Information for fruit-growers [microform]

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>»PPLIED IN/Hnp u,

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(71«) 288 - S989 - fn

BULLETIN No 12.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

— OF —

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

INFORMATION FOR FRUIT-GROWERS.

Re-revlsed edition of Bulletin No. 12, published by the direction of the
Honourable R. G. Tatlow, Minister of Agriculture, for distribution amongst
the members of Farmers' Institutes ond others.

J. R. ANDERSON,

Deputy Minister of Agriculture.
Department of Agriculture,

Victoria, B. C, 28th August, 1903.

INFORMATION FOR FRUIT-GROWERS.

-:o:

LOCAUTY.

pmg and the saving ,„ hanZTTt^oZtrnf^l"'''''' ^^""^"^ ^° ^''IP-
suggest themselves to Intending orc^ardlsts »«*««arlly Immediately

^otTa^d.:^^^^^^^^^^^^ -leate .nits, .hlch

-hort a time as possible after pi^^^T t.Tl ''^'^^ "" *''*' ""k^t m as
«lte for a general orchard, i Is of nr,mo ?^^^'^^^'^' ^^ « I'^'rson Is seeking a
first consideration. "*' P'^"*' linportance that locality should be a

Selectiow of Site.

««e of the expression "esSilv ,n fh. "'"^ '" "« «^'«^"on. I make

that the periods of actlvTanj domatov"^^^^ '- *»•« -"'o"

o^arly defined as In many countries ^nd «.''""* "'" "•*" ''J' °« «»««»« as
y part Of the country boLrg o^ihe fea ^^^^^^ "-- particularly to
remain In bloom through the winter Pru^ t?^ ' '''?'" ""°^ P'«°*« ««e°
do not mature their wood sufficient^ efriy anTt. ^ ^^ *' '""'"" ^''"«^'
at a period which endangers the lifp^/ * ? ^''^ ^^ ''^t^n begins rising
This can be controlled. In a Sea La/urnv T *'' "'''"^^^- «' ^«*« '^««t«
Experience has shown that eastern - . "^ *'^^ '^'^t^«° «' a proper site
adapted for orchards, ^ucreU/ureT t"dln7/'"" "^""-^^ ^^ ^^^ -^'
m case of late frosts the Influence of the "hh! "'?"''*" ^"""^y ^^^^th- and
on the trees. A north-western^xl^re ott ™ ?^ '"° "'""^ injuriously
'«. I believe, the Ideal site for an o^ha^d TBr^ulTT '^^"^ 'a-ourable!
exposure the unduly early growth is 1/ f ? ** Columbia. On such an
coming sun Is minimised. aSThe uuf^I^:^'.'''" '"'"^"'^ °' *»»« early
reason when It Is of the greatest ut^ ^J^^JZ '"' """""^° ^"°' «* *•»'

.rou^ ra?enr f^r i?zr if t^ it-- -*^ -- -«

ground Is frozen. Straw fern ZZ ^ '""''^^ ^^^ trees whilst the

This serves to keep the ;;oun"';ro^er:nr:on:: "" .f ^^ '«^ '"^^ P"'^--
and prevents the sap rising too sZ wtr^TT"-^' "^'^ «^«"t *»>« ^ots.
removed, and the ground cuIt^atTandthUM '"'''''"'''" '""^ '^'''''^ <^a° be
^- la the ca.e of pine or flr saw-d't and cl. ?''"'' "' " ""^ '^^ ^"«
be removed, on account of the acrid pXpfe the^c^^lr' *''" ""'' ^"^

AppIeH nnd chcrrlp« thrive wf 11 on high Iniid with a good fall ; penm
and pluiuH will do on lower nnd luort" humid hoIIh, but in all ca«*e8 thorough
drainage Ih Indl»pen8able. On the ImwPt Mulnlnnd nnd the Islands the
gravelly, flr-c-overod 8loi)es make excellent orchard sites for the flrst-mentloneil
fruits and peacheH. whilst the lower lands answer for most other fruits.
Light peaty soils are to be avoided for nil kinds of fru.s.

Whilst it Is preferable to st^lect the best avallnble soil, it is not absolutely
necessary, esiKtlally for apples, cherries and peaches, that rich alluvial bot-
toms should be chosen ; as a matter of fact, low bottoms, alder, willow, etc.,
had better be avoided. The fruits mentioned thrive well on warm gravelly
land, and, therefore, the flr-c-overed sloiies so common in this country are
often preferable to the richer low lands, only the land should have those
elements of fertility added which in such soils are naturally wanting, and
the trees mulched during the hot. dry periods. The lower lands are more
suitable to other fruits; nevertheless, low valleys with water lying or streams
running through them, are generally cold and subject to frosts; therefore,
such situations are not suitable for any kind of fruit, as the cold air, resulting
in late frosts, often destroys the buds.

Preparing the Lakd.

It must be borne in mind that in ti.o Province of Britl.-M Columbia a great
diversity of conditions exists, and It would, therefore, be futile to attempt to
describe in a general way what should be done in the way of preparing
the land for the reception of the young trees, that would suit all conditions.
Land, when practicable, .. ould be well cultivated and. If necessary, fertilised
with barnyard manure. A hoed crop is a good thing to prepare the land for
fruit trees ; it will then be in good condition in the autumn. If it is decided
to plant out the orchard at that time ; if not, the land can be left rough after
the removal of the hoed crop, so that the winter frost may have a chance to
pulverise the soil, and It can be harrowed in the spring before setting out the
trees. In any case, whether a hoed cvop is used or not, the land should be
deeply plowed and kept free from weeds. Many small farmers or settlers
with small means, who take up bush lands, want, of course, to start an
orchard, if only for family use, a very laudable and commendable wish. Such
I)eople do not want to wait until the stumps rot out, and the question is often
asked: What should I do? I have seen very successful orchards on sucu
lands, the smaller stumps and brush having been cleared off and the trees
plantetl between the large stumps. The bed should be carefully prepared, as
described under the heading of "Planting," the land kept well cultivated
about the trees and plenty of mulching used during the dry season, in the
(>arly stages of the tree's growth, when the land Is gravelly and dry, as is
frequently the case with flr-coveretl lands.

Laying out ax Orchard.

Having selected a site, the next thing is to lay out the orchard. This
should be carefully done and each spot marked by a substantial post. There
are several methods of planting, viz. : hexagonal, quincunx and square. The

5

of treoH ,.er acre 1h „, toUoJ^Z ' """'"' "^^ »*"- •»«'thoU the nuXr

10 feet nport eneli way

^- " „ -laj trees.

Jo " 2- ..

jj " J''-* ..

** " „ 170 ,.

20 .. 134

o.> , "

](»!» „

-^ •' .. {JO „

30

•• «•' ..

By qnlnounx pl«„ti„g one tree is set In fh„ ^ ^"^ "

,, * * To fln., the „,^,,t of trL ' "' '""' '"'"^•^' "" «»x>v-.
*h"«- • one-half to the above IZ '7 "'"' ""'' ""« ""'♦"<><'. «<1.I

• • «.re. 30 feet apart „dfo4 I'T''' ^""«' *« -»>^ ^rc^s ,M.r
The ,„.stanc.e between the tr^ denen ,' "'" "''" '" ^'•*"^" ^ «-'•

and upon n.ode of cultivation ".^pnih.fT" "^" "" """^-"'"^ ^^ult
recon,nu.n,l apple trees being JZoil'l\ "' ""*' ''"''*• ^ "•""'•l "ever
this Province. The followl^J ^re he d^ '"" '^ '*'"' "P""-* ^"^'"^ "ay ,
F etcher. Horticulturist of the wLlln^'Tf T'""'"'^^' '^^ ^'•«^- « W
where the conditions, being slnlnr In ^Agricultural ExiKThnental Station
for this Province.- "^ ''"'"" '"^ «"«• ««". may be ac-cepted as sZble

Apples

''Pars **■■■■ 30 to 40 feet. •

Peaches ' 18 to 2,j

Apricots ]

Plums " * [ 10 to 24

Sweet Cherries j

Sour ■■■•••• 28 to 40 „

. , 10 to 24

Apples are sometimes olanteii oa *_*
after they have become tc^^argl ,s cut out"'"'' ""^^ ''''' "'*-""*« t^-.
"ved. are plantetl alternately. The trouLr^h 7^""''"'' "'^'^'^ '^'^ «Jiort-
«;hen trees have become large and In fu^? L ^ *''" '^'"° ^"^ ^^e reluetanc-e.
Often, m Allowing them to sTand and so r^^ ."''' *" ""* *^""' «"*- '•^^"Itln,/

oTSit^gi- ~ - - -rsv^.: rnrn:!'and^:^:

Puf J;^^^^^^^^^ .a boo. .ept for the

tags are lost, as Is Invariably the case thITarr, "''*^' '^ ^^^^^ "h^" the

and much trouble and vexatL avold;d laterTrl '"" ''"^'•^" ""' '^'^''^^''

When to Plant.

6

oondltlonB of Brltlnh Columbia, It !« clearly Imp Mmible to give any bard and
fast rule an to the best time to plant fnilt trees. Speaking generally, the
early uutumn and whiter Is preferred when» the climate admits of It, say on
thP Islands and that part of the Mainland to the westward of the Coast
Range. In the Upi)er Country or Dry Belt, fall planting Is not always
practicable. Therefore, It Is evident that local conditions must enter very
largely Into the question. I am certainly of opinlcn that the better time for
transplanting Is In the autumn, when jioiwlble. Above all .whether your
orchard Is planted In the fall or spring, the trees should not be kept out of
the ground longer than Is absolutely necossary; the roots should never be
exposed to the weather ; alwayn heel In the trees until you place them In the
places they ore Intended iHTmanently to occupy.

Planting.
The planting of a tree Is an operation that, whilst not requiring much
skill, yet requires the greatest care, as on that, the tree being a healthy one,
greatly depends the success ot It In after life. Having selected your tree,
whic' should be sound and healthy, free from Insect pests and diseases, the
roots h. luld be carefully looked over, all broken or bruised ends cut off
smoothlj', and the head tut away proportionately with the roots. Having
dug the place (not a hole as If for a post) at least a spade's depth, and a
diameter of some four feet, and thrown the earth out, replace the top earth
so aj to form a sort of pyramid, the ce.itre being the spot where the tree Is
to stand and about the general level of the surrounding land. On this
mound place the tree. Inclining It slightly towards the quarter of the pre-
vailing winds; spread out the roots carefully; the tree will then be higher
out of the ground than It should be. Fill In with good earth, well pulverised,
and tramp down carefully and lightly, so as not to Injure the roots, shaking
the tree up and down by the trunk every now and then so as to get the
earth well settled about Its roots. When the place Is filled and the earth
well settled down, the tree should be about the proper depth In the ground,
that Is, at the same depth It was when In the nursery, the last Inch or two
of soil should be left loose, for the well-known reason tha '. It acts as a mulch,
preventing evaporation. Young trees, well planted, do not generally require
staking. If staking is deemed necesisary, a stout stake, well sharpened, so
that no injury may be caused to the roots, may be driven close to the tree
and the tree bound to It by any soft material, placing a pad between the tree
and stake at the point at which they are fastened together. Sometimes the
stake Is driven diagonally and bound to the tree at the point of Intersection.
Another way Is to use two stakes driven a foot or eighteen Inches from the
tree on either side, and the tree secured by means of hay rope from one stake
to the other. Care should be taken that the bands are loosened as the tree
grows.

Downing, in his book on " Fruit and Fruit Trees of America," says : —

"Avoid Deep Planting.— More than half the losses in orchard planting

in America arise from this oniiae, and and the equally common one of crowding

the earth too tightly about the roots. No tree should be planted deeper

than it formerly grew, as its roots are stifled from the want of air, or starved

f

'!» idea. Of t„„tl\i"'' ""•' «■• «'"»o. „leV" .tT";."" ■» -»"■•"•'«■■.
<l» co,.p.P„';° f '«;" " <» the won,, of . fr'lH " ""f '""«■•«•'»" »f

Whose life <> *« "^msenes. The one looks ,„w.„ "" ^^^ oontrastlnir

^•^^nslders Jt v^rv^n h .""^^ ^"'"^ Penetrated by the ,^ n^ " ^'^ ""PP'^ o*
'"*o the s^:Z Sb : ho^ "^''* «' " trunlheoJo C"' M?'' ^''^ ^'^'^
t«U8tlng to What hTi^ ^ ""** «"PP"^« with the W ' ^^""^ ^« *'»'•'«'*•
to make roots aid L-h' '" ^"^^« ^^^ ineitV^l^n '^'"""'^ "' '»«»"«.
t-ms differ lLeth™;rr^^ ''"^ clrcums^an^''"';; T?"^ <>' "«ture
I'aratlon necess^rv fn * ^ ""*"•■« °' the cuX« J* ^""^ **>«* the

•»eaM sufflS tn w ""'^^ ''"" trees In En.r^«nrt ""** ^'^^ «^^ater pre-

tion therer^hl^e^r ^'^ ^^« <»'«^-nt n^od^sXrlXliT ^ ''^ ''^^

"• ^ne same opera-

The n^lstake is oftet'lZ ''""'" '"" ^^^"^«-
trees, f rom o ' to J "^ ^"^'" '»'«take. Ap^i? ^f/ *^^ "« «head so many

-. -'"^.1:;;^ t X;^f 'r ^'^^^^t.r'.: :;Tp?:r r ^"^°-

hood of Injury to the Lf ^ "^ *''^» ^««iJy token nn^.^K'""^'^' "«• to
«Peedlly recover .JSr^' k"' """''^ transportS^ less'^' ^-^th *^" '"««' llkell-
better transpIameT? *''" "'^'^ **' transplant^ pL"t ^^ *« ^«' «n<l more

reject an we^^H th": IT' '"" *^« «-"'or bud '"ww "'^''^^'^^^ "«

'"oney and time by suhlnf .f "^* ^^--th botherlne wUh ^^^tever you do.

by substituting good, healthy. .tZ^ ^'^^ "^^ ^-ou nil, nave

, This is a subject wrhT "^'^ '"^"'^^ ^«« TBKK.

being, possliw Tfl k!/^ '""^^^ ^of a sXr. n/.n?'"*'- ^° ^'^ter fully

'^ ^hen yo'ung C r?' ""'"^- ^« « ^^le t l?!'^^''^^"^"' »>eside^
than Is necess«rf r^ ® ""^'"^ "ttle pruning «nH ?^ '^ accepted that all

1» all ces, a,, to tte L , ' , °'' '^ ""' P"ainMaI oTaS^! f f ^' « "W
f;^««,, betog lea. liable ,'"!'"""*• '^"•' tie aoa, LZmT/^. '°™ »' "^o

"' -- - "■»-'" itiiviVonrr:- ' - -c°^'

"°* of the fruit being more

■J

8

easily pk'kcnl. Tlu'He sj-stei'w will always have their advocates and both
uiiqiiestionably have their atlvantagei;. After all. local conditions and other
couHiderations uiuKt always lie guides, to n certain degree, of the form best
adapted for the lo<;ality. Downing, than wlioni no better American ai. liority
on fruit trees exists, as far back as 1S45, in his excellent wr.-k entltletl
•• Fruits and Fruit Trees of America." says in reference to pnuiing : —

" In this country almost all fruit trees are grown as standards. Tn this
way they develop their natural forms, attain the largest size, and produce the
greatest (jnautlty of fruit, with the least iM)sslble care. Our bright and
IHiwerful sun, reaching every part of the tree, renders the minute systems of
pruning and training, which (Krupy so large a iMtrtion of the English works
on this subject, of little or no moment to the cultivator here. Pruning is,
therefore, commonly resorted to only for the pun>ose of increasing the vigour
of fwble trtH's, or to regulate and imiirove the form of healthy and luxuriant
trees.

" I'runlng has the power of Increasing the vigour of a tree In two ways.
If we assume that a certain amounl of nonrishnient is supplied by the roots
to all the branches and buds of a tree, by cutthig off one-half the branches,
at the proi>er season, we direct the whole suip'.y of nourishment to the
remaining iKU'tion, wiilch will i-oT.stNiuently grow with nearly double their
former luxtirlance. Again, when a tree becomes stunted or enfeebled in its
gi-owth. the thinness of its inner bark, with its consequent small sap vessels
(which, it must be rcmcmbcrtHl, are the principal chaimels for the passage of
the as<'en«llng supply of f<H)dK renders the upward Knil downward circulation
tardy, and the growth is small. By heading back or pruning Judiciously, all
the force of the nourisliing fluid is thrown Into a smaller number, which make
new and luxuriant sh(H)ts, larger sap-vessels, and which afford a ready passage
to the fluids, and the tree with these renewcl energies will continue in vigour
for a long time.

" This treatment is esiiecially valuable in the case of small trees of feeble
or stunted growth, which are frequently cut back to a single bud, and a new
shoot or slioots, full of vigour, gives a healthy habit to the tree. In the
nurseries this practice of heading down unthrifty trees is frequently pursued,
and small orchard trees which have become enfeebled mny be treatetl in the
same nntnner, cutting back the head as far as the place where It is wisbe«l
that new slioots should spring out. Older tribes should be headed back more
sparingly, unless they are greatly enfeebletl. and their roots should at the
same time be assisted by manure.

" A Judicious pruning to m<xlify the form of our standard trees is nearly
all that is reqnlretl in ordinary practice. Every fruit tree grown in the open
orchard or garden as a common standard should be allowed to take Its natural
form, the whole efforts of the pruner going no further than to take out all
weak and crowde«l branches, those which are filling uselessly the Interior of
the tre«>. where their leaves cannot l»e duly exinised to the light and sun, or
those which interfere with the growth of otners. All pruning of large
branches in healthy trees should be avoided by examining them everv season
and taking out suiMTttwus ,4'«wts while smaii. Mr. Coxe, the best American

9

author on frnlt trees, remarks very trulv ' Uh

pruned they are apt to throw on7«. " ^^^" °'*''*'"'* ^^^ are much

bougha ,n the following sXr ^2^^,,^^^''':^^ ^"^'^^'^ '-- "^^
aroear. or they may easily be brokenTff win^ "^^^ °" '^^^^ "»ey first
apt to Increase their number.' " ^ ^^'""S *°^ brittle; cutting is

rromVe Tr^Z r^:rS.:r:LZZ r ^r ^'^^^^ ''--•^^ out away
has attained a sufficient LturlSs t mr^7fu 'l '*"'*'" '"^*" ^'^^ *r"°fe
effects of wind and weather. ^^^'* "'^ *'«''«* and withstand the

Of 3jr;:sra^d-;:urtrm t^i :rr"^ ^^^•^^^ *^« --«'-

Injudiciously trimming off the sMp ^Z, ^ ,^ ' '"° *°*^ ^'o^d^r stems, by

attract and elaborate the sap thus nm^?.. "" *^® ^^*^«« which would

the stem, and the trunk of the tr^ d r^oT.^'^'^'T * ''' '''' ^'^'^ <>
when the side branches are allow^ '0^:^10 JoTrT. " '''' '"^' ^ ^^^^^ ««
Rradually. itte better, In the case of ThL ^^' ^""^^8 *'»«'« a^ay

. ftir I*. « «,e ™rl„™ fo™, „, Cine tte L!^ ' '^°'°"*«. «"«

10

yi^j?'

1.— Pyramidal or standard form of txiiii.

11

2.~Vase /orni of top.

12

3.— Modified form of top.

After the tree has attained sufficient strength the lower branches may
be cut away to n point at which it Is Intended the tree should head, whether
as a standard or otherwise. The pruning of mature trees requires to be done
with prudence and care, the object being to keep the head of the tree open
so as to allow a free circulation of air and sun, the removal of obnoxious cross
and dead limbs, the shortening back and thinning out of fruit spurs, which
In time become too numerous and unduly lengthened, with the consequence
that there Is an over-production of fruit of an inferior quality. The best
period for pruning Is just after the leaves have fallen, or in winter during
mild weather, never after the sap begins to rise in spring. For summer
pruning Downing recommends a fortnight before midsummer :

"Wounds made at this season heal over freely and rapidly; it is the
most favourable time to judge of the shape and balance of the head, and to
see at a glance which branches require removal ; and all the stock of organ-
Isable matter in the tree Is directed to the branches that remain."

When it is found necessary to cut off a large limb, the wound should be
carefully smoothed with a knife, as indeed all wounds should be, and the part
covered over with some c-omposltlon. Downing recommends the following:—

" Take a quart of alcohol and dissolve in it as much gum shellac as will
make liquid of the consistency of paint. Apply this to the wound with a
common pa" * brush, always paring the wound smoothly first with a knife.
The liquid 1 omes perfectly hard, adheres closely, excludes the air perfectly,

13

the time Of the 0'^'* "' "'•^*^'- P^'^'^r Anyth,u.%fr^^ '''^"'^"0°
Of fruit buds IT, f ^' "^""^'^"^ '«m causi t,l*^ f''"* '""''^ « tree at
«!"«]. than a I Jut? *'"" ^"^ ''"^'^ '"ore frultT^dL „,f T^ '^'•'"«"o»
't«elf before dS^'V;^; " ^^^ to be aa effort of n r'' ^''^"^ »>«^'«
«t the right f mi r™"'°^ ^"' In some sense !« ""^"''^ *« reproduce

fact tot itlTr,^'^ "; ^'^''^^ *« -p:Z'ee^^s [f ""Cr -^^ ^^ <^one

-auaiit.o.cv"'" "- -- - -t this .•atL/ou^;a^r im"r::

into bearl«rb7^Irdfir!/°'' *^^ ^"'^^^^ of forcing tree, .,

^•'"ter by digL" n tr k °^ ^'•»" buds, it is Snf ?''^' ""'^ ^^««d,

Many tree * Polunatiox.

<^thers called u^^,^''"'"'--^ '^^ «"« Indivldua andTh f '^ ^*^^«"«' that
^•'xes on th^,;rTH"^ ""■" «elf-fertlle, that Is hat. ..'"'"^' '^^ «"«tber.
^'»i« Bulleth! beZJ . I'""'- ^" «f the cu t v;tt^ f"^,/'' '^^•^'•« «' both
ivsulMng m th. f, ^^^ '""«r class, but hllT ^'"^^"^''^^s treated of m

'-rsll•^^^ret,^s:rlre'^^^^^^

^"e following varletl^:'!!*^'"^' '' P""'^ «o, among;* ScL j taT"' ""'^
-4/>»/r« o-^ ' "leution

14

Therefore, It is inadTisable to plant large blocks of any of these varieties
alone; every alternate row, or even every second or third row, should be
irianted with some other variety which flowers at the same time. Any
variety, whether it is self-fertile or not, will fertilise any other variety.

Other tree fruits are mostly self-fertile, so there is no need to trouble
about them. Strawberries, amongst small fruits, are often self-sterile, In
which case it is advisable to plant other varieties in proximity.

Vabieties Recommended.
For commercial purposes, a great variety of each kind of fruit is not
recommended. It is better to profit by experience and plant only those
varieties which are known to be profitable.

Having these facts in view, the Board of Horticulture, after due delib-
eration, published the following leafiet, which I recommended to intend!' g
orchardists : —

"The following list of varieties of fruit was adopted by the Board of
Horticulture at a meeting held on the 23rd of November, 1900, and subse-
quently revised, as one to be safely recommended genernlly for orchards for
commercial purposes. It must be understood, however, that the list does
not contain the names of all the varieties which may be safely and, probably
in many cases, profitably grown :

Fob Vancouveb Island and Otheb Islands.

Apples.

Late Summer Yellow Transparent.

Early Fall Duchess of Oldenberg and Gravenstein.

Pall , /Wealthy,

\Blenhelm Orange,

'King of Tompkins County,

Canada Reinette,

I^mon Pippin,

Salome,
Winter '' Grimes' Golden Pippin, ,

Red Cheek Pippin,

Belle de Boskoop,

Fallawater,
^ Cox's Orange Pippin.

Crabs.

Florence.

Hyslop.

Fall

Pears.

/Bartlett,
\Beurre Boussock,

J . p jj f Louis Bonne de Jersey,

(Beurre Clairgeau,

Winter Vicar of Winkfield.

15

Early .. ^'•'«*-

*'^^-««»*» /Black Diamond.

I Monarch,
fPond'a Seedling,
Late ... I ^e'low Egg,

j^'^*''' Golden Drop,

[Grand Duke,
Utallan Prune.

Early .. ^*''^*-

Later Black Tartarian. \

'^^^^ /RoyalAnue, U« .

Lateat rEugUsh Morello, .

^*®^ jB«lle Magnlflqu; /^reserving.

) Olivet, ' .

(Lake Duke. /Preserving and Dessert

Peacttea.

®"^y /Alexander,

T -♦ ™ * Hale's Early.

'****^»" /Early Crawford,

(Early Charlotte.

Fob Lowkb Mainland.
i^te Summer ... ., „

«•■"» fec°-

1 Blenheim Orange.

fnibstone Pippin,
j Lemon Pippin,
I Salome,

Winter.. I ^^aiden's Blush,

jCanada Relnette,

JCox's Orange Pipp,n,

King of Tompkins County,

Sl^TT ?'"'^° ^^PP^"'
I Belle de Bcskoop.

Crabs.

^^''P' Martha.

16

Pears.

\

Bartlett,

Pall ' Heurre Bonssook.

llJr. Jules Ouyot,
j Beurre Clairgeau,

Late Fall J Beurre Hardy,

i LouiHe Bonne de Jersey.

Early

Plums.
Clyman,
each.

Late f Grand Duke.

\Monarch.

German,

Early ...
Late Fall

Prunes.
Italian,
Peaches.

. .Hale's Early.
( Early Crawford,
(Early Charlotte.

Cherries.

Giant

Early f May Duke,

' \ Black Tartarian.

riloyal Annt

Later J Wlndsoi

MLiambert.

rEngllHh Morello,

Latest Olivet.

I Belle Magniflque.

Fob Uppeb Cocntby.
Apples.
Early California Astrachan.

Early Fall / Duthess of Oldenberg,

( Jei'sey Sweet.
Gravenstein,
Suow,

Mcintosh Red, .
Wealthy.

/Blenheim Orange,

Early Winter ' Cox's Orange Pippin,

[Fall Pippin.

fVandevere,

Winter -| Blue Pearmain.

I King of Tompkins County.

Late Fall

Late Winter

17

Red-Cheek Pippin,
Jonatbnii,

ISpltzeiiburg,
Wagner,
Xortlieru Spy.

Craba.

f:

Ilyslop, Transcendent.

Pcar8.

»-„ rFlenilsh Beauty,

*^*" -Bartlett,

• tfieurre Bousgock.

"" Louise Bonne de Jersey.

Early Winter /Beurre Clalrgeau,

" (Winter Nells.

Early

Plums.

Peach Plum.

Mid-Season ^ Black Diamond,

\ Monarch.

Late (Pond's Seedling,

"( Yellow Egg.

Prunes.
Italian.

Concord,
Niagara,
Sweet Water,

Grapes.

Moore's Diamond,

Chasselas,

Neuchatel.

Early
Later

Latest

Cherries.
Black Tartarian,
Woyal Anne.
'English Morello,
Belle Mugnlflque,
Olivet.
Late Duke.

Peaches

Early f Alexander,

( Hales Early.

Mid-Season f Early Crawford,

■ ( Early Charlotte.

IH

" November 8th, 1002.
meetlnrth";ra''m;mL't? ,T''"^ *" *'' """"^ "' Horticulture at It. last

tlons- -^ ^*'^' '^^ *** ™«''^ "•« following representa-
those varieties of fruit tree* whinh *- •"•"'■riiMi purijoses to buy only

impossible to estimate M. thJ? ? ' *''*' **^''"'* P'"^' ^^^^ «hl<^h l*

of the Board. . *'^«l'«<^to"- "f Fruit Pests. \ aueouver. or any member

" We have the honour to be,
" Sir,
" Your obedient servants,

" J. R. Andebso:?,
"Deputy Minister of Agriculture.
"Thos. Cunmnoham,
" Inspector of Fruit Peats."

Whebe and How to Buy

rtock, „n4 therefore. ..T^mT^^. ""* " P""™"'* "> '""Ported
obtataed from .ocl B..r2r^r ^^^^^im 'T/r'''^ '■^' ""^'^ '^

ss'Tf rrd;.rrr.i ztT"'' "- -.rrraifX."

Of ,.e ..^ .e. WUZ.:t.r. '^JZ^JZ'ZTZZJZ

19

name. „,„i the Vl^tainon'or'^LX'*."*.**"'^ *"'''• '^"^»* "■ "« true to
done without consent. n el. of J / J """" '^"^ "«»»«» ^--nnot b^

of InHpeotlon Jg avoided, for it n,.«t^ r!. ^L ^""^ "*'"'"'"^3^ «««» -MK.n8e
rou, any ,K>l„t outnlde „f the k"' noe^.^r'^'T' '""* "" """*'>' -took

i-siv — - o-^ - - -d^nnTth^ .r zr^iLT;:

"""?r{r "^"^""^ "^- St.. for

•- naaue o„tor;: dllli^r oHhe" ""'^ ''''''' "--y..„ ,,ou,d not
the orchard, nor should It""^ l^e o'XVr "" '"^ ^ >-«""»"
between well-nmrked geoi:ranhlP«i „ J u """•• '* "«"'<! be drown

roast region of yya^ZfT^^^^^oulatr^Trl '' ''''"'■ ^'^"'' ^«
«te one great horticultural dl^rf^ thflrr^ ^1 !""''" ""^"'"""^ "'»«"■
ington. Oregon. Idaho and BrI U^'colull* J"""^''' '^^ *^«''t^'-» ^Vash-
uplands i„ these same sections It, 11 ^nlT T*^^'' ""^ *»•« unlrrlgated
districts will generally S It for ^1. 7' ^••^'"»""«t« !» each of theS
Which has been ^rown'^n.thln the Uu 'o tte"^ to purchase nursery «toc^
rise up on every Hide. Here are fl^e n«H , . ^''*- ^' '''''"^' e^<*Ptlons
came from Eastern stock • therea"e n^flt^M 'l "" '"''''""' V""^^ «hlch
from irrigate,! stock, and s^ on R.^. « ^"°^ '^'•^''■"■d« which came

opinion Of «ome of our It frlj^t f 1^^?; 'T ""' "•''^"'^' -'^ *"
Its other advantages are conslderS^ IT' * ''*"' "*^*^ 1« hetter. When

cheaper." considered, one comes to believe that In the end It is

repufauL'of e^t™';;^^^^^^^^^ °°V'!' *'^ "''^^^ °' '"J"^'"^ the

-hat I believe to be good sounSTdv^""; tw"'. *'' ""'^ ^^^«^* «' «^vl»«
^hen purchasing from a nurserymTJri^ ? . °' *'"'' ^^^^ ^ho need it.
rer?tr- regarding -Pe^^T ^llC^S t ^7.^-? -

eult^ Srir ^-- - :i-^--« of s^tlon n Of the -^ Hortl-

of «ei,,„r«7';'riXr s^ixr ' rr ^^ "-"-« ^^ *^« »>-i-ss

frnlt trees, plants or nu^serTs Jk '1 '' • '^l'!"'^'^^' ^"'^l" the Province,
or nursery stock Into the ^ ovlnt' wlthomST '? "'^ '™" *^' P'«°ts
carry on such business m the Prrvlnc^ ts ,„ th. ^""^ ^'*«^°^ « "<*n<^ to

AH persons authorised tn ZT ^^^^ ^""^ provided."

by their principals :?"' Lmlu^rto T^ !"" '""'^ ^'^^'''^ «- required
of Agriculture, Victoria, for t"e ilu^rm T" *^°^'' *° ^^^^ Departme^
The public is. therefore warn^' nTto LST"" '' '''''' o''"^""-"
duly Ik-ensed persons. to purchase nursery stock except from

The following, by Geo. C. Atwood in »/. .
applicable to purchasers of treeVTnd . °*'^ Gentleman," is as

Canada asm the United States:- nurserymen and agents. In

I, I

20

"OOOD ADVICE TO ht-VTM OT TtTXn.

tluit tho k-tl u iMuiKht. «K 1... wipiKmnl. valuubl*. varletl.^. ,„ul „ft..r they
came Into iK-urlng they „rov,Hl to .h. ..othluK but H.rulm or Inf -r o/«mlll«KZ
•our n„„h^ Mhould hnve in-vu K««.t. ml currantH white, ef. '^'♦'^""«*-

get h M tr,H.H l„t« »H.arl«K. only to fln.l ,h„t he han Ihm... vlethulH^l Such

The enHe Mth whld, „ label may l»- . han«e,l from one trtn. to another, and
the lo«K hne It taken for a tree to Inmr. are Inviting to an un«..run uIouh
agent, ami m.me fall into the temptation. ui"Hrupiiiou8

hnnli!' M '""^?'^-'' "' '"^^ •■"'"*'*' '" ^"*" **^"*«' "' ''^'•'«' York are gt-own bv
honournble and renponHlble nurneryn.en-meu who know their buslneHH. nni
who ktH.p their varletleH 'true to nan.e.' S<H„e of thene nurntTymen 7^»1 v
agent- to Hell their trees, and are renponnlble for the acts of hoJ^ age '
If a stranger enlls on you to Ml you tr.^H. do not believe anythln^he h h
unleHH he prove. U. If he elalnm to 1.. ' one of the proprietors • of n nurrrv
ake his references „„d write to them. If he says he is a ' np^lTaror

thn it is of nvent date. If you nn.ke .-. pun-hase. have him give you a
duplicate of the order, and see that it is correct nnd that it has his m me
wr tten thereon, and then write t.> the Ann who nent bin. to you. giving a
full account of the transact! ..,. nnd they will acknowledge it.

"Any one who buys trees .should be a« .autlous abf,ut it as if he were

reliable, established and responsible nurserymeu or their acc-redited agents
Plant fret, y of varieties of established value. Invest but little in new things
«nt 1 you have tested them on your own land, and avoid all purchas ^
varieties when unreasonable claims are made for them."

MaNIBINO and Ml'LCHINO.

Barn-yard manure is the very iK-st fertiliser that can l,e used in orchards.
If that cannot be obtained, then re<x>urse must be had to artificial fertilisers.

L2' t '^^^''*''"* '" ^''""* '*^'- ^^'*^ '^^^^ 1« « fl"« thing about frul
trees as they promote fruit-bearing rather than woo<l-forming. Never place
fert Users close against the tree; I have often noticed manure pll J "^
against a tree; this is altogether wrong. A space of about a foot at leas
for small trees and much more for large ones, all round the tree, should be
anowed. It must be remembered that it Is the small fibres of the roots tha^
feed and supply the trunk with vigour, and those fibrous roots ar^at he
ends of the big roots Enriching the land, like everything else, must l^r
the ess be done judiciously. If a tree Is inclined to grow t^^o vigo^usTy
and make wood at the expense of fruit. It would, of course, be injudicious o
T ed """"''*' "" "^P"™"*'" ot potash alone might In such cases be

21

the hot. .,ry «.„..„ I, dint l*;,;'!'*..': •"""'""'« ""' '"•'"•t"n. during
r«inlr«l. Thoro„Kl. en. I nUon n in ; ' "■""""" "'""''"'« '" «"♦>«'«

J."tKnH-..t: .m.Uhh don. IW.t i t,. 1 to T ^'V'"' •^»»'""'"« r«n.lro«
r.-"u.,n.H.r that k.hhI .nltlvat in.^v,;; ri:''"'' 1'"' "'•"• '^ In wHI to

""--nt to ...vent undue .urra.. .::::::: J jx :r; :;; :.,r"'^""^

iBRruATlOX.

-..n??r wlirr' ;:.:;;;i;:;S .-.-.... ....tmHa,,. .„ t.... ....,, or t,.

AlhHt then. Ik „s Kr. , , C 'a t. ^dl n^ ' """ ' '" -••«••-» lu.atCHl.

of an l»Hum..h.n<y. Wat -sL" 7 ?'V" "'■■";?''•'• '' "'""•• "" """••• '«
"talned l,„ f„„ „,„. ortl..n'u . '"' "'••'"•'•I "ft-r tl... fn.lt Unn

Another ovil .m.-t of IrrlKaflo.^t r t • . , """' ""■ ♦''"-l-'-t'.tlon.

loavs. the l,n.akln« dow.f ,1 „.;/'"' ''''" ""t »'"vln« nhed

-///.«//o„. ,H'f„r Mt:rr , ,^::^:;, i""'!"'''''^ "'•»•"•"•• — 'z- ■

water; cultivation 1h often „ tat-Tr'' '""^ "'"'« *"*» '»"-

"se It lntenig..ntlv. * '" »H..rs«ary. „nd when water 1h appih.i.

DlvirorC;:^;:;,:;.^,;:7;;i;;,;^5j7">';:'^.«..-.r and Thief Of the

anH..;r :r:;tLr Tr lid ^:::;::[ r ^ ^^ ' ---- —h

contl..„on8 a..d the evapor tkm/relr fh ' ^ '''" "" """"«''* 1h .nore
crops at leant, enough >mer ZC the J^'T '"""' ''' '''' "'^ «'-'^^"«'->'
fro.n 4 to 0 Inches In depth erhnlh^ "ZZrnZlVn *'^ ^'""""^
maintained on far less. i„ Arlzo.in xvhn;„ « orchards have In-en

practically ..ntlnuons thr„Uou the year twir" ""T '' '"'«^"^' •"'"«
"^ i» Monta... Where the cr^ sea^ i^ ^r^:;:; uL ^^ ;:r 1^ 1^"

SUBSHQUENT TREATMENT. •

l«notl.Uendedtogolnt7anthedetl^^^^ '*"""« '^^ orchard, It

etc. This information can he obtadnnfh'' nT""'' '"''' «« «^™>-^"^-
Department. A word however Tlu i "* Bnlletlns issued from the

be amis, it mnrbL'S^^raral Ltm ZT'''' ^' ^"'^""^ ^'^ -*
Off the same piece of land at the same'tte there;:reT,'s """'^* *" ^^'^^^
expc^rult trees to flourish and bear good UufX"J;r:S7r;m^^
'&« under selection of iite.

tij

22

hv lh!.'*''*'*"l'^\. ^?^" ^'^ "'* ^°""« «"'* ^*>« 8'-«»"'i 1« not f"»y occupied
by their roote. hoed crops may for a few years be cultivated with advantage.

in, I 'iu^'t l'""^' "^''"- *^'''''" ^" ""^'"^ " a fertiliser, If It Is ploughed
!ll' 'il^ ^^l^^fon. Sod should never be allowed, especially about young
trees. The cultivation In an orchard should never be deep enough to Injure
the roots of the trees, and It should be continue through the summer with
a cultivator. In order to keep the surface In good tilth.

Gbafting
Is a process by which a scion Is Inserted on a stock In such a manner and
at such a time that they unite, and the scion then forms the head of the tree
Grafting may be done at any time after the leaves have fallen, the best time
being about the time the sap Is rising, the scions having been previously cut
and kept In a cool place, so that tbe scion Is not quite as far advanced as the
stoc'k on which It Is grafted. The great secret of success Is, Ist-The health
and vitality of both scion and stock; 2«d-That the operation Is performed
at the right time; 3rd-The perfect union of the bnrk (the Cambium layer)
o^ he scion or graft with that of the stock; 4th-The thorough exclusion
of air Provided these rules are observed, there Is no reason why every
graft should not succeed, but, as Is the case with all other matters In connec-
tion with horticulture, the rules must be observed or failure will result

^„7nm !Jf ""o "^ *" '""''•' '•™^''^'' J""*^^ *''"° 1« generally regarded by the
uninitiated. Great misconception also, I have found, exists as to what stocks
can be used for grafting; like upon like Is a sine qua non. For Instance an
apple cannot be successfully grauetl upon a pear stock, or vice versa, nor' the
cherry on the plum. Such unions may grow, but they survive but a short
time. The apple may be grafted upon apple or crab stocks; the pear on pear
or quince stocks; the plum and apricot on plum seedlings. As for attempUng
to graft fruit scions on such stocks as willow or alder, as I have heard It
gravely asserted. Is purely nonsense.

The first step In grafting Is to secure suitable scions. These should be
cut after the leaves have fallen; they should be of the same year's growth
healthy and vigorous, and from trees of well-known quality. It Is needles^
to say that all weak, diseased and Infected scions should be rejected Havlne
scvured the scions, they should be tied In bundles and labelled, and If not
required for Immediate use. I have found It a good plan to bury them In the
ground or In cold climate kept In a cool cellar In a damp condition. When
required for use, a section of the scion with three or four buds Is cut off and

T^'n l^ r/r"" "*f ^"^ "' '° "°^*'^''' P"*- " '« «»«'«y« preferable that
a graft should have a bud near each end; In fact, It should be cut off at the
top exactly at a bud.

It Is of the greatest Importance that scions should be taken from those
trees which have proved themselves to be of undoubted superiority It Is
alwf/. the case that some particular Individuals distinguish themselves over
their fehows by more vigorous growth, better bearing qualities and finer
quality of fruit. Those trees should be selected from which to obtain scions
for grafting or buds for budding. L. H. Bailey, the greaVime^Za
authority. In speaking on this point, says— American

23

growth. Some are uulformlv nr J» « *'***'^ vigour and habit of

ductlve. We kno.^<^ t^af ^louTLrtl.'; r'. r^^ "^ ""^'^^'"•y »»Pro-
of the tree from which they ^re taken^ tr.*° '"''''^"^ ^'^^ ^'>"''^*«™
taking cuttings from a rose b««h n, ^ gardener would never think of

does not bear flowers. Thy should a frn?r*'''°"'" ""' ^ ^'^™^"«'^ -W<^'»
Which he knows to be unprofitable' '^^'^''""-^'^ ^^'^^ «<^lon« from a tree

farming. I an convinced Thnttn.l Z"*"^*^"** «^^«""flc methods into our
amount Of treatmontVC I'rt^ The rargTn?^ Ttt 'T'' '' «"^
Which win breed or every hen which wll.Tay a .atfu/ of el ""' "'''' ""'''

There are various ways of grafting mL\ffy,^ ^
grafting, tongue-grafting and cleft gr7ffl„rThf m ^^'""'^•^^st being spllce-
glven win enable the reader more r^fdnv . . "J^^^atlons which are here
methods. They are airnrettv nenrir^ ^, '"''" ""^ ^^"^ «' *•>« <«ff-'rent
be adopted mus^t large" riStrc:nS;:f„rchre*'^« -^^-- - to

Of thetmesiL^: rtraMh:v:rk7i?orb^r,:s''^ ^^'^^^ •^-^ «*-^ «-«-

as If the bark forms a tlttZ^nll Z^IL'uVaU ll^^lT '""^*"^'^''
success. ""^ " " '^'^ that Is necessary to

Splice Gbaftino.

can rr^irri »;i.r„.r.:r cr^^ -. .uo...„,..

grafting-wax or clay. *"® ^'*<*'® covered with

Figure 4-0 the stock, b the scion.

24

Tonoue-Gbaftino.
Figure No. 5 Is very similar to the former method, only that a tongue
IS cut m the stock and a corresponding one In the sdon, which fit Into one
another. It Is a little more troublesome than spllce-graftlng, but Is better
when the sizes of the stock and graft do not correspond. Bind and treat In
the same manner as described before.

'^'^'"tt^ti'^nfZ\nt^%^'^Vti^^^^^ ?!;?? "'"^'i"^- £' ^"<f»«- S' the stock ;

C, the soion Fngerted and re^V foV wax^n/^ ' ^' thickness of stock from the cut or tongue.

ClEFT-G RAFTING.

tho, V^""^ ^""^^ ^°^ ^- ^'t^««Sh somewhat clumsy, cleft-grafting Is never-
theless very easily and quickly done, and for that reason I have more often
emploj-ed 1 than the other ways. By this method I have successfully Rafted
on roots, s.ems, branches and trunks, as large as six Inches or more In
diameter. The process Is very simple and Is done as follows: the stock Is
cut oflf square, the top smoothed off and split across the middle a sufficient
distance to accommodate the scion. The scion Is cut wedge-shape the Inner
side being slightly smaller than the outer, so that the barTmayh^U a letter
chance of uniting with that of the stock. Having Insert^ the iloTor
scions, bind as described and wax over. On large stocks two and sometimes
four grafts may be InsertPd. If more than two grafts are to be used tJ^Tn
the stock Should be split across the first cleft. In order to sTve Wr^he
cleft may be filled In with clay or cotton and then waxed over

^

(For smaller stocks.)

ii

26

It
to

Pli
Is

(For larger $tock$.)

the Kion ; a, b, the horiiontal cut ievering the chip on eWi«ii«STTu*Bwktas • A n^ • ,
point of Kion cut obUquely. Graft InBertedln stock obUqueljr^ "mo . «. we wedge , tf, pith , e.

T

necesg
begint

27
Boot-Gbaftiwo.

to ta«r, the Klon « or ,(»„,*/ lere^ ^ r.""""" °°' "»" •' "■ o™.
Plwited the graft I. coveredTp X,, Z thi. ? '"°°* " ""' '"«' " "
U ^.n. done ,„ao«r. .„a «.. Sr.T p^t Jlll't i'^Vrr* "'"° *" ""'

3

beginner. In tr„,t ctore ""^ '^"" "■«»"""■ " " I* Prloolpail, tor

28

Gbafting Wax ai»d Clay.

I have found thnt as simple a way as any, and one that ensures better
success In excluding the air, which Is really the object of grafting wax, is to
apply It warm, in a liquid state, with a small paint brush. Grafting clay is
used for economy, but is not as efficient as wax. The following are some of
the formulse given by L. H. Bailey: —

1. — Common Resin and Beesicax Wares.

1. Reliable wax :— Resin, 4 parts by weight; beeswax, 2 parts; tallow,
1 part. Melt together and pour Into a pail of cold water; then grease the
hands and pull the wax until It is nearly white. One of the best waxes
either for indoor or oiitdoor use.

2. Itesin, 4 lbs. ; beeswax, 1 lb. ; tallow, 1 lo.

3. Resin, G lbs. ; beeswax, 2 lbs ; linseed oil, 1 pint.

4. 6 lbs. resin, 1 lb. beeswax, and one pint linseed oil ; apply hot with u
brush, one-eighth of an Inch thick over all the joints.

5. For warm weather: — 4 lbs. of resin, 1 lb. of beeswax, and from half
to a pint of raw linseed oil; melt together gradually, and tuni into water
and pull. The linseed oil should be entirely free from cotton seed oil.

G. Resin, 5 parts ; beeswax, 1 part ; tallow, 1 part,
the bouse.

To be used warm in

7. Resin, 4 or 5 parts ; beeswax, ly^ to 2 parts ; linseed oil, 1 to 1% parts.
For outdoor work.

2. — Alcoholic Wares.

S. Lefort's liquid grafting wax or alcoholic plastic :— Best white resin,
1 lb. ; beef tallow, 1 ounce ; remove from the fire and add 8 ounces of alcohol.
Keep in closed bottles or cans.

9. Alcoholic plastic with beeswax :— Melt 6 parts white resin with 1 part
beeswax, remove from stove and partially cool by stirring, then add gradually
—with continued stirring— enough alcohol to make the mixture, when cool,
of the consistency of porridge. In the temperature of the grafting room it
will remain sufficiently plastic to permit applying to cut surfaces with the
finger.

3. — French and Pitch Waxes.

11. Common French :— Pitch, % lb.; beeswax, % lb.; cow dung, 1 lb.
Boll together, melt, and apply with a brush.

12. Common French bandage wax:— Equal parts of beeswax, turpentlu"
and resin. While warm, spread on strips of coarse cotton or strong paper.

13. Grafting clay :— One-third cow dung, free from straw, and V, day or
clayey loam, with a little hair like that used in plaster, to prevent it crackini:.
Beat and temper it for two or three days, until it is thoroughly incorporated.
When used it should be of such a consistency as to be easily put on an 1
shaped with the hands.

29

Budding.

are fully formed and aTa tLe when '^71'"'* '"'^"« '' "^^^ *»»« !^v^
of the budding knife, say trZtleZl^^TofT r^''' "^ ""^ ^^ *»>« «'^
or thereabouts. An ordinary sharn^r^Z k'' "°*" ***^ ""'^ °' ^"^«t.
purpose 18 preferable, as the handfe TZ \ "'^' ''"* «°« ""^^^ 'or the
lifting the bark. ^^^ ^' ^ constructed that It can be used for

-sor Vhrjid^s TeTeSr^t^rrr"^"" -^^ - ^^^ —

Of Which is at the base of each ea" IT' TJ"** *"""^' "°^ *»>« buds, one
«clon or stick, as It is called, cut off tt ,!? ^'T^' "*'''°« ^'^^^^ yo"r
proceed by making a tran^me Zil . ^^'' '^"''^"« ^'^^ '««' ^t'llk- and
northern side of the stik. genrrLlt ns n^^ 1 *^' '"''' ^^'•«'^^«'>'J' ^^ the
that incision make anothe; re downward /n. f'""^ "' "^°^^°^^'^*- ^^o'"
and with the handle of the knlfnis^ 1!^ f ^'k" *°'^ ""** '^ ^«^' Jo°«.
ward incision. Then (it being nec^s^rvthii In T '"^^'^ *"''^« «' *»•« dov.^.
thin smooth Slice of the woc^'frm^: an ifch' '' '"" ''^'^^ ^"* '^
the bud win be about the middle (SeeFi^!r.'ar t '''" '"'''^ ^^°«' «« ^^at
by the leaf stock in the incision and 2^V1' """' ''''' «"**• »^«'^"« 1*
length, cutting off the top to m'tSe tr«n» *^«^°^«'-'i *« "early its whole
round With matting or Jton^t i^not very t^^^^^^ 1° T,'''^'''' ^'^^'^ »'^°'*
leaving the bud exposed and flnishir Jt i^ ^ beginning at the bottom,
v^lll be pretty well able to JudgTwhether thP h*?'. ""'''' * ''''''' "°>« y«»
leaf stalk, if it fa„s off you marb^ nret * . ' *"''^°' ^'^ ^^"^'^^^ tbe

and m a fortnight or so. if thTbud C«\T I? ''"'' «" '' ««'"« «» well.
Should be loosened and eventulllv ~ , T^^^ ^""^ "'"""P- ^^e bandage
the spring that ^he bul Sn t" sweUcS oiT'^" ''^"' *»»« "'"^ '»
bud. some three laches or so tL portion .f.. I '^'^'^ ^ "*"« «bove the
to the bud as It starts to gr.w, and to whrh^I h' T"" '''''' "« ^ «"PPOrt
a« It has attained sufficient sT;ength vvTeL " "^ ""^ """' «"^»> ""'^

quite near the bud in a sloS kSon ^'T^'* "''""^^ ^« '^"^ ^w«y
bud Should. Of course, be remoX as ti^ ^ar ' ""^ ''^*^ '^''^^ *^«

ip^

30

Plate 9, adapted from Downing, give* cuts of budding Itnife, budding
stick; a. bud cut ready for insertion; 6, stock showing Incision and tlie
flniahed operation.

Figure 9.

VICTORIA, B. C:
Printed by Richard Wolfmden, I.S.O., V.D., Printer to the Kinj-i Moat Excellent Majesty.

1903.