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CIRCULAR  No.  7. 


\,  ^  %  "N 


PROVINCE  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA.  ^ 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE  (HORTICULTURAL  BRANCH) 


FUNGOUS  DISEASES  OF  ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


By  W.  H.  Urittain.  B.S.A..  pATiiouxiiHT  and  Kntomouwist. 
PLANT-DISEASES. 

BY  till-  tiTiii  ••  tlUciiBO  In  i)laiits"  we  iimlorHtiiiiil  iiiiy  cliiinee  In  a  plant  In 
tin-  (llrn'tlon  of  n  reduifd  vigour  or  vitality  of  that  plant,  or,  in  otIuT 
words,  any  dpvlntlon  from  the  normal  hcluivloiir  or  form  of  the  plant. 
Plant-dlsennes  are  of  several  kinds: — 
(1.)  Those  caused  by  flowerless  parasitic  plants — vise.,  fungi,  bacteria,  and 

slime  moulds: 
(2.1  Those  cauReil  by  flowering  parasitic  plants: 
(3.)  Those  due  to  Insects  and  other  anhnal  parasites: 
(4.)  Those  due  to  unfavourable  conditions  of  temperature,  soil,  etc.: 
(5.>   Physiological  disturbances,  under  which  are  considered  troubles  of 
.1  non-parasitic  origin,  the  cause  of  which  Is  not  very  well  under- 
stood. 
This  article  deals  with  the  diseases  belonging  to  the  first  group. 
The  fungi  are  plants.  Just  as  apple,  plum,  and  cherry  trees  are  plants; 
they  are.  however,  mnch  simpler  In  structure  than  are  the  ordinary  plants  we 
see  about  us.    FnngI  have  neither  root,  stem,  nor  leaf,  the  place  of  these 
organs  being  taken  by  a  mass  of  fine  threads  which  penetrate  the  substance 
upon  which  the  fungus  grows  and  do  the  necessary  work  of  obtaining  U^d. 
These  threads  compose  what  is  known  as  the  mi/celium  of  the  fungus. 

Corresponding  to  the  seeds  of  the  higher  plants,  fungi  produce  bcwiles 
known  as  s(.ores.  of  which  there  are  several  kinds,  and  by  means  of  which 
the  siXH-les  Is  fieriw  tuatet- 

Fungi  riossess  no  grei  ?olourlng  matter.  By  means  of  their  green  colour- 
ing matter  the  higher  pliu.s  are  enabled  to  manufacture  their  own  food,  from 
materials  taken  in  from  the  soil  and  air;  but  fungi  must  obtain  their  food 
already  pn-iiarcii  from  living  or  dead  animals  or  plants— If  from  a  living  i)lant 
they  are  c.illcd  parasites,  and  If  from  a  dead  one.  saprophytes.  The  plant  or 
animal  uiwn  which  a  parasite  feeds  is  ciilled  the  host,  however  unwilling  the 
relationship  may  he. 

For  the  purpose  of  treatment,  fungi  may  be  dlvldwl  Into  two  main  groups: 

11  External  parasites;  (2)  Internal  parasites.    In  fungi  belonging  to  the  first 

roup   the   mycelium    Is   «iuite   superficial    and   the   parasite   feeds   near   the 

'urface.    In   those  belonging  to  the  second  group  the  mycelium   i«»netrate8 

llrectly  Into  the  tissues  of  the  host,  and  the  apiiearance  of  the  fungus  upon 


( 


630.4 
.B862 
Clr.  7 


the  mirfnoe  la  uxually  the  laiit  NtAKe  of  the  dlneaw.  Becauae  of  thia.  external 
pnraalten  may  1m-  confrolled  by  Nprnyliig  with  rniiglcldea  when  they  appear, 
while  for  Internal  iHiraaltea  we  muat  a<lo|<t  preventive  apray  or.  In  loine  caaea 
euttlns  oat. 

■ACTKRIA. 

Bacteria  are  colourlewi  planta  like  the  fungi.  Id  fact,  botanlata  regard 
tbeui  M»  degenerate  deacendauta  of  the  fungi.  They  are.  however,  much 
almpler  In  atnicture  than  nioHt  other  fnngl.  each  plant-body  being  compowd  of 
a  Klngle  cell  only.  Though  Rporea  are  formed  In  Rome  caaea,  tbeae  are  not  for 
purpoaea  of  repro.luctlon.  hut  almply  to  tide  the  organlam  through  unfavour- 
able cindltlona.  each  bacterium  forming  but  a  aingle  apore.  Bacteria  are 
exceedingly  amall  and  cannot  be  aeen  without  the  aid  of  a  powerful  micro- 
aooiH-.  They  enter  their  hoat-plant  through  wounda.  breathlng-porea.  water- 
porea.  and.  aa  la  aometlmea  the  caae  In  the  flre-bllght.  through  the  neitarlea 
of  the  aowera.  They  Invade  the  tiaauea  of  the  plant  and  Injure  It  by  block- 
ing the  aap-tubea.  by  robbing  It  of  food  materlala.  and  In  other  way*. 

Two  common  examplea  of  bacterial  plant-dlaeaaea  are  the  flre-bllght  and 
the  crown-gall. 

PRCVENTION  or  PLANT-DiaCASE*. 

In  conaldering  the  methoda  for  the  cont'ol  of  plant-dlaeaaea.  emphaala 
ahould  be  laid  upon  preventive  meaaurea.  Too  frequently  when  the  grower 
la  arouaed  to  the  aerlouaneaa  of  a  diaeaae  the  damage  la  already  done  He 
ahould  therefore  ao  regulate  hia  farm  practice  aa  to  prevent  aa  far  na  poealble 
any  diaeaae  from  gaining  a  foothold  In  hIa  orchard  or  field. 

To  do  thla  the  following  rules  ahould  be  followed  :— 

(1.)  Maintain  planta  In  aa  vigoroua  a  i»ndltlon  aa  poaalble  by  proper 
cultivation,  etc.: 

(2.)  Follow  clean  cultural  methoda: 

(3.)  Start  with  aound  atock  and  heai*'  c  reed: 

(4.)  Practise  crop-rotation  where    ■„-■: 

(B.)  Practise  timely  and  thorongl 

(6.)  Report  and  aubmU  samples  .«  with  which  yon  ore  not 

familiar. 

(1.)  He  should  study  to  keep  his  ,  ..ciilthy  as  possible,  for  It  is 

a  well-known  fact  that  most  diseases  ch„.„„  gain  a  foothold  and  maintain 
themselves  as  readily  In  a  vigorous  plant  as  In  one  with  Impaired  vitality 

(2.)  Do  not  leave  lying  about  remnants  of  crops,  prunlngs.  etc..  but  gather 
and  destroy  by  lire.  Remove  dead  branches  from  your  trees,  scrape  off  the 
rough  patches  of  bark,  cut  out  and  paint  over  all  cankered  areas 

(3.)  In  setting  out  young  trees  or  In  planting  seed  or  potatr^tubers. 
always  be  sure  that  they  are  absolutely  free  from  disease.  Just  as  a  corrupt 
tree  will  not  bring  forth  good  fruit,  so  It  Is  Impossible  for  diseased  stock  or 
infected  seed  to  produce  a  strong  healthy  plant. 

(5.)  Make  spraying  part  of  the  regular  orchard  practice.  Spraying  at 
any  time  or  In  any  manner  will  not  produce  clean  fruit.  To  be  of  any  value 
It  must  be  done  at  the  proper  time,  in  the  right  manner,  and  with  appropriate 
materlala.  To  do  this  the  grower  must  know  for  what  he  Is  apravlng  and 
have  some  knowledge  of  the  disease  In  question,  in  order  to  determine  when 
It  can  most  readily  be  reached.  The  spray  ahould  be  aw>iled,  if  po«ilWe. 
ahead  of  the  infection  period  of  the  fnngua.  «-.»>««»  i«e. 


Agiiln,  to  Im>  of  nny  vnlup  Hprnyti  (  niiiiit  he  dnnp  thoroiiKhly.  For  tlie 
■prIiiR  Hpriiy  i>ii  the  ilortinint  wikhI  a  coiirmr  i<|iriiy  <'iin  be  iiwd  lliiin  tlint 
ODiployiMl  III  HiiiiiimT  HpriiyliiK,  r4ir  llii'i  thi-  iiliji<<'t  Ik  only  to  form  a  contiiiK 
ovj-r  tli«'  wood.  In  hiiiiiiiiit  npniyliiit  tht  olijfct  In  to  tlioroiiKlily  toviT  futli 
and  every  |iortion  of  the  plant  with  a  t.iii'  mint  of  tlif  xpray.  I>o  not  dri'iirli 
the  plant  neoiwarlly,  l>nt  let  every  |Hirtlon  lie  eovered  with  the  tluy  druplet* 
of  the  Mprny. 

(It.)  Laxtly,  promptly  r<'i«irt  and  »eiid  In  for  dlnmioitlii  any  dlwaw  with 
wbleb  you  are  not  faiuillnr.  IKi  not  wait  until  It  ban  ealned  micli  a  foothold 
that  Itii  eradication  may  prove  dllflcult.  If  not   lin|»>^~llile. 

The  follo'vlng  are  Home  of  the  nioMt  ImiMirtaiit  illxeawa  of  nnhard  and 
garden : — 

APPL-  ANO   PEAR   »CAB. 

Thouich  apple  and  l)enr  wab  are  eonalderetl  separate  »|iecle(<  liotanlcally, 
for  our  piir|H)i<e  they  may  be  taken  together.  Thin  In  tbi'  iiiont  wldeMpreiid 
and  twdt-known  apple-dlHease.  It  I*  eBiMi-lally  bad  In  inolnt  clliiiates;  and 
wet  weather  at  the  time  the  bloxKoniH  are  liurHtliig.  ami  for  some  time  after, 
la  eape<'lally  favourable  to  Its  developnu'iit.  Home  varieties  are  very  much 
more  Huiireptlble  than  otberH. 

Ttiough  bent  known  as  a  dlwane  of  the  fruit,  leaves,  blonsoiiis,  and  twigs 
may  also  be  attacked,  t'pon  the  fruit  small,  circular,  dark  olive-green  spots 
first  appear.  Ijiter  the  sjiots  liei'ome ,  black  In  i-olour.  and  the  outer  skin 
breaks,  revealing  the  fungus  beueath.  lu  severe  cases  the  tissues  may  be 
puckered  to  such  an  extent  that  the  fruit  cracks  ojieu. 

I'pon  the  leaves  the  fungus  is  more  abundant  ou  the  lower  surface,  where 
It  forms  velvety,  olive-coloured  "r  black  patches,  at  tlrst  circular  in  outline, 
but  later  becoming  Irregular  In  shape.  The  disease  may  winter  over  on  the 
dead,  fallen  leaves.  Growing  upon  the  young  stems  of  the  frnit,  the  fungus 
sometimes  causes  it  to  drop  prematurely. 

CONTBOL. 

Details  of  control  will  depend  largely  upon  climate  and  season.  The 
regular  spring  or  winter  itraylng  of  commercial  lime-sulphur,  dllute<l  1-0.  Is 
of  help  in  controlling  the  scab.  Another  should  be  given  Just  tiefore  the 
blossoms  open,  with  lime-sulphur  1-30,  and  still  a  third  may  lie  necessary  Just 
after  the  blossoms  have  fallen. 

Prune  the  trees  to  admit  light  and  air.  When  iiractlcable.  destroying  the 
old  leaves  by  burning  or  ploughing  under  is  of  value.  Orchards  with  a  good 
air-oirriiiatlon  are  leas  liable  to  attack. 

BLACK-SPOT  CANKER. 

(See  Bulletin  34  ) 

This  disease  has  received  various  names  in  different  localities,  black-s|iot 
canker,  apple-tree  anthracnose,  and  Pacific  Coast  anthracnose  being  the  most 
common.  It  Is  a  disease  peculiar  to  moist  climates,  and  therefore  particularly 
severe  In  the  Coast  districts,  though  found  to  a  slight  extent  In  the  Dry  Belt. 

Most  commonly  It  makes  Its  appearance  in  very  late  fall,  but  In  wet 
seasons  may  appear  somewhat  earlier.  A  slight  darkening  of  the  bark  may 
appear,  which  later  develops  Into  a  slightly  sunken,  dark-eoloured  circular 
spot,  the  bark  beneath  being  soft  and  spongy.  With  the  coming  of  the  grow- 
ing season  in  the  spring,  the  cankered  area  is  rapidly  extended,  and  becomes 


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Il..r.U..nix  or  llin,..snl|.linr  spmys  ,„•,.  rlTrcllv... 
SILVER-LEAF. 


Knviil  liit<  (tiRiltliHiM  iiiiuiiH't  till'  (IIm'iiw  with  ii  fiitiKHii  ISIvrium  pur- 
liiiii  iiiin.  III!'  iii.Kiliiiiii  of  wlilrh  llvfK  iHTcMiiliill.v  III  llif  ll»«ii''».  :iiiil  iiiily  imiir" 
to  tilt*  Hiirfiii'i-  to  triilt  u|H>ii  till-  ili'inl  widmI.  nlii'i^'  tin-  trr<'.  or  miiiii-  |Mirtloii 

of   It.    llllM   Ih'cii    kllllHl. 

.Nil  iiiiitrol  im'iiMiiri'"  l.iivi-  Ih'I'Ii  |iro|><Tly  vol'knl  out  ii»  >i'l.  Iiilt  tlii>  fmt 
tliiit  til)'  friiltliiit'lHHlli'x  of  till'  fiiii^Iiia  only  ii|i|HNir  ii|h>ii  tlic  ilr^il  wkmI  i<iiiti;ii<t> 
tliiit.  at  IciiHt.  till-  itrowiT  hIioiiIiI  Im'  niri-fiil  to  rfiiiovo  nil  ili'iol  \vcii»l  from 
uffiN'tiil  tri'*'**. 

Kriill-({rowcr»  niiil  oilii'in  ulio  liiivi'  olimTviil  iIiIh  iIIm'Iim'  In  llrllWI' 
Coliinihlii  lire  of  tlif  opinion  tlint  only  tri'im  ui'Mki-iii'il  liy  nlnti-r  Injury  or 
othtT  niiiMi'  iiri-  KiiliJiH't  to  till-  iIImnihc.  .\p|iar<'iitly  mhmiiI  trci'M.  Iiourvir,  miiy 
wiim-tliiH'"  t.r  iittiirkiil.  In  miy  riiw.  It  lx  iiil\l«iilili'  to  ki'i'p  tlii'  tni'x  ii»  slninit 
niiil  liriiltliy  iim  |hmhIIiIi>.  ,V  m|hk  lal  I'lTort  slionlil  l>i>  iniiili'  to  inaiiiri-  tlio  trci'M 
III  till'  fall.  Iiy  Mvolillnic  tiKi  Inir  or  i'Xii'hsIm'  Irrigation  ami  riiltlvation.  ami 
liy  plaiitliiK  iiiviT  iTops. 

TlilH  i|lwii««'  \»  at  priiM'iil  iiiiiliT  ciiri'fnl  oliwrvatlon  liy  wvitiiI  lim-ntl- 
KiitiirH.  anil  fnrtlii'r  atal  iiiori>  ilclliilti'  Information  hIM  Ih-  arallalilf  hi  tin- 
iiciir  fntur«>. 

FRUIT-PIT  OR    SALOWIN    SPOT. 

Tlil»  iIIm'iim'  Im  ho  wi'II  known  to  all  IIhmi'  •■nuaitiil  In  friilturoniiiK  that 
a  ilcwrlptlon  siH'niN  liarilly  mii'Mwiry.  Diirkiiiloiiri-il  Hnnki'ii  hiniIh.  vlxllilf  at 
tlrnt  iH'iii'atli  till'  Nklii,  apin'ar  ii|Hin  tin'  »iirfaii'  of  tin-  iip|>li'.  Ih'Iiii!  iiiori' 
niiiiiiTons  at  tin"  IiIoshohi  cml.  Ih'ail  lirowii.  »poni:y  arvas  of  tN»ni'.  xonii'- 
tinii'H  foiiiiil  wlii'M  till'  oiitxlilo  of  till'  apple  apiH-arx  ipilti'  noriiial.  f.xti'Uil 
Inwiiril  fnan  tin-  spotK.  Hoiiii'tlmi's  ah 'out  to  tin-  "orf.  Si-vi'ra)  fornix  of  the 
illwaw  miiir,  lint  all  hijiiri'  tlio  ajipi-i  ..  mi-  anil  «iili'alilllty  of  tin'  fruit,  ami 
may  ri'iiili-r  it  nntlt  i-vi'ii  for  riuiklnir.  Tlif  wpot  m  ly  iKiiir  upon  appirs  on 
till-  trii'.  lint  vrry  frinpii'iitly  tin-  fruit  iijiiicarH  ipiIti'  lii'iiltliy  until  stori'il  r>r 
Hoim*  tlnm. 

Till-  illsi-asi'  iM  fonnil  In  all  ili«trl(l!'.  Irrigiii.  .1  ii!"l  iinlrrlcatiil.  t'l-aiuli. 
(iM  a  p-iii-ral  riili'.  I«  iiion  ili'stnictlvi-  I"  tli»-  Irrliafi-il  >n'tloii-  It  N  lo  In- 
foiiiiil  on  all  typi'«  of  moIIm.  anil  no  \  ty  si-<ni»  '•-  I"-  alto-,  lii-r  InimiMii' 
from  attai'k.  <lioii|!li  ihi-ri-  l«  a  urrat  iiri'iHc  in  i'  -li'in-i"' 
nf  tin'  illffiTi'Iit  viirirtii'M.     Xi'ariy  In'  fruit  on     :   trw  m 

only  that  or  kIiikIi-  iinili.  Om-  Ini'  may  liavi-  li-<  rriiit  li^ni 
iinotlii-r  of  liii'  sami'  varli-ty.  urowii  iiinliT  apiiarintly  i'li'ii'ira 
bt'  I'oinparatlri-ly  Imniiino. 

Si'vrral    thiiirli'K  liavi-  lii'i-n   inlvamiil   to  rxplaln   Ih-' 
Olio  Is  that  tiKi  raplil  trnnxplratioii  of  wati'r  fr  -m  thi'  iri.» 
liriii)^  ahmit  too  cri'at  a  ronii'iiti'atlon  of  the  «Mp  in  tlu'si 
n  result. 

AnothiT  attrlhuti's  thi'  tronhli-  to  tin'  raplil  i  li.inci'  in 
warm  ila.vs  to  cold  nights.     IMirliitf  tin-  ilay  raplil  transpn  iiku 
win   ixiiir.     At    iiitflit    this   will    hi-   ni|ililly  rhiikiil.   ami   a-    i  ■ 
n-nniliis  inllvi-.  owlm.'  to  ;hr  wiinnni'ss  of  the  soil,  wati'r  will  »! 
to  'he  fruit  anil  aiiumiilnti'  thi-ri-  to  such  an  extent  that  an  a<f 
of  thi-  cells  will  nicur. 

Others  l«-llevp  that  in  dry  seasons  Insutllcient  mineral  niati'-f  , 
the  fruit,  owInK  to  the  premature  ilrym-ss  of  the  .soil,  ami  Ilia'  on- 
11-rtalii  xrciips  of  cells  will  ilie  of  starratlon. 

Lately  e.xjierlniental  evlileiii-e  kins  lieen  hrouKht  forward  to  show  i 
pittlntt  of  the  fruit  Is,  strictly  s|H'aklint,  not  a  disease  at  all,  hut  a  s; 


_ll*-<-plil«illl.v 

■  iiflfii '    1.  or 
Mltteil.   while 

■'Klltions,  will 
■    ^nillpi 

!.ll|l.,   . 


'•■     fMIll 

IP-  fruit 

-lion   xlill 

»■  curried 

arsflmt 


reach 

'ly. 


»[|.l'r"lm«ri"""''     ^"  ""■"""""""■"  "•""•  '»•"'  "  '"  ■""  '«•'••  '»  «  funio"-  or 

.ml  Mlh-r  tl,...,rl...  l„.v..  Ihn..,  |„„  r.,r»<,nl  hy  ,|Hr..r....t  l.iv™ilKnt»r«  t»  Mi-lnln 
lr»  .■»,,«..  .N.„„,  h..«..v..r,  imv..  l„...„  „„lv,.r«„||.v  ,„v,.,,i„),  m.,1  ,.„  „.rtalH 
iimtrol  m..„«ur.-«  hHv..  h,*ii  «,  r„r  ill*„v,.r«l, 

ri,..    f.,|Nmln«   ...««...||„„,.    |,o«..v..r.    l.i.v,.    1h^.,.    p„t    f.,r«„r,l.    „„,!    If 

|.llu«.,l  ,„n  only  r.-ul.  in  («.„..«,  t„  ,|...  ..r.har.l  „„.l  „   .„vI..k  „f  ,.,.,„..y  to 

'""  I''"""'"'     •■•' """"••  '"  ""  f"f  "X  1HH.-II.1...  i„  m ,„i„  an  rv....  .....l.ture- 

"';','""  ""•"'""'-""  •!■ "-«•>..     ni».'..nrHK..  I.....V.V  «..M„n,„th  an.l  ||«|„  vlfl.l. 

;; ,  '"'"im     '*""■  "■"'  •■•'"■"""'■'• '""""'"" """  '•'••""  '"'tivati,,,,  -....un 

"    '*'"'''■''■    *  '""■•  '■■■"'' "' «'-"«M.  nn.l  I..  ,.xtr..»,..  ,•»«.«  i,  „„„.  ,.v^„ 

" ]'"/  •"  '"■'  "'"  "f'"'"-'!  1"  ".«!  r..r  H  II,,,...     IK.  „„,  give  tr.....  „  ,.„ 

l.-..vy  wl,„..r  ,.r„„l„«.  ,„.,1  h.m-  ,1,.„  „„.  cvhanl  Ih  kIv.,.  „ro,K.r  .in,l„aBe. 

WATIIIXORK. 

W,.t..r..-.,r,.  Ihrh..s  |„  „„„..  „u,r|,,,  „.h..r..  ,(,.•  .r,.lt-,.lt  1.  ,„„«,  prevalent. 
I.Ik-  th..  fn,l..,,l,.  ,hU  ,Il«.„H^  I.  not  ,1,,..  ,,.  any  ,„.,,a„|,u,.     Many  vnri -tl  •, 

w;;;!.;',: ■  "•;.:"■■'  't-  """"*■"  •■""""•  *""'  ■■'  •• '"""-  ^-^^  »^ 

nngfupr  1h'I.,»-  nniniii;  t!,i'  wnint. 

Hani     .a>..ry  anan  apin-ar  In  tl„.  fl..,i,  „r  „fr,K.t,.d  np,,le«  «t  th,.  core 
«...    ..xt..„.  !,.«  .„.„var.l  fn.n.   It,     H„.ai:   ar..n.  ..f  thin  wafry  U.^JSZ 

Tw r, '  r'""''''';' ""■: •  """"""■ '•■'"•  ••■""■"" '" '"••  "-"^"' «" ^ 

,:;'*,'     ' "'•'"'■'••    Tl..-   «....l-.avUU.H   UHually   c.ntaln    liquid,    and    the 

m. iv  ,  "'"  r  """■  """*""  """■"-■"y  ""■•"""   "•'»■■'  I-""-',  tl'*-  trouble 

o«ly  »p,M.arln«  „r„.r  th..  fn.lt  h««  1m...„  ,„  Ht,.r«K..  for  Ju,..  tl.u...  wh.™ 
ntT,.M  „r..aK  will  turn  brown  an.l  the  fruit  rapl.lly  break  down 

,      ^"''  *'' "■'"""«•«  -UKW'Hte.l  for  the  control   of  the  frult-pIt  ar.    nI»o 

riHonini..n,l..d  for  thin  dlKenw.. 


riRC-BLIOHT. 

(S<f  Circular  23.) 

Th...  hHM  b„.„  kn,.wn  for  m..ne  .vears  as  a  m-rlous  dl«.aN.  of  .H-nr. ,* 

Of 'pitZ..'"  "'"'""  ''"'"""""  "  "••  '"  '-'  "'■""  --"-  «"  '.'a.-^ 

Klo«..,n,s.  y„n,„,  frni,.   „,,,.,,   „„„,„    „,„,   ,^,, 
Mi«  .s,.  a,„K.ars  ..,  ,.,.,sso„,i„«.,|,„..  „«  „  ■•  ,.,..H,.,„..„ll„ht  •     The  g^rm  of  the 

".....,, n.s  „r  th.  rtow..,s,  a,Ml  „,ay  later  M|,r..nd  dow.,  Into  „,I)olnl„K  tw-lm 

r.      fl  ;.nv'"r','''''    "■"""*  "■ '"■"  '"  ""'•  '»-"""«  ""k  brow      ,r   ,hu^" 

ra.,l.    V    ,1      ^       ^     "PIK.aran.-...    but    lat.M-   l..H.,n,es    h.,r,l   „„.l    drv.     Young 

«»..,.,™ «...  ,„  L»;'ur,,;:i;r;r,.r ':;.;',:;  r,L' 


hii>  ii'iiiMMl  to  lH'<iiiiii>  acllvc  n  criirk  will  iin.  Il>  hit  <ni  M  huhiiiiI  Hip 
iilTirtiil  lu.rl.  In  till'  i«t'iiiliiai.v  liciiltliy  tlHNiii-  Ju"t  li  '  «•  of  '.hi*  iirrji  n 
fi'W  uiTiiK  miiy   lurk   li>  nirry  mi  tlii>  iIIm'um-  fur  iiiioHii'r  yi-ii-.     Hoiiictliiirii 

till-  illwiiJM'   tfiH-H  nil   KprfiiilliiK  iliinii   tl iihi   lliiiliM   niiil   trunk,   cxtciiHlv* 

ciinkfri'il  iirwi"  ln'liiu  ili>v<'liiii«><l.  rrmii  »lili|i  Mir  yvllnwluli  kiiiii  iimy  nftiMi  ilrlp 
nhiiiiiliiiitly.     Ill  wviri'  iiimii  tlii>  tr<-f  miiy  l».  itlntliHl  iiml  kllli"!  In  ii  hIiikIi' 

M'ltlHIII. 

f'llXTiOI. 
Ill     flit    IMIt    llllU'll        !  •din    IIH    MHIII    UN    till'    lIlM'llw    lllllK'liri,     Ht     ll'll"t     II 

fcMii  iK'low  till-  iilTti'tc.    '    ' ; 

CJ.  I  Cut  (lilt  (link.  till'  Imw  of  HhiMitx  iil  l<>iiHt  4  <ir  5  IihIii'M  Im-Iow 

(lliM'iiMil  piirt. 

..1, t  ('iirt'fiilly  illalnrn't  thi>  toil"  iiftiT  I'liili  mt.  wllh  iiirrniilvp  Kulilliuiitf, 
l-MMMi.  iir  riirnmllii,  1  pint  to  .'{  khIIdiih. 

(•J.I  Ciircfiilly  I'XiiniliH-  tn^K  iikiiIii.  luiil  ml  imt  cnnkiTx  iifiiT  tin-  Imveii 
hflvt>  fiillt'ii. 

I.*.)  ttiithtT  iinil  hum  all  prunliiKN  rrmu  dlwHiml  tr<>eii. 

(tl.l   Kffp  iiphliliHi  nnil  ntln-r  liiBi'i-tn  In  ciiiitrol. 

1 7. 1  niwuiiniiti-  ti«)  rnplil  icroutli  nf  trccn  by  ItfiwiiiTii,'  iiiiii.niit  of  Irrlmi- 
tlon  mill  iiililvittliiii,  mill  |,y  growlnif  <.ovcr  irops.  or  pm  on-liiinl  In  whI  for 
a  tluio. 

BROWN-ROT  OF  tTONe-FRUITS. 

The  hronn-rot  of  pliinm.  iipiicIicm,  iiinl  other  Htoiic-fnilt»  N  «<.|I  known, 
iintl  niniiiioiily  ili.>iirnnivi'  whcn-vcr  thiw  ircfx  iirc  iimwn.  \,  irm,  moist 
wciitlicr  In  imrtlnilnrly  fiiroiiriilili'  to  tin'  isronlli  of  thf  fuMUUH  thiit  ciiiHt-s 
Ihf  (llwiiK,  CloiKly  wptithor.  with  rriiiiiciit  Nhowcm,  In  PililHumnn-r.  ciiiiIiIim 
•lie     ineuH    11  nioNt  rPiidlly  Infi'it  niitl  fNliilillNh  Itwlf  u|)oii  llic  plmil. 

It  In  most  ilcdtriirllvf  iin  n  ml  ,,f  the  frnlt.  thoiiRh  iNriirrliiK  on  IiIokkoiiik 
irt  leiives.  ijrw-i  frnlt  niiiy  1h'  iitliukeil.  tint  not  often  until  over  hiilf- 
urown.  The  Niiweptlhlllty  of  the  fruit  liicriiiNeN  with  tin'  ii'tcrn'  of  rlix-neNH. 
Siniill.  iliirkn.louri'd  clrculiir  sixitN  iipiH-iir  on  tlio  Kiirfnw.  whieh  »preiiil  until 
the  whoh'  frnlt  Is  iiffeetnl  Diirliitf  warm.  moiNt  weiitber  n  whole  fruit  miiy 
iK'come  ilcenypil  In  lhr.i>  iliiyN.  fiM.ii  the  surface  of  drtayliitf  rrnlls  moiild- 
Ilkp  tiifiN  appear.  tM-arliiir  the  summer  s|HireN  of  the  fiincuN.  The  diseased 
fruit  ma.v  either  fall  to  the  irround  or  It  may  shrivel  up,  formlnic  the  so-ialled 
"niiimmied  plums,"  and  remain  illiiKlnit  to  Hie  tree  thronithout  the  season. 

Krult  In  transit  or  In  storage  may  he  seriously  ulTected  hy  the  hrowii-rot. 

CoNTgoi. 

Spray  well  with  llme-sulpbur.  dormant  strenitth.  Just  Vfore  the  tiiids 
ilien.  Follow  with  another  of  llme-sul|phur  I'lt)  (or  self-cooked »  Just  after 
the  hlossoniN  have  fallen,  and  wllh  still  another  as  late  as  Is  safe  without 
InJuriiiK  the  fruit. 

rrune  out  trees  to  admit  air  ai.d  sunlight,  and  thin  the  fruit  so  that  no 
two  touch. 

In  [licking,  exercise  extreme  care  to  avoid  li  ilslng  or  otherwise  Injuring 
the  fruit,  rack  no  fnilt  that  Is  bruised  In  th  'lightest  degree.  Allow  the 
fruit  to  stand  In  a  einil  place  overnight  lieforc  .ir.cklng.  Collect  and  destroy 
all  mumnitiHl  fruit. 


8 

PLUM-LEAF  SPOT   OR   SHOT-HOLE   FUNQUS. 

Tills  Is  a  I'oniiiion  disoasf  of  thi'  i-licrry  ami  pluiii.  caiising  dead  brown 
»I>citM  to  appear  on  tlu'  leaf,  wlilcli  vf-ry  often  drop  out.  prmUiclng  the  «hot- 
liole  effect. 

To  control,  .xpray  with  llnie-siil|>hnr.  winter  strensth.  Jnst  before  the  hudu 
hnrst.  Follow  till.'*  with  another  of  llme-siiliihnr  l-.-io  (or  nse  the  self-i'ooked. 
S-S-40  forninla).  This  Is  usually  ipilte  siifflclent  to  control  the  disease,  bnt 
In  extreme  cas»'S  another,  after  the  fnilt  Is  |ilcke<l.  may  be  necessary. 

PEACH   AND  PLUM  SCAB. 

This  disease  causes  small,  clrcnlar.  dark-coloured  spots  to  appear  uiwn 
the  surface  of  the  fruit.  In  had  cases  one  side  of  the  fruit  inny  be  almost 
completely  covered  liy  the  sjiots.  and  In  such  cases  Is  apt  to  shrivel  and  crack 
open.     I,eiives  and  twigs  may  also  he  attacke<1. 

The  disease  niny  be  successfully  controlled  by  the  use  of  self-boiled  lime- 
sulphur.  S-.>*-4n  formula.  The  commercial  mixture,  diluted  1-M.  may  also  be 
H.sed. 

PEACH-MILDEW. 

Peach-iuildew  is-curs  on  the  leaves  and  younc  shoots  as  a  dense  white 
mass  of  threads.  It  may  also  occur  on  the  fruit  Itself.  The  disease  causes 
an  archlim  and  .  i.illng  of  the  leaves,  and  the  deformation  of  the  .voung, 
rapidly  Krowiiij;  shoots. 

lu  controlling  this  disease,  self-holled  lime-siilphur  has  given  fair  results. 
Sulphur  as  a  dry  dust  spray  and  aminoniacal  cojiiicr-carliouate  have  also 
been  used. 

PEACH-LEAF  CURL. 

reach-leaf  curl  Is  first  noticed  on  the  unfolding  leaves.  It  makes  Its 
appe.iiiiiice  as  an  arching,  <urllng.  and  thlckenl.ig  of  the  leaf,  aci-ompanletl 
by  n  general  heightening  In  colour.  When  only  small  areas  are  affecte<l. 
these  appear  .'is  nHhlish  archetl  spots  upon  the  leaf.  Hadly  attacke<l  leaves 
become  brown  ,iiid  drop  off.  forcing  the  tre<'  to  put  ont  a  new  set.  Young 
twigs  aff.Htcd  with  the  disease  are  tiiiiker  than  normal  and  pale  In  colour. 
A  gummy  exudate  may  sometimes  be  seen  oozing  fnan  the  bark  of  such 
sla^its. 

When  the  leaves  are  severely  .ittack.'d.  the  nilt  may  becimie  dwarfed 
or  even  drop  „|T.  Trees  suffering  from  the  discM-'  are  apt  to  go  into  winter 
quarters  irniiroperiy  matured,   rendering  them   m.ire  liable  to  frosl-injury. 

I'ciich-Ieaf  curl    is   particularly   destructive    in    seasons   when   cold,   damp 

weather   prevails,    when    the    t! s    are   leafing   out.    anil    conse<piently    moist 

climates  are  more  subject  to  serious  Infestations  than  dry  ones.  The  illsease 
giiliis  enlraiirc  to  the  pliint  by  the  buds  as  they  unfold,  and  control  measures 

ciaislst   ill  giving  the   Is  a   thorongli  ,o;,|iiig  of  spray  before  this  time,  to 

prevent  the  germination  of  tiie  spores  of  the  fungus. 

I.lmesnlphnr.  winter  striMiglh.  or  Itor.Icanx  mixtnie.  are  both  suitable 
for  this  purpose. 

RASPBERRY-CANE    BLIGHT. 

Tills  freipiently  proves  a  serious  disease  of  ra.spberrles,  particularly  the 
black-cap  varieties,  causing  a  blight  of  leaves  and  cane.  Sometimes  the  whole 
cane  may  he  affected,  sometimes  only  a  single  branch.     Frequently  the  bark 


9 

1111(1  \V(km1  (111  one  slil(>  c.f  the  ciiuc  will  Ik-  bliicki'iicd  niid  (llscolduml  by  the 
lUsciisc.  Willie  the  otliir  will   rciiiiilii  liciiltliy. 

Sprayliii.'  liiis  mil  iirovcd  iiltdsctlicr  successful  In  Ireiitiin;  the  dlsciise. 
SysleiiiiitIc  ciittliiKdilt  (if  (lid  ciiiies  iiiiisl  lie  in-actlscd,  mid  ciire  taken  to  (ilitaiii 
(iiil.v  healthy  jilaiits  at   the  outset, 

RASPBErtRY   ANTHRACN08E. 

This  alTects  hotli  hlaiklienies  and  rasjilierries.  liiJiirinK  the  eanes,  leaf- 
stalks, and  leav<^s.  I,l;;lit-((il(inred  sunken  spots  apiiear  on  the  eunes.  givliis 
them  the  so-called  "  lilrd's-eye  "  effect. 

Siirayhiii  with  RiinU-anx  nil.xtiire  early  In  the  season  has  civeii  i;o<m1 
results.  This  and  ciiftliiK  out  the  diseased  canes  .should  kivp  the  (lis(>ase  in 
control. 

GOOSEBERRY-MILDEW. 

This  freipiently  liecoines  a  serious  disease  of  Uoosetierries.  particularly  the 
Kuropean  varieties.  Tlie  disease  appears  as  ii  white  powdery  urowtli  upon 
.voini;:  twit's  and  leaves,  f.ater  th(>  fruit  will  lie  affected.  As  the  season 
advances,  the  threads  of  the  fuiiiius  hecouie  dark  hrown  In  colour,  foniiiug 
dark  hlotches  upon  leaves  and  fruit.  In  had  cases  there  will  lie  a  severe 
droppiiu;  of  the  leaves. 

I.inie-siilphur  Is  the  most  s.itistactory  funtfici(U'  for  controliini;  the  mildew. 
Ise  tiie  dormant  stremtlh   liefore  tlie  liiids  liursi    in   the  sprlm:.     Kullow   this 

with   another,  diluted   1-L'tl.  Just  liefore  the  lilossoius  dj and  another.   l-:tO. 

Just  after  the  fruit  sets. 


LATE    BLIGHT   OF   POTATOES. 

The  lute  hllght  of  jiotatiH-s  has  fniiuently  caused  heavy  loss  to  potato- 
growers  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  It  is  a  disease  peculiarly  depencU-iit 
upon  weather  conditioiis  for  its  develoimient.  .V  few  ('ays  of  warm,  moist 
weather  in  inidsunimer  are  suttlcient  to  enalile  the  fniiBus  to  spread  with 
singular  rapidity  over  the  field. 

I>ark-colo«red  spots  apixar  on  the  leaf,  usually  liecinniiic  at  the  edt'e  or 
tip.  These  spots  are  soft,  of  a  dark,  water-soaked  appearance,  with  soine- 
tliiies  a  slight  imrpilsh  tint,  and  emit  an  ofTensive  (Hhiur. 

A  dry-rot  of  the  tubers,  sunietlmes  It;  the  field,  sometimes  in  stoia;:c.  is 
also  produced  by  the  disease.  The  death  of  the  cells  of  the  tuber,  brmiiiht 
Hlioiit  by  the  finiirus.  creates  favourable  conditions  for  the  entrance  and 
Rrowlh  of  various  sajiropliytic  niouids  and  bacteri.i.  which  may  cause  a  wet- 
rot  of  the  jiotato. 

To  control  the  hlight.  spray  the  plants  w  Itii  Korih'aux  inl.vtiire  »h iuait 

«  Inches  high,  and  iviieat  at  intervals  of  about  two  weeks,  three  or  even  more 
sprayings  being  necessar.v.  depending  on  weather  condltiMiis.  I'lant  laiiy  sound 
tubers,  anil.   If  possible,  practise  a   rotation  of  crops. 

POTATO-SCAB. 

This  disease,  commeniing  as  dark-coloured  spots  upon  the  skin,  finally 
doveloiis  Into  corky,  scab-like  blotches  on  the  surface  „r  the  tuber.  The  trouble 
Is  not  usually  very  deei.-seated.  those  tubers  that  have  been  attacked  while 
.young  lielng  worst. 


10 

The  siKiri's  iif  the  futiisus  may  iHTslst  In  the  soil  for  ypiirc,  and  are  alile 
to  iiiiss  niiliariiicd  tlimuKli  llii'  digestive  tract  of  doniestle  animals,  iiarllciilarly 
lior»c>s. 

Control  consists  In  soaking  tlie  seed-potatoes  for  two  lionrs  In  fornuilin. 
1  |>lnt  to  .'to  callons.  then  dry  and  cnt. 

I'otatm's  .should  not  he  grown  for  two  sniK-esslve  years  where  the  disease 
has  (Mcm'red,  and  uncooked  s<'al)hy  potatoes  should  not  he  fed  to  horses. 

8TEM.ROT   OF   POTATOES. 

Various  names  have  heen  applied  to  llils  disease,  stem-rot.  rhlzoctonla, 
potato  rosette,  little  |iotato,  and  blacU-rot  being  some  of  these. 

The  stem  of  the  potato  at  or  below  the  surface  of  the  ground  Is  attaokiHl, 
and  sometimes  <ompletely  girdled.  Sometimes,  bnt  not  Invariahl.v.  small  tubers, 
either  singly  or  In  hnnchcs,  appear  on  the  .stem  above  the  Injury,  sometimes 
ipilte  high  up  (vn  the  stem.  The  leaves  of  plants  afrccled  are  usuall.v  smaller 
than  normal,  and  .velliiwish  In  colour.  In  siaue  cases  taking  on  the  rosette 
hidilt.     In  bad  cases  the  plants  die  and  the  leaves  wither  up. 

Tubers  of  diseased  plants  will  Ih?  covered  with  small,  black  or  dark- 
coloured  spots,  called  .sclerotla,  whhh  are  comiK)sed  of  dense  masses  of  the 
niyifllum  of  the  fungus.  In  this  form  the  disease  Is  carriwl  over  the  winter, 
and  plants  grown  from  smh  seed  .are  very  apt  to  develop  the  disease. 

To  control  this  disease,  treat  as  for  scab. 

DRY-ROT  AND   WILT   DISEASE   OF   POTATOES. 

This  disease  produces  a  wilt  disease  of  the  parts  above  ground,  but  Is 
better  known  as  a  dry-rot  of  the  tubers.  Dlsea.sed  potatm-s  nia.v.  to  all 
njiiiearances.  be  jierfectly  sound,  until  some  time  after  gathere<I.  They  can 
be  detected,  however,  by  cutting  the  tnber  across  at  the  stem  end,  when  a 
dark  ring  will  lie  seen  Just  imder  the  surface.  The  diseas<'  may  spread  rapidly 
in  storage,  niouid-llke  growths  appearing  on  the  surface,  and  the  potato  may 
shrink  away  to  a  fraction  of  Its  former  size. 

To  control,  reject  all  diseaseil  tubers  for  seed  purposes;  avoid  lnfe<ted 
ground  for  planting  potatoe.s,  as  the  fungus  lives  for  a  considerable  length 
of  time  ill  the  soil.  Some  have  rejiortecl  good  ri>sult.'i  from  spraying  with 
Bordeaux  mixture  for  the  wilt  disease. 

EARLY   BLIGHT  OF  POTATOES. 

This  disease  c(amiionly  occurs  on  both  jiotatoes  and  tomatoes.  Though 
able  to  establish  Itself  on  the  host-plant  as  a  true  jianislte  under  suitable 
conditions,  jilaiits  weakened  from  any  cau.se  are  particularly  susceptible. 

Well-detlneil  drculiir  or  elliptical  spots  appear  on  the  leaves  and  stems. 
They  are  brown  In  colour,  concentrically  m.irked.  with  ji.ile  centri>  and  darkei 
border.  The  disease  may  be  accompanied  by  a  curling  and  drying-iij)  of  the 
leaves,  thus  iiinsiiig  much  damage  to  the  crop. 

Spraying  as  for  the  late  blight  will  control  the  disease. 

Vicloiin.  n.(\.  ncrrmhci;  inti. 


TIOTOniA.   B.r.  : 

Printed  hy   Wa.l.lAM  H.   CllT.lN,   Primer  to  the  KltiR'n  .Mont  Kxeellent   Mnletity. 

1912. 


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