Vertebrates of Ontario [microform]

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^ Vertebrates of Ontario

I

/ ':-(y:/

BY C. W. NASH

DEPARTMLNT OF EDUCATION
TORONTO

PPINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO.

TORONTO
Printed mkI PuUnhed by L. K. CAMERON. Printw la ilw Kiiii'i Mm Exc»II«ii Maiair.

I90S

WARWICK BROS & RUTTER. Limited. Printen.
TORONTO.

»,»ii^ti9o

To the Honorable K. A. Pvnk, M.D.,
Minister of Education,
^ Ontario :

I

I have the honor to present to you the "Manual of the X'ertebratcs
of Ontario," produced under your authority and instructions by Mr. C.
V\'. Nash of Toronto.

This work has been issued in three separate sections, viz., "Birds
of Ontario," "The Batrachians, Reptiles and Mammals of Ontario, '
^ and "Fishes of Ontario." To these sections has now been added a glos-
"^ sary and index to the whole.

The demand for each of these sections has been very great and the
3 issue has been much appreciated, particularly by those engaged in edu-
% c.-.tional work throughout the Province.

There is reason to believe that the presentation of this work will
jjreatly facilitate the study of animal life on the part of our people and
especially of the young, whether they are pursuing systematic studies
in natural history or are merely desirous of acquiring casual informa-
tion on the subject.

The economic importance of knowledge concerning all forms of
life is especially valuable in this Province where the great bulk of our
wealth is drawn direct from the hands of nature. Unfortunately too
little attention has been paid to this subject in the past, with the result
that many of our most valuable forms of life are threatened with exter-
mination.

This is particularly the case with our fish, many species of which
have entirely disappeared from our waters, while others formerly so
abundant as to have been within the reach of every person are now
luxuries only obtainable by the rich.

Our lakes, with the application of scientific methods, could undoubt-
edly be made to produce an unfailing supply of cheap and wholesome
food. This, however, will only be done when those engaged in the
fisheries have a better knowledge of the habits of the fish they capture
and the general public arc more fully informed of the value of this
important national asset.

I have the honor to be. Sir,

Yours respectfully,

David Boyle,
Superintendent Provincial Museum.

Toronto, Nov. 25th, 1908.

[3]

4

PREFACE.

Ill this work 1 liavi' intlLavourcd to ir.tludu all the \ u rtubrates
which have been found within the boundaries of the Province of Ontario.

Fishes.

'liie classification and .-ctiiicnce of {,'roups adopted for the Fishes is
that of Jordan and l^verniann, to whom I am also chiefly indebted for
the technical descriptions.

In the description of species the expressions "head 4" or "depth
4" mean that the lentrth of the head in one case, or the fjrcatest depth
of the body in the other, is contained 4 times in the lenjfth of the fish
measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the las-t caudal verte-
bra, the caudal fin beinp not included. The size of the eye and the
leng-th of snout and other head parts are compared with the lenjjth of
the side of the head, unless otherwise .stated; thus "eye 5" means that
Ihe horizontal diameter of the eye is 1-5 the lengrth of the head, ".scales
5-64-7" means that there are 5 rows of scales between the base of the
dorsal fin and the lateral line (the scale in the lateral line excluded), 64
(»blique transverse series crossinpc the lateral line and 7 horizontal series
between the lateral line and the base of the anal or the vent.

The fin formuI:p arc shortened as much as possible; thus "D. to,"
"D. IV, q," or "D. VIII-i;^" means that in the first case the fish has
a sinple dorsal fin of 10 soft or articulated rays; in the second case a
sinple dorsal fin of 4 spines and c) soft rays; and the last indicates a fish
with two dorsal fins, the first composed of 8 spines and the second of
I ;? rays.

Spines are always indicated in roman letters and rays in arabic
letters.

The measurements piven are intended to apply to the averape of
mature fishes, ^'ounfj fishes usually have the depth less, the head and
eye larper and the mouth smaller in proportion than adult examples of
the same species.

The coloration and marking- of fishes is extremely variable, no two
individuals beinp exactly alike; and not only .so, but each individual
chnngfes its color from time to time in accordance with its su.roundinq-s.

Consequently this character cannot be relied on in dlstinpuishinsj
a species, there beinp but very few, if any, which show in all stapes
the same coloration and markings.

[51

PKEFiCE.

All color descriptions as given herein are intended to apply to the
normal adult in its highest development as found in the waters to which
it is be&t adapted.

Batkachians and Reptiles.

In the arrangement and classification of these animals 1 have fol-
lowed the works of Prof. E. D. Cope.

The Batrachians and Reptiles of Ontario have as yet been but little
studied, and but few collections have been made. It is probable that
when more attention is given to them many North .American species
now known to <iccur in the States immediately adjoining us may hv
found generally distributed through the Province and that in the North
some new forms may be discovered.

Birds.

In this section the classification and nomenclature adopted is that
of the check list of the American Ornithologists' Union.

Mammals.

In the arrangement of the Mammals 1 have followed the system
adopted by Dr. Jordan.

C. W. Nasii.

Lee .\venue, Toronto.

November 25th, 1908.

CHECK LIST

OF THE

FISHES OF ONTARIO.

PISCES (The Fishes).

The Fishes may be defined as cold-blooded vertebrates, adapted for
life in the water, breathing by means of gills attached tc bony or
cartilaginous gill arches ; having the skull well developed an.1 with a
lowe- jaw; with limbs present and developed as fins, or rarely wanting
through atrophy; with shoulder girdle present, furcula shaped, curved
forward and with the sides connected below ; with pelvic bones present ;
having the exoskeleton developed as scales or bony plates, or horny
appendages, sometimes obsolete, and with the median line of body
with one or more fins composed of cartilaginous rays connected by mem-
brane.

The Lampreys differ so widely from the true fishes, having no jaws,
no limbs and no trace of the bones to which limbs should be hung that
they are properly excluded from consideration as fishes. I have, however,
included them here, as they are popularly believed to be fish and are of
economic importance to our fishery interests from the fact that they
destroy vast numbers of valuable food fish.

[7]

CHECK LIST OK THE

Class MARSIPOBRANCHI'. (The Lampreys.)

Skeleton cartilaginous; the skull imperfectly developed, not separate
from the vertebral column. No true jaws, no limbs, no shoulder girdle,
no pelvic elements, no ribs. (Jills in the form of fixed sacs, without
branchial arches, six or more in number on each side. Nostr' single
median. Mouth sub-inferior, suctorial, more or less circular. Heart
without arterial bulb. Alimentary canal straight, simple, wit' ..ut caval
appendages, pancreas, or spleen. Vertical fins with feeble rays, usually
continuous round the tail. Naked, eel-shaped animals inhabiting cool
waters. They undergo a metamorphosis, the young being often quito
unlike the adult.

Order HYPEROARTII. (The Lampreys.)

Nasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate.

Famii.v PETROMYZONID^. (The Lampreys.)

Hody eel-shaped, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed behind : mouth
nearly circular, armed with horny teeth which rest on papilla; ; gill ope.i-
mgs seven, arranged in a row along the side of the "chest"; lips present,
usually fringed ; nostril on top of head, just in front of eyes ; dorsal fin
more or less deeply divided by a notch ; the posterior part commonly con-
tinuous with the anal around the tail ; intestines with a spiral valve • eees
small.

The Lampreys undergo a metamorphosis, the larva of all species
being toothless and having the eyes rudimentary.

They attach themselves to fishes and feed by scraping off the flesh
with their rasp-like teeth.

Gi-fji s ICTHYOMYZON.

Lampreys with the supraoral lamina armed with two or three separate
teeth, pointed and close together, not forming a crescent-shaped plate-
anterior lingual tooth divided by a median groove. The dorsal fin notched
but not separated into two portions.

FISH OK ONTARIO.

(i) Silver Lamprey, tamper Eel.

( Icthyomyzon concolor.)

Body rather stout, compressed posteriorly. The hc.ul is broad and
the buccal disk large, with its edges not conspicuously fringed. The tooth
on the front of the tongue is divided into two parts by a median groove,
and the dorsal fin is continuous but deeply notched. The maxillary tooth
is bicuspid; the teeth on the disk are in about four series and all small.
The tooth-bearing bone of the lower part of the mouth has seven cusps.
There are fifty-one muscular impressions from gills to vent.

Colour bluish silvery, sometimes with blackish mottlings. Above each
gill opening there is a small bluish blotch. Length about twelve inches.

The .Silver Lamprey is abundant in the Great Lakes, usually in deep
water, but it runs up the small streams to spawn in the spring. It is a
most destructive parasite on the large commercial fishes, fixing itself to
their bodies by means of its suctorial disk and causing deep ulcerated
wounds at the point of attachment, which very frequently result in death.

When spawning they form nests in the bed of the stream among
cobble stones and pebbles; in these the eggs are deposited, after which
the parent fish all die. After emerging from the eggs the larva; burrow
in the mud or sand near the margin of the stream and there remain in
the larval condition, blind and toothless for a long period, sometimes until
they have attained a length of eight inches.

Gem s LAMPRTKA.

Dorsal fin either notched or divided into two parts, the posterior part
continuous with the anal around the tail ; supraoral lamina broad, cre.s-
centic, with a large obtuse cusp at each end and sometimes a minute
median cusp; lingual teeth small, with a crescentic toothed ed^e, the
median denticle enlarged; bucc-! disk small, with few teeth which are
never tricuspid.

The genus Lampetra is best distinguished from Petro ^on by the
structure of its so-called maxillary tooth, which has the form i a crescent
shaped plate '■ '^h terminal cusps and sometimes an additional median
cusp. In Petromyzon this bony plate is short and contains two or three
teeth which are very closely placed.

II)

CHECK LIST OF THE

(j) Brook Lamprey.

(Lampetra wilderi.)

The high dorsal fin is divided into two parts by a deep notch. Several
of the teeth on the side of the buccal disk are bicuspid and the rest simple.
The mandibulary plate is nearly straight and has eight or ten cusps of
nearly equal size. There are sixty-seven muscLlar impressions from gills
to vent. In the spring a prominent anal papilla is present. The head is
larger than the space occupied by the gill openings. Eyes large. Mouth
moderately small. Lips conspicuously fringed with papillx. The teeth
change considerably with age ; young specimens have no median cusp on
the maxillary plate.

Colour, bluish black above; lower parts silvery. Length about eight
inches.

This Lamprey ranges through the Great Lakes region, ascending
small streams in the spring to spawn. It clings to stones and clods of
earth while depositing its ova, and is believed by many persons to die
after spawning.

Like the rest of the family, it is parasitic on other fish.

I am not positive as to the occurrence of this species in our waters,
though I have often taken a small Lamprey in the northern and western
streams of Ontario and in the rivers of Manitoba which I believe to be the
Brook Lamprey.

Class PISCES. (The Fishes.)

The Fishes may be defined as cold-blooded vertebrates adapted for
life in the water, breathing by means of gills which are attached to bony
or cartilaginous gill arches ; the gills persistent throughout life ; having
the skull well developed and provided with a lower jaw ; the limbs present
and developed as fins, rarely wanting through atrophy ; shoulder girdle
present, furcula shajjed, curved forward below; pelvic bones present;
exoskeleton developed as scales, bony plates, or horny appendage"? or
sometimes entirely wanting, and with the median line of body with one or
more fins composed of cartilaginous rays connected by membrane.

Subclass TELEOSTOMI. (True Fishes.)

Skeleton usually bony, sometimes cartilaginous. Skull with sutures ;
membrane bones (opercle, preopercle, etc.) present; gill openings a single
slit on each side ; gills with their outer edges free, their bases attached to
bony arches, normally four pairs of these, the fifth pair being typically
modified into tooth-bearing lower pharyngeals ; median and paired fins
developed, the latter with distinct rays. Ova small. Heart developed,
divided into an auricle, ventricle and arterial bulb. Lungs imperfectly
developed or modified to form a swim bladder or entirely absent.

FISH <»K ONTAIMO.

II

Under this head are now included the (iannids and the TeleoM>>. Tin-
former group is chiefly composed of extinct forms. While many of its
representatives are extremely dissimilar to the bony fishes, there is a
gradual series of transitions, and between the Cycloganoidea of the
(ianoids and the Clupeoids and others of the true Teleosts, the resemblance
is much greater than that between the Cycloganoidea and many other
fianoids. The Ganoids are in fact the most generalized of the true (i-ihes,
those nearest the stock from which the Teleosts on the one hand anv the
Dipnoi, on the other, have sprung.

Series GANOIDEl. (Ganoid Fishes.)

The name Ganoidei was first used by Agassiz for those fishes which
are armed with bony plates, instead cf regular cycloid or ctenoid scales,
l-ater the group has been re.stricted to those fishes thought to show more
or less reptilian or balrachian affinities, and especially affinities with the
mailed fishes of the Devonian and Carljoniferous ages. The group is a
heterogeneous one and one scarcely susceptible of definition. In some of
the Ganoids the air bladder still retains its original function, a lung. The
existence of the solid optic chiasma, the presence of .several valves in the
arterial bulb, and of a more or less developed spiral valve in the intestine,
distinguish the living Ganoids from all Teleost.,.

Order SELACHOSTOMI. (Paddlefishes.)

Notochord persistent, the divi.-ion into vertebra; imperfect Meso-
coracoid developed ; no symplectic bone ; premaxillary forming border of
mouth ; no suboperculum, preoperculum, nor interoperculum ; me.soptery-
gium distinct ; basihyals and superior ceratohyal not ossified ; interclavicles
present; maxillaries obsolete; branchihyals cartilaginous.

Kamii.v POLVODOXTID.K. (P\t)i)i i-hsiiks.)

Body fusiform, little compressed, covered with mostly smooth skin.
Snout prolonged, expanded 'nto a thin flat blade, the inner portion formed
by the produced nasal bones, the outer portion with a reticulate bony
framework, the whole somewhat flexible. Nfouth broad terminal, but
overhung by the spatulate snout, its border formed by the premaxillaries,
the maxillaries being obsolete ; jaws wilh many fine declHuous teeth ; simi-
lar teeth on palatines; no tongue. Spimcles present. Operculum rudi-
mentary, its skin produced behind into a long acute flap; no p.seudo-
branchiae, or opercular gill ; gills four and one-half ; gill rakers long, in a
double series on each arch, the series divided bv a broad membrane ; gill

It

{■MKCK I.TST or THK

niurnbrancs considerably conncclec' but free from isthmus ; a single bmad
branchiostegnl. No barbels. Nostrils double at base of blade. Lateral
line continuous, its lower margin with short branches. Dorsal fin well
l)aik, of soft rays only ; anal similar, rather further back ; tail heterocercal,
tile lower caudal lobe well developed, so that the fin is nearly equally
forked; sides of the bent portion of the tail armed with small rhombic
plates, caudal fin with fulcra. Pectorals moderate, placed low, ventrals
abdominal, many raved. Air bladder cellular, not bifid ; pyloric ca-ca in
the form of a short branching leaf-like organ ; intestine with a spiral vahe.

r.EMs POLYODOX. (Padbiefishes.)

Gill rakers exceedingly numerous, very slender; spatula broad.
Caudal fulcra thirteen to twenty in number, of moderate size. Characters
otluTwise those of the family.

(.;) Paddleflsta.

(Polyodon spathula.)

The body of the PaddlePsh is fusiform, with the snout much produc.d,
spatulalike. Body scalcless, covered with smooth skin; mouth broad,
terminal ; teeth in jaws very numerous and fine ; deciduous ; spiracles with
a minute barbel. The operculum is rudimentary, its flap of skin long,
reaching almost or quite to the ventral fins ; pseudorbanchiae absent ; gill
arches five, the lar.t rudimentary ; gill r.-ikers long and in a double series
on each arch ; gill membranes connected, free from the isthmus ; nostrils
double, situated at base of blade ; a continuous lateral line from upper part
of head along dorsal outline to tail ; eye small ; dorsal and anal fins far
back, composed of soft rays, nearly opposite ; tail heterocercal, well forked ;
sides of the bent portions of the tail armed with rhombic plates. The
pectoral fins are of moderate size and placed low ; ventrals many rayed,
abdominal.

This peculiar fish cannot well be confounded with any other species
found in North American waters. It takes its name from its remarkable
snout, which is produced into a long spatulalike process, covered with an
intricate network and having very thin flexible edges.

In thj (ireat Lakes the Paddlefish occurs but rarely, its centre of
abundancj being the larger streams of the Mississippi Valley; there are,
however, two records of its capture in Ontario waters; one taken near
Sarnia, now mounted and in the Fisheries Museum at Ottawa; the other,
a fine specimen taken at Spanish River, Georgian Bay, in 1886, is also
mounted and in the office of the Bureau of Fisheries, Tore .ito.

The flesh of this fish is coarse, but considered by some to be fairly
good for table use. Of its habits little seems to be known, except that
it is somewhat sluggish and prefers water with a muddy bottom. It grows
to a length of five or six feet and specimens in the south have been taken
weighing one hundred and fifty pounds.

riSH «)K ONTARIO.

IS

^t3

Order CHONDROSTEI. (Tha Sturgtona.)

Notochord ptTsistent, the cartilaginous vertibr.u imperfectly dtvcl-
open. A mesocoracoid. \o symplectic bor.e. Maxillary present. No
.suboperculum or preoperculum. Interoperculu"' present. Mesopterygiuin
distinct. Interclavicles present. Basihyals and superior ccratohyal n..i
ossihtd. Hranchihyals osseous. This group is composed of the single
family Acipenser.die, represented in our Province by one species

F—ii.v ACU'EN-SERIDvE.

Hody elongate, subcylindrical, armed with five rows of l„,ny bucklers
each wish a medi.m carina which terminates in a spine, which sometimes
Ix-comes obsolete with age; a median dorsal scries and a lateral and
abdominal series on each .side, the abdominal scries sometimes deciduous •
l)etween these the skin is rough with small irregular plates. Head covered
with bony plates joined by sutures; snout produced, depressed, conical or
subipatulate. Mouth small, inferior, protractile, with thickened lips. No
teeth, four barbels in a transverse series on the lower side of the snout
in front of the mouth. Eyes small ; nostrils large, double, in front of eye
Wills, four; an accessory opercular gill; gill membranes united to the
isthmus; no branchiostegals. Maxillary distinct from the premaxillarv.
Head covered with bony plates united by sutures. Fin rays slender, ill!

rT^UTt T"-^J"\''u^ ^"'•^'■•''- ^^'-'"'^^^ Pl'-^'^ed low; ventrals manv
ra..ed. behind m-ddle of body; dorsal placed posteriorly; anal somewhat
)ehind It similar; tail heterocercal, the lower caudal lobe developed, the
upper lobe of the tail covered with rhomboid scales. Air bladdeV larire
simple connected with the «-sophagus. Pseudobranchia.. small or ob^o^
lete Atomach without blind sac; intestine with a spiral valve; pancre:.s
divided into pyloric appendages.

Large fishes, feeding on small animals, sucked in through the tube-
like mouth. Most of the species are migratory.

m.,cl7'ir'l""^"7i'^ '^*' "'■'' considerable, the snout in particular becomes
^SilT^K^"'^ less acute and the roughness of the scales is greativ
diminished; the ventral shields sometimes disappear altogether

Genus ACIPENSER.

h«/T' subconical, more or less depressed below the level of the fore-
H^L t *'"k "S'^^u "^ °'^' ^^^ *>'^- ^'''"^•''' P^^""'^'*^ moderately long,
Sal fin"*" T °f ' ! ' T' "J.^^y ''"*^'*'^" '"^*i"<^t '" the base of th^
c^uda r "■. ^;t'' "°* P'-"^"*^*^'^ '"t« •'• fi'a'nent. its tip surrounded by the
present ^ ' ""''"• "''"'''''^'^ «■" 'nnceolate. Pseudobrp chi«

14

CHECK LIHT OK THE

(4) Laka StHrgaon. Rock StiirgaoB.

(Acipcnscr rubicundus.)

Dark oHvr above ; side, pakr or reddi.h often with irreRular blackish
.not" Body rather elongate. Snout .lender and lon^ m the younK.
hS^omin" quite blunt with age. The shield, arc '-K-. -"P^;- -;;;
.trongly hol>kcd .pines, becoming later comparatively smooth; ventral
shield, growing smaller with age and fmally deciduous.

The fishermen make a distinction between the young and the old of
this species, calling the former Rock Sturgeon and the older fi^h Lake
Sturg^n. There is. however, but one Sturgetm m our waters; the d^cr-
ence in the si/e and shape of the snout and in the numlier and development
of the spines between the immature fish and the adult is sometimes very
great, hence the idea that two species are found.

The Lake Sturgct.n is found in the Great Lakes and all the larger
rivers falling into then,, and is a food fish of considerable commcrc.a^
importance, its flesh being used either fresh or dried and """°ked From
itsVoe. the delicacy known as caviare is made. This hsh attains a large
i'e?^^imens six feet in length and weighing one hundred pounds or
more being not uncommon, though of late years they have decreased

rapidly in both number and si/«'. . , ,, . .u u „:„„:n»^

The spawning season extends from the end of May to the beginning
of July, during which period tho fish run from the lakes up the rivers for
a considerable distance for the purpose of depositing their ov.n.

Order RHOMBOGANOIDEA. (The Gar Pikes.)

Parietals in contact; ptcrotic. basis cranii, and anterior vertebra
simple; symplectics present. Mandible with coronoid, angular, articular
and denary bones; third superior pharyngeal small, lying on fourth, upper
basihyal wanting; maxillary transversely divided. A cartnag.nous meso-
coracoid. Vertebra opisthocrlian. that is. connected by ball and socket
joints, the concavity in each vertebra being behino. Pectoral fins with
mesopterygium and five other basal elements. Tail heterocercal Air
bladder lung-like. single, connecting with the dorsal side of the o-sophagus.

Famiiy LEPISOSTEID^. (Gar Pikes.)

Body elongate, subcylindric.il, covered with hard, rhombic ganoid
scales or plates, which are imbricated in oblique series running downward
and backward. Both jaws more or less elongate, spatulate or beak-like
the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower; premaxillary ("'•'"'." B most o
»he margin of the upper jaw ; the maxUlary transversely divided into several
pK«:es. Lower jaw composed of as many pieces as in reptiles; coronoid
JlJsent. Both jnws with an outer series of small teeth, followed by one

^<5

ll

M

i '

u

2f.

i i

'1

FISH OK ONTARIO.

15

or two series of lar{,'e teeth, besides wiiich on the jaws vomer and palatines
arc a series of small, close-set, i asp-like teeth. Large teeth of the jaws
conical in form, pointed and striate, placed at right angles to the jaw.
Pharyngeals with rasp-like teeth. Tongue toothless, short, broad, emar-
ginatc, free at tip. External bones of skull very hard and rugose. Eyes
small. .Nostrils near the end of the upper jaw. An accessory gill on the
inner side of the operclc. Pseudobranchiie present. No spiracles. Gills,
four, a slit behind the fourth. Branchiostegals, three. Gill membranes
somewhat connected, free from the isthmus. Gill rakers very short. Air
bladder cellular, lung-like, somewhat functional. Fins with fulcra; dorsal
lin short, rather high, posterior, nearly opposite the anal, which is similar
in form; tail he ten ice real, in the \oung produced as a filament beyond the
caudal fin ; caudal convex ; ventrals nearly midway between pectorals and
anal ; p< ctorals and ventrals moderate, few rayed. Stomach not cjecal ;
pyloric appendages numerous. Spiral valve of intestines rudimentary.
Fresh water fishes of sluggish habits, but voracious and destructive to
smalU-r fishes. 1 he flesh is tough and rank, useless as food.

These fishes are of much riterest from their relationship to extinct
ganoid genera, many of whioli arc placed in this family.

GK\t s LKPISOSTEUS. {(iAK Pikis.)

L'ppcr jaw with an outer series of small, sharp, even teeth,
then a series of large teeth, some of the anterior row being usually
movable; next comes a series of fine teeth, in one row in front,
becoming a band behind. In some species the inner row of these
teeth contains larger ones; next the vomerine teeth, also in a long band,
and posteriorly a palatine band. These bands on the roof of the mouth are
lrt't|uently somewhat confluent or irregulai. In young specimens some of
the palatine teeth are often enlarged, these sometimes forming regular
series. Lower jaw with an outer series of small teeth, next a series of large
teeth, next again a broad band of fine teeth on each side. Each of the
large teeth fitting into a depression in the opposite jaw.

Sinr.EMs LEPISOSrEUS.

(5) Gar-fi.sh. Gar Pike. Biil-flsh.

(I.i pisosleus osseus.)

Body elongate, subcylindric. The jaws greativ produced, the upper
bemg the longer. Teeth in the jaws rather fine, sharp and stiff ; a single
inner row of large teeth, and an outer row of small teeth on each ;ide.
The snout is more than twice as long as the rest of the head.

1)., 7 to 8; A., 9; y., o; P., 10. Scales. 62 to 6^.

1«

CHECK. LIST OF TUK

Colour, grcL-nish above; the sides silvery and the belly vyh.t.sh ; numer-
ous round, dark spots on the sides, most distinct posteriorly and most
conspicuous in the young, becoming obscure with age. \ ery young indi-
viduals have a blackish lateral band. Vertical tins with numerous round

dark spots. ,. ,

The Gar-fish is generallv distributed from the upper St. Lawrence
River through the Great Lakes and their tributaries to the head of Lake
Huron I have no records from Lake Superior; and it is probab.y most
abundant in Lake lirie. It is said to attain a length of six feet and may
possibly do so in southern waters, but I have never seen one taken in this
Province which would exceed four feet. As a food tish it is valueless, its
Hesh being considered unwholesome. It spawns m late spring or early
summer, running up the larger streams for that purpose.

ri ! i!

11^ I

SuBciKMs CYLINDROSTEUS.

(6) Short-nosed Gar.

(Lepisosteus platostomus.)

Colour similar to L. osseus, but rather darker ; from that species it
mav readilv lie distinguished bv its shorter snout, which even m young
specimens does not much exceed the rest of the head in length. Maximum
length, about three feet.

D., 8; A., S; \ ., <i. Scales on lateral line, about 5*1.

The Short-nosed Gar occurs sparingly in Lake lirie, its centre of
.ibundance being in the Ohio and Mississippi \allcys.

Like the comm.-n Garfish, it is a voracious, destructive creature and
of no value as a food fish.

Order CYCL0G4N0IDEA (The Bowfins.)

Farietals in contact. Pterotic, basis cranii and anterior vertebrie
simple. Mandible with opercular and coronoid. Maxillary not trans-
versely segmented, bordering the mouth. Third superior pharyngeal
Iving on enlarged fourth. Upper basihyal wanting. Vertebra- amphiccvlian
tJie anterior not modified. Pectoral fins with mesopterygium and eight
other elements. Air bladder cellular and lung-like.

Family \M1I1)/K. (The Bowkins.)

Body oblong, compressed lu-hind, terete anteriorly. Head subcon-
ical, anteriorlv bhintish, slightly depressed, its superficial bones corru-
gated and very h.ird, scarcely covered by skin. Snout short, rounded;
lateral margins of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries, which are divided

KISH OF ONTARIO.

by :i lonsituclin.-il siitiiii'. jaws nearly even in front; rlt-ft of the mouth
nearly horizontal, extending beyond tile small eye ; lower jaw broad, the
rami well separated; between them a broad, bony plate, with radiating
striie, its posterior edge free; jaws each with an imler series of eonieal
teeth, behmd which in the lower is a band of rasp-like bands of small
teeth on the vomer and pterygoids ; palatines with a series of larger pointed
teeth: premaxillaries not protractile; tongue thick, s.anelv free at tip.
Nostrils well separated, the anterior with a short barbel ; suborbital very
narrow; a bf)ny plate coxering the cheek, similar to the pl.ttes on the top
of the head ; opercuUmi with a broad derm.il border. Branchiostegals ten
to twelve. No pseudobranchiie nor opercul.ir gill; no spiracle; gills, four,
a slit behind the fourth; gill membranes not connecte<l; free from the
isthmus. Two peculiar, long, lanceolate obliquely stri.ite appendages on
each side of the isthmus, projecting backward .ind 'co\ered bv the liranchio-
steg.il rays, the .interior wholly adnate to the isthmus, the posterior fn?e
behind. Isthmu.s scaleless. (nil rakers stoutish. very short. Scales of
moderate size, rather firm, cycloid, with a membranous border. Lateral
hne present. Dorsal fm long and low, nearly uniform, the posterior r.ivs
not much higher than the others; its insertion in front of the middle line
of the body, opposite the end of the pectoral. Tail somewhat heterocercal
(more so in the young), convex behind, no fulcra. .\nal few, short and
low. Pectoral and ventral fins short and rounded, the ventrals nearer
an.il than pectorals. Vertebrje amphico-lian or double coniave, as usual
among fishes, none of them specially modified. .Abdominal and cr.udal
parts of the \ ertebral column subeqiial. .Air bladder cellular, bifid in
front, lung-hke, connected by a glottis with the pharynx and capable of
as.sisting in respiration. Stomach with a blind sac; no pvloric cfeca. No
closed oviduct. Intestine with a rudimentary spiral valve.

Only one species of this family is known among living fishes, but
several lossil genera are commonly referred to it.

Gi:\i s /\MI.\. (RowFiNS.)

Body oblong, compressed behind, terete anteriorlv; head subconical
■nnteriorly bl-.-ntish, slightly depressed, its superficial bones .orrugated and
xery hard, scarcely .overed by skit, ; snout short, roimdcd ; lateral margins
of upp jaw formed by the maxillaries, which are divided bv a longitudinal
suture ; jaxys nearly even in front ; cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal
extendmg beyond the small eye ; lower jaw broad, T-shaped, the rami
well separated ; between them a broad, bonv plate, with radiating stri*
.ts posterior edge free; jaws each with an o-..er .series of conical teeth,
behind which in the lower is a band of rasp-lik,- teeth ; bands of small teeth
on the vomer .-md pterygoids; palatines with a series of larger, pointed
teeth; premaxillaries not protractile; tongue thick, .scarcely free at tip-
nostrils well separated, the .mterior with .t short b.-.rbcl ; suborbital verj

1»

CHKCK I-IST Ol' THE

narrow; a bony plate covering the cheek, similar to the plates on the top
of the head; operculum xvith a broad dermal border; bramhios egals ten
to twelve; no pseudobramhiiu or opercular gill; no spiracle: «'""'"".'••"
slit behind the fourth ; gill membranes not connected, free from the isth-
mus; two peculiar long lanceolate, olbiquely striate appendages on each
side of the isthmus, projecting backward and covered by the branchio-
stegal ravs. the anterior wholly adnate to the isthmus, the posterior free
behind; isthmus scaleless; gill rakers stoutish, very short; scales of mod-
erate size, rather firm, cycloid, with a mcmbr.-nous border ; lateral line
present; dorsal fin long and low. nearly uniform; the posterior rays not
much higher than the others; tail somewhat heterorerc.-,l (more so m the
voung), convex behind; no fulcrums; anal fin short and low; pectoral and
ventral fins short and rounded, the ventrals nearer anal than pectorals
vertebra; amphicolian .,r double concave, as usual among fishes, none o
them speciallv modified; abdominal and caudal parts of the vertebral
column subequal; air bladder ct alar, bifid in front, lung-l.ke. connected
by a glottis with the pharynx, and capable of assisting in respiration .
siomach with a blind .'■ac; no pylori- caca ; no dosed oviduct; intestine
with a rudimentary spiral valve.

(7) Dogfish. Bowfin. Mudfish.

(Amia calva.)

Dark olive or blackish .above, paler or sometimes bright green below ,
sides with tr.ices of dark greenish reticulations; lower j.iw and gular plate
often with round blackish spots ; fins mostly d;.rk. somev .i.-it mottled.
Male with a round black spot at base of caudal fin above, this is sur-
rounded by an orange or yellow border; in the female this is very faint,
or more often wanting.

Lateral line nearly median, directed slightly upward at each end.
Scales on lateral line, about sixty-five.
D.. 50; A., 10 to 12; v.. 7.

The female Dogfish is larger than the m.-ile. sometimes reaching a
length of twenty-four inches, while the male rarely exceeds eighteen.

This fish i- found generallv distributed in sluggish d weedy waters
from the upper St, L.-iwrence to the head of Lake Huron. I I'^'^e "o
records for Lake Superior. It is one of the most voracious of our fishes,
feeding upon .-,11 forms of small fry and insects, and where .abundant is
very destructive to the more valuable forms of fish life. Its flesh is said
to be soft, nauseous, and quite uneat.nble.

In Mav anc: June the Dogfish resort to weedy bays and marshes,
where they" spawn", the parent fish remaining with the eggs until they are
hatched, and afterwards protecting 'lu- voting for some time.

FISH OF ONTAIIIO.

19

Series TELEOSTEI. (The Bony Fishes.)

This group comprises the majority dI existing fishes. It is appaniiily
descended from the Ganoid type. .\s a whole, the 'leleostei differ from the
Ganoids in the more perfectly ossified skeleton, the less heterorcrcal tail,
the degradation of the air bladder and the arterial biilh. and in the sim-
plicity of the optic chiasma.

The Teleostei are divisible into two gre.it groups with rather ill-
defined boundaries, the Physostomi, or soft-rayed fishes, and the Physo-
clysti, or spiny-rayed. The iiiembers of the former group have through-
out life a slender duct, by which the air bladder is joined to the alimentary
canal. In most cases the fin rays are soft, the ventral fins abdominal, the
pectoral fins placed low, and the scales cycloid. Although the typical
Physostomi differ in many ways from the more speciall/ed Physoclysti,
yet as we approach the junction of the two groups the subordinate differ-
ences disappear, leaving finally the presence of the air duct in Physostomi
as the only differential character.

Subclass OSTARIOPHYSI.

This group is characterized chiefly by the modification of the anterior
vertebra". These are coossified and have some of their lateral and superior
elements detached and modified to form a chain of small bones, the W'eb-
enan ossicles, which connect the air bladder with the ear.

Order NEMATOGNATHI. (Catflshes.)

This order corttains several families, which agree in having the sub-
opercle wanting, the anterior vertebra coalesced, and the maxillarv
reduced to the bony core of a long barbel. None of the order have scales.

Famiiv .SILURID/E. (Cvthshes.)

Body n-.ore or less elongate, naked, or with bony plates. \o true
scales. Anterior part of head with two or more barbels ; the base of the
longest pair formed by the small or rudimentary maxillary Margin of
upper ,aw formed by premaxillaries only. Suboperculum' absent ; oper-
culum present. Dorsal fin usually present, short, above or in front of the
ventrals. Usually an adipose fin behind dorsal. First ray of dorsal and
pectorals usually developed as a stout spine. Lower pharyngeals separate
Air bladder usually present, large and connected with the organ of hearine
'"■ means of the auditory ossicles.

A vast family of more than one hundred genera and upward.s of nine
hundred species, mostly of the rivers and swamps of warm regions,
especially of South Americ.-i .md Africa. A few species are marine. Thev
are all very tenacious of life and most of them are excellent as food

* CHKCK l.fST OK THE

Genus ICTALLRLS. (Ciiaxx. . 'J.uhsh.)

Hod) slender, clonK.-.tc, coinprt-sscd no ^c.inrlv ; lu-ad sk-nder r,.n
ca : sup.n.c-.p.tal ....-a; or process pr...,..„.. ..aokw .rd/ s -nw^in .t«;
ap X r.-,vn .n« the acuminat.. anterior point of the second intersp n;d hu s

"f ' '"TT" '•""> '"■"'»^^- '"'"' "^^- ''-"' "• ""-• <'"-al spine mou"h

M . I. ter„„„al the upper jaw longer; teeth subulate, in a short Cdn

ach jaw; dorsal hn hi^h. with one lon^ spine and usually six ra "• .Ji-

i" ■ r vs ■:.'"::'7';''' ■"" :' •'""' = '""'" «" '■•"«• -'"• -enu-rne to thi tv-

nse'd 'wiVh 7 ""^ "'"• """ "'""'•^ =""' •^•■^•■" ^'■■••'"'•""' '■"y^:

D ctor in ;•""'' •^l""^-- ■■'''■■"^-«^' -^^rrate witi,in. and about nine ravs

p.Uoral hns each with a stout spine, retrorse serrate within -.nd -.1,; u

tN lon«:.r. Colouratum pale or silvery, usually with dark spots on the

(H) Channel Cat. Spotted Cat.

(Ictalurus punclatus.)

Head rather snt.ill, narrow. ,„nvex above, so that the eve is lit.l..
nearer the upper than the lower outline. Kve rather l.-..4e (Ir , Cntnih
Sn:,r"-i„""^'^^^ '""^ ?•- "--"-> -rbels^ea^^^'Ll^fS^
tTh . • «'" "Pf"'"R- ■'^Pi'H-s long, the pectoral spines stron.Wv ser-
raled behtnd. Body r.ather long and slender. Colour light olivaceous or
blu.sh above: sides s.lvery. nearly alw.-.ys marked with irregular smnU
d..,kround.sh spots: belly white; fins often with dark edging. '

''■ I-, f^; A.. 24; \. I., 8. ^ '^

It is extremely variable in colour .„ul in number of fin ravs md h-.s
consequently been described under a number of different name:'
of J!Z fi"'"" f *^'''"'' '" ■'' ''■"S^'^ "f ••'''""» three feet and a weight

h 1^2; " """"^" ■" "■"""'■ """''' ■■'"'' '^ •■' ■"-' -•-"-' table fi^h
Kr V r^ ''"mmon m our waters, but is taken most frequently in Lakes
r r,e and Ontano. Unlike most of the familv, it seems .0 pre er , tre
'■•'■•■'r water .md is partial to deep, fiowing str'e.'.ms. ^ ' "

ClKN.s AMKIURUS. (HoKXKD Fo, rs.j

Body moderately elong.-.ted, robust anteriorlv. the caudal peduncle
mu.h compressed; head large, wide, obtuse; superoccipital extended b"k
uard. ermmatmg m a more or less acute pointSvhich'is entlelv ™^^^
rom the second .ntersp.nal buckler; skin co^ering the bones tl ick e^s

; k[ T '' "'"'f '''"^''' '^' "PP^-- J-^- -"""V the longe te;th in
b.oad bands on the premaxillaries and mandibles; band of ^pner j-i
convex ,n front, of equal breadth, and without back vard pro onSu
tlu- angle: dorsal over the space between pectorals and ventralf highe

FISH or ONTARIO.

tl

than lung, uith a sharp spine and alM)ut .six branched rays; adipose tin
short, inserted uver the posterior half of the anal. .\nal fin of varying
length, with fifteen to thirty-live rays, the usual numlxT iH'ing twenty or
twenty-ont. Caudal fin short, truncate in typical spt-i-ies, more or less
forked in those species which approach the genus Ictalurus. Vcntrals each
with one simple and seven branched rays. Pectorals each with a stout
spine, which is commo;-ly relrorse serrate behind. Lateral line usually
incomplete.

The specie.*: are variable and not easily distinguished. Those in which
the caudal fin is forked make an a( oath to the genus Ictalurus. The
lack of connection between the supr.ioccipital and the interspinal buckler
is the only character by which these .species can be separated from Icta-
lurus.

SriK.KNl'S Hm'stxk.

(9) Lake Catfish. Channel Cat.

(.\nioiurus lacustris.)

Head 'road, much depressed; mouth wide; eye rather small. Body
stout ; dorsal base short, one-half the height of fin. .\dipose fin well
developed; caudal not deeply forked; pectoral spine as long .ns dorsal
spine. Colour olivaceous slaty, growing darker with age; sides pale, no
spots ; anal dusky on edge ; barbels black.

D. I., 5 to 6; A., 25; V. I., 8.

This Catfish has a wide range, and is con.sequently variable. It is
generally distributed throughout the Great Lakes and in deep rivers, but
is more abundant in Lake Erie than any other of our waters.

As a food fish it is highly esteemed by people who have no preiudices
against Catfish in general, though, like the rest of the tribe, its appear-
ance is not prepossessing.

In the south si^ecimens weighing over one hundred pounds are said
to be taken, but with us the fish very rarely attains a greater weight than
about thirty pounds.

Of its habits but very little is known. It is a bottom feeder and will
take a great variety of baits. Night lines set in its haunts and baited
with pieces of fish or small frogs are successfully used in taking it.

SriHiHM s AMKIURL'S.

(10) Yellow Catfish.

(Ameiurus natalis.)

Head rather broad ; mouth wide, with the upper jaw usually longer
than the lower, sometimes equal. The dorsal profile gradually ascends
from the snout to the dorsal spine. Eye moderate ; maxillary barbel rea':h-

t'MKCK LIST OK THK

lilK .-nd of hcjKl; humeral shi.-ld little .U.xtlo,H-d ; (L.r.al and p.. loral s,,i,u s
^lr..nK. short.r than suit rays; hei|{ht .>( dorsal e<,i,al 1„ twi.e Ih.- I,n«lh
of Its has,.; adipose lin lonj., <4)posii,. to and lonKer than anal; . an.lal
rounded. Colour yellowish, more or less clouded with darker l.mKlh
about eiKhie«'n imlus. *

}y I. <•; A.. .4; V. I., H.

The ^■ello^v Cat is found in Lakes Ontario. Krie and Huron. || is
not a ver> well marked speries and is in eonse.iuen.e K«-"erallv ,o„|„s..,|
with the other small Cattish. Its »le*h i» ntuch e.steemcd by son,e |H....pU
•>iu .IS an angler s lisli it is not highly prized.

SluBKigh streams, weedy Ims and cU*p water marshes are its favorite
resorts, and m its habit.s it re^'mbles the other memlnrs of the ^enus.

(II) Lonft-Jawed Catflsh.

(.\meiurus vulgaris.)
Head longer th.in broad, rather narrow forward, mouth wide; hi.rbels
long; lower , aw more or l.-ss .listinctly projeetinR. Ivve Nerv small. Adi-
pose hn well developed. The pirtoral spine is stout and al^ut two-thirds
as lonK .-.s the hn. C.-iudal square; anal rounde.l. i.e..Klh about eighteen
iiuhes. Colour dark reddish brown, varving to bla.kish. I) I (,■ \
iH to jo; V. I., 8. '

This species is found in most still weedy waters throughout the I'ro
vmcc, being most abundant from Lake Kric- westward. Inder favorable
conditions it .sometimes attains a weight of four pounds and is e;,uallv
good as a I.hkI lish as the rest of its tril>e. which it also resembles „ it's
habits.

(ij) Common Catfigh. Bullhead.

( Amciurus ncbulosus.)

Head heavy, upper jaw usually distincllv longer th.m the lower.
Barbels, eight; maxillary barbels as long as hea,' : H -.;,| proHl, from tip
of snout to dorsal hn straight and rather steep; mout.. .vide and terminal;
teeth .iwl-shapcd, m broad bands on the intermaxillaries and dentaries ■
dorsal situ-ited in front of middle of bcKly, short and high ; adipose fin
stout; an.il large. Caudal square or slightly emarginate. Colour very
variable, usually dark yellowish or olive, clouded with darker .-.bovJ
becoming yellowish or almost white below ; sr.metimes entirely black

D. I., 6; A.. 20 to .'2; V. L, 6.

This species reaches a maximum length of about eighteen in. hes and
a weight of four pounds ; the average of those taken in our waters is
however, much less. It is the common Catfish of the Province, .K.urring
.-ibundantly in all quiet streams, ponds and bays, especially in those
having a mud bottom.

Rarly in June, when about to spawn, the Catfishes select a spot in
quiet shallow water near aquatic weeds and there they make .i nest, from

ii

FISH OF ONTARIO,

2S

W

eight inches to one foot in diameter, by clearing out a slight depression
in the mud or sand. In this nest about two thousand eggs are dcposiled,
over which the parents keep guard, the male being most assiduous in the
work ')( protection. In about a week the eggs are hatched ind the >oung,
A'bicli look very like little black tadpoles, follow the parent fish along the
shores until nearly the middle of July, when they are left to shift for them-
selves; aftc lii' : the fry soon scatter and disappear into tieep weedy water.
They ' .1 w rapidly, ;i;H under favorable circumstances are said to attain
matur' y ii. three year,.

T,';- (.rtlish is un unnivorous feeder, nothing in the shape of animal
food b> ^"g beneath its lotice, nor is it particular where it obtains its food,
for I ha. I, ;-..:c'.' i. at all depths from the surface of the water to the bot-
tom, though its general habit is to grub .ibout on the mud, seeking for
what it may devour.

As an article of food this fish does not rank in the first class in the
estimation of most people; there are others, however, who prefer it to
any of the so-called "coarse fish," while to the small boy who goes fishing
it is a source of endless delight and a joy forever.

(13) Black Catfish.

(Ameiurus melas.)

Body short, stout and deep. Head broad behind, rather contracted
anteriorly ; the dorsal profile straight and rather steep from tip of snout to
dorsal fin ; eye rather small ; barbels longer than head. Caudal peduncle
stout. Tail truncate ; adipose fin well developed ; teeth very fine, awl-
shaped and in broad bands. Rays of anal fin white, in marked contrast
with the dark membranes. The dorsal spine strong and sharply pointed;
anal fin short and deep.

D. I., 6; A., 17 to 19.

This is a small species, rarely exceeding ten inches in length. In
colour it varies from yellowish brown to black above, becoming bluish
white below.

I am not certain that this species should be included here, though it
is recorded from the upper St. Lawrence and from the south shore of Lake
Ontario, in New York State, and I believe that many years ago I took it
in the County of Lincoln, Ontario. It will probably be found sparingly
in Lake Erie, but its centre of abundance is south and west of this Pro-
vince.

Genus NOTURUS. (Stone Catfish.)

Body moderately elongate, robust except in caudal part, which is
much compressed ; head flat and broad ; mouth terminal broad ; teeth in
broad villiform bands on premaxillaries and dentaries ; teeth of upper jaw
prolonged backward into an elongate triangular extension ; adipose fin
adnatc to the back ; a poison gland at the base of the peiloral spine.

24

CHKCK MST OK THK

II'

(14) Stone Catfish.

(Xotiiriis flavus.)

Body moderately elongate; head broad and flat; barln-ls short, longer
b.irbel on chin not quite half as long as the head; nasal barbel when laid
b.ick reaches end of eye. The low .idipose tin begins o\er the anal origin
and continues into the caudal; in adult specimens it is deepiv notched.
Caudal fin rounded. I'ectonil spine retrorse sermtc in front', roughisli
behind. Colour nearly imiform yellowish brown.

Length about twelve inches.

D. I., r,; A., 16; v.. 0; P. I., 9.

This species appears to he generally distributed .hrough the Lake
Ontario .md Krie waters, but is not abundant. It is an unpleasant fish to
handle because of the painful wounds produced by its pectoral spines.
There is a minute pore at the base of the pectoral spine \\hich is t\w outlet
of a noxious fluid secieted by a poison gland. When this poison is dis-
charged into a wound it causes ;i very painful sore.

(lEM s .schii.mf;oi)i:s.

Body moderately elongate, rounded imteriorly, com])ressed posteriorly ;
he.id flat ; skin very thick, concealing bones of he;id ; superoccipital not
joined to the head of the second interspin.il ; mouth large, .interior, the
upper jaw somewhat the longer; awl-shaped teeth in broad bands in the
jaws, the b.ind in the upper jaw abruptly truncate at each end ;md not
prolonged into .1 backw.ird extension as in N'oturus ; branchiostegals nine;
dorsal fin nearer to ventrals than to pectorals, with a short spine and
seven r.iys ; .idipose fin long ,ind low, adn.itc to the body and continuous
with the caudal fin, the .idipose niembr.me sometimes high .md continuous,
sometimes emarginalt caudal fin very obliquely truncated or rounded, its
base :ilso obliquely rounded ; many rudimentary rays both above and below
the caudal peduncle; an.il fin short, with twelve to twenty-three rays;
ventrals rounded ; pectoral fins with .i sharp spine of varying form ; vent
well in front of anal fin ; Literal line complete. .\ poison gland opening
by an orifice in the axil of the pectoral. Wounds caused by the pectoral
spines are exceedingly painful.

sinfiKMs sciin.BHoi)r:.s.

(15) Tadpole Stone Cat. Mad Tom.

(.Schilbeodes gyrinus.)

Body short and stout, sloping rapidly downw.ird from the dorsal
origin to the tip of the snout. Fiead short, broad ;md depres.sed, its width
nearly equal to its length ; jaws nearly equal ; snout short ; eve small. The
maxillary barliel reaches to the base of the pectoral ; the outer mandibulary

FISH OF ONTARIO.

26

barbel is sliRlitly longer. The nasal barbel is one-half as long as the head.
Adipose fin low, beginning over the anal origin and is continuous with the
caudal. The ventral origin is under the end of the dorsal ba.se, the fin does
not reach to anal origin. The caudal is rounded.

Colour brownish without blotches.

I>. I., (>; .\., 13 to 15; V .1., 8.

Thi.s little Catfish rarely exceeds four or five inches in length. It
frequents slow streams and weedy ponds and has the habit of hiding
beneath stones and among water plant.s. A.s in Koturu.s, there is a poison
gland at the base of the pectoral spine. It is said to occur in the region
of the Lower Lakes, but as yet I have not found it.

Order PLECTOSPONDYLI. ^Ca^plike Fishes )

Soft-rayed or physostomous fishes, with the parietals broad, distinct ;
pterotic normal; symplectic present; opercular bones all present; me.so-
coracoid presi-nt ; no interclavicles ; the four anterior vertebra- much modi-
fied and joined together, provided with the M'eberian apparatus or ossi-
cula auditus. Hranchiostegals few, usually three or four; shoulder girdle
attached to the skull. Thir; group consists entirely of fresh water fishes,
and includes about eight families, to which belong' the majority of all the
fresh water fishes of the world. The essential character of the order lies
ui the modification of the anterior vertebne, as in the \ematognathi, but
without the character of the rudimcnary subopcrcle and maxillarv and the
scalcless skin which distinguish the Catlishes.

Suborder EVF.NTOGNATHI. (The Carps.)

I'lectospondylous fishes with the lower pharyngeals falciforn:, par.illel
with the gill arches; two upper pharyngeal bones; brain case p'-oduced
betwpor orbits; jaws without tivth ; dorsal fin present; no adipose fin;
ve hdominal. dill openings restricted, the gill membranes attached

to ' ■ iHis. .Streams .md lakes of northern regions. Species Vi-ry

nuni. .

t

Famiiv CATOSTOMID.i;. (Iir,.; Siikkks.)

Body oblong or elongate, usually more or less compressed. Head
more or less conical. Operdes normally developed. Nostrils double ; no
barbels; mouth large or small, usually protractile and with fleshy lips.
Margin of upper jaw formed in the middle by the small premaxil'laries,
and on the side by the maxillaries ; jaws toothless. Lower pharyngeal
bones falciform, armed with a single row of numerous comb-like 'teeth.
Br.inchiof^ is three ; gill membranes more or less united to the isthmus,
restricting the gill openings to the .sides; gills four, a slit behind the

3 F.

2H

CHECK LIST OK THR

fourth; pseudobranchiie present. Scales cycloid, large or .sma:'. Lateral
line decurved, sometimes wanting. Head naked ; fins not scaly. Dorsal
fin comparatively long (of ten to fifty r.-iys), without true spine; anal fin
short; caudal fin more or less forked; ventrals abdominal, with about ten
rays; pectoral fins placed low, without spine; no adipose fin; belly not
serrated. Alimentary canal long. Stomach simple; no pyloric ca-ca. Air
bladder large, divided into two or three parts by transverse constrictions,
not surrounded by a bony cap.sule.

Genus ICTIOBUS. (Blffalo Fishks.)

Body robust ; head very large and strong. Eye moderate, anterior.
1-ontanelle large, well open. Opercular apparatus largely developed ; the
suboperculum broad; the operculum strongly furrowed. Mouth large for
a sucker, terminal, protractile forw.ird, or downward and forward. Man-
dible strong, oblique. Lips little developed ; the upper narrow and smooth ;
the lower rather full on the sides, but reduced to a narrow rim in front.
Jaws without cartilaginous sheath. Muciferous system of head well devel-
oped. Isthmus narrow. Pharyngeal Ixines rather weak ; the teeth num-
erous, moderate or small ; the lower ones gradually larger than the upper
ones. Gill rakers long and slender above, becomin.'r shorter downward.
Scales large, thick, nearly equal over the b-idy ; lateral line well developed,
slightly decurved anteriorly. Dorsal fin elongate ; anterior rays .somewhat
elevated, their length about half that of 'he base of the fin ; caudal not
much forked ; anal fin not much elevated ; pectorals and entrals moderate.
Sexual differences slight.

This genus contains an uncertain number of species, very few of
which have been yet well defined. They are large, coarse suckers, especi-
ally characteristic of the streams of the Mississippi Valley, and need much
study.

Subgenus ICTIOBUS.

(i6) Buffalo-flsh. Sucker-mouthed Buffalo.

(Ictiobus bubalus.)

Body considerably elevated and compressed above; the dorsal region
subcarinate; belly thicker; axis of body above the ventrals, below the
lateral line, and nearly twice as far from the b.-ck as from the belly. Head
moderate, triangular in outline when viewed from the side. Mouth quite
small; mandible about equal to eye. Dorsal fin elevated in front and
rapidly declined, the highest ray reaching much beyond the middle of the
fin, the seventh ray about half the length of the third or longest. Anal
rays rapidly shortened behind ; the middle rays much shorter than the first
long ones. Caudal deeply lunate. Colour, pale, slightly dusky; fins
scarcely dusky. D., 29; A., lo; V., 10. .Scales, 8, 39, 6.

m

riSIl (»l' (INTAIJIM

Southward and in the Mississippi basin this is the best known «)f all
the Buffalo fislu's. It reailus a length of three feet and a weight of thirty-
five pounds.

The only Ontario record I have is that of a specimen in the Fisheries
Museum at Ottawa, said to ha\e been taken in this Province.

(IiAis C.\Rr'I(iI)i;S. (Cakp Skkek. )

Hody oblong-, the dorsal outline more or less arched ; ventral outline
ne.T'y straight; depth from one-half to one-third of leng'h; sides com-
pressed; the back sharp edged; caudal peduncle short and deep; head
short and deep, its upper surface rounded ; eye moderate, median or
anterior; suborbital bones well developed; fontanel present; mouth small,
horizontal and inferior; mandible short; lips thin, the upper protractile,
narrow, the lower narrow; lips freely plicate or nearly smooth; jaws with-
out c.-irtilaginous sheath; muciferous system moderately developed; oper-
cular apparatus well developed, the subopercle broad; isthmus moderate;
pharyngeal bones remarkably thin, laterally compressed, with a shallow-
furrow along the anterior margin on the insule, and another more central
on the outline of the enlarged surfaces; teeth very small, compressed,
nearly equally thin along the whole inner edge of the bone, forming a fine,
comblike crest of minute serratures, their cutting edge rising above the
inner margin into a prominent point ; gill rakers slender and stiff above,
becoming reduced downward ; scales large, about equal over the hot » ;
lateral line well dcvv^loped, nearly straight ; dorsal fin long, nearly median,
somewhat in advance of ventrals, falcate, its anterior ravs elev.ited, often
tilamentous; caudal fin well forked, the lobes equal ; anal'fin comparatively
long and low, few-rayed; ventrals rather short, usuallv with ten rays;
pectorals short, placed low ; ;iir bladder with two < hani.,er.-. -Size medium
or rather '. .I'ge.

(ir) Drum. Lake Carp.

(Carpiodes thompsoni.)

Body short and stout, the back strongly arched. Head short, the
snout .-icutely pointed; lips thin, white, meeting at a wide angle; tip of
lower \nw much in advance of nostrils; eye small; dorsal about median,
its r.iys considerably elevated, the longest two-thirds as long as base of
fin. Scales rather closely imbric.itcd, 8-39 to 41-6.

D., 27; A., 7; v., 10.

This fi.sh ranges from the upper St. Lawrence to Lake Huron, and
is common in Lake Erie. It is not valued as a food fish, its flesh being
co.Tse and not well flavored.

It attains a weight of five or six pounds.

2H

CMKCK 1,1st oI

iHK

Okm s C.\STOST()AFl-S. (Imnk-Scai ei, Sitki-ks.)

Hodv ilonpat.-, lusifor,,,, rmmdtd. taix-ring antc-riorlv and postniorlv •

nnr .r^'' ^""P"'"'^''" '*":"": <-><' -"'•'11. placed hi^l. ;' suborl.i.al bones

arrou. l,..,tam-l pres.-nt. Iar«^. ; m„uth rather lar^.-, inlL-rior, uppor lip

h..k. pr,„ra,nlo pap.ll..s., louvr lip «r..atly devHo^p..,!. with a hroLl frcl

rnarK.n. usually drt-ply ,n,ised b.-hlKl, so that il forms two lob.-s, w i.h

aro ollcn more or h-ss separat.-d; mandible horizontal, short; oper.les

moderate; phar>nKc-al bones n.oderate. their teeth shortish, vertieallv

sm"d|.T • ;;'P""> ''"""-'""« i" size upward; seales .-omparativelv

small, typually murh smaller and erowded anteriorlv ; lateral line well

''r:''"'"'';;"''''>'''"'^''= ''"^^"' "•••"-'> ■•"■'li-'n. with from nine to fourteen
rays anal (m short and high, with seven developed rays; ventrals inserted
ndtr the middle or posterior part of dorsal, with nine to ten r.-.vs ; caudal
hn orked, he lobes nearly equal. In males the fins .-.re higher, and the
anal is swollen .-,nd tulxrculate in the spring. Air bladder with two cham-
bers, (he ijosterx.r l.-irnv. X'ertebra- forty-five to forty-se^,■n.

Sinr.EM s CAIOSTOMUS.

(i8) Northern Sucker. Lonj^-nosed Sucker.

(Catostomus catostomus.)
Bod
and flattened above, broad at the 1.;^, but tapering into a long

y elongate, round and tapering. Head long and slender, depressed
tened ..bove, bro.ad at the base, but tapering into a long snou
«h.ch overh.mgs the large mouth; lips thick, coarselv tubercudL the
upper hp narrow, with two or three, sometimes four.^^i;^ of p.'pilla"

small; scales very small, much crowded

lower lip deeply incised. K^e '^' ""'''"'^'^ '"'"■'' ''""^ "' P"P"''^ =
anteriorly.

I)., lo or ir ; A.. 7 or S ; V., ,0.

Colour above grevish brown, becoming white Inlow. .Males in s

spring.

s in earlv

As .-, food tish it is not highly esteemed. When fullv grown it reaches
a weight of four or five pounds.

SincKMs DECACTVLUS.
(ly) Common Sucker. White Sucker.

(Catostomus conimersonii.)

f.i. '^?5'>' "^"''^•■•■'''■'y "^tout, he.-.vy .-.t the shoulders and taperintr lo the
tail. Head conical, flnttish abo^c; snout rather prominent! Tcn'elv over-

riSH OV ONTARIO

»

p:i>>*in>{ thr mouth, wlii( h is r.ithcr larKf, witli the lips p:ipilio>c', llu- iip|KT
with twi> or throe rows of papilla-. Sciles small, crowded .interiorly,
larRer on the sides and hclow ; dorsal tin situated in middle of length;
xfiilral opposite dorsal- anal far bark.

.Scales, io-()4 to ~o-i).

D., n; A., •/; V., q.

Colour, brownish or olivaceous
spring showing a rosy flush. The
blotched and marked with blackish.

above, white below; the males in
young more brownish, very much
.\ small race of this species occurs

in streams which are blinked by dams or other impediments so as to pre-
vent the fish ever running down to the lakes. These fish never grow to
a greater length than about five or six inches, nor do they lose the dark
markings of the young; yet in that condition they undoubtedly spawn, for
the supply is always maintained.

This is the most abundant of ail the Suckers in Ontario waters, .ind
the most generally distributed. It is found in lakes, rivers and even in
land-locked marshes and ponds. It spawns in early spring soon after the
ice goes out, and then forces its way up the tlooded streams and through
the swiftest rapids to reach the spawning Inds. .\t this time vast numbers
;ire speared and netted by fish-hungry people in tht- rur.il districts, for at
this season its flesh is eatable, though coarse and full of hnnes. Com-
mercially It is of very little value, but as ii affords I'imkI for B.iss, Lake
Trout, and all other predaceous and voraceous fishes, it is of consider;ible
(M-onomic importance.

Its food consists largely of soft-bodied insects and the smaller crus-
taceans, and it will readily take worm bait.

The largest I have ever .seen would weigh from three to four pounds,
but they were exceptional; from one and a half tf> two being aboi . the
average size of the spring run of Suckers.

SiHfiKMs HVPKNTKLIUM.

{20) Ho]{ Sucker. Stone Roller.

(Catostomus nigricans.)

Body subverete ; head flattened on top, the interorbital space concave
and the frontal bone short, broad and thick ; eye rather small ; mouth
large, lips well developed and strongly papillose ; fins all large, caudal
moderately forked ; lateral line fully developed, on median line of body.
.Scales moderate, equal 7-52-7.

IX, II : A., 7; v., 9.

Colour brassy olive, the back with dark cross blotches which disap-
pear with age ; lower fins red.

.•\ large species, sometimes reaching two feet in length. It is found
in L.ike Erie and is recorded by Messrs. Evermann and Goldsborough
from Lake of the Woods.

»>

t'lIWK l.fST OV THK

OEMS ERIMVZOX. (r,„,. .S,.KK«s.)

I

of tlKc...Lt^r.K "''*■''• ""' '""'•'' "-'^"'^viT than the tl.-shy par

"■ ■■" '<*" -iH-.,™!. Ai/M;„;',:'r„:,;,;";t': ,";,;,:;:!;:;"•■'> '■■"-" ■-

(-M) Chub Sucker.

(Krimyzon siiii-tta.)

l.t.ral line Scales'; tl-l; ''"" "^ '""«'^ = '^•■'"*'^'' *"»<''^"y ^^^l^-" = -"'

paleSSs'""^'' '■■^'^^"^''"^^^ >°""^ -i'*' '"-^ '-"i^ or bars a.u,

<;kms MIWTKKMA, (S..,niK»S.,KKRs.)

line interrupted' i^ th adul h. t wlh ol r^ ^ ,""'"""" '". ''"*" = '^"•"■••''
«rown specimens, and obsolHe t ti" „^ ^ t ?::;rr'':^h" r^'^''^

dorsal fin rather X' md hk'l fn T'' "^^'-"'-^ "'^ '" ^fox„.stoma :

FISH OF OXTAHIO.

81

short; vi'iitr.ils >h«rt, niidwiiy ht-twi-en tip of snout atid l);isi' «>(' i ,iu<liil ;
laiKlal tin miulfrati-ly forki'd, tho IoImis cjiial ; air l)lad«U'r witli two ibaiii-
Ix-rs. I It-ad in mail's tulKTculatc in spring.

(.-.) Striped Sucker.

(Minytrt-ma inclanops.)

Hmly oblong, subti-ri-tu ; bi-acl luoclcrali-, suIm oniial ; ovo small; no.
trils about over the annk- of iho mouth ; dorsal origin over tip of pectoral ;
vi-ntrals nearly under middle of dorsal. .Seales larj,'e, firm, 4'>-i,V

I)., !-•; .V, 7; \., 9.

Colour dusky aljove, coppt-ry below, usually a dusky bloli h Ix-hiiid
dorsal tin ; scab's mostly with a dark spot at the base, the spots forming
lun^itutlinal stripes. In the younjj there is no lateral line, but in adults it
is almost entire. OUI males durin).; the spawning; season in the sprint;
have the head tuberriil.ite.

This species is found in Lake Krie at'<| probablv iMcurs sp,iritii;i\ in
Lake Ontario also, but I haxe no records from that region. A:, a loixl
lisb it is of little value.

(iiMs MONOS l()M.\. (Ml III is; Ki D-iioksi Si ( ki Us.)

Hody moderately elongate, soiiulimes nc.-irly round, usually com-
pressed; scales larj{e, nearly uniform in si/e ; later.il line complete, strai^;hl
or anteriorly cur\ed; head v.-iryiny in lenj;lli, subconic.il ; eye usually
rather larf^e, placed moderatelv hifjli ; suborbital bones very narrow; foii-
tanelle well developed; mouth varyiii(.r much in .'■i/e, inferior, the mandible
horizontal or nearly so; lips unusually well developed, the form of the
lower varyiiiff. usually with a slijjht median fissure, but never (hi ply
incised; lips with lrans\erse fohls, whiih are rarely broken up to form
[)apillie ; jaws without cartilajjinous sheath; muciferous syslcm well
developed; opercular bones moderately dexeloped, nearly smooth; isthmus
broad; f^ill rakers weak, moderately lont; ; pharyngeal bones rather weak,
the teeth rather coarser than in I'^rimy/on and Catostomus, strongly roni-
pi sed, the lower live or six stronger than the others, which rapidly
diminish in si/c upward, each with .1 prominent internal cusp; dors.il tin
ne.irly median, moderately long ; anal lin short and high, with .seven
developed rays; caudal tin deeply fork(<l ; air bladder with three chambers.

{2^) White-nosed Sucker.

(Moxostom.i anisurum.)
Body elongate, somewhat compressed, slightly arched anteriorly.
Head moderate, flat and broad above. Mouth slightly inferior; upper lip
thin, lower strongly V-shaped; eye large. Snout rather blunt, not pro-
jecting much beyond the mouth ; fins .ill well developed, the dors.il large,
its first ray is as long as the base of the fin ; upper caiid.il lobe n.'irrow
and longer than the lower. Scales, 5 to Ti ; 4^ to 46; 4 to 5.

1 1

•£i

ClIKCK MST OF THE

I f

*

1 *

'^■. 15; A., r to K; v., 8.

Colour pale; raudal smoky gray; lower fins red.

I h.s speaes ,s jr«-nerally distributed through the St. Lawrence I -.ke

developed it attains a length of about two feel. ^

(.•4) Short-headed Mullet.

(.Moxostom.-i brevieeps.)

Hody deep, r<,mpressed ; head small; snout short and sharply coni.

ud r,!^"^.;;;;;"^' -^•■'" -;>'"^, f-- -«>>-sting that of the vvi^itehi ;

I rs.; u \ u- ^''P''' '"'"^ ^''''^^''^'' =*"'' '""•■•' '""B*;-- than the lower-

ri^u'o;":.:^::^' s^:'i.^:r= ''""' '''"" '''^" -""""^"-^

Colour silvery, the lower fins bright red.

Ihis species seems to be confined entirely to Lake Krie so f-,r .s onr

(J,S) Common Mullet. Red-horse.

(iMoxostoma aureokum.)

he.d'short"conT'i*''r ''"'.^ '" ''''''' "' ''"■"^^' '''-"^'^d --^"d Con,prcssed ;
ns 1 ' u' ""'" '"-*''''"■" '-'>■'•'•'*; '""»"' '•^'ther small, with thick

•^/pressed " ollJ TrT'"*^' T*^ -i"""^ ''''>''' = -"''•-" P*^^"-'' "^ '
he bodv mH ^•'"'^^'/V'^^-d- •■^'-ales large, about equal in size all ove
the '«'*'> ^-y;d^fine^y stnated, .,-4..-f,; lateral line complete.

«nd l^i^s'^b""'' "■"" ^""°"^ ''''""^y ^'^fl'^'^""-- P^'- '-'-: '-'

This is the handsomest and best of all the .Su. ker f-.mMv if

.>rmerly abund.mt in the waters of the Lake.s fron ,t S, wre c.to

I-ake .Superior, but owing to persistent netting during the spaw^ng"^- s, n

Kamh.v CNPRI.Ml)^. (T„K Cahi-s.)
Cyprinoid fishes with the margin of the upper jaw formed by the on-

scries ot unh m small numhcr. four to seven in the main row. and ;. less

1

m

1 1

FISH OK ONTAHIO.

3S

number in the others, if more are present. Head naked ; body scaly in ail
our species. Barbels two or four ; absent in most of our genera and not
large in any. Belly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated.
(Jill openings moderate, the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus.
Branchiostegals always three. Gills four, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudo-
branchiae usually present. \o adipose fin. Dorsal fin short in all the
.American species. V'entral fins abdominal. Air bladder usually large,
commonly divided into an anterior and posterior lobe, not inclosed in a
bony capsule, rarely wanting. Stomach without appendages, appearing
as a simple enlargement of the intestines. Fishes mostly of moderate or
small size; very abundant both in individuals and species, and from their
great uniformity in size, form, and colouration, constituting one of the
most difficult groups in natural history in which to distinguish Tenera and
species. Our genera are mostly very closely related, and separated

by characters which, although reasonably constant, are often of slight
uctural importance. The spring or breeding dress of the male fishes
■ peculiar. The top of the head and often the fins or various por-
jf the body are covered with small tubercles, outgrowths from the
epidermis. The fins and lower parts of the body in the spring males are
often charged with bright pigment, the prevailing colour of which is red,
although in some genera it is satin white, yellowish, or black.

Young Cyprinidffi are usually more slender than adults of the same
species, and the eye is always much larger; they also frequently show a
black lateral stripe and caudal spot, which the adults may not possess.

The fins and scales are often, especia-.y in specimens living in small
streams, covered with round black specks, immature trematodes. These
should not be mistaken for colour markings.

m

Genus CAMPOSTOMA. (.Stonk Rollers.)

Body moderately elongate, little compressed; mouth normal, the jaws
with thick lips and rudiment of a hard sheath ; premaxillaries pr tractile ;
no barbel; teeth 4-4 or i, 4-4, o, with oblique grinding surface, and a
slight hook on one or two teeth ; air bladder suspended in the abdominal
cavity and entirely surrounded by many convolutions of the long alimentary
canal ; peritoneum black ; pseudobranchia? present ; scales moderate ; lateral
line present ; dor.sal nearly over ventrals ; anal short ; no spines. Herbiv-
orous. Sexual differences very great, the males being covered with large
tubercles in spring. The singular arrangement of the intestines in rela-
tion to the air bladder is peculiar to Campostoma among all known fishes.

(26) Stone Roller. Stone Lugger.

(Campostoma anomalum.)

Body moderately stout, not greatly compressed; the caudal peduncle
long and deep. Snout obtuse. Scales, 8-52 to 53-8.

34

C'HKC'K LIST OF THE

IX, «; A., 7 or «.

Colour brownish with a brassy lustre above, the scales mottled; a
!)lack vertical bar behind opercle ; iris orange. Dorsal and anal each with
a dusky cross-bar about half way up; in spring males the upper half of
these hns IS fiery orange. In the spawning .season, the males have the
head and frequently the entire body covered with large tubercles. Youne
mottled brownish, the fins plain.

In this spt-cies the intestinal canal is from six to nine times the total
ength of the body, its numerous convolutions passing above and around
the air bladder, an arrangement found in Campostoma alone among all
the v-ertebrate.s (Jordan). It grows to a length of about eight inches and
ft widely distributed.

I have not yet found this fish in our Province, but it should and
probably does <xcur m streams flowing into the Niagara River and into
l-ike Frie.

Ckm s CHROSOMUS.

Body moderately elongate, little compres.sed ; jaws normal ; no barbel •
tectli 5-5 or 4-5, moderately hooked, with well marked grinding surface'
alimentary canal elongate, about twice as long as body ; peritoneum black ';
scales^ very small; lateral line short or wanting; dorsal behind ventral s ;
anal basis short. .Size small. Colours in spring brilliant, the pigment
bright red. > j ?■

(27) Red-bellied Dace.

(Chrosomus erythrogaster. )
Body fusiform ; head conical with pointed snout ; caudal moderately
forked. Its middle r.-.ys two-thirds as long as the outer. Scales, 18-80 to
».-,-io; teeth, 5-5. Length about three inches. D., 8; .\. 7V 8-P i'
Colour, brownish olive, with black spots on the back, a blackish'band from
above eye straight to the tail, sometimes breaking up in spots behind;
another below, broader, running through eye, decurved along the lateral
line, ending in a black spot at base of caudal ; belly and space between Ih,-
bands bright silvery, brilliant s.arlet in spring males, as are the bases of
the verticil hns ; the females are obscurely marked.

This species has been taken in .Mgonquin P;.rk"bv Prof. Mncoun, but
I have no other records.

(ii-Ms HVBOCi.\.\THL'S.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; mouth horizontal, the jaws
norma . sharp^-dged ; lower jaw with a slight, hard protuberance in front;
no barbel; upper jaw protractile ; tet-th 4-4, cultriform, with oblique grind-
ing surface and little if any hook ; alimentary canal elongate, three to ten
times the length of the body ; peritoneum black ; scales large ; lateral line
continuous: dorsal inserted before ventrals ; anal basis short. Size mod-

FISH OK ONTAHIO.

35

eratf. Sexual ihatifjes very slight, no rtii or black pigment distinguishing
the males in spring.

SiHiJKM s H'l HOJINATHLS.

(jK) Silvery Minnow.

(Hytjognathus nuchalis. )

Body rather slender; head rather siiort, the profile evenly curved; eye
moderate ; lateral line decurved. Caud.il moderate in size and deeply forked.
Scales, »)-38 to 39-4. Teeth, 4-4, long, much compressed, with a long
oblique grinding surface. Intestines seven to ten times as long as the
body.

Colour above, olivaceous green, liansluccnt; sides silvery, with bright
rellections; fins un.spotted. Length about six inches.

Has been taken in the Lake Ont.irio region of .New \ork State and
will probably also occur here.

(iKMs PIMKPH.\Li:S. (K\T-HKMJ Minnows.)

Hody rather robust, little compressed ; hcati short and rounded, mouth
small, inferior; upper jaw protractile; no barbel; teeth 4-4, with oblique
grinding surface, usually only one of the leeth hooked; dorsal over ven-
trals, its first (rudimentary) ray separated from the rest by membrane,
not joined to them as usual in Minnows, this character most di.stinct in
adult males, in which the skin of the first ray is thickened; anal basis
short; intestinal ci'nal elongate; peritoneum black; pseudobranchia' pre-
sent; scales r: ;mall ; lateral line complete or v;iriousIv incomplete.
.Size small. Hi males with much bl.ick pigment and with large
warts on the head.

Blaok-heail Minnow, i I'imeiihaliK jiioniilnx.)

(29) Blaclihead Minnow. Fathead.

(I'imephales promelas.)

Body short, deep, and moderately thick ; head short, w ith a very
obtuse snout; mouth very small terminal, slightly oblique. Scales, 9-45
to 49-fi,

4 F.

t'HKCK LIST OF THE

D I., 8;A. I., 7; v., 8; R, ,8.
rh!n ™'— ^^'« '" ^P""8 dusky, with black head and the snout and
IZ 1^ ""n^erous coarse tubercles. Females much paler; ith sexes
have a dark lateral stnpe which varies much in individuals. So^e speci!
mens I have show ,t clear and distinct from shoulder to the end oM he

he tie" ;1he dts'f '" ^H T"!!'^ ^'^•''"^- ''"^- '^ » dark .Tnd a ong
tne base of the dorsal, widest and most distinct in front fading cut tn

4-^'\',''^r. ^'"^'^ =>''°"* '^° ^"d a half inches. ' ^ "* *°'

The Blackhead is found chiefly in streams and ponds having a mud

where"- It sD'awnsi""? '' """"' ''T'"''^ '" ^^^^-" Ontarb than Hse-
where. It spawns .n June among the stones near the shores of its habitaf.

(30) Blunt-nosed Minnow.

(Pimephales notatus.)

..„„^°^I .?''"''■ *'°"&-'«'^> ^^ith a slender caudal peduncle: head rather
long, wuh the snout abruptly decurved. Mouth verv small' inferSr nearfv
horizontal ; caudal moderately large and forked. The la eral I ine' curS
very slightly downward as far as the ventral origin and hen follows

Colour, dusky olive, lighter on sides, black spot on front of the dorsal
inch.?' U -cur??; tS'^'!'"" "" "''^'^'''e. reachmg a length of four

Genls SEMOTILUS. (Cm hs. Fal.-kis.ies.)
Body stout, moderately compressed and elongate; mouth terminal
wide the upper jaw protractile ; a small barbel jusf aboveThe end of the
maxillary; m most .American Minnows the barbel is at its tip the maxH
lary barbel sometimes absent in young; teeth 2 ... 2 h^^u'J ^u .
gnnding surface ; scales rather la^ge, fa'tera, line cVmpLe ^a h^n t^es
22t:~t ''"'"' ""'"''•■ ""'' ''' ^"'^' ^^"^^ vttebri

SincFxus LEUCOSOMUS.

(31) Chub. Horned Dace.

(Semotilus corporalis.)

rnth ^ r'' "'"'^^"^^'y ^^P' elongate, with a stout caudal peduncle- head
The lateral hne curves downward abruptly over the pecto'aT becomtg

s
-^

KISH OF OXTAHIO.

87

median over the end of that fin. Scales, 7-46-5. A small barbel on max-
illary.

I). II., 7; A. II., 7: v., 8; P., iH.

Colour, upper parts steel blue; sides and belly silvery, fins unmarked.
In spring the males have the IjcIIv and lower fins flushed with deep rose.
This is the largest representative of the Minnow irilie in our waters, under
favorable circumstances attaining a length of eighteen inches. It frequents
streams and mill-ponds, spawns in June, and is most abundant in the
eastern part of the Province. This fish is eatable, but its flesh is not
greatly esteemed.

.Srnr.ENLs SEMOTII.L'S.

(■ii) Creek Chub. Horned Dace.

(Semotilus atromaculatus.)

Body slender and moderately elongate ; head thicker than the body
and rather short ; eye rather small and placed high. Mouth moderate,
very slightly oblique, the jaws subcqual, or the lower slightly included.
.Maxillary barbel minute (not evident in the young). The lateral line is
abruptly bent downward over the first half of the pectoral, straight and
nearly median during the rest of its course ; caudal mtxlerate and not very
deeply forked.

Scales, 9-58-6. I). II., 7; A. HI., 8; V., 8; P , 15.

Colour, bluish brown above; sides with a distinct duskv band, which
becomes obsolete in the adult. Young specimens have the in<l of this
band more pronounced, forming a black spot at the base of the caudal. A
small black blotch always present on the front of the base of the dorsal.
Belly whitish. Males in the spring have the belly rose-tinfed and coarse
tubercles on the snout. This species sometimes attains a length of twelve
inches; it is very abundant and generally distributed in all the streams of
Ontario. As a food fish it does not take high rank, though it affords a
great deal of sport for rural school boys. It spaw--; in carlv summer on
the stony shallows in the streams it frequents.

ClKMs LEfCI.SCL'S. (I)ACE.)

Body oblong, compressed or robust, covered with moderate or small
scales; lateral line dccurved, complete, or variously imperfect; mouth
usually large and ter-..inal, the lips normal, without barbel ; teeth mostly
•2. .S-4. 2. hut somewhat variable, hooked, with rather narrow grinding"
surface or none; anal basis short or more or less elongate; dorsal fin
posterior, usually behind ventrals ; intestinal canal short. Size generally
large, some species very small.- A very large group, one of the largest
current genera m ichthyology, represented by numerous species in North
.'Vmerica.

CHECK LIST OK THE

SumiEM 9 CLIN'OSTOML'S.

Red-iidtHl Sliincr. ( h ucitnu flonytilun. )

(33) Red-Sided Shiner.

(Leuciscus elongatus.)

Body elongate fusiform with long and slender caudal peduncle- head
Urge, with long pointed snout. Mouth wide, with projecting low^; jaw
Caudal large and deeply forked. The lateral line is abruptly decurved
over the front half of the pectoral. '"rupiiy aeturved

«f »k"' '":k^' ^- "'•• '': ^'- ^' ^•' '4- ''"*■'="'. -'. 5-5. 2, hooked, some
m«!S "^ K ^ "arrow grmdmg surface. Colour, dusky bluish, somewhat
mottled; a broad black lateral band, the front half of which is bright crim-
son in sprmg males and which i,, persistent in most specimens through the
summer. °

A very abundant species found in most streams in southern and
central Ontario. One of the handsomest of our creek fish.

Genus ABRAMIS. (Bream.)
Body subelliptic; strongly compressed, both back and belly curved-
back narrowly compressed, almost carinated ; belly behind ventral fins
forming a keel over which the scales do not pass. Head small, conic;
mouth small, oblique or horizontal, without barbels; scales rather large-
lateral hne continuous, strongly decurved; dorsal fin inserted behind The
ventrals, anal fin with its base more or less elongate; teeth ?-■;. hooked
with grinding surface, the edges more or less crenate or rrate a^ent
ary canal short, though rather longer than the body.

SuBGEM's NOTEMIGONUS.
(34) Butterflsh. Golden Shiner.

(Abramis crysoleucas.)
Body somewhat elongate, much compressed; head short, low. com-
pressed mouth smal.', oblique, the maxillary not reaching eye lateral line
much decurved. The dorsal fin higher than long, situated' on mSd e of

Sng'^urfacr'^'- ""''-' -°-"--'- ^-"'' ^■^' ^^^^^^ -^ ^'t"
D., 8; A., 13.

* i

KISH OK UNTAKIU.

lolour, Krefni<.h alnjM-, >ido«< Kilvt^ry in the vounK, «iih Mronj; ({oldfii
retliHtions in .-uliilts; (in-. ycllowi.Hh. Li-n^th iilxiut ten inches.

An :il>un(liint ti^h in (|uict weed) w;iUts thniuKhout ihc southern :irid
ienlr;tl part ol the l'r<i\inie. It- lloh is ediblv, but solt and weedy
llaMiured. Spawns in early summer.

Ge.js CMOLA.

I'orm and appcarame of I'imephales, the saniu bquammatiHn, fin ray»
and phin ol colouraiion, and the first ray of the dorsal similarly separated
hy the membrane; ttu- sti ■cture ol the mouth similar, but with the intes-
tinal lanal short, short-r than lK>dy, the peritoneum pale and '.he teeth
more IvMiked, as in Notropis. The Ki'nus is very near I'imephales,
althoii)jh in its lechniial charai'tcrs it approarhes nearer to Notropis.

(IS) Bullhead Minnow

(fliola vigilax.)

Hody rather stout, compressed, with deep tail ; head heavy, blunt ;
snout shori. decur\ed; mouth terminal, slightly oblique; teeth strongly
h<x)ked; scales in front of dorsal small, i rowded.

.Scales, 8-4i-o. U. I., 8; A., 7.

Colour, pale olivaceous with a plumlx-ous lateral band, always ending*
in a bl.ii k spot at base of caudal ; a conspicuous black spot on middle of
front of dorsal. Resembles Pimcphales notatus, but distin^juished by the
short intestine, larger mouth, p.iler colouraticm, with m.ire definite mark-
ings. Length, three inches

Jordan .ind Kverm.mn record this fish Irom Detroit. It theref'M-c will
probably be found in the waters of southwestern Ontario.

Gkms notropis. (Siiinrks.)

Hodv oblong or elongate, more or less compressed ; mouth normal,
mostly terminal and oblique, sometimes subinferior ; no barbels ; teeth in
one or two rows, those of the larger row always 4-4, h<H)ke<l. sh;irp edged,
or with a narrow grinding surface; .scales large, often closely imbricated,
those before the dors.il rarely verv small ; i.Jeral Ime complete or nearlv so,
usually decurved; dorsal fin inserted abcve. or more usually behind the
ventrals; anal fin short or moderately long, .ibdonien rounded, never sharp
edged. Colouration more or less silvery, often brilliant, the males in
spring usually >ith red or white pigment and the head with small tuben les.
A very large group of small fishes, spec, ally chara lerisli of the fresh
waters of ea.stern North .Vmerica.

Si H(.E\is CHRIOPK.
(36) Notropis cayuga.

Head four and one-sixth; depth, four and a-hnlf eye three and a
huif; stales, thirl>-six. leeiii, 4-4. Lateral line wanting on some scales;

40

CHECK LIST OF THE

mou h very small, anterior, the maxillary not reaching the eye; jaws sub-
equal ; eye large. Scales above dark edged, the outlines veri^h .roW
defined; chm not black; a black stripe thn.ugh snout and eveMskJ
lateral shade and a small caudal spot. ' ^

Length, two and a-half inches.

it ^.m^lTtf^^f- 'o"' ^'««'.^'«^'< State westward to Assiniboia
It will no doubt be found in Ontario, but I have not yet seen it.

(37) Notropis muskoka.

tuo-tSs dr-lmrrr' '^'"'^" ^^r^' ^^^y p^'^ ''*^''""= •' ^"^"^ ^-^"^^ --'bout

i«o thirds diameter of eye around snout and on sides to base of caudal fin ■
^ndfh T^'t *''%''-''"'^ '■" ^"""^^ '° "^-^ "PP- i--= between thTs band

same widl rd-t" 7k'', r """'' ''^'""^ '^ " "^''''^^ "-'^ «^ -"""'"e
same width a dark vertebral line present, also a similar one from base of

,h„ J' ^'^,^'^c ^""T ^'""'OP''* ^••''yuff-T in the reduced size of the scales before

lar..t''^nH • 'Kr'"" ''^"''*"'' """^y- '"-^ »''""* "-"'. -d the sS y
larger and more oblique mouth and the more incomplete lateral line h
IS also a larger fish than Notropis cavuga

were'^tTi^'f'Tm ^^1""*""' ^•■"■>'"f /" '"-'"K'h from ,.31 to ..8., inches

ou^:t';tTblZttf!rrLi^*" "^ '•"" "^•^•^' ''^''^''- ^-^ f--- ^"^^

in S JpteX?74""- '' """' '""""' '"' ""'" "^ ''^- '• '^- ^'^^"^

(38) Notropis heterodoa.

nnint!^''^^'""''''"*^'^ '*''"*• '""^ ''•'•"='* Somewhat elevated; head rathe.

Hrrll ;• ""T ''"^"'"'"•''f'^: -"""th oblique, lower jaw projecting

literal line usually more or less imperfect. Scales, 5-36.,. TeeU, ' .4

often crenate. > a j .■»• iccm, 4-4,

Colour oiiv.iceous; chin black; a blackish rostral band; sides with a
dusky band. Length two and a half inches.

Ranges from the St. Lawrence River westward.

St'nr.ENL's ALBl'RNOPS.
(39) Notropis fretensis.

Slender compressed; mouth oblique; eye three and a h.ilf in head
ateral hne decurved. Scales, fi-,,..,. Colour, olive, a plum^Ls lateral
shade and dark spot at base of caudal. Length two and a half inches.

from the 'pZ7^V ""^ '^'T1^ '" '''''"^"^ ^y •'"^'l''" »"J Evermann

trom the fireat Lake region and Detroit River,

FlStr 01' ONTAIUO.

41

(40) Straw-colored Minnow.

(\otropis blennius.)

Body slender, elongiite, its j,'reate.st depth one-liftli of total length
without caudal; head rather large; eye large; mouth small, inferior, hori-
zontal, snout very obtuse. Scales, 5 to 6-32 to 38-4. U., 8 to 9; .\., 7 to S.

Colour pale, olivaceous ; sides usually pale, usu.illy a darker dorsal
band and a small dark blotch before dorsal, sometimes a plumbeous lateral
stripe, but no caudal spot; fins all plain. Length about two and a half
inches.

Range from the upper St. Lawrence through the region of the (ireat
Lakes. Lake of the Woods (Kvermann and (ioldsborough).

(41) Notropis volucellus.

Body moderately stout. Head depressed, the snout rather long. Fins
more elongate than in most rel.-ited species, the pectorals reaching ventrals.
Caudal peduncle slender.

D., 8; .\., 8; scales, 4-34-3-

Colour, olivaceous, a slight dusky lateral shade ; no dorsal stripe ,
fins plain. Length, two and a-half inches.

This species has been found in the Detroit River. I have no f)thei
records from our waters.

SiBOF.Ms HUDSON lUS.

(42) Spawn-eater. Smelt.

(\otropis hudsonius.)

Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head conical, with short,
blunt snout ; mouth >niall, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw very slightly
the shorter. The lateral line is slightly curved downward over the pec-
toral, straight and median for the rest of its coi •>«. Caudal large and
deeply forked, its middle rays half as long as the outer. .Scales, 7-38-5.
Teeth, 2, 4-4, i or 2, with a narrow grinding surface on at least two.

D., 8; A., 8 or 9; v., 8; P., 14.

Colour, pale olive, young always with a round black spot at b.-ise of
caudal; sometimes a dark lateral b.ind; fins unmarked. Length, ten
inches.

Common and generally distributed in the lakes and larger streams
from the upper St. Lawrence to Lake Superior. The northern form of
Lake Superior is N. h. selene.

sinr.FMs c^prinf-:ll.\.

(43) Silverfin.

(Notropis whipplii.)
Body moderately elongate, fusiform in the adult. Caudal peduncle
short and stout. Head conical, compressed, snout pointed. Mouth mod-

4S

CHECK LIST (»K THK

crate terminal slightly oblique, jaws nearly equal. The .-.udal is l-.r^.

Length, about four inches.

It is found in the .St. Lawrence and fJreat Lakes region.

Siw.EMs Lf.MLUS.
(44) Shiner. Redfin. Dace

(Notropis corn ut us )

dusky t^g^'S sirs*!! "'"' i' ?'l! 'T ^'""^ '"«= "^-^^ —

line. In spring male the bellv nH . '" ' «'*'''' "'^^^y ''^•^'•'"''' ^^''h a gilt
and nape covered tith sm J 'ure^ceT^f^^^'^'f* TT' ''^ ''''"'
inches: under favourable circuttt^es erh p . liule'lr "■"'^"' ^'^'^'^

the S:::i ^'^i::;:^.::^':;: t-;"x '" ^v^^'-^^^^ ->^:throughout

pools and eddies - """'" '"'"" "P"'-'' ■'•''^^"ate with deep

It spawns in early summer on stony shallows.

.N. c. frontalis is the form commonly found in the lakes.

SiBc.Exts XOTROI'LS.
(45) Notropis jejunus.

Head four ; depth, four and two-thirds ; eye rather hr^e R«^ ,u
slender; head flatt sh abovp iho ^n«. .11 1 . , "^"^ 'arge. Body rather
large, oblique ' "*""' '''"""-^'* ""'' ^"""^ed ; mouth rather

IJorsal oyer yentrals ; .r, scales before dorsal.

u.. «: A 7; scales, .s.-,;.^; ,eeth, 2, 4.4, i.

^

FISH OF ONTARIO.

43

This species is recorded by Evermann and Goldsborough from Lake
of the Woods and Rainy River.

(46) Notropis atherinoides.

Head, four and two-thirds; depth, five and a half; eye three and a
quarter. Body long and slender, compressed, the back not elevated.
Head blunt, conic, proportionately shorter than in related species. Mouth
moderate, very oblique, upper lip on level of upper part of pupil ; maxillary
about reaching front of eye. Eye large, rather longer than snout. Fins
low; dorsal well behind vtntrals ; tips of ventrals extending to beyond
middle of dorsal. Lateral line decurved.

D., 8; A., 11; scales, 5-38-3; 15 before dorsal; teeth, 2, 4-4, 2.

Colour translucent tfreen above; sides bright silvery; scales above
faintly punctate, but not enough so to render them dark-edged, nor to
form blotches along sides; a faint dark vertebr;d line; males in spring
with the snout rosy. Length, four to six inches.

This species ranges from the St. Lawrence River through the Great
Lake region to Manitoba.

(47) Notropis rubrifrons.

Head, four; depth, four and three-quarters; eye, four. Body mod-
erately elongate, the back scarcely elevated, caudal peduncle somewhat
contracted. Head longer than in most related spiries, conic and rather
pointed. Mouth rather large, very oblique, upper lip above line of middle
of pupil, maxillary reaching to opposite eye. Eye moderate, anterior,
usually shorter than the sharp snout.

D., 8; A., 10; scales, 5-39-3, tho.se before dorsal large, 15 to 17 in
number; teeth, 2, 4-4, 2, little hooked.

Colour olivaceous above; scales with darker edges; sides silvery; a
dark vertebral line ; a row ot dark dots along base of anal ; males with the
snout tuberculate in spring; the forehead, opercular region and base of
dorsal being then flushed with red.

Length, two and three-quarters inches.

This species is recorded from the St. Lawrence River and Lake of the
Woods (Evermann and Goldsborough).

SuHGENUs LYTHURUS.

(48) Redfin Minnow.

(Notropis umbratilis.)
Body compressed, the caudal peduncle long: head long, conir
rather pointed ; mouth large, moderately oblique lower jaw somewhat pro-
jecting; eye moderate; scales closely imbricated, crowded anteriorly;
dorsal fin high, in.serted about midway between ventrals and anal; pec-
torals not reaching ventrals; caudal long: lateral line much decurved.
Scales, 9-40 to 52-3. Teeth, 2, 4-4, 2. D., 7; A., 11.

4-t

CHECK LIST OK THK

Colour, d;irk steel blue above : pale or silvery below. A more or less
evident black spot at base of dorsal in front ; the fins otherwise all plain.
Males with the anterior dorsal region and the head profusely covered with
small whitish tubercles, the lielly and lower fins Ix'ing of a bright brick
red in the spring. Females very pale olive, sometimes almost colourless.

This species is recorded by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean as ranging from
Western New York to Minnesota. It should therefore be found in the
waters of Western Ontario, but as yet I h.ive not seen it. Our form would
probably be N. u. lythrurus.

Gems RHIMCHTHVS. (Biai k-noskd Dace.)

Body moderately elongate and little compressed, with usually stout
caudal peduncle and long, conical nose ; head rather large, sometimes
broad and flat above; eye small; mouth small, subinferior, the upper jaw
fixed by the union of the upper lip to the skin of the forehead; end of
maxillary with small barbel. Teeth, 2, 4-4, j (sometimes j, 4-4, 1), those
of the principal row usually hooked, without grinding surface. A short
intestinal canal; scales very small; lateral line decurved, continuous;
dorsal origin slightly behind ventral ; b.ise of anal short. Stnall fishes
inhabiting clear, cold, brooks and streams.

(49) Long-nosed Dace. Niagara Gudgeon.

(Rhinichthys cataractae.)

Body elongate, subterete ; caudal peduncle stout ; head moderate ; eye
rather ^ove median; mouth horizontal, small, placed under the snout, the
lower jaw the shorter; upper lip thick; barbel evident but small; caudal,
large and well forked; scales, 13-57 1065-10. Teeth, 2,4-4, -• 'hrec of the
principal row hooked. D. II., 7; .\. II., h; \'., 8; P., ij.

Colour, dusky olive, the back darker, below pale, some of the scales
mottled irregularly with dark and olivaceous, no bl.-ck latcr.il hand in the
adult, but in the young there is a trace of a dusky band. Males in the
spring have the lips, cheeks and lower fins crimson. Length, ;ibout five
inches.

This species is found from the Niagara River to Lake Superior. It
is not uncommon at Sault St". Marie.

( lihiHirlilhi/n alnmtiHitti. )

Mlack-nosed Dace.

(50) Black-nosed Dace.

(Rhinichthys atronasus.)
Body long, somewhat stout ; head small, conical ; eye small ; mouth
small, slightly oblique, with nearly equal jaws; the maxillary barbel small

1

FISH OK ONTARIO

4.^

<ir \v:inting. The dorsal oriiiin is nearer to root of caudal than to lip of
snout ; caudal small and not deeply forked. The lateral line curves down
over the pectoral, soon bi'corninjj median. Scales, 10-56 to 63-10. Teeth,
2, 4-4, 2, three of the principal row strongly hooked. D. H., 6 or 7 ; A.
II., 6; v., 8; P., 11.

Colour dusky blackish, mottled above, whitish below, a black lateral
band, bordered above and below by pale. Spring m;iles have the lateral
band and ventral fins crimson or orange. In some adult specimens I have
the dark lateral band is entirely wanting. Dr. Philip Cox, of New Bruns-
wick, who finds boih this and the preceding species in that Province, .says :
"These two species are with us very closely related and present at all
times such instability of characters as to suggest intergr.-iding. " Length,
about three inches.

\'cry common in all streams of the Low<'r Lakes and .St. Lawrence
region. In the I'pper Lake region it is represented by R. a. obtusus.

(iHM s HVMOPSIS. (H<)i<\v-m;\i)s.)

Body robust or variously elongate ; mouth terminal or inferior, with
lips thin or somewhat fleshy, .1 conspicuous b;irbel always present an«l
terminal on the maxill;iry; a second barbel sometimes present on each
side; premaxill.-irics protractile. Teeth .1.-4 or i, 4-4, i, or o; hooked, the
grinding surface narrow or obsolete. -Scales usually rather large ; lateral
line continuous. Dorsal inserted over, in front of, or slightly behind
ventrals ; anal basis short. Males usually with nuptial tubercles, and
sometimes flushed with rvil. A large and varied group closely allied to
\otropis, from whic li it differs chieflv in the presence of the small maxil-
lary barbel.

Sinr.FM s FRIMYSTAX.

(51) Spotted Shiner.

(Hybopsis dissimilis.^

Body long and s!en<ier, caudal peduncle long and low ; he.id long,
snout obtusely rounded at the point ; projecting beyond the sm:ill mouth.
The gill openings are separ.-ited by a broad isthmus. Caudal moderately
l;irt;e and deeply forked. Barbels conspicuous. Scales, 6-43 to 47-5.
Teeth. 4-4. hooked and with .1 short grinding surface. D. II., 8; ;\. IL,
6; v.. 7: P.. 15.

Colour, jibove olivaceous, beiow silvery, the lateral band is dusky, on
which are several dark spots; the band is carried forward through the eye
and around the snout : tins pale. Length, about six inches.

This species occurs in the Lower Lakes and rivers falling into them.
It i> probably more abundant in Lake Krie than els«-«lifre.

k

4tl

CHECK M.ST OK THE

SiBOENi s HVHOPSIS.
(.S.>) Lake Minnow.

(ll.vbop.<-is stortTianus.)
Body rather elongate; back elevated, aMendin^; j-radually to bejjin-
ning of dorsal, then descending to the caudal fin ; head short, intcrorbital
space broad, flat ; mouth rather small, horizontal, the lower jaw included ;
barbel conspicuous; snout abruptly decurved, the tip thickened; lateral
line somewhat decurved; fins high; dorsal inserted well forward, over
ventrals; pectoral fins pointed; caudal long, dccplv forked. .Scales, j;-4.*-4.
D., 8; A., 8. - . t

Colour, greenish alwve ; sides and below brilliant silvery ; fins plain.
Length, about eight inches.

This fish has been taken in Lake Ontario wafers and also in Lake
Krie, but I have no other records.

(Jenus coui:sius.

Body elongate; head normal, not depres.sed, the profile convex ; mouth
terminal, normal, a well developed barbel on the anterior side of maxil-
lary, just above its tip. Iceth, 2, 4-4, 2, hiwikcd without grinding sur-
face. Scales rather small ; lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin over or
slightly behind ventrals ; anal basis short. .Size rather large. This genus
is closely related to the section Xocomis under Hybopsis, from which it
may be separated by the presence of two teeth in the lesser row , by the
position of the barbel, and by the smaller scales. Its relations with Scmo-
tilus are equally close.

(si) Lake Chub.

(Couesius plumbeus.)

Body moderately elongate and somewhat compressed; head r.ither
flat above, not much raised above the level of the eyes ; maxillary reaching
to below front of rhit, a small barbel placed high at its tip; lower jaw
included. Lateral line beginning high up on the nape, abruptly descend-
ing to the median line over the pectoral fin, and thence running nearly
straight to the caudal fin. Dorsal origin midway between tip of snout
and ba.se of caudal fin. Caudal deeply forked. Scales small, n-65-8.
Teeth, 2, 4-4, 2.

Colour dusky above, sides silvery with a plumbeous lateral band; fins
plain. Length, nhnut six inches.

This species r.ingrs through Canada from New Brunswick to Lake
Superior and is tolerably common throughout ; more especially north-
ward. The Lake Superior form is C. p. dissimilis.

Gkm s KXOGLC'SSUM.

Body rather short and stout, subterete ; lower jaw three lobed, the
dent.try bones being close together and completely united, not for"-ing a

i

KISM OK ONTAUIO.

47

uide arch as in the minnows Kcncrally ; uppiT jaw nut prolrartiU- ; pha-
ryngeal bones small, tin; teeth hooked, and without grinding surface, i, 4-
4, I. Scales moderate; lateral line complete. Dorsal origin is nearly
over the beginning of the ventral ; anal fin short ; isthmus broad ; gill rakers
weak; pscudobranchial present, air bladder normal; alimentary canal
short; peritoneum white. Size large. No marked sexual peculiarities;
the males with some black pigment in spring. One of the most strongly
marked genera of Cyprinidie.

(54) Cut-lips. Stone-toter.

(Hxoglossum maxillingun.)

Ho<ly rather short, and stout ; caudal (H-dum K- short and deep. Snout
short and obtusely conical, lower jaw included; lye small. Caudal nxnl-
erately forked. .Scales, 9-54-f>. Teeth, 1, 4-4, i. 1)., H; A., 7.

Colour, dusky olivaceous, darker above; a short and narrow dark bar
above the root of pectoral; young with a dusky bar at the caudal base.
I*"ins dusky, with pale extemities.

This fish may Ix? readily distinguished by the three-lobcd lower jaw,
the dentary bones being closely united .md the lower lip represented by a
Heshy lobe on each side of the mandible.

Length, about six inches.

The .Stonc-toter has not a very wide range; it is foiuul in the St.
Lawrence River and in Lake Ontario, but does not appear to be abundant.

(iKMs CVPRIMS. (Caki-.)

Hody robust, compressed; mouth moderate, anterior, with lour long
barbels ; snout blunt, rounded ; teeth molar, broad and truncate, i , i , v
.^ I, I ; scales large; lateral line continuous; dorsal fin very long, with a
stout spine, serrated behind; anal fin short, also with a spine. Large
fishes of the fresh waters of Asia ; introduced into Kurope and America
as food fishes.

{551 Carp. (Introduced.)
(Cyprinus carpio.)

Body stout, moderately elongate; head comparatively small; mouth
moderate, the upper jaw not extending to front of eye ; a barbel on the
upper lip and another on the angle of the mouth at each side. Caudal
strongly forked. Scales, 5-38-5. D. ML, 20; A. IIL, 5; V. L, 7; P., 15.

Colour, above dusky, the sides and below golden olive.

There are three varieties of this species, the German or Scale Carp,
the Mirror Carp, and the Leather Carp, the distinction between them Iwing
based upon the scale nfrr.ngement. The Leather Carp is nearly without
scales. The Mirror has a few s.ales of unequal size, irregularlv placed;

II

•M

CHECK LIST OK THE

while the German variety has the txxly «-omplctely covered with .scales,
this last being the most abundant form in our waters.

No greater mistake was ever made than the introduction of this tish
into North American waters. In Kngland, where it is well known, it
was considered atx>ut the most worthless lish they had and one of the
nu)st dilhcult to gel rid of, where once it had become established. On
some parts of the continent of Europe, however, where good fish are
scarce, the Carp was cultivated and fed in ponds with care and probiibly
Ijccause the people knew no better, it was more appreciated. In this
country, where lish of the highest quality should be obtainable by every
one, thee is no place for the Carp.

De Kay states that it was first introduced into New York waters in
iHji. In 1H70 it was taken to California and in 1877 the United States
Fishery Ctimmissioner.s imported a considerable number and propagated
them only too successfully. Since then they have spread into all accessible
waters and have become an unbearable nuisance wherever found, for not
only are they damaging our fisheries, but also by rea.son of their destruc-
tion of the wild rice beds they are causing the wild fowl to avoid the feed-
ing grounds to which they formerly resorted during the autumn flight.

The f€X>d of Carp consists principally of insects and vegetable matter,
preferably, perhaps, of the seeds, young shoots and tender roots of
aquatic plants; when leeding it constantly grubs up the bottom, thereby
stirring the mud and keeping the water in suc;h a dirty condition that none
of our valuable fish will remain in it.

The spawning .season in our waters commences in June and seems to
last until August. The fish are very prolific, make rapid growth, and
attain a large size, specimens weighing over twenty pounds having fre-
quently lieen taken in Ameritan waters, while in Europe they have beer
known to reach ninety pounds.

Order APODES. (The Eels.)

Teleost fishes with the premaxillaries atrophied or lost, the maxillarics
lateral, and the body anguilliforni and destitute of ventral fin.s. The most
striking feature is the absence of the premaxillaries, taken in connection
with the elongate form and the little development of the scapular arch,
which is not attached to the cranium. Other characters not confined to
the Apodes are the following : The absence of the symplectic bone, the
reduction of the opercular apparatus and of the palatopterygoid arch, the
absence of ventral fins, the absence of the mesocoracoid or pracoracoid
arch, and the reduction or total absence of the scales. There are no
spines in the fins, the gill openings are comparatively small, and there are
no pseudobranchiae. The vertebra; are in large number and none of them
are specially modified. The tail is isocercal ; that is, with the caudal ver-
tebrae remaining in :i straight line to its extremity, as in the cmbryov of
most fish.

ih

I

KISH OK ONTARIO

4»

Sukordcr ENCHELYCEPHA1.I.

Tlu- ( haracturs of this uroiip iirt- as jjivoii mIxa c.

Tamiiv AMlUILI.ID.li. , I iik Tki k Ehis.i

I he true ICt'ls lire ell. irailiTi/i-cl by thi-ir iimicat hea<l, wull <li \<1oik-«1
oprrfular apparatus, lati-ral iiiaxillim-s, cardiform tfi-th, distinct tiMiijuc,
v«-rtii ;il lali-ral l)ranclilal ,i(H'rtiircs. contiiUHMis MTtiral fins, with thr dorsal
lai from tin- licad, pci lurals well «!i'\, K-ixd, staly skin, anil nearly pcrfrrt
l)ram tiial ski'lelon.

'I'lu- AnKiiillidu- approarli inore nearly than most of llu' Kels to the
t\pi' of the true fishes. In oiu- respect, however, that of the minute ova
ami loneealed (jeneratiofi, they <li 'cr widely from ihev.

(iKM s ANt.lII.I.N. (Khs.)

Ilodv elongati', sulil. '->!i , mnipressed posteriorly, eo\ered with
embedded -.lales which .iii' liiic.ir iii lorm and placed ol)li(|ui-ly, s<ime of
them at right an^Ici to dlher--. 'aleral line well tleveloped. Head lont;'.
conical, moderatelv pointed, ti:r r.-ilhcr small < " ■■ will forwaril and ov<'r
the .inKle of the mouth. I'ci th s i il!. -iidojiii!, in h.nuN on each f.'iw an<l
a lonji patch on the vonur. '((ip,,!!. fn e it tip. I-ips r;ither full, with a

free margin behind, ^iliailicd In ,i Ir m n; i,i f .ml Lovvcr jaw projectinj,'.
(iill openinfis rather small, slii lile, ; ii.nil ■ \'. ii'e as base of portorals
and partly 1h'Io« them. Nostrils siiperior, uell separated, the anterior
with :i slij{ht tu1)e. \'i'nt closi- m lri>nl ■ ( anal. Uorsal inserted .it some
distance from the head, conllueni with ihi- ;m.il roimd the t;iil. I'eitorals
Well developed.

(Vi) American Kel.

(.Anjjuilla chrysv p.i.)

Body much elongated, .dimd throuijh most of its length, compn- -■ d
behind; head conical, elongated; snout pointed; lower jaw hinjfcr • ••.
the upper; nill openinij.s partly below the perioral tins, small and .sli' ..
Si-ales imperceptible, deeply en'bcddi (I :ind very irrcj,'ularly placed. I >'■

line very distiict. Colour .iboxe oli\c brown more or less iini>;e<I .' . ' i
vellowish, below i;r.iyish to pure white. I.englh, thirty inch« -.

In our I'ro\ ii'cc the ICel is only found in the St. Lawrence and Lake
Ontario and their tributaries, the Falls of Xi.-is^ara forminjj an insur-
mountable obstacle to further progress inland.

I'ntil recentlv the repniduction of the \-'.t\ has been involved in mystery,
but the careful investigations of competent observers have resulted in
.showing that the I-'cl spawns in salt w.iler, usu.rlly iiti mud ba-iks it:f the

il

Art

( HKC'K LIST OK THK

mouths of rivers, to which ihcy re-sort in late autumn. When the young
Kels arc fronj two to three inches lonjj they ascemi the ri\ers in vast num-
bers, travelling continually until they meet some obstacle which cannot
l>e overcome. Professor Haircl has estimated "that in the summer one
may see hundreds of w.iggon loads of young Hels at the foot of Niagara
Falls, crawling ov<r the rocks and squirming in the seething waters."
Where the obstruction to their passage permits it, the fish will leave the
water and travel through wet grass in order to continue their journey.

As a food fish Kels are justly esteeme<l and in Ihe markets they always
sell for a high price.

Order ISOSPONDYLI. (The Isospondylous Fishes.)

.Soft-rayed fishes with the antorior xcrtehra- simple, luimodified, and
without audil<iry ossicles; symplectic present; no intercl: vicles ; opercular
bones distinct ; pharyngeal bones simple above and beiow, the lower not
falciform. MescK-oracoid arch always well developed, forming a bridge
from the hypercoracoid to the hypocoracoid. Hones of jaws developed,
the maxillary broad, always distinct from premaxillary, and forming part
of margin of upper jaw ; no barbels. .Shoulder girdle well developed and
'•onnected with the <-ranium by a lx)ny post-temporal, (iills four, a .slit
tiehind the fourth. .Air bladder, if present, with a pneumatic duct. Dorsal
and anal fins without true spines. \'entral fins abdominal, sometimes
wanting. .Scales usually cycloid, sometimes ctenoid ; occasionally wanting.
\<) developed photophores. .Adipose fin present or .-ibsent.

Famii.v HIODONTID/K. (The Moon-eves.)

Body oblong, much compressed, covered with moderate sized, bril-
liant, silvery, cycloid scales. Head naked, short, the snout blunt. Mouth
moderate, oblique terminal, the jaws about equal. Premaxillaries not pro-
tractile. Maxillary small, slender, without evident supplemental bone,
articulated to the end of the premaxillary and forming the lateral margin
of the upper jaw. Dentition very complete; premaxillary and dentary
bones with small wide-set cardiform teeth ; mnxillaries with feeble teeth ; a
row of strong teeth around the margin of fhi- tongue, those in front very
strong canines; lietwcen the.se is a band of short close-set teeth; vomer
with a long double series of close-.set, small teeth; similar .series on the
palatine.*^, sph«'noid and pterygoids; sides of loner j.iw fitting within the
upper, so that the dentaries shut against the palatines. Kye very larse,
the adipose eyelid not much developed. Preorbilal very narrow. Nostrils
l.irge, tho.se of each side close together, separated by a flap. Gill mem-
branes not connected, free from the isthmu.s, a fold of skin covering their
base. No gular plate. Branchioslegals eight to ten. flill rakers few.

I

I

^1

KISII ()|- ONTAIUO.

51

short and thick. INfiidobr.-ini-hi.i' ohsolftf. Lateral line distinct, straight.
IVIly not M-rratod. Dorsal lin rather posterior; anal elongate, low;
\entrals well developed; laudal strongly forked; no adipose fin. Stomach
horsesh(H-sliai)td. itithoiit Wind sac; one pyloric c-ecuni. \ crtcbra', ahiuit
sixty. Air hladd«- large. No oviducts, the eggs falling into the caNily
(il the al>d<>nien before e\( lusion.

(iKNis HIODON. (Mf)(>\-KVi s.)
i he generii characters are imtluded abov...

Sihgkm s IIIonON.

(57) Mooneye

(Hiodon tergisus.)

Uodv oblont;. much compressed; the belly with a slight but obtus-
keel in front of v*rntrals and a r.'ther sharp edge behind them; head short,
snout rounded: eye large; caudal deeply forked.

I)., 12; A., 2H to v-

Colour, back bright olive green; side and abdomen brilliantly siKcry
Length, twelve inches or a little more.

This species ranges from the St. Lawrence to Lake Superior anil is
p.irticularly abundant in Lake Krie. It is a very handsome and good
g.ime lish, taking bait \ery readily, but its flish is of no value as food.

Si m.KNi s AMI'HIODON.

(5S) Gold-ey;. Northern Mooneye.

(H'.odon alosoides.)

•iody deep, much compressed; head short, eye moderate, the snout
ve;y blunt; mouth large and oblique, the maxilla reaching beyond the
•niddle of the eve. The ventral edge of the body carinated. Scales, '^-5"-r-
I)., .); A., 7,2.'

Colour, bluish .ibove, sid -s silvery with a golden lustre. Lenutli,
about twelve inches.

1 have n<' positive record of the occurrence of this fis!i in Ontario
waters, but I have no doubt that it will be foimd in the lak s and ri\i'r-
near the NL-initoba boundary. In Manitoba it is very abundant and is the
best sporting fish found in the prairie rivers. It takes grasshopp<rs an<i
small frogs, or even pieces of fish very readily, .ind in early summer rises
well to an artificial t1y. Its llesb is parlii iilarly will flavoured and firm
and is much \:ihn'(l as lood.

a

CHKCK I.IHT OF THE

Family OOKOSOMIIJ.l-:. ((hz/xhd Shads.)

Body short and deep, strongly compressed, lovered with thin, decidu-
ous cycloid scales. Belly compressed to an edge, which is armed with
Iwny serratures. Head naked, short, and rather small. Mouth small,
inferior, oblique, overlapped by the blunt snout ; no teeth ; maxillary nar-
row and short, with a single supplemental Iwne, not extending to opposite
middle of eye, and forming but a small portion of lateral margin of upper
jaw ; mandible short and deep, its rami enlarged at base ; premaxillaries
not protractile. Clil! rakers slender, exceedingly numerous, not very long,
similar on all the arches. Gill membranes not united, free from the
isthmus; branchioslegals about six; pseudoNr^.nchial large. .An .idipose
eyelid. No lateral line. Dors.il tin .-ibout midway of the body, usually
behind ventrals. Pectorals and ventrals moderate, e.ich with ;m'.-iccessory
scale. .Anal very long and low ; caudal forked. \o adipose fin. Verte-
bne, forty-nine. .Stomach short, niiisc<il.-ir, like the gizzard of a fowl.

Gkni s DORO.SOM.A. ((Jiz/aki. .Shad.)

Body hirring-like. much compressed .ind covered with moderately
liirge, thin, cycloid scales. .Snout short and obtuse. Head scaleless, short
and small. Rye large and provided with an adipo.se eyelid. The belly
is compressed to an edge, which is armed with sharp sernitures. Mouth
small, transverse; the lower jaw the shorter, jaws toothless. The maxilla
does not extend to the middle of the eye. (iill rakers numert)us, moderately
long :ind slender; gill membranes deeply cleft and free from the isthmus;
pseudobranchia- well developed; lateral line wanting. The dorsal fin is
placed nearly over the middle of the body, slightly behind the oiigjn of
the ventral. Its last ray is produced into a long filament. The pectorals
and ventrals are rather long and each is provided with an appendage
formed of several elongate, overlapping .ucessory scales. The caudal is
deeply forked. Anal mtv long, its l.ist rays low.

1 5')) Gizzard Shad.

(I)orosoma cepedianum. )

Body deep, compressed; the scales thin, deciduous; h^ad small; snout
short, blunt; mandible enlarged at base; gill rakers very slender, not very
long; an adipose eyelid. Dorsal about median, the filamentous ray nearly
as long as head. Caudal widely fnrl<ed, the lower lobe longer than upper;
belly sharply serrate.

Colour, upper parts bluish ; sides silvery, sometimes wilh golden reflec-
tions ; in the young there is a large d.irk blotch on each side not far liehind
the head ; this disappears with ;ige.

Length, about fifteen inches; it sometimes .ittains ;i weight of about
two pounds.

KISH (»K ONTARIO.

63

This fish huti worked it>. way from the Ohio and iMissihsippi Valleys
through the canals to Lake Krie, where in some places it is not unroinmon.
It is a handsome species, l)iit is of lui value for ftxKl.

I- vMii.Y I lAI'KiD.i:. (Till Hkkkim.s.)

liodv oblong, or eloiij;:ile, more i»r les^ ((impressed, covered with
cycloid or pectinated scale-.. Helly somelimes rounded, somelimi--^ com-
pressed, in which case it is often armed with Ininy serratures. Head
naked, usually <(impres.sed. Mouth rather lar^je, terminal, the jaws about
equal ; maxillaries forminji the lateral marjjins of the upper j;'.w, each i om-
posed of alM>ut three pieces. I'remaxillarics not protractile ; teeth mostly
small, often feeble or wanlinj;, \ariously arranj^ed. .Adipose eyelid pre-
sent or absent, (iill rakers loivi; and slender; t;ill membranes not con-
nected, free from the isthmus. \o gular plate, (iills four, a slit behind
the fourth. Hranchioste^als usually few (six to fifteen). Posterior lower
part of opercular re>,'iiin often with an anffular emar^-ination, the tips of
the larger branchiostenals bein^ abruptly truncate. Pseudobranchiie
present. No lateral line. I)»)rsal fin median or .somewhat ()osterior, rarely
wanting. No adipose fin. X'entrals moderate or small. .\nal usually
rather lon>; ; caudal Hn forked. X'ertebra', forty to fifty-six.

(IKM s I'OMOI.OIUS. |.\ii\vivis.)

Bixiv oblong, more or less comprcsse<l ; mouth moderate, terminal,
the jaws about equal, or the lower projecting;, the upper scarcely notched
at tip; teeth feeble, variously placed, probably never wholly absent, m.in-
dibles very deep at base, shutting within the maxillaries; fjill rakers more
or less long and slender, numerous; adipose eyelid present; scales thin,
cycloid, deciduous, entire, rounded posteriorly; cheeks with the free part
longer than deep; dorsal tin rather short, nearly median, Ijeginning in
advance <if ventrals, its posterior ray not prolonged in a filament; ventrals
pre.sent; anal moderate; belly compressed, strongly serrated before and
l)ehind ventrals.

((x>) Gold Shad. Sawbelly.

(Pomolobus 1 hrysochloris. )

Houv compressed, r.ather low, the caudal peduncle stout and the belly
strongly serrated; he;ui slender, rather pointed, lower jaw strongly pro-
jecting, maxillary reaching posterior p.irt of the eye. Kye large, nearly
one-fourth the length of head ; fins moderate, caudal deeply forked. Sc.iles.
1 5-52 to ^S.

' IX III.. 15; .\. III., 1''.
Colour, above blue; below sihery. with golden reflections on sides.
Length, about eighteen inches.

54

CIIKCK 1, 1ST OK THK

TIm' (lold Shad lias made its way into the (irtal l.akis throuKli <anals
Ironi the Ohio and Mississippi \ alleys, where it is abundant.

Unlike most of its trilK>, this is a predaccuiis tish, feeding largely
upon small fry. It may be readily captured with minnow bait, but as a food
lish it is not esteemed.

|i>r| Gaspcreau. Alewife.

(I'liiniiliibus pseudoharengus.)

Body deep .ind hea\y forward, luuih i onipressitl. Mead shorl, nearly
as deep as long; eye large, deeper than long. Maxillary broad; upper jaw
cmarginate, lower jaw slightly projecting. .\nal low ; caudal deeply forked,
partially scaled near Ixise. Scales, 15-50 to 54. I)., i(>; A., 17 to ly.

Colour, alx)\e bluish; silvery on sides; a black spot behind head. On
large specimens there are faint dusky lines along the rows of scales.

Length, about ten inches, or r;ither more; in Lake Ont.-irio, howe\er,
the\ rarely exceed eight inches in length.

This (ish is said to have been introduced into Lake Ontario in iH^^
by mistake, the intention having been to stock the water with shad.
Whether this is correct or not, the (laspereau is now lirmly established
here, and in spite of the vast nimibers which die e\ery summer, il seems
to be increasing. l-"rom earlv in March until early in .\ovemlxr they are
to be found near the shores of Lake Onl.irio and in the St. Lawrence, but
are at the height of their abundance during June and July, and it is during
these monilis that the great mortality t.ikes place, millions of dead lish
being cast up on the shore and the surface of the water being liU-rally
strewed with the dead and dying. Where they go in the cold months of
winter is uncertain, probably only into the deep water of the lake, though
it is possible that they m.iy work their way down to the (nilf of St. Law-
rence.

They are eatable, but being small and bony are not much appreciated.

Gems .\L0SA. (The Shad.)

Hody deep, compressed, deeper than in related .American genera ; the
head also deep ; the free portion of the cheeks deeper than long ; jaws
wholly toothless (except in young) ; upper j.iw with a sharp, deep notch
at tip, the premaxillaries meeting at a very acute angle.

{(yA Shad.

(.'Mosa sapidissima.)

Body deep ; mouth large, with the jaws about equal ; gill rakers very
long and slender. In the female the dorsal originates a little in front of
the middle of the length, in the male somewhat farther in front. The
dorsal of the male is rather higher than that of the female, while the body
is not so deep. Scales, lO-rto to 65. The dors.il has thirteen divided ravs
.ind four simple, and the anal nineteen divided and three simple.

i

i

FISH OK oxTAnio.

I'dinir, hliiish alniNi-; sidis and Ih-I<i\v siK.-rx ; iiMiallv a dark l)l<)Uli
Ijeiiind opiTili" and oftt-n several in a row behind this; pi-riti>ncum pale.

The Shad is an anadromous fish which passes most of its life in the
ocean, migratinR annually up the rivers for the purpose of spawning in
the spring. It was formerly abundant in the lower Ottawa, but has
abitndoned that river and its occurrence within r)ui iHnindaries is now only
accidental.

As a focMl fish il ranks \cry high, beinj; one of the most esteenH-d fish
of .\merica.

Famiiv .SAL.MOMD.K. (Tmk .Salmons.)

Hody oblong or elongate, covered with c\rIoid .scales. Head naked.
Mouth terminal, large or small, varying much in the different genera ;
maxillary forming the lateral margin of the upper ),iw. provided with a
supplemental bone; premaxillarics not pnilracfilc. Teeth various, some-
times wanting, (oils four, ii slit btliind the fourth, ['seudobranchiii
pre.sent. (iill rakers various; gill membranes not connected, free from the
isthmus: branchiostegals ten to twenty. Xo barbels. Dorsal usually
nearlv median, not greatly elongate, its' rays nine to fifteen, only one or
tvi!> of the anterior simple or rudimentary, the others branched ; adipose
fin present ; caudal fin forked ; anal fin moderate or rather long ; ventrals
moderate, nearly median; pectorals placed low. Lateral line present.
Abdomen rounded in outline. Parietals not in contact; separated at middle
by the intervention of the supr;io<» ipital, which connect, with the frontals ;
epiplural appendages not developed. Air bhidder large, stomach siphonal :
pyloric ca-ca very numerous. Ova large, falling into ihe cavity of the
abdomen before exclusion.

.\s now restricted, this is no longer one of the large f.imilies of fishes,
but in lieauty, activity, gaminess and quality as food and even in size of
individuals, different members of the group stand easilv among the most
valuable of our fishes.

The Salmonida* are confined to the northern regions and north of
about 40" \. are everywhere abundant in suitable waters. Some of the
species, especially the larger ones, are ni.irine and anadromous, livmg
and growing in the sea and entering fresh waters to spawn ; others live
in running brooks, entering lakes or the sea as oi-casion serves, but not
habitually doing so; while others, again, are lake fis'i/s, .ipproaching the
shore or entering brooks in the sp.iwning season, at other times retiring
to waters of considerable depth Some of them are .active, voriicious an<l
gamy, while others are companilively defenceless, these l;itter ran rarelv
he captured upon a baited hook.

The large size of the eggs and their lack of adhesiveness, with the
ease by which the eggs may be obtained and impregnated, render the most
of the species especially adapted for artificial culture.

6 F.

w

CHICCK LIST OK THE

The Salmonitla- are of comparalivih nicnl i-volutum, none of them
(>• ■ urnng as l.)ssils, unless it bo in recent dtfKwils. I lie liislabilily ol the
specihc forms and the lack of sharply definetj speniu < harac lers may Iw
ii part attributed to their re< ( ni origin.

tiENt s CORKGONUS. (WiiiTHHSiii-..)

Body oblong or elonKale, i ompressed ; head more <»r les> loriical,
>nipre»s«'d, the .sii"iit mon- or less projeiting beyond the lower jaw ; mouth
small, the maxillary short,' not extewling beyond ihe orbit, with a well
developed suppiomental bone; teeth extremely minute, if present; scales
iiiodcrate, thin, cy< loid, r.ither tirm. Dorsal lin moderate; caudal fin
deeply forked; anal Hn somewhat elongate; ventrals well de\ eloped.
Pseudobranrhiie l.irge; gill rakers varying f i>m short and thickish to long
;ind slender; air l.laddei" very lar^v, vertebi.i-, fiftv-six to sixty; stomal h
hnrscshoe-shaped, with about one hundred pylot ic ca.*ca ; ova small.

Most of them spawn in late fall or winter near the shore, at other
seasons often fre(|uenting considerable depths.

The number of species nl Coregonus has l>een overestimated and the
geographical range and range of variation of eai . .ne arc much wider
tl' in is generally supposed.

All our species are highly valued as fornl and the> .irobably constitute
the mosi important cl;iss commercially of our fre.sh water fish.

.Si IMiKM s PROSOPIUM.

( ;| Frottlish. Pound Whitefish.

(Coregonus quadrilaterali.s.)

Body slender, elongate, subterete; head long, the snout compressed
.Tr\d bijntly pointed. Scales, 9-85-8. D., 11 ; A., 10.

Colouf , upper parts dark bluish ; sides silvery.

Length, about twelve inches; it s< Ulom attains much more than one
ri'id a-half pounds in weight.

The Frost-fish is abundant in thi (ireat L.tke region from the St.
I. iwrence to Lake Superior and northward, and is everywhere highly
f-tcemed as a food fish.

It spawns in October and Noxeinbcr, visiting the shallow parts of
1 ikcs and sandbars for that purpose.

Srm-.KNUs CORI (iONUS.

( 4) Common Whiteflsh.

(Coregonus clupieiformis.)

Body deep, compressed; back always more or less elevated, notably
so in the adult; caudal peduncle short; head small and short, the snout
l>lunl and obliquely truncated. Scales, 8-74 to 80-9. Dorsal, ten divided
riys; anal, eleven divided rays.

««ie«OCOfY MSOUITION TBT CHART

(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

A APPLIED IM^IGE Inc

^K 1655 East Moin Strtet

B^S 'Rochester. New York U609 US*

'■^S (7'6) 482 - 0300 - Phone

^S (716) 288 - 5989 - Fo«

••^-^

FISH OF ONTARIO.

57

Colour, upper parts pale olivaceous; sides and below white, sonn-
what lustrous.

This Whitefish under favourable circumstances reaches a large ^'uf.
One taken in Lake Erie a few years ago measured thirty-three inches in
length, twenty-five inches in cicumference, and weighed twenty pounds.
One taken at Whitefish Point, Lake Superior, weighed twenty-thref
pounds. Another taken in Lake Kirie in 1876 weighed seventeen pounds.
Such fish arc, however, now very rare in this Province. In Manitoba
they are less uncommon. The average length of adults on our markets in
thtsr days will be about twenty inches and the weight about three pountl^
or a little more.

It ranges through the Great Lakes region from the St. Lawrence to
Lake Superior, and thence westward to .Maska ; where it is replaced by .i
closely allied form ; its northern limit is not positively know n.

Although this is one of the most abundant and at the same time the
most valuable of our commercial fish, its habits are not yet fully under-
stood ; undoubtedly they vary very much according to locality ; the depth
of water, currents or their absence, and climatic conditions all having
some influence on the movements of the fish in search of food, and upon
the time and place of spawning. In some of our lakes there is a move-
ment of the Whitefish in early summer from the deep water into shoal
water near the shore; towards midsummer they retreat to the deep and
cold parts of the lake, where they spend most of their time. In the autumn
they again move in towards the shore, seeking their spawning grounds ;
these are chiefly rocky reefs and shoals, composed of what is known as
honeycomb rock. It is said that gravelly and sandy shoals are sometimes
resorted to for spawning purposes, but this is doubtful.

Spawning takes place in October and November and may possibly be
extended by .some few individuals, or under exceptional circumstances,
into December; both the time of spawning and of incubation depend
largely upon the temperature.

The autumn movement commences in September, but does not
become general until October ; the fish then continue to run in greater or
less numbers until the spawning is ended, when they again retire to deep
water for the winter. It is a curious fact that even during the spawning
season a large nui.;ber of Whitefish are always to be found in the deep
water, but there is no e\idence that they ever spaw n there.

(65) Sault Whitefish.

(Coregonus labradoricus.)

Head, five; depth, three and a half to four; eye large. Gill rakers
short, about two to two and a half in eye, 10+15 or 16.

Body rather elongate, compressed, the back not elevated. Head
rather small, slender, compressed. Mouth rather small, the lower jaw
short, snout projecting ; the maxillary reaching front of pupil ; maxillary

6H

CHKCK LIST OK THK

bone broad, rather short, its suppienifiitary piece ovate. .Mandible reach-
ing middle of eye. Tongue with about three series of small teeth. Supra-
orbital bone narrow. Dorsal fin high '.n front, the last rays short.

L)., II or 12; .\., II or 12; Scales, 10-71 to 70-9.

Colour, bluish black above; silvery below; scales with dark punctula-
tions on the edges; fins all dusky, pectorals and ventr.ils pale at the ba.se.

Length, twenty-one inches.

A very variable species, by .some authorities considered indistinguish-
able from C. clupeiformis.

Generally distributed in cold, clear lakes and large streams, especially
northward.

Gems .VRGVROSO.MLS. (Ciscoks.)

This genus is very close to Coregonus, from which it differs in the
larger mouth and more produced jaws, the premaxillaries being placed
nearly horizonta.ly, and the lower jaw decidedly projecting beyond them.
Gill rakers very long and slender, about thirty on lower limb; vertebrie,
fifty-h\ ;. These characters are associated with the geater voracity, and
in general greater activity of the species of Argyrosonuis.

StBGEMs .\RGYROS()ML"S.

(66) Cisco. Lake Herring.

(Argyrosomus artedi.)

Body long, slender, and somewhat compressed; dorsal and ventral
outlines but little arched; head pointed; mouth large, jaws subequal or
the lower .somewhat projecting; maxillary long, usually reaching to ver-
tical of pupil. Caudal peduncle slender, but not much compressed ; dorsal
fin small ; adipose fin slender, its width one-half its height.

D., 1 1 ; A., 10 (counting only divided rays in dorsal and anal) ; \'., 10.

Colour, above dull bluish green ; lower part of sides and below silvery
white. Dorsal fin sometimes black tipped ; caudal dusky at tip ; anal and
vontrals pure white.

This species attains a length of about twelve inches and a weight of
about one pound. Larger .specimens have been recorded, but they are
exceptional.

The Cisco ranges through the Great Lakes generally, but is most
abundant in Lake Erie ; it was formerly common in Lake Ontario. Of late
years, however, it has not been taken there in any quantity. Its spawning
season is in November and early December.

rtSH OF ONTARIO.

S0

(67) Long-jaw Herring. Lake Herring.

(Arjjyro.sDinus prii(>nnthu.s. >

Body oblcng, much compressed, back elevated, the body tapcrin);
rather sharply toward the narrow caudal peduncle ; the adult having a
slight nuchal hump as in C cliip<'iformis; mouth large and strong; snout
straight, its tip on a level with the lower edge of pupil ; mandible very
long, projecting beyond upper jaw when the mouth is closed ; reaching to
or beyond posterior edge of the eye: head rather short, deep and pointed;
cranial ridges prominent, dors.-d rather high ; origin of dorsal nearer tip of
snout than base of caudal. Scales rather large, about seventy-five in
lateral line ; seven or eight above the lateral line ; se\ en or eight below the
lateral line. Lateral line straight except at origin, where it presents a
rather marked curve.

Colour, sides of body uniformly bright silvery, with pronounced bluish
reflection in life ; back dusky ; under parts pure white, without silvery.
Above the lateral line the upper and lower edges of the scales finely punc-
tulate with dark, the central part unmarked, producing light longitudinal
stripes extending whole length of body. Fins flesh colour or pinkish in
life, the dorsal and caudal usually showing dusky edges ; postorbital area
with bright golden reflection; iris golden, pupil black.

D., 9 or 10; A., 10 to 12.

Average length, about fifteen inches.

This fish may readily be distinguished from any other white fish found
in the Great Lakes by the general form of its body, together with the very
long lower jaw.

It is taken in all the Great Lakes except Lake Erie, from which as yet
no specimens have been reported. In Lakes Ontario and Michigan it is
particularly abundant, and is highly esteemed as a food fish.

There is much difference of opinion among fishermen as to the spawn-
ing time of the Long-jaw, which seems to extend over a prolonged period.
Fish with matured roe have been taken as early as May 17th, and ripe
fish have also been reported from Lakes Ontario and Huron late in June
and through July. Very little is positively known as to the location of the
spawning grounds of this species, though it is said that they are in deep
water.

(68) Black-fin Whitefish.

(Argyrosomus nigripinnis.)

Body stout, fusiform ; head and mouth large ; lower jaw slightly
projecting ; back not arched, profile from occiput to origin of dorsal fin
very gently curved ; eye rather large ; teeth very feeble, but appreciable on
the maxillaries and tongue.

D., 12 ; A., 12.

Scales on lateral line, 73 to 77, above lateral line nine or ten, below
seven or eight.

tut

CHKCK IJST OK THK

Colour, dark bluish a.Kivu; .sides siKiry, with dark punctuJations ;
fins all blue-black.

This speries may be readily known by it., blat k (ins.

Uurinn Ihi- last few years the Hla»k-tin has been <K^^casionally reported
from L.ike Superior; its centri- of abun<lani:e, however, apptars to lie
I-ake Nlirhij>an and the deep water lakis of Minnesota and Wisconsin.

In Its habits it rcsenibl.-s the other members of the group, swininiing
in shoals and depositing its sp;iwn upon rcxkv bottom in NoveinlHr ;ind
December.

It reaches a len^jlh ..I linhtcen to iwtniv inches and is considered a
K<K>d food fish.

Si HOKM s AI.LOSOML'S.

(rx)) Tullibec. Mongrel Whiteflsh.

(.\r|ryro.somu.s tuliibee. )

Body .short and deep compressed, the dm s.il and ventral outlines
similarly curved; he;.d small, conic and compressed; mouth large, lower
j.iw .slightly projecting. .Scales larger on front of l)ody than on caudal
peduncle; free margins of the scales less convex than in other species,
often emarginate, especially on anterior part of body. Later.il line straight
and in a line with upper rim of orbit ; tongue with a patch of fine teeth
near the tip; ^ill rakers numerous, long and slender.

U., to to li ; A., 1 1 or u.

Scales on lateral line, (>« to 74, eight or nine rows alxive and seven
or eight below.

Colour, iridescent ')luish above, sides and under parts silvcrv ; t)ld
mdividuals dar.ker above, with some golden reflections on side; fins more
or less evidently black tipped; upper edge of pccior.-il margined with black.

From all other Whitefishes the Tuliibee may be distinguished by the
short steep body and the closely imbricated scales. It attains a length ol
eighteen or twenty inches and a weight of about three and a half pounds.
As a food fish it is highly esteemed, but its commercial importance is as
yet limited.

This species is usually called the Tulliljee, but it is sometimes scyled
the "Mongrel Whitefish" on the erroneous supposition that it is a cross
between the Whitefish and the Lake Herring.

In the Great L.ikes 1. is not at all c< minon, occurring m limited num-
bers in Lakes Erie and Superior only, birt in the Lake of the Woods and
through Manitoba and Assiniboia it is abundant.

Mr. F. C. Gilchrist, in describing the habits of this fish in Western
Canada, says: "In September they will be found gradually nearing the
shoal water, feeding heavily, plump with fat :ind the now swelling ovaries.
Later on they appear to eat little or nothing and devote all their time to
playing until about the 25th of October, when they settle down to the

I"

KI8H OF ONTARIO.

busin.-ss of prupugation, whiih is fmishfii by Nt.vi'inlH;r loth. I lic> pri?tir
jihallow water close to the .shore, with clean sand to spawn on, and during
the day they may lie seen in pairs and small schools, pokint; along the
shores, but at night they corm- in thousands and kitp up .1 uiiisliinl loud
splashing and fluttering, ver strange and weird on a calm night. I wo
years ago I carefully counted the ova from a ripe fish two and a half pound:*
in wi;i;jht, and found there were .'.^700, cU)scly resembling U hitefish eggs
in appearance, but somewhat smaller, .\fter spawning the lish .ire very
thin, lank, dull in colour, and quite unfit for human fcxxl."

Oknus S.\I..\. . (Smmon wi. Tk(iit.)

Body elongate, somewhat compressed; moulh large, jaws, palatines
and tongue toothed, vomer flat, its shaft not depressed, a few teeth on the
chevron of the vomer, behind which is a somewhiit irregular sin- '•; :i.
double series of teeth, which in the migratory forms are usually '' 40us
with age; scales large or small, one hundred and ten to two he . • , n a
longitudinal se/ies; dorsal and anal fins short, usually of ten elve

rays each; caudal fin truncate, cmargiiiate or forked, its peduncle com-
parativelj- stout; sexual peculiarities variously developed, the males in
typical a;., es with the jaws prolonged and the front teeth enlarged, the
lower jaw being hooked upward at the end and the upper jaw emarginate
or perforate. In the larger and migratory species these peculiarities are
most marked. Species of moderate or large si/e, black spotted.

El nr.KMis S.ALMO.

(-0) Atlantic Salmon.

(Salmo salar.)

Body moderately elongate, symmetrical, not much compressed; head
rather low and co.nparatively small; mouth moderate, the maxillary reach-
ing just past the eye ; in the young the maxillary is proportionately shorter.
Scales comparatively large, rather larger lostpriorl^ silvery and well
imbricated in the young, becoming embei , in the adult males.

Colour : In the adult the upper parts e brownish or grayish, the
sides silvery. Numerous x or x , shapec oiack spots on the upper half
of the body, side of the head !.:id on the fins. Males in the breeding sea-
son have red blotches along the si<;«s. In the young there are from ten to
twelve dark crossbar.' i; 'ngled wii. icA lilotches and black spots. D., 11
divided rays and 3 rudimnts; A., o divided rays and ^ rudiments. Scales,
23. '-JO. 2»-

In the early pioneer days the Atlantic Salmon was abund.int in the
St. Lawrence and the Lake Ontario waters as far as Niagara Falls, which
formed an insurmountable obstacle to their further progress. They may
now, however, be considered as extinct in this Province. The destruction

«»

CHECK LIST OF THE

of the timl)er alun^ the banks of the rivers and the consequent polhition
of the water having fouled the spawning beds to such an extent that the
fish can no longer resort to them. An occasional specimen is taken in
Lake Ontario by the tishernian, but these visitors are probably merely
wanderers from the hatcheries below. The range of the Salmon in Canada
extends from yuebec eastward through the Maritime Provinces, thence
northward along the Atlantic coast to Hudson Strait, and for about one
hundred miles down the east coast of Hudson Bay.

The usual weight of the Atlantic Salmon ranges up to about forty
pounds, but specimens of sixty or more have Ix'cn taken. The greater
part of its growth takes place in the ix-ean, in which the fish spends a)x>ut
half its life. In the spring or early summer the adults enter rivers, work-
ing their way up to shallow water, on a .sandy or gravelly bottom. On
this the eggs arc deposited in late autumn, the spawning season beginning
about the middle of October, and it may continue until December. The
eggs are large, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, and very numerou.s,
an eight-pound female yielding from five to six thousand eggs and heavier
fish a proportionately greater number. The hatching period ranges from
one hundred and forty to two hundred days, def>ending upon the tempera-
ture. When newly hatched the fry are about three-fourths of an
in* h long. .\t two or three months old and about two inches long,
they begin to show the vermillion spots and dark cross bands and are
then called "parr"; this name and colouration they retain while they
remain in fresh water. In the second or third spring they assume a uni-
form bright silvery colour and descend to the sea, at this stage being
known as "smolt. " .After remaining in salt water for a period varying
from a few months to about two years, the fi.sh may return (o their native
river, either as a "grilse" or ".salmon" weighing from two lo six pounds.
Towards winter they again return to the sea, and from this time forward
the migration from the sea to river head waters is performed annually.

It is generally assumed that salmon take no food while in fresh water,
yet they certainly rise readily enough to the artificial lure of the angler,
more particularly when fresh run from the sea ; therefore it .seems probable
that in the early part of the season the fish will feed, but that as spawning
time approaches they, like some other species, cease to have anv desire
for food and devote themselves to the duties of reproduction entirely, for
while on the spawning ground and after the ova are deposited the salmon
grow lank and thin, losing all their beauty. In this condition they are
"kelts" and valueless as food.

Si HOKNis TRUTTA.

(71) Steelhead Salmon.

(Salmo gairdneri.)
Body elongate, little compressed, much like S. salar in form ; caudal
peduncle short; head rather short, maxilla reaching far behind the eye.

7 V

I

FISH OF ONTAniO.

tKi

Eye small. Teeth rather small ; vomerincs in two long, alternating series,
about as long as the palatine series ; gill rakers short and ;-itout ; about
twenty, on the first arch of which twelve are below the angle ; dorsal origin
much nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal ; adipose fin very small
and narrow, over the beginning of the anal; caudal fin moderately forked
in the youn^^; \entral origin midway between tip of snout and base of
caudal.

D., II ; A., 12. Colour, olive green above, sides silvery, head, back,
dorsal and caudal fins profusely covered with small black spots, no red
between the rami of the lower jaw.

I mention this fish because it has been introduced with marked suc-
cess into L.ike Superior and tributary waters by the L'nited States Fish
Commission, and specimens have lx;en taken on our side of the lake, where
it is to be hoped it will find a congenial habitat, for it ranks very high as
a game and food fish, attaining under favourable circumstances a weight
of about twenty pounds.

Gkm s CRISTIMOXKR. (Lakr Tkoit.)

This genus contains one, or perhaps two, species, large, coarse
Charrs, distinguished from Salvelinus by the presence of a raised crest
behind the head of the vomer and free from the shaft ; this crest is armed
with teeth. The hyoid teeth constitute a strong cardiform band. The
typical species is a large Charr, spotted with gray, and found in the larger
lakes of eastern North .America.

Gray Trout. Togue. Tuladi.

(73) Lake Trout. Salmon Trout.

(Cristimover namaycush.)

Body long ; caudal peduncle slender ; head long, its upper surface
flattened: eye large, placed near top of head; mouth very large, the maxil-
lary extending much beyond the eye ; the origin of dorsal midway between
tip of snout and root of tail ; caudal fin well forked ; adipose fin small ;
teeth very strong.

D., 9 to II ; A., 9 to II. Scales, about 200 on lateral line.

The colouration is extremely variable, generally grayish, sometimes
pale and sometimes almost black, everywhere with rounded pale spots
which are often reddish tinged ; on the back and top of the head there are
fine vermiculations resembling those of the Brook Trout. The dorsal and
caudal with pale spots and dark markings.

This species is found in nearly all the large lakes from New Bruns-
wick west to British Columbia and north fi m I.abrador through the
Hudr.on's Bay country to Alaska. It is the largest species of the family
resident in fresh water, reaching a length of several feet and a weight of
sixty pounds or even more, though specimens exceeding twenty pounds
are now rare.

M

CHECK LIST OF THK

The Lake Trout is one of the most rapacious of our fishes and will
devour almost anything, though its principal food consists of Herrings,
young Whitefish, and other soft-finned fishes. It frequents deep waters
and is usually taken near the bottom. The spawning season varies some-
what according to locality. In Lake Superior it commences early in Octo-
ber, while in other lakes it is deferred until .November, and continues into
December. The spawning grounds are on the reefs of honeycomb nx:k
in from ten to one hundred feet of water.

There is a great difference of opinion as to its %alue as a game tish.
Some anglers consider it affords a great deal of sport: others have no
regard for it. I agree with the latter, having always found it a heavy,
lumpish fish, with no fight in it. Commercially, however, it is of great
importance, being always in demand and furnishes an excellent article of
food.

The variety Siscowet (C. n. siscowet) differs from the common Lake
Trout in having a deeper body, which is covered with a thicker skin,
beneath which is a great development of fatty tissue. The scales are
somewhat larger and the colour usually paler. It is most frequently taken
in Lake Superior, though examples are sometimes found in Lakes Huron
and Erie.

Ge.nus S.XLVELINUS. (Chakks.)

Body moderately elongate ; mouth large or small ; teeth of jaws, pala-
tines, and tongue essentially as in Salmo, the hyoid patch present or not ;
vomer Jnat-shaped, the shaft much depressed, without raised crest, with
teeth on the head of the bone and none on the shaft; scales very small,
two hundred to two hundred and fifty in a lengthwise series ; fins moderate,
the caudal forked in the young, truncate in some species in the adult;
sexual peculiarities not strongly marked, the males with the premaxillaries
enlarged and a fleshy projection at the tip of the lower jaw. Colouration
dark, with round crimson spots, the lower fins sometimes with marginal
bands of black, reddish and pale.

The species of this genus are by far the most active and handsome of
the Trout; and live in the coldest, clearest and most secluded waters.
Some of them occasionally descend to the sea, where they lose their varie-
gated colours and become nearly plain and silvery.

(73) Brook Trout.

(Salvelinus fontinalis.)

The Brook Trout varies very much in the shape of the body, which
is sometimes short and deep and sometimes long and thin. Head large,
snout somewhat obtuse ; mouth large ; eye large, somewhat above axis of
the body; caudal fin slightly lunate in the adult, forked in the young;
adipose fin small and stout.

'!'

FISH OF ONTARIO

65

D., lo; A., 9. S<:alos on lateral lim-, jj.s t" ■J.?5-

The colouration is highly variable with age ami locality. Upper parts
usually grayish, much mottled or barred with dark olive or black without
spots; on the sides numerous pale brownish blotches encircle small scarlet
spots. Dorsal and caudal fins mottled with darker; lower fins dusky with
a creamy white band anteriorly followed by a black streak ; belly of the
male often more or less red ; sea run fish are often plain bright silvery.

Brook Trout were formerly found in all the clear spring streams, and
lakes fed by them, throughout the Province, but of late years, owing to
the pollution of our waters and excessive fishing, its range is restricted to
the unsettled districts, and except where it is artificially propagated and
preserved it has ceased to exist in southern Ontario. .\s a game and food
fish it is unexcelled, and angling for it is one of the most fascinating of
outdoor sports. The size attainc<l by this fish depends largely upon its
habitat and food. In small streams it may mature at a length of six or
eight inches and a weight of only a few ounces, while in large bodies of
water, with an abundant fcK>d supply, they will teach eighteen inches or
more in length and a weight of from six to eight pounds. In Lake Ncpi-
gon and some of the rivers of that famous district very large fish are still
commonly taken.

In the cool days of late autumn the Brook Trout run up to the head
waters of the streams and there on the gravelly shallows deposit their
ova; the spawning .season extending from September in the north to
December in the south. The number of eggs produced depends upon the
age and size of the fish. Yearlings (that is, fish in their second year) will
produce from fifty to two hundred and fifty ova, while a large fish may
produce as many as fifteen hundred. The eggs arc about three-sixteenths
of an inch in diameter and of a warm orange colour. The period of hatch-
ing depends upon the temperature of the water, ranging from thirty-two
days in wafer at 54° to one hundred and sixty-five days in water at 37".

In the early part of the summer Trout frequent the ripples and shal-
lower parts of the streams, but as the temperature rises and hot weathei
sets in they retire to the deeper pools or the vicinity of cold springs, wher«
they remain until the return of autumn starts them up stream again.

Though commonly called Brook Trout, our fish is really a Charr and
is closely allied to, if not identical with, the famous Charr of North Britain
and the continent of Europe.

Order MAPLOMI. (Pike-like Fishes.)

Soft-rayed fishes with the mesocoracoid wanting ; the cor coids nor-
mally developed, and the post-temporal normally at) hed to the cranium.
Parietal bones separated by the supraoccipital. Syn- -ctic present. Oper-
cular bones well developed. Anterior vertebrae u.. modified. Scapular
arch jomed to the cranium by a post-temporal. Hypocoracoid and hyper-
coracoid separate with developed actinosts. Pharyngeal bones distinct,
the superior directed forward, three or four in number, the inferior not

if

66

CHECK LIST OF THE

falciform. No interclavicles. Mouth with teeth. Air bladder with a dis-
tinct duct. Ventral fins abdominal, rarely wanting; pectoral fins placed
low ; dorsal fin more or less posterior, the first ray occasionally stiffened
and spine-hke; no adipose fin. Head usually covered with scales, like
those on the body. Sjiecies chit-lly inhabiting fresh water.

Kammv UMHRID.E. (Mlu .Minnows.)
Body oblong, broad anteriorly, compressed behind. Head large,
flattened above. Mouth moderate, with bands of villiform or cardiform
teeth on premaxillaries, lower jaw, vomer, and palatines ; premaxillaries
not protractile ; lateral margin of upper jaw, formed by the broad, short
maxillaries, which are toothless and without distinct supplemental
bone; lower jaw the longer. Gill openings wide, the membranes scarcely
connected; gill rakers little developed; branchiostcgals six to eight.
Scales moderate, cycloid, covering head and body; lateral line wanting.
Dorsal fin moderate, posterior, in advance of anal; ventrals small, close
to anal ; pectorals inserted low ; caudal fin rounded. Stomach without
blind sac; no pyloric cwca ; pjeudobranchiae hidden, glandular; air
bladder simple. Oviparous fishes, the sexes similar. Carnivorous fi ;hes
of small size, li\ing in mud, or among weeds, at the bottom of clear,
sluggish streams and ponds; extremely tenacious of life.

Genus UMBRA. (Mudhshes.)
Body oblong, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size, without
radiating strije ; no lateral line ; head shortish, little depressed ; eye rather
small ; cleft of mouth moderate ; ventral fins six-rayed, below or slightly
in front of dorsal ; anal fin much shorter than dorsal ; pectorals rather
narrow, rounded, placed low, with twelve to fifteen rays, which are much
articulated ; caudal rounded ; preopercle and preorbital with mucous pores ;
bt.ini hiostegals six; gill rakers rather short, thick. Size small.

Si'BGENis MELANUR A.

Mud Minnow. ( I'nihm limi. }

(74) Mud Minnow. Dogfish.

(Umbra limi.)

Body comparatively short and stout. Head rather large, flattened
above. Ventral fins slightly before dorsal ; anal much smaller than dorsal.

FISH OK ONTARIO

I)., 14; A., y; v., (>; soalts mi Ijitcral liiu- .?5. "n transverse strits is.

Colour, dull olive green, with aix)ut fourteen narrow pale bars (faint
in young), a black bar at the base of the caudal.

Common and generally distributed in muddy streams and inlets. The
name is said to be derived from a habit this tish has of burrowing into the
mud when the water evaporates from the ditches and ponds it frequents.
It is seldom seen in clear water, preferring to hide at all times under
stones or among weeds. It reaches a length of about four . hes.

Famii.v LLC IIU.K. (I'ikes.)

Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed |M)steriorly,
I road anteriorly. Head long, the snout proltmged and depressed. Mouth
very large, its cleft forming about half the length of the head; lower jaw
the longer; upper jaw not protractile, most of its margin formed by the
maxillaries, which are quite I'jng and provided with a supplemental bone ;
premaxillaries, vomer and palatines, with broad bands of strong cardiform
teeth which are more or less movable ; lower jaw with strong teeth of dif-
ferent sizes ; tongue with a band of small teeth. Head naked above ; cheeks
and opercles more or less scaly ; gill openings very wide ; gill membranes
separate, free from the isthmus; gill rakers tuljcrcle-like, toothed; br.mchi-
ostegals twelve to twenty. Scales small ; lateral line weak, obsolete in
young specimens, developed in the adult. Dorsal posterior, opposite and
similar to anal; caudal fin emargina'j; pectoral tins small, inserted low;
ventrals rather posterior ; vent normal ; no adipose Rn ; no barbels ; stomach
nut cayal. without pylor'c appendages; pseudobranchia» glandular, hid-
den ; air bladder simple. Basis cranii double. Fishes of moderate or
larjje si/e.

Genus LLCIUS. (Pikks.)

The genus Lucius is subdivided into three groups, distinguished by
their size, scaling, and colouration. In the first group are three species
of small Pike (commonly called by the Americans Pickerel), in which the
cheeks and opercles are entirely scaly, the colour is greenish, usually with
dark reticulations and the largest species reaches a length of aboijt two
feet. To this group the subgeneric name Kenoza is applied. Only one
of these s})ecies has come under my observation in this Province, and it is
probably very rare here.

In the subgenus Lucius we have only the Common Pike (also called
Pickerel by our American neighbors), the typical species of the genus,
which has the cheeks fully scaled and the lower half of the opercles naked.
The sides are pale spotted, on a darker ground, and it grows to a much
larger size than any of the species of the Kenoza group.

The subgenus Mascalongus ':ontains only the Mascalongc, the largest
member of the family. In this species the lower half of the cheeks as well
as of the opercles is scaleless, and the scales are smaller than in those of
the other groups.

OHECK LIST OF THK

SuBCENX's KENOZA.

(75) Gntn Pikt.

(Lucius reticulatus.)

Body long and slender ; caudal peduncle slender, its depth little more
than one-third of greatest depth of liody. Snout lonj; and pointed. Caudal
deeply forked.

L)., 14 to 15; A., 13 to 14. Scales on lateral line about tie,. The
cheeks and opercles arc completely scaled.

Colour, green of various shades, sometimes very dark ; sides (often
with a golden lustre), marked with many dark lines and streaks which are
mostly horizontal and by their junction with one another produce a reticu-
lated appearance. A dark band below the eye. Fins plain.

This small Pike does not seem to be at all common in our waters. I
have taken a few in the neighbourhood of Toronto, but have not met with
it elsewhere. It should be found in suitable places in Lakes Rric and
Ontario. Its usual haunts are weedy streams, ponds and bays, where it
lies in wait for the fish, frogs, and other living creatures upon which it
preys. It is said under favourable circumstances to attain a length of two
feet and a weight of eight pounds, but those I have seen were never more
than half that size. As a food fish it is not generally appreciated, for its
flesh seems to have absorbed too strong a flavour of the weeds among
which it lives.

SlBGENUS LUCIUS.

(7^)) Common Pike. Northern Pike.

(Lucius lucius.)

Body elongate, but stout and well proportioned ; head long, with well
produced snout ; caudal peduncle nearly equal to one-half depth of body.
Eve nearly median. .Mouth very large and strongly toothed ; the tongue,
•of of mouth, pharynx and gill arches bristle .with teeth in cardlike b.inds!
giving the fish extraordinary power in holding its prey. The dors.il and
anal fins are near the caudal. \'entral fm midway between tip of snout
and end of caudal fin.

D., 16 to 20; A., 16 to 17. Scales on lateral side about 125. Cheeks
entirely s'.aly ; upper part of opercle scaly, the lower half bare.

General colour greenish gray, with many white or yellowish spots,
somewhat arranged in rows; dorsal, anal and caudal fins with roundish or
oblong black spots. Naked part of the opercle boundeH hv a whitish
streak.

Common and generally distributed throughout the Province in all
waters where there are sufficient weeds to afford it shelter.

The Pike is one of the most voracious of our fishes, feeding upon any
form of animal life which it is able to overpower. Under favourable cir-

< ^^

1

'III

I

FIHH OK ONTAHll)

cumstnnwH it attains a hir|{f si/,-, >i).tiiiuMs .>l iiiori- tlii.ii li.rrv |M)un<N
weight having frequently been captund in Kurojx-. In I anjul.i it f|r»ts
not grow so large, though in Manitoba, where it is commonly km.wn as
"Jackfish." Fish of tweniy pounds were not very uncommon a few years
ago. In Ontario it is so constantly pursued that it dcMvs not now get a
chance to attain its lull dimensions, and Pike of over ten pounds' weight
are beconing rare.

Spawning takes place in early spring, as s.jon as the ice hrejiKs up
the fish running up on t»> rush In-ds or grassy shallows for that purpose."
The females are very prolific, one weighing thirty-two pounds was esti-
mated by the : te Professor Buckland to contain sos.ooo ova.

NIany anglers pn.fess to look u|ion the I'ike with lonternpt and treat
Its claim to be considered a game fish with derision. This is l)erause it is
usually taken by them in the summer months, when it is not in good con-
dition. It is then soft in flesh and wer«ly in flavour, but in the autumn
after the weeds have died down, it is a different fish ; then its llesh is firm
and good and its fighting nowers will tax the angler's skill to the utmost.

.Si'Br.EM s M »SC\|.0\(irs.

(77) Mascalonge. Lunge.

(Lucius masquinongy.)

Body elongate, though stout: caudal peduncle short and slender
Head large; eye nearly in the • liddlc of length of head. Mouth very
large, the maxilla extending to below ihe hind margin of the cyi- The
teeth are as in the Pike, but even more formidable. Dorsal and anal fins
far back. Caudal deeply torked. D.. 17; A., is to 16. Scales on lateral
me 150; check and opercle .scaled above, but both naked on their lower
half.

Colour, dark grey, greenis:i or brownish, .nhvavs darker on the hark
hg^hter on the sides. Belly white or whitish. The fins usually have duskv"
spot.s or blotches, the lower fins and c.-.-.dal are sometimes reddish The
body markings vary a great deal. In th oung the upper half of the bodv
IS covered with small round black spots, which usually change their shape
or disappear as the fish grow older. In mature fish the spots are more
diffuse, sometimes enlarging to an ;.ich or more in diameter, or by coales-
cing, form vertical broad bands, while in others there are no distinct dark
markings. All these various markings are found in fish from the same
locality. The maiority of Ljnge in our waters are either unmarked or
show faint bars, the .spotted form being the most uncommon.

The distribution of Masralonge in our waters is somewhat irregular.
It IS found in the St. Lawrence about the Thousand Islands, in the waters
of the Trent Valley, Lake Scugog, Lake Simcoe. and manv of our inland
lakes, but I have no record of its occurrence in anv of the Great Lakes

70

CHECK LIST OK THK

mi

except I.ake Erie and the (ieorgian Hay, where it is quite common. Its
northern range is not yet clearly defined, but does not probably extend
beyond the height of land.

Spawning takes place early in spring, soon after the ice goes out, in
shallow water about the reed beds. Here the females deposit a large
number of eggs, from which the fry hatch in from fifteen to thirty days,
according to temperature.

The "Lunge" is, except at pairing time, a solitary fish, usually lying
concealed among aquatic plants at the sides of channels, or in open lakes,
beneath shelvmg rocks, from whence it darts upon every living thing
unfortunate enough to come within its reach and small enough to become
its prey.

When taken in the autumn, at which time it is in high condition, its
flesh is firm, flaky and of good flavour, and its fighting ((ualities at their
very best. In summer it affords comparatively little sport and its flesh is
apt to taste weedy.

Under favourable circumstances Mascallor.ge attain an immense size,
fish of eighty to one hundred pounds' weight having Ix-en taken in various
places. We do not often see such monsters now, but specimens ranging
from thirty to fifty pounds are captured every season.

I-AMIl.V P(ECILinXli:. (ThK KlI.l.IHSHKS.)

Body oblong, or moderately elongate, compressed behind, depressed
forward, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are adherent and
regularly arranged. Lateral line wanting or represented by a few imper-
fect pores. Head scaly at least above. Mouth terminal, small, the lower
jaw usually projecting; margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxil-
laries only; premaxillaries strong, extremely protractile. Teeth incisor-
like or villiform, sometimes present on the vomer, but usually in the jaws
only; lower pharyngeals separate, with cardiform or r.irely molai teeth;
third upper pharyngeal enlarged, the fourth wanting or united to the third.
Gill membrares somewhat connected, free from isthmus; gill rakers very
short, tliick. Branchiostegals four to six. Pseudobranchia; none. Dorsal
fin single, inserted posteriorly, of soft rays only, rarely with a single spine,
or rudimentary spinous dorsal ; caudal fin not forked ; ventral fins abdom-
inal, rarely wanting; pectoral fins inserted low; no adipose fin. Stomach
siphonal, without pyloric appendages. Air bladder simple, often wanting.
Basis cranii simple. Sexes usually unlike, the fins being largest in the
males, but in some species the females are much the larger.

If

Geni's FUNDULUS. (KiLi.iFisHES.)

Ro-Jy rather elongate, little elevated, compressed behind ; mouth mod-
erate, the lower jaw projecting; jaws each with two or more series of

»

FISH OF ONTARIO.

pointed teeth, usually forming a narrow band, hones of the mandible
firmly united ; scales moderate ; gill opening not restricted above, the
opcrcle with its margin not adnate to shoulder girdle ; preopercle, pre-
orbital, and mandible with mucous pores; dorsal and anal hns similar,
sm;ill, or rather large, the dorsal inserted either in front of, abi.ve, oi
behind, the front of anal; venlrals well devtioped; air bladder present;
sexes differing in colour, si/e and development of the fins, the .'mal (in in
the male normal ; intestinal canal short ; first superior pharyngeal without
teeth, second with teeth, third and fourth coossified, with teeth. Species
very numerous, mostly .-Xmerican, inhabiting fresh waters and arms of
the sea. They are oviparous.

Si i:(.E.M s KO\ ! IXLS,

'un\">''

*^S^

Killilish. ' riiiuhihi.-: iliiiiihiiiiii': )

(78) Killifish. Fresh-water Kiily.

(Fundulus diaphanus.)

Body rather slender; head flat above; mouth very protractile, small,
its width somewhat greater than the length of the lower jaw i'ins low,
the <lorsal midway between the tip of the snout and the root of the caudal.
The anal is wholly under the dorsal. Caudal large, convex behind.

D., 14; .\., !.>. Scales on lateral line, 46.

The females are olivaceous, sides silvery, with lifleen to twentv-ti\e
narrow dark crossbands ; tins p;ile. In the breeding season the males are
olive with about twenty pearly w'u;.' cross bars.

.Abundant in bays and shallow inlets near the lakes; usually found
quite close to the shore line, associated in small shoals. A fairly g.'od
bait fish, though not as attractive as the bright shiners and chub.

This species attains a length of about four inches.

Order HEMIBRANCHII. (The Half-gills.

Interclavicles developed, (lills
furcate ; supraclavicle quite small.

pectinate. Post-temporal simple, not
Superior pharyngeal bones reduced in

72

CHECK LIHT OK THE

iiunil)er, the bones of the gill arches also reduced except in Gasterosteidiie ;
inferior pharyngeals present, not united. Ventral fins abdominal or sub-
abdominal, joined to the intcrclavicle, or else detached from it through
partial atrophy of the shoulder girdle. Mouth bounded above by premax-
illaries only ; shoulder girdle simple in structure. Basis of cranium simple
and without tube ; four anterior vertebra' more or less elongate ; snout
usually more or less produced, the small mouth at its end.

Famii.v {J.ASTEROSTEID^. (The Sticki.ehacks.)

Body more or less fusiform, somewhat compressed, tapering behind
to :i slender caudal peduncle. Head moderate, the anterior part not greatly
produced, but all the bones of the suspensory apparatus somewhat leng-
thened. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower jaw prominent ;
maxillary bent at right angles and overlapping the premaxillary at corner
of mouth. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow band in each jaw ; no teeth on
vomer or palatines; premaxillaries protractile. Preorbital rather broad;
suborbital plate large, often covering the anterior part of the cheeks, form-
ing a connection with the preopercle. Branchiostegals three. Gill mem-
branes broadly joined, free from the isthmus, or not ; gill rakers i derate
or rather long. Opercles unarmed. .Skin naked or with vertically tyblong
bony plates ; no true scales. Dorsal fin preceded by two or mr>re free
spines ; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a single spine ; ventral tins sub-
abdominal, consisting of a stout spine and one or two rudimentary rays.
Middle or sides of belly shielded by the pubic bones. Pectorals rather
short, unusually far Ijehind the gill opening, preceded by a quadrate naked
area which is co.ered ..ith shining skin. Caudal fin narrow, usually lun-
ate. .Air bladder simple; a few pyloric cseca. Vertebrae, thirty to thirty-
five ; anterior vertebrae little enlarged. Small fishes inhabiting the fresh
waters and arms of the sea, noted for their pugnacity.

They are exceedingly destructive of the spawn and frv of larger
fishes.

Most of the Sticklebacks build elaborate nests, which the male fish
defends with much .spirit. The .species are extremely variable, being appar-
ently readily affected by changes in surroundings.

Genus EUCALIA. (Brook Sticklebacks.)

Fresh-water Sticklebacks, feebly armed ,the skin not mailed, the dorsal
spines few and nondivergent ; ihe gill membranes forming a free fold
across the isthmus ; pubic bones fully united. One species known.

FISH OK (»NT.\UI(>

(-9) Brook Stickleback.

(Eucalia inconstans.)

Body elongated, rather stout; the cjuidal peduncle without keel; skin
entirely smooth. The ventral spines and pubic bones are very small, the
latter concealed under the skin. The thora< ir proiesses covered by the
skin, slender and widely separated. Dorsal spines short, nearly equal in
length, placed in a straight line, the anterior spines shortest. Wntral
spines small and serrated.

D. III. to IV., I., 10; A. I., 10.

.Males in the breeding season jet black, tinged with copperv red. The
females and young are greenish, variegated with darker.

Common in small streams and ponds, where it secretes itself among
water plants, ready at any moment to attack any small fish which
approaches its lair, or to dart upon passing insects small enough to become
its prey.

This .species Is a nest builder and is particularly vigorous in the
defence of its eggs or young. It grows to a length of two and a-half
inches.

(li-Ms I'VGOSTKl.S. (MANV-snvKi) .Sikki. -hacks.)

This genus is characterized by the presence of nine to eleven divergent
spines and by the weakness of its innominate bones. As in Euc.
gill membranes form a broad fold across the isthmus.

Teii-gpined Stickleback, l /V/r)../^».« iiiiiu/ilitiM. )

(Ho) Ten-spined Stickleback.

(Pygosteus pungitius.)

Mody elongate, somewhat compressed. The dorsal spines are all in
the same line in a furrow, but they diverge so as to form a zigzag series.
Pubic bone weak, lanceolate, not serrate; ventral spines slender, pun-
gent, finely F.znwte above and below; gill membranes free from isthmus
behind; gill rakers long and slender; caudal fin lunate, slightly emargin-
ate.

D. IX. to XI., I., 9; A. I., 8.

74

CHECK LIST OF THE

Colour brownish iiluivi', pun( tulate and irregularly baiTt'd with hiark.
Tail keeled. Length alxuit three inches. In the breeding season the male
becomes rosy beneath.

Not particularly common in this Province, but generally distributed
through the region of the (Jreat L.ikes. It is said lo be abundant in the
streams of the .\tlantic coast and in the fresh waters of tlu- Arctic regions.

(iKMs (iASTFROSTFL'S.

.Sticklebacks with the innominate bones coalescent on the median line
of the Ix-'lly, behind and Ix'tween ihe ventral tins, forming a triangular or
lanceolate plate. Gill membranes united to the isthmus ; tail slender, and
usually keeled ; skin variously covered with bony phtes ; dorsal spines
strong, with nondivergent bases. Species numerous and highly variable,
those found in the sea usually \ ith the body completely mailed, the fresh
and brackish water forms \ari()usly mailed, or even altogether naked.

fuTla^A

Two-.upilied StilkU'lliUk , ( (lil:ilrrn>lniy liirjii

i'Uf. ]

(8i) Two-spined Stickleback.

(Gastcrosteus bispinosus.)

Hody fusiform, moderately elongate and compressed ; caudal peduncle
short, slender and distinctly keeled. The sides are covered with about
thirty-three bony plates. The processes from the shoulder girdle cover
the breast except a small naked area between them. .\t the base of each
dorsal spine is a large rough bony plate to which the spine is hinged in
such a way that it may be fixed and mimovable at the will of the fish. The
pelvic bone is lanceolate. The spines are all closely .serrated, those in
front of the anal and soft dorsal smallest. At the base of the ventral spine
there is a cusp.

D. II. I., II to 1.3; A. I., 9.

Colour, greenish olive, lighter on the sides, lower parts silvery. Gill
co\ers silvery, with dusky markings; iris silvery; pupil black; fins pale.

riSH OK ONTAniO

76

In the broeding season the mak' is brilliant bluish <»r urt-enish alwvf, with
indistinct dark bars and KcnTi'lly bright red Ik-Iow. I.enjjili in our waters
about three inches.

Rather common in sprinij in the streams and inlets of Lake Ontario,
but I have not lourui it elsewhere. Its centre of abundance in .America is
aloni; the North Atlantic coast, where it is found in all the streams from
N'ew Jersey to L.abrador. The male of this species constructs a rather
elaborate nest, of s nd, pieces of sticks, weeds, etc., in which the female
deposits her ova. When this is done the male stands jjuard over it, fanning
with his fins to promote circulation of the water, only leaxing his post to
dart at an intruder or secure some small insei-t for food.

Order ACANTHOPTERI. (The Spmy-rayed Fishes.)

.\nterioi vertebra' unmodified and without ossicula auditus; no me.so-
coracoid and no interclavicles so far as known. Horder of mouth formed
by premaxillary ; maxillary normally distinct from it and always present,
but sometimes coossified with it. Gills laminated. Shoulder girdle
attached to the skull by a post temporal, which is normally furcate and
usually not coossified with the skull. Hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid
distinct, ossified, the former usually perforate. Pharyngeals well devel-
oped, the lower rarely united, the third upper pharyngeal largest, the
fourth often wanting. Pectoral actinosts always present, opercular appa-
ratus complete; gill openings in advance of the pectorals; pectoral fins
above the plane of the abdomen ; ventral fins more or less anterior, nor-
mally attached by the pelvis to the shoulder girdle, typically with one
spine and five rays, sometimes wanting, sometimes without spine or with
many rays, or otherwise modified. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal typi-
cally simple or spinous, but all the fin rays often articulate. .\ir bladder
typically without duct in the adult. Scak's various, tvpically ctenoid;
lateral line usually running high.

Suborder SALMOPERCi^:. (The Trout Perches.)

N'entrals abdominal, each with a short simple ray; dorsal with two
simple r.iys or spines; anal with one or two; month formed as m PccoiJ
fishes, the simple toothless maxillary not forming part of its border. Adi-
po.se fin present. Scales ctenoid; head naked; pseudobrruichiae present.
.\ir bladder apparently with a rudimentary duct. Stomach siphonal, with
a few caeca. Shoulder girdle without mc.-ocoracoid, apparently of the
normal percoid type; vertebra- about thirtv-fivo.

^1

7«

I'MKCK MST OK THE

Famii.y PHRCOI'SIIXi:. 'litori Pkhciiks.)

Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the caudal peduncle
long and slender. Head conical, pointed, naked. Mouth small, hori-
zontal ; maxillary short, narrow, without supplemental bone, not reaching
to the large eye; margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries alone,
which are short and not protractile. Teeth very small, villiform on prt-
maxillaries and lower jaw only. Tongue short, adherent. (lill membranes
separate; free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchia- present. Branchio-
stegals six. Gill rakers short, tubercle-like. Opercle with entire edges.
Lower limb of the preoperrle well developed, the angle nearly a right
angle, it.s inner edge with a raised crest, its outer edge crenulate or with
a few spines. Bones of the head cavernous ; cranium with a raised crest,
which does not extend to the occiput. Scales modemte, rather firm, adher-
ent, their edges strongly ctenoid. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal short,
median with two spines, slender or stout ; ventrals anterior, just in front
of the dorsal, with one rudimentary spine and about eight rays; pectorals
narrow, pl.-iced rather high; anal small, with one or two spines; caudal
forked; adipose fin present, small. Vertebrte about thirty-five. First
superior pharyngobranchial without teeth ; second, third, and fourth separ-
ate, with teeth. Lower pharyngeals separate. Stomach siphonal, with
about ten well developed pyloric ca-ca. Ova unusually large, not falling
into the abdominal cavity before exclusion. .'Vir bladder present, with a
band of connective tissue which is apparently with a rudimentary duct.
Small fishes of the fresh waters of the cooler parts of America. This group
is one of special interest, as it combines with ordinary salmonoid ch.irac-
ters, the structure of the head and mouth of a Percoid.

Ofm s PERCOPSIS. (Troit Pekchks.)

Body rather slender, pellucid, covered with rather thin scales; dorsal
fin with two slender spines or simple rays ; anal with one ; scales roughest
posteriorly; lateral line developed; preopercle entire or very nearly so.

(83) Trout Perch. Sand Roller.

(Percopsis guttatus.)

Body rather long, moderately compressed, covered with thin ctenoid
scales ; head scaleless and without barbels ; gill openings wide ; opercles
well developed; gill rakers short, tubercular; skull highly cavernous;
mouth small, the margin of the upper jaw formed by the short non-pro-
tractile interinaxillaries ; no supplemental maxillary bone ; small villiform

FISH OK ONTAKIO

teeth on the intermaxillaries and mandible. Ton^^uc short, nut free al tip.
Six bram-hiostegals. Lateral line continuous. The first dorsal over middle
of body. Adipose fin small ; caudal lonp, forked ; pectorals narrow, placed
high. The stomach is siphonal, with numerous pyloric ca'ca. The eggs
are moderately large and are excluded through an ovidui t. Air blacUK r
present. Lower jaw included.

I)., II ; A., 8. Scales on lateral line, 47 to 50.

Colour, upper parts pale olivaceous or brown, marked with rounded
dark spots, made up of minute dots ; a silvery median stripe, be<-oming
obsolete in front ; peritoneum silvery. Attains a length of alK)uI eight
inches.

I have not found this tish common anywhere in Ontario, though it
ranges all through the (Ireat L.ikjs and their tributaries north to Hudson
Bay. It is perhaps more abundant in the Moira River, near Belleville,
than elsewhere in our Pro> ,e, and is said to lje fref|uently taken in the
clear cold waters of Lake Superior.

It is too small to be of much value to anglers, though it tjikes bait
readily and is used for food by those who care for such small game. To
the naturalist it is interesting, combining as it does the characteristics of
the Salmon and some of the Perches.

It spawns in the spring, running up the streams for that purpose.

Suborder XENARCHI. (The Pirate Perches.)

Structure of mouth and skeleton, so far as known, essentially tli;il nf
the Percoid fishes. Dorsal fin single, with a few small spines; vciilrals
thoracic, with a small spine, and more than five soft rays. Air 1)1;i(1(1;t
large and adherent. Intestinal canal ending at the throat in the adult, the
vent variously posterior in the young. Vertebra-, twenty-nine.

Kamit.v APHRKDODERID^. (Pirate Peri hes.)

Body oblong, elevatod at the base of the dorsal, coniprossed bcliiiul ;
the head thick and depressed; the profile concave. Caudal peduncle thick :
mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary
reaching to anterior border of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws,
vomer, palatines and pterygoids. Premaxillaries not protractile; ni.ixil-
laries small, without evident supplemental bon?. Preopercle and pre-
orbital with their free edges sharply serrate ; opcrde with ,1 spine. Bones
of skull somewhat cavernous. Sides of the head scalv. Lower pharvn-
geals narrow, separate, w^ith villiform teeth, (iill membranes slighlly

w

VHKCK LIST OK TIIK

joined lo llu' isthmus anteriorly, dill r:ikers tubcrcle-liki\ dentato.
I'M'udoliriinchia- obsolete, (tills four, n small slit In-hind the lourth.
HranchiosteKals six. Scales moderate, stronKly j tenoid, adherent. Later.il
linr ImptTtect or wanting;. N'enI always antiTior, its |Hisilion varying;
with ajje, from just behind the ventral fins in the young to Ix-low the pre-
o|jerrle in the adult. Dorsal fin single, median, high, with but three or
four spines, which are rapidly gniduated, the first being very short. Anal
small, with two slende.- spines; ventral fins thoracic, with a very short
spine, the number of soft rays usually seven; caudal fin rounded In-hind.
Air bl.idder simple, large, .idherent to the walls of the ;il>donH-n. Pyloric
cii-ca, about twelve.

Genus APHREDODERl'S. (Pirate Perchks.)
The characters of the genus are included aijove.

(S.^) Pirate Perch.

(.Aphredoderus sayanus.)

Body moderately stout, oblong, somewhat compresse<l posteriorly.
.Scales ctenoid. Dorsal fin continuous, its origiii much in advance of the
middle of the total length; the anterior spines much the shortest. Mouth
large for the size of the fish, the lower jaw somewhat longer than the
cpper ; the maxilla reaches to front of eye ; jaws, vomer and palatine bones
with villiform bands of teeth. Lateral line wanting. Caudal rounded.

D. III., II ; A. II., 6. Scales on lateral line, 48 to 5S.

Colour, variable, sometimes olivaceous, at other times dark brown
with numerous dark punctulations; a dark bar at the base of the caudal
followed by a light one. It reaches about four inches in length.

I include this species, though there are no Ontario records of its
occurrence here known to me. It should, however, be found in the streams
of the Niagara district and at the western end of Lake Krie. It fr,.>quents
sluggish streams and ponds in which aqu.-itic weeds abound, and is
remarkable because the position of the vent varies with age. In the
young it is behind the vcntrals, while in the adult it is in the throat.

Suborder PERCESOCES.

N'entral fins abdominal, each of one spine and five rays; branchial
arches well developed, the bones all present except the fourth superior
branchihyal. Third superior pharyngeal 'much enlarged; lower pharyn-
geals distinct. Scales cycloid. Pectorals elevated, about on a level with
the upper [nisterior angle of operculum; spinous dorsal usually present.

riSH OK ONTAHIO

7»

Family ATHKRIMDi-K. (Tmk Sii akksiuks.)

P'l-dy riltlier flonjjJ'tf. somewhat coinprt-ssi'd, c-ovrri-cl with scales of
inodtTatc or small size, which an- usually, but not always, i ycloid. No
lateral line; scjnie scales often with rudimentary mucous IuIh-n. Cleft of
the mouth moderat<'. Tee»h small, on ja.vs and sometimes on Mimer and
palatines, rarely w^mtinj;. I'remaxillaries protractile or not. Opercular
hones without spines or serrature. (iill op«-nin>fs wide, the >jill membranes
not connected, free from the is nus ; j»ills four, a slit Ix-hind the fourth.
I'seuclobranchiii" present ; ({ill r;.Kers usually lonj; and slender. Hranchio-
stegals five or six. Dorsal tins two, well separated; the lirst of three to
••i^ht slender flexible spines, the secoml of soft rays ; anal with a weak
spine, similar to the soft dorsal, but usually larger; ventrals small, ;ib<lom-
inal, not far b.ick, of one small spine and five soft rays ; pcctor.ils n derate,
inserted hijjb. Air bladder present. No pyloric cava. \'ertebr;i numer-
ous, usually about j_^ f j^ - 4*^1; third and fourth superior ph.'irynjjeals
(•o("M!s.sitied with teeth. All the species h.'iNe a silvery band along the sitlc ;
this i'i ^ imetinu'S underlaid by bl:ick pitjment.

Of.ms i..\bidi:.stiii:.s.

Jaws prolonged, both of which arc produied into a short depressed
lif.ik. The s( ales are small, their edges entire.

(H4) Silversides. Skipjack.

(I-abidesthes sicculus.)

Body very slender, elongate. Caudal deepiv forked.

D. IV. I.', II ; A. I., 2.V Scales on lateral line, 75.

Colour, green, the fish in life tr.inslucent, upper parts dotted. .\
ve-v distinct silvery lateral band edged .ibove with lead colour; cheeks
silvery. Length, about four inches.

This species is found in Lake Ont.irio, I,. ike I'irlc, ;in<l the Detroit
River, and may Ik- generally distributed throughout the <;rcat Lake regi.)n.
As a food fish for Larger species it is import.int.

(iMoi 1- PKRCOIDRA. (TiiK Pi k(II-i ikk Fisiiks.)

A group of fishes of diverse habits and forms, but on the whole repre-
senting better than any oth^. the typical Acanthopterygian fish. The
group is incapable of concise definition, or in gener.'il, of any definition at
all ; still most of its members are definitely related to each other, and bear
in one way or another a resembl;tnce to the typical form, the Perch, or
more strictly to its marine relatives, the Sea Bass or Serranid.";. The
lolidwing analysis gives most of the common characters ol llie group ;

CHKCK LIST OF THK

liody usuiilly oblonK, < ovirt-d with scales, whi« h arc typically ritnoiil,
not tnuMilh or spinous, atul ol mcMli-rate si/r. Lati-ral liiic typically pre-
sent and concurrent with the hack. !lea«l usually compressed laierallv
and with the cheeks and o|ht< les st ily. Mouth various, usually terminal
and with lateral cleft, the teeth various, hut typii ally pointed,' arran^ccl
in bands on the jaws, vomer. an<l palatine liomvs; ^ill rakers usually sharp,
stoutish, armed with teeth; lower pharynffeal almost always separate,
usually armed with cardilorm teeth; third ujipcr pharyngeal moderately
enlarged, elont{ate, not articulated to the cranium, the fourth tvpicallv
present ; kiNn four, and a slit In-hind the fourth ; fjill membranes free from
the isthmus, and usually not conne< te<l with each other; pseudobrani hiu'
lypic.illy well developed. Hrani hiostej-.ils few, usually six or seven. No
Inmy stay (onnectinK the sulM)rbil;il chain to the preopercle. ()|«rcular
lu)nes all well de\ eloped, normal in position, the pno|)»'rcle typicallv ser-
rate. \'o crani.il spines. Dorsal fin variously developed, but alw.iv>' with
some spines in front, these typically stiff and sharp. .Anal Hn typi.ally
short, usually with three spines, sometimes with a larger numlx-r, some-
times with none; caudal fin various, usually lun.itc; peiioral tins well
develop*-d, inserted hiRh ; ventral fins always' present, thora< ic. separate,
almost alw.-iys with one spine and five rays.' Air bladder usually present,
without air duct in the adult; simple and Renerally adherent to' the waIN
of the abdomen. Stomach cacal. with pyloric apixndajfes, the inicstines
short in most species, long in the herbivorous forms. \'ertebr;il column
well developed, none of the \ertebrie specially modified; shoulder girdle
normally developed, the post tempor.il bifurcate, attached to the skull, but
not coossified with it ; none of the epipleural bones attached to the centre
lit the vertebra'; coracoids norm.il ; the hypercoraroid always with a
median foramen, the bas.il b«)nes of the pectoral (actinosts or ptervgialsl
normally developec^, three or four in number, hour-glass shaped, longer
lh;ui broad; premaxillary forming the border of the mouth usually prn-
tr.-ictile; Ixmes of the mandible distinct.

l-AMriv CKNTRARCFni).*:. (Thf .Sinhsmks.)

Mody more or less shorlencd and compressed ; the regions above and
below the axis of the body nearly equally developed :md corresponding to
e.ich other, and the pseudobranchiie imperfect. Head compressed. .Mouth
terminal, large or small. Teeth in villiform bands, the outer slightly
enlarged, without canines; teeth present on premaxillaries. lower jaw- anil
vomer, .and usually on pal.itines, also sometimes on tongue, pterygoids
and hyoid. Premaxillaries protr.ictile ; maxillary with a supplemenl:il
bone in the large-mouthed forms, .sometimes minute or obsolete in other's.
Preopercle entire or somewhat serr;ite ; opercle ending in two flat points.
or prolonged in a black flap at the angle. Preorbit.il short and deep ; tirst
suborbital narrow; the nia.\i!l:iry not slipping under its edge. N'osiriis.

I

KISH OK OXTAHIO

HI

two on fiich sidf. (iill> four, ;i slit lH-htn<l ihc fourth. I'lsetidohranihiif
small, almost K'-'xiliiliii*- iH'urly or <|iiit>' roM-rt-d by ■>kin. (till iiK-mbrimes
si-paratf, ftct* frf)ni the isthmus, HrnnrhiostPKals six, rarely s«'\fn. (iill
raktTs various'y formed, armed with sm;ill tooth, lower pharyngeal Ixmes
separate, their ;■ eth conic «ir sometimes paved. Cheeks and o|MTcles scaly ;
iMHly fully se- d, the scales usually slronjjly itenoid, rarely tyeloid ;
lateral line present, usually lomplete. Dorsal fins eonfluent, the spines
six to thirteen in number (usually ten), depressibit in a shiillow >;r<«>ve ;
anal spines three to nine. Intestinal eana' .-.horl. Pyloric cseca live to
ten. X'ertebrie, twenty-i-inht to lhirty-ti\e. Kntopteryyoid present. Pre-
lalidal or abdominal verlebrie with trans<.T'.e priHesses from the third or
fourth to the last ; ribs all but the last two to four, so«isilc, in.serted on the
i-enlrum behind the transverse priM-es^es. Krontals with a pair of lar^je
njui'iferou.s channels which converffo [Misteriorly or are conlUient with a
transverse channel connecting the post fronlals, their posterior openings
close together on the median line in front of the supraiM-cipital crest.
Colouration usually brilliant. Sexes simil.r; changes with a>{e often
Kreat. Fresh water fishes of North America; forminjj one of the most
characteristic features of our fish fauna. Most of the species build nests
which they defend with much courage. .Ml are carnivorous, voracious an<l
gamy. All are valued as food, their importance iM'ing in direct proportion
to the size which thev attain.

(■EM s POMOXIS. ((iKxss H\ss.)

Hody more or less elongate, strongly compressed, the snout proje» .-
ing; mouth large, obiique; maxillary broad, with a well develojicd supple-
mental bone ; teeth on vomer, palatines, entopterygoids and tongue ; lower
pharyngeals narrow, with sharp teeth; gill rakers long and slender, num-
erous; op«Tcle emarginate ; preopercle and preorbital finely serrated; scales
large, feebly ctenoid; lins large, the anal larger than dorsal, of six spines
and about seventeen rays ; dorsal with six to eight graduated spines, the
spinous dor.sal shorter than the soft part; c:iudal (in emarginate; pectorals
rounded or obtu.sely pointed, with fifteen or sixteen rays, the upper long-
est; ventrals close together, each with a strong spine; branchiostegals
seven ; lateral line complete, the tulx-s straight and extending at least on
th»' anterior half of the exposed surface of the scale; posterior pnx-esses
of the premaxillaries not extending to the frontals; supraoccipital and
parietal crest very strong, produced forward on the frontals to between
the orbits; vertebra', iS-^-i^^^-^.

(85) Crappie. Silver Bass.

(Pomoxis annularis.)

Body oblong, but more elongated than the next, the depth two-fifths
of the trtai length; much compressed. >fouth ol)Iif|ue, larger than in the

82

fHKCK LIST Ol' TllK

I

.1:

iicxl; protili- mori- or less S >h;ipi(l ; head depressed, snout projiTlinfj ;
pptT jaw nearly one h;:!! tlu- Imiilli ol luad, the maxilla reachini; slightly
•yond the middle of the eye.

I). \I., 16; A. \I., 17. Scales, 7-4.S-1.V

Colour, < lear sIKi-ry olixe, the si<lis mottled with dark ^ncnish
hlolches; on the upper part ol the body are traies of narrow xertical bars.
The dorsal and caudal tins arc mottled, but the an.il is usually plain.
.\ttains a lenylh of about IwcKu inches and a weight of one pound.

This species ranj^es from the (ireat Lakes southward. It occurs rarely
m L.ike lOrie and possibl-- also in Lake Ontario. In appearance the
Crappie and the Speckled l?ass ;ire very much alike, the best distinj^uish-
ing marks between them being the more elongate<i form of the Crappie,
the possession of only six spines in the dor.sal, ;ind the nearly uniform
pl.iin whitish colour of the ;mal.

In its habits it closily reseuibles the next and more f.imiliar species.

(«<)) Speckled Bass. Calico Bass.

(Pomoxis sparoides.)

Hody oblong, compri-ssed, its depth about one-half the length with-
out the tail ; head about one-third length. Mouth very oblique and sm.iller
th.in in the Crappie; the profile comparati\ely even; fins \ery high.

I). NIL, 15; .\. \|., J J to i.S. Scales on lateral line, 41 to 4J.

Colour, silxery olive mollled with cK-.ir olive greer), the dark mark-
ings gathered in small irr«gular bunches and covering the whole body;
vertical fins with dark olive reticulalion.s, surrounding pale spots ; anal
marked like the dorsal; a dusky opercular .spot. Under favourable cir-
cumstances it attains :i length of ten or twelve inches and a weight of one
pound or rather more.

The Speckled liass is found in the w.iters of this Province from CJue-
bec to Lake Huron. It fre(|uents ponds, lagoons, and sluggi.sh streams,
where there is an abuntlance of aquatic vegetation, under which it lies in
wait for the insects, crusta<-eans and small fish upon which it feeds. It
spawns in the early summer and is said to scoop out a nesting place in
l!;e s.ind in the same manner as the Sunlishes and Black Hass. This I
rave never .seen, though I have been very familiar with the species for
nearly forty yc.irs.

.\s a food and g.ime tish it stands high in the estimation of anglers,
though it is not a very persistent lighter. Being gregarious and congre-
gating in schools, under overhanging weeds and such like places, it mav
be captured in great numfiers when a favorite haimt is discovered.

This species readily adapts itself to life in artilii iai ponds and is
worthy of much tnorc attention from fish culturisl- ban it has heretofore
received, for when taken from cle.ir water it is otie of the best tabic fish
we have.

1

FISH OF ONTARIO.

83

It feeds principally towards ivtnin^, and the Inst bait for it is a
bright, lively shiner or chub.

Genus AMBLOPLITKS. (Rock Bass.)

Body oblong, moderately elevated, compres.sed ; mouth large, the
broad maxillary with a well developed supplemental bone, lower jaw pro-
jecting; teeth on vomer, palatines, tongue, entopterygoids and ectoptcry-
goids, lingual teeth in a single patch, pharyngeal teeth sharp; branchio-
stegals six ; opercle ending in two flat points ; preopercic serrate at its
angle, other membrane bones chiefly entire; gill rakers rather long and
strong, dentate, less than ten in number, developed only on the lower part
of the arch ; scales large, somewhat ctenoid ; lateral line complete, the
tubes occupying at least the anterior half of the surface of the scale;
dorsal fin much more developed than the anal fin, with ten or eleven rather
low spines; anal spines normally six; pectorals obtusely pointed with
fourteen or fifteen rays, the upper longest ; caudal fin emarginate.

(K7) Rock Bass.

(Ambloplites rupestris.)

Body robust, oblong; caudal pedunile stout, almost as deep as long.
Uori-ral profile rather steep, strongly concave over eye. Eye large. Mouth
large, the maxillary reaching to vertical from posterior end of pupil. The
heavy lower jaw projects slightly. The opercle ends in two flat points;
preopercle serrated at its angle. Clill raiders long and strong, less th.in
ten in number ; six branchiostegals ; scales large, those on the cheeks in
about eight rows; caudal rather deeply emarginate. The lateral line is
complete, placed high on body and follows the contour of the back.

n. XI., 11; A. V'l., II. Scales, 5-4<>-i4.

Colour olive green, with a brassy tinge .ind much d.irk mottling ; the
ig are pale or yellowish, irregularly barred and blotched with black ;
'■ . with a dark spot at the base of each scale, these spots sometimes
I -.ig interrupted black stripes; a dark spot on the opercle; soft dorsal,
anal, and caudal fins with dark mottlings; iris golden overlaid with crim-
son.

The Rock Bass grows to a length of about a foot and a weight of a
pound and a half, though such large specimens are not often seen now.
It ranges throughout the whole of this Province, and is said to occur in
Manitoba, but I did not find it there.

It."^ usual haunts are dark holes in streams or lakes, where aquatic
vegetation flourishes, and it is often to be found in considerable numbers
aboil* -locks or timber work, which shades the water. From these places
it • ges towards nightfall and roams about in search of the insects,
crustaceans and small fish which form its food. When taken from dear,
cold water, it is esteemed as a table fish, and when fished for with light

84

CHIX K LIST OK THE

tackle will alTord lair sport to the antjUT. To tin.' .srhoolboy tlu' Koek
Bass is a "joy foruM-r," lor it rarely refuses a bai. even when offered upon
the coarsest tackle, and a fjood string will always reward his efforts if he
sfrikos ihe right places.

The spawning season is in May or June, when a shallow nest is
scooped out on some i;ravelly or sandy bar, in which the eggs are
deposited. Over this the jiarent lish watch with unremitting care until
the young are hatched.

Gi;: '. s CH.K\()m<\ Tl r.S. (W \i;M..r i iis.)

I

This genus has the general form and dentition of .Amboplitcs, uiih
the convex opercle, ten dorsal and three anal spines of I.eponiis. i're-
opercle entire; branchiostegals six; caudal ti;i emarginatc ; scales weakly
ctenoid; vertebrie, i^+ih- jg; posterior processes of the premaxillaries
extending nearly to the frontals ; frontals posteriorly with a transverse
ridge connecting the parietal ;md supraoccipital crest, which are \ery
strong.

(KK) Warmouth.

(Cha'nobryttus gulosus.)

Body hea\y and deep, but niort elongate than in our c()a'.ini>n .Sini-
lishes ; head rather long; eye mocFerate ; moutli larre, the niaxillary reach-
ing to below hind margin of eye ; gill rakers eight or nine, besides some
rudiments; opercular spot about as large as the eye. Tin dorsal begins
further back than the pectoral, its spines low.

I). X., 9 to lo; A. III., .S to t). .Scales, ()-40 to 4h-i.'.

Colour very variable, usually olive green, clouded with darker; a
u. .ky spot on each scale more or less distinct; vertical tins mottled with
dusky; a faint spo* on last rays of dorsal bordered by p;;ler ; three oblique
dusky bars radiating from eye ; belly yellowish.

It reaches a length of about ten inches.

I am under the impression that some years ago this fish was found in
the marsh at Toronto, and also near Hamilton, but of late no specimens
have been obtainable. It should occur in Lake Krie and will probably be
found in the Niagara district. Its centre of abundance is, however, south
of this Province.

(;i;m s .M'OMOTIS.

This genus is very dose to I.epomis, from which it diflers only in the
development of the .supplementary m.'ixillary bone, which becomes rudi-
mentary or wanting in the adult of I.epomis. The mouth is largest in the
species in which this bone is best d<' ^loped. Lower pharyngeals narrow,

I

j^i«i»^

9 F.

I

hi 'I;

i

FISH OK ONTARIO.

H5

with acute teeth ; gill rakt-rs well developed, long and stiff ; pectoral blunt-
ish, shorter than head ; scales moderate, 43 to 50. Habits similar to those
of the species of Lepomis.

(89) Green Sunfish.

(Apomotis cyanellus.)

Body oblong, the back not elevated; m; ;th large, the maxillary
reaching nearly to middle of eye; dorsal spines low ; opercular flap short,
with pale margin.

D. X., i;i A. III., 10. Scales, 7-47-14.

Colour, green with a brassy lustre, each scale with a blue spot and
gilded edging ; tins largely blue ; anal edged with orange ; iris red ; cheeks
with blue stripes.

I have no Ontario records of this fish, but as it will probably be found
in Lake Krie, it is mentioned here. Its centre of abundance is said to be
the Ohio basin.

It is too small to be of value as a game fish, seldom attaining a greater
length than six or eight inches.

(liMs LFPO.MI.S. (.Slnfishes.)

Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the bark in the adult
somewhat elevated ; mouth moderate or small, the jaws about equal ; maxil-
lary narrow, the supplemental bone reduced to a mere rudime t, or alto-
gether warning ; teeth on vomer and usually on palatines, none Oi\ tongue
or pterygoids, lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth spherical or paved, all
or nearly all sharp, few or none of them conical ; gill rakers mostly short ;
prcoperculum entire ; operculum ending behind in a convex flap, bJack in
colour, which in some species becomes greatly ('.^veloped with age ; branchi-
o.iegals six; scales moderate; dorsal fin continuous, with ten spines; anal
with three spines ; caudal fin emarginate ; pectorals long or short. Colour-
ation brilliant, but evanescent. .V large genus, and one in which it is
rather diflficult to distinguish species. The form of body, development of
ear flap and height of spines \arv with age anti condition, while the
general appe.'irance and the numlx.>rs of fin rays and scales are essentially
the same in all.

Subgenus LEPOMIS.

(90) Blue Sunfish.

(Lepomis pallidus.)

Body deep, elliptical, its greatest depth at the ventrals, one-half of
the total length without the caudal ; caudal peduncle short and deep. Head

one-third of the total length without candn!. Snout short, obtuse and

*

Ml

CUKCK LIST OK THK

m

Uk't

PI

P

oblique, Ihc inttTorhital sp.ii v slijihtly tonvex. Moulh >niall, obliqui-, tin-
maxilla nol ^really fxpandt<l behind, reaching to bi-low the from of the
eye. Scales on the i heeks in five rows. The s'" rakers are short and
>tout, about lifteiii <ie\(l()|Md or. the first arch. .\o supplnncntal maxil-
lary bone. No palatine teeth. I'aiid.il tin notched, its niiddi,- ravs three-
fourths as lon)4 as the outer. Tin lateral line follows the curve of 'he
back.

I). .\., II ; .\. III., lo. Scales, 7-41-15.

Colour, rich greenish oHm' on back, becoming; paler on sides; top ol
head d.irk jjreenish ; opercles and cheek bluish; opercular flap rich \elvety
black, a small whitish spot abo\e near its base; side with three or fou'-
broad darker greenish bars ; fins all greenish, the pector.il palest ; a large
black blotch on last rays of dorsal, a similar one on an.il ; the dark bars
bec()me obsolete in the adult; no blue stripes on cheek; no red on fins;
old individuals often with the belly coppery red or brassy.

This is the largest of the Suntishes, reaching sometimes a lenjith ,)f
twelve inches or rather more, and a w»'ight of about a pound. The linest
specimens I e\er saw wi-re taken from the Rideau a few miles above King-
ston. It occurs abund.intly in some parts of Lakes Ontario and luie and
their tributaries, but I have not heard of it in the nortlnvesterr p.irt of
the Fro\ ince.

As a table fish it is highly esteemed, and, in proportion to it.s size,
possesses greater fighting qualities than any fresh-wat^r fish we have.

;;km s KIT'OMOTIS.

Very closely related to Lepomis, differing only in the blunter and
more pavement-like teeth of the lower pharyngeal bones. These bones
are, in the typical spt cies, broad and concave, specially in the adult. There
is consider.ible variation among the species, ;ind it is possible that this
division can not be maintained. Most of the spe< ies I a\ e long pectoral
fins, the suplement.il maxillary lost or very much redut -d, and the oper-
cular flap alw.iys with an orange patch on its lower posterior part, dill
rakers various, c.suallv short.

SriKiRMs KLPO-MOTIS.

(91) Yellow Sunfish. Pumpkin Seed.

(Hupomotis gibbosus.)

Body much compressed, nearly ovate, its depth one-h.ilf the total
length without caudal; caud.il peduncle short and compressed. Head
moderately large, one-third of the total length without caudal. Snout short
and depressed, the interorbit.il space nearly flat. Mouth small and oblique,
the maxilla not much expanded behind and leaihing to below front of

?!

1

4

s

3
X

3

FISH {»K OXTAHIO.

H7

eye. SiaU-s on the chft-ks in four rows. The opi-riuliir ipjit short, Uss
than two-thirds diametor <if thi- v\v, with a whitish margin »K'hind. «iill
rakers vt-ry short, moderately stout, ;o or ii de\ eloped on the lirst arch.
Caudal omarKinatc, its midtlle rays lour-titths as lc»nj{ as the outer. The
lateral lin>. lollows the curve of the hack.
I). \.. ij; .\. 111., lo. Stales, »i-4J-r.^.

Colour : In life one of the most Inautiful of fresh-water fishes; green-
ish olive above, shaded with hluish, the sides spotted and hloli hed with
orange; belly orange yellow; cheeks orange with wavy blue streaks;
lower fins orange; sides profusely mottled with orange. Opi-riular flap
black, the lower posterior p.irt bright scarlet. (Irows to a length of eight
inches and a weight of half a pound.

The common Sunfish is very abund.-mt in all the waters of soutlK-rn
and central Ontario, ranging to Lake Huron, whi< h is probably its limit
for there are as yet no records of it from the l.ake Superior region.

Though rather too small to Ix- of value as a game or food fish, y\ it
affords gri'al s(x>rt to the younger anglers, aiul is by no nieans lo l)c
despised upon the table.

The spawning season is in .May .ind June, the fish resorting to shallow
water, where the ova are deposited in nests scooped out in the sand or
mud, by the action of the fins. Over these the males keep guard until the
young ;ire hatched, in the meantime driving off all intruders and promot-
ing circulation of the water by fanning with ventr.il lins and t.iil.

(liMs .MICKOI'TKRIS. (Hi.aik B\ss.)

Body oblong, ( ompressed, the back not much elevated ; head oblong,
conical ; mouth very large, oblit|ue, the broad niaxillary -k hing nearly
to or beyond the posterior margin of the eye, its supplen .al bone well
developed ; 'ower jaw prominent ; teeth on jaw s, vomer and palatines in
broad villil(>rm bands, the inner depressible, usu.'illy no teeth on the
tongue; preopercle entire, operculum ending in two Hat points without
cartilaginous ll;ip ; branchiostegals normally six; gill rakers long .'md
slender; scales rather small, weakly ctenoid; later.il line complete, the
tubes straight, occupying the .interior half of each sc.ile ; dorsal tin divided
by a deep notch, the spines low and rather fet'ble, ten in number; anal
spines three, the .mal tin much smaller than the dorsal ; pectorals obtusely
pointed, the upper rays lorigest, ventrals close together lielow the ptn--
torals, caudal tin emarginate ; posterior processes of the premaxillaries
not extending to the front;ils ; frontals posteriorly with a transverse ridge
connecting the parietal and supraoccipital crests, whiih are very strong.

Two sptecies ; among the most important of game fishes.

m

(ilKCK LIST (»!• Till';

(<>.) Small-mnuthed Black Ha%». Black Baxii.

(Micriipli Ills ilnlii III, II.)

HimIv <>\;il<-liisil(>rni, I^.kmiu.ih cli't-ptT wilh iijjr; inoulli larnc hut
siuiilU-r than in itic lar^;i-ir.(>iilh..l l.la. k ha^s ; maxillary inilin),' ri>nsi«I.T-
alily in Iront ol |)..Ni,ri..r Ix.ni.r i>t (irtiil. .m cpl in \»-ry oUI i-xamplis ;
.H(al«s .,11 ( lu'tk niinulr; iIikm' on JMHly small; (ii.isal tin (Vcplv n.iti linl,
hill Ir.s Ml than in llu- iiiM spiriis, ihr ninth spine bcino ;;))out halt as
lonu as llu- lillh and nol mm h shnrirr than tin- t.ntli ; soft dorsal and anal
earli Maly al llu- hasf.

I). X., I.J to 15; A. III., 10 to 1... Sralcs. 11.7.. to H5...5. Ahout
17 rows of scales on chfck.

Colour, dull noldcn ijrr.ii uiih hron/.' Justr.-, olt.n hlolihrd with
daikir, cspciially on hrad ; yoii'ii; with dark.r spots aioni, llic sid.-s, ulii, h
tend to form short %vrli.-.il liars. Iim n,\,.r a dark lalc-ral hand: lhri-<-
hrciizc hands radialinji 'rom i\v arnss ih. ik and oprnNs; a duskv spot
on point of (ipjTil,-; (audal lin y.'llowish al liasr, Ih.n lilai k, with whili-
tips; (iorsal with hron/c xjxits, its cduf dusky. In some waters the lin
markinns are ohsoNte, hut they are usii;i"y conspicuous in the voun),'.
Adults .sometimes have all these markings ohliteral,<l, the . ol.iur I'lecom-
ni^ a imilVrm dead t:re. •!. without silver\ lustre, i\\r stripes on the head,
liowexer, rem.iimny mure or less distinct.

I his Uass is loun<l in yicater or less ;ilnindi,n<-e throughout the I'ro-
vmce. It seems to prefer cijol. , je.ir waters, h.ixiny a riickv or gravelly
hollom, and ranges further north than its larii.-moiilhed relative. .\s ii
f.ame lish it is sought after hy anj-lers in prefer me to mv .;ther, exi-pl.
perhaps, thy .Salmon, .and on the t.ihle is liiyhlx esteemed as food.

Sp.iwnin^i lieyins in M.iy and ends early in July, tlu- season heinj;
di-pendent largely upon the temper.iture of the water; ircuhation lasts
from seven to lilt.'.n d.iys. The p.-, rent fish scop out shallow nests in the
sand or gravel r^i receixe the ei;i;s, which .irc then s^uantcd .issicluouslv
until hatched.

I he f(Mid ..I IJIack Uass consists 1 hidly cf ins/ets, crusl.ic '.ins a:d
small lish, hut when hiini, nolliin.4 that it' can overpower comes amiss
At the approjich of winter i. i e.ises to feed .and lies dormant under lo^s.
Weeds, or rm-ks until the warmth of sprini; restores at the same time its
energy and voracitv.

Its maximum weij,'ht in our waters is .iliout six pounds, hut hsh of
this si/e arc r;iro.

('XO Large-mouthed Black Bass. Yellow Bas.s. Green Bass.

(Microplerus salmoidi s.)
Mody ovate-fusiform, hecominy deeper with aye, moder.itely com-
prossed; head larfje ; mouth verv wide, the maxill.iry in adult rJachinsj
beyond the eye, shorter in the younji; si;iles on hodv comp.irativelv large'';
Rill rakers longer than gill fringes; dorsal lin verv deeplv rotehed, the
spinous dorsal lor, . its fourth spine iongfcst.

a

J

a

FISH OF ONTARIO.

K»

lo or II. S.alcs, --(15 to 70-iH; 10 or 11

D. X., I J or I.?; .\. III.,
rows of scales on cheek.

• u^"!""*^' ^'"''^ *^'''''" ■''"'^'■' '*''''■'* •'""* ''^''"^^' Kreenish silvcrv ; voung
with a blackish stripe along the side from opercic to middle of caudal tin
ihree oblique dark stripes across the cheek and opercles ; some dark spots
above and below lateral line; caudal tin pale at base, th.-n 1,1a, ki>,h, and
whitish at tip: belly white. As the fish grows older the black lateral band
breaks up and grows lainter and the colour becomes more and more uni-
form, pale dull gieen, the back being darker.

The maximum weight attained by this lis'h in our waters is about six

pounds further south it grows to a large - ■ It is generallv distributed

hroughout the Province, being most abu..... .t in waters having a mud

bottom in which aqi atic plants flourish. It seems able to adapt itself to
running streams, ant even to thrive in them, but in quiet lakes and bavs
it reaches the greatest size.

The spawning season begins in May and ends at the Ixginning of
July. A nest is scooped out of the sand or mud, in which the adhesive
eggs are deposited. These are guarded bv the parent fish until hatched
Incubation lasts from one to two weeks, according to the temperature of
the water, and the young bass, after emerging from the eggs, rem.iin in
the nest for .ibout a week.

As the weather becom.-s cold this Bass seeks deep pla.es, often hiber-
nating under rocks, sunken logs, or in the mud. In the summer its
favourite I.H-alities are under overhanging banks or in holes among weeds
Nvhere it lies m wait for the frogs, fish and crust.accans which constitute
the greater part of its food.

Family PKRCID/E. (Tin; Pkwcmis.)

Body more or less elongate, terete or co..,pressed, covered mor.. or
less completely with r.-,ther small, ctenoid adherent scales. Dorsal and
ventral outlines more or less unlike. Lateral line usuallv present, not
extending on the caud.al fin. Mouth terminal or inferior, small
or large the prem.ixillaries protractile or not; maxillarics large
or .small, without distinct supplemental bone. J.aws, vomer
pal.itincs with bands of teeth, which ar,- usuallv villiform
sometimes mixed with canines, occasionallv the" teeth on
vomer or palatines are absent. Head naked, or more or less scalv • pre-
operc e entire or serrate ; opercles usually ending in a flat spine. Branchio-
stegals SIX or seven. Gills four, a slit behind the fourth; gill membranes
free or connected, not joined to the isthmus; gill rakers slander, toothed-
pseudobranchne small, or glandular and concealed, or altogether w.mting-
lower pharyngeals .separate, with sharp teeth. .\nal papilla more or less
developed. Fms gener.-.lly large; two dorsals, the first of six to fifteen
spines; anal fin with one or two spines, the usual number two. V-nlraK

and
but
the

90

CHECK LIST OF THE

\ti

thoracic 1., 5 ; pectorals often very large; caudal, lunate, truncate or
rounded. Air bladder small and adherent ; often entirely wanting. Pyloric
caeca few. No subocular lamina of the suborbitals ; entopterygoid present
Anterior vertebra without transverse processes; only the first pterygia)
or actinost usually in contact with the coracoid ; sometimes a part of the
second also. The posterior processes of the premaxillaries are short ; the
supraoccipital and parietal bones are short and confined to the back of the
skull ; parietal crests are absent, and the supraoccipital crest is very short
not extending to the anterior extremity of the bone or even absent.

Genus STIZOSTEDION. (Pickkrei.. Pike Perches.)

Body elongate, fusiform, the back broad; head subconical, long,
cheeks, opercles and top of head more or less scaly; mouth large, the jaws
about equal; premaxillaries protractile, little movable; teeth in villiform
bands, the jaws and palatines with long, sharp canines ; gill rakers slen-
der, strong; gill membranes separate; preopercle serrated, the serra
below turned forward; opercle with one or more spines, terminations of
radiating stria, dorsal fins well separated, the first with twelve to fifteen
spines, the second with seventeen to twenty-one soft rays, last dorsal
spine not erectile, bound down by membranes; anal spines two. slender,
closely appressed to the soft rays, which are rather long, eleven to four-
een in number; ventral fins well separated, the space Ijetween them equal
to their oase, ventral spine slender, closely appressed to the soft rays ;
scales small, strongly ctenoid; lateral line continuous; branchiostegals
seven; pseudobranchia- well developed; pyloric ca-ca three to seven.
Large carnivorous fishes of the fresh waters of North America.

SiHGKMs STIZOSTKDION.

(94) Yellow Pickerel. Pike-Perch. Dore,

(Sfizostedion vitreum.)

Body long and moderately deep, its depth varying with age; head
t"fu ""-^''^L I.TRe; lower jaw slightly projecting; the maxilla reach-
mg beyond the pupil. The soft dorsal is nearly as long as the spinous.

D. XIII., I., 21; A. II., j2 to 13. Scales, 10-90-19.
hted tt"H °''"''^«"''^";°"k.d with brassy; sides of the- head vermicu-
lated. the dorsals, caudal and pectoral with bands; those of the dorsals
and caudal not continuous; sides with about seven oblique dark bands

si ?.h TT' ■' '"* '''"''^ '""**^^ "" '^' membrane behind the las
spine of the dorsal.

The Yellow Pickerel is found in all the larger bodies of water throueh-

"to^h^r'r" P-'''-V-''-'-:'>- i" »<- ^■— t Lakes and the river fa fng

er-ivelin; snnHv'r*""'"^ ""' '" " '""'' ^P""«- ^^h- '^ -"^ on to
gravcllv or sandy bars or even up rivers for the purpose of depositing its

1

10 p.

i

HI

KISII OF ONTARIO.

»l

il

ova. As .sfM>ii as the wattr lK'(f)iTies warm thi-y work off into deep water,
where they remain during the hot months.

.As it is a decp-Wiitcr fish it dots not often afford much sport for th«
angler, l)ut as a commercial and f(MKl fish it is decidedly the best we have
in the lakes, its flesh being firm, white, flaky and well flavored.

I'nder favourable circumstances this species reaches a large size,
specimens of twenty-five pounds' weight having been recorded. These
are, however, very rare, and a ten-pound fish is now considered a very
good one. It is extremely voracious, feeding upon such other fish as it
can overpower, and the insects and ( ru.staccans found in its haunts. In
Manitoba, where I found it abundant, frogs were the most altraitive
baits.

In the Lake Erie district and perhaps elsewhere, the young, if of a
pale color, are known as "Hlue Pickerel," as this form shows no struc-
tural differences, its identity with the Yellow Pi<kerel seems certain.

Si wiKMs CVNOPKRtW.

(95) Sand Pickerel. Blue Pickerel. Sauger.

(Sti/ostedion canadense.)

Body elongate, more terete than n the preceding, the flesh more trans-
lucent ; head depressed, pointed. Kye small ; mouth smaller than in the
last; the maxilla reaches to the hind margin of the eye.

n. XII. to .\II1., 1., I- to i8; A. II., 12. Scales on lateral line, 92
to 98; 4 to 7 pyloric ca-ra of unequal length; all of them shorter than the
stomach.

Colour, olivaceous nbo\e; sides brassy, with black markings in the
form of irregular blotches which are best defined under the soft dorsal.
The spinous dorsal has several rows of riiund black spots on the membrane
between the spines; no black blotcl. m the hind part of the spinous dorsal.
Pectorals with a large dark blotch at base; soft dorsal with several rows
of dark spots irregularly placed; caudal yellowish with dark spots form-
ing interrupted bars.

This is a smaller fish than the lasl, rarely exceeding eighteen inches
in length and a weight of two pounds. It is also less valued as a food fish,
its flesh being softer and of inferior flavour.

The range and habits of this species are much the same as those of
its congoner and in proportion to its size it is equally destructive to small
fish.

Two varieties have been described, viz., griscum and boreum, but it
is doubtful if their distinctive characters arc sufTicicntlv permanent to
entitle them to sub-specific rank.

92

CHECK LIHT OK THE

Gems FEKCA. (Thk Tki k 1'khciies.)

Jody oblong, somewhat compressed, the baik elevated ; cheeks scaiv
operccs mostly naked; the Ofx-rtulum armed with a sini-le spine- prei
opercle and shoulder girdle serrated, preoperde with retrorse, hooked se,-
rations below ; mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillaries protractile; teeth
m villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines, no ( anine teeth ; brimchi-
ostegals seven; gill membranes separate; pseudobranthia- small, but
perfect; no anal papilla; scales rather small, stronglv ctenoid, lateral line
complete, the tubes straight and not extending to 'the extremity of the
scale ; dorsal fins entirely separate, the first of twelve to sixteen spines ■
anal fin with two sl-nder spines, well separated fr,.m the soft ravs- ventral
spines well developed, the ventral fins near together; caudal emarginate ;
air bladder present ; pyloric caca, three.

(96) Yellow Perch.

(Perca flavescens.)

Body fusiform, mode ately elongate, the back elevated, cheeks scaly •
opercles mostly naked, striate; premaxillaries protractile, preorbital sei-
rate; snout projecting, maxillary reaching middle of pupil; top of head
rugosv. ; gill rakers stout ; caudal notched.

D. XV., II., 13; A. II., 8. Scales, ;-57-iv

Colour on the back olivaceous, varying to greenish; sides golden
yellow, with about six to eight broad dark bars which extend from back
to below axis of body ; lower fins largely red or orange, especially so in
the spring; upper fins olivaceous. Like all fish, it varies greatly the
yellow is sometimes very bright, at other times quite pale, and the black
bars are much deeper in some waters than in others.

This species reaches a length of ten or twelve inches and a weight of
a pound or rather more. The largest I ever saw taken from our lakes
weighed one pound and two ounces. It is one of the most abundant of
our fishes and is found in all the lakes and streams of .mv size throughout
the Province. .As a food fish, if taken when the water is cool it is only
excelled by the Yellow Pickerel. During • l,„t summer months the
I erch of shallow, weedy waters become s- md lose their fine flavour.
To anglers accustomed to HIack Bass ar' .u.ige it is rather an insig-
nifirant species, but it has this to recomn .J it, that it can be caught by
anybody, with any sort of tackle, at all times of the year

The Perch spawns in early spring and the eggs, which arc verv small,
are enclosed in a long, narrow, translucent, strip of adhesive muJus.

Gems PERCIXA. (Uh: Perches.)

Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered «ith small ctenoid
scales; lateral line continuous; ventnil line with enlarged plates which fall

KISH OK ONTAUIO

n

off, Iriivinfj a nak««l strip; hrad dtpri-s«ril, railur |Miiii(id, tlu' mouth h«in({
small and iiil't'rior, overlapped l)y a tapering, siit)lriiin ale, pi|;liki Miout ;
upp«T y.iw not protrat.'tile, maxillary small, eNpn-nil; teeth on vomer .ind
palatines; ^ill membranes seareely i-onntTted ; lior-al tin Well separated,
the (irst the ■ irj,'er, of thirteen to titteen spines, thi- sei<>n<l dorsal r.ilher
longer than the anal, which has two spines, the tir^t of wliic h is usually the
shorter; pectorals symmetric, rounded or bluntly pointeil, their rays four-
teen or fifteen, their spines moderate; ventrat lins w<'ll separated, the inter-
space about equal to their b.ise ; air bladder ami pseudobrani hi.e present,
rudimentary.

(i,r) Lou Perch.

(I'ercina caprmles.)

H<Kly Ion;", slightly compressetl ; head long, with pointed snout
mouth small; the lower jaw not reaching near to tip of snout, and the
maxilla not extending to the frt)nt of the eye. Scales on cheeks and i;ill
covers, also on the sp.ice In-fore the first dor-.il; breast s< aleless, .\ row
of enlarged plates on the »>elly, which are sometimes decitlun.ii. Kins
nuxli-rately low .ind rather long.

1). .\\'., 15; A. II., (). Scales in lateral line, i)j.

Colour, greenish yellow, with about lifleen dark cross l)and>, extend-
ing from bark to In-lly ; alternating u illi (hose abf)vc the lateral line ;i'
fainter bars, l-ins barred. .\ bl.ick spot at the base of the caudal.

This is the largest of the Darters, ronching a length of almut eight
inches. It is found through()ut the (ireat Lake rei;ion in clear, rapid
streams having a gravelly or rocky bottom. The variety next meiuloned
is probably the common form of Ont.irio.

(()H) Manitou Darter.

(I'ercina caprodes zebra.)

Similar to the last, but n.ipe always naked; lateral black bars short,
not extending much alwne Intend line, the>e also more or less conlliu nt,
about twenty in number; a bl.ick caudal spot; dorsal and . aiidal mottled.

I). XV., 14; \. II., to. Si. lies, ()o.

This variety of P. caprodes is found in t!i, r.ipid stre.ims ot the Ort .it
Lak». region, and more parlicida'-l\ tlios frilling into Lake Superior.

Gems HADROPTKRIS. iHt m k-sidkd Dahtfks.)

Body rather elongate, compresse.' 01 not; mouth r.ilhir w idi ter-
minal, the lower jaw included ; the snout above not protruding beyond the
premaxillaries. which are not protracrile; teeth on vomer and usually on
palatines :ikr>- gill membranes separ.ite or more or !e',-; conncrt^H ; ^aU--
small, ctenoid, covering the body; belly with a median series of more or

94

CHECK MST OF THE

less enlarged spinous plati-.s .,r ctenoid scales, which in most species fall
off at intervals, leaving a naked strip, in some species persisUnt and but
slightly enlarged; sides of head scaly or not; lateral line complete o^
nearly so; fins large, the soft . orsal smaller than the spinous or the anal •
anal spmes two (one of them very rarely obsolete): dorsal spines ten to
hftcen; ventral hns more or less widely separated, specially in species with
caducous plates. Parietal region more or less depressed, not strongly
convex m cross section ; suprawcipital crest usually present, but small
I yloric ca-ca, two to four.

SuBGEMs .VLVORDIL'S.

(99) Black-sided Darter.

(Hadropterus aspro.)

Mody slender, fusiform, elongate; head rather long and pointed- the
maxilla extends slightly past front of eye; the mandible is included- the
eye large; gill membranes slightly connected; nape scaly or naked; cheeks
with very .small scales; large scales on opercles ; caudal peduncle rather
long and slender; caudal fin slightly emarginate.

D. .XII. to XV., II to li; \. II., S to lo. Scales, 9-65 to 80-17.

Colour, greenish yellow with dark tessellations and marblings above
and about seven large blotches along the side which are more or less coni
fluent; fins barred and there is a small spot at base of caudal. Length
three to four inches.

As this species is said to range all through the (ireat Lakes region
westward to Manitoba, it probably occurs here, though I have not as yet
found It. " ^

It frequents clear streams with gravelly bottoms and is more active
m Its habits than most of the other Darters, not concealing itself so closely
under stones. ^

(iKM s COTTOG.A.STKR.

Body rather robust, little compressed; head moderate, bluntish-
mouth moderate or small; the lower jaw included; premaxillarics pro-
tractile or occasionally joined by a narrow frenum to the frontal region •
maxillary not adherent to the preorbital ; teeth on vomer, gill membranes
nearly separate; scales ctenoid: the middle line of the belly anteriorly
naked or with caducous scales ; lateral line continuous ; dorsal fins large
the .second usually smaller than the first and smaller than the anal - an-.i
spines two. the first the longer; pyloric cicca three; skull shor't the
f^rontal region not very narrow, parietals little convex transversely, sutures
distinct ; no supr.inrcipital crest.

FISH OF ONTAniO.

siuGi-Ms cott()(;.\sti;r.

(loo) Copeland's Darter.

(Coltog;istcr copelandi.)

Body ratluT slinder and elongate; licad ratluT larj-e and long, some-
what narrowed. .Mouth .small, horizontal, subinferior; cheeks naked;
operclcs and neck each with a few scales; throat naked; ventral plates
well developed; scales moderate; strongly ctenoid.

D. X. to XII., lo to 12; .\. II., H or g. Scales. (1-44 to 5O-8.

Colour, brownish olive; a scries of rather small, horizontally oblong
black blotches along the lateral line, forming an interrupted lateral band;
back tassellated ; blackish streaks forward and downward from eye ; ven-
tral fins dusky in the male; vertical tins with dusky specks; a small ink-
like speck at base of caudal, persistent in most specimens; a black spot
on anterior rays of spinous dorsal.

Length, about three inches. The range of a variety of this species,
C. c. putnami, is from Lake Champlain to Lake Huron. It will therefore
probably lie found in our waters, though I have not yet obtained it.

(Jkm s BOLEOSOM.V (Tkssei.i.ateo Daktkks.)

Body moderately elongate, fusiform, but slightly translucent ; head
.small, narrowed forward, the profile convex ; mouth small, horizontal, the
lower jaw included ; premaxillary protractile ; maxillaries not adnate to
pn bital; vomerine teeth present; scales large; lateral line continuous or
interrupted behind; belly with ordinary scales; gill membranes broadly
or narrowly connected; dorsal >ines usually nine, very slender and flex-
ible, soft dorsal much larger than anal ; anal normally with a single, short
slender spine, the first .soft ray simple, but articulate; ventrals well sep-
arated; pyloric ca'ca. three to six; frontal region of skull very .short and
narrow; parietal region flattish above; no supratKcipital crest. .Size small,
very active little fishes.

(101) Johnny Darter.

(Boleosoma nigrum.)

Body slender, fusiform ; head conical ; snout somewh.it decurved ;
mouth small, subinferior, lower jaw included within the upper, fjill covers
scaly, cheeks naked except in occasional individuals; nape usually scaled.

D. VIII. to X., 10 to 14; .A. L, 7 to q. Scales, 5-44 to 55-q.

Colour, olivaceous; the back with brown tessellations; sides with
many W'-shaped blotches. The head i.- speckled above, in males usually
black. In the breeding season the whole anterior part of the male is often
black. .\ dark line forward from the eye and .sometimes another down-
ward. Length, about two and a-half inches. This species is common

II

96

(!HECK LIST OK THE

through the Creat Lakes region, more particularlv so in the west -.nd
nor h: ,n the southern and eastern parts of the Province it s represented
by the following sub-species: k <- «^"i<-u

rut, , jv -v^;^ ;^-

Teccellateil Darter. ( /}„/, ,„,„». „ly,ii,n „hi„i(,li. )

(102) Tessellated Darter.

(Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi.)

Very similar to the last, but the cheeks and opercles scaly and nm.
and breast naked. Lateral line complete. ^ ^ "''P*-

D. IX., 14; A. L, 9. About 50 scales ,-.n lateral line.

Colour olivaceous; fins with many narrow bars; back tessellUcd •
Mdes with blotches and .ig.ag markings. Head in spring. n^l^S'
A dark streak forward Irom the eye and another downward.

Ihis IS the most abundant and generally distributed Darter we have

.s^ern'ZrtsTth ! .""'-"^ '"I ''"'•* ^'^ '''''^ °^ "^« southern Id
eastern parts of the IVovince, where it lies secreted under stones on the

bottom or buries itself in the sand, leaving only its eves visibk \Vhen

alarmed it darts with great rapidity to the nearest shelter and irusts"

^ifZll'T'"'''"- V-^--""-^ ^-^ •-» '•^"^^'^ °f =""»■* three ith^
ana is interesting by reason of its peculiar habits.

Gkms A.NLMOCRVPTA. (Sand Daktkrs.)

Body slender and elongate, subcylindrical ; pellucid in life. Head
sender. .Mouth rather wide, horizontal, the lower jaw included -premax
llaries very protractile; teeth on the vomer. .Scales thin, ctenoid H tie
.mbricated, present along the region of the lateral line, and on the "i
sometimes w.mtmg on the back or b^-lly; lateral line complete each tube
occupying nearly the whole length of its scale. Head scaly or naked no
ventral plates, the belly naked. Oill membranes considerabk uni'ted
forming .-.n angle at their junction. Dorsal fins moderate, about" ejual to

we.k '^. r T'* 'V^ "*'"= ''"'■'''''' ''''^ "'-"* t- '^P'"'--^: an.nl spine
Tor f 'n rt •*«-P.'"-=^-d. '«-hind pectorals, their spines feeble; pec-

torals pointed, symmetrical, of twelve to hftcen rays. I'vloric c.xca four
Frontal region of skull narrow, the parietal region unusually depressed;
the bone.s of skeleton all slender and thin. Sutures of skull very distinct ■
.supraoc-cpital crest obsolete. Foramen of hvp-rcoracoid very large

KISir OF ONTARIO

H7

(103) Sand Darter.

(Ammocrypta pcilucidn.)

Scales of body not very roush, only those along lateral line and on
tail well imbricated; nape thinly scaled, becoming usually wholly naked
on median Tne ; belly nakid; maxillary barely reaching the large v\r;
pectorals short.

I). IX., 9 to II ; .\. I., K to ID. .Scales on lateral line, hj to 7S.

Colour, translucent; scales with line black dots; a series of small,
squarish olive or bluish blotches along the back and another along each
side; lateral spots connected by a gilt b:md. Length, three inches.

As this little fish has a range from Lake Lric to Minnesota, it will
probably be found in our Province, though as yet I have not taken it here.
It frequents clear sandy streams and avoids observation by burying it.self
in the sand, leaving only its eyes and snout visible.

Gem s KTHEOSTOMA.

Body robust, or rather elongate, compressed ; mouth terminal, or sub-
inferior, varying- in size; the lower jaw included or projecting-; preinaNil-
laries not protractile; maxillary movable; teeth rather strong-, usually
present on vomer and palatines; g^ill membranes separate or more or less
broadly connected ; scales moderate or small, ctenoid, top of head without
scales ; scales of the middle line of the belly persistent and similar to the
others; lateral line well developed, nearly straight, often wanting posteri-
orly ; fins large, with strong spines, first dorsal usually longer and larger
than the second, with seven to fifteen spines ; anal with two strong spines,
the anterior usually the larger, the second rarely obsolete, anal fin always
smaller than the soft dorsal ; ventral fins more or less close together ; skull
narow, the parietal region very strongly convex in cross-section, supra-
occipital crest very small or wanting ; lower pharyng^eals very narrow;
pyloric cava three or four; bone-; rather firm. M;iny of the species are
excessively variable.

Si Mc.EMs \I\ICOL.\.

(104) Northern Darter.

(Etheostoma boreale.)

Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the caudal peduncle
rather long and stout. Head rather heavy, the snout bluntish. rather
str'>-igly decurved. .Anterior profile gentlv :md somewhat e^•enly arched.
Snout short, about half as long as eye. Mouth nearly horizontal, the lower
jaw included, the maxillary extending to about opposite front of pupil.
Teeth small. Preopercle entire; opercular spine strong. Premaxillary
not protractile. Gill membranes very slightly connected. .\ small black
humeral scale; cheeks, operdes .-md nuchal region scalv ; breast naked:
scales of moderate size; lateral line very short, not reaching last spine of

\

"■ CHECK LIST OV THK

tni!l\7r''"^u"'^V.^''^^ ""'' ''"'^'^">- "^^''^■'l- •^-'-'^ of belly like those
dlrsal "nn, l-^'r' '^u' ^■•^" ^'^P-''"^*'''. """""'•">■ short and small sof
^enus ''"'^ ':'»'"''• »'^-''" ^Pino'"* d-sal. also unusually small fo th
genus; Cauda long, truncate or slightly lunate; anal low -.nd short .
«p.n.s h.gh. the first highest; pectorals "reaching past tl;: of"t.:'rT.l: "^

a I.\. ,o; A. II., 6 or 7. Scales, 4-52-10.

Colour, soft dorsal caudal and pectoral fins xvith dark bars nnd •,
brownish red tinge, other fins ^yhite ; a brownish red tinge on sides mo^
ZZn^ ^'""'l '^^ '^''^'' •"■■'^'^'"S'^= ♦- - eleven Mack bars kcm^

uS:':::ri:^^jr-z ""'-' - "- "-^- - -^ - - ^^=

real ^Since'7hl'nMT \"' •^"'»^" ?"'>■ from a small stream near Mont-

Family SERR.WIO^.

of nZ^^L^y^"^' T''' "■■ '''.'■'' '^°'"P'-<"^sed, covered with adherent scales
of mo.!.rate or small size, which are usually but not always ctenoid dor M
and veraral outlines usually not perfectly corresponding. ' Mou"hmi,e
o large, not very obl.que, the premaxillary protractile and the brrd mni-

^jf .£ ' Si-:^- -Si^. ^fy^rir- i^th -:

0.lk our a long slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchirpresem laTgc
iparlte' fr^frot "'•^^■"^ "™- -'th pointed teeth. G^l membran'e"
sToS ;ivrrhTk<. H '"7- »""<=hiostegals normally seven (occp-
sionally siv). Cheeks and opercles always scaly ; preopercle with its m-.r^i„

temporal normal, second suborbital with an internal lamt. "„!„;
the globe of the eye ; enteroptygoid present ; all or most of the ribs'^nse ted
Zt.^T"""""" ""■"""''"^ ''^'" '^''^ •-"■« developed; anterior ve^tebne
Thort t ""soT"' "'■"'"''"" "•""'" ^P'"'"'' "'^ualirstiff; anal fin rather
short. ,t.s soft rays seve_n to twelve; its spines if present always three in

wel H T" I'^'-u' '^°'''^'"' ""■'""' ^'■"t'"'^' axillary scale Pec or"."

>:

FISH OF OXTAUIO.

W

(iENus ROCCL'S. (Stkii'ei) Bass.)

Base of tongue with one or two patches of teeth ; anal spines gradu-
ated; dorsal fins entirely separate; anal rays III., ii or u; supraoccipital
crest scarcely widened above ; lower jaw projecting.

Slucenls LKPIBEMA.

iios) White Bass.

(Roccus chrysops.)

Body oblong, elevated and compressed ; head subconiial, depressed
oyer eye ; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching to below middle of eye ;
villiform teeth in bands on jaws, palatines vomer and tongue; the dorsal
outline much curved.

D. IX., I., 14; .\. III., II to ij. Scales, .s-()o-i3.

Colour, silvery, tinged with golden below; sides with narrow dusky
lines, about five above the lateral line, one along it and a vari.ible member
below, these sometimes more or less interrupted or transposed. Length,
twelve to fifteen inches; weight, about a pound and a half.

The White Bass is found in all the Great Lakes of Ontario ; it rarely
ascends streams, but occurs sometimes abundantly at the mouth of the
larger rivers. It is gregarious, usually swimmin); in shoals containing a
large number of individuals. As a game fish it ranks high, for it takes
minnow bait readily, and during the summer months rises to a fly well.
It is an excellent table fish when fresh caught.

It spawns in May or June.

Suborder RHEGNOPTERI.

Family SCL-EMD.E. (The Dm ms.)

Body compressed, more or less elongate, covered with thin more or
less ctenoid scales. Lateral line continuous, extending on caudal fin ;
head usually large, scaly ; bones of head cavernous, the muciferous system
highly developed, the surface of the skull very uneven; chin with pores;
mouth and teeth various; maxillary without supplemental bone, slipping
beneath preorbital ; premaxillarics protractile; nostrils double; pseudo-
branchise usually present and usually large; branchiostegals seven; gill
membranes separate, free from the isthmus ; lower pharyngeals separ.ite
or united, often enlarged, the teeth conic or molar; preopercle serrate or
not, opercle usually ending in two flat points ; dorsal deeply notched or
divided into two fins, the soft portion being the longer, the spines depres-
sible into a groove ; anal with never more than two spines ; caudal usually
not forked ; ear-bones or otoliths very large ; air bladder usually large and
complicated, its structure enabling the fish to make grunting or drumming
sounds.

im

too

CHKCK LIST OK THK

Genus APLOUIN OIL'S. (I.kksh-watek Dhi m.)
Hody oblong, the snout blunt, the back elevated and c oniDrt-ssed •

lorm bands, the outer above scarcely enlarged; no barbels; pseudo-
branchia- rather small; gill rakers short and blunt; lower ph .rvSs
very arge, fully un.ted, with coarse blunt paved teeth; preopercle sufhtly
serrate; dorsal spines strong and high, with a close Vn'^ing^caly Sh
at base, the two dorsals somewhat connected; second anal sp=ne very

appendages; pyloric ca.-ca, seven; vertebra-, io+ 14 24.

(106) Sheepshcad. Fresh-water Drum.

(Aplodinotus grunnicns.)
Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed: head rather short-

sr^tE'thTu;;;™^- '- '-'^- ^'^ -'^^"^ -^ "^^ ^^- — i-

abouPfiJ^ifit; ^';;ri; ;;;al'i;n;: ""'^ ""'^'^ "^^ ^"^ '"-^-'-'^ p--''-

Colour greyish, darker on the back; lower parts silvery, \oung
specimens have dark spots along the rows of scales, forming oblique li.r s
nnH 'i°'"r"." u 'l"*"-'''"*^'*' throughout the entire (ircat Lakes region
and particularly abundant in Lake Erie. It reaches a large si«-. specimens

VViru?ho/''""''J"^-'V''"'"'^ '"='^" '"'^^" from 'southern' waTers
U.tl us, however, about e.ght or ten pounds would be the maximum.

It IS a bottom fish, feeding chicHy upon crust.-.ce.-.ns and molluscs.
It occasionally takes a minnow bait, but I have not found it a readv biter
When hooked it hghts hard and affords g.KKl sport to the angler, but as a
Im odour! " '""'■''''*^"'*' ""^ ^'''^ ''^'"g '°"Kh and coarse, with an unpleas-

The name Jewel-head sometimes given to this fish refers to the oto-
liths or ear-bones, frequently called "lucky stones," which are found in

K.-< SKUIJ.

Order PLECTOGNATHI. (The Plectognathous Fishes.)

One of the most important offshoots of the Acanthopteri is th. group
or order Plectognathi. The extremes of this group show a remarkable
divergence from the usual type of spiny-rayed fishes

The Flectognathi are thus defined by Dr. Gill : Scapula s,.sj.ended
o the cranium by a post-temporal which is short, undivided and anchy-
losed to the epiotic. Fremaxillaries usually coossified with the maxillaries
behmd.-md the d.nfary boms with the artimlar ; interoperde a Mender
rod : lower pharyngeal b.;rns distinct; upper pharyngeals laminar, usually
vertical and transverse; .xin usually with rough shields or scales or bony
plates; skeleton imperfectly ossified, the number of vertebra- usually small
typically less than 24 (usually 14 to 20), rarely con- Herably increased Gill

il F.

FIBU or ONTAKIU.

lUl

upenings re.<*lri< led to the sides; ventral tins redfitcd or » anting, the pt-lvic
Imncs usually elongate. Spinous dorsal >mall or wanting; air bladder
without duct.

Fishes mostly inactive and depending on their Hmjjh skin or bony or
spinous armature lor thtir protection.

Suborder LORICATI.

l-AMii.v COTIID.K. (Thk Scli.i-ins.)

Body more or less elongate, th*- Iu-jkI usually large and depressed;
e/e.s high; bony stay conspicuous, but not covering the cheek; preoperck-
armed; teeth in villiform bands; nuixiliary simple; gills three and a half
or four; gill membranes connected, often joined to isthmus. Body naked,
or irregul.irly scaled, or warty, never exenly scaled ; lateral line present.
Dorsals usually separate, the spines slender ; anal without spines ; pet:torals
large, with firoad procurrent base, the lower rays simple; ventrals thor.icic,
sometimes wanting, never united. Pseudobranchia- present. Vertebra-
numerous, thirty-five to fifty.

C.KOi I' COTTIN.i:.

fiENt s COTTUS. (Fkesh-wati:k Scui.i'ins.)

Body fusiform. Head feebly armed; skin smooth or more or less
velvety, its prickles, if present, not bony or scalelikc; villiform teeth on
jaws and vomer and sometimes on palatines, (iill openings separated by
a wide isthmus over which the membranes do not form a fold; no slit
behind the fourth gill. Branchiostegals six. Dorsals nearly or quite
separate, the first of six to nine slender spines; ventrals moderate, each
with a short, concealed spine and four soft rays. Lateral line present,
usually more or less chain-like, sometimes incomplete. Freopcrcle with
a simple spine at its angle, which is usually curved upward, its base more
or less covered by skin, very rarely obsolete, usually two or three spines
turned downward below this; subopercle usually with a concave spine
turned downward. N'ertebra;, 10 + 23=33. Pyloric ca-ca, about four.

H07)

SiiBCKNts PEGF.DICTUS.
Blob.

Miller's Thumb.

(Cottus ictalops.)

Body rather robust, gradually tapering to the tail ; head very broad ;
preopercic with a short, sharp, straightish spine, turned upward and back-
ward, with two smaller spines below it; skin usually smooth, sometimes
with minute prickles behind axil of pectoral ; .spinous dorsal becins slightly
behind end of head, separated from second dorsal by a deep notch ; second
dorsal about two and one-third times longer than first and one-third
longer than anal base. Pectoral, ventral md caudal fins well developed.

I

III'.'

CHICt'K LIST or THE

». VI. to VIII.. ,„; A., ,2 to J.
..nd rather broad .toss bands; hns ban. <l aiul motll.d. Length five or

This fish ranges through the entire (..eat Lake Kei-ion and is abun
»ery dcstruLtue lo the . -.^r. and vounK of Hr.wk Trout.

(iE.vis LR.WIDKA. (.M111.KKS TiitMHS.)

ri«n ^/'•! ^''""'' 'f ""^^ *"'""'-■ '" *-■"""'*• '"'"" ^hicli it differs in the reduc-
.on of us ventra s to a concealed spine- and three soft rays, a step f .r, her
m the degeneration characteristic of fresh-water types The sk n is
sm.K. h or very nearly so. the preopereuiar spines ^'^.all. and there
usually no trace of teeth on the palatines.

(109) Franklin's Scnlpin.

(Uranidea franklini.)

Body rather short and stout ; snout not xery obtuse ; maxillary re-.ch
.ng about to pupil: eye four in head; preope-rcular spinV h^S cry"

ne u! L'Lth ""•'";'';'• ":'= P^'"^"'^ "°' ^-^•^'"^ vent; «;'» d.S
nearly as high as second; dorsals contiguous; anal inserted under fourth

nearer base of caudal than tip of snout
D. VIII., 17; ,\.. „; V L, ,. ■
Length, three inches.
Lake Superior.

(loH) Lake Miller's Thumb.
(Uranidea formosa.)

Body slender and graceful ; head small, depressed above • eves mod

spine below ,t ; subopc-rcular spine well developed. Dorsals well s^par.Xd •
ana beginning under third ray of soft dorsal; pectorals no rSnglo
posterior margin .spinous dorsal; ventrals not nearly to vent. *'

U. VIII., ,6; A. II. Length, three and one-fourth inches
f ^t.*'"^ rT'^^*^** -specimen has been recorded, this ha vine lx;en

Grxus TRIGLOPSIS.

vnm,!"*'-' ""'' ''?i,'' ''^?*^.''' ''*'" "*''''^''= '»*''"' """ fhainlike; teeth on
^omer. none on the palatines; eye large, the intercrbital area concave"

i KH OK iiNTAHIO

ll).S

bones irf limvr part of he.nt -xuiisivcl) <;i\iriH>us ; .1 ^ i.ill Ihii distinit
slit brhinfl last jjill ; k'II ni<-ml>ran«'s ilmost free from tin.- jNihmus, forminij
a broad loUl across 1 , prfoperi'iilar spiru's sirai^ht, sin>i>lf, 'our l»» mini-
l*r, Ihi- lower turni'd downward; fins large.

Ii lu) Lake Sciilpin.

(Triiflopsls thornpsoni.)

K<Nly elon>{;<ti . very sleiuliT. Mead limi;. «leprc»se(l .itii-M'. Snout
lonf» and pointed; <»e quite lar^e ; jaws siilw<|ual ; nioiiih larj;i ; the max-
illary extending rather beyond midillr of eye; preopori Ir with four sliarp
spines; eavernous structure ol skull lii>;hly developed; upper surfac*' of
head smooth; cill membranes not lirnadly unite<l ; n<'arly free Irnm isth-
mus. IJorsal iw well separated; spinous dorsal short and li>w; se<-ond
dorsal very lari,e; .inal high; pec-toral long, reaching p;ist frmit of anal;
ventrals well developed; later. il line chain-like, 1 onsf i'-uous ; -.kin per-
fectly smooth.

I), \ II . iH; A., 15.

Colour, pa/i olivaceous with darker blotches; upper fin* faintly
bandi'd.

l.itll' 1^ known of this spori. <. Speciiiwns h.i\c been taken occa-
sionall\ Irom fl( cp w, :ei in Lake Ontario, hut there are no other n'cords
for thi- I'lininic.

Stihordtr ANACANTHINI.

F-\iMv CADID.E. (t oDnsHKs.)

Body eloofjate, enjlin^; in an isorercal tail; sc.ilcs M-all, cyclcnd.
Mouth large, the teeth various. \o pseudobranchia>. \\r''- il I'ns svjt-
arate. Dorsal and .inal long; no fin spines, fiill or>''.^nt;s \, ■. . iile, the
membranes free from the isthmus. Gills four; air l.'.i Me- , .r- : ' 'pyloric
ca-ia numerous. N'erlehra-, al>out tiftv.

Carnivorous fishes chiefly of the north<Tn seas, 1 i!> ,:; ' ■ ^re-at

economic value. One species in fresh waters.

C.F.svs LOT.A. (Lings.)

Body long and low, compressed I)ehind . head sm.i!; : 1 r, ,,= i, .viiuer
broad; anterior nostrils each with a small barf>el ; chin \v. , .,- b.:rl)ei;

snout and lower parts of head naked ; mouth moder.ttc, tne lower jaw
included; each jaw with broad h.tnds of equal villiform teeth; vomer with
a broad crescent-shaped band of similar teeth ; no teeth on palatines ; gill
openings wide, the membrane somewhat connected, free from the isthmus;
scales very small, embedded; vertical fins scaly; dors.-il fins two, the first
short, the second long, similar to the anal ; caud.il rounded, its outer rays
procurrent ; ventrals of several rays.

il

104

CHKCK LIST OF THE

(III) Burbot. Ling.

(Lota maculosa.)

Body elongate, somewhat eel-shaped, slightly compressed posteriorly,
tye small. The upper jaw reaches slightly beyond the hind margin of the
eye; the lower jaw included in the upper, and has a stout barbel which is
nearly one-fifth as long as the head. The ventral is longer than the pec-
toral, but does not reach half way to vent ; the dorsal fins are separated
by a narrow mterspace, second dorsal higher than first ; caudal rounded ■
the scales are deeply embedded in the skin, not imbricated

D., 13, 68 to 76; A., 67.

Colour, dark olivaceous, reticulated with blackish, the lower parts
yellowish or dusky; the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with a narrow, dark
edge.

The average length of this species in our waters is about two feet
It IS found in all the larger lakes and rivers of the Province, usually in
deep water, except during the spawning season in the spring, when it runs
into streams or on to rocky shallows.

In this Province it is considered worthless as a food or game fish
but in the Yukon and some parts of the far north its flesh is eaten and its
liver IS considered a delicacy.

IS ii

1 n

$

it

»

APPENDIX.
HUE DARTER ; RAINBOW PARTER (EtheostMa ccnlna).

Head 3J. depth 4i, eye 4 to 4i in head, little shorter than snout, I).
I\ to MI- .2 to 14. A. II.. r or 8; scales 5-37 to 5*^ ,0 usually 5-
45 10 pores 18 to 35. Body robust, rather deep and compressed, the
back somewhat elevated. Head larK^e, cf)mpressed. Mouth moder-
ate, termmal, oblique, the lower jaw somewhat included the maxillary,
reachmjj front of orbit; opercular spine moderate; pill membranes not
connected. Palatine teeth in one row. Cheeks naked or nearly so.
<1>ercles scaled; neck ant! breast usually naked. Fins all iarjje, (forsal
fin* usiiaJly slijjhtly connected. .\nal spines su'nqual. or the first a little
the longer: caudal rounded; pectoral ne.irly or quite as lonjj- as head.

Males olivaceous tes.sellated alxive, the'spcMs running- together into
blotclies: back without black lengthwise stripes; sides with about ij
indipo blue bars running obliquely downward and backward, most dis-
tinct iM'bind. separated by bright orange interspa<ies ; caudal fin deep
(•range, edg.-d with brig^ht blue, anal fin orange, with deep blue in front
and b.:iind soft dorsal, chiefly orange, blue at base and tip; spinous
dorsal, rrimson at base, then orange with blue edginps; ventrals d<ep
indipo; cheeks blue; throat and breast orange; females much duller,
with little blue or red, the vertical fins barred or checked; vouiit;
variously marked, no dark humeral spot. Length jj inches.

(iayest of all the Darters, and indeed the paudiest of all fresh water
fishes.

It makis its home in the ripples and shallows of the rivers and in
the shady retreats of brooks.

It is a chubby little fish as compared with the other Darters. In its
movements it is awkward and ungraceful, though swift and savage as a
Pike. One of the mildest of its tricks which we have noticed is this. It
would gently put its head over a stone and catch a water boatman by
one of its swimminp leps, release it, catch it apain and again relea.se it.
until .It last the boatman evidently much annoyed swam away out of its
reach. It wiil follow to the surface of the water a piece of meat sus-
pended by .1 string. It is more alert in discovering this than a hungry
Sunfish or Rock Bass, and it can be led around like a pet lamb bv ii
thread to which is fastened a section of a worm. (Jordan and Fvermann).

While this work was in the printers' hands, I took several specimens
of this beautiful fish in a swift, rocky stream, flowing through the eastern
side of the County of York.

L0K6-N0SED DACE (Rhnicthys citanctc).

M the same place where I found the Blue Darter, this species wa.s
abundant ; it is probable therefore that it is more g-enerally distributed
through the Province than has been heretofore supposed.

riosi

(ILOSSARV OF TfXHNRAI, TERMS.

Abdomen. Belly.

Aberrant. IX-viating from ordinary character.

Abortive. Remaining or becoming imperfect.

Actinosts. .A series of bones at the base of the pectoral rays.

AcaraiBate. Tapering gradually to a point.

Acute. Sharp-pointed.

Adipose Sn. .\ peculiar fleshy fin-like projection behind the dorsal (in, on

the backs of salmons, catfishes, etc.
Adult. A mature animal.

i4:(tithognathU8. Having the peculiar palate nf passerine birds.
Air-bladder. A sac filled with air, lying beneath the backbone of fishes,

corresponding to the lungs of the higher vertebrates.
Albinism. State of whiteness, complete or p.irtial, arising from deficiency

or entire lack of pigment in the skin and its appendages.
Alisphenoid. A small bone on the anterior wall of the brain-case.
Aliantois. An organ of the embryo.
Altrices. Birds hatched in ;:n immature condition, reared in the nest and

fed by the parents.
Altricial. Having the nature of altrices.
Alula. Literally, little wing. The feathers attached lo the s.m ailed

"thumb" of a bird.
Alveolar surlace. A portion of the jaw of a Turtle, where the teeth so<kpts

are developed in other reptiles.
Amnion. An organ of the embryo.
Amphicalian. Double-concave, said of vertebra.
Anadromous. Running up— said of marine fishes v. hich run up rixers to

spawn.
Anal. Pertaining to the anus or vent.

Anal fln. The fin on the median line behind the vent on fishes.
Anal plate. The plate immediately in front of the vent on serpents, often

divided in two by a median suture. .
Anchylosed. Grown firmly together.

Angular. A small bone on the posterior end of the mandible.
AnteorMtal plate. The plate (one or two) in front of the eye in serpents,

with its longest diameter vertical; also called preocular.
Antrorse. Turned forward.

Anus. The external opening of the intestine ; the vent.
Arboreal. Living in trees.
Arterial bulb. The muscular swelling at the base of the great arterv, in

fishes.

[io»U

FISH OF ONTAUU)

107

Artkalar. Tin- Ixnu ><\ tin- mandil)!^, ^pportin^ tin- tlentarv.

Artimlate. jointe<l.

Artiodactyloas. i:\cn-toed {2 or 4).

Mlas. The first vcrtrhra.

Atrophy. Non-development.

Attenuate. Long and slender, as if dr.iwn out.

Auditory capsule. The \entrolateral swellins ol the skull.

Auricle. The lartje lobe of the external ear; also one of tlu- .liainhers of

the heart.
Axillars. Klon^'aled feathers on the sides of the hody unilir the winijs.

B.

Band or bar. Any colour mark trans\ersi- to th<- loni; axis of the ho<ly.

Barbel. An elongated fleshy proiertion usually ahout the he.id in fishes.

Basal. Pertaining to the base ; at or near the base.

BasibrancMals. A lower median series of hones of the briinchi.il arehi-s.

BasioCCipital. A median posterior ventral bone of the skull to wlii.h lln'
atlas is attached.

Basipteryj;oid. Mones developed in the p.d.itinc arch in sonic birds.

Basis craaii. F-'ormed by shelves of bone de\elop(><l from the inner sid<-s
of the pr«»otics, which meet and form .1 root to thi' mvodoniv .md
a floor to the brain cavity.

Beak. The bill of birds or (in other animals) any Ijcak-like structure.

Bend of winjj. Angle at the c.irpus when the winy is folded.

Bicoloar. Two-coloured.

Bicuspid. Having two points.

Booted. .Said of the tarsus in birds, when its scales coalesce an«l form .1
continuous envelope, as in the Robin.

Brachial ossicles. Synonymous with actinosts.

Branchic fiills ; respiratory organs of fishes.

Branchial. Pertaining to the gills.

Branchihyals. Sm.ill bones at base of gill arches.

Branchioste|(als. The bony rays supporting the branchiostegal mem-
branes under the head of a fish, below the opercul.ir bones and
behind the lower jaw.

Bristle. A stiff hair, or hair-like feather.

Buccal. Pertaining to the mouth.

Caducous. Falling off early.
Cecal. Of the form of a blind sac.

Cecum. An .ippendage of the form of .1 blind sac conneiied with the ali-
mentary canal.

'A

108

CHECK LIST OK THK

Calcareous. Chalky.

Canines. The- teeth Ixihind the incisors the 'eye teeth" in hshes ; any

conical teeth in the front part of the jaws, longer than tin; others.
Canthus. Corner of the eye where the lids meet.
Carapace. The upper shell ut a IHrtle, usually eoniijosed of bony plates

covered by horny scales.
Cardiform. (Teeth.) Teeth co.irse and sharp, like wool cards.
Carinate. Keeled, having a ridge along the middle line.
Carotid. The great artery running to the head.
Carpal angle. Prominence at the wrist-joint when the wing is closed.

From this point to the end of the longest quill constitutes the

"length of wing."
Carpus. The wrist.
Catadromous. Running down ; said of fresh wat.r fish which run down

to the sea to spawn.
Caudal. Pertaining to the tail.
Caudal fin. The fin on the tail of fishes and whales.

Caudal peduncle. The region between the anal and caudal fins in fishes.
Cavernous. Containing cavities either empty or filled with a mucous

.sec-etion.
Centrum. The body of a vertebra.
Cephalic fins. Fins on the head of certain rays ; a detached portion of the

pectoral.
Ceratobranchials. Bones of the branchial arches just In-low their anele
Ceratohyal. One of the hyoid bones. ^

Cervical. Pertaining to the neck.
Chiasma. Crossing of the fibres of the optic nerve.
Chin. Space between the forks of the lower jaw.
Ciliated. Fringed with eyelash-like projections.
Cirri. Fringes.

Claspers. Organs attached to the ventral fins in the male of .Sharks Ravs

etc. • '

Clavicle. The collar-bone, or lower anterior part of shoulder girdle not

entering into socket of arm.
Cloaca. A common opening of genital, urinary and alimentary canals
Commissure. The line upon which the mandibles of a bird are closed
Compressed. Flattened laterally.
Condyle. .Articulating surface of a bone.
Conirostral. Said of a bill like that of a Sparrow ; conical in form and

with the commissure angulated.
Coracoid. The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in fishes; otherwise

a bone or cartilage on the ventral side, helping to form the arm-

.socket.
Costal folds, i-olds ot the skin (of a Salamander) .showing the position of

the ribs (costs).

FISH OK ONTARIO.

ItW

Coverts
Cranial.
Crest.

Crissum.
Ctenoid.

Culmen.
Cuneate.

Cycloid.

Small feathers hiding the bases ol the <|iiilLs.

Pertaining to the cranium or .skull.
In birds any lengthened featlicrs about the head ; elsewhere anv
elevated or crest-like projection.

The under tail coverts in birds.

Rough-edged ; said of scales when the posterior mari;in is min-
utely spinous or pectinated.

The middle line or ridge of the upp<-r mandible in birds.
Wedge-shaped; said of a bird's tail when the middle feathers
are longest and the rest regularly shorter.

Smooth-edged; said of scales not ctenoid, but concentrically
striate.

D.

Deciduous. Temporary ; falling off.

Decomposed. Separate; standing apart.

Decurved. Curved downward.

Dentary. The principal or anterior bone of the lower jaw, u>.ually be ir-

mg the teeth.
Dentate. With tooth-like notches.
Denticle. A little tooth.

Dentirostral. Having the bill notched near its tip.
Depressed. Flattened vertically.

Depth. Vertical diameter (usuallv of the bodv of fishes).
Dermal. Pertaining to the skin.
Desmognathous. United palate, as in the lower water birds (Loons

Gulls, etc.).
Diagnostic. Distinctively characteristic.
Diaphanous. Translucent.

Diaphragm. Muscular septum between thorax and abdomen
Uiapophysis. Transverse process of a vertebra.
Digitigrade. Walking on the toes like a dog.
Distal. Remote from point of attachment.
Dorsal. Pertaining to the back.
Dorsal fln. The fin on the back of lishes.

E. •

Emarginate. Slightly forke4. or notched at the tip; abruptly narrowed or
notched toward the tip (said of quill.s).

Endoskeleton. The skeleton proper; the inner bony framework of the

body.
Enteron. The alimentary -anal.

\

no

CHECK LIST Ol-' THK

Epibranchialt. The bones directly ahove the angle of the branrhial arches.

Epihyal. One of the hyoid bones.

Eplptouralt. Rays of bone attached to the rilis and anterior vertebrw,

usually touching the skin in the vicinity of the lateral line.
Erectile. Susceptible of being raised or erected.
Erythrism. .\ peculiar reddish state of plumage.
Etkmold. A median anterior Ijone of the skull.

Eustachian tubes. Tubes connecting the inner ear with the pharynx.
Even (tail). Having all the feathers of equal length.
Exoccipitals. Two bones of the skull, one on each side of the foramen

magnum.
Exosiceleton. Hard parts (scales, scutes, feathers, hairs) on ihc Mirface

of the body.
Exserted. Projecting beyond the genoral level.
Extra-iimital. Beyond the limits.

Facial. Pertaining to the face,

Falcate. Sickle-shaped; long, narrow an<l ( iirvi-cl.

Falciform. Curved like a scythe.

Fauna. The animals inhabiting any region taken < ollcrlivcly.

Femoral. Pertaining to the thigh, or proximal Ijone of the hindi-r leg.

Ferruginous. Rusty red.

Fibula. The small outer leg bone.

Filament. Any slender or thread-like sinidure.

Filiform. Ihread-form.

Fissirostral. Having the bill very deeply cleft, beyond the base of the

horny part, as in the Swallows.
Fontanel. An unossificd sp.ice on top of head covered with membrane.
Foramen. A hole or opening.
Foramen magnum. The .iperture in the posterior part of the skull for the

passage of the spinal cord.
Forehead. Frontal curve of head.
Forflcate. Deeply forked ; scissors-like.
FosscB (nasal). Grooves in which the nostrils open.
Fossorial. Adapted for digging.
Frontal bone. Anterior bone on top of head.
Fulcra. Rudimentary .spine-like projections

rays of the fins of ganoid fishes.
Fuliginous. Sooty-brown.
Fulvous. Of a brownish yellow colour.
Furcate. Forked.

Fuscous. Of a dark grayish-brown colour
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; tapering towards boih ends, but rather more

abruptly forward.

usu.tIIv (j.iired.

ex^t-nrliii^ on the antericr

riSH OF OXTAKIO

111

Uan({lion. A nerve centre.

Ganoid. Si ales or plates of bone co\ered by enamel.

Gape. Opening of the mouth.

Gastrosteges. Band-like plates along the belly of a serpent; ventral

plates.
Gibbous. Swollen ; protulierant.

Gills. Orjjans for breathinfj the air contained in water.
Gill-arches. The bony arches to which the gills are ait.n lied.
Gill-openings. Openings leading to or from the branrhiie.
Gillrakers. A series of bony appendages variously forint-d along tlie inner

edge of the anterior gill arch.
Glabrous. Smooth.
Glossohyal. The tongue bone.
Gonys. The middle line of the lower rnandilil.-.
Gorget. Throat patch of peculiar feathers.
Graduated (spines). Progressively longer backward; the third being :is

much longer than seimd as second is longer than first.
Graduated (tail). One in which the outer feathers are regul.irlv snorter

from the middle.
Granulate. Rough with small prominences.
Gular. Pertaining to the upper fore-net k.
Guttate. Having drop-shaped spots.

H.

Hsmal arch. .\n arch under a ha-nial spine for the passage of a bliHul-
vessel.

HKmal canal. The se>ies of haemal arches as a whole.

Haemal spine. The lowermost spire of a caudal vertebra, in fishes.

Haemopophyses. Appendages on the lower side of abdominal vertebra; in
fishes.

Hallux. The great toe in birds the hind toe.

Height. Vertical diameter.

Heterocercal. Said of the tail of a fish when unequal the b.ickbone evi-
dently running into the upper lobe.

Hirsute. With shaggy hairs.

Homocercal. Said of the tail of a fish when not evidently uncciii.-il : :■,-
backbone apparently stopping at the middle of the base .>; ti;'^
caudal fin.

Humerus. Bone of the upper arm.

Hyoid. Pertaining to the tongue.

Hyold apparatus. Formed by a series of bones extending along the inner
side of the mandible and supporting the tongue.

1

lU

tHW k I.IMT Ot I HE

My»«.ndJb«. . .H>n.. by «,„,, ,1a. posterior en.i ... .he sus,H.n^onu.n

"• '"'"'""ifr'^'-' '"T" "' '^'■' *"" •'•""• "-•'«■•'' »« •'^- ^'-icle indi-
rectly bcarins the pectoral fin.

Hypobr.nehl«l.. Horus ... ,1,.. i.r.-.nchial archc. Ixh.w the- cera.obr..n. I,.
HypMor«oid.^^ Ih. ;.,w.t .,; the two bones ....ache.l .„ ,h, ,«.. ,.|aNi, I.,

Hypo<na,h«U» ■ llayin, ,1,. K.w.r mandibl. ...n^. r ,- .„ ,|„. ..pp.r. a> in

the Hhi.k Skinun-T.
Hypophyal. S„, ,11 In.nes. „...,)Iy four, by whi. h .l,.- resp...,ive si.ies ...

the hM.ii, .ippanitiiN are jcjined.

I.

Imbricate. f)verlapping, like shingles ,.„ a r.M.I
Imperforate. .\ot pionetl throuyli.
Inarticulate. N'ot j..inted.
Incisors. The Iront, or cuiing te.-ih.
Intraoral. Below the mouth.

Interleraoral membrane. The membrane connecting the p...sterior limbs

ol a bat.
Interhcmal spines. Klements supporting the anal fin.
Interbsmals. Hones to which anal rays are attached in lisjus
interhyal. I pper h .id bone attached to hv..mandibu:ar.
Intermaxillaries. The premaxillaries ; the 'bt.nes forming the middle .,f

the front par! of the upper jaw in fishes.
Intermusculars. Synonym of epipleurals.
Internasals. Plated on the forehead of the snake on the line conne. ting

the two nostrils. *

Intemeurals. Bones 1.. which the dorsal rays are attached in fish,
interopercle. Membrane bone betu.en th.- preoperile an.l the bran, hi..-

-stegals.
Interorbital. Space b. tween the eyes.
Interscapular. Between the shoulders.
Interspinals. Bones to which fin-rays are attached (in fishes) inserte.l

between neural spines above and hamal spines below,
fsocercal (tail). Last vertebra: progressively smaller and endi.-sj in median

hne of caudal fin as i'l the Cod-fish.
Isthmus. The narrow unperforated floor of the mouth, bet we. r, the gill

openings in fishes.

lu

VIHU UF ONTAUIO.

II*

I.

iugulu. I'vrtaiiiinK to the lower throat ; suid of the ventral finii

pluceil in advance uf the attachment ol the pectoral.s.
Jngulum The lower throat.

when

Ktelad. Having a ridge along the middle line.

L.

Labials. Plates forming the lip of a serpent.

Lacustrine. Living in lakes.

Lameilai. I'late-like priHt'sses, such as are seen inside a duck's bill.

Lamellate. Said of a bill provided with lamella', as in a duck.

Lanceolate. Shaped like the head of a lance.

Larva. An immature form, which must undergo change of appearance

before becoming adult.
Larynx. A hollow cartilaginous organ; a modification of the windpipe.
Lateral. To or towards the side.
Lateral line. .-\ series of muciferous tut^es forming a raised line along the

sides of a fish.
Lateral processes. Synonym of parapophyses.
Laterally. Sidrwise.

Lobate. Furnished with menil)ranous flaps; said of the toes of bird.s.
Lobe. Membranous flap.
Longitudinal. Running lengthwise.
Loral plate. Plate between eye and nostril of :i serpent, Ix-fore and below

preiK^ular when this is present ; its longest diameter horizontal.
Lores. Space between eye and bill.
Lunnte. Forr>-. of the new moon ; having a broad and rather shallow fork.

M.

Mammary Glands. Glands secreting milk.

Mandible. Under jaw (or in birds either jaw).

Maxilla or maxillary. Upper jaw.

Maxillaries. Outermost or hindmost boni's of the upper jaw in fishes ;

they are joined to the premaxillaries in front and usually extend

further back than the latter.
Melanism. State of colouration arising from excess of dark pigment ; a

frequent condition of hawks.
Membrane. Soft skinny covering of the bill of some birds.
12 F.

MHiliiiiiil

MIOOCOPV RBOWTION TEST CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

A APPLIED IM-^GE I

^K 1653 Eost Uoin Street

IPflS Rochester. New York 1*609 USA

■■^g (?'6) 482 - 0300 - Phone

^B (716) 288- 5989 - Fox

114

CHECK LIST OF THE

Mesethmoid. Synonym of ethmoid.

Mesopterygoid. A bone of the suspensorium.

Metacarpus. The hand proper exclusive of the fingers.

Metamorphosis. A decided change in form.

Metapterygoid. A bone of tiie suspensorium, or chain supporting the

lower jaw.
Metatarsus. The foot proper.

Molars. The grinding teeth ; posterior teeth in the jaw
Monogamous. Pairing ; said of birds.
Muciferous. Producing or containing mucus.
Myocomma. A muscular band.
Myodome. Cavity under the brain for the reception of the rectus muscles

of the eye.

m

If
1 1

I

ffli

N.

Nape. Upper part of neck, next to the occiput.

Nares. Nostrils, anterior and posterior.

Nasal. Pertaining to the nostrils.

Nasal plate. Plate in which the nostrils are inserted.

Neural arch. An opening through the base of the neural spine, for the

passage of the spinal cord.
Neural canal. The neural arches as a whole.
Neural processes. Two plates rising vertically, one on each side of the

centrum of the vertebra, which unite toward their ends and form

a spine.
Neural spine. The uppermost spine of a vertebra.
Nictitating membrane. The third or inner eyelid, of birds, sharks, etc.
Notochord. A cellular cord, which in the embryo precedes the vertebral

column.
Nucha. The upper part of the hind neck, next the hind head.
Nuchal. Pertaining to the nape or nucha.

O.

Obscure. Scarcely visible.

Obsolete. Faintly marked; scarcely evident.

Obtuse. Blunt.

Occipital. Pertaining to the occiput.

Occipital condyle. That part of the occipital bone modified to articulate

with the atlas.
Occipital plates. Plates on the head of a serpent, behind the vertical plate
Occiput. Rack of the head.
Ocellate. With eye-like spots, generally roundish and with a lighter

border.

ill

FISH OF ONTARIO.

115

Old (suffix). Like; as Percoid, perch-like.

Opercle, or operculum. Gill cover ; the posterior membrane bone of the

side of the head, in fishes.
Opercular bones. Membrane bones of the side of the liead, in fishes.
Opercular flap. Prolongation of the upper posterior angle of the opercle,

in Sun-fishes.
Opisthoccclian. Concave behind only ; said of vertebr.e which connect by

ball and socket joints.
Opistholic. A bone of the skull to which the lower limb of the p<)>t-tem-

poral usually articulates.
Orbicular. Nearly circular.
Orbit. Eye socket.
Oscine. Musical.

Oscines. A group of singing birds.
Osseous. Bony.

Ossicula auditus. Bones of the ear in fishes.
Osteology. Study of bones.
Oviparous. Producing eggs which are developed aftc r exclusion from the

body, as in all birds and most fishes.
Ovoviviparous. Producing eggs which are hatched before exclusion, as in

the Dogfish and Garter Snake.
Ovum. Egg.

Palate. The roof of the mouth.

Palatines. Membrane bones of the roof of mouth ; one on each side,

extending outward and b.icKwaid from the vomer.
Palmate. Web-footed; having the anterior toes full-webbed.
Palustrine. Living in swamps.
Papilla. A small, fleshy projection.
Papillose. Covered with papilla".

Paragnathous. Having the two mandibles about equal in length.
Parasitic. Living on, or deriving nourishment from some other living

thing. Habitually making use of other birds' nests.
Parapophyses. The lateral projections on some of the abdominal \erte-

brje to support ribs.
Parasphenoid. Bone of roof of mouth behind the vomer. Synonym of

prefrontal.
Paratoid. A glandular body beliind the car in Batrarlii.ins.
Parietal. Bone of the side of the head above.
Parotic process. A posterior lateral process of the skull formed by the

pterotic and opiosthotic.
Pectinate. Having teeth like a comb.
Pectoral. Pertaining to 'he breast.

*!■ '

ii«

CHECK LIST OF THE

|(i i

Pectoral fins. The anterior or upermost of the paired fins, in fishes cor-
responding to the anterior limbs of the higher vertebates.
Pelage. The hair of a mammal taken collectively.
Pelagic. Living on or in the high seas.

Pelvic girdle. The bones supporting the ventral fins or pelvics.
Pelvis. The bones to which the hinder limbs (ventral fins in fishes) arc

attached.
Perforate. Pierced through ; said of nostrils when without a septum
Pe.issodactylous. Odd toed (toes i, 3 or 5).
Peritoneum. The membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
Phalanges. Bones of the fingers and toes.

Pharyngeal bones. Bones behind the gills and at the beginning of the

oesophagus of fishes, of various forms, almost always provided

with teeth ; usually one pair below and four pairs above. They

represent a fifth gill arch.

Pharyngobranchials. Upper elements of the branchial arches usually

bearing teeth.
Pharyngonathous. Having the lower pharyngeal bones united.
Physoclistous. Having the air bladder closed.
Physostomous. Having the air bladder connected by a tube with the ali-

menatry canal.
Pigment. Colouring matter.

Pineal body. A small ganglion in the brain ; a rudiment of an optic lobe,
which in certain lizards (and in extinct forms) is connected with
a third or median eye.
Pituitary body. A small ganglion in the brain.
Planta. Sole of foot.
Plastron. Lower shell of a turtle.

Plicate. Folded, showing transverse folds or wrinkles.
Plumage. The feathers of a bird taken collectively.
Plumbeous. Lead-coloured; dull bluish gray.
Pollex. Thumb; in birds the digit which bears the alula— corresponding

to the mdex finger.
Polygamous. Mating with more than one female.
Postclavlcle. A ray composed of one or two bones attached to the inner

upper surface of the clavicle and extending downward
Post-frontal (plates). The ones before the vertical plate
Post-orbital. Behind the eye.

Post-temporal. The bone, in fishes, by which the shoulder girdle is sus-
pended to the cranium.
ProBCOCes. Birds able to run about and feed themselves at once when

hatched.
Proecocial. Having the nature of prrtcoccs.

Proecoracoid. A portion of coracoid more or less separated from the rest
Froecoracoid arch. An arch in front of the coracoid in most soft-raved
fishes.

FISH OF ONTARIO.

117

Prefrontal (plates). Those in front of post-frontal.

Premaxillaries. The bones, one on either side, forming the front of the

upper jaw in fishes. They are usually larger than the maxillarics

and commonly bear most of the upper teeth.
Premolars. The small grinders; the teeth lx.t\veen the canines and the

true molars.
PreoGular. Before the eye.
Preopercle. The membrane bone lying in front of the opercle and more

or less r. -arly parallel with it.
Preorbital. The large membrane bone lx;fore the eye in fishes.
Primary. Any one of the large stiff quills growing upon the pinion or

hand bones of a bird (usually nine or ten, sometimes eleven in

number) ; as distinguished from the secondaries, which grow

upon the forearm.
Primary wing coverts. The coverts overlying the base of the primaries.
Proccelian. Concave in front only.

Procurrent (Pn). With the lower rays inserted progressively farther for-
ward.
Projectile. Capable of being thrust forward.

Prootic. A bone forming an anterolateral ossific.ition oi the brain-case.
Protractile. Capable of being drawn forward.
Proximal. Nearest.
Pseudobranchis. Small gills developed on the innor side of the opercle,

near its junction with the preopercle.
Pterotic. A bone at the posterior lateral process of the skull.
Pterygoids. Bones of roof of mouth in fishes, behind the palatines.
Pubic bones. Same as pelvic bones.
Pubis. Anterior lower part of pelvis.
Pulmonary. Pertaining to the lungs.
Punctate. Dotted with points.
Pyloric CSCa. Glandular appendages in the form of blind sacs opening

into the alimentary canal of most fishes at the pylorus or p.issage

from the stomach to the intestine.

s

Quadrate. Nearly square ; a bone of the lower jaw in lower vertebrates.
Quill. One of the stiff feathers of the wing or tail of a bird.
Quincunx. Set of five arranged alternately, thus :•:

Radius. Outer bone of forearm.

Ray. One of the cartilaginous rods which support the membrane of the
fin of a fish.

UN

CHKt K LIST OF THE

II

I

Rectrices. Quills of the tail of a bird.

Recurved. Curved upward.

Remiges. Quills of the wing of a bird.

Reticulate. Marked with a network of lines.

Retractile. Susceptible of being drawn inward, as a cat's claw

Retrorse. Turned backward.

Rachis. Shaft of a quill.

Rectal. Pertaining to the rectus, as rectal bristles.

RectUj. Gape of the mouth.

Rostral. Pertaining to the snout, as rostral plate.

Rudimentary. Undeveloped.

Rulf. A series of modified feathers.

Rugose. Rough, with wrinkles.

8.

Sacral. Pertaining to the sacrum, or vertebra of the pelvic region.

Saggitate. ; aped like an arrow head.

Saurognathous. Having the peculiar "lizard-like" structure of the palate
found m Woodpeckers.

Scansorial. Capable of climbing.

Scansorial tail. Tail feathers sharp and stiff, as in the scansorial birds
(Woodpeckers).

Scapula. Shoulder blade ; in fishes, the bone of the shoulder girdle below
the post-temporal.

Scapulars. Long feathers rising from the shoulders and covering the ^'dcs
of the back.

Scapular arch. Shoulder girdle.

Schizognathous. Split palate, as in the Heron and similar birds.

acute. Any external bony or horny plate.

Scutellate. Provided with scutella;'s:.id of .he tarsus when covered with
broad plates in a regular vertical series, and separated by regular
Imes of impression.

Scutellum. One of the tarsal plates or scutella.

Secondaries. The quills growing on the lorearm.

Secondary coverts. The wing feathers which cover the bases of the sec-
ondary quills.

Second dorsal. The posterior or soft part of the dorsal fin, when the two
parts are separated.

Sectorial tooth. One of the premolais of carnivora, adapted for cutting.

Semipalmate. Half-webbed ; having the anterior toes more or loss con-
nected at base by a webbing which does not extend to the claws

Septum. A thin partition.

Serrate. T Notched like a saw.

Sessile. Without a stem or peduncle.

FISH OF OXTAUIO.

IIU

Setaceous. Bristly.

Setlform. Bristlf-like.

Shaft. Stiff axis of a quill.

Shoulder gir -e. The bony girdle posterior to the head, to which the

anterior limbs are attached {post-temporal, scapula, and coracoid

or clavicle).
Soft dorsal. The posterior part of the dorsal fin in fishes, when composed

of soft rays.
Soft rays. I-in rays which are articulate and usually branched.
Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula.

ISfc*"'"!?' i '"■'^'J"^' '^"'""'■'^d "^Pot "f th*-- secondaries, especially of ducks.
sphenoid. Basal bone of skull.

Sphenotic. A lateral bone of the skull.

Spine. Any sharp projecting point ; in fishes those fin rays which are

unbranched, inaniculate, and usually, but not always, more or

less stiffened.
Spinous. Stiff or composed of spines.
Spinous dorsal. The anterior part of the dorsal fin, when composed of

spinous rays.
Spiracles. Openings in the head or neck of some fishes and Batrachians
Spurious qui I. Said of the first primary when less than about one-third

the length of the second. The student will notice that in Oscines

the presence of a short or spurious quill indicates ten primaries

Its absence nine.
Stellate. Star-like, with radiating ridges.
Sternal fontanel. A pit at the top of the sternum.
Sternum. The breast-bone.
Striate. Striped or streaked.

f Hh i'" ^TP°/,'"?"^- .^^'' *''^"' somewhat: not quite; under, etc.
aub-caudal. Under the tail.

Sub-opercle. The bone immediately below the opercle (the suture con-

necting the two often hidden by scales)
Sub-orbital. Below the eye.
Sub-orbital sta>. A bone extending from one of the sub-orbital bones in

subui.te."':s::;-stM.-^""^^ ''" '^'^^'-^' *° °^ "^^-^^'-^ ''^ p^^^p-^'-

Suffrago. Heel joint ; joint of tibia and tarsus
Supraciliary. Pertaining to the region of the eyebrow.
Supplemental maxillary. A small bone lying along upper edge . the
maxillary.

Supraclavicle. A bone interposed between the clavicle anj the post-tem-
poral.

Supraoccipital. The bone as the posterior part of skull in fishes usually

with a raised crest above.
Supra-oral. Above the mouth.

I''

I 1.

I

^11

I

m

120

CHECK LIST OF THE

Supra-orbital. Above the eye.

Supra-scapula The post-temporal or bone by which the shoulder eirdle
in fishes is joined to the skull.

Suspensorium. The chain of bones from the hyomandibular to the rala-
tine. '

Suspensory bones. Bones by which the lower jaw, in fishes, is fastened

to the skull.
Suture. Thf line of union of two bones, as in the skull
SvmilK' Tu"V°^ Jun'-tion of the two parts of lower jaw; tip of chin.
bymplectk. The bone in fishes that keeps together th^ hyomandibular

and quadrate posteriorly.
Syndactyle. Having two toes immovably united for some distance, as in

the Kingfisher.
Synonym. A different word having the same or a similar meaning.
Synonomy. a collection of different names for the same group, species

or thing. o r f

T.

Tail.

In mammals, the vertebra-, etc., posterior to the sacrum; in birds

the tail feathers or rectrices, taken collectively ; in serpents, the

part of the body posterior to the vent ; in fishes (usually) the part

of the body posterior to the anal fin.
Tail coverts. The small feathers overlapping the bases of the rectrices.
Tarso-metatarsus. The correct name of the so-called tarsus of birds ; the

bone reaching from the tibia to the toes, composed chielly of the

metatarsus, but having at its top one of the small tarsal bones

confluent with it.
Tarsus. The ankle bones collectively; in birds commonly used for the

shank bone, lying between the tibia and the toes, the t.irso-meta-

tarsus.
Tectrices. The wing and tail coverts.
Temporal. Pertaining to the region of the temples.
Tenuirostral. Slender billed.
Terete. Cylindrical and tapering.
Terminal. At the end.

Tertials. The quills attached to the humerus.

Tessellated. Marked with little checks or squares, like mosaic work
Thoracic. Pertaining to the chest ; ventral fins are thoracic, when attached

immediately below the pectorals, as in the Perch, the pelvic bones

being fastened to the shoulder girdle.
Tibia. Shin-bone ; inner bone of leg between knee and heel.
Tomium. Cutting edge of the bill.

Totipalmate. Having all four toes connected bv webbing.
Tragus. The inner lobe of the ear ; the lobe opposite the auricle
Transverse. Crosswise.

FISH OF I

iUO.

m

Trenchant. Cumpri'ssfd to a sharp i-d^e.

Truncate, .\brupt, as if tut squarely off.

Tubercle. A small excresn nn-, liko a pimplf.

Tympanum. Drum of the car; ixti-mal in some Hatrachia, etc.

Type (of a Kfnus). The species upon whirl) w.is bas»d the genus to whic h
it belonf{s.

Type (of a species). The particular specimen upon which the ori^jinal
specific description was based.

Type (localitv). The particular place or locality at which the type speci-
men was collected.

Typical. Of a structure the most usual in a {,'i\cn group.

u.

Ulna. The inner or posterior bone of the forearm.

Ultimate. Last or farthest.

Unguiculate. Provided with claws.

Ungulate. Provided with lioofs.

Unicolour. Of a single colour.

Urosteges. The plates underneath the tail of a serpent.

V.

Vent. The external opening of the alimentary canal.

Ventral. Pertaining to the abdomen.

Ventral flns. The paired fins Ix-hind or below the pectoral fins in fishes

corresponding to the posterior limbs in the higher vertebrates.
Ventral plates. In serpents, the row of plates along the lielly between

throat and vent.
Ventricle. One of the thick-walled chambers of the heart.
Versatile. Cap.ible of being turned cither way.
Vertebra. One of the bones of the spinal column.
Vertical. Up and down.
Vertical fins. The fins on the median line of the body; the dorsal, an.il

and caudal fins.
Vertical plate. Central plate on the he.id of a serpent.
Villiform. .Said of the teeth of fishes when slender and crowded into

velvety bands.
Viscous. Slimy.

Viviparous. Bringing forth living young.
Vomer. In fishes, the front part of the roof of the mouth ; a bone lying

immediately behind the premaxillaries.
13 F.

in

CHECK LIST UK THE FISH Ot' UNTAUIO.

w.

Wsb. The vane of a feather, or. cither side of the rhaeis, or "stem";
also the membrane connecting the toes.

Xiphitternuill. Tip of the sternum.

Z.

Zyjapophyses. Points of bone affording to the vertebrae more or less

definite articulation with each other.
Zyjodactyle. Yoke-toed; having the toes in pairs, two in front, two

behind.
Zygoma. The malar or cheek bone.

Bdtrachians and Reptiles of Ontario

Class BATRACHIA. The Balrachians.)

Animals ot this class are cold-blooded vertebrates, interinefliatc be-
tween the fishes and the reptiles. They differ from the fishes in the
.ilisence of rayed Ims, the limbs bcinjj usually developed •■•nd functional
with the skeletal elements of the limbs of reptiles.

The B.ntrachians undergo a more or less complete metamorpho.si .
the younjf (commonly known as 'tadpoles") bcinp fishlike and more r
less aquatic, breathinjf by means of external gills. The^e differ from the
gills of fishes in • ndinp on fleshy processes of the branchial bones and
not on the bone> ihemselves.

In the tadpole, the tail is provided with a more or less distinct finlike
membrane, which usually disappears with ape. Later in life, luntjs are
ili-'veloped, and in most cn.ses the Rills disappear, ^kin mostly naked and
moist ; used to some extent as an or£j;i;i of respiration.

In our sp<>cies reproduction is by means of epfjs, which are of com-
paratively small size and without hard shell. These are deposited in
water or in damp places.

No repre.sentativp of this class found in Canada is venomous, or
indeed capable of inflicting injury upon human beings ; while manv
species are of economic i.nportance, the ToaHs and Tree Frogs (Hvlas)
being particularly valuable as destroyers of noxious insects.

Order PROTEIDA.

Famii.v PROTEID.(1i. <THf Mvn Pippies.)

Salamanders provided with bushy "•'ernal gills and having the
branchial clefts remaining op i ♦hrough !• '. Teeth well developed.

Genus NECTURUS.
(i) Necturus maculosus.
(Mud Puppy.)
This species is provided with large bushy bright red gills, forming
three tufts on each side. These gills are retained through life. It is

[5]

CHECK; LIST OF THE

m

♦1

aquatic in all stages. Common throughout Ontario. Feeds upon
aquatic insects and small fish.

In hatcheries or fish ponds it would be decidedly injurious, as it is
a very voracious creature.

Order URODELA. (The Salamanders.)

Body naked, elongate, subterete ; both jaws with teeth. Tail per-
sistent throuRh life ; no external gills in the normally developed adult.

Famii.v AMBLVSTOMATID^.

Tot's not webbed; tongue thick.

The larvas of Amblystoma often reach a large size befoie the gills
disappear, and sometimes breed while in this condition.

Geni's amblystoma.

(2) Amblystoma punctatum.

(Spotted salamander.)
Common and genirally distributed in the southern counties. Feeds
upon insects and earthworms.

(3) Amblystoma tigrinum.

Of this species I have but a few records for Ontario. It is common
in the United States as far north as Minnesota, and will probably he
found generally in the northern part of the Province.

(4) Amblystoma Jeffersoniannm.

(Oranulated salamander.)
This species and the variety A. j. fuscum have been taken occasion-
ally in western Ontario and also near Toronto.

(s) Amblystoma microstomas.

There is a specimen of this species in the U. S. Nat. Mus., taken
at Hudson's Hay in 1884, which is the only record I have of its occur-
rence in Canada. I include it because it will probably be found in north-
ern Ontario.

Family PLETHODONTIDyE.

Genus HEMIDACTYLIUM.

(*) (6) Hemidactylium scutatum.

A specimen of this species was taken by Dr. D. W. Beadle at St.
Catharines, Ont. The only record I have.

BATKACHIANS AXIi KKPT1LE.S OF OXTAKIO.

Gem s PLETHODON.

(7) Pleihodon cinereus.

(Ked-backed salamander.)

Its habits arc entirely terrestrial as it is never, even in the larval
stage found in water. The ejjgs are deposited in a little package be-
neath a stone, in a damp place. When the young emerge they arc pro-
vided with branchiie, but these soon disappear.

Common everywhere and may be readily found by turning over
logs or stones in the woods.

Family DESMOGNATHID.^.
Gems DESMOGX ATHUS.

(8) Desmognathns fusca.

Rare ; has been taken in south-western Ontario. Aquatic.

{') (9) Desmognathus nigra.
(Black salamander.)
R;ire ; occurring in shallow stony brooks.

l-\Mirv F'LEl'RODELID/E. (Thk Newts.)

Gems DIEMYCTYLUS.

(10) Diemvctylus viridiscens.
(Xewt. Evet. Eft.)

Common ; generally distributed through southern Ontario.

Of this species there are two distinct forms, one entirely aquatic,
dark olive green above, lemon yellow below, and having on each side a
<ow of rather large vermillion spots each surrounded by a black ring.
The other and better known one, being the little red lizard (so called^
which is frequently found in woods after rain. The red coloration is
only assumed if the animal leaves the water and adopts terrestrial habits
and is again lost when it returns to the water.

The red form was for a long time considered a distinct species and
has been frequently described as D. mineatus.

Order SALIENTIA. (The Tailless Batrachians.)

In the adults the body is broad and short ; the hinder pair of limbs
long and strong, adapted for leaping. Tail ab.sent. The young (Tad-
poles) have the head broad, external branchiae, a long tail, no limbs and
no teeth ; the intestinal canal is very long, adapted to a vegetable diet.
As they develop the tail is absorbed and the legs gradually appear.
During this stage they are entirely aquatic, but upon attaining mature

li! iS

CHKfK ,IST OF THK

form the Toads and Hylas leave the water, only returning to it for the
purpose of depositing their eggs. The Ranidae (Frogs) are more or less
aquatic when adult.

li

Family BUFONID^. (The Toads.)

Gems BUFO.

(ii) Bufo leutifiinosus.
(American Toad.)

The form found in Ontario is B. I. americanus. Common every.^
where Unfortunately it is the victim of ignorance and prejudice and
is often wantonly destroyed because of its somewhat unprepossessing
appearance. From an agricultural standpoint, however, it is one of the
most valuable animals we have and should be protected with the great-
est care.

By the ignorant and superstitious the Toad is supposed to be pos-
sessed of some very remarkable powers; thus even in this age of pro-
gress we hear of the ability of the Toad to spit poison ; to produce warts
on the hands of persons who handle it; to poison children by its breath,
and several other dreadful things. On the other hand, it is credited with
bringing good luck to the family in whose cellar it takes up its abode.
It is also said that the application of living Toads to cancer will eftect a
permanent cure, and that the animal carries a most valuable jewel in its
head. All of which is false and ridiculous. Toads .it,- perfectly harm-
less, though the skin does .secrete a peculiar fluid which is distasteful to
dogs, but not so to birds, and many other animals, for they feed upon
them largely.

The Toad is of direct service to man b\ reason of the fact that its
food consists of insects e.vclusively and that it is one of the few animals
which can adapt itself alike to the farm and garden and will even be
perfectly contented if confined in a greenhouse or propagating frame.

Family HYLID/^. (The Tree Froos.)

Fingers and toes more or less dilated into viscous disks at their tips.
Noted for their loud voices, some of them being heard at all times from
early spring until frost comes.

Genus ACRI.S.

(r2) Acris gryllus.

(Cricket Frog.)
The Ontario form is A. g. crepitans. This can scarcely be considered
a Tree Frog. Its home is in the high grasses surrounding the marsh,
where, if disturbed, it can take refuge in the water.

r.ATKACHIANS AND UKI'TIMS (iK oMAKIo.

Gem s CHOROPHII.rS.

(•) (13; Chorophilus nigritus.

'(Swamp Tree Frog.) , ,- „„ ,1,,. north

The varieu found here is C:. n. trisc-r....... \'".^"\"\%^^^'Z

shore of Lake Superior and westward mlo Man.toba, but I have no
records of its capture in any other part of Canada.

Gems HYLA.

U

(14) Hyla versicolor.

^'^^::^^tl^^^ species, wen f trihuted throu^o.. the
Province of Ontario. I found it also in Man.toba, but -t docs not appear

•" 'ittjlS^ils^^^s in ,hc sprin. on blades of ."- ^- ^r^^^l^W
water and the metamorphosis takes place qinte early, the tadpoles rarely

exceeding in size those of the Common Toad. . . , _ .^ ■..

excee^ns ^^^ ^^^^ ^^e power of rhnnfjmcr .ts colour to suit s

environment to'a certain extent, the colours runnm. th-.h var ou
r^ir"ci™H^'^edt-^ST;n.pbr;l^"THe

-"^' htzz r s::; ih-?^^ i:i:^.^^^t.rd .war.

evenJnVand inlll weather, from the orchard and wood lot and some-
times from the rail fences bv the roadside.

{15) Hvia pickeringli.

0«.™, it is bu. v„ .eldom seen. U- d.mmu.ivc »5 •™? "™;;',

people who have the bad habit of guessing at things. ^^^^.^ .Up

Late in the summer this Hyla leaves the swamps and ascends the
trees and bushes on higher ground and again becomes musical.

Family R.\NlDy«. (The Frogs.)

Genl's RAN.\.

^"' TrareTorR. a. circulosa, the northern variety.'should be more
abundant. It has probably been overlooked.

10

<"rlK(K LIST (tK TIIK

•^

(ir) Rana pipiens.

(Leopard frog.)

(•■■•<) Rana palustris.

(Pickerel Frog.)

Common rmd generally distributed In its h-.hlf. % •
IS often found about rnlH «nr;„„ j n.ihns n is solitary. Ft

rreado^ys for foS '^ "^' '''"'' ''"'"^^ "'•■'' <<"'"etime.s ranges into

<U)) Rana .septentrionalis.
(Northern Frog.)

(20) Rana sylvatica.
(Wood Frog.)

sum Je'^r'anT rarely" if'el ''"'•••!'"'-'• '' "^'^^ '" '^' ''''^'^'^ firoughout the
son. I ike the Hvlas t, "X^ '"'^"P' '''"-'"^ ^'^" '^-''^-^ ^e.-'

•nnd is said 0 chinjef om theT' '•: *" '^.' '"'"''' "^ "^ surroundings
■-. lining one with ease " " '""■ "' '' ""'^ '^-'f ^" ^^e sreen of

(21I Ran? Cdntabrigen.sis

(22) Rina claniitan.s.

(On en Frog.)

Common m ,-i I bodies of wnter k, * i mature,

and streams th.m marshe.s. ^ ''^' '""''" ^"'''"^ '" ^"^'"'■'-

(2.^) Rana catcsbeana.

(Bull Frog.)

streams' 'xTev'h^^ °"'' ^"'^"- , ^'""'"°" '" '"'"•^''hes and slow ^yeedy

IL .

ISATKACHIAN- AM> UKITIKIS (.K ONTAUIl*.

11

Class REPTILIA. (The Reptiles.)

The Reptiles are cold blooded air-breathing^ vertebrates, "^"allv scaly
or covered with bony plates. The lintbs when present, are usually adapted
for walking, in some few instances for swimminR. ,.».-<.„„.«* th.

Repro uction xiviparous, oviparous or ovov.viparous. The eggs of tne
oviparous species are mo-tly provided with a toui.'h leathery SK,n and are
dejJosited in holes dug in the earth or amongst decaymg vegetable matter.
There is no metamorphosis after leaving the egg.

Reptiles mav be distinguished from Batr,„-hi.>ns by the presence of
-cales and by the absence of gills in all stages.

Order OPHIDIA. {The Serpents.)

Reptiles with elongate, cylindrical bodies, no limbs. The skin, which
is covered with imbricated scales is shed at mtervals. The mouth
is verv dilatable, the bones of both javs being freely movable.

But verv little is posifivelv known as to the reproducfon of any o,
our snakes imd so a wide field is open for work and observation.

The majoritv of people believe that all snakes are poisonous and
should thereforebe destroj^d. Such belief is largeh the --J ^ ^"-;
ance combined with prejudice. The only m,unous •''"7;'' ; "^ J^J f '^ '^,
have are Rattlesnakes, rmd they are now extremely sc.rce .and '"«'•-''• •^'
o . o her snakes are useful, feeding upon and thus destroy-jng vast num-
bers of such pests as mice, voles and injurious msects, and consequenth
shoi'ld l--e allowed to live unmolested.

Family COLIRRID^.. (TtiF Cm i brine Snakes.)

Both jaws fullv provided with teeth, which are conical and not
grooved head covered with shields: no poison fangs: be y ''— j" -'*'^
^r"ld band-like plates (ventral plates or gastrosteges) : t-' ;-- ;, f ^^-
ine- sub-caudal plates (urosteges) arranged m pairs. All our ^P*''^"'^ "''^^
qui; incapable of inflicting serious injury upon m.nnor beast and most of
Tm are beneficial by reason of their destruction of insects and fi.'ld mice.

ClFMs STORKRIA.

Perfectly

( 1 ) Storeria occipitomaculata.

(Red-bellied Snake.) , ,. .- j • _.e

No uncommon. Feed, largely upon soft bodied insects.

inoffensive. A useful species.

(2) Storeria dekayl.

(Little Brown Snake.) , ^ . • ^„.,»c

niite common and generally distributed. Feeds upon insects

their larvfe. Perfectly inoffensive. A useful .species.

!| I

12

OHEC'K LIST »)|- Tin:

I" '

m

Oenus THAMNOPHIS. (Garter Snakes.)

(3 1 Tfaamnophis sanritnt.
(Riband Snake.)

creafu.. Feeds'uTonTns^e';^. T.Ifr Jads and" frS- '"''"'•"• "^^'"'^'^

(4) Thamnophis radix.

(Hoy's Garter Snake.)

not ^nZ.:^::::^^s:z:::' F^e^d^uo'^n?"^ f "'"•^'^- "^-'^-^

field mice. "arm.ess. heeds upon toads, frogs, insects and

(5) Thamnophis sirtalis.

(Common Garter Snake.)

Gart^r'^W.* '"'",'' .^^"'•'■^"y •distributed. This is considered the tvoical

S^^-a,i£ ;; :^,s:i:-'^ ---'^^ --'-• — ^— ^

i. inc^'iT/'-nfl- /• ''"'"' "".Tt'-"-" seen this snake show fight, but it
IS incapable of mflictmg anv injury more serious than n slitrhf L..u
from which no bad results need be feared. Its f,Sd cons f^nfTn '
frogs. mic» and insects. consists of toads,

recoSz^d'. ofl.f't* "'"- ^l"'"" °'' «"b-species of this species were
The ml?t ,^ • • ''''^r^'' the number has been considerably reduced
The most prominent varieties occurring here are :— reauced.

(5a) T. s. odinatus— Tolerably common.
(5b) T. s. dorsalis— Very common,
(sc) T. s. parietalis— Not common.
(Sd) T. s. obscurus — Occasional.

lorm'^the" I'j'^^t- '"'"•^"'^^ perfectly with each other and with the tvoe
lorm. their identification is sometimes rather difficult. ^^

Genus REGINA.

{•) (6) Regina ligida.

(Stiff Snake.)

Very rare; the only available record is from Lake St. Clair.

<7) Regina leberis.

(Leather Snake.)
Occurs in the same locality as the last, but is even more uncommon.

BATKACIllASS ANI» KKITII.KS OV oXTAKIu

IS

Genus NATRIX.

(8) Natrix sipedon.

(Water Snake.)
Common about streams throughout Ontario. When molested this
creature shows fight ;md makes strenuous efforts to bite its tormentor.
It is, however, perfectly harmless. It swims well and rapidly and feeds
on frogs and small fish.

OEMS CALLOPELTIS.

(9) Callopeltis vulpinns.

(Fox Snake.)

This is the largest and strongest of all our snakes and at the same
time one of the most harmless and timid. It does not appear to be com-
mon anywhere, but is generally distributed through the western part of
Ontario from the Niagara Peninsula to the Georgian Ray, and probably
somewhat further north.

Dr. Garnier records one which measured seven feet eleven inches and
I have seen several nearly as large.

Gems LIOPFLTIS.

(10) Liopeltis veraalis.

(Green Snake, Grass Snake.)
A very gentle, beautiful, little creature. Common and generally dis-
tributed. It frfeds largelv if not entirely upon soft-bodied insects and is
therefore of economic value.

Genus BASCANION.

(11) Bascanion constrictor.

(Black Snake, Black Racer.)

I include this species, though I am in doubt as to its occurrence in
this Prdvince. Many years ago, I believe that I found the true Black
Snake in western Ontario, but preserved no specimens. Of late years all
the so-called Black Snakes examined by me have proved to be the Com-
mon Water Snake (Natrix sipedon).

This species is very active and strong, but is perfectly harmless. Its
food consists principally of voles ''.nd mice, of which it destroys large
numbers. Professor Cope says of it: "Of all our snakes it is the most
useful to the farmer from the great number of moles and mir which it
consumes."

There is a specimen of this snake in the Museum, but it w taken in
Florida.

Genus DIADOPHIS.
{12) Diadophis punctatus.
(Ring Snake.)

A small, tolerably common species, which feeds largely upon beetles
and soft-bodied insects. Generally distributed and very inoffensive.

u

(HICK I.I^T OK Till-:

(iKM's LAMPROPELTIS.

(13) Lampropeltis doliatus.

(Milk Snake, Spotted Adder.)

This is a very variable species, its varieties running by degrees into
extremes, which bear little rt-scmblance to the type form.

The northern variety, which is very common and generally distributed
through this Province, is L. d. triangulus.

It is very harmless and useful, feeding largely on field mice and voles.
Prof. Cope says he once found a specimen of this species which had cap-
tured a family of meadow mice, which it held in the following manner :
One it had swallowed, one it was in the act of swallowing, and two others
were securely held in two turns of its body so tightly as to render them
incapable of biting their captor. They also feed to a certain extent upon
frogs and toads and in so doing lessen their economic value slightly, but
on the whole they are decidedly bpnefici;il to the farmer and should be pro-
tected.

Cenis HETERODOX.

(141 Heterodon platirhinos.

(Blowing Adder, Spreading Adder.)
Not common, though generally distributed. When teased this snake
depresses and expands its head, hissing and presenting a threatening
appearance, causing many people to believe it to be venomous, but it is
quite harmless. Its food consists largely of mice, frogs and toads. Occa-
sionally very dark, almost black, specimens are found.

Kamii v CROTAMD^. (The Ratti fsnakes.)

The species comprised in this fnmilv are the only poisonous snakes
occurring in Ontario and they are now very rare in all parts of- the Pro-
vince except some few restricted localities near T-ake Erie and the deor-
gian Bay. When the country was first settled they were common enough,
particularly so in rocky regions. The banks of the Niagara River and the
face of what is known as the Hamilton mountain having been, formerly,
among their favorite resorts. The introduction of pigs into the country
was probably one of the chief factors in the destructon of these dangerous
creatures. For. as is well known, pigs can kill and eat Rattlesnakes with
impunity. It is supposd that the poison of the snake cannot be sufficiently
introduced into the circulation to cause death owing to the thick layer of
fat with which the domesticated pig is covered.

There is a common, but erroneous, idea, that one new segment is
added to the number on a Rattlesnake's tail each year. The fact is the
number varies, as many as four have been observed to be acquired in a
single year. The terminal segments, too, are constantly being worn oflf.
So that the number of segments present is no indication of the age of the
snake.

It^

HATUACIII ANS ANI» KKITII.KS UK oNTAlilO.

IS

These snakes can only strike a distance i"<|iial to about one-half the
It ORth of the body. They need not necessarily be coiled to strike, for this
they can do on either side, as far as the position of the bodv will permit
them to reach.

Rattlesnakes are ovo\ iviparoiis and not very prolitic. Prof. Cope
found nine ei;j{s in the body of a female thirty-seven inches lonp.

The Rattlesnakes mav he distinguished from all other Canadian
snakes by Ihe following; well marked characters : Nfaxillary without solid
teeth, but provided with a long erectile, perfor.ited poison fang on each
side in front ; a deep pit between eye a-id nostril. Body stout ; head l:irge,
flat, triangular, on a slender neck; pupil elliptical, placed vertic;illy. Tail
provided with ;i rattle composed of horny rini;';, which are niodilied scales.

Genus SISTRURUS.

(15) Sistrurus catenatus.

(Pr.'iirie Rattlesnake.)
This species formerly o<-curred in the meadow lands at the western
end of Lake Erie, and has been found from there north to the Georgian
Bay. It is mnv nearly extinct. Though its bite • . very dangerous and
may cause death, its venom is not so powerful as that of the next.

Genits CROT.ALUS.

(16) Crotalus borridus.

(Common Rattlesnake.)
Formerly common and generally distributed throughout the Province,
but always most abundant in rocky places. Now nearly extinct. Wry
venomous.

Order LACERTII.IA. flhe Lizards.)

This order is poorly represented in Ontario, only three sfjecies as yet
having been found in the Province, and these all belong to one genus.

The characteristics of animals belonging to this order are : body
covered with scales; limbs four, distinct, rarely rudimentary. Tail usually
long and in many cases very brittle, easily broken by a slight blow, or if
the animal is held by it. Tongue free ; jaws always with teeth : mouth not
dilatable ; toes having claws.

Family SCINCIDiC. (The Skinks.)

Head regularly shielded, scales smooth, body fusiform or sub-cylin-
drical. .All the species are quite harmless and feed upon insects. They
are fond of basking in the sun and rarely show themselves unless the
weather is bright and warm.

So far as is known at present, all our species are ovoviviparous.

It)

« MM K l.iST OK Till;

Genus EUMECES.

(i6) EomecM fauiatut.

(Blue-tailed Lizard.)
This variablf spte- < s sitins to lie RtniTally distribulcd tlmmnhout
ti,e Province, though not abundant anywhere. Specimens have been taken
in the County of Peterboro', in Lincoln, and in most of the south-western
-junties. It is very active in hot weather. Feeds upon insects and is
perfectly harmless.

(*) (17) Eumeces anthracinut.

(Coal Skink.) ...

Ihe only records 1 have of this species, arc Dr. Garnier's. his speci-
mens ha\ injj been taken in the County of Kent.

(•) (18) Enmeccs icptentrionalis.
(Northern Sklnk.)
This species has a wide distribution northward. Dr Gamier found
it in southern Ontario and there are specimens in the U. S Nat. Museum
from the Red River ot the North. It should therefore be found in all
suitable places in the western part of the Province.

Order TESTUDINATA. (The Turtles )

Reptiles with the body enclosed between two. more or less developed,
bony shields, which are usually covered by horny epidermal plates but
sometimes by a leathery skin. Upper shield (carapace) and lower shield
(pin -on) more or less united along the sides.

Neck and tail the only flexible parts of the spinal column; these, to-
gether with the legs, usually retractile within the cavity between the two

-"'' The skull is more compact than that of the other reptiles. There
are no teeth, but the jaws are encased in horny sheaths, usually with
sharp cS edges; the eye is furnished with two lids and a nictitatmg

membrane as in birds. . . , . . , ,, „ ,.,i,;_u

All our species arc oviparous, depositing their eggs m hollows which
they dig in the soil near water. The egg. are then covered w.th the earth
or sand and left to hatch.

Family TRIONYCHIDiC. (The Soft-Shelled Turtles.)

Body flat, nearly circular; carapace and plastron covered by a thick
leatherv • n which is flexible at the margins. Head long and pointed,
wfth a le tubular pig-like snout, neck long. Feet broadly webbed.

Aquatic ...d carnivorous, feeding upon fish, frogs, etc.

IIATIiAi IIIANS ANI> UIJTII.K-* <•!• oNTAUIo.

17

(iFM > AMNDA.
(*) (mj) Amyda mntica.

(LcaihiT Tiirile. I
I his >(H'(ic-N liii> tx't'ii rrcordi'd from l.:tki' hlric iiml from llu-nci- wcst-
v.aril. I; is ronsidrrrd vt-ry run- litil may often lii' ronfoiindid with tin-
next.

(iKMs AsiMr)o\KcTr:s.

(2 ) Aspidotiectes spiniivr.

(Common Soft-shelled 1^. nc.)

(Jenerally ditrihiitcd in all marshy walrrs in wislcrii Ontario, ilioii^h
nol rf-mmon anywhere. 'Ihcre is one rerord frori\ the Ottawa Ki\er. Thi>
creature is shy and ditliiiilt to observe, antl so may oc rur more fri'(|uently
and over a K''>'ater are.i than i» supposed, I ha\e found it from our west-
<-rn 1)1 inula ry to the neail ol Lake Ontario, near Hamilton, but none east
of that.

The flesh of this Turtle is considered .i elelieary.

Kamii.v CUKl.N'DRID.K. (SsAi-i'ivd Ti hties.)

Shell high in front, love behind; bodv heavii"-! forward; head • n'l
n rk larfje, th" snou; narrowed forw.ird ; jaws stroti^jly hooked and verv
powerful; tail lonj;, stroni;, with a rrest of horny compressed tidiercles;
plastrin small, cross 'haped; claw, strong;; wehs sm.dl. Aquatic, rarelv
leavinj.; the watiT except to deposit their egps.

(iKMs CMKl.VDKA.
(.>■) Chelydra serpentina.

(Snapping Turtle.)

Common and generally distributed throughout the l'ro\ ince. This
is undoubtedly the most powerful, aggressi\e .and voracious reptile we
have. It feeds upon anv living thing it i-.in oxerpowcr and is parii -al.i Iv
dt'strurtivc to I'sh and youny waterfowl. Manv a brood of yoiuig ducks
find their way down the capacious gullets of these rap.acious rreatures.
They attain a gre.-it size, specimens over two feet in length being not un-
common. Care is requiri-d in hantlling these Turtles, for even when com-
pirativ( Iv small thev will bile viciouslv and are capable of inflicting pain-
ful wounds.

Their flesh is co-isid —-ed iMiod ,ind in some IcK'alities tlvy are much
sought after for m.aking into soup.

Famiiv KlNOSTHRNin/l-:. (Tm Box Tiki; is.)

Carapace rather long and narrow, the out'ine rising gradu.illv from
the front to a point beyond the centre of the shell, then abruptly desrenn-
ing ; the bulk of the body therefore thrown backward; margin of the cara-
pace turning downward and inward rather than outw.ard ; head large with
strong jaws.

IH iilMK I.IHT OK n.VTKACHIANH ANI> KK!TII-I'>* t>V UXTAKIo

r.tsvn AROVKKHELYS.

(*) {i2) Aromochclyi odoratu*.
(Musk Turtle.)
This small Turtle is o< rasionally found in Lake Kric ami St. t lair,
l)Ut it is not rommc.n. It has a strong, unpleasant musky odour.

FxMiiv KMYDIDi*:. (Thk P«>ni> Tihti.rs.)

Carnpace ovate, broadest behind, the margin havir ' a tendenc y t..
t..irr outwards; highest near the middle; plastron roverinj; the whole
under ".urface. Toes broadly webln-d in the .irn'ilir species, srarrely
webbed in the others. The pond turtles feed lar^fly upon small fish and
lonsecjuently would Ik- injurious in preserves and hatcheries.

OEM'S GRAPTEMYS,
(2^) Graptemys |(eo|(raphicus.

(Map Turtle.) . .. ^ • , •

This s|X'ries seems to he iMculiarlv tlisfribiited m the Province. It is
not uncommon in the west, and I have received specimens from the County
of Lanark in the east, but s«) far have not seen it in the water of Lake

Ontario.

r.ENi s CHRYSEMVS.

(j4^ Chrysemyii picta.

(Painted Turtle.) „ j j ,

The commonest and most beautiful Turtle we have. Hundreds at

them may sometimes be seen sunninR themselves upon loijs and other

floating debris in our southern marshes. .\c|uatic, only leaving the water

to deposit its eggs.

Genus CLEMMYS.

ii^' Clenirays insculptus.
(Wood Tortoise.)
Tolerably common in western Ontario, less frequently found east-
waid. Largely terrestrial.
(jr,) Clemmys guttatu-s.

(.Speckled Tortoise.)
Common in south-western Ontario. They are usually found m warm
mud ponds from which they crawl out to sun themselves in the manner of

C. picta.

Gf.m s EMVnOIDEA.

|*\ r^r^ Emydoidea blandin]{i.

(Rlanding's Tortoise.) ,

Very rare. Dr. Gamier records nc -ccinH-n taken at Lake St. Clair
hv Mr. Buck, and others have been taken n. ar Belleville.

CHECK LIST

OF THE

BIRDS OF ONTARIO.

AVE8 (The Birds).

A b!rd may be defined m an air-breathing vertebralc with a cuvrring
of feathers; warm blood; a :umplete double circulation; the two anicri.>r
limbt (wings) adapted for flying or iwimming, the two posterior \mh%
(legs) apadted for walking or swimming ; respiration never effected by gill,
or branchiae, but after leaving the egg by lungs, which are connected with
air cavities in various parts of the body. Reproduction by eggs which
an hatclMd extamally, dther >>y fawubation, or exposure to the heat »
the sun; the shell calcareoua, hard and brittle.

Order PYGOPODES. (Diving Birds.)

Feet palmate or lobate; tibia feathered, 'icIudLil in the skin nearly
to the heel joint, hence the legs set far back so that the birds are scarcely
able to walk at all on land ; hind toe small and elevated or wanting ; bill
horny, not lamellate or serrate ; no gular pouch ; win^^s very short ; tail
very short or rudimentary. All are water birds, expert divers, feeding
chiefly on fish's.

Family PODlCIPIDiB (Greb;.8).

Head with crests nr r<:ITs in the breeding seaso • except in Podilym-
bus. Under plumage dense, lustrous, mostly white vVings very short;
tail rudimentary, without distinct qui'ls. F^et lobate, toes flattened,
provided with flat claws resembling human nails, tarsus scutellate,
compressed. All are aquatic.

Genus COLYMBUS.

(a) Holboell's Grebe.

(Coiymbus holboelli.)
A regular, but never a common, spring- and autumn visitor to the
waters of soutliern Ontario. Probably breeds in the northern part of the
Province.

[7]

CHKCK MST OF THK

i J ' I

'» t

^vi

m

I H f

lit

i-

(3) Horned Grebe.

(Colymbus auritus.)
Abundant on the great lakes and all large bodies of water through-
out the Province in spring and autumn; breeding in the large marshes.
A few remain nn l.:ike Ontario through the winter.

Cenus PODILYMBUS.

(6) Pied-billed tirebe. (Hell Diver.)

(Podilyiiibiis podiceps.J
A common suinmiT ri'sidcnt in marshes all over the Province, breed-
ing throughout its r;inj;e. Arrives early in April, departs about the
middle of October.

Family GAVTID/li. (The Loons.)

Hill Ion;,', stron)f, tapering, acute, wholly hard; nostrils linear. Head
densely and evenly feathered, without ruffs or naked spaces; eye large.
Feet palni:ite; tarsus reticulate, strongly compressed; wings strong.
Tail short but well developed. Birds of large size, with strong powers
of flight and pre-eminent in swimming and diving, but scarcely able to
walk. Their notes are curiously loud and wild, according well with
their usual surroundings. They feed on fishes.

Genus GAVIA.

(7) Loon. .

(Gavia imber.)
Common on all large bodies of water in spring and autumn, breed-
ing about the l.ikes and marshes of the interior. Some few remain on
the great lakes all through the winter, but the bulk go soutii during the
coldest part of the season.

!*) (<) Black-thr;.ated Loon.
((ia\ia arctica.)
A very rare winter visitor.

(11) Red-throated Loon.
(Gavia lummc.)
A <-ommon spring and .lutumn visitor to our waters, breeding in the
far north and retiring southward as its haunts freeze up.

Family ALCID^. (The Auks, Murres, Etc.)

Feet ji.ilmate, three-toed ; tarsus reticulate or partly scutell.ite ;
claws ordinary; tail perfect of few feathers; legs set far back. All our
species tlv well and swim on, or imder water with equal ease. They feed
on fishes.

BIRDS OF ONTARIO.

Genus FRATERCULA.
(I {) Puffin.

(Fratercula arctica.)
Common in the Arctic regions and the islands of the North Athintic
A bird of the ocean. One specimen has been recorded, taiien on tlie
Ottawa River.

Genus CEPPHUS.

(27) Black Guillemot.

(Ctpphus grylle.J
Like the last, a bird of the ocean, which occasionally has wandered
up to Lake Ontario. Mr. John Maughan, jr., has a specimen taken near
loronto, and Mr. .Mcllwraith mentions one taken on Burlington Bay
many years ago.

Gems URIA.

(31) Brunnich's Murre.

(Uria lomvia.)

Common on the Atlantic coast and an occasional winter visitor to
Lake Ontario.

During the winter of 1^93 a large number of these birds appeared on
Lake Ontario, and each season since that time, a few have been seen
there.

Genus ALCA.

(32) Razor-billed Auli.

(Alca torda.)

_ Another ocean hird which has found its way up Lake Ontario oc-
casionally in late autumn or early winter.

Genus ALLE.

(;,4) Dovekie. (Little Auk.)
(Alle alle.)

Common on some parts of the North Atlantic coast. One specimen
taken by Mr. John Maughnn on Lake Ontario.

Order LONGIPENNES. (Long-winged Swimmers.)

... . ^^^^ palmate; tibia feathered; legs in.<!erted near the centre of equi-
librium, so that the birds stand with the axis of the body nearly hori-

;<t>l

10

CHECK LIST OF THE

!

1

i

w

zontal ; hind toe small and elevated {wantinfj in Rissa). Bill usually long,
horny, not serrate, nor lamellate; no gular pouch. Wings very long and
pointed; tail well developed. Water birds, of great powers of flight;
feeding on fishes and floating garbage.

Family STKRCORARIID/E, (The J^gers.)

Gull-liko birds with the l)ill hooked and cered ; tail square with the
middle pair of feathers long-exserted ; tibia naked below ; tarsus scutel
late in front, granular behind. Voracious birds, which frequently live
by tormenting' the Oulls and Terns and compelling them to disgorge
their food. Plumage dark above.

Genus STERCORARIUS.

(*) (36) Pomarine Jaeger.

(Stercorarius por>a.inus.)
An occasional visitor to the great lakes.

(37) Parasitic Jaeger.

(Stercorarius parasiticus.)
An occasional spring and autumn visitor to the great lakes.

Family LARID^. (The Gulls.)

Long-winged swimmers. Bill long, horny, not serrate nor lamel-
late; no f,'ular pouch. Feet palmate; tibia feathered; legs near centre
of equilibrium ; hind toe elevated, small (wanting in Rissa). Wings very
long and pointed. Tail well developed. General colour usually white,
with a darker mantle of a slaty bluish tint and commonly some black niark«
ings. Sexes alike in colour, but the plumage varying very much with
age and season. Possessed of wonderful power of flight. Food, fishes
and floating garbage. The birds are the scavengers of the waters.

Genus PAGOPHILA.

(•) (39) Ivory Gull.

(Pagophila alba.)
A regular but not a common winter visitor to Lake Ontario. It prob-
ably occurs on the northern lakes also, but as yet I have not heard of it.

Genus RISSA.
<4o) Kittiwalce Gnll.

(Rissa tridactyla.)
A regular, but not common, winter visitor to the great lakes.

BIRDS OF ONTARIO.

11

Genus LARUS.
(43) Glancoas Gall.

(Larus glaucus.)
A regular, but not common, visitor to the great lakes.

(43) Iceland Gnll.

(Larus leucopterus.)
Mr. Kay reports having taken one at Port Sydney, Muskoka, April
6th, 1898, and Mr. J. H. Ames has one taken at Toronto.

(47) Great Black-backed Gull.

(Larus marinus.)
A regular, but not abundant, winter visitor to the great lakes, more
frequently observed than either of the preceding species, perhaps because
it is more readily distinguishable v. hen flying.

(51) American Herring Gnll.

(Larus argentatus.)
A very common resident, frequenting the great lakes at all seasons,
but most abundant in winter. It breeds rt^ularly on many of the lakes
and marshes of the interior. It formerly bred on the islands and in thr
marshes of Lake Ontario and some may yet do so, in secluded places.

(54) Ring-bUled Gull.

(Larus delawarensis.)

A very common resident; like the last, most abundant in winter.
Breeds in the lakes and marshi.s of the interior.

(*) (58) Laugliing Gull.

(Larus atricilla.)
An accidental visitor in summer

(59) Franklin's Gull.

(Larus frankJinii.)

A rare summer visitor, occasionally straggling here from the prairie
sloughs where they are abundant. Breeds in nearly all the large marshes
of Manitoba.

)*■-

(60) Bonaparte's Gull.

(Larus Philadelphia.)
_ A common spring and autumn visitor to the great lakes, arrivin"- in
April and departing at the end of November. It is possible that some
breed in the northern part of the Province, but its principal breeding
grounds are north and west of Ontario.

12

CHECK LIST OF THE

111

SiBFAMiLY STERNlN/€. (The Terns.)

Genus STERNA.
(64) Caspian Tern.

(Sterna caspia.)
A regular but not common spring and autumn visitor to the great
lakes.

(•) (67) Cabot's Tern.

(Sterna sandvicensis acufluvida.)
The capture of a specin-.cn of this Tern in the spring of 1882, at
Lucknow, is recorded by Mr. Mcllwraith.

(^■9) Forster'g Tern.

(Sterna fosteri.)
A rather uncommon summer visitor, breeds in the larger marshes
throushout its range.

(70) Common Tern.

(Sterna hirundo.)
A regular summer visitor, breeding at several places near the lakes
Not uncommon in spring and autumn.

(74) Least Tern.

(Sterna antillai'um.)
.An accidental visitor. Breeds on the Atlantic coast. Mr. John
Maughan has a specimen, taken at Toronto in 1897.

Genus HYDROCHELIDON.

(77) Black Tern.

(Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis.)
This Tern is common in some of the large marshes throughout the
Province during the summer, but it is not generally distributed. Breeds
where it occurs.

r-AM[i.v PROCELLARIID.4^. (The Petrels.)
Genus .^STRELATA.

(*) (98) Black-capped Petrel.

(/4istrelata hasitata.)
One found dead on the shore of the Island at Toronto.

HIHDS OK ONTARIO

Vi

Order STEGANOPODtlS. (The Totipalmate Swimmers.)

Swimming birds with all four toes fully webbed; hind toe Icntjlhcnid.
scarcely elevated ; tibia fi-athered ; bill horny, not lamellate ; nostrils very
small or aoortive ; a prominent gular pouch ; tarsus reticulate. All our
species are larjje aquatic birds, feeding on lish, of which they consume
great quantities.

Family SULID.1i. (The Gannets.)

Bill long, cleft to beyond eyes, very stout at base, the tip not hooked ;
the edges irregularly serrate; a nasal groove but the nostril abortive;
gular sac small, naked; wings long, pointed; tail long and stiff, with
pointed feathers; feet stout. Mody heavy, the tissues under the skin
with air chambers.

Genus SULA.
(ii;) Gannet.

(Sula bassana.)

An accidental visitor from the .Atlantic coast, which has been met
with on Lake Ontario three or four times.

Family PHALACROCORACID/E. (The Cokmokams.J

Bill slender, compressed, strongly hooked, the cutting edges uii-
even; gular pouch .small; wings short; tail large, of very stiff feathers,
often used to partially support the body ; legs set far back ; a nasal groove
with abortive nostrils.

Gfnus PHALACROCORAX.

(119) Cormorant.

(Phalacrocorax carbo.)
An uncommon spring and autumn visitor to the
water. Breeds along the North Atlantic coast.

larger bodies of

(120) Double-crested Cormorant

(Phalacrocorax dilophus.)
A regular but not n common spring and autumn visitor to our lakes;
probably breeds about the waters of the northern part of the Province!
as it does commonly in Manitoba and .Assiniboia.

14

CHECK LIST OF THE

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Family PELECANlDiC. {The Pelicans.)

Bill very long, straight grooved throughout, with a claw-like hook
at the end ; the broad space between the branches of the lower mandible
occupied by a large membraneous sac ; nostrils abortive ; wings very
long ; tail very short ; feet short and stout.

Genus PELECANUS.

(*) (125) American White Pelican.

^Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.)
An accidental visitor to the great lakes. They breed commonly in
Northern Manitoba and the Western Provinces.

Order ANSERES. (The Lamellirostral Swimmers.)

Swimming birds with feet four-toed, palmate, hind toe small, ele-
vated. Bill lamellate; no gular pouch. Legs short.

This order contains nearly all the water-fowl which are valued in
domestication, or as game birds.

I I

; i

I

I
f

Family ANATID^E. (Ducks, Geese and Swans.)

Bill laminate, i.e. furnished along each cutting edge with a regular
series of tooth-like processes, which correspond to certain laciniate pro-
cesses of the fleshy tongue, which ends in a horny tip; bill large, thick,
high at base, depressed towards the end, membraneous except at the
obtuse tip, which is occupied by a horny nail. Body heavy, flattened
beneath. Head high, compressed, with sloping forehead; eyes small.
Tail short, except in the full plumaged males of Daiila and Harelda,
both of which have the central tail feathers much prolonged. Legs and
feet short, the anterior toes full webbed. Tibia feathered. All are good
swimmers and, with us, more or less migratory.

Ui

Subfamily MERGIN^E. (The Mergansers.)
Genus MERGANSER.

(129) American Merganser. (Goosander.)
(Merganser americanus.)

A common resident, breeding in the northern part of the Province
and spending the winter on the open water of the lakes and rapid rivers
near our southern boundary.

These birds are very destructive to our fisheries.

BIRDS OF ONTARIO.

IS

(130) Red-breasted Merganser.
(Merganser serrator.)
A coiTimon resident, more :il)un(lnnt than the last and equally de-
structive to fish. Breeds in the interior of the Province and wintus
wherever there is open water.

Genus LOPHODYTES.

(131 Hooded Merganser.

(Lophodytes cucullatus.)
A tolerably rommon summer resident, breeding throughout the in-
terior of the Province and retiring southward as ice forms.

Subfamily ANATIN/E. (The River Ducks.)

Mallanl.

Genus ANAS.

(132) Mallard.

(Anas boschas.)
Common summer resident of the western part of the Province, less
aL^ '.ant in the east, retires southward as the shallow waters it frequents
become frozen over. Breeds througliout its range.

(133) Black Duck.

(Anas obscura.)
A very common summer resident, breeding in all suitable places
throughout the Province. It is more abundant in the east than in th'
west, and is only a rare visitor in Manitoba.

Iti

IHKCK LIST OF THE

il '

V i ]

It Mil) Red-leiif^ed Black Duck.

(Anas obsciira rubript's.)
FrfC|U(titly nut wiili in late autumn. Its breeding range is not pos-
itively known, but probably includes the Hudson Bay region.

Genus CHAULEL.ASMUS.
(i.V=;) Gadwall.

(Chaulflasnius streperus.)

A very rare sumtiier resident. Bret-ds conimonly in Manitoba and
.idjoining I'rov-nces wi-stward.

(iKNis MARKCA.
(137) Baldpate.

(Mart-ra americana.)
.\ lairly tomir.on migrant, probably breeds regularly in the interior.
1 have o casionally found it as a summer resident in the marshes of
Lakes Erie and Ontario. It breeds commonly in the Western Provinces.
Arrives in April and leaves with the first sharp frost.

Genls NETTION.

(139) Green-winged Teal.

(Nettion carolinensis.)
Common in the spring and autumn migrations, breeding iii the north
from Labrador to the Pacitic coast. Arrives as soon as the marshes are
open and leaves about the end of October.

Oknls OrEROl'FDlLA.

(140) Blue-winged Teal.

(Querf|uedula discors.)
Common summer resident, breeding in all suitable places through-
out the Province. Arrives in April and lea\es about the end of Sep-
tember.

Genls SP.\TULA.

(142) Shoveller.

(Spatula clypeata.)
.\ regular but uncommon summer resident, breeds throughout its
range. \'ery abundant on the prairie sloughs of Manitoba.

Genits DAFILA.

(143) Pintail.

(Dafila acuta.)
A common .spring and autumn visitor to southern Ontario occa-
sionally b. ceding in the marshes about Lake Erie and probably regu

BIRDS OF ONTARIO

17

larly breeding in the interior of the I'rovince. It is a common summer
resident of Manitoba.

Arrives as soon as the marshes open and leaves when they freeze up.

Genus AIX.

(144) Wood Duck.
(Aix sponsa.)

Formerly an abundant summer resident, briTding everywhere
throughout the Province; it is still common, but its numbers are fast
decreasing.

.\rrive> as soon as the ice is out of the m;irshcs, departs about the
end of September.

.SiBFAMiiv FULIGULI\.4\. (^^Mi; Sea Dicks.)

(iENus AYTHVA.

(146) Redhead.

(.\ythya americana.)

A common spring and autumn migrant. They breed from the gre.'it
lakes northward and abundantly in Manitoba and the Prairie Provinces.

The bulk of them retire southward when their haunts arc fro/en
over. In some seasons a considerable number spend the winter on Lake
Ontario.

(147) Canvas-back Duck.

(.Vythya vallisneria.)
A regular, but not generally a common spring and autumn migrant
in Ontario. It breeds commonly in the marshes of the North-West Pro-
vinces.

(1481 American Scaup Duck. (Blue-bill.)
(Aythya marila.)
The great majority of these birds are spring and autumn visitors to
southern Ontario, but they do not go very far north to breed, and a
great many spend the winter along the shores of Lake Ontario.

(149) Lesser Scaup Duck. (Little Blue-bill.)
(Aythya affinis.)

Like the last, the great bulk of these ducks are transient visitors in
spring and autumn, but some breed in all the large marshes throughout
the Province, even along our southern boundary where protected. For-
merly they bred regularly in the marsh near Hamilton, and also in that
near Toronto.

•-• B.

CHECK LIST OF THE

(150) Ring-necked Duck.

(Aythya collaris.)
Lets ahtiiulnnt than the last, with which it is generally confused,
ll probably breeds throughout its range, for I have often seen it here
in lummer, though I never found its nest. In eastern Manitoba it breeds
regularly.

Genus CLANG ULA.

(151) American Golden*eye. (Whistler.)
(Clangula clangula americana.]

Common winter visitor nnH prohahlv breeds in thr northern part of
the Province, as it regularly does so in all the woodeJ parts of southern
Manitoba.

The bulk arrive in smiilifiii Ontario about the end of October and
remain until the ice breaks up ii. the spring.

(*) (152) Barrow's Golden-eye.
(Clangula islandica.)
An occasional visitor in winter.

GENt;s CHARITONETTA.

(153) Buffle-head.

(Charitonetta albeola.)

Common spring and autumn visitor throughout the Province, breed<
ing at some points in southern Ontario, and probably doing so regdlr~ly
in the more northern portions.

They arrive as soon as the ice goes out in spring and remain in the
autumn until their haunts are frozen over.

m

Genus HARELDA.

(154) Long-tailed Duck. (Cowcen.)

(Hareldi hyemalis.)
A very abundant winter resident on the lakes, arriving about the
beginning of November and departing at the end of April. Breeds dIoDg
the Arctic coast.

Genus HISTRIONICUS.

(155) Harlequin Duck.

(Histrionicus histrionicus.)
A very rare visitor.
2a B

BIROS or ONTARIO.

It

Genus SOM ATERIA.
(160) American Eider.

(Somateria dresseri.)
An occasional winter vi«itor. All the specimers of this duck taken
here were in immature plumage, so far as I have been able to learo.
Hreeda L'l the North Atlantic coast.

(163 King Eider.

(Somateria spectabilis.)
Occurrin),' more fric|in ntly than the last, but still only an occasional
winter visitor. Breeds on the North Atlantic i 0.1st. Adult specimens of
this duck in full plumage have several times been taken on our lakes in
late autumn and early spring.

Genus OIDEMIA.

(163) Black Scoter. .(American Scoter.)
(Oidemia americana.)
A regular winter visitor on the great lakes, sometimes moving
southward lor a short time if the weather is very severe. Breeds in the
Arctic regions.

(165) Whlte^winjed Scoter.

(Oidemia deglandi.)
A common winter resident, frequenting the great lakes. Breeds
about the northern lakes from Labrador to British Columbia.

(166) Surf Scoter.

(Oidemia perspicillata.)
A regul?' visitor to our lakes in spring and autumn, probably some
remain thrniirh the winter, though I have never observed it here in the
coldest part of the season.

Genus ERISMATURA.

(167) Ruddy Ducli.

(Erismatura jamaicensis.)

Common in spring and autumn. Breeds from our southern bound-
ary northward.

Subfamily ANSERINa. (The Geese.)
Genus CHEN.

(•) (169a) Greater Snow Goocj. (Wavey.)
(Chen hyperborea nivalis.)
A rare visitor to the western part of this Province. Breeds in the
barren grounds along the Arctic coast.

(IIK( K MHT OK TIIK

(*) (109.1) Blut Qmm.

(Chen ca>ruleJK:ens.)

An accidental visitor, which has lieen met with two or three times
in this Province.

(iENus ANSER.

(*) (i/i) White-lronted Goose.

(Anser albifrons (fambeti.)
Of very rare occurrence. Breeds in extreme North-West.

Cunuilu <iiiiiH<'.

Genus BRANTA.

(173) Canada Goose.

(Branta canadensis.)
A regular spring and autumn visitor to our marshes, but not nearly
so abundant now as formerly. Mr. John Maughan informs me that even
recently Geese have nested in the preserved marshes of Lake St. Clair
and some probably breed in the unfrequented marshes of the northern
part of the Province. They breed commonly in the Prairie Provinces.

(*) (172a) Hutchin's Goose.

(Branta canadensis hutchinsii.)
An occasional spring and autumn visitor. Breeds chiefly on the
shore of the Arctic Sea.

il I

MIRD8 OK ONTARIO

21

m

(17.1) Brwit.

(Branta bernicola.)
A rare visitor. Urt^tis on the shores of ihc \r. tic Sea.

SlBFAMILY CVGMN.K. (liiK SuxNv)

Uenus OI.OK.
(*) (180) Whistling SwM.

(Olor columbianu.s.j
Of soimwhat irregular occurrence; gencr. I> a lew arc seen in ilie
spring. Ureetls on the shores ol the Arctic Sea

(*) (iHi Trumpeter Swan.

(Olor buccinator.}

Lilte the last, rarely seen now. Breeds on ihe barren Lrounds and
in the marshes ot the far north.

Order HfiRODIONES. (Herons, Ibises, ett.j

.K- ^^^'"K '»''■*''' with compressed bodies, long legs and long neck;
tbia naked be ow lee: not paln.ate; toes long and slender, cleft or
slightly webbed, the hir..« toe long and usually not elevated, provided
with a large claw. Wings broad, rounded, tail short. Head contracted
to the stout base ol the l.ill, which is long and usually hard and acute
with sharp cutting edges; nostrils su.all. They leed upon fish, frogs.
mice, and such young birds as may fall in their way.

1 AMILV lUIDID/E.

mil very long and -lender. . oniprcs-ed. cylindric. curved through-
out, the upper mandible with a deep groove reaching nearly or quite to
the tip; legs rather long, the toes slightly webbed at base. Head more
or less naked; wings broad; tail short; tarsus scutellate in front.

Ge.nls PLEGADIS.
(•) (186) Glossy Ibis.

(Plegadis autumnalis.)

n.«/H ^^f''^*-'".'^' r'^"°^; •'^''■- Mcllwrnith records the capture of tw„
near Hamilton in 1857. I have not heard of any others.

Family ARDEID.E. (The Hekons, Etc.)

rntfiri" "'"'eht. loi.Kcr than the head, compressed, acute with sharp
cutting edges; upper mandible grooved; nostiils linear; Inres naked, thl-

CHECK LIST OF THK

t

I; 1

bill .r: uring to run directly to the eyes, rest cf head feathered; parts
-■; me oody with "powder-down tracts"— strips of short, dusty, or
greasy down-lilce feathers— usually three pairs of these strips, i.e., on
the back Hove the hips, on the belly under the hips and on the breast;
usually long plumes from the back of head in the breeding season.
Wings broad. Tail very short. Tibia largely naked below ; toes long
and slender, hind toe on a level with the rest, its claw longer than middle
claw; middle claw pectinate. WaSing birds, feeding on fishes, frogs
and any animal small enough fc. them to swallow.

Subfamily BOTAURINiC. (Bitterns.)

Genus BOTAURUS.

(190) American Bittern.

(Botaurus lentiginosus.)

A common summer resident, breeding throughout its range in the
Province.

Arrives about the middle of April, depiJts about the middl** o*.
October.

Genus ARDETTA.

(191) Least B.'ttern.

(Ardetta exilis.)
An abundant summer resident of the larger marshes of southern
Ontario, breeding throughout its range.

Arrives about the middle of May and leaves early in September.

(191. i) Cory's Least Bittern.
(Ardetta neoxena.)
This species seems now to be a regular though very rare summer
visitor to the marsh near Toronto. During the last few yeas over a
dozen specimens have been taken there. I have not heard of its capture
in any other part of the Province.

Subfamily ARDEIN^E. (Herons.)

Genus ARDEA.

(194) Great Blue Heron.

(Ardea herodias.)
A common summer resident, breeding in communities in the interior
of the Province.

Arrives rarly in April, departs about the middle of September.

BlUDS OK OXTAUIO.

23

Genus IIIiROUlAS.
(*) (196) American Egret.

(Herodias egretta.)

A wanderer '■'-(.in the soiitli. About luill a do/cn specimens have
been taken p* :>ii..t;^ (-.ctnts in the Province.

<: MS iiGRETTA.
I*) ('97) Sn ;wj Heron

(Egre.i c^>idi<l"--sima.)
An accidental visitor 10 our southern border.

Genus BL'TORIDES..

(301) Ureen Heron.

(Uutorides virescens.J
.f regular though never a coiniiion simimor resident of Ontario. It
appears to be generally distributed, but is more Ircquently toumi breeo-
ing in the swamps n'-ar Lake Erie than elsewhere.

Genus NYCTICORAX.

(302) Black-crowned Night Heron.

(Nycticorax nycticorax naevius.)

A regular and in places a common summer resident. They breed in
the interior of the Province in communities.

As they are quite nocturnal in their habits, they are not often ob-
served even where they are common.

Genus NYCTANASSA.

(203) Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

(Nyctanassa violacea.)
One taken at Toronto by Mr. John Maughan.

Order PALUDICOL^. (Cranes, Rails, etc.)

Wading birds. The head rather compressed than globose. Bill
hard and not sensitive, not adapted for probing in the mud. The hind
toe littlii elevated. Omnivorous feeders.

Family GRUID/E. (The Cranes.)

Very large birds, with the legs and neck extremely long Winii*
large, rather short. Tail short. Head more or less naked, with scattered
hairlike feathers. Plumage compact without downy tracts. Bill as long as

2-t

CUKCK LIST OF THIC

1/ii

. J ■ i

1:1 I.

II '

Hi:

ii,

longer than head, slraijiht and slender ; tibia extensively naked ; tarsus
scutellate; toes rather short, hind toe highly elevated.

ClENUS GRUS.
(*j (204) Whooping Crane.
{Grus americana.j
A bird of the West which has once straggled into this Province.
Mr. Mcllwraith records the capture of a specimen in the Co . y ol Ad-
dington in September, 1871.

(206) Sandhill Crane.

{Grus mexicana.J
.•\n accidental visitor from the western prairies, which has been met
with live or six times, in our Province. It is probable that some, if not
all, of the specimens taken here should be referred to G. canadensis.

Family RALLIDi-E. {The Rails, Coots, etc.)

Birds of medium or small size, with compressed bodies and large
muscular legs. Wings short, rounded and concave; tail very short.
Hind toe rather short, a little elevated ; front toes very long. Hill not
sensitive at tip. All the species skulk in swamps and marshes, usually
keeping well under cover. They feed upon insects and such seeds as are
produced in their haunts.

Subfamily RALLIN/E. (The Rails.)

GiMs RALLUS.

(20S) King Rail.

(Rallus elegans.)
A regular summer resident of the marshes of the western end of
Lake Erie. I have not heard of its occurrence elsewhere.

(212) Virginia Rail.

(Rallus virginianus.)
An abundant summer resident of the marshes of Ontario, breeding
throughout its range.

Arrives about the middle of April and leaves early in October.

Genus PORZANA.

(214) Carolina Rail.

(Porzana Carolina.)
Very abundant summer resident of the marshes all over tlie i'rov-
ince, breeding throughout its range.

.Arrives about the middle of .\pril, departs about the end of October.

BIRDS OF ONTARIO.

•&

(215) Yellow Rail.

(I'orzana novuboracensis.j
A regular, but not a coinnion, suiiimcr rusiduin ot our marshes 1
have found it in all large marslus lr(jm the St. Clair River, east to
I oronto.

(*) (316) Black Rail.

(Porzana jamaicensis.)
Very rare, probably a summer resident where it occurs. Dr. Coltlr
ot Woodstock recorded the capture of a specimen at Ingersoll in i8s«)
In August, i8r4, I took lour at the upper end of the Dundas marsh a'nd
saw others. Ihese birds are very secretive and it requires good dogs to
flush them Irom the rank vegetation in which they skulk.

Suhfa.mii.v GALLINULlN^li. ((iAM.i.sLi.i-s.)

Genus lONORNIS.
(218J Purple Galliflule.

(lonornis martinica.J

Of accidental occurrence here. One was taken in the marsh .m ih.-
Kouge River east of Toronto in 1892.

Genus GALLINULA.
(219) Florida Gallinule.

(Gallinule galeata.)

A common summer resident of the marshes of southern Ontario.
breeding throughout its range.

Arrive- • ut the middle of April, departs towards the end of Oc-
tober.

HFAMiLv FULICIN.-K. (The Coots. J

Genus FULICA.
(221) American Coot.

(Fulica americana.)

Common summer resident; breeding sparingly in our southern
marshes and more abundantly northward.

Order LIMICOL/1:. (The Shore Birds.)

Tibia more ss naked below, legs long, hind toe free and ele-

Tf^: ^r"""'", ?r';"^'-u "Tf ^^°^°''' "'^'■"P"y «'°P'"& '° the base
of the bil ; completely leathered (except in the case of Pavoncellal; gap-
short; bill weak, flexible, more or less soft skinned ai.H sensitive at tio
in most cases adapted for probing in the mud; nostrils slit-like sur-
rounded by soft skin. '

i-

26

CHKCK LIST OF THK

1 :

M

The LimicolK are all birds of small or medium size, frequenting sandy
shores and the mud flats of marshes ; the Woodcock alone being found in
the woods.

Family PHALAROI'OUID.*:.

Small sandpiper-like birds, with the toes lobed, as in the Coots and
(iiebes. but the lobes narro-.er. Body depressed, the lower plumage
thick as in the ducks, and capable of resisting water; wings long, tail
short; tarsus much compressed.

Genus CRYMOPHILUS.

(232) Red Phalarope.

(Crjmophilus fulicarius.)
An irregular spring and autumn visitor A rare occurrence.

Genus THALAROPLIS.

(223) Northern I'halarope.

(Phalaropus lobatus.)
An irregiJar spring and autumn visitor of rare occurrence.

Genus STEGANOPUS.

(224) Wilson's Phalarope.

(Steganopus tricolor.)
An irrv-,. ar spring and autumn visitor, l)ut rather more frequently
met with than either of the preceding Phalaropes.

Family RECURVIROSTRID/E.

Birds with excessively long leps and the bill very slender, long,
acute, and in our species curved upward.

Genus RECURVIROSTRA.

(•) (235) Avocet.

(Recurvirostra americana.)

An accidental visitor fron? the prairies of the North- West, where it
is common.

Family SCOLOPACIDyE. (Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.)

Bill elongated, usually longer than head, if short not Plover-like.
being soft-skinned throughout; nasal grooves in the form of narrow

BIROS OF ONTARIO.

87

channels, ranging from half to nearly the whole length of the bill ; sides
of lower mandible usually also grooved; nostrils narrow exposed slits;
hrad feathered. Wings usually thin and pointed; tail short and soft.
Tibia rarely entirely feathered; hind toe present (excci)t in Calidris);
tront toes rhft or sli>,Hitly webbed. Birds of small or medium si/c. Sexes
alike or female slightly larger. Seasonal changes in plumage oiten
strongly marked. Eggs usually four, placed with the small ends together
in a slight nest or depression in the ground.

Jl^tt *'

*■ *-.- "/

w I

.^•'^ir

Woodcock.
Genus PHILOMELA.

-:^^^i§'

(228) Woodcock. (American Woodcock.)
(Philohela minor.)

Formerly an abundant summer resident of our swampy woods, but
now becoming scarce. Breeds throughout its range.

Arrives about the end of March and departs in November, usually
remaining until the first severe frost.

Genus GALLINAGO.

(230) Wilson's Snipe.

(Gallinago delicata.)

Abundant in spring and autumn, the majority going north to breed.
Some, however, raise th-ir young in all the larger marshes throughout
the Provmce, from our southern border northward.

The first arrivals in spring generally appear before the end of March
and m the autumn the last stragglers remain until the marshes freeze up.

4t

M

CHECK LIST OF THK

Genus MACRORHAMFHUS.

(231) Dowitcher.

(Macrurhainphus griseus.)
Formerly this bird was not uncommon on the shore of Lake Ontario
during the migrations, but now it is a rather rare spring and autumn
visitor.

( J

Genus MICROPALAMA.

(*) (^33) StUt Sandpiper.

(Micropalama himantopus.)
A rare visitor. I have never met with this species jn its spring mi-
gration northward, but have several times taken it, on its return in July
and August.

Genus TRINGA.
(234) Knot.

(Tringa canutus.)
In the neighbourhood of Toronto and Hamilton I have found this
species abundant from the twenty-fifth of May to the end of the first
week in June. In the autumn it is seldom seen. Two or three times I
have taken specimens in immature plumage in August, but that is all.
Breeds in the Arctic regions.

Genus ARQUATELLA.

(235) Purple Sandpiper.

(Arquatella maritima.)
A very rart visitor from the northern sea coast, usually occurring
late in autumn. Breeds on the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

Genus ACTODROMAS.

(239) Pectoral Sandpiper.

(Actodromas maculata.)

A common visitor to our marshes and sandbars. Not observed by
me in the spring.

Arrives in July and departs about the end of October.

(240) White-rumped Sandpiper.

(Actodromas fuscicollis.)

Rather an uncommon species. Possibly breeding, as I have found
them here, from the middle of June to the middle of October.

IIIHDS OK ONTARIO

•J9

(-MI) Baird's Sandpiper.

(Actndromas bairdii.)

ronto\nd^al'"i.'"ir'" ""1^"'""^^ ''"'l^' '" «he neighb.,urhcHul „f To-
ronto and at IJiindas. Not seen in spring.

Arrives in July, departs early in October.

(242) Least Sandpiper. (Stint.)
(Actodromas minutilla.)

\l.v^7""X" "''""? ''"'' ""*"'"" ''^""'■' "'■'■'^'"e ^»^""t the twentieth of
May, departing early ... September.

thr ^'I'' ""."h °^ ""'"'' !'''■''' ^" "°''"' '" ''■■^•^'J' "^"t I think some noM
throughout their range in this Province, for some few pairs are uhvav
to be found on our sandy beaches all through the summer '

CitNLs I'liLIUNA.

(243aj Red-baclied Sandpiper. (Black-heart Plover j
(I'elidna alpina sakhalina.)

Genus KRKLNKTKS.

<246) Semi-palmated Sandpiper. (Stint.)
(Ereunetes pusillus.)
Very abundant from about the twentieth of May to the end .^ the

C.F.svs CALIDRIS. ♦

(248) Sanderling.

(Calidris arenaria.)
Very abundant in spring and autumn along the lake shores Arrive
about the t.nth of May depart in October. They spend the summe
on their breeding grounds in the far north.

h I

CHECK LIST OF THB

U

m^- •

Genus LIMOSA.

(*) (249) Marbled Godwit.

(Limosa fedoa.)
A very rare visitor. Breeds in the North-VVest.

Breeds on the barren

(*) (251) Hudsonian Godwit.
(Limosa haemastica.)
Rather more frequently seen than the last,
grounds.

Genus TOTANUS.

(354) Greater Yellow-legs.

(Totanus melanoleucus.)
Common in spring from early in April, until the first week in May.
In the autumn sometimes abundant; arriving towards the end ot
July and remaining until the end of October.
Breeds in the far north.

Its movements in the

(255) Yellow-legs.

(Totanus flavipes.)

Not common in spring ; abundant in autumn,
spring correspond with those of the last species.

In the autumn migration, it arrives early in July and leaves before
the middle of September. Breeds in the barren grounds.

Genus HELODROMAS.

(256) Solitary Sandpiper.

(Helodromas solitarius.)
Generally distributed throughout the Province, but nov here abund-
ant.

In their spring migration these birds do not seem to visit southern
Ontario, for only once have I seen it at that season, viz.. May 6th, 1900.
In July, after breeding, it may be found along the margins of our streams
or upon muddy flats in the marshes. It departs about the end of Sep-
tember.

Dr. C. K. Clarke, of Kingston, has reported finding a nest of this
Sandpiper near that town, and no doubt it breeds in the interior of the
Province, as it is said to be a regular summer resident of Muskoka and
Parry Sound.

Genus SYMPHEMIA.
(258) WUIet.

(Symphemia semipalmata.)
A rare visitor. Breeds in the North-West .

BIllDS OF ONTARIO

>1

liiMs FAVONCliLLA.
(•) laCo) Rufl.

(Pavoncell;i pugnax.)
A specimen of this liuropcan bird in some way wandered to Torouto
and was taken there in i«8... There are a few other records of its <c-
currence in America, but it can only be rtKard.d .i^ a snucul.r oi, this
contment.

Genus BARTRAMIA.

(a6i) Bartramiaq Sandpiper. (Upland Plover.)
(Bartrania lor.gicauda.)
rh's is a hnd of the prairie and is of rare and local occurrence here.
I have fouijd It breeding in the Counties of Brant and Norfolk, and Dr.
K. Clarke reports it as regularly nesting near Kingston.

Genus TRY.NGITES.

(262) Buff-breasted Saadpiper.

(Tryngites subruticollis.)

A rather rare and irregular vi>it()r to Ontario during the autumn
migration. I have usually found it in August

Mr. Mcllwraith. on the authoiity of Dr. Macallum, records the
discovery of a nest and eggs of this species near Hunnville.

Genus ACTITIS.

(363) Spotted Sandpiper.

(Actitis macularia.)
An abundant s_^-nmcr resident, breeding throughout the Province
tembJr ' ' '^" "''' ""^ ^''>' '''"P'''^'^ '^^''^'^ ""^dle of Se^i

Genus NUMENIUS.

(*) (264) Long-billvd Curlew.

(Numenius longirostris.)
A very rare visitor, usually in the spring,
berta and westward.

(26s) hudsonian Curlew.

(Numenius hudsonicus.)

spring" ii;:T':;t:S^'irrir::er^e5s •- '^-'i "--'^^ i-

west of Hudson's Bay. °" '•'^ ''""" grounds

Breeds in Assiniboia, Al-

:tt

IHKCK MSI OK TIIK

I i

(*) (366) Eskimo Curlew.

(Numenius borealis.)
A very rare visitor. IlrcccJs on the barren grounds.

Family (.HAR.ADRIIIM-. (Thk I'iovkhs.)

Head rather large, nearly globose; bill of moderate length, >hapcd
sdtnewhat like a pigeon's bill, with a constriction behind the horny term-
inal portion ; nasal fossa- lined with soft sWin, thro.igh which the slit-like
nostrils open. Wings long and pointed, usually reaching beyond the
tip of the short tail. Toes, three in all our species (except Squatarola, in
which the hind tee is present, but very small); tarsus reticulate; tibia
naked below. Sexes similar, but seasonal changes of plumage great.
Birds of this family frequent the open fields, sanely shores, or mud flats.

Genus SQUATAROLA.

(370) Black-bellied Plover.

(Squatarola squatarola.)
Common spring and autumn visitor, passing through in the spring
migration between the twentieth of May and the end of the first week
in June. They return from the noi'h in August and remain until about
the middle o October. Breeds in the Arctic regions.

Genus CHARADRIUS.

(271) Golden Plover. (.American Golden Plover.)
(Charadrius dominicus.)

I have never found the Golden Plover in Ontario in the spring. Dr.
C. K. Clarke informs me that it sometimes occurs near Kingston at that
season.

In the autumn it is generally fairly abundant in most parts of the
country, visiting the newly ploughed fields, the muddy flats of marshes
and the sand bars of the h'kes.

It arrives from the north towards the end of .August and departs
about the middle of October. Breeds on the barren grounds west of
Hudson't. Bay.

Genus OXYECHUS.
(273) Killdeer.

(Oxyechus vociferus.)
A common summer resident, generally distributed over the Province,
breeding throughout its range.

Arrives about the end of March, departs early in October.

MIRDS OK ONTAHIO

•iiMN .K(;iALHIS.

(J74) Semipalmated PI'iver. (Kins I'lovcr.)
(/Kgialitis semipaltn;it;i.)
Cunmon in spring; (r,„„ ;,„.,„t tl,r mi.l.ll,. „f M,,,. ,„ „„, ,.,, . ,. ...
first week .n Juno, whrn it «n,.s n,.rlh to l„v,.,l. |„ ,! I r I .r^

even l.,tor. It !,.,> .«■< ;,sion;.lly b.-.-n loun.l n.-stin^ in tl,i> l«r„vinr,.
(Jrr) Piptag Plover.

.Kgi.tiitis tni'IcKla.J
A rt-Kiil.-.r l.ut net ;, ,,mun..n ^un1mcr residont

tan tly, tor I havo ntvcr Inund then, in the autumn ^ ^

A sointwhat doubtful variL-tv of this so.-, i.. ..
Las been take,, in Toronto .« rasionally ' ' •'" '"• '"'""^-"''^'■^^'

(•) (J-H) Snowy Plover.

(/Egialitis nivosa.J

possession of Mr. J. M. \n^, of'-lwonto. ' "'^" '"'" """ '" "^'-■

I'AM.i.v AI'HRIZID.K. (T„K TtKNsroNEs.)

TfH-s four, not wtblx,!. thi- hindi
iellate in frot
bill rather short

.=u.e,.,,c ,„,„.„„ ,e„ „,„;„:»l:„;j:;; ™;r;!ST';;ii s:

(iEMS \Ri;\.\RI.\.

(-'«,?) Tumstofle. (Redshai k.)
(Arcnaria interpres.)

o June. In the autumn they arc never common. .A few in imm.tnro
plumage return this way about the llrst of \ugust and rem in rti he

w«?ward. ''"''^■"'"- ""^-'^ "" ''^ -^-^'^ --^ .vomTf'udi: •;",;.':;

Order GALLIN^E. (The Gallinaceous Birds.)

U.th^'\^^°^l'- "'""V ''°"''^''' ^°'"y' "•" constricted, nostrils scaled or
feathered: cutting edge of upper mandible overlapping the lower. Hen.
often partly or wholly naked, sometimes with flesht processes "eg

!ri i

34

ClIKrK t 1ST OK rill.

stout, hind toe eltviiled, »malkr ih;iii tlir oilur t<»>.. TiirNus broadly
scuteilate, sometimes fi-athend, ex iasioii;illv spurred in the fiialis ; claws
blunt, not much curved. Wings short, stn.nj;, Lomavc. 'Irrrt-strial in

habit

A large order, im iuding tlie ihiof game birds of the world, as well
as most kinds of domesticated poultry.

Family TETR.\0MI)/1:. (Gkoi si , IVxiirKincKs, ktc.)

Hind toe small, short ; I.-nsiis without spur> ; IkmiI nearly or ijuite
feathered.

SiHi'AMiiv PKKDK'IN.V. {PxKiHiiMis. ,

m

(^uuil.
(iENLs COLINL'S.

(J89) Quail. (Bob vVhiie.)
(Colinus virginianus.)

.\ common resident in the souih-wt^torn counties of Ontario, some-
times ranging east to the County of Oitario. A valuable game bird and
one of the farmer's Ix-S' friend':.

."Ja n.

HIHDS OF ONTAHIO.

36

lew bird.s art. .,| KreaUr ulililj il,.,n ihis. lis ul,„l.. lik- i. s,,...ii
""U."K the crops «e .ultimate, and its ..kkI .on.isls durin. he mm u

ng the w ntcr it ,on>u.m-s j-reat <,uantilics ol weeu M-eds. a laree ,,„r-
. on of which are gathered Iro.n lenec corners ..n<l othern .geXd P ru

rtgularly seeded down with wce«K excrv sc ison m.l ih « i. i

portant factor in keeping then, in checl. ' ' -"■"' '^ ^"' ""■

Su.KAMHv rinKAO\IN.J.:. i!mM.ku.m;.j
<;enl.s CA.N.it |liri;.s.
(J98) Canada tirouse. (Spruce I'artridge.i
(Canachitcs canadensis.)

(iENLS HON ASA.
(.^ooj Ruffed Uruusc (Partridge.)
(Honasa umbellus.)
A conunon resulcnL in woodlands throughout the I'n.since

w.J^^s^~:!x,;;i -K- -. -^.«-. .,

Okms l.AUOl'LS.
(.?"il Willow Ptarmigan.

(Lagopus lagopus.)
A rt^alar winter visitor to ihu northern parts „l ili.- I'r,.v ,„ .
...nes corning as far .south as Sault Ste. .^./;rie^Y:J^si ^H^r" ^"'"^"
..n i {.nt^lrlo!""^' "' '"''"""'• '="' ""'^' "'"^" ^'^ '^"-' -- ^Vhitby

<m:m s TYMPWICHUS.
(.^05) Pinnated Grouse. (IVairie Hen, I'rairie Chicken.)
(lympanuchus americanus.)

bordi^^^rno^witrtw'^- """■" ™""^^ "'""^ ""■ --^•^■—

(ii.Ms im:i)icecj;tk.s.

(.^08) Sharp-tailed Grouse. (Pr.iirie Chicken.)
(Pedioecetes phasianellus.)

.'^.f f.'^^'"'''""' "' th,. north-wo.tern part of the Province. During

bir<!s have strayoii inti, I'arry Sound

I

tlie last few vpars several of

fh.

PI

in

!ii

CHECK LIST OF THE

and Muskoka. It is possible that ;is these districts are cleared and become
more prairie like, the Sharp-tail may find them adapted to its require-
ments and become more abunlant there.

Family PHASIANID^. (The Pheasants, Turkeys, etc.)

The chief family of the Gallina-, differing as a whole from the Tetra-
onidic in having the tarsus in the male armed with a spur. In many
species the head is naked, in others the tail is long and vaulted or other-
wise peculiar.

Wild Turkey.

■if

Subfamily MELEAGRIN^.
Genus MELEAGRIS.

(•) (310a) Wild Turkey.

(Meleagris gallopavo silvcstris.)

Formerly common in all the south-western counties, ranging east
into Wentworth. There may still be a few left in that district, but I
have not heard of any for several years.

Resiuent wherever found.

BIKDS OF ONTAHJO.

37

Order COLUMBil-. (The Pigeons.)

Hill straight, compressed, the horny tip separated by a constriction
from the soft part. Nostrils opening beneatli a .soft, humid membrane
or cere, at base of bill. Frontal feathers sweeping in a strongly convex
outline across base of upper mandible. Hind toe on a level with the
others. Tall in our species long, wedge shaped, the feathers pointed.

Family COLUMBIDA. (Pickons.)

Wings long, pointed; plumage compact, the feathers looselv in-
serted.

PaHHeiijser I'igenti.
Genus IICTOFISTKS.

(315) Passenger Pigeon.

(Ectopistes migratorius.)

Formerly a very abundant sumiiier ivsident, occurring in flocks of
countless thousands, but now very scarce.

Dr. C. K. Clarke informs me that he found a small colony breedinc
in eastern Ontario in 1898. ''

Genus ZKNAIDURA.

(316) Mourning Dove.

(Zena'dura macroura.)

A connmon siimnHr resident, but somewhat locally distributed
lireeding throughout its range.

CHECK LIST OF THE

The jfreat majority of these birds are migrants, arriving here in
April and leaving in October, but during the last few years small flocks
have been seen in several localities, all ♦hrough the winter.

if

Order RAPTORES. (The Birds of Prey.)

Carnivorous birds, often of large sue and great strength. Hill
strong, cored at base, hooked at the end. Claws very strong, except in
the Vultures. Tibia, and often the tarsus, feathered. Hind toe devel-
oped, elevated or not.

Some of them feed upon carrion, others upon reptiles or fishes, but
the most of them upon small mammals, birds and insects.

This order includes a large number of very useful birds, while ;i
few of them may be considered injurious by reason of their raids upon
domestic fowls.

Family CATHARTID.^^. (A.merican Vui.tlkes.)

Head and part of neck bare Eyes lateral ; ears small. Bill length-
ened, comparatively weak and but little hooked ; nostrils perforate.
Wings very long and strong, giving a strength and grace of flight
which is not excelled by any other birds. Hind toe short and elevated;
Iront toes long, somewhit weoDed, with rather weak and straightish
claws. Large, slovenly looking birds, without the strength and spirit
of the Hawks and Owls. They are voracious consumers of carrion and
animal refuse of all kinds, and Iicnce are valued as scavengers in the
warm countries where they most abound.

Genus CATHARTES.

m

U'

{*) (325) Turkey Vulture.
(Cathartes aura.)
A great wanderer, which is of occasional occurrence in Ontario,
specimens having bden taken at various places from the eastern bound-
ary to the west, where it was formerly not uncommon.

Family FALCONID^E. (P'ai.cons, Hawk^, Eagi.es, etc.)

Head fully feathered ; no ear tufts. Eyes lateral ; eyelids provided
with lashes; usually a projecting bony eyebrow; no complete faci;il disk.
Toes always naked ; tarsus naked also except in Aquila and Archibuteo.
Hind toe not elevated. Bill .stout, strongly hooked, its ba.se not hidden
bv feathers. Claws very strong and sharp, the hind rlaw not shorter
than the others.

lilllDS OF ONTARIO.

;i!i

Si npAMiiY ACCII'ITRIN.K. (Kiiks, H \\\ i.s. i:\(.iis, ii<.)
(iiMs KLANOIDHS.

(3J7) Swallow-tailed Kite.

(Elanoidcs forficaius.)

Mr. Mcllwraith records the occurrenre of this species in western
Ontario and also at Ottawa, and it is quite likely to be seen here again,
as it is a yrcat wanderer.

-Marnh Huwk.

(iisis ciRcr.s.
(.?3i) Marsh Hawk.

(Circus hudsonius.)
Very common suniiner resident, breeding in set luded marshy places
throughout the Pro\inre. .Arrives early in .April, departs about the end
of Octol)er. One of our most useful Hawks, feeding principally upon the
destructive meadow mou.se. This Hawk may readily be distinguished
fiom all others? by its low skimming flight, as it works over the meadows
in search of its favorite food, and also by tlo white patch at the base of
its tail, which is very conspicuous. A heavy penalty should be inflicted
on persons who destroy these birds.

40

CHKC'K LIST OF TFIE

Genls ACCIIMTHR.

■;:;i

(3:^-) Sharp-shinned Hawk.

(Aciipiter velox.)

Common summer resident, breeding throughout its range. Arrives
early in April. The bulk depart about the middle of September, but
stragglers often remain until the end of October.

This bird is very destructive to young poultry and the small insec-
tivorous birds.

(:i33) Cooper's Hawk.

(.Accipiter cooperi.)
A summer resident, but not nearly so abundant as the last. Breeds
in the interior of the Province.
A very destructive hawk.

«.
(334) Goshawk.

(Accipiter atricapillus.)

(A winter visitor to southern Ontario. Resident and breeding in
the interior.

This hawk is capable of killing fullgrown fowls and does so at every
opportunity.

^u ^r. iiff
IF I - v t

\u

Genus BUTEO.

(337) Red-taUed Hawk.

(Buteo borealis.)

A common summer resident, breeding in the interior. Arrives early
in March, departs at the beginning of November. A few have been
seen in winter.

A dark form of tliis hawk n<jw given sub-specific rank as the West-
ern Red-tailed Hawk, B. b. calurus, has been occasionally taken in On-
tario.

This is one of the most useful species, feeding largely upon meadow
mice, grasshoppers, and frogs.

(339) Red-shouldered Hawk.

(Buteo lineatus.)

Common summer resident. Less frequently seen than the last, or
perhaps more local in its distribution. Breeds in the interior. Arrives
a little later than the Red-tail and leaves towards the end of October. I
have seen specimens in winter, but not often.

A very useful hawk, feeding chiefly on mice, reptiles and grass-
hoppers.

1.1

BIKDS OF ONTARIO.

41

(•) (342) Swainson's Hawk.
(Buteo swainsoni.)
A rare visitor from the western prairies, where it is abundant.

(343) Broad-winged Hawk.

(Buteo platypterus.)

A common summer resident, breeds throughout its range. A useful"
species.

Aiiii'rican Hi)Ugh-le):tttMl Hawk.
Gems ARCHIBLTEO.

(347) American Rough-legged Hawk.

(.Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.)

A common visitor in spring and autumn, probably a summer resident
in the northern portion of the Province.

They arrive early in April and the bulk have departed by the end of
November.

One of our most beneficial birds, its food consisting almost entirely
of mice and grasshoppers.

I have found as many as eight meadow mice in the stomach and
crop of one of these birds.

42

CHKCK LIST OF THR

t.EM s .\(JLIL.\.

(*) (.UM) Golden Eagle.

(Aquila chrysai'tos.)

An irregular visitor to soiitluTn Ontario, probably resident in the
im>fttled north country.

C.i-Ms II.\LI/KETUS.
|;;5.>) Bald Eagle.

(Halia'ctus Ifu<'ocfphalus aiascanus.)
A resident specii-s which until a few years ago regularly bred in
certain localities alonj; the shores of our lakes, but which has now re-
tired to the quiet of the interior to raise its youny, xisiting southern On-
liirio in winter.

SinFAMii.v FALCON'IX/*:. (Kaicons.)

Gems FALCO.

(35;,) White UyrfaUon.

(Falco islandus.J
.\n accidental visitor.

(.VS4) Gray Gyrfalcon.

(Falco rusticolus.)
As rare as the last.

(356) Duck Hav/k.

(Falco peregrinus anatum.)
A regular, ',nil not a common, autumn visitor to southern Ontario.
Rarely seen in spring. Has been found breeding in eastern Ontario and
also in Muskoka.

(357) P'«e»n Haw''-

(Falco columbarius.)

Not often seen in the spring, but common in autumn. I have occa-
sionally seen it in winter. The great majority go south about the end of
.September.

It breeds in the unsettled districts of the interior from Muskoka
northward.

(360) Sparrow Hawk.

(Falco sparverius.)

A common summer resident, breeds throughout its range. Arrives
early in .Vpril, departs about the end of September.

A very useful bird, feeding on mice and insects chiefly. Two or
three times when I have taken these Hawks in early summer, I have found
their stomachs filled with cutworms and at the same time noticed that

HIRDS OK ONTARIO

43

their kut were coxt-recl willi tnud. Just how they obtain these under-
ground larvae I have not btin able to ascertain, but it would seem that
they either scratch them out or are able in some way to locate the spot
at which they are hidden and can then i ..pture them by thrusting their
(laws into the moist soil.

C.KMs POLVIJORUS.

(363) Audubon's Caracara.

(Polyborus chcriway.)
Mr. G. E. AtKmson has recorded finding a dead specimen washed up
on the north shore of Lake Superior on the i8th of Julv, i8y2.

.SiniAMiiv I'.WDlOMV.i;. (Osi-i'ivs.)
(ilMs P.\M)K)\.

(364) American Osprey. ti<ish Hawk.)
(Pandion haliaetus carolinensis.)

A common summer resident, breeding in suitable places through the
Provmce. Its nesting places now are in the unsettled parts of the in-
terior, where the lakes arc still surrounded by trees suflicientiv large to
meet the bird's requirements.

Arrives in April, departs at the end of September.

Suborder STRKJES. (Owi.s.)
Family STRIGID/E. (The B.\r.\ Owls.)
A small family comprising those owls which nave long faces, the
facial disk being complete and subtriangular. 'Ine middle and inner
toes are about equal in length and the middle claw is pectinate below.

Genus .STRIX.

(*) (365) American Barn Owl.

(Strix pratincola.)
A rare visitor from the south. Five or six specimens of this bird
have been met with in southeri Ontario.

Family BUBOXID^:. (The Horned Owls, etc.)

Head very large, shortened lengthwise, and greatly expanded later-
ally, the eyes directed forwards and partly surrounded by a more or less
complete circular disk of radiating feathers of peculiar texture; loral
feathers antrorse, long and dense; feathers on the sides of forehead
often elongated into earlike tufts. Plumage very soft and lax, rendering
the flight almost noiseless ; its colours blended and mottled so as to baffle
description. External ear \ery large, offen provided with .1 movable

\\W

44

CHECK LIST OF THK

flap. Outer toe reversible; claws very sharp, long, and strong; inner
toe shorter than middle; middle claw not pectinate. All our species are
nocturnal except Nyctea and Surnia.

Genus ASIO.

(.V>6) American Long-eired Owl.

(Asio wilsonianus.)

A fairly common summer resident, breeding throughout its range
in the Province, wherever there are woods. More frequently seen in the
autumn than at any other season.

Feeds almost entirely upon meadow mice and large insects. I have
examined a great many of these birds and so far hr..e never found any-
thing else in their stomachs; never even the trace of a feather.

Short -eared Owl.

(3^)7) Short-eared Owl. (Marsh Owl.)
(.Asio nccipitrinus.)

This Owl is sometimes very common in the autumn, about the low
meadows and marshes. In such places I have found them also during
the winter at times. Its movements seem to depend altogether upon the
food supply. When meadow mice are abundant and available the owls
will remain and feed upon them, but If the snow becomes deep so that

BIllDH OF ONTARIO.

4.*)

le

the mice are entirely protected by it, then the owls go south. 1 liis bird
is peculiarly adapted to act as a check upon the undue increase of lield
mice. It lives and breeds entirely in the places most lret|iiented by
them, and so long as these destructive creatures can be obtained, the
Owl will feed upon them ; apparently preferring them to any other food.
When the supply of mice fails, however, these Owls will feed upon such
.small birds as may be found in their h.iunts, and will at times kill more
than they can devour.

Dr. C. K. Clarke informs me that it has been found nesting in the
marsh near Kingston, and as I have seen it during the summer months
in other marshes, no doubt it breeds sparingly in southern Ontario and
more abundantly in suitable places in the northern part of the Province.

If these Owls were less persecuted than they arc, they would cer-
tainly breed here whenever their favourite food was abundant, as they do
in Great Britain, and we should then hear less about the damage done to
grain and fruit trees by meadow mice.

CiE.NLS SYRMU.M.
(368) Barred Owl.

(Syrnium varium.)

This bird is generally distriouted through the Province, as far north
as lake Superior and the Ottawa River, but is not common anywhere;
there are certain places at which it appears regularly every autumn,
while in other localities it is rarely, if ever, seen. Nests have been found
all through its range.

It is not sufficiently abundant to be of importance from an agricultural
point of view. Those I have taken here always contained mice, but to
the south of us, where the poultry are allowed to roost on trees, it is
accused of killing half-grown chickens.

Genl's .SCOTIAPTEX.

(370) Great Grey Owl. (Cinereus Owl.)
(Scotiaptex nebulosa.)
An irregular winter visitor, occasionally occurring in considerable
numbers and a few are found here nearly every season. Breeds in the
Arctic regions.

Ge.nus CRVPTOGLAUX.

(*) (37O Richardson's Owl.

(Cryptoglaux tengmalmi richardsoni.)
A winter visitor from the far north, seldom seen in southern Ontario.

(372) Saw-whet Owl.

(Cryptoglaux acadica.)

Although this little Owl is a resident of Ontario, it is peculiar in
its distribution. It is most frequently seen in winter and will in some sea-

■I ■ >■

■M

CHK( K LIST OK THK

sons be quite comnum in a Uicality lor a lime and may not again be seen
there for several years. Like all other birds of prey, it is attracted to
places where food is abundant. It breeds sparingly in southern Ontario
and probably commonly in the undisturlxd woods ol the interior.

Its food consists almost cntir»-]y of mice; when these are scarce, an
iH-casional insert or small l)ird is taken.

Scref eh Owl .

Genus MEGASCOPS.
(373) Screech Owl.

(Megascops asio.)

A common resident in southern Ontario, breeding throughout its
range.

A particularly useful bird and one which, if left unmolested, will
become almost domesticated. It will take up its abode in and about the
barns and outbuildings and soon becomes comparatively tame. It is the
most indefatigable mouser we have, for not only does it kill mice to sup-
ply its immedia wants, but also for the pleasure of hunting them. Be-
sides this, it also uoes useful work in keeping the common I1ou>c Sparrow
within proper limits.

* • ' }i

lURDS OK UMAKIO

4r

liKMs ULIH).
(375) <i'««< Horned Owl.

(Hulio \ir(,'ininnus.)

A common nsitlcnt, breeding thr<»iij;Iiout its range. The strungesi
and most courageous of our birds of prey. Commonly considered lo lie
injurious to the farmer, because it o«;casionally l<ills poultry. No doubt
it will do this in winter, when its natural IVkkI is diUicult to get ; but ilii-
farmer who leaves his fowls to roost out and unprotected on lold nights
cannot find them very profitable and certainly deserves to los- tlitin. As
against this, should be set jff the value of the bird's services in keeiiing
in check the rats, mice, crows .ind other injurious creatures; even skutiks
often fall victims to ilie Horned Owl's strength ,ind r;ip;icity.

(.IMS NVCTKA.
(.^76) Snowy Owl.

(Nyctea nyctea.)
A winter visitor, oc<urriMg in varying numbers almost every season.
This is a diurnal species, hunting its prey much .ifter the fashion cf
the falcons.

Hreeds in the Arctic regions.

tiENLs SL R.MA.

(377) Hawk Owl. (American Hawk Owl.)
(Siirnia ulula caparrch.)

A regular winter visitor in northern Ontario, noi oliei seen in the
southern portions of the Province.

It is diurnal, and when hunting .ndopts much the same methods as
our Sparrow Hawk. In northern Manitoba, where it is rather common
in winter, I frequently saw it hovering over the snow-covered plains jiivi
as our little Hawk does over the fields in summer.

Breeds in the far north.

Order COCCYGES. (Cuckoos and Kingfishers.)

This order is not very largely represented in Canada. The ramilies
comprised in it have but little in common so far as outw.ird appearance
IS concerned, but the characteristics of e.ich are well marked.

Suborder CL'CULI. (Ckkoos.)
Family CUCULID.-K. (Citkoos.)

Bill gently curved, lengthened, without rectal bristles or nasal tufts.
Tongue not extensible. Tarsus long, nearly naked. Toes not webbed,
cleft to base; two in front, two behind. Tail long in our species.

Arboreal birds of great economic value, feeding almost entirely on
insects. They devour great numbers of tent r.itcrpill.irs aid the various
hairy larvjr, which ;ire rejected bv most birds.

It

w

{ HKtK I.IHT OK THK

lis

SisrAMii I (Kt'N'/IN^t. (Amkkican Clckoos.)
«;kms COCCVZUS.
(.07) YcU»w-biUcd Cn.k

iv-occy/us

leg

ular, 11' 'I
' lit its range.

(388) Black biUetl - -ami.

(Coccyzus •yti.'-"! ':t \almus.)

L iminon, summi-r resident: breeding througli-

A common s u lun .
Arrives aboi i >
lumber.

Si I RKi

lent, I) ccd'ny thiougiiuut its rjnge.

•Ml o' • le|>arts jiliout the end of Sep-

F> i.\ Al.
Head large; bil- ong,

t i \ i;S. (KlNCKlSHERS.)

. ">:I1),K. (KlNCHSHKRj.J

■ I. .md strong; gapo deep, edge* n<.t ser-
rate. Wings long; ail sliori. Inr ms very short. Toes three in frnnt, one
behind, the outer and middle tiM-- united half their length, with a con-
tinuous sole bene.'ith.

We have but one species.

of.nis ci:ryi,k.

(JI90) Belted Kingfisher.

(Ceryle alcyon.)

A common summer resident, Iirci-ding throughout its range.

.Arrives about the beginning of .\pril, departs early in October. I
have several times found these birds spendini; the winter on rapid
streams in southern Ontario, and once near Bala in Muskoka.

Order PIC I. (Woodpeckers, etc.)

Feet zygodactyle, i.e., having the toes in pairs — two forward ard
two behind (except in Picoides, in which the hind toe is wanting). Tail
feathers pointed and with strong shafts ; used as a prop to assist thi-
birds in supporting themselves against the trunks of trees.

Family PICID^E. (W'oodpeckers.)

Bill stout, usually straight, with the tip distinctly trun<'ate (exi-cpt
in Colaptes), adapted for hammering or boring into wood. Tongue long,
flattish, barbed, capable of great protrusion, adapted for securing insects
(except in Sphyrapicus.) Hyoid process peculiar, the horns gene.-^lly vtiy
long, curving up around the skull behind and over forward again to the
ear, or beyond. Claws compressed, sharp and strong.

.All are chiefly insectivorous, the majority of them obtaining their
food by boring into the trunks of trees and extracting the larvae which
feed upon the cambium.

IIIHDS OK ONT.XIUO

*i

Ihi'sf hinls iiri- ol ^ri\H ei ononii. valiii- to ihi- larnuT, li uil-Kniwii
and fori'Ntcr, mil should be striillx prnli'itcd In ixirvoiif li.i\ini{ ili,
sli|;hrfst inttTi'st in trees.

• iFMs DRVOHAIKS
(.19.V) Hairy Woodpecker.

( l)r_v<>l)atc>i villosus.)
.\ lomnion n-Nidi-nt, bn-c-dinK ihrouuh.nil ilu- I'n.Mii.e. Ilif xaiUly
f). V. I.'Ui-nnvlao, is ll.f form .hi.lly IoiiihI in soiillu' ii ()nl,.rio.

Downy \ViMKl|)fckiT.
(394) Downy Woodpecker.

(I)ryobatcs pubcsrcns.)

A .omnion resident, breeding ihrouKhou! th. |-rovintc. Our fona
Is chiffly I), p, medianus.

(iHMs PICOIDKS.

(400) Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

(Picoides an-ticiis.j

Common resident in the northern part of the Province, rare winter
visitor in the southern part.

Breeds in the northern nart of its ranj?;'.
4 B.

I

ftO

CHKC'K LIST OF TFIK

(*) (401) American Three-toed Woodpecker.

(Picoides americanus.)
Resident in the northern part of Ontario, but much less abundant
than the last. Occasionally wanders into southern Ontario during the
winter.

Genus SPHYRAPICUS.

(402) Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. (Sapsucker.)
(Sphyrapicus varius.)

A common summer resident, breeding throughout its range in ihi-
Province.

Arrives about the middle of April, departs about the middle of Sep-
tember.

It is this species only which bores holes in ihe bark of trees for the
purpose of obtaining the sap.

Fileatft] WiMxlpcckcr.
I.ENUS CKOPHLCKUS.

(405) Pileated Woodpecker. (Cock ol the Woods.)
(Ccophloeus pileatus.)

Resident, but restricted to that part of the country still covered with
heavy timber. Breeds throughout its range in the Province.

Our form is C. p. abieticola.

^n B.

BIRDS OF ONTARIO.

51

(iEM s MELANERPES.

(406) Red-headed Woodpecker.

(Melanerpes erythrocephalous.)
A summer resident, still common, but much less abundant than it
was a few years ago. Breeds throughout its range.
Arrives early in May, ueparts early in September.

Genus CENTURU.S.

(•) (409) Red'bellied Woodpecker.
(Centurus carolinus.)

Rare summer resident in the south-western counties: occurrintr

Genus COLAPTES.

(412) Flicker. (Golden-winged Woodpecker, High-holer.)
(Colaptes auratus.)
Coriinon summer resident. Breeds throughout the Province
Arrives about the middle of April, departs early in October
Our form is C. a. I teus.
Though classed a.r.ongst the Woodpeckers, by reason of ccrt.-.in

fZr-rK f ""'T'- " ^°"^ '"^^ wood-pecking ,l,.,n any other of its
family, .ts beak not bemg so well fitted 1 r that operation as the beaks
of the others. It is chiefly a ground feeder, ants forming a large portion
of IS food. For the purpo.se of enabling it to capture these insects in
their underground burrous, its tongue is peculiarly specialized

Is.)

Order MACROCHIRES. (Goatsuckers. Swifts and Humming Bird

aifhT"^"/^"'^ '°r"^ -""^ P'''"'"'- '^""^'"^ •■'''"■■': f^ct small and we.,k
Taled " '" ""•• """ ^'''""^- '^''' '""^ ^^'-^ "-""y «°-ewhat cle:

Famiiv CAPRIML'LGID.41.

.Mouth highly .specialized, the gape enormously wide, beak short In
Antrostomus the rectal bristles are long and coars;, very distinct
Plumage soft in texture, much marbled and mottled with black brown
grey and yellowish white, the combination forming a splendid exnmp"'.
of pro ec ive coloration. The middle claw pectinate Largelv n<' tuS
Entirely insectivorous, obtaining their food while on th^S.

62

CHKCK LIST OV THK

(Jenus ANTROSTOML'S.

(417) Whip-poor-will.

(Antrostomus vociferus.)

A common ri'sidt-nt in the woods. Breeds throughout its range in
the Province.

.Arrives early in May, departs early in October.

l\ !

Whip-po«ir-will.

Genus CHORUEILES.

(420) Nijtat Hawk.

(ChordeiJes virginianus.)
An abundant summer resident. Breeds throughout its range in the
Province.

.Arrives about the middle of May, departs early in September.

SuBORDHR CYPSELI. (Swifts.)

Famii-y MICROPODIOi*:. i-jwifts.)

SiTBFAMii.Y CH/ETURINi^. (Spine-tailed Swifts.)

Bill weak and small, gape large, deeply cleft. AVings very long,
thin and pointed ; secondaries very short. Feet small, weak, toes com-
pletely cleft ; middle claw not pectinate ; no rectal bristles. In our species
tail rounded, its feathers with the shaft spinous, projecting beyond the
plumage; the salivary glands are highly developed and their .secretion
is u.sed as a glue in the construction of the nest.

BIRDS OK ONTARIO.

53

Genus CH/HTL'RA.
(4^3) Chimney Swift. (Chimney Swallow.)
(Chsetura pelagica.)
An abundant summer resident. Breeds throughout its range in the
Province. Formerly nested in hollow trees, but has ab.-.ndonid them
and now takes up its residence in chimneys and barns,
t ^rrives early in May, departs at the end of August or early in Sep-
*"" "■• Si'BORDER TROCHILI. (HiMMiNc Birds.)

Family TROCHILI D^. (Mlmmino Birds.)
Bill long, pointed, awl-shaped. Tongue capable of great protru-
sion Wings long and pointed; secondaries short. Feet very small
with long, sharp claws. Smallest of all our birds. Feeds largely upon
small insects and the nertar from (lowers. It usu.-.llv obtains its food
while hovering about the blossoms ol plants.

Ruby-thmated iluniming Bird.
Genus TROCHILUS.
(4^8) Ruby'throated Humming Bird.

(Trochilus colubris.)
A common summer resident. Breeds throughout its range in the
Province. Arrives about the middTe of May, departs about the middle
of September.

iiji

H

64 CHFX'K LIST OF THE

Order PASSERES. (Perching Birds.)

I'oeb always four ; feet fitted for perching ; the hind toe always on a
level with the rest; its claw at least as long; as that of the middle toe;
none of the toes versatile and none webbed ; wing coverts few, chiefly
in two series.

Suborder CL.VMATORES. (Songi ess Perching Biros.)
Family TYRANNID./t. (Tyrant Flycatchers.)

Bill typically broad, triangular, depressed, abruptly hooked and
notched at tip, with long rectal bristles ; commissure nearly straight ;
nostrils small, usually partly concealed. Tarsus with its back and sides
as well as the front covered with scutella, so that there is no undivided
ridge behind, as in most other Passeres.

All our species are insectivorous, capturing their food by darting
upon it from some elevated perch. The whole family are decidedly bene-
ficial to agriculture. Sone of them have very pleasant notes, but none
of them are songsters.

Genus TYRANNUS.

(444) Kingbird.

(Tyrannus tyrannus.)

An abundant summer resident; breeds throughout its range in the
Province.

Arrives about the tenth of May, departs about the end of August.

Genus MYIARCHUS.

(452) Crested Flycatcher.

(Myiarchus crinitus.)
Common summer resident, breeding in woods and orchards through-
out its range in the Province.

Arrives about the middle of May, departs about the end of August.

Genus SAYORNIS.

(456) Phcebe.

(Sayornis phoebe.)

An abundant summer resident, breeding about farm buildings and
bridges throughout its range in the Province.

Arrives early in April, departs early in October.

A most useful bird and one that will return year after year to its
nesting place on the farm, if not molested.

BIKDS OK ONTAKIO.

(iEMs XL nAI.LORMS.

(459) Olive-sided Flycatcher.

(N'uttallornis borealis.)

A regular but uncommon visilor to soutlitrn Ontario. 1 have found
one or two tacli sprin- for several years, hut have not seen it at anv
other season. It is said to be common and breed in the Muskoka and
Parry Sound Districts.

(iFMs CO.NTOI'LS.
(461) Wood Pewee.

(Contopus virens.J

Common summer resident, breeding in woods throughout its ranire
in the Provmce. *"

Arrives about the middle of .May. departs about the middle of Sep-
tember. '

Cexls EMPIDoNAX.

(463) Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

(Empidonax flaviventris.)

n<.v.r\ ?""![ ""common visitor. I have seen a few each spring, but
never later than June. '^ °

It breeds regularly in the wooded parts of the interior.

(460J Traill's Flycatcher.

(Empidonax trailli.j

t.K y*!f k'"''''" ^°™' '■■• '■ '''"O"-'™. is a regular visitor, generally di.-

V n."w, '«.''■"■« °T°"- u' ''■'^"•="'' '«^ grounds where alders and
willows flourish. Breeds in the interior.

(■\f>7) Least Flycatcher.

(Empidonax minimus.

Com^mon sunmur resident, breeding in orchards, shrubberies md
woodlands throughout its range in the Province "ruDDcrKs ,,nd

Arrives about the middle of .May, departs at the end of Augusi.

Suborder O.SCIXES. (.Song Hikus.)

E.AMM.v ALAl'DIIXE. (The Larks.)

Tarsus obtuse and scutellatc behind as well .-,s in front mil shor, •
nostrils concealed by tufts of ..ntrorse feathers; hind claw very on'..i
nearly straight; inner secondaries lengthened and flowing, (hi sn..;ies

nm^r :.d' '"^ "' """'"""'" •"•■'^•^- ^^-""-^ -- -''•' '- -" t?e t i

M

CHKCK LIST OK THIv

I '. il

Gems DTOCORIS.
(•) (474) Horned Lark. (Shore Lark.)
(UtcK-oris alpestris.)
This form of the Shore Lark is a winter visitor and is rarely seen
now.

Twenty-five years ago it was common here in severe weather, fre-
quently with the Snow Buntings. I have never found it breeding in the
Province. Its summer home is in the far north.

(474b) Prairie Homed Lark.

(Otocoris alpestris praticola.)

This sub-species is now a common summer resident, breeding in
open fields wherever it occurs in the Province.

It appears to have extended its range from the prairies as the timber
has been cleared off and the land brought under cultivation.

.Arrives about the tenth of February, departs late in Xovemlxr. In
the south-we.stern counties it is resident, large numbers remaining there
.ill through the winter.

K.\.MiLv CORVID/K. (The Crows and Jays.)
Bill long and strong, usually notched, its commissure not angul.iiod ;
nostrils usually concealed by tufts of bristly feathers, which are brani hed
to their tips. Tarsus sharp behind, its sides undivided and separated
from the scutella in front by a groove, which is either naked or tilled in
with small scales. Voice usually harsh and unmusical.

Genus CVANOCTTTA.
(477) Blue Jay.

(Cyanocitta cristata.)
A common resident, breeding throughout its range in the Province.

Gems PERISOREUS.
(4K4) Caaada Jay.

(Perisoreus canadensis.)
A common resident in the northern part of the Province. Breeds
in the northern part of its range.

Si HFAMii.v COR\l\.fK. (Crows.)

(Jems CORVUS.
(486a) Northern Raven.

(Corvjjs corax principalis.)
Tolerably common in the interior of the Province. Probably breeds
in the remote forests towards James Bay.

(488) Common Crow.

(Corvus brachyrhynchos.)
Abundant resident in southern Ontario, summer resident in th'>
northerly portions of the Province. Breeds throughout its range.

BIRDS OK OXTAKIO

57

1'amii.v ICTKRID.i:. (Thk Amkkhxn Okk.i.ks and BiAtKHiKus.)

Bill with the commissure angulated, usually lengthened, rarely
shorter than head, straight or gently curved, without notch or rictal
bristles; lulmen usual'y extending up„n the forehead, dividing the frontal
leathers. Legs stout, adapted for walking in all our species, ex. ept
those m Icterus. '

Doliconyx and Moloihrus are somewhat Finch-like, having the hill
shorter than head.

Okms DOLICHONV.X.
(494) Bobolink.

(Dolichonyx oryzivorous.)
Abundant summer resident. Breeds in the hay meadows through-
out Its range, which .Iocs not extend north of the cultivated country
Arrives about the tenth of May, dep.-.rts about the end of August

('i)wbiril.
CiENLs MOLOTHRLS.

(495) Cowblrd.

(.Molothrus ater.)

.„ M^K'''^""''n"' "TT' "'^'"^^"^' deposits its eggs in the nests of other
.small birds. Breeds throughout its range.

w

M

MIKCK 1,181 OK TIIK

I

11'

Arrives alx)ut ihc firsi of April and departs early in October.
This is the most injurious bird we ha\e, as each egg deposited by it
means the destruction of a whole brood of one of our beneficial species.

Genus XANTHOCHI'HALUS.

(497) Yellow-headed Blackbird.

(Xanthoccphalus xanthoccphalus.)
A very rare summer visitor from the western prairies.

Genus AGELAIUS.

(498) Red- winged Blackbird.

(Agel.tius phoeniceus.)

A very abundant summer resident, breeding in marshes or clover
fields throughout its range.

Arrives about the middle of March, departs about the middle of
( ktobcr.

M

Meailowlurk.

Gums STLKNELL.V
(501) Meadowlark.

(Sturnella magna.)

A common summer resident in southern Ontario, gradually extend-
ing its range northward as the land is cleared.

Breeds on the ground in meadows throughout its range.

Arrives towards the end of March, departs late in October or ry
in \ovember.

'if

BIRDS OF ONTARIO

nrr«ii"„'""f'' ''•?'*""■- ,/''«-*=*'^. ''i'"'!- -^ti.y Very latt-. ;,nd 1 have- „n Mvxral
occa^ons found small partus of then, spending il,,- winter here

Cenls ILTHRUS.
CJ {500) Orchard Oriole.
{Icterus spurius.)

rn.,nti Tf "'"''.• """' "°' .'^^°'"'"""- sununcr resident in il,e south-western
count.es, breeding ,n orchards and shrubberies. I found it every season in

;i:;l"ToToita ' ''""^" """' °^ '"'^ ^''^^^ « ^^- P"'- '■••- -?''5 TrJd

(507) Baltimore Oriole.

(Icterus galbula.)

ProvL^c"'""'*'" """'"^'' '■^'''^'"'' ''"■•■■'""S throughout its range in the
Arrives early in .May, departs about the end of August.

Genus EUPHAGUS.
(509) Rusty Blackbird.

(Euphagus carolinus.)

Probably breeds in the northern part ,.f the Province.

Genus QUISCALUS.
(52 lb) Bronzed Crackle.

(Qui>calus quiscula a;neus.)

.ange^n"t^Pro^ce:" ""''^"'' '''''''''"'' "' -'«"- ^''-"^'"out its
Arnv..s about the middle of March, departs early in October.

I-.M.Lv FRINT.ILLin.4^. (F.xc.Es. Sp.kkows, etc.)

Bill rone shaped ; the commi<;sure angulated NostriU h:„.
posed, or, in some northern sperics mrMv r-r,?' v"^'*"'' "^'gh "P- p>:-

.du„. None „, ,H,™. „„4v.„ ^T "• i^.'-i^ri;; Z-^T:^ ,:'z

•H)

CHKIK 1,181" OK THK

'i I

;) '

3 1"

If

k

ll

tiiined, iin<l tlio youn^ while in the nest are fed entirely upon insects which
ar»carried to them by their parents. If there is any exception to this rule
it will be in the genera .\stru(;iilinus and Spinus.

Oenis HKSI'KRIl'HONA.

(514) Evtning Grosbeak.

( Hesperipbuna vespertina.)
An accidental visitor from the west, sometimes occurring; in winter.

Gems IMMCOLA.

(515) Piac GrosNak.

(Pinicola enurleator leucura.J
An irregular winter visitor to southern Ontario; in some seasons
quite common, in others entirely absent.

Probably breeds in the extreme north of the Province.

(Jeni's CARPODACUS.

(517) Purple Finch.

(Carpodacus purpureus.}
Common resident ; breeds throughout its range in the Province.
Most frequently noticed in early spring when the flocks move out of
their winter quarters and visit the budding hardwood trees.

Genus PASSER.

House Sparrow.

(Passer domesticus.)

An importation from Europe, now an abundant resident, breeding
wherever it occurs.

r.ENUs LOXIA.
(531) American Crossbill.

(Loxia curvirostra minor.)

A regular and sometimes an abundant winter visitor.

As I have found representatives of this species in southern Ontario
n nearly every month of the year, I think they breed throughout the
Province, wherever there are pine forests still standing.

(522; White-winged Crossbill.

(Loxia leucoptera.)
An irregular winter visitor to southern Ontario, never abundant.
Of regular occurrence in the nothern part of the Province, where it
is said to be resident.

HIHDS l)V OXTAKIO

«l

• iKMS ACAN THIS.

(*l (SJ7) Greenland Redpoll.

|.\c:inthi>> hornem.-innii.)

I'mbably ot.urs iiv, .1 wiiilcr Nixilor, Imi I have no rci ord of it ollui
than ih.it ^ixtn In Mr. Mi Ilwraith.

(•) (5^7.1) Hoiry Redpoll.

(Afar ,)is horncrnannii fxilipt-s.)
A som what irn-niilar winlir \isilor, (K<urrin({ in varying niinibirK
at any time bt-twet-n Sq>toinl)ir antl .May.

(Si») Common Redpoll.

(Acanthis linaria.)
tifnt-rally cjimmon in winlur, but somctimis tntirtly absent.
Hreeds in the far 11. rlh; toniinonly near Hudson's Hav.

(*) (5iHa) HolbfEllg Redpoll.

(.Aranthis linaria holb<»'li.)
(Xeurs in winter .sparinj{ly with the other Redpolls.

(*) (s.'Kb) Greater Redpoll.

(.\ianthi.s linaria rostrata.J
Oecurs in winter sparinjjly with the other Kedpoll.s.

Cems ASTK.UIALINUS.

(529) Amo^kan Gold8nch.

(.As! igalinus tristis.J
A common resident in southern Ontario, more abundant in summer
than in winter, a large number gomg south at the approach of cold
weather.

(iEMs SPIN US.

(533) Pine Siskin. {Pine Finch.)

(Spinus pinus.)

A regijlar and sometimes an abundant winter visitor, which s«>me-
times remains during the summer and breeds here. N'ests have been found
in many localities.

CJenis PASSERINA.

(534) Snow Bunting. (Snowbird.)

(Pa.s.serina nivati.s.)

A common winter visitor. .Arrive.s about the end of October, departs
about the middle of March.

Breeds in the .Arctic regions.

CHIXIC LlBl or THK

Genus CALCARIUS.
iSMi) Losgtpiir.

(Calcarius iapponicus.)

An irregular winter visitor most frequently found in late nutuinn and
early spring.

Breeds in the Arctic regions.

Genis POCECETES.

(540) Vupcr SpUTOW. (Bay wing.]
(Pooecetes gramineus.)

An abundant summer resident. Breeds throughout its range in the
Province.

Arrives about the middle of April, departs early in October.

Genls PASSERCULUS.
(542a) Savanna Sparrow.

(Pnsserculus sandwichensis savanna.)
A common summer resident, breeding throughout its range in the
Province.

Arrives about tho middle of April, departs early in October.

Genus COTURNICULUS.

(*) (54^>) Grasshopper Sparrow.

(Coturniculus suvannarum passerinus.)
A regular, but not a common summer visitor to south-western On-
tario which has, on two occasions, been taken as far east as Toronto.

Genus AMMODRAMUS.
(•) (547) Henslow's Sparrow.

(.Ammodramus henslowii.)
This bird has been recordtd by .Mr. W. E. Saunders as a summer
resident of south-western Ontario, and by Mr. Fleming as occurring and
apparently brooding near Lake J<-eph, Muskoka.

(*) (548) Leconte's Sparrow.

(Ammodramus leconteii.)
An accidental visitor from the western prairies.
Mr. J. II. An-es has a specimen which was taken at ToroiUo.
(549.1) Nelson's Sparrow.

(Ammodramus nelsoni.)

A regular, but not a common, \isitor in autumn to the neighbour-
hood of Toronto. Rare in spring.

(*i (549- 1 a) Acadian Sharp-tailed Finch.

(.Ammodramus nelsoni sul)virgatus.)
An .accidental visitor to the eastern part of the Province.

BIRDS iiV ONTARIO

«S

«iKv»s eiu>Mn;sii,.s.
(•) 'S5-»l tMtk Sparrow.

(C'honticsirs (,'rnn)tnacus.)
.-« ,^ '■*«"»ar, but m,t a common, summer roidcil of some localities in
M>u,hern O„tar.o. I fin<| a frw pi.irs near loronto every .,a.^,^
Hreipds whrro it occurs.

Gems ZONOTRK HI.\.
(554) White-crowned Sparrow.

(Zonotricliia Ivucophrys.)

A common nii«r.int, .irrivinj; ;ihoui ihr tenth of M:,v and soon pass-
mg northward, r.lurninR towar.ls Ih. end of Sc-ptemU'r and denrirtinu
southward late in October. "

Breeds in the far north.

fll

\Vliite-tliri)ale(| SparrnH.

(55*<) White-throated Sparrow. (IVabody.)
(Zonotrichia albicollis.)

Very abundant during the migrations and a regular, thouffh not .-,
lommon summer resident in southern Ontario, where a few pairs always
remain to breed. ' "'w.iy.s

Arrives about the end of April, dep.irts .No.ifhward e,..lv in Ociobcr.

'■r

CHKCK 1, 1ST OK THK

i |i

iW

(Iem s SPIZHIXA.
(.s.s<)) Tree Sparrow.

(Spizt'll.'i nionlicolii.)

A common winler visitor. Arrixes i-arlv in OcIoImt, departs late in
April.

Bri>cds from our norlhi-rn limit northwards.

(5(x)) Chippinj; Sparrow. (Ilairliird.)
(.Spi/tlla MH-ialis.)

.An abiind.int summt-r resident. Kri-cds Ihroiinlioul its range in the
I'rovince.

.•\rri\is ahonl the middle of April, departs in .Septemlwr.

(*) (.s<>i) Clay-coloured Sparrow.
(Spi/ella pallida.)
One specimen recorded by Mr. .Saunders as h.iving been taken by
him ne;>r Lond.in. I found it abundant on the scrubby prairie of .M.ini-
tob;i, which is its proper habitat.

(5<)3) Field Sparrow.

(.Spi/ella pusilla.)

.A common summer resident in suitable pla< es in southern Ontario.
Breeds throughout its range.

.Arrives aliout the middle of .\pril, departs early in Oct«>ber.

(iEMs JLNCO.
(5O7) Junco.

(Junco hyemali.s.)
A comm<m resident. Breeds throughout its range in the I'rovince,
but is most abundant in the spring and late autumn migrations.

C.Ksvs NfKLOSIMZA.
(sKi) Song Sparrow.

(Melospiza cincrca melodia.)

Alt abundant summer resident ; breeds throughout its range in the
I'rovince.

.Arrives .ibout the middle n( March, dep.irts late in October.

.Some few .ilways remain through the winter in sheltered places
along our southern lM)rder, but as at that season thev are very quiet, they
are not often observed.

(583) Lincoln'.s Sparrow.

(Melospiza lincolni.)
.A regular, but never a common visitor ; perhaps breeds here, but so
far I have never foimo it lielween M.iy and .September. It frequently
accompanies the White-crowned Sparrows.

HIKDS OF ONTAUIO.

(k't

(584) Swemp Sparrow.

(Melospiza georgiana.)

Arrives about (he middle c.f April, departs early in Noven.ber.

•iENus FASSERIiLLA.

(585) Fox Sparrow.

(I'asscrella ilinca.)

Ihis ,s one of the most beautilul songsters tli.-.t visit us.

(iEM s I'lIMI.O.

(587) Towtaee.

(Pipilo crythropthalmus.J

one thwhl^tT "H^""""" '■'''''''-""' '" •'^'' ''''^'^'' "f """""^--n Ontario and
Arrives about the end of April, departs early in October.

(.S93) Cardinal.

(Cardinalis eardinalis.)

h.,..A ■"'"'^ ?"""''■' '■'":'''''"' "f "^•^ south-western counties. Str-icelers
have been taken .-.t various places as far east as Toronto ''■'^^'^"

(iENUs ZAMIiI.ODIA.

(.S9.s) Rose.breasted Grosbeak.

fZamelodia ludoviciana.)

out it';!:;;ge'ytr^o:;nr^ "'^'"^•" ''-'-''' '- "- --'^^ '''-"«'^-

Arnves about the middle of Nf.-.y. departs towards the end of AuLn.st
Th.s .s one of the few bir.ls that u ill eat the Colorado Potnto-beoti;':

OEMS ( "^■A^'o.spIZA.
(.s<^)) Indigo Bunting.

fCyanospiza cyanoa.)

Provfn.i""'"" """""■ "■"'^'"'= ''"''''^''"^ throughout its range in .he

Arrives early in .May, departs about the en.l of August
.5 H ■

m

CHKCK LIST OK THK

' !

i

1^

Genus SPIZA.
(*) (fw4) Dkkcissei.

{Spiza amt-ricana.)
Mr. Saunders lias recorded the occurrence of tliis bird in south-
western Ontario as a summer resident, and I have heard of it at other
points along our southern boundary.

Famii V r.W Xr.RII).*:. (The Tanaceks.)

Bill in our species stout, lim h-likc, considerably lonjjer than broad,
and more or less eridently t{)othed near the middle of upper mandible.
Tarsus scutellate; legs short, claws long. Colours brilliant in the males.

Genls PIR.ANG.A.
(«>o8) Scarlet Tanajer.

(Piranga crythromelas.)

Tolerably common summer resident ; breeding throughout its range
in the Province.

Arrives early in .May ; departs towards the end of .August.

(•) (610} Summer Tanager.
(Piranga rubra.)
\ '.ery rare visitor to the south-western part of the Province. Strag-
glers have been taken at \arious places as far east as Toronto.

FA.MI1.V HIRL'NDINID/E. (The Swallows.)

Bill short, broad, triangular, depressed, the gape wide and ab«)ut
twice as long as the culmen, reaching to about opposite the eves, similar
in its form to that of the Swifts and the Goatsuckers, with \vhich birds,
however, the Swallows have no alFmity. Rictus without bristles; wings
very long and pointed, secondaries very short. Tail more or less forked.
Feet weak; tarsus scutellate. Plumage compact, and more or less
lustrous.

All are 'emarkably strong on the wing, and while with us entirely
insectivorous.

Tne economic importance of these birds is very great ; without them
the s nailer winged insects would multiply to such an extent as to become
an u ibearable nuisance to men and animals ; for it is, I believe, to these
birds chiefly that we are indebted for our freedom, in the cleared and
cultixated parts of the country, from the swarms of midges, black flies,
and gnats of various kinds that so abound in the woods.

The.se birds seem to have a great predilection for the society of men,
partly because the clearing he makes in a forest country opens up to
them the necessary space for feeding grounds and partiv because the

IHHDS OF ONTAKIO.

<i7

buiJdin^^s l,e em ts afford thorn cnveniont nesling-places of which thc
Mouse .Sparrow unlortunatcly is dispossessing them.

, , „ Oenus PR(X}\E.

('I I) Purple Martin.

(Progne subis.)

ProvL""""'"" ^"'""'"' ■■'''''*'"'• '"■'•'•'"'^'^ througl.nut its rnngc in the
Arriv.., ntH>ut the fifteenth of April. ,|..p.,rts earlv in Sepfml^er
This IS one ..f the birds which appears to I,e rapidly decreSe in

iTsmTed. "•■'"" ■'"' '"'■"•'"^''^^ "'^^''"^■■'"' ■■'"'J - N' -itobr." thTland

OEM s I'KTKOCHKI.IIJON.
(«.i-) CHff Swallow.

(Pctroi-hrlidon hinifrons.)

abundmr'^!''"' '"'""'^•'' ^'■'^'''^"' • ■•^°'"«"h--'f irregularly distributed, being
abund.inl at some points .md absent from otlv-rs - ^"S»

rangm;e'".;oSr ""'" ''' "■'''' "' ^='"'^' ^'^- "-"«»'-' ^
Arrives early in Nfay. departs in August.

<iKMs HIRLMK).
(613) Barn Swallow.

(Hlrundo erythrogastcr.)
A common summer resident, breedinu in l.inw ..„.i .u
throughout its range in the Province. ^ ""'' ""'^ou.ses

Arrives alx3ut the end of .\pril, departs early in September.

OEMS IRIDOPROCNE.

(<'i4) White-breasted Swallow. (IVee Swallow.)
(Iridoprocnt bicolor.)

A common summer resident, bre.di.ig in |,„les in the side of buil.l
mgs nest boxes, etc., throughout its rangL^ in the Province

Arrives quite ear.y in April, departs about the end of September.

OEMS RIPARIA.
((n(^) Bank Swallow. (Sand .Martin.)
(Riparia riparia.)

An abund.-.nt summer resident, breeding in colonies in holes in s md-
banks, throughout its range in the Province

September" """"^ '"' ''*^'""'"^ "' ''"'• ^^P='^'^ """"' '^e middle of

m

CUKCK U8T OF THE

CiENUs STELGIDOPTERYX.

(•) (017) Rough-winged Swallow.
(Stelguiopteryx surripennis.)

A rare summer rcsidtnt of our southern Ixjrder, where it has Ijeen
found as tar east as 'loronto.

Family AMI'ELIIM;. (The »vax\vim;s.)

iJill stout, triangular, depressed, decidedly notched and hooked, with
the fjapc very wide, larsus short, with the lateral plates more or less
subdivided.

Our species are both crested birds with soft plumage of a beautiful
cinnamon drab colour; sometimes the ends of the secondaries and of the
tail feathers also, are tipped with horny ;ippendages, looking like red
sealing wax. These appendages are no indication of age or six.

They feed on insects and soft fruits.

Subfamily AMPHELIN^i. (Waxwivcs. «

ir

i Hi -

Genus AMPELIS.

(618) Bohemian Waxwing.

(Ampelis garrulus.)

An irregular winter visitor, never abundant. Breeds in the north-
west.

1^)19) Cedar Waxwing. (Cherry Bird.)
(Ampelis cedrorum.)

A resident species, common and generally distributed in summer :
irregular in winter, its movements at that season probably depending
upon the food supply. ' °

Breeds throughout its range in the Province.

Family LANIID/B. (The Shrikes.)

Bill hawklike, very strong, the upper mandible toothed and abruptly
hooked at the tip; both mandibles distinctly notched. Wings short
rounded. Tail long. Tarsus scutellate on the outside as well as in front'

Their habits corresponding with the form of the bill, are similar to
those of birds of prey. They have a remarkable habit of impaling small
animals on thorns and leaving them there.

BIUDS OF ONTAHJO

.^ , „ ^ <ii:Ms I.WIl S.

(^'2 1) NortWrn Shrike.

(LaniuR l)oreaIi>.)

A rej-ular but not ahun.L.nt. winter visitor. The bulk of then, br«,l
in the north, bin tu-sts h;nv been found at various pla.vs i„ south.rn
Ontario.

.Arrives in Oitobir, <linarts in \pril.

Mii.'i:iiit Sliiiki'

(6326) Migrant Shrilie.

(Laniu.s hidovicianus migrans.)

A rejjular but not abundant summer resident. Breeds throuRhout
Its range in the Province.

Arrives early in April, departs about the end of August.

Family VIRIX)\ID.1-;. (Xikios.j

»'" ^^h'Tler than head, stout, eoinpres.sed. decidedly notched and
hooked Rictus with bristles. Nostrils exposed, overhung by a scale,
reached by the bristly frontal feathers. Tarsus .scutellate ; toes joined
at base for the wliole length of bas.-.l joint of middle one. which is united
with th.; bas;.l joint of the inner and the two basal joints ol the outer
\\\ are insectivorous.

Genus V'IREO.
(624) Red-eyed Vireo.

(Vireo olivaceus.)

A common summer resident in woods and orchards. Breeds throueh-
out Its range in the Province.

Arrives early in May ; departs towards the end of September.

•i

'" CHKCK LIST OK THK

((uh) Philadelphia Vireo.

(\'iioo philudclphicus.t

Tolerably common summer resident ; breeds throughout its ranee in
the Province.

Arrives about the middle of May, departs at the end of September.

(627) Warbling Vireo.

(Vireo gilvus.)

Common summer resident ; breeds throughout its range in the Pro-
vince.

Arrives .-.bout the middle of Mav ; departs in September.
This spec.es seems to prefer shrubberies and shade trees in citv
streets to the seclusion of the woods.

(f^2H) Yellow-throated Vireo.

(\irco tlavifrons.)
An un.ommon summer visitor which probablv breeds with us, though
I have no actual record of the discovery of its nest here.

Arrives :i!>out the beginning of May, departs early in September.

((•J9) Blue-headed Vireo. (Solitary Vireo.)
(Vireo solitarius.)

.A regular migrant in spring and autumn. Probablv breeds in the
mterior.

Arrives eaily in May, departs at the end of September.

(•) (63 0 White-eyed Vireo.
(Vireo noveboracensis.)

Mr. W. L. Kells has recorded the capture of one specimen near
Listowel, m the middle of October, 1890, and Mr. Hobson has taken an-
other near Woodstock. I have heard of no others.

Family MMOTILTID/E. (Wood Warblers.)

Bill usually rather slender, notched or not; the commissure not angu-
lated at base as in I>"ringillida>, nor toothed in the middle; the end not
notched and abruptly hooked, as in Vireonida>; the gape not broad
and reaching to the eyes, as in Hirundinida\ The Warblers are all small
birds, usually of brilliant colouration, but the sexes are unlike and the
variations due to age and season are great, so that the identification of
immature birds is sometimes troublesome.

All are insectivorous and of great value to the horticulturist, as they
glean their insect food chiefly from the foliage and twigs of trees.

miir)S OK ONTARIO,

(Jhms MMOTILTA.

(o.Vl Black and White Warbler.

(Mniotilta varia.}

A very luiniiion Miniiifr n.-.sid.'nt, l)ri-t(liti« llinnitlioiil its ranuf in
the I'rnvince.

Arriv.-s about tlio l.rst of May, diparts uarly in Soptt-niber.

•iiM s I'KOTON'orARIA.

(') (".\7) t'rothonotary Warbler.
(I'rutonotaria citrea.J
Mr. .Mcllwraith has morelfd the laptiiro of one >ipciimen mar Ham-
ilton in .May, iHHH, which is all I have heard of.

(JiMs IIKI.MINTHOI'HILA.

(*j ('>4-') Golden-wiiifjed Warbler.

(Helminthophila chry ^optira.)
A r.iro siimnuT xisiior nccirdod from several plaics in the southern
and w, stern .ounties and Mr. Kels reports ha\ in>{ found it breeding near
I-istowel.

t<>45l Nashville Warbler.

(Helminthophila rubricapilla.)

A common migrant. Breeds sparingly in southern Ontario and no
dj)uht regularly in the interior.

.Arrives e.irly in .May. departs early in v,<tober.

(•) {()4()) Orange-crowned Warbler.
(Helminthophila celata.)
.\ rare .summer visitor.

(<'4-) Tennessee Warbler.

(Helniinthopnila peregrina.J

•A regular, but not a very common, visitor in spring. 1 have not
found 11 at any other season.

Arrixes alxnit the middle of .May.

(hms C().MS()TH1.VI>|.S.
("4H) Parula Warbler.

(fonipsothlypis american.i usne;e.)

A common spring and summer migr.mf. Probably breeds in the
nUerior.

Arrives .ibout the lifteenlh of M.iy, departs tow.irds the end of .Sep-
tember. '

i

ill

w

CHECK LIST OF THK

m

Genus DENDROICA.

f6.su) Cape May Warbler.

(Dendroica tigrina.)
A rare summer visitor; most frequently seen in the spring. About
three years ago I met with rather a large flock of them in the autumn
migration, the only time I have seen them at that season. Probably
breeds in the interior, as nests have bee:i found in \cw Brunswick and
in Maine.

Yellow \V;irl)l«T.

(652) Yellow Warbler.

(Dendroica ccstiva.)

A very :il)undant summer resident. Hreeds throughout its range in
the Provmce. ^

Arrives early in May, departs about the end of August.

('^54) Black-tbroated Blue Warbler.

(Dendroica cjeruiescens.)

_ Common in the migrations in southern Ont.irio, breedint- sparini<l>
m the south and more commonly in the interior.

Arrives early in May; dcpa'rts at the end of September.

IJIUDS OF OXTAIMH

7:i

(65s) Mjrrfle Warbler. (\'(llow-riimped Warbler.)
(l>en<lroiia coronala.)

An abundant ntisrant in the south. Breeds in tlie interior.
Arrives towards the end of April; departs about the end of the lir^t
week in Oitobcr.

(657) Magnolia Warbler.

{Dendroica maculosa.)
An abundant migrant. Breeds from central Ontario norlhward.
Arrives early in May ; departs about the end of September.

(*) (f'58) Cerulean Warbler.

(Dendroica cerulea.)
A rejiular, but rare, summer resident, most frequently seen in the
south-western counties. Breeds throughout its range in the Fro\ince.
(659) Ctaestnut-sidtfd Warbler.

(i>cndroica pennsylvanica.)

.\ (ommon suiiiiiur resident. Breeds throughout its range in the
Province.

Arrives early in .May; di'parts early in September.

(6fxi) Bay-breasted Warbler.

1 1 >endroica castanea. J

.\ regular, bul never ,1 eonimon, migrant in .spring. Breeds in the
interior.

I have but seldom met with this species in the autumn.
.\rrives e.irly in May ; departs at the end of September.
(<<<>i) Black-poll Warbler.

(IJendroica striata.)
.\ leLiiil.ir, Inl not yenei.illy a common, migrant in ,prin" and
autumn. Breeds in the north, prob.iblv from .our boundary to the tree
limit. ^

Arrives ;,b,>ut the twentieth of May; departs at the end of September
|<>6.) Blackburniaa Warbler.

(lOendroica blackburni£e.)

A tolerably common .spring and autumn migrant in southern Ontario.
\ rohably breeds in the interior, as it has often been observed during the
summer months in central Ontario.

.\rrivcs early in .May ; departs .it the end of September.

(667) Black-throated Green Warbler.

(Dendroica virens.)

A common summer resident, breeding throughout its range in the
Province. ^

Arrives parly in May; departs early in October.

i tl

74

CHKCK LIHI OK IHK

(•) {('70I Kirttand't Warbltr.
(I)endr<iira kirtlitiili.)

On thf K.th of May. 1900, Mr. J. H. Samuel t.M.k a l.ir.l ..I this
5p«-cifs near Toruii'i., ih,. „„)> one I have heard .1 -o far. It mav \el he
found brecdin),' i-i ihr inlcrior «»f the Provine.-. as it docs so regularly
in Michigan. Ii 1^. however, a very rare speries everywhire.

(671) Pine Warbkr.

(Uenihoic.-i vi^jorsii.J

An irrejjular Minimer resident, sometinus common and in oilier sea-
sons scarce.

Hrieds throughout its ran^e in Ine I'rnvinie.

Arrives towaiils the end of .April; departs in Sepleniher.

(<>-■!) Palm Warbler.

(Dendroica palmarum.)

A tolerably eoiiitiion nii^'rant in s-prinjj .ind .lutumtt I'lfHiably breeds
in the imrll irn part of the I'roxince.

Arrives e.irly in .May; (kparts alM)ut the hrst of (JiIoImt.

Our form may l>e referable to I), p. hypochrysea. Specimens taken
by me var\ \ery much in the brilliancy of the yellow cnloring.

(•) (*'7^) Prairie Warbler.
(Deadroica discolor.)
A cry rare visitor, two specimens of which were taken near I oronto
in May, i(;oo, one each by .Messrs. Samii. ! and .Ames. Since then it has
been found in souih-western Ontario b> .Mr. Klugh.

r.ENis sr:iLRUS.

t '

(674) Oven Bird, (.(iolden-crowned Thrush.)

(Sciurus aurocapillus.)

An abundant summer resident in woods. Breeds throughout its range
in the Province.

Arrives early in ivlay ; departs about ihe lirst of September.

(675) Water Thrush.

(Seiurus noveboracensis.)
.A common summer resident. Breeds in the interior of the Province.
Arrives early in May; departs early in Sept' mber.

(6 6) Louisiana Water Thrush.

(Seiurus motacilla.)

A rare summer visitor along our southern border as far east as
Toronto.

BIHDH or ONTAHIO

Ceni's OKOTHLVIMS.

(•) (''rrl Kentuckv Warbler.

((jcMihlxpiv formosa.)

m.-.r'^Hr.'" "'*""''x,\'n"" *'"'" -I"-''""" ••'»'^'" >'> Mr. R„lK-rt Klli.,lt
near Brv.mMi.n, Midclh-s.-x. in May, 1898.

(•>-«) Coniwcticut Warbler.

((icdthlypis .iRilis.)

A raro Munnur r.-si.l.M.t. Mr. W. I,. KHU r.ror.ls h.-.si„^j f„u.Ml
nests n.:.r I is owrl. ;„ul I \u,vv sc.-n ami wat. lu.l .!„• birds hrn in sum-
nit-r. I>iit faili'd to dis. cmt iluir nesHnR |)lncc.

Arri^.s al.m.» tl„. tu.nti.ih of .Ma v ; departs at thr end of AiiKUst.

C^rij) Mourning Warbler.

(CK-othlypis phih-idrlphin.)

A rat.ier rare siminu-r r.sidont. Hn-.cls throiiRhout its ranee in tin-
Provind'. "

Arrives about the twentieth of M:,> . departs at the end of AiiK'ust.

(681 Maryland Warbler.

(fleothlypis trieha.s.)

Province.'""""" '"""""'' ''"''"^''"'- "''■*"'''' throughout its ran^.- in th.-
Arrives afK>.,t the tenth of Mav ; departs .a the end of September.
Our form m.,\ \w referable to G. t. brarhydac tyla.

Oenus ICTERIA.

(•) {f>fi^) Yellow-breasted Chat.
(Icteria viren.s.)

A very rare summer resident of the .south-western part of the Pro-

vmce.

Cems W IL.SOMA.

'•) (f^4) Hooded Warbler.
(Wilsonia mitr.-ita.)
A very rare summer visiior to ojr southern border.

C^^S) Wilson's Warbler.
(Wilsonia pusilla.)

A regular migrant in spring and autumn, sometimes occurrintr i„
considerable numbers. Breeds in the interior

Arrives about the twentieth of M.-,y ; departs early in .September.

Miaiocorv risoiution tist chart

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

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^F 1653 EosI Moil Street

r^ Roctiester, New York U609 USA

as (716) 482-0300 - Ptione

BS (716) 288-5989 - Fo>

CHECK LIST OF THK

li

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(686) Canadian Warbler.

(VVilsonia canadensis.)

Common summer resident, breeds throughout its range in the Pro-
vince.

Arrives early in May, departs at the end of August.

Genus SETOPHAGA.

(687) American Redstart.

(Setophaga ruticilla.)

A common summer resident, breeding throughout its range in the
Province.

Arrives about the tenth of May ; departs early in September.

Family MOTACILLID/K. (Pipits, etc.)

Bill shorter than the head, very slender, straight, acute, notched at
tip. Feet large, fitted for walking; hind claw long, little curved, as in
the larks ; inner toe cleft ; basal joint of outer toe united with middle
one ; tarsus as in Oscines generally, ending in a sharp undivided ridge
behind. Rictal bristles not conspicuous ; nostrils exposed.

Genus ANTHUS.
(697) American Pipit.

(Anthus pennsylvanicus.)

An abundant migrant, more frequently seen in autumn than in
spring.

Breeds in the Arctic regions.

Arrives about the tenth of May and passes on northward very
quickly. Early in .September thty return and remain until about the end
of the first week in November.

Family TROGLODYTIDi^;. (Wrens, Thrashers, etc.)

Bill usually more or less slender, with or without a notch near the
tip. Nostrils not covered by bristles. Tarsus scutellate, the plates usu-
ally distinct.

All are chiefly insecti\orous, the Catbird being the only one which
feeds upon cultivated fruit.

Family MIMID^. (Thrashers, etc.)

Genus MIMUS.
(•) (703) Mocking-bird.

(Mimus polyglottos.)
I include this species on the authority of Mr. Mcllwraith, who has
recorded the occurrence of two specimens in southern Ontario.

BIRDS OF O.NTAKIO.

(iENxs CiALEOSCOPTLS.
(i04) Catbird.

(Galcoscoptes carolinensis.)
IVovbc?'^ t-ommcn summer resident: breeds throughout its range in the
Arrixes at the end of April, departs early in October.
Genus TOXOSTOMA.

(705) Brown Thrasher. (Brown Thrush.)
(Toxostoma rufum.)

A common summer resident; breeds throughout its range in the
I rovince. °

Arrives at the end of .April; departs early in October.
Subfamily TROGLODYTIN/E. (Wrens.!
Gknus TIIRVOTHORUS.

(•) (718) Carolina Wren.

(Thryothorus ludovicianu-s.)
Mr. Mcliwraith has recorded the capture of a specimen at Mount
Forest, and recently .Mr. Klugh found a pair breeding^ hTe

Gknus THRVO.MANES.

(*) (719) Bewick's Wren.

( 1 hryomanes bewickii.)

teenth De'remL^'."£^"V''°A''' ''"1."^ '"'•^" °"^ ^P^'=''"«" °" ^^e thir-
iienin ivecemoer, i8g8, near Appm, Ontario.

Genus TROGLODYTES

(721) House Wren.

(Troglodytes aedon.)

Arrives about tTie first of May; departs early in October.

, \xKi . «r ^^'"^^ OLBIORCHILUS.

(722) Winter Wren.

(Olbiorchilus hiemalis.)
A summer resident. Breeds throncrhni.t ifo • . „

commonly in the interior and nmhwarf ""^' '" "^'^ P"-^^'"^'^'

78

CHKCK LIST OK THK

if

CJenls CISTOTHORUS.

(*) (-.'4) Short-billed Marsh Wren.

(Cistothorus stellaris.)

A regular summer resident of the south-western part of the Pro-
vince, but never abundant. Very rare elsewhere. I have taken two at
Toronto and have since found a pair breeding there.

Breeds wherever found.

Genus TELMATODYTES.

(735) Long-billed Marsh Wren.

(Telmatodytes palustris.)

A very abundant summer resident in marshes. Breeds throughout its
range in the Province.

Arrives at the beginning of May; departs about the middle of Oc-
tober.

Family CERTHIID/E. (Creepers.)

Bill slender, decurved as long as head, without notch or bristles.
Farsus scutellate. Claws all very long, curved and compressed. Tail
feathers pomted, with stiffened shafts, somewhat like the tail of a Wood-
pecker and similarly used for support.

Our only representative is a curious small bird which creeps about
the trunks and larger branches of trees searching for insects hidden in
the crevices of the bark.

Genus CERTHIA.
(72fi) Brown Creeper.

(Certhia familiaris aniericana.)

A common resident, most abundant in southern Ontario durine the
migrations. °

Breeds occasionally in the southern portion of the Province and reeu-
larly in the interior and northward.

Family PARIDi€. (Tits.)

Bill not notched nor decurved ; loral feathers bristly ; nostrils con-
cealed by dense tufts. Tarsus scutellate; plumage more or less lax, sub-
ject to few van:., ns.

All are insectivorous, gleaning their food from the trunks and twies
of trees. They are invaluable guardians of the orchard and forest.

HIKDS Ol' ONTAKIO

7»

Family SITTID.-K. (NrniATciKs.)

GE.vrs SITTA.

(7-'7J White-breasted Nuthatch.

(Sitta carolinensis.)

A common resident Breeds throughout its range in the Province
wherever there is lieavy timber.

(7-'Hj Red-breasted Nuthatch.

(Sitta canadensis. J

A resident species, hut most Irequently observed during the migra-
tions. In wfriter it is fairly common.

I once found a p;,ir evidently breeding near Toronto, and it regularly
breeds m the interior and northward.

SUUFAMILY I'AKIX.E. (TiTMKI-.)

Oenls FAR us.
(7.^5) Chickadee.

(Parus atricapillus.)
chard^ ''^^^ common resident and one of the most useful birds of the or-
Hreeds throughout its range in the Province.

(*) (740) Hudsonian Chickadee.
(Parus hudsonicus.)

In southern Ontario this is only a very rare straggler from the north.
As might be expected, it is more frequently seen in the Ottawa district
than elsewhere.

Mr Kay reports having seen a pair near Port Sydney, Muskoka, in
INovemlier, 1892. - ^> >

Family SYLVIID^. (Kinglets, Gxatcatchers, etc.)

Rill slender, depressed at base, notched and decurvcd at tip. Rictus
with l3r.stles; nostrils oval. Tarsus usually booted, scutellate in Poliop-
tilla. Basal joint of middle toe attached its whole length externally, half
way internally. ■"

Slufamily REGULIX^. (Kinglets.)
Genus REGULUS.

(748) Golden-crowned KingJet.

(Regulus satrapa.)
An abundant migrant and common winter resident
Probably breeds in our northern forests, as it does in Mass.achusetts.

Iff .(1

ll.

HO

CHFXK LIST OF THK

(749) Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

(Regulus calendula.)
Common during the spring and autumn migrations.
Probably breeds in the interior, as it is known to do so in Nova
Scotia.

I have never found this species here in winter.

SiBFAMiLV POLIOPTILIN.t:. (Gnatcatchers.)
Genus POLIOPTIL.A.

(751) Blue-gray Unatcatcher.

(Polioptila cterulea.)

A rare .summer resident of the south-western counties, which occa-
sionally strays as far east as Toronto.
Breeds where it occurs.

Family I UKDID.4!:. (Thrushes, Bi.iehikds, etc.)

Bill generally rather long, not conical, usually with a slight notch
near the tip; nostrils oval, not concealed, but nearly or quite reached by
the bristly frontal feathers; rictus with bristles, which are well developed
in most of our species; tarsus always booted, i.e., enveloped in a con-
tinuous plate, formed ;.,y the fusion ot all the scutella ; except two of
three of the lowest. Toes deeply cleft, the inner one free, the outer united
to the middle one, not more than half the length of the first basal joint.

Their food consists of insects and small fruit, chiefly wild berries
growing in the woods.

Sliifamii.v TURDIN^. (THrtSHES.)

Genus HYLOCICHLA.

(755) Wood Thrush.

(Hylocichia mustelina.)

Fairly well distributed throughout southern Ontario, but nowhere
abundant.

Breeds wherever it occurs.

Arrives early in May, departs about the middle of September.

(756) Wilson's Thrush.

(Hylocichia fuscescens.)

An abundant summer resident in woodlands, breeds throughout its
range in the Pre ince.

Arrives early in May ; departs at the end of August.

Mr. W. E. Saunders records the capture of a specimen of H. f. sali-
cola at Ottawa in September, 1898.

UlUUS OF ONTARJO.

81

(757) Gray-cheeked Thrush.

(Hylocichia alii i;c >

A coinnion mifcrant ,n spring and autumn, breeds far north.
Arrnx-s about tiie iniddl. ol .May. denarts early in October.

bv Mr Vr^pfr '''"'■' "';" ^' ^P'^'^'""'" "f "• "• bicknelli was taken
by .Mr. Robert P.ll.ott „e.-,r Hryan.ston, Ont., September .9th. ,fSy«.

(75«a) Olive-backed Thrush.

(Hylocichia ustulat.i swainsonii.)
A common migrant in spring and autumn. Mrecds far north.
Arrays about the middle of April and soon goes on, rtiurnin« in
September and departing early in October. ^^

(759L>) Hermit Thrush.

(Hylocichia guttata pallasii.)
A common migrant in spring and autumn in southern Ontario, an.l
a summer resident, breeding in the woods of the interior.

(iENLs MEKULA.

(7(^1) American Robin.

(Merula migratoria.)

Vo.W "''""''""' M,m,nerresid..nt, breding throughout its range in .1,,:

IVovmce
G n.

ii

I

82

CHECK LIST OF THE BIRDS OF ONTARIO.

Arrives early in March, the bulk usually depart early in November,
but some small flocks remain where food is plentiful until severe frost
comes, and a few always remain in sheltered gardens all the winter.

Genus SAXICOLA.
(•) (7f'5) Wheatear.

(Saxicola oenanthe.)
A specimen of the subspecies, S. oe. leucorhoae, was taken by Mr.
lavernier at Beaumaris, Muskoka, in September, 1896, having wan-
dered out of its range

Genus SIALIA.
(766) Bluebird.

(Si.rlia sialis.)

A common summer resident, breeding throughout its range in the
Province.

Arrives about the middle of March, departs towards the end of
October.

MAMMALS OF ONTARIO.

Class AIAMAUI.IA. (The Mammals.)

A ^r.m^,;,| is . w,,rm.blo.,cifd. air-broathinu MTtd.ratr. I,;m in;; tl>,.
>ku, nor,. .,r Irss ha.ry (ran-ly n.-.k.-d) ; viviparous; tl,.- vo„n,. nnurish,.,!
l-r M t.„u. a t..r hir.h by milk, s.-.r.-...,! in 'lu- n.-.nnna^v ,lan K , ,'

.n,l.,| l.ecly n, .!„. Ihor.u „■ .ax i,y, whi.l, is .-ompl.-tdv sopar,-,,, d lro„,
^u. ab,!om,nal .av-.v by ,1,.. diapbra^m ; hear, with (our ,avi,i... Z
p.t- doubU. r.nulaMon; blood w.-,rm. Hrain r.-.s,- .•omp.-,ra,iv..h larJ •
«-rr..p..nd,ny wnh lb., in, r.as.d d.-vlopnu-n, of ,be brain. ' "^

Order G I.I RES. (The Rodents, or Gnawers.)

Mammals with the inrisor t.vth rhis.-l-shapcd. .KJ.mtfd for LMiauinir-
no .-an.ne teeth ; a toothless spa.e in the pl.a.v of .-.-.'ines: L' Sh

veSle ^" '^ '■■■'" ■■'"'' *• "^ ""'■•'">■ ^^"" "'-'<'M- F- . hietiv

inHb •'.'''.'' "'•: '•"■«'^^";' '•'■«'*■'■ "• ^f-'",m.-,'s both in number ot .pe.ies .,nd \■^
.ndmduals. .^ros, o ,he spe.ies are of small sixe, the He.n er b.-in,. .,..
of the larpcsi now existing'. ^

"Though a feeble folk, eomp.-.r.ativelv insionifir.ant i-, si/e and

s.rc.,.th. they hob, their own in legion against a host of n.atural enemies

rap-ncous beasts ..nd b.rds. by their fecundity, their w.ariness and cunning.'

t- t„ Md.ty .md agthty. the.r .secretiveness. each .after the means In

provided lor exercising its instinct of self-preservation, amonti

■^mticance itself is no small factor." (Coues.)

Kamii.v LKPORID.^^. (Thk H.xkks.)

A well-marked and widely distributed lamilv represented i:, thi. Pro-
vince by two well-known .sptcie.s. In all forms the ears are long eyes
large, and the tail short, bushy and recurved.

Genus LFPUS.
(i) Lt:pus nuttallj mallurus.

(Cotton-tail, Wood Hare, Gray Rabbit.)
This .mimal has gradually extei^ded its range from the States south
of us. mto .md over the entire Province, wherever the land is under culti-
v.ition, except the extreme northern and eastern portions. I do not know

CHECK LIHT OF THE

I.!

exact.y when it first appeared here, nor am I certain as to whether it first
entered the country by crossing the Niagara River on the ice or by cross-
ing at some point on the south-wesiern boundary. I first saw it in the
winter of 1871-72 on the bank of the r-ver at Niagara. During that
winter the river had frozen completely across and their tracks showed that
large numbers of rabbits had crossed to our side upon the ice bridge thus
formed. For some years they increased and spread vey rapidly, but of
late they h.ive been so much pursued that in spite of the fact that they are
remarkably prolific they seem to be rather decreasing than gaining in
number.

To the fruit-grower these animals are somewhat objectionable becau.se
of their habit of feeding upon the bark of young orchard trees ; sometimes
completely girdling and destroying them. The damage done by the Cot-
ton-tnil in this respect, however, is trifling compared with that done by
metdow mice, though I find that in many parts of the country the mischief
done by the mice is generally charged against the Rabbits as they are
commonly called.

The females produce two or three broods during the summer and
each litter will contain from four to six young ones.

(2) Lepns amer<c»nns.

(Varying Hare, White Hare.)

Formerly this Hare was very rtbundant and generally distributed over
the Province, but as the land has been brought under cultivation its ran^e
has become restricted. It is essentially an animal of the woods and wher-
ever any extent of thick cover yet remains these Hares may still be found.

The Northern Hare is remarkable for the seasonal change which takes
place in the color of its pelage. In summer it is of a dark reddish brown.
In winter it becomes perfectly white.

Family ERETHIZONTID^. (The .American Porcupines.)

Fur mixed with bristly barbed spines ; tip of muz^^le with small hair ;
chiefly arboreal.

Genus ERETHIZON.

(3) Erethizon dorsalis.

(Canada Porcupine.)

Formerly common and generally distributed; now only found in the
unsettled parts of northern Ontario.

There is a popular idea that this creature defends itself by shooting
its quills at its enemies ; this is a mistake. The Porcupine will somaimes
strike a heavy blow with its tail, thereby driving the quills deeply into the
flesh of an antagonist, but it has not the power to eject its quills, nor is it
necessary, for^ its armature renders it almost invulnerable to its natural
enemies as it is.

Its food consists of the tender bark, twigs, and buds of trees.

^

ANIMALS OF ONTARIO.

W

Family OII'ODID^. (The Jimpinc Mkk.)

'JuNus ZAPUS.

(4) Zapus hudsonius.

(Jumping Mouse.)

fr.n '■""'r'"''' '■"""""" '■'"<' generally distributed, but of late years less
frequently seen. '

Famiiv MURir)i€. (The Mice.)

Representatives of this family are found in all parts of the world-
species of the genus Mus being cosmopolitan, having accompanied man
n all h,s migrations ; all are of small size, the Muskr.-Tt being the larges"
faund m Canada. Included in it are some of our most injurious farm

Genus FIBER.

(5) Fiber zibethicas.

(Muskrat.)

i. hnn^K"" everywhere about marshes, rivers, and streams. In marshes
It builds houses tor winter protection, but in streams it burrows in the
banks sometimes doing much injury to dams and other works constructed
to hold water. It is omnivorous, feeding impartially upon animal and
vegetable substances. Where fresh-water mussels (Unio^) aSd they
form an important part of this animal's diet. Muskrats' fur when in
pnme condition is of high quality and if it was not so common would be
more valued thr- it is at present.

Oeni's SYNAPTOMYS.

(•) (ft) Synaptomys cooperi.
(Lemming Mouse.)
Has been found sparingly in western Ontario and northward.

Genus MICROTUS.

(•) (7) Microtus pine' rum.
(Pine Mouse.)
The late Robert Elliott o Plover Mills recorded this mouse as com-
mon in the County of Middlesex ; it is probablv generally distributed in
western Ontario, but has been overlooked.

Wl

'IIKCK MM iiK Tin;

|Xi iVIicrotUH p«nn«ylvanicu*.

(Mi;i<li)« Mnusi', l-'iclrl \'o|p. )
("ommon cM-rywlMTf ;in«l ihr mi>>l dcstrir. ijnc :inim;il w h,y>-.
This liitif .inimal whi. h l)v its .nDrtiiuiis in. r.;ist- (lurin)- lli,. I i>i l.w
years has done m) mu< h miM-hief in ilir l'r..\ in.v, is the Shori-iaiKd li.-ltl
\ »li-. romnionly known as the Meadow .\l<nisi-, though it is nm nally a
M.Mis,. at all. It is liut rarely found in hams or oiiihiiiidini;s, even in
vvmt -r. its favorite resorts heinjf low me idows which supp<irt a rank \.-i>e-
tatio... When for any reason the l..w meadows become iinaliie to main-
tain tr-c number of \oles bred in them, ihe siTplus will moxe out and
spread all oxer the country, cstablishini; themsclMs ,i,icl1v in the hav and
Urarn held- where thev fmd favorable conditions diirinir the sumnv.T.
I'ood and shelt.i arc everywhere and their iiatitral enemies, which shoidd
k-cep them in cheek, havirijj all been killed off. these prolili. crtMlures
multiply even more rapidly on the cultivated lands than thev ^^n^tU\ in
ineii original habitat. In winter, however, conditions .ire not so fa\orable
to the N'oles in the cultivated districts; the crops haxinij been removed,
loaves the fields comparatively bare .ind devoid of shelter esc cpt in th.
lonR grass and weed-urown fence lines, and here thev take refiii;e; an
old sunken rail fence beinq a favorite sfrontjhold and an or. h.ird in whi. h
a rank cover crop is left standing forming a perfect paradise for ti,e,e
secretive vermin, lender e.ner of the decaying vegetation in su. h places
they drive a network of runways in every direction, se.ure fr.im the obsev
atic-n of all but the creatures sne.iali/ed by n.ature to nrev upon th<-m.

Fi. Ill N'oles are remarkably prolilic animals, the females usually pro-
ducing three or four litters a year, but in favorable seasons even inore
will be produced. During the last few years I have found nests cont.iin-
ing young in every month from April to October, both inclusive. The
litters generally contain from five to eight young, and indeed I have heard
of ten. but so iar have never found one as large as that.

These \ oles do not burrow, but construct their nests upon the surface
of the ground among rank vegetation or under logs, rails, eti-. From
these nest, their runways are pushed in every d'recti.m until the\ form a
perfect network over the land. During the' g. wing season these runs
are not easily observed unless specially sought for, but just as ihe snow is
Roing off in the spring th-y are re.idily seen and an idea mav then be
formed ol their numbers. Their food consists of grass, clover.' gr.iin (in
all stages), fruit and the inner bark or cambium of voung trees and
bushes, the quantity they devou.- .•- " spoil being a \ery heavy tax upon
the I arm in all seas.ms, and ■' p:.. I.irly serious one when their numbers
reach abnormal proportions.

From 1888 to i8yj part of Scotland was overrun bv these \'oks, the
districts affected being parts of Roxburghshire, Selkirk. Peebles, Lanark
and Dun^fries. Altogether an are.' about sixty miles in length and twenty
miles in breadth was devastated. In order to ascertain the cause of the
outbreak and if possible provide a remedy a Departmental Committee was

AMM.\I> UK UNT AlJiu

■•*;

••'Pp..,„t..,l I y Ihr Uriti>l, ».,;„-,l ol Ayri. „lt, , .,( u|,i, I, ,|.,. |.;,,,| ,,, Mj,,, ,
"vr !.,.,■ «.nv,.,„„r.(.,,„.ral. u.,s ,-, m,.,,,!,.,. E.uhmv u;,> yiv,.,, I,..| .n-
tins ...minitu,. I,v ahnui .i^h.j l;,rnuT> ..ml slu-ph.-rds ami In s.x.-ral
K.m.k,.,|Hrs. ||,..„ (.•MHiioin pr.niMK . nn. iusivrlv (i) Thai llu.i.(l,.. I ,.l
u. ...,tl,r..;,k w.-is i„ prartuallv .Irsfrov all .n.ps ; (,) That tht- rausc of
•lir in.r.aNr in the numhtT ut \„U: was Ihr ,l.stru.li..n .,1 hawks ,,wls
M.I Its. w.as,.|s, ami -tluT natural cm-mu.s . -hr v„l,.s ; ( ,) That remedies
.>n- .Apensix.. an,| chili, ult .,1 appli. ati.,n. I»„.s„n <.n sma'll enrlosed areas
u..- . ',.„,., us l,„l its ..ppli.ati..n ..N.T farms, exen if pra. ti. able, w.nild
he a... ml., with mu.h risk l„ ..Iher l..rms of life. C.is, ,ho„i;h tried ..n
• i I.TK. -..I.-, were of no ser\ ire wh:ilever. I.ar«e mimhers wre billed l)v
men and t.rrier d.)j.s ; syst..m.-,tir work l,v .-. m.an ,,nd several doL-s eisiny
IH-Iter results th.m .inv other svsfem employed.

s, ,.r"l"' 'T'"'"'''^'; ""■■'."^ •■••P"^"''' = "'< ""'il<l be ,rnli,„lt to ...ndemn too
s'verev ,|„. f,K,hsh a.t.on of thos.. who .allow or en. ..ura«e the destnir.
t..m .. h.iwks an.l owls. ', is with m,i, I, satisfa.tion that vour eommitt.-f
r...Td th.a; m.-.nv larmei - ,nd l.md owners seem I., have iK-.-ome eonNin.ed
'n l.at- ye.-.rs that owls of .all sons are not onlv harmless, hut most hene-
Irial t._. .■■gr.eulturists. and have issued orders for the preserv.ation of those

r./lV f!"'"''"\'" ^'"'•'^!" -"••>■ •■'» ^'ny u.m-. if we are not eareful.

e.cn^hl.. ,h,„ of the Seoteh farmers in ,.Sc,.. Ft would he well, therefore

f.r.a.r people t., .-vert th.-ir best inlluenre for the prote. tion of th- hawks

calamiu^ "' ""''''" '" ""'''' '" ''""'"' " '''" "'■'■ ''''''"'"P '"'" ''' ''''> ^''^i""^

(iFMs i:\()T().M\s.

(•) (<.)) Fvotomys gapperi.

(Red-backed \' )le.j
Probably generally distributed, but the onlv recent
Ihat ot .Mr. .Allan Hrooks, who took it in the Co.;iity of '

■)rd I have
ilin^ton.

(lENLs i'ni:.\.\L{).\.v.s

'«

1 /

(lo) Phenacomys latimanus.

As this animal ranges from L.bralor to western Ontario it should
be found in the northern part of the » ., , nee, but F have .as vet no positive
record ol its (xcurrence here. '

Gkms Fi:Rt)MYSCUS.
fill Peromyscus leucopus.

(Deer Mouse, White-footed .Mouse.)
. Common and generally distributed. A very graceful, active species.
It wi.l occasionally take up its residence in a house or barn, and is then as
troublesome as the .ommon House Mouse. During the winter months it
often occupies a deserted bird's nest, parti.ularly those in hollow trees

. I

y an i i

88

("IlKCK LIST OK THK

Genus MUS.
(13) Mus decumanus.

(Brown Rat, Norway Rat.)
This destructive creature was introduced into America from luiropo
about 1775 and has since spread to all parts where white men have settled.
Its most persistent enemy is the weasel. If one of these creatures takes
up Its abode near a barn all the rats must leave it, or be killed.

(13) Mus musculus.

(Common House Mouse.)
The date of its introduction into this countrv is not known, but the
animal itself is only too familiar to all housekeepers in town and rountrv.
In proportion to its size it is capable of doing more mischief in barn and
granary than any pest we have.

Famii.v CA.STORID/E. (Tin: Beavkrs.)

, , „ Gexus castor.

(14) Castor canadensis.

(American Beaver.)
A few years ago this valuable fur-bearing animal was perilously near
extinction in our Province, but owing to the protection wisely aflforded it,
the Beaver IS again becoming abundant in northern Ontario. In the
Algonquin Park, where it is strictly preserved, thev mav be seen to great
advantage. " ' s"-"*

Family SCIURID^. (The Sqiirreis.)

, , . Geni's ARCTOMVS.

(15) Arctomys monax.

(Woodchuck, Ground Hog.)
Common and generally distributed. .Sufficiently abundant in some
localities to be a nuisance.

Genus EUTAMIAS.

(") (i()) Eutamias quadrivittatus.
(Mountain Chipmunk.)

• .J^^ *^!f*^''" ^^'■'" °^ '''''* species. E. q. neglectus, occurs commonly
m the woods on the north shore of Lake Superior.

, . „ , Genus TAMIAS.

(17) Tamias striatus.

(Chipmunk, Ground Squirrel.)

Common and generally distributed, the form generally found in On-'

or'thJvTovin^:*"'- '"'•"''"'" ''• '■ ^"^•^"•^ "^^"^-^ '" '■ -^^-" p-^

ANIMALS (IK ONTARIO.

«n

OEMS SCIURUS.

(i8) Sdurus hudsonicus.
(Red Squirrel.)
Common everywhere. This little creature seems to be .able to hold its
own even in the immediate vicinity of our cities, where it is subjected to
all sorts of persecution. Where it is desired to protect small birds in
gardens and shrubberies, this squirrel should not be allowed to frequent
them, for it is a great destroyer of young birds in the nests.

(iq) Sciurus carolinensis.

(Gray Squirrel, Black Squirrel.)
Formerly abundant in all the hardwood forests of southern and west.^
em Ontario, but the destruction of the woods and constant persecution
have sadly reduced their numbers. Specifically the gray and the black
forms are identical. Thr^e sub-species have been distinguished, but as
thev all occur here and intergrade perfectly, it is not worth while rnnsid-
ering them.

Gems SCIUROPTF.RUS.

(20) Sciuropterus volans.

(Common Flying Squirrel.)

Common in southern Ontario, but not often seen, as it is nocturnal
in its habits, never venturing from its retreat in some hollow tree, until
after sunset. The so-called Flying Squirrels do not really fly, but the
skin along their sides is capable of expansion so that it acts as a para-
chute.

During the winter this squirrel lies dormant, retiring to its nest in
November and reappearing about the beginning of April.

(*) (21) Sciuropterus sabrinus.

(Northern Flying Squirrel.)
. This .species ranges from the northern counties north to Hudson's
Bay. The ranges of the two species probably overlap.

Order INSECTIVORA. (The Insect Eaters.)

A large group of small mammals, somewhat similar to the Carnivora,
hut the individuals so small as to be unable to overpower vertebrate ani-
mals and therefore feeding chiefly upon insects.

Family SORICID/C. (The Shrews.)

Small mouse-like animals, but having the muzzle elongate ; eyes and
external ears developed. Feet not specially adapted for digging.

ii i

9()

CHKCK LIST OK TtlK

All our species feed entirely upon inserts and as thev nre ovir,.m,.lv
voracous they are of economic value. As yet thev have' been I t 1
stud.,.! here, and time w.ll prohably add ..ther species „. our lis,.

C) (2 J I Sorex fumens.
(Sootv Shrew.)

i. pi,!;7.:s;'ixs''' "■'■'""^■'"" "■' '"■ "'■- "™^« -"

(.12) Sorex personatus.
fAfasked .Shrew.)
Common and i,'-en(rally distributed.

(24 Blarma brevicanda.

fMole Shrew.)

si^cie?T°" ■''"'' ^''""■'n'-' '^'''tributed thouKh not often seen. In this
^pe .es the ears are small, not visible externally; it somewhat resemlh^s
- mole m general appearance, but its feet are quite different. ''''"'''^'''

Famh-v TALPin^. ,t.m: Mor.i:s.)

and';.. n.ci:sf^Xh'r t^*:;^"^E:r;::^:-i';;;rT ''--'^'^

msects. ' ' " prmcipally underground

Gem s PARASCALOPS.

(*J (-25) Parascalops brewer:.

(Hairy-tailfd Mole, Brewers' Mole )

tion l^'un^erlat" "" '^'"'"'^"^ '"''"' ''''''■''' ''«""'-^- ''"' '•^ ^istribu-

r.K.Mis COXDVLURA.
(2fi) Condylura cristata.

(Star-nosed Mole.)
erounr"l\"" 7u- ^'"'"">' '^.i^fibuted. more particularly in low moist

Sots.^^f dsTpr;ntrt ''r: "" ^•'^ '""""^^ - often ;erin

and does much to keen ^nhpT^. T'^l';^™""'' "'''''''' """^ earthworms
and cutworms '^ '''""'' '''" ^^"•'lesome white grubs, wireworrns

ANIMALS (>|- ONTAHId.

ill

Order CHIROPTERA. (The Bats.)

Mammals with the anterior liml)s mndilicd for tlisjhf bv the pjnngation
of the forearm and especially of four of the finders, all of which are con-
nected bv a thin icathiry membrane, which includes the hind feet rind
usually the tail. The Bats are nocturnal in their habits, ffoinij into retire-
ment in the daytime and h.inirin« head downward In their hind cl.iws.
All our species .are entirely insectivorous and arc ot ijre.it economic value
to farmers. Fn the minds of some people there is .a strong prejudice
against bats; these prejudices .arise from superstition and iijnorance. for
our hats are incapable of injuring .mv lium.m being. Thcv do not en-
tangle themselves in people's h.iir, nor do thev c.arrv bedbugs into houses
as IS commonly supposed, but thev do help to rid us of large quantities
ol miurir)us insects .md so .ire entitled to protection.

I'AMMv \'K.sPF:RTiLio\irx-i-:.

Insectixorous H.als with the snout not append.iged ; wing membranes
ample; tail completely enclosed in the interfemor.al membr.ine or onlv the
last joint exserted; fur of peculiar stru(-ture, e.ich hair with a series of
minute imbricated scales arranged in a spiral. .Ml our bats belong to this
family. Most of them lie dormant in winter, hut two species ' micrrite
southward.

Gems MVOTIS.
(:!7) Mvotis subulatus.

(I-ittle Brown Bat.)
Common and generally distributed.

(*) (28) Myotis lucifugus.

I have one record of this species from Wellington, where it was taken
by .Mr. Brooks.

Gems L.XSIOWCTFRIS.

(29) Lasionycteris noctivagans.
(.Silver Black Bat.)
Common and generally distributed, particularlv abundant near the
Lakes. Aligrates .southward in winter.

Gems VE.SPFRTILIO.

(.^o) Vespertilio fuscus.

(Brown Bat, Dusky Bat.)
Common and widelv distributed.

t>3

CHECK LIST OK THE

' ff [

y

Genus LASIURUS.

(31) Lasiurus borealjs.

(Red Bat.)
^^_^ Common and generally distributed, particularly abundant near Lake

(•) (32) Lasiuras cinereus.
(Hoary Bat.)
This is our largest species and one that is seldom seen. Specimens
have been recorded from various parts of the Province, but it is rare
everywhere. Migrates southward for the winter.

Order UNGULATA. (The Hoofed Mammals.)

Herbivorous mammals provided with one to four enlarged and thick-
ened claws or hoofs on each foot; molar teeth adapted for grinding.

Family CERVID.€. (The Deer.)

Horns deciduous, solid, developed from the frontal bone, more or less
branched, covered at first by a soft hairy integument known as "velvet-"
when the horns attain thH^ full size, which they do in a short time, there
arises at the base of earh a ring of tubercles known as the "burr " This
compresses and finally obliterates the blood vessels supplving the velvet •''•
which dries up and is rubbed off, leaving the bone hard and insensible.
The horns or antlers are shed annually, the separation of the "beam"
froni Its pedicel" taking place just below the burr. Antlers are wanting
m the female, except in the Caribou, but they are present in the male of
all our species. Stomach in four divisions as with ordinary ruminants.

Gems ODOCOILEUS.

(33) Odocoileus americanus.

(Red Deer, Virginia Deer.)
Common and generally distributed in all unsettled districts Ranees
westward into easte. n Manitoba.

Genus CERVUS.

(34) Cervus canadensis.

(Wapiti, "Elk.")
It seems certain that at one time the Wapiti was found in western
Ontario, but it has become extinct. If it is ever found here now. it will
be near the Manitoba border. In the west this animal is con-.monly and
wrongly called the Elk, a name properly belonging to the next species

ANIMALS OF oSTAKKt.

!»8

Gems ALCES.

(35) Alceg americanus.

(Moose, True Elk.)
Common in the wilds of Xorthern Ontario. The most splendid repre-
sentative of wild animal life of the American continent.

Genus RANGIFER.

(36) Rangifer caribou.

(Woodland Caribou, American Reindeer.)
This species is very abundant in extreme northern Ontario, occasion-
ally coming south in winter as far as Lake .Superior. On the treeless
wastes of the Arctic regions, a sub-species, R. c. arcticus, the Barren-
ground Caribou, is found.

Order FERi€. (The Flesh-eaters. or Camivora.)

Canine teeth distinct, conical ; molars more or less adapted for cut-
ting; toes provided with claws; skin covered with h..ir or fur; alimentarv
canal short.

Family PROCYONID^. (The Raccoons.)

Plantigrade animals of moderate size, with the body comparatively
slender and the tail well developed. Snout more or less elongated.

Genus PRQCYON.
{^7) Procyon lotO'

(Common Raccoon.)

Common and generally distributed where suflficient bush is left to
afford shelter for it.

Family URSID^C. (The Bears.)

Plantigrade animals having the body thick and clumsy. Tail rudi-
mentary. Teeth broad and tuberculated, according with an omnivorous
diet.

Genus URSUS.
(38) Ursus americanus.

(Black Bear, Brown Bear, Cinnamon Bear.)
Very variable in colour ; there is, however, but one specie? found in
this Province south of the Arctic regions. Formerly abundant and gener-
ally distributed, but now restricted to the unsettled districts.

Family MUSTELID^. (The Weas.ls.)

Small, or medium-sized animals, some of which are strictly carniv-
orous, while others are omnivorous. Most species provided with glands
which secrete a fetid liquid. In this family are many of the most valuable
fur-bearing animals.

9t

CIIKCK LIST OK THh

OEMS Ll'TRA.
I. ,9) Lutra canadensis.

(Americ.-in Otter.)

CJkms NrKPUlTIS.
(401 Mephitis mephitica.

(Common Skunk.)

Common and generally distributed. This o(Ten>ive rreature is „n!v
known to be eondenuu-d. but apart iVom its unpleas.-mt odour and ocea'.
Monal raids upon hen's nests it has. some good traits in its character. It
eeds largely upon mseets o( all sorts and is partieularlv partial to the
larsi- xNhite grubs and iiilworms, which it srratches out and dexours with
•iMdity. Its lur IS of excellent quality and is now dyed to imitate sable.

Gkm s (iULO.
(41) Gulo luscus.

(Wolverene.)

Gem s MCSTFLA.

Its fur is much esteemed.

(4-') Musteia americana.

(Fine .Marten, Sable.)
Not uncommon in the northern forests,

(43) iVIustela pennantii.

(Fisher, Pekan.)
.\n inhabitant of th.> north w(M)ds xxh;..u u 1

C.EMs LL'TRROLA.

(44) Lutreola vison.

(Mink.)

evervihi„B it can overpower. As „' d„ rover ,;f fi. H S,- •. "t"" """"
service, bu, when i, raids a ^^^-rJ^l^t^^^'^I^JZ:^,^^ "^

ANIMALS or iiNTAljin.

n".

(iKM s IHTOKILS.

(45) Putorius noveboracensis.

(Krinitif, Stoat.)

Common .m.l t;fiUTall> distriliuti-.I. Turns xvfiil.. in wintrr ulir
lur lH-,-om,N th.. Krnnn.. of rommiT.-... \ ru-u;- and Moo.lthiisiv
ammal, but ol yrrm cronomir v,-,lu.. iHraus,- it kills l.-,rj,v nuinln-rs of
l;fl(| mi,c and oIIut d.-structivi- Ncrmin; o( rasionallv it makes a riid
thf H-n-roost. but this do..s not orrur vrrv oflrn, and on thr who).
»;()< (I It docs tar outbaianres the evil,
1 40 1 Putorius ciUonani.

(Small Brown Wensui.)

Common throuijhoul tin- Province. White in winter. In its h
resembhny the last. .Sm.aller ,an,l less pow.Tful. It is de.idediv a f
cr s Iriend, ;is ,•, check upon the increase of Held mice and rats

n Its
little
rats,

upon
■ the

ii)lls
.irni-

.Mu

zzle elon-

F\Miiv C.\\ID.^=:. (Tin I><,(;sj

OiKitiijrade <-arnivor;i with blunt non-retractile cl.iws.
gated in our wild species.

(iFM s \ IT.PIvS.
(471 Vulpes penn.sylvanicu.s.
(Red Fox.)
Common wherever it can tind sutllcienf cover. A verv vari.able species
1 wo well-known v.irietics are the H'a.k or .Silver Crev and the Cross Fox'
Ihese mters^rade in all des:rees and the extremes of each v.irielv have be-n
found m one litter. « "->i

Though the Kox is Sfnerally looked upon as injurious to the farmer
by reason of its occasional raids upon the poultrv yard, it should be re-
membered that its favorite and .hief food is field mice; of these it destrovs
Rreat numbers and is one of nature's s^reat ,he,ks upon their undu-
increa.se.

Gems CAMS.
(48) Canis nubilus.

(Wolf, Timber Wolf.J
Very variable in colour, becominj; almost white in the far ..ortli
hxtinct in the older settled parts of the I'rovin.e, but sometimes suf-
liciently common to be injurious in the northern counties. We sometimes
see in the newspapers accounts of attacks upon travellers m.ade bv thes<-
animals. These are pure fiction. Th.it the Kuropean wolf when pressed
by hunger will sometimes attack a man is no doubt true, but so far there
IS no authentic case known where a wolf .attacked a man in this countrv.
They are verv shv and cunnin.s,'. \o more difficult anim.il to shoot or trip
exists in our woods.

i

m

w

CHKCK LIST OF THK

Familv FELID^. (The Cats.)

Oigitigrade carnivora. Claws compressed, very shaip. retractile-
f^T r"V'"" ^''"y'r'^ ""ked pads under each toe' and the Si of th^
foot. Body compact, head short, broad, and rounded.

, , , , Genus LYNX.

(49) Lynx canadensis.

(Canada Lynx.)

tr.r.lZ"^']'^- !°'"'"°" ^" *'"'°"«'' *''« Province. Now only found in the
forested d.stncts, .ts range extending north nearly to the timber lini

(50) Lynx rufus.

(Wild Cat.)
Nearly if not quite extinct. During the last twentv years I have seen
specimens from nearly all our southern counties, to which its range seems
to have been restricted. ^ seems

Genus FELIS.
(*) (51) Felis concolor.

^American Panther. Cougar.)
Now extinct in this ProMnce. where it was never very abundant
1 here are many old records of its capture along our southern border in
the early sett ement days, but its range does not appear to have extended
very far north of our southern boundary.

i^f m

INDEX TO SECTIONS

SECTION I.

FISHES.

PAOB.

Aliruiiiis 38

" crysoleucas , 33

Acantbopt«ri 75

Acipunsorida; 13

Aciponscr 13

" rubicundug 14

Alburnopi 40

Alewirea 5;J

Alewife 54

Allosomus 60

Alosa 54

" sapidissima 54

Alvordius 94

Atnbloplites 83

" rupestris 83

AmeiuruB 20, 21

" lacustris 21

" natalis 21

" vulgaris 22

" nebulosus 22

" melas 23

Amiidtr 16

■ Amia 17

" calva 18

Ammocrypta pellucida 97

Amphiodon 51

Anacanthini 103

Anguillida) 49

Anguilla 49

" chrysypa 49

AphredoderidfB 77

Aphredoderus 78

" sayanus 78

Aplodinotus 10>

" grunniens 100

Apodes 48

Apomotis 84

" cyanellus 85

Appendix 105

I'AUK.

ArgyroBomus 58

" artedi 68

" prognathuB 69

" nigripiitniB 69

" tulUbee 60

AtherinidsB 79

Atlantic lalmon 61

B.

Bass, Black g8

" Calico 82

" Grass m

" Green g^

" Rook 8;j

" Cjilver gj

" Speckled S2

" Striped 99

" White 99

" Yellow 88

Bill fish ;:.. 16

Black Bass, The 87

" " Large mouthed 87

" " Small mouthed 88

" Catfish 23

" fin Whitefish 59

" head Minnow 35

" nctnp(\ Dace 44

" sided Darters 93

" sided Darter 94

Blob 101

Blue Darter iQr,

" Pickerel 91

" Snnfisfc 85

Blunt-nosed Minnows 36

Boleosoma 95

" nigrum 95

" n. olmstedi 96

Bony fishes 19

Bow-fins 16, 17

Bowfin 18

Bream 38

^3]

M4

INUKX.

PACK

Brouk Stickleback 73

" Trout (^4

Buffalo tishci on

;; fi>h '.Z.Z'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 2(i

HUcker-mouthod 20

Bullhoad 22

" Minnows 39

Burbot [[" joi

Butterfish '.....'.'..'.... 38

0.

Calico Bau 52

Campostoma ",[[ 33

" nnomalum 33

Carp 47

Carpiodcs jjy

" thompgoni 27

Carpliko fitihes 2fi

Carps, Tho .....25-32

Carp Lakn 27

" Suckers 27

Catftshe^ 19

Catfish, Blank '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.Z 23

" Common 22

" Lake 2I

" liong Jawed 22

" Spotted 20

" Channel 20-21

" Stone 23-24

Yellow 21

Catostomidip 25

Catostomus 28

" commcrsp" j 28

" catostomus 28

" nigricans 29

Ct'ntrarchidfp gQ

Chfpnobryttus '.'.'..'... 84

" Rulosus '.'..... M

Channel Catfish 20-21

Chnrrs, Tho .'.'.'... 64

Chondrostei 13

Chriope 39

Chrosomus 34

" erythrogaster 34

Chub 3e

" Creek 37

Lake 4g

Suckers 39

aubs, The ,<?6

Jisco .......".. fS

Ciscoes, The 68

Clinostomns 33

CHola ;.■,■.'.'■■ 33

" vigilax 39

_, r.\OK.

Clupcida- !■>:>

Codfishes, The m;j

Common Mullet .... <»

" Pike :;.::;:;;;;:;:;:;;;::;; ^

Sucker 28

Whitefish ;• 56

Copeland's Darter 95

Coregonus [[[[ gg

<'lii|M-itorniiM flg

" InhrndorirUN 57

" quadrilateralis 56

Cottidip jQi

Cnttogastor 94-05

" copelandi ■.'.... 95

Cottus joi

" ictalops 101

Coueuius 4g

" plumbeus '...'. 4f,

Crappie 81

Creek Chub 37

Cristimorer 63

" nama.vcush 63

Cut-lips 47

Cycloganoidea 16

Cylindrosteus "'' ' 16

Cynoperca 91

Cyprinolla 41

C.vprinidn' .30

Cyprinus .....^ 47

" oarpio 47

D.

T>ace 37.42

" Black-nosed 44

" Horned .36-37

" Long-nosed 44,105

" Red-bellied 34

Darters 93

Darter, Black-sided 94

" Blue 105

" Copelands 95

" Johnny 95

" Manitou J3

" Northern 97

" Rainnbow 105

'' Sand 96-97

Tessellated 9,5.96

Dccactylug 28

DoRfioh .".'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'."is, 66

Dore 90

Dorosomidse 52

Dorosoma ][[[[ 52

" cepedianum 52

IM»K.\.

Hft

.. M

.. I0:j

. 32

.. 68

.. 28

.. 56

. . !)r>

.. 66

. m

. 67

. fWi

101

94-96

0.-

. 101
. 101
. 46

. to

. 81
37

. 63
63
47
16
16
91
41
3-.>
47
47

PAtlK.

Drum 27, 100

" Freihn-ater loo

Drums, Th« 99

E.

EpIs, The 48-49

Kel, Amfriran 49

Rnchel.ycephsli 49

Frim.vitiix 4."i

Kri»n.v»!on 30

" iiirettit a I

Rthcostotna 97

" boreaJG 97

" rfBruloum 105

Ruralia 7-2

" inconitans 73

Rupomotig 86

" Ribbotus 86

Rrentof^nathi 26

Rxo;;los8Um 46

" maxillingua *'

F.

Fathead Minnow 36

Fine-Bcaled Suckers 28

Fishes 7, 10

Fontinus 7!

Franklin's Soulpin 102

Freshwater Drum 100

" Killv 71 ■

Frost fish 66

Fundnlus 70

" diaphanns 71

O.

Oadidce 103

Oanoidpi 11

Garfish 16

Oar-Pikes 14

Gar-Pike 15

Gar, Short-nosed 16 ;

Oaspereaii 54

Gasterosteidee 72

Gasterosteus 74 I

" bispinosns 74

Gizzard Shad 62

Glossary lOG

Oold-pvo 61

Gold Shad 63

Golden Shiner 38

Grass Bass 81

Gray Trout 63

PAOK.

Gri'on Bhss m

" Pike ■' 68

" Sunfish M

Uud;;eon, Niagara 44

H.

'fttdropterii.t !»;)

" Bspero 91

Hnif-Kilis 71

Hnplomi 6B

Hi'inihrnnchii 71

Hiodon 61

" alosoidi'K 61

" tprKiHUs 61

Hio(limtidn> fio

Hnu Suckor 2'.t

Horned Daco 36-37

'' Pouts 20

Horn.v-hoads 45

Hybopsis 46-46

" dissimilis 4'>

" storerianus 46

Hybognathus .31-3.'.

" nuchalis .Tfi

Hvpentelium 29

Hypcroartii g

I.

Ictalnras 20

" pnnctatUB 20

Icthyomyzon 8

" concolor 9

Ictiobns 26

" bubalus 26

Isospondyli 60

J.

Jackfisb 09

Johnny Darter 96

K.

Kenoza 68

Killifishes 79

Killifish ;; 71

Killy, Fresh-water 71

L.

Labidesthes 79

" sicculua 79

8«i

I.NDKX.

• •• f '

I'AOK.

l*ke C«rp 07

" Chub ;.■";;; J;,

" Herring Qg j^

" Miller'i TLumb 'l02

" Minnowi 40

" Sculpin " 103

" Sturgeon 14

" Trout 63

Lamper Eel g

Lamfwtra q

" wilder! 10

Lamprey, Brook 10

SiWe' ; g

Lampr yg J g

LarKn-mouthed Black Bast 'stj

Lepibema .. gg

LepitMteide 14

Lepianiteui '.'.'...., 1,5

" OMeui 16

" platoatomut ]6

Lepomit gj;

" pullidua 85

Leucitcus 37

" elongatui 38

Leucosomus g^

f!"K •-; ZZ'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 104

Ling« The 103

Lor Porch g;j

Log Perchei "][[ gj

Long-Jaw Herring 59

" Jawed Catfish '. 22

" noted Dare /i lOfi

' Sucker : ^

Loricati lo]

^'^t' , '.'.'.'.'.Z'.Z'.'.'. 103

maculosa 104

Lurii'leD 67

Lucius 67, 68

" InciUB ' gg

" musquinongy gg

" reticulatUB 68

V""?? '.'.'.'"69

Luxilus 42

Lythurus '.........'.'.....'. 43

M.

Mad Tom ni !

Manitou Darter .........'....'.. 93 I

Marsipobranchii .'..'.'..'.'........ 8

Mascalonge go I

Mascalongus '..'..".' 6'l

Melanura ...'...'.!....... 6fi '

Microptenis gy 1

Miller's Thumb mi i

Lake 102 !

r*0K.

Minnow, BUck-headod 3fi

" Blunt-nosed M

Bullhead ae

" Fathead »

" Mud M

" Redfin 43

" Silrery ^

" Straw-colored 41

Minytrcma 30

" melanops '.'.'.'..'. S\

Mongrel Whitvfish 60

Mooneye ]""'"" jj

" Northern 51

Mooneyes, The m «1

Moxostoma 31

" aniturum .,..,. 31

" aureolum 32

„ '■ . breviceps 32

Mudfish ig

Mudfishes 66

Mud Minnows 66

Mullet, Common 30

Short-hpaded 32

Mullets, The si

N.

NVmatognnthi u

Niagara dudgeon 44

NiTieola '"' 97

Northern Mooneye Kl

Pike .:::::::::::: es

" Sucker 28

Notemigonua 33

Notropis '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.■.'.■.■.■.'.■.■.'■39, 42

atherinoides 4s

" blennius 41

'■ cayuga 39

cornutns 42

fretensis 40

" heterodon 40

'' hudsonius 41

jejunus 42

muskoka 40

" rubifrons 43

" ambratilia 43

" Tolucellns .... . 41

" whipplii '.[[.['.Z.'. 41

Notums 01

" flsTus :::::::::::::;::::::: 24

0.

Ostariophysi jg

INI>K.\.

r*aK.

.... 3fi

.... as

... 39

.... 80

... e(!

... 43

... ST.

... 41

... 30

... 31

... 60

... 51

... 51
60, 51

... 31

... 31

.. 32

.. 92

.. 18

.. 66

.. 66

.. 32

.. 32

.. SI

. l!

. 44

. 97

. 51

. 68

. 28

. 38

9, 42

. 4.T

41

39

. 42

. 40

. 40

. 41

42

40

4.3

43

41

41

23

24

19

r*0K.

PsddloAsh 12

PaddK'fiihM, Th* 11, 12

Pegedictui 101

Porca 92

" flAVMrena 92

Pi«rp««oce« TH

Porrhfi, Lojt f

Prrrh. Loir fh!

Prrrhpn, Th« gf)

" Th« Trne . K

Perrh, Pirate 78

" Trout 7«i

Yellow 0£

P«>rridi»> 89

Perrina 92

" rtiprodei Ki

" «>bra )«

P«rroidea 79

F'nroopnis 70

" (tuttattu 76

Porropgidw 76

PptromvzonidB" 8

PTk.Tr'l 90

" Blue 91

Sam! 91

" YpIIow 90

Piko, Common 68

" r.ropn 68

" Northern 68

Piknlike fisheg 65

Pikes. Oar 14

Pike Perrhes 90

Pikes. The 67

Pim«>nhflle« 35

" promelai ,V»

" nntatui an

Pirntp Perch 78

" Perches 77

Pisce.s 7. 10

PlectoRnathi 100

Plectosprrdjli 25

Pn>ciliidH' 70

Polyodon 12

" gpathula 12

Polyodontidie 11

Pomolohus .5.3

" rhrypochlori* 63 ;

" pseudoharenKus .^4

Pomoxi* 81

" animlaris 81

" sparoides 82

Pouts. Horned 20

Prosopium 156

Pumpkin seed 86

PAQt.

PjrRiMteai 73

" punKitiut 73

H.

Ftninltow Dnrter lOfi

Red-lwllied I>ac« 34

Rnilfin 43

" Minnow 43

Hodhorse 82

" Suckert 31

R<'d-*i<led shiner 38

Kht'Knoptcri 99

Khihichthya K

" ntronaaua 44

" cataractie 44, 105

Rhombofcanoidea 14

Jtocfus 99

'■ rhrysoim 90

|{.«'k HasH fa

" SturKoon 14

llDund Whitefish ofl

S.

Salmon, Atlantic 61

St.-elhead 62

" Trout 63

Shlmons. The fi."), 61

.Salnio 61

" (jalrdneri 62

salar 61

.Salmopercw 75

SnIvoIinuM 64

" fontinalis 64

Snnd Darters. The 96, 97

Sand Pickerel 91

Sand RnMer 76

Samier 91

Sault Whitefish .57

Schilbendes 24

" Kyrinus 24

RciienidsB 90

Viilnin 101

" Franklin's 102

" Lake 10.1

Selachostomi 11

Semotilus 36, V

" atromaculatus .17

" corporalis 36

Serranidfc 98

Shad .54

" nizzard 152

" Gold 53

Sheepshead 100

'^^ B

l''l

iSB

SH

INDKX.

'! i

f

I

1:

Shmer 40

Golden .■.;;;;;;";:.■.:: m

" Red-sided 30

'' Spotted ;;.::;:.:::::; 46

Shmors. The 39

Short-headed Mullet ...'. 32

" nosed Gar 16

Siluridee " jg

Silver Bass .........^...[.... 81

Silverfin '"" 41

Silvprsides 70

The :::::;::::::;;:::::::; 11

Silvpry Minnows 35

Sisrowet g<

Skipjack 79

Small-mouthed Black Bass 88

Smelt 42

Spawn eater ."''" 41

Speckled Bass 82

Spiny-rayed fishes 75

Spotted Cat 20

StccUicncI Salmon go

Stickleback, Brook 73

" Ten-spined 73

«f Ji'u 1 Two-spined 7,

Sticklebacks ^2

Stizostedion on

canadenso 91

" vitreum 90

Stone Cat, Tadpole 04

;; Catfish ;:.:. -23, h

LuBger 33

" Roller .....29, 3.T

" toter 47

Straw-colored Minnow ........'.. 41

Striped Bass 99

Sturgeon, I.-nke 14

Rock 14

SturReons. The 13

Sucker. Chub ^

Common jg

Hog 09

Long-nosed 28

moiitliod Buffalo !''., 2()

" Northern 28

" Spotted '',,] 30

" Striped 3]

" White ',[[[[ 28

" 'White-nosed 31

Suckers, C»arp 27

" Fine scaled 2S

" Red horse 31

The ■■ 2.^

Sunfish, Blue as

" Oreen g.!;

" Yellow 8fi

r^ - . PAGE.

Sunfishea, The ^,)

I

I T-

, Tadpole Stone Cat 24

Tcleogtei 19

Tcleostomi _ jg

Ten-spincd Stickleback ....'.'.'.. 73

Tessellated Darter .'..". gg

" Darters, The UH

Togne g3

Tom, Mad 04

I Triglopsis '...[........ 102

" thompsoni 103

Trout, Brook 34

j ;; ^^fy ■■■.■.'.'.'■ 63

Lake 63

" Perch ; - 76

" Perches, The 75, 7fi

Salmon 6.S

" The 61

Trutta f^o

Tuladi ....[]..[..[[ 63

Tullibee .....'......]..].. 60

Two-spined Stickleback '.'.....'.'.. 74

V.

Umbra cc

II •• • "'

limi 6fi

rmbridw gfi

TTranidea J02

" formosa 102

" fr.inklini 102

W

Warmouth 84

White Bass 99

" nosed Sucker 31

" Sucker 28

Whitefish, Blark-fin ..'. 59

" Common .«i6

" Mongrel ,'.' 60

" Round t^

" Sault .57

Whitpfiahes. The .156

X

Xenarchi 77

T.

Yellow Bass gg

" Catfish Z',', 21

" Perch 92

" Pickerel 90

" Sunfish [',',,[ 86

1,1

INDEX.

. 24

. 19

. 10

. 73

. 96

. 95

. 63

. 24

. 102

. 103

. 64

63

63

76

;, 76

63

61

62

63

60

74

SECTION II.
BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES.

A.

Acris 8

" gryllus 8

Adder, spotted 14

" spreading 14

" blowing 14

Amblystomatidap 6

Amblystoma 6

" pimptatum 6

" tigrinum 6

" Jeffrrsoniannm 6

" microstomua 6

American Toad 8

Amyda 17

" mutica 17

Aromochelys 18

" " odoratuR 18

.AspidDiiocio-; 17

" spinifer 17

B.

Bascan inn 13

" constrictor 13

Batracbia 5

Batrarhians. Tailless 7

Black Racer 13

" Salamander 7

" Snake 13

T<l;i!nlin};'s Tortoise 18

BItpwinc Adder 14

Bhie-fcailed Lizard 16

Box Turtles 17

Brown Snake. Little 11

Bufo 8

■■ Iciiti^iiiosiis t*

Bufonidtc 8

Bull frog 10

Callnpeltis I't

" vulpinns 13

Chelvdra 17

" serpentina 17

v.\ar..

Chelydridte 17

Chorophilus 9

" nigritus 9

Chrysemys 18

picta 18

Clemmys 18

" insculptus 18

guttatus 18

Coal Skink 16

Colubridoe .,. 11

Common Garter Snako 12

" Rattlesnake 15

soft-shelled Turtle 17

" Tree Frog 9

Cricket Frog 8

Crotalidoe 14

Crotalus 15

" horridns 15

D.

Desmognathidfp 7

Desmognathus 7

fusca 7

" nigra 7

Diadophis .. 13

" punctatus 13

Diemyctylus 7

" viridisccns 7

E.

Kft 7

Rmydidjr 18

Rmydoidea 18

"" blandingi 18

Eumeces 16

" antbracinus 16

" fa.scintus 16

" spptentrionalis 16

Evet 7

F.

Fox Sn.nke 13

Frog. Bull 10

" Cricket 8

90

IN' HEX.

PAGE.

Frog, Green jg

" Leopard jq

■ " Northern in

" Pickerel in

" Wood 10

Frogs. The 9

G.

Garter Snakes, The 12

Garter Snake, Common 12

Hoy's 12

Glossary (Sec. I.) iQg

Granulated Salamander (J

Graptemys 1^

" geographicus 18

Green Frog ig

H.

Hemidactylium g

" scutatum 6

Hoterodon 14

" platirhinos 14

Hyla g

" pickeringii 9

" versicolor .\ 9

Hylidsp 8

K.

Kinosternidae 17

L

Lacertilla ig

Lampropeltis ....[ ,['. 14

" doliatus 14

Leather Snake 12

Turtle '....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.[ 17

Leopard Frot; m

Liopoltis i.-^

" rernalis y^

Little Brown Snake n

Lizard, Blue-tailed ]6

Lizards. The 15

M.

Map Turtle jg

Milk Snake 14

Mud Puppv 6

Musk Turtle I8 ,

N. i

Natrix 1,3

" sipedon 13

Necturus g

" maculosus k

Newt ;.■;;;;.■.";.■.'.■ ?

Northern Frog in

skink ;;;;:""""":: Je

o.

Ophidia n

P.

Pninted Turtle 18

Pickerel Frog 19

Pickering's Hyla 9

Plethodon 7

" cinereus 7

Plethodontidoe 6

^Mourodelidw ... 7

Pond Turtles, The 18

Prairie Rattlesnake ].5

Proteida .5

R.

Kacer, Black 13

Rana 9

" areolata 9

cantabrigensis 10

" catesbeana iq

" clamitans 10

" palustris 19

" pipiens 19

" septentrionalis 10

" sylvatica 10

I^anidw 9

Rattlesnake. Common 15

" Prairie 1,5

I?ntt)osnakes. The 14

Red-backed Salamander 7

Red-bellied Snake n

Regina 12

" leberis 12

" rigida 10

Reptiles ij

Riband Snake 12

Ring Snake 13

S.

Salamander, Black 7

" Granulated fi

" Red-backed 7

" spotted 6

Salamanders, The fi

Salientia 7

INDEX.

01

PAOK.

Scincidce 16

Serpents, The 11

Siitrurus 15

" catenatus 15

Skink, Coal 16

" Northern 16

.Skinks, Thp 15

Snake, Black 13

" ConiimMi CiiirtPr I''

" Fox l.T

" Grass M

" Green 13

" Hov's Onrter 12

" Loatlior 12

" TJttle Brown 11

" Milk 14

" Rptl-boIIied 11

" Riband 12

RinsT 13

" Stiff 12

" W«tpr 13

Snakps. The Coluhrine 11

Snapping Turtle 17

Sppcklpd Tortoise 18

Spotted Adder 14

Spreadins; Addder 14

Stiff Snake 12

Storeria 11

" dpkayi 11

" oppipitomapulata 11

Swnmp Tree Frop; S>

T.

TestiHinata Ifi

Tha. . .onliis 12

Tliamiiophis

radix

I'AOK.

12

It

■aurituB

sirtalis

12

12

" " dorsalis 12

" " obsciims 12

" ordinatus 12

" " parietalis 12

Toad, American 9.

Toads, The 8

Tortoise, Blandin(;'s 18

Speckled 18

Wood 18

Trpo Frog, Common 9

" Swamp 9

'• Froca, The 8

Tri.tiyfhidse 16

Turtle. Box 17

■' Common Soft-shelled 17

" Leather 17

Map 18

Musk 18

T-. nted 18

" Snapping 17

Turtles, The 16

The Soft-shelled 16, 17

The Pond 18

r

Trodela

W.

Water Snake 13

Wood FroR in

" Tortoise 18

Ui

IM»EX.

SECTION III.
BIRDS.

PAGE.

A.

Acadian Sharp-tailed Finch 62

Acanthis o-i

ii 1 ;: 01

nornomaiinii gi

h. exilipes gj

linaria gj

1. holbocli gj

1. rostrata gj

Acoipitrinaj ' "" 39

Accipiter aq

'.', ^«'« : '■''.'.■'■■'.'.\'z:.:.':. 40

coopen 40

atricapillus 40

Aftitis ■■'■ 01

" macularia gi

Attodromas [[ no

maciilata ' 28

" fuscicolliB _[[]'] 28

bainlii " 29

mintitilla 29

^:gia!itis a'}

" somipalmata '... -^3

mploda 33

" nivosa 33

^strelata ■■■...'......... 12

" hasitata '.' ' ]9

Agolaius 15^

" pha>nice«s 5^

Aix ,.

,, It

sponaa |-

Alaiididip ' e^i^

AIca 9

" torda 9

Alrodinida- 4^

AlcidiP g

Aloyones ^g

Allc n

" alio 9

Amprioan Barn Owl 43

" Bittern 22

Coot .■;,■ 25

" Crossbill go

Eeret 23

Eider 19

" Oolden eve 18

Goldfinch' gi

Hawk Owl 47

PAOE.

American Herring Gull n

Long-eared Owl 44

Merganser 14

Ospfey ['" 43

Pipit ■ 7g

Redstart -g

Robin g]

Rough-legjjed Hawk .....'. 41

Scaup Duck 17

Three-toed Woodpecker.. .Vl

White Pelican 14

Woodcock 27

Ammodramus go

henslowi g2

leconteii go

" nelson! g2

n. snbvirKatns go

Ampelidap gg

Ampelis gg

" cedrorum gg

garrulus gg

Ana.s

lo

' bosrhas 15

" obscura 15

o. rn!,ripps -jg

Anatidi* ^4

Anspr 20

" a. Kambeli OO

Anthns 7g

" penn.-iylvnnicus 7g

■AntrostoTniis .152

" vociferus 50

AphrizidfT' 33

Arquatclla 28

" ntaritima 28

.Aqnila 40

" rhrysaetos 42

ArchibutGo 41

I. saiirti-.jolianni-! 4I

.4rrtir threp-tocd Woodpppkpr 49

.\ rdpa nn

" herodiaa 22

Ardpidre 21

.\rdptta 22

" exilis 22

" neoxena 22

Calidris 09

" arpnaria 2?)

IXDKX.

9H

I'AOR.

Arenaria 33

" interpret S3

Asio 44

" wilsonianus 44

" accipitrinus 44

Aatragalinni 61

tristis 61

Atidiibon's Caracara 43

Auks, The 8

Auk, Racor-billed 9

" Little 9

Aves 7

Avorot 26

Aythya 17

" americana 17

" vallisneria 17

" marila 17

" affinis 17

" collaris 18

B.

BairdV Sandpiper

BaldiMte

Baltimore Oriole

Bank Swallow

Barn Owl, American

" Swallow

Barred Owl

Barrow'* (lohlcn-i'vc

Bartramian Sandpiper

Bartramia

■' longicaiida

Baywinp

Bay-brrastod Warbler

Belted Kingfisher

Bewick's Wren

Birds. The

" Divine

" of Prey

Bitterns

Bittern, American

" Corv's Least

" Least

Black and White Warbler , ...

" backed Oull

" bellied Plover

" billed Cuckoo

" crowned Night Heron

" Duck

" Guillemot

" Poll Warbler

" Rail

" red-lecKed Duck

Scoter

" Tern

29
16
69
67
43
67
45
18
31
31
31
62
73
48
77
7
7
38
22
22
22
22
71
11
32
48
23
15
9
73
25
16
.19
12

PACK.

Hlark throated-blue Warbler 72

" " Rreen-Warbler 73

Loon 8

Blackbirds, The 57

Blackbird, Yellow-headed 58

Red-winged 58

" Rusty 69

Blackburnian Warbler 7M

Bluebird 82

Blue-bill Duck 17

Little 17

Blue Goose 20

" Kray Gnatcatcher 80

" headed Vireo 70

" Heron, Great 22

" Jay 56

" winged Teal 16

Bob White 34

Bnb'o'link 57

Bohemian Waxwing 68

Bonaparte's Gull 11

Bonasa 35

umbellus Vi

Botatirinfp 22

Botaurus 22

" lentiginosus 22

Brant 21

Branta 20

" canadensis 20

c. Initrhinsii 20

" bernicola 21

Broad-winced Hawk 41

Brmizcfl Grackle 59

Brown Creeper 78

" Thrasher 77

" Thr<i<!h 77

Brunnich's Miirre 9

Bilbo 47

" Virginianug 47

Biibonidse 43

Buff -breasted Sandpiper 31

Buffle-head Duck 18

Buptina Indigo 65

Snow 61

Buteo 4n

" boreaiis 40

" linoatiis .. 40

" platvpterns 41

" swainsoni 41

Butorides 23

'" virescens 23

c.

Tabot's Toi-n 12

f'iilcarius 62

" lapponicus 62

i

IXDKX.

1

,1

|wfl

Iv

'*

■^ w

Ki

I'AGK.

Canachites «

" canadensis 35

Canada Goose on

" Grouse 35

" Jay \. gg

Canadian Warblor 7fj

CnnvBs-baok Duck 17

Cape May Warbler 72

Capriiniilpidip 61

Cardinal 66

Cardinalis 65

rardinalis 66

Carolina Rail 04

Wren '.'.'.'.'.'ZZ.'.'.'. 77

Carpodacus gg

" purpureas 60

ra.spinn T<'rn lo

Catbird ZZZZ.'.'.'. 77

Cathartida? gg

Cathartos j^g

" aura 33

Cedar Waxwins 68

Centnrus 51

" carolinus 61

Cpophlnpus 50

" pileatus 60

Cepphus 9

■ " grylle 9

Ccrthia 73

" f. anierirana 78

Corthiid;o -^

Cerulean Warbler 73

Ceryle 43

" alcyon 43

C'b;i-turn 6.'!

" _ pelagica '... 53

Chnnturinip <;2

riiaradriida' ^

C'lijirndrin.n .-^o

" dominicus 32

Charitonetta ]8

" albeola 18

Chat, Yellow-breasted 75

Chauicla-smua 16

" streperus 16

Chen 19

riiprule.scpiis 20

" h. niralis 19

Cherry-bird 68

Cheatnut-sided Warbler 7.1

Chickadee 79

" hudsonian 79

Chipping Sparrow 64

Choiido.stes 63

" grammaeus 63

_. , I'AOK.

Chordeilea 52

„. " virginianus 52

Cmereus Owl 4.-

Circus 39

" hudsonins 39

Cistothorus 73

" steiiaris "!!;;'!;!;;;;;;; 78

Clamntores 54

ClauRuIa 18

e. amerirana Jg

" islandipi ig

Cliiv-rolored .Sparrow 64

CliflF Swallow .'..'.'.'.'.'..'.;.■ 67

Coceynes 47

Corry/inn' 43

Cocryzns 48

" amerirannn 48

erytliroplithalmus 48

Cook of the Woods 50

Colaptes g]

'' auratus '....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 51

Colinus 34

" viriiinianits 34

Columbidrp 37

Cnlvmhns 7

'" holbmlli ...Z.'.'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.Z'. 7

" auritua g

Common Redpoll ri

" Torn .';■".' 12

Comsotlilypia 71

" a. usncn 71

Coniiootiont Warblor 76

Contopua 55

" virena 55

Cooper's Hawk 40

Coot. Ameriran 26

Coots. The ..24, 26

Cormorant ....".' 13

'[ Poithle-rrp.steil ];(

Cormorants. The 1.3

Corvid.-e -,^

Corriia •(•

" brnehvrhynehoa .66

o. principalis 66

Coturnicuhis (59

a. passerinua 62

Cowbird 57

Co ween j g

Crane Sandhill 24

Wboopinc 24

Cranes. The 23

Creeper, Rrown 78

Creepera. The 78

Crested Flycatcher .64

Crossbill, American .. . 60

" White Winged '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...' 60

INDEX.

T'AOK.

Crow, Common 66

Crows, The 50

Crymopbilus 26

" fulicarius 26

Cryptoglaux 46

" t. richardsoni 45

" acadica 45

Cockoos, The 47-48

Cuckoo, niack-billed 48

Yellow-billed 48

Cuculidio 47

Curlew, Eskimo 32

" Hudgnnian 31

" Long-billed 31

Cyanocitta 66

" cristata 5G

Cyanospiza 65

" cyanea 65

Cygninro 21

Cypsoli 52

D.

Dafila 16

" acuta 16

Dondroica 72

" .Tstiva 72

" blarkbtimiiT 73

" pfprulosreiis 72

" castanea 73

" ccnilfn 73

" coroTiata 73

" discolor 74

" kirtlandi 7)

" maculosa 73

" pnlmarum 74

" ponnsvlvanica 73

" striata 73

" ti^rina 72

" vjcorsii 74

" virons 73

Dickcisscl 66

Diving Birds 7

Dolichonyx 67

" o.^ 'rorous 57

Dovekie 9

Dove, Mourning 37

Dowitcber 28

Downy Woodpecker 49

Dryobates 49

" pnbescens 49

" villosiis 49

Ducks, The 14

Duck, American Scaup 17

" Black 15

" Canvas-back 17

PAOK.

Duck, Harlequin 18

" Hawk 4'.'

•' Lesser Scaup 17

" Lung-tailed 18

•' Redhead 17

Red-leggeil HInck K;

" Ring-necked In

" Ruddv 19

" Wood' 17

E.

Eagles, The 38

Eagle, Bald 42

Uolden 4i!

Ectopistes 37

" mignitorius 37

Egret, American 23

Egretta 23

" caiidiilissima 23

Eider, American 19

" King 19

Elanoides 39

" furficatus 39

Empidunax 56

' riiiviveiitris ."i

" minimus .V)

trailH 56

Ercunotcs 29

" pusillus 29

Erismatura 19

" jamaioensis 19

Eskimo, Curlew 32

Euphagua 69

■' rarolinus 69

Evening Grosbeak 60

F.

Falconidai> ,38

Falcons, The .38. 42

Falco, columbarius 42

" islandiis 42

" p. anatum 42

" rusticolus 42

" sparverius 42

Field Sparrow 64

Finches. The 69

Finch. Acadian Sharp-tailed 62

" Pine 6]

" Purple 60

Fisb Hawk 43

Flicker 61

Florida Ciallinule 26

M

m

IXI»K.\.

3v

PACE.

Flycatcher, Creitod 54

" Least ,,[ 55

" (ilire-sidcd S5

Traills ,' gr,

Yollow-hellicd So

Forstor's Tern 12

Fox Spnrrow 65

Franklin's (!nll "^^ ."....... U

Fratorcula 9

" artica 5)

FrinRillidip jfl

Fulicinro ' 2.5

Fulictt 26

" nmoricana 0,5

FiiliRuIinm 17

Q.

Gad wall jg

Galeoscoptog 77

■' carolinensis 77

(•allinago 27

'' delicata 27

Gallinulo 25

" gakata 25

Gallinaceous birds 3;5

Gallinie ]^ 33

GallinuliniG 25

Gallinulcs '...'...'... 26

Gallinule, Florida 25

" Purple 25

Gannet 13

Gaviidip '".".. g

Gavia, imhcr g

" arctic* .'...'' g

" lurame g i

Geese. The '. 14 19 ,

Goothlypis ' 75

" SKilis '..'.'..'.'.'. 75 j

" formosa 75 •

" Philadelphia '. 76 ;

" trichas 75 ■

Glaucous Gull 11

Glossary (Sec. I.) 106

Glossy Ibis 2I

Gnatcatchers 79 go

Gnatcatcher, Bluegray ' 80 j

Goatsuckers 6| I

Godwit, Hudsonian 30 i

Marbled '.'.."'. 30

Goldfinch, American 61

Golden-crowned Kinglet .... 79

Thrush ::;;;: 74 ,

" Eagle 42 '

" eye, American 18

" " Barrows 13

UoMpr

PAOE.

Plo^'er 32

" winged Warbler 71

" Woodpecker 51

Goosander 14

Goose, Blue 20

" Canada 2O

" Greater Snow 19

" Hutchin's 20

" White-fronted 20

Goshawk 40

Crackle, Bronzed 59

" Kusty 59

Grasshopper Sparrow 62

Gray-cheekeJ Thrush gi

" Gyrfalcon 40

Great Black-backed Gull U

" Blue Heron 22

" Grey Owl 45

" Horned Owl 47

Greater Kedpoll 61

" Yellow-legs 30

Grebes 7

Grebe. Holboll's 7

" Horned g

" Pied-billed '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.[ 8

Green Heron 23

" winged Teal .,.'. 16

Greenland Redpoll 61

Grosbeak, Erening 60

Pine :::: eo

Rose-breasted 65

C>'"«"se •■ 34-35

Canada 3,5

" Pinnated 35

" Ruffed ."' .^5

" Sharp-tailed ,35

Gruidw 23

Onis 24

" americana 24

" mexioana 24

Gulls 10

Gull, American Herring H

" Bonaparte's n

" Franklin's .■...■.',■ n

" Glaucous 11

" Great Black-backed 11

" Iceland n

" Iv^ory '.'. 10

" Kittiwake 10

" Laughing n

" Ring-billed '.Z U

Gyrfalcon, Gray 42

" White '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 42

IM»E.\.

W

TAOK.

B.

Hairbird (J4

Hairy Woodpecker 49

Uiiliiot'tus 42

" I. ala8'^anul l-j

Harelda 18

" hyptnalis ih

Hnrloquin J)iii-k 18

Hawks ;j8

Hawk, Uroiul-wiiijjoJ 41

■' Cimpcr's 40

" Durk 42

" fish 4a

" U08 41

.Marsli a<)

" Owl, American 47

" Pigeon 42

" Ketj-Mhuuldercd 40

Ued-tniloiJ 40

" Rougli-lfg^ed 41

" Sparrow 42

" Swuiiisou's 41

Holl Diver 8

Hvlmiiithophila 71

" ct'lata 71

" rhrysoptora 71

'■ i)eregrina "1

" rubricapilla 71

Helodronias 30

" Bolitarius 30

Hcnslow's Sparrow fi2

Hermit Thrush 81

Herodias 23

" cgrotta 23

Horodionea 21

Horon, Black-crowned Night 23

" Great Blue 22

" Green 23

" Snowy 23

" Yollow-crowned Night 23

Herons 21-22

Herring Gull, American 11

Hesperiphona 60

" vespertina 60

High-holer 61

Hirundo 67

" erythrogaster 67

Hirundinido! 66

Histrionicus 18

" histrionicus 18

Hoary Redpoll 61

Holbmll's Grebe 7

" Redpoll 61

Hooded Merganser 15

Warbler 76

PA UK.

Horned Orcbo 8

" i-ark :::: m

" " I'rairic 5({

■' Owl, Great 47

House Sparrow 60

Wren 77

Hudxonian Chickadee 79

" Curlew 31

" Godwit '. 30

Humming Birds rA, 53

HumiiiiMg bird. Ruby-throated ... ' ,53

Hutchin's Goose 20

Hydrochelidon 12

'' n. Burinamonsiv 12

Hylonchla u,->

ICIJD 81

lUscescens go

g. pallasJ! 81

" mustolina 80

u. swainsonii 81

I.

Ibises

21

Ibis, Glossy '....'.".'." •>1

Icfliind Gull '......'.'..... 11

Icteria '......['..... 7")

" virens [']' 75

Irteridic , ' 57

Icterus 59

" golbula ."9

" spurius ,159

Indigo Bunting CyH

loiiornis "........'...... 25

martinica o.";

Iridoprocne 67

" bioolor 67

Ivory Gull 10

Jwgers 10

Ja>gor, Parasitic 10

" Pomarino 10

Jay, Blue ,56

" Canada .56

Jays, The .56

Juncn (54

" hyemalis 61

Kentucky Warbler 75

Killdeer 32

Kingbird .............'....'. 54

m

4 f Si ,

INDEX.

KiUR Elder jq

KiuKflithcr, UcItoiJ .... 4a

Kinufiihcra, Tho 47^H

Kinnlot, Uoldfii-crowned ............ 79

.-. ". Huby-crowned an

KinRleits, Tho ?X

KillK HhII 24

Kirtland'. Warbler rl

Kitoi '.'..['.'.'.'.'.'.'".'.'" au

Kite, Swralluw-taited 39

Kittiwake Gull ......'..'.'.'....... 10

28

I

Luons, Tho ^

l.<>|)h<Hi.vtoH cmiillatus k,

Louuiana Water Thrush ...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.[ 74

■■••.• ..' 60

p. minor

leucoptera

Loxia

60
60

M

Knot

61

LttKOpllS " jjg

" lugopus .'.'.'...... 36

Lamcllirostral SHimmcrs 14

LaniidtD go

Laniu8 .'.'...'...'.'..'.'...'.'." 69

buroulis gp

" I- migrans '..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.Z 69

liBpiand Longspur 82

Maorochirei

Marrorhamphuii .""'...!!.....!'.,....',." 28

,, ,." „ griscus ■'■ ..u

.Magnolia Warbler 70

Mallard j^

Marbled Godwit in

Mareco '.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..Z 16

amerirana jg

.." 39

Mars'i Hawk

" Owl 4.

Martin, I'urpie g-

Sand

Laridio
Lark,

Horned gg

" Prairie Horned . 56

,'.' Shore : 66

I u ^P»""»- (Xi

Larks, Tho 55

Laru8

11

nrgontntiis j]

" atricijla 11

' dolawarensis n

" franklinii II

" gkucus 11

luci>j/,.orag jj

" marinus H

" Philadelphia 11

Laughinc Gull """ n

Least Flyrat«-her .56

Sandpiper oo

" Torn .".■.■.■.'.■.■.".■.■.■ 12

Loconte's Sparrow g2

Limicolis ] 25

Liniosa go

" fedoa 30

" hiipmastica 30

Lincoln's Sparrow 64

Longipennes 9

Long billed Cnrlew 31

Marsh Wren 78

" eared Owl, American 44

Longspur g2

Long-tailed Duck 18

Loon g

" Black-throated 8

" Red-throated g

67

Maryland Warbler ............'.....! '... 75

JO Mendowlark

68

Mpgascops .......'.'. .' .' . . .' ' ,' .' .' ■ 4g

M,.|

46

«'lanerpes »■

.. ■ " erythrocephaloug 61

Meleagris op

g. silrestris 3<j

' ,■•,; '...64

c. molodia g4

goorgiana 65

Melospi;

Merganser

lincolni '. ' 64

American 14

amcricanus 14

" Hooded J15

Red-brcastcd 15

" serrator y:

Mcrginip ,',

Monila ZZZZ'.'.''.'.'.] S3

" migratoria gi

Micropalama 08

w. ",.^ himantopus '..[ 28

Micropodidro 50

Migrant Shrike go

Mimidre -»

Mimus ''.ZZZ'.'.:':.'.'.'.'.Z 76

„ ." P"iyglottos 7f!

MniotiltidiB iS

Mniotilta Z.ZZZ..Z.'.'''.' 71

" varia 71

Mocking bird 7«

Molothrus Z°

" ater .■.:;;;: «

Motacillidre ZZ..'" 76

1.1:1

I

PAQB.

. 15
. 74

. eo

. 60
. 60

.. 61

.. 28
.. 28
.. 73
.. 15
.. 30
.. 16
.. 16
.. 39
.. 4-4
. 67
. »i7
. 75
. 58
. 46
. 46
. 61
. 61
. 36
. 3«i

.64
64
65
64
14
14
14
15

16

1')

14

8i

81

28

28

52

69

76

76

76

70

71

71

76

57
67

76

INt)KX.

Mourning Dove

„ •• warhier ...■:::::::":■■■

Miirrr, DrunnithN n

TU- W

Murrea, The

.Mjiiirohus

,. ■' rrinitui

Myrtle '

Warbler ZZZ'.'..'.'... 73

N.

Nashvill.' WRrbler
Nelson's Spnrrow ..
N'ettion

71

62
16

It;

ciirolinensia ,,,

.Nighth«nk /,!;

N'orthorn Phalarope '.'.'.'...'.'.'.'...... 26

Ifavpii j^.

" , Shrike .;;;; gf,

Numoniiis ,jj

borealig 33

hudsonicns 3]

-. ^, " , l^ncirostrin 31

Mithntoh. Red-breasted 79

.. . " White-breasted .. ro

Nuthatehes. The 70

N'l-ttallornia .. L"

horenlis ^.f;

.Vvptanassa 00

II . I ■ ■ • ■ ^' »

violarea oq

^y.'r -v :;:::::::; !?

nypten

Vyrtirorjix

n. niTrius

47
23
23

Oidemia

19
19

americana

doglandi jtj

'.' . Perspicillata if)

Olbiorchilus „

II ». ,. 'I

hiemahs 77

Ohre-backed Thrush ... g]

" sided Flycatcher ss

O'or " ■ 2)

" buccinator .........]]. 21

" colnmbianus gl

Orange-crowned Warbler 71

Oriole, Baltimore .... eo

^" Orchard 2n

Orioles, The .■.';;;;;; 57

Osprey, American A

Otocoris Tc

tt 1 i . 00

„ "'P^stns se

a. praticola ko

Oven bird ........■."..' 74

W

a;

UhI,

PAOIE.

. 4;i

8

54
'VI

Oh Is

Oxyerhiis

Atiieriittn Itiirii

Barred

C'inei'fus

(ireat (iri'v

" Uiirni'd

Hawk

l.i'nK-tarfd Amerirjiii .. i\

MhtmIi T;

ItichunNon's

.S:iu.u|ii.f .

Screech . ,
Short -eared .
The

45
I.'.
45
47
47

Tociferui

45
46
46
44
43
32
32

P.

I'agophil

I'alti

I'ulil.lin.l,

Pandion

alba

10

*vnrbier '. Z'.. . :.::::': 74

23

h.

Pniidioninm
Parasitic Ja'cer

P.irida> ...

Pa Ti ridce

:; 43

cnrolinensis 43

'■'.'■ 43

spruce
Partridges. Th
Parnia
Pn nis

10
78
35
36
34

Warblor '■ -Z]'. ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 71

'I atricnpillus 7J,

hudsonictis 7()

Passer domesticus an

Pnssencer Piceon .... o-

Passerculiis .. -„

II f>2

Passcrella ...

Passe res
Passorina

ilio

nivalis

savanna fio

65

'•" 65

64

61
61
31

Pavonoella

i> u'j P"gna» ..; 3}

Peabody ^'

Pectoral Sandpiper oa

PHirrcetes ...!.! ^

' phasianellus oe

I'elpcanidic VV

Pelecanus 14

." Prythrorhynchos ........'." 14

Pelican. American White . 14

Pelicans. The ... ,:

p'-'idna ■■■■■:::::::::;:::::;: ^

fl. snkhalinn 00

mikm

m i

I (Ml

I.VDKX.

fAOK.

I'urdiviuu' 34

l'«ritor«u» 50

caiiiidi'niiii Ui

Potrel, Blac'k-ciipiM'd 1^

P«tr«b, Th« la

Petrochelidoa U'

lunifroM 67

Puwei', WimkI fi£

Phaliteruc'iirucidw 13

Phalarrocorax 13

" c«rb<) 13

" diluphai 13

Phalaro, , Northern 20

Hod 86

Wilion'i at)

Phal»ropodidn> 26

PhaUropus ST.

lobatua 20

Phaiianidir .'JC

Phoatiuit.t .'JO

Philadflphia Vireo 70

Philohela 27

" minor •-'7

Phn.be .'«

Pioi 4«

Picidrp 4«

Piroidos 49

" arctims 49

" amoriranui 60

Pird-hillpd fircho 8

Pippon Hank .. 42

" PnnsfTiuiT 37

Pieeonn. The 37

Pilpiitod WondiK'rkpr SO

Pinp Fimli 61

" Oro«b«ak 60

" Hiikin 61

" Warbler 74

Pinioola 60

" e. lencuru 60

Pinnated Grouse 35

Pintail 16

I'ipilo crythropthalmus 06

Pipit, American 76

Pipits, The 70

Piransa 66

" crvthromelai 60

" rubra 66

Plegadis 21

•' iiutumnalis 21

Plover. Black-bellied 32

Golden 32

" Killdeer 32

Pipinjt a3

" Rinp .^'^

" Semi-palmated 33

••AOI.

I'loVKt, Snowy 33

Upland 31

Pliivera, The 32

Piidicipidie *

PiMJilymbu* 8

" podicpiM ri

Polioptila 80

'. rterulea 80

Poiyborua 43

" choriway i'l

Pomarine Jn->»pr 10

P<i'c«'t«» 82

" Kramini'Ui «2

PorRBHA 24

" OAroIina 24

" jiimaiocnaiit 2/5

" noTeboracenm 25

Prairie Chlrken ."W

Hen .IS

Horn.>d Urk 86

Warbler 74

Pri>relllnriidii> 12

Progne 67

" siibis 67

Pri)tonotarin 71

'" ritrea 71

Prrithonotary Warbler 71

PtarmiRBn. Willow .IB

Puffin 9

Purple Finrh 60

" Gallinnle 2«

" Martin 67

" Sandpiper 2H

Pvpopodes . . . 7

Q

Quail 31

Querquedula U;

" discon 16

QuiscaluR .W

" q. aeneoi W

R.

Kail niaok SR

" Carolina 24

" Kint: 21

" Vircinia 24

" Yellow 2."!

Rails, The 23.24

Rallus 24

" elepans 21

" Tirtdnianuii 21

Raptores .18

Raven. Northern 56

INDKS.

101

Ka».r-l)illc>l Auk ^

UprurTir«)«tr« ■''I

" unuTtcBnii iW

ll»'<'urTiri«tridu' 2"

Kp.l-biMkfa SmulpiiMT 21'

Kixl-bfllivil W«odiM-<k»'i 61

Rod-hreantptl Nuthatch ""

l<«<d-eyfd Vir«H> ^

RKdhnad Duck {j

Ht><l-hnad<>d WimmIim i kt-r '1

»«Ml-leKK*'d Black Diuk !«

Red Phalarope W

RiK)|>flll. Common •"

" Greater 61

" rirflcnUnd «1

" Hoary 81

" Hoih«iir» 61

Ri'iUhnnk ^

Rpd-thoiildprpd Hawk 4f

Rpdntart, Ami-riran "6

R*d-tailed Hawk 40

" throated Ijoon °

' win(Cpd Blackbird f*

RrenluH

" calendula

" latrapa

Rirhardson'i Owl

Ritm-hillMl r.iill

" nocked Ducl^ 1*^

" Plorer •\«

Riparia ^^

" ripari*

Rissa

" tridartyU

River Pucks. The

Robin. American

Roue-breasted Orosbeak ^J>

Rnugh-winued S« allow •>**

Ruby-orowned Kinglet 80

"" throated Humming bird '>3

Ruddy Duck W

Ruff '"

Rustv Blackbird 59

" ■ Grackle 59

S.

Sanderlint: 29

Sandhill Crane 24

Sandpiper. Baird's '-'9

•' Bartramian 31

" Buff-breasted 31

'• Least 29

" Pectoral 28

Purple 28

" Red-backed 29

Siii.i piper,

79
80
79
4.')
1'

10
10

15
81

Scuii-palniated '-")

Solitary **

Hputtvd M

Stilt 28

NVhite-rumpvd 2»

The

46
S4

54

Sumlpipen,

Map»uck«r

Suvunna Sparrow
Saw -whet Owl ....

Suyurint

" phii'i •

Saxicolu

wnaiithe 854

.■scarlet Tanjjter Wi

Screech Owl 46

Scoliipucidu' 2G

Scoter. American 19

•• Blwk 19

•• Surf 19

Wbite-winijed 19

Scotiaptex 46

" nebuloaa 46

Seiurus 74

" aurocanillluB 74

motaciila 74

" noveborucensis 74

Semi-nalmated PloTer 3^1

SetoprwiJa "6

•' ruticilla 70

Shurp-ahinm.Hl Hawk 40

tailed Finch, Acadian <i!i

Grouse 36

Shore birds, The "-0

Shore Lark -jC

Short-billed Marsh Wren 78

" eared Owl 44

Shoveller Duck 16

Shrike. Migrant 69

" Northern •i9

Shrikes. The 68

Sialia sialis 82

Siskin. Pine 61

Sitta 79

" canadensis <9

" carolinensis 79

Sittidw 79

Snipes. The 2fi

Snipe. Wilson's 27

Snow bird 61

Snow. Bunting 61

" Goose. Greater 19

Snowy Heron 2.1

" ■ Owl 47

" Plover 3.1

Solitarv Sandpiper 30

" Vireo 70

102

INDEX.

PAOK.

Somateria j^g

" dresseri 19

spectabilia I'j

Song birds 55

Sparrows 54

Sparrow Chipping ''.''' 64

■' Clay-colored 64

" Field 84

;■ Fox ::::::::;:;:: ^

drassliopper 62

" Henslow's 62

" House 60

" Lark 63

" Leconte'a C2

" Lincoln's 64

" Nelson's 62

" Savanna 62

SonK 64

Swamp 60

Tree 64

!^««per 62

White-crowned 63

_ " " throated ['. 63

Sparrows, The 59

Spatula 16

" clypeata 16

Sphyrapicns varius 50

Spinus 61

." pinus [[[ 61

Spira. americana 66

Spixolla 64

" r:?nticola 64

" pallida 64

" pusilla 64

" sorialis 64

Spotted Sandpiper 31 |

Spruce Partridge 3o

Squatarola 32

" squatarola 32

Steganopodes 13

Steganopus 2C'

" tricolor 2fl

Stelgidopteryx 68

" serripcnnis 68

Stercorariidip 10

Stercorarius 10

" parasiticus 10

" pomarinus 10

Sterna 12

" antillarum 12

" caspia 12

" fosteri 12

" hirundo 12

" 8. acufluvidiv 12 ,

Sterntinnp 12 1

Stint 29 i

I'ACK.

Striges 43

Strigidie 4.j

**"•« '..'.'.'.'.'..''.'. 43

" pratiiicolu 4;}

Sturnella 53

" magna '.'-'.'.''.'.'.'. 58

m. neglocta 59

Sula 13

" bassana 13

Sulidir 13

Summer Tanager 66

Surf Scoter 19

Surnia 47

u. caparoch 4"

Swainson's Hawk 41

Swallow, Bank 67

" Barn 67

" Cliff .;;.::; e?

" Rough-winged 68

" tailed Kite 39

;; Tree 67

white-breasted 67

Swallows. The 66

Swamp Sparrow 65

Swan Trumpeter 21

" Whistling 21

Swans, The 14. 2I

Swifts 5i[ .52

Swift. Chimney ' p^

Svmphemia 30

" semipalmata !V)

Syrnium 4.5;

" varium 4.';

T.

Tanaeer. Scarlet 66

" Summer 66

Tanaeers. The 66

T.Tnaeridrr 66

Teal, Blue-winged 16

" Green-winged 16

Telmatodytes 78

" palustris 78

Tennessee Warbler 71

Tern. Black 12

Cahofs '...[[' 12

" Caspian 12

" Comon 12

" Forster's .. 12

" Least 12

Terns. The 12

Tetraonidfp .34

Thrasher, Brown 77

The 76

Thrush. Brown 77

" Oolden-crown'^d 71

jV'-:

IXKKX.

ln:i

a!

%

I'AOE.

Thrush, Gruy-cheeked 81

Hermit 81

Olive-backed 81

Water . 74

•' Wilson's HI)

Wood Sii

Thryomanes "i"

■' bcwickii ''

Thryothorus 77

ludovicianus 7"

Tits, The 78. 79

Totanus 30

flavipes 30

" mclanuleucus 'iO

Totlipalmati' Swimmers 13

Towhee 65

Toxostonui 77

" rufum 77

Traill's Flycatcher So

Tree Sparrow 64

'• Swallow 67

TrinRa S,^

" canutus 28

Trochilid.T SS

Trochilus 53

" colubris 53

Troclodytes 77

" acdon 77

Troglodytidic 76

Trumpeter Swan 21

Tryngites 31

" suhruficollis 31

Tnrdidio 80

Turkevs, The 36

Turkey, Vulture 38

" Wild 36

Turnstone 33

Turnstones. The 33

Tympanuchus 3-)

" americanus 35

Tyrannidic 54

Tyrannus 54

" tyrannus 54

Tyrant Flycatchers 54

U.

I'pland Plover 31

Uria 0

" Inmvia 0

V.

Vesper Sparrow 62

Vireo 63

" Blue-he.nded 70

V.Mii:.

Vireo, Huvitrons 70

" gilvus 70

" Movelioriicensis 7H

" olivaceus 6!'

■ Philadelphia 70

■' philadi-lphicus 7!)

" Red-eyed 6i

" solitarins 70

" solitary 70

" warblinc 70

" white-eyed 70

" yellow-throated 70

Virginia Rail 2)

Vulture Turkey 38

Viiltures, American 38

W.

Wnrbler. Rav-hreasted 73

Black and White 71

" Blackhurnian 7-1

" Blackpoll 73

Black-throated Blue 72

" Black-throated Green 73

" Canadian 76

Cape May 72

" CVrulean 73

Chestnut-sided 73

" Connecticut 7"

•' Oolden-winged 71

" Hooded 7.'>

" Kentucky 7-"

" Kirtlflnd's 74

" Magnolia 73

" Maryland 75

" Mourning 75

Mvrtle 73

Nashville 71

" Orange-crowned 71

Palm 74

Parula 71

Pine 74

" Prairie 74

" Prothonotary 71

" Tennessee .". 71

" Wilson's 75

Yellow 72

" Vellow-rumped 73

Warblers. The 70

Warbling Vireo 70

Water Thrush 74

" " Louisiana 7'

Wavey 13

Waxwing. Bohemian 68

Cedar 68

Waxwing. The 68

B

KM

IXDKX.

PACK.

U'hoatoar 82

Whip-poor Will 52

Whistlor Durk 18

Whistlinc Swan 21

White-broasted Xuthatdi 79

" " Swallow 67

" rrownprl Sparrow 63

" pyed Vireo 70

" fronted Goose 20

" Oyrfaloon 42

" Pelican 14

" rumped Sandpiper 28

•' throated Sparrow dS

" wintied Crossbill 60

_" " Scoter 19

Whooping Crane 24

Wild Turkev 36

wiiict ; :,.;:: 30

Willow Ptarmigan 35

Wilsonia 70

" canadensis 76

" mitrata 75

^ " pusilla 75

Wilson's Phaiarope 26

" Snipe 27

" Thrush 80

" Warbler 75

Winter Wren 77

Woodcock 27

Wood Duck 17

Woodpecker, Am. three-toed 50

" Arctic 49

" Downy 49

" Golden-winged 51

" Hairy 49

" "ileated 50

" Red-bellied 51

" Red-headed 51

Yellow-bellied 50

Woodpeckers. The 48

P.\OE.

Wood Pewce 55

" Thrush 80

" Warblers 70

Wren, Bewick's 77

" Carolina 77

" House 77

■' Long-billed Marsh 78

" Short-billed Marsh 78

" Winter 77

Wrens. The 76. 77

Xanthocephalus 58

" xanthocephalus 58

Vcllow-licilitHl Woodpecker 50

" Flycatcher 48

" billed Cuckoo 48

" breasted Chat 75

crowned Night Heron 23

" headed Blackbird 58

legs 30

" ■■ Greali r Jo

Kail 25

throated Vireo 70

Warbler 72

Z.

Zamelodia 65

liiiloviciana 65

Zenaidura 37

" macroura .'17

Zonotrichia 63

" albicollis 63

" leucophrys 6:1

Tt-:^:

INDKX.

105

3.1

80
70

77
77
77
78
78
77

58
58

48
48
7o
23
W
3IJ

ao

25
70
72

SECTION IV.
MAMMALS.

A.

Alces 29

" amoriranus 29

American Beaver 24

Otter .30

I'anthor .32

Ileindeer 29

Arrtomys 24

" niorwix 24

Rats,
Bat.

B.

Thf 27

Brown 27

Dtiskv 27

" Ho.iry 28

Little Brown 27

" Red 28

" Silver Black 27

Bears, The 29

Bear. Black 29

29

29

24

29

Brown

" Cinnamon .
Beaver. .Vmerican

Black Bear

" Sfpiirrel

Blarina 26

" brcvicanda 26

Brewer's Mole 26

Brown Bat 27

" Little 27

" Bear 2'f

" Rat 21

Canada F.ynx 32

Canida' .31

Canis 31

" nubilus 31

Caribou, Woodland 29

Carnivora 29

Castoridfp 24

Castor 24

" canadensis 24

Cats. The 32

Cat, Wild

I'.VCK.

Ccrvida>

•'8

Cervus

28

" can.'idensis

28

Chipmunk

24

24

Chiroptera

.)-

Cinnamon Bear

29

Common Flvin^ Squirrel

25

" Hotise Mouse

*' Haccof)n

24

20

Skunk

Cnndvlnni

.30

" cristnta

06

Cottiin-tail

19

Couear

.32

D.

Di'j'r Mouse •>.!

•' Red 28

The 28

" Vircinia 28

Dipodidie 21

DoL's. The 31

T)uskv Bat 27

V.

Kik 28

" True 29

Krethizon 20

'" dursalis 20

Krethizontidre 20

Ermine 31

Fnt.'imias 21

" quadrivittatus 24

Evotomys '. 23

" gapperi 23

Kelid.-e .32

Felis .32

" concolor .32

Fen- 29

Fib«'r zibethicus 21

KXi

INDK.X.

T ' t:-.'; i f

PAOK.

Fip](l Vole '.'•-'

I'isher 30

Klrsh eaters 2!'

l-'Ivirifi Si|iiirrcl. Cointiioi I'A

Northern 2.-

Fox :ii

" Red 3!

G

(Hires 1!'

(Jlossary (Sec. It IOC

(Jnaners. The 10

Cray Rahhit V>

" Squirrel -•"

r.rnnndho..' 21

(Ironnd Sijiiirro' "'

Oulo 30

hwn< ."^n

H.

Hairv-tniled ^folo 2fi

Hares. The 10

Hare, Varvinc 20

" White 10

" Wood 10

Hoary Bat 28

House Mon«e 24

I.

Tnsort. oflters. The 25

Tnseetivora 2'

J

Jumping Mouse 21

L

Lasionyct^ris 27

" noctiTagar<< 27

Lasiuru^ -^

" borealis 28

" cinereua 28

Lemmini; Mouse 21

LeporidiP 19

Lepus 10

" american 20

ti •"■.lliinis 10

Little Brown Bat 27

Lutra 30

" canadensis 30

Lutreok 30

visnii 30

I'AGi:

Lynx 32

'' canadensis 82

■■ ('iiHii.lii , .'t;

" rufus 32

M.

Mammalia 19

Mammals. The 19

" The hoofed 28

Marten. Pine 30

Masked Shrew 26

Mephitis 30

Mephitica 30

Mice, The 21

Microtus 21

" pinetorum 21

" pennsvlvanicus 22

Mink 30

Mule HrevviT^ 26

" Hairy-tailed L()

■' Shrow 26

Star-nosed 26

Moles, The 26

Moose 20

Mountain Chiprntink -0

Mouse. Deer 23

" House 2t

'' .Tnmpinc 21

" Lemming 21

" Meadow 22

" Pine 21

" White-footed 23

MuridiP 21

Mus 24

" decumanus 24

" mnscnlus 24

Afuskrat 21

Mustela 30

" americana 30

" pennantii 30

Mustelida; 29

Myotis 27

" luv-ifugus 27

" subulatus 27

N.

N'orthern FIving Squirrel 25

Norway Rat 24

0.

Odopoilus 28

" americanus 28

Otter. American 30

:m)K\.

In7

PACK.
P.

I'anther, Antprican 32

Parascalops 26

brewpri 26

Pt'kan ;jO

Poromysrus 2.'<

" leucopus -JM

Phonaromys . '2'A

" latimAnus 23

Pino Martin 30

" Mouse 21

Porrupine. Canada 20

Prooyon 29

" lotor 29

ProoyomidiB 29

Putorins 31

'' oidnoni 31

■' novolxiracpnsis 31

R.

Rabbit. Gray 19

Rarpoon, Common 29

Rangifer 29

■' c'lriliiu! 20

Rat. Brown 24

" >ti";k 21

" \ornay 24

Rpfl-linckpd VoIp 23

Rp;l Rat »8

" Dppr 08

Fox .31

" Squirrel 25

Rpindppr. Ameripan 29

Podents If)

S.

Sabk> \ 30

SoiurcintiTiis 2.")

" sabrinus 2.')

" yolans 2.5

Soiurus 25

" parolinpnsis 2-')

" hndsonicus 2.')

f^rinrid.T 2>1

Shrew, Masked -Jfi

" MoIp 26

" S,.otv 9f,

Shrews. The 2.5

Silver black Bat 27

Skunk. Common .30

Small Brown Weasel 31

Sooty Shrew 26

.Sori'x

flllill'lls

pcl'soliiltlls

Soririda;

Squirrel, Black

Klyiii!; (Vnimion

Ni>rthern

" Gray

" (iround

Red

S<niirrp|s, The

Star-nosed Mole

>itl>llt

Sy na ptoiiiys

" cooperi

Talpidw

Tamiaa

" striatU8

Timber Wolf

Trill. Elk

AG I

2»;

2.5
24
2.5
24
2ti
31
21
21

26
24
21
31
29

I'nuulata
Trsidse ..
Ursus ....

2H

29

-20

americanus 20

Ve.spprtilio 27

" fuscus 27

Vespertilionida' 27

Virginia Deer 2H

Volf, Field ■J2

" Red-baeked 22

X'lilpcs pcniisylvjinicus 31

w.

Wapiti -28

Weasel, small brown 31

Weasels. The 29

White-footed Mouse 23

Wild Cat 32

Wolf 31

Wilverene .30

Woodchuck 21

Woodland Caribou 29

/apus 21

" hudsonius 21