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CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(■Monographs) 


ICiUIH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


1 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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checked  below. 


[3 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I  Covers  damaged  / 


D 


D 

D 
D 
D 
D 


D 


D 


Couverture  endommagte 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculte 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

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intdrieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  ceitaines  pages 
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apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  6X6  film^s. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commontaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'lnstKut  a  microfilmd  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  d^ils  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-dtre  unkjues  du  point  de  vue  bibii- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  nfKxJifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  nfX)dificatlon  dans  la  metho- 
ds nomnale  de  filmage  sont  indk)ute  ci-dessous. 

I     I  Cok)ured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I     I  Pages  damaged  /  P&jes  endommag^es 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  pellteul^es 


D 


r~pt  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 

n 


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Pages  detached  /  Pages  d^tach^s 
Showthrough  /  Transparence 


V~^  Quality  of  print  varies  / 


D 
D 


D 


Quality  in^gaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

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possible  image  /  Les  pages  totaiement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'enata,  une 
peiure,  etc.,  ont  6t6  filmtes  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  k 
obtenir  la  meiileure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meiileure  image 
possible. 


This  Itwn  It  flinwd  at  tlw  rwhietion  ratio  dMdwd  balow  / 

C«  docutiiMt  Mt  film*  au  taux  de  iMuction  Indlqut  cMattoua. 


lOx 

14X 

Ifc 

22x 

26x 

30x 

7 

., 

19v 

IBx 

20x 

24x 

28x 

32x 

TIm  copy  f ilmMl  hf  has  b««n  reproduced  thanks 
to  tho  gonsrosity  of: 

LHMwy 
Agrieultur*  Csnsds 


L'axsmplairs  fNm4  f ut  rsprodult  grtoa  i  la 
g4n*rosh4  da: 

BibHoth4qiM 
Agriwiturt  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
possibia  consMarlng  tha  condition  and  laglbility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  imagas  suhrantas  ont  4ti  raproduitaa  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  I'axamplaira  film4.  at  an 
conformM  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copies  In  printed  paper  covers  ara  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  laack  cover  when  appropriate.  Ail 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Lss  exemplalras  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  fiimte  sn  commen^ant 
par  ie  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  solt  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'Impresslon  ou  d'lliustratlon,  solt  par  ie  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  exemplalras 
originaux  sont  fllm4s  wi  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'Impresslon  ou  d'lliustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^»-(  moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"!, or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  dee  symbdes  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  la  symbols  — ►  signlfie  "A  SUIVRE".  Ie 
symbols  ▼  signifis  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  stc.  msy  bs  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  Included  in  one  exposurs  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  Ths  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  ttre 
filmte  i  des  taux  de  rMuctlon  difftrents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  an  un  ssui  cllcht,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
da  I'angia  sup4risur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  an  bas.  an  prenant  ie  nombre 
d'Images  nAcsssaira.  Les  diagrammas  suivants 
liiustrant  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

fieaocorv  mmiution  tbt  chart 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TIST  CHAUT  No.  2) 


DEPABT¥EKT    OF   AORICULTITRE 
DAIRT   AMB   OOLE    STORAGE    OOlOCnSIONlM 
OTTAWA.   CANADA. 


CO-OPERATION  AND;  FRUtT 
GROWING 


BT 


A.  McNeill, 

Chief,  Fruit  Biamtm, 


■i 


BULLpilIN  NO.  38-DAIRV  4ND  COL D  STQRAGfe 
COMMISSIONEirSr^ERIES 


PafcUahed  Iff  Dlrecttoa  t  tbe  Boa.  HMvtlCliKlfl^^MIHMMr  ft  MjfUmttmf*, 


DKPARTMEN         f   AGRIClILTrRE 

DAIRT   AND   GOLD   STORAOK   COMHISSIONER'S   BRANCH. 

OTTAWA.  CANADA. 


co-operation  and  fruit 

GROWING 


■* 


A.  McNeill, 

Chief,  Fruit  Vivition. 


kfcf? 


BULLETIN  NO.  38-DAlRY  AND  COLD  STORAGE 
COMMISSIONER'S  SERIES 


raMtalM«  hj  Bli«c«lMi  9t  the  ■•■•  HarUB  Barrell,  miBiiMv  mt  AsriralUir*, 

Ottawa,  Oat. 


FBBRUiVKY.    1913 


37230—1 


IKTTEn  OF  TRANSMITTAT^ 

Ottawa,  Fobniorr  21.  101*. 
To  the  Iluiiounblo 

Tho  Mini»ter  of  Auricuhiire. 

Sm.— I  boR  to  submit  for  your  approval  tho  manuscript  for  a  new  bulletin  on 
'  Co-operation  and  Fruit  CJrowing,"  by  A.  McNeill.  Chiof  of  the  Fruit  Dirision  in  thia 
Branch.  Bulletin  W.  '  Co-operation  in  the  Marketing  of  Apples.'  published  in  tOOT, 
is  now  out  of  print.  The  proposed  bulletin  is  to  somo  extent  a  revision  of  Bulletin 
18,  but  it  also  contains  much  new  matter  relating  to  the  subject. 

I  have  the  honour  to  recommend  that  it  be  publishetl  for  distribution  as  Bulletin 
S8  of  the  Dairy  and  Cold  StoraBe  Series. 

I  have  the  honour  to  Im>.  sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

J.  A.  RirDDICK,  N 

Dairy  and  Cold  Storage  CommiuivMr. 


S7M0— II 


iBtrodiiftory  KntM , 7 

A|ipl«  Growing  in  ('aiiailu 7 

Nova  S«oti«  Export  Truil. S 

Raecnt  Dcvvlopnwnu * 

ConuBcrcicI  Orcha^lk 0 

A  Hm  for  th«  Small  Orcb«ni • 

Tha  De%elopiMitt  of  Co-op«ratiou 1 

Compotition  vertu*  (.VoiN-rttlion lU 


fnud. 


tl 
II 
11 
It 
\i 


WmU 

The  Kritifxly 

Funrtioiii  uf  Co-opcmtioii 

Ethical  Principlai  IdtoIvi-iI 

ConiUanca  '*>  Leadvr* 

Loyalty. .  .       

ITnMlilthnaw " 

Leadenhip 1' 

Go-<q)eration  in  Practire ^3 

Manafcmcnt  and  Control 13 

Diviaion  of  ProUto ^^ 

Tha  Preaant  Sjttcm  of  Packing  and  Hvlliim '^* 

Mlinff  through  ComuiiMion  Agentt ^^ 

Bhortcomingi  of  Indiridual  (Irowera ^^ 

Co-operation  and  the  Fruit  Merchant 1^ 

Co-operatira  AaaociatioBi  and  New  Marketn 1* 

Hafket  Bequirementt ]l 

G»«peratioa  in  Production  and  Marketing 

Large  Qaantitiea 

Uniformity  in  Packing  and  Grading. . 

The  Beputatiop  of  a  Brand 

Co-operatiTe  Ifcthodt  and  BramK 

Economy  in  Harresting  and  Ma.'keil-t; 

Picking  Fruit  when  Mature 

Utiliaing  Special  Varie  n,= 1* 

TheColvert 20 

The  Graven»U'in j^' 

By-productn 20 

Improven:int  in  the  Grade  of  (Srcn  Fruit 20 

Aa»ociation  and  By-product  FaHories 20 

Storage  Facilitiea 21 

Warehouiea  in  Nova  Scotia 21 

Improved  Methods  of  Selling 21 

Packages •_ 21 

Purchasing  and  Using  Implements  in  Common 22 

Securing  Expert  Businees  Men 22 

Educational  Value -p 

Cash  Advances 2:J 

Distributive  Co-cperation 2.1 

The  St.  Catharines  Cold  Storhge  and  Forwordinjf  Cuipuuy. . 23 


1" 
18 

^H 
II) 

10 
19 


Page 

94 

The  Labour  Problem o^ 

Benefits  to  others  than  Members 

The  Rise  in  the  Value  of  Land '* 

Suggestions  with  Beferenee  to  Organization 

Forming  an  Association ._ 

Guarantee  Bonds __ 

Auditing _« 

Membership '  ■  .. 

Equality  of  Tntcri'sta 

Outside  Dealing „ 

Association  AssotH 

Co-operative  Bookkeeping 

Incorporation „_ 

Central  Packing  House 

Central  Association-. 

The  United  Fruit  Companies  of  Xova  Scotia «» 

Organization  Among  Existing  Ontario  Associations 29 

Co-operative  Legislation 

Propaganda g^ 

Appendices •  ••  ••••••, oa 

Appendix  1— Constitution  and  By-laws ™ 

Norfolk  Fruit  Growers'  Association o» 

Forest  Fruit  Growers  and  Forwarding  Association 84 

Kelowna  Farmers'  Exchange  (Limited) 86 

Island  and  Gypsum  Fruit  Company,  Ohio 87 

Form  Recommended  for  Ontario 40 

'Appendix  8— List  of  Co-operetive  Fruit  Associations  in  Canada 48 

Appeadiz  8— Statistics ** 

Apple  exports  from  Canada  by  years 46 

«               «              "            periods 46 

"               "       North  America 46 

Imports  of  apples,  bananas  and  oranges  into  United  King- 
dom   ** 


CO-OPERATION  AND  FRUIT  GROWING. 

By  A.  MeNeiU. 

INTRODUCTORY  NOTES. 

Co-operation,  in  all  Hues  of  agricutural  production  and  distribution,  has  de- 
veloped rapidly  during  t*he  last  few  years  in  nearly  all  the  Countries  of  Europe.  Tho 
development  is  less  marked  in  America,  but  even  in  Anierieu  certain  lines  of  co- 
operation have  reached  enormous  proportions,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  co-operative 
acl!in|{  associations  for  citrous  fruits  in  California.  Agricultural  productive  co- 
operation, too,  has  made  great  progrrees  in  the  States  of  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota 
III  other  parts  of  the  United  States  cooperative  selling  associations  have  become 
fuirly  common  and  have  worked  out  principles  that  can  be  adopted  now  with  con- 
fidence. 

In  recent  years  there  have  been  some  remarkuble  developments  of  co-operative 
effort  among  Canadian  farmers.  The  Northwest  Clrain  Growers'  Association  bids 
fiiir  to  revolutionize  the  selling  of  wheat  in  the  northwest.  Distributive  co-operative 
stores  ore  being  established  throughout  the  Dominion,  and  so  numerous  have  they 
become  lately  that  it  has  been  found  desirable  and  possible  to  organize  a  Dominion 
Union  of  Co-operative  Associations  that  will  exercise  a  great  influence  on  the  distri- 
butive side  of  the  movement. 

Not  less  important  has  been  the  development  of  apple  selling  associations  within 
the  last  few  years,  and  it  is  with  these  that  this  bulletin  is  particularly  concerned. 
But  it  is  necessary  to  emphasize  that  the  general  principles  are  the  some  and  it 
would  be  impossible,  even  if  it  were  deemed  expedient,  to  attempt  to  disassociate  the 
co-operative  apple  selling  movement  in  Canada  from  the  co-operative  movement  ii> 
pll  agricultui'al  lines  in  many  countries.  The  history  of  co-operative  apple  selling 
associations  in  our  own  country  is  sufficiently  interesting  to  demand  special  attention 
and  it  appears  to  be  the  line  along  which  co-operative  effort  can  be  most  easily  intro- 
duced in  many  important  sections  of  the  country. 

To  outline  in  moi»  or  less  detail  the  principles  of  co-operation,  the  more  desir- 
able methods  to  adopt  in  putting  these  principles  into  practice,  and  the  objects  to  ho 
gained  by  their  adoption,  is  the  purpose  of  this  bulletin.  If  its  perusal  tends  to  en- 
courage more  economical  methodb  of  produfction  and  distribution,  And  a  more  equit- 
able division  of  the  proceeds  from  sales,  the  object  of  the  bulletin  will  have  been 
attained. 

APPLE  GROWING  IN  CANADA. 

The  apple  industry  of  Canada  originated  in  the  orchards  of  the  earliest  settlers, 
planted  primarily  for  their  own  use.  These  orchards,  planted  for  this  purpose  on  a 
somewhat  generous  scale,  supplied  not  only  tlie  needs  of  the  family,  but  also  those 
of  the  nearby  markets.  So  prolific  were  they  that  even  when  local  demands  were 
met  there  was  still  a  surplus.  This  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  long  distance  and 
export  trade.  Merchants  and  the  more  enterprising  growers  began  to  ship  a  few 
barrels  to  the  markets  of  Great  Britain  and  found  that  the  fruit  wag  acceptable  and 
the  profits  large.  Thb  created  somewhat  of  a  boom  in  orchard  planting  and  developed 
the  long  distance  and  export  trade  to  its  present  proportions. 

7 


TIm  luuMDing  of  die  crop  naturally  fell  into  the  hands  of  dealers  who  Tery  quickly 
Bonopoliaed  the  trade  connections,  to  such  an  extent  that  they  could  practically 
dicUte  the  remuneration  returned  to  the  growers,  and  in  this  condition  the  trade  haa 
continued  almost  to  the  present  time. 

Of  course,  the  form  in  which  this  monopoly  existed  was  in  a  measure  dictated  by 
slightly  different  conditions.  The  net  results,  however,  were  the  same.  The  grower 
was  in  the  hands  of  the  middleman  and  was  powerless  to  secure  a  fair  proportion 
of  the  prices  which  his  fruit  brought  in  the  ultimate  mariiet.  In  Not«  Scotia  the 
dealers  were  usually  associated  with  some  strong  English  firm  who  made  advances 
on  the  applet  ia  their  possession  and  who  eventually  built  warehouses  at  the  points 
of  production  in  order  to  secure  a  better  hold  upon  the  fruit.  Kot  content  with 
this,  eerUin  dealers  often  secured  control  of  the  transportation  facilities,  so  that 
rival  shippers  and  independent  growers  had  great  difficulty  in  moving  their  fruit. 
8ome  of  the  shrewdeet  men  among  these  growers,  too,  were  employed  to  act  as 
soliciting  ag^ents,  and  by  these  devices  the  dealers  secured  almost  absolute  control  of 
the  trade. 

In  Ontario,  apple  orchards  were  not  so  concentrated,  and  it  was  somewhat  more 
difficult  to  secure  such  oontroL  However,  the  distance  from  the  maritets  and  the 
iitability  of  the  English  firms  to  become  aoqnainted  with  the  local  conditions,  enabled 
a  comparatiTdy  few  men  to  pose  as  exporters.  There  grew  up  a  large  army  of  local 
buyers  more  or  less  under  the  control  of  the  e^iorteri,  and  at  times  the  competition 
among  theee  kept  prices  fairiy  well  up  to  •  point  corresponding  with  the  price  m 
the  foreign  market  In  later  years  the  competition  betwewi  different  buyers 
became  merely  nominal  and  the  business  in  Ontario  was  so  shrewdly  organized 
that  the  apple  grower  got  just  a  little  more  for  his  fruit  than  his  actual 
expenses.  For  this  reason  there  was  no  incentive  to  increase  the  orchard  area.  In 
fact  after  this  regime  had  more  or  leu  complete  control,  the  orchard  area  began 
to  fall  off  most  seriondy,  and  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  in  the  decade  beginning 
1800  to  see  splendid  orchards  chopped  down  for  firewood.  It  was  under  these  circum- 
stances that  the  co-operative  movement  began.  It  was  adopted  by  Ontario  as  a  sort 
of  last  resort.  In  this  it  follovrs  the  history  of  co-operation  in  every  land  and  in 
connection  with  every  industry.  It  is  seldom  indeed  that  it  has  been  adopted  during 
good  times  or  while  industries  were  fiourishing.  But  though  adopted  with  little  hope 
it  has  never  failed  to  improve  conditions. 

jr«T«  Scotia  Expert  Trade.— The  development  of  the  apple  trade  in  Nova  Scotia 
IK  similar  to  that  in  Ontario  and  it  began  about  the  same  time.  About  1870  shipmeuits 
from  Nova  Scotia  to  London  were  in  large  enough  cargoes  to  attract  attention.  Many 
of  these  apples  were  sent  in  sailiupr  vessels  from  local  ports  and,  ar  might  be  expected, 
the  condition  on  arrival  was  variable.  There  was  no  provision  for  ventilation,  and 
even  if  there  had  been  none  of  those  delays  so  common  to  sailing  vessels,  it  would 
have  been  a  difficult  matter  to  have  lauded  apples  in  I/>ndon  to  do  justice  to  Nova 
Scotia.  Steamers  sailing  from  Boston  were  then  induced  to  come  to  Halifax  for  a 
part  cargo  of  apples,  and  this  helped  the  situation  considerably.  Later,  of  course, 
Halifax  secured  a  direct  line  of  steamers  that  has  served  the  needs  of  the  trade  more 
or  less  satisfactorily  up  to  the  present  time.  The  exports  in  1880  were  only  24,000 
barrels,  and  in  1886,  177,500  barrels.  The  phenomenal  crop  of  1896  gave  a  surjJus  of 
something  like  500,000  barrels  and  the  1011  crop  gave  an  output  for  export  and  long 
disUnce  shipments  of  1,600,000  barrels,  representing  a  total  yield  of  about  2,000,000 
barrels.  Briefly  this  is  the  history  of  the  apple  industry,  both  in  Ontario  and  Nova 
Scotia,  the  only  provinces  that  have  yielded  a  large  surplus  for  export. 

Becent  DeTelopmenti.— Tlie  phenomenal  increase  in  the  crop  of  Nova  Scotia  has 
been  the  result  partly  of  increased  plantings,  but  partly  also  of  the  better  care  which 
ia  taken  of  the  orchards. 


The  increase  in  the  acteai^e  of  new  orchards  in  Ontario  in  the  last  ten  yean  has 
probaUy  been  as  great  as  in  Nova  Sootia,  but  these  new  orchards  are  not  concentrated 
to  the  same  extent.  Nevertheless,  they  are  by  no  means  aa  widely  distributed  as  the 
older  orchards.  As  a  mutter  of  fact  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  trees  in  the  older 
•mailer  orchards  in  this  province  has  been  quite  equal  to  the  increase  in  the  number 
of  new  trees  planted  in  larsrer  areas  and,  perhaps,  in  more  favourable  situations. 
Modem  orchard  culture  is  also  the  rule  in  theae  new  Ontario  orchards.  The  outcome 
in  both  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  is  a  very  large  increase  in  the  exporUble  surplus. 

British  Columbia  has  been  planting  very  rapidly  of  late  years  but  the  1012  crop 
was  the  first  that  seriously  affected  the  market  outside  the  province. 

Commercial  Orchard*.— Recently  there  has  been  a  marked  change  with  refer- 
ence to  apple  growing,  brought  about  for  the  most  part  by  co-operation.  The  older 
home  orchards  are  ceasing  to  be  profitable.  It  is  doubtful,  indeed,  whether  orchard- 
ing can  be  recommended  at  aU,  unless  it  be  for  home  use  or  for  the  local  mariiet, 
except  where  co-operative  methods  are  used.  Under  the  stimulus  of  such  methods, 
growers  are  turning  their  attention  to  orcharding  as  a  main  source  of  income,  where 
formerly  it  was  only  a  side-line.  The  effect  is  to  group  the  orchards  in  particular 
districts  and  to  increase  their  sixe.  It  means,  too,  the  application  of  businees  methods 
to  this  branch  of  horticulture.  In  modem  phrase,  orcharding  is  becoming  '  commer- 
cialized '  in  Canada.  The  change  is  now  taking  place  and  we  see  the  extraordiiiury 
spectacle  of  men  in  one  part  of  a  county  receiving  $2  per  barrel  for  apples,  while  in 
the  next  township  apples  are  being  allowed  to  rot  under  the  trees.  The  old  order  is 
passinR  awaj'  and  the  new  is  not  yet  thoroughly  established. 

A  Plea  for  the  Small  Orchard.— At  the  present  time  the  small  grower,  in  ueigh- 
bourhuods  where  orcharding  is  not  a  special  feature,  would  ap!>ear  to  have  received 
a  setback.  A  little  more  experience  will  show  these  small  growers  that  it  is  quite 
possible,  even  in  districts  where  apples  are  not  a  specialty,  to  orKanize  co-operative 
selling  associations  so  as  to  dispose  of  the  fruit  without  difficulty  and  at  a  fair  profit. 
It  must  be  admitted  that  of  late  years  the  small  orchard,  as  an  adjunct  to  the  fami, 
has  not  been  remunerative.  All  attempts  at  growing  four,  five  or  half  a  dozen  trees, 
which  would  be  sufficient  to  sui^ly  the  needs  of  the  home,  have  failed ;  the  trees  are 
not  numerous  enough  to  receive  proper  care  in  the  busy  life  of  the  ordinary  mixed 
farm,  and  very  quickly  succumb  to  gen  ^1  neglect.  Apparently  the  smallest  area 
that  can  be  recommended  in  general  prac.cc  is  five  acres,  and  there  is  no  reason  why, 
with  co-operative  methods,  there  should  not  be  a  five-acre  orcharfl  on  every  ftrm  in 
the  apple  districts  of  Canada.  This  would  not  interfere  seriously  with  the  laifior 
interests  of  the  farm,  and  yet  would  be  sufficient  to  make  it  worth  while  to  se<ure 
proper  implements,  spray  at  the  right  time  and  pay  some  attention  to  marketing. 
With  the  pas-^iuR  of  these  small  orchards  would  go  many  of  the  pleasant  recollections 
cf  fami  lite.  The  old  orchard  is  the  memory  that  lingers  longest  and  liiiks  m  nioet 
closely  with  the  land.  It  would  be  worth  while,  merely  fs  a  partial  sidution  of  the 
depopulation  problem,  to  institute  a  propaganda  for  a  five-ore  orchard  on  every  farm. 

THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CO-OPERATION. 

§0  far  as  Canadian  fruit  growers  are  concerned,  they  benefitted  compariiiively 
little  by  the  experience  of  co-operators  in  other  lands,  and  co-operation  with  them 
is  decidedly  a  native  growth  influenced  little  or  not  at  all  by  the  theories  and  prac- 
tices of  older  countries.  The  result  has  been  that  our  growers  have  looked  upon  co- 
operation largely  from  the  material  side  and  have  counted  its  benefits  in  proportion  to 
the  direct  increase  in  returns  for  fruit.  Naturally,  too,  the  by-laws  and  regulations 
imder  which  the  first  associations  operated  did  not  correspond  to  any  set  prmciplea 
similar  to  those  evolved  by  the  co-operative  societies  in  other  lands. 

37230—3 


10 

The  fact  that  the  independent  Canadian  erolutioa  of  oo-operation  doea  not  differ 
mattrially  in  methods  from  co-operation  aa  practiced  in  the  older  lands,  should  in- 
spire confidence  in  Canadians  to  accept  more  readily  the  teachings  of  pioneers  in 
this  system  of  conducting  trade.  Everyone  who  aspim  to  be  uaeful  in  a  co-operative 
way  should  acquaint  himself  with  the  history  of  co-operation  in  the  older  lands. 
Particularly  valuable  is  the  history  of  co-operation  in  Germany  and  Denmark,  but 
scarcely  less  so  are  the  recent  developments  in  agricultural  co-operation  in  Ireland 
under  the  leadership  of  Sir  Horace  Plunkett.  For  genernl  principles  nothing  can  be 
better  than  the  history  of  diMtributive  co-operation  in  (ircHt  Britain. 

I  emphasiiie  the  importance  of  reading  co-operative  history  for  the  reason  that 
not  all  the  Canadian  apple  gelling  associations  have  been  successful.  A  careful  study 
of  the  causes  of  their  failure  wUl  show  that  in  every  case  there  has  been  a  violation 
of  some  of  the  principles  that  are  now  regarded  by  those  who  have  studied  the  subject 
M  fundamental  to  co-operation. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  mistake  which  Canadian  fruit  growers  have  made  in  refer- 
ence to  co-operation  is  to  regard  it  as  an  isolated  movement  for  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing them  a  few  dollars  more  than  they  would  otherwise  obtain,  in  its  broader  out- 
look co-operation  is  a  friendly  society  or  a  benefit  association.  European  co-oporatom 
have  rec(^n«ed  this  and  have  taken  for  their  motto,  '  Each  for  all,  and  all  for  each.' 
laking  this  view,  co-operation  implies  not  only  getting  something  that  you  did  not 
have  before,  but  aUo^giving  something:  or  helping  some  one  whom  you  could  not  other- 
wise help,  and  the  giving  or  helping  end  is  quite  as  important  as  the  receiving  end 


COMPETITION  VERSUS  CO-OPERATION. 

Few  Canadian  co-operators  recognize  that  co-operation  is  an  entirely  new  method 
y  dOjiK  business.  It  is  not  merely  a  modification  of  an  older  method  but  something 
founded  upon  a  different  if  not  antagonistic  principle.  The  prevailing  system  of 
marketing  H  founded  upon  competition,  the  practical  motto  of  which  is,  'Every  man 
for  himself.  The  natural  result  of  this  is  that  a  few  individuals  receive  most  of  the 
prizes.  C.  E.  Fay  in  Co-operation  at  Home  and  Abroad'  defines  a  co-operative  so- 
ciety as  an  auooiatioB  for  the  purpose  of  joint  tradinir  oripnatinr  unonr  the 
weak  and  conducted  altroyi  in  an  unMlfidi  .pirit,  on  such  temi  thit  aU  who  are 
prepared  to  asmme  the  dutaee  of  membenhip  may  share  in  its  rewards  in  propor- 
tion to  the  degree  m  which  they  make  use  of  their  issooiation.' 

It  will  be  necessary,  in  the  course  of  what  follows,  to  point  out  some  of  the  vviU 
of  the  ordinary  competitive  system  in  connection  with  the  apple  industry,  and  in 
doing  so  It  must  be  definitely  understood  that  individual  g.owors  and  buyers  cannot 
be  hold  a  together  responsible  for  the  disabilities  under  which  the  apple  industry 
undoubtedly  labours.  It  is  the  system  under  which  they  are  working  that  is  moat 
at  fault.  It  offers  at  every  turn  incentives  to  untruthfulness  and  misrepresentation. 
It  places  m  the  hands  of  unscrupulous  growers  and  unscrupulDus  buyers  an  effective 
instrument  of  fraud  and  renders  it  more  difficult  for  lionest  mon  to  conduct  a  legiti- 
mate business.  TmU-ed  this  fraud  in  the  apple  busim.s  becamp  so  serious  in  Canada 
that  It  necessitated  the  paa^iiiR  of  the  Fruit  Marks  Act.  now  merged  in  the  Inspec- 
tion and  Sale  Act,  which  has  done  much  to  correct  ?ome  of  the  grosser  evils. 

Waste.— Even  if  tliere  were  no  misrepresentation  between  the  buyer  and  the 
grower,  yet  from  the  conditions  under  which  the  buyer  works  he  is  obliged  to  nick 
and  pack  tl...  fruit  and  bring  it  to  market  at  a  much  greater  expense  than  that  in- 
curred by  co-operative  methods.  Under  the  present  wasteful  competitive  system  it 
u  not  too  much  to  say  that  from  50  to  76  oents  is  added,  on  the  average,  to  the  cost 


u 

of  evonr  barrel  of  apples  before  it  leaves  the  shipping  station.  The  dealers  are  aot 
particularly  anxious  to  change  this  if  they  could,  so  long  as  these  additional  chaiiw 
are  uniform  in  the  whole  trade,  since  each  is  in  as  good  a  position  as  kia  competitor, 
and  all  may  shift  the  burden  upon  either  the  producer  or  the  consumer. 

The  want  of  economy  does  not  nop  at  the  shipping  station.  If  the  grower  at- 
tempts to  ship  to  the  ultimate  market  on  his  own  account,  the  competitive  system  of 
marketing  accumulates  upon  the  fruit  a  number  of  charges,  some  of  them  perfectly 
li-gitimate,  others  quite  unnecessary,  or,  if  necessary,  exorbitant.  But  whether  these 
eliaiTBes  are  right  or  wrong,  the  individual  shipper  is  helpless.  He  has  no  way  of  in- 
vestigating tlioir  Correctness. 

The  Eemedjr.— C'o-opcrativo  methods  substitute  for  this  a  more  economical 
method  of  picking,  packing  and  marketing.  They  also  take  awny  most  of  the  incen- 
tives to  fraudulent  packing  and  marking.  The  economies  that  can  be  effected  will 
be  noted  more  particularly  in  what  follows.  Here  it  is  sufficient  to  direct  attention 
to  the  fact  that  this  economy  does  not  consist  in  supplanting  one  person  by  another 
to  whom  a  lower  fee  or  less  wngss  is  paid.  It  is  a  method  whereby  one  man  without 
undue  exertion  can  do  th<}  work  that  i*  now  being  .lone  by  two  or  three.  So.  too.  co- 
operative methods  do  not  propose  to  make  men  honest  by  law  or  rule.  They  simply 
take  a"vay  the  present  incentives  to  dishonesty. 


FUNCTIONS  OF  CO-OPERATION. 

The  aims  of  co-operation,  as  applied  to  the  fruit  industry,  are:— 

(a)  To  bring  fruit  products  as  directly  as  possible  from  the  producer  to  the 
i-ou3uiiier. 

(<>>  To  encourage  the  best  methods  of  production. 

(e)  To  encourage  thrift  in  the  fruit  grower,  and  economy,  intcllipenoe,  enter- 
prise and  honesty  in  the  packing,  grading  and  marketing  of  fruit. 

(d)  To  make  it  possible  for  a  number  of  small  growers  to  establish  a  commercial 
standing  that  will  be  a  guarantee  for  grade  marks  or  contracts. 

(e)  To  act  as  a  credit  organization  to  make  advances  on  products  in  the  pro- 
cess of  being  sold. 

ETHICAL  PRINCIPLES  INVOLVED. 

«  j'^u"'*  '*  ■?,int*';K;We  sometUinit  tliat  is  dpmanrted  hy  co-op«ration  M  essential  " 
and  th.8  ,8  evideneea  by  feelings  of  fellowship,  mutual  devoUi); TnTfaitllh^tne^ '• 
<o.O|.eratiou    doe«    not    exist   ondurmsly    trithout    thf*e.    O.  K.  Holmes.  Uiiit«l  " 

'States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Roporl  No.  98."  "•"  ".  v.ikto 

Confidence  in  leaders.— Co-operation  is  founded  upon  mutual  confidence,  loyalti' 
to  prineiple  and  unselfishness  in  action.  In  an  association  the  uembe  --ust  have 
confidence  in  their  leaders  and  in  thei:-  fellow  workers.    Without  this  *noe  no 

progress  can  be  made;  no  oihcr  virtues  will  compcusute  for  its  absence  uch  con- 
fidence is  not  the  blind  faith  tliat  follows  witJiout  reason,  nor  yet  is  it  ^e  cold  and 
calculating  sureness  that  comes  from  perfect  knowledge.  The  confidence  which  one 
lias  in  leaders  and  in  his  fellow  workers  in  this  democratic  age,  doe«  not  di.spense 
with  all  the  mechanism  of  personal  oversight  and  close  auditing.  But  it  docs  con- 
sist in  unreservedly  placing  our  interests  in  the  care  of  others  who  are  wirking  with 
us  and  whom  we  have  no  good  rea.son  to  suspect  of  fraud-ilerit  and  f^lfirh  intent. 
The  milennium  is  not  yet  come,  hut  it  is  safe  to  say  that  nincvtenths  of  the  sus- 
picions of  the  average  man  are  without  good  foundation.  The  criminal  code  in  cer- 
tain countries  is  founded  upon  the  principle  that  an  accused  man  is  guilty  until  he 

37230— »i 


Vt^mhiumH  innocent  The  British  courto  of  juUioe  consider  a  m«n  iun*.-ent 
until  he  M  proved  guilty.  Applyhiy  this  principle  to  the  working  of  co-openitive 
■Mocmtions,  we  should  consider  our  fellow  members  as  worthy  of  our  confidence  until 
It  IS  proved  otherwise  by  unimpeachable  evidence. 

4  ^Tf**?"^  co-operative  society  cannot  be  fully  succeuful  simply  because  a 
lew  of  the  local  growers  are  keenly  interested.  It  is  essential  that  e>«h  member  of  a 
.•o-<.porative  association  should  bear  in  mind  that  the  success  or  f.  lure  of  the  or- 
wniiaUon  depends  upon  the  combined  efforts  of  its  members,  in  giving  every  pos- 
sible support  tothe  movement.  The  ultimate  success  of  ic-operation  depends  largely 
upon  the  cheerful  optimism  and  enthusiastic  loyalty  of  the  association  members. 
It  IS  assunted  that  the  leaders  of  the  movement  in  any  s«^>tion  ate  men  of  greater 
executive  ability  and  better  training  than  the  average  grower.  Such  men  are  capable 
oJ  doing  many  things  well.  But  at  the  same  time  every  member  must  have  his  miml 
permeated  with  the  thought  that  unless  he  gives  every  possible  assistance  the  .Tortn 
of  the  leaders  are  necessarily  limited. 

Oireu  good  feeling  among  the  growers,  earneet  endeavour  on  the  part  of  each 
member,  and  enthusiastic  and  well  trained  leaders,  the  success  of  the  movement  i. 
aatured. 

TTnielflihlUM.— Selfishness  is  a  relic  of  a  primitive  civilization.  Enough  remaiii« 
however,  to  make  it  a  disturbing  element  in  everjday  life.  One  of  the  main  charnn 
of  modern  social  life  is  unaelfishness,  but  the  ordinary  methods  of  business  appear  to 
have  no  place  for  it  Co-operation,  on  the  other  hand,  endeavonra  to  eliminate  sel- 
^ness  and  its  success  depends  largely  upon  the  extent  to  which  this  is  accomplished 
No  co-operative  association  can  possibly  succeed  if  the  memben  are  determined  to 
act  upon  the  ethics  of  ordinary  business  methods.  If  the  few  who  have  power  in  an 
association  exercise  that  power  for  selfish  ends,  then  there  can  be  no  re«l  co-opera- 
tion; and  though  rules  and  regulations  may  be  carefully  drawn  up  to  offer  no 
temptation  to  the  selfishly  inclined,  yet  after  all  is  said  and  done  we  must,  in  a  large 
measure  rely  upon  the  broad  moral  education  of  the  members  rather  than  upon  direct 
Hnd  diRtinet  prohibition.  Have  by-laws  and  regulations  by  all  means,  but  it  shouM 
be  understood  among  the  members  that  there  is  a  higher  code  of  morality  than  can 
possibly  be  embodied  in  these. 

It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  co-operative  methods  limit  the  dividends  that  may 
be  paid  to  capital  and  exclude  share  voting.  In  ordinaiy  joint  stock  companies  the 
influence  and  power  is  proportional  to  the  money  invested,  so  that  the  rich  become 
richer  by  appropriating  selfishly,  through  the  power  of  money,  the  fruits  of  the  labours 
of  others,  the  unearned  increment  of  values  created  by  society,  and  the  natural 
resources  that  in  justice  should  be  shared  in  due  proportion  by  everyone.  Co-operation 
distributes  wealth  in  proportion  to  the  just  earninK  of  each  worker,  prevents  the 
accumulation    f  large  profits,  and  shares  unselfislily  all  natural  resources 


LEADERSHIP. 

The  apple  growers  of  Canada  are  ready  for  co-operation.  They  are  far  from  being 
fully  informal  upon  the  far-reaching  effects  of  the  co-operative  movement  and  far 
indeed  from  feeling  with  full  force  the  spirit  which  should  animate  true  co-operators 
Nevertheless,  they  are  alive  to  the  vast  significance  of  the  movement  in  other  countries' 
and  they  are  also  impressed  with  the  success  which  has  so  far  attended  the  co-opera- 
tive marketing  of  apples  in  our  own  country.  Those  who  are  closest  in  touch  with 
the  Canadian  fruit  growers  realize  that  what  is  needed  most  at  the  present  moment  is 
wise  leadewhip  in  each  locality.  A  few  men  at  least  in  each  neighbourhood  are  fairly 
well  grounded  m  the  social  problems  that  affect  agriculture.     In  every  agricultural 


district  there  it  •  wealth  of  Icnowledce  uiA  publio  spirit  unorgauiied,  which  might  be 
applied  under  wise  guidance  to  the  problems  of  that  particular  locality.  It  is  not  -<o 
much  trade  iuTestigators  as  sympathetic  leaders  that  ore  needed  aud  the  importance 
of  these  leaders  at  the  present  juncture  can  hardly  b  over-estimated.  There  may  be 
Mtg  farmers  in  a  neighbourhood,  all  of  whom  would  make  excellent  members  of  a 
co-operative  society,  not  an  blind  foil'  «<t»  of  a  leader,  but  as  intelligent  co-workers, 
yet  among  those  fifty  it  is  very  often  impossible  to  find  a  single  man  possessing  the 
ability  and  combination  of  virtues  that  go  to  make  up  the  qualifications  and  character 
of  the  successful  leader.  Those  who  have  the  co-o[)orHtivp  movement  most  at  heart 
cannot  do  better  than  organize  some  means  whereby  leaders  may  be  trained  to  help 
in  this  good  work.  ^ 

CO-OPERATION  IX  PRACTICE. 


ManagemeEt  and  Control. — The  principles  of  co-operation  arc  few  and  extremely 
simple.  Nevertheless,  co-operators  experimented  for  many  years  before  evolving  them 
and  acting  on  them  with  confidence.  Perhaps  the  main  reasons  for  this  are  their 
simplicity  and  the  fact  that  they  are  fundamentally  opposed  to  ordinary  business 
methods. 

Ordinary  commercial  associations,  whether  they  are  partnerships  or  joint  stock 
companies,  are  formed  for  the  purpose  of  securing  dividends  from  the  partnership  or 
company.  Co-operative  associations  are  formed,  not  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
dividends  through  the  association,  but  for  the  purpose  of  benefitting  the  industry. 

Joint  stock  companies,  banks,  loan  associations  and  business  partnerships  are 
essentially  autocratic.  In  these  institutions  the  great  majority  of  the  shareholders 
take  little  or  no  part  in  the  association.  Co-operative  associations  are  essentially 
democratic.    The  management  is  in  the  hands  of  the  members. 

In  ordinary  business  associations  voting  is  upon  a  money  basis  and  the  men  with 
the  largest  moneyed  interest  control  the  affairs  of  the  association.  In  co-operative 
associations  each  member  has  a  vote  and  no  member  more  than  one  vote.  To  still 
further  guard  against  the  concentration  of  power  in  the  hands  of  one  man  or  a  few 
men,  no  proxies  are  allowed. 

In  commercial  or  industrial  concerns  no  limit  is  placed  upon  the  amount  of 
remuneration  received  by  capital,  and  capital  is  eni))]oycd  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
eecuring  this  remuneration  in  the  form  of  dividends.  In  co-operative  associations  the 
nmount  that  is  earned  by  capital  is  as  strictly  limited  aud  as  definitely  stated  before  it 
is  engaged  as  the  wages  of  employees,  aud  capital  is  used  not  for  the  purpose  of 
securing  dividends,  but  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the  business. 

In  competitive  business,  capital  is  master;  in  co-operutive  associations  it  is  the 
servant. 

Di'Tiuon  of  Profits. — ^Nothing  marks  the  difference  between  co-operative  asso- 
ciations and  joint  stock  companies  so  clearly  as  the  division  of  profits.  In  an  ordin- 
ary business  association,  if  it  should  appear,  as  the  result  of  the  year's  business,  that 
there  was  a  surplus  of  $10,000  after  payinp  all  just  debts  and  niukiiis  a  proper  allow- 
ance for  depreciation  of  property,  a  distribution  would  take  place  in  direct  propor- 
tion to  the  capital  invested  and  the  amount  which  each  memlicr  would  receive  would 
be  announced  as  a  percentage  on  the  stock  which  he  held.  It  would  be  called  a  6,  7.  8 
or  10  per  cent  dividend.  In  a  co-operative  association  the  mode  of  distributing  this 
$10,000  would  be  altopether  different.  An  account  would  be  kept  of  the  use  each  meni- 
lior  made  of  the  association.  This  would  be  represented  in  the  case  of  an  apple 
association  by  the  quantity  of  fruit  sold  for  him  by  the  assdciation. 

To  make  tlii*>  luattcr  clewrer  let  us  take  the  case  of  thrci;  iiit-nil)ers  of  an  apple- 
selling  joint  stock  company.  Mr.  A.  a  well-wisher  of  the  association,  perhaps,  but  a 
pure  investor,  puts  in  a  thousand  dollars  of  capital.  Mr.  B.  an  investor  with  a  small 
orchard  yielding  200  barrels,  also  iiivi'sts  a  thousand  dollars.     Mr.  C,  having  a  large 


Lidla!"^  !*  ^  on  hJi  "PPfe*.  or  NM  in  M;  C  would  receive  for  ctpiUl 
dividend*  IS  and  for  hi«  appleH  $4,000  or  H006  in  alL 

Now,  it  ctn  be  understood  that  with  auch  men  at  Mr.  A  and  Mr.  B  ir  the 

n'^v!  lo"'„!  ''T***!?  '"'''!"  ""^  ''""y  P"»  '""'•«'  'Wumenu  that  capiUl  ,tmM 
n.ec.ve  10  per  cent,  and  a.  they  are  voting  by  .ham  it  might  require  very  few  men 

£  IdoS  ^A  ?u  f^i!!' •'^  "'"Prtitire  buy^.  Let  u.  .uppow  that  thi.  Jicy  h- 
been  adopted  and  that  the  incieaw  on  capital  3\Tidend.  reduce,  the  return,  for  appha 
Lhl  *k*'  *^"''-  ^",'"  P~»>*»>"««y  thi.  could  be  done  and  yet  the  $1.76  wouW  be 
frfbutii  „°  ?•  ""u  ^  •PP'-i'.'j»-'««l  ^  ««>wer.  out.ide  the'a«ociation     The  di^ 

o.TlLS>?„  fc*"  *"• /"""^J.-^-eiPf-:  Mr.  B  would  receive  $100  on  hi.  capital,  b" 
Mr  f^in^'  h"  •PPlw.    Hi.  total  n-tuma.  howerer.  would  .till  be  the  «L,  $460. 

The  pure  capitalUt  ha.  hi.  income  doubled.    The  income  of  the  email  orchard 

.•-piulut  remain,  the  .ame   but  the  producer  .uffere  a  lo«i  o?  $495.     And  H  wm 

he  apple,  owned  by  h.m  and  thow  who  are  aimilarly  .ituated  that  made  it  poLib" 

lonro^riato  /l^'^th''  "a  "";    ''  *^  '""''''""'=^  °'  incorporation  enable,  a  few  ^  to 

induUiS  «'l^«t«««  of  co-operation.  .  very  grave  inju.tioe  i.  done  to  the 

he  Jil  f^^"!"^^!"  "  r^^'  Jvpothetical,  but  even  more  .triking  cam  might 
be  given  from  the  history  of  «.veral  defunct  fruit  ««ociation.  in  Ontario,  which  for 
obnoui  reason,  are  not  mentione«l. 

to  f.™!fJ''i^'•*^'•*  ^•''^  d"".*^"  If'k  in  the  joint  .took  nrinciple  when  applied 

of  investors,  but  to  force  it  on  a  group  of  producer,  often  works  a  great  hardship 

THE  PRESENT  SYSTEM  OF  PACKING  AND  SELLING. 

namd^^  "*"''  method,  of  selling  apples  may  be  classed  for  criticism  under  four  head.. 

♦1.^^'u  '^^^  '^"^^  °'  **l^  *™**  '""•^  ^'"'^'  P"**''  """i  »^"  »n  hi"  o'TO  account  or 
tnrquKh  a  commission  merchant. 

2nd.  The  grower  sells  by  the  barrel,  picking  the  fruit,  the  buyer  doing  the  grad- 
ing and  packing.  " 

3rd.  The  grower  sells  by  the  barrel  on  the  tree,  the  bu.ver  doing  the  picking, 
grading  and  packing. 

gradJigthe^fi^h''^'  """'  ^^  ^^^  '"""''  *""  ''"•''"'  °^  '''""*"  P'"'"'"*'  P""'''''*  '»"'' 
The  first  method  does  not  enable  a  sufficient  quantity  of  fruit  to  be  gathered 
together  to  impress  the  market.  The  expense  of  securing  n  suitable  market  -nd  the 
impossibility  of  a  single  grower  being  sure  th«t  he  has  reached  the  best  market,  render. 
this  method  impracticable  except  for  local  markets. 

The  second  and  third  methods  permit  a  larger  quantity  of  fruit  being  gathered 
under  one  brand  with  some  degree  of  uniformity,  but  the  degree  of  uniformity  is  not 
sufficient  to  constitute  a  brand  and  the  cost  of  harvesting  and  reaching  the  market  ia 
excessive.     Of  course  this  coat  mu.st  nltim8t<>ly  be  borne  by  the  grower 

Selling  by  the  barrel  where  the  buyer  doe.  the  packing  and  grading,  i.  Mldom 
.atisfactory  to  either  the  buyer  or  the  grower.  It  is  almost  impoMible  to  .o  fix  at  in- 
dards  before  the  packing  is  done  that  there  will  not  he  a  large  margin  for  mlsunder- 


•(undiiMT  between  the  buyer  and  the  grower.  It  not  infro<)uently  happens  that  tfc* 
bii.M>r  will  set  a  rery  high  standard  for  his  No.  V»  and  2's.  with  the  rMiilt  tliat  the 
(rmw<>r  finds  himself  with  a  larip-  number  of  culls  on  hand,  and  comparatiroljr  few 
Xii.  I's  and  No.  9*s.  Uiually  the«o  culls,  no  matter  how  Rood  thejr  may  be,  find  a  very 
poor  market,  if  thojr  ore  not  entirely  wasted.  The  presumption  U,  of  coume.  that 
tlieM*  extra  (cradrs  are  shipped  by  the  buyer  to  special  cuvtoinen,  where  they  realise 
a  price  much  above  the  ovrratre. 

On  the  other  luiml.  tlie  buyers  are  often  deceived  by  thi'ir  own  workmen.  These 
workmen  may  be  iH'rMDiiul  fripinlit  of  the  grower  or  the  ){r<>^vcr  niH.v,  and  often  docs, 
cajole  the  workman  liaviuK  cliurKi'  of  the  packing  to  put  in  ii  iwnriT  i|ualily  of  fruit 
than  the  grade  ealU  for.  The  liiiyer  havintr  coniiili-nce  in  hU  mhmi  fn«|uently  r.hips 
these  without  iiis|>eetion,  and  suffers  the  cuuseqtien'.'e  in  haviuft  to  make  a  rebate  to 
his  customer  or  it  iiiny  bo  to  puy  a  fine  under  th<>  lns|HN-tii>n  luid  Suit'  Act.  If  the 
grower  wishes  to  sell  by  the  barrel  the  more  satisfactory  wu.v  ii<  for  hiin  to  offer  the 
apples  for  sale  in  barrels  graded  by  himself. 

The  fourth  method  most  in  vogue  in  Uuturio,  has  little  to  recoinmi'iMl  it.  Tb« 
buyer  is  of  netvssity  better  informed  than  the  grower  to  estimate  (lie  lumntity  of 
fruit  on  the  treef,  because  his  faculties  have  Ix-en  shiiriwned  by  yeur»  of  cx|ierienc«< 
in  buying  orchards  of  different  varieties  and  at  different  times.  The  grower,  thero- 
foiv,  is  not  on  equal  terms  with  the  buyer. 

Unfortunately,  there  is  no  profituble  outlet,  as  the  trudu  is  at  present  orgaiiizud, 
for  low'  grade  apples,  and  the  temptation  to  work  off  as  many  as  imsgible  of  these  in 
'lump'  bought  orcliards  is  often  too  strong  to  be  resisted.  The  Dominion  Fruit 
Inspectors  now  regard  the  fact  that  apples  were  packed  in  a  '  lump '  bought  orchard 
as  sufficient  reason  for  examining  them,  and  experience  shows  that  there  is  an  abnor- 
mal number  of  fraudulently  packed  apples  from  this  source. 


SELLINO  THROUGH  COMMISSION  AGENTS, 


The  selling  methods  so  far  considered  have  all  prmumed  that  the  fruit  was  sold 
to  a  buj'er  who  came  to  the  fruit  growers.  Ontario  apples  are  sold  almost  exclusively 
in  this  way.  There  are  a  few,  however,  especially  of  the  larger  growers,  who  coiiaign 
their  fruit  to  commission  merchants  in  distant  cities.  In  Nova  Scotia  it  has  been 
much  more  con^mon  for  individual  growers  to  consign  on  commission.  A  small  army 
of  agents  could  always  be  found  there,  most  of  them  representiuit  English  conimiiM«ion 
merchonts.  Selling  on  commission  has  proved  a  most  unsatisfactory  way  of  dispos- 
ing of  the  fruit  crop,  but  until  co-operative  organization  is  much  more  complete  than 
it  is  at  the  present  time,  selling  on  commission  will  he  a  necessary-  evil. 

The  perishable  nature  of  fruit  «nd  the  uncertainty  in  the  quitlity  and  (|uantity  of 
it  until  it  is  packed  for  nmrket,  innkes  it  very  difficult  for  individual  Rrowcrs  to  ^ell 
except  by  consignment.  Consigning  fruit  is  a  necessary  evil  as  the  fruit  trade  is  now 
organized.  One  of  the  objects  of  co-operation  is  to  do  away  to  as  great  an  extent  a-t 
possible  with  this  method  of  selling.  It  is  perfectly  tnie  that  there  are  many  reputable 
commission  niorilinnts  whose  record  for  fair  dealing  is  unimpeachable,  but  it  is  abso- 
lutely impossible  for  the  individual  fruit  grower  to  determine  whether  or  not  he  has 
been  fairly  dealt  with.  He  cannot  audit  the  accounts  nor  follow  his  fruit  to  the  con- 
sumer, and  practically  he  is  obliged  to  take  the  word  of  tlic  commission  man  for  all 
facts  connected  with  the  sale  of  his  fruit.  He  simply  places  the  fruit  in  the  hands  of 
his  commission  agent  unconditionally,  and  it  would  be  strange  indeed  if  some  com- 
mission men  did  not  yield  to  the  temptation  and  send  returns  below  those  received  for 
tl.e  fruit. 

It  is  not  a  question  of  the  financial  standing  of  the  commission  merchant.  Ilis 
standing  may  be  high,  but  if  he  wishes  to  be  dishonest  he  need  not  want  for  a  plausible 
excuse  to  return  almost  any  sum  to  the  grower. 


BHORTC  DM IN08  Of  INDIVIDUAL  0R0WEB8. 

But  It  mutt  not  l»  luiipcMMl  that  all  the  fraud  under  iion-co-operatiT*  attkoda 

r  i7":"T'  ^.  **^  «««*••»••»  mcu.    Uiifortunatt-ly  many  grower,  ar*  aa  fraudu- 

I^Htbr  jn.hiied  in  tb*ir  metbodt  of  packinv  Hud  doinir  bunine**  a*  it  i«  poaaible  to  b«. 

Well  dMpaaed  merchant*  from  the  Northwest  have  time  and  again  att«iiipt«l  to  dMil 

dirf-ttly  with  gro««-r«.  and  there  are  many  .a.^^  when-  inch  arrangenH-nts  hare  bean 

fairly  .ati»fttc-t«ry  for  a  tune.    Apart  from  all  fraudiileiit  intent,  it  i>  extnmely  diffi- 

•  ult  for  even  the  larirmt  grower  to  supply  the  need*  of  even  a  aiiiall  ivtail  buii- 

i.«.  every  year,  and  with  all  the  varietie.  require<l.    Hence  Mifh  coiiuectiona  art  irre- 

Kular  and  have  never  prov.^  innnanently  .ati^fac-toiy  to  eitlMr  dealer  or  grown.    But 

lir*  '*;^  »*'*•«'*  •»*"'«'ty  »»  t»»  P«rt  of  the  grower.,  even  this  irregular  trada 

culd  have  been  a  great  advance  on  the  ordinary  mode,  of  .elling.    Unfortunately. 

^owever.  the  dealer,  found  a  great  muny  gr,.wer.  whdM^^  p«.k  could  not  be  tm.ted.    It 

^ITulL*""^"^!'  \l  i«ve.tigflte  the  character  of  every  man  from  whom  apple. 

jw^ught.  and  after  th«  fraud  wa.  di«Jovered  it  wa.  u.ually  impo..ible  to  gat  any 

Co-operation  among  the  grower,  of  Mppleg  for  the  purpoM  of  kUiuk  will  remedy 

ation  among  the  coiuumert  a.  well  a.  among  the  grower,  of  farm  produce. 

CO-OPERATION  AND  THE  FRUIT  MERCHANT 

Co-operative  aMociation*.  therefore,  do  not  aim  to  mII  to  tlie  individual  can- 
iuiner.  The  process  is  too  .low.  But  all  good  co-operator,  hope  that  tha  time  will 
come  when  the  ronnumen  will  be  to  organized  that  the  producer.'  apple  adling  a..oci- 
at.ons  can  deal  directly  with  the  con.umen'  distributing  auodation..  But  thii  ideal 
toml,  ion  of  thing,  i.  yet  far  in  the  future,  ond  until  the  consumer,  an  better  organ- 
i«.l.  the  co-operative  apple  wiling  association,  appreciate  the  fact  that  they  cannot 
oomr  into  contact  with  eonaumen  in  large  number,  except  through  the  fruit  merchant 


r'O-OPERATlVE  ASSOCIATIONS  AND  NEW  AIAKKKTS. 

!t  may  be  well  here  to  emphasise  the  fact  that  private  dealers  do  not  as  a  rule 
dtvflop  new  markets.  This  development  requires  time  and  money.  Both  of  theae 
til.  Iruit  merchant,  are  loth  to  give,  and  in  most  cases  it  must  be  a«lmitted  that  it  i. 
Ktldora  an  individual  merchant  can  hope  to  reap  an  ade<iiiatr  reward  for  a  large  outlay 
in  the  development  of  new  markets.  This  work  properly  belongs  to  the  fruit  growers 
vpith  what  aid  and  assistance  they  can  get  from  the  consumers  concerned.  No  bettei 
use  lun  be  made  of  a  surplus  stock  than  applying  it  to  the  developir.  nt  of  new  mar- 
kets. It  is  a  common  experience  that  after  a  year  of  extraordinary  production  in 
fruit  and  consequent  low  prices,  the  demand  in  many  quarters  has  increased  Market 
.l.-.tlopment  is  the  work  of  fruit  growers  as  a  whole,  and  thus  falls  under  the  clasa  of 
work  that  can  be  done  by  a  union  of  co-operative  associations  better  than  in  any 
other  way. 

This  is  not  merely  u  matter  of  theory.     The  best  organized  stalling  co-operative 

vnations  have  recognized  the  development  of  markets  as  a  most  important  part  of 

ii.eir  work,  and  large  quantities  of  surplus  fruit  are  frequently  used  for  this  nur- 

pose  by  such    associations    as    the    California   Fruit    Exchange    and  Georgia  Peach 

Growers'  Exchange. 

In  1908  many  of  the  young  peach  nrchnrds  of  Georgia,  iliat  luid  been  planted 
during  the  peach  planting  boom  a  few  .vi-ars  brfore,  came  into  bearing  The 
growers  were  not  organized  and  the  crop  went  tliroiiKli  the  usual  t:  nieis  to  the  lar™ 
fruit  dirtributing  centre.*,  with  thp  result  that  the  oonmiissioi,  men  were  overwhelmed 


IT 

w  iUi  fruit,  Mpoci•ll.^  n  cvHain  dajri,  mhI  u  neither  die  BMrebanU  nor  Um  ooiuui 
•atk'ipated  k>  heavy  «  ttcM-k  much  of  the  fmit  wm  told  at  ruinous  prioea,  aad  toat  of 
It  could  not  be  lold  at  all  and  wa*  iiiiaJljr  ooademned  by  the  health  authorities.  At  the 
««nie  time  there  wprr  iloMim  i.f  miiailer  outlyiiiK  ••itien,  towns  ami  villages  containiiic 
ia  the  aggrpgato  a  ?ery  large  number  o£  peaoh  ootuumura,  who  had  au  insuflaient 
•upply  of  fruit  or  had  none.  R<-iiiR  a  perishable  commodity  no  time  wa«  afforded  for 
•  oiniiiuiitcatioa  between  the  distributing  reiitrea  and  those  outlying  t.  vus.  It  is 
".•.tikiMi. to  say  that  the  returns  to  the  peaih  groweeri  in  Ueoncia  were  estrmnely  dia- 
ap;iointing.  Xeverthelesa,  it  had  this  gcwl  effect,  that  it  proved  bejoud  a  queetion 
that  some  improvement  must  be  made  in  the  mode  of  selliuA  Georgia  peaches.  The 
fiillowinir  year  the  cro  \»  still  larger,  more  or  hards  had  <'«me  into  bearing,  and  if 
wn*  a  gcKxl  peach  year.  But  in  the  meantime  the  peach  gi  mm  were  thoroughly  or- 
ganised into  co-operative  associations  with  a  central  selling  association,  and  hundred* 
of  carloads  were  carefully  route<l,  so  that  the  large  distributing  centres  received  only 
what  they  could  consume;  and  if  there  was  a  surplus,  one  or  more  cars  were  wut  to 
agent*  who  had  been  selected  in  these  sinnller  towns  and  village*,  where  an  independent 
buyer  would  not  have  risked  to  perishable  a  consignment.  The  result  was  that,  al- 
though the  crop  was  nearly  doubktl,  there  was  no  glut  of  (ienrgia  iwarhe^  upon  the 
market  the  second  year,  and  a  large  number  of  new  markets  were  opened  uo  t  prac- 
tically no  cost  to  the  fruit  growers,  inasmuch  as  these  smaller  towns  usua.  ade  a 
fair  return  for  the  fruit  shipped  them  for  the  first  time.  This  incident  is  only  ono  of 
scores  that  might  be  cited  to  einphnsite  the  fact  that '  gluts '  can  be  avoided  onln  at 
the  grou-0ri$'  ind.  V.rrchants  can  (!•  little  to  prevent  gluts  and  are  even  more  helpless 
in  turning  an  over  supply  to  any  good  account. 


MARKET   REQITIREMEVTS. 

Though  the  average  frnit  grower  may  be  quite  comp.'tent  to  meet  the  needs  of 
the  local  market,  the  case  is  <iuite  different  when  it  comes  to  the  long  distance  and 
the  export  market.  Complications  arise  in  tht-sc  markets  that  render  it  practically 
impossible  for  single  growers  to  compete  with  success.  In  the  local  market  it  is 
largely  a  qui>gtion  of  the  individual  buyer  catering  in  small  quantities  to  the  likes 
and  dislikes  of  single  individuals.  For  the  long  distance  and  the  export  trade  fho 
requirements  are  altogether  different.  Among  these  none  are  more  important  than 
the  following,  namely, 

1.  Lnrgo  lots  of  fruit, 

2.  F'ew  varietieo, 

:i.  Uniform  packing,  grading  and  marking  which  implies: 

4.  Skilled  labour  retained  for  the  most  part  from  year  to  year. 

The  underlying  principle  in  ail  tlicse  is  uniformity,  and  uniformity  is  asked  to 

enable  men-hants  to  deni  in  large  <iuantities.     Skilled  labour  is  necessiiry  to  ensure 

this. 


CO-OPEHATION  IX  PHODITTION  AXl)  MARKPTIXO. 

For  the  ordinarj*  methods  with  which  we  have  been  dealing,  it  is  proposed  to 
substitute  co-operation  in  packing  as  well  as  in  selling,  and  incidently  in  any  other 
phase  of  apple  growing  that  will  lend  itself  readily  to  this  mode  of  operation. 

The  following  advantages  will  be  gained : 

(1)  Large  stocks  will  be  controlled  by  sellers  who  will  act  as  a  unit. 

(2)  Uniform  packing,  grading  and  marking  will  be  pr-icticed. 

(3)  A  reputation  associated  with  a  permanent  brand  or  trade  mark  will  be 
established. 

(4)  The  coet  of  picking,  r'  '  1  marketing  will  be  reiluccd. 
372.10—3 


M 


(•)  rnit  win  b*  piHiMi  and  paoiwd  at  the  propOT  tiaik 
(•)  LtM  ooonnon  ntktim  osb  ba  ahipped  proAtabi] 


I  ihipped  proAtably. 
(7)  fijr-ptoduvU  can  ba  utiliaad. 
(•)  BtoriBf  fa«ilitira  will  ba  better  providad  for. 
(•)  Diiaet  Mlliiic  at  tha  point  o(  pruductioa  will  ba  encourafad. 
(10)  Parkacta  will  he  bouvfat  in  laria  quanlitiaa  or  nMaufaoturad  on  tha  pramiaoa 
with  a  material  rpduntion  in  coat. 

(U)  The  co-operative  uw  of  tpra/inr  apparalua  or  other  esppiiiire  orrhvd  iupla- 
mt'iita  win  ba  encouraced. 

(li)  The  purely  comnMnial  part  of  the  industry  will  b«  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  moat  competent  men  whoae  interwU  are  idtmtical  with  thoee  of  the  other  membera 
of  the  asaociation. 

(la)  The  maiia«er  and  better  growert  among  the  patrons  will  hare  every  induce- 
niwit^  to  stimulate  the  less  pro«ressive  memlM>n<  to  better  work. 

''I)  Facilitiaa  for  aitendinf  credit  or  making  cash  advances  can  be  easily  and 
clM'aply  furnished  to  fruit  irrowers. 

(15)  The  distoibutiva  sidM  of  oo-operation  avan  beyond  orphan!  suppliaa  will  bt 
vncouraiad. 

lUft  ftuuititiM.— The  influence  of  what  merchanta  call  '  long  tinea '  is  seldom 
appreciated  by  the  individual  grower.  The  cost  of  selling  is  almost  as  great  for  a 
small  qnaatity  of  produce  u  for  a  large.  Where  each  iadividual  fruit  grower  makea 
Ini.  own  shipnicut?.  these  way  vury  from  two  or  three  barrels  to,  iwrhsps,  two  or  three 
hundred,  but  the  smaller  number  is  much  more  common  than  the  larger.  It  is  naces- 
iary,  therefore,  for  the  merehant  in  selling,  to  open  a  sample  of  each  h\  i.id  and  make 
a  sjieiial  effort  in  the  sale  of  this  brand.  This  takes  time  which  mw.  be  paid  for  out 
of  the  procfcls  of  the  fruit.  It  also  injures  the  fruit  to  a  oerUin  extent.  "Hiis  t  a 
becomes  a  chorge.  Hence  the  advantage  of  co-operative  aaaooiationt  with  %  common 
brand  and  a  uniform  system  ofgrading. 

But  when  we  approach  the  larger  markets  of  the  world  there  are  always  merchanta 
whoae  trade  calls  for  extraordinary  quantities  of  fruit.  It  cosU  these  merchants  a 
large  sum  of  money  to  aggregate  this  from  the  ordinary  small-lot  consignmenU.  If, 
then,  they  have  an  opportunity  of  getting  this  extraonlinary  quantity  of  fruit  in  one 
lot,  Uiey  are  willing  to  pay  on  advanced  price  for  it  and  save  themseUes  at  least  some' 
of  the  cost  of  aggregating  umall  lotn.  For  this  reason,  iw  well  as  for  many  others,  it 
IS  always  advisable  for  the  individual  co-operative  associations  to  unite  aa  soon  aa 
they  are  niimerous  enough,  into  large  bodies,  and  thus  secure  aa  lorjr  .i  aggregation 
of  fruit  88  possible. 

Uniformity  la  Paokinc  tad  Ondiiiff.— Of  course  the  value  of  a  lurge  stock  h 
lost  to  a  great  extent  if  the  sample  is  not  perfectly  uniform  throughout.  As  the  size 
of  a  co-operative  assoc-iation  increases,  the  difficulty  iii(Tcu.-<es  in  keeping  the  brand 
uniform.  A  co-operntivf  association  shoulil  be  limited  U>  the  number  of  members  that 
furnish  a  unit  for  a  single  overseer.  Hence  also  the  necessity  of  adopting  the  central 
packing  house  Hystcm  where  the  packing  will  be  done  by  a  single  gang  of  packers. 
Uniformu.,  in  trruding  and  packing  adds  very  largely  to  the  price  of  goods  ijuite 
independent  of  its  intrinsic  merits. 

The  Bepntation  of  a  Brand.— There  i»  a  quick  recognition  in  the  markets  of 
the  world  of  brands  that  are  ■  liformly  wJl  peeked  and  such  brands  have  a  value 
quite  apart  from  the  merits  of  ilie  fruit.  A  case  in  point  is)  thot  of  an  Ontario  dealer 
doing  a  large  business  in  the  better  gradea.  He  had  graduated  from  the  employ  of  a 
good  apple  packer,  and  when  ho  started  in  business  for  himself,  gave  five  cents 
per  barrel  for  the  privilege  of  using  bis  employer's  brand.  Thouph  he  has  paid  his 
old  employer  thousands  of  dollars  for  the  use  of  his  brand  it  is  only  a  small  amount 
wmpured  with  what  many  growers  are  making  or  losing  aa  the  result  of  reptitation. 


1» 

C#-o  •»«r#  JffMW*  M4l  Bfmndt.-Th^n'  i.  ■  diAculty.  of  cotirM.  in  Mia- 
Uiiiiiig  •  iigh  itaiKlaH  of  brand.  ThK  diffnilty  it  much  gtrntm  in  the  oaa* 
ij'  ^""  ''^'''''*"*'  '*»■  'n  ♦•>•  ca«e  of  a  «>-«|N>rativ»  aiMwiation.  A  private  indi- 
vidual baa  ertry  incvntlre  to  trad*  upon  hit  rn>uutioii  onco  it  ia  mad*,  and  unkaa  h« 
l«  paHioularly  foni>oi)>ntiou»  and  ■tronc-miiui«><l  Im  i«  apt  to  ovorloolc  <«rtain  d«f««to 
ill  the  frail  that  place  it  below  the  ttandard  of  the  brand  under  which  it  U  ahippwL 
1  uricr  cooperativf  niethodn  there  it  no  tiuh  iiirentive;  it  ia  r8th«>r  tlie  other  way. 
Tlie  ttianaiTPr  i*  proud  of  hit  brand  and  hat  everything  to  Iom  and  nothinc  to  gain 
by  l..wertiiK  this  ttandard.  He  ownt  none  of  the  fruit  but  he  hat  hit  own  reputation 
to  maintain  and  thia  cat.  only  be  dona  by  maintaining  the  reputation  of  the  brand. 
I  iider  the  central  packinic  houie  tyttem  he  hat  direct  (MTifoiial  ov>>r«isht  of  all  the 
work  of  the  packcn  and  thua  ia  enabled  to  enforce  uniformity  not  only  for  a  aiuRle 
•eaaon  but  from  year  to  year.  It  it  not  too  much  to  tay  that  the  axtraoHiiiary  pric-ea 
procurci  l>y  tlic  Rrowera  of  frait  on  the  Pacific  Coatt  are  the  retult  lancely  of  a 
reputation  tor  perfect  uniformity  in  grading  and  marking.  It  mutt  be  added,  how- 
aver,  that  only  good  fruit  it  thipped.  but  the  quality  totted  by  the  eye  or  by  the  palate 
»i  eartainly  not  better  than  the  fruit  grown  in  the  ea*t.  graded  with  the  tame  car.. 
If  there  were  no  other  inducement*  t!ian  tlmply  the  tecuring  and  prctcrvation  of  ;i 
reputation  for  a  brand,  co-operation  would  juttify  Itself. 

Xoomoajr  ia  Hanretting  gad  Mtrkttlaf.— The  ».yi.tcm  practiced  in  Ontario  by 
private  deulera  ia  mott  extravagant.  It  ia  teldom  that  a  huyer  can  tccure  all  the 
orohardi  in  a  particular  neighbourhood.  More  frequently  the  orchcrdu  of  any  par- 
ticular buyer  are  teparated  by  long  diatancea.  Since  all  the  growert  will  not  pick 
their  fruit,  the  buyer*  are  obliged  to  k»>ep  gangt  of  pickers  and  packort.  At  thia 
aeaton  of  the  year  labour  ia  particularly  tcarce  and  apple  packcrt  have  found  it 
impoatible  to  tecure  the  kind  of  labour  they  would  like.  Tliey  are  obliged,  however, 
to  take  what  they  can  get.  and  it  ia  no  tlander  to  hay  that  the  lahM?iir  mcured  it  fur 
from  being  efficient. 

The  transportation  of  thete  gangt  from  orchard  to  ort-liord  take*  time  and  ia 
otherwise  very  cxpeniive.  Rainy  wciitlicr  intor^encg,  when  the  appio  buyer  ia  obliged 
to  pay  heavy  expeiitet  for  board  billt  with  no  work  whatever  uoing  on.  Kven  with  lii.4 
best  endeavour*  grove  mintaket  will  be  inadi-.  the  eo^t  of  which  mutt  ultimately  doprraa 
the  price  which  the  apple  buyer  can  pay.  The  apple  buyer  alto  it  not  tlow  to  ataert 
that  where  orchards  are  bought  the  grotver  not  infr»  :iiently  failt  to  protect  the  fruit 
between  the  sale  and  picking  time,  and  thut  adds  b-  her  formidable  lost  which  fallt 
upon  the  price  of  the  fruit. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  aay  that  the  fruit  could  be  picked  ond  packed  bv  the  grower 
of  the  fruit  for  one-half  what  it  costs  the  ordi".iry  apple  dealer. 

Fiekiur  Prnit  when  it  ii  Xatnre.— One  of  the  s^ources  of  trouble  with  packed 
apples  ia  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  the  varieties  arc  not  picked  at  the  proper  time. 
Under  the  old  system  of  if  .rant  buyert  this  evil  was  a  mo»t  pronounced  one.  The 
packer  could  not  usually  aiTord  to  visit  the  onhard  more  than  once,  and  twice  would 
bo  -Kceptional.  In  the  meantime  certain  varieties  of  apples  had  become  ever-mature. 
Other  varieties  were  picked  before  they  were  quite  ripe,  inasmuch  as  another  visit 
could  not  be  made.  The  packing  of  immature  fruit  and  over-ripe  fruit,  often  in  the 
same  lot  of  applet,  accounts  for  many  cases  of  poor  condition  at  the  market  end. 

Under  the  eo-ojwrative  method  this  evil  may  be  conwted.  Varietien  are  taken 
just  as  they  mature  without  extra  cost,  and  there  is  no  temptation  to  pack  immature 
apples. 

TTtililing  Special  Vgrietie*.— Tn  Tuany  of  the  older  on-harH*  a  grr.it  variety  of 
apples  were  planted  and  to  long  as  the  grower  used  only  the  local  market  thia  pro'cd 
an  advantage,  but  for  shipping  purpoaea  these  odd  varieties  proved  very  detrimenUl. 
Many  shippers  allowed  them  to  remain  on  the  tree,  rather  than  break  a  brand  for  a 
few  barrela  of  this  variety  or  that. 

37S80— ."H 


to 


Tk»  OWr«W — ^Under  co-operative  inetfao<)s  many  of  these  varieties  have  become 
•meedugly  valuable.  A  case  in  point  is  the  Colvert  apple  in  Western  Ontario.  The 
eolvert  la  a  prolific  apple,  of  excellent  quality  and,  though  not  as  attractive  in  colour 
M  a  red  apple,  is  very  acceptable  where  it  is  known  and  where  it  can  be  obtained  in 
good  condition.  The  ordinal  apple  buyer,  however,  found  that  there  were  too  few  in 
•ny  one  orchard  to  make  it  worth  his  attention.  They  were  rather  soft  to  ship  with 
full  or  winter  apples  and  so  usually  proved  a  loss  to  the  grower.  With  the  establish- 
ment of  co-operative  associations  the  Colvert  has  become  one  of  the  most  valuable 
varieties  for  its  season. 

The  Gnanenstein.— It  is  not  at  all  unlikely  that  co-operative  methods  have  given 
*  "**.""«•>'  'i'e  *«  ♦•>«  Nova  Scotia  Gravenstein.  For  many  years  before  the 
establishment  of  co-operation  in  Nova  Scotia  the  Gravenstein,  for  several  reasons, 
was  falling  into  disrepute  with  the  growers.  Coining  as  it  does  early  in  the  season 
•nd  demanding  the  very  closest  attention  in  picking,  packing  and  shipping,  the 
ordinary  methods  of  private  dealers  seldom  proved  satisfactory  so  that,  although  the 
iiuahty  of  the  fruit  was  unsurpassed,  it  did  not  prove  profitable.  Under  co-operative 
methods  all  this  is  changed.  The  picking  is  done  at  the  proper  time,  the  packing  is 
better,  the  shipping  is  much  more  prompt,  and  the  markets  are  better  prepared,  so 
that  the  fruit  goes  into  constiiii|>tion  immediately,  when  it  is  at  its  best.  As  it  is 
now  handled  by  the  co-operative  associations  it  is  likely  to  prove  one  of  iie  best  pav- 
ing varieties  that  Nova  Scotians  can  grow.   . 

By-prodnctl.— Among  the  inan.v  advantages  of  eo-oporatioii  not  the  least  is  the 
OM>ortiinity  to  utilize  the  lower  (rrades  of  fruit  and  culls  a.i  a  marketable  product. 
As  the  orchard  business  in  Canada  has  been  conducted  in  •  he  past,  what  are  ordin- 
arily known  as  the  waste  products  have  indeed  been  a  positive  waste,  and  it  is  not  toa 
much  to  say  that  if  the  by-products  of  the  orchard  had  been  managed  as  successfully 
as  the  by-products  of  the  meat  packing  industry,  the  results  would  have  been  equally 
satisfactory.  The  orchards  of  Canada  should  be  turning  out,  in  addition  to  the  choice 
Kreen  fruit,  large  quantities  of  canned  apples,  apple  jelly,  ev.i|K)rated  apples,  cider 
and  cider  vinegar. 

Improvement  m  the  Grade  of  Green  Fruit.— The  advantages  would  not  all  be  put 
under  the  head  of  iiiero  '  suvinsr.'  If  tiu-r«'  wii*  n  rcn^.mnlil.v  proHtaWc  outlet  as 
canned  or  evaporated  pro<luct8  for  the  lower  grades  of  fruit,  there  is  no  doubt  what- 
ever that  a  much  closer  grading  would  be  the  result.  No.  S'a  would  practically  dis- 
iipiwar  from  the  public  markets,  and  a  better  grading  of  No.  1  and  No.  2  would  soon 
b(!  established. 

I'nder  the  old  methods  of  ninrkcting  Canadian  apples  it  was  practically  impossible 
to  utilize  economically  the  orchard  by-products.  There  are  a  few  evaporators  and  a 
small  quantity  of  cider  is  made,  and  some  cider  vinegar,  but  none  of  these  prodr  ♦? 
c<..i  inHiid  the  highest  position  in  tlie  open  market.  Our  evaporated  apples  be)  tg 
almost  exclusively  to  the  lower  Krades,  and  our  production  of  cider  and  cider  vinegar 
is  so  small  in  quantity  as  scarcely  to  make  a  showing. 

AHgociatioii  ami  By-product  Factories.— Under  co-operative  methods  conditidni 
will  be  much  improved.  Privately  owned  evaporators,  eantiing  factories,  etc.,  are 
undoubtedly  of  some  advantage  to  fruit  growers,  but  tlie  lower  grades  of  apples  and 
the  culls  will  never  be  utilized  to  the  greatest  advuiitage.  both  as  regards  the  financial 
returns  to  the  producers  and  the  quality  of  the  product,  until  all  these  establishments 
arc  owne<l  by  eo-operativc  associRtioii><.  It  is  only  then  tlmt  the  supply  can  he 
definitely  calculated  upon  and  the  quantity  of  it  definitely  known.  One  of  the  first 
effects  of  the  establishment  of  evaporators,  for  inftanee,  would  be  the  manufaeture  of 
the  highest  grade  of  evaporated  fruit.  For  litis  it  would  be  m  rcssaiy  to  use  the  very 
highest  grade  of  No.  3,  or  possibly  a  large  part  of  what  is  now  packed  as  No.  2.  There 
would  be  no  temptation,  if  evaporators  were  established  at  all  convenient  apple-shij)- 


91 

iac  poinU,  to  uae  anything  but  the  highest  grade  of  No.  1  and  No.  2  as  green  fruit, 
inaamuch  aa  the  lower  grades  would  probably  bring  a  higher  vtu-o  a8  extra  choice 
evaporated  stock  than  they  would  as  green  fruit  in  barrels. 

Unfortunately  the  great  advantage  in  this  is  not  yet  thoroughly  understood  by 
our  an>]e  growers,  and  there  is  a  reluctance  on  the  part  of  associations  to  ifudertake 
what  they  regard  as  an  outside  line  of  business,  involving  considerable  expense.  In 
this,  however,  they  are  mistaken.  We  hare  enough  examples  of  co-operatively  nion- 
ag.'d  evaporatora  and  canning  factories  to  show  that  the  advantages  in  this  line  are 
quite  as  great  as  in  the  shipping  end  of  this  business.  The  financing  of  this  enter- 
prise should  not  be  a  difficult  matter,  once  growers  have  confidence  in  their  own 
institutions.  A  comparatively  small  amount  of  ready  cash  supplied  by  the  growers 
would  induce  outside  capital  to  come  in  at  a  moderate  rate  of  interest. 

Storage  Facilities.— No  feature  demonstrates  the  value  of  co-operation  better 
than  the  establishment  of  storage  facilities  at  the  point  of  production.  It  is  very 
true  that  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  large  warehouses  were  put  up  by  private  dealers 
that  were  an  accommodation  to  the  growers,  but  in  all  such  cases  a  heavy  toll  was 
exacted,  if  not  directly  by  way  of  a  storage  fee,  then  indirectly  in  the  control  which 
the  warehouse  owner  obtained  over  the  selling  of  the  fruit.  Many  private  growers 
found  it  advantageous  to  put  up  warehouses  of  their  own;  smaller  growers,  however, 
could  not  do  this.  By  co-operative  methods  one  or  more  storehouses  are  built  that 
accommodate  the  fruit  of  all  members.  The  same  accommodation  furnished  in  a 
number  of  small  houses,  built  by  individual  growers  would,  of  course,  cost  consider- 
ably more  than  one  built  large  enough  to  accommodate  the  fruit  of  the  whole  associa- 
tion. Such  a  warehouse  is  always  open  for  the  reception  of  fruit  and  i.  usually 
conveniently  situated  for  shipping  it. 

Warehoutet  in  Nova  Scotia.— The  co-operative  associations  of  Nova  Scotia  have 
appreciated  the  value  of  warehouses  and  nearly  every  one  <if  tli"  societies  has  erectetl 
its  central  packing  house.  The  popular  size  is  100  by  40  feet  with  a  basement  and 
attic  for  storage.  Such  a  warehouse  will  store  10,000  barrels  of  apples  and  will 
accommodate  quite  easily  a  crop  of  from  20,000  to  25,000  barrels.  Great  improve- 
ments have  been  made  lately  in  the  matter  of  insulation.  Ventilation  also  receives 
more  careful  attention.  The  cost  of  such  warehouses  will  vary  according  to  the  local 
price  of  material  from  (3,000  to  $3,.'500.  Some  larger  warehouses  are  being  built  150 
by  40,  with  a  reduction,  of  course,  in  cost  in  proportion  to  the  storage  capacity.  So 
far  all  the  warehouses  have  been  built  of  wood.  It  is  just  possible  that,  where  lumber 
ia  very  dear,  brick  or  concrete  would  be  the  cheaper  material. 

ImproTed  Kethods  of  Selling. — Enough  has  already  been  said  to  show  the  very 
great  advantages,  in  a  general  way,  of  selling  collectively.  One  or  two  points,  however, 
may  be  still  further  emphasized.  It  must  be  admitted  that  wImii  the  best  has  been 
done  it  is  difficult  to  designate  the  quality  of  apples  with  perfect  accuracy  by  a  grailc 
mark.  It  must  be  admitted,  also,  that  the  contingencies  of  shippiuK  are  too  numerous 
to  be  definitely  foreseen  niid  estimated.  It  is  therefore  partiiiilnrly  important  that  tiic 
buyer  and  seller  should  meet  at  the  point  of  production.  This  is  made  possible  by 
co-operative  selling.  Even  a  single  association  will  accumulate  iiiough  fruit  to  attract 
buyers  in  sufficient  numbers  to  secure  competition.  In  this  way  any  difference  of 
opinion  with  reference  to  the  quality  of  the  apples  can  be  settled  on  the  spot  when 
both  buyer  and  seller  are  present,  leaving  no  room  for  misrei>resentations  and  rebates 
as  is  too  often  the  case  where  the  fruit  is  accepted  only  at  the  market  end. 

Packages. — Fruit  growers  use  large  quantities  of  packages.  Indeed  in  few 
lines  of  fruitgrowing  is  the  cost  of  the  packages  less  than  twenty  per  cent  of  the  gro-^s 
proceeds.  It  is  then  apparent  how  important  it  is  that  this  ciul  of  the  business  b<! 
closely  watched.  Private  growers  cannot  always  g«>ciire  their  packages  conveniently. 
At  best  each  must  give  a  small  order  with  the  result  that  hi^h  prices  prevail.     By 


co-opeMtlve  methods  theae  small  orders  an  assembled  into  one  large  tder,  with  very 
great  economy  in  the  buying.  This  economy  is  an  essential  one.  It  is  an  adrantage 
to  the  cooper  or  the  basket  maker,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  him  to  ptaoe  his  order  for 
stock  early  m  the  season,  enables  him  to  hire  men  and  keep  them  at  work  during  the 
usual  slock  seasons,  and  it  also  does  away  with  any  losses  by  bad  debts. 

Many  associations  have  gone  a  step  further  and  manufacture  their  own  packages. 
A  set  of  cooper's  tools  for  making  apple  barrels  costs  from  $20  to  $75,  according  to 
how  elaborate  the  fixings  may  be.  Any  existing  building  having  a  large  floor  space, 
will  do  with  very  little  change,  for  a  cooper  shop,  and  men  may  be  employed  during 
the  slack  months,  and  barrels  may  be  manufactured  here  anv  time  during  the  year 
JSot  only  does  this  enable  the  growers  to  obtain  their  packages  somewhat  cheaper  than 
they  could  get  tl.em  from  a  cooper,  but  it  also  helps  to  solve  the  problem  of  labour  on 
the  fruit  farm.  Any  intelligent  labourer  on  the  farm  can  soon  be  taught  to  make  an 
app  o  barrel  as  well  as  the  ordinary  cooper.  In  winter  time  and  on  stormy  days  when 
work  outside  is  impossible,  these  men  can  be  employed  inside. 

Pnrohasin;  and  XFiing  Implements  in  Common.— The  orchardist  is  subject  to 
heavy  expenses  for  implements,  spray  material,  and  general  repairs.  These  can  seldom 
be  purchased  by  private  iudivM  lals  satisfactorily.  Prices  to  individual  growers  of 
course  must  be  retail  prices,  wiih  frequently  very  heavy  profits  added.  Dealers,  trust- 
ing to  the  chance  purchases  of  individual  growers,  can  not  accurately  estimate  the 
number  of  implements  or  the  quantity  of  material  required,  and  to  be  on  the  safe 
side  usually  order  less  than  the  needs  of  the  neighbourhood,  with  the  consequence  that 
some  one  is  short.  But  the  experience  of  the  last  few  years  has  shown  that  co-opera- 
tive associations  can  reduce  the  eon  for  implements  15  to  30  per  cent,  and  a  very 
great  reduction  is  made  by  several  neighbours  using  a  single  high  priced  machine 
instead  of  each  purcliasing  for  himself. 

Securing  Expert  Bnsineu  Men.— It  is  scarcely  to  be  expected  that  every  fruit- 
grower should  excel  as  a  business  man.  Not  the  least  of  the  advantages  of  co-opera- 
tion 18  the  fact  that  the  best  business  ability  can  be  secured  for  the  purelv  commeicial 
end  of  the  nidustiy  The  advantages  of  this  are  self-evident.  A  man  may  be  a  most 
excellent  grower  of  fruit,  but  it  would  be  phenomenal  indeed  if  he  could  form  a  proper 
judgment  of  market  and  prices,  without  an  expenditure  of  time  and  money  totaUv 
disproportionate  to  tlie  value  of  his  crop.  The  same  time  and  monev  expended  by  the 
Manager  of  the  Association  would  enable  him  to  sell  the  products,  not  only  of  one 
association  but  of  several  associations. 

Educational  Value.— Perhaps  no  single  feature  of  co-operative  work  has  con- 
duced more  to  the  benefit  of  the  industry  than  the  educational  work  that  is  bein« 
done.  Under  the  old  system  there  was  little  incentive  on  the  part  of  anyone  except 
the  grower  to  improve  the  product.  The  buyer  was  not  sure  of  being  able  to  secure 
any  particulnr  ordiard  .-.  second  year,  and  so  he  wasted  no"  time  in  giving  instruc- 
tions; the  better  class  of  growers  did  not  come  particularly  in  contact  with  other 
growers  in  such  a  way  that  they  could  bring  any  pressure  to  bear  upon  them  for 
improvement.  All  this,  however,  is  changed  under  co-operative  methods  In  a  pro 
perly  managed  association,  the  manager  is  constantly  on  the  alert  to  avail  himself 
of  cverj-  means  of  scc-uring  better  fruit.  His  reputation  as  a  manager  is  at  stake  and 
for  this  reason  ho  ha=  a  definite  interest  in  the  improvement  of  the  brand  It  has 
bcome  the  practice  of  nearly  all  the  associations  to  issue  special  literature  givimr 
instructions  in  the  care  of  orchards.  Demonstrations  are  arranged  for  in  snravin- 
and  the  more  backward  members  are  urged  by  their  fellow  growers  to  improve  their 
methods  m  order  that  the  g.-noral  brand  may  be  as  high  as  possible.  Every  feature 
of  the  bu..iness  ..,  an  n.cent.ve  to  the  grower  of  the  poorer  grades  to  reach  the  standaixl 
of  the  better  growers.    The  effect  of  this  is  very  marked.    Many  example?  could  be 


II 

Kiven  where  orchards  that  yielded  a  comparatirely  small  sum  of  money  before  the 
ndrent  of  co-operative  awociations  Imre  greatly  increased  in  output  and  in  the  .juality 
01  me  fruit  so  that  the  revenue  is  sometime*  quadrupled. 

Cuh  AdTUieei.— In  looking  over  the  difficulties  that  have  beset  ezistins  co- 
operative associations,  few  have  been  so  serious  as  the  neccMity  of  making  advances 
Tk  a1  *•  V'*  ^'"*  "^'P'^-  Unfortunately  many  of  our  apple  growers  are  not 
forehanded  in  the  matter  of  money.  There  can  always  be  found  private  dealers  who. 
in  consideration  of  a  reduced  price,  will  buy  apples  for  ready  money  and  there  is  a 
strong  temptation  on  the  part  of  many  growers  to  accept  this  lower  price  for  the  sake 
of  securing  casn.  It  is  the  duty  of  co-operative  associations  to  meet  the  neceHsities 
ot  these  men.  In  the  incorporation  of  the  companies,  however,  provision  is  seldom 
made  for  a  large  capital  for  immediate  use.  most  of  them  depending  upon  the  returns 
from  the  apples  to  meet  their  needs.  In  the  case  of  many  fruit  growers  this  is  satis- 
factory enough,  but  fails  completely  where  help  is  most  needed.  It  must  be  accepted, 
tnerefore,  that  part  of  the  work  of  everj-  association  is  to  act  as  a  credit  association 
for  the  convenience  of  its  ...embers.  This  can  be  done  easily  if  the  directors  will 
proceed  in  a  busiuess-Iike  way. 

Although  co-operative  associations  are  not  yet  sufficiently  well  established  to 
command  capital  from  ordinary  banks  up«n  the  credit  of  the  association  alone,  yat 
there  are  few  associations  where  the  personal  note  of  the  directors  will  not  be  accepted 
for  any  reasonable  amount  as  security  for  an  advance.  The  directors  in  this  case 
liaving  charge  of  the  business  of  the  association,  run  no  risk  whatever.  They  regulate 
the  advance  up  to  a  safe  limit  on  the  quantity  of  fruit  shipped  bv  each  member 
huch  an  arrangement  has  been  worked  satisfactorily  for  many  years  by  several  of  the 
associations,  and  in  no  ease  has  any  director  or  anyone  connected  with  the  association 
lost  a  cent  by  these  transactions.  Simple  as  the  process  is,  a  great  manv  of  the 
associations  have  lost  valuable  members  because  they  failed  to  provide  for  their  legi- 
timate and  reasonable  iinaucial  demands. 

Distributive  Co-operation.— Distributive  co-openiti,.n  has  bi-con:e  a  strong  fea- 
ture  among  a  few  apple  selling  associations  in  Canada  though  the  great  majority 
have  made  little  use  of  the  organizations  for  this  purpose.  This  is  particularly  true 
with  reference  to  Ontario,  where  the  associations  are  widely  separated,  preventing 
any  constant  interchange  of  ideas  and  pin. -.  Another  cause  is  that  many  associa- 
tions are  not  large  enough  to  get  the  full  t.  ..efit  of  buying  in  wholesale  lots.  Never- 
theless there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  why  distributive  co-operation  should  not  be 
extended  till  it  includes  practically  all  the  supplies  that  orehardists  need. 

St.  Catharines  Cold  Storarje  and  Forwarding  Company..— An  exception  must  be 
made  among  Ontario  societies  in  the  case  of  this  association  wiiicli  is  one  of  the  older 
societies  and  from  small  beginnings  has  become  one  of  the  larjtcst.  It  has  Wn  fortu- 
nate in  having  a  inuiiugor  more  than  ordinarily  intelligent  and  public  spirited.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  the  supplies  distribut(>d  by  this  associntion  in  1012:— 
Boxes,  apple 2  _r,QQ 

"        P*""' ."."   .'.'   '.'.   '.'.  600 

^"•^ 40,800 

Crates,  berry g  4/»« 

Baskets,  11-qt 27g'20O 

[[          ®"1* 780,900 

.„     '      ,   ^^ 80  000 

Basket  fasteners,  packages _  2.000 

Spray  pumps,  large 30 

"            hand gQ 

Rubber  hose,  feet ^  q^^ 


Aneuate  of  lead,  pounds 28J34 

Paris  green                 «        ,  ' '  33 

Blue  .tone.                   «        '.'.'..'.'.'.'.  9.480 

Sulphur,                       "        420.200 

Muriate  of  potash          "        54  000 

White  arsenic               "        'jgj 

Nitrate  of  iO(l»             "        '.'.'.[['.  II  [[  15,000 

Acid  phosphate            "        Hi.OOO 

Lime,  bushels ^'"OO 

Lime  and  sulphur,  barrels _\  ,  _  425 

Manure,  carloads 60 

Sugar,  bags !...............  100 

Bone  meal,  pounds j  j  j  ffffff 

Mixed  fertiliiern.  pounds Is  400 

ll.vdromc'ters  and  tu\ic-i .'.'.'.*  03 

Binder  twine '  ] -joo 

Grape  twine ..   ..  ],noO 

Tanks,  boiling \  '  jj 

Ladders '.'...  J 13 

Posts,  grape  and  fence C.'jMB 

Paper,  wrapping,  reain-. {^qq 

Oats,  bushels ' •  ■   •  •  o '«,>« 

Tile,  drain V.  .'.  '.'.  '.'.  '.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.[  Toicioo 

i  ertilizer  sowers g 

Tacks  and  nails,  pounds 4  ^ifo 

To  this  list  must  be  added  many  articles  for  houseliold  use,  punluised  through 
the  association  in  wholesale  quantities.     The  value  of  supplies  distributed  in  1912 

would  agnregats  about  $75,000.    The  manager  estimated  that   the  members  of  the" 
•aaociatiou  have  saved  in  one  year,  by  purchasing  in  this  way,  not  less  than  $15,000. 

The  Itlwur  Problem.— During  the  season  of  1011  the  associations  of  Xova  Scotia 
bad  a  most  forcible  demonstration  of  the  value  of  co-operative  effort  in  solving  the 
labour  problem.  They  had  an  extraordinary  crop  of  nearly  two  million  barrels,  which 
le  twice  the  normal  crop  for  the  province.  As  will  be  inferred,  when  picking  time 
came  few  people  were  prepared  for  the  emergency.  If  each  individual  grower  had 
been  obliged  to  provide  for  his  own  labour,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  a  very  large 
percentage  of  the  crop  would  have  been  lost  for  want  of  help  to  pick  and  pack  at  tlie 
proper  time.  But  the  Central  Association  came  to  the  rescue  of  the  intjirirjual  growers 
by  advertizing  m  the  labour  centres  for  a  small  army  of  pickers,  and  lli.-  result  was 
that  the  labour  difficulties  were  not  at  all  serious.  Even  if  tlie  growers  ,„uld  have 
secured  these  labourers  individually  the  cost  would  have  been  many  times  a«  great 
As  it  was,  few  of  the  growers  belonging  to  the  co-operative  associations  had  any 
labour  difficulties. 


BENEFITS  TO  OTHERS  THAN  JIKMBERS. 

One  of  the  satisfactory  things  in  connection  with  the  apple  selling  co-operative 
movement  is  the  influence  which  it  has  upon  the  trade  generally.  The  co-operative 
associations  have  undoubtedly  improved  the  (luality  of  the  apple  pack,  and  at  the  same 
time  they  have  secured  a  hipher  price  for  their  apples  than  could  have  been  obtained 
by  individuals.  But  these  advanta-ies  arc  not  confined  to  members  of  associations 
Others  have  benefited  greatly  in  the  matter  of  price  through  the  work  of  these 
organizations.  The  Norfolk  County  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  for  instance,  has 
put  up  an  excellent  pack  and  has  received  prices  much  above  the  average.  '  The 
effect  has  been  to  increase  the  price  of  all  ...phs  that  can  (•I;tim  to  h^  Norfolk  County 
apples. 


THE  RISE  IX  LAND  VALUES. 

In  many  caaet  the  price  of  the  vrvhard  laudM  has  iii(-rca«ed  very  rapidly  m  th« 
result  of  the  worit  of  these  a»soi-i«tioiM.  The  value  of  th*  fe^i-hard  land  ia  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  St.  Catharines,  OiitHrio,  has  at  least  doubled.  Those  who  are  thoroughly 
competent  to  form  an  opinion  upon  thi^',  matter  assert  that  this  is  dye,  in  a  larg« 
measure,  to  the  work  of  the  8t.  Catharines  association,  and  if  it  is  so,  this  a^Mociation 
is  a  most  valiiahlo  a«iet  to  the  n»'i|rhboiiriujod. 

The  Coimty  of  Norfolk  is  «n(i*h<r  example  of  the  powor  oj  fruit  selling  »*ti»- 
ciations  to  benetit  a  ntighbi.urho<«l  This  county  is  one  of  ««v(rMl  borderi^ig  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Erie  and  it  is  no  disparagement  to  say  that  it  poeseases  no 
advantages  in  the  matter  of  soil  and  climate  over  any  of  the  other  counties  in  that 
tier.  Y(  t  the  v.iliie  of  fruit  land  in  Norfolk  county,  quality  for  qualitr,  is  much 
higher  Jliiin  in  tli<   otlw  r  counties  that  do  not  possess  co-operative  associations. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  just  what  co-operation  has  done  for  the  value  of  real  estate 
ilt  the  three  principal  fruit  growing  counties  of  Nova  Scotia:  Hants,  Kings  and 
Annapolis,  but  the  fact  remains  that  there  has  never  been  so  rapid  an  increase  in  the 
\alue  of  real  estate  as  has  taken  place  since  the  organization  of  co-operative  associa- 
tions in  recent  years. 

The  effect  of  co-operative  associations  is  equally  marked  in  British  Columbia, 
where  76  per  cent  of  the  iruit  is  now  handled  co-operatively 


I 


SUGGESTIONS  WITH  REFERENCE  TO  ORGANIZATION. 

Forming  an  AlMciatioil. — The  details  of  orgmiizing  jiu  association  are  com- 
paratively simple.  After  the  wholr  matter  has  been  discussed  in  an  informal  way 
among  those  who  are  interested,  a  meeting  is  called  to  elect  the  necessary  officers. 
The  officers  iisiiallj-  sclecte<l  consist  of  the  president,  vice-president,  secretary- 
treasurer,  and  five  or  more  directors.  At  this  stage  the  secretary  should  write  to  the 
Provincial  Department  of  Agriculture  for  details  in  the  matter  of  secnnng  a  charter. 
Full  information  will  ho  given  iis  to  the  procedure,  .step  b.v  step,  i-.ntil  the  ciiiirtcr  is 
obtained.  The  expense  of  this  is  very  slight.  After  receiving  a  charter  the  associa- 
tion is  then  ready  for  business. 

The  office  of  secretary  and  treasurer  i.s  often  conibincil. 

In  a  small  association  it  is  usually  better  to  combine  the  office  of  the  secretary 
and  manager.  The  manager  creates  the  correspondence  mid  has  time  in  a  small 
society  to  attend  to  all  the  secretarial  work. 

Officers  should  not  be  selected  except  for  ability  in  the  line  of  work  required  liv 
the  position. 

Ill  the  cii.se  of  a  large  association  it  is  often  b<'tter  to  liire  an  outside  man  us 
manngcr,  in  which  case  the  engagement  should  be  a  yenrly  one. 

Onarantee  Bonds.— In  nil  the  Inrncr  iis-.,<iiitioii.s  miy  offiejiil  hiiinlling  money 
should  be  required  to  fu.-::i.h  bonds.  In  most  eases  the  guarnutet>  of  two  or  three 
good  men  in  the  neiglil)OHrho<«l  may  be  accepted,  but  ordinarily  it  is  Ixfter  to  secure 
a  guarantee  bond  from  some  corporation  making  a  spwialty  of  this  business. 

Auditing. — A  strict  system  of  auditing  should  be  insi.-ted  lipon.     In  the  case  of 

smaller  associations  where  the  business  is  somewhat  limiw«J.  some  members  of  the 

association  will,  in  all  probability,  be  ip  .te  competent  to  act  ii<  auditors.    But  usually 

in  cases  of  this  kind  the  business  should  be  put  in  such  a  form  tiiat  every  member  of 

the  association  may  know  the  receipts  and  expenditure  in  considerable  detail.    In  the 

case  of  a  larger  asso<'iation  it  is  better  to  call  ill  an  expert  accouiitanl  to  make  a  yearly 

.ludit.     The  cost  uf  thi.s  is  not  Jarre.     It  gives  Weii  disposed  nienibers  h  further  con- 

leuce  in  their  a88o<.iation  and  effectually  stops  a  great  deal  of  pernicious  criticism 

.ely  to  grow  up  «ven  in  a  well  conducted  association,  where  there  is  not  the  utmost 

.  blicity. 


MembmUp.— Aa  f«r  as  pouiMe  erery  aHooiation  should  open  iu  doort  to  the 
widest  possible  membonhip.  Nev(>rthe1«M,  it  is  seldom  satisfactory  to  secure  members 
by  orer-persuasion.  It  is  a  irreat  mistake  to  think  that  all  the  large  growers  of  a 
district  must  be  in  the  association  in  order  to  make  it  a  success.  It  is  usually  desir- 
iiMc  that  the  large  growers  should  be  in  the  association  of  the  neighbourhood,  but  a» 
they  are  likely  to  benefit  less  immediately  than  the  smaller  growers,  they  aro  some- 
times loath  to  join.  Not  infre<]uently  it  is  bettor  that  large  growen  do  not  associate 
with  the  smallcT  growers. 

Equaliiii  of  Intereth.—The  ideal  aimed  at  in  every  ansociation  should  be  to  have 
members  with  equal  interests  in  every  way.  It  is  exceedingly  diiHcult  in  some  cases 
to  harmonize  the  interes^ts  of  a  man  who  has  fire  acres  of  orchard  with  the  interests  of 
the  man  who  has  a  hundred  acre*.  It  is  often  better  to  form  two  associations  in  a 
neighbourhood  if  there  is  a  sufficient  number  of  two  distinct  classes  of  growers.  Small 
growers  may  unite  in  one  association  and  the  larger  growers  in  another.  There 
should  be  no  difficulty  in  harmonizing  the  interests  of  these  associations  in  that  cose. 
Of  course  it  is  understood  thp.t  this  recommendation  is  made  only  where  the  organi- 
zations are  conducted  in  the  spirit  of  mutual  helpfulness.  Such  associations  can 
conduct  much  of  their  business  as  one  association.  In  the  California  orange  districU 
it  is  not  uncommon  to  have  three  or  four  co-operative  associations  at  a  single  shipping 
station,  in  some  instances,  occupying  a  common  building.  In  these  associations  ^re 
is  not  a  semblance  of  rivalry  except  the  friendly  rivalry  of  each  association  to  outdo 
tlie  other  in  benefitting  the  induatty.  The  spirit  of  selfishness  is  just  as  reprehen- 
sible in  an  association  as  in  an  individual,  but  its  power  for  evil  is  vastly  multiplied. 

Outside  Dealing. — One  rule  that  should  be  considered  fundamental  in  all 
associations  is  that  members  must  sell  all  their  fruit  of  a  special  kind  through  the 
association.  In  the  early  history  of  the  associations  it  was  thou^t  imnracticable  to 
draw  the  line  too  close  with  reference  to  this  and  almost  without  exception  an  amend- 
ment had  to  be  made  to  the  rules.  It  waa  found  that  growers  who  were  allowetl  to  sell 
some  of  their  fruit  outside  of  the  association  and  some  of  it  through  the  association, 
sometimes  at  least  took  advantage  of  tliis  arrangement  to  the  detriment  of  tho 
interests  of  other  members  of  the  association.  If  the  higiier  grades  were  sold  by 
private  sale  and  then  the  rest  of  the  fruit  '  pooled  *  with  the  association  fruit,  there 
was  a  manifest  injustice.  Better  exclude  a  member  altogether  than  allow  him  to  sell 
any  fruit  without  the  permission  of  the  association. 

Auooiation  Auets. — One  of  the  difficulties  in  connection  with  co-operative 
associations,  especially  the  smaller  associations,  is  to  hold  the  members  together  from 
year  to  year.  An  important  factor  in  this  connection  is  the  acquiring  by  the  associa- 
tion of  a  certain  amount  of  assets.  This  can  be  either  as  paid-up  capital  and  in  cash, 
or  it  may  take  the  form  of  investment  in  warehouses,  evaporators  or  other  appliances 
for  the  use  of  the  association.  This  gives  the  association  a  stability  that  it  would  not 
otherwise  have,  and  it  should  be  the  aim  of  those  who  wish  the  movement  success  to 
secure  these  hostages  to  continued  membership  as  early  as  possible  in  the  history  of 
the  association. 

Co-operative  Bookkeeping. — Co-oi)erative  bookkeeping;  doe*  not  differ  in  gen- 
eral principles  from  bookkeeping  of  any  other  kind.  THany  associations,  however, 
will  have  their  bookkeeping  done  by  those  who  have  had  little  experience  in  book 
keeping  involving  the  interests  of  others.  To  such  it  may  be  said  that  every 
material  fact  should  be  a  matter  of  record.  Contracts  should  be  in  writing.  Verbal 
ajfreements  should  be  confirmed  by  letters.  An  entry  should  be  made  immediately 
of  money  paid  and  received.  Receipts  notine  exact  amounts  of  quantities  should 
be  taken  and  given  for  money  or  produce  interchanged.  Whenever  a  transaction  is 
at  all  complicated  a  written  statement  of  all  the  facts  should  lie  on  record  in  addition 
to  the  bare  entries  in  the  regular  accounts. 


It  will  utually  be  found  that  muih  time  i«  saved  and  inoro  satisfuitorv  work  is 
done  by  having  printed  form*  for  receiptu,  stock  lists,  packing  Ubie  noords,  etc.  In 
the  cate  of  receipts  for  fruit  they  may  bo  padded  so  that  a  carbon  papt-r  between  two 
leaves  w>U  give  duplicates,  one  of  which  can  b«  filed  at  the  office  and  the  other  given 
to  the  patron. 

Itwill  usually  pay  an  association  to  consult  an  expert  accountant  who  will  sug- 
gest books  and  forms  to  ouit  the  special  needs  of  the  circumstances.  Each  association 
has  somethinK  peculiar  in  its  mode  of  working  that  needs  a  »i)e.ial  provision,  but  n., 
device  will  take  the  place  of  conscientious  carefulness  on  the  part  of  the  bookkei'p<T 
and  a  record  of  all  material  facta. 

Inoorpontion.— Of  course,  it  is  quite  possible  to  do  a  co-o|)erative  biisinesa  with- 
out incorporation.  Where  the  members  have  perfect  confidence  in  each  other  nnd 
where  the  business  is  not  complicated,  the  association  can  often  be  conducted  just  a.< 
Wi.ll  without  incorporation  as  with  it.  It  is,  however,  a  dangerous  mode  of  oonductinn 
iui>.iiuw  where  large  amounts  of  money  are  conwrned,  where  liabilities  are  incurre.1, 
nn.l  where  the  memlwrs  are  not  familiar  in  detail  with  each  other's  affairs.  Such  an 
nssociation  would,  in  all  probability,  be  regarded  at  law  as  a  kind  of  partnership  wheru 
ea.li  one  would  be  responsible  for  the  acts  of  the  association  as  a  whole.  It  might 
be  even  pcv^sible  for  some  indiscreet  member  to  incur  liabilities  involving  rather  incon- 
venient (onsequonces.  It  is  urged,  therefore,  that  every  association  «eek  incorporation 
The  advantages  are  numerous.  The  liability  is  limited  to  the  amount  t,f  sto.-x 
held.  J«o  member  can  create  for  aiir.ther  a  liability.  The  association  can  sue  and  bo 
sued  without  trouble  or  inconvenience  to  the  members,  and  responsibility  is  plac-d 
upon  individuals  who  can  be  held  accountable. 


CENTRAL  PACKIXG  HOUSE. 

In  the  earlier  history  of  the  -o-operative  assotiatioiis  the  central  packing  hou.-a 
was  not  usually  adopted.  It  was  the  almost  universal  custom  for  each  farmer  to  toka 
his  fruit,  graded  and  packed  by  himself,  to  a  warehouse  at  the  railroad  station  where  tho 
manager  of  the  association  assembled  the  different  varieties  and  grailcs  and  shipiK^i 
in  carload  lots  or  quantities  to  suit  his  purchasers.  It  was  very  soon  found,  however, 
that  while  this  improved  the  uniformity  of  the  pack  somewhat,  it  -still  left  a  great 
deal  to  be  desired.  This  is  not  due  always  to  fraudulent  intent  on  the  part  of  the 
nicn-.bers,  although  it  must  be  admitted  thqt  there  were  few  associations  practicing 
this  method^  that  did  not  count  among  their  members  some  who  wore  fraudulently 
iiK-lined.  Nevertheless,  with  the  best  intention  it  was  simply  impossible  to  get  10. 
15  or,  perhaps,  50  growers  to  observe  the  same  standard,  with  a  sufficient  degree  of 
uniformity  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  market.  To  overcome  this  difficulty  the  central 
packing  house  system  has  been  adopted  by  practically  all  the  newer  co-operative  asso- 
'  itions. 

The  central  packing  house  system  consists  in  having  a  common  warehouse,  usually 
at  a  shipping  station  where  the  apples  can  be  loaded  on  a  siding.  The  apples  are 
brought  from  the  orchard  in  barrels  unhcaded  or,  if  headed,  unpresscd.  It  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  that  they  should  be  drawn  to  the  packing  house  on  spring  wagons 
although  a  few  of  the  similkT  growers  substitute  for  a  spring  wagon  the  ordinary  hav 
rack  filled  level  with  liay  or  straw.  On  this  the  apples  are  placed  and  carry  with 
comparative  safety.  These  are  delivered  to  the  central  packing  house  and  a  receipt 
is  taken.  In  the  central  packing  house  a  gang  of  exix'rt  packers  are  employed  who 
have  no  knowledge  of  whose  apples  they  are  packing.  The  result  is  that  the  apples 
of  the  whi.lo  (Association  pass  through  the  hands  of  a  single  set  of  graders  s  .d 
uniformity  i.s  secured.  "^ 

Jfany  growers  who  have  not  given  this  matter  proper  consideration  object  to  hav- 
ing the  grading  of  their  fruit  taken  out  of  their  hands.  Nevertheless,  it  must  be  admited 
that  few  men  can  be  trusted  to  pack  their  own  fruit.    Of  course  the  more  intelligent 


*•  Ihih  imren  ar*  tha  oiora  capable  they  are  of  pwkiu,^  their  own  fruit  Yat  aves 
UMog  crowera  m  intelliitent  a«  thoae  in  Hood  Bivet.  Ore»on.  the  expert  paokan  of 
IT*  "T*"**"®"  fM*  "d  p«<-k  all  the  fruit.  I  neeo  wt  go  into  the  fea«>n<  for  this. 
Upon  the  moral  .ide,  I  think  it  wiU  be  admitted  that  fruit  growen.  on  the  average, 
•le  eonatituted  with  enough  telilahiMM  to  induce  them  to  look  c-  "  themaeWea, 
•nd  the  line  between  looking  out  for  themadTea  and  giving  tb-^  public  a  pro- 

perly  packed  box  of  applea,  ia  ao  indiatinct  that  people  who  .eir  own  u^lei 

often  yield  to  the  temptation  of  overatepping  the  mark.  On  the  ouwr  hand,  men  who 
are  employed  to  pack  up  to  a  certain  atandard  and  who  are  working  d.  by  day  with 
applea  belonging  to  many  different  owner..  who«>  fruit  they  do  not  diatinguiah  and 
in  Whom  th«8r  have  no  special  interest,  have  no  temptation  to  grade  below  the  proper 
JimiU.  There  ia  alao  a  purely  economic  reason  for  adopting  the  central  packing 
liouaa  ■yjtem:  individuals  who  pack  and  do  nothing  else  become  extremely  expert  at 
Uua  work  and  can  do  more  and  better  work,  and  so  not  only  reduce  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction but  actually  improve  the  grade  of  the  product 

la  the  eaae  of  early  applea  and  soft  fruits  that  will  not  admit  of  being  readily 
taken  to  a  central  packing  house,  an  altemaUve  plan  U  adopted,  namely,  sending  the 
central  association  expert  paokers  to  pack  the  fruit  in  the  orchard  of  the  grower.  \ 
jwmbination  of  the  two  systems  is  found  to  work  satisfactorily  in  the  Norfolk  Fruit 
Urowers  Association,  where  the  greater  part  of  the  fruit  is  packed  in  the  central 
warehouae  but.  in  addition,  expert  packers  from  the  central  packing  house,  are  sent 
10  put  up  the  fruit  of  gQiwera  in  certain  outlying  orchards. 


CENTRAL  ASSOCIATIONS. 

Single  asaociationx  are  experiencing  some  of  the  evils  that  formerly  met  privuta 
■hippers.  They  find  that  a  single  association  is  not  large  enough  to  cope  with  the 
problem  of  selling  fruit  in  the  distant  or  in  the  foreign  market.  This  has  led  to  the 
formation  of  unions  of  local  associations.  This  form  of  organization  has  been  found 
absolutely  essential  in  the  marketing  of  citrus  fruits  in  California,  and  the  California 
Fruit  Growers'  Association  may  be  taken  as  a  good  type  for  organization.  The 
membership  is  composed  exclusively  of  associations,  and  the  business  is  confined 
•ntirely  to  the  selling  end.  All  details  with  reference  to  the  fruit  up  to  the  time  it 
ii  ready  for  market  are  left  in  the  hands  of  the  local  associations.  Of  course,  pre- 
cautions are  taken  to  enforce  proper  grading  and  marking.  In  this  way  it  ia 
possible  to  place  this,  the  most  intricate  part  of  the  business  end  of  fruit  growing, 
in  the  control  of  experts  who  are  in  the  employ  of  the  association.  Owing  to  thj 
large  quantity  of  fniit  under  a  single  control,  such  a  central  association  has  great 
power  in  regulating  the  supply  for  different  markets  and  thus  increases  the  con- 
sumption as  well  as  improves  the  price  to  the  grower.  They  are  able,  also,  to  cope 
with  many  problems  too  large  for  a  single  association,  such  as  questions  of  transpor- 
tation and  distribution  in  foreign  markets. 

The  United  Fruit  Compaiiiei.— The  best  example  we  have  in  Canada  of  a  central 
selling  association  is  the  United  Fruit  Companies  of  Nova  Srotia.  The  memberghip 
of  this  company  consists  of  co-operative  associations  operating  ia  the  Annapolis  ami 
Comwallis  valleys.  They  operated  for  the  first  year  with  a  very  imperfect  organization 
in  1910.  In  1911.  the  organization  was  much  better  and  did  splendid  work  under 
most  adverse  conditions.  The  crop  of  Nova  Scotia  was  a  phenomenal  one.  A  largo 
crop  was  expected,  but  even  the  most  sanguine  calculations  were  exceeded  by  25  per 
cent  In  all  probability  there  were  not  less  than  two  million  barrels  grown  in  Nova 
Scotia  in  1911,  nearly  three  times  the  average  crop.  The  transportation  companies 
were  unprepared  for  the  task  of  moving  this  enormous  crop  and  serious  con- 
sequences threatened.  Fortunately,  however,  the  central  association  was  iulSciently 
oxganized  to  materially  assist  in  the  work.    In  the  early  part  of  the  season,  soon  after 


tt«  mam  nop  Iwvan  to  lnoT^  it  waa  found  that  than  were  huadnda  of  carioada  of 
%_'■»  u  ''"  ^^  ^  ^'*"  •"'•♦•'""»'  '"  <••.  hot  tun. with  th*  rtramfhip  oapa.ity 
mumjukm  up.  Of  ooune,  theta  apples  could  not  mnain  In  the  yrit  lone  without 
aerioua  detriment  to  the  fruit  and  aa  a  temporary  remedy  the  aiaociation  tucceeded  in 
inducing  the  railwayi  to  tend  out  four  lolid  train  loads  of  applea  to  Montreal,  pon- 
neotin*  there  with  the  oeean  steamships  tearing  for  European  porta.  This,  however, 
'"^'^^i"^  A  temporary  relief,  and  the  managers  of  the  co-oiwrative  associations 
proc-eeded  to  American  ports  and  oharteretl  four  steamships  that  were  loaded  inime.li- 
aiely  and  sent  to  Europe,  carrying  altogether  something  over  forty  thousand  barrels 
uf  apples.  This  relieved  the  situation  greatly,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
liaa  It  not  been  for  the  efforts  of  the  central  association  thousands,  if  not  tens  of 
thousands  ci  barrels,  would  have  rotted  in  the  orchards  for  lack  of  transportation 
facilities.  No  private  dealer,  nor  any  probable  combination  of  private  dealers,  could 
have  solved  this  transportation  problem  as  did  the  United  Fruit  Companies 

rhe  usual  markeu  for  Xova  Scotia  fruit  would  have  been  greatly  over  supplied 
if  the  older  market  ii.etho.ls  only  had  been  used.  The  co-operative  a8*ooiation.  how- 
ever, sent  agents  to  the  Northt  .t  and  sold  many  thousanda  of  barrels  in  a  mark.t 
never  before  supplied  by  Nova  Scotia  fruit.  They  also  succeeded  in  opening  up  a 
large  direct  trade  with  Germany,  celling  the  dealers  there  nearly  one  hundred  thousand 
barrels  of  apples. 

t  J^iS  «•  •ufflcieut  to  illustrate  the  great  value  of  a  central  association.  Without 
It  the  JSorthwest  market  tould  not  have  been  exploited  even  by  the  strongest  single 
association,  nor  could  the  (lemiun  market  have  been  opene<l  up. 

On  the  distributive  side  the  central  association  has  proved  that  it  is  able  to  make 
•  ^at  saving  in  orchard  supplier.  One  of  the  larKcst  items  in  the  running  of  Nova 
?*^!!f,**. .  ."i^®  fertilizer  bill.    The  central  ass<Kiation  bought  for  their  patrons 

in  1911-1:?,  nearly  fifty  thousand  dollars  worth  of  fertilizer.  The  saving  upon  this  waa 
93  i^r  ton.  or  a  total  of  $«,(iOO.  It  should  be  empha«ired  here  that  this  saving  could 
not  have  been  made  by  the  associ.itions  working  separately.  The  fertilizer  companies 
made  a  determined  effort  to  maintain  the  system  of  sales  through  local  agents.  Thie 
they  could  have  done  if  they  had  had  to  deal  with  individuals  or  individual  associa- 
tions. It  would  have  been  a  case  of  a  unitwl  army  of  fertilizer  inanufaeturers  against 
unorganiM<l  fruit  growers  or  of  small  organizations.  The  fruit  growers  would  have 
l«en  beaten  in  detail.  The  United  Fruit  Companies  with  their  superior  organiza- 
tion won  out,  but  rot  without  a  hard  struggle. 

ORGAXIZATIOX  AMONG  EXISTIX(J  OXTAIilO  ASSOCIATIONS. 

As  has  been  noted,  cooperation  such  as  we  have  among  our  apple  sellers, 
is  in  its  details  a  local  development.  It  was  not  a  complete  system  imposed  from 
without,  but  simjily  a  general  idea,  the  development  of  which  came  from  the  fruit 
growers  themselves.  Under  these  circumstances  it  is  but  natural  to  expect  that  the 
form  of  organization  would  be  almost  as  various  as  the  number  of  sncieties.  One  of 
the  largest  and  most  successful  co-operative  associations  in  Ontario  is  not  incor- 
porated. Officers  are  elected  at  the  bcftinning  of  the  year,  and  ea.h  season's  biisinesa 
is  closed  and  disposed  of  and  the  association  nominally  disbanded. 

Other  associations  make  provisit.n  tor  continuity  of  e-vistence  without  b«"ing 
incorporated.  The  officers  hold  their  positions  until  their  successors  are  elected,  but 
the  business  is  practically  conducted  in  the  name  of  the  manager  or  some  other 
individual. 

In  a  few  cases  a  small  number  of  growers  have  united  as  a  joint  stock  company, 

-and  this  company  own  the  warehouses  and  other  property.     They  have,  however,  a 

general  organization  that  includes  all  growers  that  work,  so  to  s|)eak,  in  harmony  with 


80 

lU!,i^"*.  "f^  "•°*^-  *"•*•  !»«"«•»  •miiiiieim-iil  wm  adoptpd  b*  an  OnUri* 
•oclely  that  for  wreral  yean  worked  quite  iucoe-fully.  but  unfortunately  a  laiM 
quantity  o^  the  .took  wa.  held  hy  towBH»opl.  who  S^r.  not  »S.  but  wIS 
intemted  in  promotinc  the  adrancement   of    the    nei«hbourhood.     The   apirit    of 

J^'.  o'^Jrt*"?,  "^  '""•  »^  ™««««»«'»-  The  rental  for  the  wa^Aou!^  ykuh 
*■•  owned  by  tlie  oompany  and  the  expen*ea  ai  determined  by  the  company,  wen 
co„„.i,red  too  lane  by  ~me  of  the  grower..  The  di«ati.faotion  apnadTd  flnX 
irri';T'^  '"'^"-^  "'  no...producen.  found  iUelf  with  I  waXu^and 
u^it™Il"  «  •  .t^T'""'"'  "*""••  "'"*  """  'i't>'id«ti..n.  Unfortunately 
IzJZl^r^-  ,^  thH  n..*m«nage.nent  with  o-vopention  ..nd  no  effort.  Imf. 
IT^II^^^   'i"*?  *"  .«'*'"•■'""»  ■  Pui^'y  eo-operotive  selling  association  in  that 

.a  eiwtence  of  tuccesifnl  co-operative  a.Mciation,.  several  places  .imilurlv  situated 
w.ll   own.«  again  but  on  better  linea.     Practically   all    the  .„««sf„l   a.W 

I^Z  t?""""  ""*»  "I  •r'P?~'«''  "•  ""'•'^  i"'"*  .tock^pani"  and 
ltnZl7lfJl""^V  *"  '•*•  '?.*,'  *•"?  .*^  intluenti.l  .uemben  have  adhered  to  co- 
ZTlZ^!^^  JL^  /•"  ".P""'"'  •"<•  »"'•  T  »••««»  "dTinta^  of  the  powen  which 
c^ZJ^tJ^T"  "".*"*•, •'i'"  **  *!""  *•»•  ••wci-tion  into  a  diridend-makinB 
concern     Indeed  one  or  two  of  the  Anociationi  hare  gone  to  the  other  estrenie  and 

u7jt  Tf  l'-'';'-/",  »^«P'»?'  '"'«««»•  Thi..  however,  was  so  ZZfX 
th.t  «.w    *  ir  ""^'^'^'H  ^}\^'>^  fumirfied  capital  much  beyond  tl.c  averu«;. 


t'OOPKRATIVE    LEGISLATION. 

None  of  the  provin<-cs  have  special  Acts  that  provide  for  strictly  co-opentiv. 
incorporation.  There  arc,  however,  means  by  wl.i,.h  faruuTs'  nss<ooluti..n^  .-an  be 
incorporated.  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario  have  each  a  joint  stm-k  company  Act 
which,  however  suitable  for  industrial  concerns,  is  not  at  all  suitable  fur  o-one'rativf 
purposes. 

The  Prince  Edward  Island  Aasocistion  was  incorporated  l.v  an  Act  of  the  lo.al 
legisloture.  The  Nova  Scotioii  Act  for  the  Incorpon.tior,  of  Farmers'  Associations 
13  drawn  up  olong  the  lines  of  the  usual  joint  stock  company  organization  and  is  <,{ 
counj..  objectionable  on  that  account.     It,  however,  serves  the  purpose  fairly  vvll 

The  United  Fruit  Compnui'-s  of  Nova  Scotia  was  organized  co-operatively  bv  •. 
Special  Act  of  the  local  legislature.  Quebec  has  an  Act  under  which  farmen'  ass^i- 
ations  can  incorporate  wit'i  some  co-operative  features,  but  with  share  voting  The 
Act  for  Incorporated  Farimrs'  Associatioiis  in  British  rohimbia  permits  associations 
to  organize  conveniently  on  the  joint  stock  principle. 


PROPAGANDA. 

A  most  notable  feature  of  English  distributive  co-operation  is  the  vor.v  larjfe  sum 
of  money  devoted  to  educational  purposes.  In  the  year  1010  this  amounted  in  round 
numbors  to  one  hundred  thousand  dollars.  When  the  societies  vere  few  and  the 
wholesale  organizotion  was  struggling  for  existence,  it  was  of  vitol  importance  to 
organize  more  societies.  But  now  that  the  societies  have  become  numerous  and  the 
wholesale  society  unassailably  strong,  little  individual  benefit  can  come  either  to  the 
societies  or  their  members  by  new,  organizations.  The  educational  fund  of  the  British 
co-operators  is  conceived  in  the  purest  benevolence  and  with  a  cordial  recognition  of 
co-operative  fraternity. 

In  the  case  of  Canadian  apple  =e11ing  assoeiatious  wc  do  not  need  to  appeal  to 
this  spirit  of  altruism  alone.  Further  organization  is  absolutely  essential  for  the 
material  interests  of  the  industry.  The  numerous  plantings  that  have  been  mode  in 
British  Columbia  of  late  years  are  now  beginning  to  put  fruit  upon  the  market 


81 

OiiUrioi  output  U  iiicn>.iin(  rtpldly  ■nd  Nov.  Hootia  k  eertain.  und«r  Ik.-  uiuiuliu 
01  Iwr  «>-op»r«tiro  omaniMllon,  to  conrinuo  planting  at  an  incn>aiieii  rati*.  It  muat 
not  bo  w^tton.  too,  that  thora  hat  been  an  equally  riguroua  Kvival  o{  apple  mowinit 
In  tho  Inited  Htatea  immediately  to  the  louth  of  u*.  and  It  <•  but  natural  to  eipecl 
Milllaqrer  quantitie*  of  fruit  from  thia  aource.  For  market  purpoMM  the  apple  cMp 
•  "I*  •^""M  Static  nMd  Cnnnda  ia  practically  one.  Theiw  it  a  turplua  for  export 
lu  both  eruntrie.  and  both  countriei  are  lookinv  to  the  lame  foreign  markeU  an  outleU 
^r  thia  aui-plua.  If  wo  do  not  meet  the  oomiK-tition  of  Ani.ritan  grown  applea  in 
Wmnipeg,  Ho»kat«)on,  Regina.  Calr'r*  or  Edmonton  we  munt  oertainlr  meet  it  in 
J-iverpool,  Ola.gow  Ix)ndon  and  Ha  iburg.  Huc«.»  will  come  to  the  beit  organiz.-.! 
force*.  Brttith  Columbio.  Nova  8cotia  and  Ontario  will  meet  in  competition  within 
our  own  border*,  and  without  organiiation  among  the  apple  growora  many  of  th- 
wortt  feature*  of  competitive  buying  and  nelling  will  be  intennitied.  A  frank  recogni- 
tion of  tho  community  of  intere*t*  in  thew  three  provino-ni.  at  leaat.  t '11  go  far  to 
iniurinur  the  continued  prooperity  ot  the  apple  indu«try.  notwithRtan  ing  greatly 
increa««d  production.  Thi.  happy  atate  of  afTuir*  can  oaly  come  ah.)ut  bv  a  thorough 
organiiation  of  the  grower,  in  each  prorinoe.  It  u  apparent,  therefore,  that  Novu 
Mootio  with  her  f.:-ly  efficient  orgxnizition  m  ritally  intrrexted  in  the  thor..uttli 
co-operative  organiwtion  of  Britlth  Clilumbia  and  OnUrio.  and  juyt  a*  each  provin... 
u  interested  in  the  thorough  organiiation  of  all  otiien.  »o  communitie*  that  have 
tne  advantage  of  local  a.«o<iation*,  aro  vitally  intercted  in  having  every  other  part 
of  the  province  efjually  well  organized.  . 

For  thi*  pun)o«(  each  local  ataociation  ahould  devote  a  certain  iiercentage  of  it, 
return*  to  the  ed.pational  or  propaganda  fund,  and  every  effort  should  b«  made  to 
plan  carefuUy  the  expenditure  of  thi.  fund.  Co-operative  marketing  will  not  .how 
It.  full  etfert  until  the  apple  grower,  of  the  Dominion  are  organize,!  from  the  Atlantic 
to  ttio  t^aciiic. 


APPENDICES. 

T  .e  form,  for  Con.titution  and  By-law.  given  in  Appendix  I  are  .imply  «ug- 
gestive.  Local  conditions  should  be  consulted.  In  matters  of  detail  considerable 
latitude  may  be  allowed  to  personal  prejudices,  within  the  limits  of  the  governing 
legislation.  There  are  usually  many  way.  of  accomplishing  the  same  object,  and  any 
rigid  adherence  to  a  wt  of  words  or  to  a  particular  method  i*  likely  to  introduf . 
friction.  As  far  as  possible  it  is  recommended,  of  courw.  that  the  co-operative  features 
be  safeguarded. 

Attention  i-  dirrctcd  to  the  By-law*  of  the  Forest  FruitRrowers'  Aagociatioi. 
They  are  .implo.  direct  and  have  worked  satisfactorily.  The  By-laws  and  Constitu- 
tion of  the  Norfolk  FruitRrowcrs'  Ass.wiation  are  quite  suitable  for  most  small 
Bs^^ociations  which  arc  confined  exclusively  to  apple  selling.  The  Constitution  and 
By-laws  of  the  Ul.iiid  &  Ctypsum  r'niit  Company  contain  features  that  will  be  of 
interest  to  associations  that  intend  to  have  mixed  shipments  of  fniit,  and  where  tho 
output  from  the  different  members  varies  Rreatly  in  quantity. 

Special  attention  is  directed  also  to  the  model  by-law.^  recommended  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  for  Ontario.  It  will  be  noted  that  clauses  2o  to  24  pro- 
vilo  11  very  convenient  mechnnism  for  raisiiijf  money  on  capital  account.  If  this 
mechanism  is  adopted,  and  if  the  association  is  organized  under  tho  general  clauso 
of  the  Company's  Act  for  Non-Share  Capital  Stock  Associations,  there  is  no  reason 
why  Ontario  associations  should  not  be  strictly  co-o|K<rative.  that  is,  tho  by-laws  might 
ensure  a  fixed  remuneration  for  capital,  one  man,  one  vote  (there  would  be  no  shares) 
and  the  distribution  of  any  surplus  on  the  basis  of  the  valfc  of  the  buginess  done  bv 
the  number  of  the  aw^iation.  This  device,  although  not  .  convenient  nor  m  safe 
as  the  best  eo-operntive  legislation  of  European  countries  is  yet  better  than  that  of 
any  of  the  other  proviiu-es.  (Juarantee  note*,  however,  may  be  adopted  in  anv  of  the 
provinces  in  lieu  of  share  capital. 


NORFOLK   FRITIT   GROWERS'   ASSOCIATION. 


f».V*mVTIOM  ASD  IV-LAWS. 

t  Tkli  AMoviatiou  tliaU  be  known  ••  Um  Norfolk  Fruit  Urowen'  AaMciatton. 

"•  *~  •'«5«*  •' tW»  AMOfi«tion  tball  bo  to  onoourve  tbe  Fruit  Growers  in  th* 
lounty  of  >orfolk  who  are  intcreitad  in  the  improTemtnt  of  thr  quality  and  quantity 
oj  iruit,  to  co-opmla  for  tho  purpoM  of  toourinc  a  better  and  more  unifom  lyitein 
of  pMktnf  and  nurketinff  of  tMr  Fruit* 

•;  ^"y  l»»on  in  tba  County  of  Norfolk  in  the  fniit-Browiuf  industry  and  it 
Mooaoiended  by  the  Exeoutiro  Committee,  may  become  a  niembvr  by  payiii*  to  the 
Bwrttary-Treaaurer  the  aum  of  One  Dollar,  on  or  before  the  Firat  day  of  April  in 
wy  year,  and  luch  payment  aliall  entitle  tuch  penwn  to  all  the  rightt  and  privilesea 
of  membership  the  ensuinc  year. 

4.  The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  shall  be  held  on  the  fint  Wednesday 
in  iebruary  of  Mch  year,  at  audi  place  aa  the  Association  may  select  The  Business 
^  the  Annual  Ifeetiuc  shall  be  the  receiving  and  disposing  of  the  Auditor's  Annual 
«W)rt  upon  the  business  of  the  preceding  year,  the  Annual  Election  of  Offlcers  and 
•Bch  other  buaineas  as  may  be  brought  forward  by  the  tjiecutive  Committee. 

6.  All  elections  shall  be  by  ballot,  plurality  electing,  and  shall  be  conducted  l.v 
two  scrutineers  appointed  by  tLe  (duirman. 

6.  At  the  Annual  jfeeting  fire  members  shall  be  elected  aa  an  EzoouUTe  Com- 
mtttee  who  will  hare  the  general  management  of  the  Association  in  buying.  «<>||ing 
and  any  other  business  of  imporUnco.  At  any  meeting  of  the  Executire  Committee 
tkrae  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business.    Two  Auditors  shall' 

u^  "S.^  '*  **"  Annual  Meeting  who  are  not  members  of  th'  EieouMvo  Com- 
mittee.  Three  members,  not  members  of  the  Executive  CommK  *■  shall  als..  Im- 
eleotad  at  the  Annual  Meeting  aa  Investigation  Committee,  whf*p  duty  it  will  be  to 
investigate  all  complainU. 

7.  Specia'  meetings  of  the  Association  may  be  held  at  any  time  upon  call  of  the 
President,  by  written  notice  mailed  to  each  member  at  least  five  days  before  tho  meet- 
ing. 

8.  Special  meetings  shall  also  be  called  by  the  President,  whenever  requir«l  to 
do  ao  in  writing,  by  five  per  cent  or  more  in  number  of  the  moiiil)er,.  of  the  As8,)cia- 
tion. 

».  At  any  meeting  of  the  Association  15  per  cent  in  number  of  the  members  shall 
constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

10.  The  OflScers  of  the  Association  shall  consist  of  a  President,  a  Vice-President 
who  shall  be  chosen  by  the  Executive  Committee  from  ainoim  thtmselves,  at  the  first 
board  meeting  after  the  Annual  Meeting,  the  Manager  and  Secretary-Treasurer  to  be 
appointed  by  the  Executive  Committee.  Special  meetinjfs  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee may  be  held  at  such  times  and  places  as  they  may  select. 

11.  The  President,  or  in  his  absence,  the  Vice-Presidtnt.  shall  preside  at  all 
meetings  of  the  Association.  In  the  absence  of  both,  .  chairman  shall  be  chosen  from 
the  members  present. 

12.  The  Manager  and  Secretary-Treasurer  for  the  Association  shall  have  chanre 
of  the  business  in  detail,  but  cannot  rlnv  any  dealings  tttilc-vs  axnhorutd  to  do  so  br 
the  Executive  Committee.  ' 

13.  It  will  be  the  duty  of  each  member  to  so  care  tor  liis  or.knnl  as  to  troduce 
the  very  best  quality  of  fruit. 


«..  .'il'i ^"  "^  hamling  »t^  gr,mu  by  roembtn  of  tho  AHn.iaii.,ii  d scrpiiM 

di.p«.iii«  of  hi.  or  brr  own  apfilM  •ball  pigr  to  ih«  AtMH-i.ii....  ih..  ..im  of  M)  «.tit« 
VT  tmml, 

>3.  All  iwinbrn  miwl  inmIi  th<!r  fruit  for  •hipmrnt  in  a  nrit  worknanliko 
manner.  «»<!  if  ....t  mrmbrr  !■  not  i'»tmhU'  of  puikinir  hi*  Nin>U  in  thii  numnar  hf  in 
to » WP'".*  •"  '•"P'-rt  pii.k.r  .n.l  all  fruit  niiiM  b..  iMMlctj  in  ..•.•..r.l«M.-c  with  tho  rtiLt 
ol  th..  .Norfolk  Jniit  (Jrowrr*  A«Mi..i«tion  h.vinir  m.-h  nu  mUrV  n«nM)  or  numb.r  ..<i 
ryery  P«<-I««ire.  Kinpty  barrel.  mii»t  b«  kcfl  in  th.>  .Irv  mi.l  «U,  .11  parki-H  barnU 
murt  br  |>la.«d  m  the  dry  e»wy  day  in  a  well  ventilal.-d  biiihlinK  nntil  .hipnient  i- 

le.  Ka.h  member  muit  order  from  th«  Her.ii.ry  all  the  barrels  he  will  n-.|iiir.> 
for  bii  own  iiw  not  Liter  than  Aniruit  lut  of  each  year,  tame  to  be  paid  for  by  him 
not  later  than  Xorember  10th. 

17.  Any  mrinlier  peraiitinic  in  injurioui  conduct  towardi  the  Auociation  or  any 
of  iU  o«.-eM  nia.v  lie  tu^pended  by  the  Inveatiiration  Conii.iittee  until  Mme  liii«  ImhIi 
aubnittcd  to  tlu.  nest  aeneral  meetintt  and  each  offending  mimber  shall  receiv,.  thn^. 
days  notMc  of  mnh  ii  mcctmir.  and  the  membem  preient  have  the  power  of  cxrollina 
inch  member  or  otherwi>M<,  an  they  sec  lit. 

1«.  The  book*  of  the  Amiociation  (hall  be  audited  before  the  date  of  the  annual 
meetiiiK  in  facli  vmr.  und  the  report  of  the  rd-ciptu  and  disburMnnenU,  prop<rIy 
•linied.  •hall  U-  rwi.l  iit  such  annual  meetinK.  The  nu-nibers  may  order  a  •ix'.'ial 
audit  of  the  book«  to  U-  made  at  any  time,  an<i  the  Auditors  shall  report  theretm  with- 
out unnecesiiary  delay. 

1».  When  from  any  cHiiie  a  Tacancy  occurs  in  any  of  the  offices  of  the  A»H.Hia- 
tion,  it  shall  be  tilled  by  the  Executive  Comn)itti<G  at  their  next  meeting.  Abneniw 
without  leave  fr«.m  three  ctmsccutive  nw-ctings  of  the  Execiitivu  Committee  shall 
create  a  vacancy. 

2W.  The  So-retarj-Treasurer  shall  keep  a  reconi  of  the  |>n><)'<>,liiigs  of  all  mei-t- 
iii«»  of  the  Associati'Hi.  or  iui  Executive  roniniittee.  of  all  r«H-ci,.ts  and  dicbuntenientH, 
and  hi"  shall  r«'|x.rt  the  coiulitioii  „f  the  tiniiiireN  iiiiiiiuilly  or  »*  often  as  tho  Execu- 
tive (.'omuiitU>c  shall  desire.  He  »liiill  aNo  attend  to  the  uorrespi.iidcnce  of  the  A«*M>i. 
iition  and  keep  Mme  on  tile. 

2\.  Every  dispute  Utwit-n  nieniWr*  nii.l  ili.-  Asx.Mlation.  or  any  |>ersoii  claiiiiini; 
throiiKh  or  under  a  member,  or  under  I  lie  rules  ..f  the  AsMM-iutioii.  and  the  Exe.-ii- 
tive  ("i.niiiiittcc.  TreiiMirer,  or  oth.-r  nttinTM  fhin-of,  xhull  be  .It.iileil  bv  arhitratii.ii 
III  thr  innmier  following:  The  paity  eoinplaiiiiiiK  >liiill  i,i„ke  ii  st.itemeiit  in  writin;,' 
of  the  mutter  eoiiiplailieil  of  or  in  <lis|.iite,  mid  ,h.ill  tli.reiii  iiiiine  the  |*.n<oii  lie 
upiioihts  us  Arbilr.iti.r,  nml  shiill  pl.iee  sii<-h  statement  in  the  IiiiikIs  ..f  the  Se,.r.iiP.v 
of  the  Ass.«iatiiiii.  Within  ten  days  of  the  n-.eipt  of  such  stiit.nieiit  th."  Presi.K  iit 
Hhall  name  a  m-ond  Arbitrator,  unless  he  is  a  i>nrt.v  f>  the  dispute  in  which  cnsc  tlio 
Exe<iitive  Committee  will   ni>|ioiiit   a  siciid   Arbitrator.     The  two  Arbitrators   will 

me<t  and  appoint  a  third  Arbitrator,  and   the  Arbitrators  so  i inted   shall   iiiift 

without  unnwesaary  delay  and  hear  and  determine  the  matter  in  dispute,  mid  tile  an 
award  with  the  Secretary-  of  the  Association,  which  award  if  siRned  by  nt  least  two 
of  the  Arbitrators,  shall  be  biiuliiiK  and  conclusive  on  nil  parties  without  apiieal 
NothinK  herein  contained  shall  be  coustriieil  to  prevent  both  parties  affreeing  upon 
one  Arbitrator,  whose  ilc<-ision  in  such  ease  would  be  tinal.  All  Arbitrators  appointed 
under  this  .Section  niust  be  hh  inUrs  of  the  Association. 

22.  These  rules  may  be  amended  at  any  regular  or  spiH-ial  ineetin»t  by  a  vote  of 
the  members  present.  Xotice  of  any  proposed  amendment  must  be  given  each  member 
by  letter  or  otherwise  at  least  Hve  days  previous  to  the  meeting. 


Si 


THE  FOK^ST  FRUIT  GROWERS  AND  FORWARDING  ASSOCIATION. 


'The  Forest  Fruit 


/  C0X8TITI  TWN. 

1.  This  Association  of  Fruit  Growers  shall  be  known  as 
t.rowors  and  Forwarding;  A»so«-iution.' 

2.  The  objiH-t  of  the  Association  is  the  better  production  and  sale  of  fruit  nown 
ii.v  Its  menil  ers. 

'!•  '•"I'^'  Annual  Meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Assoc-iation  ahall  be  on  the  fint 

the  call  of  the  President  by  written  notice. 

4.  At  the  Annual  MeetiuK  the  Directors  of  the  Association  shall  be  elected 
.»,„n'''      \-!'l  "'^*'"*'  "^*'«'  T>irectors  a  two-thirds  representation  of  the  Directors 
Bhnl'  constitute  a  quorum  f<,r  the  transaction  of  business. 

0  The  Officers  of  the  Assm-iation  shall  consist  of  a  President.  Vice-President  and 
^cl.•^etary- 1  reasurer. 

7.  Immedintely  after  the  Annual  M,-etinjr  and  the  election  of  Directors  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  Directors  to  elect  Officers  as  named  in  by-law  six,  the  President  and 
V  ice-Presideiit  to  be  chosen  from  the  Directors. 

of  tt  Vf  ^'^••'^»*  »'  i°  his  absence  the  Vice-President  shall  preside  at  all  meeting, 
thoSe  p^enT  '^         "*''  "  P''"*''^'"»  »<«''<•'  "''a"  ^  ^-hosen  from 

„f  tK  ■  ^^  S«'«"taor-Trea8urer  shall  keep  a  record  of  the  proceedinRs  of  all  meetings 
of  the  Directors  and  the  Association.  He  shall  also  keep  a  record  of  all  the  S' 
and  disbursements  of  the  Association.  tw^eipn 

la  Any  Fruit  Grower  within  a  radius  of  eight  miles  of  Forest  shall  be  eligible  to 
be<on^  a  member  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  Directors  of  the  Association 

11.  The  constitution  or  by-laws  may  be  amended  at  any  regular  or  special  meeting 
upon  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  Directors.  meeting 


THE  FOREST  FRUIT  GROWERS  AND  FORWARDING  ASSOCIATION. 

BY-LAWS. 

,.     I-  '^}'^  ^""'■^  "^  Directors  shall  meet  senii-nu.uthl.v  or  monthly  or  at  the  call  of 
the  rresident,  such  meetings  not  later  than  July  lat  cf  each  year. 

2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  officers  to  attend  regular  or  special  meetings  of  the 
Association  and  hold  office  until  their  successors  shall  be  elected. 
I.  n^L  ^n*°j  *  vacancy  shall  happen  by  death  or  resignation  in  any  of  the  offices,  it 
shall  be  hlled  at  the  next  regular  or  special  meeting. 

4.  At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Association  in  each  year  the  President  shall 
render  a  statement  of  tlie  business  of  the  season  in  full. 

:..  Each  and  every  member  of  the  Association  shallpick  his  fruit  in  prime  -oii- 
dition  and  deliver  same  ut  Packing  House  or  shipping  p.  Int. 

(!.  .\.i  Inspector  or  Manager  of  tlie  Association  shun  be  appointed  by  the  Direc 
tors  to  supervise  the  work  of  grading  and  packing  of  the  fruit  of  the  Association  the 
salary  of  the  said  Inspector  to  be  determined  at  the  time  of  appointment 

..  The  Manager  shall  give  personal  instructions  in  their  orchards  to  every  shipper 
shipping  through  the  Association  how  to  gra<le  and  mark  their  fruit  according  to  the 
Fruit  Marks  Act.  * 

8.  That  he  wi  1  see  to  the  ordering  of  and  securing  of  cars,  and  will  obtain  what- 
ever necessary  Re  iigerator  cars,  which  he  sees  are  properly  iced. 

9.  He  shall  keep  in  constant  communication  with  the  Salesman,  and  shall  receive 
orders  and  conauuiiicate  them  to  the  members  of  the  Association 

10.  He  shall  see  to  the  making  up  of  Car  Ix>ts  and  notifying  members  when  to 
P80k  and  deliver  fruit  at  Packing  House  or  shipping  point. 


as 

,.„.  **j  ?•  *■."  '"*''  *  '^^  "*  """^  •'"*  »""•  "  ^"''t  of  wwh  shipper  m  Mch 
••or  and  forward  a  copy  to  purthaser. 

«i.d  iimnediately  before  shipment  in  order  to  ascertain  if  the  Fruit  Marka  Act  haa 
Knllt%"f  T:  t'"*  l^K^"^.  **"*'  '"^  "••'P'^'  '"«'  intentionally  disobeyed  th" 
HP     !  ,r"'v*  acceptance  of  fruit  and  held  responsible  for 

i  >•  filK  iiVr^n^*^"^'  '  """*  ^^^^^'^  *''""  ****  responsible  for  space  ordered  in  car  whether 

n  f  IV  "  ^l!*"^-"  "■^*'""  '^'««K'«'■^«'i*  shiPPew  regarding  grade  apples,  for  the  settle- 
both  IntT^H^T"*.*"!  '*'""  '"•'""r  ""^  ^'"^*»'-  *•*«  «'""P«'  "n"  Director  and 
Fruit  Marks  Art  '*'""*^'^*^  P*"°"'  *''»  «h"»  "leoide.  J'a'inK  their  decision  on  the 

loctol°kv^?i'"*"'"^^*  '"Vf"**  T^t  *°  "^  P"'*^  '^■^"''^  ""  ''*"*'«'•  ««'''  charges  to  be  col- 
lected by  a  levy  on  each  barrel  the  car  contains. 

16   Each  and  every  mon.bor  shall  have  the  right  to  give  away  such  fruit  of  his 

IZ^ilZf]^"  T  1r'-  'r  ""'  '•""'  ""*  ""'^-  '"^'^  "^  *'""  -t-^^J"  the  Associat 
cS      A  "f  '■""«•:'>''"  "'  «"y  f'nit  that  may  not  be  accepted  by  the  As*.- 

cmtion.    Any  member  ,o  doing  shall  pay  into  the  Association  treasury  the  m.m  of  50 
cents  per  barrel  for  all  1-uit  so  sold  excepting  grades  aforesaid. 
♦„     "•.  ™^^-^'"  'n  the  cpinion  of  the  Directors  it  is  impossible  for  the  Association 
to  receive  at  .ts  packing  bouse  all  fruit  grown  by  its  members,  they  may  perm  "t 
ind. vidua   members  to  grade  and  pack  the  same  for  shipment  through  the  AsLE 

the  AiMr:'  '"'^'"""  *"  "^  ^"'^^^^  *°  '""^  "'^'^'=''°"  °^  *•»«  ins,L.tor\p^r,:rby 

and  Isoftenlyo^d'^thltt  ttrdim^te"  '''"'  ''''"  ""'""^  "'  ''"''  ^""'  *'""^ 
two-^rd^^^vJ"  ofXDitt.^  """''^  "  "  '"'""^'  "'  *•'•'  ^«-"«^'-  --"'  ^^  - 


KELOWNA  FARMERS'  EXCHANGE   (LIMITED). 

CO.NSTITlTIO.f  AND  BY-I.AWS. 

1.  The  object  of  the  Kelowna  Farmers'  Exchange  is  the  inarketiiiK  of  all  kinds  of 
produce  grown  by  the  Membors  of  the  Exchange. 

2.  The  points  of  shipment  for  the  produce  shall  be  decided  upon  by  Members  of 
the  Exchange. 

3  At  the  Annual  Meeting  the  Members  shaU  elect  a  board  of  5  (five)  Directors 
who  shall  at  their  first  meeting  elect  the  President,  Vice-President,  and  2nd  Vice- 
President  from  their  number. 

4.  The  Directors  .«hall  be  elected  annually  by  ballot  and  shall  hold  oflSoe  for  one 
year  unless  reiiiovea  for  cau.se. 

5.  Any  Director  may  be  removed  from  office  at  any  time  for  anv  cause  when  two- 
thirds  majority  of  the  Members  of  the  Exchange  consider  the  removal  of  such  Director 
in  the  best  insterests  of  the  E.xchange.  In  the  event  of  such  removal  of  a  Director  the 
vacancy  so  made  shall  be  filled  by  the  election  of  another  Dirc.-tor  by  ballot  at' the 
•ame  meeting,  for  the  unexpired  term  of  oflice. 

C.  The  genera!  work  of  the  Exchange  shall  be  carried  on  by  a  Secretary,  chosen  by 
the  Directors,  whose  work  shall  be.the  general  management  of  the  Exciinnge  the  soli- 
citing of  orders,  over-seeing  the  receiving  of  produce  and  inspecting  the  same,  loading 
of  caw  for  shipment,  keeping  of  accounts,  and  shall  receive  all  sums  of  tnot.cy  duo  or 
payable  to  the  Exchange,  and  shall  deposit  all  moneys  received  in  some  chartered  Bank 
approved  of  by  the  Board  of  Directors;  no  payment  to  be  made  without  the  written 
order  of  the  Secretary-Treasurer  and  the  Prc'iident,  or  in  the  case  of  his  absence   of 


Ihe  Vice-PrwMent,  or  in  his  aimetu-c  „f  Uie  iud  Viee-P««i,l,>..» .      •        i  ... 

«»  meetiiigij  of  the  Assotiatin..  «nJ  „r  '  "'^^  .«"a  v  lee-lTesKleiit ;   ^ivi-  .Iu«-  notice  of 
ceedin*,  of  Mme^  write  «H1p«?^  °    ^"'^  "'  D.n^tors;   keep  a  record  of  all  ,,ro- 

Bori  rf'j.&.r   "  "'""'^ '° "'"  '<■"*  •»  •"  •"»"'  »>"'"•"'' «.  .b. 

9.  Each  member  shall  have  a  number  or  mark    nK;-!.  =i,,ii  u      i       , 
««k,  box.  crate,  or  other  parcel  or  thing  ship^bv'hTmTfn-^  J''"*^  ?,"  ."^'^'^ 
how  such  mark  shall  be  placed  '^'^    ^      "•    ^*'*  I>'«^tor8  shall  decide 

ordei^i -irp^fo^t  ^re  ^in/rii'^ch^^rb:^^^^^^       ;j- 

P«per^filh„,  of  orders  and  convenience  of  shipper  .il^^.'^^lZ' ;L^[Z1 

prod;tl,f^^Svctr„?";h:tS^^^  •-  -.idered  um..  such 

^«d  found  «t  for  Shipment,  or  h..f  S'T^^^t  J^i  Xr^fd  JXt 

bcea   or  other  packages  nsed,  .hall  be  decided  b/th  "'CS  of  Ctr^'  ""'"' 

-uutd^;;7b;^'h:Votro/Dit.S^.  *-  ^'-^  ''■'''^*''^-  "••'"""^  ""'^- «-'« r. 

17.  Three  members  of  the  Board  of  Directors  shall  form  a  quorum 

18.  Any  member  of  the  Exchange  obstructing  the  work  of  the  Ex,.b«n«.  «  • 
lots  or  mconvenience.  may  be  suspended  by  the  Se-retarv  until  «.,uh'^'  I'",? 
h«Te  been  dealt  with  V  the  Board  of  Directors  \„vn.»"  J  '(»osUon  shall 
represenUtive  of  the  :ixcha„ge  or  the  Bor^DirttL  on  S'  S'he  ^^.^ 
far  any  certain  produce  shall  not  disDose  of  it  «t  a„Ju  ■  ^  "®  ^''^  ^'^^^ 
to  thelExchange  the  refusal  of  the  same                              '  ^"""  ""'*'"  *'^fi'«*  ^"•^^ 

19.  All  complaints  must  be  made  in  writing  to  the  Board  of  Directors. 

20.  Two  Auditors  shall  be  elected  annually  who  shall  aiiHit  ♦»,«  k«  i,        j 

L"S.fD?s."' '''  "^ "'  -^  •'--  -"•"•ll*;,!^;;;„T^•^x• 
.nl».  U,,  B..„l  ..t  ni„,,„„  .„  i,  i.  i.  u»'  ,„^  ™„,"^  ;!;S^'  ,o  d.™*      '"" 

23.  The  expense  of  the  Exchanire  shall  Ik>  mPt  hv  »  «,...r.„r,t„ 


S7 

memh^rA7th«"^K  *°  *^f? '"'*"  "'^  '^  ""**'*'  ^'  *  t^o-thiHs  majority  yote  of  th. 

no  vote?),.^!  *'J    ^- 1"'!**'*"*^  "  1"°'""'  «»  »ny  Shareholders'  meeting,  and 

capitS  iiLJ^L^il^!"*'  t""  ''":,«,.P«*"  t«.  J«^y  «nd  collect  as^samenta  on  the 
capital  stock  the  same  to  become  delin.iuent  in  thirty  days  from  day  of  notice  in 
local  paper  of  such  assessment.  The  Directors  may  sell  such  delinquent  st^k^n^blic 
aucuon  to  the  highest  bidder  for  cash,  first  giving  thirty  days'  S  of Tuch  sK 
a  local  newspaper,  such  sale  to  be  mac',  at  the  door  of  the  office  of  the  E, Im,^ 

26  (c)  That  no  dividend  of  more  than  5  per  cent  be  paid  on  the  stock  of  tha 
Kx..hange  any  surplus  funds  to  be  applied  to  tke  running  e^pensL  oTIhlSchLi 

noltiig  vlte^Stte"'  ^-''"""""^  ^''*"  ^•'^  •"""  «"  ^"^'"'^  »"^  "•'•»  »'-e 
first  In^arin^iu'Sl^/e.lteaf"'^'''^  ^""""'  '^'^''"'^  """'  "^  ""'''  »»  *'«' 


CONSTITUTION  AND  BY-LAWS  OF  THE  ISLAND  AND  OYPSnw  toitit 
COMPANY.   INCORPORATED   TNDER   TEffi^WS   OF  Omo     mPT 
TAL  STOCK,  $5,000.    ACT  AMENDED  JUNE  13^   1900 

CONSTITUTION. 

>  in^'^'n'^i  t*"'"  ^''*^'"**''"  f*  fruitgrowers,  being  incorporated  und.r  the  laws  of 

..:Sinthetmri;..^.*'"'  ''"'''  «""  "^-'■"'  ^-*'  ^—  ^-  -P'tal  eto4' 

Section  2.  The  object  of  its  organization  is  for  the  sale  of  the  fruits  grown  bv  ita 

members,  also  to  buy  and  sell  such  fruits  during  the  season  a.  opportunit^'rlsents 

♦I,     .^^;'°"  3   The  annual  meeting  of  the  stockholders  of  this  company  shall  be  on 

the  hrst  Saturday  m  December  of  each  year.     Special  meetings  of  the  sto^kholde™ 

Tafh  LSldeVoTrr^l."""  '''  ''''  ''  '''  ^-^^''^^  '^  ^^^  -'-  ™S^o 

electS"''""   ^'  ^'   '^'  """""'   '"'''""'  °*   "^^  stockholder,   five  Directors  shall  be 

Se<.ti.,M  5.  At  any  meeting  of  the  stockholders  a  two-thirds  representation  of  the 

tiof  ;;buH'""""  "  '"  """"'  ''''''''  '''""  """*"*"*«'  «  '^-"™  f-  the  transac! 

SecrS7ryTnd%l"r  ''  ^'^  ""''"'^  ^*'""  ™"^'''*  °'  «  ^-■''''"*'  Vice-President. 

t^«.  !!!*'?  L^T^u 'n*^u^  \^'*'  ^''^  """""^  "•^^'""«  "f  tl'e  stockholders  and  Direc- 
S  S^«o    6  '  ^"'^  "^  '^'  ^'''''^''  *°  *''^^*  **"«  "ft*^^"  "  »am^ 

«.     /*^^"^  ^: -^1  «!«'*'■««'«  of  this  company   shall    be   by   ballot,   plurality   electinir 
conducted  by  two  tellers,  appointed  by  U.e  President.  wecting. 

Set^ion  9    The  President,  or  in  his  absence,  the  Vice-President,  shall  preside  at 

:wrrrheit;rkhStr  ^"-  ^"  ^'^^  «'•-"-  «^  '^^'-  -  ^-'•^^■^  -"'^  ^"a"  ^ 


38 

in^^H^d^'iA^^  Swwtaty  thaU  keep  .  woorf  of  tho  proceeding,  of  aU  th. 
fT^^oh  ^  """  «.d  director..  «„d  shall  woeive  as  remunerati,,,,  the  sumot  $ 
for^each  and  every  meeting,  when  .uch  «,rvic«  .hall  be  duly  rendered  h,  aaif  icre- 

Section  11    The  Secretary  shall  keep  •  oorrect  record  of  all  the  receipts  and  dis- 

Drr«VarM:r ''-  ^'"•'^"^""  -'  ^'^  «•"--  •--»-  or^rorn-L'  t 

Committee)   to  have  general  charge  of  the  affairs  of  the  cor,K>raUon  during  the  fluh 

Ste  tie  ~r 'r  "'""  "^^  t!?  ''"'"•'•^  "'  """P'-    The  Kt  rs  S 
regulate  the  amount  of  compensation  this  committee  shall  receive. 

Section  13  Any  fruit  grower  in  Ottawa  County,  this  State,  shall  be  eligible  to 
become  a  member  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  stockholder,  of  reOoiS  at  U.e  fme  th^ 
application  ,,  made,  also,  a  two-third«  vote  of  ,„e.nbe«  shJl  d^e™i"e  So  vX.  of 

br:dS:disrmrtr ""''  ^-'^  ^''"  ^^  ^-  *•-'  *— ^^  ^  -  ^^ 

.rwvfr**""*-^*"  ^''^  Constitution  or  By-laws  may  be  amended  at  any  regular  or 
special  meeting  upon  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  stockholders  or  stock  in  t^e  aTmJive 


By-LAW9. 

Of  f.ih'*sWl  ^Sft^"'"^  *^^  Directors,  during  any  season  when  there  is  not  a  failure 
?uly  IsVof  eaTye'^r.""""  -""--'"^'  •-^--ng  such  meetings  not  later  than 
n,«.»^^*!f  ^  '^^^  Executive  Committee  during  the  fruit  season  of  each  year,  shall 

Artick  3"^e%'''-/' ''rri"  ^"^  '"'^"''^  "*  *»'«  ^^P"^-  «•>«»  demand 
company  '  *'*""''  supervision  of  the  business  of  the 

Article  4  On  or  before  the  first  of  May  of  each  year,  when  the  fruit  crop  i.  not 
a  failure   the  Directors  shall  meet  and  name  their  Manager  for  the  season.     ^ 

deUit'untrVet^^^^;  SIL'pi^siT  °'  '''  ""'^"^'^  °^  '''  ^ ^  ^  ''^ 

acceplE'toVJ  Df^U"'  ^""""'  ^"'"  "^'^^  """'*'  ''*  ^^^'^  »  -"  -  «'''«"  ^« 

Article  7.  The  Treasurer  shall  receive  all  moneys  from  the  Manager  and  denosit 

the  same  m  such  bank  to  the  credit  of  this  company.    Such  depository  of  the  funK 

he  d«ngnated  by  the  Directors.    The  Treasurer  shall  check  the  same  upon  order  ^m 

wrSTheTrTcro'r  '^ ''- ''-'-'  -  --  -"- '--  ^^---  -  »i  ^ 

Article  8  It  shall  l>e  the  duty  of  all  officers  to  nttencl  all  regular  and  special 
dS^^  ff>nn.any,  and  to  hold  office  until  their  successors  shall  have  been 

Article  »•  Wh,-n  a  vacancy  shaJl  happen,  either  by  death  or  resignation  in  any  of 
the  oftces  established  by  the  constitution  or  by-laws  of  tho  conipanv.  it  shall  be  filled 
at  the  next  regular  or  special  meeting  ' 

.».  li'^'^'^i'^  ^"'  A*  ^^"^  "'T^  f*^*'""^  f  *'"'  't^x^l^holders  each  year,  the  Manager 
shall  render  a  statement  of  the  business  for  the  season  in  full. 

Article  11  Any  member  of  the  company  may  withdraw  at  anv  time  between 
December  or  the  fir«t  day  of  April.  Such  notice  of  withdrawal  must  be  given  in 
writing  to  the  President  or  any  Director  of  this  company.  Thereafter  it  shall  be  the 
privilege  of  such  retiring  member  to  sell  and  dispose  of  his  or  her  fruits  ns  thev  shall 
elect,  but  this  company  shall  not  take  or  handle  any  of  such  member':,  fniit  thereafter 
during  that  season,  nsless  it  shall  be  determined  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  all  member^ 
m  the  affirmative.  •  <riuw:ni 


Article  13.  In  poniideration  of  the  MTeral  asMMments  which  hare  been  placed 
upon  the  present  stock  of  record,  previous  to  1900,  to  each  and  every  member  holding 
Buch  stock  there  shall  be  issued  (sratia)  another  share  ($60.00)  for  ererj  share  so 
hold. 

Every  member  shipping  not  more  than  5,000  bushels  of  fruit  shall  hold  two  sharea 
($100.00)  of  the  capital  stock  for  increased  output,  at  follows:— 

1  share  for  all  over  3,000  bushels  up  to  6,500. 

1  share  for  all  over  6,000  bushels  up  to  a,500. 

1  share  for  all  over  8,500  bushels  up  to  18,000. 

1  share  for  all  over  12,000  bushe'-  up  to  16,000. 

1  share  for  all  over  16,000  bushels  up  to  20,500. 

1  share  for  all  over  20,500  bushels  up  to  25.500. 

1  share  for  all  over  25,500  bushels  up  to  31,000. 

Article  13.  The  stock  shall  pay  a  dividend  of  7  per  centum,  leas  incidental 
expenses,  as  repairs,  insurance  on  buildings  and  taxes.  This  7  per  centum  shall  be 
collected  from  each  member's  fruit  account  in  proi»ortion  to  the  number  of  bushels  of 
fruit  with  which  each  has  been  credited. 

Article  14.  Dividends  on  stock,  as  provided  for  in  the  preceding  article,  shall  not 
iipiily  in  time  of  a  failure  of  fruit  crop.    In  such  times  dividends  shall  be  void. 

Article  15.  No  transfer  of  stock  shall  be  lawful  unless  duly  recorded  upon  the 
books  of  the  company. 

Article  16.  All  peaches,  pears,  plums  and  quinces  grown  by  each  and  every 
intmber  of  this  company  shall  be  delivered  to  the  company's  packing  house  for  grad- 
ing, packing  and  shipment. 

Grapes  and  other  small  fruits  may  be  delivered  to  the  company  for  sale  or  dis- 
posal, and  shall  be  disposed  of  for  the  grower  on  commission  of  one  cent  per  basket. 

Article  17.  Each  and  every  member  shall  pick  his  fruit  in  prime  condition  and 
deliver  same  promptly  to  the  co:  ipany's  packing  ho—e.  In  case  green  and  immature 
fruit  or  overripe  fruit,  or  windfalls,  be  delivered  -v  any  member,  same]  may  be 
accepted  uiid  said  members  shall  be  credited  with  average  price  such  fruit  may  bring. 

Article  18.  Each  and  every  member  shall  have  the  right  to  give  away  such  fniit 
of  his  own  raising  as  be  or  she  may  elect;  but  shall  not  seek,  solicit  or  make  sale  of 
fruit  outside  of  the  company,  excepting  windfalls  and  cull  grades  of  any  fruit  that 
may  not  be  accepted  by  the  company.  Any  member  so  doing  shall  pay  into  the  com- 
pany's treasury  the  sum  of  fifty  cents  per  bushel  for  all  such  fruit  sold,  excei>tiiii? 
sales  of  aforesaid  grades. 

Article  19.  All  fruit  delivered  each  day  shall  be  <'redited  to  the  person  furnishing 
the  same  at  the  average  price  which  the  fruit  brouRht  that  day. 

One-third  of  the  amount  so  credited  may  be  retained  by  the  company  until  the 
close  of  the  season  for  find  settlement,  and  from  the  aggrejfate  of  the  amount  so 
retained  from  each  person  there  shall  be,  at  the  end  of  the  season,  before  paying  the 
same  over  to  the  respective  members  of  the  company,  deducted  all  expenses  and  1<»m'.-.. 
All  expenses  of  handling,  packing  and  marketing  fruit  shall  be  borne  by  the  several 
members  of  the  company,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  bushels  of  fruit  with  which 
each  has  been  credited.  All  losses  and  rebates  shall  be  deducted  in  proportion  to  the 
money  credit  of  each  member.  "" 

Article  30.  Whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Directors  it  is  impossible  for  the 
company  to  receive  at  its  fruit  house  all  the  peaches  grown  by  its  members,  they  may 
permit  individual  memWrs  to  grade  and  pack  the  same  for  shipment  through  the 
house,  such  period  to  be  limited  by  the  Directors.  Reasonable  compensation  will  be 
ullowed  for  such  itradins  and  packing. 

Article  21.  Permanent  or  temporary  additions,  extensions  or  any  new  buildings 
from  time  to  time  that  may  be  constructed  by  the  company  including  the  present  ice 
house,  the  cojt  of  same  shall  be  paid  by  the  stock  of  issue  by  a  fund  sufiieient  to  meet 
•uch  costs  by  an  assessment  upon  the  said  stock  as  it  shall  appear  against  each  an  1 
•rerjr  member,  and  not  as  an  item  of  general  expense. 


Artid*  M.  The  cort  of  ice  and  cost  of  putting  same  into  ice  houae  aa  it  now 
««MJa,  and  each  and  every  wason  when  the  said  ice  houie  shall  be  filled,  shall  fo  into 
the  general  expen*.  ...d  be  paid  for  as  named  in  Article  19  of  the  By-laws. 

if  th.-'!  f  if  L      "?  l^  /•""]••!  "^*''*'  "  ""^  "  '^'''"*  3  of  the  Constitution. 

the  Board  of  Directors  th«,.  ,f  ,„  their  opinion  it  shall  be  deemed  best,  can  order  a 

f  ^'"  i!"*^  ^  be  declared  and  paid  to  ea.h  stmkholder  of  noord  up  to  the  first  day 
of  December  of  each  year.  r  «<  ■-«  "«i.  u«y 


FORM  RECOMMEXDKI)  FOR  ONTARIO. 

This  set  of  by-laws  was  prepared  by  the  District  Kepn-scutatives  of  the  Ontario 
DepRrtment  of  Agriculture,  in  consultation    with    the    .M.„.u«er«    of    Co-Operative 

pSaT^reui'Xi^err"^  ''  '""^  "^'-""'^"^  ''  ^«"^"""'^  ""''  '»'« 

1.  This  Association  shall  be  known  as  the Marketing  Association. 

J.  J  he  objects  of  the  Association  are  for  the  production,  gradiug  and  selling  of 
i^'hL' L'fu  u'  T  '"*•"'*"'  to  Purch-M  supplies,  packages,  machinery,  etc., 
to  buy  and  .ell  such  other products  during  the  season  as  opportunS  pre- 

3    The  annual  meeting  of  the  Association  shall  b©  held  on...,        in 
in  each  year.  ....•« 

««.«;  ^""'^  i"'  ^^t  """"''  '"^*'"'^  "•"•"  ^  «"^»  «"«!»  'nember  in  writing  by  the 
becretao-  not  less  than  one  week  previous  to  the  date  of  the  meeting. 

„«tJ~;  ''PT5' f"'*'"'^  ""y  *>«  ^^W  "t  "ny  t'««  upon  call  of  the  President  by  written 

Te^lil'l!  "^K  %""'^'"''"'^'  *^'«  •'"y"  '*'°'^  tl*^  •"«'''"*'•     SP«='«1  meetings  sSl 

6  It  Lv  n,  7'^''""^  whenerer  required  to  do  so  in  writing  by  any  ten  rmbew! 

•hnl'  ^*  ^^^  "TiV  ""**•"*  •  ^"^  "^ Directors  shall  be  elected,  of 

'"'*'™ V  •*"""  constitute  a  quorum  at  any  Board  meeting 

8.  The  officers  bhall  consist  of  a  President,  Vice-President  and  a  Secretary. 

fi™t  KJi^,^^!^^  ff  ^  chosen  by  the  Directors  from  among  themselves  at  the 
nrst  ijoard  meeting  after  the  annual  meeting. 

10.  At  the  annual  nieeti»j<  two  auditors  shall  be  elected 

11.  All  the  elections  shall  be  by  haUot,  plurality  electing,  conducted  by  two 
B.rutincers  appointe<l  by  the  Chairman. 

12.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  employ  a  business  Manager,  who  shall  also  act 
as  Ireas.irer  of  the  Association.  The  business  Manager  shall  not  be  a  member  of  the 
Koartl  of  Directors. 

u  '^  J^.  P"**"'^"*  **"»^I  P'^side  at  all  meetinurs.  He  shall  call  meetings  of  the 
Hoard  of  Directors  and  members  when  necessary,  and  shall  advise  with  and  render 
such  assistance  to  the  Jlanaser  ns  nuiy  be  in  his  power.  In  his  absence,  the  Vice- 
1  resident  shall  have  and  exercise  all  rights  and  powers  of  the  President 

14.  The  Secretary  shall  keep  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  all  meetings  and  of 
all  receipts  and  disbursements,  r.nd  report  the  condition  of  the  finances  annually  or 
as  often  as  the  Din»ctors  shall  desire. 

1.5.  The  Manager  shall  have  charge  of  the  business  in  detail,  under  the  direction 
01  the  rSoard  of  Directors. 

16.  The  Manager  and  Treasurer  and  Secretary  shall  give  bonds  in  such  sums  as 
may  be  acceptable  to  the  Association. 

•  ^"^^  The  Director?  may  select  three  of  their  number  to  act  as  an  Executive  Com- 
mittee (the  President  to  serve  as  Chairman),  to  have  general  charge  of  the  affairs  of 
the  Association. 


'41 

k  1^'J^  '  vacancy  shall  oocur  through  any  cauie  in  any  of  the  offit>.«  mtablished 
Uy  the  by-lawg  of  the  A»»ooiation.  it  shall  be  filled  at  the  next  n-Kular  or  sneoial 
meeting.  ' 

.K    i";  ^1;^  "•""">  ''"«'  "f  Hi'"  Assoc-iation  xhall  be payable  on  or  bifore 

the  date  of  the  annual  nie<'fiiitf. 

20.  Each  member  at  the  time  of  unitiuK  with  the  AswK-iation  shall  give  a  i.romis- 

•4.ry  note,  pi^yablc  on  demand,  to  the  Aasociation.  for  the  sum  of dolla's,  and 

an  additional. ..... .  .for  each  and  every owned  by  the  membir  at  the  i  me  of 

joining  the  Association,  but  m  no  cane  shall  the  promisnor,-  note  be  for  less  a  sum 
>"«n dollars. 

„„o  J^'/*  ^  •*'"'*'  °^  ".""'"•^  "^'^^  *•'*'  Association  and  at  the  ,  i.d  of  each  three 
iTI^  J*^  the  incorporation  of  the  Association,  and  not  le»«  than  ten  days  previou. 
to  the  date  of  the  next  annual  meeting,  each  member  shall  tile  with  the  Secretary  a 

true  stat«nerit  of  the  number  of own«)  by  the  member  at  that  time. 

iii^r  t  »  "^".''^''«  «fte'  the  annual  meeting  at  the  end  of  .mh  third  year  the 
JJirector.  shall  require  each  member  to  sign  a  promissory  note  payable  on  demand  to 

the  Association,  of  the  sum  of dollars,  and  an  additional for  ea.h  an  1 

w7L'  V  ■  ■   "T"      ^  *•*!  """**'  '*  *•**  *'"••  '•»*  ^  »*>  «•«  **"  the  promissory 

■  ^J^r      V,  li  a'v  *"•"  *•""••  -i "^*'"'"-     ^°  «>n«d««tion  for  the  san...  th' 

Sv  .-,7JK  J'?'  *!!^'  *"  *»>«:  °»«Kt^  note  previously  given  by  the  me.nb,.r. 
duly  cancelled  and  stamped  with  the  seal  of  the  AsaocUtion. 

he  ,,!il  It*ir*n"'  ^^^  '°*'"'^r'  "'"."  ^  ^  P~P*"*y  **  ^^'  Awoeiation  and  shall 
be  usoil  by  the  Directors  as  collateral  security  with  which  to  secure  nee,led  <>apital 
for  the  transaction  of  the  business  of  the  Association. 

^-J.^^liiTi!'^"*^**'!,*'"'  r!r.  °/.  '."^  "*  ^  member,  m  deposited  as  security  for  a 
r^        !      .•"«•»**"»''«"  individually  share  the  liability  ia  proportion  to  the  value 
of  the  note  given  to  the  Association  by  each  member. 

«n..,?«t11l  ^'"^  ""'T'lus  moneys  in  the  possession  of  the  Association  to  be  divided 
aniongst  the  memU-rs  shall  be  proportioned  to  each  member  on  the  basis  of  the  value 
of  tlK>  business  done  by  the  member  with  the  Association. 

'i^-  ^y ....producer   in county  «hall   be  eligible   to   become   a 

mem^r  by  a  two-th.rds  vote  of  the  members  at  the  time  the  application  is  made. 

1  ^'!;  ••••:■•  f"^"*'*^  '"'  *■'*  **y  ^^  membera  and  acceptable  to  the  Wan- 
Zdit  1  /  I^  ^  ^t  Association  as  directed  by  the  Directors,  and  in  prime 

eondition  for  grading,    packing    and    shipping.      Other products    may    be 

delivered  for  sale  as  determine  by  the  Directors. 

mpetiS; IJ^*^""  "'.**'«. ^^''"^^'".tion  shall  be  audited  before  the  date  of  the  annual 

^t^  «  ?  Al!"i.  1^  J  "  "'*"!"'  *  ^""**^  statement  of  the  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures as  audited  shall  be  presented  to  each  member. 

♦I..J/'  ^^^*  ^r'"""  T^  ^  amended  at  any  regular  or  special  meeting  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  the  members  present  in  the  affirmative.  Notice  of  such  amendments 
must  be  given  each  member  by  letter  at  least  five  days  previous  to  the  mS 

30.  Any  member  havinR  a  grievanoe  or  cause  of  complaint  as  to  treatment  of 
*"' *"■ hy  the  Association,  may  appeal  to  the  Directora. 


AFPEKDXZ  I. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  co-operative  asaooiationa  operating  in  CaaaJa. 
eorrectod  t»  «lot«' :—  •"-•<—, 

Prince  Edward  Itland — 

The  Co-operative  Fruit  Co.,  Charlott4>town. 

Nova  Scotia — 

Aiibiini  Fruit  Co.,  Auburn. 

Aylesford  Fruit  Co.,  Aylesford. 
•Bear  Kivcr.  Bear  River. 

Berwiclc  Fruit  Co.,  Berwiclc. 

Blouiiiloii  Fruit  Co.,  Bloini<lim. 

BriilKetowii  Fruit  Co..  Bridgetown. 
*Brool(land  Fruit  Co.,  T^iwreiieetown. 

Canard  Fruit  Co.,  Hillaton. 

Central  Fruit  Co.,  Clarenee. 

Clarence  Fruit  Co.,  Clarenee. 

Comwallia  Fruit  Co.,  Waterville. 

Enterprise  Fruit  Co.,  Clarenee. 

Orrad  Pre  Fruit  Co.,  Grand  Pre. 

Granville  Fruit  Co.,  Upper  Granville. 

Kentville  Fruit  Co.,  Kentville. 

Kingaport  Fruit  Co.,  'Kingsport. 
'Kingston  Fruit  Co.,  Kingston. 
•Lawrencetown  Fruit  Co.,  liawroiieetown. 
Maple  Leaf  Fruit  Co.,  Canning. 
May  Flower  Fruit  Co.,  'Kingsport. 
Middleton  Fruit  Co.,  Middleton. 
New  Minas  Fruit  Co.,  Sunnyside. 
Paradise  Fruit  Co.,  Paradise. 
Pleaaaat  Valley  Fruit  Co.,  Berwick. 
Port  Willinmg  Fruit  Co.,  Port  Williams. 
Round  Hill  Fruit  Co..  Round  Hill. 
S.  B.  ChuU'  Fruit  Co.,  Berwick. 
Sheffield  Mills  Fruit  Co.,  Sheffield  Mills. 
South  Farmington  Fruit  Co.,  South  Farinitigton. 
Starr  Fruit  Co.,  Paradise. 
♦Fnion  Fruit  it  Produce  Co.,  Williamston. 
Waterville  Fruit  Co.,  Waterville. 

Mbotatford  Fruit  Growers'  Society.  AbSotsford. 

MvrMoek  Fruit  Growers'  Co-operative  Association,  Havelock 

Soci*^  Co-op«rative  Agricole  de»  Fruitiers  de  Saint  Hilnire,  St   Hilaire 

Soc.^t^  (  o-op«rative  Agricole  de  Kamouraska,  Ste.  Anne-de-la-Pocati«re 

^'■l^A  n'!:^\'''^  t  ^»"'"''«'«  <»«  »*•  Joseph-du-Lac,  St.  Joseph-du-Laa 

Soci^t^  Co-op^ative  Agricole  de  Rougement  St.  Michel  tb,  Rougemoat. 

♦A*  these  societiw    with  the  exception  of  those  marked  with  an  asterisk    an 
membew  ^  tfae  United  Fruit  Companies  Limited,  of  Nova  Scotia,  Berwick,  N.8. 


Qvthee—CoaclmM. 

*Oii<arto — 

Alvin.ton  F.  O.  A.,  Aughrim. 

Aiitastor  V.  ({.  A.,  rfaii.ilioii. 

Arkona  F.  CJ.  A..  Arkona. 

Brant  F.  (i.  A..  nurf..nl. 

Brant  Packing  F.  A.,  Hurfofd. 

Brighton  Co-operative  F.  (i.  A..  Brighton. 

burgeMvillc  F.  O.  A.,  Burgossville 

Burlington  F.  O.  A..  Burlington. 

Byron  F.  (J.  A..  Tanihling  Cornor*. 

Curadof  V.  (i.  A..  Fn  Icon  bridge. 

Chatham  F.  O.  A.,  Chatham. 

Clarkaon  F.  O.  A.,  Clarkson. 

Cobourg  F.  O.  A.,  Baltimore. 

Durham  F.  O.  A.,  Port  Hope. 

Forest  F.  G.  A.  t  Forwarding  Co..  Forent. 

0<jorgotown  Co-operative  Aosooiation.  (Jeorgetown 

(.eorgian  Bay  Fruit  Growers'  A8..n..  Ltd..  Thornbury. 

Olencoe  F.  0.  A.,  Appin. 

Gore  F.  G.  A..  Norwich. 

Grafton  F.  O.  A.,  Wicklow. 

Granton  f.  G.  A.,  Granton. 

Hageriville  F.  G.  A..  Tlnircwville. 

Hatcbley  Station  F.  G.  A.,  Uatohley  SUtion. 

iluldiniBud  F.  <}.  A.,  Duniivillc 

Huron  F.  O.  A.,  Goderich. 

nderton  F.  G.  A.,  llderton. 

Inwood  F.  G.  A.,  Inwood. 

Johnson  F.  G.  A.,  Forest. 

Jordon  Co-operation  Asan.,  .Tordoa. 

Lambton  F.  O.  A.,  Sarnia. 

Hilton  F.  G.  A..  Milton. 

Mount  Nemo  F.  G.  A.,  Nelson. 

Newcastle  F.  G.  A..  Newcastle. 

Norfolk  F.  G.  A..  Simcoe. 

North  Brant  F.  O.  A.,  Cainsville. 

Northumberland  Co.-operative  F.  O.  A.,  Brighton 

Ontario  &  Western  Co-operative  F.  O.  A.,  Grimsby 

Orono  F.  O.  A..  Orono. 

Oshawa  F.  O.  A.,  Oshawa. 

Owen  Sound  F.  O.  A.,  Owen  Sound. 

Oxford  F.  G.  A..  Oxford  Centre. 

Pelham  F.  G.  A.,  Fonthill. 

Port  Burwell  F.  G.  A.,  Vienna. 

Prince  Edward  F.  G.  A.,  Wellington. 

Simcoe  Fruits  Limited,  Barrie. 

Sparta  F.  G.  A.,  Sparta. 


•  Nearly  all  these  Ontario  associations  are  members  of  tiie  Co-onent}..  If^ 
Growers  of  Ontario,  Limited,  Toronto.  "  "»  we  M>-operBttT»  Frail 


OHlmrio—CuiluM. 

Ht.  r«Uiiiri»«  CoM  Ht„n0,  k  PorwanH.. 

TilUnbunr  F.  O.  A..  TilliMbunf. 

WBllawbiinr  F.  (J.  A..  WallBeehnrg. 

WardMill,.  F.  O,  A..  Wanlivilfc. 

Watford  F.  O.  A..  WHtford. 

Wi.||«nd  F.  <).  A..  .Vl,ir.,hvillr. 

Wcntworth  F.  (J.  A..  Hannlton. 

Wiiioim  F.  O.  A..  Winoim. 

Wyoininir  F.  O.  A„  W.vi.niiiiif. 
BrUuh  Columbia— 

rnp«toii  Fruit  I'nii.ii.  Crwiton. 

Oraiid  Forkt  F.  O.  A..  Urui.d  Forka. 

HMmi.ioi„|  F.  O.  rnioii.  Mgmu.oii.l. 

Ilauic  F.  O    A..  HaUio. 

Kelowna  Farmer.'  Exchange,  KVIownn. 

K<H.fa.na.v  Fruit  »!r,.w«.r.'  Inioii.  N,.U„„. 

Miaaion  Di.trirt  F.  O.  A..  lliMion. 

Okanagan  Fruit  Tlnion.  Ltd.,  Vernon. 

Balmon  Ann  Fannem'  Exchanip-,  Salmon  Arm. 

Vernon  Fruit  Co.,  Vernon. 


Bt  Catkarini% 


Tam.k  Nu.  1. 
__^AmM  wi,K,rtf,l  fr,,,,,  r,„«d,  hi  the  7Mn  1898  to  IMl  inolutiT.. 


IWI  VahM 


C»»*  Ymt.  <nnl  V««.  ,<j|„^  Briuin 


i.«Hro 

MI»4U 

n*,tu 
umtm 
i.iiti.n4 
Ltar.Ma 
i,ti7.aM 

tn.Mi 

1.IW.U» 
1.0*1(M 

i,«M,<n 

I,«M,1«5 


1,410,470 

ien.itt 

l,48S,n7 

i.a«t,tiM 

Il7at,734 
4,aOII^7W 

a«/,4«T 
4,a«i,4i« 
i;ns4,«M 
4,an,6M 

S.a04,(»7 

i,w,m 

l,7a«.H4 
5104,107 


*f  lUOBtbs. 


-  U"^lt  thoTSfnVf  i^'*r'*V"""''  to  the  eiport  t«d.  .nd  h.«^f„„ 
«!Li-^!.r^.         T    ''■•'>*/'  ♦■■"•>«  »•>««  fiinirw  ••  •  criterion  for  the  proRreM  of  th« 

rILnr«ljr^/S!!r"°"^"  our  home  m-rketo-notobly  in  We.tem  C.nad.-within 

^^i^lZ^nLT  "'  '""^*"'  '"^  •"  "*•-  - »»'  •  '-'•'  of »-'  •»«» 

Tabu  No.  8. 
KKporto  of  Canadian  Appleg  by  period»  for  the  Years  1906-07  to  1911-12.  incluaive. 


Ymt. 


1906-  7.. 
M07-8.. 
1S08-9.. 

iso»-ia. 

1910-11.. 

nii-ia.., 


From  Jalj 

Utto 
Sept.  SO. 


Pnemt  of 
Total  Trado. 


Brb. 

8.S70 

e,<M6 

33,743 

I3,S4A 

u,.iog 

98,407 


0-88 
040 
3  16 
083 
S45 
8-78 


Fran  Oat. 

Utio 
Dee.  31. 


PeroMlof 
Total  TtBdA 


BrU. 

6:7,991 
«<IO,787 
739,774 

1,002,366 
ni,836 

1,000,430 


•SIS 
40  13 
69  36 
6004 
6406 
6166 


FfoB  Jan. 

latto 
Job*  30. 


IWl  Trade. 


Brb. 

367,00 
97ai990 
304,034 

903,109 
148,233 
660,436 


36-97 
60-47 
37-60 
34-13 

.-«-49 


Totnl  for 
Twelve 
Month*. 


094.3M( 
1,046,431 
1,068,061 
1,(18,000 

502,  "OT 
1,718,263 


*..  *  ^^~'^  intention  of  the  above  toble  is  to  divide  the  exporto  into  thiee  periodi 
^t  will  gynehroniae  with  the  three  main  diriaions  of  the  crop,  viz.,  Early  Fall  and 
Winter  applea.  Of  course  the  last  two  diriaJona  particularly  arc  not  cl4r  cut  aa 
winter  vanetiea  may  be  ahipped  before  the  end  of  the  year  and  fall  varietiea  mav  be 
carried  over  mto  January.  The  Ubulation  is  intereatinir,  however,  in  that  it  showa 
the  heavy  volume  of  experts  durinpr  October,  November  and  December— equal  to  two- 
tt-  rds  of  the  total  trade— and  the  growth  of  the  export  trade  in  early  applea. 


Tamji  No.  S. 

AmM»  Tf.Hy  Riporti  ef  Appk;.  f»m  (.„«d.  .nrf  the  r«ri«|  Atatot  in  Fi»«  Ycr 

PrHmb  from  ltl93  to  1»1S. 


AfMiw*  YMriy  Kainrto. 


MMIMT 

uw-im 
iMt-uer 

INT-ltU 


OMMd*. 


»  "     lUieh  «t,  Vr  to  'U 


Brh. 

•14  tM 

7n,l« 

l.IM,SU 


Uaitod 


YMnnuM  JumMi 


BrU. 

S7I.IM 


T*i»r.B  No.  4. 

Showiiw  Quantitie.  of  Apple.   B.n.na.  and  Or.n,r«  Imported  into  th. 
rnited  Kingdom  in  the  Vrar»  named. 

(Tean  ended  Daoember  Slat). 


Ymtt. 


Applra. 


im. 

IM. 

law. 

UM. 

WW. 
1808. 
1MB. 

laia 

1911. 
UUL 


Cwti. 


oflUlba. 
l.l»,»ll 

i.83ano 

a.S43^17 
4.aM,6M 
3.771,7(11 
S.4H6aO 
t,8(k>,73S 
S.Bail.» 
S,  (78.079 
a,ll»,6« 
3,MS,»)6 

a»ss3;6i8 

ilWl,947 


BundiM. 
1.9R7.44t 

l.MM,7W 
3,(M7,5U 
a.S10lSlt 

^7sr.Bl4 

6.4IB,7IM 
<I,»11U 

6,SS8^0«B 
fl.0W.679 
«.714,<79 
«.I>78,8S7 


OnHi«n. 

Ovii.  of  11311m, 

S.»l,8a7 
•,178.7nt 

4Hni.iM 
^om.5M 
^8ao,uii 
M»,ii« 

5,IM4,IHI 

s,4>m,an 

\3IH.14a 
»  MI6I,719 


..d  o«,.„  import^  ,S  wV;  iSi  liur  T"       . .  "■■;'!"•■■■''■'  "'  >PPl» 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS 

or  TBI 

DAIRY  AND  COLO  STORAfiE  COMMISSIONER'S  SERIES. 


Dmta  iMsea.  Ko. 


1005 
lOOS 
1906 

18d6 


1»0« 

IBOT 
1907 

loor 

1907 
1B07 
10O» 
1«10 
1910 
1910 
1910 
I9I1 
1911 

1911 
1011 
1911 

1913 
1912 
1918 
1918 


1910 
1911 
1911 
1919 
1919 


1907 
1911 
1919 
1912 


I 

7 


11 


IS 

IS 

14 

17 

•  19 

•80 

•M 

99 

S« 

» 

96 

97 

99 

90 
30 
91 

•39 
33 
34 
85 


1 
8 
3 
S 

e 


HEPOBTO. 
**»^|*,»'  **•  ^^irr  ComatlMtomev,  JunaiT,  190B,  t*  Karak, 

10O7,  1908.  1909.  1910.  1911  iSftltT^^^^  ^ 

BDI.I,BTIlf8. 
TltU. 

i^A  H  £^"  Bxltlalt  layortwa  of  >teM  rrodasto. 
Wrt  •<  fsPfrtm  of  9<w«Omm«1»  IMMtaT 

B«ttw         '••*•"   **•*   •«*»•>    »>»«r  W«U»   OMtea*  of 
"'•<^"'S?**f**5?  ■■»•>«*'  P*'*  IX  »•  •■louded  im  1907-S. 

"•"JS-^Xi^-iSSSS!*  '^**  —•  "•*-  -  **•  — »"- 

9w««t  OrMm  Bmtter. 


The  FaakiaK  of  Amloo  ta  BamU  aad  Bas««. 
»o  Vm  of  loe  o»  StTrnxm. 

n*  OpvUac  of  XUk  for  caMOMaaklna. 
OaUMorace  aad  th»  Cold  9toMca  A«t. 
"•»•**  «B  9oao  Trial  9M»»omti  of  Cold  Otovaco  As^a^ 

-  ■Wp5»«»t»  of  roaohoa,  1910. 
Aei^^    Iada«t»|r,     aa    HUtorUal     aad     D..ori»ttM 

Notoa  fMP  Faotory  CkooMmakon. 
Croaai  Cliooae. 

*  '">&* VffitfiTSlir*^  O^amoH..  ^  C..d..«« 
Tba  Can  of  Cnam  for  BattanaaJdac. 
0»^y«r»tloa  aad  Fratt  Ovowiai! 

9aiall  Cold  Storaaroa,  Jto.  ^^ 

OIROOXABS. 

laad  Ofceoao  Cara,  1910. 
Tko  Milk  Taat  Aet. 

s:d'*5:ir.:jLa'?»*'c*^^tSr**'~  *•  *^*  ^*^' 

OroaoMry  Cold  Stovaice  Boaaaoa. 

8PECIAI.  PVBUCATIOir9. 
''•'•.r'e."^"8.1Vdi;°°'**'"  •'  ""^^  raatoria.  aad  Craaa.. 

"'''rce'j:b\\%^tr.'L?'7Tir*l"91?""''''"*'  "  "''"^  ="-'*- 
ProceeUiaB.  of  the  Tltird  CoatareaM  of  Frolt  Grower,  of  th. 

Domialon  of  Csnnda,  FsbroATr  14    1012  """^  "x  tao 

Ropopt  of  a  Special  Inontrr  lato  the  Frtat  'orowiac  Coadi. 

tloM.  In  Canada.  1911.  by  Wm.  H.  BnatJiiB.  *'"»«»- 


„   ,*«3^  •£  *^S*  P'Wi'M'tlo"  wiU  be  »ent  free  of  oharse    oa    au<ill«.f<^.  .      x.. 
Oatrr  *««  <Mb|  8torWKe  Comn, ;  .,ioBer,  Ottawa.  Oat.  •VP"e»t»oa  to  the 

•A    valllllBt   ana*1>er     of     balletina     20,     28    »«<?    32    will    !>.    .._«    ♦      ^^ 
•f  .Byakooa.  faoiopy  or  oreamaP,  to  aap^oif  tJ  eieh^^JSJa.*"    *"'