Special report on glanders [microform]

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MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART

(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2|

1.0

I.I

1.25

Ul i 2.8

1.4

2,5
2.2

!^ ■!£ 11112.0

1.8

1.6

A TIPPLED ItVMGE Inc

^S", ifc53 Las' Mo.n SUeet

— ,— Rochester, Ne* rofk M609 U5A

^B (7^6, «82 - 0500 - P^one

aaS (^'6; 288- !i989 - Fo.

H't)'>w^ ■' ?{•■:'. M-('~ii.sM^m;

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CANADA.

HEALTH OF ANIMALS BRANCH

SPECIAL REPORT

—ON—

GLANDERS

— BV—

J. G. RUTHERFORD,

VETERINARV D.RECTOR-GENHRAI. AND LiVE SlOCK COMMISSION

SEPTEMBER, 1906.

t ■ ■: >

III 'f t'

l! ; : ; .

-V* ■«■

l^^?'iE[^5f^''^'f

SPECIAL REPORT ON GLANDERS.

■Sir,—. Ottawa, Scptembur 1st, 1906.

GIa„,Icr.s. " ' ""^^ '"'"^■'' "^ >''''' '^^-'Partment i„ dealing with

and -n:™: " •r:^;;::;;;:t;:i r tr;r - " '" -- -'--

developments. <.r rather crcnm.ta,up 1 , ' '" ''''"' ^'■""^''"g

(..ncr.i.l; ,,„,„„c,| |„. K„vor,„„c-ntai l,o,:i., i„ ,|ci,li„g „i,|, ,,

eradication. ' ' ""^"^ ' '"^^'"■' ' ^ '^'w u.s nnnu>d,ate control and ultimate

■ties r It ? "^",:''r'^-'^'^ ^^-^^ ^" '-■ '-^-"^"'"e-l 1- the Federal author-

lin 1 ; ' "'' ''" "'''" '"""• ^■^"^'•^ '" ^''^ Xorth-West Territorie

u.dm the case of one or two isolated outbreaks elsewhere, in the handJl:;"::

e in^th^b '"!nlereT'"f",r "-' ^^'^^'^^'^"^='^--^' ^^ ''"ided that it would

. nt 01 of n H !, ; . '"""'■"'^' ^" '^^'"*^ ^'^^ ^i'^'^^^^^ "»^ler the direct

•ntrol of the Health of Ammals- Branch of your Denartmc^ TV. wa-

1^

1m

ii

.m:£\

I f ■

'IH,

h '■ ■■»

accor.litiKly done, except in Manitoba, where, owinn to the fact that the legis-
hition ha.l lon^' been such as U, enable the Provincial authorities to .leal with
it, if they chose \n ,\a s,>. in a most thorou)«h manner, the work was not takei*
over by the l'e<lcral Government until 1905.

From AuK'nst. ir)^2. until the present we have maintained a c.jntin-JOUS
effort to eradicate Glanders in the dominion, a work. I ma; v. of no small
difficultv. when the size of the country, its climate an.l the . ;uhtions under
which horse.s arc ke]>t in many districts arc taken into full consideration.

The .liscoverv of Mallein in 1890 revolutionised entirely the views of
veterinarians rcKar.lin^ Cdanders. Ohlcr veterinarians well remember the
formidable chain of svmpt.Miis, which, in their stu.lent days, were considered
essential to a diai,mosis of Glanders, as also the various ironclad rules to be
followed in differentiating between it and that now somewhat dubious disease
■'Nasal Gleet."

It is now recoirnized that horses may be. and only too frequently are.
scrionslv affected with Glanders while presenting, so far as outward and
visible svmptoms are concerned, an appearance of perfect health. The knowl-
cdRe of this tact has, of course, necessitated a complete change m the methods
of dealim: with outlircak.s of the disease. Whereas it was in former years.
and in sc'.nic countries is. even to-day. considered sufficient to slaughter
animals sIk..- in- clinical symptoms, while ignoring entirely those which may
have been in c "act, the conscientious modern veterinarian insists on the
latter bein-; submitted to the Mallein test, and if found to react, either slaught-
ered or seijreptated for observation and further tests.

In studs where clinical cases have occurred there is a stron- likeliHood that
some of the contact horses will be found to be affected, althoush for a time at
least they may present no external symptoms.

.\ny system, therefore, which i<,Miores this freciuent condition is faulty and
likely to cause a dissemination of the infection, particularly when, as is often
done, studs in which Glanders has been found to exist, are dispersed am©ng
innocent purchasers.

Under ordinary circumstances, especially when no provision for reasonable
compensation exists, the problem presented by the condition outlined above
is exccding-.y difficult of solution. H'hile horse owners, unless very poor, very
i-norant or 'very unprincipled, are -enerally willing to have clinical cases
d'estroyed, they quite naturally object to the slaughter of animals which may
have reacted to Mallein, but show no evidence of disease and remain in good
working order.

In some countries the authorities overcome the difficulty after a fashion
by leaving the contact horses severely alone, thus avoiding the responsibility
which would have to be a.ssumcd if the animals, on being tested, were found
to react. Untested, they are presumably healthy and arc left free from rcstnc-

''°"^' • t^i

, ... • , r ,1.- __.-., 1»„ ^f ri-ircninfT 1 noltrv of this kind the »01-

.\5 an liiustraiuiii u\ ine rer-iiL-.- •'^. p,irs...ii^ .i jJ .■ -> -

5

towing figures from the returns of the Huar.l of A.r.cultnre .or C ■

are very interesting: ^Kncuuiire lor (,rcat liritaiti

I8.>S

iH>j, . ''''^S Ilorse^ ilcstroycil

1.1"'

KXJ ) . . . "

I.X58

KJOI

-'.,^70

>'X>-' ....

-',073

•^ J.i'Ji)

^^ _'.'._>S

It IS not, however, iieces.sarv to "u to Cr,-,, i> ■. •

IoIIyofii.„„ri,„,l„.,.„,„ac,„„V,e Si, ,; ■ '■",'"'" '"" I"" '' ""

Ihc c„,„li,i,„„ |„,v.i|i„„ i,,' " ;,, '■",;■''"■'■' l'-«"">« -iri- I.ir„i,l,c,l I,,

eo... , can,.: .„„;: ;;: ;:;:: :';;;;;,;:;:,':;-;, i:::-;:- •;;■-•■ -'

The evil is greatly inten.sific.l hv tlie fact that uh^rwi
.U« are inert, private te.sti,,^. „f infected stn I '.'r "" '''■"'"■ ""'''°''

reactors beinir subsem.entK . Ii ^ '"'.■^ ''^ continually j,n„n^' on. the

The same thmg is undoubtedly true in Americ-i nn.l l,.r , ,
^"B sold as healthy, with the result, bovc.m.mioncl. . ™Pto„,s.

!i' ^

lit

"'f.

Having,' mailc tliis di^rcssiim i.i ordrr to clear the way (or what lolluvvs, I
will, with your perniissiim, revert to the time, when, in H^)J, I was called upon
t I furniiilate a detiinte policy lor the control of Clanders in the Dominion. At
that tinu' there existed no provision whatevci for the paxmeiii of coni|n.Mi.-a-
tion, and this, of course, reiidereil i|uite intpossihlc the slau),ditcr of non-
clinical reactors, even if I ha<l then l)cen anxious to adopt this radical policy.

.•\s a matter of fact, however, I was. like many other veterinarians, under
the impression ohtained frum a number of reliahle ])rofessi<)nal sources, that
i' was (piite unnecessary tt) kill horses of this class, and that satisfactory
residts would follnw the atloption of a policy of testing' all contacts with
.Mal.ei:i, and reiestinj{ from time to time sudi ;is re icted until they eiih^T ceased
•o react, or ilirouuli repeated reactions, furnished conclusive evidence that they
were incural)le. For a period of sli);htly over two years this plan wa> care-
fully and conscientiously followed, hut as time pros,'resseil it hecame evident
that the resull> obtained were alto-ether disproportionate to the risk and
lalwnir involved. .\'ot only did the nund)er of horses on our hand> keep con-
stantly increasing, but in many --ases individual reactors held amoni; others
for future tests developed clinical symptoms, an.l thus established fresh centres
of infection Such horses not only endanj,'ere(l the other reactors with wdiich
they were beinj; kei)t. and some of wliich mi},du have a possible chance of
recovery, but indirectly threatem >!, ihrouj^h tlie various every-day channels
which horsemen well understand, the health of other animals not actually
houseil with them.

As our opportunities for observation increased and further cxiu-rieiice was
obtained, serious doubts a.s to the conclusions pn.-viously reached by eminent
veterinarians, both in Kurope and .\nierica. as to the impossibility of ('danders
heinj,' transmitted by reactors not showing clincal symptoms, or by ceased
reactors be^an to assert themselves. .\s the work went on evidence i^radually
accumulateil that many of the so-called ceased reactor.s were not only not
pernKyiently cured, but were proi)erlv to be looked on with <^rn\v susi>icion as
being likely to introduce ('danders among healthv hor-es with which they
might be brought in contact. Several outbreaks of more or less severity and
extent can i)c traced directly to these ceased reactors, and before I conclude. 1
shall endeavour to demonstrate the idvisability of dealing with animal- ..I
this class as possible future centres if infection. As the owners of ceased
reactors are generally more than willing to dispose of them a.-- soon a- possible
after their release from otficial coiuroi. the risk of bringing infection to tin
stables of their unsusi)ccting piirclnser- constitutes an add<;d danger whicli
cannot reasonably be ignored.

The conclusion that nei'.ier iion-c'iinical reactors ii..r i cased reactor- could.
with safety, be ousidercd non-infective, having been thus forced upon nu
there remained only two alternative.-, either to follow tlie futile and alread-.
discredited policy of killing clinical cases and ignoring contact animals. ..r !
face the situation and adopt the only inte'.lgent course, namely, the destrucf.oi
of all horses showing the typical reaction to Mallein whether i)res'.-:iting a;i>
external manifestations of Cdanders or not.

c*ii^:::''*^^iiArv^:iMijrf'

-'npon.sa.io„ fo. the s.a .« hu .t ^T ^''^"'f'-'-''-'- 'n- 'luction of

'.y to ass,.... .he «::l,^: o tv ^:r ' :''f'^""^''''" -r '"-^ -• -■''-

, VVI.C... however, thj s.u.a..o„ w.^ '^ ' J :i^ :f ^"" ^ "^" '-'«'-•

l-es.tate t„ ask I'arlia.ne.it f„r th. n... i '" '""• >"" '''"' "'"

•-nds. with ,he result t at . S , n '■'"• ""' """ "" ''•^■' "^-^-v

slaughter of reactors a. .pav'r' '""'• "^' ""^' ^•■'^""-' '" '-.'^-' the

as ..> secure proo^t n^t^:;^: . 2 ^l -l r:,7 '''''' ''''"-■ ^ ^-"
..II ani,.,als slauirhterc.l vvhethrr vi r '^ necessary t., ,,av for

"■-'•."■. .1.^ ^.«ow::;^:::.r.,;::itt:;:;;;;"'"'' '"■ ■^'"'" --^ -^-

DOMINION OF CANADA.

REGULATIONS RELATING TO GLANDERS.

By

ii.i]

I ~
1 II

Ord» i„ Council d„.d „,h March. .,05. i„ ,,„„, „, ..^^ ^„.„,,
Contagious Diseases Act. 1903."

•" .,.r.c,ed. " '° '""•' '" """»« "■«!' -'■>■ -""Ml ..hid, is

-'. Any Veterinary Inspccl.ir niav ilf.-lir.. i,. p.

iiicani.ii; "( Ihe "Anin.a r , ,, ' "" ""'""I i'l"« «i,l,i„

-a,„ ...„„„ ,e,":,^ "J;""' "--'- Ac. „„,,•■ any «ea„„„i,,

^..™;":^;;:;;y :;:*:;;•' - - - u. „„.

H„rses. .nules or asses alifec.ed wi.h Ca.uiers, whether such a„i,„als

it : I

■! I.

skow clinical symptoms of the disease, or react to the Mallein test without
showing such symptoms, shall on an order signed by a duly appointed
Inspector of the Department of Agriculture, be forthwith slaughtered and the
carcasses disposed of as in such order prescribed, compensation to be paid to
the owners of such animals if and when the Act so provides.

6. In the event of the owner objecting to the slaughter of animals which
react to Mallein, but show no clinical symptoms of Glanders, the Inspector

may order such animals to be kept in close quarantine and retested. sucli re-
tests however in no case to exceed two in number and to be completed within
four months of the first test, provided, however, that owners deciding to have
iheir animals quarantined rather than slaughtered shall forfeit all right to
compensation.

7. Horses, mules or asses reacting to the third test with Mallein shall be
forthwith slaughtered on an order signed by an Inspector and the carcasses dis^
posed of as ordered.

8. Inspectors are hereby authorized to permit owners of horses, mules or
asses which give no reaction to the third test with Mallein and which have
at HO time shown any clincal symptoms of Glanders, to retain and use such
animals, subject to the conditions contained in the license signed by the
Inspector.

9. Before an order is made for the payment of compensation in any ot
the cases afo-e..aid. there must be produced to the Minister of Agriculture a
satisfactory report, order for slaughter, certificate of valuation and slaughter,
and certificate of cleansing and disinfection, all signed by an Inspector.

10. The certificate of an Inspector to the efifect that an animal has reacte.l
to the Mallein test or has shown clinical symptoms of Glanders, shall, for the
purpose of the said Act and of this order be prima facie evidence in all Court^
cf Justice and elsewhere of the matter certified.

II Every yard, stable, outhouse or other place or premises, and ever
waggon, cart, carriage, car or other vehicle, and every utensil or other thin
infected with Glanders shall be thoroughly cleansed and dismtected by and ,.■
the expense of the owner or occupier, in a manner satisfactory to a \ etennar.

Inspector.

J. G. RUTHERFORD,

\'eterinary Director General.

Department of .Vgriculture,
Ottawa.

Although the time which has elapsed since th
■ffmnensation and slauahtcr is a!to.i;ether too s

c inauguration of !he \)o
hort to enable us to for:

definite and decided opinion

as to its wisdom and probable ettectivenes

securing the eradication

of Glanders, the

following figures furnish convi

proof that it has a strong tendency to remove the

disinclination gene:

t V --y

-■1 ^pr

Tested. Reacted. Killed. Clinical

'90^-3 ho(j2 466 219 -10 '

^903-4 ..387 4.0 4,;,, 49^'

, , j'!504-5 4.R99 1,854 2.113 OV

Inclusive of h;o5-6 3.957 1,^X3 ^ ^^

Manitoba { (to March 31) '^ ^ S6i

"-^;7- 4.200 850 946 502

\ (to Ant,--. 31st) -'^ -'

, ., . '''"*^' '5.505 4.875 5"^ ^3

n consulenn,. the.se fi^t-res I desire particularly to draw vour attention

eacto ,, ^,f ^,^ ^,^^^^.,_^^^ ^.,._^.^.^l sy„,ptoms. The.se fi^aires furnish incon-

ftt oTcir/ 'k f"""^ ■^•^■■^'^"" '-"«-^'o"^-'^t:verylar,en .1 r

odd never "?• " " ' ""'""'^ ^"■""^'°" ••^'- P^-^^"^ ^^ con.pensation.
ould never have been reported.

Under the conditions formerly e.xistinjj. there was a tendency on the part
o owners and doubtless of .so„,e veterinarians, to avoi.l trouble a l"

.. v^; :;' : ^^""^"^.^^^ ^'^""^^^- ^^•'-- - con,pensation is paS
.an^ oHUer . otherwise rpute respectable, are undoubtedlv in the habit of

lossd3lc. and hnaly either pernuttin.Mhem to die or bavin,, them .|uietiy
> 1 Kctu,, then, to palhafve treatment, with a view to removing, or concealing

:;;:™r^"""°'"^' ^"" -•--!-"">- "i^i-i"^ of them^o ,het^

I am satisfied that the system now followed in Cana.la will, bv ren.ovin.
; n ptation. prove etlectne in overconting, at least to a verv lar.e J.v.ent ,le2

2'::r "^" '' ''''''--' ■■ - — ~ --"---'^le ™;;:

It is inte^stin^ to note the manner in which the new regulations are
.cu d ,n dillerent parts ot the Dominion, h.districts where the disease has

■' t :' 1.;;; z '"""r"'^ "T' ^"" '-'"' "°^^^ °^^-- -^- '^^ ^^^

. nrc and the importance of stampin.^^ jt ,„„. j,,,, „,^,. ^^,,.^.^ ^,
->r d, ,e:eomed On the other hand, in places where the people are ^on

; - ively unfamiliar with Cdamlers. the new re.,ula,ions ari l.K.ked upon s

.necessarily severe, an.l people complain bitterly that Uu-n horses are l>eii,«

. .^ ered withou: ,ood and sufficient reason. The claim ,s made tha, ,:'

■■ . caors ,les,roy more hor.ses than the disease itself would ever be likelv to

,, ,, advanced li.at oniy a very limiied number of horses

' . «i (..anders under ordinary con.litions. and that the disease seld,mt or

\er becomes epizootic.
Facts, however, are entirely against this contention. The fl^n.res already

->ed from tiu returns of the Hoard of .Agriculture of Great Britain indicate

li

1]

IV.

Ill

!l.i

r^^^^*^!

i:n

lO

that, under modern conditions, tke disease, unless properly contralled is oer-
tain to spread rapidly and to cause a constantly increasing loss in kor^e flesh.

As an illustration of this I would quote from our own experience thie case
of one Canadian Lumber Company in a remote part of tiic coBntry wibidi
reported last year for the first time the existence of Glanders atnoag its faerses.
Enquiry elicited the fact that in less than four years upwar<b of fifty head of
valuable horses owned by this Company, had died of Glanders. Of thMty-siK
survivors, thirty-four reacted to Mallein and were destroyed. Of flie two
remaining, neither had been in contact with the diseased horses.

We have a number of similar cases on record, but it woald scarcity be
possible to furnish a better illustration of the evil results certain to iollow
carelessness or neglect in dealing with Glanders.

In this connection I cannot refrain from quoting an extract Sram the
Ivondon "Lancet" of July 5th, 1905, which, in a review of the Report «f Ac
Board of Agriculture, speaks as follows:

"Glanders is admittedly on the increase, and it is time that some radical
measures were taken to control the disease. In 1894 there were only 502 out-
breaks reported, but in i()04 these had increased to 1,539, and 2,658 horses were
killed as glandcred. More power ought certainly to be given to the yet«rinary
inspectors to test the in-contact horses with Mallein, as by this agent an almost
infallible diagnosis can be made within 24, or at most 48 hours. Tbe expense,
although great the first year, would not be excessive if allowed to spread over a
period of years; and where a preventable disease, which also causes t3»e deatlis
of numbers of human l)eiii,L,fs each year, is concerned, the cost ought certainly
not to be considered loo seriously as the reason why it should not foe taken
thoroughly in hand."

It is gratifying to note that the British' authorities are bcinf; urged to
introduce the identical policy which we have already adopted in Canada.

While dealing with this jihase of the subject, I would point oat that if
the adoption of our system is deemed Kecessary in a Small country like Great
Britain, where police and inspection work has been reduced to a science, there
can be no doubt of the wisdom of its adoption in the EXominion of Canadia,
where the distances are magnified and the population, especially in some dis-
tricts, sparse to a de;;rce. although I am glad to say that the last named condi-
tion is being rapidly altered by the constant influx of desirable settlers who are
coming from all parts of the world, but perhaps in greatest number from the
Western United States.

In this connection 1 would say that while we do not think it necessary tc
test the human immigrants from that country. I think it altogether Ukdy fha*
we will be compelled, in the near future, to impose this precautionary restnc
tion upon those of the cfiuine species, as the records in our possession indicat
that a consider ble number of the outbreaks of Glanders in Western Canaii
are due to imported American horses, of which we have for a number M year
back been absorl)ing from twenty-fi\e to thirty thousand head per anntrm.
Having now indicated, perhvps at too great length, our present a.ttituc

^-?

>.'!.

1 1
ai.Bt&dwB to Glanders. I would like to lav before vn„ ,. t- • n

;S 'Z^^ T T r "" '="■"'"' ■'" "°"- »l'™"Xiv: .oX-
abeot t« say. however. I would call your attention to the fact that ud till A.r
3«^_.9o6, wehave tested ,5.505 horses, and have actually .ade :8.n;Ma^:i^„

««««Mrbcdniw„.her;from ' concius.ons wh.ch may

e^^S^ Lilt ;e3 ors r ''^ '^^^'"^ ^'^ «'

tJcm ^^vfJlTv '^«='ctors. With regard to this point, I am not in a oosi-

■mz TZ^^^ ^"''T '''''''''' '^"^^■^^^•■' ' ^^^' «" opportunity of form-
2J^^^ J'' '"'^'^^'' '°'" ^'*'^""h> after the use of Mallein w^

alfm^ ^^^ ''''' ^''^ '^^ ^'^ "°' '^a'^'^ their slaughter compulsorv

'te Mr A C r«r. M w 7; ^^ Comnnttee m question, comprised the
Mcr M^n*',^^!.!^,'"-,'^"- """^!"S- Sir John McFadyean and Dr. James
1. M^,an men of h.gh professional attainment, and ^re-jt exncHen-
-i^ff wrtb Glanders. One of the points dwelt upon by them 11! u T

^r^e^Z'Th'^r "k-p '""'^ '"^ '■emonstrated beyond question tJ^
g«r ansoig from ih.s hab.hty of reactors to suddenly develop acute

i M

I ii

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I * !

I ii

; *3

■ * '.
1 I i

r;V-

f. T'-kV:

:^#.

e6JCIJBfiE?..gk^^^^ ::.:^.tff:;^^

^'M.

tl '^.^

12

symptOiTis, and lias shown further that a considerable proportio-i of these
superlicially healthy animals are in reality clinical cases.

As under our present regulations sucii horses are slaughtered, opportunities
for post mortem examination have not been wanting, and in many cases show-
ing absolutely no external symptoms, extensive ulcerations have been f.>und
high up in the nasal passages, while the presence in this situation of minute
nodular lesion-;, undoubtedly specific, has been strikingly fretpicnt. These dis-
coveries hcu .lut the opinion which I have long held and freipiently expre.>ised
regarding the importance, from an infective point of view, of enlarged sub-
maxillary glands in reacting animals. There is never snif)ke with.out fire, and
these glands arc not likely to show tumefaction without a detinitc pathological
reason.

Leaving nasal lesions aside, it is well known that in typical reactors
glanders nodules are invariably found in the lungs, and not unfrequently in
ether organs, although the tendency to localization in the lymph nodes, so
common in bovine tuberculosis, is much less frequently noted in (".landers.

Again, I would remind you of the days before Mallcin was heard of, when,
in spite of all our efforts and precautions, case after case, and outbreak after
outbreak, of Glanders would occur in the same stable, .\fter each fresh outbreak
the most thorou-h disinfection was practised, and all the surviving horses
subjected to careful scrutiny and continued close observation. Six months, or
perhaps a year would elapse and then another case or series of cases would
occur. We blamed the stables, we thought the contagion, or, as we then
called it, the virus, was immortal and indestructible. Now we know that, out-
• side of the animal body, the life of the bacillus mallei is, under the most
favourable conditions, limited to three or four months. In the animal body it
is a difTeront matter, and the cause of the mysterious recurrent outbreaks was
the chronic latent case of Glanders, then unrecognized, but now, through the
agency of Mallcin, markcl down and known as a reactor.

In tracing the origin of primary outbreaks in hitherto uninfected
localities, we almost invariably find that the disease has been introduced n<n
by a well marked case of Glanders, hut by a non-clinical contact horse, often
a reactor, generally purchased by an unsuspecting farmer ignorant of the fact
that his !-ew bargain has recently come from an infected district and possibly
from a badly iiif ■■'ted stud.

Further evidence against the reactor will be incidentally adduced in the
notes which I am about to lay before you regarding his close connection, the
so-called ceased rcactur.

Ceased react.jrs so called shmild, in the light of our experience, be divided
into three distinct classes:

Tl

lose w

hich

while not properly reacting to Mallein, arc. owing t'

slight thermal ri^e or a septic inlection. more or less serious a

It tl

le i)oint oi

injection, erroneously classc

(1

;is react<irs

\eierinaii.ul nia

kiiu

test.

2. Actual ceased reactors, comparatively few in num

b?r. and almos

yi«5^3K&.iii / .'1^-r^;

Jcffi

>3

invariably, in our experience, cnsisiinir of hor.es tPU i . • ,
^tages of Cancers, or at any rate wi, ., 1 ^l^^ , X; ^V" '^'^^'iT
tlie fact tiiattlieir oritrinal reactinn. .h , •'"'^^^''''' '^■"' evidenced by

cui.er tl,er„,ally or loca K as t ho ^ '. ',-•'•"• "'' ""' =^' "'^" "'^'^''^
wliich, while perhaps not ;hminr T'" '?' '^''"'"■*' ^'''"^^ ^ •^>' ^'-- -imals
.l.sease in an advanced fort ' '^•^•^'"'^'^-"'"-"- -^ suffering fro. the

.?• Those which havinj/ on one or nmr,. , -

^c,,M."rary character. .oll,a,afu.rll,cl ,«:.„, l».i«.l.owcvcr. „t a

Ti.e «...„,,:';:■„ ,-c':' r r;::'-':;;;, ; ^ ""■ "■'"■ ' ^■»"--

.mention at .„„l,a,„l,l,c,.„,„l,,! '""'""'- ""l'»"--">cc, an.l ,lc„,an,| „„
Mallcin ,,, an antl.oritative diajnostic a.'C, ^ *■'""' ''"'""'"" "^

rc,ctl'^:i,;;r,;r;:it';,H°T'',';'" r "■:" "'"' »"°""'>- '"-i"'" -

reactions ty.iica, atdatvpicar ' ''"" """ '"""" "" "^= "r «" 'I"""™ of

'^;iH-h we followed the retestiiursv.tPm ^' ' ''"""^

-■M'crcent of our nn r ^ ^ ^ vvo years ago I stated that abou^

-• V free ro", H ' r',"''^"" ''"'^ ''''"^ '" -^^- --' -ere appar-

-^li t "1,^ r ;" wiiieh uJ : ""V ^^'^"""' "'' ''''' ^nsappoiutllent
'an return which thi. percentage gave for the risk and Ial>our

- are Z Z^^^^' "^ '^^""^ ^^"'^ Glanders^and adopt the p,an which

r am sorry to have to tell yon that in classing' all these horses as safely
' -;. rea tors we were seriously i„ error. During the intervening period a

_ . nne, a^ d,<eaM-,l. I here are st.ll. however, a number which have con-
-; ■! to stand no. only the Mallein test, but the test of time These Xe

- n.e y no .nd.ca.ion of being other than healthy horses, and thul o a' a
■r ^een at present, there is no reason ,^ .io,.i,. .,.„. .-, . .^^ ^^

;- -ly mild ca.es of danders, recover^'niay and"doe:'t:C;:;::r" " ^^""'

A e have fonn.I. moreover, that while it is not by any n,eans ,K>ssible to

-l^e first, or even at the second test which of ,he affectcl horses wlu

i li

lii

14
eventually become permanent ceased reactors, we can at one or other of these
stages make reasonably certain of those which will not do so.

Animals which, on being first tested, show a thermal rise exceeding 104°
Fahrenheit, accompanied by a characteristic reaction, those which give a more
pronounced reaction to a second of subseciucnt test than they do to the first,
and those which suddenly cease to react without showing a gradual lowering
of the temperature and a corresponding; abatement of the local reaction are not
likely to become permanent ceased reactors.

Sound pathological reasons can, I think, be advanced for the lack of im-
provement shown by the first and second classes, but I must confess that I have
no mental theory to fit the case of those last mentioned.

Having now dealt with the supposititious ceased reactors and with those
which appear to make an actual and permanent recovery, it becomes our duty
to discuss those animals, and they are, in our experience, by far the most
frequently encountered, and, needless to say, the most dangerous, which
acquire a temporary tolerance to Mallein, but which again give a definite
reaction when tested, after sufficient time has elapsed to nullify the effects oi
previous injections. In the report of the Special Committee appointed by the
British Board of Agriculture, to which I have already referred, the records
given indicate that all the ceased reactors dealt with, in the experiments showed
an abnormally hij^h temperature when tested with Mallein some time after
they had apparently ceased to react. I considered this a very suspicious
circumstance, and one which furnished food for serious thought. In order to
discover, if possible, tli. reason of this peculiar phenoir.cnon I determined to
again submit to the Mallein test a number of horses" which had been kept for
varying periods under supervision as ceased reactors. The results were very
interesting, as may be gathered from the following examples from the report
of Dr. A. E. Moore, one of our most careful and capable officers, who was
entrusted with the task of conducting the investigations. The pathological
work was, of course, done by Dr. Higgins.

Results of post mortem examinations conducted on ceased reactors which
again reacted on being tested, after a period of not less than six months:

Paddy, Grey Gelding, iG Years, No. 304.

Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size
before inject, after inject, swelling

1st test, May 22. 1903 loo 4-5 105 6x6

2nd test. June 7. 1903 100 2-5 105 2-5 4x5

3rd test, Sept. 7, 1903 100 2-5 loi 2-5 2x3 cease.:

4th test, Oct. 25, 1903 Toi loi 3x4

Retest after i year and 2 months, Dec,

1904 loi 2-5 104 3x6

Result of post mortem of No. 304:

Very few nodules scattered in the lungs, around some of these nodules
small quantity of lymph-like substance was seen, others encysted.

WM^^m^^^^m-^.^^^'^

Jerry. Grey Gelding, aged, No. 307.

Max. temp. Max. tcn.p. Max. .size

ist test. June 6, 1903 l^efore^nject. after inject, swelling

2nd test, Aug. 20, 1903 .........."" '^ ^'^ '°^ '^'^ 3x4

3rd test, Nov. 19, 1903 '""^ 2x2

4th test, Feb. 26, ,904 ,'^ ^"^ '°4 3x3

Retest, after 9 months. Nov. 15,' 1904.' .100 2^^ ^o^' '"f ^''^ "^^^^

were .eep seaL. "'osti/^:^-^"- .^ ^ ,^-^- ^Je nodu.s

Three^gu.nea p.,s inoculated and fro. one .acinus^nra.'l^^astor:^^:^:

Nance, Grey Mare, 8 Years, No. 308.

Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size

ist test, March .0, ,903 before^ mject. after inject, swelling

2nd test, June 6, 1903 ^°'i-a 1043-5 4x4

3rd test, Aug. 20, 1903 '"^ '°5 6x8

4th test, Nov. 19, 1903 ^ ^'^ '°-^ '"S 6x6

.-ith test, Feb. 2, 1904 '^ '"^ '°^ '-5 5x6

Retest, after 9 months, Nov: 'i 5, ' 1904 .' .' i^ 3.5 Z I'- ^""^ "''''^

AL . ^00 1U4 3 ., 4x4

nearr;;rhIaTUr ' "°'"'" ''''''''' '' '^^ ^^^ ■•" ^^ >"ngs an.

and S:^m::^Sd::^:":tSt^-^i::t ^"- r r^" ^'^^^^^^ «-^-'°^-

f«-nd and cultures remained ster^e " ""' ^'^'^^''^f-'^^l' - lesions

Doll. Bay, White Face, 9 Years, No. 309.

Max. temp. ^^[ax. temp. Max. .ize

'^Mest. March- 23, i<^3 ^^e.ore inject, after inject, swelling

-"! test, June 6, 1903 ^'^ l'^ '°-^ '"-=5 2x2

.V I test, Aug. 8. ino^ ■■' '°-^ '-5 4x8

^'-est.Nov. 19, I0O3'::::: zt'- '°''"' ^^^

5- ■ test, Feb. 26. 1904 °° ^'' ' '°-' ^^"-^ 4X5

R- • .n, after 9 months, Nov. ,5. 1904 '. .',01 '°', ,_, ^!;"J '"'''^

Bronchial and mediastinal glands sli^htlv enlarc.^d \, ' .
"• ie. (pea) were found in the lunr^s «iv. • "V^'^"^.'''- -^''^"^ ^""^nty small
'-• Mcstly encysted. Thr ^^ i f,!; ";;:::";" ^he nght lung and four in the
'- - mallei was isolated in purrcdttl^f ' """""^"' ^"" ^^^ --

2"vl:_

m:

rs» ■

; J

■^-;-

i6
Mag, Black Mare, lo years, No. 310.

Max. temp. Max. totiip. Max. size
before inject, after inject, suellin);

1st test, May, 5, KJ03 luj 104 J-5 J.x')

and test, Aug. 6, 1903 100 1-5 104 3x3

3rd test, Nov. 19, i(jo3 100 J-5 104 J-5 3x3

4th test, Feb. 20, i(j04 100 2-5 100 4-3 2x3 ceased

Retest, after 9 months, Nov. 15, 11)04.. loi '"3 2-5 3x3

About 15 very small nodules found in lungs, all deep seated, and following
the main bronchial tubes, mostly encysted.

Three guinea pigs inoculated 7-12-04. From one pure cultures of bacillus
mallei were obtained.

In al; these autopsies there was noted the peculiar injected appearance 01
the lungs which is seen when a reacting animal is destroyed immediately after
testing. In all but one of these five ceased reactors a pure culture of the
bacillus mallei was obtained. In this case the lesions found were characteristic,
and it is ])rol)able that the bacilli were present. Only twp guinea pigs were
used for tl'.is inoculation.

The following very striking record is that of a horse which has ceaseil t.^
react no less than three times in the cmirse 01 the last three years. This animal
is still isolated under close supervision, and although performing ordinary farm
work daily, is in tlie pink of condition, and, to all outward appearance, abso-
lutely healthy :

King, Bay Gelding.

Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size

before inject, after inject, swelling

ibt test, Aug. 26, 1903 lor 105 2x4

2nd test, Nov. i<). 1903 100 2--, 104 1-5 4x4

3rd test, Feb, ?6. 11J04 100 2-^ 103 1-5 2^2

4th test, June 0, 1904 loi 1-5 101 2x2

5th test, July 5, 1904 loi 1-5 101 3x3

6th test, Nov. 14, i<;04 101 1-5 104 1-5 3x4

7th test, .\i)ri! 7, 11^)5 loi 1-5 lOi 2x2

8th test, Nov, I, iiX)5 100 4-5 104 4-5 4x4

9th test, July 7, 1900 i(K) 4-5 loi 2\},

I append here three tables showing the difTerent results obtained in tesli ^.
ist, horses which have become ])ermanent ceased reactors: 2n(l, horses wp
after having once ceased to react, have again given a characteristic reactio:
Mallein after a periixl ni fruni six months to a year : and 3rd. horses which p e
show'n no iiin^r-'^Nvnient when t v-t v;! at intervals : •( 30, ^>o and 90 da}--, al'li-
never developing clinical symptoms.

numsm^m^mm^

•7

12 Horses which d
Mallein at interv;
never

d no show any improvement by injection of
f o about 30. r,() and 90 days. Although
developing any clinical symptoms

Maximum Temperatures at :

Brown gelding, 13 yrs
Bay mare, lo yrs.

3 Bay gelding, 8 yrs.

4 Roan " i , y^s.
5| Chestnut" 14 yrs
6|RIack " g^rs.'
7iBay mare, 9 yrs.

8! Black gelding, 13 yrs.

y Brown " 10 yrs.
'0|Bay mare, 7 yrs.
' I. Bay gelding, 12 yrs.
'-.Chestnut " 8 yrs.

Maximum size of Swelling at :—

_!_'^'^'_o^^l^^r^^ru^ ^^^-_^ .^___ _

'054-5,1052-5105 1043-5

106 --511062-5; 106 1-5

106 J1054-5J10S '

106 '-5'i05 1-5 104 1-5 105 3-5

'031-511052-51043-5,052-5

105 2-5 105 2-5 [05

'05 4-5 1051-511053-5

105

1 104

1053-5
'05 2-5
1044-5

•052-511052-5
'O54-.5l'05
1042-5 1032-5
1054-5 '04 4-5
1033-5 104 1-5

105 2-5
'05 2-5

3x4
6x8

IXI

1x3
4x6

1st Test

ind Test

3rd Tc

: 2x3
4x6

4x4

2x5

3X4

6x8

3x4
3x7
3x6

5X8

4X.S
4x6

5x6

3x5
5x6

4x5
6x7

3x5
6x6

4x5
6x8

4x4

5x7

6x6

2x3 : 4x7

5x5 ; 2x3 I

3x6 I 3x4 2x2

2x3 2x3

f^x6 2x3 5x6

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I <U> lu.t tliink it iRMcssary to make any extended comment on tlie facts
luLHKht to li^ht l>y this scriis .,f rctcsts. So far as the possibility of
the latter reactions hcinj; (hic to reiiifoction is concerned. I would say that thU
danger was fully cwnsi.l<--.Ml aii.l ^itarded ajjainst. If reinfection occurred in
any of thcst ca^-s it was tlirou:^!! one or other of the so-called ceased reactors,
and not fronj any out side sourci-.

I r av add that while the work performed by Dr. Moore was the. most
systemati'e and tli..rou,t;h of any which we undertook on similar Hncs, the
results obtained l.y liim were eorr..horatcd by like retests conducted b)' other
officers in various |)arts of the Dominion.

Further proof of the .lanKer,)us character of these horses, which, through
an aciiuired tolerance to Mallein. are erroneously classed as ceased reactors,
is 1 am sorrv to sav, furnished bv our own official records, several instances
■ having occurred in wliich hordes held under supervision for periods deemed
sufficient to ensure safety, were permitted to mingle with healthy animals, with
disastrous re«u.ts.

Not the least remarkable feature of these car.s is tl.J fact that they seldom
develop clinical symptoms themselves, although, beyond doubt, many of them
are capable of transmitting infection to others.

Th^s report has already exceeded a reasonable length, but I cannot well
close without giving the concensus of opinion arrived at by our inspectors as to
what constitutes an actual and typical Mallein reaction. Ability to differentiate
with certainty, at lea^t in the majority of cases, between typical and non-
lypicai reactions, is, for obvious reasons, perhaps the most important factor .n
the use of Mallein.

We are fortunate in having; on our inspection staff a number of careful and
closely-observant men. an<l the results of their experience have been condensed
as follows:

In horses alTcctcd wiM, (',Iander> from the 4th to the 15th hour after the
injection of the umu! 1^ ■ of reliable Mallein a distinct rise of temperature
takes place execpt in certain cases which will be specially mentioned later.
The temperature ^raduallv rises until the 14th or 13th hour after injection.
when, after remainim,^ at about the same height for a longer or shorter period,
it gradually declines, the downward covrse being not unfrequently preceded by
a slight secondary elevation.

This tlierni.V. disturbance should, under ordinary circumstances, =ndicate
a rise of at least 2.5 de-rees Fahrenheit over the highest control temj-.-rature
taken before injection. The wide variation in normal temperature shown by
thf equine species, especiallv in Western America, demand.s the application t(
this rule of certain definite limitations. For instance, if invariably followed, r
horse having a pre-injection temperature of, say. 99°. would be condemned a
101.5", which might be well within his normal range. On the other hand, ai
animal with a pre-injection temperature of 102°, which is not at z\\ strikingl;

21

abnormal in the wwt. woul.l he allowed ,o reach with,.,,, co.ul .mnation ,o*.^-
a point entirely outside of the normal ranRc. *"* '

Other things being e.iual. 103" Fahrenheit would appear u indicate tJ«.
dangerl.ne. but no fixed rule can pos.ib.y he adopted, dl.se oU r il a„^
^.ound judgment in the operator being of ...ore importance than hani a7d U^

The thermal rise is accompanied, or .atluT followe.l. by a hard .en»e an.l
exceedingly painful swelling a, the point of i„j...„on. Tius'swelling isTua '
circular, and shows a tendency to increase from ,h. oi,|„h hour after n c".^ i
at the same time becoming more painful. a.TectmK M.c nn.scies and 1^
marked lameness in the forelimb of the side o„ which the iniection ."Z'

t::'z::::;z:!li' ^^'"" '' "^ ^"^^'-"""^ ■>"""-'-• --"^^ ^-

The local reaction does not. as a rule, entirely disappear for several days
Besides the thermal and local reactions Mallein pro.h.ces well marked
constitutional etTects on anima-.s sufferin, fro„, Clandcs. The .I,ra„d

violent and continuing throughout the wh- V reaction. There is great deore,
sion, while loss of appetite stari ' co-it -. .1; ■ r . "^^ '^ ^'^'^^^^ *'«P'^"-
commonly noted. ' <l-.nchnat.on to move are also

In clinical cases reaction is, as a rule, early and well marked and most of
our inspectors agree that the severity of the reaction is-in direct ra ioTthe
degree of infection or the stage which the disease has r ached cfnila
symptoms not unfrequently make their first appearance during the e^ ge";'
ly from .4 to 30 hours after injection. In advance.l cases they nay persTs
the animal rapidly breaking down, while in incipient cases they mZZZZt
recede the animal regaining a normal and comparativelv heahhTapp aran e
Clinical symptoms already evident are almost invariabJv aggravZ by the
tcst^ One especially notew-orthy feature is that in animals sLwi g ^ a
-Kht enlargement of the submaxillary ly„,phatic glands, these wdl Tecome
tense, swollen and painful as the test progresses. This also applies to Ter
-larged nodes. Dr. Moore describes one case in which both ingu na glalds

-:ecircL^:it;nt;hya:'dT'^°"''^^^^"'^^^"'^ ''-' --^-^ --^^

Occasionally all e.idences of reaction are present, except the thermal rise
; n. le m others the opposite is the case, and it may be noted th t t,e 1 „

> 1 u t :e:Th:"th"'""'' ^"r ''^" '^ ''"-^^ ^^^'^^' - "^•^'" «-^"X

1 further that they persist throughout ren^afeH f.cf= .-.f »u, .„,,, - ,
; hough, under ordinary conditions, the local reac::on has' a' t:;^,::^^
■ ome less well marked with each succeeding test.

In animals in the last stages of Glanders, old horses, young foals an.l

ers of inferior vitality, a lowering of temperature not unLquently f^loT

' .njection of .Mallein. This is especially noticeable in advanced cases where

[ilk I

the te:.perature is hi^'h at the time of injection. In actual oatlmalcs, contact
horses, even when showing no clinical symptoms, but having a high initial
temperature, dropping or remaining stationary after injection, should be con-
demned, especially when a local reaction occurs.

In fact it may be laid down as a general rule that a typical local reaction
is proof positive of the existence of Glanders, even when no thermal disttirt>-
ance takes place.

There is not, as a rule, much difficulty in distinguishing between a tyjrical
and a non-typical reaction. The former has been already descnbed. la the
Istter the thermal rise seldom exceeds 2°, and reaches its greatest height at or
before the 12th hour, returning ;o normal before the 20th honr.

The swelling, when circular, rarely exceeds three inches in diameter. It
is only slightly painful, is (|uite superficial, soft and moveable, does not
increase after the 8th hour, and is rapidly absorbed during the course o£ the
second day. It never affects the action of the muscles, nor does it cause lame-
ness. Sometimes a fluctuating dependent swelling of considerable sixe follows
a careless or unskillful injection, but this, as a rule, is absorbed rapidly during
the first 24 hours.

With ordinary precautions septic infec'ion seldom takes place, and al)ScesR
formation is rare except in typical reactors, when it is not uncommoiL (kcas-
iona.ly considerable swelling, sometimes accompanied by a thermal rise, will
occur in horses suffertng from intUienza and similar affections. Sach so-called
reactions are not typical, aiul should not be ascril)ed to the action of Mallein,
but to the already existing febrile condition of the animal.

Cases sometimes occur in which, at the end of 24 hoars after injection,
neither thermal nor local conditinns are sufhciently definite to enable the
veterinarian lO reach a decision. In these circumstances the animal sljould be
kept under c'.o.'-e observation for a further period of 24 horas, when, if it is
diseased, the increased swe'ling and marked laiueness which almost invariably
foliow will remove any ]).)ssil)le doubi. Suspected cases which have failed to
give a decided reaction will u<i mifreciueutly develop clinical sytnptonis i«
put to hard work imniedialely alter l)eing tested.

Reaction, Iwth thern al and l.>cal, but espec'ally the 'atter, is not as wc"
marked in mules as in horses, hm as in the former acute symptoms are mor
likely to develop early in the cniirse of the disease, the risk from latent casi
is less serious.

It may be laid down as a general rule that while an apparent improveme;
in health and condition may, and frequently does, follow the application
the test in mild or inci])ient cases, the effects of Mallein on animals in aclvanc<
stages of the disease arc invarial)ly bad, and that the testing of such cas ■
Iiastens a fatal termination,

Local reactions are more [)rononnced in hot wep'^ier than when '
atmospheric conditions are moderate. In connection with this statement i

^3

would call atientioii to the iart ti,nf ■

this reason Mriou. outbreaks are wll i, ''"""•"'>■ '<:«''''<' dorma.H, For
". t'te s,ea„, weather „, Iter a:;"„;;:,:r """""" '" '"""'^ '"" "" '"-

^•«.or.„ar. Congress M^.t H trurVelr '^^ I'", ■='«"'," '"'"«•■--

...uled e„,irelvl,y the results „,„„r'„„„."t';,'j- ',""=• ''°»-". I'""
"'f . 1 an, inclined f, a„ril„„e ,l,e variali, n ^l' "' """' ""'"">=■

conducted. The adnnnis'rnti , n ' "°"'''' ^^''"''^ "'^ '"' '^ ''^inR

•-dy heat and of t t h,' , VT 7' "" .""" "' ''^'' "^^ ^ '"■^'-" «'■

.elation to thern,.- 1 '^ K k/ "'"'""-' ""^'^^'' '" ^'i' ^ ^^ ^^eir

a-'i ;^^:':;:.,l;nhi::^;x^"^ °-"^-- -"-•• - -e conducted.

-i-a|-.sul.„ut,cd,oitsactt!l • "''^''' "»'""■" ^bout ,>8 per cent, of ,he

■"s,ic;t;:;;:;:i::;;;::;:,:/-;:r;;-----^ °^ -^'-ation ,o tho.

'•■--cucut.inA ,f^t^;^;nm T "V^^r"'^''' '- ^^- "--•

■•• this rep,>r.. witii the res t Z, ^' '[''''!'' ^''=^^ '"^''>- "'^ facts se, forth
-ssetl i>y ,he Associalir " '"'""'"^ '■''"^'"'''^" ^^ "nanin.ously

"U liereas. in the presentation of Canadiin .-.f„ . ,

■■h.nders hv \-e,eri„ar, Direccr-Gencr , r R h/'T 7^ "' ' """

--•■•'ses ot animals ni>on a >^caie tint is l,i„1,i , '""' '"f^^ctunis

™s„r„e „.i,„ .„e in' ..ortane; I, l,;';. :':ftr ''■" """ '" " "'■ '-'"-

i..:":r-,r"r::;^°;™,""'" ''"■'" >--<— ea,.

".> f..r thns senernnslv ,n„„„r1i„s,, this .vork. an.l connnen.l the general

M

;^--^>.,^- "-"-^ ■ fi(^y;^>

24

organization and plan of the Canadian work to the consideration of the Federal
authorities and to our various state authorities in so far as it may be applicable
to their conditions and not already in force."

This hearty endorsation of our policy by the leading veterinarians of i is
continent is very gratifying, especially when considered along with the move-
ment now on foot in Great Britain to bring about the adoption of measures
similar to those in force here.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your obedient servant,

J. G. RUTHERFORD,
Veterinary Director-General and
Live Stock Commissioner.
The Honourable,

The Minister of Agriculture.

f:^'mmmfmmr~.^w^'>

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