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'th'NTfiiJ Bti

CANADIAN FISHERIES EXPEDITION, 19U-I915

BIOLOGY OF ATLANTIC WATERS OF CANADA

GROWTH OF THE YOUNG HERRING rSOOALLED
SARDINES) OF THE BAY OF FUNDY

A PRELIMINARY REPORT

A. 0. HXnnfiMAH, B.A., M3., of the XTnivenity of Toronto.
Curator, Dominion Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick.

In the spring of 1918 Dr. Hjort proposed in connection with the extended
investigations in 1914-15 that I study the young of the herring (Clupea harengus) or
'sardines" of the Bay of Fundy to determine if possible how large they were during
the first winter, and the amount of growth during the year. The numerous Canadian
weirs that are fished throughout the greater part of the year to supply the sardine
factories chiefly in Maine were practically certain to furnish an abundance of material.

Owing to the work that was being prosecuted in the gulf of St. Lawrence it was
not possible for me 1,0 examine the material in the fre.«h state except at the beginning
and end of the season. It was necessary to rely upon salted material.

The material has been collected in large part by the engineer of the Biological
Station at St. Andrews, Mr. A. E. Calder. When circumstances permitted, he collected
samples weekly. The material has proved to be far from complete enough to settle the
points in question. This is particularly the case with regard to the smaller fish,
popularly known as " brit," which are for the most part too small to be satisfactorily
taken by the nets used in seining the weirs. Not only will they pass through the nets
in seining, but when prese.it in quantity they will not be taken out, being too small for
canning. Although there are many gaps in the material, the results are not without
interest.

It appeared desirable to use the scale method of determining the age and the
yearly amount of growth; but the material presented such great difficulties owing to
the indistinctness of the winter rings that this was abandoned and the method of
measurement, instituted by Petersen, alone was used.

The samples were measured on one of the usual boards, divided into centimetres,
with the divisions at the half centimetres so that in each case the measurement was to
the nearest centimetre. This gave centimetre groups for statistical treatment. To
facilitate accurate determination of the len^lh, the measuring board was mariied on

6553— Ic

DtPAttTMJrt'. OP THM NATAL SSKTKg

either aide of the mid-line with « r<>riee of paraUel diagonal linea. making an angle of
4<niegreea with the mid-line. By aligning the margins of the tail with these it was
possible to spread di'* tail to an arbitrary, constant angle of 80 degrees.

Owing to the miztnre of herring of different age groups in the samples, it was not
feasills to take the arerage sise,in treating the material. The smallness of the nuraberi
representing certain age groups in many of the samples rendered the results unsuitable
for extensire statistical treatment The only feasible method was a compromise and
therefore somewhat open to objection.

The relatire frequency of the various length groups in a sample indicated whether
the sample consisted of more than one affe group and also showed the mean size in each
group. The various groups could in that way be traced through suceessive samples and
their rates of growth determined.

The following table gives the results of the measurements: —

Locality.

Date.

Length in Centiiixtri-*.

2!!

t03
76

183

9
9

1
3

"i
"i

...

38
17
18

9
3
fi

12
1

91
83
96

Ifi

1>1

140
43
<9
10

Jii:
.1

17
20

7!l
H3

;>
10

1
10

17
14
30
11
6

.5)1

*\
6

18
17
2.5
6
3
1
4

.58

7
12

.18

1<|

:i8

I
S

2
3

.«

38
.«
24
12
6:2
51
69
Vi
16
3

.S8
44
45
23

9g
2fi
18
49
17
7

1
1

22
29
37
40
49
52
98
58
3«
51
16
60
69
56
47
«4
36
.51

4«
43
13
30
8
1
2
4

4
6

6
13
26
32
.53
46
17
26
24
60
•.3
U8
76
83
6.1
68
46
tiO

24
61
SI
10

J
2

■'

8
16
30
•2
20
8
2
49
37
50
45
37
41
67
:«
19

8
2

21
2

8
2
21
10
IS
10
7
17
47
20
12

i3
10
6
7

2
2

4
3
8

2
1

i
2

6
9
8
2

'3
3

4
1
1

2
1
5
7

■ -

i
2

7
2

i
1

1
2

Buck B«y

I,
IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII,

VIII.

VIII,

IX,

IX.

I.X.

IX.

XI,

XII

XII,

14..

1«..

IS..
24..

2..
16..
28..
20.
27..
13..
19..
30..

7..
13.
14..
14..
14..
IR .
1.6..
16..
Ifi.
28..

*..
14..
14..
25..
29.

5..
10.
23.
28..

6..
21..
24.
29..

St. .Vndrews

St Andrews.

St. \iMlrewi.

St. Andrew*.

St. Andrawa.

St. Andrews.

St. Andrew*

St. Andrews.

■ ■

i.t

2
2

5
5
1

"i
is

4
6

St. Andrew*

St. Andrews

Jnnniport

L'Rtang.

Leprrau

Pooolofnn

2
7

i
ii

10
10
23
29
25
124
16
9

111

6
3

7
6
2.5
18
32
6»
49
32
12
67
12
37
72
63

2
12
8
2

2
6
1
2

17
V>
^
76
49
13
36
32
24
16
21

Gmnd Harbour

BoMibecI

BocabecII

Boe»hecIII

Oak Bay

Rnnahec

St. Andrews I

St. Audrews II

St. Andrews

St. Andrews-

St. Andrews .

St. Andrews

Back Bay

St. Andrews

Bliss Harbour

MaKoarene

DliasHarboiir

Two of the samples may be said to be homogeneous, consisting of only one age
group. They are those of June 28 and October 29. In both the actual range in size is
6 cm. (0-14 and 11-16) and the practical range is only 4 cm. (9-12 and 11-14) or perhaps
8 cm. (9-11 and 11-13). There can be no doubt that in these cases we have to do with
only one age group. The curve for the sample of June 28, obtained by plotting the
lengths against the numbers of individuals is given by the continuous line in fig. 1.
Evidently too few length gproups have been taken to give the most satisfactory curve,
but we will not be far astray in taking 10 cm. as representing the mean length of the
barting in the sample of June 26 and 12 nm. for those of October 20.

CA\ADIAK riUHEttlBS KXPEMTlOy, I9H-IS

If we take the sample of October 4 and plot a curve to aliow the frequencies of the
Tarious length groui>:§ (interrupted line in fig. 1) we tee very definitely a bimwdal
condition with two age groupa repreaented, for one of which the length of 12 cm. may
be taken a* representative and for the other 19 cm. There is, however, a decided
difference in the ranges of the two groups. The snintler one may be considered to have
a range of 4 cm. ni-14) and the larger of 8 cm. vl6-23). This might be due to the
phenomenon of dispersion, the older group showing a broad low cnrve, and tb*
younger group a narrow high one. I do not believe that thi» is the fuil explanation.
The range ia too g :at in the older group. It probably indicates that the older group
is only apparently ^omcgeneous, that it really consists ot two age groups so similar in
aice as to fuse and give a good unimodal curve. Other considerations to be mentioned
later support this view.

The sample of September 28 shows a similar condition. The practical ranges of
the two groups would be 3 and 5 cm., respectively. The significance of this would seem
to be that by the third year the spring and fall spawned schools have fused into a single
group.

The third sample (III) of September 16, from Bocabec shows imperfectly a tri-
modal curve (fig. 1, dotted line). The sizes representative of the three groups may be
taken as 12, 15 and 19 cm. The ranges are 3 cm. (11-13), 8 cm. (14-16) and 5 cm.,
respectively. The first and third of these groiu>s are evidently identical with the two
groups of the sample of October 4. The second group (15 cm.) was doubtless present
in the latter sample but not in su£Bcient numbers to appear distinctly.

Let us designate these three groups A (19 cm.), B (15 cm.) and C (12 cm.).
B and C give a bimodal curve with a total range of 6 cm. The growth of the smaller
group (C) appears to continue farther into the fall than that of the larger group (B).
This would bring them close together and make them fuse into one group with a
range of 6 cm. and a mean sice of 14 cm. as seems to be the case in the samples of
November 8 and November 10. (for the latter see the curve in fig. 1 with alternate
dot and dash). In this latter sample the larger group with a mean size of 19 cm. is
evidently A and the smaller group with a mean size of 14 cm. represents (if our inter-
pretation be correct) B and C fused. In the spring of the year group A seems to have
been m the same condition as shown in the sample of April 16, with a range of 5 cm.
ai.i aeau size of 14 cm.

je degree of fusion of B and G and the relative abundance of the two groups in
ihe various samples give a varying picture as shown in the samples of October,
November, and December from St Andrews.

In the middle of September samples from widely separated localities along the
coast were examined and also a number of samples from the same lociity in order to
determine whether the mean size of an age group varied greatly in the different locali-
ties and in different samples from the same locality. These samples were in great
part obtained through the courtesy of Captain Calder of the Seacoast Canning Co.,
Eastport. The localities were Jonesport (Maine), Grand Harbour (Grand Manan),
Lepreau, Pocologan, L'Etang, and E-Miabec. The samples showed uniformly a great
preponderance of the A group. The mean size varied, being 17 cm. (Jonesport,
Lepreau, and ^ocologan), 18 cm. (L'Etang), and 19 cm. (Grand Harbour and Boca-
bec). Evide>. ly there is an appreciable difference in the size of the same age grroup
from different localities.

Samples were ta' m from several boats bringing herring from Bocabec on
S^tember 16. These showed uniformly a preponderance of the A group with in each
ease a mean size of 19 cm. The same is shown in a samplo of September 28 from Oak
Bay. This shows that herring from the inner side of Passamaquoddy bay may be
considered uniform and treated together. Thos3 from points as far away as L'Etang
must be treated separately. The differences shown in the samples of September 16
from Bocabec indicate the amount of uncertainty to be associated with deductions

'^^m

DMFAMTMMUr Ot TBB VAVAL HMMftCt

horn HMMurementa of ■neh tnudl lots of indiTiduals. All thne show in their
eoTTM tmnmiU at 19 cm. Two show tumrniU at 16 cm., and the third a d^nite atcp
in the ourre at 15 em. Only one ahowa a summit at IS em., the other two samples
baTing no individnals of that or neighbouring siae«. Summits (or steps) are therefore
quite eonstant for the same age group in the samt> <ocality at any one time.

These etamples will ae re to ahow the manner in which the results of the measure-
ments bare been interpreted.

To determine the rate and period of growth of each of the different age groups,
the represenUtiTe length of each group, in each of the samides froTn PaSMmaquoddy
bay in which it waa represented in sufficient numbers, was determined in the manner
deaoribed abore. These Imgths have been plotted against the dates on which the sam-
ples were obtained, in fig. 2. For each group a curve has >><!en drawn conn'wting the
drdes that indicate the length of the group at different times. Where there are con-
siderable gapa the ourvea have been continued with interrupted lines. There are occa-
sional points that do not fit into the general scheme. Thoso of November and
December, intermediate between B and C we have already interpreted as due to more
or less complete fusion of B and C.

The fresh fish measure somewhat larger than the salted. For this reason the
lengths in the samples of May 24 and September 16, seem high compared with the
others. The samples of June 16 and November 3, show groups with mean sizes of
12.6 cm. and S cm. respectivelr. In these cases we may have group C of the prer^-
ing year whicu las failed to fuse with B of the same year, whoeaa in A these two
groups are constantly fused.

In fig. 2 we have a graphic representation of the growth of the three groups A, B
and C during the year. The period of growth for A and B is from Msy to the end
of September. For C the beginning of the period is not shown, as at that time the
fish were too small to be taken by the nets. It appears to continue later for this group,
at least well on into October. The rate of growth for B and C is somewhat less than
2 cm. a month in the midd^« of the summer when the growth is most rapid. The rate
for A is less, about 1-6 cm. a month as the maximum.

In many of the samples larger fish were present, but their numbers are so small
as to be unsatisfactory for a determination of their mean sizes and growth. The little
evidence there is, shows a group beginning at 19 cm (April 16 and May 13) and grow-
ing to 23 cm. (October 14, October 25, November 10, and December 6). Also a group
reaching 26 cm. by September 7.

The determination of the ages of these groups presents difficulties. Groups B and
G are quite evidently less than one year apart in age. The lack of material less than
7 cm. in length must leave the question in dnubt but it is most reasonable to suppose
from the rate of growth shown in 1915 that group B, beginning at a length of 8-5 cm.,
must have already passed through a full season's growth. The well-established fact of
decrease in growth rate with increasing age would necessitate this interpretation,
unless there were still greater growth >' ''ng the first year. We would then reach the
conclusion that group B was sp'wi.. .. the spring of 1914, reached a length of 8-5
cm. by winter and in 1916 grew 6-5 cm. to a length of 15 cm. Group C would have
been spawned in the fall of 1914, have reached a doubtful length by winter, perhaps
6'6 cm., and in 1915 grown perhaps 7 cm., reaching a total length of 12-5 cm.

Group A is evidently in its third summer and consists of a mixture of both
spring and fall spawned fish. In the third year, therefore, the herring grow from a
length of 14 cm. to a length of 19 cm. The group growing from 19 cm. to 23 cm.
would consist of hrrring in their fourth year and those reaching 26 cm. of perhaje five
year old fish.

OAVADtAN riBBBRIta KXPKttlTtOH, t»tk-t5

This interpreUtion

may

be exprcMcd

in the following table:—

Fir-- Ve«r.

SNand Ynr

Thirt Ymw.

I'ourth Ymw

Fifth Ydw.

8iir.

InorcMF

Hiw
135

Incnaar
5

HilK

InerpMe
4

fliir
23

Incrr^ap

3(?)

8iia

SnriMt iMwiiad

8 Son.

5 5oin.(?)

65
T(?)

•*')

^iJl^ „

I have a unall quantity of very young herring collected in the tide rippling* in
Passamaquoddy bay in June, 1911. Two small lots were picked up in dip nets at an
interval of one week. Eleven individuals taken on June 19, mnge from 3-7 to 4-8 ^m.
iu length, with an average length of 4-4 cm. Twenty-six individuals tnken on June
20 range from 4>3 to 5-6 cm., with an average length of ^-9 cm. This c' s a growth
of 0-6 cm. for one week. This is higher than the June rate for groi > ^Mt nearly
equivalent to the August rate, as shown in fig. 2. A continuanc >' lis rate to
September would give fish averaging about 9 cm. These fish must ha- . ^«u spawned
in the spring of 1911. The fall spawners which spawn at Grand Manan and on the
Nova Scutia r- 1 e do not begin until the later part of July. This confirms our inter-
pretation of grrjp B as fish spawned in the spring of 1914.

A comparison of these results with what has been found in Europe with entirely
different methods shows a fairly close agreement. By studying the increase in the
zone on the scale of the herring outside the la t winter ring in a series of samples
taken during the years 1910 and 1911 Lea has shown (Publ. de Circonst., No. 61, 1911)
that in the herring off Norway, growth takes place during the summer from April to
September. This growth period is of the same duration but a month earlier than for
our coast.

As concerns the amount of growth. Lea found it to be 7 cm. in the third summer,
which is much higher than what we ha>-e found. By calculations based upon the dis-
tances between the winter rings, Hjort .Publ. de Circonst., No. 53, 1910, p. 2.S) found
that for 24fi spring-spawned fish the average grrwth in successive years was 8.3, 7.1,
6.9, 3.6, 2.4, and 1.7 cm. Our corresponding fip ' i a.e 8.6, 6.6, 6, 4, and 3 cm. For
80 autumn spawned fish he found the followin ' nountn 12.6, .5.1, 3.6, 2.6, 1.6, and
1.1 cm., believing that the first figure if-ally r. . .sented two seasons' growth. Our
corresponding figures are, 12.5, 5. 4. and :< <-i:i. The agreement is as close as could be
expected, considering the imperfection .^ our material. We have also not been able
to sepa*ate the spring spa*'-^ from tl, fill spawned after the second summer.

It would have been vti-v \ iJuable to iMve correlated the positions and number of
the winter rings with this otj.ty of the growth from measurements. In the material
examined it has been possible to make out the rings clearly only in a small number of
cases. What has been seen on the whole corroborates the above mentioned interpreta-
tions as to the ages of the various groups.

CONCLUSIONS.

The data, though incomplete, indicate that: H) there are both spring and fall-
spawned young herring (sardines) in the Bay of Fundy; (2) the spring spawned
schools reach a length of about 9 cm. (3.5 in.) by the first winter and of about 16 cm.
(6 in.) by the second winter; (3) the fall-spawned schools reach a length of about
12-6 cm. (4 in.) by the second winter- ,4) the growth during the third season is about
6 cin. (2 in.) ; (5) the growth during the fourth season is about 4 cm. (1-5 in.) ; and
(6) the period of growth is from May to September.

It is most desirable that this study be continued in order to either confirm or
refute these tentative conclusions and to extend the observations.

170

DBPARTMBNT Of TBB VATAL BBKVIOM

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OASADIAS FIBBERIEB BXPEDITION, UHrlS

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Jan.

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Juii

Jul.

Jaus

Sep

Oct.

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Fig. 2

C\irve» showinu grrowth of Hening in 1916 The nunibsrs
indicate the length in centimetre*.

NoU (December 6, 1916).— A continuation of the investigations during tl»f jWiM
has given results which agree well with those of last year. This last season differed
from that of 1916 in that the " sardines" as a whole were small. This was due to
the practical disappearance of the A group by the end of July, the B and C groups
then in turn predominating. The A group was not as homogeneous as in 1916. con-
sisting of varying proportions of its elements (B and C of the preceding year). It
could therefore not be traced with any certainty.

The B group appeared at the end of May with an average length of about 10 cm.
It was, however, mi.^ed with larger fish until July and could be followed with difficulty.
After August few were obtained. By October it had reached a length of 15 cm.

The C group was first obtained on July 8, with a length of 7 cm. By beptember
it had become the dominant group and has remained so. During September, October
and November it has continued to grow in length, increasing from 10-6 cm. (Septem-
ber 6) to 13 cm. (November 24). The growth was not, however, as rapid as during
July and August.

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Full text of "Biology of Atlantic waters of Canada [microform] : growth of the young herring (so-called sardines) of the Bay of Fundy : a preliminary report"

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