Plum culture in Ontario [microform]

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■BOUinON TBT OMIT

(ANSI and ISO TIST CHAUT No. 2)

d TIPPLED ItVHrar

^ 1653 Cott Main '.(r»«t
»«*~tw. Nt. York

Ine

(716) 2ae - SM9 - Fn

i4eo9 USA

JLLETIN n$]

[DECEMBER, IfM

btario Department of Agriculture

FRUIT BRANCH

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-I

Plum Culture in Ontario

JP. M. Clbhsnt.

bpted oommercuUy to limited arew in tC P-^ ^f '«»'ons. Peaches, thon«h
puuMtion of the irrowoni win kTT* ^ Pj^vuice, have through the e7erir» .S

;cherrie.ofl.te:a'^:;Tre'j°t^/^e;^^^^^^

».be made from them, «,d the planti«Vre SS!^ *^** ^"" '^^ °«d« and .«

^nty becanae of the more gradual upwardT-r,/^ ^•^* '^^ to grow in

"sftil control of blight, but plums ardateor^Z? ^"'1' "^ «>• »«« •no-

' Pwmce, «,d except fori few Jrowera wlTl^ '"i*"*'* ^"^'^i? «»«' own T

»re«tisdead. Price!, are from meStoWf ^^^ * ™««» of them t£

e « mcidental, or secondary, a^d tC are aT^J ^ T '^^ P^t«d» th^J

I I To sum up the status of the industry as a whole. '
• I' '^^y """^^ of the lack of inter^rt.
-5- 10 study the cultural methods of thp «,«*
4. To describe a few varietirth!f *™"**'"''^ «'*'^«"-

5 And f/> nff- f. ^* *^ '"Portant commerciaUv

5- And to offer suggestions for futun» development ™"""'"y'

(1) PBESENT STATUS OP THE INDUSTBT
■ine census rehima fny loii i. ,

Tor '"^d!'^ °°*^^« --tSfteS 'XresS m ^""^ 0' t- in the

W827 nf^n^^"" ■" "»"»We, Ontario TaS IrerlfJ ":u*^' ^"* y*« 'or
•',8^7 of which were bearing and kirn iok cJ^fiited with 1,124,022 trasL

2, '^'"'■"--^ ^»«^.i^^'^.;'',X'°ii:s!?

II

J

•took, for during tfao lut daetda conditions do m.* — « * u

growtn <»nd to take t ofauice on fatn« ,^L!1 ^T^*" •*•** ^° "ch thnt

.iKj.. »«tion.d w.« 83V.108 ^BheU .„d aa^^M^" ff ' m the e««. ,-„'

or giowth of the indJ^try. « the two i^ ' T''' ^ ^^*««««° «>' the dZ.!
indicia howf ,, . fair .;e^;itTd. "' "'' ^'' ^ '"^ ^^^^ tS^

'!t^^^^:^^i^X\^m^ '''^'^ ^ or ".4 per cent;

hj 3.689 Bern, or M.7 per c«t • LnSTf^iti? '^^ **"*• ' ^^•^'^» Iuto increeii
per cent J cherrie. have in^T^/rSM ^ '""^ '^ *'*** ~^ «^

the ProTinoe hM decweeedhr 1 Mk ifJ ,o ^ *****' ""'"•x"' <>' 'roit tnee in
decreaee in the plnm^ ^ ^'^'*'"^* *»' ^3 per cent, or about 8-6 the p«l,t

The qoeetioQ now ariaM a> ^ »i..*i. a«.
ot or U th. coMmnparahL ort fculnff^ «>»"m[*ioo «f plm„ ku WJm
a«"«d to M, pM? .S,TX hJ^-Sj'^T '^ "°°^* f^<"*i '«^

Tew.

IMS
1»00
190S
1910
191S
U14

Qwuitltr.

S.79SJ6« Iba.

4.018,089 "

<.084.816 «
10J46.969 ••

S.942.699 "
10,699.068 "

VelM,

I76J82.00
16«478.00
"7,687.00
M4497.00
466,868.00
660,176.00

•"-^'^T.^%Z%XzZ^t:^-;-^. P.U-."

Tew.

1895

1900
1906
1910
191S

Bnshels.

96,417
38,854
68,693
69,689
161.660

Value.

199.688.00

38,849.00

M.478.00

168,766.00

M7.668.00

J*

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In

MMtht.

AkH. IMt

Mm

SUm i

Wr ujn*

iiSSib;^':::::::::::::::::::::::::::: SSI

Oetolwr VlJtU

NOTMlbM* 1»WW

DMMBbtr it

JaaiuiT »1S

Wilbrury I

Mureh «

»7J4t

Avrll. im !•

Mmt "

3un» ••

July . . w.*!!

Angwt 4».»M

B^tMilMr '4.4U

Oetobtr ".Tw

NoTcnbwr .*. ••• •■•

I>«M«~.b«r Wl

Jaanmry. 1>U

V^bnuury • • • •

Mureh • M»

1B1,6S0

April, 1118 »

Mar

J«B« !.«•

Jaly «5.51»

Anciut s »0.017

8«t«mb«r 60.407

Octolwr M,40S

NoTember 1.78»

DMonber t

Janiuury. 1914

February 8

March 8

188,531

▼ahM.

IttM
7MN.oe

•K,0O«.0O

ttSM.eo

1JOI.0O
tt.00

«'m

M.OO

in*.>M.oo

110.00

• • • f

1B1.00
40,680.00

80.711.00

11148100

17,081.00

1.178.00

48ft.0O

•00.09

1807.680.00

^ $81.00

0JS0.00
11,486.00
08,440.00
t0.14t.00
81,010.00

8.100.00
7.00

• • • •

84.00
86.00

I810.560.00

Our heaviest shipping months, or when Ontario growen are putting most
plmna on the market, are August, September and October. At the same time the
imports into Canada are heaviest during these months, and thia in the ttua of i
duty of thirty cents a bushel.

From the foregoing figures and statements it is possible to drav certain con-
dnaions.

(1) Plums and prunes grown in Canada show a marked decrease in number of
trees, value and interext during the last few years.

(S) The imports of frenh plums into Canada show a steady increase during the
same period of time.

(8) The imports of dried plums and prunes into Canada show a marl^ed in-
aceaae during the same period of time.

Therefore (1) either plums are produced under more favorable natural cot-
ditimu elsewhere and the imported prodnct is of a higher quality than ours.

(8) Or ilw fruit can be produoed diei^er daewtiere Hbao. in ma produce i^2

(!) BtMv oifuintkma, iododing mcUbk lad mIKdc
•ttentioD to amditku in two adjoiniiif conntiat boSfWrlr Srr ^nai^.^f
^?«^i?- » ^ •Pl»«i«.t.ly 180.000 plwn tr^ or ^t I-TJS'umIS-

Km op. In Mice cmm the nrietiet, or perhaiM I thoold mt thTr^^toTIu

mnt nri^K .« h.dlj mixed, but . l«JJ3i oftSiS.tnS ^^1^

block, of one rariety. Ni.g.» or BriwuEw i, th. faroST^^ l;!;dt,^J£S

Plum orchard at Loekport. N.T.

they are growing ia valued at about 50 to 60 xkt cent or leu. th.n tKl* • *u

P«.l .«r,et,es .nd .rs „„lnng none, f™„ the„, ^i ft,' g„,„, •„ai,i;"'1; ^
our,,, to , S^ ftS?' "* ' ■?'• 1'^' "'' • ""intami of . cmt ind .

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■MTV, bnt that of Bwiliodt of pmUbc Mid nio is not iadndid. m thTinda th«N

Nowlj all Oaterio phiiM »r» told in tho two ttaw of fnrit bMkttL debts and

aw an Indtoatloii of th«r origin. Thla fnut i« lold lafgah lor oooldnt or canning
-2f)-^lja An^rioan pwdiKrt i. largriy in «aal^^
faott oawfU^ plao^ «,d th. packaga. fboad. Tha- a« to bTS? fa ^^'r^
£rjL1^£?* £15'?!' "-««; «d it i. thi. trad-thaL^'S

«rilynotaaaxtenaiTaaathag«iaraltiada,lmtatillitiap«>fltali.^^ «««•

It cannot ba darolopad in a jaar, twt if H ia givon * oaiafal conaidara'ion " br

ojr fmt nm in tha «»• nmnnar that box-paekS paar. and a,S» S^a Wn t

^J^ ^^ ' '•'*^ ""^^ of tha tmda atlaart wiU S to T Sno

E^hJT i^ ^^^ * ?* *' '"^" ^ "nt aach of the Diatrict licpre-
lS:d"nt2;^plS.r'^"'"~'"*^- ^«*»-«P"-th.Pn,.inca.i,htb.

a. a hibby^o^^lt?^"'*''" ^'*' ''•" P^"" "* «~^ ^^-^^ ^ «^ '»*>-" ^^^^

Ontarii JJi!nr!'?",^*'' Bartam Ontario and aU of Oantral and W.sten.
nirtv IZ^nJ ?^ '**'T *^*'«,*^«y •«» ««>^ locUj »nd marketed :a the
ElSlf de^ "' *^^ P'oduction mippliea, or almoit suppli. , th.

•«rtll^i™w'*°^ '^" the commercUl orchardi are rituatad; Lincoln, Aent-
Kent and Ewex and on Laka Ontario in Prince Edward Conntr.
Drodnot?«r^? ^^' ^i^'*" that we are mctly conoarned at present, e. lar u

tomtit ITdTJ^ «»d al«, tt^ fi»t divirion in which «e rititsd man snuU
toj^^t would take regular riiipments during the MaMr from the comi.ercUl

of ^II'^aT^^!^ '"'°' *^' «h0T. r«„^ that Tory man in the Sfte
SikJT Wu.?.^h^ *fr *"''*^' ^J "»' -^ "»« in Ontario ia making •
»ii«w. beca«« «»ch u not tha caae, and that ia not tha idea that tba writer inSb

luopwa ny Of. TBOM pgrticulferi hart b««ii •nnmtntod. tod it b hoBmAV^t oL
wKf-ttao. thrawa oat will h. of .cm. intomt and f^^OnllrSll^l^

tTiSa^ ^^^ "l*^' '"»**• •• • ?«>«»•«• nw to follow? Ti wnoJidirT.
«c tft ii:jr^^ coi..ia.r.tion. «d on. pnmif>m^t g^tJ^Z^ ^

UM wo tiMt M • gift if ho had tc itt thtm out ud wait kt ikmm «» k^. i*

ta the Bute 10 often mentioned, which u hen quoted in uart- "'„ r^i^
ulke^ToatJ i;\Lr* brtf price, than I expLt^Tf^m'Tte . ll'T rT
««1J^^ ° ^^ "" here; prune. 15 cent, a baAet Uj plmnTaLd^runi;

bu,v. .ndlh'S^i^JSlX', ::^Z.^. ~- '-*» -*et whe. one i. not .er,

(«) THE CAUSES OP THE LACK OP INTEREST.
(1) The prerailing price. hav» been lo#.

•en'ion. dnriog the lot fe» ve,rs. ' diwmed .t fniit oon-

low Prick— Pricw aid oet ntnnu an the km-nnfai »> ~...^ . j

•TO.™ „rll!! " reprMml flu gion ntonu of It. good tivwm-M

-

BncUMWi

MaitamBlM

and

Buteak.

Loabud.

rtNMjrBlM Beine
udRtd. Okade

1908

21.1
44.8
81.6
42.0
78.8
25.8
26.5
28.0
86.8
88.7

31.3
88.8

19.8
42.0

m 1

U.9
81.0
14.0
41.9

19.6 ! 19.6

46.3 68.6
34.0 86.8

Hi «i

77.9 ; 86.6

29.4 82.4
88.0 86.4
88.2 1 47.0
42.6 42.9
88.0 86.6

1904

19I6

1986

1907

1906

W.7 nw.v
28.2 15.9
27.8 16.0

27.8 25.0
82.7 88.1

26.9 26.8

1909

1910 .

19U...,

1912.... ;;

ATenwe

86.6

119 • «• n

88.4 44.2

co.w

In « Mediimi Bine " are indnded Oneii and Qnackenboas. In " Rmcy Blue *
are indnded Olan Seedling; Monardi and Grand Dnke.

The jear of loweai prices was 1903, when the average of aU varieties was onlj
18.« cents per eleven qoart basket gross. The jear of highest prices was 1907 when
the averege for all varieties was 78.1 cents gross; certainly an exceptional price for

Apun the average for all varieties for the ten years was 86 cents per eleven
qnart This price, though low to many, I consider fair, and consequently it does not
warrant the present partially neglected state of the industry. If ilve good growen
reoaved this for aU varieties for a period of ten years does not the increasing demand
warrant more careful methods of culture and sale and the plantinir of selected
varieties?

Canrying yields and returns still further we have in New York State (1909
emsus) 919,017 bearing plum and prune trees, with a yidd of 563,688 bushels.
^tam (1911 census) has 767,827 bearing plum and prune trees with a yield of
831,878 bushels. The New York product was valued, at $619,198. The Ontario
product, at the average rate quoted previously in the table for that year (37.7 cents,
average of all varieties), and consiaering three baskets to the bushel, would be worth
$374,676.48.

Estimating thus, the product of Ontario was worth 48.8 cents per tree on an
average, whUe that of New York was Worth 66.6 cents per tree on the average.
The figures are admitted to be only approximate averages, but still they are fairlj
correct The figures are even for different years, but they illustrate comparative
values, and the fact that plums as a whole are worth as much, or more, in the open
markets of the neighboring republic as they are in our open markets. In Ontario
the average price per bushel was lower in 1909— the year of the last New York
census^than in the year quoted (from figures quoted previously), but the yield wa*
higher, so the comparative values per tree will still be the same. The total yie'd for
Ontario is not available for 1909, so we must use the census year. This again, to me,
at least, illustrates that the production and marketing methods of our competitors are
cheaper than oars, and that the industry could be made a profitable one, if giv n the
aame attention as the other branches of the fruit industry.

Poor VAimmB.-Scarcely had the old and tried domestica varieties of plan.
become widely distributed and wdl known when the mudi Uuded, mudi adv.^tisid,
^i!Sf1 '^•Pf r* r*™*^«" ^«" P»t 0° the market A word as to their lugtoiy

S^ ?^«^" '*"^'^- '^^* ^"* *^ '"« '"PO'*^ ^ 1870 (Bailev) sad
fwited in 1876. Oommereial propagation began in 1883, or redly only thiriy.sii

wuj wiuuu uM iHc i«w ;««» t&tt tD^ lun found their leid. But thsr «>n« nl«nt..t

Pttdinir mrS J/^ „ • « ^ ^'i"**" ^"""^ **' '»*« '^^'^ watching the ex-
giTen any apray tiwtment after the dormant a^ mh«, !n«v l^ "" "?]

(3) PttTKOrLTTOBOBOIJLTimiLHBrHODS.
^^^pedri. tmtm«it or ca«», and it i. w«U at tl« oataet to maS^^^

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(ft

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ha ■

i**

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1^

tlMBO. We htn in tU traniy-foiir distiiiet qwdM of ploiiu (Hedric^), and mora
On two tiuniMnd Taristiai, bat w« an diractly oonooined with only four ipeciM
■ad about tiiirtj varietifli^ or even kM.

Ptmua Am$riema inclndea nearly all oar bert natire rarietiea. Theae aie not
grown largely in cinomercial oicharda, bnt are foand in many gardana thiooghont
tiM ProTinoe. Tbe principal Tarietiea are De Soto, ^iHnye, Stoddard, Wol^
Wyant and New XTlm. One other ?ariety that ia very similar to the above ii
Cheney, bat is a distinet species (Prunua nigra).

PruHvs domesiiea indndes nearly all oar best Tarieties, those that have beoi
hnported direct from Barope or doToloped from the importations. Some of our
beat varieties are Ifonardi, Orand Daks, Smith Orleans, German Prone, Italian
Prane, Tond Seedling, Qaackenboas, Shipper's Pride, Beine Olaade, Green Gags,
Washington, Trilow Egg^ Lombard, General Hand, Oueii, Bradahaw, Moore'i
Arctic, Glass Seedling.

Pntiws Triflpra inclades the Japanese Tarieties, those that have been im-

ported from Japan or developed here from the importations. Abandance, Barbant
Bed Jane, Willard are the best known varieties. '

PrufHM inaiiUia inclades the Damsons, the most important of which are thi
Sweet Damson, Common Damson and Shropshire Damson. Besides the foar abon
mentioned species we have a namber of common and important hybrids, planis that
have been prodaced by crossing. The most important of these are Climax and Shim

Soiu. '

Ploms are adapted to a wide range of soils, bat b'ke most other fraits hare i
preference. The domestics or Earopean plnms are best saited to days and clay
loams. They will thrive on sands and heavy days, but the largest and most regular
yidds of the highest quality fruit seem to be found on the days and day loams. It
is sometimee written that plums will thrive on wet soils, bat in the main the state-
ment is incorrect They will thrive under damper soil conditions than the peach or
dierry, but it does not follow that such a soil is wet Warm bottomed lands arc u
much preferred by plums as by any other fruit, but they will maintain their vigor
under more adverse conditions.

The Damsons are well adapted to a littie greater variations and will thrive to
the fullest d^^ree on the heavy days. Japanese plums, on the other hand, thou^ >
also adapted to a wide range of soils, may be expected to yield highest returns on
the lighter soils. Many of these spedes are worked on pwwsh roots— especially in
the South, and in such cases are adapted to soils that favor that pwticular fruit

Soils, generally speaking, are not as importamt as the drainage of the soil. If
the subsoil is sufl^cientiy open to permit of an extensive development of th ■ root
system, if it dries off readily in the spring or after a heavy rain, if it is suffi iently
open to permit of .«asy drainage and at the same time holds moisture well under
judidouB management be it sand or heavy day, it is adapted to fruit tre?, and
plums will thrive on it It is a mistake to put plums where no other fruit would
grow.

There is no objection to a large number of stones in the soil provided hey do ,
not mterfere with cultivation, as such a soil fs usuallj open and quite fertik

The above statements wiU arouse this question: If plums are only a fiir
Investment and do not pay as weU as some other fruit, why should we not i eserre
tte good sou for the better paying fruit? By all means put the plum orcl.ard oa
me Heavier and dieaper land, bnt only if that duaper lattd ia adi^ted to thsa

11

'^

IS

Dnin it, and fertilize and cnltivate it and the plums will respond as readily as any
otber fruit Plant them under the beet conditions possible in your particular cir-
cumstances.

Pbopaoatiok.

Plum trees used in the commercial orchards of Ontario are grown almost
entirely by the local nursery firms. A few are imported from the United States,
but a large percentage are home-grown.

Seedling stocks (Myrobolan) are obtained from France in the winter and
planted in the nursery rows the following spring. At one time St. Julien stocks
(prunus iimtitia) a species of Damson were used almost entirely by the nursery-
men of the Eastern United States, but they have given w&y tor the Myrobolan. It
is generally admitted, however, that domestica and Damson plums make better
trees, thrive better and live longer on St. Julien than Myrobolan, and there are to-day
many orchards on this stock in the State of New York.

The nurserymen, however, prefer the Myrobolan stock, because it gives a larger
and thriftier tree in one year, and is easier to bud succei^fully. Also it is lesi
subject to disease, and it costs less than St. Julien. Natuially, then, under these
conditions the nurseryman is going to use the stock that gives the best growth while
in the nursery and makes the most money for him.

The seedling stocks planted in spring are budded the summer immediately fol-
lowing (August), and sold a year from the following spring as yearling trees, or sold
two years from the spring following the bud, as first or second class trees of standard
sisea according, to grade.

The stock may either be dug from the nursery row in ihe fall and heeled in t
dry place near the buildings, or what is more generally the practice, and is the best
practice, tied in bundles and piled in the storage houses, where they are held at i
low temperature to prevent any starting of the bi)lbs. Heeling in is also practiced
sometimes in the storage cellars, but requires a vast amount of space. In a f<nr
oases trees are left all winter in the nursery row, but such a practice canno'. be
recommended for spring delivery.

In winter the trees in the storage are sorted into sizes or grades and with
the opening of spring are packed for delivery.

The larger trees are in greatest demand, but smaller sizes, and especially the
good grades of clean straight stock of one and two year old trees are to be preferre-'.
One year old stock of the rapid growing Japanese varieties is recommended. The
Beine Claudes and similar types are slower growers, and are much smaller than the
Japanese varieties at one year. Two years are required for them to attain their size.

SiTB.

The site for the plum orchard is generally largely determined by ■'■sc so;!
factor. Two other factors are, however, worthy of consideration. Plunr when
hanging heavily on the trees rot very easily if the weather is at all warm an : damp.
Brown Bot is especially adapted to warm, humid conditions, and the applii tion of
spray materials is much more effective when aided by air circulation r il non-
light. The rot spores cannot thrive under dry conditions, and the freer the air
circulation the less rot there will be. Do not hide the trees behind a woods or thick
hedge where air currents cannot reach them.

1«

The other factor, that of sunlight, is controUed largely by pruning, but
pronnuty to a high hiU, or part enclosure by woods, is of consideraoie importance.
The orchard should be as much in the open as possible without undue ezposuiv to
heavy winds. Proximity to woods, old fences, etc., is also conducive to rot and insects
because of the nearness of the breeding grounds of tLe curculio. Cunmlio stingi
•dmit rot sporen "

Orchard rtiowtog the re«.lt of too dose ,>lantlBg. 18 ft. x 18 ft i. a good average distance

io.

„„i 1^^^ .f .**'* *^^^«^* ''"^ ai' circulation keep away from the hollows, and
nn.e -. the soil is too valuable select as good a site as for the peach or the apple

.\nother factor of some importance is the freezing of the blossoms in the
spring. The Japanese varieties open comparatively early, and if there is anv
preferonce they should have it Japanese varieties camiot be raised in many sec-
hons of Ontario because of this. They blossom freely, but fail to set any f mi^ or if
My does «jt It turns yeUow and f"-, off soon after. For these varieties a northern
uope or one near the water ia preferred in all sectiomi subject to late spring frosts

=!

» ji

S I

u

r t

Plavtiko.

The planting of tliA nnneiy stock may bo dona dtfacr in fhe fall or apring.
Spring planting ia tiie moat popular time at linoant, bat than is no reason why
thflj should not be set in the fall, if well matured trees can be obtained in late
September or in October, or even later. The trees mnat be well matured for trang-
pluitiiig, and nnleas good well-ripened inditidoals can be obtained it ia better to wait
till spring. Ordinarily they can be obtained. Experiments condacted here with one
variety, Reine Clande, orer a period of three years, indicate that somefliing is gained
by fkll planting. Six trees were planted in the falls of each of the yeara of 1911,
1912, 1918, and in tiie springs of 1919 1913, 1914. In erery case the fall planted
treea show a greater growth; are more rigorons and thrifty. One tree planted in
tiie spring of 1913 died, bnt all ethers are still under obsenfation. So^ne diacua-
aion has also taken place with r^ard to the merits of dynamiting holes for trees.
The experiments liaTe not been condacted safScientiy long to report definitely, bnt
the reenlts to date are indaded in the foUowing table. The wood growth per tree
and the diameter of the trnnk of each tree, with aTeragea for spring and fall
planting, are also indaded in the table. No frait has been prodaced.

— ■. '-' — '-«■ - - . .

Drnamited Hid«8 19ir

Spring Fluted 1912

Antnmn Piuted. lUl of 1911

Diameter of New Growth
Trnnk 1914

Diameter of
Trunk

New Growth
1914

Diameter of
Trunk.

New Growth
1914

T»e 1 1.11
•• 2 1.11

' " « 1.48
« 4 1.27
" 6 1.84
" .« 1.27

188i
184

SI*
222

218

209

1.68
1.76
1.41
1.84
1.48
1.58

290 1.68 '
278 1.86
188i 1.68
2161 1.66
1611 1.75
274 1 1.76

1

266/

888

255

274i
237'
266i

Total 7.58
ATerac»1.256

1817
219.5

9.09
1.515

18671 10.08
227.9 1.676

1637?
272.9

There is possibly a labor advantage in fall planting sometimes, bat not always.
The rash of fruit picking is often more trying than spring coltivation and planting.

If the »il can be put into first class shape and the trees obtained when ready
it will pay to pxant ; otherwise wait till spring.

The distance apart to plant varies a great deal with the different varieties.
Some are quick, vigorous growers and make large treea; others are snudl trees even
when matured. Seventeen feet square is a good average, or on rich loam twentr
feet square is not too great a distance. The Abundance is a small grower and wiU
adapt itself to a square fifteen feet each way. Burbanks are more spreading and
should have at least seventeen feet; eighteen are better. Where it is desired to plant
a number of varieties the rows may be kept in straight lines and the trees an eqna!
distance apart in the row, but the rows brought doser together. For instan , the
trees in the rows may be eighteen feet apart and the rows eighteen feet ap.t for
the large growing domesticas, but when the rows of Abundance or Lomba-d are
planted they may be planted the same distance apart in the row but fifte^ i feet
between the rows.

Dcm't make tiie mistake of planting too doady. Juat aa much and better fruit
will be prodnced at the greater distance, and it will not all be in the topa of the tiesL

u

MHflMili

16

POLUVATIOM.

The qaeition of pollination is important where large quaatitiee of Japancie
and ABMrkana Tarietiaa art grown, hot not ao important where the domeaticae are
in evidence. Moet Tarietiea of Japaneee and Americana are eelf -sterile; that i^.
tiie Tarietiea wul not pollinate or fertilize themselTes. Cross fertilintion is much
atroBgsr. Damson and Domestica varieties are not self-steril^ as far ar the present
evidenoe will permit of a final judgment^ bat they are stronger and n.jre likely to
prodoce abundantly when cross pollinated. Japanese varieties are readily pollinated
by Americana varieties that blossom at the same time.

Heine Claode In midsummer of the
third year.

A large block of Burbank or a large block of Abundance will not pollinate
freely if isolated, bat if the blocks are near each other or the rows mixed throngh,
pollination will be almoe certain. The same might be added with regard to ^
Jane. The popular American varieties, De Soto and Hawkeye, are self-sterile, u
is also the popnkr Nigra variety Cheney, but they all cross pollinate readily. On
the other hand, a large block of domeatiots, say Bradshaws, will produce weli even
when isolated from other varieties.

The question of the " June Drop " might be taker, up here, by this I mean
the falling of a large number of fruits soon after the blossoms fall or even when the
fmits are the sice of beans, and in a few cases very much larger. The fruit tuiM
jellow, shrivels up and falls off.

TlMie are two main causes of this drop— weak pollination and attacks of PlM

17
byi ^ i'X^F'fX^ "^ SfJ*" " " Po»iMt.d, u>d fruit aumot form nnkM

only thow tbat are Tigoroai mil grow to mttari^

M«v>tShST!?f*"' **'i.*^' '^"!° •pecimen. will r'w that the curculio U Mko

Pbdnino.
♦^ I**! f"°*°« °f plum. M genemlly practiwd i. . haphaaird operation, and I

that spraying or even fertilizing has. Plnma are no exception to the rule and

thatttTZ"d^J^t\r ^w'""^ '**"°£^' "°*»'^^' *oniy bunch of limb.

iZiJ'hl ^ll '«»«"°e°'Jed. Even where the snowfall is heavy it i« n^ni^

f«.H"chi?w^«t?r " ""^f"^' ""^ P«'^*P» I »'»0'>ld have «id twint^
"ur iiicne., 18 less liable to niMcald and winter injury ^

in BuS'^te^/^^'J^l^ *^? ^''i*' ''^ ^^- ^« have the extreme.

Wickson u ^wtS V'^K^.l' ' .^"^' .^'»' ««"^' fl*t-topped tree, while

uiTay^S "l^"«i^. -^t""^ i- intermediate, in diape variform.

^^^P*^M>type. Bnrbank must be thinned out and headed biiamttch

MfranoM-taalftoilMV-fMtfthsolthtMVVood. lii hMvy bMiiag qpnlHlM nuln
H nmmnxj oftw to tUa vtry bMvilj. BoAuk aim bMi* mmm frait on th* nev
or one-jMr wood. BooUts thiaaiiiff out ud lwi<ltBf in, m montioaod, the tnt
nraot bo praaod vpwu^.

With Widnon tho donio top mait bo thiaaod, bat tho pmiiig mut be to
tedvoo growth downwtrd, not npwud. This nxMj, m £u ■■ growth ud praning
•10 ooncoraed, NoomUot aoiDowhot tho ToQow Traiiqf«r«iU oppio oad roqairM ^^

tho Muno treotmeni

Tho domootico idonu Tory •§ noch ■• tho Joptnooo, ond witii o low rules
Umj nmrt be loft Tho illuitrotiono will bo iomewhot of a gnido, bat onlj • guide,
■0 tho nqniremento of eoch Toriotgr oro Tory voriod.

(1) Cat oot all crooo and taii(^ limbs.

{%) Let tome sanlight in at the top, bat not as mach as with tho apple.

(3) Bat little heading in is noosssary.

(4) Thin oat so the sanlight is fairly oTonly distribatad throoi^t the tree.
(6) Prone horisontal trees upward uid upright trees downward.

(6) Stady the froiting habit; that is, exandno all buds and tptin and find
out how the buds are borne and which ones bear blooBoms and fmii Are thev on
one, two or three-year wood, lateral, tonninal.or (m spurs. Pruning can be done
intelligently only when these things are obeerred.

The illustration on page IT is a good ^ ^of a spraading trso and thit
on page 19 of an upright tree.

The fruit buds are for the most part borne on spun, on wood older than one
year. Some Japanese varieties bear on one-year wood— Burbanks partly— and in
sudi cases the cutting back of new growth thins the fmii This will not applj
to Domesticas and Americanas. Fruit bads are generally in dusters of from two
to six or seTon and sometimes more on a spur. Their sise and form is very similar
to leaf buds and thdr denomination is more to bo deturminod from position than
any other diaracteristic. Tho central bud may be considered a leaf bud and the
near lateral buds fruit buds.

The general opinion is that plums do uot require as severe pmning as some
other fruits, but neverthdess we sometimes see pruning carried to the extreme
with no harmful results. Tho writer has visited orchards where the trees (Brad-
diaw), were as open headed as any Baldwin apple in Ontario, headed in severely
at the top and all growth forced downward. In one orchard of this type the
trees were set about 20 by 30 feet, diagonally, and were good yidders of fruit of
good quality. The writer has also visited orchards where the other extremo wai
practised. On one orchard in particular the trees were planted 10 by 12, pruned
hiffh. all the lower limbs and ground were shaded, and yet for the first loot or
,two in the tops the trees promised well and the owner claimed a prutitable

orchard.

What then are we to do in the face of the greatest extremes. Individnil
,tastes only can answer. The habits of the varieties must be studied a>id the
trees pruned accordingly.

Cui/nvATioK, FmrnuziKO, and Covm-CBomHO.
The three above headings are each in themselves worthy of discuss: >a and •
scientific investigation, but at present it seems that as far as practical res i Its aie
concerned they are best discussed together. Thorough cultivation is the Iieapett
fertiliser obtainable. Cover crops add the humus that breaks down, and makes sot
only its own substance available, but also the' locked up plant fbod in the wL

It '

CllItiT.ti«l dMlKT* th. Wjrfl thrt would tbMrb pkBt food .t tbo oritiMl MMO.

Of th« tmt; It eumrrn tfat moiftai. that diMolfM tho fertiUm it^SSLTS!
Xn'of'SL'^r^* ^ -d of which 1. to b. J; in'ilLT'J*J2^^

-. J!l!l!l?!It-^ *'»*?'»■▼ "t th* «Bd of tho third

«cre I?vp lit k *?®,<l"*"'"y of i™« on the tree. Crimson Clover. 18 Iba n^

fields JSiy*:t;iw^xSXta -. '*" " ^'^"*^" ^ '' ""^"^ ^^
■ " wnot fertilue wgaltrly. Some htve tricci commeickl fertOiwn,

f i

M^MM iiMgr htv* Ml «MM to bt Mtd fHMnUjr. Ftrm-
it Mil and nd ffw wttk tUt ikt oUmt foiito mm to hoTe th«
id il Hv to lift Ihi phuM my fH it A light t^ieotion, tight
wuj two jMit ii ^ tio^tfaa ntlMr Umb tho rait. A few
app^ Hi^ dmoJnfi obbmUj, tad tho ntaras mmb to womat tht «qptnditure:
M flHM MO MljT tho Inr, tad tho boot, b«t it iiuliflotM thot ploiM uiid«r ikilfal
■nMMMBt uo • pojiag eiop.

Tvo Nriooa obJoetioM aU^t bo niood to tbo fongoiag •totamtBtt r$ culti-
fotioa aad oovor ero|N. Tbo ortwaw of coltiTttimi prodooto hoovy toador growth,
bat tborongh opting, not lato ooltinition, only it odvoctted. And oovorcropt tend
to horbtHT onnnlio and rot Tbio it tbo aooud obj«etion in Mmo inttance!>, bnt
wktn tho bMt praaing tad tpnyiaf BMUiods on fdlowod the dongor of infertion
ii ndaoed to o minianun.

Pl<SI«« AVD Paouko.

Is tbon oayfliiag to bo toid obont tho picking of plnaui? Very little, I am
afraid, tzoept to ropeoi tho oft-qaotod ralao with r^gud to othor fraite.

Boeaaio of tho ]»tk of oonfldoaco in tho plan tndo. and priooa generally, the
frait ia often pidnd roaghly— "ahaUod" ao to apaA ia baakota witboat any par-
tieolar core bdag ezereiaad. Thia ^qpUaa aioio porticnUrly to anch Tarietioa ai
Baibtnk tad Luabord. Bodtota oontiining jivm of TaHons aiiea in Tariow
dognaa of atotoritTi loaiotiaMa alao aoaio lotTca, con be poreiiaaed on the largt
aiaikota dariag tlM raah of the aaoaoa. To aoma ozteat at least thu .« the caoit
of low prioea. Tho grower Ipoa had a Uigo qooatity aad roce:/od a medium prin
whidi baa paid him well nnAjh. bat it baa hart the aole of plnma aa a whole.

A aing^e decAyed plna»i a ^aakot aooa playa havoc with the fniit nearest it,
aad the inleetioa eooa niiBili. ICoch care ahonld be exereiaed to preTent rod
wa^. The writer baa aa« baaketa of plama— and other froita alao— apoiliag
Ml the handa of the retuler. Thia may aeom to be far from the producer, bnt
irfien the loaa from decoy ia heary tho good fniit moat be aold at a correapondingh
high price to protect the retailer from financial loaa. Thia ia one of the reawHu
of high coat to the conaomer that the producer doea not alwaya conaider. A largt
ahare of the apparently large retail price ia dee to loaa cauaed by careleas pickin;
and packing methoda.

At no time ahould ploma be placed in baaketa when they are at all damp.
Thia only haatena tho decay. All plume are not ripe when they begin to tnm
Uue; German Prunea, for inatanoe, are not ripe till many deya later and .^honld
bo left tfll in a better atate for ahipment They are better picked a little green
titan over-ripe though eapedally for long-diatance ahipment. Moat of the earlj
Japanese varietiea ahould be i»cked a little green aa they quickly "go down"
if over-ripe. The above are the conditiona generally. A few men ar. moit
careful, and are paring the way. Their phtma are graded into "extra fancy,"
"&Bcy," ♦^medium,'* and "Lombard" grades, and aa auch their fruit is known
to tho trade. Their baaketa of pluma carry tiie aame guarantee aa their baskets
of other fruita and the retuma are commenanrate with the extra trouble and |
•zpenae of picking and packing. Wet or damp weather conditiona dnring the \
ripening and picking aeason are in some measure responsible for heavy lo^s frca i
decay in transit and when in the handa of the retailer. Loaa at this time can not
bo avoided except by careful pruning to admit an ritundanoe of air and sunli^t
iaio tho tree aad by tiie use of fungiddea to prevent scab devdqmwnt

St

Wpid«dU«d -fciPiM .t o««^ Th, wetk or mor, to trwuit Vui gin th«lSt
Me to iweb BMtarit^. Vor fancy •hipmento the fniH ihoold bo pkkod with tht
il«iuonthoiMBoa.chorri«oiodiniyipidcodforihii»iiont

Tho cort of piddBf wiU TMy 4 gmt dod dopoadiog on tho muntitr of froH
« th. tm, th. T.ri^ «ul tho cMo thot i. •uST'on on .^^ it LSS
lot cost Bon thon throo ond coo-hi^f cnu or four oonti per oloton!55rt bSit

A feir ittmnpti h«T» bon mrdo to mulnt in ibmU UOu^ four b • omo rtho
iPNteni plMioM.). bat »t promt the n»rket doct not Mom to bo roody ft>r

S.W^^^.l^^^K.'Pfil'r^'*?^'*^- EloTon^rt'CSTm
•Md .iBMMt witiioly, bnt tho domuid for tho omollor bodtet teonu to bo increodnf;
At tny rate the frrnt carrioo hotter in thom-tho unoller qnantity-wid it ia annoll
E" !!2!!L f°* J^5*^ *" ^ ««»«un«r to handle. A very lano qnantity of
-::1?:l«ti2SiI^* '*•*• " -"'•*^ ^^ -.en-poonTbaSta^dl?

Coot 'o» Par'ODonov.

Cort of production ia m 'impo-tant a factor aa the eeliing price. Following

^i^ JT'* !!?^*" *^* "• ^^^^ ^ ^ • »°ido only. They repro^wf
•wnge co^ ^ .Torago rotnma. They might be exceeded by a great many

Ihm^tr^"^ *"* ^^t »• H«*''y' 0' Winona, id ba^d on the pe«ilts obtained
through experience in that dirtrict and from ^^re* qnoted preTionaly:-

For burlac 10 aerea of orehard. 7 yeara old. .t $600.00 per aero $5,000.00

T«T*.!'".?''*^~***'"'*°*- 800.00

pranijii*4o'diii'it$i.6o' !.".'.* .■.'.■;; ;;.■.■■;; '••2

WrstoprmylBf; 40 barrriaUino«Blphnr: ;;;!;;::. ■;; Ji'S

&^d vrajrfnc 40 barr«la Ume«olphur and Anenato Iam

Uiltlvatto^iOaew.at$6.00porac^....T..._" MOO

picwna^.075b..k«.at8c«it. ::::::;::::;:::::::: ,J!:S

Deiivepy to* itiitiOT'; .';;.■;;;;:;;; *jjf*j

300.00

Total ... 1

$W7I.W

Receipti.

«.076 Wkot. at ».7 c«.t. ,1^.„

W71.M

''^ ..'^^

I

M

TIm atow «ittBMt« arc bMMt as tb« Sgam qiooted fnmamij: vnngt crop
4i( bMlnto par tiw; tn« pUnted 18 by 18 «B«i or 18C to the mm; nrtt per basket
lli( eanti gnm or 89.7 net to the grower for the fruit (la ttie latter tgaxt, the
eoetofthebaaMisdediieted).

The foUovisg k woi^ed oat b]r the writer and ie baaed oo general oonditioni
^^ere land prioei, etc, are not ao hig^ae in tlie Winona diitriet:

Ooet of laad, la aofM at |Me.OO aa aere HMO.OO

naattas aad eatttmtlai; tertUliliig. pnmlnc; vraylai; ale.. I jmn at

m-Mperaere IJM.OO

HJM.OO

Batimatee baaed on an arerage crop of three baekets per tree, the tieea planted
188 to the acre at a net to grower price of thirty centa a baaket for the fmii

latereat oa iBTeetment. I44M.0O at • p«r cmt 1156.00

Tuea.lOMneat|LM uZ

Pranlac aai plAlBC bnub at $7.90 »«r ■«• 70*00

Spmjlac three tlBua. labw and IndadlBc IM taurela o< 4Uate« emaj

with araenate whea seeded 160 00

CoItlTatleB. 10 aerea at 14.00 per aen 4000

FntiUaer, 10 aeree at 116.00 IBOOO

Pteklnc 4.060 baakete at Sli oanta .' la'n

DellTery at 1 cent a baaket 4o'60

Dapreeiatlon. 6 per ooit for M Teara m!60

11,074.76

4,060 baaketa at 30 centa $1,J16.00

•^•^ • '.'.'. 1,074!76

^'*** • $140.25

Or in other words after paying interest at six per cent on tiie investment the"
retaras from the above estinutes would be $140.85 or $14.03 per acre for the
management

It is said tiiat figures won't lie, b»t they sometimes are misleading.* Never-
theless, if the intending planter, will use these only for the purpose for which
they are intended, nsing them for a guide only, he may find them helpful.

The personal factor is one that can not be estimated in ddlars and cents, and
or it depends the whole proposition. What the grower receives in profits is really
a dividend on his ability as a managing fruit grower.

Diseases Affectino Pbuit and Tree.

Bbowk Bot, Sclerotina fruitigena.— This is the most serious disease af cting
the fruit of the plum and requires very thorough measures to control. Th fruit
becomes a soft, rotten mass and quickly spreade the infection to other fru '. and
particularly those in contact with it The diseased fruit if allowed to hang on
the tree, shrivels up and dries and will remain hanging all winter. |

The disease is a fungus that rapidly develops during warm, moist weat er. I

Control: If the disease is established pick off all the dried or mummic fniits |
and bury or plow under. I

Proning the tree and thinning the fruit so that plenty of air and m eu I
SsdOTilfflSLi? *^ *^* ^**^ "^ ^*" ^^ "^* oonditiona that are ad erse to a

Thewiiil«fl^jiB^t»<mtliiiedimderipwyiiiftihoiUdkeepitn^
SometmnOiawmr, jti will derdop u the fniit k ripeninir tnd nmn that
nark the frdt on not be Med. At thk tune im •iiim<mi«cal^imer <3rtKWrtk

Copper cMbonate, 0 oonoee. AnmionU, (80* Baune) three pints. Water.
lorty-fiTe gallflfne,

Bete to Bulletin 1«6, Ontario Department of Agriculture, page 86, for full
uutroctiona in making. .

Bi^« &%' Ptoiw^Ww m(»r6tf«^_Thii i. tha moat eerioua diiea^
the tree. It ia a fongna that works in the inner tissues of the limbs andtiS
■nd cMnot be controlled by sprajing. It shom iiaelf quite plainly by makk«
rough looking knots in Tarions places. ^ r- j j a

CoirffoJ:^ All diseased parts must be cut out and destroyed in late fall or
winter. IWt wait till late spring or early sommer. If the trunk or main
Innbs « •«»«J»JJheJseased pari, may be cut out as thoroughly as possible and
fte wound painted wrth red lead. It is recommended, howJver. thatwhen the

tT " « ^, ***1?^ *° '•°^^« *^* *™» "»*^y to Pwvent the spread of in-
fection. If a large hmb is badly affected it is safer to cut out and destroy than
to .ttempta remedy. The orchardist can not be too careful about the removal
a all mfMted p»te a£ &st as they appear. Control will not be complete unless
tne methods are thoroo^

Lkap Spot ob ShoivHolb Fungus, Cylindrotporium padi, is a fungus which
shows Itself by making somewhat cylindrical holes in the leaves. It k not com-
psiatiTely senous and is oontroUed by good orchard methods and the regular
iprays applied thoroo^y. "w-—*

Plum PooDTa^xwMOM pmm. is not common in Ontario, but is worthy of
moition. The small green plums become enlarged, soft and spongy. The nu-
tntion of the stone seems to be interfered with, as it does not develop. It also
causes a curling of the leavaa similar to peach leaf curl

it nn?'''"'!lJfT^ VT^ out all signs of disease. The first spray should keep
.t under wntrol if applied just aa the buds are beginning to swdL

Soy.^ii^ is injury caused by the rays of the sun blistering and destroying-
tte exposed trees and limbs. It mig^t be <x.nsidered a formTf winter in^
L,!"\jr^ "^ .*?*^' J"*^ •'^y '^^ *« 'ood beneath, exposing tte
S decar"" ""^ ^ '*~''*° ^^"^ '^^ *" ^^*^^ ^ getTand

\>^.uttJTT!^'''' i" ^^ V^^ "T^^- B«»k 'ip the tree with earth to a
Sf f ^ l*"*^!"' ^ "****•• ^' ^'^^""y «>"" o* blading paper into
S t Xtf?",'"? '^T "'^'^ this to wrap the trunks from the torof the
aJf ti? a? fW "t"- J^* "°J^' P*P*' °'^** the same as a bandage or legging
«nd t,o at the top with twine. Wrap loosely but tie tightly.

dead , ,l5f IJ^Jf-M™^^ ^^^ *^* *^y *^« ^<««« ^^^ -"d "U decayed and

itbili' tl^tf**!? *^" '^^^ ^**°« ^- I^w headiJtg lessia the

na ,,re common is senous. It apparently is the result of mechanical injuries.

W.^r^t,^^^!^^ ^Jj«ti^ ^.^ l»rf wood; on trees on soils
Jniuriou3 r„r^S,!'.''^l^" conditions where sun and frost are not
8^^^'^\^^' "" **"**^ ''^"'^ by good care the primary causes of

M

8mm Jofi SoAUi, AtpidiotuM ptrnteiomu.—Tbe moat aerioiu iniect part of the
{dom trM ia nndonbtadljr the San Joat. It ia to be foand in moct of ih» com-
metcial plum dirtricta. Hera it needa no deocription, but nnleaa kept well under
oontrol the damage will be aimilar to thai on peachea and applee. The tnea will
become weakened and the frait will be nnaaleable.

Control: Spray thoroughly with lime-enli^nr jost before growth atarta. If
aoale ia quite plentiful use the apray aa strong as the 1.038 apecific gravity hydro-
meter teat The work must be done thoroughly.

Plum Cbboitlio, eonotraeheltu nenuphar, is the most serious pest on the fruit
It is a rough loc!rtng grayish anout-be«tle about one-fifth inch in length, the
female of which laya egga in the green plums. The eggs hatch and the larva
derelop in the fruit. The adult beetles alsa sometimes do damage by eating the
leaves, though this is not serious. The larvn in the plum destroys it and caiuet
it to drop prematurely.

Control: All old brush piles, weeds, rail-fences, e*c., that are the hiding
places of the insects should first be cleaned up or burned. Jarring the trees,
canaing the insects to fall in neta held below, was once practised, but has now given
way to spraying methodi. The regular eprays as outlined under spraying will keep
this pest under oontrol. In case the r^ular sprays are not applied three ponndi
of lead arsenate in forty gallons of water applied as soon as the bloesoms fall
and again ten days later, will keep them under control. It ia much better to rut
the BUmmer strength lime sulphur than the water as it tends to control Brown-Bot
aa well.

Shot-Hole Bobebs of various species attack the trunks and main limbs of
plums. Their work can be recognized by small gum exudations which, if removed,
expose an opening in the bark about the sise of a small ehoi If a few tieei
ara more attacked ttam. others it ia almost a sure sign that those trees are weak
or unhealthy.

Control: Control measures are not very effiective. Bemove any brush pilei
or piles of wood that may be near and clean up all waste. This destroys the
breeding grounds. Increase the health and vigor of the tree by heavy applications
of barnyard nuuure. The insects cannot thrive where there is a good sap flov.

AfhidSj attack ihe twigs and foliage of plums very seriously at times. Thej
might be recognized in the spring as tiny green or black "bugs" on the buds jurt
before they burst In the summer and fall, if plentiful, they give the tree a dark
dirly appearance. They do damage by sucking sap from the leaves and twigs.

Control: When once they get established they are very difficult to control,
as they live on the under side of the Ijaf whi^h appears to curl around and
protect them. Examine the buds just when tlwy are beginning to bur."*^ and
if present in quite large numbers spray at onoe with Kerosene emulsion or whale
oil soap. At tiiis time tiiey have not the means of protection that is affordc.t them
later.

Other insects attacking the plum are Tent Caterpillars, Tussock Moth, Spring
and Pall Canker Worms, and Oreen Fruit Worm. These sometimes become -erioM,
but not generally, and all should be controlled by the regular spray application.
It is always beet to spray while the larvae is small and it can not be too .-^ron^y
urged to apply the regular applications thoroughlv rather than make any special
applications later. There are, I believe, about thirty other spe'iiea of inset *? lirfri
as attacking the plum or becoming occasioiuil parasites, but the most serious ones,
witti the tzeatmott for each, is given above.

2i
BnuT GiLBNiuB nm Ptmcs.

«^!^J^ZL£^\'S:!!^J!^'^ *nd •. new *he fcunting of the budi u
'^l.^ kome-boiled kme-tolphar or commemal lime-sulphur or home-nuidt

M an iTeng» Btitti^ that la, dilute about one to ten. Thi. oonbols the Scale

'^S'^*/'***"'^^? '^^ ^^^■^''^ »P0«» "^d dean, up the tree genewlhT
V. •ST'.f^; Thi. u applied juat after the fruit i. iJt The bK^^^
b, off but aU ttr fnut. will not yet be free from their cdycee. U«, ^«Sa

SrS'TftM^rK*" *!^^' ^"""^"^^ concentratSlime^lphrSoS
too? tM^ (thu wodd hare to be teeted in the concentrated form wd diluted

^^^'J' ^'^^^ "»?*°'«- To whicheyer mixture is uM»d add two and
one-half pound, of arwnate of lead to each forty gallon, of the mixture.
^IM further tend, to control the dinaM .pore, and at the ume time the

,nA '^^^JP^'- About two wt^Jtt after the Mcond apiay rapeat the application
^^ r.? Tl "^^r^J' «•« «»« 'tre"^ " for the ^nd spriy. S
Wli^^M. "^ "" ^^ "P*"*" *•* "^^ ^'« e«aped the former

^J'"'I^fr'^l '^^ 'P' 'y ^ °P*^*>°*^ "^l ^ Wlied only if diuease or inwda
•ppear aiwut ten day. or two week, later.

(4) THE LEADING COMMON AND COMMERCIAL VARIETIES

DESCRIBED.

The foUowing list of varieties i. by no mean, complete, but it is honed that
U will be of some a«istance to intending planters. Oi^ those varietii Sat «.
mos common m Ontario are mentioned and in each case where the vwietv ia^

zt ::^\z^'^^ ^ T*"^ '' "". '''^ *" ^^^'^ -™n^fai;ri^^^^^^^

and in most cases season of ripening is mer<J" led « f J»

the ^tlt'!^'Z^i^' ",r f S' over-plated Japanese varieties, and perhap.
the best known of ttiem all. As the name implies it bean regulariy and heavily

U^y and^l^t^'^' "*", ^^y ""' "/ P~' «^^PP«'- The'^ree'is medium to
S !i P**? *° ■ ^^'^ "°«« «' "Oils. Its medium to large fruit of a

handsome red color makes it rather attractive to the averaire amfteur but i^

on ah^ge ;^?e. '° '^"^'' """^ ™«>™"-^ed for commercial Ranting

most'lTe^rtr'^" u" *°°*^*' ?°''°^ *' over-planted Japanese varieties, as al-
aon. lantly, but blossoms early and is consequently sometimes injured by frost
^lir S^ T'^. ""^^r^^ "'^ « bharacterLic in its branching habUof

if v a^'T^il! , ^*i"»°!^ *o get size. A few trees will add to the retur^
i^lZ IZ^l ""' '**'' *~* *^« ^-"^^y '« ™' recommended for externa™

It is t r?«"l"u„2r/'*''* .^^ ^''' "P^"''^^ '^'^t *he third week in August.

color aud r^PS^P^r,"* ""'ly '^'^ -^/ » '*-orit., largely blue in

_ »*^ 'J'^**y- ^*»e tnse is vigorou. and upright, medium to heavy

f.'

betrer, bat ■ometiniM comei into bearing Ute. The fruit i» a favorite witli tl
consuming poblic, and alio witii the cannen, a« it comet in at a leaaon that
compaiatiTely skusk. One of the best pltuna for commercial planting, bat mu
be marketed qaickly as it does not stand long shipment as -well as some othi
Tarieties.

Bixbjf is one of the midseason American varieties of medium quality, ski
thick, jBeah tender. It is a good variety to plant only in the colder sections whei
domesticas will not grow. It is adapted to local trade (mly.

Cheney is the leading native plum. It is the wild plum of Canada and tl
United States. The qualify is fair and the tree productive, but it is recomnunde
only for planting in the parts for home consumption and local trade. It is ei
tremely hardy. Bipens first week- in September.

Climax is a hybrid plum, but to the grower it is Japanese, as it shows dh
tinctly characteristics of this species. It is quite largely planted in the Icadin
plum section but has not proved a marked success. Its color and beauty make i
an attractive plum to grow, but because of irregular bearing habits and compan
tively tenderness of tree it is not to be recommended for large commercial plantinj
The demand for all such varieties is limited. Ripens the second and third week
in August

i'amsons.— There are a large number of varieties of Dai- on plums, but th
one that is of most interest to us is the Shropshire. DamsonM have been growi
ever since before Christ, but the variety mentioned above originated in Englam
about 160 years ago. The trees are vigorous, adapted to a wide range of tcrritor
and veiy productive, the small blue fruit is a little tedious to pick, but ii
grows in such abundance and such clusters that the trees produce large quantities.
It is much favored as a canning and preserving plum and as such is, at the
present time in much demand on the Western markets. The flavor is tart but
pleasant, and is well worthy of more consideration than it has received of late.
Damsons are well known to the trade everywhere and are in demand. S'^ason of
ripening is late.

De Soto is one of the best if not the best American plum for commerciil
purposes ripening at midseason. The tree has more the habit of the domesticu,
bears well and regularly and is extremely hardy. It might be planted for loo!
trade in the colder districts. Fruit is medium size, red in color and as tirm and
good a quality as the other varieties of the species.

Emerald. — ^This varie^ is highly recommended by some leading growen
Fniit and commercial value is unknown to the writer.

Oerman Prune.-r-This is in many respects the most popular plum on the
market to-day. It is well known to the trade and in great demand. Its laj^
sise, blue color, free stone and good eating and cooking qualities as v ell as it!
good keeping qualities put it in the foremost rank. The trees are ha: Iv, fairlj
regular bearers, but are slow coming into bearing. The fruit changes ci. ^r before
it is really ripe and ibecause of this it is sometimes put on the marke- before it
is ready. Season of ripening is late September and early October. Tl; trade in
this plum might easily be developed still further and it is worthy o! favorabii
consideration by intending Ranters.

General Hand is a large dessert plum belonging to the Beine Cla le Groipi
It ripens in September and is quite popular in the garden but not comi .rcisUj-

OUus Seedling. This is a large blue plum of medium quality, i ir deiat
and a good cooker, ripening in Sq>tember. The tree ' ardy and verj prodas^*;

n

and as awh u nconmiciided for the section of Ontwio jiut beyond the good com-

Goidw I>n»p (Co*-*) if of doubtful value commeroially. The tiM k onSr
fairly P«dnctivei the fruit, not as diaeaae-reaiatant aa moat domeaticM, ia aom^
hmw badly affected by Brown Hot. It la more adapted to ite Enxliah home and
to the Amencan Pacific coaat than to Ontario. It might be recomjneuded for the
home garden; aeaK)n la aeoond and third weeka in September.

Grand Duke. Thia ia in many reapecte one of our leadiog market ploma Ite
large size, blue color, firm fieah and handecTie appeafanca geaemlly, commend it

•i !-

A good type of Monarch ttv-worked on
Lombard.

IX^nr^I^: ^^ >^ '' ^"'"'y "«*'"'"^ ""^ ^^^y productive and

m .,d f J^°' ^' ^^^*°^ ^'"^^ ^^"^^ ^° September. It ia highly recom-
nieiided for commercial planting.

^Mettholda a doubtful place. It is considered by many to be one of the beat

OS because of ite early bearing and heavy bearing qualiUee. Aa auch it ia

.. tedly a roney maker. The tree is vigorous and thrifty. The fruit it

t we«* m Auguat and the fiiat week in September. Though it k a Ij^

'-ffi^

[1

m

i'

foforite with TUBj I wonld hHiUto to nBommuA it lor oommneial planting
ooept ia limitod qnaatitiM.

Hmtk*^ is anottMr of tho midMOton Aimrictn fviotiw of food tpuixtj either
M dMMrt or codned. It ii qaitt popular but is rocomiiwnded only for local plantiaf
apd in homo gardens. It is worUiy of a pkos in the orchards of Eastern inj
Korthsm Ontario.

/taNM iVitiM or FMmA§rg has bem laigdy planted ic the last fev yearg. It
is fits leading vuiety for fmine making in the Western States, bat in Ontarie
has not been triad ont in large orchards. The froit ripens in mid-September, it
large, blue in color and an exaellent cooker. When fully ripe it is first-cIsM for d»
sert The tree is medium hardy and medinm thrifty and does not seem to be so ««ft
adapted to the varied soil conditions as some other domesticas. It does not alwijv
bear as heavily as might be expected. Given good soil conditirau, and then wd]
eaied for, it should prove a kaduig variety in the commercial districts of Ontario^j
bat I would not care to plant it as a "sure crop" until I had seen it more thoTOTigU]r|
tested. The fruit is in big demand on the leading markets.

Lombard. S<»ne growers claim that Lombard has made them more mon^^
than any other variety. At the same time there are often years when lai^
quantities are not picked. It is a heavy regular bearer and the fruit unless thinned
is likely to run small. It is in demand for canning purpoees and is well knovi
to the trade. The money is made from large quantities quickly handled at low
prices. It is largely planted all over Ontario and weU known to all, but k tht;
Ught of present prices and developmenta except where the grower is prepared
to spray thoroughly and then when needed thin it, I would not reconunend planting:
it It rots badly during the ripening season if the weather is at all warm ud \
damp. Spraying and thinning will remedy this and increase the size. \

Monarch. This is one of the most popular market varieties at the presest i
time. The fruit is large, blue, medium to good quality for both cooking and dessert; \
it ships well and will keep for some time in the basket without waste if picked \
before too ripe. The tree is hardy, vigorous and an early and abundant bearer. ;
Though it has been introduced but a short time it is largely planted and well i
known to the trade. It ripens in late September. It is highly recommended for \
planting in the commercial orchard.

Moore's Arctic is recommended only because of its hardiness. The fmit ii i
medium in size and quality and the tree dwarfish in its nature. The tree? in the \
Experimental orchard at Macdonald College have produced but a few fruits and »« \
not entirely hardy. For sections warmer than this and colder than the commerciel i
plum districts it is recommended. It is a profitable local variety wheru the les ;
hardy domesticas cannot be grown.

Pond Seedling. A large blue plum, that is planted to some extent (nmraerci- ■
aUy, but net very productive and somewhat subject to rot. A favorite \\tli some <
but not recommended for extensive commercial planting; ripens the se. imd end j
third weeks in September. , ^

Quackenhoss. This variety is a favorite with many growers becai;^e of iti i
large size, handsome blue color and good shipping qualities. The tree is larg^
hardy and vigorous and usually bears well. It ripens about the last week in Sep- 1
tember and brings a fair price for home canning purposes. It has a pli:"e in tbe ;
commercial orchard.

QuaJeor is an American variety of some merit and has a place in the hone j
gardens and local markets of the colder sections.

B«d Jun$ k one of th« huTily pkntad JapuMM Ttrieties that u not gtiiuiic
iB popnUrity. It hu, howvrer, mdm pointi in its faror. It it an early and lairiy
abandtnt baazir, Uoaaoma quiet late for a Triflora and the fmit ripena Tery
Miiy, the laat of July or flrrt of Aagoat Aa inch it ahonld haTa aomo Talne when
fdl grown. It mnat be eroea pollinated to produce ▼ell. It ia worth planting
ia imall nombera.

Rew$ CUmd4 baa of late years been planted qvite hearily becaoae of the
demand for canning pnrpoaea. It alao sella well in the open market Ita ydlow
color when ripe, and high quality will always giro it % plam in the plum kingdom.
It is considered by many the Itandard of quality in pluma. The tree, however,
is tender and not as thrifty as most domesticas, but it bears fair crops regularly.
The nursery tree ia email compared to other varieties and it is a little more
difficult to grow. The price for the last ten yerrs has averaged as high or higher
thsn for any other variety. It is well worthy of a place in the commercial orchard.
With this variety might also be dasaed the plums that go under the name of
Green Gage. The fmit ripena from mid to late August

Shipp0r'> Pride. This variety is grown in small numbers in all the plum
districts, but has never come into prominence, because it is only a medium tiearer
and is susceptible to rot It ia a large blue plum of fair quality, good for canning
lod a good shipper. It is being planted to some extent and is perhaps worthy
of the attention it ia receiving. It ripens about the first or second week in
September.

Smiih Orleans is planted quite largely but is losing ground! It is medium
to large sized blue plum but ripens in late August at a time when plums are
^entiful. Scarcely worthy of a place in the commercial orchard with such a large
list to choose from.

Stoddard is one of the best American varieties, ripening in late September. '
It is worthy of a place in the garden because of its large size and flavor.

Shiro is a comparatively new variety that gives fair promise of becoming a
favorite. It ripens early and is fairly large, of a yellow color with flesh so clear
that it is semi-transparent It bears heavily and early and is worthy of a trial
in Ontario orchards.

Washington is a large plum of the Beine Claude type, of the highest qu<Jity
but the tree is generally a poor bearer and the fruit bruises easily and rots readily
in transit. When marketed in good condition it conunands a high price. A
few growers, however, consider it a profitable variety and the writer this past
season (1913), saw as fine a crop on trees top-worked on Pond Seedling as could
be desired. The trees had borne heavily for three successive years.

Wolf is another of the popular American varieties that has long held a place
and is worthy of consideration in sections where the domesticas are not hardy.
Does well at Macdonald College.

^Vyant is also a good American variety and is worthy of a place along with
the varieties before mentioned.

Willard, a very early ripening Japanese variety that ia raised quite eztm-
sivpiy but the fruit is of too poor a quality and the tree too light a bearer to win
and hold a place.

Wickson ia one of the largest pluma grown and because of this and much
advertising .it waa quite heavily planted. It has, however, not provwi a sncceu
commerciaUy and ia daaervisg only of a place in tiie garden. The trae ia tender

!l

and it tlwwwi too mrlj to tiwajt meaip» fnwt It k hxpAj grova in Californiti
whtn oonditiOM an mora adaiptad to ita nqolrasMnta.

TtUow M§f. Thia variaty k widaly diatribtitad and wall-known, but ia losini^
fkYor baeanaa of ita aoaoaptibility to roi Ita lai^ aiaa and jallow color make it
attnotiva to tha porchaaing oonaiunar, but ita ^uklitjr ia only iaix. It has noti
won a laadinf plaoa in yean of taat in Ontario.

At praaant plom breading or variety improTcmant ia not raoaiTing m macii
attntion aa aoma of the other fmita at the Bxparimantal Farm, Vinaland, bat th«j
an not being neglected and tome att«mpta wen made at hand pollination thUl
yaar. Few pluna tet, bat the reaulta an far from being diacooraging. A fefw ;^.|
Unga an growing in the nursery plota.

A Shlro plum that cave 7 gnarta of good
frott tba third year

The following varietieB an under teat: — ^Rockford, ImproTed Lombard, Areli \

Duke, Victoria, Oideon, Reine Claude, Moore's Arctic, FeUenberg, Smith's Or- \

leans, Yellow Egg, Pearl, Field, Oneii, Collin's Golden Gage, Tennant Prune, Esrlj ;

Prolific, King of the Damsons, Dnane's Pniple, Early Transparent, Blue Ponntin, \
German Prune, Moyer, Pond Seedling, Shipper's Pride, Coe's Oolden Drop. Mtry,
Early Riven, Mallard, Washington, Shropshin Damson, Beauty of Naples, Togo,

General Hand, Monarch, Quackenboss, Lombard, Ancaster, Latchford, Wamer'i i

Late, Staunton, Monroe, Imperial Gage, Bleaker's Gage, Eperald, Lowrj's Gige, '■

Maynard, Formosa, Vesuvius, Santa Rosa, GaTiota, Bed Egg, Huling*s Superli, ,
McLang^ilin, Canada Orleans, Qrand Dnke, eatatuna, Kdsey, Shiro, Orieniil,
BarUett, Diamond, Frendi Da n, Pnrple Egg, Eangaton, America. Pmmi

Simoni, Bnrbank, WiUard, Chauvt, Bariieat of All,'Wan|^ C»ar, SauiAn <

n

CoInmbU, BndOmw, Q^mtimdiaag, To* Stat* PniB% Lucy Oray, Petw'i TtUew
Gige, KIoBJ^ka, Uff: ()oldn Prolific, RUey Dudmb. Apple, HatlMwt. BdHoo.
ImiKi-al Pwcto, Oetobnr Parple, Climtx, Clyman, Ickworth, IUtiiml
mnksgi^ SiUtan. Stella, World BMter, Pool. Prid^ Hawkm, B i«^
JnthB, Bdk de LouTain, Hunt Hybrid, Wolf, Darwin Peach, Ooliath.
Femmona, Wj^^ Bdla. Oieborna, Splendor, Impro,^ Fiwch PrunJ

P«.fic Prun^ Belle de Pan,, Saratoga, Beine-aand?. Gabriel Comb^ AUo^

These are need for the thinning and apraying experimenta.

f,°f Sl!^? "' ^S* ^?***^, ''^ ^''^^^^ "»• P^'i"^ into three diriaione:-

(1) Tlw colder parte where planu are at preeent grown only in home gardena
-• large part of Baatem Ontario and Northern Ontario «•«!«»

(2) The W-eetem part of Eaatem Ontario and a large ahare of Weatom
Ontario where plnma are grown locally to anpply the trade

.noJ!i 5^ ^"fflWKi^^tricta, including Lincoln, Wentworth, some favored
.pots on Lake Huron and Oeorgun Bay and along the ahorea of Lake Brie and
Ontario in Tanoua placea.

For diatrict number one, the foUowing Tarietiea are recommended : American
Md Nigra Tanehea: Cheney, Wolf. Stoddard, Hawkeye, De Soto, Quaker. tS

tTiT IT"". •'VV^*^«°l proportion, but the foUowing a« woVof
trial : Mount Boyal, Perdrigon, Glaaa and Early Bed. ^

For diatrict number two, the following are recommended: Olaaa. Lombard
Bradshaw. Mount Boyal and Shipper*. Pride. For dirtrict number ttL the fd-
lowin, ai* recomm^ided : Beine Claude. Bradahaw, Dam«,mi, Mona^h G«kdD,2e
German Prun« and Italian Prunea. To thia lUt might be addedk Shiro^ur^'

t^eZ^^of::^:^:: '«« *^ -- ^^^^^ *»>" P^-t . few *,., of each of a
hnnJ^^'£Il?'^°il" ^ "^^^ *'^«'«« »' «»^e° '*™tiea for an orchard of seven

in thf hUe SX™*"" ^'*° '° "^^ ^«^P*"« ^-* -*y »»« experimented with

(8) SOME GLEANINGS AND SUGGESTIONS.
«till less !^m!!fU**^P* ^.'^^ "•^* *** ^P"^« 0" Mt"e varieties, "and
tree» ,3 "i/* T* .P^°*'°8» <>' «»e Northern parts of the province A W

'i$ini

«^;^.X

(5) Hum •! pnMnt pviflM mm tdipMl to lufi mUs pMmUm; tbat fe
tak blodn of froB lAoat itt Miw'ap nUm than ia ibmU loti of am or hn '
kwdnd tNM or kM.

(4) Hm tnd«M7 k to plwit Uuftr Moda of eno fuktj thftt on U Im»
fwbd qdcUj ond not iainfm with tho githtriiiff of oOnu froMi. Tho id«
IMW to bi to fKtlMr qniddy m chotply m poMiblo «Dd ftt thorn o«t of Oi
w^r to mako roon for MOMtUiig tkt.

(f ) PlvM thrivt and prodoM Jut u wall on tiit haarior and ehaapar Ink
aa ea tba f^aUo poach and ebarry aoila.

(6) Plums hara faw laifi yialda at high prkat to thair oradit but they gin
a aedarata rotom ragolarlj for tha monoy azptndad.

(7) Orcharda that Lava baan givan rMaonabln can hava rapaid tha owms
««U for thair labor— and a little beaidat. If pla!sa are worthy of a place on the
frait farm they are worthy of attention.

(8) The time ia ripe for planting aalectad varietiae of ploma. The demaal
will have inereeaed very materially by the time th^ oome into bearing.

(9) Ploma are worthy of farther study and of more attention at oar fmit
meetings. Interest in better varieties and better quality marteted in a mon
attractive manner can only be awakened in this way.

(10) This last suggestion I put in brackets becaoae it is the worii of organize.
Uona not the work of the prodooers.

[How many consumers know the best varietiea of plums and what season Hm
may expect to find them on the market?

How many dealers allow fmit to spoil on their handa, because of dintl
axpoanre to sunlight, rough handling, deep piling of baskets, no refri{,iratioBf
What percentage of the great difference between the wholesale and retailers priM
ia due waste caused 1^: —

(1) Careleesness on the part of the producer.

(8) Carelessness on the part of the transportation companiea.

(8) Carelessneas on the part of the retailer.

What percentage of waste is due to exposure to dust, dirt and winds whm \
exposed on the fmit stands?

It is a very easy matter to put all blame for certain nnsatixfactory conditelj
<m the frait-growei^he can stand it because he is accustomed to it, but in thi
humble opinion of the writer as vigorous an educational campaign is needed nvMt
the retailers and consumers ss among tiie growers. They are a large part of tti|
business and also require instraction.

AOKNOWUBDOKSNTS.

The writer desires to thank the many fruit growers in Ontario and especisDf
in the Niagara Peninsula for their assistance and for the kindness and coartHf
extended to him in his visits to their orchards and hemes. He desires espedsBr]
to thank Mr. J. E. Henry and Mr. L. B. Henry for their assistance and permisil
to use the figures on returns previously quoted.

Thanks are due many growers in New York State who willingly and chsB^l
folly guided me through their orchards and explained their methods, and to ftij
state inspectors who directed bm to the leading men in their respective districts.

tfMiiil