CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(Monograplis)
ICMH
Collection de
microfiches
(monographles)
n
Canadian InstHuM for Hiatorieal Mtcronproduettom / InitHut Canadian da mieroraproduetlani Mstork|uaa
©1995
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique et bibtiographiques
The Institute has attempted to obtain the l>est original
copy available for filming. Features of this copy which
may be bibliographicaiiy unique, which may alter any of
the images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming are
checl<ed below.
Q-
Coloured coveis /
Couverture de couleur
I I Coveis damaged /
' — I Couverture endommagte
I I Covers lestored and/or laminated /
' — ' Couverture lestauree et/ou pellicuiee
I I Cover title missing /Letitrede couverture manque
I I Coloured maps/ Cartes gtegraphiques en couleur
I I Cokxjied ink (i.e. other ttian lilue or black) /
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
I I Cokxjred plates and/or Wustratkins /
' — ' Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
I I Bound with other material /
' — ' Reli6 avec d'autres documents
D
D
D
Only edition available /
Seule Mitkm disponibte
Tight binding may cause sliadows or distortion
along interior margin / La reliure serrie peut
causer de I'ombre ou de la distorekm le long de
la marge interieuie.
Blank leaves added during restoialkxis may appear
within the text. Whenever possible, these have
been omitted from timing / II se peut que ceitaines
pages blanches ajouttes tots d'une restauration
appaiaissent dans le texte, mais, k>fsque cela etait
possible, ces pages n'ont pas eie timiss.
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur examplaiie qu'il lui a
6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem-
piaite qui sont peut-Mre uniques du point de vue bibli-
ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite,
ou qui peuvent exiger une modifications dans la m6th-
ode normale de filmage sont indiquto ci-dessous.
I I Cokiured pages/ Pages de couleur
I I Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies
I I Pages restored and/or laminated /
' — ' Pages restauiees et/ou pelleuMes
r~l/ Pages discokxjred, stained or foxed /
^^^ Pages d«cok)f«es,tacheteesoupk|utes
I I Pages detached/ Pages detachtes
l^y Showlhrough/ Transparence
I I Quality of print varies/
' — ' Qualiti inigale de I'impiBssnn
I I Includes supplementary matsriaJ /
— ' Comprenddu materiel suppWmentaire
I I Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
— ' slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image / Les pages
totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un
feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont M filmees
i nouveau de fafon k obtenir la mellleure
image possible.
I I Opposing pages with varying colouration or
' — ' discotourations are filmed twice to ensure the
best possible image / Les pages s'opposant
ayant des colorations vaiialiles ou des dteol-
orattons sont filmees deux fois afin d'obtenir la
meilleur image possible.
I I Addtkinal comments/
' — ' Commsnlairessuppiemenlalras:
Thii itam ii f ihiMd n tiM raduetion ratio chaekad taalow/
Ca documant ait filnrf au tau> da rMuctien Mtqut ci-daasmn.
10X 14X MX
ax
30X
1fX
20X
Tha eepv filmad h«r* haa baan rapraduead thanka
to tha ganareaity of:
National Library of Canada
L'aHamplaira film* fut rapreduii grtca t la
0*n4roait* da:
Blbllothi^ia natlonala du Canada
Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality
peaalbia eonaWaring tha condition and lagibiiity
of tha original copy and In kaoping with tha
filming eontraet apacif icationa.
La* imagaa auivaniaa ont M raproduitai avac la
plua grand loln, eompta lanu da la condition at
da la nanatd da rasamplaira filmi, at an
eonformitd avac laa eonditlena du contrat da
fllmaga.
Original copiaa in printad papar eavara ara fUmad
baginning with tha front eovar and anding on
tha iaat paga with a printad or llluatratad impraa-
aion, or tha bacli covar whan appropriata. Ail
othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha
firat paga wKh a printad or llluatratad impraa-
aion. and anding on tha iaat paga with a printad
or iiluawatad impraaaion.
Tha Iaat racordad frama on aach microflcha
ahall conuin tha lymbol —» (moaning "CON-
TINUED"), or tha aymboi V (moaning "END"),
wtiiehavar appliaa.
Mapa, plataa, chart*, ate. may bo fllmod at
diffaram raduction ratioa. Thoao too iarga to bo
ontlraly Ineludad in ona axpoaura ara filmad
baginning in tha uppar loft hand eomor. iaft to
right and top to bottom, aa many frama* a*
roquirad. Tha following diagram* iiluatrata tha
mathed:
laa aaamplairaa orlglnaua dont la couvartura an
papiar aat imprimOa *ont fiimd* an eemmancani
par la pramlar plat at an tarminani loit par la
darniOra paga qui comporta una amprainta
d'Impraaaion ou d'illuatration, (Oit par la sacond
piat, aalon la caa. Toua laa autra* aiampiairai
originaux aont fiimda an commancant par la
pramidra paga qui comporta una amprainta
d'Impraaaion ou d'iiluatration at an tarminant par
la damidra paga qui comporta una lalla
amprainta.
Un daa aymboiaa auivant* tpparaitra uir la
damldra imaga da chaqua microfiche, lalon la
caa: la aymboia —^ aignifia "A SUiVRE". la
aymboio ▼ *ignifio "FIN".
Laa eartaa, planchaa. ubiaaui. ate. pauwant iira
filmda d daa uua da rdduction diffdrann.
Loraqua la documant aat trap grand pour dtra
raproduit an un laui clichd. 11 a*t film* * partir
da I'angla (updriaur gaucha. da gaucha d droita.
at da haut an baa. an pranant la nombra
d'Imagaa ndcaaaair*. Laa diagrammaa auivant*
illuatrant ia mdthodo.
1
2
3
6
on maunioN mi cha
U ond ISO nsT CHAKT No. 2)
1.0
I.I
lis 120
R^l^i£
/IPPLED IM/Gg
J'H) «i - OJoo - PM.L
A REVIEW DF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY IN THE
BRITISH EMPIRE
C, Gordon Hhwitt, D. Sc, F. R. S. C,
DomioioQ I^ntomologitt, Ottawa, CaaadA.
The Annual Address to the EntomoloKical Society of America, delivertd at
Columbus, Ohio, on December L'yth, 11(15.
&RPRINTSD FROM
ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Volume IX, No. i, March, 1916
/"^ /
Ct . / iy .
A UVBW or AFPUSD BRTOMOLOOT IN TBB BSITISH
By C. OouoK HlwilT, D. 8c., F. R. 8. C,
Daminlon Bfltcmologist, Otum, C«iuid«.
CONTBNTS.
PACB
I
BritiihltlM ,
Imperiml Biutui d Batomology I
l^laod ....'., 5
Scotiud !!!!!!!!!!!!,'!!!!!!!!' «
Intead ?
Africm -- 7
Union at Soath Africa 7
RhodMia * ia
Britiah But Africa !....!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! i | Jj
Sudan \ !!!!'.!*!'.! 14
Britiah Wnt Africa I!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!:: M
Australia " u
New South WalM iS
Victoria "17
South Anitralia 17
Quccatland I7
Tamania Ig
WartaniAnWralia u
Northern Tetritory 18
[!1 18
W
Ceykn
Fiji .-. _
India ;;;;;;; 31
NewZealaad * 30
Britidi Wot IndiM !!!]]!!! 81
Other Imperial Entomological Work H
The Amnal Addreu to the Bntomolofical Society of Anicn..a, delirend at
Columbna, Ohio, on December Wth, WUt.
A HHols Entomological Socitty of America (Vol. IX,
In the ael^tion of the (ubject of my addreu I had u my
main motive the bringing of the entomologists of this country
into closer touch with a large body of entomologists who are
studying an infinite variety of problems in those widespread
territories of the earth's surface that together constitute the
British Empire. This more intimate ac .wintance is desirable
for many reasons, but I will refer only to two of them. Pint,
our Society recently decided to extend its membership outside
the confines of North America and as a result a number of
British workers, which number I am confident will increase,
have been included on our membership rolls; I wish to introduce
these members and some of their problems to you Secondly,
it is becoming increasingly apparent that the control of insect
pests and the successful prosecution of entomological investiga-
tion, be it along practical or purely scientific lines, must be
along international lines. Our expenence, especially during
recent years, has clearly demonstrated this fact, particularly
in regard to the control of insects by thei' nctural enemies.
Prom the time w.'ien Koebele visited Australia in 1885 and
brought the now f 'mous CoccinetUd Norius cardinalis to save
the citrus groves of California from destruction up to the
recent world tour of Silvestri in search of parasites of the fniit-
flies, we have had repeated instances of the incalcula' . ralue
of international co-operation; but it would involve too great
a digression to mention even the more important of thei^.
In this line of investigation alone there lie immense possibilities
which will be made more easy of realization to the benefit
of all concerned by a more intimate knowledge of other workers
and their problems in other parts of the W"r<d. Such a review
as I propose to give will, I feel confident, shu ' clearly how the
British Empire by its widespread character and diversity of
conditions of every land, criBCers an unequalled opportunity
(or international co-operative effort, particularly to the Ento-
mologists of the United States. The establishment of a chain
of workers in all the continents which would result from such
co-operation would have beneficial results of the most far
reaching character on the entomol' ical work of the future.
If I am able to further the object to which I have referred,
I shall consider that the time I am about to take up has indeed
been well spent.
19101
Entomoloty in Ike British Empire
3
The countries that enjoy the benefits of British forms of
government comprise territories from equatorial to arctic and
antarctic latitudes; they include some of the most worthless and
barren regions of the wot Id's surface and some of the richest
and moat fertile. Consequently we find every type of vegeta-
tion, every kind of crop and every form of insect life to which
such vegetation or crop may serve as sustenance. In addition
there are fe v types of insect-borne disease that are not found
somewhere within British domains. It will not be possible,
therefore, to do more than briefly juch upon the more out-
standing features of the work that is being carried on in those
countries by an ever increasing body of highly trained and
enthusiastic workers. And here I would remind you that it is
one of the chief characteristics of the British entomologist
that he usually follows his profession on account of his enthus-
iasm for the subject, and in spite of the remuneration that he
receives and the natural difficulties with which he has to
contend.
British Isles.
The Imperial Bureau of Entomntoty— The formation of the
Imperial Bureau of Entomology in 1913 was the outcome of an
effort made a few years earlier to further entomological investi-
gations in the British possessions in tropical Africa. Early
in 1S09 Dr. A. E. Shipley, Master of Christ's College, Cambridge,
drew up a memorandtmi. with some slight assistance from me,
for the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Cre»e, and as a
result of tliis a y.iittins iti called in March, 1909, to discuss
the formation of an er. nological research commit cee for the
stuty of entomological .problems, particularly those relating
to tropical diseases, in r,r..<iical A&ica. Such a committee was
formed that year and it uded th^- chief experts in entomology
and tropical medicine ' Britain and Ireland, with Lord
Cromer as Chairman ♦irk fell under three divisions,
namely, the -arrying i. investigations and entomr' )gical
surveys in tropical Africa, i r the purpose of which two travelling
entomologists, Mr. S. A. N. ive and Dr. J. J. Simpson, to whose
work reference will be mad< ter, were employed; the determi-
nation of entomological ma -ial, and the publication of the
work so accomplished, for wt » purpose th*- Bulletin of Ento-
mological Research was started t« * quar!.erly journal.
Annals Entomological Society of America (Vol. IX,
The valuable service rendfred by thii committee loon led
to an enlargement of itt icope. After a consideration of the
matter by the wif-goveming dominions, and a conference o'
the committee and of the entomologists of some of the domin-
ions and colonies in 1012, a scheme for imperial co-operation in
preventing the spread and furthering the investigation ot nox-
ious insects was worked out. This conference put forward a
proposal for the establishment of an Imperial Bureau of Ento-
mology, to be financially supported by the variou!i dominions
and colonies and the British government. The heme was
adopted by the various self-governing dominions and colonies
which were invited to co-operate and contribute to the main-
tenance of the Bureau, and the crown colonies and British
protectorates are also participating i he advantages of the
Imperial Bureau of Entomology which was established in 1913
with headquarters in London. The former Entomological
Research Committee ha>. become the Honorary Committee of
Management on which committee the government entomolo-
gists of the dominions are also members. The Rt. Hon. Lewis
Harcourt, former Secretary of State for the Colonie is Chair-
man of the Committee and Dr. Guy A. K. Marshal' Director
of the Bureau and Editor of its journals.
The functions of the Bureau are as follows:
1. The collection and co-o/dination of information concern-
ing the noxious insects of the world so that any British country
may learn by enquiry what insect pests it is likely to import
from other countries and the best methods of preventing their
introduction and spread.
2. The authoritative identification of insects of economic
importance submitted by the officials of the Departments of
Agriculture and Public Health throughout the Empire.
3. The publication monthly of the Review of Applied
Entomology in which concise summaries or abstracts are given
of all the current literature which has a practical bearing on the
investigation and control of noxious insects.
4. The investigation of blood-sucking insects, particularly
in Africa. At present all the field staf! are engaged in studying
the bionomics of the various species of Glossina; the special
object of their investigations is to endeavour to devise some
practical means of reducing the numbers of or eradicating these
lOMQ
Entomoloty in the British Empire
carrien of the different types of Trypanosomes. The men
engage'* 'n this work are Mr. W. P. Piake and Dr. G. ,"). H.
Carpen. , in Uganda, Dr. W. A. Lambom in Nyaialand and
Dr. J. J. Simpeon in the Gold Coast.
The work of the Bureau is wholly different from that of the
United States Bureau of Entomology. Its primary function
is that of an intelligence bureau, a clearing house for entomo-
logical information, collecting such information for the use of
the British countries supporting it. It has already accomplished
a large amount of sefai work and has been of particular
assistance to those isolated and scattered British territories
where the entomologists and medical officers suffer from lack
of museums, libraries and co-workers which they would wish
to constUt. Intematioral as the scope of its survey .lecessarily
is, it has already dei.ionstrated how valuable a similar Bureau
properly constituted on international lines might prove.
Entland. The British Government in the past has not
maintained an official entomologist or entomological staff. The
Board of Agriculture and Pisheries has been contrnt to retain
the services of an outside entomologist to prepare replies to any
entomological inquiries submitted to ic by farmers and others,
and their leaflets have been chiefly the work of unofficial
advisers. In the absence of an official entomological staff the
investigation of insects affecting agriculture has been left in
the hands of men such as Prof. P. V. Theobald of the South
Eastern Agricultural College who is now making a much
needed study of the British aphides and whose work on mos-
quitoes is well known, Mr. C. Warbiurton of Cambridge, Prof.
Newstead of Liverpool, Mr. W. E. Collinge, and others.
It is perhaps difficult or. this continent to understand the
underlying reason for the scant development of "official"
entomology in England. But it must be pointed out thr'-
agricultural conditions are entirely different in such old coun-
tries where there is a more intensive system of farming, a
consequent closer supervision of crops, cleaner cultivation and
long developed systems of rotation. More especial'y, the
comparative stability of the agricultural conditions has pro-
duced a more perfect balance in all those natural conditions
the disturbance of which in more lately developed countricii
leaJ^ to an abnormal behaviour of the insects which are poten-
tially . '>xious. These facts should, therefore, be borne in mind
Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IX,
in considering the apparent lack of any extensive development
in applied entomology in the older European countries.
In 1912 the Horticultural Branch of the Board of Agri-
culture and Fisheries was established under the direction of
Mr. A. G. L. Rogers. This branch has the administration of the
Destructive Insects and Pests Act to carry out which legislation
five trained inspectors are employed. Their work, however,
is at present largely concerned with plant diseases. An ad-
vance was made in 1913 when Mr. J. C. Fryer was appointed
Entomologist to the Board. His work is primarily of an
advisory character, advisory to the Board in regard to legisla-
tion and to the public by means of letters or leaflets. He also
studies epidemic pests and insects of unusual importance. For
example, Mr. Fryer has begun a study of the species of Hypo-
nomeuta the Ermine Moths, whose introduction into the State
of New York afforded Mr. P. J. Parrott an opportunity of
studying them in a new environment. The Narcissus Flies,
Merodon equestris and Eumerus strigatus have also been studied.
Mr. Fryer informs me that he is now studying Hylemyia coarc-
tata a serious wheat pest in low-lying marshy districts. Capsid
bugs, which cause similar injuries to fruit to those with which
we are familiar in the northeastern region of North America,
are also receiving attention.
Entomological investigations are also conducted at certain
of the universities by means of grants from a Government
Development Commission Fund. It would appear to be the
intention to foster the investigation of insect pests in recog-
nised university departments rather than in a department of
the government, a plan which has advantages and disadvant-
ages which I will not discuss here. As a result there is a Depart-
ment of Agricultural Entomology at the Unr rsity of Man-
chester under Dr. A. D. Imms, and forest insects are studied
at the University of Oxford. Prof. Maxwell Lefroy of the
Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, has also
been conducting investigations in applied entomology.
Scotland. A few years ago a separate Board of Agricul-
ture for Scotland was established and Dr. R. Stewart
McDougall of the University of Edinburgh acts as Entomolo-
gist to the Board. Dr. McDougall's work is largely concerned
with forest insects but his work on the Sheep Maggot Flies,
Lucilia spp., is well known.
1916]
Entomology in the British Empire
Ireland. Prof. G. H. Carpenter of the Royal College of
Science, Dublin, acts as Entomologist to the Department of
Agriculture and Technical Instruction of Ireland and publishes
an annual report on economic entomology in the Proceedings
of the Royal Dublin Society. Prof. Carpenter's investigatory
work during a number of years has been confined chiefly to the
study of the Warble Flies, Hypoderma bans and H. lineata.
Afbica.
On no other continent in the world has the struggle
between insect and man been so acute as on this immense area
containing tropical and sub-tropical conditions, and nowhere
has the insect been so victorious or so securely entrenched in
regions offering every advantage to it and every obstacle to man.
The mosquito has held the key to some of the richest regions
of the earth's surface, the Tsetse fly has rendered extensive
transportation impossible, and the tick, if one may be permitted
to use entomology in its broad sense and include ticks, has
kept the white man at bay and devastated his herds. But by
slow degrees the power is passing from insect to man and
nowhere is the conquest of such an adverse and powerful force
of nature by patient effort illustrated more strikingly than in
the gradual conquest, in the real sense, of Africa. The West
Coast is no longer a "White man's grave," as it was formerly
called, nagana and tick fevers are losing their original terrors
and we should be unworthy of our traditions did we believe
that sleeping sickness would always remain the scourge that
experience has demonstrated it to be within recent years.
The British territories in Africa are so situated that it has
fallen to the lot of our investigators to contribute largely to
this notable conquest, the history of which would constitute
one of the finest examples of entomological achievement that
we have. But to attempt to outline such a history would exceed
the limits which must necessarily be set to this account of the
manner in which the work is being carried on at the present
time.
The Union of South Africa. Prior to the formation of the
Union of South Africa the four colonies. Cape Colony, Natal,
Transvaal and the Orange Free State, carried on their ento-
mological work independently. Cape Colony which created a
Division of Entomology with Mr. C. P. Lounsbury as Chief in
1895, was the most advanced. Following the union, Mr.
Annals Enlomological Society of America [Vol. IX,
Lounsbiuy was made Chief of the new Division of Entomology
of the Union Department of Agriculture with headquarters
at Pretoria. The work of this Division comprises, in addition
to the dissemination of advice on insect problems and the
carrying on of investigations, the administration of government
regulations concerning (1) the suppression of locusts, (2) the
inspection of nurseries (3) plant and fruit imports, and (4)
restrictions on the conveyance of plants and fruit. At Pretoria
Mr. Lounsbury has Mr. Claude Fuller, former Entomologist
for Natal, as Assistant Chief and is also assisted by Mr. D.
Gunn .^nd several inspectors. The following branch laboratories
are also maintained: Capetown, with Mr. C. W. Mally in
charge; Bloemfontein, Mr. J. C. Faure in charge of investiga-
tions in the Orange River Colony; and New Hanover, Natal,
with Mr. C. B. Hardenberg in charge. In addition to the
staffs at these laboratories, plant inspectors are stationed at the
following ports of entry for plants and fruit: Capetown,
Johannesburg, Durban, East London and Port Elizabeth.
The agricidtural situation in South Africa is peculiar owing
to the fact that agriculture is not yet the basic industry of the
country. The greater part of the agricultural lands is devoted
to live stock, and the cultivation of the land is proceeding
gradually. Nevertheless, the climatic conditions are eminently
suitable to the cultivation of deciduous and citrus fruits with
the result that progress in this direction is being made.
The development of a fruit-growing industry has naturally
demanded a vigilant policy in the matter of preventing the
introduction and spread of foreign fruit pests and the policy
has been to restrict importations of nursery stock and to foster
local nurseries. On this account nursery inspection constitutes
the prominent feature of the work of the Division of Entomol-
ogy. This work and the inspection of imported nursery stock
and fruits and regulation of the transportation of home grown
fruit is carried out under the Agricultural Pests Act of 1911.
To retard the spread of the codling moth which was
introduced into the country, apple, pear and quince fruits
may not be transported into certain areas. Equally stringent
measures were adopted to prevent the spread of San Jose
scale {Aspidiotus pemiciosus). Undoubtedly the control of
locusts constitutes one of the most serious problems in South
Africa. Of the two species of migratory locusts the brown
1916]
Entomology in the British Empire
9
locust PachytUus suUicoUis is more serious than Schistocerca
peregrina. From the Kalahari Desert, in what has hitherto
been called German South West Africa, which is the permanent
habitat of the species, vast swarms migrate to Central and
Eastern Cape Colony, Transvaal, Orange River Colony and
Rhodesia and breed there. These swarms sometimes have a
frontage of fifteen to twenty miles and a length of sixty to
seventy miles and take several days to pass a given point.
They devastate the veldt of all green food with serious results;
in 1906 it was estimated that the locust damage in South Africa
amounted to five million dollars. The control of these locusts
is regulated by law. Farmers are required to report the laying
of the eggs and the appearance of the young hoppers. They
are also required to destroy the young hoppers and the govern-
ment furnishes the poison. Arsenite of soda mixed with water
and molasses or sugar is universally used and with success
over large areas, the poison being usually applied by means
of bucket pumps which are loaned to the farmers. This cam-
paign necessitates the keeping in stock of a large store of
prepared poison and a supply of pumps for any emergency.
Notwithstanding the large amount of administrative work,
the entomologists in South Africa have undertaken important
lines of investigation. Mr. Lounsbury's work on ticks is well
known and Mr. C. W. MaDy's name will always be remembered
where poisoned baits for fruit-fli^ are used. Mr. Fuller has
also contributed to our knowledge of the termites and Mr.
Hardenberg has made extensive studies of the insects affecting
the wattle.
The tick problem is a very serious one in South Africa,
several most important diseases of live stock being transmitted
by these agents. Of these diseases East Coast Fever, due to
the protozoan parasite Theileria parva, which is carried by
several species of ticks of the genus Shipicephalus, is the most
serious and has pUyed great havoc. In addition the disease
included under the general term Piroplasmosis namely, bilary
fever in hors^ and redwater in cattle, are serious adverse
factors in the main type of agriculture followed in South
Africa. Fortunately the Veterinary Branch of the Department
of Agriculture has attacked the tick problem in a vigorous
manner alimg well known lines, no little credit being due to the
work of Dr. Arnold Theilfer.
10
Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IX,
Rhodesia. The entomological problems of Rhodesia are
not very dissimilar on the whole to those of South Africa,
although there are certain lines of inquiry which are peculiar
to this region. Mr. R. W. Jack, the Government Entomologist
has his headquarters at Salisbury and is assisted by Mr. R. L.
Thompson. Their work follows along the usual lines outlined
in the case of South Africa. Under the " Imjjortation of
Plants Regulations" and "Nurseries Ordinance" the Govern-
ment prevents the introduction and spread of insect pests and
plant diseases. Four ports of entry have been established,
namely, Salisbury, Bulawayo, Umtali and Gwelo, at which
fumigation houses are maintained. Nurseries must register
and are inspected annually.
The country is subject to locust plagues and native com-
missioners, cattle inspectors and members of the British South
African police are required to report with full details any swarms,
for the control of which locust poison, spray pumps, etc., are
kept on hand. The Government protects the chief bird enemies
of the locust, such as the White Stork, Cattle Egret, Lesser
Locust Bird and Wattled Starling.
Much attention has been devoted by Mr. Jack to the
study of Tse-tse flies and each year he devotes a portion of
his time to travelling through the "fly" belts for the purpose
of making bionomical investigations and delimiting the areas
of these belts. Areas infested wich Ghssina morsitans are
defined by government regulations and adjacent areas, or
"open areas" are also defined in which the destruction of all
game, with the exception of ostriches and certain game birds, is
permitted. The results of Mr. Jack's investigations have been
published in the Bulletin of Entomological Research.
Other inveetigations are mainly concerned with pests of the
more important crops, such as com (maize), citrus fruits and
tobacco and with the pests of lesser cereals, field crops, vege-
tables tOid stone fruits. The wide range of plants and trees
cultivated on the high and low parts of the territory offer an
unusual broad field for research. Tenebrionids are very
common and have been studied and also pests of co.n (maize).
A formidable problem is afforded by certain fruit-piercing
moths belonging to the genera Maenas, Ophiusa, Achaea and
Sphingomorpha, which severely injure practically all fruits.
1916]
Entomology in the British Jmpire
11
The control measures are not specially peculiar, although
where cheap coloured labour is available hand-picking may
be more commonly used than in other countries dependent
upon white labour. A long dry season enables advantage
to be taken of clean cultivation. Owing to the fact that the
country is being opened up by a keen class of agriculturists
who are experimenting with new crops and are not bound by
the hard and fast traditions of old farming communities, the
entomologists are frequently consulted and co-operation in
experimental work is readily secured.
Uganda. In this rich tropical country offering great
opportunities for entomological investigations, Mr. C. C.
Gowdy carries on his work as Government Entomologist
single-handed. The study of the Tse-tse fly problem is not
carried on by the Department of Agricidture, but independently
of this Department, as I shall show later. Mr. Gowdy is
stationed at Kampala and the size of the country and meth-
ods of travel, namely, by the use of porters, do not <?rmit
of a very thorough study of any one problem, especiall- us his
only assistants are natives, who are constitutionally lazy, but
nevertheless make good collectors.
The importation of plants and seeds is regulated by Govern-
ment Ordinances. There is a single port of entry, Kampala,
and there all imported plants are inspected and, if necessary,
fumigated. The importation of cotton seed is prohibited; all
plants from Ceylon, coffee plants and coffee other than roasted
beans and ground coffee, are prohibited without special consent.
A Plant Pest Board has been created, one of its objects being
to facilitate the reporting of the existence of pests and the
enforcement of preventive or remedial measures.
The chief entomological problems relating to agriculture in
Uganda are connected with principle crops, namely, cotton,
coffee, cacao and Para rubber. Termites and locusts also
demand attention.
Undoubtedly the most serious entomological problem in
Uganda at the present time is the suppression of sleeping sick-
ness by the control of the Tse-tse fly. For about thirteen years
this disease, which in the earlier part of the last decade was
responsible for the deaths of several hundred thousands of the
inhabitants ot Uganda, has been studied at Entebbe by the
u
Annah Entomdotical SocUty of America [Vol. IX,
Sleeping SK-kness Commiaaion, on which Sir David Bruce
has been tbe principal worker. The entomological aspect of
the question was not specially studied until comparatively
recently, but now it is receiving more of the attention it deserves,
and I have referred to the fact that the Imperial Bureau of
Entomology has two investigators at work in Uganda, namely,
Mr. W. F. Fiske, formerly of the United States Bureau of
Entomology, and Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, who have already
added suostantially to our knowledge of the bionomics of the
Tse-tse flies. In the adjacent British territory of Nyasaland,
Dr. W. A. Lambom of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology is
studying the Tse-tse fly problem.
BriHsh Easi AJrica. The Department of Agriculture has
as its Chief Entomologist Mr. T. J. Anderson, who is stationed
at Nairobi, the headquarters of the government of the Pro-
tectorate. He has an assistant, a Plant Import Inspector and a
staS of nativa collectors. The careful examination of all
plants, seeds, etc., entering the Protectorate is undertaken by
the Plant Import In^«ctor under the R^:ulat»on8 ot the Disease
of Plants Prevention Ordinance, 1910. There are special
reflations rdating to coffee and. cotton. Facilities are pro-
vided at the Government Exp^vnental Farm where the
entotnological laboratory is stuated for the carrying on of
entomological invertJgatiQns, The most troublesome insect
past periiaps is the coconut beetle (flrydes mimoceres). The
antiesliia bug (4nt«slia vsnifgim) is very injurious to the
coOee plants. Experimente a«e now being carried out on the
coatttfA of the latter pest by aa Ichneumon parasite.
Egypt. Previous to the creation of a Department of Agri-
culture in 1910, the Ministry of Interior and the Khedivial
Society of Agritulture- undertook the study of insect pests,
Mp. p. C. WillcoclB b«ng the Entomologist of the Society and
the Yearbooks of the Society contain the results of Ms numerous
investigations, particularly on the Egyptian cotton worm
(^rodtnia lUma) and the Egyptian cotton bolt-womi {Eurias
instUana). Insects affecting cotton have received the greatest
attention^ ob^ account of the increasing importance of that crop.
Under the Ministry of Agriculture which was organized in 1913,
the cotton worm, bait worm and locust campaigns are
carried out by the Administrative Division independently of
1916]
BMomobty m <*e «rM>* Mmpirt
U
the Entomological Section. The Entomotogical Section ii
part of the Technical Divisiao of the Miniitry of Agmcultore.
The Consulting AgricuHuritt, Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, who ii
alio an entomologist, is head of the Technical Division. The
Director of the Entamoki«ioal Sectioii is Dr. Lewis H. Gough,
who is assisted by Messrs. 0. Storey and E. W. Adair. In
addition a staff of Egyptians voder Dr. Cough's direction has
charge of the inspection and fumigation of imported plants,
which are treated at the port of entry. The fumigation of
citrus trees, with a view to controlling Aspidiahu amidum,
which is a severe jnst of oranges in the Delta region, is carried
on by the Government fumigation brigades. Among the
tropical fruit pests may be «nentioned the pyralid moth
EpIieaHli cauMla, which seriously injures dates in some sections,
and the butterfly ViraoMa *Wo, which attacks pomegranites.
In Egypt one meets in a striking manner the difficulties
which confront the entomologist who has to deal in tropical
countries with native agricultural taboners. These difficulties
necessitate the control of insects, as far as possible, without the
use of poisons or spray pomps. The waive agricultural
labourer is very ignorant and very careless and cannot be
entrusted with poisons <or wtth machines tkait are not entirely
fool-rjioof. This accounts for the maaoer in which the annual
campaign against the pests of cotton, the cotton worm and the
boll worm .is conducted by the Admiaistvative Division. The
regulations governing these campsngns provide for the hsnd-
picjdng of the ^K masses Of Pnieiaa Htura on the cotton
leaves, and the redaction of the numbers of the boll worms
b attempted by ordering and enforcing the destruction of all
cotton boUs at a certain date each year after the final picking.
Incidentally, it may be mentioned that persons who have been
imprisoned for contravening the cotton worm laws are con-
demned to carry otft these centred mMsures. The pink boll
worm of cotton Gekehia tessypieUa was introduced into
Egypt a few years ago with disastrous results, and methods
for the control of the Gelechia larvae in cotton seed on a com-
mercial scale are now being investigated.; at present the treat-
ment of seed, the destruction during the winter of cotton
sticks and wood stored for fuel is required by law.
14
Annals Enlomohticdl Sbciay «/ America (Vol. IX,
Reference should also be made to the work in Egypt of
Mr. A. Andres, one of the inventors of the Andres-Maire bait
traps for moths, to which reference is made in discussing the
control of insects in India.
Sudan. The entomological work for this country is carried
on by Mr. H. H. King, who is Entomotogist to the Gordon
Memorial College at Khartoum, the seat of Government.
Mr. King's work has been largely confined to the study of the
blood-sucking insects which are naturally of paramount impor-
tance in that region and his investigations on mosquitoes, and
particularly on Tabanidae are furnishing valuable results.
In passing attention should be called to regulations governing
the examination of persons entering the Sudan from Uganda for
sleeping sickness. Such persons must proceed to Mongalla
for examination by the Medical Officer there. There are also
restrictions on trade with Uganda; it m- y only be carried on by
licensed persons.
Locust outbreaks constitute a serious trpuble from time to
time in the Sudan, 5. perigrina being the chief species and the
use of poisoned bait, poisoned with sodium arsenite has been
employed with success.
British West Africa. The British territories consist of the
coloTiies of Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast, Lagos, and
Northern and Southern Nigeria. In these rich tropical regions
the agricultural products are very varied, including not only
such native products as rubber, pahn oil, cacao and various
native nuts, etc., but cultivated crops such as cotton, the
development of which industry is progressing, rice, coffee, and
com (maize). The greatest obstacle to agricultural develop-
ment under European direction has been the widespread
occurrence of malaria, which for many years tendered permanent
residence impossible to Europeans. To a lesser degree other
tropical diseases contributed to the difficulties of existence
and agricultural expansion. Fortunately, it has been possible
in recent years by the adoption of the necessary anti-malarial
measures to remove to an encouraging degree so serious an
obstacle, with consequent impetus to the development of those
rich territories.
The development of entomological work, in so far as it
relates to the study and control of insect pests affecting the
1916)
Entomology in the British Empire
IS
cropi that are pt)wn, has naturally been seriously handicapped
by hitherto well nigh insuperable factors. Nevertheless, much
pioneer work has been accomplished and a considerable amount
of information has been collected regarding the insect pests
occurring in the various territori.";. Mr. A. D. Peacock, late
Entomologist for Southern Nigeria, has published an extensive
report on the insect pests of that region and Mr. W. H. Patterson
on the Gold Coast and Mr. A. W. Jobbins-Pomeroy in Nigeria,
are prosecuting their investigations with a leal that is not
checked by the primitive and backward conditions of native
agriculture, the difficulties of travel or the inadequacy of
laboratory accommodation, assistance or entomological equip-
ment. To those entomologists brought up and accustomed
to work in the lap of luxury so far as facilities and apparatus
for entomological investigations are concerned, the difficulties
with which the British entomologists working in these tropical
colonies have to contend are inconceivable. That they are
able to accomplish so much is proof of their intense enthusiasm
for their work and their ability to withstand conditions and
surmount obstacles which would conquer any but the strongest
natures.
The widespread prevalence of tropical diseases, particularly
malaria and human Trypanosomiasis, led the Imperial Bureau
of Entomology to imdertake extensive surveys of the dis-
tribution of the blood-sucking insects of West Africa and Dr.
J. J. Simpson has been conducting such an investigation.
He has collected an enormous amount of valuable data and has
made observations of great importance as a perusal of his
numerous excellent reports which have been published in the
Bulletin of Entomological Research will show. His investigations
which are being continued at the present time constitute one
of the most important phases of the Imperial Bureau's work.
Australia.
A visitor to Australia is impressed with the abundance of
insect life, particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical regions
of the continent and, while little more than the fringe of the
possible agricultural regions of the country has been utilized,
if we except the sheep grazing sections, where production of
deciduous and citrus fruits and sugar is being actively developed,
the inevitable disturbance of the natural equilibrium and the
W AmuUEuhmileiiMlSiemyiffAit ia (Vol. K.
inttoduction cf new pwu bafon qMBUtiiic nMrictioiw an
anpoied, hx followed. Ptnttmately, the caaftineiit appMLi to
be weU tuppUed wfth wtonl meuii of ctMitil of « vifntxti
*tad. particuUrly u ngwdi pradatory imecti lueh •■ aoU
•nd coconellid*, in *%ai AuatnUa haa ataays been the happr
Inmting ground for uie lady-bird InmtaM.
. The Commonwealth Oovernraaat«f AaatMha did aot on itt
lennation about fifteen yean ago, aawne wy jniiidictiaii over
agricultural matten. bat left the iadiviakurl«atei ia Adl control
There u, therefore, no entomological «oik audertaken by the
Conmionweatth Government beyond the admii^ration el the
Federal Quarantine Act. which reguUtai the importation of
^anu, etc., into the country; this Act, I believe, ii adminiitered
»>y the Department of Trade and Cuitom. As the 'entomolo-
gical work u carried on by the vaiiout States independently it
must be so described.
ATntr South WaUs. Agriculture is one of the principal
industries of the Sute, the largest area being devoted to sheep
graimg. Cereals, com, tobacco, deddmius and oitnu fruite
and sugar cane are also grown succesafully. Consequently
the range of insect pests encountered in the State is extensive
The work of Mr. Walter W. Proggatt, the Covemment Ento^
mologist IS weU-known. While his sphere is New Soath Wales,
he carries on extensive cortespondenoe with other paru of
AusteaKa, with New Gmnea, Fiji and other islands of the
Faafic. His experimental work is carried on at the various
experiment Farms in the Sute and at ajnuU stotion at Narara
experiments on the control of fruit flies, which constitute
periiaps the worst insect pest on the continent, are conducted
OiWng to the serious losses inflicted by various species of blow^
ftes of the genus CalUpkora on the sheep industry a special
field station has been maintained for several seasons for the
investigation of sheep maggot ilies.
Under the State Vine and Vegetation diseases Act a large
rtaff of inspectors is employed in different districts to see that
the regulations concerning spraying, etc., are earned out
Imported fresh and dried fruits, seeds, etc., are subject to inspec-
faon and exported fruit is fumigated if required. An unusual
toe of work consiste in the certification of freedom from the
fowl tick (Argas persicae) of all the potdtry going out of the
State.
19161
Enhmthgy in Ik* Britisk Bmpin
17
Under th» r .^tion of Dr. Prank Tidswell, D rector of the
Ooverament Bureau of Microbiology, attention hai been
pai. to inwcti concerned in the tranimiuion of diieaie par-
ticuWIy by Dr. J. B. Cleland, the retultk of whow in eitigationi
have been published in the Annual Reporti of the I>ureau.
Victoria. Agriculture in the State is of a general character
„ ■?•"•■'<'"■ "^■'>v»t'o«>. particularly in cereali. is increasing.
Mr. C. Fre.ich, Jr., is responsible for th* ratomologic al work
but little ^'.-k of an investigatory i' '
carried on. A large part of Mr Pre
the administration of the Fruit a
ordinances.
South Australia. About two thirrf
are fanned or grazed. The climate pert
fruits, almonds and olives and there i;
under vineyards. The entomological w.
on by liie Horticultural Division of t h state
Agriculture at Adelaide. Strict men iires a-
prevent the introduction of the g.-ape pbylloxt ,
exotic insect pests by the usual mrthods of •
Nursery inspectors are also employed to cam
against the codling moth and scale in Tts itfci i
Queensland. The State DeparTn.Knt of
maintained an Entoi-iologist sine ml and
Government Entomologist, Mr. enry frvi
headquarters at Brisbane, is known to mo'
The varied climatic conditions of the State '»
of an extensive range of insect pests, atf.'.
to the usual acricultural crops and fruits, such . a. mm suo-
tropical crops as cotton, sugar, pineapples, f>M»„»», coconuts
and coffee. Mr. Tryon has recently retumt- from a world's
tour taken for the purpose of investigating .le methoJs by
which the prickly pear may be destroyed. Much of the
Entomologist's time is occupied in travelling about tht State
Insects affecting sugar cane receive, perhaps, th< most attention
a special field station for their investigation being maintained
at Gordonvale, near Cairns. In the sugar-cane growing
distnct Grub Pest Destruction Committees exist for the purpose
of encouraging the destruction of sugar-cane insects par-
ticularly the beetle Lepidoderma albokurtum.
>er appeal to be
rnie is d« ited to
vsrsery- Insi- ction
a. are of the State
■If grov ingof c 'rus
nsideriabire acreage
th^' Stati ^scam-^
IVpanmeia U
cnr, loved to
» a . of other
1 •«•§•■ 'ion, etc.
"■■ a ^ampdign
mt fnitt
Vrr-. -ttJiBfe has
<tme of the
'ho ''as his
"nomologists.
" hv existence
n addition
al and sub-
u
A HHols Enlomeltokal S«(iHy of A nurica [Vol. IX,
Imported and exported fruiti and fruit grown and aold in
the State are inipected under State regulation! by a (taff of
inapecton and the inspection of nunerie* ia alio carried out.
The existence of iniect borne diaeaw* in the State haa
reaulted in attention being paid to thia branch of entomology
and at the Tropical School of Medicine at Towniville Mr. P.
Taylor has carried on some excellent work on btood-aucking
Diptera, particularly Culicidae and Tabanidat.
Tasmania. The entomological work of the Island State is
conducted in conjunction with the phytopathological work and
advice on the control of insect pests is also given by the Fruit
Expert. Imported fruit is inspected and local Fruit Boards
administer the provisions of the Codling Moth Act.
Western Australia. The agricultural productions of this
State whose cultivated lands fringe the western coast of the
continent consist mainly of cereals, fruit and wines. Large
areas suitable for the cultivation of the vine, olive and silk
coula >je opened up if labour and meank of trmsport were
procurable. An Entomologist has been maintained since 1898
and the present occupant of the position is Mr. J. L. Norman,
with headquarters at Perth. An inspection service is main-
tained for the supervision of imported vegetation and the
nurseries in this State, and modem methods of dealing with
insect pests affecting fnat are veiy generally followed.
Northern Territory. Little work on economic insects has
been carried out in the State owing no doubt to the '-ck o*
agricultural development. But the Government Entomologist,
Mr. Gerald F. Hill, who is stationed at Darwin, has made some
valuable and interesting contributions to our knowledge of
the Termites. Recently he has been studying the relation of
blood-sucking flies to the transmission of parasitic nematode
worms, and he will no doubt have excellent opportunities for
urther work on veterinary and medical entomology.
Canada.
The interest in each other's work and the spirit of co-opera-
tion that exists between Canada and the United States renders
an enumeration of our entomological problems unnecessary, for
owing to the fact that we share the same continei.tal area
without any barrier greater than a parallel of latitude and a
loiej
Enlomoloty in Iht Brilith Empin
10
few riven and lake* we are compelled to experience many of
your entomological troubles and to receive the generoua over-
flow your hospitality to foreign invaden provides. But while
we may have to study the control of the same insects that occur
in the United States, it does not necessarily follow that our
methods will be the same. In many cases the environmental
conditions in Canada, particulnrly in the matter of climate, are
different with a resultant difference in insect behaviour and
therefore in control. Accordingly, in our entomological work
we are taking nothing for granted, except where we are com-
pelled, but we are working out our own problems dt novo.
While appH'^'l entomology was officially recognised in Ctn-
ada as early as 1856 it did not have its real birth until 1869, six
years after the establishment of the Canadian Entomological
Society, now the Entomological Society of Ontario by reason of
a provincial grant and charter. The recognition and support
of this Society by the Province of Ontario constituted the only
official step in applied entomology until the appointment of
Dr. James Fletcher by the Dominion Government in 1884 as
Government Entomologist. The Dominion Experimental Farms
were established in 1886 and to this Branch of the Department
Dr. Fletcher was attached as Entomoloi,ist and Botanist until
his death in 1908. A separate Division of Entomology of the
Experimental Farms Branch was then created and I was
entrusted with the organization on my appointment in 1939
as Dominion Entomologist. In 1910 the Destructi\3 Insect
and P .nt Act was passed and in 1911 the first Dominion Field
Laboratory was established; these two facts are indicative of
the two chief lines of the Dominion work — administrative and
investigatory — and the development of the work along these
special lines led in 1914 to the separation of the entomological
service from the Experimental Farms Branch and its elevation
to the status of an independent Branch of the Department of
Agriculture. The sanction of the Dominion Parliament to
increased appropriations which are now ■.:iore in accord with
the needs of the country is encouraging evidence of a desire to
afford the means whereby the entomological service of the
Dominion shall be in a better position to meet the requirements
of the situation.
20
A nnals Entomological Society aj A merica [Vol. IX,
We have now nine field laboratories and two sub-stations.
The laboratory at Annapolis Royal, N. S., serves as head-
quarters for the control work and bionomical studies of the
brown-taU moth. Mr. G. E. Sanders, the officer in charge is
also investigating the bud-moths and green-fruit worms of
apple and their control and is conducting insecticidal investiga-
tions. A sub-station is situated at Bridgetown, N. S., at present.
A new and commodious laboratory building in Predericton,
N. B., serves as headquarters for the work in New Brunswick
of which Mr. J. D. TothiU and Mr. L. S. McLaine have charge!
Mr. Tothill is in charge of the colonization of the parasites and
predatory enemies of the brown-tail and gipsy moths which
enemies, through the courteous co-operation of Dr. L. O
Howard, Chief of the United States Bureau of Entomology, we
are collecting and importing from the New England States. In
addition Mr. Tothill is conducting an intensive study of the
natural control of three of our widely spread and periodically
destructive insects— the tent caterpillar {MaUuosoma disstria)
the spruce budworm (Harmologa fumiferana) and the fall
webworm (Hyphantria cunea). It is our intention to continue
this study over a number of years. The results secured during
the past two or ;hree years have indicated the value and
necessity of such an intensive study. Mr. McLaine has charge
of the field work against the brown-tail moth in the winter on
which a force of seventeen to twenty inspectors is engaged, and
in the summer he is stationed with two assistants at the Gipsy
Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass.. in connection
with the breeding of the parasites of the brown-tail and gipsy
moths.
At a field laboratory situated at Hemm-ngford, Quebec a
Uttle south of Montreal, Mr. C. E. Fetch is investigating the
apple and plum curculios, and other insects affecting apple in
connection with which experimental and demonstrative work
on spraying is conducted in a number of orchards. Mr. Fetch
has also been carrying on experiments for three seasons on the
control of locusts by means of the Coccobacillus acridiorum.
There are two Field Laboratories in Ontario. At Vineland
in the Niagara fruit district, Mr. W. A. Ross is in charge of a
laboratory where fruit insect investigations are mainly carried
on. For four seasons Mr. Ross has been studying the control
of the apple maggot (Rhagoklis pomonella). Two years ago
M161
Ealomohgy in the British Empire
21
he commenced soi investigation of the aphids affecting apple:
AlMs sorbi, A. pomi and A. axena, which are very injurious.
OreeiAionse and mill-infesting insects are also studied at this
taborattory. At a laboratory at Strathroy, Ont., in the western
l»rt of the province, Mr. H. F. Hudson, who is at present on
leave in Flanders, has investigated the chinch "bug (Blissus
Uucopterus) and commenced a study of the white grubs
■(Lackmalema spp.) which investigation is being continued in
his absence by Mr. J. R. Gareau.
Our next Field Laboratory is situated at Treesbank in
southern Manitoba and here Mr. Norman Criddle, whose work
on locust control is well known, is investigating the bionomics
and control of white grubs (Lachnostema spp.) and in this
connection I should mention that this investigation is conqjle-
mentary to that now being conducted by the United Ststtes
Bateau of Entomology, the intention being to study these
insects over the whdle range of their distribution in North
America. The value of such co-operative inquiry is obvious to
'bB. In addition Mr. Criddle is investigating the insects affecting
cereals and the results of his studies of the Hessian fly and the
ii^ieat-stem sawfly have been recently published.
The prairie region is also served by a laboratory at Leth-
bridgein southern Alberta where Mr. E. H. Strickland has been
devoting particular attention to a study of the various species
of cutworms which are seriously injurious to grain and other
crops periodically. For example, in 1912 Porosagratis orlho-
■gmia destroyed about 35,000 acres of wheat. Last year the
Army Cutworm {Choritagrotis auxUiaris) was studied and con-
tool measures were demonstrated in the field with valuable
■results. Mr. Strickland has also been investigatmg the
abundant nematode fauna associated with growing grain.
The headquarters for our work in British Columbia are at
Agassiz in the lower valley of the Frazer River. Mr. R. C.
Treheme, the oiScer in charge, has been investigating both
fruit insects and insects affecting vegetable crops. The results
of his study of the strawberry root weevil (Otiorynchus ovatus)
were published some time ago and his investigations on the
calbbage root maggots are now completed. In addition he
has made valuable observations as a base for further study, on
the wheat midge (Diplons ? tritici) and the budmoth of apple
and other apple insects.
22
Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IX,
At Vancouver, B. C, we have a laboratory for forest insect
investigations. Mr. R. N. Chrystal, the field officer in charge,
has been studying in particular the insects destroying conifers
in Stanley Park, especially species of Chermes and one or two
lepidopterous larvae. Under the direction of Mr. Swaine he has
continued the letter's observations on the Scolytida and other
timber destroying beetles in the province.
All the work is directed from Ottawa wiere the offices of the
Entomological Branch are situated. Mr. Arthur Gibson is
Chief Assistant Entomologist and in addition to assisting in
the regular executive work of the Branch and the administration
of the provisions of the Destructive Insect and Pest Act, he
has charge of the w-ik on insects affecting field crops, garden
and greenhouse anu stored products. Mr. Gibson's work on
the Noctuidae is well known and during the last few years he
has been investigating chiefly the control of locusts and root
maggots. Mr. J. M. Swaine is Assistant Entomologist in
charge of Forest Insect Investigations. The extensive coni-
ferous forests of Canada naturally offer great opportunities for
such investigatory work and particular attention has been paid
to serious and widespread injuries by Scolytid beetles in British
Columbia. For a number of years Mr. Swaine has been
making taxonomic and biological studies of the Scolytidae and
we hope to commence the publication of the results of this
study shortly. Our studies of the spruce budworm, exclusive
of its natural control, have been completed and in addition much
ground work has been accomplished in the study of insects
affecting shade trees. Mr. Germain Beaulieu has charge of
the collections and the recent establish' nent of a national
collection of insects has enabled us to give this aspect of our
work the recognition it deserves.
The Dominion work of preventing the introduction and
spread of injurious insects is carried on under the Destructive
Insect and Pest Act, 1910. Under the Regulations of this Act
the importation of all nursery stock, etc., is governed. Nursery
stock may be imported only during certain periods through
prescribed ports of entry at which fumigation and inspection
stations are provided. Importers are required to give notice
of the ordering and receipt of those classes of trees and plants
subject to inspection. Quarantine regulations also prohibit
1916]
Entomology in the British Empire
23
the importation of certain classes of nursery stock and vegetable
products, for example, the importation of conifers and ever-
greens from the New England States is prohibited on account
of the gipsy troth, of potatoes from CaJifomia on account of
the potato tuber moth (Phlhorimaea operculella), of non-
canned fruit from the Hawaiian Islands on account of the
Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). The field work
against the brown-tail moth in Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick is also carried out under the regulations of this Act.
Each winter the whole of the infested area in these two provinces
is scouted and all the winter webs of the brown-tail moth are
collected. This careful work has so far prevented the establish-
ment of this insect in New Brunswick and has kept it from
increasing beyond harmless proportions in Nova Scotia.
xt would exceed the limits which must necessarily be set to
an account of this nature if I permitted my enthusiasm to
exceed my judgment and described further aspects of our work
which are reported annually, although I am aware of t'ie
humiliating fate that annual reports not infrequently suffer.
Mention should be made of the valuable investigations
that are being carried on at Agassiz, B. C, by Dr. Seymour
Hadwen, Assistant Pathologist of the Health of Animals
Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, on the life
histories of Hypoderma bonis and H. lineata, which are undoubt-
edly the most important hitherto carried out.
In certain of the provinces applied entomology has made
encouraging progress, particularly during the last few years. In
Ontario, in which province applied entomology in Canada had
its birth, the Entomological Department of the Ontario Agri-
cultural College at Guelph has always combined with its
educational work the duty of assisting the farmers and fruit
growers of the province in solving their problems and with this
work and the earlier woik in Canada the name of Dr. C. J. S.
Bethune will always be associated. In 1912, Mr. Lawson
Caesar, who is Associate Professor of Entomology in the
Agricultural College, was appointed Provincial Entomologist.
In addition to the investigatory work on insects affecting
fruit, Prof. Caesar has charge of the inspection of nurseries in
Ontario, which work is carried out under the provincial Fruit
Pest Act.
Annab Bntomtipcdl Sooitly tf Jtmerica l\ ol. IX,
Britirii Cotumbia st present has no Provir. .ial Eatoniologtet
owing to the removal of Mr. W. fl. Brittahi, the occjpant of
that positiciD for one year, to Nova Scotia. Mr. Thomas
Cmmingham, the Provincial Inspector of Pruit Ants has charge
of the wodc invoh'ed in administeriog the regolations of the
Provincial Horticiiltaral Board governing the control of insect
pests and plant diseases. It is largely due to his zeal that the
province is so remoi&ably free from such orchard pests as the
San Jose scale and codling moth. The inspection of toreign
nursery stock is carried out by a co-(^)erative arrangement
with tlbe Dominion Department of Agriculture.
The Province of Nova Scotia appointed a Provincial Ento-
mologist in 1912, Dr. R. Motheson being the first officer. He
was succeeded in 1S13 by Prof. W. H. Brittoin, who is also
Profesiior of Entomology in the provincial Agricultural College
at Trui.>, N. S. In addition to administering the provincial
injurious Insect and Pest Act, and his teachii^ duties. Prof.
Brittoin has found time to initiate several important entomol-
ogical inquiries. In particular may be mentioned investiga-
tions on the aphids afiecting apple, the of^le maggot and
Lygus iuvUus. For the purpose of prosecuting this work two
proyinoial 'field laboratories have been provided, one at KentviUe
N. S., «nd the other at Smith's Cove, N. S. All nursery stock
entering the province is inspected and fumigated smd the
Dominion Department of Agriculture has agreed to tlie inflec-
tion and fumigation by tho province of foreign nursery stock.
Since the establishment in the province of Quebec of the
Macdonatd Agricultural College at St. Annes in 1907, Prof.
W. JxMhhead and his staff have developed the study and
practice of applied entomology in the province wid at the
present time entomological investigations are lieing con-
ducted tliere. Much educational work is being accomplished
through the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants from
Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases which receives a provincial
grant. In 1912 the Abbe V. A. Huard, Curator of the Pro-
vincial Museum at Quebec, was ^pointed Provincial Ento-
mologist and he administers a prc>rincial act passed in 1913,
providing for the inspection of nurseries in the province.
In the other provinces of Canada, no provincial entomol-
ogists have been appointed and where entomological investi-
gations are being conducted they are in connection with one
1916] Entomoloty in the British Empire 2S
or other of the Domini Field Laboratories that I have men-
tioned. As the ne' ^r more work, particularly of a local
character, develops, additional attention will no doubt be paid
by the Provincial Departments of Agriculture to applied ento-
mology. In the meantime they rely on the assistance provided
by the Dominion Government. Where Dominion and pro-
vincial officers are carrying on investigations in the same
province, the heartiest co-operation is enjoyed and arrange-
ments are made witl' a view to preventing duplication of the
work and consequent loss of energy. In certain cases investiga-
tions are conducted conjointly and this spirit of co-operation
is most valuable, particularly in its relation to the attitude of
the public towards the work.
Ceylon.
Fc a number of years Mr. E. E. Green, who is widely known
by his work on the Scale Insects, was Government Entomol-
ogist to the Department of Agriculture of Ceylon and subse-
quent to his relinquishing the position in 1911, entomological
work on this island was carried on by Mr. A. Rutherford whose
recent untimely death was a great loss to colonial entomology.
Mr. E. R. Speyer is now in Ceylon investigating the most
serious insect pest of the island, namely, the shot-hole borer
of tea XyU^yorus fornicatus. Tea is also injured by the tea
Tortrix, Capua cojfearia, the yellow tea mite, Tarsonemas
translucens, and the Termite, Caiotermes mUitaris, which hollows
out the stems of living tea bushes. Rubber in Ceylon is
attacked by a number of insects, particularly root and other
borers. Cocoa, rice and mulberry plants are subject to the
attacks of a number of pests. Various species of Termites are
injurious to woodwork as in most tropic^ countries where
they occur.
Fiji.
When Mr. P. P. Jepson commenced his work as Entomol-
ogist to the Department of Agricultuze of Fiji in 1909i he fotmd
serious problems aw^ting his attention, particularly in the
matter of insects, affecting bananas, and cocoanuts. On the
island of Viti Levu cocoanut cultivation was practically abaa-
doned many years ago, owing to the injury done to^ the leaves
by a small moth Lemtana iridescens B. B. Since 1912' a change
S6 ^""olt Entomohgicol Society of America [Vol. IX,
has taken place which renders the chances of combatting the
insect successfully more • opeful. The most serious pest of the
bananas m Fiji is the weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Germ • a'
many as 100,000 individuals having been collected in one
month on a single plantation. This widely dist but«d pest
was mtroduced in 1901. As enemies in the form i predacious
beetle larva occur in Java and Dutch Borneo, and in view of
the impossibility of controlling the pest by artificial means
Mr. Jepson visited Java in 1913 to studv the insect predators of
this weevil and among them he found the Histerid beetle
Plastus javanus Er., the most effective. Five thousand of
these beetles were collected and three thousand seven hundred
and nmety-two were successfully transported to Fiji where
they were distributed in lots of 500 upon different badly infested
banana plantations. Subsequent visits showed that the beetles
were alive and repioducing after four months in the country
and good results are expected from this interesting experiment
which indicates the progressive character of Mr. Jepson's work.
India.
^ "The control of insect pests in India is a subject of singular
interest, not so much on account of the unusual nature of the
insects which are encountered there but owing chiLliy to the
character of the cultivators, the nature of the country and the
climatic conditions. Agriculture constitutes at present the
chief mdustry of the country and about sixty-five per cent, of
the people are dependent upon it as a means of livelihood The
European planter is practically negUgible as a constituent
factor, the dominant class being the cultivators. These are
native Indians who Uve on the land and have had a very limited
education. In many cases they have inherited a perfect system
of agnculture. But in the face of an insect outbreak their
preconceived notions of such calamities, their aversion to taking
hfe directly and their lack of any kind of material equipment
for fightmg pests make the appUcation of modem methods of
msect control almost an impossibility. Prof. Maxwell Lefroy
who did valuable work of a fundamental character in India, has
described some of the prevalent ideas, he says: "An inteUigent
cultivator growing sugar-cane under irrigation on an extremely
sound system with good manure, beUeves the cane-borer comes
with the weU-water used for irrigation." He has no conception
loia]
Entomology in the British Empire
27
of its life history but he regards the whole thing as a mystery,
not comparable with the life of any other animal; he will, as
likely as not, call in a priest to check it; the priest will perhaps
write four texts from holy writings, place them one at each
comer of the field to confine the evil influence and then remove
one to let out the influence which the texts have incommoded.
Or, he will pay a man of a certain caste to plough a line across
the field at night, the man having to be stark naked. In some
pwts locusts are believed to be the incarnation of a particular
deity and for each one killed a hundred will come; it is quite
likely that this has occurred, of which a few were killed being
followed later by a much larger swarm, but where we see no
connection, he sees a definite sequence of events. A case came
up where a man freed his rice field of a pest by a simple mechan-
ical method; his crop benefited but soon after his cow died,
and to that village the one was a consequence of the other. It
is difficult for entomologists in countries such as ours to realize
the almost impossible task of overcoming such long inherited
and deeply ingrainod instincts and religious beliefs. These
facts should be borne in mind in studying the methods employed.
The use of insecticides is naturally enormously restricted as also
is the employment of any but the simplest of mechanical
devices. Largely for these reasons we find the necessity of
resorting to such methods as the use of bait traps for moths
and hand picking, the latter being rendered possible by the
cheapness of the labor.
The losses from insects in so large a country are naturally
great and in many instances the failure to grow staple crops in
certain regions is undoubtedly due to an inherited tradition,
resulting from uncontrolled insect outbreaks, that such crops
cannot be grown. An outbreak of the cotton boll worm in the
Punjab and Sind in 1906-07 caused a loss of about 2,000,000
pounds sterling. In the locust campaign of 1903-04, 14,000
pounds sterling was spent in destroying these insects in one
province. The great Kirman Desert of Persia constitutes the
chief central breeding place for the parent flights of 5. pereg-
rinum, entering India from the northwest.
In ord'jr to understand the organization of the work in
applied entomology it is necessary to know the system of
government. The government of India is the supreme authority,
28
Annah Entomclotical Society itf Amtrica (Vol. IX,
the provinces into which the country is divided being under
provincial departments such as Madras, Bombay, Central
Province, Bengal, etc. The Imperial Department of Agricul-
ture conducts investigations and advises and directs the work
of the provincial departments. The latter largely carry into
effect the recommendations of the Imperial experts as they do
not all employ experts of their own, although a number of them
now have native or European entomologists attached to their
agricultural staffs.
The headquarters of the Imperial Entomologist are at the
Imperial Research Laboratories at Pusa. Mr. T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher is Imperial Entomologist and Mr. T. M. Howlett has
chiirge of the worV in medical and veterinary entomology. In
addition to English assistants there is an excellent native staff.
The scope of the work includes the investigation of the life
histories and bionomics of insect pests and the most practicable
methods of control under local conditions and experimental
work with insecticides.
An important section of the entomological work has reference-
to useful or productive insects particularly sericulture and the-
production of lac. These constitute important industries in
certain s^tions of India. For example, about three million
pounds worth of lac is produced annually and: whenas at
present it is mainly a forest product, collected' wild in the
jungles, the entomologists have shown how it can be ptodttced.
more cheaply by proper cultivation on trees fpnwino Jn pastures
and wajite lands in agricultural tracts. Prof. Lefroy's work on
Eri silU, t'^xluced by AUacus ricini of Assam,, fumidied ai
mear.s whereby a new silk industry taigjiit be- built up in certwa
localities in India.
Among the more important pests the following may b»
mentioned :
In certain regions swarms of hairy caterpiUars, t*e larve
of Arctiid moths, appear regtdhr';- after t*je first rain and causb
great loss ia grass lands, etc. it has been found that these
insects can be largely controlled> by capturing^ the adtalt moths
in bait traps of the Andles-Maire- pattern. In one region
in Bengal about lOiOOO acres of Tal land was destroyed
annually for fifteen years by caterpillars of Agretis. ypaibm.
Xt was fotmd that hand picking of the larva and captuse of the
1910]
Enhmohty in lit British Empirt
mothi by bait tnpi conitituted the best control meuuiet. In
tiw bait trap! eighty per cent, of the moths were unfertilized
females. Serious damage to the rice crop is caused by the
rice grasshopper {Hierotlypkus furdfer). For the control of
this insect ioarse bags are used, the bags being kept open by
two bamboos as they are drawn through the rice which of
course is grown in water; two beaters go before the bag and
drive the grasshoppers towards or with it. Cotton is attacked
by two boll-wonns and a Gelechia; the boU-worm is a serious
bar to the growth in India of any but the short stapled cottons
which mature rapidly and offer little scope for boU-worm
injury. In the control of the boll-worm in the Punjab, success
appears to have attended the use of parasites.
The immense loss of life due to insect-borne diseases, espe-
cially to malaria in India is well known and the importance of
the work carried out by Mr. Howlett in conjunction with the
Imperial Medical and Veterinary Departments needs no
emphasizing. Entomologists and medical men in India have had
no small share in the advancement of our knowledge of medical
entomology from the time when Ross carried out his crucial
investigations up to the present time and the standard and
scope of the work in India is steadily increasing year by year
through the labors of men such as Dr. W. S. Patton, F. W.
Cragg and others.
The condition of India in regard to that problem, which is
of such vital concern to more temperate regions and regions in
which agricultural development is taking place, such as the
United States and Canada, namely, the introduction and estab-
lishment of foreign insect pests is peculiar and full of interest
from a biological standpoint. The fact that India has not
taken in years past any special steps to prevent the introduction
of insect pests may appear strange to the minds of many
accustomed to the necessity of such measures. The omission is
not due to a failure to appreciate the importance of foreign
pests, but to a distinct failure on the part of foreign pests to
become acclimatised to Indian conditions. India appears to be
protected far more effectively, and a' -insiderably less cost,
against foreign insect pests by her clima„e and topographical
features. It is an isolated country bounded on the north by a
vast non-agricultural territory from which it is separated by a
f
so
Annalt Enlomehtical Society if Amtrica (Vol. IX,
formidable mountain barrier. Prof. Lefroy informi ui that in
India fierce dry heat ia the iniect'i enemy and the grcattst
check on insect life is that period before the rains when all is
parched and very hot. These are powerful adverse factors to
roost foreign insects, although some, such as the cabbage white
(Pirns bnutiea) and the wheat aphis (ToxopUra fraim'iiiim)
have adapted themselves in different ways to the climatic
conditions. A statement which Prof. Lefroy has given of the
relative proportions of native and introduced insects indicates
very clearly the evident check on ; he ability of foreign insects
to become acclimatised to India. Of the crop pests, exclusive
of scale insects and mealy bugs, out of 213 species injurious in
some degree, two moths and six aphides are possible intro-
ductions. Out of 109 scale insects, 24 are probably introduced
and of the most injurious ones, eleven out of the fourteen, are
introduced; the introduced scale insects are comparatively
harmless as a rule in India. These facts afford an interesting
contrast to our experience in North America.
New Zealand.
The chief agricultural industry in New Zealand has been
sheep farming. But with development along other lines, par-
ticularly in horticulture, the country has suffered the fate of
all new countries dependent upon the importation of plants
from foreign countries, and foreign pests have been introduced.
At first these pests were not subjected to the methods that a
later developed intensive system of agriculture involves and
consequently they made some headway.
While the entomological work of the government is largely
undertaken by the Government Biologist, Prof. T. W. Kirk,
the question of the control of insect pests is also dealt with by the
Fields and Experimental Farms Division and by the Orchards,
Garden and Apiaries Division. The latter Division administers
the inspection laws, involving the fumigation and inspection of
imported fruits and plants and the spreading of useful insects.
The Biological Section of the Department of Agriculture inves-
tigates, so far as its other duties permit, injurious insects in
addition to conducting general identification work.
1016)
Eniomelety in the Britiik Etnpirt
SI
British West Indies.
In 1898 the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the
Weat Indies wai eatabliihed with headquarters at Barbados for
the purpose of rendering assistance in agricultural matters
throughout the British West Indies, including British Guiana,
Trinidad, Jamaica, British Honduras, Bahamas, Bermuda,
Barbados, the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands.
It is principally concerned, however, with the smaller islands,
namely, those of the Windward and Leeward groups and Bar-
bados. As the larger colonies British Guiana, Trinidad end
Jamaica have organized departments of agriculture and being in
a more prosperous condition, it is the function of the Imperial
Department to advise the Government of these colonies. In the
case of British Honduras, Bahamas and Bermuda, advice by
correspondence is fully available.
Mr. H. A. Ballou succeeded Mr. H. M. Lefroy in 1903 as
Entomologist on the staff of the Imperial Department and he
carries on his work under the direction of the Commissioner of
Agriculture, Dr. Francis Watts. In addition to the entomo-
logical work conducted by the Imperial Department, certain of
the West Indian colonies maintain entomologists or combine
the work with that on plant diseases. Mr. F. W. Urich is Ento-
mologist to the Board of Agriculture for Trinidad and Tobago;
Mr. G. E. Bodkin, as Economic Entomologist to the Depart-
ment of Science and Agriculture of British Guiana, is responsible
for the entomological work in that colony. Mr. A. H. Ritchie
was appointed about a year ago as Entomologist to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for Jamaica. In Barbados the entomo-
logical work of the island is carried on by Mr. ]. S. Dash, the
Assistant Superintendent of the local Department of Agriculture,
for although the Imperial Department of Agriculture has its
headquarters in Barbados it has no direct connection with the
agriculture of the colony.
The Entomologist of the Imperial Department of Agriculture
Mr. Ballou, is directly concerned with the insect problems of the
Windward Islands (Grenada, St. Vincent and St. Lucia) and
the Leeward Islands (Dominica, Montserrat, Antigua, St.
Kitts-Nevis and the Virgin Islands). He has a laboratory in the
departmental building and on each island facilities for field
work are provided by the local agricultural departments, each
AmnaU EnlomcUtUal Sueiily aj AnuHea (Vol. IX,
cl which ha* a botanic garden or experiment itaticn, and lh«
oAcen in charge of theie gardens or itationi auiti in the local
entomdogical work.
The chief liniw of entomological inveitiagtion are auodated
with the principal cropt grown on the iilandt, namely, iugar
cane, cotton, cacao, limei and cocoanuti. A large number of
new cropt are being tried and thet will naturally introduce new
liuet of entomological inquiry, liie islandi have suffered the
fate of all new regions into which new crops have been intro-
duced. The crop* grown at present are praccically the same
ai they were ten years ago, the principal difference being the
standing of the cotton industry which was then in an experi-
mental stage. Now it has been established as a profitable
industry and as a result of the rapid increase in the acreage of
cotton, insects which previously were not recognized as pests,
and in some cases were unknown to science, have assumed an
important role as serious pests. For example, the flower-bud
maggot of cotton (Contarinia gossypii Felt) first made its
appearance in Antigua in 1907; the leaf blister mite Eriophyes
tfusypii Banks, first occurred as a pest of cultivated cotton in
Montserrat in 1903 and soon afterwards was found in all the
other islands of the Leeward and Windward groups. The black
scale (Saissetia nigra Nietn.) was formerly a serious pest of
cotton, but at present it attracts little attention owing to the
control brought about by the parasite (Zalopholhrix miruM)
which was first reared in 1907. Important injuries are caused
by certain hemipterous cotton stainers of the genus Dysdercus,
and a serious internal boll disease or rot now under investiga-
tion, occurring in certain islands appears to be associated with
the attacks of these cotton stainers.
One of the most serious classes of injurious insects occurring
in the West Indies, particularly in fields of sugar cane and com
(maize), are the Melolonthid larva known as white grubs on
this Continent; these insects are popularly known as hard
backs on the islands, the chief species being Ligyrus tumuhsus.
On certain of the islands recent investigation has shown that a
noticeable control is exercised by several insect parasites of these
larvte. Among the control measures recommended are the
planting of trap crops and hand picking the larvte which
measure cheap juvenile labor renders possible. Lepidopterous
1918]
Enlcmolcty in tkt Brilith Empire
S3
and rhyncophorout boren, pitrticuUrly auch root borer* ai
Diaprepti ahbrttialus L. and Exophlkalmut eturiens are lerioui
peiU of lugar cane. Termitei are also injurioui to lugar cane.
Citrui treei in the Weit Indie* have their full *hare of icale
in*ect(, the purple acale (Upidotapkei htckii Newm.) being the
moit important. A conriderable degree of control i* exerdied
over thi* and other *cale iniect* by certain entomophagou*
fungi. The red-headed fungu* (Spharoslilbe coccophUa) and the
white headed fungut lOphUmKlria coccicola) attack the purple
*cale, the former fungua also attacks the white fly (Aleyrodes
cUri R. and H.) The green *cale (Coccus viridis Green) is con-
trolled to a markrd degree by the shield scale fungua (Cepkalo-
iporium lecanii). In Trinidad the fungus Melarrhitium ani-
sopla has been artificially cultivated and used with a view to
controlling frog-hoppera attacking sugar cane.
Naturally every effort is made to prevent the introduction
of foreign pests into the islands by quarantine regulations. The
regulations of the various plant quarantine acts are carried out
by the local agricultural officers in the varioua islands; these
officers are required to inspect plant imports and to arrange for
the necessary fumigation and other prescribed treatment.
Much of the entomologist's time is occupied in traveling,
owing to the geographical situation of the islands of the Lesser
Antilles and the difficulties of steamboat travel which result in
an unfortunate loss of time. Nevertheless, the pages of the
Wtst Indian BulUlin, the quarterly journal of the Imperial
Department of Agriculture and its fortnightly publication, The
AtricuUural Nevis, and the pamphlets that have been issued
dealing with the insect pests of various crops bear witness to the
excellent work that is accomplished by the Entomologist in
spite of the difficulties with which he has to contend. And the
same may be said of those who are responsible for entomological
work in the individual West Indian colonies that I have
mentioned.
Other Imperial Entomouxsical Work.
Space forbids an individual treatment of the entomological
work that is being carried out in scattered units of the British
Empire to which reference has not been made. In many of
these places the investigations that are being conducted relate
34
Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IX,
chiefly to insects and ticks concerned in the transmission of
disease such as those of Dr. W. M. Aders on ticks in Zanzibar.
In the Seychelles entomological observations are being made by
Mr. P. R. Dupont, the Curator of the Botarii :' Station; in the
Federated Malay States Mr. C. Strickla. J is studying ::osqui-
toes and malaria, and other entomologies work, particjlarly on
locusts, is also being carried on by Mr. C. B. Holmaa i unt and
Mr. P. B. Richards. M. D'Emmerez de Ci.ur::-._.ny is paying
attention to the insects of Mauritius, and in Cyprus the ento-
mological work is conducted by Mr. Z. G. Solomides, who is
called upon to deal with the locust plagues to which this island
is subject.
r
The Annals op thb Entomological Socistt o*
America, poblished quarterly, March, June, September and
December.
;V-t
The regular annual subactiption price for the AiiXAts ia. in the
United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, Rkwaii and Mexico, $3.00;
Canada; $3.50 ; other countries, $4.00. Ctaeclos, drafts or money
orders e bould be drawn payable to Annau Entomolooicai. socitor
OF Ahb' ica, and addressed to Hekbbkt Osbokk, Uui^^;iiig Sditor,
State University, Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A." ' ,, ,' '
;-^fVt!.::;.j'-.rf, ,*, /j;.'..r
::0
- ■ • i" L ;
l:d^ '^;pM-)^:l%i^ii::
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11