS',

jiapcrs, one at Marion Center, and one at Peabody, both weekly.
There are 74 districts and 65 school houses valued at $84,41-5.
Libraries are reported with about 6,000 volumes, and the churches
number 5, with a valuation of about $0,000. Marion county
was one of the locust plague sufferers. Over 200 persons being
in want of rations and clothes in 1874-5.

Maksiiat,l County was organized in 1855, being named in
honor of Gen. Marshall, who was distinguished for his services
in the days of the gold rush to California, and was identified after-
wards with the Lecompton constitution. The area of the county
is 900 square miles. The population, in 1875, was 10,822, in
which males preponderate by 680. Farming employs 72 per
cent. ; mines and manufactures 10, and trade and transportation
5 per cent, of the residents. Marysville is the county seat, 76
miles northwest from Topeka. The land shows 20 per cent, of
river bottom and 3 per cent, of forest. The streams are the Big
Blue river, with tributaries, Little Blue, Black, Vermillion, Elm,
Irish, Spring, Game Fork, Horseshoe and other creeks. Good
springs, and well water at from 20 to 40 feet deep. No coal yet
developed, but building tone, inexhaustible in quantity, includ-
ing magnesian limestone. Fire clay and gypsum are found in largo
quantities, and some pottery clay is also being worked. The
railroad connections of Marshall county are by the St. Joseph and
Denver City line, with its principal station at Marysville, the
county seat, and the central branch of the Union Pacific, with
stations at Barrett's, Irving and Blue Eapids. There are excel-
lent water powers on the Big Blue river, and many mills have
been established to utilize that stream, as will be seen by glanc-
ing through the industries prospering in this county, which in-
clude two water power flouring mills at Marysville, a cigar manu-
factory, steam furniture factory, vinegar factory and a pottery ;
in Waterville township, two water power flouring mills, a soap
factory and a cigar factory ; in Blue Kapids township, two water
power flouring mills, water power woolen mill, water power paper
mill, and a water power gypsum manufactory; in Vermillion
township, two flouring mills, one steam and the other water power.
Besides the industries named, there are in the county four cheese

> tMMUMMUlKH&f'AMtKHinM

630

Tittle's History of K ass. is.

factories and two cigar factories; a brewery at Mury.sville, a flour
and saw mill at Barrett, a flouring mill at Olvolo, and a broom
factory at Jrving. There are three banks at '\ atervillo, ?farya-
villo and Blue Rapids, and four newspapers, weekly, at Blue
Eapids, Waterville, Marysville and Irving. There are 87 school
districts and 8.) school houses, valued at $89,704. Libraries are
reported, private and {)ublic, to the extent of 8,000 volumes.
Church edifices number 13, with an aggregate value of $35,350.
The paper mill at Blue llapids deserves special notice. Marshall
was self supi)orting at the time of the locust visitation, and is
altogether in a prosperous condition.

McPnEUSOX County was organized in 1870, being named in
honor of a major general who was killed at Atlanta, on Sherman's
expedition to Georgia in 1864. The area of the county is 900
square miles, and the population in 1875 was 6,205, in which
males preponderate by 563. The largest quota of the population
came from IlKnois. Farming is the pursuit of 92 per cent, of the
population. The county seat is at McPherson, 117 miles south
west from Topeka. There is only five per cent, of bottom land
and one per cent, of forest in this count3^ Smoky Hill river and
the liittle Arkansas, with their tributaries, are the streams of this
regic-n. Coal has been found, but not in great quantity nor of
special value. Limestone and sandstone, of fair quality, have been
worked, and pottery clay is known to exist ; gypsum of good quality
is abundant, and mineral paint, but the quality is doubtful. Salt
springs are reported, but no saline works have been established.
There are no railroads in the county. Water powers are availa-
ble, but have not been improved. The manufactures in operation
are a, windmill in Superior township, a water power flouring mill
and saw mill at Marquette, and a similar work at Lundsburg.
There are no banks here, and only one newspaper, published at
McPherson, weekly. There are 76 school districts, but only 20
school houses, valued at $7,661. There are religious organiza-
tions, but no church buildings. Libraries report only an aggre-
gate of 1,250 volumes. McPherson was a great sufferer in the
locust invasion, as there were 600 persons reported wanting rations,
and 675 lacking clothes for the winter of 1874-5.

■^-^•^amrnm

mm'

County Sketches.

031

y.svillc, .1 flour
and a broom
ervillo, Marya-
lekly, at Blue
3 aro 87 school
Libraries aro
;,000 volumes,
ue of $35,350.
ice. Marshall
iitation, and is

eing named in
I, on Sherman's
county is 900
,205, in which
the population
per cent, of the
L7 miles south
3f bottom land
Hill river and
streams of this
quantity nor of
liity, have been
of good quality
loubtful. Salt
en established,
fers are availa-
res in operation
3r flouring mill
at Lundsburg.
r, published at
ts, but only 20
gious organiza-
only an aggre-
suflferer in the
vanting rations,

Miami Coun'TY waT organized in 1850, and named Lykons
after a mis.-iionary among the Miami Indians, but changed to the
present appellation in 1801. The area consists of 538 s(iuaro
miles, and the population in 1875 was 12,0(57, in which nuilcs
preponderate about 500. Farming employs 78 percent, of the
population, mines and manufactures occupy 8, and trade and
transportation 4 per cent of the i)opulation. Paola, the county
seat, is 54 miles southeast from Topeka. Twenty per cent, of
the surface is bottom land, and tea per cent, forest. The princi-
pal streams arc the Marias des Cygnes, Bull creek, Wea, Middle,
Sugar, Walnut and Pottawatomie <-reeks. Springs aro numerous
and well water can be foutid r. a 12 to 30 feet deep. Fully
one-quarter of the country is u.. ilaid with coal, but the vein i3
thin and poor, and although easily reached is seldom used.
Building stone abounds in all parts, the Foatana marble being
the most noticeable. Some of the wells give salt water, but
there are no salt marshes, and no salt springs have been found.
The railroad connections of the county are supplied by the Alis-
souri River, Fort Scott and Gulf line, having stations at Baola
and Fontana, and the Paola and Holden line, which is operated
by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas company, and joins the Mis-
souri Pacific at nolden, Mo. There are excellent powers on the
Marais des Cygnes, but only two have been utili/.ed. There aro
three steam grist mills, two steam grist and saw mills, one steam
saw mill, one water power saw mill, one wind power grist and
saw irill, one.cigar factory, three wagon factories, a brewery, a
carriage factory, a cheese factory, furniture factory and match fac-
tory a°t Paola. In Osage township there is a grist mill ; in Wea
township, two grist and saw mills, a wind power grist and saw-
mill and a cheese factory ; in Stanton township, a wind power
grist mill ; in New Lancaster township, a wind power grist mill ;
in Osawatomie township, a saw and grist mill ; and in Middle
Creek township, two saw and grist mills. There is only one bank,
and that is at Paola, the county seat, where two weekly news-
papers are published. There are 89 school districts with a school

foreach, valued at $22,364, besides a Catholic parochial school
at Paola. The church edifices number 11, valued at $27,500.
Libraries aggregate 9,541 volumes. Miami county was self sup-
porting during the locust famine.

f1i:'»;:M»,i.m

TvTTufs IIiarouY of A'i.v.niv.

MlTCllKi.L CncNTV was organized in 1S70, ami named for
Capf. Mitchell killed at >r(>iiroe Cross Roads, N. C, in 1865, just
before tljo close of the war. The area of the county is 720
square miles, and the population in 187') was r),.'570, in which
nuniher fonialos jiroponderateil to the number of 10. Kunninsj
occupies 84 per cent., and mines aud manufactures 7 per cent, of
the settlers. Beloit is the county seat, 134 miles northwest from
Tojteka, on the .south bank of the Solomon river. There ia a
paper published in the county .seat, the Ileloit Gazette;, and an
active trade is transacted here. An iron bridge over the Solomon
is one of the architectural features of lieloit, and there are im-
portant mills and manufactures actively supported by the sur-
rounding country. The manufactures of the county are, in Glen
Elder township, a water power vrist and saw mill ; in Cawker
township, a sUiim saw mill; in Juloit township, two water power
grist and saw mills ; in Ashervillc township, a water power grtst
and saw mill, and a feed mill, also water power ; two breweries in
Waconda and IJeloit; a water power flouring mill at Turkey
Creek, and two grist mills in other locations. There are many
fine powers unimproved on the Solomon. There is only one
bank, and th;" '^ at "^.roit ; there are three papers, one in Beloit,
and two at k \ ier ( ly, all weekly. Bottom lands form 20 per
cent, of til ■ ;-.'>.'face, and there is about 2 per cent, of forest, tho
principal '..fims arc the Salt creek, Solomon river with its tribu-
tar'.s. Oak, Granite, Limestone, Brown's, Mulberry, Plum, Asher,
Car, Walnut, Turkey, Laben and Third creeks. Springs are
scarce, but good well water is found at from 10 to 20 feet deep.
Lignite worth §2 per ion has been found from 15 to 30 inches in
thickness, but the supply is limited. White magnesian lime-
stone is quite plentiful. There are good salt springs. The coun-
ty has no railroads yet. There are 73 school districts, 50 of
which have schools valued at $39,357, Church edifices number
only i, valued at $5,300. Mitchell suffered much in the locust
visitation.

Montgomery County was organized in 1869 and named in
honor of the gallant officer that fell in the attack on Quebec in
December, 1775. The area of the county is 636 square miles \

1(1 named for
, in 18(5'), just
oiiiity is 720
570, in which
10. Kanning
7 per cent, of
)rthweHt from
'. Tlicro is a
izett(!, and an
• the .Solomon
thoro arc ini-
i by tho 8ur-
V arc, in Glen
1 ; in Cawker
3 water power
r power grtst
:) breweries in
ill at Turkey
ere are many
; is only one
one in Beloit,
,s form 20 per

of forest, tho
Bvith its tribu-
Plum, Asher,
Springs are
1 20 feet deep.
0 30 inches in
2;ncsian lime-
3. The coun-
stricts, 50 of
ifices number

in the locust

xnd named in
on Quebec in
square miles ;

»(>»•

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

K
^

£/.

^
^

:/.

1.0

■- Illi^'S
142 ^^

1^ liiii

•- i.

1.4

I.I

II IB

1.25

11^

— 6'

Hiotographic

Sciences

Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

i/?"jest*s^-"s>iisrs^6t*-'*«;^*!i»i'ivi*s

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

■vmfmesmmLM^masmimi

County Sm:TcnES.

633

its population in 1875 was 13,017, of which number there were
6,888 males, Illinois gave the largest quota of population, Mis-
souri coming next. Farming employs 69 per cent, of the popu-
lation and mines and manufactures 15 per cent. The county seat
is Independence, 125 miles south from Topeka. One fourth of
the soil is bottom land, and there is 10 per cent, of forest. The
streams are Verdigris river, Elk river. Onion, Drum, Duck, Syca-
more, and Big Hill creeks. Springs are rare, but well water is
found at an average depth of 25 feet. Coal underlies about one-
third of the county. The quality not first class and thickness
varying from 12 to 24 inches. Limestone and flagstone are
abundai;t for all purposes. There will be salt works at Elk City,
as salt water of good quality can be procured by digging. There
are no salt marshes. The railroad connections are by the Leaven-
worth, Lawrence and Galveston line which has stations at Cherry-
Vale, Liberty and Coffey ville ; with a branch from Cherry Vale to
the county seat, Independence. Fifty-four bushels of winter
wheat to the acre are said to have been raised at Sycamore in this
county, at a cost per acre of $2.84. There are splendid water pow-
ers not improved in the Verdigris and Elk rivers. The manu-
factures of the county aro in Louisburg township, a steam grist
mill ; in Parker two steam saw mills ; in Independence, a cigar
factory, a cheese factory and vinegar factory, and on the Verdi-
gris and Elk rivers, two water power flouring mills ; in Cherokee,
a steam saw mill; in Liberty, a steam saw and water power grist
mill ; in Parker, one mill w\ater and steam and one steam, both
grist mills ; and iu Sycamore, one water power grist and one saw
mill. The county seat is 134 miles by rail from the city of Law-
rence on the banks of the Verdigris. The place was founded in
1870, and has one daily and three weekly papers, five churches,
three banks, and a very thriving business. There are 100 dis-
tricts and 96 school houses valued at $107,846 ; church edifices
number seven with a valuation of $23,100 ; libraries are reported
to the extent of 1,337 volumes. Montgomery was self support-
ing in the locust raid.

Morris County was organized in 1858 and was named in
honor of an anti-slavery leader. This appellation marks the

.«*s*-

634

Tittle's His tout ofKaxsas.

earliest legislative victories of the free state party. The region
had been named previously in honor of a Virginian senator with
opposite predilections. The area of the county is 700 square miles
and the population in 1875, was 4,507, in which the preponder-
ance of males was 379. Farming engages 60 per cent, ot the set-
tlers, trade and transportation 6, and mines and manufactOcrjsYJver
11. Council Grove is the county scat 52 miles soijthwest from
Topeka on the Neosho river, 22 miles from Emporie, with a sta-
tion on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad. T^icre are in
the county seat two newspapers, two churches, three sol*6ols, ■a
national bank and a coal mine, but the product is not consider-
able. There is a good mill here and another being erected on the
Kaw reserve. Th3 water powers are excellent. The manufac-
tures of the county are in Elm township, two steam grist mills
a water power grist mill and a cheese factory ; in Neosho two saw
mills ; in Valley tpwuship, four saw mills, one water power and
three steam ; in Parker, a steam saw and grist mill ; besides a
brick yard, lime kiln, salt well, on : water power and one steam
grist mill in Council Grove township. This is a fine agricultural
county ; 15 per cent, of the surface is bottomland and 5 per cent,
forest ; the streams are the Neosho river and its tributaries, Mun-
kres, Little John, Big John, Rock, Elm, Four Mile and Kahola
creeks. There are two other noteworthy creeks, Clark and
Diamond. The springs of this county are numerous, including
the famous Diamond and Hill springs, and well water has been
always found within 10 to 40 feet. Fine magnesiau limestone is
plentiful ; red ochre of excellent quality abounds. Fire and
pottery clay are abundant, and gypsun. in limited quantities but
mixed and impure. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad
traverses the county with stations at Skiddy, Parkerville and
Council Grove. There are 44 districts and 40 school houses val-
ued at $52,000. Libraries are reported with 3,393 volumes, and
churches number one only valued at $4,500. Morris suflered
severely from the locusts as there were 1,090 reported wanting
rations and about the same number wanting clothes in a popula-
tion of only 4,036.

Nemaha County was organized in 1855, and named for the

The region
onator with
quarc miles

prcponder-
,. ot the set-
ictty'jsvjver _
hwest from

with a sta-
21iere are in

sol*6ols, ■q,
)t consider-
;cted on tlio
0 mauufac-

grist mills
ho two saw

power and

; besides a

one steam
igricultural

5 per cent,
aries, Mun-
md Kahola
Clark and
3, including
er has been
imestone is
Fire and
xntities but
\s Railroad
erville and
bouses val-
ilumes, and
•is suffered
sd wanting

a popula-

aed for the

CovxTi' Sketchks.

635

river. Its area is 720 square miles; its population, in 1875, wag
7,104:, in which males preponderate 290. Farming employs 81
per cent of the settlers, mines and manufactures about 8 per cent.
The county seat is at Seneca, 59 miles north from Topeka. Ten
per cent, of the area is bottom land, and 3 per cent, forest. Tho
Nemaha is the principal stream, with tributaries Deer, Harris,
Illinois, Grasshopper, Tony, Rock, Vermilion, French and Turkey
creeks. Springs are plentiful, and w^lls average from 35 to -10
feet deep. Coal is found in small quantities along the Nemaha
and creeks from six to twenty feet below the surface, ranging
from four to thirteen inches in thickness ; but little has been
mined, and the quality being only moderate, the consumption is
exclusively local. Two railroads serve this county, the St. Joseph
and Denver City having its principal station at Seneca, and tho
Central Branch of the Union Pacific, at Wetmore, Corning and
Centralia. There are three banks at Seneca, and water powers
are limited. The noticeable manufactures of the county are a
steam saw mill at Nemaha township ; a steam flouring mill at
Richmond ; a steam flouring mill at Home township ; a brewery
at Seneca ; a steam grist mill at Rock Creek ; a steam flouring
mill at Ncufchatel township, and a cheese factory. There are
two weekly jiapers at Sabetha and Seneca. There are 77 districts
and 7-± school houses valued at $70,553, besides a Catholic paro-
chial school at Seneca. There are nine church buildings valued
at $34,900. Nemaha was severely visited by the locusts, as
1,000 persons were in want of clothing and 250 in want of rations
in the winter of 1874-5.

Neosho County, named for the river, was organized in 1864 ;
its area is 576 square miles, and its population, in 1875, was
11,076, in which males preponderated nearly 700. Agriculture
engages 72 per cent, of the settlers, manufactures and mines, 9,
and trade and transportation, 6 per cent. The county seat is
Erie, 103 miles from Topeka. The county has 20 per cent of
bottom lands, and 9 per cent of forest The Neosho is the main
stream, its tributaries being the Vegetarian, Big, Canville, Four
Mile, Flat Rock, Walnut, Village, Turkey, Elk and Augustus
creeks. There are, besides, the Labette, Chetopa and Big Hill

I'l

636 TcTTLic's IlL^Tony of Kansas.

rrcel-. Springs are scarce, but well water rlentiful at 20 feet
C" ^^ ^eeu found under 10 per cent. 0^1^^--.-^
the quality is good, with an average thickness of 18 inches.
MneT I worked n ar Thayer with much success. Blue and
"on /Line and sandstone of good quality bave been fou.d
n every township ; and traces of lead, but no deposit tha wou d
nv for working. The railroads serving the county are the Mis-
souri K^n as and Texas, with a branch of the same road running
Z'^- ns to Sedalia Mo., via Fort Scott; the stations being
at Chanute, Urbana, Galesburgh, Ladore and Osage Mission
and he LeLvenworth, Lawrence and Galveston, with stations at
C n te Karlton and Thayer. There are good water powers on
Se Neo ho but they are not fully availed of; one dam has been
c^smS and another is in progress. The factories of the
CO n^ el de . water power flouring mill at Canvdle ; a brewery
anrtwo steam saw mills at Chanute ; a cheese factory at Mission
a water power flouring mill at Centreville; a steam flouring and
^.w mil and a steam saw mill at Lincoln; a flouring mill at
moZ .nd two flouring mills, a flouring and saw mill, a saw
^mand a shingle factory, at Erie township. There are three
b L in the county, at Osage Mission, Thayer and Chanute; and
SL weekly papers, at Chanute, Thayer and Osage Mission
N 1 t^U. Jseho'ol districts have ninety school houses valued a
t^eni besides which there are Catholic parochial schools at
111 and Osage Mission; an industrial school under the same
„ment for boys at Osage Mission, and a parish school for
" There are seven churches valued at $34,600, and the libra-

S in seven townships give a total of 6,120 volumes. Neosho
.vas a heavy sufferer from the locusts, but was self-supportmg.

Norton County was organized in 1872, and named in honor
of a cavalry officer slain at Cane Hill, Ark., in the engagement of
the nth of November, 1864. The area is 900 square miles ; the
i^oouhtion in 1875 was 899, in which males preponderated 150.
iTa mnois and Nebraska contributed the bulk of the popula-
tion of the county. Ninety-four per cent, are engaged m arm-

ng there is but one per cent, of forest and eight per cent of bo -
torn land in Norton county. The streams are Solomon nver.

fit 20 feet
ic nvea, and

18 inches.

Bbic and
been fou\.d

that would
ire the Mis-
:)ad running
itions being
ge Mission ;
ti stations at
ir powers on
am has been
ories of the
e ; a brewery
J at Mission ;
flouring and
iring mill at
r mill, a saw
ere are three
Ohanute ; and
sage Mission,
ises valued at
ial schools at
ider the same
ish school for
and the libra-
mes. Neosho
supporting.

med in honor
engagement of
are miles ; the
jnderated 150.
of the popula-
Tased in farm-
3Pr cent of bot-
Solomon river,

Count y SKt:rciiKs.

G37

Trairie Dog and Sappho creeks. Springs arc moderately supplied,
and wells range from ten to seventy-live feet. Coal has been
mined for local use, but it is limited to a few townships. Lime-
stone and sandstone are found nearly all over the county. There
are no railroads here. The county seat is Norton, 2o0 miles
northwest from Topeka ; but there are no banks, no manufactures
of note, and no newspapers in the county. There are seventeen
districts, but only two school houses ; no churches, no libraries.
There are good water powers on the Solomon, but they are not
yet turned to account. A dam is now being constructed on that
river. The locusts almost ruined the whole of the settlers, as
there were GOO reduced to want in the winter of 1874-5, in a pop-
ulation of less than 900.

Osage County was organized in 1850, being named for the
river. The first name was Weller, in honor of a governor of Cal-
ifornia. The area is 720 square miles, and the population in 1875
was 10,268, in which males preponderatedby 010. Farming cm-
ploys sixty-four per cent, of tlie settlers, and over twenty per
cent, are engaged in mines and manufactures. Burlingame, the
county scat, is twenty-four miles south southwest from Topeka,
on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line, which has a good
station here. Clay of fine quality is found here, and coal is
abundant. There are four churches and a fine brick school house
in Burlingame, which has a beautiful climate, healthful position,
and fertile surrounding country to recommend it. There is one
newspaper published here, the Osage County Chronicle. Coal
underlies twenty-five per cent, of the whole county, in veins of
from fourteen to eighteen inches, in depths varying with position
from live to fifty feet, and the quality is good. An average of
forty car loads per day is shipped during the whole year, and it is
used by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, as well as
for local purposes. The face of the county shows ten per cent, of
bottom land, and eight per cent, of forest ; the streams are the
Marais des Cygnes, Coal, Long, Rock, Cherry, and other creeks
its tributaries ; Salt, Dragoon, and one hundred and ten creeks
with a number of petty streams. Springs are scarce, but wells
range only from fifteen to forty feet in depth, and the water is

:::SmSSSSrSSii'diMii'iiM^''-

'{.

ggg Tuttlk's IIistouy of Kass.i><.

„„,1 clnv-i l«ll. fuo ami liotlcry, ore plcititul. M.o.o aio two
" ,., n ,W county, tl.o Atcl,i,on, Topck. an,! Santa o.w.l.

::::;:.,;. ca,.o„aa,e^ '>"••>-'- r'trr:ititrr;e:

rencc and Soutlnvestcrn, connecting the city wun

7::Z C.n. t,.is county ccn.y '^^^:f^Z Z

fh'c^uly inCude two gri.t .ill. a chccc factory, and a , tc.y
at Hu.lln.'ame; a grist mill and Wo saw nulls at Osage O.ty, a
gVs mi Ut I. ndon , a grist mill at Bidgcway ; a steam saw m 11
?;dtlcbees= lactones at Melvern-. two «»™ -^ -"^^f ^
cheese factory at Arvonia; and two steam saw mills at Agency
*:,. T\erearetwol.n^^^^^^^^^^^
OrrCita^BX™ T;ereUaeaistr,ctsand..s^oo,

, 1 1 nf Cii97B83 besides parochial schools at O^ago

houses, valued at !?l^/,t)»(J, oes ucs t „, oqo onn and the

Citv There are 13 church buildings valued at $33,200, and tne
HWJ howa total of nearly 6,000 volumes. O-g-;^-^
ter ibly from the locusts, as we find that .n the -•^^-7 Jf ^^
thei-e were 875 in want of rations, and 1,350 wanting clothes.

■ r^ .vv roT'N'TY was organized in 1871, and named for a
Osborne Colnt^ was « ^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^.

private in ^^^ .^^^^ ;^:^"^^^ ^^i^'.^eaof the county is 900
kansas nver, in January, l»bo. x ^.^^

.,„„re miles, """ *^P^4"':rnt of 0. La Vs supplied
„„les m-» -»<=«• '^„S :"'„( Osborne county. KigMy
„enrly a *'f °' *=,^E „ e e"8»8=d in farming and 11 per

*T !„"': ■ es nd mTr^uttures. Vwenty per cent, of the area

cent, m mines auu ma streams are

tr: r/sritCof s:: — % .heir tHwy
tsi^c covert - f-j-rie-asr

good wells range from seven ^ * 'JJ'" ,i^^,„„, ^^ounds.
tas been fo-^- «''"tte county The county seat is at
IT TcryT» Ithwest fromWek=^ There are good
^Sr;weJon th" two forks of the Solomon and four mrlls are

CovsTi' .Sa /;■/•( 7/ /.w.

639

iri fihuntlant,
iicrc nro two
ant{\ Fe, with
and the Tiaw-

Cftrborulale.
corn per acre,
nrvested near
inufacturcs of
and a pottery
Osage City, a
team saw mill
,w mills and a
Us at Agency
atBurlingame
ih at liyndon,
1 and 7-i school
lools at Osago
13,200, and the
Osage suffered
Iter of 187-4-5
nrr clothes.

i named for a

leg on the Ar-

county is 900

{,467, in which

a has supplied

)unty. Kighty-

ling and 11 per

sent, of the area

rhe streams are

their tributary

ue springs, and

in depth. Coal

lestone abounds.

jounty seat is at

There are good

ad four mills are

nlrcady in operation, but the powers are not nearly developed.
The main mauufacturL's arc a grist mill, a saw mill, a grist and
Baw mill, and a furniture factory, at Pcnu townsliip; a grist mill
at Sumner, and two others at Bethany and at Liberty townships.
There arc no banks in the county, but there are two newspapers,
weekly, published in Osbor'ie. There 40 districts, but only 1(3
school houses, valued at $6,G(ia There are several organizations
but no church buildings, and the libraries in four townshipa
showed a total of 3,549 volumes. This county sufTered terribly
from the locusts, as nearly half of the population was destitute
of rations and clothing in consc(iuence of their ravages.

Ott\\vv Countv was organized in 1866. Its area is 720
square miles, and its population in 1875 was 4,429, in which total
males preponderate nearly 300. Farming is the pursuit of 89
per cent, of the population. The county seat is Mmneapolis, 109
miles west from Topcka. One-fourth of the area is bottom land,
but there is but very little timber. The streams are the Solomon
and Saline rivers, and Coal, Saw, Lindsay, Salt, Pipe, Yockey,
Henry I^Iortimer and Chapman creeks. Springs are abundant
and wells average about thirty feet deep. No coal has been
found but sandstone and limestone of poor quality are plentifu .
Mineral paint and pottery clay are abundant. There are no rail-
roads yet in Ottawa county. The Solomon and Sabine rivers
afiord excellent water powers, but only five mills have yet been
built and the powers are scarcely touched. The industries de-
veloped in the county, include at present two water power grist
mills, two water power and one steam saw mill and furniture fac-
tory at Centre township; two mills, grist and saw both water
power, at Sheridan; and a w .w- power saw mill at Culver.
There are no banks in the coun^ . but the amount of business
transacted will soon require such accommodation. Minneapolis
has a flouring mill, a lumber factory, a wagon factory and tin
ware and stove factory ; Delphos has a flouring mil and a lum-
ber factory ; Bennington has a lumber factory ; and Culver has two
factories for lumber and pottery. There are two weekly papers
at Minneapolis. There are 57 districts, and 36 school houses val-
ued at $'>3 457. There are three churches, and one parsonage

-; >?rfE- r:*'?--r?i^T :>^ ■o^iSfty.T^'y

"-'--'^y^s^^kii^g^'sr

Tvitlk's lIisroiiY OF Kassas.

with a valuation of Sl,<^'>'^ iui"! the libraries show an aggrcgato
of l,<)lo volumes. Ottawa was one of the sufferers from llio
loc\ists, n3 there wcro 400 persons reported in want of rations and
500 in want of clothing in the winter of 187-1-5.

]\\WXKK CorNTV was organizrd in 1872, and named for the
nation upon whoso hunting grounds Kansas is being built up.
The area is 756 square miles. The poi)ulation in 1875 was 1,00^3,
in which total males proi)onderatc by 8(5. Farming employs 07
per cent, of the settlers, 8 an; engaged in trade and transporta-
tion and 10 per cent, in mines and manufactures. Larntd is the
county scat, 197 miles southwest from Topeka, on the Arkansas
river and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fc Railroad, which
has here an excellent station. This is the station for Fort Larned.
There is a weekly pajier published here, the Larned P/r,«. ^ One-
fourth of the area is bottom land, but there is very little timber.
The Arkansas river and its tributary, the Pawnee Fork, are the
streams. Springs are numerous and wells vary from 6 to 2-i feet.
No coal has been found, but good sandstone is iibun.lant, and
fire and pottery clay have been discovered. The Atethison, To-
peka and Santa Fe Railroad has a station at Garfield, us well a.'5
at Larned. Manufactures are in their infancy, but there are good
water powers available on Pawnee Fork. There are no banks,
and only one school house, valued at S050, b>it tiiore 11 organ-
ized disU-icts. Pawnee suflcrcd from the locusts to the extent of
li'aving one-fourth of its population reduced to destitution in
1874-5.

Piiu-Lii'S County was organized in 1872, and named in honor
of a free state lawyer, resident at Leavenworth, who was first
lynched and afterwards murdered by rulTians in that city, in
September, 1856. The area is 900 square miles, and the popula-
tion in 1875 was 2,818, in which males preponderate by 280.
Farming prevails to the extent of eighty-six per cent., and about
six per°cent. of the settlers are employed in mines and manufac-
tures. The county seat is Phillipsburg, 200 miles northwest
from' Topeka. The soil has fifteen per cent, of bottom land, but
little timber, and the principal streams are the North fork of the

' ail aggrogaUi

ii'crrt froii\ llio

of mliona ami

naiv.cd for iho
icing built up.
l875 was 1,00^5,
ing employs 07
uid traiisporla-
Tiariifcd is tbo
n tlio Arkansas
Hailroad, wliiob
or Fort Larned.
3d Pn'6.-i. One-
ry little timber.
;o 1' ork, arc the
oni 0 to 2i foot.
s abundant, and
c Atcliison, To-
•fiold, as well a3
it there are good
•c arc no banks,
there 11 organ -
to the extent of
) destitution in

named in honor
1, who was first
in that city, in
and the popula-
nderate by 280.
cent., and about
les anJ manufac-
miles northwest
bottom land, but
^orth fork of the

Covs'TV Shi-rrt iiks.

Solomon, and Doer Cn'ok, about thirty-live miles long, with
many Iribularios. Tlicro are many s|)rings on iiill sides and well
water can be obtained by deep sinking. There is no coal dis-
covered, but good limostoin) is found in all parts of the county.
Pottery chiy is found on l)et'r crock and its tributaries. Thoro
are no railroads. Water powers are e.KccUent on the North fork
of the Solomon and on I'rairic I)og creek. Hut two mills only
have been erected, at Kirwin a llouring mill and at Logan a saw
mill. Besides tho.se mills there are at Kirwin, a water power
grist mill and a steam susw and grist mill : at Phillipsburg, a steam
ihiuring mill, and at Logan, a water power saw and grist mill.
There are no banks and but one newspaper, the Kirwin C/ii>f, at
Kirwin. There are forty-three districts and twenty .school houses
valued at $8,£i2(). There are no church buildings and no libraries.
One-half of the population were left destitute by the locust plague
in Phillips county.

Pori'AWAToMiK County was organized in 1850. The name
tells its own story. The area is 8-18 scpiare miles, and the popu-
lation in 1875 was ll),o-i:-t, in which males preponderate 442.
Seventy-four per cent, of the settlors are engaged in farming, and
eight per cent, in mines and manufactures. The county seat is
Louisville, thirty-seven miles west from Topeka, One-fourth of
the area is bottom land and four per cent, is forest. The prin-
cipal streams are the Kansas river, Big Blue river, aiul their
tributaries. Black Jack, Pleasant Kun, Pock, Spring, Shannon,
Carnahan, Mclntyre and Cedar creek. Springs are numerous
and well water can be found at from ten to forty feet. Coal has
been found of good quality in veins of ten inches in several
townships, and some mining has been prosecuted. Limestone is
abundant except in the valley of the Kansas river. The Kansas
Pacilic runs through the Kansas valley, consequently there is
sufficient facility for travel and traflie at present. There are
excellent water powers on the Big Blue, Itock creek, lied Ver-
milion and Darnell creek. The nuinufactures of the county
include a water power saw and flouring mill in Rock Creek
township ; a water power saw mill and a steam saw mill, and
a lime kiln at Mill creek; a steam flouring mill at St. Mary's;
41

lfi</-

■vV

6i'2 Ti'Tri.h:'s Ifisroiir or A'.i.v.s ly.

two stonin saw iiiIIIh i\\\<\ wulor jjowcr flouriii,!^' mill at CctitcT;
llouriiij,' iiiill.", wattT power, on tlio UIuc; a water power floiiriiiR
mill at Loiiisvillo; a «ti.'am Haw mill ;it Warn ego ; a Hteatr. grist
mill at Belle Vue; a cigar factory in the city of Waim-i^o ; mid a
Bteatii s:iw mill ami water power j^'rist mill in rottawatomie towii-
sliip. There i.s one bank in the county at Wamtgo. Tiiere am
three weekly papers publisheil in the county, ut Wamego, St.
Mark's and Loui.Hvillo. There arc eighty-seven districts and
Bcvcnty-nine school houses, valued at $13,120, besides which
there arc other educational establishments, including St. Mary's
college, under the care of the Jesuit fathers, and an acailcmy and
parochial school for young ladies, and a parochial school for
boys, all at St. Mary's mission. Tlicro are eight church buildings,
valued at .'?:J1,4()0; and in four townships the libraries contain
8,220 volumes. There were nearly a thousand persons rendered
destitute ill this county by the locust plague.

Reno County was organized in 1872, and named in honor of
Cai)t. Reno, major general ot volunteers, who was killed at South
Mountain, Md., in September, 1S02. The area of the county is
1,2^)0 s(iuare miles, and the population in 1875 was 5,U2, of
whieh number 2,7!»1 were males. Farming employs 70 per cent,
of the settlers, trade and transportation, 7, and mines and manu-
factures 0 per cent. The county scat is Hutchinson, 1-11 miles
8outh»m*t from Topeka. The surface has 15 per cent, bottom
land, but very little timber. The main streams are Great and
Little Arkansas, Cow creek, Minnescah and Salt creeks. Springs
are numerous, and wells range from 10 to 50 feet. There is ap-
parently no coal, but oilier mineral treasures abound — good lime-
stone and an excellent quality of cement. Salt springs and
marshes, which give a very fine quality of salt, have been found
in the western part of the county. The principal station of the
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad is at Hutchinson, the
county seat, on the Arkansas river. This town was founded in
1871." and already it has a court house, schools, churches
and a bank that ornaments the locality. There are tw 'eckly
] ;pers. The region is salubrious and fertile in a high degree.
There are good water powers on the Cow creek, near Uutchinson,

Cor XT y Sh Lie fit's.

•143

1 at Ccrit(<r;
iwcr floiiriiiR
, stcatn grist
nogo ; ami tv
itornii! towii-
. Tlioic aio
Vain ego, St.
listrictrt ftml
.'siilos wliich
<; St. Marv's
icailemy and
.1 school for
uh buildings,
iiries coiitaiti
una rendered

I in honor of
lied at South
the county is
,vas 5,112, of
; 7l> per cent.
m and manu-
al, 141 miles
cent, bottom
•e Great and
)ks. Springs
There is ap-
— good lime-
springs and
e been found
station of the
itchinson, the
s founded in
jls, churches
•e tw 'eekly
high degree,
r Uutchinson,

but mnniifMcturoii nro only roprrwnti'd in tho county at present
by two brirlv factories in Hcno township. Tlicre are 72 di-^triots
find 00 school houses, valued nt !>!r)l,H()S. 'I'liero is oidy one
church building — the Presbyterian —valued nt .$.*{,00(), but tlicro
nro nniny r)rganizati()ns. Libraries are roi)()rted in private hands,
•■ontaining l.T'lo volumes, in four townships. Kcno sufTcrcd tor-
rilily from tin; locusts, as l,«(i2 persons were destitute of food,
nnd 1,200 destitute of winter clothing.

T^F.i'nu.rf CofXTV was organized in 18fi8, talcing tho name of
the river, and it would be dillleultto find a purer source on earth.
Tlie Pawnee Indians had a republican form of government, and
the river was named from their institutions. Tlie area of the
county is 720 scpiaro milr-s, and tlie population in 1875 was
8,0-18, of which nutnluM-, 4,200 were males. Farming employs 84
per cent, of the settlers, mines and manufactures about 11 per
cent, nelleville, tho county .seat, is 117 miles northwest from
Topeka, in a rich mining district, and has two weekly newspapers.
Pottorn lands make up one-tenth of the area, and forests cover
8 per cent. The j)rincipal sticams are, the Ilepublican river,
Alill, Kosc, White Kock, ]]eavcr. West and Elk creeks, besides
nameless streams in abundance. There are maiiy springs, and
wells average about 30 feet in depth. The southern thinrof the
area is underlaid with coal in veins of from 15 to 30 inches thick.
It is mined extensively for local u.se, and is a superior lignite,
worth $3 j)er ton ;it tlie mines. Limestone, various in quality, is
very plentiful. Several .salt .springs, and a salt marsh of several
thousand acres have been found in Grant township, and other
discoveries of the same kind have been made in Beaver town-
ship. There are no railroads yet. Water powers are not very-
numerous, but with outlay some could be made available. The
manufactures of the county include a steam flouring mill at
Scandia township, a steam grist mill and a steam grist and saw
mill in Grant township, besides the .salt works at tho marsh and
springs, which turn out good salt in great quantity. There are
no banks. There are 79 school houses, valued at $39,497, and
101 districts. There are six church buildings, valued at ,$9,.500.
The libraries in three townships amount to 1,092 volumes. The

644 Tuttlk's History of Kansas.

locust plague struck Kepublic county very heavily, as there were
1,000 persons reported destitute of food, and 2,200 in want of
winter clothing in 1874-5.

Rice County was organized in 1871, and named for Brig.
Gen. Rice, who was slain at Jenkins Ferry, Ark., on tlie return
to Little Rock from Camden, after the failure of Gen. Banks ex-
pedition. The area of the county is 720 square miles, and the
population in 1875 was 2,453, of which number 1,339 wei;e males.
Farming employs 87 per cent, of the settlers, mines and manu-
factures 6 per cent. Atlanta, the county seat, is U5 miles from
Topeka, to the southwest. There is very little timber m this
county, but 15 per cent, of the area is bottom land. The princi-
pal sti'eams of this region are, the Arkansas, Little Arkansas,
Cow Little Cow, Plum, and other creeks not yet named. Springs
are very numerous, and wells average 25 feet in djpth. Lime-
stone and sandstone abound, but no coal has been discovered so
■ r The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad runs through
'lus county, with principal stations at Raymond and Peace.
Wheat is spoken of'near Atlanta giving 30 bushels to the acre.
•There are some good water powers, but none unproved. Mar m-
factu es are yet to be inaugurated here, with the exception o a
steam flounng mill at Sterling township. There are no banks
and only on: newspaper (the Rice County He-U 1), Pub li^.ed
weekly L Peace. There are 20 school houses valued at $18,o46
Ind 41 districts. There is only one church edifice vulued at
$3 000, but there are many organizations. Libraries reported
; t'otal of 1,914 volumes. Eight hundred and seventy-five per-
"ol^were in want of food, and 600 wanted clothin. here after
the locust plague in 1874-5.

CtpvOoontt was organized in 1855, and was named for its

, ,IlZmev Its population in 1875 w.-.s 7,065, of

T:r:lbe"«- ,.J. %a™in, employs 68p«- cent

:^;e;rtu::;«ininsad.at^^^^^^^

*::; "rs;: td-nv cen.'is .o- T„e cwei

streams are the Kansas river, the Big Blue flows by the boundary

- i.1 iTWsnsW'f'^

as there were
) in want o£

led for Brig,
m the return
n. Banks' ex-
ules, and the
9 were males.
IS and manu-
:5 miles from
imber in this
The pvinoi-
,le Arkansas,
imed. Springs
:bpth. Lime-
discovered so
, runs through
1 and Peace.
) to the acre,
■oved. Manu-
;xception of a
are no banks,
iV\), published
led at $18,546,
fice vulued at
•aries reported
venty-five per-
in.T here after

s named for its
5 was 7,065, of
lys 68 per cent.
it. Manhattan,
One-fifth of the
St. The chief
y the boundary

COUXTY Ske'tciie.^.

645

line to the cast, and the llcpublican river also enters the county.
Tlie minor streams are the Fancy, Mill, Wild Cat, Seven ^lilc,
iVfadison, Timber, Three Mile, McDowell, Deep and School creeks.
Springs arc numerous and copious, and veils range from 2(5 to SO
feet in depth. Coal has not been found, but an excellent quality
of magncsiun limestone, in layers of from two to six inches, sup-
ply an admirable building stone to all parts of the county. The
county has good railroad connections, as the Kansas racitic has
principal stations at Manhattan and at Ogden ; and the Manhat-
tan and Northwestern will soon complete connections with the
central branch of the Union Pacific at Irving, and with ilie St.
Joseph and Denver City Railroad at Marysville. Water powers
could be miule available at small cost in several places, but little
has been effected in that way. Fancy creek has been dammed,
and at Rocky Ford there is a dam across the Big Blue, which fur-
nishes 2,000 horse power to a flouring mill. The manuTactures
of the county include a water power grist and saw mill, two wagon
and carriage factories, a boot and shoe factory, and a cigar factory
at Manhattan ; a brewery at Ogden ; a steam saw mill and a cheese
factory at Grant ; two saw Mills at Jackson ; and a grist mill at
Mayday township. There are three banks operating at Manhat-
tan. The city of Manhattan has two newspapers, published
weekly, and is a lively town, full of business. There are 25 school
houses, valued at $48,605, and 67 districts organized. There are
nine churches, valued at .$31,600. Riley had 150 persons wanting
food and 350 wanting clothing to provide for the winter of 1874-5,
after the locust visitation.

Rush County was organized in 1874, and named for Capt.
Rush, of the second colored infantry, killed gallantly fighting at
Jenkins' Ferry, on the retreat to Little Rock from Camden, under
Gen. Steele, April 3, 1864. The population in 1875 was 451, of
which number 263 were males. Farming employs 89 per cent,
of this population. Rush Centre is the county seat, 200 miles
southwest from Topeka. There are no railroads here yet. The
soil is said to be very fertile, 32 bushels per acre of wheat
being harvested as a first crop near Alexander. There are as yet
no banks nor manufactures, nor newspapers; but there are 6

; '

wism^s^simmBmimfmimm^iA-.

646

TuTTLifs History of Kaxsas.

school districts, and 3 buildings erected for school purposes. No
churches yet, but eight private libraries give a total of (525 volumes.

RusSETiL County was organized in 1872, and named in honor
of Capt. iiusscll of the second Kansas Cavalry, who died of
wounds received in the battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas. The
area of the county is 900 square miles, and ..le population in 1875
was 1,0'">2, of wliich number 590 were males. I'^iglity jicr cent,
of the residents are farming, and 10 per cent engaged in mining
and miiuufactures. Russell, the county feat, is 172 miles west
from Topclca. One-fifth of the area is bottom land, and only ono
per cent, prairie. Smoky Ilill river is the great stream, next to
that the Saline, and Paradise creek, with numerous smaller streams
drain and irrigate the county completely. Springs are not very
numerous. Wells range from 10 to 40 feet on the low lands, and
from 20 to 200 feet on the uplands. Coal, or more properly lig-
nite, in seams of from 30 to 40 inches thick, has been found, but
the quality is poor. There has been some mining. Sandstone
of poor quality is abundant, and P'>me limestone of a better qual-
ity ha= been found. Salt springs, mineral paint, and pottery clay
are reported in considerable quantity, but the quality is not yet
determined. The Kansas Pacific Railway has principal stations
at Bunker Hill and Russell. There are water powers, but they
have not been realized, as manufactures have only made a small
beginning with a grist mill at Centre township. There are no
banks in the county, but there are two papers published weekly
at Russell, the county seat. There are 8 school houses, valued
at $15,029, and 14 districts. There are several organizations, but
only one church building, valued at $4,500. The locust plague
reduced nearly one-half of the population to absolute want in the
winter of 1S74-5. '

Rooks County is not yet organized, although th^e population
numbered about 500 in 1875. The whole population was re-
duced to the verge of starvation by the locust raid, as the returns
showed 517 in want of rations, and upwards of 400 in want of
clothing in the winter of 1874--5.

Saline County was organized in 1859, and named for the

purposes. No
of (525 volumes.

lamed in honor
, who (lied of
Lrkansus. The
Illation in 1875
iglity per cent,
aged in mining
L72 miles west
1, and only one
stream, next to
smaller streams
ys are not very

low lands, and
•e properly lig-
)een found, but
ig. Sandstone
f a better qual-
id pottery clay
ality is not yet
incipal stations
iwors, but they
r made a small

There are no
blished weekly
houses, valued
janizations, but
1 locust plague
ate want in the

th'C population
ilation was re-
, as the returns
400 in want of

named for the

CousTi' Sketcuk^.

river. The population in 1875 was 6,5G0, of whom 3,380 wcro
males. Agriculture employs 70 per cent, of the settlers, and 18
per cent, are evenly divided between trade and transportation and
mines and manufactures. Salina, the county scat, is 105 miles
west from Topeka. Thirty per cent, of the county is bottom
land, but there is very little timber. No coal worth naming has
Ijen found. The chief streams are the Saline, Smoky Hill, Sol-
omon, Gypsum creek. Spring creek and Mulberry. There arc but
few springs. "Wells range from 30 to 60 feet. Sandstone, of good
quality, is found everywhere in this county, as also fire clay and
gypsum. Salt springs and works at the mouth of the Solomon
supply a ver3'' excellent salt, almost pure chloride of sodium. The
Kansas Pacific has principal stations at Salina and at Brookville,
the latter being a terminus. There are good water powers, but
few of which have yet been utiliz;ed. The manufactures of the
county include a wind power mill and a brick manufactory at
Smoky ]Iill township; a cigar factory in the city of Salina, a
cheese factory in Ohio township, a broom factory in Falem town-
ship, two salt manufactories in Solomon, and three water power
flouring mills. There is only one bank, which is located at Salina,
the county seat. There are three newspapers publislied weekly
at Salina. There are 48 school houses, valued at ,$71,964, and
59 organized school districts. There are 7 churches, valued at
$24,300, and private libraries reported show a total of 1,360 vol-
umes in three townships. Salina suffered little by coraparisou
w-ith its neighb(jrs from the locust visitation,

Sedgwick County was organized in 1870, and named in honor
of Gren, Sedgwick, who was slain fighting for the union in the
battle of Spottsylvania, May 9, 1864. The population of the
county in 1875 was 8,310, of which number 4,567 were males.
Farming is tl.o pursuit of 59 per cent, of the settlers ; 21 per cent,
are engaged in mines and manufactures, and 8 per cent, in trade
and transportation. Wichita, the county seat is 129 miles south-
west from Topeka. There is but little timber in the county, but
one half the area is bottom land and very fertile. The principal
streams are the Arkansas, Little Arkansas, Minnescah, Cowskin
and Wildcat creeks, with many nameless streams. But few

;

'.mmmm^mmmmsmmmi^m^. *

648

Tvttle's IIisroitY OF Kaxsas.

springs .ire found, but well water is reaelied without fail at from
10 to oO feet. Coal has been found, but not in such (quantity as
to warrant mining. Gypsum underlies nearly the whole area, but
building stone is somewhat scarce. The Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fe railroad runs through the county to Wichita. "Water
powers are limited, but some have been improved, and Iv o flour-
ing mills have been established. Tlic manufactures of the county
include two grist mills, a soda water factory, a wagon factory, a
cigar factory and a brewery at Wichita ; two water power grist
mills at Salem, and one water power grist mill at Waco township.
There are four banks in the county, of which two operate at
Wichita, the county scat, where there ai'e two weekly newspapers
published. There are 57 school houses, valued at $107,167, and
there are 80 districts. There is a Catholic parochial school at
Wichita. There are four church edifices in the county, and
church property is valued at $11,700. Sedgwick was a heavy
loser by the locust plague, as 1,175 persons were reported in want
of food, and 3,000 were unable to procure winter clothing in
187i-5.

',1

SnAWXKE County was organized in 1855 ; the name gives its
own explanation. The area is 558 square miles, and the popula-
tion in 1875 was 15,417, of which number 8,027 were males.
Farming employs 40 per cent, of the settlers, mines and manufac-
tures engage 21 per cent., trade and transportation 13 per cent,
Topeka, the capital of the state, is the county seat. Forests cover
eight per cent, of the county, and 31 per cent, is bottom land.
The principal streams are the Kansas river and its tributaries,
Banbicn, Cross, Soldier, Indian, Little Soldier, Half Moccasin,
Half Day, Vesser, Mission, Shungununga, Deer, Stinson, Tecum-
seh, Haskell, Blacksmith and other creeks; theWakarusa and its
tributaries, Six Mile, Lime, Towhead and Berry Creeks. Springs
are not numerous in this county, but some of them are very Hue,
and good well water can be found, generally at depths varying
from 18 to 40 feet. Coal has been found, but there is no estimate
of the area occupied by this valuable deposit. The veins found
vary from 14 to 20 inches at a depth of from 15 to 20 feet. Many
of the ravines have coal cropping out on their sides and the qual-

fail Jit from
I quantity a3
ole area, but
Topcka and
lita. AVatcr
1(1 two flour-
f the county
5n factory, a
power grist
CO township.
3 operate at
r newspapers
107,167, and
al school at
county, and
vas a heavy
)rted in want
' clothing in

ame gives its
:l the popula-

were males,
ind manufac-
1 13 per cent.
Forests cover
bottom land.
;s tributaries,
ilf Moccasin,
nson, Tecum-
:arusa and its
3ks. Springs
are very Hne,
3pths varying
is no estimate
e veins found
3 feet. Many

and the qual-

CovsTY Skutciies.

649

ity \ii quite good. Considerable (quantities arc mined for local use
in domestic and manufacturing oper;ition.s. Limestone of good
quality is found in all parts of the county. Fire clay overlies the
coal measure, but the quality of that deposit lias not been fully
tested. Tliis portion of Kansas is well cared for by railroad com-
panies. The Kan.sas Pacific has stations at Topeka, Silver Lake
and Rossville ; the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe has stations
at Topeka and Wakaru.sa, and the Kansas Midland runs east
from Topeka along the south bank of the Kansas to Lawrence
ijid Kansas City, having a station at Tecumseh. There are nu-
merous water powers of great value, but the reliability and s[)eed
associated with steam have prevented their utilization to any con-
siderable extent. The manufactures in the county include the
Shawnee steam flouring mill in Topeka, the Xorth Topeka steam
mills, the Topeka rolling mills, the Farmers flouring mills, the
foundry and planing mill, the machine shops of the Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe company, and of the Kansas Midland, four
cigar factories, two breweries, two cheese factories, two wagon and
carriage factories, one cracker factory and the gas work.s. Koss-
ville township has a steam flouring mill, a saw mill, an agricultu-
ral implement and furniture factory, a water power flouring mill
on Cross creek, north of Ro.ssville, and other works. Auburn
township has a cheese factory, and Tecumsch a steam saw mill.
The lion's share of the business of the county as well as that of
the business of the state is transacted in Topeka, and the beauty
of the city keeps step with ii. prosperity. The banks of the city
include the Topeka National, the State Bank of Topeka, the Cit-
izens' Bank, the Topeka Bank and Savings Institution, the Bank-
ing house of Guildford Dudley, and that of John D. Knox k Co.,
all centering in Topeka, but their operations extending all over
and beyond the state. The press of Topeka is metropolitan, in-
cluding the Commonwealth, daily and weekly ; the Blade, daily
evening; the Times, daily evening and weekly; the Kansas
Farmer and the Democrat, both weekly. Naturally, the papers
published in the capital are read with avidity all o\cr the state,
and are sought for the sake of local intelligence by directors of
the press all over the United States. There are 79 districts and
81 school houses, valued, inclusive of appurtenances, at $199,000.

-„ jiimmwuMiiM

660

Ti'TTLtfs lllSTOHV OF KaSSAS.

There are other educational establishments in the capital, includ-
ing Wasliburn College, under the control of tlie Congregational
cliurcli; tlie college of the Sisters of Bethany, an Episcopal estab-
lishment; with a theological institute, similarly directed, and a
parochial school under the management of the Sisters of Charity.
Churches are magniiicently cared for in this city and county, as
we find no less than 20 churches, some of them sui)erb, and all
commodious, estimated by their cost at $li7,150. Four public
libraries contain 17,150 volumes, and 218 private collections ag-
gregate 38,788 volumes in seven townships only. Shawnee coun-
ty was self supporting in the time of the locust plague and the
worst ravages were ellectcd before the locusts arrived at tliis
point.

Smith Couxty was. organized in 1872, and named in honor of
^faj. Nathan Smith of the second Colorado volunteers, slain in
action at Little Blue, Missouri, in October, 18(3i. The area of
Smith County is 900 square miles, and its population in 1875
"was 3,876, in which total the males number 2,130. Ninety per
cent dciK'ud on farming, and 5 pur cent, on mines and manufac-
tures, a wide definition that covers almost every handicraft. Smith
Centre the county seat, is 173 miles northwest from Topeka.
There is but little timber in this area, but 15 per cent is bottom
land of very fertile quality. The principal streams are the Sol-
omon river and its tributaries. Cedar, East Cedar, Beaver and
other creeks. Wells range from 10 to 100 feet, and springs are
moderately plentiful. Little coal has been found. Limestone
abounds and is of good quality. Sandstone is plentiful, but in-
ferior. Gypsum in small quantities, but of fine quality, has been
found. There are some salt springs, but their value has not been
ascertained. There are no railroads here yet Several valuable
■water powers only want for improvement, one dam has been con-
structed on the Solomon river. The manufactures of Smith
county include a steam sawmill in Centre township; a steam saw
mill, water power grist mill, and water power grist and saw mill
in Houston township. There are no banks in the county, and
only one paper published weekly in Smith Centre, the Pioneer.
There are 43 school houses valued at $10,850, and 70 organized

pital, incliul-
jrigrogutional
liricDpul cstiib-
:'ectod, and a
I'd of Charity,
id county, as
.pcrb, and all
Four public
illections ag-
hawnee coun-
iguo and the
rived at tliis

d in honor of
;eers, slain in

The aiea of
tion in 1875
Kincty per
and manulac-
icraft. Smith
roni Topeka.
3nt. is bottom

are tlie Sol-
r, Beaver and
1 springs are
l. Limestone
itiful, but in-
ility, has been
; has not been
eral valuable
has been con-
res of Smith
; a steam saw
md saw mill
e county, and
, the Pioneer.

70 organized

Co f ^V TY S K i: TCII KS.

(551

school districts. There arc several church orgaiiix.atioiis, but no
cdiliccs. :N[()rc than oncfourtli of the settlers in Smith county
were reduced to destitution by the locust raid, as 1,500 of the
people were in want of food, and 1,150 were unable to procure
winter clothing.

SuMNEU County was organized in 1871, and named in honor
of the great senator, one of the truest friends of Kansas,
worthy to stand beside Abraliam Lincoln. The area of the coun-
ty is 1,188 s(piare miles, and its population in 1875 was -1,925, of
which number 2.0(57 were males. Eighty-three per cent, depend
on farming, and (5 per cent, on mines and manufactures. Welling-
ton, the county seat, is 154 miles southwest from Topeka. Forest
in this county is only 3 per cent., but bottom lands comprise 20
per cent, one-fifih of the whole area. The principal streams are
the Arkansas and Ninnescah rivers, and the Slate, Chicaspia,
Fall, IJluil' and Cowskin creeks. Springs are rare, but wells
range from 10 to -10 feet. Borings have been made to find coal,
and indications are favorable, but no discoveries have yet been
made, and the search is still being prosecuted at Remanto. Build-
ing stone of diflerent kinds and excellent quality is being found
in every township. Fireclay abounds, and gypsum is also found,
both of excellent quality. Salt springs of great value have
been found, one company producing from their salines 1,000
pounds per day. There are no railroads in the county. There
are good water powers, but undevelo{)ed. There is one saw mill
on the Cowskin creek, and the other manufactures of the county
include a steam saw mill m Caldwell township ; a steam saw mill
at Belle Plaine; a water power flouring mill and a horse power
flouring mill at Oxford ; a steam saw mill and saltworks at Wal-
ton township. There is one bank in the county, at Wellington,
and one weekly newspaper. There are 39 school houses valued
«t $36,248, and 73 districts. There are many church organiza-
tions, but only one edifice, valued at $3,000. Five townships re-
port 21 private libraries, consisting of 1,(598 volumes. The
locust plague fell with almost crushing effect upon this county,
as 2,000 persons were unable to procure winter clothing and 1,500
lacked food ; but the people are bravely making headway once
more.

; i

4 1

«■;

ess

Tvtti.e's JfisToiiv or Kaxsas.

Wahai-xskk County was organized in 1850, and named after
a war cliicf of tlio Pottiiwatoinics. The area of the (Huuity is 804
square miles, and tlie jjopnlation, in 1875, was 4,»U8, of whieh
number, males re,u;i.ster 2,4!)4. Farming employs 82 por cent of
the settlers, and mines and manufactures, 7 per cent. Alma, tho
county seat, is 33 miles west from Topeka and 05 miles west of
Lawrence, at the crossing of the Manhattan, Alma and Jiur-
lingame, and the Mill Creek Valley and Council Grove railroads.
The town has several stores, wagon and other factories, a floiiring
mill and a saw mill with water power. The town is well situated
for water power, being at the junction of four creeks. Geological
CN-Jjerts say that coal will be found at this point at a depth of
from o."»() to 400 feet, and borings are being made in that interest.
The town increases very rapidly and is prosperous. One excel-
lent weekly paper, tho News, is published at Alma; and many
important mail routes converge at that point. Tho borings for
coal have descended 500 feet, but no paying veins were found,
possibly from some fault in the earth's crust, not in the geological
prospects. There is coal under about one-fourth of the area of
the county at an average of fifteen feet deep, cropping out in the
ravines at many places; but the quality is inferior, and the seams
about fourteen inches thick. Some of the veins have been mined,
and abandoned because the quantity and quality would not pay
for labor and outlay. Blue and white limestone of excellent
quality are found in every township, and lire clay has been found
in many places at various depths, from the surface or near it to
370 feet below. An artesian well bore was made at Alma, and
at a depth of 17-1 feet very strong salt brine was discovered ; the
bore was continued, and at 378 feet the brine was much stronger;
when the bore ceased, at 585 feet, the water was impregnated
■with chloride of sodium almost equal in strength to that of the
Syracuse salt works, and there were hardly any impurities to be
removed. The product of the well is now being prepared for the
market by natural evaporation as well as by artificial heat. The
face of the country gives only 4 per cent, of forest, 15 per cent, of
bottom land, and is very fertile. The principal streams are Mis-
eion, Dragoon, Rock and Mill creeks ; the last named creek is 36
miles long, draining into the Kansas river. Springs are rare, but

CoisTY Sketcuks.

653

I named after
(!ounty is 80-1
U8, of wliich
i2 pjr co;it of
t. Alma, tlin

miles west of
ma and Jiur-
•ove railroads,
ies, a flouring
1 well situated.
^. Geological

at a depth of
1 that interest
. One excel-
a ; and many
le borings for
s were found,
the geological
of the area of
ing out in the
and the seams
ve, been mined
ould not pay
3 of excellent
as been found
3 or near it to

at Alma, and
scovered ; the
inch stronger;
\ impregnated
to that of the
1 purities to be
■epared for the
ial heat. The
15 per cent, of
earns are Mis-
led creek is 36
s are rare, but

excellent when they occur, and good wells range from 20 to 50
feet. There are no railroads in tlio county. Water powers are
good, but not utili/.cd for want of capital. The manufactures of
the county include, besides the works at Alma, a water power
saw mill at Maple Hill; a cheese factory at Wabaunsee; two
cheese factories ami a knitted goods factory at Mission Creek ;
and steam' saw mills at Washington and IJerlina t(nvnshi])s.
There arc two banks at Alma. There arc 43 school houses
valued at $-11,279, and 53 school districts. Three church edifices
have been erected at a cost of $4,800. Two townsliips report
libraries to the number of 1,730 volumes. One thousand persons
were in want of food, and 575 had not sullicient clothing for
Avinter in consequence of the locust visitation of 187-1-5; but the
crops of the latter year came near making good all deficiencies.

Washington County was organized in 1860, and no Ameri-
can needs to be told for whom the county is named. The area of
the county is 900 square miles, and the population in 1S75 was
8,021, of which 4,5(50 were males. Farming employs eighty-six
per cent of the settlers, and manufactures and mining six per
cent Washington, the county seat, is ninety miles northwest
from Topeka. Timber is very light in this county, and bottom
land only eight per cent, but the prairies are fertile in good hands.
The principal streams are the Little Blue, Mill, Coon, Pete's, Par-
son's, and other creeks tributaries of the Little Blue and the Re-
publican rivers. Coal has been found, but in inconsiderable
seams and of poor quality ; still the search has not been aban-
doned, and indications are favorabl'., Building stone, pottery
clay and gypsum are found in diflerent paits of the county.
Limestone quarries have been opened at several points, and the
pottery clay is being utilized at Harn/ver. The St Joseph and
Denver City Railroad has a principal itaLion at JIanover. The
Little Blue affords excellent water powers, but th .y ^ave not been
worked. Mill creek is fully employed three-fifths of the year.
The manufactures of the county include a water power flouring
mill, pottery, brewery and brick factory at Ilano^'er; a water
power flouring mill at HoUenberg ; a water power grist mill at
Mill Creek ; two water power saw mills, a steam saw mill, a cheese

654

TuTTi.ffx IfisTitnr or A'.i.v.sms.

f 1

fnctory, fiiniitnrr' factory, two wator power flouring mills, and
wafor ai'd steam power flouring mill at Washington ; and a wind
grist mill at Strawberry township. There is one bank in Wash-
ington. There arc two papers, both weekly, published iTie at
'Washington and the other at Hanover. Eighty-six school houses
liave been erected and furnished at a cost of $r;7,i)7(), and thero
jvro in all 108 school districts. There are three <'hurch edifices
and other properties valued at $4,600, nnd libraries in two town-
ships give a total of .')!)() volumes. After the locust i>laguc, this
county had 1,(500 people in want of clothing, and 600 unable to
procure food for themselves.

11'

WiLsox County was organized in I860 at the close of the war,
and was named for Col. Wilson of Fort Scott The area of Wil-
son county is 076 square miles, and the popidation in 1875 was
9,749, of whicb number 5,097 were males. Eighty-two per cent,
are employed in farming, and seven percent, in mines and manu-
factures. Fredonia, the county seat, is 102 miles south from To-
peka, near Fall river, in a fine farming country, and on the M.
and N. K. R. The village has three churches, two banks, two
schools, a weekly newspaper, the .Journal, three hotels, a mill and
other works. There are line water powers on Fall river and the
Verdigris, but they are onlv partially employed by two mills on
each stream. The manufactures of the county include a steam
flouring mill, a steam saw and planing mill, and a water power
flouring mill in Neodesha township ; two water power and two
steam power flouring and saw mills in Cedar; a steam saw mill
and two steam saw and flouring mills at Fall lliver ; a steam and
■water power flouring and saw mill at Guilford ; a steam power
flouring and sawmill at Verdigris: a steam power sawmill at
Clifton, and two water power flouring mills at Centre township.
There are three banks in the count}^ two at Fredonia and one at
Neodesha, with an aggregate capital of $49,788. Besides the pa-
per mentioned as published at Fredonia, there is a paper published
at Neodesha, the Free Press. There is in this county twenty per
cent, of bottom land, and eight per cent of forest The principal
streams are the Verdigris and Fall rivers, with their tributaries,
Cedar, Sandy, Duck and Buffalo creeks, with numerous smaller

iring mills, find
oil ; and a wind
bunk in Wash-
iblishod ")!ie at
ix school liouHos
",!)7(^, and tlioro
church edilicea
ics in two town-
list i>laguc, this
d 600 unable to

:;lose of the war,
'he area of Wil-
:)n in 1875 was
ty-two per cent,
lines and nianu-
south from To-
and on the M.
,wo banks, two
)tels, a mill and
11 river and the
>y two mills on
iclude a steam
a water power
lower and two
steam snw mill
T ; a steam and
a steam power
'er saw mill at
3ntre township,
onia and one at
Besides the pa-
japer published
nty twenty per
The principal
leir tributaries,
Tierous smaller

CoiWTY SKurriihs.

655

streams. Springs arc mmicroiis, an<l j,">od wdls range from
twelve to thiny feet in dcplli. Coal is supposed to umlcrlio tho
whole area, varying in thickness from six Indies to thirty-si.x, and
tho quality good. Tho soatn comes to the surface toward the cast
of tho county and dips to tiic west. Local coiisiiiiiplioii for do-
mestic and manufacturing purposes is coiisidcrabj.'. Liincstono
and .sandstone are found in large ipiantities of good ([iiality all
over the county, and fire clay is also found in the vicinity of Kail
and Verdigris rivers. There are salt springs and marshes near
Frcdonia, whidi arc being iiiili/'.cd. There are eighty-six .«cliool
houses viilned at IJO-l.HoO, and ninety-one school districts. Seven
churches have been built at a cost of $15,000. Tliere arc twenty-
six private libraries in four towiistiips, with 1,213 volumes. Wil-
son county was sdf supporting in lS7-l -5, at the time of the locust
visitation, although there was much sufTcring among the poorer
settlers in that region.

Woodson County was one ot the first organized in 185.'),
having been named in honor of the secretary of the territory and
sevend times acting governor. The area comprises 504 srpiaro
miles, and the population in 1875 was 4,476, of which number
2,396 were males. Farming employs 80 per cent, ot the settler.-?,
ininers and manufacturers engage 8 per cent. Defiance, the coun-
ty seat, is 82 miles .south from Topeka. The area offers a favora-
ble compromise as to surface and soil, as there is 6 per cent, of
forest and 10 per cent, of bottom land of great fertility, and the
wood is of good descriptions for manufacturing purposes. The
principal streams are the Neosho and the Verdigris rivers, with
their tributaries. Owl, Cherry and Big Sandy creeks, with many
smaller streams. Springs arc few but good wdl water is found
at from 20 to 40 feet. Coal has been found, but not enough to
pay for mining in a systematic way. Building stone abounds in
all parts of the county. The Missouri, Kan.sas and Texas Rail-
road follows the valley of the Neosho, so that the region is joined
to the railroad system of the continent. Dogs are more destruct-
ive than wolves to sheep farmers, but that experience is common
to most counties in Kansas. There are fine water powers on the
Neosho river at Neosho Falls, and a dam has prepared the way

;

'!
1

uJ^

hit

956

Ti rn.i:'.^ Uistonv or K.iss.is.

for c()ini>loto iitili/;ilion ol tlio .Htrt'iiiii. 'I'lio muiuifiictiircs of tlio
county inchulo ii water power lloiiriii;,' ami saw mill, a water
])o\ver woolen mill, ii s-tcam saw mill, a wa>;oti and implement fac-
tory, anil a water power fiuniluro factory ut Neo.sln» Kails; a
grist anil «uw mill, and a furnitnro factory at Toronto; u grist
and saw mill at Centre; and u steam huw mill at Owl Cretjk
township. There are no hanking lioiises in the county, and only
one weekly paper, the Woodson I'osf, published at llic business
centre, Neosho Falls. There are 5-1 districts, and 63 school
houses, valued at $;J(i,!)0.'> ; two ehurciics valued ui .$.'), 1")0, and
libraries in five township.s, numbering, in public and jirivaio col-
lections, -l,*)'.).") volumes. The locusts fell lightly on this county,
as wc lind only o2a persons in want in the winter of 1871-5.

Wyandotte County was organized in 1859, itnrncd for the
tribe of Indians indicated; the area is only lo.'] square miles, and
the population, in lb75, was 12,3(52, of which number {>,o[)ii were
males. Fifty-one per cent., little more than halt of the settlers
rely on farming, 9 per cent, on trade and transportation, and 16
on mines and manufactures. Professional and personal services
engross 22 per cent. The county seat is Wyamlotle, almost u
j)artof Kansas City, to which it is joined by bridge and railroads;
being on the state line, 57 miles east from Topcka. The county
is well conditioned for agriculture, manufactures and residence,
as it })(xsscsscs, in its limited area, 25 per cent, of foiest and 20 of
bottom land. The Missouri and the Kansas rivers are the great
streams, and there are many of small dimensions all over Wyan-
dotte county. Beautiful springs abound as usual in well timbered
country, and excellent wells range from 20 to 50 feet A bore
put down near Wyandotte to determine as to the practicability of
coal mining has given curious results. The bore is only 4 1-2
inches ; there arc many greater bores in society, but few so inter-
esting. At a depth of 250 feet, illuminating gas of fine quality
was struck, and has ever since been ascending in great volume,
go that the engine is supplied with no other fuel than it affords,
to continue the work, and a small two inch pipe carries to the
house of Mr. Wilderman enough to furnish fuel and light The
estimate made is that 240,000 cubic feet of gas escape every 21

lotiircn of tlio
iiiilt, a water
[ii|ploii\(.Mit fac-
islio Kails; a
roiiU) ; a grirft
,t Owl Clock
irity, ami only
, lliu bii.siiit'jiiJ
11(1 olj school
X $r),-iOO, und
(I jii'ivaU' col-
Ill this county,
f lali-o.

larncil for the
laro miles, and
bcr O,o'jy wcro
of thu settlers
nation, and 16
rsoiial servicca
Icjlle, almost u

and railroads;
,. The county
and residence,
orcst and 20 of
3 arc the great
.11 over \V yan-
II well timbered

feet A bore
iracticability of
e is only 4 1-2
ut few so inter-

of fine quality

great volume,
than it affords,
! carries to the
md light The
escape every 24

Cor.v/) ShKTviins.

esT

hotifs, cnottgh to outbid the averng*) of gns companies in volumo,
purity ;aiid eheapnt'r The stream lias ronliimcd siiieo last May.
(-^oou utter rtnieliiiig iho htiatum of gas, salt water was reached,
^hit^h is driven Into the air from twelve to liftcen feet. The
water in charged with salt, nlmost pure chloride of sodium, to tho
extent of 4 1 4 ounces per gallon : but coal has not been found,
although the bore lias now descended cniiMiileral.ly mori! llian 6(K)
feet The roar of the gai4 as ii escapes, driving tin! water before
it, resembles the noise of the escape pipe of an engine, and occa-
sionally at night when, for the sake of exj)eriment, the lluid has
been ignited, the flame, several feet in diameter, has ascended
forty feet There is no sulphurous smell, so that the gas cannot
come from the region cursorily referred to by Ihnilrl, the Royal
Dane. The tlame is strong, clear and white, and in the face of
such nn unpardonable waste of the manufactured article, one is
(•ompelled to encpiire why the material is not used to illuminate
Wyandotte, Kansas City, Weston and tho suburbs. Such an ex-
port would be uni(iue, as well as profitable, and it would not bo
tho first enlightenment contributed by Kansas to its elder sister.
Coal may bo found, and the other mineral resources of Wyandotte
county are line (juarrics of magnesiaii limestone, which give
beauty to the banks of the Kansas river for miles, as well in silib
as when made useful in arts and architecture. Blue limestone is
also found good for building. The piers and abutments of tho
bridges constructed by the Kansas Pacific railroad company near
Wyandotte have been built of this stone, at once hamlsonie and
durable. The railroad facilities of Wyandotte are second to none
of the cities in the union, as nearly all the great lines arc within
easy reach, if they do not come to the doors of the citizens to in-
vite them to mount and ride. The Kansas Pacific comes first,
having principal stations at Wyandotte, Armstrong and Kdwards-
ville; the Missouri river, extension of the Missouri Pacific, fol-
lows the south bank of the great river to Leavenworth and Atch-
ison, having principal stations at Wyandotte, Qui>idaro, Pomeroy,
Barkers Tank and Connor. Reports, as to the fertility of Wyan-
dotte, mention 325 bushels of potatoes and 90 bushels of corn
per acre.

The manufactures of Wyandotte county include four steam
43

'CiMawiici-aniVTgir-

658

TvTTr.r:'s History of Kansas.

5i'

packing liouncsof considiMablc extent, the capital invested in two
of tiieni being $120,000 and $30,000 ; a steam saw mill and a
steam grease factory in Sliawnee township; a steam flounng
mill at (Juindaro; a steam saw mill and a rope factory at ?rairio ;
the niacliine shops of the Kansas Pacific at Armstrong; and
near the same place a steam flounng mill ; a steam flouring mill
at Edwardsvillc; a steam flouring mill at Pomeroy; and in
Wyandotte City tliree steam flouring mills, the capital of two of
■which amount, to $23,000 ; a wagon and carriage factory, tin, cop-
per and sheet iron works, two cigar factories, and the repair shops
of the Kansas, Pacific Railroad. There are three banks in Wy-
andotte City, and two weekly papers, the Ilendd and Gazelle.
The county has 30 districts and 42 school houses, valued inclu-
sive of appurtenances at $89,513, besides which, there is a Cath-
olic parocliicJ school at Wyandotte. The churches in Wyandotte
county number six and the value is stated at $22,500, but sever-
al organizations have no church buildings. One public library
contrins 800 volumes and 174 private collections amount to
20,2-15 volumes. The losses falling upon Wyandotte county from
the locust plague were heavy but the county was self-supporting.

Graham Couxty is one of the unorganized, the first ground
having been broken in ^lay, 1872, and in 1875, there was only a
population of 96. The post offices for the county are at Graham
and Houston. There is but little wood, but bottom lands range
as hiirh as 20 per cent. The chief streams are the south fork of
the Solomon, which has many tributaries, and Bow Creek. The
forest lands of the county all border the streams, and Bow
Creek is heavily timbered in some parts. No coal has been dis-
covered but the search has not been exhaustive. There is good
limestone generally for building purposes and for making lime,
and on Coon Creek there are several beds of very handsome
magnesian limestone, which will pay well for quarrying. There
are°no railroads in the county or it would go ahead rapidly. The
school accommodation consists of one day school and one Sun-
day school. There are no church buildings but several organiza-
tions.

Hamilton Couxty is not organized ; the first settlement of

MiMMMiMiJtteiiiGNMMl

invested in two
saw mill and a
steam flouring
:t<M-y at Prairie ;
Armstrong ; and
m flouring mill
imeroy ; and in
ipital of two of
faetory, tin, cop-
Llie repair shops
;e banks in \V\ -
:tld and Gazelle.
3S, valued inclu-
there is a Catli-
es in Wyandotte
2,500, but sever-
le public library
tions amount to
.otte county from
3 self-supporting.

the first ground
there was only a
,y are at Graham
torn lands range
the south fork of
iow Creek. The
'earns, and Bow
oal has been dis-
. There is good
for making lime,

very handsome
larrying. There
jad rapidly. The
)1 and one Sun-
several organiza-

rst settlement of

BioanAriiTCAL Sketches.

659

thirty families was made in 1873, and other families, to the num-
ber of sixty, came prior to July, 187-i, but the drouth, followed by
the locust plague discouraged great numbers, and there arc now
only about twenty families remaining, unless there has been an
increase since 1875. The principal towns are Syracuse and Sar-
gent. Syracuse is on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Rail-
road, 14 miles east of the state line, 12 miles east of Sargent, and
one mile from the Arkansas river. There were twelve families in
the town on the 13th of March, 1875, and no families in the
suburbs within six miles. Sargent is still smaller, as numerous
families moved to Granada with the extending road. There is
bottom land from half a mile to 7 miles wide, with an average of
two miles. The Arkansas river is divided by islands at this point.
The ravines which abound in springs are very broad and fertile.
The country is fine and rolling, beautiful to the eye and exceed-
ingly fertile, an eligible site for settlement. There are about 200
acres of woodland, mostly skirting tlie Arkansas, some of the
Cottonwood trees are very large, one near Syracuse is eight feet in
diameter. Wild jjlums and grapes abound here. The Arkansas
is the great stream with many tributaries. Limestone, both blue
and magnesian, are plentiful. The principal stations of the At-
chison, Topeka and Santa Fe line are at Aubrey, Syracuse and
Sai-gent

CHAPTER XXVII.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

General Halbermax. — Among the men who have distin-
guished themselves and conferred honor on the state of Kansas,
from the days of the first settlement, the name of Gen. Haider-
man will occur first to every reader conversant with the affairs of
this region. Commencing his carreer as a democrat, and being
from a very early day private secretary to Gov. Reeder, he was
conversant with the difficulties that crowded many democrats

i^}L\v^mmfm«^'A

660

Tuttle's History of Kaxsas.

over the republican line, but whether in peace or at war, Gen.
Tlulderman has won the good word of every class of citizens,
without abandoning for one moment the high position of a man
of principle, resolute in what he believed to be the righ; path.
A brief retrospect of the career of Gen. Ualderman 'vill be ac-
ceptable to our readers and instructive to youth. The state of
Missouri was his place of nativity, and in that state and in Ken-
tucky he continued to reside until 1854, when at the age of 21
he removed to Kansas, and was one of the first to settle in the
newly recognized territory. His Kentucky experiences made
him familiar with work in every line, as he figured there sometimes
on a farm, occasionally clerking and teaching school until he had
amassed means sufficient to procure an academic course of instruc-
tion. McKendra college, Illinois, and St. Xavier, Ohio, were joint-
ly his alma mater, and he has done honor to his training. Sub-
sequently the youth read law in the oflice of Col. C. C. Rogers
at Lexington, Ky., where he became conversant with the routine
of the United States district attorney, and was admitted to the
bar at Louisville after attending the university in that city.
After this course of preparation Mr. Halderman moved into Kan-
sas and became one of its pioneers. His rare qualifications and
high personal character procured him in succession app. intments,
after serving as Gov. Reeder's secretary, as secretary of the first
territorial council, probate judge of Leavenworth county, major
of the first Kansas volunteers, major general of the northern
division of the state forces, the last two appointments being made
by Gov. Robinson, mayor of Leavenworth for two terms, regent
of the state university, member of the house of representatives
and state senator. The honor last named is still enjoyed by Gen.
Halderman, and his escutcheon has no "bend sinister."

Gen. Halderman was by birth and training a democrat of the
Thomas Jeflerson school, but opposed to the extension of slavery,
hence, although he generally acted with his party, he fought
against the Lecompton constitution at all hazards with vote,
voice, influence and purse. Co-operating with Gov. Walker after
the retirement of Gov. Geary, Gen. Halderman with others
bought the Leavenworth Joiunal, and used it effectively against
the proslavery Lecompton movement. Could the active and un-

■Miiiiniiiiiiii

BioujiAi'iiiCAL Sketches.

661

r at war, Gen.
lass of citizens,
iition of a man
:,hc righi. path,
lan 'vill be ac-
, Tlie state of
te and in Ken-
t tlie age of 21

to settle in tho
aeriences made
there sometimes
)ol until he had
3urse of instruo-
)hio, were joint-
training. Sub-
. C. C. Rogers
nth the routine
admitted to the
f in that city,
loved into Kan-
alilications and
1 app. intments,
ary of the first
. county, major
f the northern
tnts being made
!0 terms, regent

representatives
jnjoyed by Gen.
ster."

democrat of the
nsion of slavery,
irty, he fought
xrds with vote,
)V. Walker after
an with others
fectively against
i active and un-

compromising opponent have been silenced, there is good reason
for believing that he would have been nominated first governor of
the state, under the constitution which he materially assisted to
defeat. The General preferred the honor of trying to establish a
free state, better than governing a state that carried the stain of
human servitude. When Martin F. Conway was elected by the
republicans as representative of the state in congress?. Gen. Ilal-
dcrman, nominated by the democrats, ran a long way ahead of his
ticket. When the national convention of his party assembled in
Charleston, S. C, in 1800, and afterwards adjourned to Balti-
more, Mil., the General was one of the few wise democratic repre-
sentatives tiiat worked heartily for Stephen A. Douglas, and his
faith in " The Little Giant" has never abated to this hour. Un-
fortunately for the party, the Breckinridge schism was irremedi-
able. Like Stephen A. Douglas, when the war supervened, Gen.
nalderman gave his best services to his country and upheld the
union. Unhappily Mr. Douglas died at the early age of 48. Gen.
nalderman was then 20 years his junior, and his energy found ex-
pression in the field, lie was one of the first volunteers in this state,
and was nominated major of the first regiment, participating with
honor in the battles of Dug Springs and at Wilson's Creek, where
Gen. Lyon fell. The sei vices of the major were mentioned as gal-
lant and meritorious in the official records. Gov Robinson ap-
pointed him major general of the northern division of the forces
of the state in 1862, and in that position his duties were onerous
in the extreme. His division was efficiently organized on a war
basis, to repel the incursions of rebels and prevent Indian depre-
dations, besides which it devolved upon the major general to pro-
cure arms for the state generally.

Later in his career we find Gen. Halderman in the house of
representatives, in 1870, earnestly sustaining the XV th amend-
ment. He was the author of the General Amnesty Bill, and also
of a bill to abolish capital punishment in the state of Kansas ;
such measures mark the intellectual and moral status of the man.
When the general retired, in 1872, from his second term in the
mayorality of Leavenworth City, the press -was encomiastic in
the highest degree, praising him as " mayor of the people and not
of a party. * * * One of the best, if not (he best, ablest and

662

Tuttlk's History of Kansas.

purest chief magistrate that Leavenworth lias ever had." Seek-
ing relaxation in foreign travel, after a long eourse of active public
life, Gen. lluldernian was in London on the ilh of July, 18G2,
and was chosen to preside over the annual American banquet hi
that city in honor of the Declaration of Independence. Li his
opening remarks on LhaL occasion, the general strongly urged the
re-election of President Grant, a question at that time much in
debate, among persons of democratic i-roclivitics more especially.
The liberal training enjoyed in his young inanliood enabled Gen.
Halderman to appreciate European travel, and to reap from it all
the advantages proiturable in a brief respite from active work.
The principal cities of the old world were visited by him m suc-
cession, accompanied by his family; and when that tour had
been completed, he resolved upon more extensive travel, iiis
wife and daughter remaining in Germany, where the younger
lady enjoyed the best facilities for education, the general had the
satisfaction of comparing modern Greece with the country repre-
sented to him by the classic writers of antiquity. From that
point he traveled through Turkey, seeing rVbdul Aziz in " his
manner as he lives," surrounded by dead and dying institutions,
and vainly striving to emulate a higher civilization. Syria,
E-ypt and Palestine became in turn his abiding places, until he
ha'd penetrated the recesses of eastern life, a design but seldom
entertained by travelers who hurry over a stretch of desert, see
the pyramids, quote Napoleon, and return in tune to save the
post, thinking that they have liberalized their ideas by foreign
tvavel and experience. The region of the Khedive, his improve-
ments and designs, the sacred spots in the Holy Land, the Nile
itself, and its identification with the mysteries of our religion, gave
to this period of his life a peculiar charm for the traveled scholar,
and when Gen. Halderman returned to his native land after only
fifteen months spent in distant countries, he was better than ever
able to appreciate the blessings within his reach. The- brief holi-
day was followed by a speedy call to higher duties in his adopted
home. Kansas could not afford to allow her worthy pioneers to
"step down and out," so, immediately after the general had begun
to realize the pleasures of home life he was elected in November,
1874, to the Kansas state senate. The canvass on that occasion

BlOnilAVlUCAL SKKTCIlKff.

66S

Imcl." Soek-
active public
[ July, 18G2,
in banquet iu
;nce. In bis»
^ly urged the
line much iu
ii'o especially.
enabled Gen.
ap from it all
active work.
ly him in suc-
hat tour had

I travel. His
the younger

3neral had the
30untry repre-
: From that
Aziz in "his
g institutions,
[ition. Syria,
laces, until he

II but seldom
of desert, see

le to save the
eas by foreign
, his improve-
jand, the Nile
r religion, gave
aveled scholar,
land after only
etter than ever
The brief holi-

in his adopted
thy pioneers to
eral had begun

in November,
n that occasion

produced many commcnls on the character and career of the can-
didate, and it might be expected that an " unreconstructed" dem-
ocratic organ, published in i^hitte City, Mo., would have some-
thing to say about a native ]\[issourian identified with the labors
that made Kansas a free state. Contrary to many expectations,
the criticism was a complete eulogy of Judge Ilaldornian, whose
military services could not be named nor adverted to without
wounding the anwnr propre of the readers of the riattc City
paper, but they yet served to round a period in a well penned
article. The editor said: "This distinguished gentleman is a
candidate for the state senate in our neighboring state of Kansas.
Ilis election would give great satisfaction to the people of Platte
county, who, to a great extent, have identical interests with those
of Leavenworth. He was in the army ' during our late unpleasant-
ness,' and came out of it with distinction, lie has filled many
public office?, among which was that of mayor of Leavenworth,
from which he retired without spot or stain. "^ * * He is a
republican, and as such, might not be acceptable to our people,
but he is one of the few honest ones in that party. * * *
Should Judge llalderman be selected by the people across the
Missouri to assist in making their law?, we should feel assured
they are willing to meet us at least half way in bridging the
' bloody chasm.' " The general is chairman of the committee oa
education in the senate, and in his career has favored among
other measures, biennial sessions of the legislature ; rigid econo-
my in the public service; adjustment and equalization of all
taxes; encouragement of agriculture and manufactures; free
trade in money, and repeal of iniquitous and unwise usury laws ;
abolition of the death penalty ; a general herd law ; and an
amendment of the constitution to prohibit counties, cities and
towns, subscribing stock and voting bonds to railways or other
corporations. The general is not a mere theorist ; he has assisted
materially to establish the two leading life and fire insurance
companies in the state, located at Leavenworth, to which he gives
all the attention compatible with'a regard for his large landed in-
terests. The Episcopal church is the choice of his mature life,
and he has passed through all the degrees of Free Masonry to the
Ligh degree of Knight Templar. His generosity is of the broad

:u LiMiijiuiiiiiiwj Biiyrm^iniri mill

C64

TuTTLtfs IIlSTORr OF 7v.UV.s\(S.

Catholic order tliat knows no distinction of cast and creed. His
home is a Lijun of books, pictures and good taste, imi)roved by
travel and converse with leading minds in many lands, from
many of which he has elegant souvenirs; and he is surrounded
by the highest culture in Kansas. Gen. Ilalderman has escaped
calumny in a cen.sorious ago when few are quite untouched. His
sound sense and practical sagacity are beyond question, his integ-
rity is admitted even by his antagonists, he can hardly be said to
have enemies; and to him has been aptly applied the .sentence,
first penned in honor of Pierre Du Terrail, the famous Chevalier
Bayard, " k cJicmlitr sans pcur el sans rcpruche.''''

The life of the General is yet hardly realizing its prime, he is
only forty-three years of age, and it would be hard to believe tliat
a man who has served so well and truly, in answer to every call
up to the present hour, will be permitted to retire into the ele-
gancy of private culture, surrounded by his family and friends.
That indulgence belongs to advanced age, and the general must
be the servant of the public for many years, until he is entitled
to say :

" My way of life,

Is fallen into the sear, the yellow leaf."

Then it will be his good fortune to find the blessings so elo-
quently depicted by the immortal bard, as

" That which should accompany old age, —
As honour, love, obudic/euce, troops of friends."

It is not often permitted to men so young to have won an edu-
cation, a valuable property, and the reputation of great service to
the state and to the union, without such devotion to Pluto as
must dissociate the mind from all that is elegant and most
amiable ; but truly, in the language of Sallust : " Every man is
the architect of his own fortune," and the lines that have fallen to
Gen. Ilalderman, have permitted him to construct a life to which
Plutarch might have rendered full justice, had not his series of
medallions been long since closed for all time.

Gov. Osborne wears honors which have been nobly and worth-
ily won. He was born at Meadvillf^. Pennsylvania, on the 26th

'"^'""•»<«',*j-r

(1 creed. His
improved by
' lands, frotn
is surrounded
1 has escaped
oucli-xl. His
ion, his integ-
dly be said to
the sentence,
ous Chevalier

i prime, he is
,0 believe tliat
■ to every call

into the elo-
y and friends.
i general must

he is entitled.

casings so slo-

e won an edu-
;reat service to
in to Pluto as
ant and most
' Every man is
; have fallen to
a life to which
it his series of

blyand worth-
ia, on the 26tb

Bion liA I'liK '. I L Ski-: tciikh.

665

of October, 1830, consequently he is now forty years of ago. lie
received a common school education until lie was 15 years old,
when he entered a compositors oflicc to procure tho means of
livelihood. Thrown upon his own resources, his first step in a
long career of usefulness was carrying newspapers for the office in
wliich he served a full apprenticeship. Master of the art of
Gutenberg, he attended Allegheny College and supported himself
by his labors "at case" during vacation.s. When twenty years
of age, he read law with Judge Derrickson of Moadville, but re-
moved to Michigan in the following year, 1857, when in tlie fall,
he was admitted to the bar. lie arrived in Lawrence, Kansas, in
the month of November, 1857, and being without ca)»ital, went
to work as a compositor in the olfice of the Jlemld of Freedom, of
which he became foreman, remaining until the spring of 1858.
El wood, in Doniphan county, was the scene of his first profession-
al labors in this territory, and he continued there for some time
after his removal fron^ Lawrence. He found in Doniphan county,
and more especially in KIwood. some of the finest specimens of
manhood and ability then to be admired in Kansas, and circum-
stances had conspired to bring to this region the picked popula-
tion of man}' states. Intercourse with men of first-class capacity
could not fail to develop the best qualities in an active and well
trained mind, and there can be no doubt that Gov. Osborne often-
times looks back to the associations of that time with eonsidera-
able interest. lie was thrown into contact in his social and pro-
fessional career, with the Hon. J. B. Chaffee, now of Colorado, and
delegate in congress for that territory prior to its admission as a
state; Gen. Albert L. Lee, since then distinguised as a brilliant
cavalry ofticer; the lion. D. W. Wilder, the present state aud-
itor; the Hon. W. II. Smallwood, since secretary of state; and
the Hon. Edward Russell, for sometime superintenlent of insur-
ance. El wood was then as it is now a good place for a young
man of parts and ambition, and Mr. O.sborne .soon found himself
in the front ranks in the political agitation of the time. PVee
state views and ardent republicanism determined the young lawyer
as to his position on the great questions of the day. He was
chosen to represent Doniphan county in the first senate elected in
1859, under the state constitution, and when that became law he

^>^:-yf^xr~-r^

GGQ

'Tuttlk's JIisToiir of Kansas.

took Ills seal in lyill. Later in liiri logi.slativc career, when the
senate met in iyi;2, to try Gov. llobinson and other state ollieers
who hail been impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors, tho
Jiieut. Governor being at tliat time absent on military service, it
became neee.s.sary for tlie senate toelioosea president ^;;'y km. from
among its incmliers. Tiie contest for the position wa.- between
Mr. Ingalls, now tlie United States senator and Mr. Osborne, and
it was not until tlie fourteenth ballot that a conclusion was ar-
rived at, the j)resent governor carrying oi[ the honor. The com-
petition between the same ])arties was very .spirited in the republi-
can convention of that year for the ollice of lieutenant governor,
but 'Slv. liigalls was once more the un.succe.-'sful candidate. Hav-
ing failed to secure the regular nomination, Mr. Ingalls permitted
hiiiLself to be init forward by an independant party, and the pub-
lic were thus enabled to prononuce upon the merits of the parties,
the result being that ^[r. Osborne became lieutenant governor by
a very respectable Jiiajority. Perhaps there may have been a de-
sire on the part of the people to pronounce on independent tickets,
as well as upon the j)arties concerned, in the ballot then cast.

In tlie year ISOi, I'resident Lincoln tendered to the lieutenant
governor the position of United States marshal in Kansas, and
the post was occupied by him until the year 1867, when Presi-
dent Johnson concluded upon decapitating the oflicer appointed
by his i)redecessor. lie had the honor to undergo the process in
good company, and there was no discredit attached to the opera-
tion, so far as the ex-marshal was concerned. The ofTice had
appeared to require a residence nearer to the center of population
than Klwood, and when the sword of Damocles had fallen, tiie
present governor w;is a resident in the city of Leavenwortli
where he continued afterwards.

In the fall of 1872, the nomination as governor was offered to
Mr. Osborne, by the republican state convention, and was of
course accepted, the election following by an exemplaj'y major-
ity, 34,000, certainly very much larger than had ever been given
by the state for any other candidate. The majority given to
President Grant in the first candidature in this state was only
17,058, and on the reelection in 1872, only amounted to 34 078
so that it is evident he brought out the whole strength of the

liioaii.\rincM. SKirrciiKs.

rccr, when tlio
r statu oHiccrs
loineanors, tlio
,ury service, it
t pro km. from
\va? between
Osborne, and
;lusion was ur-
jr. The com-
iii tlie republi-
luiit governor,
didale. llav-
;all3 permitted
, and tlicpub-
of tlie parties,
t governor by
ive been a de-
jndent tickets,
then cast,
the lieutenant
11 Kansas, and
, when Presi-
cer appointed
tlie process in
I to the opera-
'lie olFiee had
of population
ad fallen, tlie
Leavenworth,

was ollered to
, and was of
iplaj-y major-
er been given
rity given to
tate was only
ed to 34,078,
rength of the

republican party. When Sciuaor Cahlwell was obligf.l to resign
his position as Cniled States senator ''e iiaine oC (iov. Osl.orno
was mooted, but ex-dov. Harvey's tricds secured him the nomi-
nation and election. The political canvass of 1873 -1 was bitter
and i)erst)nal beyond precedent, mainly because of animosities
aroused tluring the senatorial trouble, but the iv[mblican conven-
tion gave (iov. Osborne a rcnominalion, and he was once moro
chosen by the people to till the gubernatori"l olVice. flis term
will expire on tlie second Monday in January, 1S77. Tunes of
great distress have fallen within his terms of olliee, and his meas-
ures have always been pix)mpt and effective .so far as his meana
would permit. " The Hon. Tluxs. A. Osborne will linisli his course
with honor to himself and with pnjlit to the state.

Hon. IIiKAM GiuswoM) is (me of the veterans in legal prac-
tice in Kansas, as he was born in 1807, on the f)tli of .Inly, just
too late to take part in the celebration of the never to be forgot-
ten Fourth. lie remained in Colebrook, Conn., his native place,
until 182(i, when he removed to Hudson, Ohio, in which city ho
read law with Judge Van \\. Humphrey, and was admitted to tlio
bar in August, 1829. The town of Canton, Ohio, was the placo
chosen by him for commencing the practice of his professitMi, and
he continued there, enjoying a fair measure of success, until the
end of 1851. Circumstances then invited him to change his
locale, to Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained actively engaged in
professional affairs until his removal to the city of Leavenworth,
in 18(53, where he has resided ever since. Soon after Mr. Gris-
wold took up his abode in Leavenworth, he won recognition a3
one of the leading members of the bar in the state of Kansas, a
reputation which time can only enhance, because it is founded
upon consummate ability and sound judgment. During the por-
tion of his lifetime passed in Ohio, Mr. Griswold was an active and
influential politician, looked for in the front rank of his party,
and accepted largely by the mass of nonpartisan politicians as a
leader whom it was sate to follow, because of the vigor combined
with moderation that tempered his action on all occasions. The
Jackson democrats were in an overwhelming degree masters of
the situation in Ohio, where Mr. Griswold resided, before the

HMii

ia.::^^^

fiiirnriiri'ii r^-'^'-nr^^tTmr''''''^-'^

668

Tittle's IIistouy of Kass.xs.

yi'

days of i]w republican ]mrtv, and lie would liavo cnninltcd liis
own interests inalerialjy, by sinotlierin^L,' liis political convictions,
but ho had long before given in lii.s adhesion to whig principles,
and on every pnipor occasion he was found ranged under the old
banner. The tnoveinents of the free soil party made aiitislavery
an element in political life, an<l Mr. (Iriswold was known in Ohio
as an antislavery whig, \iiitil it became evident that the whig
party could not expand itself to the dimensions rerinired by tho
time. The formation of the republican party was hailed by mil-
lions as the only possible solution of the dilTiculty, and all tho
leading wliigs, intellectually speaking, were engrossed in the new
organization; Mr. (iriswold was one of that number. A mere
ofhce .seeker would of eour.sc have idctitificd himself with iho
Btrongest party, locally considered; Mr. Griswold enrolled him-
self with the weaker side, but in 1810. when it was necessary to
make a notninatipn that would commano respect, although it was
known that an election could not be hoped, he permitted his
natne to be used, and did all that was possible to assist the ticket
The party majority of the democrats was at tliat time 800, but
upon his nomination for state senator Mr. Griswold ran .so far
ahead of his ticket that he was only beaten by 8 votes. Such a
defeat was as glorious and almost as .satisfactory as victory. In
the year 1850, he was c ncc more put upon the ticket by his
party, as delegate to the constitutional convention. Alucli of his
time was taken up by an appointment made by the legislature of
Ohio in 184-i-o, requiring him to report the deci-sions of the
supreme court, and so well was the duty performed that in
1847-8 the appoi-.itmcnt was reaflirmed. This oflice entailed
ujion him onerous labors for six years, such as only professional
men in considerable practice can aderpiately understand. Six
volumes of reports were prepared and publi-shed by him, and
they might be reprinted now without a single line of errata.

At the session of 1850-1, Mr. Griswold was a candidate for the
position of United States senator, but the canvass was left entirely
in the hands of his friends. Many candidates sought the nomi-
nation, but eventually the contest was narrowed until the rival
claimants were himself and the Hon. Henry Stanberry, ex-attor-
ney general of the state, and later, attorney general of the United

•JiDIm

■■TjJi^'^TITSW.jr^^ri!*^*^,.^

liioiiitM'iiK'M. SKt:reiiEs.

CDtividtioiiH,
\)* pritu'iplc'H,
uidcr the ohi
le nTitiylavory
H)wii ill Oliio
lat tlio whig
piirod by tlio
nilod by mil-
, and all tlio
'd in tlio ii(!w
:;r. A luoro
iclf with ilio
nrollcd him-

necoKsary to
hough it was
lormittt'd hi3
st the ticket
mo 800, but
I ran so far
tea. Such a
victory. In
cket by his
Afiich of his
ogislature of
bions of the
r,cd that in
[ice entailed

profes.sional
•stand. Six
•y him, and
errata.
idat<3 for the
left entirely
t the nomi-
til the rival
•ry, ex-attor-

the United

Statesi. ^^r. Gri.swold received the nomination of tho whii iiuuns.

illmoro had just tUf'heil

The tiiiR's were iiccniiar; I'lvsidoiit

liinisi'lf from tho whigs, and lie had a following in tho logislaturcJ
of Ohio of only four votc.-t. The five soilor.^ niimborod ten, and
nioHt of tho.se wore of whig antocodonts. The whig.s only lacked
four votes of a majority over doniocrat.s ami free soilers combined.
'J'Ik! well known opinions of Mr. (irisw(jld secured him some votes
among the free soil parly, enough to ensure liis election, provided
tho Fillmore wliigs were loyal to tlie jiarty ; but just before thi.>i
time the candidate had given expression to his views concerning
tlio acting president's proslavery policy, and in .so doing had
rouseil the ill feeling of his su[»porter.s. Tho ballot continuod for
some time, and Mr. Oriswold was repeatedly within four votes of
success, but the Fillmore whigs could not be induced to east a
ballot for a man so strong on tho anti.slavery ticket, and .so pro-
nounced in hi.s denunciation of Fillmore. JOvoi'tually .seeing that
there was ])crsonal feeling against him.self which should not bo
allowed to cost the party a success, which might be scoured with
another candidate, Mr. Ciriswold caused his name to be withdrawn,
and the ballot went on for several days longer. The whigs nom-
inated in his stead such men as Ewing and Corwin, but without
benelicial result, although all the men put forwaid were promi-
nent and worthy, until the Hon. Benj. Wade procured the vote
at last. Mr. Wade was just as determined an antislavery man as
Mr. Griswold, but his predilections were not so well known, hence
the Fillmore faction gave him their votes, and he was elected ; a
result which was only made possible by the .self denial evidenced
and exercised by his predecessor in the candidature. Soon after
Mr. Griswold had removed to Cleveland which was then as a dis-
trict favorable to antislavery principles and strongly whig, he was
elected a member of the state senate, and that bod}' conferred
upon him the high distinction of chairman of its judiciary com-
mittee. The John Brown raid on Harper's F'erry occurred while
Mr. Griswold was residing in Cleveland, and the trial at Charles-
town, Va., followed speedily. The old man had been abandoned
by the counsel assigned to him by the court, antl stood there al-
most as it seemed without a friend, at the mercy of a jury wild
with rage, absolutely frenzied with passionate hate against him.

•""^ ~"\ . aiiiiiiTu

070

Tvrri.hfs If IS If I in' or K ass as.

Tlicrc wa-i IK) ]iro]i;iliilit y <>f siircos-^ attcmlinjr iitiytliini,' tliiit could
1)0 (liiiK! or siiiil for him, in siicli n court, bcfon; such iv jury, and
th(^ trial was ah'Ciuly half over in form, ami all dctcrtuinod in
spirit, hoforc counsel for the defcnno tliicw up tlieir briefs. It iti
jirohalile that in the event of an nc(piittal liavini^ been obtaiticd,
the result would have been the same as in the September massa-
cre in the streets of I'aris durirn^ the lirst revolution, when tho
men, said to he ac(|uittcd and discliarged from the prisons, were
met at tlie f^atevvays by a lurid mob, with blood to tlu'ir shoul-
ders, will) slew huudreilsof imru Ui ,i^i.itify an ini^atic hist for duatli.
John Brown would have been munh.'rod i)y tho mob in all human
j)robability, if there had not boon a fraj.nuent of the same body
then in the; jury box to pronounce his condemnation aecordinj^ to
law. Mr. (iriswold accepted tho responsibility of taking part in
tlu! defense, ii(«t without some peril even for himself, as men of
the class indicated arc not good at discrriminating between tho
oiTender and the defender, and his action has been the cause of
many thou.sands inquiring, who was that lawyer that volunteered
to defend John Brown ? It was diflicult even to ])rocure an ob-
servance of tho forms of law upon that trial. There were abund-
ant provocations to rc[>cat the often (pioted lines of tho poet:

" lliKlit, for cviT on tlio sciitVoM,
Wrong, for I'vuron llic llu'one."

The event was, as everybody knew it must be, death, und an
immortality of fame, but it was something to have cheered the
heart of the brave old man, strong in the knowledge of the abso-
lute right for which he was contending, heedless of sufTering on
his account; and to have breathed words of sympathy to a soul
iiatundly tender and childlike, when not kindled into holy indig-
nation by tho fires of oppression. This event linked the name
of Mr. Griswold with a cardinal fact in the history of the culmi-
nation and decline of the slave power. The wi.sdom of the move-
ment made by John Brown need not be discussed from any
standpoint, save among men who can see that self sacrilicc is a
power among human beings. Those who can see that one died
for us all, when there seemed to be no earthly purpose served by
the crucifixion, save to afford the rabble a chance to cry, " Not

MiMMM«WMMWiMP«iiMyMhMii

lilOllll tl'IIK Af. SKNTrHHs'.

671

ini,' tliiit could
h II jury, and
letortnitied iti
■ briffs. It \a
ic(!ii oI)t!iiri('(l,
I'liibor m.'issu-
•n, when tho
prisons, were
) llioir slioiil-
hist fr.r iluaLli.
ill all lituiiiiii
he same body
n according to
aking part in
elf, as men (»f
between tho
1 the cause of
t volunteered
rocuro an ob-
I were abund-
he poet :

eatli, und an
cheered the
! of the abso-
sufTering on
thy to a soul
0 holy indig-
sd the name
if the cultni-
of the move-
;d from any
sacrilioe is a
hat one died
se served by

0 cry,

'Not

tliifl man but IVirrabbiH," can aloiu^ comprehi-nd the more than
chivalric feeling wliich prompted John lirown to hifl seemingly
desperate endeavor. He made known to tlie whole world, ""rhe
voice of one crying in tho wihhn-ncss," and the path has been
made straight in a manner that few in liis day thought possible.
Mr. (iriswold was just as ehivnlrie in assuming the defense of
John Hrown, as the f)ld man and his followers had been in (cap-
turing llar[ier'« V'erry, but nicn do not stop to lake counsel ol"
tlieir fears when bravo deeds are to be done. Mv. (Jriswold
viwwv into Kansas to practice his prof(!ssiori, but he rctaineil iiis
old taste for politics, and his skill in reading eharaeter g(;nerally
brought him to conclusions long before the people surrounding
him were prepared to follow. Senator Lane was tho controling
spirit of the republican party in Kansas at that time, and his
skill as an organi/.er was beyond quesli(Mi, but the wary advo-
cate saw in liim a person whoso integrity could not bo relied
upon. Mr. Griswold claimed on one occasion publicly, that
Senator Lano came to this territory pledged to assist in the estab-
lislimcntof slavery on the .soil of Kansas, and 'urther he assorted,
tliat althougli he had been wise enough to abandon a hopeless
cause, he h.ad never cast himself into the struggle on tho other
side witho\it a reservation, such as eveiy acute ob.server must
perceive, whether he could understand it thoroughly or not.
Entertaining those sentiments concerning Senator Lano, it was
very natural that the man who had not hesitated to take up tho
cause of John Brown, should have no hesitation in the case of
Senator Lane at the proper time —

" To beard tlio lion In his den,
Tlie Douglas In liis h;»ll,"

The time arrived when Mr. Griswold was convinced that
Senator Lane came to the state in 18t)6 to bring over the poli-
ticians of Kansas to the support of the policy of President
Johnson. He was convinced that the .senator was acting as the
emissary of the president, and whether right or wrong, he iiad
the courage to avow his opinions frankly and often. The ground
taken in opposition to the senator was well chosen and strong,
possibly his mind had already lost some of its force before he

672

Tu-rrLE's IIistohy of Kaxsas.

rormittod himself to take action in which he scemea to be com-
proniised, at any rate, the opposition with which he was now
met at every point was more than he could bear; possibly, this
frustration of a clicrishcd scheme, on wiiioh much mayr 'have
dep.Muled, had some innueuce on his mind, leading to'.^ard the
terrd)le act of self destruction on the 11th of Juiv, 1806 ■ but
also, It is possible, tliat his suicide was but a part of a more
general aberration, under which liis political life had already
been compromised. When the senator stood for re-election in
lSO-1, there was a strong party in opposition to him, duly or.r.an-
ized and ready with a ticket which would have comman°led
favor from the public, but it is no part of our work to reveal the
particulars of the movement, fui'ther than to sav, that Mr. Gris-
wold was then a candidate for tlie office of attorney general.
1 ossibly that fact had some influence in directing a more subtle
and searching scrutiny to the subsequent acts of Mr. Lane, but
in any event, he was very closely shadowed in the later years of
life, and the procedure of President Johnson made it natural that
every republican associated with him should be looked upon
with suspicion. Those who were bitterly opposed to Senator
Lane asserted that he believed and had promised that he would
turn Kansas completely round in the interests of the president
and that when he failed to do so, had realized in fact that he had
committed a blunder, worse almost than a crime, as Fouche said
to Napoleon; he, unable to endure the loss of confidence which
must necessarily follow, took his own life in a fit of despondency.
Mr. Griswold was nominated register of the state of Kansas
under the bankrupt act, by Chief Justice Chase, immediately
upon the law coming into force, and for man v years was the
only register in the state. It was very fit that a nomination, in
every way so just and salutary, should be made by the chief
justice, as Mr. Griswold had been identified with him in advocacy
of the same advanced views many years before there seemed to
be any probability that abolition would become the law of the
land, or that any of those who committed themselves before the
public to the expression of such opinions would be called to fill
high offices and assist to shape the policy of the nation. Mr
Griswold still holds the office of register in Kansas. The neces-

BioGiiAPiiicAL Sketches.

673

cmed to be com-
ich he was now
r; i)os.sibly, tin's
nuch may have
iliiig to'.v^ai-J the
Juiy, 18G6; but

part of a more
ife liad already
or re-election in
lim, duly organ-
ive commanded
)rk to reveal the
r., that Mr. Gris-
ttorney general,
g a more subtle
f Mr. Lane, but
e later years of
e it natural that
)e looked upon
ised to Senator
I that he would
f the president,
fact that he had
as Fouche said
)nfidence which
)f despondency,
tate of Kansas
ic, immediately

years was the
nomination, in
e by the chief
m in advocacy
lere seemed to
the law of the
ives before the
e called to fill
e nation. Mr.
IS. The neces-

sity for the bankrupt act inquisition, or for any such, it does nut
fall within the province of this book to discuss. Tiiere may be
provisions which could be wisely dispensed with; perhaps tho
register himself woulil be an excellent authority to suggest how
and in what way it should be amended. As to all that matter,
we profess to know nothing, not being on the stand where we
might be bound to tell "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing
but the truth " on that particular question ; but there is one point
on which there is no dispute, and that is as to the fitness of the
officer for his position. It is universally conceded by all classes,
and most readily by those who know most on the subject, that
Mr. Griswold has been painstaking, conscientious and laborious
in the discharge of the duties devolving upon him as register,
and it is also a fortunate fact for the public concerned in the fit-
ness as well as in the integrity of public officers, that he brought
to the fulfillment of his trust the ripe experience of many years
spent in midnight vigils over the pandects, codes and laws of all
civili;2ed nations, and in contact with the most polished intellects
of his age, employed in determining the weight of custom, the
legitimate meaning of words, and the eternal fitness of things,
which, more even than legislation itself, tends to govern mankind
in society as by an unwritten law. Mr. Griswold's labors are
honorable to the appointing power, as well as to himself, and it
is satisfactory to see that he is still in the enjoyment of a green
old age.

Governor Crawford claims our notice as one more of the
noble army of self-made men, with which this country is made
rich, beyond all that could be conferred by the priceless mines of
Golconda. Samuel J, Crawford was born in Lawrence county,
Indiana, on April 15, 1836. The experiences of a farm and the
training of a common school furnished him with the rudiments
of all that he has since attained and achieved. He is now 41
years of age, and has commanded troops in the field, guided the
councils of a state, expounded the laws of a nation, and might
be called upon at any moment to resume the onerous duties that
have before now been so ably discharged. Mr. Crawford read
law at an early age, in the office of the Hon. G. W. Short, of
43

671

Tvttle's HisTonr of Kax/^as.

Bedfonl, Tniliana, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, \vhen
only -21 years of age. Not content with his own attainments the
young huvycr pursued liis studies diligently, as we find him, in
1858, entered as a student in tlie law school of Cineinnati college,
Ohio, from which institution he graduated in 1858 and came to
Kansas in the following year, establishing himself in the practice
of his profession at Garnett City, in the county of Anderson.
When the first state legislature was convened at Topeka, after the
admission of Kan.sas to the union, in March, 1861, Mr. Crawford
was a member of that body and served until the 5th of May, a
term of rather less than si.'c weeks ; as at that time he resigned
his seat to volunteer for service in the field. Returning to Gar-
nett City, he organized a company of volunteers and was commis-
sioned as their captain. The air was full of rumors, and it was
already certain that there would be work for the manhood of the
union, on many a bloody field, before the quarrel could be ended.
Within nine days from his resignation at Topeka, Capt. Crawford
had been assigned to the second Kansas volunteer infantry, and
it will be remembered that his regiment won distinction almost
immediately after its organization. The record of the regiment
is a muster roll of heroes. The campaign under Gen. Lyon i'l
Missouri was participated in by the Kansas second, and they
fought like veterans at Wilson's Creek, where Lyon fell mortally
wounded on the 10th of August, 1861. The regiment was mus-
tered out and reorganized as cavalry, in which arm of the service
Capt. Crawford was assigned to the command of a battalion and
took part in the battles fought against the rebels by Gens. Blount
and Schofield in Missouri, Arkansas and Indian Territory, The
command of the second regiment devolved on Col. Crawford in
1863, and immediately afterwards the secretary of war commis-
sioned him as colonel of a colored regiment attached to the seventh
army corps under Gen. Steele. The expedition into southern
Arkan.sas was partly made up of our Kansas contingent as read-
ers of our war record will bear in mind, and Col. Crawford's men,
like their leader, behaved well. The expedition from Fort
Smith through Indian territory was led by Col. Crawford in
July, 186-1, and in October we find the same oflicer commended
for gallantry in the campaign in Missouri against Gen. Price.

Mmm

1.9.

BuiGitAvnicAL Sketches.

676

)ar in 1856, -vvlien
vn attainments the
as wc find him, in
Cincinnati college,

1858 anil came to
elf in the ijractice
nty of Anderson.
t Topeka, after the
8f)l, Mr. Crawford
the 5th of May, a

time he resigned
Returning to Gar-
I and was cominis-
■iimors, and it was
e manhood of the
el could be ended.
:a, Capt. Crawford
teer infantry, and
distinction almost
d of the regiment
der Gen. Lyon ii
second, and they
jyon fell mortally
egiment was mus-
irra of the service
jf a battalion and
3 by Gens. Blount
1 Territory. The
1 Col. Crawford in
y of war commis-
bed to the seventh
on into southern
:)ntingent as read-
;. Crawford's men,
ition from Fort
Col. Crawford in
iffieer commended
aiust Gen. Price.

The month following that raid saw Col. Crawford elected gov-
ernor of Kansas, and resigning his commission in December, he
returned homo to be inaugurated in Januar}', 1805, the year of
the end of the war. Two vcars of office beinir near their e.xpira-
lion, Gov. Crawford was rei-leetcd in the fall of 1860 and .served
a second term of office with profit to the state. In the fall of
1808 a band of marauding Indians having swooped down upon
the frontier of the state and carried away captive a number of
white women and children, the governor at once organized a com-
pany of cavalry and pursued the redskins, a compound of Ara-
pahoes, Cheyennes, Kiowas and Comanohcs into their own coun-
try, through the western portion of Indian territory and into
northwestern Texas. The expedition was vigorous and success-
ful, but the whole of the winter and spring were occupied in the
chase before the governor had the felicity to secure the object of
his search. It is satisfactory to know that the Indians were made
so completely aware of their defeat that tliey surrendered all
their prisoners, and have not since ventured upon any snch raid
in this state. The joy of the relatives and friends who waited
and watched for the return of the captives cannot be described
and may not be ea.sily imagined. Relieved at length from a suc-
cession of public duties, Gov. Crawford resumed the practice of
his profession in Emporia, the capital of Lyon county, in a neigh-
borhood which abounds with society of the type best fitted to
appreciate his good qualities, and where trade, manufactures,
mining and agriculture prosperously combined, afford him an ex-
cellent field for the development of his ability as an advocate.
There is no difficulty in placing a man of such steadfastness a.s
Gov. Crawford. The republican party was just beginning to
command attention when he attained his majority, and he has
fought under the same banner all his life, voting for Fremont
when there seemed little probability that a republican would ever
be president of the United States, then twice for Abraham Lin-
coln, and afterwards for Gen. Grant. With all the multiplicity
of engagements with friends, and with the enemy, during the
bu.sy and eventful career just hurriedly sketched, it is satisfactory
to find that the governor found time for an engagement still more
engrossing than all the others, one that will [)robably only end with

676

TuTTLiifs History of Kaxsas.

;-■, ^

bis life : He was married on the 27tli of November, 1866, to
Mibs Belle Chase, of Topeka, the capital of Kansas.

IIox. OuRiN T. "Welch, superintendent of insurance for the
state of Kansas, was born in December, 1835, in the town of
Orleans, Jeflerson Co., N. Y. Ilis father was a farmer in com-
fortable circumstances, but not wealthy. The father was the first
white boy born in that county north of Black river, and is still
hale and hearty, farming his own land in the county of his birth.
Tlie grandparents of Mr. Welch were from Connecticut, and could
tell in their day of some stirring scenes among the heroes of '76.
The boy received his early training in tlie common schools of his
native county, where the seminaries as a rule are equal to the
best that can be found in the United States, and at the early age
of 15 years began his career as a teacher, combining that pursuit
in the winter with farm work in the summer, until he was twenty
years of age, when he " went west " to the state of Michigan, and
taught school several terms, reading law all the time to prepare
Jiimself for admission to bar practice. This design was consum-
mated when he had attained the ripe maturity of 22, and in the
same year he was fortunate enough to marry a very estimable
ilady. Miss Abbie E. Simmons, daughter of George Simmons, one
of the early settlers in Galesburgh, near Kalamazoo, the intellec-
■tual centre of Michigan. Mr. Welch was elected justice of the
peace in the thriving village of Decatur, Van Buren county, in
fthe year of bis marriage, holding that position and several minor
-offices during the next four years. In the year 1861, Mr. Welcb
was chosen to represent the board of supervisors of Van Buren
\jounty before the board of equalization, and in 1863, President
Lincoln appointed him commissioner of the board of enrollment
for the second district of Michigan, with quarters at Kalamazoo,
This position was held by him until the close of the war, having
drafted over 4,000 men for the war during his term of office, from
the seven counties composing that congressional district In the
fall of 1865, soon after the war had ended, Mr. Welch located in
Topeka, where, in connection with J. M, Spinner, he entered into
the law, real estate and insurance business, which he continued
to follow with much success, sometimes without, and sometimes

■, 1866, to

e for the
! town of
ir in cora-
s the iirst
nd is still
his birth,
md could
)es of 76.
)ols of hig
aal to the
early age
■t pursuit
as twenty
igan, and
3 prepare
consum-
nd in the
estimable
nons, one
3 intellec-
36 of the
ounty, in
•al minor
r. Welch
m Buren
President
iroUment
ilamazoo,
r, having
[fice from
In the
ocated in
iered into
ontinued
ometimes

<llii imW

MMI

BioGHAPiiiCA L Sketches.

677

with a partner, until March, 1875, at which time he entered upon
tiie duties of his present office as superintendent of insurance for
the state of Kansas, a position of vast importance, such as should
bo filled only by first class men, fully acquainted with the subject
in every state in the Union, and in every country in the world.
In the month of July, 1866, Mr. Welch published the first paper
over issued in Kansas, devoted entirely to real estate interests.
In the year 1868, Mr. Welch was clioscn mayor of Topeka, and
the people of the city appreciating in a high degreee the practical
ability displayed by him in that office, reelected him in 1871, and
again in 1872. There could be no better evidence of the popu-
larity earned by his executive capacity than is found in the fact
that three-fourths of the votes cast at each of those elections for
the office named, were polled for him. When the locust plague
fell upon Kansas in 1874, and the people were completely broken
down by tlieir troubles, Mr. Welch with four other members of
the executive of the Kansas Central Kclief Committee, gave the
whole of his time for several months to the relief of the suffering
poor. Ml. Welch, was the purchasing and shipping agent, and
that committee, with arduous and multifarious duties, rising into
mammoth proportions, did its work so well and systematically
that no person in Kansas suggests an idea of fraud or mismanage-
ment in its operations. Mr. Welch has been for more than six
years president of the board of trade in the city of Topeka. This
brief record will suffice to show that Mr. Welch is well adapted
for the office filled by him.

Hon. James Haxway is one of the best authorities now liv-
ing as to the record of old John Brown in Kansas, and it will be
regretted hereafter if there should not be an effert made now to
embody his recollections in veritable history. The first rumors
of every event are, customarily, exaggeration, then the facts grad-
ually become known through continuous siftings, until the true
grain remains at last. We shall try, in a brief way, to note a few
of Mr. Ilanway's facts, for which we are under great obligations
to him, in these pages. Senator James Ilanway represents the
generation of thinkers to whom we are indebted for the repub-
lican party as it was before the crowd of camp followers came ia

; ,i

-:-^em^sii^

678

Tt'Ttle's HisToiiY OF Kaxsas.

to bring suspicion on tlie great principles represented. lie was a
delegate in the Pittsburgh convention that nominated John P.
ITale for the presidency, and Geo. W. Julian, vice president, and
l)e assisted at the organization of the republican party in Co-
lumbus, Ohio. In the spring of 1856, be moved to Kansas, and
located on the Pottawatomie, where he now resides. AVhon the
county was organisced, Mr. Ilanvvay was made county superin-
tendent, and initiated the school system there. He was a mem-
ber of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention, in 1859, and of
tlie territorial legislature in 1860; being also sent to the state
legislature in 1864 and 1869. lie was one of the commission
that located the asylum for the insane at Osawatomie, acting as
one of the trustr'^s until within the last two years. Having thus
briefly adverted to the services of Mr. llanway, it would bo
gratifying to narrate some facts concerning his beneficent life, but
to do 30 would abridge our limited space for noting the facts
above mentioned. Capt. Montgomery's name and exploits have
been referred to at some length, but too briefly, in our territorial
history. One item in his career has not yet been mentioned in
the press, and for it we are indebted to Mr. Ilanvvay : A man
named lluss Ilinds was put to death during the troubles in Kan-
sas, and the captain was suspected of knowing the facts, because
he was for a long time an army of defense, almost alone, in a
wide district from which free settlers had been warned away.
One day, Mr. llanway met Capt. Montgomery, long after the
troubles and shortly before the death of the daring leader ; he
asked him for particulars concerning Ilinds, and the answer was
written on a page of the senator's memorandum book, while the
cars were moving. It reads as follows: "Russ Hinds. Hung
on the 16th Nov., 1860, for man stealing. He was a drunken
'Border Ruffian,' worth a good deal to hang, but good for noth-
ing else. He had caught a fugitive slave and carried him back
to Missouri fqr the sake of a reward. He was condemned by a
jury of twelve men. The law found in the 16th v., 21st chapter
of Exodus, which reads, 'And he that stealeth a man, and selleth
bim, or if he be found in his hands, he shall surely be put to
death.'" The law is clear; the execution was speedy. The
Pottawatomie massacre, in which Wilkerson, the Doyles and

He was a
ed John P.
•esident, and
:iiU'ty in Co-
Kansas, and
AVhon tho
[ity superin-
ivas a mem-
1859, and of
to the state

commission
ie, acting as
[laving thus
t wouUl bo
jent life, but
ig the facts
'cploits have
ir territorial
lentioned in
ay : A man
)les in Kan-
icts, because

alone, in a
irned away.
Ig after the
f leader; he

answer was
c, while the
nds. Hung

a drunken
d for noth-
i him back
emned by a
51st chapter
, and selleth
y be put to
eedy. The
Doyles and

Bwan.i I'll ic A I. Sketches.

679

Sliorman were put to death, is frequently, indeed gen crally, men-
tioned as an event of whicli Capt. Brown was not aware until
afterwards, but it is us>ially stated that he indorsed tlio action of
liis party after the event. Mr. Hanway, who knew John Brown
as intimately as any man, gives it as his opinion, contrary to tho
leceived versions, that John Brown was the commander on the
expedition out of which the massacre grew. It was immediately
after the sack of Lawrence, and tliat he was present at tlic time,
and gave the orders necessary for the execution of those men.
The description given by Mrs. Wilkerson of the peculiar costume
and ajipcarance of the person tliat took her husband away from
his own house, a prisoner, exactly corresponds with the known
dress and appearance of old John Brown, and when speaking of
the executions of the men named. Brown said : " If it was mur-
der, I am not innocent." Other statements from the Puritan
leader, and from men who accompanied him, all point in the same
direction. Looking back on the events that transpire in a season
of war, it is not easy to realize the frame of mind out of which
they arise, after the nation has returned to a peaceful condition,
and the motive makes the deed innocent or sinful in many cases.
The men slain were proslavery leaders and very obnoxious; they
were, at the time of their arrest and execution, prosecuting a
system of evictions and destruction against free settlers, wiio were
warned and were being driven from the country; the only ques-
tion was v/ho should strike first. John Brown was not likely to
eend his followers to do a deed in which he would not participate.
The breaking up of Judge Cato's court is sometimes mentioned
as an irruption of 150 men into the court house in which Judge
Cato was trying causes. The facts seem to have been that Judge
Cato was sitting as judge in a duly constituted court, when
some citizens, thirty in number, who were members of the Potta-
watomie company, went, as they were entitled to do, into an open
court to learn whether the judge was administering common law
and the statutes of the United States, or the bogus laws of the
Sliawnee legislature. Young John Brown and Senator Hanway
were amcuig the visitors. The log cabin would not hold many,
and the judge was addressing the jury, many of them boys and
under age ; but enough was gathered from the remarks of the

;?B>it'iiiiiiii>itH.wa'.iiiMjiJi«

-r^ee^

680

TvTTufs ITisTonr of Kaxsas.

ife:, ■'

judge to leave it doubtful, after the visit came to an end, whether
the objectionable statutes were or were not being administered.
Young John I?rown was clear that they were. Senator llanway
was clear that there was no evidence on the subject in anything
said by Judge Cuto. The other members of the company hail
not heard enough to determine, so it was concluded, after a brief
meeting of the company, to return to the court, and plainly sub-
mit the question to the judge. The question was submitted in
writing, young Capt. Brown being tlie scribe, as it was desired to
avoid disturbing the peace of the tribunal. Cato, much agitated,
flung the paper to the sheriff, ami hurriedly replied that he could
not be troubled about outside matters. Brown, standing, said, in
a tone that could be heard by his friends without, "The company
■will muster on the parade ground." The military incursion had
no more solid basis. The company did so muster, but the court
had evaporated yet more speedily, and there was never after-
wards an attemj)e at Pottawatomie to hold a court for the en-
forcement of the Shawnee mission statutes. The memoirs of
Mr. Ilapway as to the famine that was caused among the settlers
by robberies continually carried on under the name of impress-
ment on the public roads by proslavery volunteers, have the ring
of verity in them, and there is an element of probability in the
statement that, after the settlers came to the conclusion to quarter
on the enemy by appropriating the beeves of their Missouri
neighbors, the stealings of the other side were very considerably
checked.

Mr. Ilanway's latch string was always out when Montgomery,
John Brown and their friends were around, and when eleven
slaves had been rescued from Missouri in one raid by John Brown,
the party would certainly have been captured but for the ready
cooperation of Senator Hanway and a few other stockholders in
the underground railroad, who, with some risk for their own home-
steads, concealed the fugitives for many days until Brown was
ready for his flight to Canada. It would be interesting to make
further memoranda from the material kindly supplied for the pur-
pose from Senator Ilanway's valuable memoranda, but want of
space is an inexorable master, and the corroborative testimonies
that sustain the several statements and conduBions must be omit-

'A^tSSk»4

Atenia>?;,tewr,.-,^;;,>r.'.*.*«^

nd, whether
Iministcred.
tor llanway
in anything
■)inpnny lifitl
ifter a brief
[)lainly siib-
.ibmittcd iri'
3 desired to
ich agitated,
liat he could
ling, said, irv
he company
icnrsion had
Lit the court
never aftcr-
for the en-
memoirs of
the settlers
of impress-
ave the ring
bility in the
)n to quarter
sir Missouri
considerably

Montgomery,
A'hen eleven
Fohn Brown,
or the ready
ckholders in
rown home-
Brown was
ting to make
I for the pur-
but want of
3 testimonies
lUst be orait-

f^omm

BimnAvnwAj. SKUTcrrES.

tod. They certainly soem to be conclusive as to the fact that
Capt Brown, sen., or old John Brown, gave the order for the ex-
ecut'on of the Pottawatomie prisoners, and believed that he was
tlierein doing the best thing possible in the interests of humanity.
Senator Ilanway is now in his sixty-seventh year, and he writes
with the grace and vigor of young manhood, to which he has
added the wisdom and moderation that does not always come with
advancing yeans. He was for many years a newspaper corres-
pondent, which of course has kept his pen in continual practice,
and his identification with the political life of the country for
nearly half a century renders his references to Clay, Polk, Web-
ster, Hale, Julian, and Salmon P. Chase peculiarly refreshing.
The earliest movements of abolition sentiment in this country
found in him and in John Brown the various materlid from wliich
the public feeling and war policy of President Lincoln's time be-
came possible, and in that relation it is like actual eotftact with
both men to find the senator relating how John Brown, hiding
then with him, received the news that President Buchanan had
offered a reward for his arrest, by saying that he would give $2
for the arrest of President Buchanan.

Hon. Tnos. H. Cavanaugh, secretary of state for Kansas, was
born in Vincennes, Knox county, Indiana, on the 18th of March,
1843, and is consequently now 33 years of age. Ilis parents were
natives of Chester county, Pennsylvania, but removed from that
state and took up their location in the west in 1835. Three years
before the troubles of this world dawned upon the present secre-
tary of state, his father was the publisher of the Vincennes Gazette,
which continued to supply him with all the "pi" required by a
small family, until 1845, when the Cavanaughs removed to St.
Louis, Mo. The fates were not propitious, apparently, in the
great city, as there was another removal in 1851, to Jacksonville,
Illinois, and a return to St. Louis once more in 1856. The prov-
erb says that "a rolling stone gathers no moss," and another wise
saying retorts that: "a standing post gains no knowledge," so
that the probability is that there was more information than
■worldly gear collected by the little household, who would still
find comfort in the suggestion that " knowledge is power."

V— --

iJP

082

TiTi'i.i:'s IlisnntY or A'.i.v.s-.i.?.

■ii '

Working ftt cnse whs the. ornploynifnt of Mr. Cavanmigh, Jr., in
Cliii'ngo, ill tlio yoar IS,"'), wJieii a youth more favorcil l)y fortiino
would .still have bcon at scliool, hut " ncci'ssity," wliich " kiiowrt
no hiw," ncuonHiig to the l<atiii, is CNcoediiigly ghid to know
jirintiiig in'phun lOiiglish. Next to .si-hool, of course, n pri. iter's
ollk'O is the best place on earth, jierhaps, for a boy, although it
does look very niiu'h like condcrniiatioii to tlu3 "galloy.s" for life.
From IHoO, for throe years, ^fr, Cavanaugh was iii St. Louis
with his ])arents, variously engaged, and licie for the tirst time in
his life, the advantages of schooling were within his reach, for
rather less than two yeans, at an ago wlien he could appreciate
the privilege to an extent not univer.sal among boys, lletiirnlng
to Illinois, in 1860, lie became interested in a farm, but did not
continue in that avocation, as soon after the election of that year
he was employed in the ofliee of Gov. ^'ates, and wlien the army
auditor's ollice was e.stablishcd, found adciuate emj)loyment there.
In the year ISGl, after t'e outbreak of the war, Mr. Cavanaugh
was assigned to duty at Camp Butler, and was made regiment ad-
jutant of the Gth Illinois cavalry, Col. Grier.son in command.
Ilis services extended through the dilferent departments of the
v"st, to the Gulf and to Texas before the close of the war. "When
the rebellion had been crushed, Mr. Cavanaugh located hiin.self
in St. Louis once more, in 18C5, and in November of that year,
was solaced for all the perils and hardships of camp life by mar-
riage with Miss Holmes, of Richland, Sangamon county, Illinoi.s.
In the year 18G6, he removed to Carrollton, Ills., and engaged in
mercantile business for three years, until in tlie year 1860, he con-
cluded to remove to Kansas and take up a preemption claim in
Saline county, making this state his permanent home. In the
year 1872, the republicans of Saline county ran Mr, Cavanaugh
for clerk of the district court, but they were not able to carry the
election. lie became assistant clerk in the house of reprc-cnta-
tives the same year, and entered on a broader field of usefulness,
becoming assistant secretary of the senate in the j'ear 1873, and
in 187-4, secretary of that body. In August, 1874, the republi-
cans nominated him as secretary of state, and with the success of
their ticket, he assumed the position now held by him with a fair
promise of continuance and usefulness. Uis republicanism has

inaiigh, Jr., in
ri'il by fortuno
vliif'li " knows
^^liul to know
rse, a pri. iter's
)}•, altlioii;,'li it
Iley.s " for life.
4 ill St. Loiiia
le tir.st time in

lii.^ rcat'li, for
lid .'ippivciato
.s. lli'tiiniiiig
II, but cli'l not
)n ()[ tliat year
k'lien the army
loynicnt there,
[r. Cavanaiigh
a regitnciit ail-
in cotninand.
rtments of the
e war. When
)cated himself
r of that year,
p life by inar-
)unty, Illinois,
nd engaged m
r 1800, he eon-
ption claim in
home. In tha
[r. Cavanaugh
le to carry the
of rcpre.'-'enta-

of usefulness,
(•ear 1873, and
t, the republi-
the success of
im with a fair
blicaiiism has

•tmm

Jiioa II. { rim •. i /, SKHrriit:s.

nss

bfion constant and outspoken at all times, and bin wide spread
('.xperien(!0 has given him broad viowH of men and things, so tliat
he is likely to prove an acipiisition in an oHii'c that recpiires miirli
tact and skill, as well as liberal views. His repnl)licanism set'in.s
to have b(>en ingrained, as his father always trained with the
whigs until the republican party was formed out of the be.Ht elo-
ments of that organisation. Mr. ('avanaugh is a man eminently
qnalilied to conciliate the good opinions of the people with whom
he is brought in contai^t, his manners are genial, the outcome of a
generous nature, and the interest which naturally expresses itself
in his daily eoiiver.sation, in all advanced movements, s[)rings from
habits of thought which have been aecpiircd in the printing ollico
rather than in the .'school, and made iviidy and practical by travel
in a military life spread over much of this continent.

Hon. D.VNIEL W. "WlLDKii, auditor of state, has for many-
years figured in the political life of Kan.sas, and a full record of
his experiences would supply a background to many of the pic-
tures that form them.sclvesin the history of the time. Ho was born
in the Old Bay State at Blackstone, Massachuett.s, in 18!}2, and is
the seventh son of a very worthy father, Dr. Abel Wilder. The
public Latin school at Boston gave him such rudiments of train-
ing as could not be (^uite so conveniently ailorded at homo,
where, however, he was surrounded by such influences as make
culture a delight The Franklin medal and many other })ri;5e8,
won during the academic course, proved the lad worthy of his
position in the Hub of the Universe, and justified the hopes enter-
tained by his friends. When his academic course had been com-
pleted, the young man was sent to Harvard college, where he
graduated with honors, carrying of! the Boylston prize as a very
honorable trophy, as well as many other prizes only inferior to
the gold medal already named.

Mr. Wilder was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1857, when
he was twenty-five years of age, having chosen the legal profession
for his career as perhaps the best of all adapted in this age to
procure for a young man the entre into public anti social life in
all parts of the great republic. He came to Kansas in the same
year and made his location at Elwood, where he formed one of a

imtuMiMin

ato**-^'

684

Tvtti.k's Ifisronv or A'.i.v.v.i.v.

i i

brilliant society of young iiu-n, tiiuiiy of wlioiii have since becoirio
(listiiigiii.-ilicil in tlicir sevcnil pursuits in tlie fieUl, in the coiuicila
ot tlio nation ami otlier way.s. Tiie activities of ^^^. WiMur's
mind fouiul expression in tlio inanageinent of u newspaper, or
ratiier it may be said, of many palters, as he eomnienceil witii the
Elwood /•'/•/ c /Vt.v,y, and prosper! n-,' in that venture as editor and
publislier, ho nftervvanls assumed control of the Fm: Ikntixntl^
in the city of St. Joseph, Missouri; tiirneo returning to Kansas,
lie took the management of the Jjcavenworth Cuiimrvatirc, then
the 7V///''.v piiblislied in the same eity ; after wiiieh he heearno eil-
itor of tlie l"'ort Seott Mniiilni: Tlic attempt to establisii a rt:pub-
licau paper in St. Josepli, Missouri, at that time, a very hot-bed of
the prosluvery democrats, was a little Quixotic of course, but the
courage of the movement commanded attention if not favor. Mis-
Houri was then aslavestate, and had not completely abandoned the
idea that the south would be able to make her own terms for the
peculiar domestic institution, ho that in a commercial and social
aspect there was much more risk than promise in the venture.
If the Fn?. Ikmorritt had been allowed to continue on its course
unchallenged by the dominant party, there would have been
reason lor believing that it was not very Free in its remarks on
current events, oi in the discussion of the topics of the day ; but
it was in the hands of young men of s|)irit, with one Wilder at
their head, and whatever else resulted for all concerned, it was not
on the cards that the pajter could pass unnoticed. Many publi-
cations have been drowned in the Missouri by king mob for less
caustic articles than continued in every issue to blister the sensi-
tive skin of the proslavery party, until then entirely unaeiustomed
to the criticisms of a republican journal published ai their own
doors. The result that might have been looked for from the
first, if nothing worse hapi)ened, was reached in the indictment
of i\\Q Free Democrat as an "incendiary sheet," Mr. Wilder and
his associates of course having little to hope for from a jury in
any part of Missouri. It was in this way that Mr. Wilder wa«
driven back into Kansas and became identified with the Leaven-
worth Conservative. His ability as a writer had commanded at-
tention and respect even among those who feared the drift of his
genius ; among the republicans he was welcomed as a valuable

■iiiliiiMi.aMi.liiik I

vo hIiicc bocoirio
, ill thu coiuiciid
;)f Mr. WiMcr'fl
a iicwspaiHT, or
ncrii'i'il wiili the
:o us cililur and
) Froi DeiniM'.rut^
ling to ivan.HUd,
juniivudve, then
1 lio bocunio cd-
tiibli.sli !i I'cpub-

very hotbuilof

course, but tlio
not favor. Mis-
r abandoned tho
in terms for tlio
•cial and social

in tho venture,
e on its course
uhl have been

its remarks ou
3f tho day ; but

one Wilder at
rned, it was not
. Many publi-
ng mob for less
•lister the sensi-
r unaf>iustomed
cd ai their own
J for from the
the indictment
ir. Wilder and

from a jury ia
Mr. Wilder waa
itli the Leaven-
commanded at-

the drift of his
1 as a valuable

Uioa HA I'llICA I. SKh:T< IlKS.

085

nlly. I'rcsidcnt Lincoln rccogni/.rd tlrj courage; and al)ility of
his consistent and f('iirlo.>'s suppoitcr, in tho yi'ar iSfSIJ, by op-
pointing liim surveyor general for Kansas and Nebraska, tho
fliitics of which responsible onTico were admirably executed, but
^fr. Wilder did not ubamlon his old love, the press, as in nddition
to his occasional lucubrations in the dailies published in Kansas,
ho has beooMKj nn author rpioted all over this continent for hhs
•'Annals of Kansas," a book of nearly 700 pages published in
[H7'> ; the subject and tho ability of tho writer conil)iniiig to
make a truly interesting volume. In tho year 1872, Mr. Wild-
er's name appeared on tho republican ticket for tho ollhio now
lield by him, that of auditor of state, to which ho was called Ijy ii
large majority of his fellow citizen.s, and in 187-1 he was re-elected.
Kansas has many bright and able men, worthy to bo called to
high oniccs in the union, but taken for all in all, there are few
that surpass tho Hon. Dan. AV. Wilder.

])h. a. M. Eidso.v illustrates another typo of tho infmito vari-
ety of men and pursuits that unite to form a state and tho average
tone of modern society, lie was born at Peru, Indiana, in April,
1846, and is consequently now thirty years of age. Uis father,
Wm. D. Eidson, was a rtiillor, and was known as " tho honest
miller," in the locality where his oldest son, the subject of this
sketch and many other children were born. The fact that hon-
esty was a rare phenomenon among millers is, we trust, confined
to Indiana. The child was fond of books from an early age, and
was permitted to enjoy all the scholastic privileges of his native
town. In the year 1858 he was removed from the district school
at Peru, to a more advanced institute at Valparaiso, in the same
state, where he went through a complete classical coiirse, remain-
ing in that institution until 1861, when at the early age of fifteen
he became a soldier, responding to the call of the president for
men to defend the union against its enemies. The courage and
patriotism of the boy deserves praise, and it must not be forgotten
that in 1861, boys from many districts were the readiest to volun-
teer to serve in the ranks, leaving their bones to whiten on the
battle fields of their country, or

" By tlie wayside fell and perished,
Weary with the miuxh of life."

»t

wstiimi

686

TvTTLffs IT IS r on Y of KAJiSAS.

''f*^

Fifteen months in tlie ranks of the Second Indiana cavalry
brought the boy up to a sturdy young manhood, and developed
in him a decided taste for surgery and medicine, not in the sense
of losing limbs or taking drugs, but in the study and pr-'ictice of
the healing art in all its various features. An appointment as
a ssistant surgeon was the consequence of his frequently noticed
avidit}-- for medical books and clinical practice, and for two 3'ears
he was employed alternately in field and hospital, discharging all
the duties of an army surgei.n, until the regiment was mustered
out and the men honorably discharged in the fall of 1864. After
a brief recreation, Dr. Eidson entered the ofRces of Drs. Seluilt/S
and Taylor, in Logansport, Ind., to complete his studies, enjoying
at tlie same time and afterwards two full terms of lectures at the
Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he gradu-
ated in February, 1868. Studies and application such as his, fol-
lowing upon extensive and continuous army practice, made the
young doctor an acquisition to the ranks of medicine, and after a
brief term in Delphi, Ind., his native state, he took up his abode
in Topeka, where his practice is extensive and in every way
profitable to patient and practitioner. Surgical and chronic cases
may be said to be his specialty, and^ many come to him from
great distances in this and neighboring states, attmcted by his
reputation. The Topeka Medical and Surgical Institute is fortu-
nate in possessing the services of so able and experienced an
organizer as Dr. A. M. Eidson for principal and secretary. Dr.
Eidson was one of the prime movers in the establishment of the
Kansas Eclectic Medical Association, a body bound by the main
features of its organization to select from all systems of medical
treatment the best features to be applied in the interests of suffer-
ing humanity. The a.ssociation was chartered in 1871, mainly
through the exertions and influence of this gentleman, who has
since that time been one of its chief supporters as a means for the
direction of the studies of young men, being its active and useful
secretary. The association holds its annual meetings in Topeka
on the second Tuesday ii; February and following days, while the
legislature is in session, and the attendance is usually large.
There are more than two hundred members of this branch of
medical practice in Kansas at the present time, and many of the

BioaiiAvmcAL Skktciiks.

68T

[ndiana cavalry
and developed
not in the sense
and prrictice of
ap{5ointment as
?qu*jntly noticed
id for two 3'ears
I discharging all
it was mustered
of 1864. After
of Drs. Sehult/5
tudies, enjoying
f lectures at the
'here he gradu-
such as his, fol-
actice, made the
sine, and after a
)k up his abode
1 in every way
nd chronic cases
le to him from
itti"acted by his
nstitute is fortu-
experienced an
secretary. Dr.
•lishment of the
ind bv the main
;ems of medical
iterests of suffer-
in 1871, mainly
leman, who has
a means for tlie
ctive and useful
tings in Topeka
y days, while the
3 usually large.
; this branch of
,nd many of the

papers read during the annual assemblies arc of such a character
as to command lengthened notices in the press. The doctor is a
benedict, having won tliat high privilege in May, 1873, in conse-
quence of the merciful consideration of Miss Ryan, daughter of
the famous excursionist, wliosc pamphlet on Kansas has been so
extensively circulated. His practice has been so far profitable
that he has perhaps as large investments in real estate as any pro-
fessional man in Kansas, by whose ultimate success he would
persistently swear, in spite of drouth and locust, but for the fact
that his early Sunday school training and his later identification
Avith the ^fethodist Episcopal church forbids any such carnal in-
dulgence. Dr. P]id.son is an entliusiast in the study and practice
of eclectic medicine and sui'geiy.

IIox. Samuel Seward Benedict, of Guilford, "Wilson coun
ty, is sufficiently known in connection with his services in the
legislature of this state, to render some few particulars of his
career in life interesting to our readers. lie is a "Green Moun-
tain Boy," having first seen the light at Manchester, Bennington
county, Vermont, in November, 1843, so that he is now at an age
when he may be considered as only commencing his career of
usefulness. Born of old Connecticut stock, and reared in New
England, he enjoyed educational advantages not excelled in the
world. He was prepared for his collegiate course at Burr semin-
ary, Manchester, Vt, going thence to Williams college, Mass.,
when 16 years of age. Mr. Benedict graduated in the class of
1865, when 21 years old, a.;d two years later came west to settle
where he now resides. His first intention was to practice law as
a profession, but upon his arrival in Kansas in 1867, he found the
advantages offered by this country for stock raising so far in ad-
vance of any other pursuit that he wisely turned all his attention
to the calling of a ranchero. He is the owner of a first class
farm, and enjoys the profits of that business in a manner that
would justify nature in still greater liberality. Mr. Benedict was
one of the earliest settlers in Wilson county, where there were
only 27 inhabitants in 1860, and in 1865, only just as many as
would permit of organization, but so rapid has been its extension
since that time, that in 1870 there were 6,694, and at present there

' *t *&■

688

Tuttle's History of Kansas.

are more than 10,000 people. Having come west to identify him-
self with the country, Air. Benedict was a laborer in most of the
good works connected with the development of society, and his
breadth of culture gave him an entire freedom from narrov.- con-
ventionalities such as can seldom be found even in t)ie United
States, except in the new states. The activity and intelligence
with which he entered into or mooted successive improvements,
early marked the Green Jklountain Boy for legislative honors, and
he has carried vim into legislation on many occasions of impor-
tance to his adopted county and state. lie was elected a member
of the legislature in 1871, and in lS7i was again returned, giving
so much satisfaction to his constitutents that his nomination was
all but unanimous in the several caucuses last held. Uis record
is of a character that will not bar his continuance in public life,
nor impede his ascent to higher honors with ripening years.
Wealth is not in this country, and should not be anywhere a sine
qua non among men required to devote time and service to legis-
lation, but it is and ought to be a recommendation to a man
among his fellows when seeking any representative position, if he
has been so fortunate as to have proved his capacity to serve the
public by fii-st honestly and effectively attending io his own inter-
ests. Mr. Benedict is so placed as that every circumstance favor-
ing the development of Kansas will necessarily better his con-
dition.

Hon. Hannibal Cicero St. Clair, state senator from the
25th senatorial district, is a fair specimen of a Kansas settler; his
home is in Belle Plaine, Sumner county, Kansas, and he is sur-
rounded by the rewards of his own industry and enterprise, prose-
cuted under many disadvantages with limited means ; yet so won
as that he has retained the good will and respect of his neigh-
bors, lie was born in Essex county, N. Y., in July, 1825, con-
sequently he is now 51 years of age. His grandparents came
from Scotland to Canada soon after that colony had been annexed
by the mother country, but the instincts of liberalism were so
strong in the sturdy Scotchman that, upon the breaking out of
the war of the revolution, his grandfather moved into the revolt-
ing colonies to serve under Gen. Washington in the cause of free-

Biographical Sketches.

689

identify liim-
n most of the
ciety, and hia
n narrow con-
in t)ie United
id intelligence
improvuments,
vo honors, and
ions of itnpor-
:;ted a member
turned, giving
)mi nation was
.. Uis record
in public life,
ipening years,
ny where a sine
ervice to legis-
tion to a man

position, if he
ty to serve the
i his own inter-
mstance favor-
better his con-

lator from the
sas settler ; his
and he is sur-
iterprise, prose-
ns ; yet so won
)t of his neigh-
uly, 1825, con-
idpareuts came
i been annexed
!ralism were so
breaking out of

•

into the revolt-
le cause of free-

dom, lie was at Lexingto. , Bunker Ilill, Monmouth, Brandy-
wine Creek, Valle}' Forge, and was present when Burgoyne sur-
I'endered. When Arnold's treason was frustrated by the capture
of Major Andre, grandfather St. Clair was at West Point, and he
had before that time assisted in the unsuccessful attack on Que-
bec, where brave Montgomery was slain, and Arnold might have
been with honor. Mr. St. Clair's father moved from New York
to Ohio in 1831, and in 1833 to Sangamon county, Illinois, where
the more advanced youth of his son was spent on a farm and in a
woolen factory. His educational advantages were just such as a
common school can- afford ; and, in 1849, when the reports from
Sacramento Valley spread the gold fever all over the United
States, the young man, then 24 years old, went overland to Cali-
fornia, and remained there until 1852. Upon his return to Illi-
nois, he had amassed enough capital to commence business as a
merchant ; but an inability to say " no," to people wanting credit,
consumed his substance in ten years. In the year 1862, Mr. St.
Clair entered the army as lieutenant in the 35th Illinois infantry,
being afterwards promoted and attached to the quartermaster de-
partment, in which he served until 1865. The interval between
the time of his honorable discharge in that year and his arrival in
Kansas, in 1871, was spent in mercantile pursuits in Illinois.
The county seat of Sumner was not located on his arrival at
Belle Plaine, and there were three towns with an aggregate pop-
ulation of only 160 people, all wanting the county seat in their
own special localities. Mr. St. Clair assisted in procuring a solu-
tion of the difficulty, filled numerous minor offices in the county
with honor to himself, and with so much satisfaction to his con-
stituents that he was chosen, three years after his arrival in the
county, for the important position now filled by him. Senator
St. Clair is a member of the M. E. Church and a Free Mason in
good standing, whose word is known to be his bond. His ser-
vices during the winters of suffering that followed the drouth and
the locust plague will not readily be forgotten ; they were earnest,
effective and untiring efforts in the cause of humanity ; such as
have not failed to make an enduring favorable impression on the
minds of the people of Sumner county.

'N.

- «.--^,^ ^<y'lW'f

~Hp;*-5V¥?!"t"

t' I

Ti'TTLK's lIlSTOIiY OF KaKSAS.

m >•

IIox. CoTJJMiU's G. BiUDOES, senator for the first senatorial
district in Kansas, is a man of acknovvlctigeil merit, concerning
whom we append a few brief particulars. lie was born in Ma-
rion county Ind., in June, 183i, and is now 42 yeava of age.
When five years old his father moved into Iowa, and he was
educated in the common schools of that state, attending high
school and procuring such efficiency as enabled him to teach
school for several terms. In 1857, when 23 years old, Mr.
Bridges married Miss McMeckan, daughter of a well to do far-
mer in Decatur county, and upon the outbreak of the war, be-
came M lieutenant in a cavalry regiment, in which he served with
honor. In the year 1800, Mr. Bridges had been admitted to the
bar in Iowa, and in 1802, was chosen a member of the senate in
that state, in which capacity he served four years. In October,
1868, he moved to Kansas and established the Doniphan County
Jiepublican, a pai)er that rendered good service to the party.
After quitting that business, he entered into mercantile pursuits
for nearly three years, identifying himself naturally with all im-
provements that seemed feasible, sucli as railroads, public build-
ings, the organization of agricultural societies and such works.
The public school system has had in him a consistent and able
supporter, qualified to pronounce on many questions "caviare to
the general." The public school building in Troy, which cost
$15,000, and is the admitted ornament of a very beautiful town,
was largely indebted to his exertions for its erection. In the fall
of 1874, the senator w^as chosen for the honorable position now
filled by him, by a large majority, and there is every indication
that his services are satisfactory to his constituents. He is thor-
oughly republican in his views and general action, but he pre-
serves his independence on all questions, conceiving that he can
in that way best promote the interests of his party. He is not a
rich man, but his reputation for honesty is a bank that stands
him in good stead always. He is a fast friend, and an enemy
that can be relied upon to be always where his antagonists don't
want him. He has the faculty, invaluable to a politician, of
making friends readily and retaining them afterwards. His news-
paper experiences have given him a wide range of information,
which he can use to considerable advantage in debate. His char-

mumtumimmm

BioGRAPmciL Sketches.

691

e first senatorial
merit, concerning
waa born in Ma-
42 yeava of age.
owa. and he was
I, attending high
ed him to teach
J years oUl, Mr.
a well to do far-
k of the war, be-
;h he served with
n admitted to the
f of the senate in
lars. In October,
Doniphan County
ce to the party,
lercantile pursuits
rally with all im-
[ids, public build-
and such works.
Dnsistent and able
itions " caviare to
Troy, which cost
y beautiful town,
ction. In the fall
ible position now
s every indication
snts. He is thor-
2tion, but he pre-
iving that he can
irty. lie is not a
bank that stands
id, and an enemy
antagonists don't
o a politician, of
wards. His news-
ge of information,
lebate. His char-

acter has always been above rejiroach, and he is connected with
tlie order of Fiee Masons, having risen lo the degree of royal arch,
but although religiously disponed, he has never become a church
member. He is identified with the order of Odd Fellows, and
has taken considerable interest in the promotion of the organiza-
tion known as Sovereigns of Industry. Hon. Columbus G.
Bridges is on the whole a valuable member of society, and his
labors in Doniphan county have in no inconsiderable degree
helped to build up the prosperity and good order by which the
community in which he resides has long been made conspicuous
among counties mostly noted for good order and industry.

Hex. W.\r. Lrid.KY Pahicixsox, senator from Franklin county,
and resident in Ottawa, a lawyer of considerable repute in the
state of Kansas, was born in llock Lick, Marshall county, Vir-
ginia, in June, 18-13, consequently he is now 33 years old. His
father was a sterling liberal and antislavery man, in Western
Virginia, when to hold such views and express them was actually
dangerous to life and destructive to business prospects. The con-
vention that nominated John P. Hale for the presidency had one
delegate from Wheeling, Virginia, the father of the subject of
our sketch, and his action in that respect led to much active per-
.secution, but being a man of iron will, he was not daunted by op-
position, however vigorous. The expression of antislavery opin-
ions led to his being twice mobbed by adherents of the pro-
slavery party and his family was often in danger of personal vio-
lence. Under such training it was not likely that Mr. Parkinson
would prove other than an abolitionist and thoroughgoing union
man. His early life was passed on a farm but he enjoyed the advan-
tages of good schooling, and when the war broke out in 1861, he,
with three brothers, enlisted in the first Virginia volunteer in-
fantry, nnder the reorganized government at Wheeling, Virginia,
when West Virginia seceded from the secession proclaimed by
the state of Virginia. The state as a whole claimed the right to
secede as unquestionable, indefeasible, but was unable to perceive
that any such right pertained to Western Virginia, hence the ad-
hesion to the union on which the western portion of the state in-
sisted was a cause cl much bloodshed. Mr. Parkinson served

Ill <Ow»ii<B liMiN.wwtinH^w

"M".-'l^''.'Ji',i"mW'":

.w(iWi-» mmn > j^^"Mig*w. itjn*fi»mm^ m », m iff |t*« jV i^ u j ' im'

692

T utile's IIistorv of Kas'sas.

from 1861 to 18G3, when lie was compelled to retire from tlie ser-
vice in consequence of injuries received. lie was then 19 yeara
old and he served for one year in his father's office, discharging
tlie duties of assessor of internal revenue for the district of West-
ern Virginia. Two years at Waynesburg College, Pennsylvania,
followed, and the young student proceeded to read law in the
city named. Completing his studies in that direction, he returned
to Wheeling, West Virginia, where he remained until the spring
of 1870, at which time he removed to Kansas. Some portion of
the fall and winter of 1870 was spent in Europe, after which time
the business of life was commenced in earnest. When Mr. Park-
inson came to this state in 1871 there was no thought of settle-
ment, but he was so mucli pleased with the appearance and pros-
pects of Kansas that he returned with his family in the spring of
1871 and permanently located at Ottawa, the capital of Franklin
county. The practice of law has proved very remunerative in
the hands of the young senator, who has for his partner one of
the ablest lawyers and most persevering men in the state, the
Hon, A. II. Benson. Educational matters have commanded
much of the senator's attention, and he is now serving a second
term as president of the board of education in Ottawa. Every
improvement that has been attempted since Mr. Parkinson's arrival
in the county has been aided Ijy him to the extept of his ability.
The Ottawa furniture and woodwork company was organized by
him, and he still continues a shareholder and officer in the con-
cern. The company is now conducting the largest business of
the kind in the state. The forests of Franklin county contain
very valuable woods, and this form of wealth is made more val-
uable by the application of labor on the spot. Mr. Parkinson
was raised as an ardent republican, but when the Greeley nomi-
nation was made, he followed the Tribune lead in that respect,
still continuing a thorough republican in sentiment; was for some
time editor of the " Kansas Liberal," and a stockholder in the
Journal, being a consistent upholder of the demand for reform in
the republican party. In the fall of 1874, the senator was
elected by the highest majority received by any candidate on any
ticket. Since that time he has taken a prominent part in re-
ducing public expenditure in every branch of the service, and has

e from tlie ser-
! then 19 years
ce, diachnrging
istrict of West-
Pennsylvania,
;ad law in tlie
on, he returned
uitil the spring
omc portion of
fter which time
rhen Mr. Park-
ught of settle-
ranee and pros-
n the spring of
tal of Franklin
emunerative in
partner one of
I the state, the
e commanded
irving a second
>ttawa. Every
kinson's arrival
L of his ability.
s organized by
icer in the con-
;st business of
county contain
Tiade more val-
Mr. Parkinson
Greeley nomi-
in that respect,
; wias for some
kholder in the
d for reform in
e senator was
.ndidate on any
;nt part in re-
lerviee, and has

■■«■

wmm

lilOGRA PHICA L SkE TCIIKS,

693

been recognized as a leading men: bcr in the opposition'; stumped
the county in the fall of 1875 in the interests of the reform
movement, but is usually very attentive to his professional busi-
ness which grows rapidly. Domestically and .socially the senator
is well placed, as he married a talented and amiable lady, daughter
of a Methodist minister of Pittsburg and graduate of Waynes-
burgh college, Pennsylvania, who for some time taught elocution
in that college. He is a member of the Congregational church,
but is among the most liberal section of that communion. lie is
an ardent temperance reformer, and will onl icceed in politics
so far as mere directness and capacity will aid him, as he is not
possessed of the Janus faculty for looking two ways at once,
which in modern times seems to be almost indispensable to the
brilliant politicians of the day.

Hex. Harvey Seburx, of Hiawatha, Brown county, and
county treasurer, is a man of mark in his own neighborhood, and
may well claim to be .self made without being too proud of his
work. He was born in Jefferson county, Ind., in July, 1835.
His parents were too poor to afford an education for their chil-
dren; but when nearly approaching to maturity, Mr. Seburn at-
tended Asbury University in Greencastle, Ind., where he main-
tained himself by labor of any kind mornings, evenings and
Saturdays while pursuing his studies. His taste suggested medi-
cine, and he continued his studies while teaching school for three
years until qualified for practice. Dr. Seburn settled in Hiawa-
tha in 1859, and practiced with great success until the war broke
out, when he served for three years against the rebels. Was in
the post commissary department most of the time, and after the
war commenced, farming and stock raising with much success;
was chosen county treasurer in 1873, and appears to have given
much satisfaction in that office. The doctor has held numerous
offices connected with the school system, and in 1874, was elected
to the town council of Hiav/atha, on a temperance ticket opposed
to the granting of licenses. Kailroads, school houses and churches
are his desiderata for social advancement. He is also a Free Mason,
and identified with the Patrons of Husbandry. The doctor is a
married man, having joined in wedlock with Miss M. A. Klinefelter.

:4-l.i^iaijt.iJi»^'HN'M.'W

694

TiTTijfs Hisroiiv or IvASSAfi.

In all respects lie is one of tlic suceessful iiion in Kansas, but liia
good fortune dues not make him indiU'orent to tlie wants of others.
lie lius given mueh time to the discharge of public dutief^, und
will be still more largely called upon in the future.

Cai'T. S. S. Puoutz has a history tliat serves to illustrate how
dangerous and dillieult it was to reach Kansas in the early days
of its territorial history. He was born in Onondaga county, N.
Y., in July, 1835, and consequently he is now about forty-ono
years of age. Having enjoyed the educational advantages of his
native state until he was sixteen years old, he was then appren-
ticed to the Gazette Printing Company at Phcenix, Oswego coun-
ty, to learn the business of a compositor, In the year 1856, when
the United States rang with appeals to the North and to the
South to recruU their respective parties in lighting the batt lo,
"free state" or "slave state " on this territory, he joined the Chi-
cago colony to come here as a free state man. The steamer" Star
of the West," with fifty-eight colonists on board, was stopped at
Lexington, Mo., by the blockade of border rufTuins under the
command of Col. Shelby, afterwards still less favorably known as
Gen. Shelby, commanding a rebel force in Missouri and else-
where. The colonists were completely outnumbered by the
blockaders, and compelled to surrender their weapons, after which
they were permitted to proceed as far as Kansas City under sur-
veillance, and at that point they were taken prisoners by a still
larger force under David E. Atchison, once acting vice-president
of the United States, and in aspiration at least a candidate for
president Gen. B. F. Stringfellow was a coordinate authority
with Atchison on the expedition, and every one of the company
peculated on his own account. The Chicagoan colony was robbed
of all its funds, individual and collective, to the amount of about
$75,000, after which the whole party was compelled to return
down the river to Illinois. Such a discomfiture would have pre-
vented some men ever thinking again about colonizing in Kansas,
as, " if that could be done in the green wood, what would be done
in the dry? " but Mr. Proutz was more than ever determined to
make his abode in the territory. In September of the same year,
1856, he joined another party making a rendezvous at Mount

mi I MjMimmmi'immmi^

Bionn.winc.a SiKF.rrJiFs.

end

arisas, but liia
ants of otlicrri.
ic dutie*, and

illustrate how
,lie early diiy-i
ga county, X.
)out forty-ono
antages of lii.s
! then apj)ren-
Oswego coun-
lar 1856, when
,h and to tho
g the batt le,
oiiied the Chi-
steamer "Star
as stopped at
ms under the
xbly known as
juri and else-
bcred by tho
IS, after which
lity under sur-
ners by a still
vice-president

candidate for
nate authorit}''

the company
ny was robbed
lount of about
lied to return
)uld have pre-
;ing in Kansas,
would be done
determined to
the same year,
:)us at Mount

Pleasant, Iowa, tho capital ^t Ilciiry county, about 28 miles north
northwest of Burlington, then the westernmost railroad point in the
United States, and once more struck out for Kansas. The party con-
sisted of 250 persons in all. men, women and some cliildren, and
tlie command led l)y ('ol. S. W. Kldridge, commenced their march
through Iowa t<i Kansas, via Nebraska, in the latter part of Sep-
tember. It was emphatically a march, as only the camp etiuipago
and baggage could be conveyed by team, unless the whole of tho
s\ibstance remaining was to be swallowed in tho cost of transit.
The men were marching then through a friendly state, deeply in-
terested in the furtherance of free settlement, and Iowa sent many
of her gallant sons to aid the struggle ; but the time might come
at any moment when they would have to light a l)and of ruflians
oblivious of state rights, as they had been on tho Missouri and
elsewhere of all the proprieties, so that weapons were absolutely
indispensable. There were many of " Becclier's Bibles," as tho
Sharp's rifles were then called in Kansas, in their teams, and other
weapons of much value, and the transport of these formed no
small part of the cost of the journey.

The route lay directly west to Nebraska City through the
soutliern part of Iowa, and they reached the town of Plymouth
on the southern border of Nebraska territory wiihout molestation,
but at that point the whole body were taken prisoners by a force of
United States troops sc.it out by Gov. Geary, newly arrived in
the territory and under serious apprehensions of a warlike in-
vasion by " Lane's northern army." The governor had just seen
on his way to Kansas, up the Missouri', the kind of e-'ipionage and
ruffianism to which the "Star of the West" was subjected, and
he had caused the blockade to be raised, but he could not under-
stand in spite of all that, ^vhy the band of colonists then arriving,
should come prepared for .self defense. He was able to appreci-
ate ruffianism still better, when he was compelled to save his own
life by a flight between two days to escape assassination, within a
few months of that time. However, we have left our friends
prisoners, or contraband of war on tho border of Kansas near
Plymouth, and they must not be neglected in such a strait. The
force by which they were captured con.sistcd of about GOO men,
cavalry and artillery combined, under the command of Col. Philip

mMmtm

. W.J^?,r^V.-k'.,,...1i

imiitiSimmmmim

mmm

690

TvTTLk's J I is Toll y OF K ASS. IS.

'','-> ■

St. Georg*! Cook. The buttery was under the commnml of Maj,
T. W. Sherman. Tlie force wna great enough to have eater the
80 calleil invaders, but so many e.xaggorations had been indulged
in concerning the " northern army," t'«'it there was an anticipa-
tion that the whole of the northern st.>.ja svould come vi d tinnis,
pouring over the Nebraska border a torrent like our own Niag-
ara. If there had been only fifiy United Statc:^ troojw there would
have been no resistance on the part of the colonists, as all their arms
were for the enemies of the union, but there was no oi)tion in the pres-
ence of an overpowering force, and the emigrant train submitted
to be conveyed to Indianola, four miles from Topeka, where they
were reviewed and released by Gov. Geary, fully convinced that
there waa nothing to fear from siich colonists. Beyond Uie an-
noyance of being lield prisoner.^, there was not much to be com-
plained of on the march under escort from Plymouth to the
neighborhood of Topeka, and Gov. Geary traveled from Lecomp-
ton° the territorial capital, to abridge their term of duress as
much as iK)ssiblc, but it gave the eolouists a .strange idea of the
condition of the state of society when the right of an American
citizen to carry arms guarantied by the constitution was thus
rudely (juestioned. Mr. Proutz had at length reached Kansas,
and he took up a claim three miles from Prairie City, about 18
miles south from Lawrence. Early in 18r>7, on the 25lh ot June,
he commenced running a newspaper in Prairie City, " The Free-
man's Champion," with the suggestive motto "Liberty or Death."
The first two months of the publication passed in a tent, but
many questions as well as many sheets were ventilated freely.
In October of the same year, the publisher was elected clerk of
Douglas county. Gov. Geary was holding back the ruffians from
the polling booths with a strong hand, and was earning their<n)«//i-
cma maranatha in consequence. Mr. Proutz was the Hrst free
state clerk of Douglas county ever elected, and even in the midst
of the anxieties of that trying time, he found leisure to think of
matrimony, as he was married in Lawrence on the 31st of May,
1858, to Miss Hannah M. Whitehead. Moving soon afterwards
to Burlington, in Coffey county, he established the " Neosho
Valley Register," in September, 1859, and continued so occupied
until the war. In June, 1862, Mr. Proutz was commissioned by

ninnd of Maj.
avo eater tho
been indulged
i an nntieipa-
ne vi (I iinnlx,
ur own Niag-
[>H tliere would
s all their arms
ion in the pres-
Liin Hubniitted
ca, where they
onvinced that
eyond Uio an-
i\\ to bo com-
mouth to the
from Lecomp-
i of duress as
1^0 idea of the

an American
tion was thus
ached Kansas,
City, about 18
B 25lh ot June,
y, " The Free-
erty or Death."
in a tent, but
iitilated freely,
ected clerk of
le rufTians from
ing their in/f/^/t-
3 the first free
3n in the midst
lure to think of
e 81st of May,
lOon afterwards

the " Neosho
led so occupied
mmissioned by

.UI,JIHIII|HM

ipiBiiijiaiiijB •

Bioff/iAfiiic.tr. Siih-n-rfKs.

Mr. Stanton, .secretary of war, first lieutenant and quartermaster
of the fir.st regiment of Indian home guards, a position held by
him until Oct. 12, 18(34, when he resigned. During tin; Trico
raid in October, lSti4, Lieut Trout/, was on the stall of Maj. (ieri.
Curtis, who commanded the union forces which forced Price
back to and over tho Arkan.sa.s. In September, of that year,
Quartermaster I'rout/- brought out the first number of tho
'• Patriot," u paper still piiblislied in that city. In ISOS, still main-
taining the lead once taken, Capt. Proutz was one of the Kan.sa3
delegates to the Chicago convention, which first nominated (Jen.
Grant for the presidency of the United States, and he had tho
. honor to be chosen one of the vice presidents of that body. The
joint ballot of both houses elected him as state printer for two
years in 18(39, and at the end of that term he was reelected. Tho
succession of papers started by him had not exhausted his fecun-
dity, fts we find him in May, 18(30, in conjunction with Maj. J. B.
Davis issuing the first number of the "Daily Commonwealth,"
with which paper he continued in connection as editor or as man-
ager, until 1S73. The life thus briefiy described could bo am-
plified by merely filling in the sketch, so as to afl^ord a work of
thrilling interest and present a complete picture of Kansas life
during the struggle in which the motto "Liberty or Death " had
a terrible reality. Mr. Proutz is now a resident in Topeka.

Hon. Geo. W. Fox, ex-mayor of Chetopa, and many years a
captain of artillery during the war, now an attorney in successful
practice, will serve our design to illustrate the theory that the
qualities capable of winning their way in one direction will cus-
tomarily attain their object in any other. Napoleon would have
been a first class road engineer, or a law maker, if he had not
chosen the profession of war, and the vice of conquest The sub-
ject of our sketch was born in Canajoharie, Montgomery Co.,
N. Y., in August, 1842, and is now 34 years of age. His father '
died when the boy was three years old, and he was left to the
care of his mother, burdened with many children, but his uncle
undertook his training until, at the age of 13, he became a farm
hand, and to some extent his own master. From that time, work-
ing every summer and schooling every winter, the academio

1^^

iifcfiM^ titiiiaiir nun'iiiiiiiMaiiii

. ifta^imnM-t'Wfi,

608

I'rrrt.h's Ifismny df Kassas.

course was complolod at Kort Plain Soitiiiiaiv, in IS'tS, ami tho
VoutlicomtniMiccil rcailing law at (.'licrry Valley, OtrtcgoCo., N. V.
Ik- was atlmitti'd to llic liar fiwin oiioof tlio hvM oflim's in Albany,
N. Y., in May, ISCil, ami drvoted liiinsi-If to his profession in
Moiitgotni'ry Co., N. V., until the call for troops became so ur^'cnt
that in Auirnst of the same year he i-nlisted in tlit; Isl New York
iirlillory. lie spicilily won liis way from the ranks to the posi-
tion of (jnlerly sereeant, and was attached to (Jen. Banks' army
in tho Shenandoah. Wo was an active partiei|)ant in the battles
of Ik'verly Ford, Uapiihin, Cedar Mountain, i{appahai\noek and
Jkfanassas, tlie second Bull's Run, where the unfortunate result
was due to the tardiness of MeClellan in supportinj^ the move-
ments of his newly appointed superior ofliecr. He was in tho
battles of South Mouulaiu and Antietam when Lincoln said that
the confedt'rate army was given into our hands by I'rovidence,
but permitted to'cscape l)y the supinencss of the command. Fox
was made a lieutenant Un' his services in the field, and appointed
drill master of a battalion, being afterwards promoted to the com-
mand of the 1st New York l)attery, and make captain as a recog-
nition of his cniciency. Capt. Fox fought in the battles of La-
fourche and at Donahlson, in the siege of l''ort Hudson, and in all
the engagements of the Jlcd river campaign, when his arm of tho
service was the main reliance of the army, and although tho
youngest artillery captain of tho 10th corps, ho was distinguished
by the ai)pointment as chief of artillery on the second division,
and on the stall of Gen. Gro' er.

AVhen Canby relieved Banks, Fox remained in command of
twelve batteries until ordered to join Gen. Steele as chief of artil-
lery and ordnance, which rardc he held until the end of the cam-
paign at Mcjbile. The captain was appointed chief of artillery in
the di.«trict of Texas, and so remained until he was mustered out
of the service in June, 1866, after four years and ten months of
life in the camp and field. In any other branch of the force there
would have been higher promotion, but as an artillery ofTicer he
reached the pinnacle that merit could win. Eeturning to the law,
Mr. Fox commenced practice in Builalo, N. Y., but very soon
concluded that he would cast in his lot with the rising state of
Kansas. He arrived in Chetopa in December, 1870, then a small

S.'.S, find tlio
•g<)C<).,N. Y.
•« in All)aiiy,
jirofession in

tlK! HO UI'f^lMlt

it Ni!\v York
s to tlio po^i-
Banks' army
in the battli's
liannock anil
rtunatu rosnlt
!ig tlio move-
le was in tlio
:oln said that
>• Providence,
niiiand. Fox
i)d appointed
d to the corn-
in as a recog-
battles of La-
on, and in all
lis arm of tho
alliiongh ihu
distinguished
ond division,

command of
chief of artil-
d of the cam-
)f artillery in
mustered out
en months of
he force there
lery officer he
ig to the law,
ut very soon
rising state of
I then a small

lilnili/M'llliM. Shim HIS.

liamlot little thoiiirlit of on the southorii border of Kansas ; now
a city rvorvwhore spoKi-n of as one of the most boaiitifnl and en-
terprising in iiabettc county, a principal station on the Missouri,
Kansas and 'l\'.\as Jtailroad, with a steam foundry employing
many hands; an excellent weekly paper, Tlie Advance; one of
the h mdsomest public schools in the state, wliiidi cost $'25,(100 ;
live elegiint churches ; planin^ mills, Hour mills, huye stock yards,
and two l)atd\S. The organizing powers of Capt. [''ox were soon
called into requisition, as in 1871 he was chosen mayor by a largo
majority, and the hainhit doubled Us population during his term
of oflice, chielly in consequence of its merits as a place of settle-
ment bccotning known. The churches and sclio"' house already
mentioned, dat(! from his mayo. Jty ; die streets vvre grad'.'d, side-
walks made, streams bridge<l, voads and npf)roaches to the city
im[irovod .so that the village won prii.ic as, ihe enterprising city
of Clietopa. Having .served the c'.ty with - > much e'^ -ot, the next
point was to attend to his hnnw interests, as an ol ' engagement
at Belle Plain, N. Y., dating from before the wai u-iulted in Miss
Devcndorf becoming Mrs. Fox in 1807, find ^here was a fan. 'y to
be cared for. The mayor declined a ren .niin 'tion, and an .lUiiiira-
ble successor was readily induced to coiitinue his labors, while he
devoted all his energies to the practice of his ])rofession, in tho
firm of Ayres & Fox, refusing for the present all participation in
public duty in consequence of the daily increasing demands of
his legal labors. lie is a strictly tempc'-i,te man, of strong will,
connected with the M. E. Church, a Master Mason in good stand-
ing, raised many years since in New York state, and demitted
from his first lodge to the brethren in Chetopa. lie is also of the
Royal Arch Council and Commandery, so that there need be no
doubt that whenever he is properly called upon, within the length
of his cable tow, he will bo ;■ . ^)ared to take the proper steps, reg-
ularly or irregularly, in ih>; interests of society at large. The
free and accepted mason is always a good citizen, and it says
much for the credit ^t: the city of Chetopa under the rule of
Mayor Large that such institutions flourish in that domain. The
Southern Kansas Advance is the paper flourishing in Chetopa
and we find that the reputation of Capt. Fox has traveled far be-
yond h..-! immediate neighborhood, as the Oswego Independent

Bi*M«HHBCMM«««ffM

700

Tuttle's History of Kaxsas.

names him with great respect as one of the leading public men
in that portion of the state, possessing a sound mind in a healthy
body, capable of any amount of labor, and bound to cooie out
ahead iii whatever pursuit may engage his powers. The educa-
tional interests of Labette county have been well cared for gener-
ally, and those of Chetopa are at least on a par, if not just a little
ahead of the average of the county. More need not be said on
behalf of any well founded city In the state of Kansas. i

Hon. Bykox Judd, state schator for Wyandotte county, land
agent and banker, is necessary to make up the range of our pro-
fessional illustrations among the successful men in Kansas. He
was born in August, 1824, and is now 52 years of age, but full
of vigor as tlie result of powers well applied through life. The
town of Otis, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, suggests a lineage
looking back towards the Mayflower and the earliest records of
the old Bay State, and that town is the locale of Senator Judd's
nativity. His father was a farmer, and the boy divided his atten-
tion between industrial training at home and scholastic labors in
the admirable institutions proper to Massachusetts. At the age
of. twenty the young man attended the academy at Southwick
for one term, and afterwards the state normal school at West-
field for ten fall terms in succession, working on the farm during
the summer and teaching school every winter, so that his body
and mind were alike developed by practical work. Among his
friends in Otis, in spite of the too true aphorism that "a prophet
is not without honor, save in his own country,'' he was made se-
lectman, township assessor, and s member of the school commit-
tee for several years, until, in 1855, he removed to Des Moines,
Iowa, where he was deputy recorder for one year, and, in 1857,
came to this state, landing in Wyardottc City in the beginning of
November. The city was then a part of the county of Leaven-
worth, and a place oi much business, well suited for the opera-
tions of men of the calibre of Mr. Judd. Land agency and
banking were the specialties of the new comer, and he was soon
as busily engaged as could be desired, but had sufficient leisure,
as will always happen with the most successful men of business,
to attend to many public appointments. The senator has served

ng public men
id in a healthy
i to come out
i. The educa-
ared for gener-
lot just a little
not be said on
isas. I

e county, land
ge of our pro-
1 Kansas. lie
if age, but full
Ligh life. The
fgests a lineage
liest records of
Senator Judd's
/ided his atten-
ilastic labors in
3. At the age
' at Southwick
chool at West-
lie farm during
that his body
J. Among his
ihat "a prophet
! was made se-
school commit-
to Des Moines,
I", and, in 1857,
he beginning of
inty of Leaven-
[ for the opera-
nd agency and
ad he was soon
ifficient leisure,
len of business,
nator has served

BioGRAPiitCAL Sketches.

701

in many responsible office? with honor to himself and with ad-
vantage to the community, as president of the city council and
as mayor of the city of Wyandotte. For five years in succession
he was chosen justice of the peace, and for a similar term he was
a trustee of Wyandotte township, besides being the Wyandotte
county treasurer for four years. Successive marl-! of honor and
trust, reposed in him by his fellow-citizens, indicated Viw Judd as
an eligible man for an appointment as United States commission-
er for the district of Kansas, a position filled with conspicuous
advantage. In 1871, whun the Fir.st National Bank was organ-
ized in the city of Wyandotte, Mr. Judd was elected president,
and in that capacity, or as cashier, he has been in the institution
ever since. In the year 1872, the people of Wyandotte county
elected their successful fellow-citizen to represent them in the
senate, and so favorably were they impressed with his services
during the first term, that, before its 3.\piry, he was reelected, in
1874, for a second term of two years, which will expire in No-
vember. There is but little reason to doubt that the senator will
be offered the renomination, but it is possible that his continually
increasing land agency business, added to his responsibilities in
connection with the bank may make him desirous of a respite.
He is a democrat of the Thomas Jefferson .school, quite content
to allow to others the freedom of opinion that he claims for him-
.self, having no sympathy with the border ruffian stripe of politi-
cal experience, and he is consequently able to run ahead of his
own ticket in every contest, a recommendation of great value in
any party in any state in the Union. The senator is not a church
member, but he is a regular attendant in the Congregational
church, having been reared within its discipline. He is not con-
nected with any secret organization, and, indeed, has too little
time at his disposal to add anything to his multifarious duties.
In the year 1865, when he had arrived at the mature age of 41,
Mr. Judd was so fortunate as to win, in marriage, a widow of
many accomplishments, Mrs. Mary Louise Bartlett nee Coapes, of
Grasburg, Vt, but then resident in Wyandotte city, and has a
small family of girls growing up around him. His business en-
gagements have been, on the whole, successful, and he is pos-
sessed of r competency. His public labors have won honor from

1
/ 1

ll'.

702

Tl'ttle's UisToiiY OF Kax^as.

all classes and every party ; bis good name is without reproach,
and in the retirement of his comfortable home he could happily
spend the remainder of a life, vvbicli has not been without iirolit
to his country. The state of Kansas cannot liave too many of
such citizens, and his worth is appreciated.

Capt. Pkuhv lIuTOiiiNSON will serve our purpose to illus-
trate the successes that can be achieved by men of business tact
and courage in this state. IMr. Hutchinson hails from New York
state, where he was born in December, 1831, .so tliat he is now forty-
live years f)ld. In the year 1855, at the age of twenty-four, having
procured meantime some insight to the calling of a miller and a
fair amount of education, he removed to Iowa, and from thence,
four years later, having been fortunate enough in the meantime
to marry a goo4 wife, he came to this territory in 1859, bringing
with him a team wagon with a few houseliold goods — a prairie
schooner in fact on a s^nall scale — and $2.50 in currency. The
start was not such as Rothschild would liave cho.sen for his son,
but a stout heart is worth more than a bank balance, and for
our purpo.se of illustration, it is worth while to follow the young
colonist, with his wife and two children, as they set themselves
to climb the hill of life together. They had no wealthy friends
upon whom to call for assistance, but they kept their own
counsel, found a house about si.'c miles east of Leavenworth
City, and gathered corn with his team wagon, boarding himself
for one bushel of corn per day. Corn was then worth forty cents
per bushel, so that the remuneration was not excessive, but any-
thing was better than nothing, and on the corn thus procured the
little family lived through the winter, eking out their vegetable
food with buffalo meat when r,he chance offered. The winter
was not of long duration and spring brought a change of scene.
Mr. Hutchinson had become known to some extent, as. the winter
dragged on, and early in the spring he took a claim on the road
that must be traversed by miners on the way to Pike's Peak.
Building a log cabin was a trifle to a man that could face winter
in a strange territory with $2.50, so there was very soon a home-
stead for the little group, and upon that evidence of industry
there was no difficulty in procuring credit for a load of hay and

out reproach,

joald happily

ivitliont nrolit

too many of

pose to ill US-
business tact
)in New York
e is now forty-
y-four, having
X miller and a
I from thence,
tlio meantime
L859, bringing
ds — a prairie
irrency. Tlie
Ml for his son,
lance, and for
ovv the young
et themselves
■ealthy friends
^pt tlieir own
Leavenworth
irding himself
rth forty cents
jsive, but any-
3 procured the
heir vegetable
The winter
ange of scene.
, as. the winter
n on the road
> Pike's Peak,
dd face winter
soon a home-
!e nf industry
ad of hay and

*g*^W^*— — »WfWBjB<|g!lJi.i^|i.i mffn,!

BioanAiHicAL Sketches.

703

t load of corn. The trade was a success and some money was
iru'i' 0, but not enough to liquidate the national debt. There was
an inducement to extend the area of enterprise, the team wagon
had still enough vital force to be made useful, and in June a
freight of ten passengers being desirous to be conveyed to Den-
ver City, en rottte to the mines in Colorado territory, Mr. Hutch-
inson took up the ribbons and became driver of the Denver
coach, receiving $400 in all for the passage. This was a little
fortune, but being so near the mines, the brave driver took the
gold fever so badly, that he was compelled to go into the moun-
tains, like thousands of others to work off the infection. The
cure was eft'ected, but every dollar had disappeared in the process.
Every man could tell fabulous stories about heavy finds that
had been made by somebody somewhere, but the men all around
Hutchinson's locale of operations were groaning in spirit and suf-
fering in flesh, because they did not win enough in a week to
pay for a breakfarst. Still, it was then in the mountains as it
always is everywhere in this world —

" Hope told a flattering tale."

And by the time the story was finished, everything else was
gone. When the hero of the wonderful lamp " got stuck," it
was only necessary for him to rub the lamp and his genius came
to the rescue. In Hutchinson's case it was not a lamp but a
wagon. He was "stuck" as badly as niortal need be, but if he
had not a dollar, there was still the wagon and his knowledge of
the road. Some few miners who had sufficient common sense to
be warned in time, concluded on returning to the better gold
diggings that, had been abandoned in their " will-o'the-wisp"
chase, and they were willing to pay small fees for tran porta tion.
The transports of the miner had subsided, and a more humble
transport was preferred ; so when Mr. Hutchin.son returned to his
log cabin and civilization in the fall of ISGl, he was not abso-
lutely without a cent. He was the proud possessor of $45 and
all expenses paid ; little better than one-tenth of the amount
received on his trip to Denver. The winter passed much more
satisfactorily than the first in Kansas, and in the beginning of
1862 he rented a good hotel in Marysville, which he continued

701

Turi'LE's HisTonr or Kassas.

I I

to keep until June of that year. At that tinne there was a belief
that ll.e rebellion could be quelled in six months if everybody
went in, and Capt. Hutchinson concluded that he would do his
share. He raised a company and was mustered into the 13th
Kansas infantry, having first bought a piece of land for a mill
and employed labor to build the dam. Six months passed and
the war was not ended, twelve months and the finale looked
further ofT than ever, so it became necessary for the Captain to
return and look after mundane aflairs. The contractor for the
mill dam had failed and the miller must be his own artificer.
He had nov/ $1,600, not quite as much as before going to the
wars, but " it was no use crying over spilt milk." During the
winter the dam was finished and a saw mill started in the spring,
so that there was a brisk stroke of business until the fall ; when,
by mortgaging everything for the greater venture, he raised
money to buy a one pair of burrs bolt and smut mill, which was
started on the 10th of Novembr, 1884. Rising with his fortune,
the next stroke was to buy a run of thirty inch stone on two
years' time, as it began to be seen that this man was one of the
sort that wins success by being worthy of it. There was thus a
mill and dam with one run for wheat and another for corn, and
to accommodate the last addition to the machinery, a small
building was raised on the east side of the river, which continued
to serve its purpose until the summer of 1867, when the stone
mills, known as the Excelsior Mills were made ready for occu-
pancy, and have since been made the center of one of the most
profitable industries in the state of Kansas. When all the burrs
are in full run they grind 1,000 bushel? of wheat every twenty-
four hours, but the ordinary daily run is about 700 bushels.
The monetary operations of Perry Hutchinson's mill amount to
$500 per day, and the wheat that is ground into flour by him
comes from distances of 150 milod. The product of his mill is
valued because he is a first class miller, and has put his whole soul
into the business. He is valuable to us because his example
shows that a strong willed man is worth more to this state than
even a bank balance.

Hon. Harlan Page Dow, senator for the 27tli senatorial dis-

was a belief
■ everybody
ould do his
Xo the 13th
d for a mill

passed and
Inale looked
3 Captain to
ictor for the
wn artificer,
joing to the

During the
1 the spring,

fall; when,
!, he raised
1, which was

his fortune,
;one on two
13 one of the
e was thus a
[or corn, and
jry, a small
;;h continued
3n the stone
dy for occu-
of the most
all the burrs
very twenty-
700 bushels.
1 amount to
bur by him
f his mill is
is whole soul
his example
is state than

enatorial dis-

BiOGRAniicAL Sketches.

705

trict, was born on the 20th of February, 1840, at Richland Springs,
Otsego county, N. Y ; his parents being in comfortable circum-
stances on their own farm, and their son, dividing his attention
from childhood to the age of seventeen between farm work in the
summer and tuition in the winter seasons. His father, having
become surety for other persons, was bereft of nearly all his prop-
erty in the j'car 1857. and removed to Page county, Iowa. Dur-
ing the winter of 1857-8 the boy attended the openin-g term at
"Amity College," anil in the following year taught school, until
the death of his father necessitated his return to- farm life to sup-
port the younger branches of the family and his mother. He
married in the year 1860, when twenty years of age, and in the
following year enlisted in a regiment of militia raised for six
months only, in Iowa, to put down the rebellion. Private Dow
was elected lieutenant by his comrades, and at the close of that
gervice he entered tlife ranks of the fourth cavalry regiment raised
by the state of Missouri under Col. Geo. 11. Hall. Within six
months he was once more a lieutenant, and participated in the
battle of Springfield, already described in our military history, as
■ivell as in many engagements of le.ss note. His capacity as an
administrator and jurist led to his being detailed for special duties
on many occasions. He served as judge advocate in the general
court martial and military commission that was convened at
Booneville, Mo., in July, 1863, and again at Jefferson City in
1864 ; besides being " recorder of boards of survey " and of courts
of enquiry on twelve occasions. Gen. Rosecrans appointed Capt.
Dow to the ordnance department in Jefferson City in the year
last named, in which position he remained wntil the regiment was
mustered out of the service and honorably discharged, in. the
spring of 1865. The fall of Richmond was yet an uncertain
event, and the governor of Missouri at once raised a regiment to
serve for twelve months to suppress the last symptoms of revolt
in the turbulent districts under his control. Capt Dow was ap-
pointed to a company, but the fall of Richmond, the surrender at
Appomattox, the general collapse of the rebellion and the capture
of Jefferson Davis, completely subdued the hopes of the riotously
disposed, so that the force could be mustered out of the service
in July, 1865. Capt. Dow returned at once to the avocation of
45

700

Tvttlk's IfisTonr or Kansas.

farm life in I'ago county, lowii, continuing thus engaged until he
sold out and cume to Kansas in the year 18G9. Having pur-
chased 320 acres of unimproved land in Kiley county in May,
18(39, Mr. Dow had a task upon his hands that required all his
energy, but he has now the half mile of territory all inclosed and
120 acres u..der cultivation. The times have not been favorable
for farm life m Kan.sas since liis land has been fairly broken ; the_
drouth and the locusts have given the co-mty two complete fail-
ures of crop, and there have been two semi-failures, but in spite
of all drawbacks, ho is a prosperous settler in Kansas. In tho
year 1871, ho was chosen a trustee for Grant township, and dis-
charged his duties with so much elTicieney that two years later he
was'scnt by the county to the house of representatives, and in
1874 was elected to the senate for the term which . '^ expire in
November of the present year. Capt. Dow is recogni/. .d among
the soundest politicians of the time as a fast friend to his party, ,
but one capable of 'discriminating wisely in the interests of pro-
gress. Personally, he is more inclined for home life and its peace .
than for the turmoil of political existence, but the call of duty
never finds him unready or unwilling to respond. lie may be -
described as one of tho more liberal orthodox thinkers, having
long been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and be-
ing°conscientiously opposed to indulgences in liquor and tobacco.
His manners are reserved, and he is somewhat slow in the forma-
tion of attachments, but the tie onco formed is enduring. He has
given very considerable assistance to the organizations of patrons
of husbandry, having risen therein to the dignity of master, and
is generally a man to be found in every good work.

Brev. Maj. Gen.aCakr may be cited as a professional soldier
for a veiy brief notice in order that our range of illustrations may
be complete. He is now 46 years of age, having first seen the light
in Erie county. New York, in March, 1830. He entered West
Point Military Academy in 1846, graduated in 1850 and -entered
the regiment of mounted riflemen. He was engaged in expedi-
tions to the Rockv :Mountains in 1852-3, and was in Texas and
New Mexico in 1854, being wounded in a fight with the Mesea-
lero Apaches at Mount Diavolo Texas, in November of that year.

»a

U vH'

ii-iJtKm

BlOGRA PllICAL Sia:T('IIES.

roT

until he
ing pur-
in May,
1 all his
osed an J
[avorablo
ken ; the_
[jlctc fail-
t in spite
In the
and tlis-
■s later he
;s, and in.
expire in
d among
his party,
ts of pro-

I its peace

II of duty
[e may be
rs, having
h, and be-
d tobacco,
the forrna-
;. He has
of patrons
naster, and

)nal soldier

ations may

en the light

;ered West

md 'entered

in expedi-

Texas and

the Mesca-

oi that year.

Lieut. Carr of the first cavalry was employed on the Sioux expe-
dition in 1855, and after that date found warm work in cooling
partisan strife in Kansas for some years. Was aid-decamp to
Gov. Walker during his administration, and in 1858 was on the
Utah Expedition, being made captain in June of that year. Fort
Washita, C. K, was his station until 1861, and he went witli the
expeditions in 1859-60 to the Antelope Hills, to the Kiowas and
Comanches, and was in the battle at Spring Creek. In May,
1861, when the rebellion br'->ke out he fought under Gen. Lyon at
Wilson's Creek, as also in many minor engagements ; became
colonel of 3d Illinois cavalry volunteers in September, and acted
as brigadier general during Fremont's Hundred Days. Under
Hunter, Halleck and Curtis in 1861-2, he commanded cavalry
in observation toward Springfield, Missouri, and later the ■1th di-
vision of the army of the southwest, being in the battles at Sugar
Creek, Pea Kidge, and elsewhere, and made brigadier general of
volunteers in March, ]872. The demonstration on Little Rock
and march to Helena, Arkansas, and the command of the army of
the southwest, with the command of the St. Louis district, Mis-
souri, during the winter, accounted for 1862-3, and early in the
year last named he was with Grant at Vicksburg commanding the
3d division of the 13th army corps at Magnolia Church, Jackson,
Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, as well as in the several as-
saults, siege and capture of Vicksburg. He next commanded the
left wing of the 16th army corps at Corinth, Missouri, and, trans-
ferred to Little Rock, Arkansas, was in command of the cavalry
division and subsequently of the district. Was with Steele on
the Camden expedition, taking part in the brilliant affair at Prairie
de Anne, and in command at Poison Springs and Saline river ;
commanded the 3d division of the 16th army corps during the
}*Iobile campaign in many engagements, the capture of Spanish
fort by assault, the assault on Blakeley, and the march on Mont-
gomery, Alabama ; in the winter of 1865-6, commanding the St.
Francis river district; was mustered Out. of volunteers and re.
turned to the regular army ; was in command at Raleigh, North
Carolina from 1866 to 1867 ; then acting inspector general, de
partment of Washington until the fall 1868 ; afterwards on an ex-
pedition against the Arapahoes, Cheyenne and Sioux Indians, in

708 TvTTLffs JIisToiir of Kaxsas.

which the battles nt the Ikaver atul Chalk Bluffs drove the enemy
out of Ktinsas. The second battle of the Beaver in 1869 was fol-
lowed by a pursuit to the Republican ; broke up the dog-soldier
band and rescued Mrs. Weichel, a white captive at the battle of
Sunwnit Sp.ings, in July, 1869, on the Summit expedition, and
was thanked by the legislatures of Nebraska and Colorado ; com-
manded' the 5th cavalry in Arizona from November, 1871, until
April, 1874, having been promoted to lieutenant colonel in Jan-
uary, 1873, and allowed a brief respite from service which was
spent in Enrope. Brev. Maj. Gen. Carr is now in command of
his regiment at Fort Hays, in this state.

Gkorge D. Stinebaugh was born in Crawford county, Ohio,
in 1840 ; he lived on a farm, receiving a good commercial educa-
tion until 1860, soon after which time he became a soldier and
was severely woundfd at Jonesborough, Georgia, in September,
1864. The injury necessitated amputation of his left leg, and in
August, 1865, Mr. Stinebaugh was honorably discharged. In the
year 1866, the partially disabled soldier removed to this state, and
was elected enrolling clerk of the house of representatives in the
following year. In November, 1867, he was chosen county clerk
of Franklin county, and has since that time been reelected in
1869, '71, '73 and '75 ; a tolerably good showing, that he has been
as faithful to the county as he was to the nation. In politics he
is thoroughly republican, going for the ticket of his party, first,
^ last and all the time, so that his friends can at all times tell where
he may be found. The war has left us many such faithful and fear-
less men, taught in the hard discipline of the battlefield, to value
the privileges of civil government, and ready to discharge its
functions with all the energy at their disposal.

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Full text of "A new centennial history of the State of Kansas [microform] : being a full and complete civil, political, and military history of the state from its earliest settlement to the present time"

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