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EMMA L. TAYLOR COLE
•;w »¥ .^^iW^-
Pear-shaped Puflballs
GUIDE TO THE
MUSHROOMS
BY
EMMA L. TAYLOR COLE.
With Illustrations from Photographs by
A. W. Cole.
TORONTO
THE MUSSON BOOK C )MPANY
LIMITED
COPYRIGHT
CHAS. K. REED
1910
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGB
riJiUSTKATIONS 7
AnnuEViATioNs ok Names ov Authors
OF Species 11
What ake Mushrooms 13
l*AHTs OF A Mushroom ; 15
When and AVhere Mushrooms ^trow 23
How TO Collect Mushrooms and Pre-
pare Them for the Table 37
DiiscRiPTioNs of Species 43
Glossary 186
rxDEX OF Scientific Names: Genera. . 195
Index of Scientific Names: Species. . 198
fxDEx OF Common Names 201
If
^nid to the Mushrooms 7
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS
AoARicrs campester US
" silvaticus 1-0
Amanita Caesaria 120
" crenulata ... 52
'* excelsa -^t
" muscaria 4r6
" plmlloides -ii
'' nibescens 48
Amanitopsis vagi uita 54
Akmi lahia nielleit (JO
BoLETiNus porosus
BoLKTUs felleus 150
" scaber 14()
(\\LAVATrA cariniformus 182
* ' gigantea 180
(^ANTHARKi.LUS cihariiis 98
(*i-AVARiA cristata 1()6
'' flava IfiG
Clitocybe gilva 70
niudens 68
'* laccata 66
CoLLYBiA confluens 74
** dryopliila 76
* * radieata 70
** veliitipes 72
1
Ir
8 Guide to the Mushrooms
(^oPKiNUs atramentarius 134
'* micaceus 136
CuRTiNAKius ciunabarinus ll-t
** corrugatus 117
Fjstulina hepatica 154
Geaster liygrometricus 178
Geoglossum glutinosum 172
Hygrophorus miniatus 82
Hypholoma appendiculatum 124
' ' sublateritimii 130
Hypomyces lactifliiorimi 162
Lactarius piperatus 86
* * subdulcis 88
** volemiis 84
Lepiota naucinoides 58
** procera 56
Lycoperdox pyrifornie Frontispiece
Marasmus oreades 100
MoRciiELLA deliciosa 170
* * semilibera 169
Mycena galericulata 76
Naucorta semiorbicularis 110
Phallus Ravenelii 176
Pholiota adiposa 41
Pleurotus ostreatus 78
* * sapidus 80
Guide to the Mushrooms 9
Pr.uTErs cervimis 106
PojAPoKUs hetuliniis lt)0
" brumal is 15(3
" sulplmreus 158
Poi.vsTicrrs pereimis 162
KrssrLA c^Meticfi 94
'' foetens 92
'' . fi-agilis 96
' ' piirpurina 90
ScLHHODKKMA Vulgai'e 185
Si'AHAssis crispa 164:
Sthoimfaria seniiglobata 122
riucHoi.oMA ])ers()natum 62
" sejuiictiun 64
Voi.vAHiA speciosa 102
4
Guide to the Mushrooms 11
Abbreviations of Names of Authors
OF Species.
Batscli. — Batseh.
Berk. — Berkeley.
I>,xill._Bulliarcr.
(iirt. — Curtis.
Fl. Dan. — Flora Danica.
Fr. — Fries.
Ja('(|. — Jac(|iiin.
Kalclib. — Kalehhremier.
Linn. — Linnaeus,
^liill. — Miiller.
Pers. — Persoon.
Pk.— Peck.
Kelli. — Rellian.
Roze — Roze.
Scliaeff. — Scliaeffer.
Sc'liulz — Schulz.
Seliw. — Scliweinitz.
Seo}). — Seopoli.
See. — Secretan.
Sow. — Sowerby.
Swartz — Swartz.
Vitt.— Vittadini.
AValil . — Wahlenberg.
L
Guide to the Mushrooms
13
WHAT ARE MUSHROOMS?
Fi'oin early spring until late fall, every-
where alxnit us may be seen the so-called
toadstool. The name toadstool has been so
Unig applied by people, to whom all mush-
rooms are a ''hidden tongue," that it has
come to l)e generally accepted as meaning
something poisonous. The first question
generally asked concerning mushrooms is,
" How do vou tell a mushroom from a toad-
stool?" in reality meaning how^ can edible
mushrooms be determined from the poison-
ous species. Toadstool is simply the com-
mon name for nuishroom as daisv is the
common name for (lirysanthemum leucan-
themum. There are e(li])le mushrooms and
poisonous mushi'ooms, and in order to de-
termine the various species, one must study
them as carefully as the birds and flowers
ai'e studied.
The mushroom springs up in such unex-
l)ected i)laces and to all appearances in
such a sliort time that the term "mushroom
growth", has become a saying for an act
done in an incredibly short time. As a mat-
11
Guide to the Mushroojns
ter of fact the growth of a mushroom is as
slow as the majority of plants; the final
hh)ssom, if we may so term the caj), ap-
l)ears no more (piickly than (U)es the l)h)s-
soni of the hiittereup and countless other
flowers.
If the ground ahout a mushroom he ex-
amined, tinv white threads or roots called
the mycelium are seen s])reading in all di-
rections. This is the nnishi'oom si)awn of
the gardeners. During the development of
the voot, the cell-like structures, of which
it is cGm])osed, gather together at intervals
and form tiny knohs, which in turn grow
gradually, all the time pushing u])ward to-
ward the light. The knoh is now somewhat
egg-shai)ed and soon emerges from the
ground, and is then called the 'M)utton
stage." The little hutton develoi)s i-apidly,
sj)reading out into a flat cap or parasol.
Guide to the Mushrooms
i:>
PAin\S OF A MrsilKOOM.
There are as many varieties of inusli-
roouis as tliei-e are of Howers, each one pos-
sessin^ certain characteristics hy wliicli
I they are gronped into genera and* si)ecies.
J To enable one to identify these, certain
1 terms are em])h)yed with wliich it is neces-
sary to ])ecome familiar in order to recog-
i nize individual mushrooms.
;; , Thk Pii.Krs ok (\\i>.— Tliis is the part of
- : the muslirooni which first attracts atten-
.tion. rt is (piite tliick, composed of inter-
I woven tlireads called hi/phdc which form
:; the ffcsh or franid of the pileus. The outer
I threads are thick and contain coloring nuit-
Jter which gives to the i)ileus its character-
*jistic color; this is called the cortcji' or cHf}-
\('h'. Outside of this cuticle, there is often
■another layer, of glutinous or viscid mi-
xture, called the pdllclc. In some instances
[this layer ceases to grow as the pileus ex-
^pands and is torn or split as the rest of the
pdeus enlarges, remaining on the surface
1() Guide to the Mushrooms
in the form of hairs, scales or granular
(lots. The edge of the cap is known as the
mar (/in.
Wlien the eaj) first emerges, it is egg-
shaped, then it expands, becoming convex
in siiape, and is finally almost flat or plane.
If the pilens is convex at maturity, it is
said to be campanulate; when thei'e is a
shai'p depression at the center, it is lunhili-
caic; if irregularly sunken, depressed; if
funnel shaped, infiindibuliforni; if there is
a shai-p knol) at the center of the cap, it is
anthouafe; if the umbo is broad and rath-
er indistinct, the cap is called gibbous.
Lamellae ok Gills. — These are thin
blades on the underside of the pileus rad-
iating from the stem to the outer edge of
the caj). The tissue of which they are
composed is the hifmeniuw , which is the
spore bearing cell. The color of this spore
bearing cell is not always indicative of the
color of the spores. The general shape of
the gill may be seen by cutting the pileus
in halves. The gills may be broad, narroiv,
lance- shaped (lanceolate). When the end
Guide to the Muxh rooms
17
inula I
as the
J egg-
onvex
plane.
, it is ,
■i is a
gradually narrows to a point, they are ut-
tcHUdfc; when they end in a sharp angle,
inhili-
ed; if
lere is
), it is
rath
I thin
s rad-
Ige of
V are
is the
spore
of the
Lipe of
pileus
irroiv, I
le end
f/f
hen the end?
(led, ohtu)
re round
when tlie gills are connected by veins, they
are said to he andstotitoscd; when of tho
same length, rr///f// or rcf/ulfu ; when of
V a r y i n g lengths, irref/uldr or iin('<in(il :
when one short one is interspersed be-
tween two or more longer ones regularly,
they are said to be forked. If the gills are
placed closely together, they are said to b"
croH'drd; if at some distance ai)art, di.s-
tdtif. The relation of the gills to the stem
is also of the greatest importance as many
tvpes are identified bv tbis characteristic.
(Jills are free, when they are rounded off
without reaching the f^tem -.((ducrcd, when
tliev reach the stem and are attached bv
the upper end; aduate when thov reach and
set scpiarely against tlie stem; dccHrrcut
when thev extend down the stem; sinuate,
when thev are wavv near the stem. In cer-
tain families of mushrooms, the edge of the
.nills is sharp like the blade of a knife; in
others blunt, obtuse; in otbers toothed like
a saw; others scalloped, crenulate. Again
2
18
Guide to the Mushrooms
(•ertain varieties of gills melt (deliquesce)
at niatmity to a black, inky fluid. "^
. PoKKs (.R TrBKs.-The spores in some va-
nities are contained in pores or tubes sit-
uated underneath the flesh of the pileus.
1 hese tubes are described in diflferent spe-
cies a^ romd (rotund) angular, nuuutc,
tion ?n'tr''^^ '''^U ^'^^ ^^'^ ^'^ ^ith rela-
tion to the sicm, tliey are free, adnate, ad-
nt^ed decurrent; sometimes thev extend
beyond the margin of the cap, and are call-
ed emarowate. AVhen the pores curve out-
wai-d from the nuirgin to the stem, they
aresaidtobero>/rej-,ifflat,p/r?we.
SpiNEs.-Again the spores are borne on
tooth-hke^ projections called spines, which
are found beneath the pileus, and in cer-
tam other species on the upper end of
branches.
The above form of spore-bearing sur-
faces belong to one great family. There
are other groups, some of which bear
spores on the whole surface of the cap,
while others, known as the ''pouch fun^i ^'
contain the spores within a skin in a sac-
like receptacle.
Guide to the Mushrooms
19
1
Spores, or the seeds of the mushrooms,
are of various sizes, shapes and colors, and
form very important characteristics by
which divisions of genera are male. In
general, the colors are white, the division
of genera known as the leucosporae; pink,
rliofhspurae; brown, ochroaporae; and
black, mclanosporae. The shape of the
spores is as varied as the color, being el-
liptical, globose, oblong, spindle-sliaped;
in appearance, smooth, granular, warted.
To obtain spores from the gilled fungi, re-
move the stem, place the cap gills down
u})on a piece of paper, white, if the appear-
ance of the mushroom seems to indicate
any color of spores but white, bla(?k or dark
colored paper, if the spores seem to be
white, cover with a tumbler to prevent
draughts of air, and in a short time the
spores will be found upon the paper in
fine radiating lines in appearance much
like powder. If a permanent print is de-
sired, gum the paper slightly (white nf egg
will answer if no other fixative is at hand),
and the moisture of the fungus will soften
the surface so that the spores will adhere
to the paper.
To determine the various characteristics
'20
Guide to the Mushrooms
"f the spore otlier tlmn the color micro
■s<'op,cal examination is necessary
St,i,k or STKM.-The stem is usually
ft'stene.! o the ..enter of the <•«, ' hut sne
s':':,':;;":;;"';!?," Tir' i'-.-"ti^'have ti.
t< m ,it one side ot the center, eccciUrir or
'•' .me su e of the cap, Mrnk W en the
'1 ' \ ^^'*'' ••'^?">'<' to shape the
'>'>'/.s at base, rooting,
Tn textu,^, it may he ficsin,, cutu.mn-
""'.f//'. I lie interior of the stem ni-iv iJ
-/"/, that is fleshy througliou" L
vvheii there is a cavity in thecente'r- if /^ '
I niled w ith a pithy suhstance, it is ftuffJ
< ". the outside, the stem ma • he .vZ '
l<n), may have a /»;.s/iW appearam'e or 1 e
nnifhlefl (rugose).
n.Zf ' V^° ^*'? ^^''^y sta^e of the develop-
ment of a mushroom the edge of the ma?-
Guide to the M unhrooms
21
^lii of the pileiis lies very close to the stem.
In some si)ecies the cui) simi»ly expands
withont liaving the margin ot the cap nnit-
ed to the stem, hut in a great many spe-
cies the distance hetween the stem and
cap is hridged hy interlacing threads which
form a veil covering the gills. As the cap
expands, the veil is to n and i, mains in
some form on the cap or stem oi- on both.
When tlie veil is verv delicate resenl)ling a
spidei"'s web, it is said to he (uncinio'ul and
is also known as t;i-3 ('(ni'uta; if the veil
tears nway from tlie stem hut hangs in
flaky scales about the edge of the cap, it
is (ippcudicttlatc; whenever the texture of
the veil is firm, it remains about the stem
forming the
Annut.us or Kino which is sometimes
hHtrahle or free; fastened to the u])pei- half
of the stem, superior; lower half, inferior.
Again the veil mav be so delicate that it
(luickly vanishes as the cap expands or is
evident onlv bv a few fibres about the stem.
VoLVA. — In addition to the cap, gills,
stem and ring, some mushrooms are enclos-
ed in a cup-like receptacle attached to the
lower end of the stem known as the volva
is
Guide to the Mushrooms
Tl,l!l"°"' y'^'F'i.tl'e mushroom emerges
iliiscimraotenstic is very imDorHnt ,= ti.
most poisonous varieties have he volv^
I'll , 01 fiKiMe, crumbling at touch or In
flocoose scales, almost wanting '
In gathering specimens, it is of the nt
.' ost importance, that the who°e of the
sen Ks ohtamed, that the base mav be ex
amined for any trace of a volva.
Guide to the Mushrooms
23
When and Where Mushrooms Grow,
when and where mushrooms grow.
Name Place
March
Collybia velutipes on stumps and trunks of trees
Coprinus micaceus . . . about elm stumps and trees
April
Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris on lawns and grassy spots
Volvaria speciosa " " grassy spots, gardens
Collybia velutipes " stumps and trunks of trees
Coprinus micaceus ....about elms stumps and trees
Morchella deliciosa moist woods, orchards
Coprinus comatus dumping grounds
May
Marasmius oreades . . . lawns and grassy spots
Pholiota praecox "
Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris "
Coprinus atramentarius " grassy spots, gardens
Collybia velutipes on stumps and trunks of trees
Pluteus cervinus " " and ground in woods
Coprinus micaceus . . . about elm trees and stumps
Coprinus comatus dumping grounds
m
1 5 B T
: i"
2* Gride to the Mushrooms
Morchella.leliciosa.... moist woods, in orchards
Volvaria speciosa ricli garden soil
June
Marasmius oreades . . . lawns and grassy spots
Pholiota praecox
Hy])hoIonia appendicu-
^^t""^ " " gardens
Panaeolus returigis ... " (newly made) dung
Xaueoria s e m i-orbicu-
^^'■^^ " and grassy spots
Amanitopsis vaginata . pastures and open woods
Clitocybe laccata
Lactarius volemus
Entoloma clypeatum. . .
Stropharia semiglobata '• about dung
Coprinus comatus .lumping grounds
Amanita strobiliformisopen woods and borders
C'ollybia radicata "
dryophila "
C'litoi)ilus prunulus ..."
Cortinarius corrugatus
Coprinus micaceus .... about elm stumps and trees
Collybia velutipes ....on trees and stumps
Omphalia campanella.. "
Pluteus cervinus '< stumps and ground in
woods
Fistulina hepatica .... " decaying chestnut trees
Polyporus betulinus . . " •• birch trees
" brumalis .... " " trunks
Guide to the Mushrooms 25
July
Lepiota naucinoides . .
procera lawns, grassy spots, pastures
Marasmius oreades ...
Pholiota praecox
Hyi)holoma appendicu-
latum *" " " gardens
Panaeolus returigis ... " (newly made) dung
Amanita muscaria " pastures, open woods
Frostiana ..."
" crenulata . . . . "
Clitocybe laccata pastures and woods
Hygrophorus miniatus moist pastures and ^^oods
Lactarius volenius i)astures and woods
Entoloma clypeatum ..gardens and woods
Agaricus campester . . pastures
Stropharia semi-globotj " about dung
Panaeolus solidipes ... "
Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris " and lawns
Calvatia cyathif orme . . . "
Gyromitra hygrometri-
cus " on sandy soil
Coprinus comatus dumping grounds
Amanita phalloides . . . open woods, occasionally in
pasture
Amanita rubescens . . . open woods
Scleroderma vulgare . . " " borders
Amanita excelsa "
H
\ h
miwi
26
Guide to the Mushrooms
«
i<
Amanitopsis vaginata open woods, borders
btrobilomyces strobl-
laceous
Amanita Caesaria
Tricholoma personatum
Collybia radicata
dryophlla ....
Lactarius piperatus . ..
Russula foetpns
fra^ is
emetica
purpurina ...
virescens
roseipes
Cantherellus cibarius
Clitopilus prunulus . . .
Cortinarius corrugatus
Boletus castaneiis
Polystictus perennis
Calvaria flava
cinerea
cristata
Leotia lubrioa
Agaricus silvaticus
Hypomyces lactifluo- woods where Lactarii are
^ ^"°^ found
rTj^u^^'^ along woody roads
Craterellus cornuco-
^°^^®® P»ne woods, gravel banks
Guide to the Mushrooms 27
Hydnum repandum . . . woods about stumps
Collybia velutipes on stumps and trunks of trees
Omphalia campanella. . " " " " " "
Pluteus cervinus " " and ground, open
woods
Coprinus micaceus . . . about elm stumps and trees
Fistulina hepatica on decaying chestnut trees
Polyporus betulinus . . " " birch trees
brumalis " " trees
August
Lepiota naucinoides . . lawns and pastures
Marasmius oreades " " "
Hypholoma appendicu-
latum " gardens
Panaeolus returigis ... " (newly made) dung
Lepiota procera pastures
Lycoperdon pyriforme " along roadsides
Calvatia gigantea "
" cyathiforme . " along roadsides
Gyromitra hygrometri-
cus " on sandy soil
Fez'- "'adia along roads and woody paths
Nai i s e m i-nr'nicu-
i .. .3 grassy spots
Agaricus campester . . pastures
Stropharia semi-globata " about dung
Panaeolus solidipes " "
Coprinus comatus dumping grounds
Amanita phalloides ... pa stures, occasionally, in
woods
m
if
28
Guide to the Mushrooms
Amanita niuscaria shady lawns, pastures
Frostiana . . . open woods, pastures
" rubescens ...
" Caesaria ....
excelsa
Amanitopsis vaginata.. "
Armillaria niellea
Tricholoma personatuni "
" russula
Clltocybe laceata
Collybia radicata
dryophila .... "
" confluens ... "
Mycena galericulata . .
Hygroi)horus miniatus
Lactarius volemus ....
piperatus ... "
Russula foetens
fragilis "
emetica
" purpurina ...
" virescens ....
roselpes
Cantharellus cibarius . "
Pluteus i^ervlnus
Entoloma clypeatum . .
rhodopolium . "
(moist spots)
-mm
Guide to the Mushrooms
29
Clitopilus pruniilus . . . open woods
Cortinarius violaceus . " "
cinnabarinus
" cinriamomeus " "
" corriigatus . . " "
Agaricns silvaticus ... " "
Boletinus pictiis mixed woods
" porosus " " lawn.s, i)astures
Boletus flavidus
" Americaniis . " "
" granulatus . . " "
" badiiis pine woods
" bicolor woods and open spots
Boletus variegatus .... pine woods
" ornatipes .... open woods
" scaber woods, open spots
chrysentereon
" edulis
" chromapes . . .
felleus
" castaneus . . .
Strobilomyces s t r o b i-open woods
laceous
Hydnuni imbricatum . pine woods
repandum . . . woods and i)astures
Pclystictus perennis . . pine woods
Craterellus c o r n u co-i)Ine woods, gravel banks
poides
about stumps
open spots
I
3
«jj
^0 Guide to the Mushrooms
Clavaria flava open woods
cinerea
cristata "
Leotia lubrica " "
Clitocybe gilva *'
Hypomyces lactifluo-
rum woods where Lactaril grow
Scleroderma vulgare . . open woods
Collybia velutipes stumps and trunks of trees
Omphalia campanella . " " " " "
Pleurotus ostreatus . . on elm and maple trees
Pholiota squarrosa . . . stumps and trunks of trees
Coprinus micaceus . . . about elm stumps and trees
Fistulina hepatica on chestnut trees
Polyporus sulphureus . " trees and stumps
betulinus ... " birch trees
" brumalls " decaying trees
September
Hypholoma appendicu-
latum lawns and gardens
Coprinus atramentarius " " "
Lepiota naucinoides . . " " grassy spots
Marasmius oreades ... " " pastures
Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris pastures, grassy spots
Agaricus campester . .
Stropharia semi-globati " about dung
Lepiota procera "
' fom^ssm
Guide to
Calvatia gigantea
" cyathlformJs..
craniifoTmis, .
Peziza badia .....
" aurantia
Amanita phalloides . .
" muscaria
" Frostiana
" rubescens . . .
" Caesaria
" excelsa
Amanitopsis vaginata .
Cortinarius violaceus .
" cinnabarinus
" cinnamomeus
" corrugatus . .
Lycoperdon pyriforme
Hypholoma perplexum
" sublateritiuin
Clltocybe illudens
" laccata
Sparassis crispa
Armillaria mellea ....
Tricholoma personatum
" russula
fhe Mushrooms
pastures, alond roadsides
31
along woody roads
on open ground
pastures, , occasionally woods
shady lawns, open woods
open woods, pastures
ground and stumps
(t
n a
tt
it
it it
(1
Si
ii
on stumps
a
i4
tt
"i
Ml
:i'2
Guide to the Mushrooms
«
«
on wood and leaves
xod woods
lawns, pastures
(generally pine)
and open spots
Trlcholonia sejunctuni open woods
CoUybia radicata ....
confluens . . .
" dryophila
Mycena galericulata . .
Boletinus pictus ni
" porosus
Boletus fiavidus
" Americanus .
" granulatus . .
badius
bicolor
variegatus . .
ornatipes . . .
scaber
chrysentereon
edulis
chromapes . .
felleus
" castaneus . . .
Strobilomyces s t r o b i-
laceous
Hydnum imbricatum . .
" repandum . . . woods and pastures
Polystictus perennis . . mixed woods
«
about stumps
i^m^:
Guide to the Mushrooms S3
Hygrophorus niiniatus woods in moist spots
l^actarious volenuis . . woods
piperatus ...
Russula foetens "
fragilis "
emetica
purpurina ...
*' roseipes
Entolonia rhodopolium
clypeatuni ...
('litoi)olus prunulus ...
Craterellus c o r n u c o-
poides " (i)ine) gravel banks...
Clavaria fiava
cinerea
cristata "
Leotia lubrica "
Hypomyces lactifluo-
rum " where I^actarii grow
Schleroderma vulgare.. "
r nphalia campanella . on stumps and trunks of trees
Pleurotus ostreatus " elm and majde trees
sapidus " decaying deciduous tress
Pjuteua ervinus " stumps
Pholiota squarrosa ... " " and trunks of trees
Coprinus micaceus about elm trees and stumps
Polyporus sulpiiureus . on stumps and trunks of trees
" betulinus .... " birch trees
brumalis " decaying trees
3
84 Guide to the Mushrooms
October
Marasmlus oreades . . . lawns and pastures
Hypholoma appendlcu-
latum " " gardens
Coprlnus atramentarlus " "
Naucorla s e m I-orblcu-
larls grassy spots
Agarlcus canipester . . pastures
Stropharia semi-globata " about dung
Lycoperdon pyrlforme . " along roadsides
Calvatia cyathiformls. .
" glgantea " " **
Pezlza aurantla on open ground
Coprlnu.- comatus dumping grounds
Amanita phalloides . . . pastures, occasionally, open
tvoods
" muscaria ... " lawns
excelsa open woods
Armillaria mellea " "
Tricholoma personatum " "
" russula " "
sejunctum . . "
Clitocybe laccata woods, pastures
Lactarius volemus " "
piperatus ...
Entoloma clypeatum . . " "
Cortinarius violaceus .
cinnabarinus. . "
Calvatia craniformis . . woods
Hyduum repandum ...
Guide to the Mu»hroom»
35
Polystlctus perennla . . "
Scleroderma vulgare . . "
Copriniis mlcaceus . . . about elm stumps and trees
Collybia velutlpes on stumps and trunks of trees
'* confluens ... In open woods
Mycena galericulata . . " " " on stumps and
leaves
Pholiota adiposa In open woods on leaves and
stumps
Omphalia campanella . on stumps and trunks of trees
Pleurotus ostreatus ... " elm and maple trees
" " " decaying deciduous trees
Hypholoma perplexum " stumps and ground in open
woods
" sublateritium on stumps and ground in open
woods
Sparassis crispa on stumps in open woods
Clitocybe illudens " " and ground in woods
November
Coprinus atramentarius lawns and gardens
Hypholoma perplexum in woods on ground and
stumps
" sublateritium in woods on ground and
stumps
on stumps
" elm and maple trees
" decaying cediduous trees
" trees and stumps
" birch trees
" decaying trees
Collybia velutlpes . .
Pleurotus ostreatus .
" sapidus . . .
Polyporus sulphureus
" betullnus .
" brumalis . .
Mi
L
Guide to the Mushrooms
37
How TO Col.I.ECT ;MuSHUOOMS AND HoW TO
Prepare Them for the '^."vbi.e.
Tlie eciuiinnent for a inusliroom linnt is
siiiii)le, coiisistiiig of two splint Ijaskets
which luav he o))taiiUMl at a j»ro('ers for five
or ten cents; one hasket to l)e nsed for spe-
cimens selected for analysis, the other for
the mnshroonis desired for the tahie; sev-
eral small tin or pa])er hoxes for fraj^de
s])ecimens; an ordinary kitchen knife; sev-
eral sheets of tissue ])aper with which to
wi-ap delicate specimens. Ferns and hrakes
make one of the hest material to pack about
the specimens. Place a generous layer on
the hottom of the basket, then when a layer
of nu;shro(mis is comi)leted, cover them
with ferns, and continue till the basket is
filled; the ferns are so light that the mush-
rooms are never crushed, and the moisture
tends to keep the mushrooms fresh. It is a
good plan to carry a note-book and several
loose sheets for data. Tn the note book, re-
cord the date, name of species, under the
head of the locality, which gives one an ex-
cellent guide book to mushroom haunts.
mmmm
^8 Guide to the Mushrooms
A copy of the sheets provided by the Bos-
ton Mycologieal Club follows. These can
be purchased from the Club at a nominal
sum.
Toadstools— Field Notes*
Date ^Q
Collected at after
during, dry, wet, weather by
Habitat; on ground, high, low, wet, rich,
poor, loamy, clayey, sandy, gravelly; on
fallen leaves, twigs, branches, logs, dead,
Imng wood ; in open, sparsely-wooded, pas-
ture, field, lawn, roadside, swamp, dense,
open, evergreen, deciduous, mixed woods,
under trees.
Plant; solitary, gregarious, caespitose, not
rootmg ; taste ; odor
Cap; dry, moisi, hygrophanous, viscid;
color, young old at first
pruinose— pulverulent— f arinaceous — f ur-
furaceous, above, below, then naked.
Gills; color young old
concolorous, staining when bruised.
Milk; color not changing; to ;
Guide to the Mushrooms 39
taste, mild, acrid.
Veil; none, evanescent, appendieulate, ar-
achnoid, thin, thick, not viscid; color
Ring; none, trace, evanescent, fragile, firm,
persistent, not viscid, glutinous, not mov-
able, superior, inferior, medial.
Volva; none, evanescent, fragile, not form-
ing Wc tough, membrane, persistent,
free, a* . '■ led.
Spores; color
Additional Notes
* Check with an oblique line each term used.
In gathering specimens for identification
and analysis, great care nmst be employed
to obtain the whole specimen. If the spe-
cimen is to be carried home for analysis,
it is well to number the blank, filling out the
data as far as possible on the spot, then
slip a corresponding number on the stem of
the mushroom to avoid confusion.
Mushrooms, like flowers, are found m
various places; some prefer sandy soil,
others moist shady spots ; some are found
in the early spring time, others not until
summer or fall.
40
Guide to the Mushroom*
hi -
1^
To gather mushrooms for the table, se-
lect only the fresh specimens, remove the
cap from the stem thus avoiding the earth
that is liable to cling to the base of the
stem. If possible, never wash a mushroom,
wipe it with a dry flannel cloth. If it is
necessary to wash them, i)hice in a colland-
er so that they will drain well. The mush-
room itself contains such a large percent-
age of water that any addition serves to
dilute the flavor.
Never eat mushrooms until you are cer-
tain of their identity. Thesimpfestandmost
satisfactory method to cook (^oprini Agari-
ci, Kussulae, Clavariae, is as follows : Place
a ])iece of butter in a sauce pan and after
it is melted add the niushrooms,> season
with salt and pepper, cover closely and let
cook eight to ten minutes; serve hot on
toast or beef steak. If the caps are very
large, break in pieces. The large caps are,
however, more satisfactory bi-oiled. But
ter the broiler before placing the mush-
rooms on it then broil for five to eight min-
utes, season and serve very hot.
The Chanterelles and Lactarii demand
longer cooking than the above species.
i
Guide to the Mushrooms
41
They may be cooked as above or stewed
gently foV twenty minutes, then turn off
the surplus watei* and cover them with a
rich cream sauce.
^Mushrooms having a strong flavor such
as (\)i)rinus comatus, I.epiota naucinoides,
make a more pahitable dish if served as a
scallop, using a layer of cracker crumbs, a
laver of small pieces of mushrooms, season-
ed with butter, pepper and salt, until the
baking dish is full. Pour over this sweet
milk and bake in a moderate oven about
three-ijuarters of an hour.
Baked nmshrooms are prepared as in the
first receipt and the result is much the
same. Always cover a mushroom while it
is cooking as the flavor escapes otherwise.
To cook morels, split them open, fill the
center with minced chicken veal or beef,
press together and bake ^^r three-fourths
of an hour.
To cook puff balls, pare, slice in thick
slices, dip in beaten egg and fry in butter.
The result is a delicious omelet.
To dry Marasmius ore ies and Boleti,
remove the stems from the first, the stems
and pores from the latter; place them
42 Guide to the Mushrooms
wliere the sun will shine on them and in a
few days they may he packed i^ tin cans.
To use the dried mushrooms, soak in water
al)out twenty minutes tl:3n cook as if they
were fresh.
If
GUIDE
TO THE
MUSHROOMS
ILLUSTRATED
Guide to the Mushrooms
45
AMANITA phalloideS. (Fr) "Phallus-like."
(V,;,. — :5 to 4 inches broad, cominonly white or
lemon vellow, oval, bell-shaped, later expanded, cov-
ered witli thin viscid skin, rarely sprinkled with one
or two wartlike fragments of the volva, margin
even.
Flesh.— White.
a ill. f.—linthcr broad, free, rounded behind,
white.
Spore.s. — Gl Imlar, white.
Stem.- ?> to 5 inches long, 1-2 inch or more thick,
lower part solid and bulbous, upper part hollow
and tapering, white.
lijng.— On upper part of stem (superior) gen-
( rally whole and white.
J'olva.- -^lorc or less buried, bulbous, bursting
open in a torn manner about the stem and partially
free from it.
Odor. — Somewhat foetid.
Habitat.— In woods, occasionally in pastures,
growing singly, frequent from July to November.
Very frequent in all sections of the United States.
J'erif poisonous.
AMANITA excelsa. (Fr.) excelsus, tall.
Cap. — 4 to T) inches broad, brownish gray, disc
4()
Guide to the Mushroomt
darker^ globose, then plane, skin thin, separating,
sprinkled with unequal whitish warts the remains
of the volva. Margin even, at first, later furrowed.
Flesh Soft, white, unchangeable.
Gills. l''ree broad, ventricose, rounded behind,
white.
Spores. — Elliptical, white.
Stem. — 1- to () inches long up to 1 inch thick; at
(irst stuffed, later holU>w; bulbous at base, covered
jrt'iur.illy as f.ir as ring with concentric scales
t'oruK'd from the torn skin of stem.
Ring. — Superior, large, at length torn.
J'olva. — Marginate, buried in the soil, somewhat
rooting. Odor. — Not strong.
Habitat. — In woods, growing singly July to No-
vember, quite frequent in all sections of U. S.
Poisonous.
AMANITA mUSCaria. (I.inn.) from musca
meaning a fly. Common Name "Fly Amanita."
Cap. — 4 inches or more broad, deep orange in
centre, lighter near margin, fading as it grows
older; globe shaped, then convex and at last flat;
covered with a skin which is viscid in moist weath-
er and sprinkled with thick white, fragments of
the volva, margin sljghtly striate.
Flesh. — White, tinged with yellow just below
the skin.
Gills. — Free, crowded, broader in front, white
or tinged with yellow.
-j^q^"
4
Guide to the Mushrooms 47
Scores. — FVIiptical, white.
Stem.—C) to 8 inches lorij?, op- half inch thick,
h)wcr part bulhous, stuffed, th u ...Mow, shining
white.
Ring, — On apex of the stetn, very soft, torn,
white.
J'oha. — Forms a margin to the bulb on thr stem
in concentric scaUs. Odor. — Not noticeabh-.
Habitat. — In pine woods, or on lawns under i)inc
trees, growing singly, frequent, from July to No-
vember, Verv connnon. Very fmisonous.
AMANITA Frostiana (Pk.) Named for c^ c:.
Frost.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, orange yellow, fading
to white at margin; convex then flat; dry. sprinkled
with flakes of white volva, called warts; margni
striate.
Flesh.— White.
Gills. — Free, white or barely tinged with yel-
low. Spores. — Globular, white.
Stem. — 2-3 inches long, 1-1 inch thick, bulbous,
stuffed, yellowish.
Ring.— On upper part of stem (superior), dis-
appearing in mature specimens, yellowish white.
Volva. — Very indistinct, appearing in yellowish,
wooly scales at base of stem.
Odor. — Not strong.
Habitat. — In open woods, oreasionally in pas-
tures, growing singly, July-September. Found in
all sections of United States.
Poisonous. -Distinguished from A. muscaria by
its size, which is much smaller than A. muscaria.
It
-^ n I
m
,-^i^^^- --I'J^". y\^^'^.
1
Guide to the Mushrooms
49
AMANITA rubeSCenS (Pers.) from rubesco to
become red. "Blushing Amanita."
Cap —1 inches and more broad, dmgy reddish,
convex at first then flat; fleshy, moist but not vis-
cid in wet weather, covered with soft mealy, whit-
tish warts, sometimes perfectly smooth, margin
even. , ^ . • a
Flesh.— Soft, streaked with red and turning red
wherever bruised.
Gills.— Yery broad, reaching to the stem with a
slight decurrent tooth; thin, crowded, soft, whitish
streaked with red. -Spor^-*.— Elliptical vvhite.
,V^^^„._1.5 inches long, and up to one inch thick;
base solid, somewhat bulbous ; upper part stuff'ed,
streaked with red. ,
Ring.— On upper part of the stem (superior),
large, soft, white. . jj- u
^'o/vfl.—Rather indistinct, apearing in reddisn
scales at the base of the stem.
0,/or.— Scarcely any. Taste.— MM, agreeable.
//a/j//flf.— Pine woods, also pastures; generally
growing singly, but in large patches; frequent
from July to September. Very common in New
England. .
Edible. — Very delicious.
AMANITA Caesaria (Scop.) ''King-like."
"Orange Amanita."
Cap. — 3-8 inches broad, brilliant red in centre,
yellow toward edge in mature plants ; young speci-
mens generally red to margin; hemispherical, then
50
Guide to the Mushrooms
m
flat, smooth, shiny; generally dry; margin very
striate.
Flesh. — Delicate yellow.
Gills. — Free, yellow.
Spores. — FJjiptical, white.
Stetn.— i-G inches long, base up to 3-1 inch thick,
tapering upward; stuffed, yellowish.
Ring. — On upper part of stem (superior), large
white, sometimes tinged with yellow.
Volva. — Very distinct, large, shining, white.
Of/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Agreeable, mild.
Habitat. — Open woods, generally growing sing-
ly, not frequent, from July-September. Found in
all sections of United States but not common.
Edible. — One of the most highly prized. Care
should be taken, however not to confuse this with
A. muscaria or A. Frostiana which are poisonous.
The two latter closely resemble A. Caesaria in the
yellow tinge of the stem and gills; the differences
are, — A. muscaria and A. Frostiana have wart-like
patches on the cap, a smaller r>ng which breaks
up as the mushroom matures and the volva is nev-
er distinct and is of a yellowish tinge of color.
AMANITA crenulata. (Pk.)
Cap. — 1-4 inches broad, ovate, then convex, at
length plane with slight depression in center; thin
skin, slightly viscid at first with patches of volva
>
3 -^
5. >
*
u
<1
If
^
Guide to the Mushrooms
5S
ndluTing, which soon disappear leaving the skin
smooth and dry; margin striate. Color delicate
bufF inclining to yellowish white.
Flesh.— White, thin, soft.
Gills.— Yree, white, notched on the edges (cren-
ulate) .
Spores. — Broadly elliptic, white.
Stem. — 2-i inches long up to 1-2 inch thick, equ-
al, stuffed, then holow, smooth, bulbous.
Ring. — Very slight, soon wholly wanting.
Volva. — Very slight.
Odor.—WM.
Habitat. — Open pine wods, lawns, pastures, fre-
quently growing singly, July to October. Reported
in New England.
^ot tried for edibility.
It might easily be taken for a species of Amani-
topsis on account of the very slight ring, which is
often wanting in mature specimens.
AMANITOPSIS vaginata (Roze) from
vagina — a shield.
Cap. — 2-5 inches broad, convex, then plane,
sometimes with a knob at the center, (umbonate),
thin, fragile, glossy, smooth; color variable, gen-
erally mouse gray, sometimes tawny yellow and
also date-brown; deeply and distinctly striate.
Flesh.— VnAie, but in the dark forms, grayish
under the skin.
Gills. — Free and white .
Amaxitopsis vaginata
(partially grown.)
Guide to the Mushrooms
55
•J
t
.Spore*.— Globular and white.
Stem.-3-5 inches long, white, some imes smooth
luit generally mealy, hollow, or stuffed with a cot-
tony pith, not bulbous.
iimff.— None. , .
rolva.-houg, thin, fragile, closely sheathing
the stem yet free from it.
OJor.— Mild.
Taste,— Ui\d.
Habitat.— Woods and pastures, frequent, grow-
ing singly from June to frost.. Very frequent m
all sections of the U. S. Reported edibU% but be-
cause of the similarity of several species ot Amani-
tas, the ring of which soon vanishes leaving it the
appearance of the Amanitopsis, it should be avoided.
LEPIOTA procera (Scop.) from procerus, tall
"Parasol Mushroom."
Cap—S to 7 inches broad; color brownish, egg
shaped then flat; rough, with brown scales except
in the center which has a dark brown umbo margin,
very thin, to whic'i fragments of the veil adhere.
Flesh. — Rather thin, white.
Gills. -Yrce, very distant from stem, broad,
brownish white in hue.
.Spore's.— Elliptical, white.
St(nu.—r> to 8 inches long, up to 1-2 inch thick,
slightlv bulbous at base, tubular; flesh distinct
from that of cap, white, covered with brownish
scales.
E
/ f
II
I *.'
|i|
ft
Ed O
O o
i
I
Guide to the Mushrooms
57
Ring.-On upper part of stem (superior), mova-
ble, remaining whole, white.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — Agreeable,
Taste. — Agreeable, luitty.
Ilabitat.-Pn^inrcs, growing singly, q«^t« com-
.,o,, July-September, l-^quent in New England
2,;,/,7,/,,.l_Very delicious. Dries readily, reviv
ing when soaked in water.
LEPIOTA naucinoides. (Pk.) "Smooth
Lepiota." . , . i ..i
Cap —1 to 3 inches broad, hemispherical then ex-
panding, smooth, soft, snowy white; margin, crack-
ing and tr.jned up over the cap.
Flesh.— Yirm, white, thick.
(iills.—-Fvee, white, slowly changing with age to
a dirty pinkish brown.
NwJrc*.— Sub-elliptical, white. , u • u
Stem.-2 to 3 inches long, 1-t to 1-2 inch thick
at tiie base; white, stutfVd with fibres, and later hol-
low ; tapering upward, distinctly bulbous.
Rinl—Ahout the center of the stem, attached to
stem, outer edge thicker; as the plant ages, the rmg
is often missing but traces of it are always discern-
ible, white.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Strong.
Taste. — Strong. .,
Habitat.— Lawns and pastures from July till
M
&d
Q
y*— s
O
V.
o
ft.
11;
^
<
HH
y.
.,
<
o
h
o
O
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0.
in
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^
Guide to the Mushrooms
59
frost. Very common in central sections of United
States in early fall.
Edible.-Great care must be taken not to con-
fuse this mushroom with A. phalloides. In the Lep-
iota the bulb and stem are continuous, rinj? smaller
Li Is turn brownish with age. In the Amanita the
Wt on of the bulb and stem is abrupt, bulb more
ir less enclosed in a volva, ring larger gills always
white. The Amanita is very rarely found in pas
tures or grassy spots, the Lepiota is rarely found in
woods.
ARMILLARIA mellea (Vahl.) from melleus,
color of honey. "Honey Mushroom."
Cap —1 to 4 inches, broad, convex, dry, varying
from smooth to tufted with blackish scales or hmrs
varving in color from light yellow to a reddish
brownfmargin at first slightly curevd under some-
times striate and split along the e^ges. One of
the most variable mushrooms, yet when once deter-
mined, easy of recognition.
2,7g,^.__Ratlier tough, thin, whitish.
Gi//..— Extending down the stem (decurrent),
rather crowded, thin, creamy white, streaked with
brown when mature.
.Spore*.— Elliptical, white.
Stem.—l to 4 inches long, up to 3-4 inch thick,
i'r%:\
AUMILI.ARIA MEI A
(Iloiitv Mushrou )
Guide a the ^ushrooms
61
ven; color' like
ijg !iollo\\
, the pl.mt mrt-
tre-
er
l-
variable in shapf' fr» i " ^ t
cap, son shrif of browTi, bec«
Ring. Verv ligli v.-uiishins
tures.
f'oicc. -N ife.
Odor.- -N utty.
Tffste.- -\ titty.
flabitftt. In open woods, in larj^e clu
qiu at ^r« ui Auj^ust till frost C<ninnoi
the Un e*d Stat* s.
Edih ,. Ir s 'e of its toughness, it < oks
ih antl h is an c> ci.'illy good Havor. Di s r
r< iviiig wht n soared in water.
RIChOLOMA personatum (Fr.) "wear-
ing 1 in.'i^ V," from its man; >lors.
( - 1 to t inches broad, thick, convex or plane,
nu>is' snh.uth, variable in color from a pale ash to
a viol , margin at first turned under over the gills,
later rot ided in the opposite direction.
Flesh. — Whitish.
Gills. — Free, rounded behind, broad, crowded,
violet in coh)r, becoming dingy brown with age.
Spores. -Sub-elliptical, regular in shape, dingy
white.
Stejn. — 1 to 3 indies long, ] '1 inch thick at the
base; gener illy thick bulbous, solid; frosted with
fine hairs and colored like the cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — ^. one.
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Guide to the Mushrooms
63
Odor. — Not strong.
Taste.— m\d.
Ualrfat. — Woods and open places, growing from
old rotten, stable straw, singly or in clusters; com-
mon from July ^o October, all over the United
States.
Edible. —
TRICHOLOMA russula (SchaefF.) from
Latin meaning reddish.
Cap. — 2 to l inches broad, thick, convex then ex-
panded, finally depressed; viscid, streaked with
red, paler toward margin which is thick at first,
splitting as it ages.
Flesh. — White, tinged with red, quite thick, solid.
Gills. — Extending dow*. the stem (decurrent)
not crowded, whitish, tinged with red.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long, up to 3-4 inch thick,
slightly bulbous, solid, very fibrous; colored like
the cap, white, streaked with red.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
0</or.— Mild.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat.— Open woods, generally growing sing-
ly, frequent, from August till frost. Ver common
in New England.
Edible. — Of good flavor.
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Guide to the Mushrooms
65
i
TRICHOLOMA sejunctum (Sow.)
Cap.—4> inches broad, convex, then expanded,
slightly umbonate, viscid when moist, yellowish
white, streaked with dark threadlike fibrils; ir-
regular in shape; margin, thin, uneven.
Flesh.— White, very fragile.
GiM*.— Notched near stem from which they are
easily separated, their distinguishing characteristic,
hence the name sejunctum, broad, rather distant,
white.
Spore. — Subglobose, white.
Stem.-— I to 3 inches long 3-1 inches thick, solid,
smooth, irregular in shape, white.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— Mild.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat.— Open woods, September and October,
not very common, growing singly, in eastern and
central sections of United States.
Edible. —
CLITOCYBE laccata (Scop.)
Cap.— 1-2 to 2 inches broad, thin, convex, later
expanded and wavy, sometimes with a slight umbo
or knob in the center; smooth or minutely scaley,
of a watery appearance when moist; varying in
f:t
- f I
Clitocybe laccata
Guide to the Mushrooms
67
color from a delicate tan to a dark brown and from
a light violet to a dark purple. Cap and gills pow-
dered with minute whitish scales, resembling some-
what the threads of a spider's web. Margin wavy
in the cap of full growth.
Flesh.— Whitish.
Gills. —Broad, rather thick and distant, attached
to the stem, (adnexed) and flesh colored.
Spores. — White.
Stern.— 1 to 3 inches, long, slender, firm, hbrous,
stuffed with fibres equal and of the same color as
the cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— Mild.
Habitat.— Woods and pastures; a very variable
and very abundant species, growing singly or in
chimps, 'from June to October. Common every-
where.
Edible. —
CLITOCYBE illudens (Schw.) mocking, de-
ceiving.
Cap. — 3 to 5 inches broad, convex then expanded,
slightly depressed with a small umbo in the center,
smooth, dry, margin revolute, wavy, thin; bright
yellow in color.
Flesh.— Quite thick, firm, yellow.
Gi7Z».— Distant, decurrent, branched, yellow like
cap.
I
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COLLYBIA RADICATA
ClITOCYBE ILLUDEN8
Guide to the Mushrooms
69
Spores. — Spores nearly round, white.
Pace 69- — . , . 1 • 1
Stem.— 5 to 8 inches long, up to 1-2 inch thick,
firm, smooth, tapering at base, colored like cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Rather Strong.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat.— In open woods, also in pastures about
stumps, growing in large clusters, very showy, com-
mon in September and October. In central and
eastern sections of the United States.
CLITOCYBE gilva — (Pers.) gilvus, pale
brownish vellow.
Not edible. —
Cap.— 9. to 4 inches broad, convex, then nearly
plane, even, smooth, brownish yellow; margin in-
volute, rather thick even.
Flesh.— 'Rsither firm, colored somewhat like cap.
Gj7i5.— Decurrent, then crowded, branched, nar-
row, paler than cap.
-Spor^*.— Elliptical, white.
fitem.—\ to 3 inches long up to 1-2 inch thick,
solid, smooth, villous at base, attenuated at base,
colored like cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Orfor.— Mild,
r^.vf^'.— Mild.
Habiiat.—In open woods, growing singly, Aug-
ust. Not frequent.
Edible, —
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Guide to the Mushrooms
71
i:
COLLYBIA radicata. (Relh.) from radix, a
root. "Rooted Colly bia."
Cap. — 1 1-2 to 4 inches broad, from convex to
plane, with a broad knob in the center, (gibbous),
frequently wrinkled toward the knob, glutinous
when moist; color variable from light brown to
dark brown when growing in the shade; margin in-
curved.
Flesh. — Thin, white and elastic.
Gills.— White, thick, tough, distant, with veins
between, attached to the stem with a rounded notch
like a tooth.
Spores. — Elliptical and white.
Stcm.— i to 6 inches long 1-t to 1-2 inch thick at
thick at the base, smooth, firm, tapering upward,
twisted, with a long tapering root, same color
as the cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat.— In woods, sometimes in grassy places
growing singly, quite common from June to Octo-
ber. Frequent in central and eastern United States.
Edible. — , _ ^
COLLYBIA velutipes (Curt.) "Velvet Foot-
ed."
Cap. — 1 to .S inches broad, convex, soon becom-
ing plane, often bent backward; color varying
from a yellowish to a dark yellowish brown, the
center being darkc than the margin; sticky when
moist; margin sometimes slightly lined.
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Guide to the Mushrooms
73
Flesh.— Watery, soft, yellowish white.
Gills.— Broad and rounded behind, slightly at-
tached to the stem (adnexed), distant, unequal
in length; faint buff color, growing deeper witli
age.
Spores. — White, elliptical.
Stem.- 1 to S inches long and up to 3-8 inch
tiuck at the base, very tough, twisted, equa ,
stuffed with fibres and later hollow, upper part yel-
lowish, lower part black, densely velvety.
Ring. — None.
Folva. — None.
Of/or.— Mild.
Taste.— MM. . .
Ilabitat.—On stumps and roots, growing in clis-
ters from Mav to November, with heavier t-aps m
the fall. Very common in all sections of tlie
country.
Edible.
COLLYBIA confluens (Pers.)
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches broad nearly plane, smooth,
tough, flaccid, reddish brown in center, lighter to-
ward margin, fading in wet weather to grayish
white; margin somewhat striate, thin, even.
Flesh.— Thin, white, dries much like Marasmius,
reviving in water.
Gills.— ¥ree, narrow, crowded, grayish-yellow.
Spores. — White, minute, ovate.
Stem. — 1 to 4 inches long, up to 1-3 inch thick,
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Guide to the Mushrooms
75
equal, hollow, often flattened at top or throughout
its entire length, darker in color than cap and cloth-
ed with a fine white down.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
()(hr. — Mild.
Taste.— Mi\d.
Habitat.— In tuft; Ims • 'N name; on ground in
woods August to Oct>-<- in -astern and central
secitons of United St.- -iiule common.
Edible.
COLLYBIA dryophila (Bull.)
"Oak-Loving Mushroom."
Cap.— I to3 inches broad,plane,slightly depress-
ed in the center, smooth, flexible, tough; margin at
first turned in over the gills, tlien flattened; colo-
dark brown becoming paler with age. Several
varieties vnry in form of stem being inflated, gills
sulphur yt Uow, cap buft' color, but the type charac-
teristics are alike in all the species.
Fle.sh.— Thin, white.
Gills. — Crowded, narrow, slightly
stem, white.
Spores. — Spindle shaped, white.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long and up to 1-4 inch thick
at base, even, smooth, tube-like, with a small root
of a reddish yellow color; base of stem sometimes
enlarged.
attached to
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Guide to the Mmhrooms TJ
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None
Odor.—UildL.
Taste.— WM.
Habitat. — In pine and mixed woods, also open
spots, very common, growing in clusters from June
to September. Found in all sections of the United
States.
MYCENA galericulata (Scop.) small peaked
cap.
Cap. — Up to 2 inches broad, bell shaped cani-
panulate then expanded, striate to the center, dry,
smooth, dingy brown, becoming pa.er with age,
margin thin wavy.
Fle/fh. — Thin, whitish, tough.
Gills. — Adnexed, attached to the stem by a tooth-
like notch, crowded, connected with veins, whitish,
then flesh yellow.
Spores. — White and globular.
Stem. — 2-3 inches long, stiff, polished, even, with
a spindle-shaped root at the base; colored like the
cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— Mild.
Taste.— mid.
Habitat. — On trunks and fallen leaves, very com-
mon, very variable, growing in clusters, the stems
joined together with soft hairy down at the base.
August to November Found in all sections of the
United States.
Edible.
PlEUROTUS 08TREATU8
(Oyster Mushroom)
Guide to the Mushrooms
79
OMPHALIA campanella (Batch), bell-
shaped.
Cap. — Up to 3-8 of an inch broad, very thin and
rather tough, convex then depressed in the center,
smooth, water-soaked in appearance, when moist;
of a rusty yellow color; margin lined when moist.
Flesh. — Very thin and colored like the skin of
tlic cap, tough.
Gills. — Close, runing down on the stem (decur
rent), with veins between, yellow in color.
Spores. — White and elliptical.
Stem. — 1 inch long, firm, hollow, brown at the
base with rough hairs, yellowish at the top.
Ring. — None,
J'olva. — None.
Odor.— Mild.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — On rotten stumps of trees, in clusters;
very connnon in pine woods from June to Novem-
ber. Common over United States.
Edible.
PLEUROTUS ostreatus (Jack.)
"Ovster Mushroom."
Cap. —Sto 5 inches broad, shell-shaped, pnl<- gray
in color, growing yellowish-white with age, margin
very thin and turned in at first over the gills, later
wavy.
Flesh. — Thick, soft, white.
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Pleurotus sapidus
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0'/7/.v.- Runninji down o\\ Hir stem, (hciirnnl.
somewhat distant, veined. l)r()ad. white, veHowish
when aged.
Spores.- White.
N/f'»/.- Short, jrrowinji; from the side of the enj)
(lateral), firm elastie, siiooth. ihiekeninji toward
eap, whitish.
liiiiii.- \ovc.
f'olra.- None.
Or/or,- Quite mild.
Taste. — Rather stn)nji-. when eookt-d restinMiiiT
the tlavor of oysters.
IIahitat.--ih\ dee^yinj"; trunks of <»aks. maples,
elms and poplar trees. (;r«)win^r ji, l;,r«i-e elusters.
Very eonnnon from Auj-iist to November. Found
in all seetions of the L'nited States.
AV/Z/j/r.— Recpnres slow gentle eooking. Drit s
well, reviving when so iked in water.
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the
PLEUROTUS sapidus ( K dehh. )
Latin, savory.
Cap- ] to .'5 inches hroid, eonvex. sometimes de-
pressed in mature speeimens. smooth, variabh- ui
form from its mode of growth in erosvded elust( rs.
varving in eolor from white to yellowish, ,\shy-gr-iy,
lilae. and brownish. Margin is ineurvt 1 wluii
young, often wavy in agt'.
/•7r*/j.-- Rather thin, solid, white, toi.gli.
0'j//.¥.- -Rather broad, distant, running d')wn the
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stem (docurront) ofttii cracked in nintun' speci-
mens; colored like the e.i}).
Sporex. — Ohlonjf, pale lilac Mliicli is the distin-
gnishin^ characteristic of this mushroom and en-
ables one to distinguish it from P. ostreatus.
Stem. — I to "-i inches long, uj) to \-'2 ineli thick,
solid, firm, smooth, tough, white; attached to tin-
side »)f the cap, though in some specinu'us it gnjws
nearly in tin- center.
li'ni<r. — None.
J'oli'a. — None.
Odor. — Agreeable.
7'..v^r'. -Mild.
//rt^/7rt^ Oecaying trunks, or bruised spots of
deciduous tn-es. very frecjuent, growing in larg<'
clusters Sei>tend)er to fros'^.
Edible.
HYGROPHORUS miniatUS (Ir.) from nnni
um. meaning red lead.
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches bri)ad, thin, fragile; at
first convex then nearly plane, sm jotii, bright red
in color; si.nu'times yellow on the margin, mirgin
wavy and, in full grown caj). cracked toward the
center of the cap; watery in appearance.
Flefih. — White, thin, quite firm, tender.
Gills. — Yellow sometimes tinged with red, dis-
tant, growing to the stem (adnate).
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Gnide to the Mushrooms
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NworrA.— KUiptk-al, whitf.
Sft.,„,—^\ to '2 iiiflus lonjr, slnultr. smooth, tr.i-
fri\v aiui of the samt- c'oh)r as tht- cap.
Ring. — Noiu-.
/'«/rrt. — Nonf.
0^/«r.- Not notictabli'.
Tostr.- Dcliratr.
Ilahiiat.-\u im)ist w.muIs. ^nminjj m ^Toiips
from July to (Mohtr. I'omul in all srclioiis of llir
Lnitfd Statts.
Kdihlc.— ihw of tho most dilicatrly Hav»)rt(l.
LACTARIUS VOlemUS (I'r-) »n.m voK-ma
aiul i)ira nu'aninjj a kind of larjit- ptar.
(fip, o to ') iiu'lu's broad, convix. tlun marly
plant', with the center sli^litiy depressed, moist
later, drv; Hrm, brownish oranne. in the full onnvn
cap the skin is often eraeked into i)atehes. marjrin
even, later v. rinkled and niottled.
Flesh. White, thiek, and eouttininji; a slieky
white milk with a mild taste.
0'i//.y.--(irowinjr to the stem and slijrlitly attach-
ed by a small tooth-like notch, close, whitish, le-
comiii^r stained with brown when bruised, bro id,
crowded, thin.
Spores. — Cllobular. white.
Stem. — 1 to t inclus long, nearly 1 iJieh thick,
solid, slightly tapering upward, smooth, colored
like the cap.
Rivii. — None.
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
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150
156
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1653 East Main Street
Rochester. New York 14609 USA
(716) 482 - 0300- Phone
(716) 288- 5989 -Fox
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Guide to the Mushrooms
87
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Volva. — None.
Orfor.— Mild.
Taste.--^IM.
Habitat.— Woods and pastures, jrrowiuf? siiifrly,
verv coininou from Juiu- to Nov. in all stctions ot
the'U. S.
Edible.— Rvqmrvs slow, gcntlt- cooking.
LACTARIUS piperatus (I'r.) f^"" P'P*"'' •'
pepj)er.
Cop. — t to 9 inclu's broad, wlun young convex,
when fully grown funnel-shaped, firm, dry, white,
and smooth; margin at first curved in over the gills,
later wavv.
/./^^/j.^Thick, white. The flesh of the genus
lactarius contains a milky fluid which exudes, when-
ever the fungus is bruised or broken. The milk ot
the pii)eratus is white, changing very slowly to a
yellow and is very plentiful and peppery to the
taste.
(;-illff^ — Crowded, narrow, thicker at the edge,
white, with here and there yellow spots, where the
milk has stained the gills.
Spores. — Xearly globular, white.
Stem. — 1 to '2 inches long, 1 to
solid, generally ecjual, white.
liiiig.Souv. J'olra. — None.
Odor. — None. Taste. — Acrid.
Habitat.— In woods from July to Oct., growing
singly; common in New Eng.
Edible.— With cooking the acrid taste disappears.
2 inches thick.
X
Guide to the Mushroonis
89
LACTARIUS SUbdulciS (Fr.) from tlu- Latin,
somewhat sweet.
Cap^ — l-i> to 2 inches l.rond, slij?htly convex
with tiny umho, at length plane and slijrhtly lie-
pressed, zoneless, smooth, dry, brownish-red; mar-
gin even.
Flesh. — Thin, fragile, pinkish-gray.
Milk. — White, not very plentiful, mild in tiste.
tjrdily acrid.
Gills. — Narrow, thin crowded, sub-decnrrent, c(»l-
ored like cap hut lighter tinjre.
Spores. — White, oblong.
Stem. — Up to l-t inch thick, hollow, cohm-d like
l)ileiis, equal, smooth, slightly downy at base.
Odor.— MM.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — In swamps asid damp ground .July to
October, verv common.
Edible.
RUSSULA purpurina (Sehul/.). meaning
])urple.
Cap. — 1 1-2 to 2 1-2 inches broid, hemispheri-
cal, later plane and at last depressed in the center,
slightly glutinous in wet weather, skin easily sep-
arating from the cap, dark reddish puiple paling
a little with age; margin thin and even.
Flesh. — Thick, white, reddish under the skin,
verv brittle, mild taste.
lii
RUSSULA PURPURINA
Guide to the Mushrooms
91
Gills. — Growing to the stem, crowded, at first
white, later yellowish, rather broad, almost equal,
thick.
Spores. — White, globose, minutely warted.
Stem. — 1 to 1 1-^ inches long and up to 1-2
inch thick, spongy, slightly tapering toward the
base and apex, rose-pink in color whicli fades with
age.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
. Odor. — None.
Habitat. — In woods from July to October grow-
ing singly; quite common in New England.
Edible.
RUSSULA foetenS. (Fr.) from foetens, mean-
ing stinking.
Cap. — i to 5 inches broad or more, globular,
there expanded and depressed ; covered with a glut-
inous, separating, brownish-yellow skin; margin at
first bent in over the gills, then very striate.
Flesh. — Thin, soft, pale yellow.
Gills. — Attached to the stem (adnexed) crowded,
with veins, forked at first white, exuding watery
drops, later colored like the cap.
Spores. — White, globular. .,
Stem. — 2 to 1 inches long and up to 1 inch thick
at the base; color like the cap.
RUSSULA KOETENS
Guide to the Mushrooms
9i
liiug. — None.
J'olva. — Noiu'.
Odor. — I'ottid, very (lisrigrt'oahlf.
Taste. — Very hitttr.
Habitat. — In woods and ojx'n plact's, very conj-
n.on in Xtw England from July to Octolur jj;ro\v-
\n\f sinj^ly.
Sot edible.
RUSSULA emetica (Fr.) an enu'tic.
Cap. — :i to 1 int'ht's broad, at first Ifll-sliaped,
llun lAiiUv and depressed in the eenter, smooth, at
rirst rose coK)r, fading to yeHow when old; margin
'ined and warty.
Flesh. — Brittle, white, reddish underneath the
eparating skin.
6'/7/.v.- Nearly f"re<', broad, somewhat distant,
white.
Spores. — Spherical, white.
Stem. — 1 to '.i inehes long, stout, stuffed witli
fibres, white, with sometimes a tinge of red.
liing. — None.
I'olva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Very acrid.
Habitat. — In open woods, common all over the
I'nited States, growing singly fr mi July to Octo-
ber.
Edible. — Reported in recent years as edible.
Guide to the Mushrooms
95
RUSSULA fragiliS (Fr.) fragile.
Cap. — 1 to 'i inclu's broad, convex, with a slight
knob, (unibonate), at the ct-nttr, tht-n plint' and
later depressed; skin thin, slightly glutinous in wet
we.ither, bright red; margin very thin, slightly lin-
ed and wartv.
Flesh. — Very fragile, thin, flesh color, changing
to red spots.
Spots. — Slightly attached to the stem, very thin,
crowded, rather broad, veined, white.
Spores. — White.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, spongy, then hollow,
often slightly lined, white.
Ring. — None.
I'olva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
Taste. — Acrid.
Ilnhitat. — In open woods, growing singly, com-
mon ii'om July to October. Frequent in New Eng-
land,
Edible.
RUSSULA Virescens. (Fr.) from viresco, tn
he green.
Cap — 2 to t inches broad, globular, then exj)and-
ed, later depressed in the center, always dry, the
greenish skin breaking up into patches on the sur-
face; margin straight, thick, even.
Flesh — Thick, brittle, white.
Gills — Free, somewhat crowded, sometimes fork-
ed, white.
s
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Guide to the Miish*-oonis
97
Spor^ -Nearly globular, white.
Stem — 'i to V inches long Mid up to \-'Z mm inch
tliiek at the base; solid, later, spongy.
lihi<r. — None.
I'olva. — None.
Or/ur.— Mild.
Taste.- Mild.
Habitat. — In woods from July to October, grow-
ing singly; very . nnnion ir 'ew England.
Edible. — Crood raw
RUSSULA r0Stipe,S (Sec.) from the Latin
rosa, a rv)se; pes, a ft^* t.
Cap. — 1 tt^ > inches broad, convex, then flat or
slightly depressed; viscid, biter dry, rosy red; mar-
gin slightly striate, very thin.
Flesh. — Soft, thin, fragile, white.
Gills. — Quite close, slightly joined to stem (ad-
nexed), whitish turning to yellow.
Spores. — Globular, yellowish-white.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long up to \-2 inch thick,
tapering, stuffed, becoming hollow; white tinged
with red at base.
Ring. — None.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — Slight.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — Under evergreen trees, eonnnon, grow-
ing singly from June to September. Found com-
mon in New England.
Edible.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 90
CANTHARELLUS cibarius (Fr.) from
cibaria, food. "Egg-Yellow Chantarelle."
Cap. — 2 to i inches broad convex, then expanded,
center often depressed, smooth, egg-yellow; marghi
rolled under at first, rather thick, wavy when full
grown; irregular in size and form.
Flesh. — Solid, thick, white.
Oius.— Thick, narrow, more like large veins,
branching irregularb-. decurrent; yellow like cap.
.Spores.— Elliptic .. yellowish, white.
^'^e„i._l to 2 inches high 1-1 to 1-2 inch thick,
solid, blunt in appearance, yellow like cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Not noticeable, though some claim a faint
odor like that of apricots.
Taste. — A trifle pungent.
Habitat.— 0\^cn woods, also among evergreens,
quite frequent, commonly singly; often in curved
lines as if trying to form a ring; July and August,
found conmion all over the United States.
Edible.— StvMcd gently and served with a cream
sauce, it is very delicious.
MARASMIUS oreades (Jr.) from the Greek
meaning mountain njmiphs. "Fairy Rings.'
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, convex then plane,
with a knob in the center; smooth, dry, tan color
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Guide to the Mushrooms
101
becoming pale with age, absorbing moisture, tcagli;
drying, but reviving when so-.ked in water; margin
even, slightly lined in full growth, sometimes turn-
ing back over the cap, and wavy.
Flesh. — Thin, white, firm, and tough.
Gills. — Free, broad, distant, creamy-white.
Spores. — White, elliptical.
Stetn. — 2 to S inches long, solid, very tough,
e(jual, straight, covered with a velvety skin, color-
ed like the cap.
Ring. — None.
f'olva. — None.
Odor. — Marked, pleasant.
Taste. — Nutty.
Habitat. — In pastures, lawns, growing in circles
or in small clusters from May to November. Com-
mon in all sections of the United States.
EdihU. — One of the most delicately flavored, and
because of its abundance, one of the most valuable
of our mushrooms. Stropharia semi-globata, Nau-
coria pediades and Naucoria semi-orbicularis grow
often in company with Marnsmius oreades and are
also edible. They may be readily distinguished by
their spores which in the first named are black and
in the second and third, brown.
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VOLVARIA SPECIOSA
Guide to the Mushrooms 103
VOLVARIA Speciosa(Fr.) speciosus, handsome.
Cap, — 3 to 5 inches brorid, |?lobiilar, at lengtli,
flat, someMliat gibbous, smooth, viscid when young,
later dry and silky, slightly tinged with gray in
center, all other parts white; margin pressed to
btem when young, striate when cap expands, uneven
and thin.
Flesh. — Rather thick, firm, tender, white.
Gills. — Free, pressed together closely at iirst
later expanding but crowded, forked, rather broad,
rounded at margin; white at first then pink.
Spores. — Brownish-pink, elliptical, smooth.
Stem. — 1 to 4 inches long, up to 1-2 inch thick,
solid, smooth, moist at first, later dry and silky,
colored like cap.
-None.
Ring.
rather
Folva. — Free, persistent, hanging in
thick folds about the base of stem, white.
Odor.— ^li\d..
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Rich garden soil, in clusters and sing-
ly, spring months, rather rare in all sections of the
United States except on the Pacific slope.
Edible.
if '
101
Guide to the Mushrooms
'.i
CLITOPILUS prunulus (Scop.) from prunus,
plum.
Cap. — 2 to 3 inches broad, fleshy, at first con-
vex, then bent backward, dry, greyish white,
smooth; margin at first regular then wavy.
Flesh. — Firm, white.
Gills. — Extended far dow iward on the stem (de-
current), thin, somewhat distant, flesh colored.
Spores. — Pointed at each end, pink.
Stein. — 1 to 2 inches long, and up to 1-2 inch
thick at the base, white, lined, solid, smooth, equal.
Ring. — None.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — That of fresh meal.
Taste.—WxU.
Habitat. — In woods growing singly, sometimes
in small clusters of two or three, not very abund-
ant, from June to October. Quite frequent in
New England.
Edible.
ENTOLOMA rhodopolium (Fr.) from the
Cireek meaning rose-grey.
Cap. — 2 to .'J inches broad, fragile, bel! shaped,
then expanded with a slight knob in the center, at
length plane and slightly depressed, covered with
small fibres when young, smooth when full grown,
dingy brown when moist and water soaked, pale
Guitle to the Mushrooms
ior>
silky shining grey when dry ; margin at first turn-
ed inward, when larger wavy.
Flesh. — White.
Gills.— Growing to the stem, (adnate,), some-
what waved, (sinuate), slightly distant, rather
hroad, white and then rose colored.
Spores. — Pink, regular in sha})e and size.
Stem.— 2 to 1 inches high, hollow, ('(lual at first
and then ta|)tring upward, i>owdered with a white
m«-al at the ajjex, otliev»wise sniooth, slightly lined,
white.
Kinj!;. — None.
J'olra. Sowc.
Odor. — Scarcely noticeable.
Taste.— M'lhh
IIahitat.—\\\ woods from August to October,
growing singly. Quite connnon in all sections of
the United States.
ENTOLOMA clypeatum (Linn.) resembling
a shield.
(^ap. — 2 to i inches broad, fleshy, bell sha] d.
then flattened, with a slight knob in the center,
smooth, fragile, greyish in color, streaked with
darker spots or lines, often seeming water soaked;
margin even.
Flesh.— \\\\\ie, thin.
0'i//.9.— Attached to stem (adnexed) somewhat
waved (sinuate), broad, veined, sometimes toothed
on the edges, dingy gr»>y, then reddish.
Spores. Viwk.
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Pluteus cervinus
Guide to the Mushrooms 107
Stem. — 2 to ti inclies lonjr, stuffed with fibres,
then hoHow, fibrous throughout, eijual, fragile,
greyish.
liitifi;. — None.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — Mealy.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat. — In woods and gardens, eoinnion from
June to November. Common in eastern and een-
tral United States.
Poisonous. — All Entolomas sliould be avoided.
The gills attached to the stem in the Entolomas dis-
tinguishes them from the Plutei which in other re
spects they closely resemble.
PLUTEUS CervinUS (Schaeff.) from cervus,
a deer.
Cap. — 2 to 1- inches broad, bell shaped, then con-
vex, later expanded, smooth, sometimes with slight
fibres, in the center, color of the fibres
brown, color of the skin brownish grey fading to
neirly white on the margin, often date brown in
color* surface very wrinkled; margin even and in
full growth, sometimes cracked.
Flesh. — Quite thick, firm, white.
Gills. — Free, broad, somewhat veined, at first
whitish, then pink.
108
Gu'ule to the Mtitthroonm
»S7'^irr,v. Klliptical, pink.
Stem. — 1 to ti inclu's long, solid, slightly taprririg
upward, folort-d like the cap with i tVw fihn's sim-
ilar to thost- in tilt' ctntiT of tlu' ft p. Whtij this
nuishrooni grows from tlu- sidts of stumps the sttin
is gt-nt-rally curvid. Wlun tl:t' stt-in is nniovod it
If '.MS a flip shaped })laff in tl.f fifsh «)f tlu- fap.
Jiiiifr. — Norif.
I'alia. — N«>n«'.
Odor. — Slight I V mfa'v.
7'a.v/r.— Mild. '
7V/.¥/^'.— Mild.
Uabiiat. — On thf ground in opfn plaffs or on
stumps growing singly, somftinus in flustt-rs; (piitf
frequfnt from May to Oftolur, in thf United
States.
Edible. — Distinguished from thf poisonous Kn-
tolomas hy its frff gills.
PHOLIOTA SquarrOSa (Mull) fnmi sciuirro-
stis n^eaniiig sfurfy.
rr//>. — .'5 to ') inehfs broad, lif ll-shapfd then fon-
Vfx. Hfshy, iron rust color, fovt-red with dark brown
scales, dry; margin at first curved in over the gills.
Fringed with scales and remnants of the veil.
Flesh. — Thin, light yellow.
Gills. — Growing into the stem (adnate), crowd-
ed, narrow, greyish, thin, rust color.
Spores. — Elliptical, dropping in heaps, rust col-
ored.
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Guide to the M ushrooms
109
Stem. — t to () inches long, up to 1 inch thick at
the apex, tapering downward, stuffed with fibres,
se.ily as far as the ring, the remainder smooth.
Rinfr. — Only slightly distant from the apex,
(su])erior). of same color as the scales.
I'olra. — None.
Of/or." Often indistinct in young caps, hut liter
disagreeable.
7V/.s7f' .- -When young sweet, later disagreeable.
Habitat. — On trunks of trees or stumps, growing
in clusters, con inon from August to November.
\'ery couunon in New Kngland.
KdiUe.
PHOLIOTA adiposa (l>.) "The Fat Pholiota."
Cap. -'I to t inches broad, at first hemispherical
then convex, umb.onate. very viscid when moist,
yellowisii in color, with the skin torn into rusty-
l.rown scales; margin incurved, even, thin.
Ile.s'h. — Yellowish, thick at center, very thin it
margin, soft.
Ci/7/.v. .Adnate, close, vellow. becominy; rusty
brown.
Spores. — Klliptical. rusty-brown.
Ste))i. — '2 to !• inches long, up to ."•-I inch thick.
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Guide to the Mushrooms
111
equal or slightly tapering at base, stuffed, colored
like cap and clothed with scales to ring.
liiiig. — Formed from thin veil is seen at upper
portion of stem, often wanting in mature si)ecimens.
I'olva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
Taste. — Insipid.
Habitat.- — On stumps or dead trunks growing in
clusters, September and October; quite common in
eastern and central sections of United States.
Edible.
NAUCORIA semi-orbicularis (Bull.) from the
two Latin words meaning half round.
Cap.- I to '2 inches broad, dry, slightly glutin-
ous when moist and fresh, then even, smooth, wriii-
kh>d in age, v'llowish rust color, tlien brownish;
margin curved in over the gills, blunt.
F/e^/j.— Whitish.
(iills. — Growing up to the stem (adnate), rath-
er broad, crowded, yellowish, then rust color.
Spores. — Elliptical, brown.
d
11!^
Guide to the MuslinKuns
Sfcni. — .'} to 1 iiu'hcs lonjj, very tougli. ..sltiidcr
str-ii^lit, ('(iumI, smooth, l;ro\viiisli. ottt:. dirkcr ni
tl:r h.'isf, with a narrow t'.ilu- within.
liiiifr. — Nont', v'xcept tor trajrnicnts of tht- veil
att.'.cLcd to tlio stt'iu. hi!t th(\s(> arc often absent.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
ra.ste.--MM.
Habitat. — Lawns and |)astures, jrrowinjr singly
and in small groups, from April to November.
Common in eastern and eentral seetions of tb.e
Cnited States.
Edible
CORTINARIUS violaceus ( 1 > )
"\'i()let ("ortinarius."
Cap. — !2 to \ inehes bro»d, then eonvex, finally
nearly ])lane, Heshy, dry. eovered with hairy scales,
dark violet in color; margin even with fragments
of the cortina or veil attached to it.
Flesh. — \'^iolet in color, thick, crisj).
(iill.s. — Rather thick, distant, rounded at the
stem, violet color at first, then cinnimon brown
when they become dusted with the si)ores.
Spores. — Almost globular, cinnamon brown.
Stetn. — S to T) inches long, about 1 '-i inch thick,
solid, bulbous, colored like cap.
¥'Jft¥h
Guide to the Mushrooms
113
Ring. — In the young stJige of the Cortinarii,
the gills are covered with a thick web-like struc-
ture known as the cortina ; in this family as the cap
expands this web is broken and hangs in fragments
about the margin of the cap and about the stem
forming a very imperfect and very slight ring.
J'olva. — None
Odor. — Somewhat nutty.
7'a*/e.— Mild.
Habitat.— Mixed woods, singly and in clusters,
frequent from August to October. Found in New
England and Central United States.
Edible.
CORTINARIUS cinnabarinus (Fr.) from the
Latin meaning dragon's blood, so named from its
color.
Cap.— I to 2 inches broad, convex with a slight
knob in the center, then plane, smooth, silky, scar-
let red, sometimcb orange, or yellow brown ; margin
curved ' over the gills.
Flesh.— Thick in the center, solid, white, tinged
with brown.
Gi7;«.— Running down on the stem (decurrent),
rather broad, somewhat distant, connected by veins,
o
CORTINARIUS CINNABAR1NU8
Guide io the Mtishrooms
115
unequal, reddish in color, when bruised becoming
dark red.
-Sport's.— Nearly round, rusty brown.
Stem.— I to 2 inches long, up to 1-4 inch thick,
solid, equal with a small bulb at base, striate, blood
red inside and outside.
Ring.— Very slight, formed from the web or
cortina which is stretched over the gills in the young
mushrooms, which later breaks and adheres m frag-
ments to the margin of the cap and to the stem m
the form of a ring.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — lake radishes.
Taste.— That of radishes.
Habitat.— In pine and chestnut woods, growing
singly and in clusters, rather common from Augus^
to November. Found frequently in New England.
Edible.
CORTINARUS cinnamomeus (Fr.) "Cinna-
mon colored."
Cap —1 to 2 inches broad, convex, with a slight
knob in the center, covered with yellowish hbres,
later almost smooth, cinnamon color; margin even,
but later splitting.
Flesh.— Thin, yellowish.
mm
116
Guide to the Mushrooms
Gills. — Growing to the stem( adnate), thin, rath-
er broad, crowded, varying in color, througli a
blood red, reddish brown to a shining yellow.
Spores. — Elliptical, dark rust color.
Stem. — 2 to l inches long, slender, equal, stuff-
ed with fibres but later hollow, yellow, covered
with fibres from the vellow veil.
Ring. — None, except for the yellow fibres of the
veil.
I'olva.-
— None.
Odor.-
-Mildlv
of
radishes.
Taste.-
-Mildlv
of
radishes
Habitat. — In mossy places in woods, growing
singly from August to October. Common all over
the United States.
Edible.
CORTINARIUS corrugatus (Pk.) "Corrugat
ed C'ortinarius."
Cap. — 2 to 1 inches broad, bell-shaped and later
convex, glutinous when moist, corrugated or wrinkl-
ed, varying in color from bright yellow to a red-
dish or brownish yellow; margin at first curved in
over the gills and later even.
Flesh. — White.
Gills. — Close, slightly narrowed toward the stem,
growing up to the stem (adnate), slightly uneven
tmmmmm
CORTINARIUS CORRUGATU8
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Guide to the Mushrooms
119
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ooninion growiii}?
Common in Ntw
on the edge, pale yellow at first then brownish.
Spores. — Elliptical, rough, brownish.
Stem. — .'J to 5 inches long and up to 1-2 inch
thick, equal,, hollow, with a glutinous bulb being
colored like the cap, while the stem is slightly paler.
Rin^. — ..one except tor the brownish fibres from
the veil.
I'olva. — None.
Odor. — Slightly pungent.
Ta.ste.—M\\d.
Habitat. — In woods, rather
singly from June to September
Kngland.
Edible.
AGARICUS campester (Linn.) from Latin
campus, a field; "Common mushroom."
Cfjp^ — 1 to T) inches broad, hemispherical, convex
finally nearly plane, smooth, dry, of a delicate buff
color, leathery in appearance ; margin at first curv-
ed under and 'extending beyond the gills, later some-
what split, not striate. Very variable in appear-
ance often covered with reddish brown scales.
Flesh. — Firm, thick, white.
Gills.— Free, close, veined, at first flesh color
then pink, changing to brown and finally blackish-
brown, somewhat moist in mature specimens.
J I
AOARICUS SILVATICU8
Guide to the Mushroomg
121
Spores. — Elliptical, purplish-black.
^'^^„, __Up to 3 inches long, thick, stuffed, whit-
ish, smooth, sometimes slightly thickened at base.
ie;«^r.— About middle of the stem, generally torn,
rather large, white.
J'olvo. — None.
Odor. — Agreeable.
Taste. -Mild, nutty.
//rt/;j7rt/.— Pastures, growing singly, quite com-
mon from July to October.
Edible.— This is the most widely known of all
nuishrooms. There are many species of this family,
all edible and all having the same characteristics
relative to the gills, which is the characteristic
mark of these mushrooms. This is the mushroom most
widelv sought for by lovers of edible fungi and it
the following facts are observed no mistakes will
occur in gathering them. They do not grow in
woods, the gills are always light pink at first,
ehanging as the plant grows to brown and then
blackish brown ; they possess no volva.
AGARICUS Silvaticus (Schaeff.) from the
L.itin, belonging to the wood.
Cap.— 2 to 6 inches broad, convex, then plane,
with a slight umbo, filbrillose with brown scales,
white beneath these; margin fairly even, thin.
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Guide to the Mushrooms
123
Flesh.— White, thin, firm.
Gills.— Free, thin, close, narrow at each end,
flesh color, then pink, later brown and at last
brownish-black.
Spores. — Elliptical, brownish-black.
Stem.—l to 6 inches high, slender, stufted then
hollow, bulbous white.
Ring.— Rather thick, sometimes entire, but more
often torn.
Volva. — None.
Habitat.— Mixed woods, quite connnon, growing
singly, .lulv and August.
£,);/,/p.__This mushroom must be gathered with
care as there is danger of confusing it with Aman-
itae which grow in the woods. The color of the
gills is the key to this mushroom. Amanitae haye
white gills which neyer change in color. Ihe stem
of the Agaricus sihaticus is bulbous but there is
no yolya as in the Amanitae which sheathes -the
stem.
STROPHARIA semi-globata (Batsch), semi,
half; globus, ball.
Cap— 1-2 to 2 inches broad, yiscous later dry
and wrinkled, some specimens smooth, others slight-
ly scaly, hemispherical, later expanded; margin
eyen.
Flesh. — Thin, white. . . . .
55
3h
C
X
Guide to the Mushrooms 125
Cillls. — Broad, adnate, yellowisli, clouded or
spotted wtih black the distinguishing characteristic
of this mushroom.
Spores.— FAlipticiil, blackish-purple.
Stem.— l-.S inches long, 1-1 inch thick, equal,
powdered with spores, smooth, young specimens
stuffed, mature, showing tlie hollow tube.
ling. — About center of stem, viscid, blackish,
< m appearing incomplete as tiny fibres.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — Strong.
Taste.— UM.
Habitat. — On dung in pastures, growing singly
or in clusters of two or three. Common after rains
from June till November. Found frequently in
Xew England. ,
Edible.
HYPHOLOMA appendiculatum (Bull.) be-
cause parts of the veil adhere to the margin of
the cap.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, conical then nearly
plane, brownish in the center fading to a grayish
white on the edge, watery, lined; margin even with
fragments of the white veil adhering to it.
Flesh. — Thin, very fragile, whitish.
126
Guide to the Mushrooms
Gills. — Growing to the stem (adnate), crowded,
white then flesh colored, then grayish brown and at
last black.
Spores. — Elliptical, transparent, purplish black.
Stem. — 3 inches long, slender, equal, hollow,
smooth, white, with a white powder at the apex, fra-
gile.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
0^/or.— Mild.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat. — In gardens or rich soil about stumps
and on lawns, growing in large groui)s very com-
mon, from June to November in New England.
Edible. — One of the best mushrooms.
HYPHOLOMA pefplexum (Pk.) from Latin
perplexus. "Uncertain or perplexing Hypholma."
Cap. — 1 to S inches broad, convex, smooth, dry,
brownish-red fading to brownish-yellow on margin,
which is regular.
Flesh. — Rather thin, spongy, white.
Gills.— Thin, close, set closely to stem (adnate),
first yellow then with greenish tinge, finally brown.
Spores. — Elliptical blackish-brown.
Stem. — 2 to 3 inches long, 1-4 to 1-2 inch thick,
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128
Guide to the Mushrooms
firm, hollow, yellow above rusty-black below.
Ring.— The veil is delicate, yellowish-white,
soon vanishing, occasionally slight traces of it may
be seen on the stem in the form of brown threads.
Volva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Nutty, with sometimes a slight tinge of
bitterness.
Habitat. — On ground in woods or on decayed
stumps. Common, growing in crowded clusters
September to midwinter. Found in all sections of
the United States.
Edible.
HYPHOLOMA sublateritium (S c h a e f t .)
"Bricktop Mushroom."
Cap. — 2 to 3 inches broad, convex, smooth, dry,
brick red, except on margin which is of paler hue,
covered with white silky fibres from veil; margin
regular.
Flesh.— B^nther ,thin, firm, white, in mature
growth yellow.
Gills!— "S arrow, crowded, extending close to stem
(adnate), dull yellow then turning to a greenish
hue, at length olivaceous.
Spores. — Elliptical, sooty-brown.
Stem.— 2 to 4 inches high, up to 1-3 inch thick,
stuffed, smaller at base, scaly, fibrils of yellowish
brown, stem brownish in color.
"Eccentric-stemmed Boletinus."
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, viscid when moist,
shining when dry, reddish brown; margin very thin,
tapering downwards, firm, stuffed, covered with
Guide to the Mushrooms
129
Ring. — The veil is very slight, composed of fibres
forming a net which is white at first then brown and
is found adhering in threads about tlie upper part
of the stem, forming an imperfect circle, often
wliolly vanished in mature specimens,
Volva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
Taste. — Rather bitter.
Habitat. — On ground where there are decayed
stumps and on decayed wood, growing in clusters,
common, September to midwinter.
Edible. — There are many varieties of this mush-
room, distinguished by the greenish yellow gills
and brick-red caps. All are edible and when cook-
ed have no tinge of bitterness.
CORPRINUS COmatuS (Fr.) from coma
meaning liair. "Shaggy-Mane."
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, bell-shaped or egg-
shaped, later expanding and becoming plane, the
center is purplish-black, the remainder covered
with concentric scales of a whitish color tipped with
black; margin lined and splitting along the lines
of the gills, rolling back over the cap in mature age.
ISO
Guide to the Mushrooms
'\l
m-
Flcsh. — ^^'llitc, ratlier thin.
Gills. — Free from the stt'in, very crowded, broad,
at first tinj^ed witli })iiik, then turning to black and
dissolving into an inky fluid.
Spores. — Elliptical , black.
Stem. — Up to () inches long, and u)) to \-2 an
inch thick, tapering upward, hollow, brittle, white.
liing. — Thin, torn, sometimes movable.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Strong.
Habitat. — On dumping grounds and in gardens
and where ashes and street sweepings have been
placed, growing singly and in large groups from
April to November. C'onunou over all sections of
the L'nited States.
Edible.
CORPRINUSatramentarius(Hull) from latin
atramentarius, ink. "Inky Cap."
Cap. — 1 to S inches broad, egg-shaped, expand-
ing, flat when mature and margin split and rolled
back over cap; in some cases smooth, others tufted
with tiny scales, color mouse gray, margin striate.
Flesh. — Thin ,soft, grayish.
Gills.- — Adnate, that is, coming up close to stem,
adhering to each other, broad, white then turning
black and dissolving into inky fluid.
o
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3:
132
Guide to the Mushrooms
r
k
Spores. — Somewhat cylindrical, black.
Stem. — Up to 5 inches high and 1-2 inch tliick.
smooth white hollow, tapering upwards.
Ring. — Near the base (inferior) formed by the
separation of the cap from tlie stem.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste.— MM.
Ilahiiat. — On lawns and gardens, rich ground,
not on dung, growing in large clumps, with here
and there a solitary specimen which will attain a
large growth. Common. Often appears in spring
but is more common in the fall. A cluster found
in spring is generally the forerunner of a good
crop in the same spot in the fall. Common in all
section of the United States.
Elible. — One of the best Coprini, as it has more
substance than the other varieties and a more deli-
cate flavor than C. comatus.
COPRINUS micaceUS (Bull.) from Latin mica,
granular.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, cylindrical, finally
expanded and split at margin which is wavy, stri-
ate; date brown at center, tan color to margin, at
first covered with glistening white granules from
which characteristic it derives its name; later these
disappear and the cap appears dry and cracked.
Guide lo the Mushrooms
138
Flesh.— Thm, white.
Gills. — Adnate, adhering together, wliite, then
flesh coh)r, at last black ; in dry weather they some-
times remain more or less firm, but in moist weather
they melt or deliquesce into a Hack fluid.
Spores. — Cylindrical, black.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches to 1-3 inch thick, equal,
smooth, hollow, white, fragile.
Ring. — Very slight near base (inferior) formed
by cap adhering to stem, often wholly wanting.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Earthy.
Tasie. — ^lild, nutty.
Habitat. — On rich soil, about elm trees or de-
cayed stumps of elms, in large clumps, very fre-
quent from very early spring until late in fall.
Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible.— Beamse of its frequency, length of sea-
son and delicate flavor, it forms what should be one
of the most highly prized mushrooms. One that
the amateur can readily determine and easily gath-
er a dish from almost any street where elm or pop-
lar trees are used for purposes of shade,
'-zamB.
'^1
Guide to the Mush rooms
\ii5
PANAEOLUS retirUgiS (I'r.) from Latin wiv,
lut aiul rii^a, wrin'
Cap. — Up to 1 >.. i)r()a(l. at first almost glob-
ose tlitJi cxiJandlMir; mvtr plain-. slij::litly iiinhonatt',
ill urt wtatlur Iia^ a water-so;. ktd apptaraiicc and
is viscid; in dry wtatlirr, dry and tin- snrt'at'r crack-
ed aiuI wrinklt'd wliitli tt'atiirt' ^ivcs the niuslirooin
its naiiif. Color dark smoky J^ray. htrominjr lij^lit-
«'r and sliininu:. Somt'timrs tawnv vcllow. ('enter
mueli darker, often zoned when moist. Marjiin ev-
en, extending beyond ^ills. not striate, etnitainiiifj;
\' shaped particles of veil which is another charact-
eristic ot" this species.
/'7rv//.- Rather thick, white.
(tills, ('omiiifr ui) to stem (adnate). cjuite broad
in middlt , very refjular. crowded, grayish black.
aS pores. — K I liptical- fusiform black.
Stem. — '2 to I- inches lonj; .about l-t inch thick,
ecjual, smoky ^ray in color, hollow, darker at basi-.
granular, bulbous.
liiu<:. — The veil is very prominent in young
plants white and (piit» stout, adheres to margin nev-
er to stem the s])ores at times fall and float against
stem forming a black ring but this is not to be inis-
tiken for a true ring.
Vol I'd. —None.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste.— WM. •
I
is6
Guide to the Mushrooms
1 f '
Pi
Habitat. — On newly made lawns, and dung,
quite frequent singly and in loose clusters June to
frost. Very common in New England.
The edibility of this mushroom is questioned
some report nausea after eating it. It should be
partaken very carefully if used at all.
PANAEOLUS solidipes (Pk.) solidus, solid;
pes, foot.
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches across, globular, then hemis-
pherical, at length convex and nearly plane, lead-
white in color; moist, when young, somewhat cor-
rugated, later breaking up into yellowish areas;
margin thin even.
Flesh. — White, compact, thin.
Gills. — Slightly attached to stem, broad, whitish
at first, then black.
Spores. — Elliptical, black.
Stem. — 2 to 6 inches tall up to 3-4 inch thick,
smooth with drops of moisture on upper part, col-
ored like cap, solid at first, later tubular.
Ring. — Veil very slight, scarcely noticeable on
stem in form of a few blackish fibres.
Volva. — None.
Odor.—UM.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — On dung in pastures, growing singly,
common in New England; July and August.
Edible.
Guide to the Mushrooms
137
BOLETINUS ptctus (Pk.)
"Painted Boletinus."
Cap, — 2 to 4 inches broad, convex then nearly
plane, covered with red fibres which soon divide
into scales, showing the yellow cap below. Margin
even, extending a little beyond tubes with patches
of veil adhering to edge.
Flesh. — Solid yellow slowly turning to pinkish
hue when bruised.
Tubes. — Joined to stem (adnexed), branching,
forming angular pores, clinging closely to flesh of
cap, which is the distinguishing characteristic of
this genus ; yellow at first, dingy when older, chang-
ing to pinkish when bruised.
Spores. — Elliptical, brown.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long, 3-4 to 1 1-2 inches
thick, equal, solid covered like the cap with red-
disli scales, yellow at top.
Ring. — Slight traces are found on young speci-
mens before the white webby veil has wholly vanish-
ed.
Volva. — None.
Of/or.— Slight.
Taste.— UWA.
Habitat. — In mixed woods and damp evergreen
woods, growing singly August and September.
Very common in New England.
Edible.
138
Guide to the Mushrooms
h (
BOLETINUS porosus ( Berk. )
"Eccentric-stemmed Boletinus."
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, viscid when moist,
shining when dry, reddish borwn; margin very thin,
tapering downwards, firm, stuffed, covered with
renin ints of veil whicli give it a scaly appearance.
Flesh. — Tiiick in middle, thin at edge, yellow-
ish.
Tubes. — Extending down the stem (decurrent),
arranged in radiating lines connected by irregular
veins forming large angular pores, pale yellow then
dingy, sometimes turning slightly blue when bruis-
ed, adhering closely to flesh of cap.
Spores. — Elliptical, brown.
Stem. — 1 l-!2 inches to t inches long, 1 to , ^
inches thick, eccentric which is its distingui^.uug
characteristic, tough colored like cap.
liing. — None.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — Disagreeable at certain age, in other
stages of growth not noticeable.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Damp ground in woods and open
spots, often on lawns, quite frequent, growing
singly or in small clusters during August and Sep-
tember. Common in New England and the Central
sections of the United States.
Edible.
Guide to the Mushrooms
139
BOLETUS flavidus (Fr.)
"Pale Yellow Boletus."
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, gibbous, then plane,
viscid, j^ellow, dingy lat r; margin even, with par-
ticles of white veil often adhering.
Fesh. — Pale yellow, thin.
Tubes. — Extending down the stem (decurrent),
large angular mouths, dingy yellow, separating eas-
ily from flesh of cap.
Spores . — Obion g.
Stem. — Slc-der, solid, colored like cap sprinkl-
ed with dingy dots above the sticky ring.
Ring. — Entire, white, sticky.
I'olva. — None.
0^/or.— Mild.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat. — Pine woods and swampy ground, quite
frequent, August and September. Common in
Eastern United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS americanus (Pk.)
"American Boletus."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, nearly plane, some-
times with slight umbo, viscid when moist, tlien
smooth, yellow becoming streaked with red in age;
margin even, thin, with remnants of webby veil ad-
hering to young specimens.
140
Guide to the Mushrooms
Flesh. — Yellow, turning to pinkish-gray when
exposed to air, thin, soft.
T'uhes. — Adnate, rather large, angular, yellow
becoming dingy.
Spores. — Oblong, rusty-brown.
Stem. — 1 1-2 to 2 1-2 inches long, up to 1 inch
thick slender, equal, yellow throughout marked
with brownish dots.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Slightly acid.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat. — Woods, swampy ground and open
spots, also pine woods, quite frequent, singly or in
small clusters, August and September. Frequent
in Eastern United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS bicolor (Pk.) from Latin, two,
color.
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad convex, smooth, dark
red later spotted or sometimes cracked in areas,
showing yellow underneath margin even.
Flesh. — Rather thick, firm then soft, yellow,
changing slightly and slowly to b'ue when wounded.
Tubes. — Coming up to stem (adnate) mouths
small, angular, bright yellow then dingy, slowly
changing to blue when wounded.
Spores. — Oblong, rusty-brown.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long up to 1 1-2 inchesj
thick firm solid red, yellow at top.
Guide to the Mushrooms
141
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— Mild.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — Woods and open places quite frequent,
singly, August and September. Common in New
England.
Edible.
BOLETUS granulatus (Linn.) from Latin
granula, granule.
Cap. — 1 to 4 inches broad, convex then nearly-
plane, very viscid, reddish brown when moist, yel-
lowish when dry, very variable however in color
from pinkish-gray through all shades of reddish
or yellowish brown. Margin even.
Flesh. — Thick, white, yellow near tubes.
Tubes. — Joined squarely to stem (adnexed),
small, short, yellowish, dotted with granules at
mouth.
Spores. — Spindle-shaped, yellowish.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, up to 1 1-2 inches
thick, firm, white, sometimes yellowish dotted with
brownish granules on upper part.
Ring. — None. Volva. — None.
Odor. — Mild. Taste. — Agreeable.
Habitat. — Pine woods generally, often in open
woods, very common, in small clusters, sometimes
in circles. August and September. Very common
in New England.
Edible.
142
Guide to the Mushrooms
I
BOLETUS variegatus ( S wartz ) .
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, convex, then plane,
moist, sprinkled with hairy reddish-brown scales,
dark yellow; margin even, thin, at first flocculose.
Flesh. — Quite thick, firm, A^ellowish white becom-
ing blue on exposure to air.
Tubes. — Extending close to stem (adnate), un-
equal, Aery small, brown then cinnamon.
Spores. — Oblong, })ale yellow.
Stem. — 2 to 'A inches long, 1 1-2 inches thick,
firm, equal, even, dark yeUow sometimes reddish.
King. — None.
J'olva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
Taste. — Nutty.
Habitat. — Pine woods, quite common singly.
August and September. Found quite common in
all sections of the United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS omatipeS (Pk.) from the Latin
ornate and foot.
Cap. — 2 to T) inches broad, convex, dry, smooth,
yellowish-brown; margin even.
Flesh. — Firm, pale yelhnv.
Tubes. — Coming up to stem (adnate), depress-
1
Boletus scaber
144 Guide to the Mushrooms
ed about stem, small, clear yellow turning darker
with age but not from bruises.
Spores.— OUong, yellow-brown.
Stem.-2 to i inches long, up to 1 1-2 "<^»^;
thick, firm, subequal, beautifully covered with net-
work (reticulated) , yellow without and within.
Ring.— "Sone. Volva.—^onc.
Of/or.— Mild. raste.-Ui\d.
Ilabitat.-Oven woods, quite frequent, single^
August and September. Quite common in New
England.
Edible.
BOLETUS SCaber from the Latin scaber, rough.
"Ilougii-stemmed Boletus.
Cap —1 to t inches broad convex, smooth, vis-
cid when moist, smoky white, sometimes orange
brown in color, very variable.
fl^sh.— White, sometimes reddish-white, when
bruised.
Tuhes.-Vvcc from stem, rather long, convex
from margin of stem where they are somewhat de-
pressed, small, dingy white.
.S>or...-Oblong to spindle-shaped, snuif-brown.
Stem.-S to 5 inches long, up to 2 inches thick,
solid tapering upward, white, covered wi h black,
:!iry scales wlJh is the distinguishing char^^^^^^^
istic of this otherwise very variable mushroom.
Bin^.— None. Volva—'i:^one.
Guide to the Mushrooms
145
'^
Odor.— MM.
Taste— MM.
Ilahitat. — In proves or edges of woods, common-
Iv growing singly. August and September. Of
counnon oceurrenee in all sections of the United
States.
Edible. .
BOLETUS chrysenterion (Fr.) golden within.
" Red-eraeked Boletus."
(\,p^ — 1 to '■2 inches broad, convex, then plane,
covered with woolly scales, reddish-brown or olive-
brown cracking into areas, the chinks between show-
ing dee)) reddish tints just below; the distinguish-
ing feature of the nnishroom.
/•7r.v/<.— Soft, (luite thick, yellow, red below skin
slightly changing to blue when wounded.
Tithes. — Depressed about stem, rather large, an-
gular, une(iual, greenish yellow turning to blue
when wounded.
Spores. — Spindle-«hai)ed, pale brown.
Stew. — 1 to :5 inches long, up to 1 1-2 inches
thick, sube<iual, firm, fibrous, striate, yellow below,
ri'ddish above.
liinii. -None. J'olra. — None.
Odor.- -MM. Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — Woods, common, singly, August and
September; of conunon occurrence in all sections
of the United States.
Edible.
146
Guide to the Mushrooms
h
I
I
BOLETUS eduliS (Bull) from the Latin edible.
Cap. — 4 to 6 inches broad, convex then plane,
smooth, moist, varying in color from grayish-red,
brownish red to yellowish brown, paler on margin;
very variable in color and size.
Flesh,— Thick, firm at first then soft, white, red
beneath skin of cap.
Tubes. — Convex from margin of cap N) stem
where they are depressed and partially tree from
stem, white when young, mouth closed at first (stuf-
fed), later greenish yellow.
Spores. — Oblong to spindle-shaped, greenisli-yel-
low.
Stem. — 2 to 6 inches long 1 1-2 to .'3 inches thick,
bulbous, more or less netted (reticulated), pale
brown.
Ring. — None. Volva. — None.
Orfor.— Mild. Taste.— ^IM.
Habitat. — Woods and open places, very fre-
quent, August and September. Of common occur-
rence in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS Chromapes (Fr.) from iJu- Latin
yellow and foot.
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, convex, or nearly
plane, pale grayish pink.
Flesh. — White, unchangeable.
Tubes. — Convex, attached slightly to stem,
though often free ; white turning brc -vnish.
Spores. — Oblong.
148
Guide to the Mushrooms
Wi
Stem.- 2 to t inches long up t«) 1 l-'2 iiu-lics
thick siiglitly tapering iipwird, whitish ahove, dot
ted with t (idish (hits: yellow at base without d
witliin, tin distinguishing eharaeteristie.
Kin^. — None.
Voha. None.
Odor. — Mild.
Taste. — MM.
Habitat. — Open w(»ods, ijuitc t'recjii. nt. urov iu^
singly, August and S( pteniher. \ fry t'reciuent ir.
New Kngl ind.
Edible.
roni
BOLETUS felleus (Hull)
"Bitter Boletus."
Cap. — .'J to S inches hroad, in ;»rly plaur.
even, varying in lolor Ironi pai»- yellow \
nut brown.
Flesh. — Thick tirni. then soft wliit«
changing to fiesi olor when wouiided.
Tubes. — Com u up to sten^ k! i
from margin. dr|»rf«ised aboi
^ fiite tinged v th Hesh color.
Spores. — Obh Hg-spinci t-sh
Steju. — 2 U> inche ng u}
variable in si> and tiaJK-. S<
generally covei i vvii n- -^Jirk;
upper part of - m. f d a
cap.
1.
uiuth.
clu-st
ometinies
convex
o . angular.
ii-eolored.
inches thick.
ines bulbous.
ticulated) at
irie paler than
loir'
iinfUir ' the Mushrooms
Mi
\VJ
Tdstr. \i • UitttT, *- sistinguUlii j; cb-u'i. er-
//.,/; hit. AlxHit or on (l.-cayf-d si:iiiip> <'pen
a,„l -rassv spots «iuite i-ou.inon. v^ glv August
to -^ ,.t. .nlur. V.-rv fn-qutnt .>^ England;
. ,uH 1 ilso in centr.ii stvtions o d »t'»tes.
Not poisonous but its bitt-rnt-s^ . rs it unfit
to -at
iiOLL US castaneus < Bi i.; rom Latin
ustMut. •'( hfstnut liolttus. "
( Of). 1 to :5 incbcs broad, convex, plane, even,
i, y. V Ivrty. chestM < brown.
'Mesh. -Brittlf. white unchangeable.
Tub. s.^l'r.>c. short, small, white, stuffed at first.
Spores. — Oblong.
Strm.-^\ to 2 inches long, up tc 1 inch thick,
.1. luier. tapering ujjward, solid, then hollow, color-
,.,1 and velvety like cap, generally pnb^r at top ot
>tein.
h'ni<i. — None.
I'olva. — None.
Odor. — Mild.
Taste, — Nutty.
150
Guide to the Mushrooms
Habitat. — Open woods, grassy spots under trees,
quite common singly and in small clusters. June
to September. Quite common over all the United
States.
Edible. — Good, either raw or cooked.
STROBILOMYCES strobilaceous (Berk.)
from the Greek, cone-like.
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, hemispherical, dry,
dingy white, covered with thick black woolly scales ;
margin thin, to which adheres fragments of the
woolly veil.
Flesh. — Thin, firm, white changing to reddish,
then black when bruised.
Tubes. — Coming up to stem (adnate) adhering
to flesh, long, large angular, turning like flesh from
dingy white to red then black.
Spores. — Nearly round, blackish-brown.
Stem. — 3 to 5 inches long, up to 2 inches thick,
equal slightly tapering upward, clothed like the
pileus, with black woolly scales.
Ring. — None, white veil adheres to margin of
cap.
• Volva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
Taste.— UM.
Habitat. — In woods and open places common,
singly and in groups. July to September. Very com-
mon in New England; also found in central sec-
tion of the United States.
Edible,
k
152
Guide to the Mushrooms
If J t
1 ^
FISTULINA hepatica (Fr.) from tl>e Greek,
resembling liver. "Beefsteak mushroom."
Cap. — h to 8 inelies broad, dark red, streaked
with lighter shades of red; at first having little
glands that have the appearance of a tongue, these
disappear in mature growth.
Flesh. — Soft, jelly-like, thick, viscid.
Tubes. — Pale reddish vellow. verv short at first
then longer.
Spores. — Elliptical, yellowish.
Stem. — Very short, at one side (eccentric), ex-
panding into the cap v-nch in reality forms but a
continuation of the stumj) like stem.
Ring. — None.
I'olva. — None.
Odor. — Slightly acid
Taste. — Acid; dissappears in cooking.
Habitat. — On decayed stumps and trunks oi
trees. princi])ally chestniit. Trequent June to Sept.
Common in most parts of the U. S.
Edible.
POLYPORUS bruinalis (Pcrs.)
"The Winter Polyporus."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, convex, then plane,
somewhat depressed at center, surface very hairy,
ranging in color from a smoky-brown to nearly
o
o
Si*
"•.•^2^^
\W
i -i'
I '■
154 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
black; margin very thin, fringed with coarse hairs.
Flesh. — First pliant, later tough, hard and dry,
thin, brownish.
Tubes. — Growing very close to stem, minute, reg-
ularly arranged, at first white then yellowish.
Spores. — None obtained from specimen.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long to l-^ inch thick, even,
hairy, lighter in color than cap.*
Ring. — None.
Folva. — None.
Odor. — Not noticeable
Taste. — Woody.
Habitat. — On dead limbs in clusters of two or
three found throughout the year, common all over
United States.
Too tough to be edible.
POLYPORUS sulphureus (I >.) from the
Latin sulphur.
Cap. — 8 inches or more broad, wavy, red in cen-
ter, yellow on margin.
Flesh. — Yellow, firm, splitting, not growing
woody.
Pores. — Minute, even, yellow, in full vigor filled
with sulphur yellow milk.
Stem. — Generally wanting, somet)imes a very
slight one fastens the cap, shelf -like to the trunk
of the tree or side of the stump.
156 JyHd Floivcrs East of the Rockies
i!!
I
1.
J'olva.
Odor.-
Taste.
None.
—None
-Mild.
-Mild.
Ilahitat. — On dec.iyin«j trunks and stunips of
many varittics of tnes in lariif ovorlayinfj; clns-
tt'rs. Au<sust to frost. C'onunon in Now Enj;land
and central sections of the United States.
Edible.
POLYPORUS betulinUS (Fr.) froni the Latin
hetnla, a birch. "Hirch tree I'olyporus."
Cav. — -S to () inches broad, smooth, white, then
ti lifted with brown, margin thick.
/'7r'.¥//.— Thick, soft, white.
Pores. — Very small, short, of slow tjrowth. un-
ecjual, white.
Spores. — Have never been able to procure spores
from a specimen for examinatii)n.
Stem. — Wantinfi;.
Iiius>:. — None.
J'olva. — None
Odor. — Woody.
Taste.— Woody.
Habitat. — On birch trees, very connnon; growth
begins in early smnmer but specinuiis may be found
i
PoLYl'OHl'S HKTlI.IXrS
( Birch-Trtf Polyporus)
158 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
at any time during the year. Common wherever
birch trees grow.
Edible.— When young; when dry hums readily,
excellent kindling for a camp fire.
UPOLYSTICTUS perennis.
(^ap. — 1 to 1 1-2 inches broad, pliant, tough, de-
l)ressed in center (infundibuliform) velvety, zon-
ed in shades of brown varying from siuiff color t»>
deep seal; margin thin, torn.
Flesh. — Thin, colored like cap.
Pores.— Very small, angular, grayish brown.
Ring. — None.
J'olva. — None
Odor. — Woody.
Taste. — Woody.
Habitat.— In pine woods, couimon. growinu^ sing-
ly and in clusters from July to Oetol er. I'ouml
very common in New England.
Xot Edible owing to its woody character, but not
poisonous.
HYDNUM imbricalum. (Liuu.) from tlu
Latin, a tile.
Cap. — 2 to T) inches broad, depressed hi center,
often funnel-shaped, smoky-brown in color, covered
with brownish scales, often cracked; margia even,
irregular in shape and size.
X
; -, X
1
' 5 1
Hi
162 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
Ring. — None.
I'olva. — None
Odor.— MM.
Tasfr.—MM.
II aha at. — In woods about decayed stumps, July
to November. Common in all sections of United
iitates.
Edible. — When young, bitter when mature.
SPARASSIS Crispa (!•>•) from crispus, curly.
Tuft. — .S to 9 inches high, up to 12 inches broad,
variable in size and shape, oyster gray, pale yel-
low or leaf brown in color. Tuft is composed of
many leaf-like brandies giving it the appearance of
a huge rosette. Flesh of branches soft and some-
what gelatinous in appearance. Dries readily.
Spores. — Spore surface on both side"> of the leaf-
like branches in four-spored cases, pale brown in
color, elliptical.
Stem. — Non* . tuft rests upon a rooted base.
Habitat.— On .stumps and on ground, September
and October, rare, but when found once in a local-
ity, generally t'oaiul succeeding season.
Edible.
w^
(O
> r
< >
> <
X >
r «
n
>
>
r
>
li
164 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
CLAVARIA flava (Schaeff.) from the Latin,
yellow. "Coral Mushroom."
No ( ap but a large mass, 2 to 6 inches across
and 2 to 4 inches high, composed of even, round
branches developed from the main trunk or stem.
These branches are very fragile, the tops toothed,
erect, pale yellow on the tips fading in the lower
part of the branches.
Flesh.— White.
Spores. — Developed on the upper part of the up-
right branches; oblong, yellow-white.
Stem. — Short, thick, colored like branches.
Odor. — Nutty.
Taste. — Nuttv.
Habitat. — Open woods July to frost in large
clusters, very common in New England ; found also
in Central United States.
Edible. — One of the most delicate favored of
mushrooms and because of the ease with which all
"coral mushrooms" may be identified one of the
most valuable to the amateur.
ECLAVARIA Cinerea (Bull.) from the Latin
cinis, ashes.
Clusters 1 to 3 inches across, branches very num-
erous, irregular, flattened, sub-divided at top into
».-! »*^.« ■4' ^
w^fmmwm
Guide to the Mushrooms
165
tnanv slender points, gray in color; its distinguish-
ing characteristic, variable in mode ot growth and
size.
^S,^^._Variable in size, short, lighter in color
than the branches.
Spores.-^Sot obtainable from specimens gath-
ered.
Od. -Mail
Tast. -^^i!b^
f/ol ' . la open woods, ri elu^iers. June to
frost. Common in all sectio. ^ 01 tu United States.
CLAVARIA Cristata (Pers.) from the Latin
crista, crest.
Clusters.—^ to 1 inches across and 2 1-2 inches
high; clusters smaller than C. flava, branches num-
erous, irregular, flattened at top and divided like
horns/rather tough, stuffed white, variable in color,
scmietimes having a pinkish hue, tips often turning
black with age.
Stent. — Short, stout.
^S/^ore*.— Pointed, pale brown.
Of/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat.— Open woods, common, July to frost.
Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
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MORCHELLA DELIC108A
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168
Guide to the Mushrooms
ii
LEOTIA lubrica (Pers.) from the Latin, slip-
pery.
Cap. — Up to 1 inch across, very irregular in
slinpi", viscid, olive brown; margin thick and wavy.
Flesh. — Thick, soft jelly-like, same color as cap.
Spore. — Bearing surface covers the upper sur-
face of cap.
Spores. — Elliptical, narrow, transparent, con-
taining ting glands or sacs arranged in rows.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches high, equal, flat, pulpy, then
iiollow, yellow-brown, covered with minute white
granules.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — On ground in woods, common, July to
frost, growing singly and in clusters. Found fre-
(|uentl} in New England and in Central sections oC
the L'nited States.
Edil}l
e.
MORCHELLA deliciosa (Fr.) Sponge Mush-
room." "Delicious Morel."
Cap. — I to .'i inches high, about I 1-2 inches
broad, cylindrical in shaj)e; its distinguishing char-
aet«'ristic, adnate to stem, hollow, composed of
stout ribs which are deeply pitted, giving it the ap-
pearance of honey comb; color, buff to light brown.
o
170 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
Flesh. — Thin, white.
Spores. — Elliptical, eight to an ascus (spore
case) .
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches high up to 1 1-2 inches
thick, smooth, hollow, white.
Odor.-
Taste.
-Earthy,
-Mild
Habitat. — In moist woods, in orchards under
tree where ashes have been strewn, often l)*Hieatfc
verandas, growing singly or in clusters of" two or
three; frequent. April and May. Found very fre-
quently in New Eng. and Central sections of U. S.
Edible. — Highly prized for its delicate flavor.
GEOGLOSSUM glutinosum (Pers.)
Entire plant 1 to M inches high, upper part
clavate, entirely covered with the hymenium, slight-
ly viscid and hairy, black, tapering down to the
stem which is also viscid and black in color.
Spores. — Contained in sac-like cells, eight in each
cell, dark brown in color, cylindrical with obtuse
ends, having three partitions. The shape and color
of the spores are the important features of this
species.
ifi^i^i
Guide to the Mushroomg
171
Odor.— Woody.
2'aste.—UM
Habitat.-On wet ground, in ^^^^P^' g'^^^^^Jj
on moss; frequent during July ^^^ August. F^""^
common in eastern and central United States.
Edible.
PEZIZA badia from the I.atin, bay color.
Cap.— I to 2 inches across, cup-shaped, granu-
lar, dark brown, margin entire, wavy.
flesh.— In two layers, the inner firm, outer
spongy. Spore-bearing surface situated on upper
surface of cups.
.S'«or^«.— Elliptical, transparent, minutely wart-
cd, arranged in rows, the spo^es are ejected w.th
such force when the mushroom is touched that tliej
appear like a smoke issuing from the cap.
Stem. — Wanting.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Gelatinous.
Habitat.— iyn ground along woody roads, singly
and in clusters, frequent, July to October^ Found
common in New England and central United States.
172
Guide to the Mushrooms
Mk
PEZIZA aurantia (Pers.) from the Latin
golden. "The Golden Peziza."
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches broad, cup-shaped becom-
ing expanded to almost plane, deep orange on in-
side of cup, light yellow on outside, which is cov-
ered with delicate filaments, that give it a frosted
appearance.
Flesh. — Thin, brittle.
Spores. — Elliptical, covered with a network of
raised lines at maturity.
Stem. — Wanting.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste.— Mild
Habitat. — On ground, singly and in clusters,
September and October. Found in eastern and cen-
tral United States.
Edible.
HYPOMYCES lactifluorum (Schw.) from
the Latin milk, and to flow.
A parasite which attacks various mushrooms,
but more particularly the species of I^actarius.
The parasite alters the structure and appearance
of the plant so that it is difficult to recognize the
original.
Phallus Ravenellu
M
174 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
The attack is made when the plant is very young.
The gills are obliterated, milk cells so changed
that they yield no fluid; in the case of L. pipcratus
the peppery taste is wholly destroyed. The cap
presents a granular, orange-colored surface through-
out its entirety.
Spores. — Are arranged in rows over the surface;
spindle shaped, rough, transparent.
Flesh. — White and firm.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste.— MM
Habitat. — In woods wherever Lactarii are found.
Edible.
PHALLUS Ravenelii (Bull.)
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches high, conical-shaped, sur-
face smooth, deliqi^escing, blackish-green in color;
apex white, smooth, finally with opening in center.
(tills. — None.
Spores. — Kudosed in j iiy-like substance -.n
outer surface oi' cap; oblong.
Stem. — 2 to 1- inches high,' up to 'Z inches thick,
tapering at each end ' How. composed of cellular
tissue which resembles the u .uith of a Welsbach
burner, white.
Ring. — None,
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191
176 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
Veil. — Concealed beneath the cap.
J'olva. — Ovoid, glcatinous, remaining at lower
part of stem when })lant has burst through.
Odor. — Very disagreeable, like carrion.
Habitat. — About decaying wood, under piazzas,
on lawns, in woodp.
Not edible,
GEASTER hygrometricus (Pers.)
*' Water Measuring Earth Star."
Pouch. — Globose, depressed.
Outer case or skin. — Dividing into 7 to 20 seg-
ments, tough, drawn closely together when dry,
swelling, becoming flexible and spreading out flat,
star shaped u})on the ground when moist, dingy
white in color.
Inner case or skin. — Globose, i)ointed slightly at
mouth which is irregular, })itted, grayish; when
young, soft and creamy v.liite, containing the spores
which are eniitted in a 1 rown powder wiien the fun-
gus is touched.
Spores. — Globose, minutely warted. brown.
Stem. — Wanting.
Odor. — Not noticeabh'.
Taste. — Not strong.
Habitat. — In sandy fields, very common July
and August. Found all over the United States.
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(716) 288- 5989 -Fox
USA
178 JVild Flowers East of the Rockies
CALVATIA gigantea (li.tcli.)
"Giant puff-ball."
Plant. — 10 to 20 inches in diameter, globos \, with
a root-like base, opening at upper part, rather reg-
ularly.
Outer skiti. — Smooth, sometimes cracked in areas,
whitish.
Inner skin. — Fragile, thread-like, white then
greenish-yellow, finally black, adhering to outer
skin.
Spores and threads fill the inside of the globe-
shaped mushroom. Sj)ores very numerous, globose,
even, but sometimes minutely warted ; greenish-yel-
low then brown, emitted from the opening in the
plant in "smoke."
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Mild when white through, bitter when of
.'iny other color.
Ilahitaf. — On ground in })astures, along road-
sides, common, August to October. Common in all
sections of the United States.
Edible. — When white throughout. Oru' of the
very best mushrooms.
CALVATIA cyathiformis (Bosc.)
Plant '{ to () inches in diameter, jiear-shaped
with a cup-shaped, rooting base that remains af-
Calvatia chaniifokmis
i^ i
180 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
ter the spores have been disseminated, the dis-
tinguishing feature of this species.
Outer skin. — Thick, brownish, cracking into
large areas.
Inner skin. — Pale to dark purple, fragile.
Spores and threads. — Violet to purple, spores
rough, globose, threads long.
O dor. — E arthy .
Taste.— Mihl when white, bitter when of any
otlier color.
Habitat. — On ground in pastures, common, July
to October. Common all over the United States.
Edible.
CALVATIA craniiformis (Schw.)
' "Brain-shaped Puff-ball."
Plant or Pouch. — 3 to 6 inches in diameter, 4 to
5 inches in height, top shaped, depressed above.
Outer skin or cortex. — Very thin and fragile,
grayish-white often folded in areas resembling the
folds of a brain, hence the name.
Inner skin. — Thin, very fragile, yellowish-
brown, upper part breaking away first.
Stem-like base or Subgleha. -Very thick, with a
cordlike root. Occupies about one-half the entire
plannt, cup-shaped, remaining after the upper part
of pouch has disappeared.
Guide to the Mushrooms
181
Spores and threads. — Greenish-yellow, then
brown ; spores globose intermingled with the branch
like threads.
Odor.— MM.
Taste.— Mild while pufF-ball is white; when
tinged even slightly with yellow, very bitter.
Habitat. — On ground in woods in central Unit-
ed States; September and October; growing sing-
ly, not common.
Edible.
CALVATIA SaCCata (Fr.) from saccus a bag.
"Long-stemmed pufF-ball."
Plant.— 2 to 4 inches high 1 to 2 inches broad,
globose, siipported on a long stem-like base, scaly,
often folded in plaits beneath; white becoming
brownish at maturity.
Stem. — Narrowed downward, rather thick, col-
ored like top.
Spores. — Rough, dingy brown.
Odor.— Mild.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat.— Woods swamps quite frequent July
to November.
Edible.
LYCOPERDON pyriforme (Schacff.) "Pear-
shaped."
Plant. — 1-2 to 1 1-2 inches across, up to 1 1-2
k : Li
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183
c«v
indu-s hijrh. srssilc. with tiny roots at base
ored with nnnuto scah-s which gn. a rouf^heiud ap-
pearance to the skin, growinjr i„ eh.sters; ereani-
white, then dingy brown.
.S-,,,„,,s,_SnH)oth, round, contained within the
•'pear-shaped" sac of the plant a.id cnutted at ina-
tnrity in a powder or "smoke from the mouth ot the
sac.
Of/or.— Slightly acrid.
7V/.s^'.— Slightly acrid.
//«/;//r//.— On stumps a.ul decaying wood, very
eo.nmon everywhere. July to Novendur. I'oinul m
all sections of the United States.
Edible.
SCLERODERMA vulgare (!>.) from the
Latin vulgaris, conuuon.
/,/^„/._Sonu>wliat globose, but inclined to be ir-
regular in shape.
Outer .vAvH.— Hard, cnui^sed of brownish yel-
low warts.
Inner mass,— In which the spores are collected
i„ heap... separated by white thread-like hbres;
whole appearance of inner mass black and sohd,
cuts like a potato.
Spores. — Black, globose, warted.
Stem. — Wanting.
OJor.- -Earthy.
1 84 Guide to the Mushrooms
Taste.— MM.
On ground in open woods, very com-
Habitat
mon, grov/ing singlv July to October
sections of the United States
Edible.
Found in all
GLOSSARY.
ABORTIVE. Imperfect, wanting.
ABRUPT. Terminating suddenly.
ACICULAR. Needle-shaped, as shape of spine.
ACUTE. Sharp; applied to gills having sharp edges
or to those pointed at both ends.
mERIXG. Sticking together.
/.DNATE. Growing into; as gills broadly attached
to stem.
ADNEXED. Applied to gills attached to stem but
not adnate.
AGARIC. Any gill-bearing fungus.
AGGLOMERATE, (a) Clusteied together but not
connected; (b) gathered into a heap or pile.
ALUTACEOUS. Having the color of leather.
ALVEOLATE. Bitted, resembling honey-comb.
ANASTOMOSING. Interlacing of branched veins or
lines, said of gills that are united by fine lines or
partitions.
ANNULAR. Ring-shaped.
ANNULUS. The ring on the stem of the mushroom
formed by the separation of the veil from the
margin of the cap.
ANTERIOR. In front, the end of a gill next the mar-
gin is called the anterior end.
APEX. The summit, in mushrooms, th i end of the
stem nearest the gill.
APIC^LATE. Terminating in an abrupt point.
186
Guide to the Mushrooms
1*
1
^1
APPENDICULATE. Hanging in small fragments, as
the remnants of the ve'l sometimes hang from
the margin of the pileiis.
APPROXIMATE. Said of gills which approach but
do not reach the stem.
ARACHNOID. Like a cobweb.
ARCUATE. Bow-shaped.
AREOLATE. Divided into little areas or patches.
ARTICULATE. Jointed.
ASC^ENDIXG. (a) AppHed to a gill where its edge
forms an ascending line from the margin of the
cap to the apex of the stem, as in conical shaped
pilei; (b) applied to the partial veil in the young
stage of the mushroom when its attachment to
the stem is below its attachment to the margin of
the cap, in this case the ring formed from this
veil is called inferior,
ASCOMYCETES. A group of fungi in which the
spores are produced in tiny sack-like cells called
asci.
ASCOPHOkE. Sporoi)hore bearing an ascus.
ASCUS. Microscopic, cask-like cell in which spores,
generally eight in number, are developed.
ATROPURPURECUS. Dark purple.
ATROSANGIXUEOUS. Dark blood color.
ATTENUATE. Becoming gradually narrow or small-
er,
AURANTIACUS. Orange-colored.
AimiCULATE. Ear-shaped.
BADIOUS. Bay; reddish-brown; chestnut color.
BASE. Opposite extremity of apex.
BASIDIOMYCETES. A group of fungi which has its
spores produced on basidia.
Guide to the Mushrooms
187
BASIDITM. Mother-cell in the hynieniuin o[ basidl-
omycetes fornie.l on the end of a hyphal branch
anu abstricting spores; the spores are generally
four in number each on a sterignia, but some-
times more, sometimes fewer and sometimes
sessile.
BULBOl^S. Said of a stem when it has a bulb-like
swelling at the base.
CAESPITOSE. Growing in clumps.
CAMPANUI.ATE. Bell-shaped.
CAF. Pileus. the umbrella-like exiiansion of the
mushroom.
('APILLARY. Resembling hair.
CASTAXEOl^S. Chestnut-colored,
CELL A little cavity or hollow place: a mass of
protoplasm of various size and shape, generally
microscopic with or without a nucleus and en-
closing wall, the fundamental form-element ot
every organized body.
CELLULAR. Composed of cells.
CERACEOI 1. Waxy.
CERVINE. Fawn-colored.
CHLOROPHYL. The green coloring matter of
plants,
CHLOROSIS. Blanching, whitening.
CILIA. Short parallel hairs, fringing the margin.
CINEREOUS. Ash-colored,
CINNABARINE. Brilliant red,
CINNAMOMEOUS. Cinnamon-colored.
CLATHRATE. Latticed.
CLAVATE. Club-shaped.
CLOSE. Said of gills when they are close together.
188
Guide to the Mushrooms
COALESCENT. Growing together of similar parts.
COCHLEATE. Shaped like a snail-shell.
COHERENT. Sticking together,
COMOSE. Hairy.
CONCOLOROUS. Of one color.
CONVEXO-PLANE. Between convex and plane.
CONVOLUTE. Covered with Irregular depressions
like the convolutions of a brain.
CORRUGATE. Wrinkled, puckered.
CORTEX. The rind or bark; the rind-like layers of
some funsl.
CORTINA. Marginal veil of spider-web structure
rupturing at or near the stem.
CRENATE. Scalloped.
CRETACEOUS. Chalky.
CRISP. Having the surface, especially near the mar-
gin wavy.
CRYPTOGAMIA. Flowerless plants propogated by
spores.
CURT. Short.
CUTICLE. A distinct skin like layer used to describe
the skin-like layer, separable or unseparable, pre-
sent upon the plleus.
CYANEOT^S. Bright-blue.
CYATHIPORM. Cup-shaped.
DECUMBENT. Applied to a stem having the base
resting upon the ground.
DECURRENT. Applied to gills which are prolonged
down the stem.
DELIQUESCENT. Becoming liquid at maturity.
DENTATE. Tooth-shaped.
DENUDATE. Naked; exposed.
Gi ide I the Mushrooms
189
DEPRESSED. Su-'.. below the level of the surround-
ing margin.
DESCENDING. Applied to a marginal veil when in
the young stage its marginal-attachment is below
the level ot the stem-attachment; a ring formed
from It is called saperior.
DICHOTOMOUS. Regularly divided by pairs from
below upwards.
DIFFORMED. Irregular in form.
DISCIFORM. Disc-shaped.
DISCOMYCETES. A group of ascomyc us fungi in
which the hymenium is exposed.
DORSAL. Pertaining to the b&-^^; in fungi to the
upper surface of tht i'eus.
DOWN. Fine, soft hair.
EBENEOUS. Black like ebony.
EBURNEOUS. Ivory white.
ECCENTRIC. Not central, said of a stem which is
attached to the pileus at some point between the
center and the margin.
ECHINATE. Furnished with stiff bristles.
EIXIPTIC. More than twice as long as broad.
EMARGINATE. Notched at th- end, applied to gills
which have a notch close to the stem.
ENTIRE. Having the edge without toothing division.
EQUAL. Applied to a stei i of uniform thickness; to
gills of equal length.
ESCULENT. Edible.
EVEN Having no depressions, no pits or striations,
different from smooth tnd glabrous, which see.
FARINACEOUS. Mealy.
FARINOSE. Covered with a m i i-like powder.
:' 'f
190
Guide to the Mushrooms
FASCICLE. A small bundle.
FASTIGIATE. (a) With branches erect and close
together; (b) sloping upward to a summit.
FERRUGINOXTS. Iron-rust-colored.
FIBRILLOSE. Covered with minute fibres.
FIGURATE. Applied to a hymenium borne upon
gills, si)ines,
FILAMENT. A separate fibre.
FISSILE. Capable of being divided into layers.
FISSURED. Split.
FISTULOSE. Tubular, hollow.
FIXED, Said of gills or spines not readily detached
from the underlying tissue.
FLACCID. Soft and limber, flabby.
FLAVOUS. Yellow.
FLESH. Inner substance of a fungus body as dis-
tinguished from the cortical layers.
FLOCCOSE. Woolly.
FREE. Said of gills which are not attached to the
stem.
FUGACIOUS. Fading early.
FULIGINOUS. Smoky; sooty.
FULVESCENT. Somewhat tawny.
FULVOUS. Reddish-yellow.
FUMOSE. Smoke-colored.
FUNGUS. A thallophyte characterized by the ab-
sence of chlorophyll and deriving its substance
from living or dead organic matter.
FUNICULAR. Having the character of small cords.
FURCATE. Forked.
FURFURACEOUS. Covered with bran-like parti-
cles.
Guide to the Mushrooms
191
from middle
FUSCOUS. Brown tinged with gray.
FT'SIFORM. Spindle-shaped tapering
to both ends.
GASTEROMYCETES. A group of Basidiomycetes in
which the hymenium is enclosed in a sack-like
envelope called the peridium.
GELATINOUS. Jelly-like.
GENUS (pi. GE.sERA). A classified group ranking
next above a species, containing one or more
si)ecies.
GIBBOUS. In the form of a s Mling; applied to a
pileus which is more convex one side than the
other.
GILL. Vertical plates radiating from the stem on
the under side of the pileus on which the hyme-
nium is situated: lamella.
GLABROUS. Smooth; applied to a surface devoid
of down or hair; a surface may be glabrous and
not even or vice versa.
GLAXDS. Moist or sticky dots.
GLAUCOUS. Covered with fine whitish-green pow-
der, easily rubbed off.
GLEBA. In Gastromycetes, spore-bearing tissue com-
posed of chambers lined with the hymenium and
enclosed by the sack-like peridium, as in puff-
balls; in phalloids the peridium or volva ruptures
and the gleba is carried up on a stipe-like recep-
tacle,
GLOBOSE. GLOBULAR. Nearly spherical.
GLI^TINOUS. Covered with a sticky exudation.
GRANULAR. Covered with tiny grain-like particles.
GREGARIOUS. Growing in groups but not in a tuft-
ed manner.
192
Guide to the Mushrooms
Ik
IP
lit I
11
GUTTATE. Spotted with drops.
GYRATE, Having folds resembling those of a brain.
HABITAT. The natural place of growth of a species.
HIRSUTE. Covered with long stiff hairs.
HOARY. Covered with short grayish-white hairs.
HYALINE. Transparent.
HYGROPH ANGUS. Looking watery when moist,
opaque when dry.
HYMENIUM. The spore-bearing surface covering
each side of the gill of an Aga'ic.
HYMENOMYCETES. A group of BASIDIOMYCE-
TES having the hymenium on the free exposed
surface of the sporophore.
HYPHA. The elementary thread of a fungus.
IMBRICATE. Overlapping like shingles on a roof.
INFERIOR. Below, applied to a ring formed from
a veil, which in its young state has its stem at-
tachment below the level of its marginal attach-
ment.
INFUNDIBULIFORM. Funnel-shaped.
LACCATE. As if varnished or covered with shellac.
LAMELLA. See gills.
LANATE. Covered with a wool-like pubescence.
LANCEOLATE. Lance-shaped many times longer
than broad.
LATERAL. Attached to, or by. one side.
LIVID. Bluish-black like the color of a bruise
LURID. Sordid, dirty brownish.
LUTEOUS. Egg-yellow.
MARGINATE. Having a well defined border.
Guide to the Mushrooms
iy.'3
MYCELIUM. Spawn of fungi resulting from the gej.
niination of the spores forming root-like threa lb
(the hyphae).
MYCOLOGY. The science of fungi.
NAKED. Bare without covering of any liind.
NODULE. A little lump.
NUCLEATE. A little nucleus.
OPAQUE. Mostly used in the sense of dull not shm-
PApTlONACEOUS. Variegated; mottled as the giUs
of Panaeolous mottled with black spores.
PARASITE. A plant growing on another living body.
PERIDIUM. The outer coat of the sporophore as in
puff-balls.
PERSISTENT. Enduring, continuing without decay-
ing or falling off.
PTT vim The umbrella-like cap or similar receptacle
"^"^ of mngi it may be regular or irregular in form.
PLICATE. Plaited. .
POSTERIOR. Denotes a l^°«i^i^«°""rof 'the gills
pileus adjacent to the stem, the end ot the gills
next the stem is the posterior end.
PRUIN\TE Covered with a bloom or powder.
PUBESCENCE. General term to describe hairiness.
PUNCT \TE Having dots scattered over the surface.
RETICULATE. Marked with crossed lines iike a
RINC^ANNULUS. Part of the veil adhering to the
stem.
RUFOUS. Dull-red.
RUGOSE. Wrinkled.
S.A.CCATE. m the form of a pouch. ^^
194
Guide to the Mushrooms
SANGUINEOUS. Blood-colored.
SCABROUS. Rough to the touch.
SCISSILE. Capable of being split; said of gills
which can be split into two plates.
SEPTATE. Having partitions.
SERIATE. Arranged in rows.
SERICEOUS. Silky.
SERRATE. Having marginal teeth like a saw.
SESSILE. Having no stem or stalk.
SINUATE. Winding in and out, said of gills that are
alternately convex and concave.
SMOOTH. Glabrous, destitute of pubescence; a sur-
face may be uneven and yet smooth.
SOLITARY. Growing singly.
SORDID. Of a dirty tinge.
SPATHULATE. Having a flat, round top with a long
narrow base.
SPORE. The reproductive body of cryptograms anal-
agous to seeds.
SQUAMULOSE. Covered with minute scales.
SQUARROSE. Rough with scales.
STIPE. Stalk or stem of a mushroom.
STRIATE. Marked with lines.
STROBILIFORM. Resembling a pine cone.
STUFFED. Said of a stem filled with a cottony pith.
SULCATE. Groo.ed.
SUPERFICIAL. Situated clcse to the surface.
SUPERIOR. Upper surface, applied to a ring formed
from a partial veil which in the young state has
its stem attachment above the level of the mar-
ginal attachment.
m^OBl^^^^k
Guide to the Miislirooms
l<).->
i
TESPALATED. ArranK^.l in small sQuaies; check-
tied.
TOMENTOSE. Wcclly.
TOMENTUM. Long soft hairs Diesse.l close to tlie
surface. . Ai,>cn
TORTUOUS. Bending or turning in various diiec-
TRXMA^' The substance extending from the hymen-
oihore between the plates of the gills in Agai cs
ami between the double membranes, of whicn
the par mons of the pores are composed m the
POI YPOREI: the plates f«^"^»\^.i!^j|j,SJ Vce
the chamber of the gleba in GASTEROMYi.li.
TES.
TREMELLOID. Jelly-like.
TRUNCATE. Ending abruptly as if cut on.
TT^RAEFORM Trumpet-shaped.
TvIe in polyphoves tube llne.l with hyn,enu.n,;
pore.
TUBERCLE. A small knob or swelling.
TUMID. Inflated swollen.
TURBINATE. Top-shaped.
UMBILICATE. Having a navel-like or central d^-
pression.
UMBO. A knob in the center of the pileus.
UXDU'.ATE. 'Having the surface near the margin
U-EQUAL. Applied to gills of varying lengths, to
' ' a stem of not uniform thickness.
VAGINATE. Furnished with a sheath.
VASCTU.AR. Furnished with ducts.
WK^^'TilK-rVrmiftkHtt-MBit -SI '.-'
1 <)()
Guide to the M ii.shruoms
:■ I
V^EIL. (a) Partial or marginal veil, a special covering
extending from ti>e margin of tlie pileus to the
stem enclosing the gills; (b) nniversal veil or
volva a covering enclosing the entire plant when
in young state either joined to the cuticle of the
pileus, as in Lejiiota, or sei)arated. as iu Aman-
ita, ultimately ruptured by the expanding pileus;
(c) a fibrous or granulose coating stretched over
the mouth of a cuj) soon breakinu up into frag-
ments.
VEINS. Swollen wrinkles at the base and on the
sides of gills often connected to form cross par-
titions.
VENOSE. Veined.
VENTRICOSE. Swelling out in the middle.
VERMICULAR. Worm-shaped.
VERNAL. Pertaining to spring.
VILLOUS. Covered with soft hair.
VISCID. Sticky.
VISCOUS. Gluey.
VOLVA (a) Same as universal veil the name is often
applied to that part of a separate volva which
is left after rupturing attached to the base of the
, stem in the form of a sheath; (b) the peridium
in phalloids is similar to the volva in Amanitae.
WART. Any wart-like excrescence found on the pil-
eus of fungi name applied to the wart-like re-
mains of the volva which adhere to the pileus
of some Amanitae.
ZONES. Circular bands cf color.
If
I
INDEX OF GENERA.
119
AGARICUS canipester d^inn.)
silvaticus (Schoeffi)
AMANITA Caesaria ( Scop.) i^
crenulata ( Pk.) J^ ,
" excelsa (Fr.) t x.
Frostiana ( Pk- ) A 4
" muscaria (Linn.) ^
phalloides ( Fr. ) ];^
rubescens ( Pers. ) y'
AMANITOPSIS vaginata ( Ro/.e) ^^
AMILLARIA mellea ( VVahl.) f '~
BOLEXriNUS pictus (Pk.) •' ^
porosiis (Berk.) ^"^^
BOLETUS Aniericanus (Pk.) J
bicolor (Pk.) \y
castaneus (Bull.) '-^X
chromapes (Fr.) J*'
chrysentereon (Fr.) j'*^
edulis (Bull) }]*
felleus (Bull) J*^
flavidus (Fr.) ^*"
granulatus (Linn.) |]^
ornatipes (Pk.) ij^
scaber (Fr.) J]^ , .
variegatus (Swartz) ^^^ •
CALVATIA craniiformis (Schw.) JSl -
cyathiformis (Bosc.) Vnil-
gigantea (Batsch) i^^
saccata (Fr.( ^^" '
I
198 (hiule to the Mushrooms
^ CAXTHARELLUS cibarius (Fr.) 99
CLAVARIA cinerea (Bull) 165
cristata ( Pers.) 166
^ " flava (Schaeff) 165
CLITOCYBE gilva (Pers.) 69
y " illudens (Schw.) 67
laccata (Scop.) *. 65
CLITOPILUS prunulus (Scop.) 104
W- COLLYBIA confluens ( Pers.) .73
^ •' dryophila (Bull) 'i^
radicata (Relh.) 71
^ " velutipes (Curt.) 71
' COPRIXrS at-amentarius (Bull) 131
comatu i (Fr.) 130
_, •' micaceus (Bull) 133
CORTIXARIUS cinnabarinus (Fr.) 113
cinnanionieus (Fr.) 115
corrugatus (Pk.) 116
violaceus (Fr.) 112
-* EXTOLOMA clypeatum (Linn.) 105
rhodopolium (Fr.) lu-t
FISTULINA hepatica (Fr.) 153
GEASTER hygrometricus (Pers.) 177
I' GEOGLOSSUM glutinosuni (Pers.) 171
HYDXUM imbricatnni (T.inn.) 159
repanduni ( Lin i\.) 161
- H YGROPHORUS miniat us (Fr.) 83
^ HYPHOLOMA appendiculatuni (Bull) 125
perplexum (Pk.) 127
. . " sublateritlum (Schaeff) 129
', HYPOMYCES lactifluoruni (Schw.) 173
LACTARIUS piperatus (Fr.) 87
subdulcis (Fr.) 89
i- — " volemus (Fr.) 85
Guide to the Mushrooms 199
LEOTIA lubrica (Pers.) ^"^
LEPIOTA naucinoides (Pk.) ^*'
procera (Scop.) **** '
LYCOPERDON pyrlforme (Schaeff) 182
MARASMIUS oreades (Fr.) ^^ -'
MORCHELLA deliciosa (Fr.) 1^9*-
MYCENA galeri«ulata (Scop.) '"^
NAUCORIA semi-orbicularis (Bull) ^^ -'
OMPHALIA canii)anella (Batch) '^ ,
PAN AEOLUS retirugis ( Fr.) \^^
solidipes (Pk.) ^'l^
PEZIZA aurantia (Pers.) \l'^
badia (Pers.) ^'J-^
PHALLUS Ravenelii (Bull) J^jJ
PHOLIOTA adiposa (Fr.) •
squarrosa (Mill.) ^^J^
PLEUROTUS ostreatus (Jacq.) ^^
sapidus (Kalchb.) »^
PLUTEUS cervinus (Schaeft) ^y^
POLYPORUS betulinus (Fr.) 1^7
brumalis (Fr.) j'??
sulphureus (Fr.) ^'^'^
POLYSTICTUS perennis (Fr.) ^^^
RUSSULA emetica (Fr.)
foetens (Fr.) ^t
fragilis (Fr.) Z.
purpurina (Schulz.) °X
roseipes (Seer.) ^l
virescens (Fr.) • ^^
SCLERODERMA vulgare (Fl. Dan.) 184
SPARASSIS crispa (Fr.) 1^^
STROBILOMY'CES strobilaccus (Berk.) . . • 151
200 Guide to the Mushrooms
t STROPHARIA seniiglobata (Batsch.) 123
>— ' TRICHOLOMA i)ersonatum ( Fr.) 61
russula (Schaeff. ) 63
r. " sejunotuni ( Sow.) 65
.^ VOLVARIA speciosa ( Fr.) 103
\
\
t 1
\
23
61
63
65
03
\
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Page
. . 109
adiposa (Pholiota) ^^^
Aniericanus (Boletus) ^,^.
appendiculatum ( Hypholoma) ^-"J
atranientarius (Coprinus) ^^^
aiirantia ( Peziza) ^^2
badia ( Peziza) ^.Z
betulinus (Polyporus) ^'^^
bicolor (Boletus) ^..^
brunialis ( Polyporus) '^^
Caesaria ( Amanita) ^^
campanella (Omphalia) ^J^
campester (Agaricus) ^^^
castaneus (Boletus) ' ^^„
cervinus (Pluteus) _ ^^^
chromapes (Boletus) ^^^
chrysentereon (Boletus) ^^
cibarius (Cantharellus) ^^^
cinnabarinus (Cortinarlus) ^^*.
cinnamomeus (Cortinarlus) ^^^
cinerea (Clavaria) ^^^
clypeatum (Entoloma) ^^^
comatas (Coprinus) ^^
confluens (Collybia) ■ • ^^^
corrugatus (Cortinarlus) : ^^^
craniiforniis (Calvatla) •.
202 Guide io the Mushrooms
crenulata (Amanita) 50
criapa ( Sparassls ) 163
cristata (Clavarla) 166
cyathiforiuis (Calvatia) 179
deliciosa ( Morchella) 169
dryophila (Collybia) 75
edulis (Boletus) 147
ernetica (Russula) 93
excflsu (Amanita) 45
felleus ( Boletus) 149
flava (Clavarla) 165
fluvidus (Boletus) 140
foetens (Rus.-ula) 91
fragilis (Russula) 95
Frostiana (Amanita) 47
^alericulata (Mycena) 77
^igantea (Calvatia) 179
gilva (Clitocybe) 69
•giutinosum (Geoglossum) , 171
granulatus (Boletus) 142
hepatica (Fistulina) •. 153
hygrometricus (Geaster) 177
illudens (Clitocybe) 67
imbricatum (H;dnum) 159
laccata (Clitocybe) 65
lactifluorum (Hypomyces) 173
lubrica (Leotia) « 169
mellea (Armillaria) 59
niicaceus (Coprinus) 133
miniatus (Hygrophorus) 24-83
Gn'ulc to the Mushroonm -<>•''
46
nuiscaria (Amanita)
nuuelnoides (T.eplota) ^^
oreades (Marasinius) ^'^'^^
ornatlpes (Boletus) ^'^
ostroatns (Pleurotus) '*^
perenniH (Polystlctus) •*•
perplexnni (Hypholoma)
personatuni (Tricholoma)
phalloi.les (Amanita) ^^'^
plctus (Boletlnus) ^^
plperatua (Lactarlus) _^
l)orosus (Boletlnus) '_'^
procera ( T.oplota) ''
prnnulus (ClltopUus) ^^
pnrpurlna (Rnssula) '^'^
l)yrlforme ( T.ycoperdon) ^^
radi'^ata (Collybla) ^^^
Ravonelll (Phallus) ' ^^^
repandum (Hydnum) ^^'^^
retinitis (Panaeolus) ^'^^
rhodopollum (Entoloma) ^^
roseipes ( Russula) ^^
rubescens (Amanita) ^^
russula (Trlcholoma)
saccata (Calvatia)
sapldus (Pleurotus) ^^^
scaber (Boletus)
sejunctum (Trlcholoma) ^^^
semlglobata (Stropharla) ^^^
seml-orbicularls ( Nancoria)
tnatr*
204 Guide to the Mushrooms
silvaticus (Agaricus) 121
solidipes ( Panaeoliis) -13"
speciosa (Volvaria) 103
squarrosa (Pholiota) 108
strobilaceus (Strobiloniyces) 151
subdulcis (Lactarius) 89
siiblateritiuni (Hypholoma) 129
suli)hureus (Polyporus) ^ •»•>
vaginata (Amanitopsis) ^3
varipgatus (Boletus) 143
velutipes (Collybia) "^1
violaceiis (Cortinarius) 112
virescens (Russula) 95
volenius (Lactarius) 85
vulgare <^ Scleroderma) 184
INDEX OF COMMON NAMES
Page
American Boletus ^
"I f^V
Beefsteak Mushroom '■''I
Birch-lree Polyporus ^'**
Bitter Boletus ^^'
49
Blushing Amanita
Brain-Shaped Puff-ball ^^J
Brick Top _
Chestnut Boletus ^^^
Cinnamon-colored Cortinarius 1^*^
Common Field ^lushroom ^^^
Coral Mushroom ^^'^
Corrugated Cortinarius 1^^
Delicious Morel ^^
Eccentric Stemmed Boletinus 1^9
Egg-yellow Chanterelle ^^
Fairy Ring
Fat Pholiota ^^^
46
Fly Amanita
Giant Puff-ball ^^
Golden Peziza
Hedge Mushroom _
Honev Mushroom *
, , ' 131
Inky Cap
I.ong Stemmed Puff-ball ^^^
Mi
m
206 Guide to the Mushrooms
Oak-loving Mushroom ^^
Orange Amanita ^^^^
Oyster Mushroom " ^,^^
Painted Boletinus ^^^
Pale Yellow Boletus ^^
Parasol Mushroom ^^^
Perplexing Hypholoma ^^^
Re;l-Cracl<e(l Boletus ^^
Rooted CoUybia ^^^
Shaggy Mane ^^
Smooth Lepiota ^^^
Sponge mushroom ^^^
Violet Cortinarius ^^^
Water Measuring Earth-Star ' ^
Winter Polyporus
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