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MICROCOfY RESOIUTION TEST CHAUT
lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2i
^ APPLIED IM^GE
Rochester N^* Y:„K U603
(''6) *82 0 30C - Pnor.e
(^16) 28e - sqpq - t-a.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OITAWA
HEALTH OF ANIMALS BRANCH
k j|
SPECIAL REPORT
ON"
MALADIE DU COIT OR DOURINE
^"1
f
NOVEMBER, 1007
Published by direction of the Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.
R — 4
1
MALADIE I)U COIT OR DOURINE
Ottawa. Novrmber 15, 1007.
Tlip Honourable
The Minister of Ajrriculture.
Ottawa.
Sir,— T have the honour to present herewith a brief special report on the disease
known as Dourine or Maladie du Coit, which has, for some years, existed to a limited
dejrreo among horses in certain districts in Southern Alberta and in one locality in
Southwestern Saskatchewan.
The most interestinj? features of this report will Iw found in the accounts furnished
by Dr. HiKffins, pathologist to this branch of your Department, and his assistants, Dr.
Watson and Dr. Ilndwen, of the w(irk done by them in investigating and determining
the true nature of the disease as also of the efforts made by them to discover some
more reliable and practical mctbo<l of diagnosis than is at present available and, at the
Mime time some reliable curative or, if possible prophylactic agent.
As has been already announced, the identity of the disi-aso found in America with
that seen and recognized in various countries of the old world has now been established
beyond question, through the successful i<lentiiicution by Dr. Watson in February last,
iif the Trypanosoma Equiperdum or Rougcti, the specific causal organi.sm of Dourine.
As the detailed reports of Drs. Iliggins and Watson are in themselves very full
and complete, I leave to these gentlemen the task of presenting the results of their
scientific labours, and confine myself to a short historical review of our experience
with this disease since the first (liscover>- of its existence in Canada.
In this review there will, naturally, be but little new information, most of the
facts having been already submitted in pn>vious annual reports, but, for the sake of
convenience, I have thought it best to summarize them, together with some intervening
data as an explanatory introduction to the more strictly technical contributions
which follow.
The presence of .i-ine in Canada was discovered in 1904 when Insix-ctor
Burnett, Chief Vetei y Officer of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, and at
that time also an officl of this branch, reiM>rted its existence in a stallion and several
mares owned by a rancher near Lethbridgc.
As soon as possible after n>eeiving this information, I made a personal investiga-
tion and although quite satisfie<l as to the correctness of Inspector Burnett's diagnosis,
determined, in consideration of the critical nature of the matter, and of its grave
importance to the horscbreeding industry of Canada and to that of Alberta in par-
ticular, to ask Dr. Salmon, then Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washing-
ton, to detail an insjjector familiar with dourine to visit and examine the affected
animals. My principal reason for adopting this course was that, while the disease
had never before been seen in Canada, it had made its appearance from time to time,
in widely separated localities, in the I'nited States ever since its first introduction to
Illinois by a French horse in the year 1882. These outbreaks, due to the fact that the
true nature of the malady had not been recognized until 1887 and that, in the inter-
vening five years, many contact horses had left the area originally infected and become
widely scattered, had given the American inspectors a fund of experience altogether
lacking among our own veterinarians.
945»— IJ 3
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Dr Snlnion, with nn-nt kindnrm uii.l i.m.i.ptitn.l.". .-utni.li.Ml with n.y roqiie^t by
Bt onoo 8rn,lin^ f. I..th!.ri.i«e Dr. K. T. Davi...... of Un^l.villo. Nohrn.kn^ to whon.
had Wn -ntrust,..! tho work of ,l.'nli..t.' «ith .lourii.o in N.'l.ra.ka. South Dakota an i
the other woatcrn states. « , , ■ i i,„,l ..
Dr Davison, after niaklnn a earefi.l exnn.ination of th.> affeete<l an.ma!^ had no
hesitation in .•onf.nninK n.y diagnosis of ,lo„rine. and ^o reported to Dr. Salmon,
under date of May It, 1!>0I.» i Vt„.
I Piny h..re exph.in that, while Dr. D.ivi^on. l<ke n>ys,.lf. r, i..ne.l no doubt a,
to the identity of the disease, his opinion, lik,' my own. ua. has, . .ely on the ehmeal
evidtnee.s presented hv tlje atTeeted animals, for altl.oUKl. .lounne hail, as above
stated, existe,! in the fnited Slates for uj.wards of twenty years, all etiorts to deter-
mine the sp<.,.ili.- eausul or^-anism had h.vn entir.dy unsueeessfw . In faet U was „o
until the foUowiuK .vear that the Muestiou of the identity ..ven of the d-.ase as found
in F.uropo with that seen in Afriea and Asia w«. .lefin.tely Settled for although the
presence of the TrypanoHnma Equiperdum in French cas.^s has h.vu success uly
demonstrated hy Pn.fessors Nocar.l and Leclainehe. oth.-r investigators had utterly
failed to corroborate their findinKs.
In li)0', however, ^fessrs. Buffaid and Schneider, tw,. French army veterinarians
who had closelv studi<Ml the disease in Algeria, were able t,. demonstrate to the satis
faction of the Fr.M.eh authorities that the disease in Fran.-e was due to the same
causal orpinism as they had found in Africa. • . • i .i .
Almost immediately afterwards, the contention of those who maintaii.e.l thn
dourine was invariablv due to the presence of the Trypanosoma hqiupcrdum was still
further stren^-thene.l by its discovery in HunRarian cases by Professor Marek who,
with his compatriots Messrs. Kern and Ilutyra, had previously l^^en of the opinion
that the parasite di.l not exist in Europe and that the malady seen then, was althou^-h
clinically closely resemblinK it. of an entirely diffen.nt nature from that observed in
Alfteria by Uuffard and Schneider, and in India hy Pease. Baldrey and LuiKard.
It is' how T. Kcnerally admitted that the detection of the trypanosoma is much
more diffi'cult in Europe than in Asia and Africa, in both of which continents do.irine
is apparently indigenous. This being the case, it is not surpris.i.^r that, until the
discovery of Dr. Watson last February, the organism ha.l not been found m America,
especially when due consideration is given to the further fact that the lack o dehmte
clinical manifestations, often observable in Europe, is even more frequently character-
istic of the disease as seen on this continent. . , , , u t *.}
In Asia and Northc^ni Afriea. dourine seems almost invariably to reach a fata
termination, after running a definite and fairly uniform course. Lasting from about
thret- months to thn^e years. . . ■ •» -f .„
In Europe, however, and to an even greater degree in America, its man festa-
tions are far less regular and .ertain, a feature which not only render^ elimcal
diagnosis mueb more dith.n.lt. but may also he fairly taken as an indication that in
many cases, the parasites are few in number and l.-ss active and aggressive than they
Tre fn the natural habitat of the .liscase. This last hypothesis is home out, as will
be s^n from Dr. Wat-on's report, bv his n^M-ated failure to detect the tp-panosoma
eve Hn fairly well marke.l cases. „ud after he ha.l thoroughly famiharued himself
with its appearance and, as far as possible, with its life h.stor>- and habits.
These two features, which characterize the disease in America, together tend to
complicate and render much more serious the task of dealing with it in a prompt and
effec'ti^e manner. The irregularity of the clinical manifestations and their frec,uent
lack of specific character render diagnosis uncertain and precarious while the difficulty
attendinrthe detection of the causal organism deprives us to a large extent of the
assistance afforded in the case of so many other diseases by the skilled bacteriologist.
* See Davison's Report. Page
** See Report of ButTard and Schneider. Page
If '1
hoi HIS K l)K MAI.MUt: DC CtUT
I ndrr our pr. «.Mit poliry of hIni.Kht.r nn.l .•.,,„p,.„suti<.n wM.-h. lakinff into o.m-
sid.'ratK.ti tho I.i.ithsomo. in«i.iioiis uiid frniiiently f.itiil nnturo of tho disoasp, it the
only on.- iKm-ihlo. .Trfiiinly of din^nn,!. is „11 imporfni.t. iritliorfo tho utmost cauti.m
m c-on<l.>ninotion has bcon obsorved, but many casoH itp rnrt with, especially in mnr. -
where tli<' syniptomn xhiiwn lire so i-liKl.t. interniitlent ur ev.n ..yaneseent", that it is"
procti.-ally impossible to reach an intelliKenf de.i^ion an to their .li«po8al.
It ir. not. at first sight a<l^i^able. to order the slauKhter of valuable animals nier.ly
or. suspicion, or on circumslanlial evidm.'e alone. On the other hand, our exp«>rioneo
ha.s shown that many «a>.s .-liuhl at tir-l and subse(|ucntly apparently recovered have,
under ailvers.' or unfavourable .'onditions. broken down and devel..jx>d the disease in
an aggravated fonn.
Prolonjfcd (luarantino for r.bscrvation purposes is a very scriouo matter to owners
who are fr.><iuently far from rich, and whose principal source of incoine is, not uncom-
monly, the progeny of flu' very animals hebl uialer suspicion, and the breeding of
" hich is forbidden.
Further, in spite of all pre<'autions, such aiiimalg, especially mares, kept under
range conditions are liable to escape t.'mporarily from survcillaMc and to become a
-■urco of dangiT to neighbouring stallions and colts, and through them to the mares
■I other brei'ders which, uiisusjH'cled, may in turn convey the disease to distant studs.
I at one time entertaine,! a hoiw that, by the removal of the ovaries of such marcs
a- were apparently but slightly affected and on the road to recovcn-. the problem .,f
iheir safe disposal might be solved. 1 thought it ixjssible that such spayed mares, if
.learly and heavily brande.l a-s unfit for breeding, might find a market a.s work animals
'Illy, and although, as all horsebreeders know, the failure of mares to come in seas,.n
"ill not olways protect them from the cruelty of an ignorant owner, under the
iMduenco of an unscrupulous stallion groom, I decided to operate on a few of those
laid for experimental puriwses. The results were anything but encouraging. One
mare died immediately after the operation, this unfortunate sequel l»oing. according
lo the operator, a veterinarian of long experience and surgical ability, due to a well
marked degeneration and consequent tenuity of the arterial walls. A second mare has
Muce developed nymphomania ond become a chronic rutter. wliilo in her case also the
local symptoms Itecame somewhat aggravated.
These n>sult8 were not of such a nature as to encourage further exiM>rimeiitalion
Ml this direction, esix-cially as, even if uniformly succcssfu', the o|)eration could not,
lor reasons already given, be looked uixai as a satisfactory solution of the difficulty
cufronting the Department.
Tho only other course not involving slaughter, viz.— permitting to go free .such
uf.ires as swm but slightly affected and subsequently appear to recover is not, in my
..pillion, to be recommemled, the risk of spreading the infection, not only' to the
i.ncding stock (.f the individual owner interested, but through shipments of hoi>es
lo .'ther districts, being altogether too great.
The policy at present followed in dealing with animals so slightly affected as to
l.c doubtful, or in regard to which rea.sonable suspicion of infection may be enter-
tained, but the slaughter of which is scarcely justifiable, is to hold them under cb.se
supervision, at the same time forbidding their use for breeding purposes. This
nathod is, as above stated, satifactory neither to the owner nor to the Department.
'..lit without some more reliable means of accurate diagnosis, it is not casv to devise
a I etter.
The discovery of an accurate diagnostic agent, or of any constant pathological
■ .ndition on which an accurate diagnosis could be based, would be of the greatest
possible value, and it is with this as the principal object that our prefent research
work i.s being carried on. It would also, needless to say. be very gratifying if our
efforts in tliis direction were to result in the discovery of any method of successful
treatment, or better still, prevention.
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Tho .u».J..i..o.l ro,..rls ,.| th.- various l.r.-..lin« ....-I otlMT ..x,Hri„..ntH oomluoted
I liav.' the hi>ii"iir to Ih-, »ir.
Your olHMli.'iit •..rviuif.
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MALADIK Dr COIT OR l)0( RINE
By ciiA>. ir iFi.;..iN-<. n s . n A' s .
Pathoh;,i,t. Ilf„lth ,if Ai.invils lir.iu.h I)r,,.irlm>nt uf Aiirinillure.
Ottawa, Nov(»nibcr 15, 19«)7.
Whil.. I was fniniliur with tli,- lit.Tutiirc of malu.li.. .In <-.)it or .louritrc prior t-.
the Ti'i„,rU;l onfhpi.nk in SouiIhti. All-Ttn, if w,.« only iinfurul thiit tl.o (xriirronoo of
thf .lisriH.. in CaniMla int.Tr itcl me in its .•lini.-.il iin.l i)..tl.o|.,Ki,.ul foutun-H to a far
Kn-at.-r .•xtrnl than wo,il,l Inivr othrrwiso Im^h tl as,- ha.l this discaso not appoanl
within Caiiailian torritor.v.
ir«./\'l',"'"*''' ','"' 'I'T""; '"" '■'■''"'"''' "'"■'■' '" '"*"• " ''■"' ""' '""it '•'•> HpriuK of
VH).> (May), that I ha.l an .,„,M,rl„nity .,f ol.s.TvinR ,.....« .,f th.- affwtion nt an
m.Hp....t,on nia.l.. I,y th.- \..t..rinary Dinvtor (J,.n.ral. .luring' whi.-h I wo« |.ro«.nt
VVhil.. I w^H |,r..,mr...l t., .1,. my „t,nost. in an .'.i.l.^av.mr t,. .|,.ni.>n«trat.. th.. ••aiisntive
pnnmit.. ..f fhiH MfT.vti.m, I .ml.n I th.. ,.|.|H,rtunity of familiarizing rnvMf with tho
j)atliolo»f,..aI .hantr.-. to I,,. „ot..,l at iho antopsi.... lMirth..r. I ..n.loavonr.-,! to assist
th.. <.ar..fiil stM.ly of th.. ,.|ini..al mani (..stations th..n ma.l.. in an att..mpt t., more
a....Mrat..|v .iiatrnos,. Miis,K.,.t...! ,.as,.s ..online t.i th.. ii-iti.-o of ..tfi,...rs ,,f th.. IVnn-tin.nt
At thM in»|...<.ti.,n It was .l,..ni..| a.lvisahl.. to .|..str..y many of th.> animals wlii..h
pr..s..nt..,l niarkcl ,|ini...,l ,.vi.|..n. f tlu- .li-.as.-, tw.iity h,. t..<l rnst-s, howovor w.'ro
r.'s..rv,.. f.,r t.irth.r .■xiM.rim..ntal ol,s,.rvati..n. Tli..r.. w.t .Htr..v...l at this timi' one
hun.ln.l hea.l, iiu.lu.lin^ th.. stallion ' I{rn.-..ti.l.| Princ...- an.l th,. ,Mito,„<v It-sions in
(.very instani.p < tiriii...! th.. ant.-mort..m (liatfii..sia.
ti-ii^"'"i"w *',!'■""",", '""""' """" "'""■" "^ ""■ '''''■"■"■ ''■'"■ ^<''" "' ""^ 1'or.^upine
Hills nn.l McoIk'Hu. Hat .listri.'ts, „ nomlx.r of whi<.h w..r.' .l.stroy,..!.
Whil.. it was imiN.s^ihl,. to ..xnmin.. mat.Tial takvn fr..in ..'....h in.Iivi.liial case
coming' un.l.'r our ohs.Tvation at that tin.... i)arti..|,lar att.ntion was ^ivcn to pre-
parations takon fn,m ...isos .,f tl... .li^.as... whi..h. in th.. jn.l^nn.Mit ..f all prwent, wore
tho most lik,.l.v to >fiv.. favourahl.. nsolts. an.l fl,..s,. sm..ars .,f tho ho.lv fl„i.!s „nd
tissues nwcalcl u., I....li..s s,m,ilatii,K irypan.womata wh.-n ..an^fnllv an.l svstemati..allv
oxamiiit-.|. SiHH-ini.-ns »-..r.. also hronjrht to th.. hiolot'i.al ]al„.ratorv, Imt th,.ir
examination for trypaiiosoinata prov...l fniitl.ss.
Iti Septcnibor, 19<)5, Dr. S. Ilaw.lfn was transforro.l from .\,.i..„„ BC and
plaml m oharK.. of th.. .xiH-rinKiital -tation at L..|hhri.lK.., wIi.t.. his work l«.th
chnical an.l «>xiM.rim..|ital has niv.i, us many details ...Mim...t...l with th.. .lisi^as".. not
previously rooor.lod.
/roJ" ^^'-voiiiber, 1!M).-.. thr.v mar..>, two from tli,.s.. r-.s.-rv.-.l at th.- spring inspection
(u88 an.l 58!)) ai d om- (.V..0)* ohtaii,..l in tl... .\[...licin.. I[af .listri.-t. were receive.l at
the biological lalK)rator>-. Ottawa, for th.- p,iri>..scs of exp..rim.iital obs^.rvation bri^d-
ing experiments, and to supply us with the no.vssary material f..r animal inoculations
in the attempt to r.-eover th.. ..aiisativc parasit... One ,>f th.^sc mares (,')i10) died
shortly after arrival, she having: manifest...! .liiriuM; the short ix-ri.),! of observation
marked inco-ordination in the niovem.>nts of lH>th the f,)re an.l hind limbs As a
result of this partial paralysis, she fell in turiiiiiR. n..v..r ajraiii to regain her feet
1,
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•These numliers refer to the accession niimtwrs given at the laboiatorv, >Qd not to
cases of dourine.
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DEPARTMENT OF AORIC'VLTVRE
death ensuing a few days later from a terminal infection. From the time of her
arrival to the date of her falling (barely a month), she was never stni m a recumbent
position, and there was no evidence of her having lain down.
Many inoculations were made into smaller animals with the body fluids and
tissues, including emulsions from various portions of the brain and cord, but in none
were we favoured with any data indicating a dourine infection.
The other two mares (58S and 589) have been continually under close observa-
tion since their arrival. During the first year much attention was given to the
systematic examination of the blood taken from the general and peripheral circula-
tion. T' se examinations consisted, not only in the careful search for the causative
parasite of the disease, but also, the enumeration of the various forms of white blood
corpuscles. Certain alterations from the normal /ere found, and to more clearly
demonstrate these variations charts and tables have been prepared. These charts and
tables appear in connection with our remarks on the ' Blood Examinations in Dounne,
at the end of this report.
On rare occasions only was there any deviation in the temperature from the
normal, and the temperature chart of cither animal would add little to this report.
Many small animals have been inoculated with blood from these mares, using as
high as 150 cc. for rabbits and puppies, and 50cc. for guinea-pigs. In none of these
trial animals have we observed any evidence of an infection, nor have they been
inconvenience<l through the reception of these relatively large amounts of blood uiuler
the skin or into the abdominal cavity. There has been noted, however, a slight rise
in temperat-ire, in certain of the inoculated animals, appearing from three to ten
days after inoculation, but careful and repeated examinations of the blood revealed
no parasites, nor has a prolonged p€>riod of observation indicated an infective inocula-
tion. The animals which presented the rise in temperature were those receiving the
largest ammnts of bloo<), intra-abdominally. and the manifestation was then and is
still considered to have been caused by the inoculated blood acting as a foreign body,
the rise in temperature being attributed to a general disturbance connected with the
absorption of the inoculated material.
Exix;riments have been conducted to determine whether there was any possibility
of stimulating the trypanosomata to increaso<l numbers, for purposes of detection, by
bleeding and bv keeping blood dilutctl with citrate and saline solutions at various
temperatures from -f 20° C, to -f 37° C, but this work did not enable us to detect
the parasite.
In the spring of 1906, two healthy stallions, (050 and 660), natives of eastern
Ciinadii, wore procured for the purpose of conducting breeding experiments, neither,
however, subsc(iucnt to covering the marcs in tiuestion, has given any evidence of
infection. One of the mares (580. ' Puss.") was with foal to the stallion 650, which
s-ubscquenu to the services with this mare was bi-ed to a native mare 670. No evidence
of an infection has prcscute.l itself in this latter mare. During tlie summer of 1906
she was puriKisdy bred late in the i)erio(l of oestrum that impregnation might be
avoided and she ilid n..t liccenie pref^iiant. During the season of 1907, however, the
services were iK'rfurincd early in tlie nestral period and the mare has not yet shown
evidence of pregnancy.
In October, 1906, arrnngenients w(>re made to work the atlect^ed ma.vs (588
' Sleepy,' and 5^9 ' Puss ') and they were early in the spring of 1907, apparently in
better physical condition than at any time subse<nient to their arrival in Ottawa.
Evid( ncc of iiico-ordination was slight in each case, and in the absence of a din ct
history pointing to dourine, would have eseai)ed the observation of even experienced
observers. Tiiey were ia(, their cai^. ueie .-k-ck and they -.vurkcJ well iu harness.
The differentiar blood counts revealed in both cases a condition which could safely be
considered normal in our present acceptation of that term, but I do not consider that
they had made a full recovery as one 'Puss' (589), was destroyed September 30,
1907, after becoming paralyzed to such a degree that she could no longer stand. The
^^J8^.^&aK^^
Tv '
noURiyE OR MALADIE DU COIT 9
autopsy lesions in this enso were thoso mually foun.) in advanocd oases of dourine
Full data ooncem.ng those individual mares will 1x3 found later in this report
station mnn';r ^"""^ ^°'' 'K'^'T ''""' ^ '-'"'''^ ♦»>« Lethbridge quarantine
and mvsoKth r*, T "T-''"'' 1 '"" ' ""™"'^ """ inoculated by Dr. Had.on
and m>8elf ^^,th flui.ls an.l omnls.ons from livinp and reoently killed horses that had
naturally oontraoted the disease. The period of observation w th all of the no^ula ed
annals was suffic.ent to determine the presenoe or abseno^ of infeetion. and thTy were
oont.nually under the olose observation of Dr. Iladwen. then in oharge of the nuar'n
f"tVafve?; 7' '"''■ 1 ^\^^''^^r' T'" "-"^ *'«"^^''"«' *- *»^- statTon in mvn r
oarrlJ w,th :11'"'.TT' ^'' *^''^^'^" ""^' '''"^'"''' '^''^ ""^ "* '^<^'^ inoeulations
the id from X 7 "T'- •• t''''r '^''♦-■•'"i"«J V repeate<l examinations of
Add ni , o Tr ""'l^r.-Ph^',"! circulation, by examination of other bodv
fluHjh and tissues, and by Roneral olinioal appearances.
s.rntJ'r; ?'"""''' ""''' ^"'^ ^-onsoientiously and systematically endeavoured to demon-
to do 80, nor had it been observed by any individual working with this disease in
Cana.la. or m fact with naturally infected cases of dourine or maladie du co oTthe
w/tl 7T .7"n",v *' P""^"" *" *^" «"'^'"*f °f trypanosomata by Drs. E \
Watson and M. V. Gallivan, on February 11, 1907. The subject fumisWng the
trypanosomata was a mare found to be clinically affected with dou ine onThe premises
a well 2r\ ^^'•- ^- ^'®u' "^" L«>thbridge. Alberta. The material was taken'rom
a we 1 define,! vesicle on the inner border of the right labium, the base of which was
bout one a.ntimetor in diameter, slightly raided, firmer and mo«. (BdemaTortlTan
.f thoTeS? r- "^'r- ^T" P-P"«*-- -- -«de after the scar^cat on
ound trnr'" •"' r ""^ '*' ^'''"- ^" ^'^ ""^ '^'''' ^'"™'"'' trypanosomata wore
foiind. the organisms, however, were rare, sixteen only being observed after examin-
ing the entire area of three smears. cAunnn
,h. f 'if,'^.^"*'^' I ^»f i^yoMred with an opportunity of observing the parasites at
he r-ethbridge quarantine station, in fresh and stained preparations wS I took
from the Tiffin mare on the 21st, 23rd and 25th of March. Sdll latTr (June 12) on
another visit to the Lethbridge quarantine station, I was able to again demons ;a"
the parasit.. in material taken from the vagina of this mare remonstrate
hmce the demonstration of the parasite in material taken from the Tiffin mire
.he .hsease has b«>n transmitted to two fillies, from one of which it has been recovered
Parasites have also been observed by Dr. Ilargrave of Ifedicine Hat, in smears
akon by him from the vagina of a naturally affected mare near Olds. Alberta In
his instance the smears wore made by Dr. Ilargrave on July 9, and examined on the
'nLf on th:''icr^'"'- ""' ' ""' "^"^ *° -''''' ^'^ ^"'^-^ ^' '^^ P---*« - ^^^
i. IrrJ'^^Tu "'"'.'' '""' ''"■"■' ■■'"'' "''''' ^«'«> ^"^•^*"1>' "P*'" clinical evi,l,.iioe
o',, f Tdrr '■ ^" •^'""^■«^<',i and confirm, the statement made in my annual
report of 190. that the disease. un,ioubt,.lly identical with the dourine of other
"Mintnos, ,s .■aiise.i I.y the same ,.ar;wit,> (Trypanosoma equiprrJum), and that the
.lo.n.,nstration of this parasite is largely a matter of obtaining suitable cases, op 1
^.lth careful, systematic oxporim.'iits and olose observation
lullv o"? n-'J^' P"f "•'"♦>' "f <li.ignosing this affection by -.uroly clinical means is
i who anno • t" i'"' T'''' '" 'i'^"- ■^'"" ^'"^*''^"'-"' •'^^^ ^"-'^ ^-" k"-" «"'"'--
tic^. uho appear to have torgotton that dourine and many other diseases caused bv
dkc'.vorv''^';!:"" "'■'■^'•^'■'"'-l^• '"'"'-°-d by practical men, many years before the
discovery ot thoir causal agents.
Thp dr-tails eoiuiccicd with the first demonstration of the parasite, together with
I'rti:;;^ ^rorwaV' 'Tr' **^^'"''^"*' ^^-''^'^ "^^ ^-^^ ^'^^--^^ --^ be'siSd -n tt
article of Dr. Watson which constitutes a portion of this report.
aff JL -1 '■""'^•'^■'-' P!"'*^'** !>«« l^cen demonstrated in a number of naturally
affected animals, and also, in two artificially infected cases, it is impossible to give a
i.:\
4-
I!
~- ^ ^ V
111
I
10
nEPAKTMEWr t)F UIHICl l.TlRh:
reason why the parasite cannot be observed in nil elinical eases. This diffieiilty is
.■x|>iTien(v.l in all afftn-tions einiscil by frypatiosoninta and it is my belief that we still
have miieh to learn eoncerninj; the life eyele of this elnss of parasites.
The ndvaneod ohnnKes which take plaee in the different organs of the body,
particularly the degeneration of the bones, their iiicrease<l brittleiiess. joint ulceration.
&c.. aro beyond our present knowlodKC and do not. for the present at least, admit of
an explanation. That a few trypanosomata located in the vat'inal mucous membrane
can of themselves create such a disturbance, it is unreasonable to presume, and future
studies must be directed to. this feature, with a view of deterininiiiR the cause of these
marked changes. There is' a possibility of this whole process being due to defective
nerve supply and located in those centres iiaving direct control over the nutrition of
the animal. The extensive histological studies of Marek, however, have failed to
reveal such lesions and we will, therefore, have to defer any remarks in this connec-
ticu \intil our kiKnvlcdgc in thi.- direction is mon- complete.
We have found in working with the Triipniioimma namhiinxi' (sleeping sickness)
that there is a to.xine present in the blood serum which creates a disturbance when
iujwtetl into guinea-pigs. With sleeping sickness, howiwer, there is little or no trouble
in the demonstration of the parasite, and we are led to conclude that the toxine of the
Trypanosoma equipcrdnm is much m(m> disastrous to the growth i>f the organism than
is the case with the parasite of sleeping sickness. Further, we are led to believe
that it is the toxine. in cases of dourine. that to a large extent is responsible for the
lesions produced.
Certain bodies have been observed in some of the preparations taken by Watson
and later studied by both of us. which may he trypanodomata in an involution stage.
I cannot agree with Tiiiroux and Teppaz.* however, that the red granules seen
in the large mononuclear lymphocytes of horses (when stained with eosin and methylene
blue in any of its combiiiations"). represent the remains of try-pano.soinata, for wc has-e
observed these granules almost witliout exception in smears taken from the general
and peripheral circulation of healthy horses. (See tables I to IX given under ' Blood
examinations in cases of Dourine.') Another criticism of their work is .that their
diagrams do not indicate the evolution spoken of in the text of their article, as the
trypanosoma shown within the large mononuclear cell (fig. 16. their illustrations)
has lost its centrosome and its undulating membrane, while the next figure presents
what are described as the centrosomes of a numl)er of trj-panosomata, together with a
portion of an undulating membrane.
That the organisms of dourine may be taken up by the large mononuclear
lympho<'ytes. I cannot refute or substantiate, as none of our observations have included
such phenomena. It wi)uld apiK\ir, however, that the lymphocytes exert some action
inimical to the parasites, otherwise these cells would not api>ear in such large
quantities in the eirtnihiting blond of animals in a passive stage of the disease as
indicatetl by the tables apiiende.l to this reiwrt.
PATIIOLOtilCAL ANATOMY OF DOURINE.
With the pathclogical imatcuny ..f ddurine I have endeavoured to make myself
familiar, and. therefore, will indicate the lesions usually found at autopsy.
.Ml of the cases upon which it has been my privilege to hold autopsies, have been
destroyed on account of their presenting clinical evidence of the disease, and. with
one or two exceptions they were of long stan<ling.
As a rule the general condition of an affected animal is much below normal,
there is I'tle evidiMice of fjit, the ril)s nre prominent and the hip bones are easily
distinguished. Incision of the skin reveals the connective tissue to be of a yellowish
• Les Trypanosomiases aniiiiales au Senegal,
rimrtitut Pasteur. March. 1907.
M. Thiroux et M. Ti'ppaz. Annali's de
k
DocRiyf: OR MAI \nn: i>c coit
n
•ng« with but ^|rr,v httlc tat. Tho musol.-s aro .omowhat palo, but otherwise appear
to bo normal. Wlicre emaciation is markcl the musobs present evirlcnces of gelatin-
ous degeneration with yellow .serous infiltration. Removal of the hind legs at the eoxo-
femoral jomt reveals considerable .K.,le,na about the joint and the ligamentum teres.
The l.gamentum teres .s not of its normal size in cases of long stamling. The
art.cuatory surfaces of this joint. parti,.ularl.v that of the acetabulum, in a majority
of instances, present a d.sti.u.t ulceration, usually somewhat triangular in shape and
in one instance each si.le of this irregular triangle was „„.. inch in length. (Plate
II.) The synovial flui<l presents no altcrati.m either in clour or consistencv
The bones when split o,M.n w.tc fnun.l to be very brittle, s,.,ngv. and "infiltrated
w, b ...lat.nous matenal. (Plate V,,., Tbe articular ..artilag.l nfay W ero.H Jitd
this erosion IS particularly to be noted in those cases wbere the characteristic lame-
ness has been a clinical .symptom during the course of the aflFeetion
On op..ning tbe ab.IoiniMa! cavity, tlui.l was invariablv present, in wbic], were
seen numerous nemato.ies ffihri., ,„.,>illo.s„ >. Tbes<, bowever, are usuallv inej with
in bonses kept under ran,., conditious, and tborefore bear no special relationship to
tie d,..asc under cous.d.rat,,,,,. Tbe connective tissue of tbe abdominal cavitv vas
of e same yellowish tinge noti.vd in ..onuectiou with the subcutaneous connective
n anJ uT ' "f'' •".'" '"■'■""'"• '"'""-'-"• The intestines are
u'ualK pr<::'„t '■■'" ""■"" "' " '""'"'" '■ '"■'■^■'"'" i"rt«'">""t-y changes are
Tbe spl..,,. Is of a greyisb colour and tl,e -urface presents manv ,K>techial spot,
Tn consistency the sple,.,, is soft au.l tlai,l,v. pitting on p,-e<sMre. tbe pit not rcMim-
ing Its natural po.M„ou on the removal of the finger. In size it is about normal or
I'mc TTI) '""'"' " " "*' '■"■""^'•^'"'P" '"^'"^^^f' the capsule. (S.^e
;n>e liver ap|H.ar< to be mu.-h shrunken in >ize. in some cases appearing to be
but naif that of the normal organ, and it is of ■, „.ueh darker colour tlian is tTe case in
l.;r.<es not suffering from tbi> .lisea.e. Tbe „r«an is very firm, with no evidence
'■i c.rrhosis. I bo capsule of the liver usually presents evi.lence of an old intlnm-
III itid'v j)r(ic("»s.
Dr. Ila.hven while working with thl^ di>ea.<e at Letbbiidge f.mnd that the maxi-
nuu, .v,.ight of the spleen ,„ thirty-six ca. - was lllTr, ,,„u,„es. while the miniu,um
^ -~ .»!> grauiin,.s, the average b.nnar hr,>7 -2 grammes. He also found that the liver
..resented a maximum weight of n.r,T,> orannnes a minimum weight of 0.04-t gramracs
wiule the avrnge wa, .-,.!..„' gra.uuas. T„ ,l„. „,,,, advanced and emaciated ..ases'
I- also found that there was no iuerea-,. in tbe size of the liver, but that it wis
■Iccreased in size ,Iue to the fact that all available fat and nutriment had i,een
:d,sorbed in an endeavour to su.^tain lite. The horses upon which these observations
U.T.. made were cond..mned a.s soon a~ tbe symptoms warrante.l Mich action, and
-heretore were,,, different stages of the disease. Tbe weight of the animals in
MneMiou varied from 900 t.i 1.^00 pounds,
A gcdatinous deposit is usually found at the hihmi of the kidnev. and tliis
■l.-poMt responds to the tests for nn..in. An enlargement of the kidnev i.s .ds,'.
tre.,„c.ntly noted, while bislologieally tbe .-ells are degenerated an,l largely replaced
n,\ strings of mucin. ' • ^ •
Dr. Hadwen found ammonium urate in advanced cases, but was unable to demon-
trate albumen or sugar. We have l-oen un,b|e to find evidence of sugar in urine
^r!^'Jl::';:Z!'.::T:J^:}^ T}'!"^:^ were^exp.;rimenting here, nor in urine
B. taken t'rom
affeete(
eium carboiiat*
lorscs in various stages of the disease at the time of thei
dou
mid by Dr. IFadwen in tl
aiightc
Cal-
rine, in which there was paralysis of tbe hind limbs. T
le urine of two well marked eases of
of the tail and legs became mattetl with tb
n both instances. Uie hair
irine, giving off a very offensive odour.
•■€:
I-
12
DEPAKTMESr Of AURIVVLTi'RE
■i;»J
III botli of tluso aiiiiuats the walk of the blailder were found at the aut..p-y to be
one tviitiiiutro in thickness. This increase of the calcium salts in the urini^ seems
to W resiM.iu^iblo for the groat irritation foUowinjr urination manifested by s ►ch-
iiiK of th.. tail atul oversion of the clitoris. In two of the cases which we havt oad
luTo tlu- uiiiu- has eontainicd a jtrt^U (luantity of mucin.
I ho s,'ininal Huid of two diseased stallions collected after the .v.v.rinff of
niai. I>r Hawdoti found verv few siH-rmatozoa. and even these ceased thoir rnnve-
nu'ias v,rv qui.kly in oov.tsHi. preparations. The fluid ejected from thes.^ stal-
lion^ was i.lontifui in su;n>ly. and from its general appearance was conaidered to be
larjfoly of pro.static origin. , . , tx.
Th« vaginal mucous membrane is pale and of a leaden hue with some scars, ine
mucous membrane is in foKU and there is an ocdematous condition of the os, but
otheiwiso nothing abn-rmal is noted. The nu.cotis membrane of the uterus is usually
of a leaden colour and uedematous. In some cases the (edematous folds were very
pronounc-ed, increasing the size of the organ considerably. The ovaries were invan-
ablv .-vstio, though I am not prepare*! to assert that this was due to the infectious
proce>s under discussion. N.mu- of tho inart-s upon which T held autopsies had recently
Khown ;i i-rofuM- vaginal dis.'harge. indicating that all were more or less chron-c.
In ;i,iaitiou to tho -on.ral k>si..iw d-'^orihod ab.H-c. tho testicles of two -stallions
woiv itrophiod, in -uio instaiKV the pr.v.-ss had progressed to an almost complete
ahs.n,',- r r, s'i,-u!.ir tissue. l:i on.> .n' th.v<r stallions ■ Bnioetield Prince.' (Plate
lY and V 1 ihoro was ,i ditfnse adoniat.'us sw.-Uint- of tho -iheatli No marked changes
wor.' n.t.d about tho v^'iiis -avo ,i sliy-ht rniRlinc-s of tho nuioou-. menibrano of the
■J rot bra.
Sleepy 5S?.
Ih;.^ iiiai-.', ^ li.i.v, .liio.i. w.ifjtiin^' about l.'iOt. poun.is) was .juarantined in 'he
.~prlii^' 'I I'.tOl. >..ndoinnod in May. IImV.. held i-t oxperimental observation and trans-
forrod -o tho Hiolojfioal Laboratory. Ottawa, in tho fall of that year arriving on
N'.v.-inhor •-'■-'. On arrival she was in o.xi-ellont phy-ical condition ami apart from the
ovideic- >.t rho disoaso whioh wero r,, bo notod at a car..'ful .examination of the
-n .00;.- tnonibra.io .f the ^a^:ina. si.o app.ar.Hl to I,e i)erfo.'tly healthy, altliouch she
w..;,;,i .u -io.-^ in.. ■'■St .1 slif-dit knookiin;! of tb. hin.l foflooks. bur this manifesta-
■;, „ ..^a< i.v :„. -noaius w.'H inark-d. 11. T won'.! [t. -aid, r .-rdinary oonditions. admit of
.iotr.-tvii.* .
•^h.' wa- -'ai'lod iuDnir -iio uinior .iihi at \ari.'i;~ turns f'lrnishod material for
aniii.a! :>>ru'ai>'ii-. \s 'ho ri!:i.'-r ;M.r'i.o! o' ■ nr wnrk was o.<nd;iotod with the other
ni.ir.- ■■ iiiiriLT •>• ni 'hi- M,.,vtr.l hrrd I'-i-- .''-'.'. 1 will not d.taii tho experiments
r'rii,in.-t' .1 -.voh -I a;i r'a! '•■■ni ih:-; 'nilivoina;.
!•! •n, -iT'.-if,' •{ l^'oij -hr 'a:.~ ''r-.i r,, j ^ialli-n i!i;0! purob.asoil for tha-" purpose.
:,i 11, ,a).i. ..■ ■oir ■■■' ■i'laio a r. o. ur'y ;:il'..-iod auiuui! that a -uMalue oaS4' tor the
■ i^;,,,. ,;,,., ..;■ 'hr o.ira-i'. -li'^h- 1..- a'.a!'ai>i. , I'his .-..ur'v' wsu- pursued a- a oarefu!
^tthiy ■!' 'ho 'uor-Hior,. ndioari.i -h.o , -.,-. utiy Mifivto.i -tallioav was moro likely to
:;ivo oo^iliv.' r.-u;t> u 'ho .;el..'i:ou r ■\\v "aya-ire. than would fallow rept'at.M exam-
"n.iiio!!^ of •iiut.o-a; t"'.>n! aioni.ris '-a th. r .jia-, < :>t tho ii-as.'. Our • tforts in this
oir. or.,in. h..we.er, wn-.- orod'utis .■ ■■ u- ia'a 'iioioalin;; an iinootion.
V aoiailio ■ rd ^.f 'iir 'i-'d Aaniiuai ;.u!- ■ i' 'it!- tuare is to b,. •'ound in oonnec-
M, ■■ 'voii U'o r-aiKirks 'ip.oi ■ Bb^. .! F\ano!i,Mvo s 01 Ilournu'." api-oudod to 'his n^port.
\ -jan.o, I- 'l' i\aniiuat'ons ■{ -aj^'tiai -niiar< 'a. rr tiia.io but iho tonipor of 'he mare
r..,,,.;. ,-. .; ,.i,,- , tT..ra-i hi diis dir.oi!-ii oar'uMihirvv oitti.-uh and dauir>'nois. In none
't para-iti s nor it torms
^in*-ar^ 'At r^ wo a'ur
.|tUl'<T ■vlill'U'
■iimulatint;' iluui.
♦Piu i tu tUe trrtIl^I■ol■ Ml rhi- aiare to OttiiAa ui.ii k,-.i . iim.al ui.iiiitk-tatious uf the disemw
iimler oii^idtrarion, at one time preeeuteU 'Iutii -reives.
noiRist: OK MALAint: iw mir
13
worked' stru,;?,"!;;:!''-'' r'^— P^S^^^'-'^ ^^ October. 1906. and has continually
irtlo . .t V 2 a ^'luT °^ "^'^ "firnculturist on the experin.ental farm
j\i nio (HiiM't .-111' wuh worthed with her iiiato (Pnw 'i<iO\ <.„.! „»„ ■
l>een but partially broken before leaving Altrta Sho w^ In «h?l'^''''"' ^*T*
the experienced K..idancc of the fam. 'an.t« to ^o^LT^ share o77h; Zt^L
work), slie ,s working single or double with another horse and evin in «^V,f\
orr.nt''^' ^"^'"^ °^ ^^^ ^"^ "•- "-^ - ^"^ -llior.SSa^Vr^Jrwr
her inl"nV"'T^'''''*T' " '"*'^^ in^o-ordination in the movements of her hind limbs
her general condition, however, is good; she is fat, her coat is gioscv she feed, well'
ana there i. nothing further which wonld indicate a dourine infeS^n ^ave the t, W
W'r cmlri;."'"^-'*"^ "'""'^"^'^ '' ''' --- -'^ ^'^ entire^abrcrorpSlr;
Pfss .5^9.
(S Jnt%MTnnH°!.,^'' """' '•' «r''"V^ '^"^ "^ *''*' ''"^ immediate] V preceding
Meepy 53S) and she wa. received at the laboratory on the same date She was an
aged brown mare weighing about 1.450 ,>o,mds On amivnl bor IZll ^l'!''''^ ""
.ood but there wa. at time, a marked Inco-oHinatioHn he mo emetr^f \^^^^^^^^
^r;i -^t t^-;^ - £^^^ tS^:£t~^S
Ci:;:i:^'^i^r-rU^^^^-t;aS:-S
number blood was the inoculated material * ^ ^""^ ^"^ ^^'^ ^''^^'
During the period from November, 1905 to Anril innfi r<^i<.f;„„i n
:^K;j-v-^S;:e?a;-^i-^^
:^S^;:^^Sr-^s^ftl=^^^^
=X XHuS ^^SroJ^SS^irdnta^ES^
L\'Kl iltf '^' -' ^-^ ^°-^ *^ --'"^^ ^^^^ the parasite w^s'^rt in^h^^
of various st^ngths and also into the combinj sah and 'r^ate so , ^^f' tT"^
mixtures were suKsequently kept at various temperatures ranging from "o" to 17=0
and examme<l at stat«l interval, to determine the presence Tr abinVoftnnana^^
ma a^ The receptacle, used in this work were large test tul.s twoT^^^J in^ilX
and fifteen inches lon^. These tube, were sterilised in the autoclave The toi beiS
P ugged with cotton wool through which a gla.s tube was placed for tirpurpose of
-terilizing. however, thi- solution wh ■•li wa< to art a. the ,l,In^nt „ '^< lore
H Mre,l to fill w„h Mood. The tuU- wer,- fill,.,] with blood bv the u..e of a rocar in
the jugular vein connected by means of a rubber hnge. with tbe ^Jl "-v" u! . .?
*l><iruir,l RoRp
panosonia in C
a"'l Kala-Az;,r. London Lancet
Kers. M.B etc., Capt I.M.S., I'r.I.minary Note on the Development of Try-
ulture, of the ^unnmRharn- I.-shman-Donova,, Bodies of Carhe.ial Fever
'■ "" ' July, 1904, page 215.
1
■ti
14
nKi'\Kr\if:\r of uiHin ltire
ij
1 1
Mm
M
m^
M
tube Micr..so(.pi. .xanunation. woro mado daily of .moara taken at variou* depth.
he . n xtun'. Snuars w,-r,. pnpan^d fr-.m th. ...liment after ecntnfu^nK one
,b^.. iL.tr.. of sali-u. >oluti,.n. I,, nono of the ox.umnat.on. made fnom th.,
diwi hl'uKl vlere w.- able to detoet any trypa„..omata ,>r what we understand a, .he.r
'""';:;'Ma/r',L n>«re wa. in an exc^ingly ,... phj^ical condition. Je wa« thin
h.r c t h" a„ unthrifty look and there wa, marked ineo-ordinat.on .n the movement
; I .,h the fore and ,1. hind lin.bs. The knueklin,. of the fetlocks -'-J-^^^^^^l
noticeable even to the inex,..rienoed elinioia... When a rest she wonh "'«- V^«
!,ear hind foot as .hewn in «n aecon.panyi"*^ photograph Cplato % I) taken May 5, 1006.
hnuudiately after the advent of warmer weather and the »{;P;7X'rc w'^an
.rass in the inelo.ur.. in which the ex^-erimental annnaU were held, ^hercj^as a
n arkel in.pn.ven.ent in her condition with a les^-ninK of the ^' '"•;:»1 ^"'^'^^^J'^ ^*J^
ta . l-he inoo.ordi,„,tio„ of the for.- an.l the hind hmb. gradually became le^ and
.' ,1J .oarcelv U- detocted during' the lattor part of th. sumn>, r. =^h'\;^''%^^';» *"
;;,!■ iallion l.„„0 a. va.Mou. tinu. after his purchaso for reasons .imilar to those
uKntionod under I Skepy .".sM, a>ul was h.tor found to be in foal.
l„ eVtoUr l!.Oli. llus mare was worked with ( 5nh) and worke, up to the time of
foali s (June "A). liK^TK when she was r^-lieved and. althou^-h several efforts were made
o b-< u tlv use hor at so.ue li.ht work her condition rendered >t necessary to
Lndou allctTort, iu this ,l,rection. The foal wh.ch pr.^-nted n,> evidence of
douruio du'd of a -optic infeoti..u (.uivol ill) eleven -lays aft.-r birth.
'"'shortly after bein. placed at work iu the fall of 1906 ^>---^"' >'-••. t'T'^jV^'J^i
,„ b,. hu,,; iu .he near foreleg- A .-areful exa.niuat.ou was made w.thoutloeatmg
L, exact ..at .f the ditKeulty but it wa. consulere.l to be above the t"t ock^ This
„ss was of an intermittent character and we were therefore for.-,.,! to conclude
that it was but another clnn..al n.ani.V.tat.on of the disease from which she was suffer-
"" On iLt;" ";.U7''a'ar.e number of animal inoeulation. were ma.le. using
...tre e u.l ;ie,il.n„.,re,l Moo,!, h, the., uioeulations lar.e amount^ were ..^^
::, an.l l.-..Ve,n. u, .uin:a„....s and mbluts and M-XRvm. in a youn^ puppy. The
^uineapigs and rabbits were inoeulated subeutaneouslv and '"^/'^-^bdommally with
fi .,„ roaied 1.1 i a„d uuh -ha. wlueh was deHbnnate.l. The puppy- (weighing
La -en ...uhL- a...l :a.ou, ,u.. t rb> old > r ived l.^Vcm. o, the untreated
M 1 ...,l,e,',aneo„>!-. and ir-iVen,. „f the deribrinated blood intra-abdommany. No
,,,„^,,„„„ ,,,|,,,,,„i ,1,., ;„.„.„ian.n- ..f the-e relatively lan:e amounts of blood, save
, .lAu n-o :n teinpernr :;re iu the ea-es of a few of the inoculated animals nnthfl
'tinrd ..n,i ...Mrti, .ia.v-. Tin.- n>e in 'euiperarure was attributed to the bloo<i aetmg
as a t.>reiK-ii body, ihi' n-e in leiuiMTat
disturbuiiee diiriufi tiie ab-orptmn ..'f ti ■
:iiatie e.\annnat;on- -t 'he bi-nd "! tlu-.
,eipu-ut to ibeir -...rulation, bui \'a noiio
,liseeru any ,\i.lenee ■'( trvpano^oniata.
(h, ill,- date o! .;..iki!i;r 'li.- i-h-OMLit
w. re removed from the mare, and there wa
..■on.iilion folb'Wuiu 'hi.- nme.-.i'ire.
Att.r !-a!i-^ -!n.o ■>«. I'MC'. tb,> '-
' .dthoiifjh -be ,ipp»'ared t.' oat well
..rdiiia'i'.n i<i tile hind linil'- was \
if i!ie qiarti-r-. Karly in .\ ijr'i-i,
< iitiOU s:;i' "-'. :ir ■ ■; • ■
,;,.. ,^ ,j^ !' w 1^ .(...'leotl ao\|sal'le t
, fi'W ,la\
tile i.:"eii
;u 111 !■ I'l
Ix'inj; oeea,sion..d by the general metabolic
i..o.'ulat»sl material. Careful and .syate-
IK.riiu'U'al aiiimaLs were conduote<l sub-
if the preparations taken were we able to
iis abi'Ut
"ittle or
l.iKH) eiibic centimetres of '.ilooil
no tlifference to be noted iu her
iiu
Inei
was lioonied ailvisaM
..{ her !i-t!irH 111 liio
.M-ii— iiiat -111' 'ie-ireil. I'ln
lioim, ; iliri-e ua- :; (.artia
rh
i-nniiition of the mare rapi-llv ijrew worse,
t was iiiiTiossible to put any flesh on her.
■rv marked and then' was a distiui.t s-.vay-
II aeeonnt nf the ra(iid fa ; Te of her 'U-
-fMble that she miirht be available at -.ch
i-bnieal nr oilier examinations. Wi'iiiri
slie was iiieketed and allowed to ca" all
by a temporary improvement
the ineo-onlinalioii. her 'oar
make
it'Ty
wa.s fiillinvi.<
-iiiisiileiiee "f
UOVRISE OR MALAniK nu COIT ||
i™!^■^"■■ "";' "'"' V"' "" """"■ *-*''• ■'''"• in'P'ovement, however, was only of .
On S n : :Z '"f T:' T :r" .""■* ^'"' "'•'' ---^-d-^ «ther than improvilg
fn,{ti« h f *:''P ''•"'•^•■- ^1 «»'^ «a^ fo-n.i down. Efforts to reise her were
fruitless there be.HK httle or no eontrol over the hind limbn. There was ev". E
a keen d.>«,re for food, but tl.i« eoul.l only be partially satiated owingto a 1 ^
J^K Kl l '" "^ '^'•' """'^■''" "^ *'"' •'■»^-«- '»"'»« '•"•"liti"" of the.sf muscles hS
p^baHv b...n present u, a minor decree for some time, but was not ob erml .,
mastication eeased at irreRular intervals only. ou.trvta, as
September Ijlj^''^ *:;;:,■'' ■'''. /";7'V';"''"t in her condition up to the afternoon of
tSeptemlKr ^5 ,t whs .lec.led to .lolroy l.er. At this time .he was very much
eraacated. and there was little or no control exercise,! over any of the lin.bs
At the autopsy it was noted that the .edematous infiltration in the inter-muscu-
lar connect. ve t.ssue was a nu.re nu.rked feature than had previously bee obs 3
ol hertifrueZ""* "'"'""■" ''""'"^ "'^' '"' '''''^'^ '' ''^^'' "^ --' "P ^" '^e "me
fl„i I?n't7.' '1""^"'' "^ '''! """'"'"' '*»'"'-""^-'* "'V'-Bled large an.ounts of .edematous
flu d and the ti.sue was of a nuich darker colour than is normally st^-n Th, heart
muscle was very rtabby an.l there was considerable a.dema about this ori, Th^
exce*. of that normally presot. The lun^s were normal, with a few in licafons of
In oT'Vr'HvriJa^f "V ''''' '^•""^'"'" '^"P'' '"""•^^ -- -.11 and
th.slt^;^ui:ir;t:cSr*:;S^.rrT^fr^^.rv" 7- -'
m colour and very flabby in its consistency The vmnh dand of T k'" ^^
cavity presented an increased o^lematou's in'JlIriZ^l "t toM ""'Th
kidneys wen- pale very friable, and there was considerable .edema abo^tl . Jy'
withL i, t" ^ °^ ;^" """"'^' "''^^^" "'•'•'' -™«^«-^«t thickened an.l the Se
u thin It contained a large amount of mucus. The ovaries presented b t shVht
a terations from the normal. The uterus ,lld not contain a f-tus it. „.u „s fr
face presented many folds, and these folds were .edematous
The coxo-femoral joint of the near hind leg pre.sente.l quite a large ulc.er.tion
but ths ulceration was covered with freshly fornK.l cartilagiiuMis nnter a Th.'
elbow joint of the near foreleg presents an anticipate,! ulceration a la .1.^
been mentioned the mare was at on., time lame in this vlh lT}\l f J
-rouble was now easily established. This ul:." ti"n u4s n an actit'sTMe ^ '
rSage '^ '"''' '-''' ''''-' '"^ -""'"'^- "^ ^'^ ^-^- S'in^ ^^'^^^ S.
;o£nJt::'i^-;L:;i;::^
.sutfered from a more acute torm of tli.- disease
hrst ohs.,.,.,) by Dr. Warno,-k of Pinel' ' '■ "'■' ■"■■" ^-^"^"^^^ '"'^ '>"nnn,n^ was
fact
ill d.
.'reck. Ail),-rta, an.! he h
lealing with su^|,,-<.ts by having th.-m bnjken to h
its made use of thi
aniriiiil is disea-ed marked evid
fol!o\
•ing.
i.ni'H IV apparent in a v.
irn.-ss and worked. If thfi
^
A.
1
ry short period, death invariably
:
•■■i
. \
!■]
i:
t
r
16
DKI'ARTUEST Of AORICULTVRS
Ni(iUER 690.
This iiinre was recoivod at the laborntury with the two prwodinff and originated
at thu ranch of the NfwHcnne lint Raiu-h Company, having heon seh-ctpil by Dr. Har-
grave us u roctntly infected ease of dourine. Slio was a young mare (« y(>ar9) weigh-
iiiK l.t<X> poiiiids ami was in fair condition. There was a marked ineiwmlination of
both the fore and hind linils which was particularly nctieeablo when she was forced
to step over a sinull ol.struction. The movements of the forefeet gave the impression
that she was feeling for the irround, the nervous involvment evidently affecting the
flexor luid extensor miiscloH. The hindquarters swayed considerably and a distinct
knuck! k' was to be observed <"ven when walking- Eye lesions were looked for but it
was iuipossilile to detect any abnormality (>f the external surface of these organs or
of tbiir miiscles. and the retina presented a normal appearance. There was no distor-
tion I'f th.' uenltals althoufih the mucous membrane of the vagina was found to be in
the folds common to all cases of maladie du coit or dourine.
During the period of her life at the laboratory, no evidence was obtainable of her
haviii!? lain down (from November 21 to December 14), until the 14th day of December
wlw^ii she was led out to water. On this date the ground was very slippery, ice having
formed over the surface of the ground as the result of a rain and sleet storm, this ice
beins sulwiiuently covered with :d>out three inches of snow making it impossible
for one to discern the spots which were particularly treacherous. She slippe<l on such
a spot and fell never again to regain her feet. After falling she was carried to the
stable where a carefid examiiuition was made to determine whether there was any
Ino';' •' boiii s. Hiinjr utKibli' to find any abnormalities she was made comfortable
with n pUntlful supply of bedding and allowed to remain till the following morning
wIkh ill itTutt wii> niiide to place lier in slings. She was quite easily raised and could
suiiport >oiue weight on her fore feet but was unable to exercise any control over her
hind limbs, even when they were placed directly under her. Jt being evident that she
Wii- ir.ore fonit'oitalile in a ri-cumlx-nt position shi> was unslung. She ate very little,
although no iiaralysis of the jaws was noted and death resulteii on the 13th from a
terminal infection.
Th.- :iiito|isy r<H-ealo(l the usual tindin.^s, yellow colouration of the subcutaneous
coiii)iTt:>e ti<s!ic, o'.lfiiiatous iufiltratiou. swollen lymph glands, flabby heart muscle,
firm liv.r witli aiihosioii~. imle ^rey tlabby sjih-en with petechia-, joint ulcerations,
etc. Ulcerations were found in the Cfi.xo-femoral, the hock, the stifle and the fetloi-k
joint- of the I'Mid limbs and in the >houlder. cUhjw and knee joints of the fore limbs
anj in soMi ' iiistances the ub'eration wa- intense ami active. A few animal inocula-
tion, weri' iiiade from the lliiid siuTouiiding the spinal eorfl and brain, and with emul-
sion- iv'A the eonl ii,-elt'. Those animal-, however, died of septicifmia, a result
aceie.inte.l t'of I'V the iiiesiuee of the terminal iiifietion in the mare.
l)ii!-iiitr tiie entire -tav of this mare at the lalxiratory there was a distinct leeeo-
cyto-is with but littli' ilevi.itiou from the normal proportion of the various cells as
instanee ! by the eoents r.'eofde<l in i'"iineetion with the' remarks on 'Blood Examina-
tions in Do!iri-:e.' (table IV).
KlDKAr. (150.
Thi- is ail atreii stallion inirelii-ei M:,y l,"i. T,Mn!, for I'XiH'rimental breeiiiui: in
eonneelion with niahi'lit' dii coit. This -tuliiiii was rai-ed in this imnu'iliati" vicinity,
and lia- never lieen usecl at a point renioti' from the Kideau aiiil Ottawa rivers.
During- tile -i-ason of T.Hm'i he wa- hrei to i I'nss. .'Stt. -he heiti^r the case whieh
set'MieJ nion; !il;i-ly ti> prove itifeeliv.' to tiii- stallion, and subseo.ueutly he was bred
to the healthy nuiri' ( Boulder. liTtl).
The re-ult of ilie^-e Lueeditij; experitnents was that the mare (Puss. 5S9) was
impri'gnattd ami irave birth to a tiliy foal on June -20. li)i>7. whieh. as has already
been stat,-.!, Jie-i of navel ill on -Inly 1. The hreodliii: of the stallion to the mare
noVRINF. OR MAIAhIK IH inn
17
(Boulgcr 070) .li.l not romilt in, inipr, K.iatinn. Thi^ latter mare wm purpn*olv hio-l
Lite in tho porio,! of oostr.iii. thnt improRnatio,, miffl.t bn avoi.Jed. tho dMire'l.«inff
to infect her from 58!) throuRh thr sfallinn 050.
TluH .t.illi.ii. hMH «t no timp pnNoiite.1 any evidence that the covering of the
mare (5S!>) re^iilte.l in nn infection.
DurinK tlie hr.HMiii>K 8enson of 1007 he ' -,. Ven lued on the mares (688, 689 and
O.O). and up to the present writinR. XovemU 15. there is no clinical evidence of a
(loiinne infection in the stallion or in the mnre (670).
From the time of his purchase till An^nst S. 1907.' he was kept ni the Inhonilorv
stable, hnvinp the use of the p„d,lo,.k f„r exercise. On that date, h^-ever. he was
Inken l;.v the nprxM.ltnral division „f the KxiKrimental Farm for work where he :i;w
niftjiitained Ins excellent physical condition.
n.v working him it was anticipated that in the event of an infction. clinied
nuinifestat.ons vyould he pr<vent mu.di earlier than wo„M be the case with onlv the
< xcrcisc olitainalilc in a small iiic|osnn\
\ re.-ord nf Mood examination made .-an he found in connection with oi.r
remarks on ' HI.hhI Kxnminatioi.'; in Donrine.' (Table V.)
fi
^fvNorif K, Otio.
This ^tallioM was ,„nv|,a.sed ,.„ .T„ne !). 1000. for the puriwse of coiidiietiiiK
..•.vdinK exp.rnncnts wjtl, ,„„!adie du co.t. He was an aped stallion, hnt had a
nstnr,v „,,|„.at,nL^ that 1„. !,ad never l.cen further than fift.v mile« from Ottaw.l
lie Provi'l-d n .heap experimental .nl.ject f..r onr purposes and was bvod to ihe
inare (..ss Skvp.v) onl.v. Services with this mare were somewhat difficult owinp to
the <tall,on s small cxn: I.ut we were aide to <.ffc..t them on June 20 and 21 an.l on
.lul.v 1.,. .\s will l)e seen from the tal.les .,f Mood counts of this horse (Table Vl )
there was never a markcl variation in the polynuclcar elements, and but sli-ht
v.inatiuMs „, the l.vmpho,.vies. and these could he accounted for bv the inere.ised
number ot cosmophilo cells, the presence of which in the blood was due to the para-
Mte,s wu.'h were tound at autopsy. The ..xisteuce of this parasitism was recognized
lr..,n the t,r>t. but it wa- .■o,>i,!e,*.-l th,;t it would interfere but little with our
dnunne experiments.
The death ..(• the -tilli.M .Mvnrred o,, October 10. 1000. as a result of the uema-
ledr para.sitie inva>:..n. ;,n,| there had iiever b,vn any evidence .lurinn- the entire
p<rie,l he wa-s under obscrvatiru that he had be.'ome infected with the trvpanosoma
for which we were searchinp-.
The autep-y revealed the fell.nvinjr lesions: —
Some subcutaneous and iuteniin-eular o-d.-nia was note,!, particularly at the hips.
witlu^rs. and in the -trinal r-ioii-. The (cl.nua. however, did not exhibit the ehara-
acteristics note<l in ilourinc-infected animals.
The majority of th- joints of both the fon3 and hind limbs w.-re opene.1 without
*""'"'- '"'^ ''^''l'-'' f ^ini.'idar le^imi.s.. The heart was enlarged and its muscle
was firm. The huifr-^ wer,> normal. The spleen was norma] weifrhimr 7^ pramnu^.
The liver was normal save the pivsence of small nodules alxtiit the -size of bird shot
which were found to be para-itie in tlw ir orijriii The stomach contained a larpe
number of larvie of Oe^lnis eqnii. The small intestine was free from parasitic inva-
sion. The caecum and anterior i>ortion of the colon contained laifre numbers of
s.lero.-tomnta and there were many small tumors in the mucous membrane, the larpest
of these bein? about the sizi' of a hickory nut. eontainiiiff bloo<ly. purulent matter.
Thi.s bbioily. ii'inilent .nnterisil nrove! on mis-r.s.-'.-.p;.'- p^:r,n-,i"nti--n i- e-msist of
degeneratv,! leueo..ne< many of which were eosinophiles. X,) other parasites thaiiHiose
above mentione.1 were noted in the intestinal tract. The left kidney weipheil 570
grammes and presented evi<lenee of elondy swdlinp. The riplit kidney weiphed 420
grammes, was inflamed and a><lematous. The atTerent and efferent blood v.^sels were
045it— 2
■4«il
■>,,
:'1
IS
DEl'AHTHLST Of .iuKICVLTl RK
involved in a maaa of disensed ti88iip contnining a nodule about ono inch in dianiotor
and this nodule waa conipose<l of very hard fibrous tissue with calonrcoiis (l<|>(i*(iti».
Thpre waH nNd (•oiitiiiiKi! in T'li^* iiiiiss nn anouriBm of the renal artery and a dilation
of the ureter. Nematode parnsitea (iSrlfrasioma Armatnm) were found in thi- aneu-
rism iind in the ililiitloii of tlii' iiri't'P. The walls of each cavity were frofn one-hulf
to three-quarters of an inch in thicknefln. The bladder contain(>d very dark coloured
urine in which there was much mucus. The ascitic fluid was scanty, contained a few
nematode worms (Filariu papilosa) and one of these was found in the scrotal sac.
There was in none of the organs a condition simulating that commonly foun^I
in cases of dourine. •
BoutxjER, 670.
This is an aged mare which was purchased on June 9, 1906, in order that a healthy
mare might he available for hucdiiig with the stallion (650) after he had covered the
doiirined marc f.^Sft I'list*). I?oiii>f«T (i'mO) was bred a number of titnee during the
season of 1906, but we have failed to find any evidence of her having contracted the
disease. During the season of 1907 she had W^n bred to the same stallion (650) he
having previously covered the mares (588 and 689).
Xo evidence of an infection in this mare has presented itself, the mare being in
first class condition and there has never been any swelling or distortion of the exteninl
jrenitals nor has there been anv vairinal discharge or abnormal appearance of the
mucous membrane
i\\
If 1
.(■■.
BLOOD EXAMINATIONS IN DOURINE.
Shortly after the receipt at the Kiological Labor it jry, of the mares affected with
dourine for experimental purposes, some blood studies 'ere undertaken with a view
of determining the pa'holopical changes which were taking place.
We were, from the verj- inception of this work greatly interested in the changes
whieii manifested themselves and have since embraced every opportunity afforded for
increasing our knowledge of the subject, with the result, that we are now able to
present seme interesting data.
In detailing this wc-k it is first necessary to indicate the method of differcptiat-
ing the various cells tlin our tables and general remarks may be more fully under-
stood.
We have considered the enumeration of the blood cells vmder foiir general varie-
ties, one of wliich has been subdivided into four divisions.
1 Poly-morj. lo-nuclcar Neutrophiles,
2. Eosinophiles,
3 Ma^t cells.
4 Total lymphocytes :
a. Lymphocytes (large ,nnd small),
1>. Lnr^'c monomiclenri.
e. Granular mononuclear,
d. Transitional basophilcs.
For a <lescript'ion of the general charncteristics of the varieties mentioned, their
so\irce and functions, the reader i= referred to the text books dealing with the normal
and pathological histology of the blood.
Tu addition tn the cell< ineutiotied we have also enum.Tated those cells which
r-;^::t\ iit,t :-c cIu^■:■cti ill :!:;.v o! tnc :ii:uvr Kur.divisioiis but wnirh from tncir pr,-'Ui;ar
staining charac'eristics seemed to identify themselves as transitional neutrophiles.
.A much better conception of the d(»tails of our classification can be obtained
by referring to the coloured plate (Plate VTTT.) than can be given by any descrip-
tif'ii which ve ninv offer.
DOVRIKE OR MALADIE DU COIT
19
For the (hfTmntml 8tai,..ng of the white blood cell, we have used tUin. pre-
CJ^t T^ f"llow.nK the .l.rection« of Jrnnor. Lcishman. Nocht-Jonner. Ilani.^-
Nocht-Jenner. Wr.ght. &c The essential dye, in each of the foregoing, while being
bin."ti„Tr.'hr' T '"«*>?y''^'';" blm^po^^o^, oertair advantage, in particular .-om
b,n.tion«, although unavo.dabo difficulties are encountered with the abov^mentioned
preparatioM. and these difficulties are familiar to those who have used these dyea in
tlie enumeration of the various bloo<l eolls.
As uinforinity i.s nu ..ssmtial feature in eonnection with a staining prneew
where examinations are to continue for weeks, months, or even years, it i, eJsential
that a stain possessing the same characteristics should be available at all times. To
this end, Watson and I. during the winter of 1906. endeavoure<l to obtain a more
..niform staining material. Our experiments were very oncoura,.ing and we were
able to obtain a staining mnfrial which we could mo<lify almost at will to suit our
-pecial requirements, This staininp material was made in the following manner-
.. polychrome methylene blue solution is prepared, using the formula of Komanowsky:
Methylene blue (med. pur), 10 O.
So<Jiuni carbonate ('. P., 5.
Distilled water, 1000.
This niixture is strame.I over a water bath with occasional stirring and sufficient
water should bo added from time to time to cover the loss by evaporation. When a
rich purple coloration is noted, which is usually after two on three hours, the solu-
tion is evaporated to drjna-s. After cooling the residue is dissolved iti pure methvlic
nlcoh<, . making a snturatc.l solution. To this alcoholic solution of the polvchromed
methylene blue, is added a solution of eosin in methylic alcohol of the following
strength : — *
(irubler's yellow ensin, 1 prarame.
Methylic alcohol. C.V., 1.000 grammes.
After the preparation of those two solutions the stain is made by mixin+, them
in the following proportions, which, after much experimenting, has been found to
give the best results: —
Polychrome methylene blue .eolution, 70 parts.
Eo^iu snliitioii. ."0 ]),Trt*-.
After thi-s Im, been allowed to stand for an hour the staininp of a blood film
will reveal any error in the stain, which can be remedied according to its cause,
provided, however, that the me'tiylcne blue has been prepared in a proper manner.
If It 1^ found that the .solution i-= too alkaline, the addition of a few drops of acetic
acid (0-5— 1-0 per cent of acetic acid in methylic alcohol) will remedy the iliffieulty.
[n the ad.liti.m of tia> acl.l -reat caro sliould be exerci..;ed for the reason that if the
solution IS rendered too acid it is very difficult and may be impossible to fullv restore
Its characteristic properties. If it i^ only very slightly acid it may be " brought
back to the proper dcfrree by the addition of an alkaline solution such as 10 per
cent caustic potash in methylic alcohol.
By preparing the stock solutions in large quantities and working out the details
for niixinp: in small quantities only (100 cc.) as required, the stain gives excellent
results. Mr.ny of the tiresome details connected with the preparation of blood stains
are overcome by following the above technique and it is not necessary to have such
a large amount of the staining fluid to manipulate during the process of preparation,
a serious consideration with many of the other differential stains.
In staininpr the blood film, the slide or coverslip preparation of blood is co.nnletelv
fioodc<i wirh tlie undiluted st.nm for about one minute, when two or three times the
volume of water is added and the film remaining immersed in this for from three to
five minutes for purposes of differentiation as indicated by Leishman or until a green-
ish yellow scum appears on the surface. If this does not appear some error in prepa-
ration has been made. After thi.s differential staining, rinse in water for about thirty
9459— 2 i
-ft
T.
M
i
J-
r
11^:
!ij=
90
OKPARTHESr Ul UIRIVILTIRE
■econtU tncl CHrpfully dry between blottinff p«iK>r. The addition of tbo water to the
■tain on tho ulids ia a very important HiBtt«r, for, if it i« not quickly ond cviiilv
performed one portion may be lightly and another deeply ataim-d. Tbo examinntioii
of the ataincd blood ..m>»r may be mado with a dry or oil imwcraion leni. IVrsoually
u 4.i>iiini ZeiHs objeetive wiiii ii No. 4 foiii|n>n.<ating eye|)ie<'c in pneferrod
'i'hrough the u»o of tho fore^oinK Btainiiiir material wo have been able to aeeure
nioro uniform results than were poRtiblc prior to its adoption. Further, wo are able
to modify the atain to suit tlio rw|iiirenients of any special work in hand flnd moilifi-
cntions have been found iiecei»ary when the stain i^ used on 8menr« tnkeii from the
va«ina, eapeoially after an. irrigation with citrate soiiitiim in n seurfh for trypammo-
matt.
To thoao fnmiliar with tho ordinnr^' materials and their use ii\ eoiineetion with
films of hiirniiii, (ruiiienpiK or nibliit blood, the need for u material whieli will give
equal results when horses' bk)od is to be stained is not nppriN'intcd. \Vi> have found
horses' blood niiii-h more ditlieult to stain than the blood of any of tht' other animals
either wild or dome.^tio, whieh we have had occasion to examiiif. Watson ha.'; l>een
•bio to secure aome remarkably uniform results with this stain in his afutliej of the
Tti/panosorna eiiiiiiu idiim at tiie l.etlibrii|({i' quamntine station.
Apart from the difficulties of staining we have also found other pvobloms which
need further elucidation in connection with blood work. One of the most imi)ortant
18 the number of cells it is nei essar.v to cor it thn n fai- avernprc result may be
obtained. To indicate our efforf-s in this direction I append hereto a table (table I)
which jrives tli(> counts made on three different .■iniears taken from the same animal
at the same time. A careful sdnly of tlii'< table reveals that the jsmnller the inmiber
of cells counted, the prenter is the possibility of error, ami while four hundred celln
may indicate n percentaije very near to the averape, five himilred may (ive a per cenl-
ape wliicli i.- far from the averape .\j ii nile. br.\vi'vc>r. tlw countiiiff of one tbnis-
r.nd cells on a .sinplc puiciir will yive an averape v^ry *iiiiil,ir to the nverape of n
larper nuiiibcr. Whenever eirciun-tancc- have perjiii'te I, w,> have counted "no
thousand ei'lN. curlailinp the niimlur eiium<Tat(Ml wIk n tln' -^mear and the laborat iry
condilioii-s (lid not ii.hnit of a lonpiT scareli.
Table; II.. III. :iiil TV., pive the re-iult- of rount- niadi" of the bio id of lior~e:i
affectcil with (lonrinc. Tin two former table.-; an' mad<' up from data obtained in
conntrtion with th;' <iin'ni'' nlh'tiiin (^ee also Chart I. and IT.), while tbc^ latter
(Tal'l.- IV.) refers l.i d it i i ' lincil from an acnte ca-w^ of dourine.
Table V. piM ■; the loimt^ hicb we ..l.tained from tho bi'Ol nf a ~t illi in (fi.'O).
nlre^MJy ri-ferri-d to a- li.niiu- u^,,\ in ■ breedinp cxperiineiits. (See niso f'iinrt
III. I Thi-: stallion ' , pi-.^c nl. J iiotbinp out of the ordinarv in bis general eliuleal
appearaii.''e. allUo.ii;!, hi- wa- ii-id on the mare (.I'^O) durinp the .soa-'oii of 1000, on
varinii.s o.-easions. rinrc has never been any elinieal manifestation imlieatinp a
dourine infection, and the knoulcdjre of sysfoniatic examiinitiou of horses' blood !■!
80 limited that we arr iinaMr in tins particular in,-tance to explain the marked
variations which occtirred in tln^ ditTerontial counts on various occasions.
The stallion C60, a record of whose blood-counts, ap|iears in Table VI., was, as
has already been mentioned, known to be suiTerinp from a paraaitie invasioti of the
blood, merely from tlie results of the ditTerential bl.jod-counts nuidc 'H the time of
his purchase. Tbi~ marked eosinophilia was very interostinp. This jrse was used
for service with the mare 598, but did not develop any symptoms indicative of a
dourine infection, nor did this mare subsecpiently pre-ent any evidence of beins? with
foal. A reference to the autopsy findings in this case reveals the correctness of the
diapnnsi.s m.ide montliR before l-.i'; death.
Table VII. presents a few counts made of the blood of the mare (070), used in
our breeding experiments with the stallion (0,50). This mnrc has not given nivy
evidence of a dourine infection up to the present time, nor has it been possible to
get her with foal.
r»#si-i
UUIHISK OR UAIllUt: UV COI1 B
A» on iiidiottlion r.f tha oountd whi.h may 1k) obtaiiifd from hr»lihy hortcn thm
r*a,ler u. r.f..rr,.l to T»l,k VIII. I„ ,his ublo ,h.. avor^KO finding, of Mo„re,
*i«-h..r. ( ...j..t,. H.ui I . M.or ««, Kiv.n. a. wrll .» .,„,„■ ti,.,|,.,g, which are . portion
of the recor.l» ,.f thm laboratory. Tho Krst thrw .....nUn, referring to the hioloKical
laboratory records nro of hralthy hor«-i k.-pt under th.. .rdii.ary condition, of . tabling
oceompanied by work. No. I «as a mnro used for li^hi .IrivinR around Ottawa, and
her bloo.l WH. tak.n whi!,. in harna-s on a trip to the laboratory. No. 2 refers to the
T:T 'V- " "''' "' ""■ ^''t'-WdKe .luarantirw -ration. nr,.I it i, thi. etallion
that has U.-n used m <-onno..tio„ with th. practical br^nlinif expcrirn.nts condu-ted
a that .ta .on. No. .1 i, a r,.],!!,,^ attach.d to ' K ' division of the Royal Northw...t
MouTited I .,l!<o, whose blood was taken thr. e hours after arrival at tho I^thbridw
quarantine station. From the re^ult^ obtaWi..,! In case of the hor* » No». 2 and 3
It would appear that the differential blood-count ,,f a borM-. even in a ranjfe countr^
and feeding on prairio hay, provide,! it is .tabU.I. will be very similar to that found
hy the authors above mention,.!, whi.h ar,. without .loubt recr,!. obtained irom
hor8«« kept u.uler the usual condition^ eommou to a w<ll gettl.'.l .onimunity
Ihe .'ounts Kiv,.n as our fin.iinff* {X..<. I to l;i in-luMve) are of bloo.I i.kcn
from healthy hors.s kept un.ler ran.?,' oonditi.^n!., an.l in.li.at,' that the bloo<l ot iuch
aninuds. even though in p.Tfect henlih a. far as clini-al eviden,'*' can indicate pre-
M.its a markcl variation from that which in usually .onHi.lcre.l normal. Tb.«e
horses were in a distru't whi.'h ii an.l has b,.n free from ,lourin,., aii.l further were
i.iclosw! witbiii a pasture, and wen., .•oiisidere.l n.« U-inp suitable to supply us with
.loo,i snu-ar-^ f,.r pur|H,ses .f .vmi. ■ ■ with our many counts of the blood from
horses affe,'t<.l witli .l..urii.-. a* givei m Tabl,. l.\. The ng.. of thr*. nninu.l- did
not siHiii to oecacioii. any marked vanation in the .litTerential counts.
In Table IX. th,' tir-t tw,, .oiints are from „!o,;,l smears which I>r. Liiigi-rd of
In,iia was kind enouKh to su) ply us; the remain.ier. however, are of ^mevti tnken
by myself at the Ix'thbridge .lunraiiliiie .station ami at other points. All of th©
:mimals mentioned in thi« tabic from which I took smears, gave No. 13, we e under
laiiKe .•oiulition« at the tim.^ ..f making tlu- blno-l preparation, having b, en pui
through a chute or squep^. for purposes of clinical .Xi.mination. In a few instan.-es
n slight variation in the count from th.. normal of a particular individual mav have
been occasioned by the excitement attending their ban.lling.
A careful study will, however, in.li..nt,. tiiat there is a marked variati..n in the
.iitfereiitial counts as lu.re r..cord.vl. In this ,.,,nne.ti<.n wo have foun.l tluif the
variations note.l in cases of dourire ar,' in a large mea-iire due to the staiic .,( the
.h-eas,.. In all ..ases where the ,lis,.;,„. is a.lvan.-ed an-l clinical symptom- ar.. in
evidence, the differential blood-count i, almost invariably that of the normal animal
In eases of dourine where a stroi^r .Mispi.iun .,{ the disease exists, an.l th.re is i isnffi-
cient evidence to warrant the destruction of the animal, the differential blood-count
will usually reveal a marke.1 .le..reaM. in the p.ily-morpho-nnclear elements and a
divide,! increase in the lymphocyte groups of cells. While this has bcn true with
■■ur counts there is yr t a large am..unt of work necessary to positively determint. the
value of this method jif nn aid to the diagnosis of dourine.
I Nir! I
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE I.
i
6
I
i
s?
Smears from tail n{ 58N
^1
■i. 1
0
s
1
A i
^
n
May 26, 100«>.
r
31
"31
Slide I— Transverse
49-5
4-8
1-4
44 3
1,000
49 4
3 9
2 5
44 2
1,000
51 0
4-8
14
427
l.tJOO
Trips
Slide II r :xro8a
Smear
10
46 7
5 4
2 3
45 5
779
. 14
52-5
3 4
13
43 0
1.078
, 10
54-6
3 7
0 2
45 4
510
13
51 0
4 0
1 H
43 3
600
17
50 5
3 6
2 1
43 6
515
18
51 9
3 3
2 4
42 3
539
18
50 8
3 8
0 6
44-8
500
19
56-2
4 6
Of.
:W6
500
Note Variation.
17
49 4
3 0
3 0
44 4
821
Slide III— 1 UpixT edge of smears 1 trit)
52 0
3 3
12
43 5
400
'2 Middle of smears S tri]«
53 0
4-2
0 7
42 0
400
3 Lower third of smears 3 trips', 483
6-7
17
44 2
400
1
4 Lower »>d(fB of smears. 1 trip
50 7
60
2 2
410
400
1
Average
51-8
4 2
16
43 5
b!)0
1
Total cells counted, 11,040.
• ii?:'
DOURINE OR MAI.AhIK OV CO[T
TABLE n*
23
3
_
,588
5'
Sleepy.)
2 s
■9 3
£
!; s
■^
Date.
i
ai"-
Nov. 22,
1905
.^.7
49 1
6 0
8 0
Dec. 7,
Feb. IC,
liioi;
41 B
4 3
.. 24,
,,
43 9
3 3
M»r. .5,
,,
50 0
4 3
.. 1.3,
„
43 2
6-8
.. 21,
..
387 ■
7 0
.. 28,
,,
40 8
4fi 0
6-8
5-7
April (),
,
.. 18,
48 1
3 5
.. 25,
47 r>
(J-5
May ;i,
47 5
0 6
■ 11.
,,
41 3
5 ti
.. 2C.
.•.1 3
4 2
•Tune 7,
,,
4.-.-0
.'■.1 7
.">0 0
•■ 14,
,,
3 ■)
.. 22,
86
.. 30,
;w (i
4 9
July 7,
44 1
10 5 i
.. 14,
46 ti
17-3
.. 21,
.t
47 7
18 3
■ ■ 28,
,,
43 4
.->0 0
15 5
9 5 '
Aug. 4,
,,
" 11,
,V) 6
9 0
.. 18,
,,
T)! 4
51 6
9 8
Sept. 29,
, 1
8 3
Oct. 10,
H . , ,
4.t 3
14 2
Nov. 29,
>•
51 5
8-8
Jan. 28,
1907
.'>7 1
6 1
Feb. 1«,
„ I
60 2
84
April 16,
,
6;m
4 1
2 3
3 4
0-8
3 3
2 1
3 5
2 0
2-3
28
17
2-2 I
2-1 I
1-5 !
16 '
16 '
16 ;
2-2 ,
ni
2'0 i
13 ;
10 I
10
.'16
0 7
12
2 5
0 4
14
18
41 0
39 3
.54 2
49 5
43 3
46-5
.52 2
.50 2
♦5 4
46 6
43 8
43-8
51 6
43 5
49 1
41 2
,38 2
.54-2
42 5
32 I)
29 6
37 5
38 5
.32-3
37 1
37 8
36 • 7
39 2
33 0
27 9
32 3
.30 I
.32 8
46 2
3r, 2
.•!3 4
38 3
.34 6
41 7
.34 2
37 5
34 4
31 7
49-6
;w 7
28 7
24 4
27 3
82 0
30 0
.314
33 3
28 3
38 0
287
24 2
31 8
"w
u^
u
■2 j:
■= o
■H a
1^
a =
30 3
5 9
2 3
3 6
10 O
78
5 7
7 0
12
3 0
4-5
41
17
12
0 7
11
1 3
10
2 4
10
2 1
1 7
16
'34'
3 2
0 2
7 1
4 6
37
11
16
4 9
.3 3
3 3
2 1
2 5
3 5
2 7
4 5
3 5
3-8
18
14
15
17
or.
0 6
6 0
0 6
0 3
0 9
0 6
0-3
13
3 ,
i
1 6
3 3
3 2
3 5
10
2 3
1-8
2 5
0 8
16
1 2
0-5
X
i .
0 6
V
Tail
Viilvj
Tail
16 I
0 2 I
13 .
2 0 .
2-5
18 .
10 .
1-0 1.
1-0 j.
10 i.
2-2 1,
"08 ]
0 5
>
i
, .'MS
350
I 714
! 455
3.50
I 560
958
8.57
(1)700
3.37
1,000
2,000
11.040
2,000
1,200
2,000
1,000
7:?o
1,100
801
901
1,000
1,000
600
700
600
600
510
1,000
1,00c
1,000
counted
(1). 12,000 whitt-H iwr cubic Millimeter.
(2). Aug. 4, '06. ll.OO"! whiten and 8,584,000 reds per cubic Millimeter.
* Unleaa otherwise nU-ited all figures refer to i>crcentage of cells found based on the total number
J
V
?m
i
^•s•
M
/'/ /' \K'i \tt:\r uy auhiviltire
-[h*)UtUO M[l.tJ
EC? S
;a^s56« : s
,',-^^01^^— i5H — ^1— — ^MN^^^ — ^
'|HKi[tf |KJ.»qilLl<Hl
i4i MlUtUrf \^ I .^
aM.;-i,3-i.i.:.>i.i.i./-j^->>>>3^-^---c-^-^^^'^----
)VUiU)INU«.l 1^ I
rj X x c t*. I- — « c '" © t- js ■ o
.l»M|OtlUt)Ui)iU
■^ .- — o © I.* X r:
r: X *.'^ ^ W M ri «
'J ■£ .c r I cc © .-■: I ^ — ,r — © :■* ' •
\S XNf^— ©^0■^?l©O^•»■S■»©l-
© 'b-^c — — -©-?'?»**-'-''-'-"
t^X l-— •* — © K<-?> * © © <-• © - "^
*50^'— — "1 — CCXffl©-*'"?^*!'"^
tC^-W^©*"*'''-"^. s
■ X © K lO — © •f^ ^ ?! ?'
I- if: b- ei X — -r; ^ T) f .r: -r -^ X -• ri
■ © ?i ." © © ^ r .:^ «:: Ti ." C r- ■- -• —
.i«..i.>.iUou...v -x«-.r.,..-..-xx?i©..-.-..-.'::^x=-^-»-:^:'.M-?.-rT.©©.txr,--^
^U-M im:iv
rc-MC©©:^ >-©©rxt^-^^';rt^^t?i?jxi-x xt-— -
.,.,.4<l..u.M._4
-rvi- /, [-.-^cjc— t^x — .Tf© -:t,r»[-r:xxi-?ir:C:
N-.jimloJiu.Ki
c©Ti- ^ r o^jMC^c-Ti-ri X--: t cr.x— i-c r-.-rrixi-ti-xtc— r r :
^ X ':^ Vj N ~ ' ^ ■* .?; .-^ ?^ -^ — — ."S '-i^ ^ — '-^ — -^ '
r
^ 5 ?
I - ?i .,~ i~ ^ x
X X r. X r: r:
- ra .fl -i! < .-!
j; r; ~ Ji ri ra
.-'* S -r .-: ,r: t^— i X '»'— x'.-f ■^*^•':c' r "N 5 i C -f' x' S r — ' ^' ^' c't-'©'— " Vt-^— "y ^' x'
71 71 __ _ 71 7^ _ _ 71 rj -^ — ri T* — -. — n n r-i c'l cc —-.—. — ?i m 51 r*
nomiM: on »ai oie uv con
85
\UM%\
t.s.a.i.e.c>>>i
OX ec e^ «r
I') o ' e M o o ■ ' c
^ *» O *- ?C N - ■^
*0 "f ■ C O e CI f C ?)
*-'»■ fct^c^c;;— 'C
c N c t^ 3C fi :
e c e c c I- ru- ;c
=e — • — * — r* ?l t^ —
:= •T&":-!S
^5i:
S ^
c «
£t
i.; «..-:7
^i;;.?
26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Ir
Ml
ii
\yi
MK) " N infer."
Datk.
i9o:
Novell
iH-r
•.>i
iHtCfiii
l*r
1.
12
16
TABLE IV.
ACITK DOUKINK.
c .= <
,C.i
;i S i
4 UJl'
j3 ■ J
§■§• ^
I « ?
3 = 1
tc
(■
•s
:.s 9
If I
70 ' 3 4
73 2
tk) 4
84-5
H 26 [ 23 8' 1 12 5<)0
2 7 17 22 2 ' 2" 7 . 15 6*)
8 1 12 3i> 1 25 3 ' 3 2 16 ; 493
i:. .-) 12 5 .... 3 ftio
•The l.yim'hi.>cytf.s Oiiauin granules ill the lu.ijority of iiistances and the protopUsni ii v.Ty ilarkly
stuinetl.
DOORIVB OR UA.LADIE DO COIT
TABLE V.
87
May"
I
June
July
650.
Aug.
Oct.
25
28.
31.
4.
7.
11.
10.
30
7
10.
11.
12.
13.
14
16 .
m..
m .
19 .
20 .
21..
2S..
25 .
28..
2
7..
14..
21.
28 .
29 .
U..
1906.
i
'JS
a.
i
5J
^
^
s-
'h
e
1
1
:>'j 2
ti-4 ,
17
M 6
III ' n
6 1 0 !)
r,.- 1 , ...
I 60 0
6r» 7
71 6
62 0
41 0
37 1
.^>8 0
ti5 1
f>5 0
(ill 0
56 6
MO
58 0
lU 4
63 0
52 6
.55 0
57 8
48 3
53 3
45 0 I
D«> 7 !
67 2 I
55 0 '
50 0 i
430 !
550 i
56-5 I
;> I
6 4
4 5
5 0
3 3
4 9
7 0
4 5
11 0
11 0
12 0
12 5
8 0
7 3
0 6
9 0
14 0
12 0
13 3
7 0
no
17 0
11-8
7 0
8 0
14 0
15 2
8-8
8 5
11
13
11
0 7
0 9
0-2
0 3
0-9
0-5
0-5
0-7
12
16
13
18
10
10
12
0 6
10
0 3
0-7
0 8
0 5
2 2
0 4
10
10
■=8
1.1
3 w u
32 5
37 4
33 0
32 5
28 5
22 3
32 8
54 2
55 4
37 9
25 0
33 5
27 0
28 3
33 8
311
2H 3
25 3
32 0
30 6
26-2
S3 0
33 2
37-2
29 3
25 0
36 0
Xi 2
41 2
36 0
35 0
s
?;
0
£
^
1
1m
■Si
aj
s
1^
c
1
i
i^;
^■3
'x
c
:5S
i
2 0
10
2 0
1 0
10
2 6
10
2 0
10
2 0
0-8
2 8
10
10
21 !
14 ;
13
Oli ^
0 7
2 0
1 3
0 7
0 6
3 1
11
20
10
1-8
5 0
3 4
2 3
1 0
14
10
10
2 3
10
3 1
2 0
20
1-0
2 2
20
15
0 9
1-2
2 1
0 1
16
4 0
'Fifteen mulberry bodies noted similar to those mentioned by Kern.
'Smear taken at eleven in the morning.
'Smear taken at seven-thirty in the evening, throe hourj after service.
*A11 subsequent smears taken at nine in the morning.
0 5
10
2 0
0 8
2 0
2 0
20
1 2
2 2
2 0
3 3
20
0 4
2 0
10
0 8
3 0
2 0
15
0-7 1
0 7
0 2
0 7
0 3
12
10
13
0 1
0 4 i
0 4
0 4
15
10
10
0 3
14
0 5
0 8
0-2
0 6
2,000
12,500
1,000
I.IXH)
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,100
500
1,000
400
400
600
400
I.IWO
700
5110
500
500
1,000
300
600
300
700
500
200 I
500 '
500 !
500
400 '
••'•J-
•0
myelocytes
J-:
28
DEPARTUEST OF AORICULTVRE
I -i
*■■■■'■' ■ •
■ /.*■■" 7 ' * -
t*-**-
W-
|IU.II{<|U.><1 JtXIIOUtf
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■JB..1.)
^Mt^Mia
Xl-l^« — 0-<0"BMOO
ooso
OO— ?l?««'->-l = -"- —
•4B,i[,>iiiMU(mi rfljas'i
S.111J .i|.lui.\"i uwiiis
» X t- 1- - j3 ^ ji 2 2 2 £ S 2 1! S ?i - i i t'i " fi - S 5
m.'(.>i\ti<iui"ii - c .-■; — X e s 3: -^ 5 -^ Ti -s f M M r. X — — r: .-■: r: -.s c « -i
*.JA.«Mi.lmAl l«Joi ...l-.l -.----. 1.1. 1. 1. 1.1. ...-■. I...
«u" i*«i\;
r t- c • 1— c -^ c i^ — ^: © -f •* s i-.* -f • — I- ^ c "1
- — — — M rt r; MffiTirt M — ti ^ r — ?i — — c ?i Ti —
■s.»[n(ilt'Ut'<o'.j
— — . — — — .ri?i?iSnJiciw« — — — — — -- — —
1
■s..H4.loaiu,.u I X .-- r r X c « r c c c c -^J-i -^ t.-..t^-^ o u': .-: .-. o -c o
a«-.ioiiuo4.u. -uiAioj ii -i ic i^ ?:! ;i .':t :■: i: is S D: :^ I* S 1^ S S -2 -i 5 is S ^ -5 ^ ®
n
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r='=--- = :-£sMs'^ = £s2
DOVRISE OR UALAltlE DU COIT
I )al. .
Time.
June 11. 1
.'illy 111,
I'i.
n.
•06.
a.iii.
p.m
a.m.
Aug.
S..K,
70
41
.M
r.i
at
61
67
37
TABLE Vri
•70. Healtht Mare.
1.
i
11
1
1
III
Hi
— eg
>>»
o
•;
•3'" i'
1"
<
i
1 ^ 1
1
6 0
2 7
:> 0
4 1
4 3
3 0
5 6
7 r.
7 0
1
0
23 0
u
2
.^4 1
0
6
;«■;»
1
1
32 8
1
1
3;} ii
0
3
.•<4 0
1
4
3
34 H
30 6
.3
4
51 2
«
.a
a
E
1
li
= i
si 5
39
o|
3 2
' H-6'
3
2<i
3 .
2 0
5 6
5
18
5
4 5
7-7
2
2-t
5
!• 6
17
*>■
30
0
2 S
0 !)
1
22
0
2 S
8-8
1
20
0
3 3
3 3
4
;i6
4
2 6
16
10
if 1
.■>.
;i
:'•%
■"l
■. -*■
r-
_J
!.?
■t.
12
16
0 7
2 2
0 8
0 6
0 5
1 0
2000
1100'
600
700
1200 .SfVciiiiiyeliM
800 , cytt-nnoteil.
.500
6<H)
51 «)
i ■
30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICVLTVRE
'Uir|ii|8i>ui ■n}i
(wjunii,> mi.ij
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lilililllil
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5 l^a.2. ^>j»>^>>>>>.
1
IJi
- i
•,;
-*i
'.
i
••1!>I'''
luiioHimiiiJj, !
.Hmdiwwi
lA to w
Hmiii)isin!j(,
it -= -= i ^ ^ —
. — (MX — '"
■li'.iliMIKilKmi J»ll>"KJ;< . ; o r tr Ti | CO
fi c X c r. — w
O I- C Tl — O 3
X = te tl M -r — 'M o
aB.ipmMiio'ii .lAJS'i 'x- 5— ?j"~-^ 1— — = ;*'"'"- 2 "* U
CI - ri X c — cc ;
•-,.lA*..l.lM,vi , g„=- --^'~- 5 5--:5U-3f,S:$k^
■jrM|omiini<>ui *.ijw[ ! r c cm t o> -r x x c c x -co — t^. s
I-
■S11..J is«iv : -
S-r ■ ■JM-C-f=tC».X — —
i^jis ■ core — = — •xt-.ri
•s,iiui.li>iusii;4
3r<oc — i-s ii-T'i I -r = « r. ^■-t-
^ .- — r". L- -c r: ^1 -r X r ?i r^ r: o c c
"■'1"
JIM [.Ml 11
,l.)JlIl->"
)Hila'>tuA[o,(
}^
1- "-' f2
.r: = -r
3S3
v: r-. r. -r K .-ix_ ..■: ;i
?-. S S :-^ ? ^ o '* S S
-J
S|.1I«S1U>I|1
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— '^-'-
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:£
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■ "^ .c
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"■?.
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:|Un.l.>}| AJfUKJOql!']
^.
DOVRIfiE OH MALAltIt: ItV COIT
t
S
(hidino.) »\W) I
CO
■|i<K.|i| j(, ..ajiu.j^
'■•ici|.|iijjrr,iii nm(.ni«u»4j,
■"rf|!i(<l.wnij |iiii(iuisimjj_
JV^ipnuoiiiiui J«|iiii«j>)
JW.>I.iiiiimii.;n .i^Ijk'j
!
ndjA.KiiiilniX'j 1
* J -; "^ -.£ = Tl -X X , _ _
■ ■ ■ ot c
Tl -^ *-
. 1 - S « X X = -X -J
C — Si Tl ri •! X — "
» ^ ^ S> *t O X X T -^ M
•J«i|onuouoin ()Xj«| .s e=:«-xi.o- » x -f -rt.
a
X
■"■>||i|(loajn.m
Ji>rf|3nuoi(iluimiX[o,j
•r ■ X f 1 ■ -r ji >»• X •• -J „ as -5
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t^ I.'; -X — X t* ci -r t* -ff ^ P5 1^ ^ ,*
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31
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li
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ai
<15
S2
DHI'AKTXIKM OF AdKHVUtHE
r^'T*:
{V.V ,
til
m
■A}i,.\:
ri.n I ';
EEPOET ON A CASE OF DOURINE WITH EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATIONS
AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ITS SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS.
. By E. A. Watson, V.S.
Assufani Pnthnhfjist in charge Mhhridfj'- Qnamntino f!taiion. Mhhridq^. Alberta.
NoVKMBKR 1". 1007.
DOIIRINK (NATFRArj.Y ACQUIRED).
No. 36. Muro '' Tiffin " (plnte XI) 0-10 yenra of ajo. Cly.lcsdnle stock (Ontario).
Dale and somr. „f i„frrHon.-^ot rlofinitoly dotcrmino.l. Tho .m.r.. w,w oovoro.l
., w.,nl times l-v .iifforont stallion, in tho summer, of 10n4-r> nn,l •-. Fertih/ntion d.-i
nnt occur. A ■rlv,lc.,I„lc stiiUinn. a fc^v wfvks nftcr the coveriuf; ..f thn lunre in
August last, cxhil'.itecl a slit-'ht swelling of the shenth an.l scr.itun.. Tins sw.^^^l.nK was
s<.uw.«-hat iii.Tea.e,l in Noveml.er an.l assumed an int.Tmittent type I.i l<et.ruary.
ll.OT. the .swelling ha.l not renppeare.l. A grey stallion that covered the mare in hep-
\, i.il.er has remained apparently healthy up to the end of the year lOm..
The parUcit f:!',n nf ,/w<■<l«.^ -First noted hy the owner of the animal in the latter
pan of Novcmher, VMM. as a tenderness ovr the loins followed hy a Kculiar stumhling
and erratic Rait, these -vmpt.ms ivipidly heenminR so severe that the mare could only
he taken out nf her stable to water with frrcnt difticidty.
The mare had U-km. steadily worked durlnt; the previous summer an.l fall an.l up
to ,he time that "-.• di^.as.. was mauif.'st.-d by the above sympt,.ms. It is of interest
to uote that this i. not a rang- mare, but .me that has Wen more or h^ss contiuu.iusly
„n,l, r the immediate observation of the owner who states that he never observed any
rl,u. rmal con.iition of the K..nital orp-ans save that the mare will not breed
On Deccmb.T 1!». the animal .-ani.. uu.l.r my personal observatn.n an.l her p.nera
a,,,"arance an.l .ou.litiou was k'oo,1. With the .-xception of the 1,>S8 of catrol .lescnbe.l
lat.r under •^^•rvous Syiniitom.." , ll„
Further iuv..^tiuati.>u has hf. littl.. .b.ubt that this mare (■«-) was infected by
tl„. Clv.k-.lal,. -tallion N... nn. alr.a.ly mentioned as the probable source. Other mares
eov.red bv th,. -an..- Malliou previ.n.s t.. the .-..vriuK of mare :?<5. hav.' b,^en foun.l t..
le .liseased. Furth.-r. •. , lb.. <talli..n aft.T a iM^ri.nl .,f nearly oiu y<^ir subsequent
to the coverin-. a p.-iio,! in whi.-h .,uly slif.d,t ami occasional manit,-tati..ns of the
di-case were not.-.l. ha- .■..mplrt.ly broken d..wn. pr.^sentiuK chara.'t..ri-t,.' an.l nit.'nse-
ly -.vore symptom- of .louriu.-. (S. .■ .l.'tail- case No. 35.)
TllK (iKMTAi. OUdANS,
December l'.>, i;iO.!. A sli^,ht .. range tiiiK.^ to the mu.'ous membrane of the vulva.
le-s -o of the vagina, was observ.'d. S..creti,.n very s-anty. .'lit.iris very pale.
Microscjpieal examinations ..f the scrapings of the fr.-nital inu.'..us m.Mubran.-
w.r.- made ui^n the toll..wing dates :--D.>.'..miK>r lis :i:i, .lanua.y 1. 4. 1., ana l":. ;u i:r
t.'rvals of 4 9 :! H an.l 14 .lavs respe.tively. Bacteria wer.- usually very plentiful ami
i-, great variety. Spirocha-ta,' were numer.)us, and rarely a few cell-like irregular
forms without flagella whi.'h were suggestive of immature or amu^bonl tonus ot
Trypanosomata.
inu itish: OH M.ii.iiiit: III- (ttir
33
Tho first <Jein.,n-.tratu.n of tho Trypanosoma K.,„i,.rnl,nn wan .m Fol.n.nry 11
On thu dato the „„„„,„ memhrano of tho vulva. . xtrn.linK to tho v.„Ki„„ „.„, j;,;
linct y oranKo impvl. MiKl,tIy .orrnKntr.i an.l n>.lom«tons. A well dofinwi v(H.iclo wa«
v.s.hlo o,. th.. ,..nor_lH,r,l..r of th. ri^ht h.l.i.un. n:„l ,1... .,a.. of th,- v...i,-lo «?. a liu"
...oro that, two c«nt.umtre« in diamot^r, being rai«>,l. much firmer and more <rdomatou.
than tho surrounditiff tissuos. "uiumjus
This small mdomatou. area, ;..,l„,iin« th,. vosiolo, was sllKhlly srarifiod Throe
smoar preparat.o,,, wer.. ma.lo of tho sero-.an^uiuoou. flmd, in two .,f which the
tn;pano.„„,«ta wore oun.i. TLo or,^,ni„a. w.r,, v..,v ra,v. 1., i,.,i,„, „ ,„^,|
after soaroh.tiK' tho whole of tho sn„„r> n,...„pvinu' nianv hour.
Trypano^omata l.nvo siuoo l.,vn ,|..n,oMs,r;.tod iu tho vajfinal ,nu.„, .,r i„ traoo^
nf 1, ood from soanhod M.lom.t,,,,. points of tho .nuoous momhrano, more or less con-
^taMtl.y up to fh.s dato. Mar,!. 1*;, ( F„r ,i,.tMil..,| tin-lin^s 8,.o table XI)
KW^-V'T'r"'""' "",'1 *';■'":■■"' "''l"^""-"'"''' "f "'" v.ilva is slowly ohan^inR. (Mareh ,31
l.«>,.^ A i,;^y small ,lopiKmo.>t,.,l sp„ts rc-ontly npixared ut th.- o.I^os of tho laUi,
^^Tjuluuly morens.nfr m si/o until tlure is now a distinctly loucodermic area on eithe;
>Ml, 01 11,0 vulv,.. J I,,. Mu„v,Ms m.inhran,. is slijfhtly everted, tho clitoris totallv ,io-
r'i>Jinonto,i an,l tho vulva lumofi,.,!. '
Tho rm.ous Is very s..„uty. ,1,,. innor l,„r,l..rs of the hd.in and the clitoris being
, i fl f ?'"""*""' ''■"''"'"'■^ ' "f ^^' """-■«"« ""^mbrane have disappeared
l.n ,u, the floor of tho vn^Mna nro two w-ll ,„arke,l aslomatous ar,.as. about 2* centi-
"iolres ,n diaim'tor, straw ..„l,u,ro,l an,l Mioi-transparont.
Iho tempiTaturo has nssum,>d a luon- u..riMal aii.l rcpular curve
The npp,.tite has n,.ver fail.vl an,l tho p.„ornl condition has improved sli^htlv
s.^li'Tos'iX"""""'""' '""'" '' '"" '"''••'"■'" ""^ *^' ^'"^ 1""^^^^ sway from
Trypanosomata have been demonstrat,>d in the sero-sanguineous flui.l of the va^i-
nal muoons membrane, upon tho followiujf n.Klitional dates: March 20, 21 23 "4 an,l
o,',.., it. r • o,'-*ff"'«"J^ TPoar to be assuming an amoeboid form, the body of tho
.'onr,,r uIXIu"!!'' "' "l""'^'«f«' "'"» •■'^"«1. the nucleus largo an,l the flapcllu.n .1.-'
M.M^t^r.Jtl.r inf'ti'';! "T "^'"'if-'-' ^Vr a period of 5-6 months comnK.uci„.. f„ur
, nuths . Itor nif,.,-ti.,i,. ;,„d was a<MM,nipan.od l,y pruritis. Fr,„„ MaH, to Ton,. I'.ir
he co„,,,t,o„ was that of „yn,pl,omania sav,- during this ^an.;7Z!Ci^muo::
\ T ' :^:': " ';'^l'" ''^''■" '"■^•'■'' •^'"'"" "^i'''"''" "'■ >» va^inal ,lisoharKc I„ .Tune
and July. lOiV the ,lop„mento,l spots an,l patches spreading fron, tho nn,co-cu neous
an g,ns of th,. vulva had partially an.l at thi, dato. (N,.v,.nbor 15). to,. Iv r, "ai S
.te.r colouvu,,. n,.n,t,.r a.d a nonnal app..aranco. Neither an ulcor nor a ^u^ii'^^
-. ■ -on .,l,se,.v,.d. I ,n,„.fa..,.on „f t!„. h,l,la ],„., disap,>eared. The vaginal mucous
s ,.,. of ly.nph f..ll„.l,.- „v„,. th,. „„.,„i.,-nn,. a finely nodular ,.r pucker,.! npp." -
^^1
m
A-
CI TAXKOI s MAXIFKSTATIOX.^.
■IHK s,1-|-.\I,l.l,;|, DOIHINK ' ri.Al^ll:-
:',_100C. A small swc^llins: about one centimetre in
skui, 7iot pittincr on pro«si.,rn. Sit. "
A'o. i. Appeared D,'oi"nil>,
diameter, oval surface, hanlon. .. .,„..., ,.,„ ,j„,„,^ „„ nross„rn v,„,.„,;„., ^.., .
;;:1 3- "^"^ -^^-^-'i"'^ P'-'-^t..,! for two oays. Trypanosomata not found in sm^;;
ineparations from small incision. -mear
A^o «.-Appearo,l DecemU'r 31. A small swelling similar to \o 1 SItnHt.)
.1.0 Wr portion of th,. ri.h, breast. Trypanosomata w.e nil ^or.n.I-iu .l l.ti
on
34
DKI'MII Mf:M iir iiilliri l.ri HK
I)i-Bpjxiirniii'<' ^lllw bihI ^rncliial llic «l<iii ri'iiiniiiiiiii hiiril
m
Is '
1;
h
.,' !
smear from tliin KWflliiiK-
for Hi'vornl wcckit.
No, S. — Apixarol Fclinmry 11. 1iK>". Si/calioiif fmir cciiliirHtntt in <liniiii't-r. Tho
outi'T bonlrr wns hnnlcr tlinn tin- .■.•iilr>'. Fi'lirmiry IH. -wrllinn .lf<Ttim><l. Fcbrunry
14, the fourth .lav. tlii' -<«, IlinK wni liiinltr iiii.l tlullcr. Oti llic H'lth the fixlli ilay. only
n lirculiir arcii of linnliiu d ^kiii ninaiiiiil. The wwilliiKf wii« iniiK-tiiri'il ivii Fcliniary
11 and 14. tliori' win n* rxii.latic.n of -iainriiinroiis fluiil, hut ju-t "utliciiiit hluo.1 for
thr«i> Btiiall "iiiiiirs cm cmli ilati', nil of «liicii were iKKalivr.
Xo. .}. -Apiiian.l oil the miih. .hilf as No. :l uml wa- -lijrhtly larger circular -^haiMMl
not crdematoug, sitiuteil ju-t below |)oint of left hip. very much (limiiUHhcvi on Feb-
ruary Itt. Skill leiuaiiieij liuril for three week*. Hlou.l unlearn taken February 11
unil I'J, rie^rative.
.Vo». ii (tiid 0. Appeareil Aujju-t l'."i, 11H>7. in the form of n dnublo plaqiio > she
miiliilf of the rinht rib^i. I'he swelling'- 'iljuiiieil one iinother, each beintf live to -^ix
et'iilimutres in iliameter ami raised on< -luilf to one eentiiiietrc above tho surface of the
8i.rro\indin).' skin. The nwellinp* were (piite firm, tint and not more raised at the centre
than ut their eireunifereiiee. Six nii<rMseo|)i<' preparalionn of the sero-saiiKuiiiioiis
contents were obtained from a ,., nelnre. 'I'rypiinosoinata were found in two of these
"is specituon^. the parasite- Ik-iiim; very few. vacuoled, 8Wollcn degenerated or in-
volution form!".
The phnpu's had entirely di-apiM-ared on the third day after eruption.
,Vo. 7 — ApjK'ared Septeml" r 2, over the middle left ribs and was about the size
oi' a silver dollar. Parasites could not l»e found in the fluid from puncture.
ScptemlKT 4 only a iraei' of phiipie No. 7 remaineil.
September 7. ReapiK'arance of the |)la(pie in the same position and of four ai lear
jircpanitioiis made, Trypanosomata were found in one. The parasites were very rare.
Xovember 15. 1\\) further cutaneous lesions have appeared to date.
None of these swellinjrs could by any means be called a typica' plaque, being
neither the distinctly n'demafou'^. nor the disc shajKil tumour as describe-' '..y ' .: g'lrd
and others. It is possible, however, that they apvxared before the dates (fiven aliovo,
and were not observed until in the disapiH'arinff stage, which would account for the ab-
sence of the tryi)anogoniatu from the blood smears.
One peculiar characteristic of tlie swelliii(.'s is in the jiersistcnce of a hardened
area of skin for a very eonsidirablc time after tlu> swcllintr has Wen absorbed.
XKRVOUS SY.\U'TOMS.
.'^ '.
On December 10th. lOOtl. there was a great ti nderne.ss ami weakness of the bins.
The animal could be forced to the ground by -^lii,dit pressure on the lumlHj-sacral
nerves, on cither side.
Paraplegic symtoni.^ of the hind limbs were pronounced. Tho hind-quarters
appeare<l '(lropp«'d" and the loss of control wius most evident. 15oth fore anil hind
limlm were place.1 in iiio>t erratic and .-in^ulur inu-itions. The attitude was erouchin;-
The hind-ciuarters swung to the left, oftc.i remaining in that iKisition when the animal
was nt rest. Knuckling of the hind-fetlocks was extreme, the pa.stern.s txiiif; at
times in contact with the ground. On being turne<l loosti in the corral, locomotion
seeineii a'iiii"iL eiuir< iy mcchnnirai, the anima! appear iiij,- to wish to tr.iVv' n- a
different direction to that which her limbs were taking her.
On DicembiT 2!»th. l!»Ofi. the animal was profusely bled from the jugular vein
until there were evinced signs of distres.s and weakne«.s. During tho next week loco-
motion and the condition of the loins and limbs steadily improved. The knuckling
•A ,
DOVRISK Ok M.M.Alin: ItV ntIT
"' '^"■'' ■'■. ••«'<''"•'■'• "♦-'•voui. an.l tnusrulur .•n,„r..l was rrsumcl nn.l th« t.n.I. rn.-.
..v,.r t... |,.,nH hnnll.v .l....,.,..,.r.-.l. I),.rinK .hi, ,i,„., , ,h,. ,„o„th of Jnnnarv) .ho
.u,„«l waH ko,,» „„.|..r ^.v.r.. .„„.liti,„.s in a ,>u,.ur.. wh.r.. thr- ^rann wa- :.-aMtv.
t u, Mu.w .«...,, a.., th,. .-..M n,...,.*u.. Sine, F.hruary U.h. wh. n tr.v,.ann».„n...a wm
.U.,non.trat...| >n th.. vflK.nal un,cnn. .h,- ,.Prv„>,. v.n'F't'M-.s havo r«-«pprare.I. slowly
• n.l Kra.lual .V >„.n.aHi„K in ii.tcn.ity. b. •. hav.- not v, r^achtd .h^ .u.ne .U-Kroo ai
hi'foru tho hlootl letting.
«)n Jun.. Ut thfP,. was jfrrat irnpruvrnient ii. .'.rr .•.jii,lili..n (>..• |,h..|„ plat.' XT)
U.0 kniukl.riK an,l n.^rvmn inability rn,, 8car. ..|y hr. oI^tv,..!. Trvp;,no.,m.at.. «t
this tinin wt r.' <Mra«iMnally in vn»iinal blood.
Thr,.„«|,„„i ,r,„M.. ,luly aixl .VuRu^t. IW, n L-r.at rno-l.Tation w.m notic.-l i,. tbc
>yM,|,to,„^ of n. „ro-,MiiMM>l,.r in.„ „r.li.,.,li„„. Tl». u.ut had iHOonio mnrh ^WiuWer
..m;1 th.. knu.klm^r .,, ,h.. f,.,|„..k j.,i,„. „,,. H-ar.oly p,.r,M.,,tibl... O-.-asionally. fof
','■"'.'";'■ '• ""■■■:' '">- '"■'" -"■" "" int.nnitt.nt • tripping ' Knit uilh swavinij of
!». h,n,l-.,„ar...rs Iron. >i.|,. to .i,|... but on .h- wh.,1, . „ -t,..„ly. .b,w i,Mprovom"..nt has
'"'" """'itai 1 np to tlic pr.M'.it .latf. .\ov.tnb.r I.'.. l!to7.
iin; noDv ti-:.\if'ki{ati'i{f:.
I'r.vio,,, t.. hbiMiary 1,-, th,- f. Mip.Tati.r,. «m- only o.^..a«io„i,]lv Tc.:,Tilr,\ and
uns t.MM.I to b,. b,..w,.,., ' and lOr F. .Nfornin;.' and -vnin^ .,.;Mp..r„tnros l.avo
Urn lak.n .laily -in,.,. F.bn.a-v 1.!. From tho fifth .lay after .lonio.wtration of
tnpanosomafa in va(finnl niu.i.-, th.' ...inporatMr.- r.-innino,! constantly botweon lOr
:ia.l 101:4 I., a variati-m of but half a d.^roo. with almost nn rntir,> nt*on<-o >{
;' "''""';} ''■*■"""■ ''"''^'' ''''' ""■' ^""- ^^■'' t'"' l-t*h 'l".v there was a s.n,l,I.M, clpvation
'o KU.t. h. til., respiration, b.inp .vhorten..d an.l pidsntions increascl t.. nO-Cr, nor
rninuto. Tho nervous Hytnptom.s of tho hindrpu.rters an.l loin.* beonme moro apparent
Ihe temix.ratiir.. ^nKliially fell ;,piin to tb.^ neidil^onrh. o.l of 101' F the l.,«est
beiMfr M an.l the bigluvt in..» p. - "'^^
TIIF LFICOCYTK < OINT. (T.MiI.ES X[[ A\l) XIIH.
Seven diff.'r.nitinl e.n.nl- of th.. h, eytes of th,> bloml of this animal have been
made dnnnwr tb.^ thrcr ni<mtb.v of observati.n at intervals of 4. B, 2, 40, 6 and 7 .lays
I l".n ..very oe.wion the r.lativ.> p.-n^eiitapos wer,. fonn.l to bo about normal, but'at
'be >amp time th.T,. wa,s a <l.vid..| al.sol„te |p„<-o.'ytosi^ all classes of cell.^ boinp in-
T.a.s.l,!. Ibis e,,iild easily be .leterniiiuvl by a short examination of the stained
-m.ar. an.l by the ratio of the re.l to the white eelk. without artuallv making a
'luantitative roimt. The bone-marrow type of cell, the p.dvmorph.m.iel,.ar neiifro-
ibyle, always pivdominate.l over tho lymphoid cell, and thi.= bloo.l-pi.^tnro has been
Nim.I 111 the ..ther .•ase,. of Dourine at this >tation. in uhieh the bla,,d has Wn
?tudie«J, as evinced by nervous sympt^ims .,r intermittent (rd.mnt.uis swellinps An
-pp.>site condition, namely, an alw.ihite leu.vi.-ytosis with a pre.|,)inination of tbr
I.ymphoeyte type of cell, has been observed in those easea r>f Pnorinf, :„ ..vb.;."h i ■
(iisf^aso 19 in a latent stage, where tho nuitn-ies mnrhi is lyinjr dormant, or where
;b.' animal is making; a recovery, apparent or real
ref.'istered 80-85 normal.
For di>tnik of leucocyte counts an.l
0459— 3J
The TTa'inoplobin s.'ale (Talquist)
comparis..iis, see Table No. XIT.
iX .1
-:i
DF.I'.MITMEST Of AUlUVLl.Tl RE
I'
m
THE DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM. (<S'('e Plate XVI. illld XVII.)
Simnii'irii of Tahh- No. XII.
Ill vaginal iiiiicu.-, trypan. >somnta pre>('iit in 14 i)reparation5.
3") oxaininoil.
" blood " " 27 p(>i>arations.
T2 (xamiiifd.
Ill lilodl fr.nii till- |)liiqucs. trypMni.somiita Wcro imt pro=!i'nt in
10 ixniiiiiiod.
tail •' " "^ '■
" juKuliir vein '' " ■•
Tliu-, tiio orKani.SMis worr iicvrr l'(.iind in liludd drawn from the gencn.il circula-
tion or entanc.ins ^wollinns I'l't it i> pr.rbable only in the early eruptive stage of the
iaitcr that the org-ani-ini.- are ever ob-;erved.
In the vaginal ninen> and vapinal hlood the orpanisin^j were found in nearlv
the sr.mc proportimi of preparations, namely, 40 and 38:8 per cent resp<H'tivily.
In the mucus they usually ajipear small, contracted and often vacnoled.or very
'in and elongated, are -lained with ditficidty and not always easy to differentiate
iioni the cellular debris, iVe. To secure a good preparation, the mtieiia must Iv
\ery thinly .-pread and \vitho\it pr.-s-^ure. fri'o from dirt and dried instantly. <~>n
-,'ve-al occas, ,ns prepanations from th(^ blo((l and nnicu.* were male iK^fore an<l after
a tliorough irrigation of the vagina with a solution ( f sodium chloriili^ and sodium
.'itrate (sodium chloride, .I grammes. s.i<lium citrate, .". grammes, boiled water HWH
c. cm.), and where but one or two trypanosomata were found in several smcar.s
let'.. re irnigatinn, they were mere niuuerous in these taken inunciliately after. 1 he
|. reparations of Fobruarj' 20, in which the organisms v,-ere the most 7i\tmerous durina
the whoh- of this series of exaniinatiens, were taki'U immediately after an irrigation.
'rr>panosonuita werr found in the tuucus only in the absence of bacteria, or
when the latter were very sianty. The irrigation of the vaginal canal with a citrate
-..lutioii is favor.raide te lh(^ deti'ti'u ef t ryiianesonuitn. not only removing the bac-
teria and toxic mneu.s, but causing a fresb and increase, 1 secretion from the vaginal
membranes, in v.hich, especially after a slight sc.nrifieation. the trypanosomata are
more likely to be f.nind. It is importaTit to scarify the membrane very lightly so
tleit only a s'liall trac(> of bleed exudes, .and at tbo.se minute iioints that present an
ie,l. niatous ..r \i'sic-!iiar appearance.
In pn ;i:iration- iiiaile fif.m drei'~ of bleed tlewing from a deep puncture throuLrb
tbf mucous iii.inbr.ine and into the unde'rlying tissues. I bavo not been able to find .a
single tr\'panoson\n.
Si'veril een.iuii-al iuu parasite- wec.i observe] in lh.' vagiiiid blood and midtipli-
caion fiu-n.- were net iineeniuien. The trypauo~..uiata were extremely rare in a
gii^nt majority of the preparatien.s, two to three organisms oidy being observed in
( :ieli, and it has frei]uently been necessniy to search n .'-lide for eni> to two hour;
before finding a single parasite.
In the serie~ ..f ex, niienti.ai.- givin in Table \o, XT., thi' time eccujiied in th"
Search of eneli slide averago,! about 40 minutes.
As aln -ady detailed, try])anosemata ei.iild be found more or lees constantlv in tin
vaginal Vdootl and mucus, between Februai'y 11 and the end of ^[areh. providiwl a
sutliceiMit number of iireparatioiis were cnr(fully .searched on eaeh day of examination.
In .\pril. the parasites bad alniesr wholly disappeare.l and were found on ■■'ly one
oe,'a...ii.n. April 0. The last observation of trypanosomata in tin' vagina! d wis
eia'ie oh -itoe- J*', ieii "O .voLi'u-t "JoT;i r.ri.i r.epTrmerr , tiir .'■ij.iiii.sri'iS "> letuii-i
in the contents of the eutaneou-. pLupies.
Note. — 1 would again call attention to tlse value «( irrigating the 'aginiu u-
e embrane witli a warm -obiti..n of medium .etrate aiei chloride. provi,,ns to th. pre-
nOVRIXE GR UALADIE DV COJT
37
Piuutiou ot bloiul smeai-s or the collection of blood for examination. This proceduro
.M. n. iny hands greatly facilitated tho search for the parn.ites and has now become
lu.l.itunl with me. I have repeatedly secured preparations before and after irrigation,
tiuiling the parasites only in those taken after.
Some points of in tfrest. —ThrvG months elapsed after tho covering by the Cly-
ac>dale stalhon, (Jso. 35), and th- first manifestation of the disease. Notable fca-
turw of the case are-thc abs<-r.,-, -uiln^ these thrco months, according to the ani-
mus owner, of any lesions o. Cu- ^cwu^ •..•-;.i- aud the fact that the disease instead
.t being primarily localized tli.s., ..rL'U.us, as is usual, became rapidly generalized.
Ihe nervous phenomena .<-,. tho first rrcicrable manifestations of the disease,
by which the diagnosis was n.,. i ■. .,..;ng coiifnmed 78 days later bv tho finding of the
ir.vpaneiduiM.ita. A marked s<xuai exeiu i..-.; has at all times bmi evi.Ient on brinj.-
m^;- tlu: mari' in jproximity to a stallion.
To tho profuse blooddcttiiig, which was pushtxl to the phvsiolngical limit, I attri-
bute the disappearance of the nervous symptoms, by the removal with the blood of a
great amount of toxine of the di.sease.
i:xi'i:i{iMi:.\T.\L i.\<m il.vtfo.vs wmi Dorui.VF:.
i:(^ri\i:s.
AMilAi. N,.. L'l;. Two yoar ol.l till,-. • Tho vaMinal (lis,-liarges of two doHrin(>d
n.ares were injected into the vagina and uterus, la-t ini(i-ti..n mad. Julv 1-^ 1006 No
l.os,t,v,.^reaciiou obtain,-,!.- -(Dr. .S. Ka.lwen.) Blood inoe'ulaiious.— XovemlK-r 21,
UK'u Tutiapentoneal inoculation of ISO e.c. <,f .itrated blood from ftallion 3:i (jucular
I'lood ).
XovemlK^r 27. Intrainascular inoculation of ;{0 ec eitratrd blood, (jugular vein),
ftallion o.'I.
iJecembcr .".rd. Intramuscular inoculation W cc of citrated bl i ( jut-ular
vein), stalli(iii S:\.
No secondary swellings occured at the pointa of inoculation. Jaiiuarv !.-,th
Microscopic examination of peripheral blood and vaginal mucus, negaiivc F, b. l-t.
Ihe animal is in a very poor unthrifty condition, rough staring coat stiff gnii.
.March 12. Animal has improved in condition. Vaginal mucus is abundant and
milky 1,1 appe.irau.v. Micvso,.,,!,. examination— The leucocvtes and niacropha-es
atv d, Generated .•lud va<Mio|c,l. and there is a very active phagocyta-^is
.Voveniber 1.". 19n7. IJ, suits of inoculation still doubtful. Trvpanosomata hav^
never been detected. Tn April an.l July a stiffness of hind limbs was apparent with
just a trace of knuckling of fetlocks. There has ever been note.l a general air of ill-
tiealtb and a poorly n,,url-.hed condiliou. The genitalia appear normal.
Animal No 27.-Two year old filly. ' OctoWr 2f». 1900. vaginal discharge from
mare 28 injoet'^.l into vadiia.'— (Dr. S Hadwcii.)
Inociilation.s : —
(Nov. 11 No .signs of di-iase.
l^'■^. 1!) Intravenous inoiMilatiou :1(i p,. blM,,,! nf uiaro 2'^.
- Nov. 21 Intraporitomal inoculation 2.5 eo blood citrat<>d of uiaie 28.
Nov. 24 Intraperitoiual inoculation 10 cc bloo.l citrated of iiinre 2<.
■■""'._ ■' . V'"''""":''"'''" iii'"ii''itiou .".O cc blood citrated o|' mare 2«.
oir.i. ir,. .liicros. opli- iXnuunatlon, vaginal preparations — negative.
•Tail I's. MioroM-..,.io .xaniinafion iieriplieral blood- negative.
_ <'nuditio„ of animal ba- n„t altered, no sign of dise-as.>. 4.0(mi ,.,. ,,f bloo,l with-
'Irau n.
•Fan. :!0.— Iviu-es -wollen, also fetlock joints.
DEI'AHTMKST OF AGRWVLTVRE
,;.!
§-i
m
mi:,
^- ■
Jan. 31. — Knees and fetlocks greatly swollen, lamenoss. Left knee punctured and
a quantity of serous fluid slightly tiugo<l with bjoml collected. Microscopic examina-
tion— negative.
Feb. 6. — Sero-sanguincoud fluid drawn from right knee microscopic examination
— negative.
Feb. 20.— Swellings diminished. The gait remain* very stiff, more particularly
in hind-quarters. Vagina irrigated with citrate solution and mueoua membrane
scarified, smear preparations — negative.
Mar. 1. — Swellings have disappeared. Gait still stiff and awkward.
Mar. 12. — Vaginal blood — negative.
Nov. 15, 1907. Verj' similar conditions to the preceding case, (No. 26). On
July 27 however in the fluid obtained from a secondary swelling following an ex-
perimental injection of a dourine serum, a few developmental trypanosomata were
found. While the animals from which the inoculated blood was obtained were un-
doiibtedly affected with dourine, the parasites of dourine were never found in any
of these animals. It is possible that the 'contagium' present may have lost part of
its virulence or again that those native bred fillies may have possessed a certain de-
gree of natural n^sistanee to intection.
Animai, No. 39. — A foal about 9 mouths old, weaned from mare 25 (Seeley
man') showing characteristic syniptons of dourine in the last stages:— ciniuiMtlon
and loss of control, hind limbs soiled with vaginal discharges and urine.
The foal had always appeared in good health.
Feb. 11th, 1906, Inoculation No. 1 intramuscular, side of left ribs. 5 c.c. of citrate
solution containing a trace of sanguineous fluid from scarifieil mucous membrane
from the vagina of Mare 30. Trypanosomata present but rare.
Feb. 17. Inoculation No. 2, intramuscular, flank, 10 c.c. of undiluted blood from
peripheral circulation of Mare 30, in which trypanosomata were not demonstrated.
Feb. 21st. Circular plaque or swelling at seat of inoculation No. 1. Swelling
hanler at outer border than in centre about five ntimetres in diameter, slightly
oedcniatous, painless and n little more heated than ilie surrounding tissues.
Trypanosomata were demonstrated in both fresh and staine<l preparations of
the sanguineous fluid drawn from this plaque. Inunature and mature organisms
recegnized, also swollen vactioled forms undergoing disintegration and staining
feebly. On Feb. 22nd., the eleventh day nfter inoculation, the swelling had slightly
increased in size was more oval and (F<le!uat(>us. On the thirteonth day, the third
day of the swelling, it became flatter and broader; microscopic preparations were
negative on this date, also on Feb 2."th and March 1st, when the .swelling had dis-
appeared. March 16th: — no further ciitaneous lesions or visible sii;ns of systemic
disturbance have been observed to date.
April 23.— A small cutam^ous jilaque over the last right rib. Anterior to angle
of ileirni; the Bwelling p-rsistiug for tr) days. May 4. — Sub-maxillary lymphatics
much enlarged and softened. May 13. — Paralysis of brachial and subscapular nerves,
the limb hangs pendultuis from the shoulder or slightly supported on the toe.
Aliiy 20. — Ppigre-sing paralysis, knuekling, staggering gait, losing flesh, fever.
May 27. — Muscular trcnors, genitals swollen.
Frequent attempts at niieturition. Trine seanty, mucous mouibranes anwmic,
lymphatics enlarged and softened, eniiieiation.
May 29.— 1000 ,-.<•. of blood withdrawn and replaced with normal saline solution.
June 12. — See photograph Plato XII.
June 2rt. — A bettir appetite and iinprovcl muscular control since the opemtion
of ilay 2!t.
June 20. — r'(>n<liti"n very grave. The animal is down and helpless. Suppurative
proeessi^s involving hip and should«>r jnints. (ienitalia swollen and distorted. The
operation of blood letting and fiitlino infusion ropeatexi.
June 27-28. — The animal was able t« stand again and appetite returned.
doluim: <ij; .u.ii.iijjt: ijt con
39
;
June i'ft.- ( IciuTiil pMnily^i^ ;m,l ,l.Mth.
^u^;/;,sv.-l?,.,l.v pn'iitly oniiiciatod. .Musolpg soft, nna-inio. Distortion ami con-
traction of trn,loM- ■ liml... P„s in shou.l.r mvI hip joints. Ascites. Pericarditis.
Heart ..nlarfeM.,!, luu le .soft. Suprarenal ho,li,.> v.ry larKC soft, and of an oran^o
colour. Siirlacc of sploon pn.fiisrly -ratuiv,! with hriirht pmI lm>niorraf;hic sp.its and
patclKs. Liver larse and soft. Estimate,! wpi^ht of animal at time of death, 403
lbs.; heart. 4 lbs.; spleen, 1 lb.; liver, S lbs.; kidney.s, 1* Ihs. each.
Trvpanosomata were found only on one ocusion an,l in the secondary swelling
or plaque. 10 days after inoeulati.m. Xumerou, subse<iuent examinations of gland
juiee from enlarRed lymphati.-s. blood from tip of ear. tail and genitalia, and post-
mortem siwars of the internal oiffftiis, failed to reveal any paracites.
Animal X.i. 20.— Foal (tilly) about 9 months oM. we.;ined from mare No. 2?i on
Janary 1, l!>(>, (the mare l)oing in the Hnal stages of dourine, viz.:— emaciation, loss
(it nervous and muscular eoutml. &e. )
Jnoruhilio, Xo. /.-February IT, H)07. Intramuscular, flank 10 c.c. citrated
blood from t«eneial eircidation of mare Xo. .30.
Inondati,.,, Xo. ^.-February i-'. Subcutaneous, middle right ribs, a tna.-e of
vaginal blon.j of mare Xo. .".(i. diluted in .-> e.e, of citrate solution active trvpanoso-
mata beiny d."m<instrated in tliis preparation.
.Manh l.-Skin at seat of > u,l i ulati..n appears raised and hardened.
JVncroscopie examinations negative.
yUirvU V.].~ S„ further swelling- observed, but the animal does not look healthy,
being dull, and her movements ar(> sluggish.
Inorulaliun Xo. 5.-.\Iareh 1:!, Subeutauenus (•_> inches, .5 centimetre-^ anterior
t.. seat of inoculation X<,. 1). ,-, e.e. nf vaginal blood from mare No. .^O. collected fro;n
scanliod mucous membrane aft^T a th,)rough irrigation of vagina with citrat<! .solu-
tion; (trypanasomata being dem..n-trated in the diluted blood).
Kiglit hours later a marked local rcaeti^.n occurred, the swelling being four in-
ches in length, oval -haped ami soft, with little heat and no pain.
March 14.— Swelling tlatt.M- and eircums,-ribe 1 ; a trace of serous Huid tinged
with blood aspiiateil; microscopic examination negative.
March 15.— Swelling has persisted. Tryiianosoniata not detected.
Inond.tlion Xo. ^.-March i:',. Scarified mucous membrane of the vagina rub-
bing in bl..od containing trypanosomata from the vagina of mare 30. Trvpanosomata
were hrst .letectei m the vaginal muens. May M. The parasites were numerous
^.lul were again obsorved on the followinu: dates. May 27. .Tune 24. Julv Vi \ugust
■Jh and October 4. The i.arasjtes wene never observed in blood taken from a region
other than tlio vaginal miieoiw incmbran... .[une 17.— Enlargement and soft..ning of
snl)maxillary lyinpathties. Th,, fjlaud jul,v di 1 not contain trypanosomata.
Xovember I.',.— In very -,,od health and e.mdition. A slight tumefa.'ti f
vulva and a swollen, aiaemie vinrinal nv us membrane have l>cen th,- oidv otho,- signs
,,f the <lisease visibl,. .hiring thf nine m..nths f,,ll,>win- inf,-clion. Cunplete ab-
s<iice of ,lepigni,>utation. v<--i,-ati,.n. ul,-eration ami nervui.s |,henon<eMa.
Amm.\l No. 41.— Af;od mare not di-, ase<l.
Feb. 17th, ll>()7. Inoculati,,n. .subcutaneous, |,.ft rib.s r, c.c. .lilut, ,1 vaginal blood
from mare No. :ifi.
March 16th. X'., reaction has Irvii nott^l eitlu'r local ,u- geiuTal.
Jlil.v 7i!i. 1907. A slight na.s.ii di.-.haine in,m the r-'.riit nostril tinfi,'.! with
blood; vaginal secretion abundant and the muous membrane is swoihii.
Trvpanosomata Hrst obt^iincl fMin the vagina on this ,late. an.! ^ubs.',luentl.v,
July 10th. Submaxillary lymphatics much (Milargiil ami softi'ued.
Aug. 27th. Purulent conjunctivitis of the left e,ve.
40
UEl'AinMEST UF AdlllClLTlRE
1-
t
Sipt. 17-20. BUmmIv nii.-(iil disi'liargo and haomorrhagic mucoiis inembran<»s
(following nn iiijtetion of scriiiii from a dourinetl stallion — tlie>e serum experimeiif
will form the subjnt of a Intor report).
Xov. l.'tli. Pro-iit loiKrilii'ii : — rouf^h, staring ooat. poorly noiirishi'd body, ai
genoral appf'iiranoo of ill licnltli ; l>uf this wiis also tin- •■ondltion before tho expei i
meiitiil infection.
Ammai. No. 70.— Healthy 2 year old filly.
Oi't. 4th. Inoculution No. 1. Subcvitniuou'!, a traoi- nf Mood from vnginnl
miici'ii-. membrane of experimental filly No. 20.
Oct. 8th. Inoculation No. 2 ]X'r vaginal mucou-; mcnibrnne, a trnce of blood from
vagina! rauoiw of experimental filly No. 29.
(^ri. 21. Nov. 1.". Trypann>nniata in vnjrinal blood an.:
numerous. The muci'U.s membrane is swollen and anaemic.
mucus, often very
EXPERIMKNTAL INOCULATION OF A GELDING.
Animal No. 43.— .\ two y. ar old gelding. April 24.- 1,000 c.c. of blood with-
drawn from jugular vein, followed by a direct transfusion of blood from mare 3().
the transfusion lasting .') minuti^.
July 22. Interma.xillary lymphatics, especially the sublingual are much en-
larged and softened.
Sept. 2. Neuro-museular inco-ordination, knuckling of hind fetlocks, crepita-
tion in hock joints.
N('V. 15. The foregoing s,>Tnptoms have ajiix^ared in paroxysms and intenni.ssions
to date. Tho body is w-ll nourished and hralth seems Rood
ATTE.MPTS at REINFECTION OF MAKES AFFECTED WriTI DOURINE.
r,-
Air'' t '
Ammal No. 9. 'Dot.' — An ex[>erinKnlal nuire. the subject of latent dourine. On
the floor of the vagina there is a well marked ulcer which has been present for many
months withnut alteration, eith<'r in size or apiHiarance. On Diceniber 11th. 1906,
.'>(K) c.e. of l:lo(i(l was ilrawn from the jugular.
Feb. 17th. I'-'^T. rntranniscular inoculation, left shoulder, with 10 c.c. of blood
from the general rirciilation of Marc :ii!. a few drops were also inoculated ben(>ath the
vrginal mucou- membrane at the -ame time.
March 10. Xo swelling has occured since inoculation. The vaginal inucou^
membrane apjiears slightly ie(!<'inatous and congested. Micrc'Scopic examinations
hav.} been made as follows :--
NovemIxT 1 1.-- Peripheral blnod — Negative.
December 11. — .lugular blond ; vaginal mucus — Negative.
.January 15. — Vaginal inueius — Negative.
F' brnary 27. — Vajiinal blixid — Negative.
!March 7. — Vaginal blood — N.gutive.
March 12. — Vaginal blood — Negative.
May 13. — The whole of the vaginal mucous membrane is very nnwdi swollen and
(ideuiatou.s. tninslucent, of an orange tint, with a few small hiemorrhagic spots and
papules. Trypanosomata observed in preparations from l;,e nuieous membrane on
this date, and, sidisennently. on May 27 and October 11,
May 27. -.Mucous membrane still more (edematous with prominent infiltrated
patches. DepigmcTited spots appear along muco-cutaneous margin of vulva, their sur-
faces rough and ' frosted ' or suggestive of a ground-glass surface. In micro-prepar-
ation< from these latter lesions numerous spirocha'tie were observed.
DOVKINE OH MALADIE DV eoiT
41
,iin'',f;i;n !"'■'''' ^'^T"""*-' % f '•i"«'™- S'veral ill-dofine.! cicatrices
'Mn.,I ,n,u.on n,onibrn>,e. Snl.maxillnns- ly.nphatic. enlarged.
iiiii>
cl<
•In: n;.
""^ Tnlv'97 v"'-' '1 ""■■"■Tiine. ^iinniaxiIlniTv lymphatic, enlarii
simW iT" F '""•'" ""T""- "''"°^' "•^'''*'' ^""^'' -"^d thickened
..n,-,^r"r::,- ::;;„:: ZJ-^'"^'^' ""'^;^'^'^' --"'"^-« to move. ««««,.
flan... ,0... s^ffrraiT;; :r;r;rs." ^■■" -^ ^^^^^ ^"'■^^^'-' *^"
.^:i!:!'::l::i:i'- ''"'"""■'"•'"'^ "''^°^"^'"" ^'^ ^-'""^^^ -*"™ of appetite and
October 10.— Larpe 0Dd<nintou.9 swelling under sternum
•nnre^ Yn""7 ,---^'""-'"'"'i^'"^- intn,n,„sc„h,n, .^ e.,.. ,,itrated v.ngiral blood fron.
■nnre ^„. ,C. tr.vpano.om.tn present in tl,e preparation. On the twelfth day fo loT
.np .he =kn. appeared slightly hardene.l andrai.sed at the selt of in^SoI
^^^^^ Mar, h16.-Nocutaneou. lesions or. yet,.mie disturbances have been noted to
s,.-t.I,'',i'"x.'f,';|.,.)T"r ""■ r"'"'r-^'"->- "v'-Phntics were found to be enlarged and
on.,,,. I. .\„ h„ h r elinnge hft. Ik^oo noted in thi. animal. Gland juice and blood
has been searched .n va.n f„r the dourine parasites. Present condition is heaUhy
AM.M..LN0I7. 'BELLS.'-May 27th. Apparently in the be.st of health Inocu-
June 27.-Opthalmiti9 of right eye, a slight milkiness of cornea of left
IXOCUr.ATIONS OF DOGS.
-verVtrum ;!:! 11* T"':^ "5* t" ''"*■ "'^'^''^^-'^ "» -f-*'"" ^o^^ently
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DKrARTMENT OF AORICULTURK
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DEI'AHTMhM ilt UiHIill.TlRE
i:i
Time I1118 not permitted a daily exmiiinntiuii of the blood of these dogs; howcvor,
iiumerou!< microscopic preparations of vajriiial blood, blood ameera from the tip of
the car. from the tip of the tail an<l the jviice of enlargt>d glands, have been made
at frequent intcvals. At the autopsies on those animale, smear and fresh prepara-
tions from the spleens, livers and lymphnties have been examined. Trypanosomnta
have never been observed.
DnfTs 11. 1.5, IS and 2(t have Ik en siibjeete.l to a severe bleeding, in the hoiH! that
les8ene<l resistanee to tlu' development of infection might r.sult. as has been the case
in fomc of the equines. Blood-lotting in the dogs has not resulted in any visible
innnifestation of the disease. _ ,
Dog No, 18 has b<en inoculated 8<>veial times p. r vaginam. with blood containing
trvpanosomata. Certain ocular phenomena have been witnessed in dogs Nos. 18 and
20. At this (late (Nov. ISth) the vulva of No. 18 appears slightly swollen, and the
mucous secretion is rather abundant. In No. 20 the penis is swollen and inflamed.
There has been a complete al)S<'nee of irdema in all the dojrs. A few have shown
enlarged lyniplintics, others conjunctivitis. The animals have all been kept on the
chain during the period of captivity, a circumstance that may be responsible for some
of these indefiiiite abnormal conditions.
kahhh ixoci'lations.
Inoculations, corresponcliii),' to those of the dogs have been made with 14 rabbits.
Two of these animals died within 24 hours of septicieniia and two were accident-
ally killed. The remainder are alive and appar.ntly in the l)est of health. No signs
fif disease have ever li<<>n note<l. Numerou.s blood examinations negative.
The only suspicious indications of a dourine- infection lie in a few abnormal
conditions .>f the eyes. Conjunctivitis, with, or without a slight discharjie. A slight
milkiness of the cornea, fugitive in character, with one exception, a rabbit which
has become blind in one eye, with e.\-ophthalmia. Three rabbits have b(<ii destroye<l,
the reinainiler .survive, and appear healthy. Oedema never noted.
MICK IXOCl'LATIOXS.
l)i-en inoculateii. tive of whii-ll
itbin a few hours of
Pi-
14
Thirty field mice liavi
SI ptic:emia.
.March 31. 1007. Two mice ino<'ulati d with sedimint of (ediniatou.- fluid of stal-
i'li 3:! arc still living, two and a half months after ino<-uhition.
Of three mice inoculated with the so<liment of scmiis fl\iid from thr knee swellings
of filly No. 27, one died on the 4th day and the other two are still living, six weeks
after inoeulatiiui. Curiously, a^ intervals of 10-1.5 days, they were found in an ex-
tremely lethargic condiliiui. the eyes were closed and breathing was rapid. After
several hours in this condition they recovered and soon became as active as ever.
Of two mice inoculati d with sero-.anguineous fluid containing the Trypanosoma
fquiperdum from the inoculation plai|iic of animal Xo. :'■'.), one died on the twt'lftti day
in the lethargic coinlition described al(.ve. while its mate, after being in the same con-
dition for eight hours, ri'covered ^'ivl is still alive. Of thuse inoculated from mare 36
(Trtipmi^nma iqiiipi rilum demonstrated in the piM pa ratio nV three died williin three
days, one on the tenth ('.ay and the oth( rs are still living, but the n.ost of those surviv-
1^1 j;.,^.,. i..,.i .,..,. ,,.. ,,..,,.,. nttMck= ^f '!■■= "'••■v! -r n-raly«i^ dcs^r-ribj-d obnve. Of six
control mice, lun- has died rnd Uiine have ever been found in the comatose condition.
One mou-e iiKcidate.l with the c ntrifufializcd s<dim( lit of the ascitic fluid of mare
2.^, died on the seventh day. and in a bl 1 smear from this mouse an hour before
death, six try) ansi, mala were ob;erv( d, wliicli p :.--(-si.,l s,,uio "f the ebaracteristics
of the T. rqvipfrdnm
i)ini:i.\t: uu uai.muh di con
49
The bloci of all theao mic- was examined before intxn.lati..,, h.hI i„ n„n.. of them
ucre found the trypanosonintn with whieh n small porcontago of these field mice are
naturally infected. Nunurous l.loo.i pr<.paration9 have been nm.le subsequent to the
inoculnt.on, trypanof^nnatn being found in but one pr. paration taken just before
death.
November 15 1907. In all. sixty native ' white posted ' mice have been subj.vted
to m'-culations. In my foregoing observation, on mice. I have n.entione.i in detail
the ease of one mouse dying on the seventh .lay after inocJa.ioM and the finding of
SIX trypanosomata in a blood preparation taken an hour before d<-ath. In view of all
.ubse„„ent failures ,o infeet thes.. animals, I think it probable .bat the parasites were
of the non-pathog,.„,.. van-'ty found in about 15 per cent of ilus.. native mice The
letharg,.. conditio,, notcl in a f-w of the inm-ulate^l mie.. 1 l,„v since rarelv obsiTv.xl
III (■.„,t,-nl III,,-,.. ,1, the tir^t few ,iays ,,f their captivity.
Tm.m: VI. .S|„,«inL; the pir.en... o,- abM-nce of Trypan,.s,.,iiiila
Man- N,
;(ti.
V,i^.in„l.
Mn.ii.. I!|,„kI.
l'''M|p|l.I-,l 111 I
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-"■>. '07
K,l, 11. '07
IL'. 07
I.-f. (17
n. "7
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III, '117
17. '07
IS, 07
I 'I. '07
■-11. 07
L'l. 07
L'L". 07
•-'t. '07.
'-'.">. 07
2i-.. '07
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'I'lVI.. .,l,.,.Iit.
Tr>|.. i.-ry niif: Iti f..uiii.-,l in :,1
snit'ars.
T,_\|,. fjiily iin,iii.|ij\i>, in thi-,iiiieii».
i|nil,' imni>.niu> in tlic iiiuiiis ; nil,'
in vak'. 1>Ukk1.
lar,' ill iinii-ii« ; .i fpw in \,^t^. 1,1,hk|.
iil,>,'nt in niiiciis ; nir,' in vatrlilixMJ.
raicin innrns; ahsent in vaj,'. IiKkxI-
nirf ill iijiiciis : rare in vag. l)l,»)<|.
I'. I'lfiiifirii^atioiiiif vapiiawitli titrate
-oliitii 111 very rar.> ; aft<r iriigati.in
fairly nuii.frourt.
T, ran- (pre|,aratiiiiis iiLad,- afi,i- mi-
gat i..n).
V.ry rare (3 4 T. in wicli siii.ar aft-r
irrigatidii).
Wry rare : iinlv 1 T. found.
Very rare : •_> T. fnmi,|.
Kar.
; .'i T. counted in the tu,i ■" iiipars.
p. foiiiiil in 41 (ii'eparation.s cMit of
147 examined
Kxplanation— Tlie niimU'r^ in the culu
th'
ave been examine,!. 'I'rv
'se umier th'
<■ negative »ig;n.
panosoniata lieing pri'sent
n- repr-'sent tli,' nnmlierof prep.arations, fre.sh or stained,
in tl
iwt iin,1er the inwitive
sign, and absent
that
46
DEPARTMEST OF AORICILTI HE
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liiii iii\t: III! 1/ 1/ {/III
III mil
The Symptomatology and Diagrnom of Donrine.
MlSlEl.t.WKOIS NrlTE-i.
In provi,,,,, r..p..rts on C.muU.n ,|..„riM.., Dr. U,ulmrf„r,l lu,8 laid «tro«. o„ tlv-
Svnl .l.fhoulty ,.f ,l,a^n ,« ,|„- ,1,-,.,.,,. wi,l, any .., rt.nn.y d„rin« it« ..arli.r
«ta«« and has druwn atUjntion to thv appannt n,ildu.«, „f tl.,. inf.-ction m manv
.•H«us ,.»p..,.u.ll.y ,n ,„ar(*. I„ ,1,,..,. r,.,,. ..•!-. „,y „«n ol,-,.rv;,tl.>n8 nro in complet;
iiccurdiuKv with those of Dn. |{iiiluTf„r,|,
A careful study of the caWM d.tail.,! in thi^ r.'p.rt will ^iw niii.'h nmf infor
niat.on than any aUrmpt „f n.in. at a ^.u.r.\ d.s.Tipti f tho .ympton... and
oour... of d..,,r,m. (snoh y 1„. f„„nd in th,. l.xt Look, anl ,.!ini..al lit.Tatnr.- n,,on
Ih.. .nl,j,...t. hut th., I.trraturo I havr> found v rv .uidond..... „ot .tatinif with suffi-
C.rnl rlc.arnrM th,> fuRitivv .dumu'trr. th- fr,..iu.,HT or othwul-,. of tho .vnmtoms).
Many authors comnionco their dis.-our^'s on tho symptoUL. l,v savintfthut they
may l„. d,v,.|,.d n,t„tl.r,,. .tap.... liahlr-y (Journal of Con.i.arative Patholo^^^
.Nlan.h liHK.i s,at.-s that th...- -ta^^.., are .iistinnf. and mav. if , a.o is onrefnliv
wat<>h,.l. ho r..,.ofeni/..d with .■on.pnrnliv.. oaao. This has h.ou iho -wption rathor
tlinn the ride in my ox|«.ni..nee with ('ana.lian dourine.
I.injrard. in his • l;,.|„,rt on Dourine.' 10O5, slat.s that what nalK- {, ol.^erved
'■11 ot' (■
arraiii
riain symptonw
'luent is purely
notos niny help
■ - tin, J.Mr,;, :iipn--i lliai
in pnictico is an overlapping, or a partly concurrent exhil.it,
ri'ferahlo to th.; resr>octive perio-is, and goes on to .sbv that th
nil nrl.itrary on,^ simply utilized for the sake of dosoription.
It IS \v(dl, I tiiiiik. to renienihor this reservation. The loll,,.
to put tiio dinfriioslicia.i on Ins pfuard.
I.i the ease of :nare No. :!.;. a staided .ttiimal. and, thoroforo, und-T .iailv ol.sor-
vatioti, the first visildo .sipns of disease wene symptoms orijriuatin^- from the central
nervous system, wh.eh belong, aeeording to the n.bitrarv division, to the 'third'
sago. These mdicatioiu were followed hy the 'first' stag,, .nam, Iv. tunu la,>tion of
the genitalia Roxnal ex,.it..,n,.nt, &■,.. The rirst appearance of -ymptoms belonging
to the second' stage, namely, patchy infiltrations of the skin. th,. so-,alled plaques
were .•..ncnrnut with the ,i,.rvons maniCstntio.i.s a.id have laton app,.nred when onlv
a trace of tiie ' first am! ' thinl ' stajre remains.
In the case of exp..rimental animal \o. .".it. th,. ,liscase ran an acute course
.nmnatmg fatally 1:!!. ,lays after intVetiou. Nervous symptmw pre,lo,niuated
tiiroughout the infection.
In til., cas,. of experinuntal animal Xo. 29. dourine parasites were pre^^ciil I'l
ilie VHKnial mucus at irre>;ular intirvals from the S.5th to 229th dav after infeeti.in
aii.i yet only at the end of this period have there apiK^ar.,1 anv visible siirns ,>f dis-
oa.se, those being more or less indefinite and limited to a sligl'it tumcfa,.tion of the
vulva and a somewhat ^wolle^. anaemic, vajrinal mucus membrane
ilirse imiy be extreme ea.-es. but ..thers can i.e cit.d, both in naturally and
- ;x|„.rim,.ntally infc-t.-.l equiii,^. It is onlv nivcssnTn-. T think, to emplmsiz. the
tact tliat sympt.inis may aiipear shortly after, or not for n very long period foll,)winff
'.r*!'u,'''.>'-l"!,*''''.S*l'''^.,'''''.'' "'';'*'' "": fli^appear for equally long p,.riods at any str^e
■ ■, .,,. ,,.,.,..„.,.. ..;.., ;::-,;-.. !;;:;t ,.13:; ,,7 r.v.-.r.i 1 li.i !e iLH.-omotion or other signs of nen\-ou«
d. rang,.m..nt tnay be tl,.. first ami only signs of the .lisease visible to the naked ere.
Oedema.— Most authors argue that the only truly pathogn.^monic sign of disease
.s the Tuption of the c: .iiuH.us pla,,„e.. These patcli.v infiltrations of the skin
h..w..v..r, have b,.,.n fonn-l so randy, in ea.ses that have eouie under mv observation'
that pome other <ii:n has !ia.! to be senpche.l for.
94.-9--t
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50
DKi'Mii ■'vr or Aniiiri i.n RE
It i^ well osfnblij^lu 1 tli:it in the varioiH trypanosoininses of animals, including
douriiie, oedema in sonx tdmi is tlie most constar.t feature. In do\irined maroa I
liavo found that tli<> most frceiiuiit and constant sign of infection is the t\imcfied or
intiltratcd niuoous tni'nilirano of tlic vairina. Tlii< condition lias been oliserwd in
TO iwr cent of my cases. In the absence of plan ••*. it is only in blood or mucus
from this lesion that 1 hiivc stii-cfHvlod in finding the donrine parasites. In stallions,
the oedema usually coniriience.s in the nnn'oiis menibrane of the urethra and meatus
urinarius. This condition, howcve.. is sometimes difficult to ascertaii, or may escape
ncitice, the first sipn of (license beinjr nott d in a tumefied penile sheath, iiilermittent
in character!.
Vesiclfx and w/crr.'.-. — .\s far a> 1 am aware, trypanosnmata have never been
proven t.i b,. the actual cause of ve-iclcs and ulcers. These lesions do occur in a
-niiill iicrcentai-'c of .loiuiiid mar. s. nml in a large percentage of dourined stallions
(see Table of Symptoms), but they are not. in my opinion, caus»>d by the trypanoso-
•nata. In tlie c:is,> of mare .'!ti. I have recordeil th" fimlir.ir of trypanosomata in fluid
from a vaginal vesicle. This was not a typical vesicle, and it would have bo<'n more
corre t, I think, to describe th^ l-sinn as stnall, patchy or nodidar infiltration of the
mucou.s nicnibraiic. From typical ve-icle^ anil ulcers T have neven succeeded in
is<ihiting a trypaimsomo. nml I am not awar.' that other investigators have succeeded
in doing so. I may state, however, the frequent occurrence of .spiroclwtip in these
lesioiis, in .-onie micro-preparations the-e origanisnLs appearing as in a pure c\dture,
I nests and colonics. This is f interest in view of the discovery of spirochtRtir
(now called the Trepnnvma puUidiim) in lesions of human syphilis. Jewett, in his
publication. ' Xotes on Blood — st>rum Therapy.' describes spirochietic in ca-ses of
canker and frrea-c in equines. The appearance of the genitals in do\irino when
ulceration and vesication are extensive, is not unlike tiio condition occurring in
'grease.' Professor Schaudin's interesting hyjiothisis on the transition of tr^-panofso-
mata into spiraehictje has provoked s<vere criticism, and is not poncrally accepted.
Depigmentatwn. — In several ca.ses of douriue I have observed depigmentation
independently of pre-existing \e>icle< op idcers, and, further, that certain tissues,
esp(-clally the mucn-cutaneoii- nmrgin.- of the vulva, which had become depigmented
during a genital tinnefaction. regained their colouring matter when these .swellings
suhsiildl. Tin- phi'nonuiion i- unu-\ial. I think. rle])igmentatioi. generally persist-
ing for a lengthy peritKl, if not permanently and often associate<l with vesicles and
ulcers.
C'.iif pti:.,! mil! iihiiilinii. • Infecteil n^are.- do Mot, as a rule, conceive, but if
t!r V ,1.1. ala:e>t ir.varialily abort at about -i\ months.' — (Pease.)
•It Inw heeii unticed in India that from this time— (ihe primary symptoms) —
alih.ii^li tlie -talli'.n i- cipalih' n!' etlieieiitly envi'riug the mare, he is entirely ster-
ile.---( lialdivy.)
Thro«- niaiv^ in the 'third' stage of douriue havo given birth to apparently
healthy otTspriug at this station. Thre<' other maro.s, found to lye affected with chronic
donrine. and in each of wlii.-h tin di:'gno-is has been confirmed by the finding of th'^
trypanosomaia. had young foals at foot. At autopsies on slaughtered mares I have
several times found them to be pregnant. This is probably the exception. Neverthc-
h--. abortion in my exiH'rience i.< a rare <vent, f urriug only in those ndvance<l case-
where there is emaciation and loss of co-ordination. In examining the semen of
(hiiirined stallinns I have fouiul nunil)(>rs of dead spermatozoa and rarely a motile
f"rin,
Mciho'in iif (iutyiiii.iis. — Ti was li"iied iliut in the ab.^-iiOe ol trypiinosomsita m tno
111 od a.i<l vaginal mucus, puncture of the enlarged lymphatics woidd yield good re-
sults, similar to the success of that method in the diagnosis of sleeping sickness. I
have punctured the glands in a number of case, and in various stages of the disease
but without ever finding a trypanosonui. Neither hav(> I ever been able to find the
paras^ite in the cerebro-spinnl fl\iid.
DOURIXE OR ilALADIE DU COIT
51
I-
_ Blood-letting hes proved an important aid in some cases. Serum-tests, after fur-
t.icr elaboration, will, I trust, yield better results . In the meantime, owing to the
absence of parasites, the diagnostician must depend on clinical symptoms and consider
the hi^tiiry u{ the susixx-ted animnl.
With the assistance of Dr. Gallivan, I have prepared a t-Me of Pvmptoms The
percentages are based on an analysis of 64 case.s of dourine, (O! mares and eight stal-
lions), that have come under our observation within the past twelve months. This
Miay l.<. ut some value to those called upon to diagnose the disease, who have not had
the opportunity of familiarizing themselves with the frequency of certain conditions.
Acknowledgments.-To the Veterinary Director General, for the privilege of
earry.ng on this im-.-tigatioM and for i.dvice and interest in the progress of the work,
lo Dr. M. V. (,a]l,v;n,, f i.ethbri.Ige. in securing valuablr .....f. and for assistance
rendered on numerous occasions. Lastly, lo the numerous capable investigators who
in IiKl.,1 nnd ..JMnvhere liMve funiishwl mo with a foundiitinn an.l a safe guide for my
own studies, greatly assisting in establishing the identity of dourine on this con-
tinent.
}-.
a,
'&
T.MiLE OF SvMi.fOMs-Khowing the fre(,uency (percentages) of Symptoms in .Stallions
and Mares, respectively.
SiKii.", Syiiiptdins, Lesions.
funitaUit :
1. Tiiiiiffactioii of Milva
-■ , ;• , " |)«'nile slii-atli []
3. ( it'nit.al dirtctiar((('
4. Aluioriiial sexual cxcitriiifiit. Nyinplioniania '.'...'...
"i. Distinctly liii'iiioirliagic nniams nil nibrane
•!. .Swollrn 'I'lleniatoiiH ,, ,, ['
7. Protrusion of mufuus niinilirani' of vulva
n m '''^''"■' " , '■ " .Mratusiirinarius'.' ■■;■'.
'.*. I liyniosis, piiraphynioRis
10. I).'|ii^rnii'ntcil s|i.)fs or leui<Kl..rii,ic patclifs (vulva, iifrinai-uu'i, r..-ui.s auiY -h.at'hi
11. Vt-sication
I'J. Flci-ration
1.1. Cicatrization
U. Distortion, atmpliy '..'.'....
- I i
*Vf rruM.-* St/utt / (
l.*t. .Muscular an^i nfrxuus uivo-uniination -
(») I" rout limhs and iiuarters.
(1.) Hin.l
Hi. Facial imralvsis ami lii-tniti.iu
17. I'atcliy infiltrations or plaiiufc
IH. Ijucali/.i'd o'di'uia
75
12'
fi.5
37
f.2
25
37
12
34
26'
15
5
70
34
10
6
9
15
10
30
I!
10
■:t-
-:4
Ocular I'hn
1!*. Conjunctivitis
2". Keratitis, c-orncal oiiacity
21. Sitpj,ur*ittic /'n)fiH!ti»:
t.ti I.llnos and
(I)) (lenitalia
22. Enlar^ifil Kiiwph'ilie.t.
2.'!. Natal Dhehii tye
9459— 4J
2.")
12
12
2.5
43
4
• i. "r
i-'-li
r
1 I
h'
r I '
r
.li:
62
DEPARTUUST OF AGRICULTVRE
APPENDIX A.
NAT I^R ALLY ACQITIRED DOURIXE.
Cask No. 21. 'Nf are. -Ovaries romoved. Septomber 15. lonfi. onp t . tw.-. year-
iift.T infection. Absence of sipn^ of di.sease during winter of 1006-7. Tiily 27, 2'?.
s.ximt oxcitiMiient: eovereii by henlthy stallion on each date. Oenital examination
revealed a marked twcoriati.m of nmeons surfaces and external eenitaU, soar<. los=
of piKHioiit of the under surface of the tail, perineum and L. pudendi.
August 2.— inceratiou involvinpr mucous membrane of vulva, and portL.ns of the
vajrina. the.~e areas presentiiiu- minu rou.s small vesicles and ulcers.
.\iipust 10. — Lesions arc di-apiiearing.
A'lijust l.'i.— Ciciiitalia had resumed an almost normal condition. The mar*>
ii-ain appeared • in heat.' and was covered by the healthy stallion. Stil.maxillan.-
auJ -;\i!>liugual glands thickened and prijminent.
November 15.— No further manifestation of ,li>pase. Genitalia appear iiorrnal
General health and condition very good.
Gase No. 25 Marf. -• A Remarkable RecovebyC ?^.'— Admitted to Quarantin--
Station February. 1006. in aJvaiic^.l stage of dourine. — Dr. S. Hadwen.
Peeember, liXHi.— Great eniaeiation, dragging, paralytic gait. Complete lo-s or
e.'-erdiiiate l.H'oniotion.
January-Man-h. I'.ioT.— The condition extw^mely severe. Death expected dailv.
The animaf was seanvly aide to move and would stay for days at a time in a corner
of tho pasture, during intensely cold and blizzardy weather.
.\pril.— Slow, steady improvement.
.Tuiic-September.— Symptoms gradually disappearing. A great geneml irapr.v.--
ineiit. .
November 15.— Tli.- ba.'k is rather hollovv The quarters somewhat crouch.?;.
N 'rni.il co-onlination. Mare is very active and i:i very fair health and condition.
Note.- Grhi-n examples of apparent recovery could be cite^l from milder case's,
b'.it r.<>t troiw -veli a .-ievere e"nditi"ii a- above deserilw'ih
("ask No. ':',. Natiuai.i.v .\cqi irko 1><>i rive. — Probably infected by stallion 33 r
V^K<. X ran^'e niare, witli vo!H:ir f^ial at t'o..t.
.Vn^'ust 2. l!»i>7,--Kni,\oiat; -n ; v-vuital discharge. sear> and oieatrice~. Crepiti-
tion of joints, l.oss ot e.vordinate loeomotion.
.\ugust +.- l'rot'i-;e iri-i:ital di'^ehar-'c.
.Viigust Vk Severe v-en'T,.l .-x leerbati'ni. Papule-, -mall vesicles and ulcer-
\l.vx mucous surfaces. Submaxillary hiuphatics are enlantrLil. .V secondary sw- i
i;:g rapidly follow,^! tlse <i:l„M;t.ii;, ■-.!!< Inj.etioi, of a te-.t--erMin. In the liL.M
ser-slry ..f this .-wfllinu'. .'■ veL pni. utal >r invn1';tive forn'.- of trypanosomata wer •
''.lj.-"Vered.
N.u-eiiilier 15. Inere.isii^g '■tiiai'i itioii. .liarrhipa and lo-s ,if co-ordination.
(\\SE No. 'i N\TrR\I.!.Y ,Vc(^i IRK.n ItoiRlNK. (Plate X V."! - -<leld' r;:r ii-;n: •
\.ii--. Tt i< d.,>nl)tf>i' whotb.T this aiiimal was castrated a- a yearliuL- or a 2-vit--
ol,!. The .uiitiial has beei- rnnMir!-.; with the above mir-. N '. T-^. ati ' tlie ii,i> i-
: '■.'. ;i% -; found together.
IXH in\t: on .MALAIHK DV CUJT
B3
/ n *'"'> -'• -^ r„.M,il.lr I,,<^ ,.f .•<,-or<linnt(. loroniction. Tli.. animnl fnqn-.iitl
falls to the srround whon s...I.Icnly startled and i« unal.lo t<. «tnnd without a v„Iiin
effort. (Soc pliotogiapbv.) Trypiinosomatfl hav<- not Ix^ n fcu.id in the blood
Novciiilxr If).— Piiralysis of tail.
tary
foot.
^^ff No. ::,.- X.vii IIA1.I.V A.wuiiKo Dot ULNK.-A niofxe mare, with youn^ siu^ki..^-
fonl lit foot. ./ F. h
Soptembor 25. ll)07.-The whole of the visible genital n,ueous membrane is scat-
tered or mottled with co,.per-coloure<l bemorrhajzes. Trj-panos„mata present in fair
October 1G.-L:,l,in >.'reatl.v .um..tie.l. <ed<TOatous. pitting on prt,.8sure of the fingers
10 pennaon. ma siiniiar eon.lition. Ifaanorrhagie patches have totally disappeared.
Iho mucous membrane is markedly (Edematous with isolated infiltrated patches Trv-
pnnosoniata ore still p^e^ellt.
November 25.-11,6 whole of the genital mucous membrane is infiltrated The
nnnnnl is ni rather poor flesh, but not emaciated. Absence of nervous symptoms.
Case No. 82.-NATLn.*LLv AcqumED DouRi.NE.-Rnnge marc, with young foal at
September 25^-I„filtratod pat.'hes on vaginal mucosa. Tumefied vulva.
October 2fi.- Similar condition. Trjpanosomata present.
Noembor 15.-Localized oedema tm lower surface of abdom.-.i. Poorlv nourished
r. lulition but not emariatcd. Al)S(nce of nervous sjijiptoms.
Case No. 33, N-ATUR-^lly acq, irei. I)..niiNE.-('!,v,l<.s.lale .stal!i.,„. Admitted to
q.i.inintine station, July 21, IfKHi, with swollen slu-ath and testicles.— Dr. S. Iladwen)
December. 1906. an.l January, lOOT.-Paroxysmal and intermittent cedematouB
.« tilings of sheath, scrotum and lower surface of abdomen. SweUings would increase
ler three or .our days and then subside, with intermissions of 10-12 days Numerous
,.xa,,ui,nti,,ns of ,h,. liuid of these swellings have k*n made. An immense number
ol leuooeytM were observed, 99 per cent of which were of the lymphocyte or mono-
nuclear variety, many intro and e.xtra-cellular, spore-like bodies, and creecentic
MM -, tlir. -,f,i,,ti..a,„.e „r i.leiitity of wlii.ai I am at preeent unable to determine An
.ii'lisputabio Etage or form of trypanosome was not ob^rved.
i-ehn>ary, I'JOT.-Continuous and moderate swelling of penis, sheath and scrotum
: t eMeiiiling to iow(r alulonieii.
April and May.-Steady in.-reas*. in swellings, without intermissions, extending
en eiih.r side and beneath Lwer abdomen and thorax, involving the lower deoend-
• ::t iTirpiu- of the 11, ck *^
June.-Enonnous swellings with organization. Emaciation. Rupture of scrotum
Ml. I eotitinuous discharge of thin pus.
July— Apart from the w. ak. dragging gait, due to Uie swellings and emaciation
; ' iro-iiniseular iiico-ordination has not appeared. '
July 24. — Death. prece<led by general paralysis.
July 2»,-Autopsy. K.xlensive serous infiltrations of subcutaneous ccr.ineetivc
.n.i muscular tissues. Anemia. Flesh pale and y.llow. Clear yellow fluid exudes
en .section of muscles. The enormous swellings organiad in a .lon^, white fibrous
ftrueture. on section, honeyeombe<l with small serous cavities.
The position of t.sti,.le. couhl n..t be localed by hand manipulation; on s,...,ion
y-v vv.re found embe-ld .H^ a fil>ro„< .„as.s 1,>-1.-, in,.he. i„ tbi.kn(v.s. After being
- :--=€-<'ttd out of this nass tney were found to weigh thre<. pounds eacii. .><car.*lv anv
recognizable Usticular tissue remained. The under surface and si<le3 of al),!.-,..,, ..nd
•iiorax presented n covering of the same dense fibrous character. 3-4 inches in thicl-
!|Mi
.H'fa
■m
u
DEPARTiIE\T OF AOHICULTLRE
Kidueys.— 6 lbs. each, dark, brown, speckled, infiltrated.
Spleen.— 2i lbs. ir.aly, doughy, fibrous, petechise.
Liver.— 20 lbs. pale, firm, absence of fibrous adhesions to capsule or diaphragm.
Hi'iirt. — 10* ll>s., pale, tirni, absence of emlo-earditis.
LuiiK^*. — Slightly ulterod.
Lymphatics. — Enlarged and softened.
Pleural and pericardial sacs contained transudate fluid. The abdomen contained
an abundance of ascitic fluid.
The subject was a heavy Clydesdale stallion, wliieh in normal condition would
have weighed about 1,800 lbs.
Cask No. :!.">. NATrRAi.i.Y Act^uiRED Dourise. (Plato XIV.)— IIea\-y Plydefi
dale stallion (which C(>vere<l the infected mare. No. 36).
The first suspicions of the disea-e appear.tl during the autumn of 190C, and
according to the ovnier of the stallion consiste.1 of a slight intermittent swelling of
the sheath. During tlio following winter and the spring and summer of 1907 inter
mittent swellings of the sheath were occaaioaallj observed. By October the anirnal
luul lost in tlesh and dsvcloped a corneal opacity of the right eye, and a very considcr-
ablv swolliu sheath.
Intermittent swellings have continued to date. November V>, 1907, increasing in
extent. There is now oedema of lower surface of abJomm and s.)me emaciation.
Th;- hind Kg.- are swollen and pus is escaping from the right hock.
h '
K'-U-
DOURISK OK U.ll.llHi: III t.OIT
6B
APPENDIX B.
Report of Dr. Davison.
RusHviLLE. Neb., May 14, 1904.
Chief of Riirran of Aiiimnl IndustO",
WushinRton, D.C.
Sir,— In iicoonlimc<' with iiistriK-tioiis received, I went to Lethbridge. Alberta,
for till' purpose of conferring with J. G. Rutherfowl, Veterinary Direetor General of
the Dominion of Cniuidu. in regard to suspected outbreak of maladie du coit anion:.'
horses in tlic vicinity of Lethbridge. I examined such suspects as were available,
and have no liesitatinn in eonfirniing the diagnosis of Dr. Rutherford.
I found no go.xl <-ases. However, oonsi.lering in the aggregate the symptoms
manifested by different individuals does not leave room for a rensonable doubt as to
the character of the disease. At the ranch of W. T. McCaugherty, eight miles west
of Lothl i(!ge, I exjiniiiied a herd of :ibout fifty mares and one stallion. The st.illioti
presentcu a general unthrifty appearance, was quite emaciated, eyes and nostrils
weeiiinjr, scrotum thickened and of a doughy consistency, two plain cicatrices on
under surfa<c of penis just below inferior border of prepuce. No plaques .showing,
but owner gives history that would indicate that they have been frequently in evi-
dence. Jlentus highly inflamal, constant drfpping of mucus from urethra, voiding
of urine frequent and attended with considerable di.scomfort.
Of the fifty mares, about fifteen are quite suspicious. Several show vaginal dis-
charge and defective muscular co-ordination. Several had small white spots onvulvT
and cicatrices on vaginal mucous membrare. One mare shewed two well defiurd
plaques. In addition to the symptoms which were in evidence, we have the history
of a lange percentage of abortions. Also the owner gave in detail the history of mare
wbich had di(>d two wcks previous, a ease which, I judge from his description, had
all the characteristic symptoms of an animal in the advanced stage of maladie du
coit.
I examino<l a .stallion at Macleo<l, the proi^erty of one Wm. Damon. This stal-
lion's sheath was badly swollen, and had been so for about six months. This was the
only suspicious symptom in evidence, and considered alone would hardly justify one
ill regarding the stallion as a suspect. However, I learned that the stallion had covered
a mare afflicted with a venencal disea-se of some kind, and that another stallion, which
had previously covered the mare died with some kind of a venereal affection.
i'iie history of various suspects and current rumours would seem to indicate that
the atTection had be(>ii prevalent in Alberta for two or three yeans at least. The
origin of the difficulty is at present, of course, only a matter of conjecture.
Very respectfully,
(Sgd.) E. T. DAVISON.
Inspector.
56
DEPARTUEyT OF AQRICVLTIRE
APPENDIX C.
I .' .
THE IDENTITY OF POURINE.
(Annales de I'Institut Pasteur.)
Buffard and Schneider.
Even until recently some doubt appeared to exist regarding the preaence of a
specific trypnnosonie in the dourine of Europe. We have successively seen ThanhntTcr,
Lidemann and ilarek in Hungary, and Tchernogorow in Russia declare that they have
not been able to reveal the presence of trypano.-oniiita in subjects infected with
authentic dourine. Prof. Marek was even led by his negative evidences to admit the
existence of two dourincs, one due to a trypanosoine being seen in Algiers, the other,
of which the caus^al agent was still to be determined, constituting the European
affection. A certain tendency to consider this double theory plausible has since been
manifested in some scientific circles, and in some medical literature.
We have, from the first, held firmly that the Algerian tiiypanosomiasis was actu-
ally the true dourine or ' mftl du coit,' that which was studied by Signol, Saint Cyr,
Trasbat, Laquerrioro, lUaise, Nooanl, Uoiu'ct, ourselves, and, as supporting our con-
clusions, Nocaixl, -Martinet and Breniond, who carried on nn experimental dourinf,
farm after examining sume animals which served as our proofs that dourine wns of
trypanosomian origin. In all that concerned the possibility nf a dourine or of a Ktiro-
pean pseudo-dourine, we maintained the greatest reserve, having pegard to the diffi-
culty of the bacteriological diagiiosi.s of duurine on the one haml. and to the small
number of inoculations or their entire absence in the apparently negative cases. The
I'ai'ts have since, as it apiioars to us, sulvod the question both in France and Hungary.
in France dourine makes its appearance nearly everv- year upon the Spanish fron-
tier, in the department of the Lowon Pyrenees. The mares of the districts near the
frontier are sent during the summer into pastures common to France and Spain,
where they are served by stalli(ms which are often affected with dourine. Many
i'\\Tier<=. howcven. act as do the Aralif!, that is to say, that they first have a nian>
served by a jackas.s, then if ahe docs nut hold they send her to a stallion. The jackasses
jierform service on both sides of the frontier and most frequently infect the mures,
which in their turn infect the stallions of the national breeding studs, or those owned
by private parties. Nay, monr". through purchases made in Spain, mares probably
infected are frequently introduced into France; the enzootie outbreak of 1(»0.'?, was
thus caused by Spanish mares brought into France.
In 1886, .'54 mares and 4 stallions died in the canton of Acccus; in 1800 gome
cases were observed in the valley of Aspe; in 1898 the stallion Kars of the national
stud at Pan infected 37 mares. In 1903 many mares had, in fact, alni^idy succumbed
to mal dn coit when the sanitary service was advised of the situation; it was only
possible to find two private stalliou.s affected, which succumbed sbortlv afterwards.
In 1904 the national stallion ' Lusienan,' was sent for observation to the veterinary
school at Toulouse on siispicion of dourine, bcause of symptoms which he presented,
and which consisted principally of an ^'xtensive ipdema of the slieath and scrotem.
l.iitt^'uly lie rn-entcd on tlie siil.s, ,m the neck and on the croup rounded protuK-i-
ances having the character of hematomes which app<^ared and disappeare<l at irregu-
lar intervals. Some lameness of the hind limbs super\-cned, accompanieil by paralysis
of the crural muscles and loss of imwer in (he liiiid-ciiiarters. This stallion fi:iali.v
lecoverii'd. Different inoculations with fresh blood were in very large doseg adminis-
tered to dogs and rabbits, hut gave no result. Microscopic examination of the bWd
was constantly negative. This stallion having .servrd 37 mares. Professor Leclainche
DOVRIVE OR MAI Ann: DU COIT
St
wjlhngly invited us to examine them at certain places where they were collectwi.
Tour mares were declared dounine suspecta. The symptoms wh.ch they presented
were vague enough, but the stallion which had served them presented such evident
tigns of dounne that less could not be done than to put them under the supervision
of the sanitary service. Blood taken from the tip of the ear and from the vagina of
two of these marcs showed, aften long and minute examination some very sparso
tiypanosomes. A dog and a rabbit received respectively the first 60 c.c, tho second
20 C.C., of bloo<l from the jugular of another of these suspected mares. The rabbit
died some days afterwards from septicaemia. On the dog, which was carefully
watched every day, thene appeared on the seventh day. at the point of inoculation.
a swelling about the size of a hjizel nut in the sero-sanguineous fluid of which we found
ir.vpnn'.sni,„.s ,„ sufficient nnnilxrs. wliioli we submitted to the confirmatory examina-
tion of Messrs. Leclainche and Laveran. To this swelling, supervening at the point
.It inoculation, the .symptoms (if .luiiriiio in the dog were continod.
Let us add that three of the niiiro« drclarod suspected Iiy the sanitary commission
(hod after having presented the typical symptoms of dourine. A private stallion
was also (-astrnted for dnnrino in the same district as that in which the affected nmrcs
lived. We desire above all to deduct from this enzootic, interesting on moro than
one ni-ount, the difficilty of l,act( riological diagnosis and the poeitive discovery of
the Trypanosoma Rougeti in the dourine of France.
In ITitn-rary, aften bavin- failed for a long time in his search for the trypano-
some, Prof. Marek has finally found it in the blood of a stallion affected with dourine
nnd has willingly annoiineed to the International Congress of Veterinary Medicine
at Tuda Pesth, that he would withdraw the reservations which he had expressed on
the subject of a specific trypanosome in Hungarian dourine.
We will not close this note without tendering oiiP hearty thanks to Prof.
Leelainehe for the great obligation he has rendered us in facilitating our researches
and in permitting ns to demonstrate the single nature of dourine.
.m
I
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The femur from a case of dourine (589)
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TRYPANOSOMA- EOUIPERDUM
DniunlivA W:il:,m
roionin Ciiiininnt' Ci, I mni.tl
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
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Books to Borrow
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TV News
Understanding 9/11