Treatment of potatoes and seed wheat [microform]

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H>itoiniil(igir-Hl Blanch

BULLETIN No 41

Treatment of Potatoes and Seed Wh

eat

BY

GEORGES MAHEUX, B. A., F. E.
Entomologiail IriMpector

Solution of fornmlin in the barrel : above one bag of patatoes. plaeed
to drain on crossed planks after the bath.

Published by order Of the Hon. Jo.-Ed. Caron Minister of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec

1917

Treatment of Potatoes and Seed Wheat

I.—POTATOES.

Object of th« tr«atin>nt.

Thanks to the transportation facilities which have multiplied commercial
exchanges, the enemies of the potato have increased considerably within the
ast years. We actually have to face a serious problem: that of fightinR energo-
tically these parasites and clearing, at all cost, our fields of the diseases that
constantly tend to reduce the yield of your crops. Every farmer wishes
a good crop, his desire is that it be abundant and undecayed; now
in many districts of our country-, this hope is or|ly a chimera if the horticulturist
does not decide himself, without delay, to adopt and practise the very simple
treatment yet excellent, that we are preconizing further on. The latter enables
to kill the disease while it is yet in the state of a rather harmless germ and assures
interesting results to its user.

Pi— ate».

1. Powdery scab: the most dangerous of all diseases that are actually to be
found in Quebec. The United States consider this scab of such a serious nature
that they have taken radical steps against it: so, a special law has been pas.sed
forbidding the import of patatoes from countries where this disease is causing
Its ravages; our province is included in this number.

2. Common scab (disease of rich grounds) : very common ; it even occasionally
happens that it is impossible, in certain places, to find seed tubers that are not
affected by it.

3 LMe potato or heat-stroke: usually accompanies the common scab and
IS to be found as frequently.

4. Rot of stored potatoes (dry and wet) : diseases which develop on the potatoes
dunng the winter, in cellars; often affect the total supply, thereby rendering
the victims useless for plantation.

5. Black leg: very common, specially in the Maritime Provinces, where it
has caused the loss of 10% of the crop of 1915, or a deperdition of $700,000.

6. Potato canker: its presence has not yet been noticed here, although it
may be found m some isolated places. The provincial and federal laws place
th's disease amongst the destructive plagues and have decreed same as "cut-
law : that 18 to say that any proprietor of a crop attacked by this disease cani,of
dispose of same in any way whatever without obtaining a permit to this eff.ct
from the Provincial Entomologist, authorizing him to do so. It also obli-ee

— 3 —

anyone who discovers the potato canker in his veKetahle garden to immediately
notify the Minister of Agriculture. Any infraction to this regulation in punishable
by a fine, «100).

7. Mildew (potato disease): very common everywhere this vegetable is
grown; the green part is first attacked, afterwards transmitting the infection
to the tubers that become improper for consumption; is spread by the use of
infected seeds.

S. Stem rot: presents itself in the potato, in the shape of a colourless or
brown-blackish ring. If a tuber is sown, the interior of which is entirely affected,
same will decay before germinating; needless to say that potatoes of this nature
are not to be used for seeding purposes.

o ^-

These are the potato diseases which are transmitted through the use of
affected seeds; it is easy to discover the traces of any of them on the tubers at
planting time. We have said, in tho beginning, that anyone interested has at
his disposal an excellent preventive enabling him to limit, if i. t stop com-
pletely, the progress of these parasites; this preventive is the treatment with
formalin wliich should be employed everywhere, whatever may be the quantity
of seeds.

in

Formalin bath.

Preparation: the material essential to the preparation of the formalin bath
consists of a barrel, formalin and water. The barrel should countain 30 gallons
of water, in which one poun i or one pint of formalin is poured. If the barrel at
our disposal has not a capacity of 50 gallons, it is preferable to use only half the
formula, that is 15 gallons of water and one half pound or one half pint of formalin,
otherwise, the bulk of the potatoes immersed in the barrel would cause the solu-
tion to overflow. If a large quantity of tubers require to be treated rapidly,
it is better to prepare, in advance, three, four or five barrels, as the case mdy
be, so that the work of seeding will not be delayed.

Execution: put the seed potatoes still complete into very neat bags so as
not to disturb the solution and to permit of the liquid reaching the potatoes
quickly. With the help of a pulley and a rope, plunge the filled bags into the
barrel: allow the seeds to be soaked for two complete hours, rise afterwards and
place to drain above the barrel taking care to allow the bag to rest on small
planks, as shown in the picture on the front page.

When this operation is over, the potatoes will be spread on the grass or on
planks. It is important that everything we shall use in manipulating the desin-
fected seeds be absolutely clean, acting otherwise would compromise the suc-
cess of the treatment in placing these seeds in contact with objects loaded with
germs of diseases. When the potatoes are dry, we can proceed to the cutting of
sprouts or sets. In this work it is necessar}' for each operator to have two or

_i.J_i_

I

.■!.

— 4 -

three kiiiv at his flinpoHiil; whiK- he is usinR one of thein. the otliers are left
Itathiiijt in a Ixtttle or vase eoiitaininn a stronn sohition of fornmliri anti even
of pure formalin. If we hap|M>n to ctit a potato oit wIh),s«' flesh traces of diseases
are diseovered. we piiin)ie uto the forniahii sohition the bhide that is ecrtainlv
earryitiK nerins of the evil and, in exilian»re, one of the purified knives is used.

The use of formalin is not dauKorous, as it not a violent poison; its only
inconveiiienee is to irritate the skin; when tasted it is plainly aerid.

R«in«rk«.

Wc nni^t use for s<'edinK, only tuliers that are as healthy as possilile.

Whatever nuiy he the (piality of the seeds used, we nuist ni-ver neple* t to
soak them into a formalin solution; they mijcht very well contain k'tuis of
diseases which we cannot detect.

This treatment is not in it.self the sum of attenti(ms which the farmer must
nive potatoes; no, when the i)laiits have fjrown, when they have formed steins
and leines, Bordeaux mixture spraying,s must not he npfilected. (See bulletin
Xo. 'M for explanations). ,

The more care y(<\i will take tf) protect your potatoes against diseases, the
higher the yield be in (luantity and quality; consc()UentIy the benefits which you
will derive ' Om this culture Will be greater and will largely make up for the
trouble you will have taken.

Never plant potatoes in a soil that has already yielded a contaminated
crop; this would be running to meet a failure.

At last, neglect nothing in order to grow first (juality vegetables: it is your
own interest and that of your province.

(The Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, is distributing free, bulletins and
circulars relating to the diseases of potatoes.)

II— WHEAT.

Diseases.

This valuable cereal is the victim of two serious diseases: the stinking
smut and the loose smut.

Treatment.

The treatment of the stinking smut is the dame as that of the potato: fO
gallons of water and one pound of formalin or one half pound for 15 gallons ;
the only difference existing is in the duration of the bath; in the ease of the
stinking smut, it will only last five minutes. The wheat is allowed to dry iiid
18 sown immediately.

i:*^>.^