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A ^^gPLIED IM^GE Ir

^S*- '653 East Moin Street

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S= (716) 288 - M89 - Fox

PART I.

FOR THE PRIMARY EXAMINATION.

OTANIfAL

Book

^IB-5POTTON.MA"FLS-

^HK \V. J. GAGE COMPANY (i,td.)
TORONTO.

C.(.3

HIGH SCHOOL

BOTANICAL NOTE BOOK:

PART I.

FOR THE PRIMARY EXAMINATION.

H. B. SPOTTON, M.A., F.L.S.

ritlNCII'AI. Ml- llAUllulUi SrilKi:i Cnl.l.KcilAlK iNsllTI Ti;. Tnlinxn..

Authorized hy tin: Educntiou iJijutrtmniit of Ontario.

I'rU-c; .>r> Cents

Tin: W. J. GA(;i'. COJIPAXY (ltd.)

TUK( )XT( ).

THE EDUCATIONAL BOOK CO.

Ti )Hi )XT( ).

PREFACE.

' '!"-■ nllic,. ,,(■

_ riws l,uok is.I..sij„„..I spcrinlly tu nm-t ,1,,. w;,,,, .rca,Mii,lat..s n,r ,1k IVi,„;,rv Vsnuu-

"■•^^'"» •"•"'"• OiH.'-rin K.Uu-,,ti.,„ I)..pMr.m,.>„. A wry l.,r,.. numh,.,. .,r ,|„. ,..,. ;,,,,, ,„,„.,

n-c-ssuy m plan, .l.seripti,.,, an- armn;....! in a ^y.tnnatic and cuMvni.nt wav. and lullv

''""""•' '""' i"'*^"'""''' '" 'I- l>l.nd< M.Iu.dnl.. prnvision is , !,. f,,, entorin,^ vItv CuIIv i,'

.•-lunvd, ,!„. dKail, ,f srnK-.un, .nd Hu- eas.-s wh..,.,. addiuonal particulars nmv Ik- tl,.,u;;in
necessary blank space i .,r.,vldcd in Avliich su.'li may h,. rccordrd.

Special funns „f sdu'dules fur ,i,e descripriun of ('un,p,M-,a.'a,v pn.vi.l.d ...n-l pmnn
nence is ^.ivcn, in all ,1,.. schedules, ,., dnnvin;^, w„iel, ,s s„ in.lispensal.ie „. .„„;i wo-<

lu order, ha,, every facility may be atVuMMl „> ,he y.UMj, st,ulont ,o aciuire earls ,he
fundamental ideas of classiHcation, an analytical ,,.,M,. .,f ,he chief Orde.-s represented in

Canadu is provided, s,. ,hat as s.„.n as a basis has 1 „ hnd bv ,he ,h„ro„;:h ex.nnina,!,,,, „f ■,

ft-w representative plants, the Orders c. .vhieh they M.u. „„, ,„ ,.,,,,,i,,.,; ,,, „,„ .,
at once. For the full elassitication recause „mst n.re^a.-ily be had la„.r „n ,o the Fl„ra
which IS desif,'iu'd to accompany the iiote-b.,(,k.

It is hanlly n,.cessary to point out to the intelli^r,,,^ f,,,,,,,,. u,at he niu>t use. jud nt

in determining the degree of fullness of dcscriptlcn which he will demand from his pnpiN
Very much depends o,i the stage at which the>- have a,-rived ; a description which would l,.'-
quite satisfactory as C(,ming from begin.iers might be wholh- inadequate if o-iv,.,, bv
advanced pupils. The schedules can of course be easily ..lapted iW use with chl. ,.f nil
grades.

b'^

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ox T,„.: M.xu.KMKXT UK K,.^:^,Kv^ u. V r..ss.s ix ]^„t.xv.
I'lJArrrcM, KxKijrisKs.

Ok.'KKs I'KKsnnHK,. ,.„K St,:,.V Ku,. THK ].,nM.VKV EXAMrXATIUX.

OjTLIXK (IF Cl.ASsrKICATlOX.

(iLiiSSAUv.

KkV r., THK Fa.MH.IKS (,k Oui.kKs.

Ii.i.rsTKATrvK ExAMn.Ks ,,K JYaxt Dkschiption.
Dhsckii'tivk SciiKDn.Ks :

nn/iiNin/ Plant Schedules.

Compoxifes.

Leaf Scheduh's.

Fl(ure)' SrhnluJe.'^.
F[,(ii;al 1)ia(;u\.m.s.

IxiiKX.

Blaxk J.kavks for Xotks.

J i

ON THE MANAGEMENT OF

ELEMENTAKY CLASSES IN BOTANY.

The fo lowing suggestions are oEfered in the hope that they may be founcl helpf,,! to tlio.e who u.e
begmmng the work of teaching Botany, as well as to the young student. The writer, nundful of the
ditficulties and perplexities which he has himself often had to encounter, makes no apologv for thus
presentmg what appear to him to be the chief essentials to success in tliis department of scl^'ool work.
It goes without saying that no written instructions can ever nutke a successful teacher where natural
enthusuvsm is wanfng, but it is equally true that the young enthusiast may derive some benefit from
he arger experience of others ; and while the intelligent and active teacher will not slavishly follow
lie detads of any method, but will be quick to avail liimself of any legitimate device which will serve
hispurpo.se, st.ll there are broad principles upon which those who have had practical experience will
probably agree. In the following remarks an attempt is made to outline the course of a vear's work
whicli It )s tliought will be found practicable in any High School.

When to begin Botanical Work.- A good deal might be said in favor of beginnin.' our
botanica work in the spring. At that time, when nature is awaking from tJie torpor of winter and
the hrst leaves and Howers are unfolding, it is especially delightful to ramble abroad. Then perlr.ps
more than at any other time, the youthful mind is attracted by the forms of the vegetable world, and is
prepared to enter upon the systematic study of them with more than ordinary enthusiasm And if it
were possible to continue through the summer the botani.^al work begun in the spring, doubtless the
most satisfactory results would be obtained. There is, however, the break caused by the loi.g vacation
during which teacher and pupils are separated and school work generally abandoned, so that when
classes are resumed in September the work of the spring has to be gone o\er again, with the disadvan-
tage of having, in most cases, new pupils as well as old ones to deal with. On the whole, therefore as
the school year begins in September, and a general re-organization of classes then takes place it seems
most advantageous to begin the botanical work at that time. During September and O.;tober an
abundant supply of material is available, with the adva.itage also of access to fruits and seeds af all
kinds, as well as flowers. It is exceedingly desirable that during this period, when fresh plants can bo
had for examination, the botanical lessons should be frequent. If a short lesson could be given every
day at this time surprising progress would be ma.le in a few weeks. AVhen summer has passed by
and work has to be confined to such material as has been collected for winter use, the lessons need noc
be given so often ; probably twice a week would be found quite sufficient. Then, in the spring, when
field work can be resumed, the lessons may again be increased in frequency for a time.

How to begin.— Assuming, then, that the botanical work is commenced in September the
next question to consider is how to carry on tlie work of the class so as to give the subject its
highest educational value. Botany is essentially a science of observation. One of its verv highest,
uses as a factor in education is that it trains the eye to habits of accuracv. But, in "order to

I

>^v

-- .-.. V. me entiro .,l..„r , -11 ----'-"""• """"I nor 00 amiss

ana use of eac]. part, but a^•oiai„g as fat- as o ss ' 1 ' '] ""^ '"'"^^ '^'■'^'■•"^^■^"'^ *'- '-^-"e
the Buttercup, as pven i„ the t ' t-bo k .".rff^ ,:,;'" f/'''^^'"'-' ^-■"- ^l.e chapter ott
H^ust. however, l,e «„i.le,l by the tiu.e at \u^^,o!aZ 7 ''^'"''^ ^"'""'■^- ^'^'^ ^^-''^r

--I'p-ouud he Will atten.pt to cover a o„e "e ^^ ^'"'---nstafees of his ch.ss as to how
as. for ;„..„..„„ ^.. _.. . -. °>'e tune, feo.ne of the plants describe.! iu the text-book

,., , '"« v^"oi.s coini.iications and irre'-

-H flnd in abundance e;::!^^:^!" ^ ^1^ hitn^ ^ •'^°°'^ '^7'^^ "^ ^^--'^^ ^-'''^'^ I^e
essential that the class should knon-, a,u he tntv ' '"/'T ''" "^'■"^ °^ f-^s which it is

.1-scover those facts frotn personal observation! ' "' "'"^ ^^""''^ '^^^''''^ *'- class to

How to conduct a Lesson —if fii» .i • ,

tl.e observations ntade simultaneouslv. ' Suppo e tTriied \l T- '"^- '' "'" •^'°"°'"''^^ ''"^ ^° J'-'^
of oourse in this particular case ^nu^t b Zr if ,f 1; :'''^;: ^'^ ^'^^'^ °^ ^^^ ^--». -hich
flowers precede the leaves, that the flower-cluste s unoTn f / '"' ^'""'""'^ ''^''''■'"^ '^"^^ the

tl.oseupon another .set of trees, and tha lithe es",'! 7 T' ^'^'' ''^ ''^"'— -« f--

abundant supply of both sorts of flowers be pro ,ed ;"?' ^'' '"'"'"-^-^ °f '-«>' insects, let an

^ -';;i--i-te the staminate flowers aid prerwiil^the'^: '" ''" ^'^"-°""- ^" ^^^ ^-'^^-
.should have before hi,n a blank sched.tle in which br„ ^'^^^^"•'^f'«"« "I'O" tltent. Every pupil
and it will be well for the teacher to tea b ) T. ""' '^°"'" '''' ^"-"'^ "^ ^"'^ observat ons

blackboard. Assuntin, that tlj; ^t ^^Ji^: St.r^"'%" ^^^ ^^"^^' '''-'^' °« "l-^^^
n. the fortns, let thena all be rec.uh -ei to ex In. ne t 1^ 1 ! "'^'^ '''' ^•°""""" ^-•■- -""'"-V-^
;m,n er of .sepals. Then ascertain what ha 1, ts t l^^ ^ 'Tl "^ '' ,^''^ ^"■°""- ^"-^ ''-
result may be accepted and recorded in the schedule on t V , , "^''''' '" '^''''' observations, the

nu,st be looked into and noted, if corre T^nl Z ^^'"'^''°-''-^^- " ^here are variations, t Lose

lous? "-the result to be checked as b f^.:. T e I",:^"^";^-''^"'^-^^^^ o^" Oam'o.se a-

-anner. To fill the last column, headed <■ Be marks '' t wiln't ^ ■' ' "~''' '*' '''''' ^^"'^^ ^ '''<«
to theu. own judg.nent as to what they n.ay t'rk Ih b V "^^ '" ^''"'' '^'' i'"^^''^ ^^''-b'

the teacher may select from them such as a ™ . u ''^^°'-f '"«• ^hen the notes have been made

The corolla will next be looked f^rnd 1 rlrd m dT Jf '"' TT'"' '' ''' '^''^'^^-'''^ -'-'I •
down by every one, and tnay then be alo w ftt" o^. the Vr'u ""i'^^" "'" ^^°'""''^- '^ --•»""
notice. Each will set down the number he find n, • , ^^'''^''°''''^- ^ben the stamens come under
Will a.ree. Sonte will find five, oth"- i otht ™ X^ U '^ '''''''' '''''' ''''' ^'' '^^ -"'^s
the teacher should enter in 1, .. form the W raThil 7,. I ''^^T'^^ ^-^ "^-n ascertained,
--nve result, and he Should improve the oi>Por::;Jt;t:;r;:Sr\r::- :^- ^^^

not

let with tlio forms
1- liimself ; that Jio
Its learn tlie sitiiii-
yiviiig a lesson is

or jiart of pluiit,
m to the different

to tlie root, then
vouJd not bo amiss
tissins tho nature
■ The cliajiter on
IS. Each teacher
< chiss as to how
^ ill tho text-hook
'iii'i. This, l„„v-
'1. In fact, after
er dicotyledonous
)k is a good one,
parts are pi'esent
aritios ; hut the
material %vhic]i he
facts which it is
liable the class to

iiize time to have
!ie lesson, wliich
bserved that the
appearance from
sy insects, let an

Let the teaclier
in. Every pujjjl
lis ohservations.
ed off upon the
terms enij.loyed
[)roper j)lace the
)hservations, the
.'ariations, these
5 or Ganiosejja-
ialt with in like
' pupils entirely
lave been made,
joard schedule.
tless be written
ens come under
t all the re.sults
sn ascertained,
expressing; the

pupils not to

0.\ THK ^[anauement of Ei.iomkntahv Classes in liurANV.

;j

infer too much from the examination of a sin.i;lo si>pcimen. as variations similar to that now under
notice are not ti-common. The coiiesion and adhesion of the stamens will next be observed, and the
" Eemarks " column filled nd checked as before. Pistil "Wanting " will be the next entrv, and will
conrplete the examin Jj n A the staminate blossom. The fertile tlowrs will then be distributed and
tlie work earned on in L ■ :.,anie manner, the pupils being led to lind out for themselves the differem.o
lietween the two kinds of flowers, and no observation on their part being considered altogether un^^orthy
of notice, even though relatively unimportant. The significance of the invasion of the Howers by
insects can now be nnulo clear, and the pupils should be advised to observe the trees from time to time
afterwards, in order to .see what progress the fruit is making, to note the development of tho win-s,
the lengthening of pedicels, and finally tho sprouting of tho seeds and the [.roduction of a .strong new
l)lant, all in one season. Other points, such as the shape of the leaves, comparison with other sj-ecies
of maple, etc., etc., may be introduced at the discretion of the teacher, but care shouM be taken to
avoid vagueness and confusion in offering for the consideration of the pupils more than they can rea.lily
«iasp, and the 7-e/a««e importance of points of structure should be distinctly brouglit out. For this
reason a form of schedule, which will present the various features in their proper perspective and avoid
giving tho impression that all oliservations are of equal importance, is the best. It is, in tho writer's
judgment, a great mistake to dwell at lirst with any degree of minuteness upon the morphology of the
various organs-to attach much importance, for instance, to the minute description of leaves. What
is wante.l is to get a clear apprehension of tlie leading characteristics of the great groups of plants, and
the main facts of plant life, and anything which tends to cloud the perception of these thin<^s must be a
hindrance to true progress. After tyi.ical floral forms have been examined, and some knowledge has
been gained of the more comprehensive groups, then it will be proper to procaed with the study of those
iiner distinctions upon which depends the separation of genera and of species, and which are essential
to know m order to use intelligently the classified list of the common plants of the country.

Winter Work.— As already suggested, tho lessons in the fall should be as freqitent as circum-
stances will allow, so as to complete the examination of as many tyjiical Wo-vers as possible Jlean-
while preparations should be going on for the winter lessons. Eruits, .seeds, leaves, bulb.s, tubers
cones, etc., etc.. should be collected in as great variety as possible. A sui.ply of ferns should also be
hud in, neatly pressed and mounted, as these plants may be studied nearly as well in winter as in
summer. Elementary microscopic work can also be just as well done in winter. Every school should
now have a good compound microscope, and the teacher who can skillfully cut a few hand sections has
at his command an inexhaustible source of interest and delight to his class. In all this winter work,
and indeed in all botanical work, a good deal of attention should be given to draicimj. It forms a
very useful e.xercise, for example, to dictate or write on the blackboard, a botanical description of a
leaf, and then re.iuire the class to draw tho leaf so described. So, also, if a section is viewed through
the microscoi)e, a drawing of what has been observed should in all cases be demanded, as the most
satisfactory way of ascertaining whether the observer has carried away the right impression ; whether
he has, in short, seen what he was desired to see. It will often happen, too, in the examination of
minute flowers, that it becomes necessary to dissect out and exhibit separately special portions of the
ilower, say, for example, the pollen-masses of the milkweed, or a single stamen of the pine. The
te.acher should, in such a case, perform the necessary dissection ; and having fixed the portion proi)erly
under the lens, pass it round for tlie inspection of tho jiupils. They may then be re<)uired to make a
drawing of the object, and having thus apprehended what is necessary, may l>e asked to try to repeat
tho dissecting process for themselves.

Tho study of tho structure and germination of .seeds is another j.art of the work which can be very
well done in winter, and many interesting and valuable lessons may be given upon these point.s. Seeds
of different sorts should be placed upon wet flannel or blotting-paixjr and allowed to germinate. The

'o^

<>\ Till; Ma.\A(1

•^'■KNT UV EUOIKNTAHV C/.ASSKS ,N EoTANV.

^^■|lc.llo

-J-^'^''"^-- "i^^^^ fajH. can... o.. .. ,.., ,,..

"fonnanon l,o l,„s been a,.,,„i..in« ul.out the ,u,.. o "l 1."^? "'' "7 ^'"^ '° '^ '-'--^l "- the

e hn.ls the.n to exhibit. As soon us practicable he , n r'"''""*-' *° ""^ ^'''^"'-'"•^ -l-'^

he clas.,.oo,a any .vihl plants what ve. .-u. el 1 !'",'' "^V"""'"' '° ™"'^« -"^ »'-'^' to
closed in a suitable tin .,ox, .-ith a light spn„k i I of " e. H '" n""'' " '''^""' ^^---- --

for several days. It i, „„,, ,f minor ccnsU-c' w L j / [h 7 ?'""" '" "'''"^"^"'^ -'"^'tion

upon the same ,.lant or not ; but whether they a at vlrk , "'""^"'^ °^ ^'''^ ^'"^^ ^^'^ <^"«*^«ed

u es must in all cases be conscientiously fill d " befo L t - '"" " ''''""" ^'""■'^' ^'^ ^^^'''^-
of he specinK.n. Perhaps, for a ti,ne/„„til al W '1° ''''.!''''^^\ ^o deterraine the name and place
bo better to work upon one plant at a iin^e. I th 4 t'f'oir" ^'f.l"'' "'" "' ''" •'"'''^'-^ '^ --"<1
obsei^ed, recorded, and checked us already dcs r bed Ir t ! t' " ""'"''' °' ^'''""'"■^ ^'-'^^ be

the plant have thus been definitely settled^to . n is be " /T IT'^""^' ""' "'"" ^"^^ ^'— -« of
lonu Full instructions are given in the book it "f , , r'/n '''' :'''''• " ^^''"'^'^ - P-Axed to the

opoa ted here. All the teacher has to do is to acco „ ° n t , T "l''" '" ^'^"^ ''''' "-'^ -^ be

b.ve to be answered, putting them, if preferr«l oo b o ' T "'" ''" """''"'•^ ^^"^^^ions which
-.V ^^.,v he may prefer, the answers in everyclseTf 'o„re t", 'T'""""' ^'^^ ""■^^^''^'•^ °^ ^^^ '^l-s in
>• e If the true name of the plant is at longthl .'i.^I "hi ^f'TV'''"^ *''^ ^°"'"'-«^ -''"l-
of observation has been accurately perforn.;]. T -o or th ' 7 " ''" ""''' ''"''''^'^'^ ^hat the work
K.ve tie pupils confidence, and familiarise them wL b u c oT:';' T"'"' "'' "^ ^^''^ manner will
■lowed to examine and determine aln^ostanvfloweip^ "' "''"' ^^^''^^ ^hey may be

"-f..l at this stage to begin a register of ^he p a l^a „ k '"'7 'T ^''''- ^''' ^^■•^'='-- -'" "-^
tbe awarding of them may be made to depend largely ™ t it "^ i' f ""'''• " ^'''''^^ "'^ « --».

js tune, the n.ode of preservu,, and .J,, in, ' ^ L "fo the T^i"^^ " "*-'"'"• ^'^^"' '"^ tlier^

from us botanical importance, this work has' vn ed t ' ' v ' ""- "'"'''' ''° ''^'''"""'- --'"'"'^

u day may be spent :_ """-'^ ^°''"' ^""6 ago, in order to illustrate how such

A BOTANICAL FIELD DAY.

It IS a briglit Saturday morning towards tlie ..,1,1 „r 1
bavo for some time beon looking fonvard w . a . " I; ''"/^'-^ """•"'"" *" -b-h a score of bovs and gi,-,.
auist., members of a cla-s fo,.n::.d some nulth^ ^1 t ha!; ;!"'" --i-ipation. Th„y are juv.-^A: !
ac4U.r«l some httle knowledge of the structure of plants t"°. "A ' "" ''"''>• "'' -I-'-' ^I-in-ens,
a ramble; to gather su.-h flowers as come in their v.^v- .mf t n ? ^'"''"'^"'' '""■'"'"- '" '--t for

a..o tj^letermme the names of such plants as they do ml rilvad H,!"-^^^'^'"^'^*^ "'"' -"«- "^-^ and

variety :;pr ttt:.:^^^^:::^^-^ ^;^z:Tr r-r • -— - ^^ - -, ^

o u, ree,lyn,argin of a sn.all lake, concealed b^ tre^st ;,;„ T "'"''""'■''' ^-"^ '->■ "-ce'nd

.tu.tche. a beaver meadow of many acres, frin,o/.na,oZ^J:;:Z^:':::ruJ'- ^^^ ^' '"'^ '^^l^"

■ —_ "" '""'-f to travi'iso in

.1 conniiiiisons being

our. tlic youiif,' bot-
3 ii ]'iiu'tii'iil use the
IS. ami will jiiocced
le cliiiracters wliich
coile(!t and bring to
lieir si)ecimen.s are
excellent condition
e class are engaged
t plants, the sclied-
be name and place
3 "flora/' it would
itriicture should be
1 the characters of

I is prefixed to the
t they need not be
IS questions which
ers of the class in

completed sched-
ice that tlie work

this manner will
hich thc3 may be
e teacher will find
' prizes are .niven,
1-. Then, if there
ixplained. Ai)art
f?, as it does, the

II be found at the

lit of a botanical
strate how such

'<( l«iys and girls
arcjuvi.uilt! bot-
'i-tcd sin'cinicns,
ing. to iiu'ot for
iparo notes, and

g, as it does, a
>n may di'scond
1st of til is lake

tr) travi-isu in

On Till-; :Mana(ii;.miont or Ki.i;.mi.;ntai!v Ci.assks in Botanv.

[_

comfort at ..,t .casons of the. y.ar, but, in this .varm and b.ify n.onth of .hine, soli,l enough und.r font
t<> chspol uncomfortable f..ars of false steps. If. inst.a,! of desponding, you skirt along the brow of the bill.
to the westward you come upon open n.eadows, with h,.re and there a low copse or tld.ket ; while to the
eastward are nolde woods of n.aple and l.ee.b, succeed..! farther on by pines, as the charactei of the soil
changes. Jo tlio southward are cultivated fields and ;arU,.t gard..ns, and in the distance the glintin- of
the sun on a coujile of cluirch sjiires marks the direction of tli,. neighboring town.

Ten o'clock is the hour of laeeting, and on this occasion an exemplary )mnctualit v is (observed by every-
body. As It IS intended to nuike a day of it, lunch baskets Imve not be..u forgotten. These are left for safe-
keeping at a cottage close by. an.l then, after a brief rest in tlie shade of a friendlv b,.e,d,, the partv is
• livi.led, for the day's wo.k, into small groups, and an area roughly marked out for ea,l,. Tlie brnvr
grounds and the lake region, as being somewhat ditlicult of access, are assigned to the sturdier bovs. whilst
ttio hUlsulo and the exploration of the woods and fields above are divid.^l anumg tlie remainder. "

It is agreed that the work of collection shall be limited to two hours, and acc.irdinglv. as the distnit
boom of tlie noon b.dl comes over the fields, our botanists begin to straggle in again. It is nearly one
o c lock, however, before the last detachment arrives. This consists of tlie boys who have made their wav
to the eastern end of the lake and the beaver-meadow. Their appearance is hailed with a shout of admi-
ra ion, for of all tlie collections of flowers, theirs is certainly tlie most imposing. They must, indeed, have
hit upon a veritable botanic garden, for each of them carries a huge bou,,uet, made up of a profusion of
.ady s .Slippers and other Orchids, together with Lilies, Pitcher Plants, and beautiful pink Pvrolas These
boys are flushed with the excitement of their walk and their sueeess; and though the ...nldition of their
lower extremities would seem to indicate that they are not altogetluu- unacpfainted with lio^s. they make
no reference thereto, but dwell with enthusiasm, and .some degree of extravagance perhaps, on the beauties
of the scene they have just left. But the others, though their colle.-tion will not vie in brilliancy with the
produc s of he beavei-meadow. have, nevertheless, in nearly every case, something of more than onlinary
interest to show. J ho ex,.lorers of the lako margin were fortunate enough to fin.l a punt, by means of

ti' w%''Tv "i , ''''"'l'' '''?"'*■ ^'^'""^ ^'"'''^ '^''''"^ Utricularias, the pretty white Watei-Crowfoot, and
ho Water-Shield, were brought within their reach ; and on tlie cool northern bill-sid.-, trailin.^ over the
baseo moss-covered stumps, speeinu.ns of tlie Twin-Flower-a special favorite of the great Linmeus. and
named 7w«„o.a Jom,7,. m his honor-were obtaine.l, as well as Violets of various species, Woodbin..s
Mitehellas etc. The open fields and fencc^rows yielded St. John-s-worts, Elder, Onaphaliums of several
species, a handsome Rudbeckia-the purple Cone-flower-and of course the ubi.piitous Dandelion and Alav-
weed, and Mullein. ' ■

_ But just n<,w there an. cravings wliich are not intellectual, cravings too urgent to be <lisre-arde,l. The
interest in botany is. at this moment, deci.ledly of a secondary nature, and when the lunch bask..ts are sent
for, and hetr contents exp,,sed to view, the gravest doubts of their su.Hciency are entertained and freely
expressed. _ 1 he fullest kind of justice is done them, and in the course of a few minutes no vesti-ro whatso-
ever remams-notlung even suggestive of them, save the shrunken wrappers, upon which some eyes are
now t.irned with an expr,.ss,on almost approaching to gloom. It is suggested, and the suggestion meets
with no opposition, that what..ver may be the merits of botanical pursuits from an intelCtual point of
view, they hav-e recommendations of a physical nature, not wholly unworthy of consideration ; and it be-^ins
o dawn upon these y^outhiul scientists, though as yet they have no clear conception of the ideal .tens Lra
rnrorpore .a.o, that Botany has this decided advantage over all other school studies, that, to pursue it with
efficiency, exercise of body must accompany exercise of mind. They can also comprehend that tho botanical

hvi'h 7lu t" f " r' " ^'""T""" ""'^ ""'"'^ '" "'"'^" "^" "' '' ' *''"^ everywhere around them the
l.ui>hpioductions of nature are only waiting to be asked, to unfold their beauties; and that anvone who
holds converse with the sdeiit yet eloquent creations of the floral world, must be,.,,,,; imbued with mo.v o
les, ot the feeliug wbudi inspired the tenderest of .American poets, when he sang of the flowers as

"Ti'ucliiiif,' lis l)y most iK'i-siiiisive i-cascnis
Hew akin tlicy are to luiimui tliiiij.'s."

But the afterno,m is advan.diig, and i.iiportant work -till re,uaius to be d,,ne. It is n„i ,.,„„,„}, ,
aduiire color a.id form ; we uiusr look a little deeper, and am.ly.e the structure of our flowers with as muJh

C I

ii>

same way: 1111,1 thou.'h if ;t f , '^"■' ""'^''J"' '''i"! thu localitv dtli,.,- -, ■ "'"• -""'-t' liaviii-

- """ '^ '■"''' l^^tan.oal work „n tlu-ir own

"-.0 to';:;::^^ ;:r"¥;r:;:^,t":; i;"-"^^'' ^" ---'-- -^ -o„ a.. ,„.. ., , ,

>vs.mrc.o which cVulsth "'"'■'' '' J"-^- '■^■<->n sul.joete.l unW . ''^'I'l'™'-'"!. a«,I th. youthful

*l.o present laid asi,!. an 1 l! 1 r > "' '^""^ ^'"'"'S'' *" «io ohj.ctcf thocl^v' "^ ^' .'"'l^''^. imn>e.Hat..ly
homeward w-ay is b.,guil..,l tTl ' '"''""" "*' *''" '^'^'.^- *" ^h., „var W '•, ' f"""^ "'" ^>-'"'-

-n. ^ve .ay „... a^ain i.:^i:;;;v-;-:: ^ -"^^ ^-^ is w,i...i V, w iis::-: -—s -

|''is. u,_. j,i(iiM.si. tu turn
i"g fiiciihkw liy tryin-
t tho jilants nroivfog-
in tho cliiss-roiim ; tho
It isiiiuuccliutiay i,l,.,i.
|>sitcsin Mdom nt tliis
' *'"'''ii an; some wliicli
"iisult,,!. Fi,v cdiivi-
''>'- with spt'i'inicns in
ftors exhibited Iiy tht!
•wiU'iI. 'J'hcse hiixing
IS ari^ tiikcn uj> in tho
"11 gatli.ivd. yet eon-
cimtnins dull as «ell
•al work on their own

lock i)rei)iirati(ms are
il) and tho 3'oiithful
i singular fertility of
* elders, ininiediately
lings. Botany is Un-
'1' stamens are hyijo-
mt ('(jnversation tho
is expressed that ere

PEACTICAL EXERCISES.

.-Examine and record, witli dnuvin-s. the modes of vernation in six .lifferont ; hints.
.-Compare the leaves of Ked Maj.le. Silver Maple, and Sui;ar Maple, making' drawings.
.-ConijHire the leaf-rlusters of ihe White I'ine. Red Pjne. and Tamara.'k.
. —Determine the phylloraxis in six differeni plants.

.-Make a cros.s-,seetion of a cluster of ih.. leaves of tho Hlue Flag, near the base. Make a drawin
of the section.

.-Examine Imds of the following, with special reference to ja-otective coverings
Horse-chestnut, Beech, Poplar. .Alake notes of what you ol
present examine their inside surfaces.

Lilac. SiJiuce.
iserve. ""A'here bud-seales are

,S.
!».

10.
II.

12.—

13.—

— Compare the climbing apparatus of the J'ea with that of the Ueaii.

—Compare as to mode of growth and ramilication the stems of the Apple-tree an,l tho Pine.

-Make vertical sections of the eye of a Potato, an Indian Turnip, and an Onion, and make draw-
ings of the .sections.

— Make vertical and cross-sections of three different buds. Draw tlio .sections.

-Examine the prickles of a Bramble and of a (ialium. Are they hooked downward.^ or uj.wardsV
Of what service are tliey to the plants'? Give reasons for your opinion.

Examine the ends of shoots of the Lilac towards tho close of summer. Xote the replacement of
the terminal bud by two lateral ones. Examine these again late in the fall.

Examine tendrils of the Grape-vine and A'irginia Creeper, noting any difference in their mode
of action.

14.-
15..
Ki.-

1".-

IH.-
19.-

-Examino the twining stems of the Hop and the Morning (Jlory, noting differences.

-Detach bulblets from the axils of the leaves of the Tiger Lily, and plant them. Record results.

-Cut witli a knife into the stems of an exogen and a woody endogen (Bamboo, for example).

Xote and account for any difference in the difficulty of cutting through the outer surface.
-Examine and record, with drawings, the modes of eestivation in six different flowers.
-Draw floral diagrams of six different flowers, and write out the formulas.
-Comp.-,re the fii^ad of the Thistle with that of the Red Clover.

PllACTrCAl- EXKIUISKS.

(ill

20.

22,
2;5.
21,

2(;.

27,

2H.

29.
30.

31.

32.-
33.-
34.-

.;ii;.::r'°"" '""""'■''•''''■' "°'''~"°"^' ^— •■•» * .»'■»■ -»■» - :^::i,

-Mak.. an.l draw .section.s of .six .lifforent ovaries.

-Soak a hoan in water for a„ ].o„r or two, and t].o„ dissect it. e.Iubitin, all i,s parts

>» uiow-nei ij. ^oto djfferencps of origin.

""^i:.!::::"' '^" ^^°"" '" ■""'" ^^■'''■"' ^'^^^'■'^^' -"^ "°^^ -- •^"^^-"- '- -"^ ^"-on.na of

-Ga,l,erafowa..ornsund.seed.sof theKedMaple and lay tW away for the winter In tl.e
spring; test their gerrainatinn powers.

-Kxaniino scales of green pine-eones. and al.so of ripe ones.

-Dissect out the embryos from six albuminous seeds.
-Observe through a good microscope, and make drawings of :-
(d' Six different pollen-grains.
(1>J A tliin slice of Eider pith.
(cj A shred torn from the under surface of a leaf.
(dj A similar slired from the upper surface.
(cJ A cross-section of a bit of Lilac leaf with a vein in it,.
('/) A plant-liair.

(U) A vertical section through tlie tij, cf a rootlet.
(JiJ A tiiin slice of Potato.
(ij The bloom on a Cabbage-leaf.

"'';'°rr;r'°"r' ""^"'"■°°""" » "'•■"■'■ - »»•" '«- ■" ».«■ c o,,.. „.*, .co,,,.

I

itiitiiif,- tlio action

its wirlidrawiil.

fnjiii a flower uf

How, Cucumijer,

ll'tS.

ililkweed aiul of
e |ilieiioiiiena of
winter. In the

mbine, Mallow.

native woods,
any differences
e. Give .vour
t is its iiroli-

I'liArrn-.M, IIxkucisks.

fl

;>i;.—

.'js. _

.'i'.i.

-J

(■ .amine ll„. Murf.v under siirfae.. of a leaf <.f tl,e eoinni.m Sliephenlia. View a small portion
under a. i;ood miero>id|,e and write notes on wiiat yon uliserve.

Serape the -urfae,. ,,f a >li,e ,,f F'otal.. with i, knife, mnuni ll,,. serapin- and eNainine will, a ;:<.od
mieroseope. .\dd a ,lr,,),,,r twoof s.,!ul i(,n ,.f inline : ..xamine a-aiii. and .les.'rihe and ex|.lain
thi' residi.

Try similar experimeiiis wii h a Turnip, a ('arr<.t, an .\|.|.!e, a soft.'ned I'ea. and write ,.,,tes <.n
the results.

Stu.ly the termination ,,f a !',.,. a Windsor i'.ean, and a -rain of Indian Corn. Writ., notes
upon any j.henomena ,,hserv( ,1. 'I'ry tiieelT.Tt of dilTereni lemi.eratures on \lu- rapidity of p'l'-
laination.

-Oh.serve atid writ,. noie> iip,,n t he .lilTerent aspects presented ly plains when -rown in th.' >hadi'
and when I'xposed !(■ fidl .-uniiuht.

Ul.-Immerse u few -reel, le;,ves in a hottle full ..f water. Invert upon a >li,',llow di.h .d water with-
out spilliii- Kxjiuse til,, whole to stroi,- suiili-ht. and exi,i,,ine aft,'!' two or thrc l,o,irs.
Uesi'i-ili,' and exjilain anythii,- you ohser\e.

1 1. — Itepeal the i.ist .■xp,.rimi.nt . phu'ln- th,. appai'at u.- in a, dark rlo,>et. N,,te results.

■1-'. — Fill ahoitt ,)n(-tliii',l of a la r-e wi(h-mouthed hott li. wit h w,dl-soaki'd I'e.a-. .\ft..r three or four

hours carefully remove the stoppei- and lower ii, to the hottle .■, li-hted m:,tch or taper. Xott^

iind explain results.

-(;row a hyacinth or a ,'i',,cus in a i,erfi'( '«• ihirk cellar. N,.te the effect ti|.,in the i-,.l,,iir of tli,^
leaves, and also upon that of the ilowers.

-.\ plant -rowin- in a window hemls towards the li.yht. AVI, at inference wouM you draw as to
theelTect of li-ht upon thi^rateof -rowthV

-Prociu'o and examin,' th,' structure of th,' little hhiddcrs foiiml on the immerse.l leaves of the com-
ition lilailderwort. Xoti' th,' ai't ion of the traii-,luor leading into the'hiadder. I-:xaniii,e also
the contents, .ami make notes of .\'o;ir oliserviitions.

-Examine tla- structure and contents of the leaves of the I'itcher-jdant. .Make- drawii,i;s and
notes.

4;J.

■Id.

ORDERS PRESCRIBED EOR STUDY

•■■oii riiK

PHIMAUY EXAAEENATIO]^-.

1. RANUNCULACE^.

2. CRUCIFERiE.

3. MALVACEiE.

4. LEGUMINOSiE.

5. ROSACE-(E.

6. SAPINDACEiE.

7. UMBELLIFERiE.

8. COMPOSIT-ff!.

9. LABIATiE.

10. CUPULIFERiE.

11. ARACEiE.

12. LILIACE^.

13. IRIDACEiE.

14. GRAMINE^.

15. CONIFERiE.

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M

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'J|ll!

GLOSSARY OF

BOTANICAL TERMS

USED IX PLANT DESCHIPTIOX.

THE ROOT.
Origin.

he ,.ulu.le of tl„. ..,nb,;vo (Fi,. Ij. Su..], . .oot is u.uallv
lbutno,.hvays)siM... .r„l nw.y .e,„l ouh L.teraHibr^s
"s it ^^■o^vs: sudi lil„,..s or brai.ches are mcludcd in tho
Jiniiinry root.

Annuals an,l biennials. ,,n,l n.any troos, k.vo, as a rulo
onJy j.rmiai'y roois. '

Skcoxoakv: wlu.n onKlna.in^ f.-on. any otlu.- pa,, of .b. :
>'l.u,t than ,b(. on,l of tbe radiri... as from .]... ..-,1.. .ri
.cen.s (f:^. :>), froni tubers, looistocks, mws, cuttmy^.

Perennial b.rbs. creeping plants, and most shrt.bs, pro-
Uiice sucli roots abnudantiy.

Form.

Ta,. : having a n.ain central axis, distinctly larger than any
ol tlie brancncs (i- j^^ ;j). ''

i-im<,„:s: made np of nntny s.m.iar parts wi,iK,„t a d.sttnct
central a.xis (Fig. 4).

A tap-root is

(a) Unka/, when it .-radnally tapers front tt broad top

(i.) >Sjnndh'-s/u,p,,I ovfus!fon>u uhen thickest in the
middle (Fig. (ij.

(c) Turnip.shap.a or nnpifonn. when iicttrly globuhu-
with an abruptly tai)ering base (Fig. 7).
Fibrous roots are

(a) Of coarse (hrmds, as in Buttercup.

(b) Off,„o. thrmiLs, as in any common gras«
(r) /'«,sT/<./.,? or clustrrea or Ud,,rous, when each of| '\

the fibres has become a «e.shy mass, as in Poonv (Fig 8)
(In description the Variety may follow the Form on the
same line; for example, Fokm : Tap, conical.)

Colour.

In "-^y Platits the colour of the root is characteristic, and
.-liould ttlways be given in the description.

-A" '-y

Fiy. 2.

I'-ifc'. 1.

Fig. 7.

IIOTAMCAL TEH MS.

Position.

SuiiTioUHANKAX : wlicii. ,'is ill most canes, tlia root is imdcr-

^rouiid.
Akuiai. : wlicii tlio roots spriii^,' from tlic sides of iho stem

above k1')iiii.1. as in I'oisoii ixy. which uses roots fur

climbiiii;- ; ami in Indian (/orn.
AgcATic: when susiieiided in water, as in Duckweed.

Duration.

A.NMAl,: hist inj; one season only.
l)li:\MAi. : histiiii; two seasons.
Peuenniai, : hist in- vrar after vear.

Class.

THE STEM.

E.\()(iE\oir.s (or DicdTYi.ioi.dxoiJs) : with the wood in annual
hiyers or riii.us (Fii;-. \\\.

Note that [.hints with exof^enoiis stems have also the
following;- chaiactuis :

(a) The emliryo of tlie seeil has more tlian one (usually
two| cotyledons.

(h) The leaves are net-veined.

(c) The jjiirts of tlie Hower are tisiially I'nf in threes or
sixes, hut commonly in fours or ihes. i

(d) They have a true bark. I
Endo(ie.\ous (or :M(in()cc)TVLKiionous) : witli tlie wood not in

rings hut scattered throu!.;li the stem (Fig. lOj.

riaiits with endogenous stems liave also tlie following
cliaractcrs :

(a) The embryo has but one cotyledon.

(b) 'J'ho leaves are nearly ahvay.s &;traight-veined.

(c) The ]iarts of the flower are never in fives, hut
almost invariably in threes or sixes.

(di They liave no true bark.

Attitude.

Eiux'T : growing directly ujiward.s.

Declined : bending over towards the ground.

Puo.STUATE, or Puoff.MiiENT, Or TuAii.iNLi : lying flat along

the ground.
CuEEl'lxtf; lying flat, and striking root at intervals (Fig. 11(.
Diffuse: spreading in till directions.
AscKNDi.Nd ; growing upwards in ti slanting direction.
Cu.Mi)lN'0 ; wlicn tlio stem raises It.self by means of tendrils'

(Fig. 12) or leaf-stalks, or liooked prickles, which lay I

hold of neighbouring plants or other objects.
TwiNiNO : when the stem itself coils round tlie support

(Fig. l.'J).

Fifr. 11.

Fi).'. 10.

Fif.'. 11.

Fii.'. U'

\c'^

a

i m i

■t:

Ml '

ill;

GLOSSARY OF

Texture.

HKunAc.r.:o,:s: wi,l. li„Ie or no woo,l, ,u.,l <lyin«. ,low„ to the

grouml oiicli yeui-,
WooDv : as in slirubs and trees.
S,;n-HrTH;osK: woo.ly at tl.e base, but herbaceous at the top.

Position.

Akiuai. : srowiii- .above groiiiid.
.SirirriCKiiA.VKAx : -rowinj,' under ground.

Of subterranean ste.ns there are ll,e following varieties-

(a) lihhomr, or Jtootstork : a horixontal, more or less
He.shy, perennial underground sten>. whieli ,,rodu,.es each
sea.son a new In.d at its extrenmy, from which the annual
overground stem is developed, as in Trilliun,, Bloodroot
and most of our early-flowering herbs (Fi.. 14)

(1') Tuh,.r: the thickened end of a rhi.on,e, as the
PotiUo and Artichoke (Fi^.. 15),

(c) Bulk: a globular mass, usually made u,' of fleshy
leaves attached to a short fiat stem, as ,he Lilv , Fi,, K )
and Onion. " '-'• ' V

(il) Conn : a bulb having the stem part verv hu-e
comp.ared with the bud or leaf part, a- in Indian'-TurnTp

A plant is described as acaule.^crnt, or stemless, when
the stem is very short and the leaves spring in a cluster
from the surface of the ground, as in Dandelion and
-Hejiatica.

Shape.

Tkkktk: cylindrical (Fig. 18).

Cojii'KES.SKi) : somewhat flattened (Fig. 19).

TiuANufLAii : Fig. 20

SguAUE: Fig. 21.

(tHoovkd; Fig. 22.

Wi.\(ii:i>; Fig. 23.

yrHiATK : with lines running lengthwise.

Juice.

In some ca,ses the colour or taste of the j,u-ce is characteristic
and should be mentioned: Bloodroot has a red juice Milk-
weed a milky juice. Celandine a yellow juice. Buttercup
a colourless bitter juice, Sorrel a colourless sour juice etc

Branching.

The stem is
Simple; when branches are entirely wanting, as in Mullein
i^xciHP.KNT: when the main stem can be traced through to

tlie top, as in Fir and Pine.
Deuqurscext: when the main steni is soon lost in the

branches, as in most shrubs.

#41

Pig. 15.

Fig. 17.

1^. a). 21.

Ji'iTAMCAL T Ell MS.

With ii.NNKits : w],ei, tliore nro slmuler brandios from tlio
l>:..-<' <.f ihr siciu which tiikf root at tlio eii.l, us in Stniw-
l«'n-y. etc, i \'\'^. \\ ).

With Sto,.„n-s : wh.n l,ra>u.l,es h.i.l over .so as to r.^fh tlie
j;i'oiiii(l and lake rofit (Fij-. Hj.

With Srcuious : wlu... an inMl..rKrou.Kl brancli sen.ls i,p a
strni at a distance, from the j.arent ],hint, as in Mint, etc.
(I' i,i,'. 1 1 I.

TKN-|,i!n,saresomotimosbn,n<l,-forms. as tho.so of tlm tirano

Spin-ks, as in Hawthorn, aro also branch-forms, stuntcl and
p^jiiitcd iFij,'. •2\).

„ ^ THE LEAF.

Parts.

13r,.\iii;: the broad part,
Pi;tK)M;: the leaf-stalk.
STin-l.Hs: two sn,all nsnally leaf-like pieces, one on each side

of til., petiole where it joins the stem of the jihtnt [VW

2.)) ; bnt sometimes tlic stipules ar,. in the form of s,,ines.

as m Locust, and sometimes they form a tube around tiie

stem, as in .Smartweed (Fij;-. L>7).

Shkath: the tubular ,,etiole whi.di surrounds the stem in
many Endo^-ens (Fi,i;-. L'll),

LKiUUo: the tiiin s,.,ni-transparent appendai;e n-rowim; at the
top of the sheath in ,uost .^'rasse,,. It appetirs to be an
Ui.ward extension of the liniii- of the sheath (Fig. 2(1).

Position.

liAi.ic.vi. : when arising from the stem at or below the surface
of the jirounil.

CAin.lMo : all the leaves higher up the stem.

In plants like Dandelion and llei.atica „// the leaves
are ra.lical. In Buttercup aiul ,Sliepherd-s I'urse there
are both kinds (Fig'. 2M).

Arrangement.

Altkun.vm.: : when only one leaf springs from a node, or joint
of the stem ( Fii;'. '2\\].

Orrosm:: wh..ii ,w„ l,..ves spring frotn each node on o,,po-
s.tes.desof thcsteni: a,i,l opposite leaves are dnussafv
when each pair is at right angles to the next pair
(1' ig. .•iO).

AVhoih.k.,. or \-..:,tTi.ii.,.AT.o: when three or more ],.aves

spring from a node ( Fig. :)! i,
Fa.sckti

■ All:: w lien there

111 rnii-

.arcli. etc. I \'\ix.

ire several leaves i

n a onndle a.s

<^^ 111

m '

[ '; I i'.

IS

(ILOSSAIiY OF

Division.

Simit.k: when the libido is in ono jiiero, liowcver ilcpjilv it
may lio ciir.

Co.MPOtJxo: \vli(>n tlic liliulo is in two or more distinct jjicces,
wliicli iir(^ tlicn known as Inaflefn.

A compound leaf is

(a) P/iitiafr: when tlie leaflets are arranged on ea(h
side o£ a central or mid rib ; and sncli a pinnate leaf will
be odd-piniiafe if there is an odd leaflet at the end (Fi-.
3.'i) ; abnipthj.piuudf,; if there is not a terminal leaflet
(Fif?. •'5-1) ; and puuiafc with a tcmlril if the mid-rib ends
in a tendril, as in Pea, etc. (Fig. ^T)).

Again: the leaf is twirc-pinnafe if the primary divi-
sions are themselves ],inmtto (Fig. ;!(;) ; tUrin-puiudt,- if
the subdivision is carried through anotlier stage; and
ilecompouiul if still nioi'o divided.

It is iiifcrriipfi'dhi-pinHntc if, as in Tom.ato, there are
small leallets interspersed among the larger ones ( Fig. .'iT).

(b) J',i/i>i,itr: if the leaflets are spread out from the
end of the ])etiole, like fingers (Fig. OS),

A compound leaf is further described by mentioning
the iHimber and form of the leaflets. (An example of the
comiileto description of a comjiound leaf is given at the
beginning of the leaf-schedules later on).

Venation.

STU.\i(iHT-vi;i.\Ei): when the veins run nearly parallel, either
from end to end of the leaf, as In grasses (Fig. 3!1), or
from a central rib to the margin, as in Calla (Fig. 40).

Xkt-vkinkd: when the veins run in all directions, forming a
net-work. Such a loaf is

(a) pinnatdn-net-vdno.d : wlien there a distinct cen-
tral rib with the smaller veins branching from it on each
side (Fig. 41); and

(b) palmatiih/-net-veiiie.d: when there are several chief
ribs radiating from the end of the petiole (Fig. 42).

Outline.

1. Of leaves nearly alike at both ends.

Fii.ifoum: thread-like, as in Asparagus.
AcicULAU : needle-shaped, as in Pine (Fig. 43).

Fig. 33. Fig. 3.'). Fig. »4.

Fig. 35. Fig. »4.

ii,'. X.

Fiir. .'i!!. Fi.tr. 10.

Fig. »8.

Fip. ii.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

19

LiNFOAi! : liiirrow comimred witli the Ic-iiKth (Fi^'. -14).
OiiLOXo : not more tlinii three times as loiip as hroad, and
witli sides inclined to be straif;lit (Fij;. Ah).

Ov.\L, or Ei.Lii'TiCAi, : not more than twice as lony as Inoad

(Fi.i;. 4(1).

Ouiiicn.AU : round, or nearly so (Fig. 47).

2, Of leaves broadest below the middle.
SriiiT.ATE : awl-shaped (Fig. 48).
Laxckolate : as in Fig. 49.
OvATK : as in Fig. ."lO.
Deltoid : about as broad as lonj
(Fig. ol).

and rather triangular

3. Of leaves broadest above the middle.

OnLA.vcEOLATE : the reverse of huicpolate (Fig. oL').
Si'APini.ATE : like the last, but more rounded at the to]i
(Fig. o3).

Oiiov.\Tr ; the reverse of ovate (Fig. 54).

We1)(ie-Shai>ei). orCiTNEATE: like the last, but with the end

more flattened and the margins nearly straight (Fig. 55).

In describing outlines, it will often bo necessary to

combine terms, as for example: h'lircu'-ohlonij, Uncar-

htnccolatv, ohionij-ovafi'. etc., as the case may re(iuiro.

Margin.

Entiise ; not indented in any way (Fig. uii).

SEiiKATE : with sharp teeth pointing forward like the teeth of
a saw (Fig. 57).

Sekuui.ate : very finely serrate (Fig. 58).

Dentate : with teeth pointing outward (Fig. 59).

CuENATE : with teeth roimded at the point (Fig. 60).

A margin may also be douhh/srrrate (Fig. fil), doiifili/-
dunfdh; or doubly-cvenate (Fig. C'l), when the larger
teeth are them.selves serrate, or dentate, or crenate.

Sinuate : deeply wavy (Fig. 63).

Ci 1,1 ATE : with a fringe of hairs.

Revolute : with the edge turned back.

Rei'and : like the edge of an expanded umbrella (Fig. 64).

PiNNATiFU) : when the edge of a pinnately-veined leaf is very
deei)ly lobed (Fig. 65).

■Bi-piNNATiFii) : when the first lobes are tliemselve.s pinnatilid
(Fig. 66).

Fipr. Ill,

Fia-s. bi.

FiBS. fi4. 50. 57. 68. 69.

Fig. G5.

Figs. 00.

G2. 63.

Fig. 66.

MU

20

OLOSSA/n- OF

Palmati..-,,.: when the cl^o of a ,.ilmately-veined loaf is v<.ry
decjily lobed (Fig. 07). ■'

Pkctixatk : .vhon the e.lgo so.newluit re.seinl.Ies tl,P teeth of
a comb,

LvH.vri.: : ,,i„„atifi,l, wit], a very large lobe at . ha end (Fig. <!:.).

Ku.NO.NArK: ,.i,„,atifid, with the lobes pointing backwards,
as m Dandelion (Fig. 08).

^''"'(Fiil li^J'""''"'^' '^"'' ''"■^°^'' '"' "" ^"'" *'"°-^^''^*

Mu,.TU.-„. : cut into many fine segments or lobes, as in Milfoil.

Apex.

AcfAUXATK : running out to a long slender point (Fig. 70).
AcuTi. , akiug an acute angle (Fig. 71).
Oim-sE: making an obtuse angle ; blunt (Fig. Ti).
'ruuxcATE : as if the end were cut off s,|uare (Fig. 73).
Kktusk : with the oud slightly indented (Fig. 74).
EMAHcii.VATi- with a distinct notch (Fig. 7r,).
OitcoHDATK : rather deeply notched (Fig. 7fl).

C™atk:_ .vith a short but distinctly tapering point
(I- ig. ( i ),

''''en.lT.i "' •'; ■\^""' '''"" ^'°'"^ ^^•"J*^""'^ ^'^^--^ the
end of the mid-nb (Fig. 7,S).

Aui.STATE : tipped with a bristle.

Base.

Acute : making an acute angle (Fig. 79).

OiiTUsE: making an obtu.se angle; blunt (Fig. 40).

Tai'kkix,; : with a long and slender ba.se (Fig. 80).

COKDATE : 1-ounded and notched (Fig. (u).

Ai-iiicn..\TE : with two small rounded lobes (Fig. 81).

SACiiTTATE : with sharp lobes ],ointing downwards (Fig. 83).

Ha.state: with sharp lobes pointing outwards (Fig. 84).

Peltate: when the petiole is attached, not to the edge, but
to tJic under surface (Fig. 8,")).

REXin.it.M : with very large rounded lobes (Fig. 80).
Clas,.,n,, : when the leaf is sessile, and the lobes are close
iiuiuuK^ tl'.p stem on each side (Fig. i<-j).

^

Pig. 08.

77.

82.

Fir. ."I.

Fifr. 8G.

liOrAMCAI. T Kit MS.

Peukoliatk: when tlio lobes of

a sessile li'iif j^'i'ow tnijotlii'r

lit the li;\c'k of the stem, so that tlic sifiii scciiis to j.iiss

throii.uh tlio loiif (Fi^'. 87 1.
CoxNATH. or ('().\NATi;-i'i;i!i'(ii,iATi;: wliuu two o|i|iosiii. scssilo

li'iivi's ui-ow toj;ctlici- li\- their buses tFiK- ^^j.
])i:(;iii!1!1;\t: wlii'ii tliu lobes of a sessile leaf f,'i'o\v down tlie

sides of the stem (Fi;,'. S!)^.

Surface.

(The student should use his lens in deleniiiniiij,' the
(•hai-acter of the surface of either stem or leaf.)

Smooth, or GLAiiitous : entirely witliont hairs.

GLAUCoirs ; covered with a bloom which niiiy be riililied oiT
with the finjiers, as in C'abliaye.

PirNOTATi; : showing transparent dots when held uii to the
li;;ht, as in St. .John's 'Wort.

ScAiinors : I'onjih, but without hairs.

I'l'liioscicN-r ; covered with tine soft short hairs.

Vll.l.dfs : with loni;' soft hairs.

T().mi:nt()se : with matted hairs.

SEKicKoirs : with silky hairs.

HoAUV : witli white down.

Hisvid; with stiff hairs.

Si'iNOUs : with scattered spines.

RlKiOSlo : wriidded.

Cili.vte: with hairs on ili.' ,itij<\

Colour.

The colour of tin; leaf must he deiBcribed liy an apj^ro-
priate term, and if, as is often the case, the two surfaces
differ in colour, this fact must bo noted.

Texture.

Loaves differ very much in texture. Some are very
thin and soft, others almost lealheiy, wliile otliers auain
are very thick and tleshy. In describing- a leaf, judg-
ment must lie exercised in selectinjj a suitable term.

Duration

Fi'iiAi'iors, or CADfcots : falling off earl\- in summer.
DiX'llifois : falling off in autumn, as in most trees and

siiriilis.
PliKsisTKNT, or EVEiailiiOEN ; remaining at least a year on the

plant.

Vernation, or mode of folding in the bud.

CoNiifi'i.icATi-; : douliled lengthwise. Shown in cross-section

in Fig. !I0.
ri.lCATi;; folded like a fan, as in Mallow (Fig. 91).
CoNvoi.fTH : rolled from one edge to the other (T''ig. 02).

•-'1

Flpr. 87.

Fig. 89.

r

Fi)?. 90.

Fig. ra.

(^'^

oLossARy or

Tn-vom'ti:: ioII.mI imvar.l from botli vd^on {VU- <>■',)
-l|KV....rTK: r,.ll,..l harkwanl from botl. oclp..s7Fi,Vo-!^
C-KciXATK : .,oil..,l rro,n ,1,,. apex, as in Ferns FIk IT,
Ecu.TA.vr: ea,.). leaf doul.lo.l lonRtlnviso and astri,lc. of ,]„
next leaf wiiliin, as in Iris (Fij;. <k;).

INFLORESCENCE.

Arr,n,.,.u,n,f off/,,. /.■/„,,,,, ,, /v.„v./-.,/,.s/,...s. .,, f !„.,■/„„.

Ilowers aru on flio onils of

Mode.

Tkk.min.u. : wiaii |1„, s.'jiarali
stems or liranolios.

'JV.Muinal Inriorosconco is also known as Dkt.cimi.natf
or l)Knx,T,o, o, Cv,„.s,.;. or CHVT,un;..u, and it is ' "

s.i,n"'''p',. '''"'" " ""^'" ''""•"'• terminates tl.e
stem, as ,na„l„, and H,,,a,i..a. In other words the
flowers do not form a (duster (Fij., !»7,

,,,"V '/'■"""•■ ;'I'™ '^'' """•'^'■■^ '^''° "' '-^ <='"-^f". of

l.H'h the centra flower (on the end of the n.ait. sten,) is

M.rl.est (1. ,«. .)S), as in duckweed and «weet-Willian>.

In C iu..kwoe.l the cyn.e is /.as., and in Svveet-WiUl.un It

IS lll'lls,',

(Special cases of Cymes arisin,^^ from tlu. axils of leaves
arejferred to helow nnder the head of .Mixed Inflores-

Ax„., vKv: ,vl,en the sej.arate flowers spring from the axils
ot leaves or bracts.

Axillary Inlloresce.u.e is also known as L.vTKHAr. or
Imh.:teh.m,xat,.- or IxnKKtxrrt, or Kacemosk, or Botkv-
OSK, orCKXTHil-ETAl,; and it is

(a) f^oUtar,,: when the ilowers are produced singly in
he axds of ordnn.ry leaves (not bracts,, as in MonxL^-

Olory, etc. 'I bo flowers do not form a cluster

(b) -1 Hue,;,,,. : when the fiowers form a rather lon.^ :
cluster, each flower being, in the axil of a bract, and hav- '
nis a pedicel (little stalk) of its own (Fh^ <)<))

(In plants of the Cress family tlie bracts are absent )
nelr V ';'■■ '"''?' ''" '''""'"^^ flowers are sessile', or

(Fii 100). "' " '""" ''^"'' •'^^ '" ^°"-^''-'^-' ^t«-

(d) .1 H,,,a : when the axis of the cluster is short, and
the flowers conseuuently rather closelv packed together
as in Clover and Thistle, etc. ' *' '

(e) An Umhd : when the pedicels of the flowers are of
the same length, and arise from the same point (Fig. 101)

f) A Corymb: when the pedicels arise frona different
pomts on the stem, but the flowers reach the same •
above (Fig. 102).

Fig. 01. J^j,. 05.

Fig. 08.

Fig. 102.

Fit'. 101.

liiiTAXICAL TKItMS.

TIkj liiiccino, Uiiilicl, mill C'oryiiili iiiiiy lif coinipouiiil,
lis .shown in Figs, lu;! (coiMpomul Riicciiii') ami 101 (rom-
]ioiiii(l Uinbel).

(n) A Ctttliin : wlicii tlio flo\s'ei's (usually imperfect)
nriso from scule-lii<i! liracts iiloiig a slciiili'r iixis. The
Ciitkin is tluLs ii siieciiil kind of spike (Fiy. 10.')).

(li) A SjHidix: wlien the flowers (often ini|)i>rfect) are
arranged in a ,spike-Iiko cluster on a lli'sliy axis, as in
Imlian-Turnip (Figr.s. 100 and 107 i.

The Spadix is usually surrounded Ijy a lavi;c showy
bract called a spathe (Fig. 108).

Ml.\i;i>; when axillary and terminal forms are combined.
For example, in many Con.posites the intlon'sceiice is
terminal or cyinose as to the luunls themselves, wliile ea('h
head separately is always axillary or lateral as to the
development of the llorets of which it is made up. The
chief varieties of mixed inflorescence are

(a) Thi! Thi/r.sii : a cluster like that of Lilac, in which
the primary branches are lateral, and the secondary
cymose.

[h) Virticillantcr : a cluster like that of Catnip and
Mint flijwcrs generally, wiiero two dense cymes form in
tlie axils of opposite leaves, giving the appearance of a
whorl.

In coiiuection witli inflorescence the following
should be noticed ;

terms

PcxJuncle : the flower-stalk, or in the case of clusters
the stalk supporting the whole cluster.

Pedicel ; the separate stalk of each flower in a cluster.

8e(tpe : a leafless flower-stalk rising from the ground
or near it, as in Tulii) and Dandelion.

Bract ; a foliage-leaf, differing from the ordinary leaves
of the jilant in size, shape or colour, and found ir.idi'r
the flower or flower-cluster.

Bractlet: a secondary bract, as seen on the pedicels i..
Fig. 103.

Involucre : a circle of bracts, such as the outer leaves
of Composite flowers like Dandelion, etc. (Fig. 109).

Involucel : a secondary or minor involucre or circle of
bractlets, such as is commonly found nnder the .'iinall
clusters of a compound umbel (Fig. 101).

Fit'. 11

Fif. KIH.

Fig. 109.

Parts

THE FLOWER,

t'Driilla.

_> C'alyv,

IV'diiiiclu.

Kff.'. 114.

J-'ifr. 111!.

noTAXJCAL TKRMS.

(.')) niw'liim. wliiMi staiiiiiiiiK. ■111(1 pistillate llowcrs
are Imm,. on (li|T..|fiii plHnts, us in Willow.

(i-l Piit,Vi;A,M<l|-s. wjirii tli..ic is 11, liiixtllic -if pcrfrrt

unci iiii|>i'ifuct lidwi'is.

(<1) C()Min,ETK. if ill! four ,, lifts, vi/: ralyx. c.fojla,
stnrnons, iiii.l pistil, aiv picsciif.

(«•! Iscd.Mi'i.irri;. if any one or moiv of the four suts are
waiiiiii-. Incomplete llowei-s are ,i<l,hiiin/(lrnus when
ealyx and corolla aie Ijotli Wanting;, us in Willow.

(f) Sv.MMlOTKliAl,, if the different sets eonsist of tlie
same nmnher of i.ieces each, or of a multiple of the same
limnher, for exain|.I(.: 1 sepals, 4 jietuls, S stamens, -l
I'lirptds.

(k) U.nsv.m.mi;tiucai,. if there are not the same nuinl.er
of pieces lor a multiple of the same niimlior) in each .set.

(h) IlKdiri.AU: wlien the jiieces of each set arealike in
size mid shaiip, as in Hiitterctip ( Fi^^, ] lO).

(!) IitKEGiii.AU: when the iiioce.s of each set are not
alike ill size and shape, as in Sweet Pea, Orchid, etc
(Fig. 117).

THE CALYX.

Cohesion (union of like parts).

Poi.vsKi.A/.oi-s : with the .so|ials entirely distinct from eacli
other, so that they can ho pnlled off seiuiratelv, a.s in
Butteiviip (Fiir. 110).

Gam.)si.;,.a,.o.-s : when the .sepals are all nnited together
iFiK. 11 s^

The following terms are applicable to the gamo.sepalotis
calyx :

(a) The Tube: the lower united part (Fig. 118).

(b) Tim Limb: the upper separated part (.Fig. 11^<).
made uj) of lobes or teeth. Li many composite flowers
the limb is pappose, consisting of fine bristles (Fig. ll'jj.

(c) Tlw Throat : the entrance to the calyx-tube.

Adhesion (union of unlike parts).

IXFKUiou : when the calyx is plainly beneath the ovary and
free from it, as in Buttercup, etc. (Fig. 112).

SuPEUiou : when the calyx-tuhe grows fast to the outside of
the ovary and the limb ri.ses above it, as in Apple, etc
iFiir. IL'OI. '

Fit.'- 11".

2r.

I'lippus,

Fig. 118. Fife'. U!>.

Fife'. 120.

Ili'l

Duration

'■''■"■^<"'i- ■'.• f.vi.ir.Hs: fallii,.. ,,/T

>'''"n,.„.s. as in Hiitttwiii,.

till' i-oyiilUi iiiii.
f.illcii olT, US ill

Cohesion.

THE COROLLA.

Pof.vi-Kr.vi.or-s: ul,,.,, ,)„, , ,

"•"' Ul llU(||.lil|h ( I.' ,, 11(1. 7

Oa> ,.rr.,i,,„:«- ,v , ' """'""■ U'ii--. lL'2,

i"»» H», „^,. e„:vr,,;;: :r;irs' '■"''«' »'

I lie terms /»//>,. //iiih ■ii„I //,,. /

i,:V!;:;:'t':""-°""""" ■■''-*'-Vi,- -„.„•,«

(ii) TiOmliir, whon of hlhI,- .i
to bottom (Fig. jji " '•' ""• ■'^'""" "■'■''"' f'oii. „„

-I'y into a wiao lionlJ. ;f;; iS) ""'" "^ "'""'"
^vithaspveadinAo Je?' !,; 'f ^""''^ '^"'^ "'^'-o^'

AI.,U,„ec„,„l|,is(,„(he,-tecrlbeda,

(h) Liijulatc, wlien one sidn ,if fi ^ i

i"to a ribbon o strap .^Tin f , x!, ' ^' ^^'■°^°""'"^
»u,ip, as 111 JJiintlelion (Fig. n9)_

f

IJl.

Cniyx

f-lrnl..

• 'hnv.

FI»,Mi'l.

Kit'. U'rt.

Kif.-. ij,s.

HOT A Sir A L T Kit Ms.

Thn form of ,.o.„ll. p....„liar ,„ „1,.„„ „f „.„ |.„i,„ k,,,..;, j^
Known iiM

'•a-'--'N.v.>.::.m s ,!■,,. u;i^: it con.i.. , .. ,lvo ,,..,als ; un

"'''"•'• ''''•«"""" ^ "'""'/"/■</,, two.si,|,...n..«,,| ./„,/,v,

""''/"■"''^"■"'•"'"-^^'"••■'"''■-"Mi,,.,! .o,.„lH.r ,.. f.MMn

till) Uivl.

•nay h,uoon..or,uo„.,,..„ds prolonp.l into .vy,«,.v a, ,l„.

Adhesion.

Hv|.u,*vNu,:,s: who,, i„,,,te,l on tho .•ocoptftdo, un.W.I.,.
ovary and frw from it (1m;;. \\V2^ ,.).

''':i'i>;VN.Mv: wJK,, in>,,.ri,..l on ti„. ..aiyx iI'Ik. l;i;i, ,-.)

Kl'K.VNois; wliiMl

i"-*i'i't(,Ml on 111,, ,„|, of ,1,,! ovary yVV^.

Ti,o,.orolla.|.oul,l l,o further .h,M..rih.,l by givi,,;; tl-
sl.ap.'. .olourund^ixo of th... petal:, usi„K tl.o onlinarv
tci'nis.

1" a.s.M-ihinK tho flowers of n.onocotyloclons havim. a
^■nU,H,;d prrianfli, uso tho following terms for .•ohesron :

Po..v..„v..,.u,;s: when the pieces of tho perianth ar,. on.in.lv
sr|iaiiile.

<i.V.M.„.MVLU,us: when ,ho pieces of ,he porian.h are uni.e,!.
For adhesion, nse the terms suprrior aiul Infrrior, as
explained above for the calyx.

-Estivation.

This term is applicable to both calyx and vorolla, and na-ans
the mode m which these organs are folded in the hud

It IS

(a) Valvatv, if tho ed«es of the ,,arts meet witiiout
overlapping (Fio'. l.Ju), as in the calyx of Mallow.

{h) Conmlute, if the members of a set overlap so that
each has one ed«o covered and the 3ther uncovered (FIk
IJbj, as in the corolla of .Mallow.

,(c) Imbrkate, when tho members of a set overlap so
that at least one piece has both edges uncovered ami at
least one piece has both edges covered (Fig, 137) as in
Apple. ''

(d) Pllmt,; ov plaited, applied to the folding of gamo-
petalous corollas. The plaits ,uay overlap in the convo-
lute manner, as in Fig. 138; they are then .«aid to be

KUpci'Volutc.

Ml Ilk'

KtaiiiliU'il

KIk. 1.11.

H

Fit'. VM,

FlK. i;;;).

Fig. 134.

FiR. 135.

Fik'. i3i;.

Flcr. 1.S8.

(o-

ii

! i

V

f

~ ^l^OSSAlii' OF

THE STAMENS OR ANDRCEOIUM
Parts.

yn.^MKxv■ 11,1, Jou-er sl,tlk.like ,nrf f^

('•''^'- MO). S,,„nen.s .no ' ""'"°'''-^ ""' •'"''''«'•

(a) J-U-srrfr,/, if ,ii,, filauK.nls ■,,■.. ,

■"",'"■■ ■"■■>■ I .. K. ,:■:,;; i;,,".'r,T,'" °

-^""" "'t' J'i'i'iaiilh (l-'i..- ].)(;,
(Fiy. l;jf),. ■' ''''"'' ''""tain tl.o ,,oll,.n

Olio SUl'fiiro of tln^ M„fl

«'-voa,,,aa,h,,L^ T:;rT'"^'"--'Wiy
An until, '!■ is

,o!:l/"""^'^"' ' "- ^'- '^ ---a t,>e cenn-e of the j
(b) /•;,,■//.,;,..•,-, if., ,n,e,l outwards.
Aff,i,lnn,ut offho Anther.

■I 110 illltllCl' lll'l V 111. ..H- 1 T

ways. Jt is • '"'"''"^ "^ ^''« «'-"ent in three

OO huuit,., if its io\ver eii,l ,•,>,.
iilanioiit (F,... m;.). ' "'*'■'* "» fJ"-" top of the

(h) Aihiafr, if the li'ipl- r.f ,1
^^■l'"le l-n,^,h a..aiiL 1 '"'"'''^" ^'"-^ ^^•'•"' "■^

(Fig. 14J). " " ^""^^ •■"^'^^'-l '-) the iilaiueut

('•) l^'Asv,^//,. if tl'ie eiul of tl.n fii
'^ l"^^"t on tho hack of ll ""/'''^'"'-•"^ '« '^"acho.l to
swings aho„t(Firi^;;i! "' ■■' '° *''^' ^'"^ ''^"<^r

'Mii,s;;-iieeo/f/,r Anf/irr

mode. l^'o-i-Jii). Ihis IS tlio usual

(h} 7iy ra/rrs. when tlie si,h> nf ^1
"'I'. .■..so,iahi„,.e(ri,, i't) ''"' -'ther-.ell turns

-'■--;.cr;t :;:::/''; /'°"^" --'- '"-->-

I

I anther..

polli'il.

■■'ilaiiicnt.

I'W. Kif,M|o.

145.

Fiff. U2.

Fij,'. 1 14.

117. IIM.

_ '"^TAXICAL n:itMs.

Pol, KN : , he .aim.to grains (alike i„ tl.„ sl^. ,A:u^^^^^^^,.

>M..ronr „. ailTon^ut plants) cont.inoa in t o an lu , . :

|'o.nnu.nly ,.os.n,l,lin. a loose dnst o,. ,ow,ler (F ^ ^0 )
but sonietiiiu\s colici-inr. in «,,v,i., • ^' '^- -""A

iuOn.l.is,Fij,.Ml;" '"''"'" '"—/-/'-/«)■ as
rollen-.n-ains are plant-rells Laving. ,wo .oats an,l
"dos,n^ a thickish ]i,,ni.|. Fi,. i.O sho.vs a i "

J1.0 1.01W is the ...,.//,,/ ,,,,, of ,ho s.an,en. Tl,e
•I 1 sho„ ,1 ,,,,„„, ,,,, ,^ ^,„,, nnc,.os..o,K. various
'-"'-f poUen-^rains. an,l n>ake ,h-awln,s of ,!,on>.

Number.

If tho s.a.nens are not n>oro than trn lu nun.hor. the oxa-'t
— -'-• sl.ouM bo stated. If n.ore than ten. t e

-'--'.. or /W,://„//,, ana this is in,l,.a,ed 1.- the s!'n
- HI t)ie proper eohunn of the de.seriptive table." '

Cohesion.

If tbe stamens are entirely separate frotn each other ,l,eir
-lu.s.onortheabseneeofi,Msaes.ribe,nn-pr,ix::
tbo nnnil..r of stamens ,,resent, as follows :

-; -• 1. 1,. ,;.

'//- ''•'■- /'-■''- l"l,t- h,,r-

iiior(> than 10

„,, , '■""'- '''■'- ^''V,y- an.lrous.

J Jie I'oliesion is

)iuj)i-
nrt.

hrpt.

t WO

'' .'^ ".^ , he anthers se,,arale, as in :\Iallow (Fif,' l.Vi)

I''A..K......o,s:.,.. .he mamentsa,.e,ro.vn together it/uvo

si'i-. as m I'ea (Fij;. 1.)-!).

Th.,ujk,,,.„o,-s: when the lilan.ents are ^rown together in
^''•■'■" s'>ts, as in St. John's ^Vort (Fij,. ir,",) ^

Po..vv,.Ku.„„fs: when the lihuuents are grown to.e^her in
more tlian tliree .sets.

«vxuKx..siots: when all the antkns are «row,t together
leav.ng the i,lan>ent. separate, as in Dandelion (Fi," 1 r..".'

Adhesion.

ri;ia((v.votrs: wlien inserted on the ealyv (Fi- KJ.'J, .v,.

Kij.'. u:i.

Fig. 151.

Fifi-. l.-)3.

Fig 150.

Fig. 154.

Fig. 155.

fiiitiiprs
'ilaiiit'tiis

29

Fi^'. I'll!

liiS'

i

30

GLOSSAIir OF

L.

EprnvN-ous : when inserted ou the ovary (Fitc. i;]4, ,■)
Ehi-ktalous: wlieu inserted on the coroHa {Vv^ i.-,])
Ei.mm^.„u.s : ,vl,en inserted on tlie perianth (i„ Monocotyle-

Situation.

It is important to note the position of the stamens witli refer-

Z*; ?. ';?'''" '^■'"^" "^'^^' '^'•° °^ ^'^^ ^'^'^e number as
the latter. Tliey may be

(a) Alfr.rnate with tlie petals.

(b) Opposite tlie petals.

THE PISTIL OR GYNCECIUM.
Parts.

Caupels: the j.ieces, either distinct or combined together
which make np tlie M-liole pistil. Tlie pistil is

(a) ^uni,h, if it consists of one carpel only, as in Pea

{h) Compound, if it consists of two or more carpels
either separate from each other ( a ,.ocarpous ) as in
Buttercup ^,^. i;,;,). or combined to^etlier (syn^arpou.)
as in F,,^ l.,u. Wlien several carpels are combined, tlie
number ,s very commonly indicated by seams ov .sutures
on tlie outside of the ovary.

Whether conii.osed of one carpel or several combined,
the instil may have the following parts :
OVAUV: the lower swollen part, containing the ovule oi
ovules whicli develope into seeds (Fiu;. KiO). The ovirx-
may be one-celled even when compound (Fig. IGl) ' or
several-celled (Fig. I.JO). In the latter case the separat-
ing walls are called di.s.sepim.nt.s, and the cells are often
siioken of as locuU (sing, locidu.s).
Style : the narrow part above the ovary (Fig. IfiO). A com-
pound pistil may have several styles, as in Pig. ICo.
STIG.MA: the moist roughish upper end of the stvle This
part differs from the rest of the pistil in having no skin
or epidermis (Fig. k;^).
The stigma is

(a) Cpifafc, if it forms a knob or button on the end
of the style (Fig. KU).

(pfg.^ l^il)"'""' '^ "^ •' ^'"""'■'' ""''^•'^'•''^"«« ^^ '■" grasses
^ Jc) Frtaloid, if leaf-like and coloured, as in Iris (Fig.

nOTAyiCAL TERMS.

Fig. 158.

style

■■•ovary

Fig. :oi.

■"tif^m.a

,/!>?

Fif.'. I(i3.

• stylu

\

Fitr. Km.

ovary

Xote tliat the e.s.sential jj.-irts of tl.e pistil are tlie ovary
or .seed-bearin- part, ami the stigma wliich receives the
pollen.

The stylo is often wanting, and tlien tlio stigma is

SCHnilti.

An exco,,tional pistil is found in f/ymnospcnncu.s plants
like tlie P.ne. Hero the ovules are not enclosed, but are
attacliod to the inner face of an open leaf or scale, the
scales forming a cona (Figs. 1(!7, Ki8, 169).

Cohesion.

Apocarpous : wlien the carpels are not united together in any
way (Fig. loii).

SYNCAUPOU.S: when the carpels are grown together in any
degree (Pig. 160). Thoy may be united merely at the
base of the ovary, or to tlie tojj of the style.

Adhesion.

SuPEiuoit: when entirely free from the calyx (Fi

as in Buttercup, Shei)herd"s Purse, etc.
I.vfEiuoH: when surrounded by the calyx-tube wliich grows

fast to it (Fig. 134,/), as in Apple and Fuchsia.

I'i2,/),

Definition.

THE OVULE.

Ovules are the Iw.lios wliich, after fertiliiiation Ijy tlie pollen
develoiw into seeds. '

Placentation.

By tliis term is meant the arrangement of the |ilacontas, or
projections in the interior of tlie ovary upon which the
ovules grow. Placentation is

(a) Minjinal, in a simple pistil like that of Pea, the
placenta being on one seam or .v«/?</-e (Fig. 158).

(b) Axile or Central, when the pistil is compound, and
the dissepiments meet in the centre of the ovary (Fig. 160.)

(c) Parietal, when the compound ovary is one-celled
and the ovules are borne on the walls (Fig. Kil).

(d) Free Central, when the ovary is one-celled, and
the ovules are borne on a column which rises from the
bottom of the cell (Fig.s. 170, 171).

Parts of the Ovxde.

FUNICULU.S: the stalk by which the ovule is attached to the
placenta (Fig. 173,/). If this stalk is absent the ovule
is sessile.

Prlmink : the outer coat of the ovule (Fig. 172, ai).

Secunuine: the inner coat (Fig. 172, ii).

Miciwpvle: the minute opening through the two coats (Fig.

172,

';•

71

Fip. 1G7.

Fife's. n(J, 171.

Fig. 172,

3-2

N

;ci,Ki:

tliobwly of tlicovu]o\villiintlu.coiil.s(Fi.' 170 /,.)
Emmuvo-sa.; : tl.o ]a>-o cell in the nucleus in winch the vouut,-
plant is ilovolojicd (Fi^^ 170 ,,„,•) ' "'

Chalaza : the portion where 'the two coats are l,l,.n.lca
together (Fi^. 172, r).

Kinds of Ovule.

()UTl..n-Koi..„:s : wl>en the ovule is erect, and ,he niicrojivlc is
as far as possible from the funiculus or point of attach-
ment (Fig. 172).

Anatu.,i.oi;s: when the ovule is completely iuvortcd or hot
til'on Itself so as to bring the microp) lo close to the ],oi>,t
of attachtnent (Fig. 17;j). In this case the funlchis
becomes fused with the j.rimine ou oue side, forntin- the
raphe (Fig. ]7.j, /■}.

CAMi.vi,OTUoi.()irs : when the ovule is half bent over (Fig. 171 1.

Fertilization.

Ovules are .converted into seeds by the action of i.oUcn uj.on

them. Pollen grains fall upon the stigma which is moi.t

and retains them. The grains begin to grow as shown

in Fig. l.jO, the inner coat being jirotruded as a slender

tube which mtikes its way down through the stvle into

the ovary, and then through the n.icropyle of the ovule,

finally attaching itself to the surface of the embrvo-sa,'

and carrying the contents of tiio i.ollen-grain wiili it'

Presently growth begins insi.le the embrv.,-sac, an.l .001,

the embryo is formed. It is the presence of the embrvo

wh.cn marks the distinction between an ovule and a s.'cd.

Ill most cases the ovule is fertilized bv i>ollen brou-ht

from another flower of the same species (cross-fertilil-,.

tion), because very commonly tl,„ pollen of its own llow.r

IS ready either too .soon or too late to be of use ; that is

the ,^oIlen and the stignui in the same flower do not con,-

monly mature at the same time. Pbinis are

Enhmophilous, when they depen.l upon insects to

carry the iiollen from flower to llower, and

Anemophiloux, when this service is i)erformed bv the
wind.

THE FRUIT.
Definition.

The fruit is the ripened pistil together with tmv other ],art
such as the calyx or reoe],tacle, which may be adherent
to It. If there are no such adherent jiarts the fruit is a
fnoi fruit, consisting wholly of the ripened ovtiry with
the seeds ; otherwise it is -a pxrudocarp or spurious fruit
as in Apijle, Strawberry and IJose.

'iff. 174.

JiOTANJCAL rURMS.

Tlieesseiitiiil i„iiis of the fruit arc

(a) The Seed, or luiitunMl ovule, iiinl

(b) The Per/cirj), or miitured ovaiy,
the seeds are contained.

witliiu wliicli

The Periearj) is in three layers :

(a) The Kjilrarp (.or Exocarp), the outer layer.

(b) The Me.soairp (or Sarcocarji), the middle layer,
(c.) The E)i(/uc(ir]>, the inner layer.

Kinds of Fruit.

A. — Duv Fia;iTs : tho.se wliose periearp remains thin, and
becomes dry and hard at maturity. Such fruits are

(1) Dehi.seenf, when the pericarp opens so as to allow
the seeds to oscajM.

(2) Indehisceiit, when the pericarp doe.s not so ojien.

Dry Dehiscent Fruits.

(a) Follicle, a fruit of a single carpel, which opens
down one ed«e only, as in Marsh-MarigoM and Peonv
(Fig. 175).

(b) Lcf/ume, a fruit of a single carpel, which opens
down both edges (dorsal or outer and ventral or inner
sutures), as in Pea and Bean (Fig. ITCj.

The Lament is a special form of legume, Ir is

made up of a number of ono-.seeded joints which

separate from each other when ripe ; each joint, as

a rule, remaining closed (Fig. 177).

(c) SiUqiie, a .syncarpous fruit of two carpels divided

by a thin partition, from which the carjiels fall away

when rir)e, leaving the placentas and seeds around the

edge of the partition (Fig. 178).

^ (d) Silicle, a fruit of the same construction as the
silique, a ul differing only in shape; the silique being
considerably longer than broad, as in Stock (Fig. 17,S),
and the silicle being nearly or quite as broad as long, as
in Shepherd's Pur.se (Figs. 170, 180),

(e) P//,x/,v. a fruit which opens by .a horizontal seam,
so that the toji comes off like a lid, as in Purslane (Fie
181). *"

(f) Capsule, a syncarpous fruit whicli normally splits
at maturity, either wholly or partially, into a.s" many
pieces as there are carpels.

The Dehiscence of the Cajisule is

Heptk^idal : when the splitting takes place in the line of
the disseriimcnts (F

lie (lissepimonts (i ig. ]8i

Fiff. 175.

V'lK- 177.

X\

Fiff. li'i.

Fig-. 178.

^

Kiff. 17!(. Vi\i. 180. Fiif.

g. IHl.

'r'>

owssAJiy oj-

Locuuc.ua, : wl.en the splittinK takos plaro in the mi.l-
' le o tho wall of oa.:h cavp.l that i., uloni;- the
'loi-.salsiiiinvs (Fi- i,s;j).

8.PT.KUA0Ar.: when tho walls split away fro.n thopani-
tioii, leaviim' the Jatter slandiij- (Fjj;-. i,S4^

CmCHMCSMu,: ,,,.„ ,he top of the pencu,. co.ne. off
like a 1j(1 (Fig. LSI).

Bv i.,„a.:,s: when tlio seeds cseapo throu,]. sn.all open-
ings near the top of the capsule, as in I'oj.py.

Dry Indehiscent Fruits.
(a) Arhene a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit, having,
1.0 per„.arp free from the seed, as in Buttercup (Fi,s
l■^', I.N.), and all Composites. ^

(h) Can/opsls or Grau,, a dry indehiscent one-seeded
Udt ( .... ih, j^ .^,,^1 Grasses generally.

(c) .„./, a dry indehiscent one-.seeded fruit with a hard
t^-k peru.u.p and usually the product of a syncarpous
P-t.l, n.wh.ch all the cells and seeds hut one have dis^
apjieared during giowth.

Tho nut is often accomj.anied by a Cup,,/,, or
hardened nu-olucre, as in the Acorn (Fig. 1,SS)
±ieech-nut and Hanel-nut.

f,,S fr'f T^'; '" '^'''' "^'^'^'"«'=^"t two-several-seeded

. ', " ""' " "^' '"^^ ""^'"^-''^ '"t° one-seeded pie.:es

c.M,oIs), ea.d. of whicl,, however, ,.,..„/.. ,/as,,l, as

^i llallow (I,g. i.,0), and all Umbelliferous plants (Fig.

(0 S„ma,-aov Knj. a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruiv

Maple (F.g. 19;j) has a double samara, which splits into
two pieces at maturity, and so is a true schizocarp.
B.-Fleshv Fkuits (all indehiscent):

(a) D,-upo. or Sto,^c-f,■ult, a fleshy fruit, having a verv
hard endocarp (the putamen), which encloses the seed
t.l termination, a thick and usually juicy mesocarp. and
at III. outer skin or epicarp, as the Plum, Clierrv
AValnut and Peach (Fig. 191). ^^iij,

(b) Bn;-,,. a fleshy fruit, having a soft and juicy
endocai^, „, which the seeds are embedded, as the '
Grape, Tomato, Currant, etc. (Fig. lO",).

The Orange is a si,ecial kind of berry known as a
Ilespernlmm.

'Iff. 183.

ISli.

Fij,'. 190.

Fig. 103.

Fisr. 105.

HOT A NIC A Ij TEUMS.

(c) Gourd or i'lyw, a luoditied biTiy, luiviiiK ii lim-d
riiul, as in Pumi.kin, JSijuash, etc.

(d) Po;/((', a flesliy p.seudocaii), the i)rodu(:t of a syn-
cai'|)0us pi.stil, in wliich tlio tlcsliy layer coiisists cliiolly
of ail enlarged calyx-tube, as in Poar and Apple (Fi^-.

(e) Aggregated Fruit, a clustered and colierent mass
of carpels, tlie product of a. ahv^le flower, as in Hasp-
berry (Fig. 1!)7).

(f) Muttipla Fruit, a clustered and colierent mass of
carpels, each carpt" being the product of a separat(>
riower, as in Pine-apple. The cone of the Pine may
be regarded as a dri/ multiple fruit (Fig. IDS).

(g) Acirssorji Fruit, one in which the most con-
siiicuous part is neither a part of the pistil nor com-
bined with it, as in Strawberry, where the con.spicuous
iKirt is only the enlarged and brightly coloured receptacle,
the true fruit consisting of the achenes which dot its
surface (Fig. 1,0!)), and in Sweet Brier, where the lleshy
outer part is a calyx-tube lined with a hollow recci)tacle
which bears the true fruit (aclienes) on its inner surface
(Fig. 200).

THE SEED.
Definition.

The seed is the mature ovule, and is specially chaiacterized
by the presence of tlie embryo or young plantlet.

Parts.

lNTE(;rMi;NT : formed by the develojinient of the coats of the
ovule, and consisting of an outer and an inner layer.

(a) Testa, the outer laj-er (Fig. 20(1).

(b) Tegmen, the inner layer (Fig. SOC).
In connection with the integument note

(1) 77(6 Funiculus, already defined when describing
the ovule.

(2) The Ililum, or scar where the funiculus was
attached.

(3) The Micropyle, a minute opening through the
integument.

Also the following special ai)pendages :
(1) Arit, an outgrowth of the funiculus or placenta,
forming a more or less fleshy covering outside the true
integument of certain seeds, as in the Climbing Bitter-
sweet and the White Water Lily (Fig. 201).

:f.j

Fig. iJfl.

Pig. 198.

Flff. 199.

FJK- -Wi.

Aril

Fig:. 201.

36

OLOSSARy OF

{■2) Coma, a tuft of hairs attaej.o.l to thoto.fa in so.n..
seeds, as in Willow-hcib a.,.1 Milk-wpo.l (FIk "0")

The co.„a>nusfc ,.ot bo co>,fou,Hlc..l ^vitl. rhe'i„p,m.s
of co.npositc llowors ; tl.o latter is attached to the fruit.

(3) \n„!/, a thill expansion of the testa (Fi.r oq^)
Bttt in tho so,.,ls of tho Pino the win« splits ofT fro,,: the
.sr,//,; upon whicl, tho .so(!d grows (Fig. 1G8).

NircLK.is: tho body of tho seed within the integnment ,.„„-
taming

(a) h'inhn/o, the young plantlot as found in tho socl
lliis IS made up of

(1) Itadidc, tl,e rudimentary stem (Fig. 204).

(2) CotiiMons, or Sevd-leane,, the first leaves, often
h,ck and fleshy, as in the Bean (Fig. 20r,), bnt so,ne-

times thin and loaf-like.

ooJ? ^'^"'""''' ''"^ ''"^^ ^^ the top of the radicle (Fig.

(b) Albumen ov Endosperm, when present : nonri.hing
matter sto.ed „p outside the en.b.-yo, as shown in tlio
^haded porcion of Fig. 20G, the liglit part in the cenfo
being the embryo.

Kind.

DicoTVLEDONOus: having two cotyledons (Figs. 207 "08 oqo)
Moxocot™ono,;.s: having only one cotyledon (Figs. 210.'

P0LVCOTVLE1.OXOUS: having several cotyledons (Fig. 20(1)
Ihis IS rare.

ACOTVLEDONOUS : having no cotyledons (rare)
Al„um,.vo,.s : h.aving albumen or endosperm in addition to
the embryo (Figs. 20(i, 210).

The following terms apply to tho folding of the parts of the
embryo in dicotyledonous seeds :

(a) Accumhad. when the radicle is turned so as to
touch the edges of the cotyledons (Fig. 21 ;J),

(b) IncumboMt, when the radicle is turned so as to lie
against the Ijack of one cotyledon (Fig. 214).

(c) Conduplirate, the same as incumbont with the
additioia that the cotyledons are curved so as to partly
infold the radicle (Fig. 215).

Nature and Use of the Parts of the Flower.

All the parts of tho flower are leaf-for,ns (phyllomos), differing
f.om ord,„ary foliage-leaves, b,.au.e fl,eir functions are
aijjcrcnf.

Flp. Ma.

Ki(f. I'd I.

•plimiiilo
iiuiicle

cotyledon

By

>: testa

tegmen

Figs. 207. ius. iiou.

Fig. 210. Fi„ 211. pij,. 212.

Fiir. L'l:!.

Fly

Fig. 215.

ill

Fip. LTO.

i;;;,^*'-- iplunmlc

nidkle
K- -'II I,

. L'05.

'testa

■•■tegmen

\l

S. -M).

5 o

?li. Fig. 215.

JloTAX/C.tf. TIC It MS

The sopftls (lilTor less iu .•ip|M.,niin.r fn,iu ordiimiy
Ic;ive tlmii iiiiy of tl.e otl.cr j.iut.s. Tlio pctal.s rcscnil,!,.
foli:i!.=.-lo;iV(.s ill shapr., l.m nro mostly briKlit-colomcd
instcuid of nTcoii, iiiul tliey are often swect-wi'iiKMl.
.Sopiils (uhI jk'ImIs toK.'ihor .iioy</Y,/ "/fc-e oiguns, and I hey
also .servo to attract insects.

S'umons aro loaf-fornis in whicli tlio filament answeis
toiiio jjetiole, and the anther to the blade, as shown in
V\'A. 21(1.

Carpels aro leaf-forms folded leiiKthwi.so more or loss
completely, as shown in Fig. L>1T.

Stamens and cari-els are (issnitt,,/. organs, and are
directly concerned in tiie jiroduction of seed.

FLORAL DIAGRAMS.

By a floral diagram is meant the plan of a flower as exhibited
in a cross-section. It siioidd show t he numlu'i- and relative
Iiositiou of all the floral organs. The position of sepals,
petals, and stamens is commonly easy to iix, but tlie true
liosition of tlie carpels presents a little more diHiculty. Tiie
ovary nnist be cut across with a sharp knife while some
other organ (say the calyx) is still in position, and tlie
rehitive situation of the carpels must then be carofiiliy
observed. The n'stivation of calyx and corolla may also lie
shown to advantage in a floral diagram.

A number of examples of these diagrams are given in the
margin, and the pupil sliould make the construction of such
diagrams a regular jiart of his work.

Fig. L>18 is a diagram of a Mint flower.

Fig. 21!) " "

Fig. 220 " '•

Fig. 221 " "

Fig. 222 " "

Fig. 22.'i " "

Fig. 224 " "

Fig. 225 :' «

'' Leguminous flower,

" Marsh Marigold.

" Melon (staminate).

•' Melon (pistillate).

" Composite flower.

" Iris.

'' Grass flower.

c

'ilii

3S

a LOSS A RY OF

LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS.

The pupil should make a constant practice of splifthuj iiowers
tlirouKh thocoiitra (best done fioui below ujjwards with a
very .sbai'p loiife), and drawing the section thus presented.
Such a drawing is exceedingly useful in coniioction with
the floral diagram, as still further exhibiting tlio rolatiou of
the parts to each other.

Fig. 226 is a good example. Hero the relations of tlio
parts can bo seen at a glance.

COMPOSITE FLOWERS.

A full description of a Composite flower involves some par-
ticulars of a special kind ; for convenience, tlieruforo, the
various terms in use are collected togotlior here.

Inflorescence.

Under tliis heading doscrilje the arrangement of the lieads,
using the terms already explained-solitary, cymose,
racemose, corymbose, spiked, etc.

Head.

The assemblage of florets (few or many) on a common
receptacle.

Parts of the Head.

Fr.ouETs: tlie small single flowers wliicli in tlio aggregate
make up the head. Tliese are

(a) Llgulate, when the corolla is prolonged on one side
into a flat strap-sliaped piece (Fig. 227).

(I)) Tidmlar, wlien the corolla is not tlius prolonged,
but is regularly developed all rou (Fig. 22,S).
Receptacli: ; the place upon which the florets stand.

Iwoi.ucuK : the circle or circles of bracts which surround the
lioad.

Kinds of Head.

Lich;mfi.oual: when all the florets of tlie head are ligulate,
as in Dandelion (Fig. 229).

TuHUMFLOUAL : when all tlie florets are not ligulate ; and
sucli heads are

(a) Discoid, if all the florets are tultular as in Thistle.

(b) Radiate, if the florets round the margin of the
head (ray-flards) are ligulate, while tlie central ones
(disk-florets) are tubulai-, .ts in Sunflower (V\-r. 2.')0)

Fi(f. aan.

Fig. 227.

Fig. 228.

Fi),'. 229.

ray-floret

disk-tioret

cliaff

iiivokicre

asn.

Fig. 22&

lisk-tloret cliaff

Fi-. 1'30.

nOTA\/CAL TERMS.

Ray-Florets (always witliout Htiuiicns),

MiiMriEu: 5, 10, 20, a, etc.
Kisd;

(u) ristilhif,. if tlio pistil is lu-esent.

(Iij Kiiitrat. if tiio pl.stil Is absent.
Sii.vi'K : liiioiir, oIjIoiik, "viito, etc,
C()U)i;u : whitf , yollow, ntc.
Pai'ITs (if inpscnt) :

(a) Siinpli', if ill a tsiiiKli' low of .similar piuccs.

(b) Doiihli', if thoro is an oiitci' ro'v of siioitcr pieces.

(c) Cd/ttl/dri/, of liiKJ hair-liici> pieces.

(d) Pltimoso, of hrancliiiij,' hairs or liristles, as in
Thistle.

(e) linrhoil, if the hairs have teeth pointing- haekwaril,
ns in Dandelion.

(f) Chiiffii, of a few teoth or scales (Fi^. SIM).
ACIIENK :

(a) CompresmI, when somewhat flattened.

(b) T(in-fi', cylindrieal (the cross-section round).

(c) Anijlvil, as in Fi-. L';j2.

(d) striate, marked with fine vertical lines.

Disk-Florets.

Nu.MiiKii: ;■), :0, 20, o:, etc.
Kin'd: perfect, staniinate. etc.
CoLofit ; \ellow, brown, etc.
PAi'Pirs : as for the ray-florets.
AciiEXK ; iis for the ray-florets.

Receptacle.

Form ; flat, concave, convex, conical, etc.
SuiiFAci; :

(a) Ckaffij, if there are chaff-like scales or bristles
growing on the receptacle among the florets (Fig. 2.j0),
as in Sunflower.

(.b) Siuoofli, or naked, if there are no such scales or
bristles, as in Dandelion.

Involucre.
Form :

(a) Oroid, egg-shaped, the broader part below, as in
Thistle.

(b) Cylindrical, nearly the same width all the way up
(Fig. 2;!3).

(c) Saucer-shaped, very flat and shallow.

(d) Cup-shaped, Bell-shaped, etc.

Flir, 2;n.

FiK. -S.Vi.

Fig. 233.

.'10

Bracts (or Scales) or Involuci

'imn.'iTM.s. •' ' '"""'"'i-, „„|,..ss V,„.y

AnnAx,iK,M,,;v,.,„..s,. ,„,,.,.

<»v«r ■"■'-—.■ , ,„ ,,„,„„„„

Jii '"*'"' ■ ' '«••■''"""■ ." .« ..- ,.,„ ,,,,

i'> •%»•..„,.,,. ,,„^,,. ,„^.,,, ,^_^^,^^^ I

4'"" ■■"«■""""—'"-«„„,,., „„^,,„

TKxTiriii; ;

Ui) mrbacmm, gree,, h«,1 Jonf-like

(b) .Vcv„vV>«., nu-„ and mo.nbranucious.
i"'ArK; "«e tl.o onlinury louf „..„.s

GRASSES.

tJie ,no..t necessary are ^^iven l.oro.

Inflorescence.

""■" '« '■'■' »~ «owor l„ the „>l J„r '■ '" ""«■ ""» ;

I.V.VEK G,.,;,„,,s „„ p . '"^- I

-•■'o-.o..,,art;e::::,:;;;x";;;''«^-H^e.....

I^O"H',;m.:s: small hypogynous scales next , H

-■— u,dlyfo,„Hlia,..a,s.llowoT ' ''"""^"^'

Culm.

'i^l'i« i.s the name of the stem (Fig o;5,s) t, •

except at the joints Tl,l , ''• "^^ '« "-^"aiiy l.oUow

""'1 their attiL La oLtnT'^^''^''^''^'-^''''
by tonns,.,rea,1yexp]aS "' '"^ '*^ '^^^^''-''^-l ,

l*'l>f. I'.'ii.

Ki;;-;^.

F'e.237. Ki.,3

36.

KiK. -J^-r..

4

^

r!$*

liuTASICAL Th'HMS.

Iieaf.

SiiioAric tlio.ovv.T portion „ftli(. l,.iif HiiiToun.liiiK tlio Ktcm,

iiml s|,Iit on I lie siil.i iiwiiy from tlio lilml.) (Fi^', o.'ls),
l-iuiri,i.;: II thin iipwunl projceliou from tliotoj.of tliu shfutli.

Fruit.

I Ins always ii inri/ifis/x or t/niin.

TYPES OF GRASSES.

Tim following m.l,..;tion of Orasscs will l„. foun.l useful for
examination, as lllnstrati.,,,' most of the variations in the
sti-uetiire of ihcsd plants.

1 Timothy.

Note the close inflorosoeneo. Separate one of the component
pieces wliich Will innlmhly resemble Jmk. L'.'M. If fully
opened out it will reseml.le Fl^^ LVlf.. ('ur..fully disse."t
and descrlhe, making u iloral dla-ram. The splkelet
Irere consists of a shiKle tlower.

-'. Red-Top.

Note the open panicle (Fijf. o;.,j), j,,,,,„.,, ,^,„, ,,.^^^,^,^ ,^ ^^.^^_
let (FI-. L>;!7), which in this i.lant also consists of a
single flower. Observe the dilTerence in the size of the
i'lii.'r bracts, and the three nerve.s on the larger one.

■y Meadow-Grass.

Tbe inllorescence is here an open Kreenlsh p.anicle hut ca< h
splkelet (,FI-. 2;i!l) is couu.rcs.scd laterally and contali
from three to five flowers. Fi>f. L>IO shows a sin>
flower. Xote the dolicsate whitish niai-in of the lower I
palot, and the thin texture of <1„. „pper oiu' : also the I
two teeth at the apex of. I nl the live nerves on

the former.

I Chess. j

Here the splkelets (Fl;,'. l'II) are on lonj;, slender, nodding
liedlcels, and each contains from ei«ht to t. a flower.s"
The -luines are dllTcrent in size. Dissect out a single
ilower (Fig. -Mj, .^,^,[ no,^; the awn on the lower palet.
The upper j)nl..t at length grows fast to the groove of the
ohlong u:rain.

!"'. Couch-Grass.

Im this grass the spikelets arj sessile on opposite sides of a
zig-zau: peduncle, so that Mie whole forms a sort of spike.
Ka.h splkelet Is four to elght-flowored, and there is but
one at each joint of the peduncle, the .side of the spikelet
being against the stalk. Note the running root-stocks,
which cause the grass to be a nuisance diflicult to get
rid of.

piink'li'

culm

slioalli

Kiii-. L'.is.

s]iiIieIot

palet

. 211. FiK. ite

t,l

II

6. Old- Witch Grass.

J--.«-.' than tlu". ot U, 1"' ^"" ^''"■"'^•-- '"^ --•''

"'••^t in u.lcliriin r ' • ^•''•'^^•^■'■'-"' J «'^«">v^-, however.

"ko M.e larger - 1 .^eT : r ' ^"''"'' ''•'^ ^■"■•^' "'-■''

tiower. a,ul^l, . ";Jr '^ '"^ '"-'*-•>■ -• '^''o.tivc second
sp.kelet nu.y l,c described as 1 Mlowered

Barnyard Grass.

base,
crowded

. dense panicle which i.s ron.^b with stilT

^^.oin.edw:;;';;;:a :::::-.;:-: ---■•-^'o-

^. Foxtail.

Ill tlio conmion Fovfiil ti,,, ;,,jj

'^ws.y,cy,in:;;:y rrraiirr-''-^"'^-'^'^^''-

IWnvJrdG s ,,:'''' '::!'''^''''''^'' ''--•- -in I

'■-./'into::;::,: :;:;,,rt;^■r''f^''■^-
-illcInstersandarel;:;i;I,X;^''y^ v'''"'^^

THE PLANT-BODY GENERALLY,
And the Functions of its Parts

A -Jt,„„' 7 "'" °' '■»"■'•'». ■'» follow, ,

with tliose of ..•ira^ifl ^°''"'"' '"^^^^'ei

-veral in.portant respelts ' "•°'" ''"^ •^''^'" '"

the outside. '"• '''''■" '^^^■">' on

lo- ad!!itL:!;rV''^ ^°"''" ^^"*^^" i-cco.p,i.ned
roott,!!. "^^ ^""■'■""^^' '--diately bel.ind the

Fig. 213.

L.

I . , !

noTAXICAL TERMS.

(c) Roots originate eiidntjpnousli/, tliiit is to say, tliey
do not (levclopo from tlio oxtpi-ior or surface of the i.lant-
botly, but always l.c-iii ia the ilw'por tissues, and even- ,
tually break their way throu-li the overlying layers till i
they reach the surface.

(J) They do not, as a rule, produce leaves or buds.

(e) They tend, as a rule, to grow downwards into tlie
soil, avoiding the light.

(f) The minute structure of the root is less perfect in
its development than that of the stem.

The functions of the root are

(a) To fix the plant in its jdace.

(b) To act as an absorbent of the nutritious li.iuids
contained in the soil.

(c) In special cases to serve as a storehouse of food for
the plant.

B.— Caulomk: including the stem and all its wiuivalents, ;
such as branches, runners, tendrils, tliorns, etc., as
already described.

In contrast to tlio root, tlu- stem is always preceded by
a bud.

A bud is an early stage of tlio development of a stem
or branch, and is found on dissection to consist of many
rudimentary leaves crowdec' on a short axis. This axis i
subseipicntly duveloptis t/iroKi/hoKf its /rn<jfh, forming the
iuternodes (Fig. 241), thus differing widely from the root,
which grows by additions to its extremity.

Winter-buds are covered with s('aly bracts called btul-
ncdks, which separate and fall away soon after thedevel-
ojiment of the bud begins in the spring.

-t!uds are

(a) Terminal, when at the ends of stems and
branches.

(b) Axillary, when iirodticed in the axils (Fig. 244) of
leaves.

(c) Admntitious, when ]>roduced in some irregular
manner.

(d) Accessor ji, when jiroduced as extra or additional
buds beside the regular axillary bud, so that there are
really several buds in the axil.

The functions of the caulomo are

(a) To bear leaves and Howers.

(b) To serve as a medium for the conveyance of the

no'.u'isliing liipiids nbsorljed by tlic root.

L.

'V

OLOSSAIiY OF

m

I ^^A

fo£ '" ""'"' -^'^^^^ '° -"- - u «to..o,.ouso

for j.I:im-

C

L.

■'^ "Ii-oit(ly (loscribod
The pliylioiiio is ulu-.v i i

.«";:i;r::::::;;n;™tV"" ""7'-'"-) »
^::::;';;:^;:::;;;;!:::'r""'■-°■''^"-*-«-

"» .( ,1,,,, ' °. ,, ' "»;""»""■' <«"".-"i».- .«.»„i,

i^"- ..« » »::;! ™ ' : ,;\^'7" '■■ «- ^'■^•

Hanvs cm ,.,.rt,s above «ro,m,l „.sually consist of '

"■;_;-"H....a.i.,,.,,,i.--\-^N.^^<;r..nt,.o^^

e.:^tt^:;r:;r:;r-::;;:---H.boj

Fiff. 215.

Fij,'. ill

XT

^^^

Vii,: Ji;.

Vin. ilH.

cn?^

yi

■-C

^^^^v^

norAXK'AL Tinms.

45

Sthujinij hairs secrete a jioi.sonou.s i;,,ul(l. Ti,.> i,oiiit
of a l.air of this kind on piernn^ tl,o skin breaks off
leavmg tlio ])oisoii in the wouiul. '

Prkkt,:, (Fig. 240) ,|ifr,.,, f,.^,,^ ^^^^^^.^^^. .^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^_
srowtlis of the bark • thorns arise from the wood.

GROWTH.

The growth of a phmt consists in the multiplication of its cells
and tlie subser,i,ent enlargement of the latter b^ the addi-
tion of new matter. The development of the cell frequentlv
mvolves, also, a change of form.

Germination.

By this term is meant the commencement of the jnocess of
growth from the seed. Under suitable conditions of
temperature and moisture the embryo, which is dormant
in the dry .seed, wakens into activity and b.-ins to
develope. The Vtails of the process vary somewhat
according to the structure of the .seed. If the cotvledo-is
are thin and leaf-like, as in Maple for example, the radi-
cle generally grows throughout its length so as to raise
them nbo.: the soil, where they at once expand and
become > i,st green leaves of the new plant, a root
"Joing . ;,aine time develo])ed from the lower end of

the radicle. But if the cotyledons are thick and ileshy
containing much nourishment, then usually a bud called
the plumule, which contains the elements of additional
bits of stem, will be a prominent feature in the embrvo
and m this ca.se the cotyledon or cotyledons not infre-
quently remain uiuler ground, as in the pea and the
acorn, and so do not perform the office of foliage-leaves
but merely supply the newly developing parts with nour- ,
Lshment. In albuminous .seeds, the endosperm is the I
chief source from which the germicating embryo derives ■
its support.

Vitality of Seeds.

There is a considerable difference in regard to the lengtli of
tune durmg whicli seeds retain their vitalitv. Some
such as those of Elm and Poplar, will germimue onl,'
if they have been kej.t fresli and not permitted to dry
"P, while others, such as those of Indian Corn and
^\ heat, and in general those containing a copious store of
starch, may be kept for a very long time without losing
tncir genuiiutting jiower.

Pood of Plants,

Growth implies assimilation of food TI,„ i

food are ascertained In- m.l i ''""'"*^ °^ l^^""^"

the plant itself W. or " " ''"""''''' ''""''■^■-■^ ^^

""-'I. Water forms a verv cnu<\,h , i.

centa^^o of the whole M-eiHit b„t ; '^""■^"'"'■'hle per-

extcnt in son.o portion o?,'' "'?'" '° '^ ^"^•■^'"•

rieshv roots or IZ, ' ^°''''' "'■'^" '" °"'«-«-

percent., while d,sd' "■'•' ""^"" ^ "'-'"- ^0
^i^.lcd.3 seeds conta.n only about 12 percent.

of the plant d^.ea ;,:';;' " '^'^"'^'^ ^"^ "'^^'-P-t
remains behind. The or: " , T'"""''' ^"" ^'''^ '^^l')
elements carbon h d.n "''' ''''"'"'' '"'''■"'•^- «f ^he

ph«r;wij;:':he : :s:™'"'^:-°«-'-^^
.entities or phosph^ri ^:;:r^:r ^"'^^^^

and potassium Of «II fi '••ncium, ma-nesium.

plant carbon ■, ho mo , <^«n«tituents of the ,/n,

half theent-^wei^r '"'•■^"' '""°""''"« ^° ''^'°-

Sources of Plant-food. i

'"t::::;i:::;~"T^'-°^'-^^--''ea

the air carbon c I", ,, '"''' " '^"-^-"y present in

and (l,ein« soh.bk) from the J 1 ,,"''^"'^'""'-^'

by immersed plants ftl , •'" ''''"'' '''^^' ^'■^•'>. i

cii j.i.ints. After absorijt on the l-io ;< ,i

posed and the carbon appropriated Tl,; °'""

quired by the plant is derived c ^ 'r ^''" °^^^-««» '<-
acid ,.ts and fron. water Hvdn / *^" '"■'"""'

hy the decon-positioi; :f w^ '^d li^tl^^^'t '="'^^*^-

course, are an t^:;;;^-:-:-^"'-^-^--^

Respiration.

quantities of oxy«en The . ! . ^ '^^ V'^""' ^"''S^
with cirbon .. • '^ ''■''"' '"''■•^'^^'^ '« combined

, " '^"' "^on, jciving rise to carbon dioxid ■ Tl,;.

G

I

BOTANICAL TEH MS.

Assimilation.

Tl.i.s i. tl.o proce«. by .vhich tl,o carbon obtaincl from carbon
d.ox.de.co.nbinecUvitb the elen.ent. of water trfo:.

Metastasis.

This is the process by wliich the stare], resulting f,
assimilation is converted into soluble tZ^lZ^Zl
rom the ce Is where it was produced to other ^o^ZZ)
he plant where it is needed for purposes of ,n-owth Z i
here .s an excess, to storehouses such as roots, bub
etc., for future use. ' '

4;

Circumstances AflFecting Growth.

''"Clow:::;^?-'?"'^^''^ "'^'"-^ ^'^°««''- by either
toolo 01 tooh,^.hatemperat«re, and between the lim-

•tsw.th.n winch any ,.iven plant is found to be dp bTe
of growth there will be found a particular de"e o
nperaure more favourable to growth th»n any ollf

coS. ?; ., ^'^-P-^'"- differs considerably ac-

coidng to the amount of water present in the ..art
affected dry seeds, for instance, resisting a temp ratu ■

:;:!:mr""°^'^°^^'"^-^^^^-^^«--i--

Liu/iL-U^ht is essential to assimilation, but seeds and

WJinout clilorophyll, such n« Af,. 1,, 1,

,, , i .)"! sucn as iUushrooms, will erow in

mate al , pon which they draw is net exhausted. The
growth which takes place in the cambium-layer of dko!

1^: rtir "^"°r;^ ^-^^^^^ ^"^^-'^''^ of^ncreist -i

size m tlie absence of licrht Tiio ,., -.^-i ^ i

„„ ., , ^'^'^- -^"6 assimilated material in

et:whr ^^^' '^^^^^■^'■' '^^^ '-'^ --'^°-^>- ^'^borated

ero'i!h'"/T^*°r""''' " ^^''^^'^'"S -fl"»- upon
growth. A plant, for instance, in a window will bend

wards he light, because the cells on the side nearest
shaded, thus causing curvature of the stem and petioles

"rhatt7t''""'r''°" ^'^'^ ^'^"^^ ^"•°-'''' - -e know
hat the stem and root, or a..e,s- of the plant, are usually

root hi • ";r;^^'"^ """'^'^ ''^ ^'^'^^ ^^•'^'^ ^J^« «^«>" -d
root horizontal the stem will curve upward and the root

downward in the endeavour to re.store the vortical diree-
tion. iincu

48

!/: ii

I.:?

m

I

(-ILOSSARY Of

THE HERBARIUM.

Tl.o,se who are anxious to raako ,ho ,„ost of their botanical

•senespcnnons for reference. A few hint.s, therefore on

anobjec to collectors to have their s,,r..in,cns exhibit as !
^nany of their natural characters as possible, so tha !
although dried and pressed, there will be no d ffi.ulty i n

oo,n..n,then.; and to this end neatness and c.^ 'a
tlie hrst requisites.

Collecting.

Specimens should be collected when the plants are in flower,
an , If possible, on a dry day, as the flowers are then i,

^hole o n, root and all, should be taken up; i too
large to be treated in this way, a flower and one 'or two
of the leaves (radical as well as cauline, if these be
different) may be gathered.

Drjang.

As ^any of your specimens will be collected at a distance
om home, a close tin box, which may be slung over
he shoulder by a strap, should be provided, in which
the plants may be kept fresh, particularly if a few dr .
of water be sprinkled upon them. Perhaps a better wa
however, is to carry a portfolio of convenient si.e-
say lo inches by 10 inches-made of two pieces of stout

I^s^W^orthindeal, andhavingacc^pleofs:^::
^Mth buckles^ for fastening it together. Between the
coversshould be placed sheets of blotting-paper or coar e
wrapping-paper, as many as will allow the specimens to
be separated by at least five or six sheets. 'Phe advan!
tage of the poi.folio is, that the plants may be plLed
between the sheets of blotting-papor, and subje ed
to pressure by means of the straps as soon as they are
gathered. If carried in a box, they should be tnu.s!

.nS Ki''"'^ r''^'''^^'^'^'^''^'-^' ^"^1 the crumpling
and doubling of leaves guarded against. The only way

opi.ventmouMingisto place plenty of paper between
the pl.ints, and chanye th, paper frequently; the fre-
quency depending on the amount of moisture contaimd

n the specmens. From ten days to a fortnight will be

^I^^u r/T ^'^ ^'°^°"«^ ^^^-« °f ''--t any
P ant jou are likely to meet with. Having made a pile

IrrTT '"'"''''™*'^«'"' -^^ <i'-«t«^- they

should be placed on a table or floor, covered bv a flat

r

board, and snl.juctL^.l to j.icssu.v by ],lacins,' weights on I
the to|. ; twenty bricks or «o will answer very well. !

It is of groat importniico tluit flit- s/i,W of j,aj>rr witliin
which fh,' jilaiit is first p/mcd shoulil not bo inicrfcrfd
Willi (luriMi; tlio drying process. The directions as to
fre.itient changes refer only to tlio sheets not inunediatelv
ill contact witli the j.Iant. These, to enstire iho best re-
sults, should ho changed once a day for the first few
days; less fre,|uently thereafter. Gray recommends
ironing witli liot irons in order to remove nioro raiiiiliy
the moisture from fleshy leaves, and in any case to warm
the driers in the sun before putting them between the
]ilants.

Mounting.

When the specimens are thoroughly dry. the next thing is to
mount them, and for this purjiose you will require sheets
of strong white jiaper; a good quality of unruled fools-
cap or cheii|) drawing pai)er will be .suitable. The most
convenient way of attaching the specimen to the jmi.er
is to take a sheet of the same size as your pajier, lay the
specimen carefully in the centre, wrong side up, and gum
it thoroughly witli a very soft brush. Then take tlm
paper to which the plant is to be attached, and lay it
carefully on the s].ecimen. You can then lift paper "and
specimen together, and, by pressing lightly with a soft
cloth, ensure complete adhesion. To render ])h,nts with
stout stems additionally secure, make a slit with a pen-
knife through the j>op(;r immediately underneath the
stem, then pass a narrow band of paiier round the stem,
and thrust both ends of the hand through the slit. The
ends may then be gunnned to the back of the sheet.

Sorting and Ticketing.

Thespeciuuu having been duly mounted, its botanical name
shoul 1 bo written neatly in the lower right-hand corner,
together with the date of its collection and the locality
where found. Of conr.so only one Species should l^
mounted on each sheet ; and when a sufiicient number
have been prepared, the Spo'cies of the .same Genus should
bo i)laced in a sheet „f larger and coarser paper than that
on which the specimens are mounted, and the name of
the Genus shoul.l be written outside on the lower corner.
Then the (ienora of the same Order should be collected in
the same manner, and the name of the Order written
outside as before. Th,. Orders may tiien bo arranged in
accordance with the classification you may be using, and
carefully laid away in a dry place. If a cahinet,'"'with
shelves or drawers, can be specially devoted to storing
the ijlants. so much tlie better.

49

m TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS.

n

'i I

Plants producng true flower. ,w„is,,e.k
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Distinguished ordinarily by luvinr.
and the partn of the flowerVb -^
rarely ,„ s.xes. Wood grow! m

rriiw'o^'^*^"^'^'"-^- co^;i

CAPIMKn)A(;E.l'. — Cni-nll , r

HvfKHir.uK.t:. -Leave.

transi)ar(.nt-dotted. Sta-

16

SUB-CLASSL AXGIOSPKRMS
Seeds enclosed in an ov ^

s-ary.

L POLYPETALOUS DIVLSION

itAM NOrLArE.IO.— Hprll« T„„

-,npou„aorn.uch;i-i3se^t:a'" «^"^^""^ ''-

T"fs;S'"^"*r;.^---i;t;;e.ret;:i; ;

Brasenia, in

^'■"Vu'-'^'^l'f— ^'l»atic. Lei

mens usually in 3 hnfTn.ri- '"'"'• '^'a-
'■■'g net.vei„ed leaves, Ci.st.uk k -SenaN V '"" «°'"''"">es 5, clusters. . 19

"'"■ "' "» •■•^'" «;■.',;.-,:;?£■:, r;;ffi"»-, -»-"i

e>'t. OvaiiuH in a rim- ^* P''™^'"

ILIA<K.K. -Trees. Flowers' vVli ■■•■,■■■.■ "*

'■•"'«i"gcy.nes, the pcHlunS'wi'th ^'l" ?T?"
bract af.h„.i.„,i F^"J"cie with a leaf-likn

» * .9/(1

"me,,. p.rir,yno„s (in.ert.d on the cahj:c)

Portulaca, in

24

iMALVACK.K. —Stain
listent. Ovar

Podophyllum, in

""S^r*:i^;^5t^H~ Leaves large,
berry, 1-celled. . !! ! . . .^™* * ''''■«« fl««''y

"" ^-'« ^^--.o-. (Stigrnas, styles, placent.,
Actaa, in "'"''•'• «'>'-^<Aa«o««.;

"""a^l^^^SjiS^^-^'-ked for here. Fruit
YvMP,, X- ^''"'^; ""^"^y- Leaves compound .
^:Sy^^'^-- Wesfloa^,.,.,arg;:

'''':hajr'^"-'^°«-p"^"*^'""i-v;s-pit;h;;.: '

"""'cS^-J-- -d - yeiw: • • SepaU 2; . '"
10

POIIle .jy

'''"'''>' '■l'hiy„o,..(„ttacl,„l to the ovar,,).

Nymphaea, in

''"Flow^rf^.J^;^;'';^''-^^. L-ye3 floating.
g.-adually passi^ig i.ftosra.'.eu"":'";':""'' """"■'

• • ♦ Sta

BKRBERr DACE.*:. -Herbs (with us) An.^
'"g by uplifting valve' '" '^"*'"

I'oRTrLACA.E.t;. -Sepals 2

I open-

2, lLh;,";7':^P'"'- styles 3.eleft. Leav

''"mb^^^t;:"":"!':^ '^'™''-gby'tend;Hs;" caiyx "

RHAM.NACE.E._Shrubs,'„oi "climbing ■.■.■:;; -'

Lysimachia, in

PKI.Mfucj. K ;„

Flowers fellow, in aTilirrv'I^'il P^'^P^^'lo-^-
iprinkled wiH, '„. IJ^kIu '^>^. "P'l^w : the petals

2;}

!)
29

sprinkled with pu^pli^h .Kts^. '' '' ""^ P''*"'^

91

■*- Corotln invyiilar.
•nrb:^T^°^°"'^''''"-e^ and closed. Sta-

n

"~1

5.

l)iit pod

16

>tte(I. Sta-
>, clusters. . I9
or only 3.
centit' l)j

connected
lyx persist-

••• 24

. ill smiill
a leaf-like

the calyx).

Iiy leaves,
ath. Pod

is. Fruit

2;i

;i8

fhe ovarii).

floating.
IIS petals

9

"11.V as ili<>

vie Htcimen in

rs open-

8

Leaves

23

Calyx

■talons.
I petals

2!)
29

91

' anil aller-
imber.

Sta.

Key to tiik Fa.milies on Orders.

n

VioLAf'K.t:.— Corolla l-spiirred. Stamens 5. Pod

witli ;} rows of seeds on the walls 17

IUi..s,\.MiSACE.K.— Corolla 1-spurred, the spur with
a tiiil. (Stamens G. Pod bursting clastically. 27

I'()i.V(;,\i,.\rE.K.— Lower petal keelsliaped, usually
fringed at the top. Antheis (i or 8, 1 -celled,
opening at the top. Pod 2-celled 32

LKiirMi.Nds.K. — Corolla mostly papilionaceous.
Filaments often united. Ovary simple, with
one parietal placenta, '..eaves compound.. . . ,'{3

+■ +■ Corolla reijular, or nearly so,

1. Calyx superior {i.e., atlherent to the ovary,
wholly or partially).

(a) Stamens perigynoiis (inserted on the calyx).

Cratsegus, in

Ro.sAcE.t;.— Shrubs. Stamens occasionally from 5
to 10 only. Leaves alternate, with stipules.
Fruit drupe-like, containing J -5 bony nutlets. 38

Saxifraoack.k. — Leaves opposite or alternate,
without stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one
instance 4. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 3
parietal placenta' 4C

Hamamei.ace.i-:.— Shrubs. Stamens 8 ; styles 2.

Flowers yellow, in autumn 48

Halokacje.k.— Arjuatics. Stamens 4 or 8. Styles

or sessile stigmas 4 49

O.VAOBACE.E.— Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 2,

4, or 8. Stigmas 2 or 4, or capitate 49

MELA.sTOMAcE.t:.— Anthers 1 celled, opening by a
pore at the apex. Stamens S. Stylo and
stigma 1. Flowers purple 51

LYTHRAcE.t:.— Calyx apparently adherent to, but
really free from, the ovary. Stamens 10, in 2
sets. Leaves mostly whorled 51

CrcruiiiTACE.K— Tendril-bearing herbs. Flowers

moruecious ,52

(b) Stamens epigynous (on the ovnri,, or on a disk which

covers the ovary).
Euonymus, iu

Celastkace.k.— Shrub, with 4-sided branchlets,
not climbing. Leaves simple. Pods crimson
when ripe. Calyx not minute 30

Umbei.lifer-E. — Flowers chiefly in compound
umbels. Calyx very minute. Stamens 5.
Styles 2. Fruit dry, 2-seeded 53

Araliace^.— Umbels not compound, but some-
times panicled. Stamens 5. Styles usually
more than 2. Fruit berry-like 56

CoKN.u-E.t;.— Flowers in cymes or heads. Sta-
mens 4. Style 1 57

2. Calyx inferior {i.e., free from the ovary).

(a) Stamens hypogynous (on the receptacle),

CRuriKER.t:.— Petals 4. Stamens 6, tetradynamous.

Pod 2-celled 12

Cl.sTACE.l-:. — Petals 3. Sepals .-., very une<iual ; or

only ;t. Pod partly 3celled 18

Dkoskrace.k. — Leaves radical, beset with reddish
glandular hairs. Flowers in a 1-sided raceme 19

Elodes, in

>h TKRK'ACE.^. — Leaves with transparent dots.

Stamens 9, in 3 clusters m

CARVoPiivi.i.AtE.K.— Styles 2 5. Ovules in the

centre or bottom of the cell. Stem usually

swollen at the joints. Leaves opposite 21

LiNACE.K.— Stamens 5, united below. Pod 10-

celled, 10-seeded og

GERANi.\CE.t;.— Stamens 5. Carpels 5,— they and
the lower part.s of the 5 styles attached to a
long beak, and curling upwards in fruit 26

OxAi.iUACE.i-:.— Stamens 10. Pod 5-eelled. Styles
5, distinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, droopinj.'
at night-fall I . .*■ 07

Ericaue.*:.— Anthers opening by pores at the top,
or across the top. Leaves mcwtly evergreen,
sometimes brown beneath ; l)ut in some in-
stances the plant is white or tawny 85

(h) Stamens perigynoua (plainly attached to the calyx).

Saxikraoace.-i-: — Leaves opposite or alternate,
without stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one
instance 4. Carpels fewer than the petals ... 40

CRA.s.sri.ACE.E.— Flowers sijmmi'trical. Stamens 10

or 8. Leaves sometimes fleshy 43

LvTiiRACE.K.— Stamens 10, in two sets. Calyx
enclosing, but really free from, the ovary.
Leaves mostly whorled 51

(c) Stamens attached to a fleshy disk in the bottom of the
calyx-tube.

Axacardiace.t;.— Trees, or shrubs, not prickly.
Leaves compound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a 1-
seeded drupelet og

Celastrace.k.— Twining shrub. Leaves simple.

PimIs orange when ripe 30

SAPiNi>ArE.t:.— Shrubs, or trees. Fruit 2winged,

and leaves palmately-veined. Or, Fruit an

inflated 3-celled pod, and leaves of 3 leaflets.

Styles 2 or 3 jjj

(d) Stamens attached to the petaU at their very base.

Claytonia, in

PoRTri.ACACE.i-:.— Sepals 2. Leaves fleshy. Style
3-cleft 23

AuriFOLiACE.t;. — Shrubs, with small axillary
flowers, having the parts in fours or sixes.
Fruit a red berry-like drupe. Stigma sessile.
Calyx minute 90

IL OAMOPETALUUS DIVISION.

Corolla with the petals united together, in however
slight a degree.

il!..-

ill:

" "iio Pamimks „n ()i,r.|.;ii>i.

•iilyx Niiitrrlor (iidhi-r

i-ri-iii |» ||„. ,,viirj».

Si mm

CUCI'KIIITV

' vcK.K. -Teiiilril-bettring hcrbg . .

04

8;{

• * 5/(

DiPSACK.K.

illVolllUlH'.

Valkhianai'k.k

ame„. vol nmledlogethr in any way.
Stamaia imerted on the corolla.
Flowers i„ hea,l8, sHrr.mn.Ie.l by an

As(i,Krin,,\ri:.K.

tllfJH (1,11

iiioim.l(.lj,l,o„8^

I'lants ttitl, milky jmc,. A.,
I'lowuis ■ "

Flower

cy.nj. .ta,ne.. i.^^, uS^i.. ''lo,:'""'--'

13 of tl

le

11 iiinbiLs ] j^

W-l- "-•„,•// 4.luhed around Iho h,

Mentha, iu

Lai.iatk. -Stamens 4. U'avc

«""H--A.K.K-Stumens5. Leaves alternate..

■i--\-Oi-arij 1. relied; flu
HviiKi

hasv oflhc^hjle.

^•08 opposite, aromatio

I'e aetdn on the valU.

)(I0
1115

, <j.j ' -v,.... ^„ ,„,. ir/ill:!.

MI'Klhnl.lA.K.K.-Lcavea onnn«if„ ..,:.l..' V ' ;.• i <'KNTIANArK.t:.— T.», „ „...:.'■ ' ' ' ;

CAI'Klhlll.l ACK.K.
pules; but,

caves opposite, without sti-

=bi;;;g's;;p.;i::.«r:-:.-t|'appe..<Cs

•i-t-SCame/M not inserted on the corolla.

58

J ■"■""' ""<' soinetiuies

•I— I-

los
112

■l-H-Oixry tt.,7/j i> or more celU

Avrm,,.,A,.K..K-,«hrub8. Corolla
|jetal..u8. CiUyx minute

I'LA.N

almost poly.
fours'S^ea'^^^'^^^^o'^-r^''^''^;

I'n

sri

B. I nl,.x lurerl«r (iVoe from the »v«r,K

. Stamen, more than the lobes of the corolla.

Placenta v. ^ loelle.l, with 1 parietal
plac. nta. .St;,mens mostly dia.lelphous . . . .

Adiumia, in

FrMAKiACE.t:._piantcliml,i„

Maiaa.k.k. -Filaments n.ona.lelphous. Carpels

TAi;i.NA(;K.t;. -Stamens
flowers in a close spike..

-»• Pod S-celled.

>■:• — Corolla

111 a rinij
t'AcK.t:.

entire leaves. .Stan.ens twice as
^•.^= ut the corolla

I'OLYCALACK.K.— Antl:

ling. Corolla 2-spiirre(l.
Carpels

ith simple

3;i

u

L'4

Verbascum, in

illLKMciMAIKK.— Style .S-cleft n n , "

«l.ape,l, With a lL« ube -po-rr'n l"';'"-
see.lcl ; seeds small . . •^oelled, few-

Co.NvoLVtr ACE.*:. -Stylo 2.cleVt,'

generally 4se6de(l ; seeds
or trailing plants . . .

00
01

twiniii;

Pod 2-celled,
large. Chietly

""■m;::;;::e;;£!?:':!"^'^-^-'-»-ry2.ce„ed;

''"'*;'' t'-'^'T^''"""^ shrubby plants, 'w'i

Htthetop. l^.,,'^::,t:^'•\f:-"-'.''P-i..s

lower petal k
at the top ...

O.YAi.iDACK.t:, -Stamens
Styles

e(
'•shaped,

1. F

owers irregular ;

10,

and usually fringed
''> of them longer

32

<:oroUa rnudly irregular or ^-lifped

94

109

109
110

the

T.AiiiAT.t:.— Ovi
style. Stii
sionally only 2 with anthers.

Stem

VKK,..A.....-ovary4.eeiied:Lt::::'L:rr*"'

PtO

»
•A

m

"-" n/' Iho n„„ll,i,
III il^ k,i„ s.

e. Aiitliura
t not 11(1 her.

114

jiiii.1'. Aii-
I'iliimuiits
s 114

e, nroniatio KiO
ttlteninte... ](),-)

'/if falU,

K cxs-rted.
sonietiijies

108

positc ; or

ceU.1.

lost poly,
led l)criy-
ollii'fly ill

2-celled.

Ih

00

01

regular,
aniens 5 ;

'y 94

J. salver-
led, few-

109

2-celled,

fliiefly

109

2-celled,

no

' corolla ; the.
id. I

ie of thu
or occa-
'I'lare.. ](io
ed ; the
1 -celled
99

Ovary

93

t green
eeds on

94

many
' 94 j

Ki:v

l<> Tin; Fa.MII.IKS (Mi MiiLKKs,

111. AI'KTALOL'S IHVI8I0N.
'.'■irolla (ami M.rnctinics calyx also) wanting.
A. t'lowpa not III cnlklnit.

♦ Ci////x and corolla loth irithliii;/,

Sai-hikack.*. -Flowers white, in a dense terminal
»l)lke, nodding at the end. Carpela 6 or 4
nearly separate _' \.,^

(•KKATai'iivi.L.\fK.K, - Immer8e<l a.|uatica, with
whorlccl tinely diaaeuted leaves. Flowers

inuiiieuious

iL't

• « Calyx superior (i.e., adhereiU to the ovary).

SAXiKKAiiA.K.K.— Small, smooth herbs, with iucoii-
spicumis gieenishyclh.w Howers. Stamens
twice as many as the ciilyx-lobes, on a con-
«|llCU011BdiBk _, ^g

Halokace.*;. -Aquatics. Leaves finely dissected
or linear. Stamens 1-8. Ovary 4-lobed or
(llippuris) 1-celled. . 49

ONA(iHA(K.t:.-Herlm, in ditches. Stamens 4.

tlvary 4-celled, 4-8ided 40

Akist„.,„,iiia<k.k. --Calyx 3-lobed, dull purple

mside. Ovary G-celled 1 l(i

Santalale.*;.— Low plants with greenish-white
lowers in terminal olusters. Calyx-tube pro-
longed, and forming a neck to tlio 1-eelled
nut-like fruit j.24

ELAMiiXACE.t:. —Shrubs with scurfy leaves,
blowers dicecious. Calyx 4-pi.ited, in tlio
fertile flowers apparently adherent to the
ovary, and becouniig licahy in fruit 123

♦ * ♦ Calyx inferior (plainly fn,- from the ovary),

H- Ovariea more than one and separate from each otlm:

Rasi'.N(tlace.«. — Calyx present, colored and
petal-like. Achenea containing several seeds,
or only one o

liuTACE.i:.— Prickly shrubs, with compound trans-
parent-dotted leaves, ami dicecious flowers. . 27

I -i—i-Orary only one, hut with more than me cell.

I

I CRAS.sii.ACE.t;.— Herbs, in wut places. Pod 5-

eelled and 5-liorned ^^

PHYToLAirAiE-K.— Herbs. Ovary 10-oelled and

10-»eeded ]](j

EnpiioiiiiiACE.!:. -Herbs. Ovary 3-celled, 3-Iobe(l,

protruded on a long pedicel. Juice milky . . 125

S.vnxi.ArE.*;. —Trees. Ovary 2oelled and 21obed.
iTuit two l-seeded samaras joined together,
r lowri -5 polygamous 31

Rha.m.nack.e.— Shrubs. Ovary 3-celled and 3-

seeded ; forming a berry og

FicoiDK.E.— Prostrate herbs with whorled leaves.

' vary 3-cellcd, many-seeded 52

ruTKAcF. E. -TreeM. Leaves simple. Ovary 2-
celled, but fruit a l-seeded samara win«.'d all
loimd. Stigiiioa'i j.j;

■I— 1— l-Oivo-y only one, t-ctUcd and l-ntedtd.
Stipules Hhcathing tin

I'iPl.VciONACE.K. — Herbs,

»t 111 at the nodes. .

L'KTir,.E.K. Herbs. Stigma I. Fhiwrs m„'n,,-
ci(,usordi,..,ioiis, ill h|,ikes or lar.inus. .No
ehati like bracts aiiinug the lldweiH. dr,
Stigmas 2 ; leaves p.ilmately-Lonipuiind .'

AMNiiAvrvrE.i:. -H,.rbs. Flowers givwish or
leciilifli, in Bpikes, u-ilh chnll-iihe l,nirl.i i„l. ,■■
n/■< rmd. Stigmas 2

CiiENor.iiiiACE.E.-Horbs. Flowers greenish, in
spikes. Ao cliaf-like hraclH. Stigmas 2

Oi.EA(i; E. —Trees. /.frnvs p!nn<ileli/.cow/„wml.
rriut a l-seeded samara '. . . .

UinicACEr. -Trees. learei^ nim/ile. Fruit a
l-seeded samara winged all n.iind, or a ilriipe.

LAl-iniEK— Trees or shrubs. Flowers did'oious.
Nipals (>, petal-like. Stamens 9, opeiiini' by
uplifting ..Ives * ■'

TllVMKiEACE.K— Shrubs with leatlier-like baik
ami jointed branehlets. Flowers perf<rt pie-
ceding the leaves. Style thread-liko ...

n. FlMwrrit In rnlhliiit.

» Sterile or HtamiiKite fiouxrx only in cifl'ins.

.lliil.AM.ACE.E.— Trees with pinnate leaves. Fruit
u nut with a husk

CriMi.iEEK.E. Trees with simple leaves. Fruit
one or more nuts surrounded by an inv.ducre
which forms a scaly cup or bur

119

IIS
IKi
ll.-i
127

122

12:$

i;)0
i;ii

y- * Jlolh .ilfrile and fertile jloirers in calkins, or ca
like hi'dds.

SAMfACE.1-:. - Shrubs or low trees. Ovary 1 -celled
many-seeded ; seeds tufted with down at one
end

Platanace.e.— Large trees. .•^/;/,„l,'s sh-mh,,,,, th'-
hi-itiirlilft.^. The flowers in heads '

MVKICACE.E. - Sin ubs with resinous-dotted, usually
flagrant, leaves. Fertile (lowers one under
each scale. Nutlets usually coated with wax v
grains

BETrLACK.E.— Trees or shrubs. Fertile flowers •'
or H under eueli scale of the catkin. Stigmas
2, lung and slender "

Ikin-
l.'ili

i:{o

i:u
i:(,-i

SUU-CLASS IL GYMXOSI'KHMS.

Ovules and seeds naked, on the inner face f,f an open
scale; or. Ill Taxus, without any seal-, b„t ..urroun.lcd
by a ring-like disk which becomes reil and berrvlike

111 li liii.

CoNiKEB.t:.— Trees (pr shrubs, with resinous juice
and mostly awl-shaped or need le-.shapiMl leaves'
J- ruit a cone, or occasuaiully berry-like l.ri

Il

>1

i

KkV n> T.IK I'AMIMKH oK OrukHH.

■■•-rliiiiili liiftrlor (fri,. rrum llip

I. NrADICKOUH DIVISION.
Flower* collected on a hiukIjv ...i.i
T^...; or «,u.athi„g brat-t '"tvL'tir"""* "

AusMACKt:. — I'idtil

»v«r,vK

aiKJciirpoug i onrpelM in a i

veiiifd.
AuAcK.t:,

llfS lift-

orttrrtHtiml) w tl, puiiKent jiiw, mi.l simnle

ve.ne.l. .Spa.l,.. ..ually (l,„t not h ay.,) at
coinpanu..! by « spu,|„,. kIow.ms ..thl'.^with-
out a penanth of any kind, or with 4-6 «e mU UA

Htniiglitvenied IraVog erect or floating
mona.c.oua flowers. Heads of HowerH*^cyli„.

Lkmnace.*.^ Small aquatics, freely floating about Itl
.>.\ui.AcK.i.: - Inunerscd acpuitios. Stems branch.
...« and leafy. Flowi,« perfect eX

dly on the suiiaoe. . . . . . . . . . . ' J45

I'ar
and

r Mi; rand ".'"^^ ''''"',"'• ^'"' "'"■'""'"

Fioidiiour:rr^.r!'::'r^.'r:";

Triglochin, in

Ai-isMA,!.: K.-R„„|,.iiUo nmrHh horlm. FlowerH in
«Hp.k., or racem... Carpels when ipo loli
ting away fron. a perniHtent axis ' ^

mostly (J, hut in one case 4. One stamen iu
front of each .liv.s.ou, the stamens similar !

Trillium, in

l'l>NTKI)KKIACK.+:.

147

137

general

II.

Klowe

.h

I'eriai.fl, (11, -'^'^'"''!'» «• 3 long and 3 short.
Aquatics .... "■■. ^ '"*"* '"''"''"•• "' « '»'"■"■

N'l'ACK.K.— 1'(

PKTALOIDKOUS DIVISION.

wers not collects on a spadix, fur.nah...l with a
corolla-hke, or occaMonally herLaoeous, pe, i'u.th

PiTlaiilli siiiirrlor (ailliereul 1» ih,. ovary*.

* Flower.'t duerioii,H or polyyamoiis, r.',,„lur.
I'istillate flowers

'erianth ghimaceous, of similar pieces
Khi,mvv,-u,n VK ,,-I„ shallow water. Klo«'r» in

anghM scape. Leaves in a tuft at the base. . .

III. (;ll-.mackous di\ ision.

Flowers without a true
thin scales called glumes.

CVPKUA

147

158

1S8

UJ4
162

1C5

Hvi.Kocii.uinMfE.+:._A.|uatios. . ,.....„,„ „„„.ers

only above water ; perianth of fi pieces. 148

DiOSCORKACK.t;. — IV •

Htocks. Leaves heart-shaped,^

Winers, from knotted root-
net- veined.

}'n,l win. r> l„ -O..UJJC.1, jiei-veuieil.

I 0(1 with ,i large wings 1 --

* » f/owem perfect.

OKCII.1.ACK.K. - Stamens I or 2, gvnandrons
t lowers irregular *" '""""^""s-

iRlDACK.t;.— .Stamens .3

AMAKVLLii.ACK.f —Stamens 6. Flowi
from a bulb ...

1.55

vers on a

scape

156

perianth, but subtended by
vPKUA.K.t:. -Sheaths of the leaves not split I OS

•■"^a:^yf;;;rK^i:':^!--«p"'onthes;de;

luo

SKRIKS 11. CRYI>T0(;AMS.

t..'S"est;':;L:^=-:;L£'i<«.-pro.i«cing

CLASS IH. I'TKIUDOPHYTES.

Stems containing vascular as well as cellular tissue.

Hl.Khs.-.Spores produced on the fronds .... 174

•Spores produced on the under side
rah'sof a terminal spike

KgrisKTAcKt:

of the .xhiehl-shaped'
or cone

LYCH)r'oi

181

, », «■«•♦:— "^poro-cases produced in the axils
of the simple leaves or bracts ... 182

n Ihp »VHr,v>.

I'bIm ill It liiijj
iiloaii.l l)|ii(|„ 147

li ttltt'iimtu
)leJ Icttvei,
187

Flowers III
II I'ipu Hplit-

147

oiia or lol)eg,
ii'i Htuiiu^ii ill
! Miinihir ... 158

l1« anil three

188

111(1 3 short.

', of 0 lohrH.

I«4

milar pieces 16'J

Fiou 'iH ill
iiiiit (It u 7-
tlio baae. . . 165

SION.

t suliteiuled by

: split 105

on the side
168

MS.

»t reproducing

TIX

cellular tissue.

9 174

underside
iiial spike

181

1 the axils
182

ILLUSTkATlVE EXAMPLES

PLAr,' OLSCRIPTION.

A few ,.x«m|.l,.,,„f tlM. >n,.|l,..l o( MUuk plant ,„l,..d,iU.. «re „ .,. i„ the pn^-e. wl.lcl. I„„nc,-il«telv follow. Tlicvarc inl.....!,.,!

to IM. snwcKtivti rather than to 1,,. Implicitly follow.,!. Teachers will u.,c their own JudKmcnl as to the

.lc;:rce of elahor.alloii which will l,« aimed at in any particular case, a.s a koihI

deal must depend u|)oii the stajfc of the pupils' knowledKu.

No..

•Ic.
Ir.

'(• ; iiliiih ^ n )•>/ /oil I/,
f^'iiliii !l-xlinjii(l,
Volte,
h.

'Ill nilll s.

n'li liu'ln-s (liToa^.

'// litl-l-iiiuil.

loin it It 11(1 rriiiatt.

n'tfif/i',

li','in|<^('oiiipiiiiii(l.
fci'H ill mill ,1.1 il.

VATliiN. rii|.c]| H, Kl(

' llll-ir Ill-Ill t^:
, Jll I'sisti iit.

ihixli, oliriiril<i/i', .V
'"/'' //( Hip /mil.

i/iil irilli Ih,, /„,,,,,

\llllllCs l-i-llliii/.

"« hiaini <i.i /lie
mil,/.

SKRIES Phamroijams.

( LASS iiif/ioijii'nits.

Sl-|i-('i,Ass Diro/i/hilon^.

Tl^'l'^lON l'oltii,i'/a/o,i,.

<)i'der .Malvaeetv.

<'»'niis Malva.

f^Pi'i'i'''* Hot undi folia.

Lonpitiiclliml acction
of HdHcrsliowint;

StUlllulltuljl'.

C'LAH«ilFI('ATIO\, <tc.

Botanical Name Malva rolundifo/ia.

Popular Name Boitw/./i-avcil Ma//oir.

Habitat l?oail.iiili„ anJ i-ii//iva/eil soi/.

Whore found nonil.ii,/r, Xovlh. Toronto.

Dato of collection SeiitemUr -Jo/h, tsil4.

Portion (if stem,
with llower, leaf, and fruit.

DRAWINGS, &C.

I'Istll.

Fruit, slionlnsr persistent
ealyx.

Lp 'witn
stipules.

PLANT SCHEDUDLE.

KOOT.

NO.

HTK.H.

•'"•'«'" Se,ou<lar;i.

For'ii Fihroiis.

•^'"'"U'- n'hi/i,/i.

I>iir.ati<,i, ....Perennial.
^''"''t'"" "^iil'terramun.

' '""■'* ^f>"i<fol>il,',h,uoiis ; a bull,.

Attitiulc

Texture Ihrhnreou,.

^°^'tion r>fep !n II,,' ,/ronn,l.

'^''■'^1"-' •'/"»'/.(/ <Mon,/ ; .mall.

•' W"^'^' (.'oloiiriesn,

Braiu'hing. . ..Yo»e.
n..iglit

I'uratiou ....I'erennlal.
Surface

i\i''u»KK.M'i:\rK.

-"^''"'i' Terminal.

LK.IF. Division '^V;H/7,..

''"■^'f'"H Ilaili.n'.

AnaiigciiK.nt. . .Alternate.

•■^^'I'l'liif'"" i:.r.itiimlate.

'""■■'''"" ''>t'>oles .heathim, the ,eaj,e.

<'"*''■'"' Ohionu-laneeolate.

X". oflfulirts, \iany..Xone.

I*'^"''*"'-" n irk i,/, and .soft.

I**-'"'"'"' ''''■'■'". "">"M ,rith purple ahove.

I '''"^'' Three to jive inches Ion//.

I*^'*'"'"'"" '^/raif/ht-veine,!.

l*^f'"'gii' Entire.

|*-\!'''>^ Aeute.

1*^^'"*'' Taperintf.

I*^'""''''"''' '<inooth :iml .hinin.j.

^'•i'''''fy •<ulitav!/.

OlKlAX.

Prriiinlh.

/>crt rev.

THK Fi,on>:u.

X<i.

t'lillFSEiiX.

Cnl,v\.

iiejiah.

<'oritlln.

Petals.

NlanifiiH.

yUantenls.
Anthers.

t^tii/inas.
Stj/les.
Car/xls.
Ovari/-rell.\.

I'oluphi/lloHs.

Adiii-.skix.

In/eri

X^Ml^X FoHM, .TCSIIVATIOX. fouWH, KIC.

invisions sprewUny, lanceolate , yellou;
purp/e-spotleil, an inch lonij.

JlexantlroHs.

^f.'/Jioi///nons.

Stamens opposite the divisions of the
perianth.

Si/nrar/ioiis.

Sui>erior.

Ovar,/ narrowed „t the. hase. St , tie
cluh-shajied. Sti.jma .l-loljed.

ruriT.

^'^''"'1 /Vr// ; dehiscent.

"^'ariety Capsule.

dehiscence LocuHcidal.

No. of Seeds Ma,,,,,

Boscription of Seed. .0.0/,/, with memhranaceous tip. Allnr.nnons.

NO.

/e.

ildli:

■iheathiiif/ the acape.
anceolate.
'one.

I and mft.

'' n-ith /iiirji/na/ioiv.
five inches lony.
■reined.

ml uliiuinij.
\':\t\* I'oiiiiKiiiiKl.

-ATIOX, C(lI,((Lli, KK',

, lanceo/a/e, yelloir,
an inch long.

e diviaionn of the
th.

I he hane. Sh/le
i/iiia ;i./ohed.

II. niAdiUM.

<'L.iM!4IFI(.4TIO\. Ac

SERIES I'haneronamn.

'•■^'^'* Uiijioxiierinn.

^''»-' ''-^■•^■^ Vono,;,l!,ledons.

^"^■"^I"'< I'rinloide,,,,..

"•••'t'"' I.ilinr,,,..

* "''""^ Krutlironiiim.

' l"'^'"''* Aiiieriianiini.

n itanical \niii.. Kn/fhronium Anu,-ir„in(vu

]'oi'iilar Naiiif Do,/ i-'outh Vi-j!,/.

If"''itat Co/ise.i.

Wlu.iv f„uii,l //;,//, l-aA-^ Toronto.

])at.! of collection Ma;/ ;!rd, Is'j-t.

ORAWINGS. &C.

sheathing petiole,
tne sfnpe within

bulti (coated)

Pistil.

cross-section
ul' ovary.

•X<.Ti:.-n/. ,.l„nt sends up a sraj^, ii or >1 inehe, high, rvhich bears a single noddin.f Jiou-er. The /eaves ar
tiro in u limber.

^

■m

V

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDUDLE,

No.

itooT. ! Ori

STKM.

n"l Scroiiiliir!/,

' Form Fihroiis.

Colour /!roinn\li.

Duration I'lrenniaf.

I^o^it'on I^iihl,.rranean.

! • ''•''^'* Ificoli/leilonoin.

i Attitude Eri'it.

. Texture Herhareoim.

P°^'""'i Ai-rml.from a root.lork.

■'*^''P° <''.'/' indrirn/, slii/hll,, uroowe-d.

•Tuico I^o/oiirle/tn.

Branching. . . U.^ualh/ none.
Height About ISinclm.

Duration . . ..lihizome perennial ; ailrial

stem annual.
^"'■^aco Smooth, or nearly so.

LK.4I'. Tlivision . . .Slmj.le.

Tosition . . . limliral and cauline.

Arrangement . . .Alternate.

Stipulation . Ej-diprdate.

Insertion. . .Lower jxtiolate ; up jmr sessile.

Outline . . ..Lower spathnlate ; upi,er linear.

Xo. of leaflets, if any. ..Vo»e.
j*Texture. . . .Rather thick.

*Colour areen both sides.

j*Size 1-lh inches long.

j*Venation , .Pinnately net-veined.

j*Margin .... Radical rrenate ; caidine serrate.

*Apex Obtuse.

I

l*'^"'^'' •'■""•f'' tapering ; upjier clasping.

♦Surface Glabrous.

i ^l^m'ji^ablejo^eiiflets if leaf is compound.

I.\FI.OKF..S('E:.\tK, Ar

HEAIM.

Arrangement Terminal, solitary.

J"^'"'' Radiate.

' '^'-' ii~2 inches across.

*B.tI-.FI.OKi:T8.

^'"'"'"'i- Many.

t-'olour White

^^«l'e Linear-obloug.

K'»'l Pistillate.

1'"1>1'»^ Wanting.

*UIMK-FU>Kf:T.S.

^'u'"''"' Very many.

*^"lo"'- Yellow.

^''"'^•^ Tubular, slightly compressed.

^^inJ Perfect.

Tappus Wanting.

\ Ki:«KI»TA€ I.K.

j ^"''"' Flatlish, or slightly com

I ''Surface yf^ked.

^"™ nroad and flat.

Rows of Scales About four.

Form of Scales Lanceolate.

Texture of Scales .... Wi,k scarious margins.

Arrangement Imbricated.

aihe:.\i:.s.

^""'"' ^^carly cylindrical.

•'^"'■f'''"' Striate or ribbed.

^''•""'' Whitish or grayish.

SEED.

Exalbnminons.

I

floret""""""''"" "'""' K'v«|mrti..urar, under headin

sDisk-

m.

till Die.

' ; n/tjjer sesnile.
ite ; upper linear.
te.

ined.

; caidine serrate.

upi>er clasping.
is compound.

'(jhtlii convex.

nargma.

cat.

i.

liah.

r lioadiiis Dl3k-

TIIK FLUWEK.

Oj'oan.

»'«l,vx.

Corolln.

Petals.

Stllllll'IIH,

J''ilamenfs.
Anthers.

No.

CoilKSION.

AnilKSION.

(iamosejialoiis.

^'amo/H'taluii.i,

I'iNtll.

S/ii/iiias. 2

'^f.i/lcs. i

( 'a rpch. -J

Ovarii -cells. \ 1

^Unrjenestous.

>>!jncari)ous.

•'KMES Phanerogams.

'"^*'''' -ingiosjxrms.

SU"-CLAS> Dicotyledons.

^'^'■''"« rramoi^talous.

«'•«>'''• ....Composito'.

^"^'^"'^ Leitcanthemum.

^P'^cies Vulgare.

SujKTior.

J''l>'!JUnoiis.

I''pil>etalous.

FuiiiAi, Diagram.

Inferior,

4 L.4.H.>4IFI( ATIO\. Ac.

Botauiciil Xiim,. I.eiicanlhcmum vuli/are.

Popular \aiuo fb--,,/,. Dais;,.

'^^^'^^^^t Fields and pastures.

Whcro found llarrie.

Date of colleotion Xugust lOlh, lS:i;i.

DRAWINGS, &C.

m u

LEAF SCHEDULES.

"I.KAr or Kur.M)-i,i:.\\ i;i) Mai.i.ow.

r

Pkscuiitidx,

JlIt.WVINdS.

l'i\i-^i"n s'/)„y,/,..

l'"-''fi"ii Cm/;,!,:

AiTiiii.iiviiifiir VliriKiti:

I"^''i'fi"n I'ifwiat,'.

Stiliuliitinii '<fij,i,/„tr.

<"'"tliiu' ()r/>ir,i/(,r.

N". iif Icnllrts, il'iiuy. ..Vu;(c.

*'''''>;t"ii' Thirl-;-,!,.

*'^'"^""»' {-''ivk linn, hoth xUhs.

' ''^'' I fi> ■'! iilr/ii'n ari;in.i.

*^''-'""t'"" /■<■ ^».^V/,// w/-vrhi,,l.

*^f"''S'" •'':://'"/; l,,M. a,,.! <r..ate.

*AlU'X Olililsr.

*I^"'"' i>'''//;/ror,lalr.

*^">''''"''' Ui, I, <,;■/,/ j.„l,v„n,,l i,Uu -ih

■ Allllli.'llhllM,,l,.,||l(;lsi(llMfi<.f,,i|i|,olilUi.

Li;Ar Of Ri:i) Ci.ovi-.ii.

-'^'''^' '■-'"" ('oiiij.oiiikI ; jio'.Hati:

T'^'itii'ii Crn,/!,,,-.

AiTniiciciiiciit. A/tiriiafi:

^nsi'i-tuni IMiolah.

■■^''''"'•'f'"" Sf. /,„/„/,, ; ,tij,„/,^ united with

JH 'io/f.

^^"'f'""' Ik'ttol,!, or trianuidar.

\ii. iif U'alli'ts. i!' an\-. ..7.

*T''^f "••'^' lialh,',- thin ami mft.

**'"'"'"■ (hrtn, with a irhite sj»,t ahove.

*Siz

. I to 1\ invhes loncj.

*Vonatit,ii Pin-.^atebj m-t-veinej.

*Margia Enti -c or ohsmri-li/ serrate.

-■^P*-'^ Oenerallij eiiiaryinate.

*Base .IAj.vC/// ohtime.

♦Surface I'liljeseent and ciliate.

* Ai)i)lical)lu til leaHi'ts ifleaf is coinpuuml.

I

■ im'i':

iiami

C

s
I)
U

G
Si

NO.

it is COIIipoulic).

ATION, COLOL'R, KTC.

\

:. DiAOlfAM.

n-lKKIFK tTlOV, .to.

SERIES

Class

si'ii-Class.

i »i vision

Order

<>i>nu8

Species

Botanical Xamo-

Popular Name

Habitat _

Where found

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

1'i:3

Am

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO,

BOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duratiiiu

Posit Idii

(^lass

Attitude

Texture
Position

Shaj)o

.Tuico

Branrhiiig .
Hoiglit

Duration

Surface

I LKAF.

] )ivisioii —

Position

Arraugunii'iit

Stipulation

Insertion

Outlino

No. of loiifliits, it any

♦Toxturo...

♦Colour -

'■ uu

♦Venation

♦Margin

(♦Apex

l^Baso

♦Surfiii'o-

AppllcnblB to lenHel!' if leaf la coinpiiiiiid.

INFLORESCENCE. ]Mo(]e..

Variety .

THE FLOWER.

DliOAX.

No.

Cohesion.

ADHKSI'iX.

NOTKSON FoHM, .KsriVATION, COU,

II, KTC.

Prrlanlb.

Leaves,

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolln.

I'Hala.

StainruH.

Filamenls.
Anthers.

FlHttl.

Sliymas.
Sl.i/lea.
Carpels,
Ovary-celh.

FBCIT.

I

Kind -

Variety

Deliisconee

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Fi,.., AT, Diagram.

mpiiuiKl.

Coui 11, KTr.

«•» ■ SHIFK tTIOK, Ac.

SERIES

Class

Si;ii-Ci,Ass.

Division

Order

(tcmis

Species

IVitntiioal NamO"
Popular Name —
IIal)itut

Where foimd

Date of cuUectiuu

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLA

NT S

CHEDULE. No.

HOOT.
MTEM.

1

(Jrigin
Form..
Colour.
Duriitic
I'nsitioi

!

' LEAF.

1 Dlvinlon-

I'oMitlllll

Arrangotiu'iir
Htipulatiori

Inoertioii

Outlino

No. of looflc'tM, if (iii\

:

k.

1

(

n „

I «.. «....»

1

CI
At
Te

EISA

0

titudo..- -

xturo

(i

Position

'joxturo

s

Sh
■Tu
Br

ope...

loo

*Si/i . .
♦Vehot ion ..'....

iiiohinir

Height .

*Mar
♦Apo
*BaM

ko t

gin

Du

Sui

ration

-face .

1

-

1 * Ap|)lt('nl>lc Ui IcnfloU IflnnfU <...mr.»

IWrLOBEfWENCB.

Mode

~ Vari

LOWEB.

ety

THE ri

' -

OROAM.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhksion.

• NoTKSo.s FoHji, a:stivation, ( (.i..,rn, kt,

Prrlanlh.

Leaves.

t'alyx.

Sepals.

i'ornlla.

Petals.

Stunipni.

Filaments.
Anthers.

PlHllI.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

•

FBIIT.

'kin
Van

i

^^

ety...

Dohiscenc

e

Xo.
Desc

of Set

ds

ription of Seed

-

FUiKAL IJIAGRAM.

1

0..

SKRIKs

('(,.\SM
■SflMl.ASN
IMVIHION
Order

(li'iiiis

Sppcii's

« ciiinpniiiul.

ro.N, ('iiL<.t:n, kk .

UlAGnAM.

<l.l«NIII(ITIO\, .tr.

Ilotaniciil .Vain,.

Popular Xiiiii,.

Hobitat

Whoro /r)i!ni|
iMte of coUtctioii

DRAWINGS, &C.

m

r.^- ■

ii^ij

PLANT SCHEDULE.

No.

ItOOT.

KTEM.

(Jrigiu

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching-

Height

Duration-
Surfr.ee

I,KA»-.

1 livision

]'(>sitiipn

Arnini;('Tii('iit

Stiimliitiiin

Insertion

Outline

No. of Iciillcts, if iiny

*Texture

*Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

*Baso

♦Surface

" Appliciililo to li'atlcts if li'af is ('DiiipuMiul.

IMFLOUESIKM-K.

Mode Variety -

THE FUIMKK.

OUUAN.

No.

CoUKSION.

Porlnnlh.

<'iilyx.

Se)>ah.

t'orollii.

!'t't(ih.

SlniiK-n-H.

Filaments.
Anthers.

I'lilll.

Slir/mas.
Sli/les.
('ar/>eli.
Ovary-cells.

ADUKSIiiN.

NiiTiisox l'"oit.M, .ICsriVATio.v. I'ol.oiii, v.n:.

I

ritiiT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscenc<'

No. of tSeetls

Tln-criiiti.->ii •if Si!4-.i1

^-.m-

(XAMHIFK ATIOX, .to.

SKRIES

Class

SCIi-Cl.ASS.

Division
Order

(it'IlUS

Species

r>iitanical Xamo

Pi'ltnlar Naine

Habitat

^^'lu'l•o fouu'i

1 lati' of culluction

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHtDULE

m.

lEAV.

-' »-. u, ,

NO.-

Division..-

~~^^

Position...-

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion

NO.

a comrmiiiHi.

O.V, CoU)t:il, l.;i(

fXASMIl'K ATIOV, Ae.

SERIES

Class

SU«-Cl.AKS

Division

Order

(it'nus

Species

Botanical Name ...

l'<il)ular \amo

lialiitat

^\'lion) foiiji 1

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

VtiHAM.

iris

NO..

is c'oiii;niinn|.

lo.v, CoUPfll, KTC.

4Xl.SHIFI<'ATIO\. Ac.

SEEIES

Class

Sl'd-C'i.ass..

Division-

Order

(il'llU.--

.Species

Botanical Xamo .

Popular Xaino

Habitat

Where fonnil

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

ompDiiiifl.

CoLOCn, KTC.

CLAHHIFM ATIOV .tc.

SERIRS.„

Claw _..

si:i)-Cla,ss

Division

Ordor

(il'IltlS

Species

Ddtiuiiciil .\iinu' .

Piipiiliir Xiinio

Habitat _

Whoru fiiiml

Date of coUuction

DRAWINGS, &c.

;!: m

D..

poiri|)iMiii(l.

v. C'i>i.<n-n, KT(

(XAMNIFK'ATIOIV. d«.

SERIES

Class

SUll-CtASS.

Division..
Order—

Genus

Species

notnnical Xamo ...

Po|)uliir Xamo

Ilaliitiit

Wln'i-u fonnrl

Date of ('(jUuction

DRAWINGS, &C.

i

omtKiuiirt.

t, Cor.ofri, KTc.

SERIES

C'r.Ass

SUll-C'LAKS ,
I >I VISION

Older

(icnus

<l.l>«HIFM'.(Tin!V, A.

Ilotaii un.'.

Populivr ,,4iiic ,

Habitat

j Whoro founil

: Date of collection

DRAW1^ yC.

\

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

A APPLIED IM/IGE I

^^ 1653 East Main Street

S^S; Rochester, New York U609 USA

'«S= (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone

^= (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax

PLANT SCHEDULE.

N0,_..

KOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration...

Position

riass

Attitude

Toxture

Position

Shape

Juico

Branching

Height

Duration .
Surface

LKAF.

])i vision -

Position

Arrangement

StiimUition

Insertion -

Outline

Xo. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

i*S.izo

♦Venation
♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

SK
Cl.
SU
Dl
Or
Gt
Sp

♦Surface —

* Applieablc to loaHut" if leaf is eumpoiiiHl.

INFLOBESt'EXC'E.

Mode - Variety .

THE FLOM'ER.

OlUiAN.

No.

COHCSION.

AIIMKSKIN.

NOTF.SON FohM,

.T;stivation, CoLoun, etc.

rcrlanlli.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

SlaiiK'iiH.

I'^ilanunts.
Anthers.

1

riHtii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

rKiiT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds .

I Description of Seed-

I

Floiiai, Diagram.

iti pound.

Coi-oun, KTC.

JiAGIiAM.

SERIES

Class

SUIi-(.'LASS..

Division

Order

(ienus.

Species ■

IXAKSIFICATIO.V, <tc.

Botanical Namo •
Popular Namo —
Habitat

Whoro founil _

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

fj.

;«».

i\0.

is ciiiniH.iii

III

KIX, C(iLci[

11.

Krc.

SKRIKs

Class

f^Ili-Ci.Ass

I'Mlsto.v
<)nl<r
'■'(■nils

Bi>tunicr,I .Vamr
r'l'piilar Xani,. ..,

Ilubita.

W)ior(.. fi„:,„i

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &c.

li

No.

ifi.SfllllipiMlllll.

ATKl.V, ('(ir.dril, VAC.

VI. Dl.MlliAM.

SKRIKS

Class

Srii-Ci.Ass,
I >l VISION

Oidci-

•irliiis

Slii'cics

<i.isHirit.iTio.\. rfc.

""taiiiriil .Vanic -

l'"l'iil!ir Xaiiic

Ilaliitat

I'iiH'ofcullL'cti..n

DRAWINGS, &C.

!H)

!Hi

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO.....

K«»T. I Cliyiii

I

! Form-

I

Culcur

Iiiii'iifidii

I'lisitioii

>*Ti:n. , ciii^-

AtHtiulp

Toxtiirc

S!l;l[ii.

Juice

liraiuliiiij
Hcig-lit
Duration
Surface

IKFLOKESCK^CE.

l,i;.lF. Iii\i-i.p|i

I'li-ilinll .

Arran;,'ciiiciit

Stiiiuliitiiiii
I
hi-icrtioii .

Outline

■ .No. of Icalli't^. if liny- ,.

^^T.'xture

♦Colour

I

i*Sizo

*Venati(in

♦Margin

*Apox

I

*Baso

*Surfaco

_____^__ ' '^PPll''"''lo to leaflets Ifloaf la coinpinuid.

Modo-

Variety..

THE FL«»>VEII.

NoTKSON FOU.M, ir:.'inVATro.N, CoLofll. ;

NO.

ii'i^ Ponipimnd.

iVATio.v, (■.pLiilii, i;n

SKUIKS

Slli-Cl.Ass
IIIMSIKN

Order

S|if('ics

IIIAI. UlAUHAM.

(I.AHMI(|< lTIO\, ,lc.

Hntiiiiical N'atiir
riipiiliir Xii'iic
Ilalpitiit,

WIllTI' fllllU I

I>iiti.^ of colloctioii

DRAWINGS, &C.

m

a

PLANT SCHEDULE,

No. ,

UO(»T.

HTEH.

Oligi"

Form

Cul(jur
DumtiiPii
I'()>iitiiiu
Cla^. . .

Attitll.lr

Tcxtinv

I'dsitiiiU -

Shaiic

I Juici'

i

I HruiK-liiii;

'■ Height

I Duration-

I Surfaci' ,

l5iFLOBEIi€EXl-E. Modc-

tMlOAN. 1 Xi>.

Cohesion.

Prrlniilli.

Lea ves. !

t'liljx.

I^iepah,

<'orolln.

Petals.

KlnilKMIH.

Filaments,
Anthers.

riHiii.

Stir/ mas.
Sti/les.
Carjieh.
Ovary-cells,

LEAF. ' I'lVI-ii.tl..
I'lisitimi
ArraiiL'''iii<:r

Sti|.lllatinll

IllTl-til'll

Outliur

No. of Irallit-J, if aii,\

i*Tcxtiirc

I
l*('olo\ir

|*.SlZ(^

*Vc'nuti(p:i

♦Margin

*.\pfX

l*Baao

♦Surface

I ' App'ik'alili^ to Iciilluts If leaf Is poiiipiuiiKl.

.... Variutv-

THE FLOWER.

AOIIKSION'.

Xol'EHON F011.M, .T^STlV.VriON, CoT.OIll, KIC.

FRIIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

Xo. of Seeds

Descrijition of Seed..

Plohai, Diaoham

SI).

(U ciiiniKiiinil.

\TI()N, Clll.dl-ll, KIT.

tAK UlAdKAM.

SFKIKs

Cl.AKS...

sni-('i,\>
l>r\ iMHN
(Jrdcr

Sjifciiw

«'l,lH<«IFi:.tTIO^. Ar.

Iliidiniciil N'airii'
Pojmliir Niiiii.'

llaliitiit

Wlii'ic rmiU'l
I'lito of culk'ctioii

DRAWINGS, &C.

idt:^

PLANT SCHEDULK

No.

ItOOl

UTEM.

dllfJUl

Form

Cull Mil'

Dumtiiiii
Pii-iii.iii

AttU.uli.

Trxtiiri'

I'lHitiDii

Slmiic

,I\liri'

Bmiuluug

Height

l)iinili(iu

Surfiu'i-

t.V.AV,

hivUinii

I'lwifinli

Arriiii«ii.ii ;it

Stlipiilatimi

In^jcrtii'ii

Outlilli'

\o. o( ' llit-i, if any

♦Ti'xturo

.♦Colour —

♦ <ii;o

.♦Venation
I^Margin
i^AiM'X
♦Basil

[♦Siirfai'i-

' • Apiilliiilili' tolfiitii'rn If li-»fl<foiii[»inii»l.

IXFLOBESt'FACE.

Viuii^tv

THK fLOWEB.

OnoAS.

rrrlonth.

Leaves.

No.

rcillKSlON.

Calyx.

Aoiiusiox.

Noii;«oN l-'oiiM, .T-;miVATiox, ("oi.ofii, km:

<'nroll!i.

I'tlals.

rSiuiiiriiN.

Fila}iu'ntn.
Aiitltvm.

Slirjman.
St!/!es.
(larjieh,
Ovary-celh.

FBVIT.

]\iu(l

Varit'ty

Doliisccnco

Xo. of Seeds

]M>scri]itioii nf Seed-

Florai. Diagram.

<l.t>><«IIH tTIO\, Ar,

SKItllS..

SI i; I'l. \^-
ll|M»|iiN

Oiilir

I M 1111-
>l i'-

lii'tniiiiul Naini'
• '"imlar N^niu'
llMl.itat
Wliriv lorn I
|lllti> 111' ciilUi'tiiill

)X, <.'i>Lcii:il, KTC.

UKAWINGS, &C.

1. DiAOnAM.

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO...

ROOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration -
Pnsitidii ■...

Class

Attitude ...

Texture

Position

Shape

.Tuipo

Brandling

Height

Duration .
Surface

LK.tF.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion -

Outline

Xo. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Vcnatidu

♦^largin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface —

^ Applical>U' to ItNifiets it'luaf is c(>iii|i<itiiHl.

INFI.OKESCEX'E.

Mode Variety..

THE FLOWER.

CHiOAN.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes ON Fohm, .Kstivaiio.v, Chloih. kk-.

rorlnnth.

Leaves.

t'nlyx.

Scjtah.

Corollii.

Petals.

Sliimriis.

Filnitienls.
Anthers.

IMnIII.

St if/ mas.
Sti/les.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRIIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

Xo. of Seeds

Descrijition of Seed .

!■. 'illAl. DiA'.llAM.

compouiHl.

X. ('ilLdlll, KK-.

SERIES.
Class —

Suii-Class

Dmsiox—

Order

Gun us

Species

('L.tSSIFH'ATIO.\, rfc.

Botanical Xamo

Popular \aine

Habitat

Whero fnunil

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

n

/

Dmmiam.

(I

i'Jir*

I *

PLANT SCHEDULE.

No.

icotti

sTEn.

< llL'Ul

Form

Colour

Duratinu
IVisitioii

Class

Attituilc.
T.'xt.mv

]>ositi.:I:
Shaiir

Braui'Uing.
llri-ht -
I ])ur:itiiin
Surfaci'

LKAF.

Iiivisiou

Position

Arrangoimiit .

Stipulation

Insprtiuu

Outlines

No. or U'allcts, if any

*l\'xt,uro

l*('olour

*Sizo-_

;*Vcnati(>ii

'*Margiu

*Ap('X

*Baso

*Surfai'('

' ' AiniUcAlilo to li';\tli'ts ifli'ni'is eoiiip'T""!'

IXFLOBESCEX* E.

:\i.kIc

Varietv

THE FLOnEIt.

! \o.

C01IESIO>f.

AUUESIOX.

NllTKiloN KoltM, ^T-:STIVAnoN. Cnl.uII!. Kl

rorinnlli.

Leaven.

fnlyx.

Hejiah

Corn 1 1 II.

J'ltai

SliimriiK.

Filaiinnits.
Antlwra.

IMslil.

St ii/ 111 an.
Sti/U'S.
Carjieii.
Ovary-cells.

rniiT,

I ivinipouiKi.

luN. roi.cini. mr.

/

y

AI, TllAlinAM.

<'L.tSSIFIt.lTIO\, Ae,

SKRIES.

C'hASS ,

Si'li-Cl.Ass,

I M VISION-

Order

(ionus-
Sjx'C'ios .

Dotanirnl Xarao

Popular Xniiie

Habitat —

Whero foi.nl

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

if

ill

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO.

KOUT.

STEM.

Origin.
Form—

LKAF.

liivisiDii-
i Position-

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude!

Texture

Position

Shaiie

■Tuico —

Branching

Height-

Duration—
Surface

Arrangeiniint—

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline -

No. of leaflets, if an y

♦Texture -

♦Colour-

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin ■-

♦Apex —

♦Base

SK]
Cl-.

sui

Pn
Oi(

del
Sp,

♦Surface -

• Appliciilili! to lentlels If leaf is coinpimiid.

I\>XORE8C'E\°t'E.

Mode-

Variety..

THE rLOWEB.

No.

Pcrlunlb.

Leaves.

t'nl.vx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

StamciiK.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, ^T^tivatiox. Coi.orii, inc.

PlHlll.

Stir/mas.
Sti/les.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

Fill IT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

Xo. of Seeds

Descrii)ti(in of Seed-

FloHAI. 1J1A<1HA5I.

\ ooinpound.

ox, Cni.iirii, Kic.

I, JJlADIiAM.

sehies

(■r,Ass

Sni-Cl.Ass.

I II VISION-

Older

(ienus

Species

<XAKSIFI<'ATIO\, atr.

Botanical Name-
Popular Naino

Habitat _.

Wheru foimil

Dato of callection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO.

UOOT.

KTEH.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration...

Position

Class

AtHtudo

Texture

Positiou

fSliajie

Juice

Branch in :

Height

Duration--
Surface

i.i:af.

I Uvi<ion

Position

Arranf^eiMc-;it

Stijiulatinn

Insertion —

Outline

Xo. of leaflets, if r.:r.

♦Texture

♦Colour

j*Size

♦Venation

♦Margin ---

♦Ajiex

♦Base

♦Surface

* Ai)plicablu to leaflets if If af Is cuii^ii'iiiiiil-

■XFLOBESC'EXl'E.

Mode-

Variety -

THE FLOWEn.

Ohoan.

Porliiiilli.

Leaves,

\o.

Cohesion.

Cnlyx.

Sepals.

C'orolln.

Petals.

Sill III (MIS.

Filame\ts.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stir/mas.
Stt/les.
Carpets.
Ovary-cells.

Amii;sii:N.

Notes O.N- FoKM, .Estivatson, Cni.iini, i-:tc.

ruiiT.

Kind

Variety

D'Dhiscenee

No. of Seeds

Deseriiitiun of Seed -

I'l.ollAl. UlASllAM.

m^P'tund.

, Cui.in-ii, inc.

IMa'iham.

fXAHSIFU ATIO\, .tc.

SERIES ; Bdtanicnl Xaiiir

Class , rupular Xiimr

Srii-C'LAss.. I Habitat -

iMVisioN i "WhiTo founil

Order Date of eulloction

( Icnus :

Species

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO....

ItO<«T.

HTEM.

Origin

Form —

Colour

Duration.-

Position

ClasH

Attituilo

Toxture

Posit inn

SllillH'

Juico

Bvaiicliiu!:

Height

Duration •
Surfaot!

Lr.AF.

liivisinu

Position

Arrangf'iiiciit

StiiMil.itioii

Insertion

Outline'

No. of li'iilli'ts, if any ■

♦Ti'xturi'

*('olour

♦Size

|*Vrnatiiin
|*Margin .-
i*Ai»'x

*Daso .

♦Surface -

I * Apiilicalili' to Icnllots if leaf is foinpiiiiiLil.

INFLt HESf'EM'E.

Mode - Variety..

THE FLOWEU.

OltOAN.

No.

Prrinnlh.

Leaves.

fnlyx.

Se})als.

Corolla.

Petals.

St»niru.H.

/''i/« meiits.
Anthers.

I'lKlll.

iSti;pnas.
Stales.
Carpels,
Ovary-cells.

Cohesion.

AOIIKSION.

XdTKSiiN FiiKM, yT'.STlVAlION, Cill.nn!, KIC.

SKE

CL.\i'

sni-
luvi;
Ortl(

( lent
.■spec

FBllT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seods

Description of Seed..

!■ I.CIHAI. l)l.\(;liAM.

ciiinpouiiil.

UN, t'ouii-ii, Kic,

I. 1)IA(1IIA5I.

(LIKMIIIIMTIO^, .tc.

SKRIKS

Class

Slll-C'LASS

HrvrsiuN
Order

( iciuis
Spocics.

Hiitiini™! N'anu)

Pdjiular \amo

Habitat...-

AVlioi'o f()i;nl

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

m

R;

ill

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDULE. no

mil

—

]'

«al.t\.

S. jiril

UOOT.
8TE».

• •

LEAF.

( )rigin -

Forni-—

1

■ - "-

Arrangement

Stiii'il.ttion

I'.tiil

Colour ;i

Duration ,

!
Position j

Class

1

'•liililrii

h'ilii 1

.\„lln

Insertion

Outline '"""

Xo. of leartets, if any

■'Mil.

SI ill II
SI fill s
* 'itl'ii

Texture

1

lUiir

1

♦Colour — - -

♦Size --

♦Venation - -

SKUIK.-

Shajic

.luice

( I.ASS

♦Margin

♦Apex -

♦Base - "~

Branching

siii-CL

Height

;l

1 M\ islll

Duration

♦Surface

• Applicable to leaflets If leaf U compound.

Older

1

1 Minis

■

ISFLOHEMt'ENtE, •»€.

S|,|.cics

UEAD».

nE«'EPTA«XE.

Form - -

Arrai

1

1 Surfa

IXVOLIIC

RE.

Kinil

Size ..

•BAV-FL

OUETH.

Form
Rows

of scales -

Numl

)i'r

Form of scales -

Colon
Bhap

r

; Toxturo of scales -

1

Arra

1 AfllENE

Forir

e^urft
Colo

ngoment —

Kind

Papp

•DISK'F

us

■,ORET!4.

1 -

ice — — ■ ■

Num

her

XT —

11 --

1

Coloi

SEED.

Shap

e

1

1 "If florets are all alike five particulars under headiiis Disk-
- florets.

Kind
Pupi

t

jU5

onipuuiiU.

ler hcadiiif? Disk-

HllciAN, Nil.

(llltA.

4 tiriillii.

/■'llin,,, „l'.
Aulh.,-.

I'M 1 1.

Sfli/hiin.

St I//, .V,

( h'lt I'/t <i //f

SKUIKS
( r,Ass

S|■|l-('l..\^
I IIVI>|CPN

(htlci-

■i|Pl'Cll'-i

Tin: ii.om:ii.

AlMIL^IiiN.

4'LiHHII'l<'iTI«»«. Ar.

liiitiiiiiiiil Niimi'
l'ii|iiiliu' Naiiii'
llul.ifiit

I lute <it' colU'CtidU

DKAVVINGS, &C.

KLiiII.U. lll.klillAM

im

li!a

COMPOSITHS.

KUOf

NTtn.

I 'n :i]i

CnNi

I •iiniii

f'n-ili

Attiiiiili.

I'dMti

SI

m|ii

liruiK'liiii
}|i'ight

l>llllltloIl

Surl'ii

IIIMIIM.

AlTllll^lMMCllt

Kind

Size

'ItAT-FLOItKTet,

Nuinlicr

( 'cildUl'

SI

iiiiil

'iiliims..

'OiHK-FLOKETS.

N'unilicr
Cdloiir

Slia

lie

Kind

PLANT SCIIhDULi:.

LEAF. I'ivi-i.iii

rci-itioti

■"]

Nn.

Arniii/^ciiii'tif

: <ti|<Mlati.iii

li

Oiitl

(<l li'llllcfH. ll' illi\

♦Trxtl

♦hiz..

|*V<'nnttiiii
♦>Iari'iii

♦AjH'x
♦Huso.

♦Siii'fiic

A|>|)lli'alili! tuUiiiricts if leaf In i'iiiii|>iiiiiiil.

i^ri.4Mt»:M<'t:N('K, Ar.

iti:i't:i>T«xi:.

Form

Surl'ii

IWOLKUK.

Fiinii

RllHS (jf scull's

Form (if scuirs .

Texture of scale

Arruii"ciiicut .

ACIIK^KM.

Form — .

I

Surface

(tnour..

I

I'ui'l'US I Hi)

If tloruts are all aliku trive particulars uiidur iieadl

llK'i'lsU.

<nl X.

(orolln.

/''i/niiifnl.i.
■ ill/Ill I'll.

I'lolll.

SI III, ...
( fi r^ii Is,
(>rrir//ri/li.

SKIIIKS

(■r.As.s

Slll-('|,AN.s

Ortlcr

I icIlUS . .
S|ll'cil.S ...

So.

Tilt: I'Miniu.

<'"MK-I...\. ,\|i|ll..|n\.

<'I.A.<*Hil'M ITIO.%. .Ic

Hutlllliclll \llliir

I'll] 111 liir Nii'iu'
llii' itut
Wlirrc fiiuinl
I»at(' of cdlk'ctiuii

DRAWINGS, &C.

H'l.'UAt. III.MIHAM.

iBii

ill

1.-;

I lliii

CO\\l'C')SlTI£S.

Fiinn

Ciiloiir

I>iiriili"ii
r.i-.iiiiiii
STEM. : *'lii-i-

Attilllilr
'I'cStlllr
I'n^ili.ill •
Slnipr

.liiii'c

lliaiuliiii'j

llci-iit

Siirlaci'

iii:\iis.

ArraiiLii'iiii'iit

Kiu^

■KAV-ri.OKI.I'*.

NullllllT

Ci.l.mr

Shii)..'

Kina

''■i|'l"i^

uisu-Fi.oitr.Ts.

?^iuinlii'i'

Colour

Slmpi'

Kiiul

V-il\'M^

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO.

Position

Arfiiiij-'i'iiii'iir
i Stipulnlioii
I In-!i'i-ti.'ii

' Olltlillr

. No. of l.-allil-. if ali\'
,*Tfxtniv

|*{'ol.lUV

I

I

i*Sl/o

I

*Vciiiitiou

l-'Margiii ,

*A|.rX

1

!*l!iis..

I

♦Sul'lillM'

! • Alililiial'lr to l.'illrls illirUi- l'nia|l .alid.

I\FI.OUKSHA« F.. Ar.

KW i:rTi«i.i:.

l-'nl'lll

Siirlart'

IWOI.KKi:.

Form

Kows of si-alos
l''onH ol' simU'-
Trxturi' of scalos.
Arrangi'iiu'Ut

A«IIFAi>.

Voriu

Surl'iu'i'

Colour

sFi:i>.

iniurils arr all aliUf irivr parluailar.-' uiiili r hrailiiii.' Di-ik-
tloriM-*.

uul

luiili r lll■;l(lill^' Dink-

Tnt: ILOWF.B.

Organ.

X<>.

COIIKSKIN.

riiijVx.

4'orollii.

I'ltaU.

Adiikrion.

KLdU.VL I)Li(lll,VSL

srjiir.s..

CLASS..

Slll-('l..\s

I II VISION

Ordc

f i<'iins

S|ii>cii'

(XtSMIFH iTI»^, .tc

lidtanii'ul Xi;
Pdimliir Xaii

llabitat-

Wliuru fuuud -.-

Hato of cuUoctiou

DRAWINGS. S:C.

COMPOSITES.

ROOT.

HTEn.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration
Position

Class

Attitude...

Textui-o

Pusitiun ...

Shape

Juice

Branching;

Height

Duration
Surface

Arrangement .

, Kind

Size

'BAV-FLOBETS.

Number

Colour ~

Shape

Kind

Pappus..

"DIHK'FLOBETS.

Number

PLANT SCHE.ULE,

NO.

LEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion -

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

♦Colour

*Sizo

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

* Applioable to leaflets if leaf is compouiul.

l\FU»UE!«l'ENCE, «vi .

Kii:t>:i>TA< Li;.

Form

SI
CI
i Si)
Di
Or
Gei
Spe

Surface

IXVOLtt'KE.

Form

Rows of scales

Form of scales

Texture of scales ?...

Arrangement

Ai'HEXEM.

Form-.

Surface
! Colour
SEED.

Colour

Shape - I _

Kind I

p^ 1 ^^ 'If florets ire a" al'ke give particiilar.s under lieading Disk-

!^

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO

UUUT.

Origin •■
Form—

i BTEM.

Colour

Duration-
Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Brancliin3

Height

Duration ■
Surface

lEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement-
Stipulation —

Insertion —

Outline

<'i

<■«

Ht

PI

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

♦Colour

*Size-

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface-.

♦ Applicable to JeaflctB if leaf is compound.

■NFLOBESi'ENCE, Ac.

HEADS.

Arrangement

UEtEPTAflE.

Form

SI{
Cl

su
1)1
Or
Of
Sp(

Kind-.
Size -.-.

Surface -

•nAl'-rtOHETS.

Kumber

Colour -

Shape

Kind

Pappus -

IXVOLICKE.

Form

Hows of scales

Form of scales - —
Texture of scales-
Arrangement —

AinEXEH.

Form

*'ni:»K-FLORET».

Number

Colour .-
Shape —

Kind

Pappus -

Surface

Colour

SEED.

I ' If florets are all alike ylve particulars under heading Disk-
I florets.

0

f is compound.

under heading Dlsli-

TIIE I'LUWEU.

OnOAN.

No.

CoiIESinN.

AmiKNION.

<'lll,VX.

t>epah.

Corolln.

J'elaln.

Htiinipii)!.

J^'ilaiiifntx,
Aiiflitr.s.

Pistil.

Ht if/man.
Stillex.
( '(I r/ii'/.i.
Ovarii-rclh

€I,AHMIFI<'ATIO<«, At.

liiitiuiicul Xaiuc..

Populiir Name

Haliitat

SKRIKS

Class

Sub-Class

^^'^■'^"« WlH.iv found

Order

< ii'nus

Spccii's

Dati! of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

Fl-OIlAt, DiAOKAM.

1_.

COMPOSITES.

UOOT.

STEM.

Ori

•igi"

Form

Cdldiii'

])Ul'ilti(ill

Position

Class

Attitiulc ..
Texturi!
Position .

Slia]ii'

Juice

Briincliin;;
Uoigiit
Duration
Surface

HKADM.

Arrangement-
Kind

Size -

«BA¥.FLOItET!«.

Number

Colour
Shape..
Kind ■
PaiJinis

*^DISK-rLOKETS.

NumliiT

Colour..
Shape ...
Kind ....

L.

Pappus .

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO..

liKAF. Division

Position

An-angomont

Stipulaticm

Insertion

Outline

No. of li^aflc^ts, if any

;*Texture

1

♦Colour

♦size

*Vi'Hiition

i

♦Margin

*Apex

|*Base

|*Surfaco

I * Applicable to Icaflet-s If leaf in conipouiul.

l>FLOI(f:S« K>4 i:. Ac.

KEC'KI'TAtXE.

Form

Surlaci' -

■ WOLKICf:.

Form

Hows of scales

Form of scales

Texturi> of scales.
Ai'ran;j;eiuenfc

Ai'IIE:«EI«.

Form ..

Sui'fai'i
Colour
SEED.

I floret.s,

If tiorots are all alike mtIvc particulars under heading' Disk.

compoimd.

r lieadiiij,' Disk-

Tni-: ixowKH.

OiKlAN.

<'8l

4'iirolla.

I'ilaU.

Mill III <>■■».

Filtimeiita,
Aiitlierx.

No.

Cohesion.

AiiiieaioN.

Fum.u. DiaOhaji.

riKiii.

Sf if/ III fit.
Sl!ili„.
Car I wis.
Ornrii-celh,

ciammv.vnoTi, dr.

^KEfKS ': Botanical Name..

*^''"^'*' Pojiiilixr Xanio

Si:i)-Ci,A8S Ji'Mtat

l^'^'isio^ WluTo founil

Oidor

(ienus ..
Species..

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

^.4

i

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leak op.

Description.

Division

Position

Arr.ingonii'nt

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if nny

♦Texture

♦Colour-

*Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦A]iex

♦Base

DRAWnNOS

♦Surface .

' Applicable to leaflets If lenf Is compound.

Leaf op

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture -

♦Colour

♦Size-

♦Venation

♦Margin

*Apex- -

♦Base

♦Surface -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

-—

' "

Descuiition.

DRiVWINns,

Division

1

1

1

Position

Arningeniont

Insertion

Stipuliitic.il
( lutlino

No. of loiifluts, if any

♦Texturo

♦Colour

*Sizo

♦Vrnatioii

♦.Margin

♦Afiox

♦Base

*SurfiiCf

* Appllcnblc to leaflets if l(!af Is eompuiiiKl.

LK.Vr OF

t

Division

Position

Amiu^t'iiiout ..

Insertion

Stijnilation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

*8ize -

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base 1

♦Surface

1

1

' Applicable to leaflets if loaf is euiiipoiiiid.

!

1

■ii.*i-M:U-»<*-t>fi.

'hi'

i-
V

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leak op

DESCnilTlOX.

Pivision

I'oHitiuu

Armngi-niont

llHlTtiilll

Stiimliiticii

Outliii.'

No. of lull (lets, if any

♦Textuiv

*( olour

*Si2i>

*Vl'lKltjllIl

*Margiu

*Aiii.'X

*Base

*Siirfnce ...

DnAwisd.s

* Applicable tu leatlets tf leaf is comiMjuixl.

Leak ok

Uivisiou

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leafiots, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size -

♦Venation

♦JIargin

♦Apex— ■

♦Base —

♦Surface

' Applicable to Icalleta If leaf Is cuuiiwuiid.

LE

Leak hk

sc

HEr

LtS.

Description.

DRAWINan.

Division

■

Position

Arranguniont

ItHlTtioU

StipiilaHoii

< )utlino

No. of loattct-j, if any

*T..'xturp

*('oloiir

*.Siz(.

*Vciiatiiiii
*.Marjjin

*Ai)ox

*liase

*Sui'fui'c

•Applicable to leaHets If leaf Is fi.iii|),;iuiil.

i

Lkak op

*

l>ivisii)ri

1

I'cwitioii

ArraugLMiieiit

lasoi'tion

Stipulation

Outline

Xo. of knifli'ts, if any

♦Tt'xturo

♦Colour

♦Size _

1

1

♦Venation

♦Margin

i

i

1

♦Apex

i

♦Base

1

1

♦.Surface _

1

■ Applicable to leaflets If leaf la compoiiiid.

' 1

"J I

I

n

LEAF SCHEDULES.

LcAP in-

Dknckiition.

Dhawinos.

Division

I'lwititiii .
Arrungi'iiii'iif
InNortion

Htipiilatidii

Outliiii'

N'li. r)f luiillut.s, il uuy

*'l'cxturo

*t oldiir

*Si/(.

*Vcii:\ti(iii
*.Margiii
*Apex

*Haae

*Siirfiicc

" Applicnlile to lvaHct8 if leaf Is cumpauiul.

Lkaf op.

Division .

I'usitiiiii

AlTlUlKi'llll'Ilt

In-ici'ti</ii

Stipnlatimi .

OutliiK'

No. o( leaflets, if aiiv

♦Tfxturp

*Coloiir

*Sizo

*Vc'natiou

•Margin

*Apex

*Baso

♦Surface

' Applicnble to leiiHets If leaf Is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Lbaf op

Dkscbiption.

Hivixion .

I'i)Hitiim

Arruiigi'iiii'iif

InAcrttoii

Htipulatidii

Oiitliin'

No. of U'uflotH, if iui\-

♦Toxtiiiv

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Vi'iiatioii

♦Marg' \

♦Apex

♦Bnf>o.„

♦Surfiu'c

• Ap|)lleal)le to leaflets If leaf la ramiKyiind.

Prawinos,

it

Lkaf or .

Division

Position

Arraugenii'ut

Insortioii

Ntijiulation

Outline

No. of loallots, if any

*Texturo

♦Colour

♦size

"Venation

♦Margin _

♦Apex

♦Base...-

♦Surface —

• Applicable to leaflets If leaf Is compound.

t:

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaf of

Descriition-.

division

Position

Arrangeniont

Iiisortion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of loalk:ts, il any

*TcxturG

*('oliiur

*}Sizi>

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Ajicx

*Dasp

♦Surface

* Appllciible to leaHets if leaf is compouna.

Drawings.

Lkaf of

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface — _

" Applicable to leaflets If leaf la compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaf op

i

»

— ~ - — — T .._ .

Descriptiom.

-

Dkawixgs.

Wvisinn

Position

ArrangiMiieiit

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

"' 1

.. 1
1

j

1
i

No. of loaflots, if anv

♦Texture

*('ol()ur

*Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Ajiex

♦Base

1

♦Surface

* Applifahic to leaHets if leaf Is compouiui.

--

Leaf op

=:=^.

T
1

1

Division

—

Position

Arrangoniout

1

1
1

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface —

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is eompound.

1

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leap of

Description.

I'i vision

Position

Arranpremont

Insertion

f^tipulation

Outlino

Xi). of loatlt'ts, if any

*Toxturo

♦Colour

*Size

*Vonation

*Margin

*Ap,,x

*Base

*Surfnco

■ Ajiplii'iible to leaHets If leaf is I'oinpcaiml.

Drawinos.

LKAr oiv

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Sti]iulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Toxture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

" Appllcalilc tci Ip.iflcts If lo.il'ls oonipDiiml.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leap op

Division

Position

Arrana;(?niont

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of loiUlots. if nny

*Toxturo

*Colour

*Size

*V(>natii)n

♦-Margin

♦Ajiox

*Baso

*.Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf la compound.

7ii;.\p OK

Division

Position

ArrangoiU(>nt

Insertion

Ntijiulation

Outline

-\o. of leaflets, if nnj'

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦.Size....

*^'enation

♦."Margin

r\

!ni

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings ov Li.;Avr.;.s An-.swek,n<i to tme Following Descriptions.
(The ter.cliiT will du'iato tlie descriptions.)

DESCltll'llDX.

I'ivision

Position

Arrnngoiiii'iit

Insertion

Stijuilation

Outlim;

Xo. of leaflets, if any

*Tfxturo

*<-'oIoin'

*Sizo

*VL'natiiin

*Margin

*Aiiox

*Bast'

*S\irfai-o

' Applieal.ie to leaflets if leaf Is coiiip.,iiii(l.

Dhawi.ngs.

Divisiiin

Position

Arrangriiuiit
Insertion

.Stipulatiiiii

Outline

Xo. of leaflets, if any

*Textiii'e

*C'olour

*.Size-

*Vcnation

*Margin

*Apox

*IBase

*Surface

• Applicable to leaflets If leaf is coinpound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings op Leaves An.swfrivo ra t,„- t^

^NMVKRINO TO THE FoLLO\VLNO DESCRIPTIONS.
(The teacher will .lictate the de.HTip.ion,.)

Deschiptio.v.

Division _

Position

Arrangonient

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Toxtiiro

*l-'olour

*Size

*Venation

*Arargin _

*Apox _

*Base

*.Surfa(;o _

" -^I'P'H'abl. ,0 leaflets ifleaf is eo,„p„„„j.

DitAWlNCS.

Divisiuu

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline _

Xo. of leaflets, if any.

*Texture

*Colour

*Size

*Venation

♦Margin _

*Ai3ex

*Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is

compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

MAKto Du.vwixfis or Li.;avi;s Answbuino to the Following DKSCRiprroi.-s.
{The ter.c'lier will dk'tate the descriptions.)

Descuiptiox,

Division

Position

AiTangciiii'iit

Inscrtiuii -,

.Stipulation

OiUluo

No. of lonflt'ts, if nnj--

*T.'xtun.

*l'olour

*.Size ., .

*V(-'nation
*Mar^'iii .
*.-\l>cx -

♦Baso

*Surfaiv

•Apiillcable to leaflets if leaf is euinpoimd.

DUAWrNGS,

Division -

rositinii

.Arraiigciiii'nt

Insertion

Stipulation

Outlini'

N'o. of Iwitlt'ts, if any

'■'Texture

*Colour

*Size

*Venation

*Margin

*Al)ex

*Baso

♦Sui'filc.-p

Applieable to leaflets if leaf is eompound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaves Answeuino to the Po
iTho tuncher will dictate the descriptions.)

MAKE BH.Wn.aS O. LEAVES A™u,.SC. ro ... PO..OW.O BESCU^^O..

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Dhawinos op Lkaves Answekinm* to tiik Foi.lowino Desckiptions.

(Tlie tpRclier will dictate the aesciiptluns.)

DEscmmoN.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of loailots, if any

*Toxtun'

♦Colour

*Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

" Applicable to leaflets If leaf Is coinpuuml.

Dhawinos.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any-

♦Texture _

♦Colour

♦Size -

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

MaKK DKAAVIN.iS or Lkavks AXSWKIllN.l -,

TO Tin; Foi.LOWINO DESCRIPTIONS.

a-lio teacher will dictate the desuriiitlons.)

DeS('1UITI0\,

I'ivisiijii

Position

Ai'nuiguMu^nt

InsiTtion

•■^tijjiiliitiou

Outline

^'o. of lea (lets, if nny

Dhawinos.

*Toxtiiro ...

*('olour...,
*Sizo

! 1

*Venation

*Mai-gin

*Ai)ox

*Biist'

♦Surface

A„i,licaMe to luaHets iCleaf is i-ompoUMd.

I'ivisiiiu

Position,

ArrangL'iMfut

riiscrtion

Stijuilatiun

Outline

Xo. of leaflets, if any

*Textui-e

♦Colour

1

*Sizo

1

♦Venation

1

"■Margin

1

*Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound

■

■

i; 5' 1

ii

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Dbawinok op Leavks Answkh.nt. t., the Fo,.r.c,w.Na VvM^nivrxas..

(The teacher will .llctute tlio Uestrlptloiu.)

Description.

URAWINflS.

I'ivision

Position

ArmngoiiK'iit

Insirtion

Stiimlntion

(lutliiKi

y<>. of loaflots, if any

*Ti'xtiirc

*C'ol()ur

♦size

*Vi.'uiitiiiii

♦Margin

*AlH'X

♦Base

*Surfnco

* Applicable to leaflets If leaf Is cumpoiiiid.

I>ivision

Position

Arrangumcnt

Insertion

Sti]mlntiou

Otitlinc

Xo. of leaflets, if any

*Texturo

*Colour

*Sizo

♦Venation .

♦Margin

*A])ex

♦Base

♦Surface .

' Applicable to leaflets If leaf Is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES

(The lo«.her will ,lUt«.o the UcccTlphon^.j

I'ivision

I'lisitidix

Arrangement

IiistTtifin

I^tinuljitiDu

Outline

X«. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

*C'(iI(iiir

*Size

*\'enuti()n

♦.Margin

*Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

I'ivisiun
i'iisiti(ju

Arrangement

'iisertidii

■^tipiilatidii
Outline . .
N'". (if leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦'^olour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Haae

♦Surfaeo

'Applicable to Ifiitlets if lent- 13 ,.

I'mpuuiid

* Applicable to lenHets if leaf is

compound.

4^HIHi

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Maki: ImwviNiiH or l,i:A\r.H Anhwkhimi fd riii: I'

II.I.IIWI.VO DKHCHIITroNS.

rill' t. i;rlhr will dU'tnto ttiii (lenfrliitluim.j

T»i:s(llll'TI<l\.

|H{A^\■|^■(

I'ositinll

A rriiiiui'Miiiit

Ill-^iTlinll
^ti|Ml|aliMll

( )Utlll>''
X.I. of |,.;,||

I't-i. il aii\'

'\tiin

*l iiluiir
*Sizc

♦Wnati
*Muririi

*A|irX

''Sui'l'a

A|i|illiaMc t<i liMili'tfl iriiMif Is CMiiiiXiUlid.

1 livi^i 111

Arraiiui'iiiint

lii-crtidii

sti|nil;iriipn

No. (if liMlk'ts. if liny

-'I'.'xtiiro

*C'oliiur

*,'^i/.i'

*VL'uation
*.Margiii

*Ai)i'x

*Base

♦.surface

* Applicable to Iciitlm if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHHDULES.

Maki; lUiAwiNds oi' I,

I.AVKM ANs\vi;itixu lu nil; f

i>i,f,owixo Dknchiitionn

rill. I.MlclliT will llll'

tutu till' (li'«ril|ii|(irn,j

I>KH<'Uii'riitx.

MM-lnll

IV-it

loll

nnin'jrcijic'nt

llHflt

Inn

"^Hpiilntioii

^ f Irllllc't^. if

''I'l'Xtiiri'

' Vr|l:iti

\]iv\

*Hii

'siii-riic

AiM.iic„i,k. toi,.,,ii,.,Hiri,.Mfis,, ,„i„„i.

liivW.ii

l'ii.<iti(ia

ArrniiiTi'iiicut .

Ii

|>ul,-r ,u

I'litliiii.

.No. (if leaflets, if nnv

*Textiire

*' 'olour

*Size

*\'eiiatioii
*.Mnigiu

Apex

-Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leatiets If leaf Is oomp.Auiid.

DRAWINHH,

1

if

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Flower of

■Vrlnnlb,

Lea ven.

<'(ll,VX.

Si'/ (i/n.

Corollii,

Petaln.

Notes ON Foiim, .ICstivation, Coi.oi it. ktc.

NtiiiiK'UN.

/•'i/aiiii-iilx.
Anthem.

IMslll.

St h/ mas.
Stij/en.
Carpe/s.
Ovarn-iells.

FttiiT. I Kind...
! Variety

Oi'liisci'iice
j Xo. of Seed
! I)('st-ii|iti(,n (if Seed

Fl.dWKK OK.

Ohoan.

DVrlniilli.

Lea ven.

Cnljx.

Sejiala.

Corolln.

I'ctala.

MlaiiK'iDt.

Filaments.
Anthers.

IMhIII.

Stii/vias.
Sli/tes.
Carj,e/s.
Ovary-cells.

Xo.

CollKSION.

AuimsioN.

NoTKs o.\ Form, /^:srlVATIo.N, CuLoun, etc.

FKIIIT.

Kind

Vnrioty

Diihisooncf

No. of Seeds

Di'scrijition of St'cd-

Kl.ilIlAl. DlAfiHAM.

KK .

rATKiN

Cdl.n

II

—

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

tM. UlAnilAM.

aioN, CoLofn, Erf.

r. P|AnitA>!.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Fl.OWKI! OF

OllOAN. j Xo. j

■Vi'liililll,

Ai (t ven.

Cnlyx.

Se/iah.

(oriillii.

1'ital.t.

MIlllllOIIH.

J''ila»ia)ls.
Aiillicm.

ColIKSION.

AniiKsioN.

XdlKSoN FOHSI, .IvSTlVATION, Cor.oril. KTC.

rixtii.

Sfir/nias.

Car/ic/s.
Ovary-celh.

•■'"!•■«'• Kiml

Varioty....

Deliiscence

No. cif Seeds
Di'scriptii.ii (if S|.

'•''■"I'AI. DiAfiliAM

Fi.owKii (ir

ohoan.

i No.

C'l IIIESION.

ADHESIO.V.

IVriaiiMi.

Leaves.

fnijx.

Sejiah.

<'orollii.

Petals.

I''i/aiiieiilx.
Aitlhers.

PiNlll.

Sligmas.
Stl/hn.
Cai'pe/s.
Ovarii-cells

j Notes ON Fokm, .i:stivatio.\, Cor.ouii. r:n.

FKin.

Kind

Varii'ti.-

Dehisconc

Xi). i)f Seeds

Deseriiitidn of Seed

STIVATION, Ccil.orii. KTC.

'•""AL DlAGHAM.

IIVATION, C<a-<1L-I!, KT(.

lur. DiACiHA\r

J

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

OnoAN.

Xo.

■Vriniilli.

Lea vi's.

i'niyx.

Sepals,

i

Corollii.

J'e/a/s.

J''ilaiiu-nt8. .
Anl/nm. i

1

Fr.OWER OF

•^li'imais.
Sti/Zen.
Carjie/n.
Ovary-eellx.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

FnOWER OF .

OlIflAX.

I'oHaiilli.

1-1(1 ves.

Xo.

OoHKSIliN.

<'lll.V\.

AOIIKSION.

XOIKSON FOKM, yKSTlVAIION, Cdl.Oin, KTC.

<'iiriillii,

l'<tah.

Mliiiiiriis,

J''iiami'ntn.
Aiilhi rs.

rixtii.

i^fii/iiia.f.

St'/lfS.

Ootry-ielh.

FItllT.

Kind-

Variety

Deliiseence

Xo. of Seeds.

Kescription of Sood

l'"'-"«AI. DlA(il!A.M

Flower of..

OlUiAN.

iVrlniilli.

Lta fes.

No.

tnly\.

Sejiala.

<'iiri>llii,

I'ttaU.

Cohesion.

AUIIK.SI(IX.

j NlUKSO.N- Foli.M, .Ksil\A110.\, Coun.ll, KTC.

.Hliinions.

J''i/aiiienls.
Antliers.

risiii.

Stii/mas.
St'/fen.
C'arpe/a.
Ovary-cel/s.

E'(CI IT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

Xo. of Seeds

Kesoriptioa of Seed

Ff.oRAi. Diaoham.

iVAiioN, Cm,ot-n, ktc.

lHAl. DlAliliAM.

VAII'JX, CdLOlll, Kll'.

«AI, DiAOItAM.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

ri,OWER OF

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Fr-OWER OF..

OnOAN.

No.

CollKSION.

ADHKHKiN.

NOTKS ON FOIIM, .^ESTlVATKi.N, CoLOCII, KTC.

Prrlnnlh.

Lea ves.

<'nl,>x.

Sepals,

t'orolln.

I'etah.

8liiin<>iiM.

Filaments.
Anthers.

riHiii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpeh.
Ovary-cells.

FKIIT.

Kin
Var
T»ph

a

X ^x

ioty _

/ \

isccncG

No.
Des

of Sefli

V /

iripti

v_y

Kr.oHAL OlAGHAM.

Flowek of.

OliClAN.

No.

CoIlKSION.

AmuaioN.

Notes on Fonsi, .Estivation, Colour, ktc.

Prrlniilli.

Leaves.

t'nlyx.

Sepals.

CoroIIn.

Petals.

^tanifiis,

Filavients.
Anthers.

PIftlll.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carfnis.
Ovary-cells.

FKIIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Floral Diagram.

VATKiN, CdLOL'R, KTC.

IHAI. UlACHAM.

VATio.N, Colour, ktc.

RAf, Diagram.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

fl-

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Floweii ok .„..

OnOAN.

No.

I'rrlnnlli.

Leave:!.

t'alfx,

t'orolln.

Petah.

MliiniriiN,

J^'iiiiiiti-nls,
Anthira.

COIIKHION.

AnilESION.

Notes on Forh. ^Estivation, Coi.oi'ii, ki(

riHiii.

tStir/mas.
Styles.
Carpeh,
Ovarn-celh.

Fitrir.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

■•'I.OIIAI, UlAOIIAM.

Flower of.

OltOAN.

No.

I'crlniilli.

Leaves.

t'nlyx.

Sepah.

I'orolln.

PetaU.

.■^taiiiriiH.

Filaments.
Anthers.

(."OHKSION.

Aduksion.

IMNtll.

Stigvias.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

NOTKSON FmiM, .KsriVATION, CoLOun, ETC.

1

['ni;iT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

FLORAr, DiAOKAM.

ION, Oi)I,nni, Kii'.

I. UlAOllAV.

ION, COLOUn, KTC.

. DrAORAM.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

FW)WEH OK

Prrlnnlli.

Leaven.

No,

CnHKHIcm,

AnilKHION.

4'orollii.

I'tla/a.

HIamciiii.

Anthers.

PlHlll.

Si i I) man.

Sll/li V,

Carpe/n, !

Ooary-celU. \

NOTRSON KollM, ifiSTIVATtOS, CoLlll'II, KTf.

KB! IT. Kiu.l

Vark'ty

Dehi.Mcenco

Xo. of Si'chU
I'l'Siiijiticin (if Seed

Fl.dHAI. I)rA<lll.\M

Fl.OWKK OF

( mil AN.

I'rriuiilli.

Leaves.

I'niyx.

Hejiith.

i'oriillii.

Petals.

Hlniiii-iis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

PiHlil.

Stifjmas.
Sty/es.
Carpels.
Ovarji-cells.

No.

CoUKSION.

AmiKSION.

NOTKSON FoHJf, ^isriVATlO.N, CoLOL-K, KVi .

FKI'IT.

Vaiii'tj-
Dt'hiscLaieu
Xo. of Heeds
Description of .Seed

THIN, ClILIK'K, KTC.

I. 1)1,\<1II.\M.

ION, CdUlL'II, ETC.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

.J

nrATiiiN. Cur.oiH, ktc.

iiii.w. DrAonAM.

t'ATION. C(iu<un, KVi:

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

OWUJI. f Xo.

fl

wm

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Pf-OWER OP

<IH(1,VN.

IVrlnnlli.

Lea ve.s.

fnlyx.

Sejiah.

<'orollii.

I'elaU.

Sltiiiirii!!.

J''i/lllll<llfs.
Aiitherii.

IMkMI.

Carjii/n.
Oviirii-relh.

No.

(JOHKSION.

AniiEgKiy.

XoresoN FouM, .'Estivation, Coi.oi:ii. ktc.

FKBIT. Ki,„,

Viii-icty

I Di'liisci'uoe

! iS'ii. of Sci'ils

! I'i'scri|pti(,ii of St'orl

Fl.OWICK <)l'.

<>H(;ax. I No.

C'OIIKSION

AUUKSION.

rrrluiitli.

Lea vcs.

NOTKSO.N FoUM, .KsnVATION, CoLoril, KW.

SIllllK'llx.

Fill! iiitntM.
Aiithifs.

risiii.

Si ij/inas.

f'ar/n/\.
Ovnrii-cilh

ill I IT

Kiii.l

A'iU'ii'ty

iJi'liiscuuce

No. of Seeds

Desciiptiou of Seoil

Ov

ITIVATION, Coi,ui:ii. Ere.

'itAi. UiA<!HA>r

IVATION, C'ol,<)l;Il, Kir.

H\t. DiAnRAM.

U' *

u •!

HI II

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Flower of

OnOAN.

No.

IVrlniilli.

Sej)ah.

<'ur»llii.

I'etals.

SlnniiMiii.

J''i/aiii,-iifs.
Ant/Km.

riHiii.

iStigmax.

Ciir/ie/s.
Ovari/ri'/tn.

COHKRION.

AOIIERfON.

Notes on Foism, .Estivation, roi,oi;ii, v.n:

t'ltllT.

Kind

Vniiftv

Deliisofiuc

No. of Soi'(I;<

Descripticjii of Socc

Fl'OHAI. UlAOIIAM

OHUA.V

I'rrlniifli,

/.en It v.

<'nl>\.

Sepals.

Fl.OWKU OF-

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Fohm, .I^stivation, Coloijii. etc.

Corollii.

I'ilaln.

HlaiiK-iiH.

J^'iUtmtHtn.
Aiil/iirs.

riNiii.

Stigmas.
Sty/es.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FUIIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of ISeeds.
Description of Seed

^TIVATION, C()U)l:ii, KTC.

l.oliAl. UlAC.liAM.

IVATION, OiLDliIl, KTC.

nxr, DiACiiiAM.

pi;
P

15'

h

p

FLORAL DIAGRAMS.

liiajraiii of.

Diagram of .

Diagram of.

Diagram of.

Diagram of.

V

/

Diagram of.

Di,

tayram of .

Diagram of .

/

Diagram of.

Diagram of

J Ha gram ,

FLORAL DIAGRAMS.

Diagram of.

Diagram of.

I

/

\

\

Diagram of

Diagram of.

Diagram of .

< I <':

1^1

,v ■^>T '-'jJSJP

.*]

INDEX OF PLANTS.

!■!

Hi

^^^^^H

MR

1

1

II

INDEX OF PLANTS.

NO.

NAME OP PLANT.

NO.

NAME OF PLANT.

/

1

^T.