Fire blight (bacillus amylovorus-burrill) [microform]

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1

2

3

1

PROVINCE OF BRITlSh COLUMBIA.

fMEMRnuMT or AoiifcuLTtttB--iioiRnn;n^ . y

FIRE-BLIGHT

(BACILLUS AMYLOVORUS-WfUOLL).

tiM

Bt W. H. BaiRAiH, Aim R. H«r, HaA.

IB flw «r pMur Ulght lum taM ka«ini tu wmar rmm mm a mHow

bw bMB rqwrtad m attadilag plsma and aivieote. Ta aome districts
tb* dlceaae hu wiped oat whole pearordurda and caoaed idom leaa
to the fnilt-Krowen than all other facton combined. In Britiab
Columbia it haa proved a very eerioaa diaaaa* tat tiM iwle.
voittoued. the hawthorn (CrrftaVM), the J«m feeny {/
the aMmtalB-aab (J>yrM) m*y also be attacked.

.■ - • ■ " - ■

CAUai OP THC DItlAtK.

The flre-bllght is of bacterial origin. The organism causing it la -« •mil iod<
shaped bodjr, measaring abont 1-16,000 of an ladi kmg and abont l^^Sjmot aa HiA
wide. Xbls germ eomnKHiljr aOm ths i^ant bgr way of flw rrntr. wM» tt
anltlpUes In die Metarlaa tte iowwk mat flaalDr extends teta tht aH»4ir <wlai
and teavea. It OMy eater gvswlag ahoeta. Mate, «r tmnk ttim^ the agHM|>
varlooB iaasct pesta. HaTiag odcs gained admittance to the pMat, m badtttt, ^
coadttlraa an favoarabte, Bolt^lles rapidly, f^ing upon and destnvlng the eetis
of tta iMMT baik and oaaihlan. It winters orer In the fbrm of "hoklH>T«r"snkMa
<mmmm«tn^0t 'm«mmm

«««|W or THC Mt|A«L

Aa a f«]« ^ ffiaaass m^tiM Ka ftrst appearance in the form of " blossom-bllght"
n» 1^ bloasans. and laawa win be aeen to wOt. becoming dark brawa or bla«)i, ,
and Anally shrivel np, presntlng a scorched appeaxance. Tha M tnt turn'm^i"
dMk wateraoaked look, bat kiter it becomes hard and dry. . ^

•nailer branches the disease is taowa as - twi»blUK* «
Watcv^praots and other y^aag «midly giowfag ahoota are part^ealari^ Uable

b«*«i^ la tte air ft baoomsa dark nd or brown. IHe taaves borne on
•MOM feava the Aataeteriatte aconM appearance; U aauy eaaea tte **-Tf M
nwnlkisd to ^ twig Mm and qnwub no farther.

l^aqpMntly, however, it enters the main limbo or tmnk by
far watar-qMioata. Ilw bark will take on tha mtei'^Makad

<|t|Wifal|g

2 ^"2-"*"* " •round tlM tMt iC tte alioot down which the dJtMM

■M PIMM. the organlani cradnallr 4iM out the bark Ioms Its watar40«k«i
•PPMnac*. and, btwomlng bard and tongb. ahrlDka nwy tnm the iiaftlthy pwtlMi.
mqaently formlns a crack or flaaure hrtwpon. In the appaiMitly

at^J^TZiS^S^!^. *-.!i*!L**^"12?^ iiitoctlon. •bowtng eukw fonaad

4. two hold^v,, ea^wa
6. LatMT ataaa «( tw% taitetiim. & tteal tmm aC dlMaMd Intt

OBtalde thla area a few germa may lurk to carry imnr fhe AieMi ntU aaotte mafc
A further spread of the dlaeaae down the Umb. or trunk, howerer, niir-Zettoes
occur. Extenalre cankered Men wiU be developed. «>dfroa| OMki taHmSm^
ttarae the yeUew gim wlU dr^ abinktontlr. SoBMtaM « «.«>tp ^

V,

0900

M th* mm tiv «th«. *yi* tto tatk

tiMk win to fMM tMMMdBt tk« tw».

I of th* mt body-bllcht of tlw appli WKMf
. ' <"»'y ft>ra> of csnken «roaiid tbe baw of « rtoot la mm*

4MfKte tt to not eonaldored worth while to cat ««t tka dtatut ta appto-tftw tedM
tk* giowlBg MMon. ao rarely doca It oxMMI MMai ^ Wftwi aanoa'a omMi!
In tbeae aamo «latrlcta tiM bodjr-bUglit may to a awiaaa awaMt ti awf afrtaHtoi
■o that wUla twlf4>Ugbt aMjr to fowMI in pom aa< toiy«tolt In aartck ito

r?!!"/ ,*'^**^.* yi*'^ ^ ■» «PPi»<»«.*. OortalB TaHetle. have
j"? 'WWlWy nM two taa •« the diaeaae. Some OMoa toro como aate

WMTMMI gMM and lU death aecompUatod in a tncle aeaaon.

A nt «rftto Immatore and occaalonalljr of tbe matur<- f»ait to idao to <to-

PMf^Uttfit orgautom. tto diaeaae enteHng by way of tto atoa itr lltiiiri^
g"***^ y"*'* f *gactod taraa browa m Mack as If toatoid, aal a

HOW TMI MMAM W iMSAA. f

J*** toremoat agents in the tptrnt ot tto aia toM. — rt aad
ottor laaaeta. which carry the diaeaae from flpwar to ^^IZ.^Z!SL^
period. More Important tton tto baoo, fbr It ae«M topoaoilila to axante

!2^£L^" ■tofclif tto JalM. Of tto plant., it to oSToflarS
IS^tZTSilJ*** *»• A terge proportion of ti^SJaS.

i|p*««i bear a atore In thto work aa well. Tto gammy exadat. flit oS
nwamMaad toric to awarmlng with tbe germa of tto bUcbt- and tniBt. •
««t«|ln.*ed from tbto aonrce. carry tto dL.«. 2

teiWod. In Ootario the fralt-bark beeUe {BcmhHu raflrtML) to to-^J-^T^
to "j-«)ortant i^ent In Introdncln, tki blSTlZlTSJlE ^TpSSi
Tto aat of tnitotaft pnulag-tooto toa «»» tbu «.« ton^rnk^S^uZ:
■vnatef tto OTW a vMa oi^toNL '

rACTOM WHMm »Nn.UlNOI TMl eONmot. or MJM^,

4ftw tto bllght germa hare gained entrance to a tree tkm aia m>^ ikM^
.«tt an inflnenee on tto q»««d of tto dtoeaaa tbroiltotor S?^2S
«affltion^ kind of aoil. age of trae, a«onnt (HSKw^ttof Sffi ~
te^i«r uaed. and Tattoty of tr«. «U «nlIu»c.Ti^S,iS STS
lapldity with wbldi tto tiigut wm apread. «i traa aad tto

^IM^comnHwy oto>nr.» wd bna toen p«,red by actual teat ttet «aytkl>«
'SSa^S^'^?^.?.'***^ In tto tree bring, aboot tbto oo^m.

few, and it to a matter of common oto«aL?S^lL^S^ 5
not oaMlIy bady InftetMl tSaXtoZ^T™ Jr*" bloaaom i^,

«nniiZH^*^u!^^Lr^ *^ "ttwmnded with todir bltoh&d^d^
!^T^..f^ being fiae of bloaaom they were not attaetod. ^mSiSS^^
jpr^ Wight ttooagtoot tto «««,n. it to conflnlto i^^iaJH-

''Jfl^Jl^S^Jfl -ne tree, ttot wSte^STST

When ttoie an rmaOm in tto dtatrtct. bo mtMt^rm^

yNfwtlw of tte MUM In Dm tliwoiii Imt* Imhi ANnd. Ipnytiff at bloMoiBli«>
ttM kM bMo triad, M iHtk ■» llttto aweaw that K la not worth Um labour at
■WUcatlon and tho coat at tkt apny. Varloua tno-painta, ate, aro adTortlaad. aad
Um aMDoaMtwm dalai that thagr an aara pravaBtatlvaa agaloat Might, bat tmatlag
«» thaaa la aulehlag tha laaaafMtam aad doing sothlag for tha control of bll|^
. ««D9* H <mtUnt oal tflMaaod ptrU md d«»>i/a>Wwg ttaraafhlg, tktn * nalMHf
' tU$ irtH /rc« •» oroftard or MMM fpm Ikt Jlwif»tt arfaafiai.

»e«g> aatting la mutM tar tta taawral a< Mighl proa fwa tta» iiiImH
ar diiMat tkaaa la anah thirt am ha «aM to aiMrit tia npM apfwid of tha Maaaaa
Md Aartia<haaaMa»hiwhMi tha hMght will ran. night la moat aarora In youg
tiaaa J«at atartiat to haar ftalt To«ag oreharda bafora Om/ bagin to bkwaon ara
raraljr atUekad by tba diMaae to a aariona dograa; hoirarar, If tha ganna Had
antranca to tha aap by Inaect pnnctnra, or tha naa of pmalng-toola carrying blight-
faraa, and geU a fiootb<M In the lap of a yoong trea, they mnltlply and grow rarjr
rapidly, and anlaai tha traa racaivaa tauMttato attaattoa nay hlU tha tiw la a ite*
ttiM. nanoataararaattoakaafMi^aaawMpla^NWhaahaaaaatNMhatiiaat
tta^aa al tta aia alaa yaaia, mA arlMa aHar tnaa hare bean badly afl^etad.
Nanaa^tt^ th«r ari^juid thalr ripanlag-ap aartlar to tha

. Obaerratlon and experiment abow that once the bllgfat-germs have gained aa
aatrance to a tree the rapidity with which tbey will q>rcad and grow dependa (aaida
from the rarlety attacked) on the tree'a rate of growth and the weather «— ^fftfriT
T»aaa that have been aerereiy pmnad during tha wlatar. aapanlallj wkm Vmf haw
baao headed In aeverely, are alwaya itiAli to aafca • vary haarf pvwfli 1t» ftiMaw
tog aaaaen. with plartir of water apwta aad aalt tortar. aappy wood. tMll tma
•f aipaetolly BaMa to tta matt aama tajwy ooar tha bUght-geraia hava gatoad
aatraaaa to tha tim Udaaa fNn Inch of vlgonr. getting oat of boonda, being too
* load laaaon, heary cnttlag on bearing treeo eboold not ba

pwctlaad. There are tlmea, however, when tbla la eeaentlal for the beet rcanlto
Ktoai tha tree, but the proper time should be choeen for the work and incfa coltonl
mathoda adivted the f<rilowlng aeaaon that will oOaat any axceaalTo giowth Oat aap
raaolt fron the pruning. When oitttog bearing traaa baaTlly, alwaya choaaa-a yaw
before a taeary crop. That la to aay, tf yoor tnaa pNdacad a BgM en» «r ao ero»
inthaaeniBMrof laidaadahaavyaaalaaq^aetaCtainBtdothahaafreatttog «f
tt la aacaaaary) to the apttag at 1*18. U Ok tma an on atrong aoO aad cu i.

*** **" practlaed and irrigation pat on, and for any reaaon you expect
aa axoeaalv* growth, do len cultlratlng and Irrigating, nod If tha coodltlMia warrant
It put the orchard in aod or acme crop that will taka aat tia aMiatna aat pttoMaat
aad prevent a vwy besvy wood growth.

WINTM INJURY AND SLIOHT.

It la tha eonoMMi ai^nioa anaag fMt«wwam ttat wlatar tolary and bUght

^y.f"**** **** *■ • «dea. aa Might ia

CMMad hr a tfmOe gmm, aad nnleaa tbeae gemw are preaent there wUl not b« any
Mght Obaarrattoa of tha treea attacked by b]i«ht also proves that wtatv lajory
has nothing to do with the extent that blight wUl travel in the treaa or with tha
severity of the attack. The Tranacendent crab, oaa of tha hardlaat a« oar amit-
treea. and one that la aaldeas tajared bgr fNat. to aoa a( tha vattotlea that to maat
■wwdj^att^Mdhy bli^t. cMa the Uii^t-genaa have gatoed a foothold to tha tna^
Tha toataat gnwtag tiaaa an alwaya tha moat subject to the disease.

Though a wlnter4ajarad tree ia not any more aofoject to blight than any othw
trea, tha same cultural oondlUona that are beat for tha cnntrM of Might uta atoo
Ow beat for tha eootrol of winter Injnry. Fast, heavy, nak growtag traaa gateg
into toe wtotar to a airft immature condition an moat liable to ha Cnaao. Tlan
aaihtog aa<* growth an alao eoadadfa to toa 9nad of Ui^t

la to liU« itmu tor Um luukmac af mM to il #rtffMi or
■n to aajr DM diatrttt. It to ■ qawtten <rf pmawl atair l» flii Mm on

th* gNiiiHl. Boom unterda do tba kaal is panMMst dom ar atfilfli aai, «kil«

Um M tteTcu ba'oSMrad. " — Tr I'litt nSTTnm^^
wMail ■UUAMai to • ckaap mmI HttoAwtaqr ajrataa aftov tta tffa« laaak stoat
aHMrMiaM. If. towwar. arty » Madtad aopply af IrHf ttoa^tar to afrtlaMa
•■• tta aoQ to Aalknr and poar. aaak oltor aratam ot f iiinnniwiit mhI to
laato« far. la a «Mrlct wtora Itota to M^t tto foliowtat poMa anal to to|ft
iaailad:—

(1.) Biaaariva graartt caaaii la avirar Mtaa tto tnaa ftfiaiiii tm- tim

af MUto, aat aaaatty nilto if Iwpt ptoi ipallli liwit
(f > A iflii, alMtoi. iriaiwrt tna wwi latfi fNN. iwiiHtoil aai^ at-
poor qaautjr.

Ordlnariljr wo do not want althar <C Wm» eoodltiona. Tko ItaU condlttoa to
a Bormal. haalthjr growth that wUl aaitaM tta aaaaaa'a trmwf, woai gwnt^ mi*
pndBoa food haalthjr froit-lwda far tto Mtowt^ waaaa'a a^ Wtom a
apMwte, towraiw. aad aiUaw aiiiaawa ait a<apla< ta i;t tto IMtf* aatar.
aaaMrt M «akBy aa puaaHili. it aajr a««a pay toatam tto tma lto a aMMaai la
tto toOy laCMtad oretarda to aave treca and chock Ita apread. Thte iMy mnu tha
toai af Ifeaarapb tat thaia av* cowMUooa ttat wanaat thla, and whara tkto
to atoipar ttoa tatttat ito UMM M «a« ]

MMnm uui I ma.

To cat out Might whenerer and whwvrar it to aaan la poaA pnwllca. tat ttai*
are caaca in a blight «|rfdaoiic whara thto eaaaot to doa*. Tto tiaC l%pa of HIgto
an nraally foimd ia tto Maaaoas aad latarlB tto «ar. TMaa awy tai« TB par ant
ar.ttoUaaaeawlatatad. Wtoa aadi to tto caaa tto Wtottoa to aaaally apna* a«i^
a lanpt pfopacttoa at tta aaaa <rf tto |iaak aad tt to piaftleally ia^iaaribla to aupcaia
MIy eat off atl lnfer»«d <--'>ira aad MpiaaM, and if tto bUgh^to at an Mtiv*. Oa .
aiafa eattlng-off of th.- fli»i ^ woaid'aaijr atop a faw of tto infaetiona, aa by tida
metiMd it la nipoMiMe to go be'*k far enough to gr rood tto lifoetloB

the bUght 1« aettva. Oi aaay r ulem aMa fh'j hbwM ar^ fnfaflii.
to tto aand tflia toUp-lMfciiii - m isfr am fliT^ni—aat »f tto wmrtiglt

fa tto Weaaaar IMa to v«v aattMlfa toi tta "Watitliy In
Biaay oNfeafifc Vor tMa rmwtm ito treea tfieaU to aiaHhpi aa ouafaUy and
aa freqneatly aa poaalbW ,u.i r 'te biti;) hactol ta taa, cat aff Um l|rftoM
braadiea well briow the Tlsibb «Msd area

Twig-infectloni ■honUl b« uUarly to Moaeoin^allatiaM. TwiMiia

aanaUy iafactad fliat at tto « tipa wBt aad toad ow, aa« In ^&£^

atagar tarn brown in ttw imte Umi hi tto paar. Tka rate oi r iUPPjli
waattar asadtttow daHraiiai toNi ^ mtmt tto rapidity aad dlata c ttot tto
Hlrito wn raa ta aw twigft m mm tiaaa iq> to ahoat alx yean of ag» It to
good piactte* fe eat oat dlaeaeed t« an th^ appear, aad do al! ^at to
to toap tto toeaa from Oia dtaeaai. i* ease to traa la oldar tieaa
to oidy a limited anabar af taftoOaae Wmmvm, te a Mgbt upldaaili
traaa htfactloM BMV to aa mnaataaa » ^ wraM ha i^HMtlcal ta try aad
•atMlatoiiettoaidtktoaaBauaafttoyfc «e «sjMne cMaoctad wKh thto MA
would to *ery great, and there are few ^ pnnogh eoaqwteat latott.

conld be aacnrad to do the work. Where u .h» rery ntmmm on larga

treea it wUl be notlo»!d that on many o# t » ». win toa for a (*ort

tiB» aad dto out after.goiag tack a few li. * fc ^ it will coatiaaa to

raa thronifeoat tto iniiilia If aot atteadad u «l» i

MfMiM* of killing tiM trw. Tkt wmmmtm in liiiH miiiiiti iiiulil if .JU^
HiiirtliM («fettr wImm'pmMv). am •nwytktat f«t Mt ttat OmmMm to is
^•HMI «HMfi to tkt lim la aU iim mMker tnf^trd trilh hltpht or not, til
mOttn, wmter-tpnuU, tt»tUp»n, mH tiHt* of nwy kln4 »koul4 he ept off Iho
n ol. IrUHk. »n4 Inirrr ptlti of thr main AniMrAr* nf Iht Irrr. Tbm mn III « COO-
■taat MHinw of daiigrr, for un* Infertlon low down oa tht auiia fenUMll at m tte
tfank kay mMn the Iom cf tb* wboto i^niadi or tna, ■■mm fNai Oto Nat •boaM
amr b* altowMl to fww. «Mr tt to ttnagk tlww ttat tlM bHgkt to carried to the
Mto tt ika tim, tMI Mwa Ito nato art totoctad Mm trw** ctoincM of lit* arv
vwy nMil.

Mneh ilaninKP i<aii lie iloii« in ■umiuer cuttiiiK If tlie iiitieni art not cwupalMt
■nd ran>rul. The writer him neen Ufny liMtan<v« where morv Mlgiit Imm feMB
iprMd hr carvlwa catting tliiui aajr otliar r%etor. nuara to dMatoet tka toato
and rate aftor Mdi cat to wapuaatoto for m Koat dMl of bOglit plrtutorttou to
«anr laigartaat aad atoadd narer ba aartft i niuiMng the tree* and brnleing the
bMfe aboaM alwaya be aroMed. In bHgbtod treee thia method of getting up In the
traee to nmeli the upper twtipi and ItranohoH haa been reaiMnalble for the loaa of
many treea that couia eaally luvc l;een wred. After a rain tba andattoa la waabed
down from the to|) of tite tree and the bark I* aki-m caraiad wMi fanaa all tba
wajto tba gromd. la aaeb caaea all tbat to aa»«air to atort aa tafaetloa la to
btataa tta baA. aad M» can bafdijr ba arolded wbaa traea are ctlnbed by a pmner
Witb aboaa en. 'fbe lure<^l<>n8 rauaed la th'a way art- uauully low down on the main
Uadia and capabio of doing more damage tlian iievtnal twig-lnfectiona lu (be top of

. DlbTANCI TO CUT.

Thla will vary with the variety, aeaaitn, and age of the tree. i'eoaUy, If tba
cnto are made a fool N-low any nlgn of liifcdton, there la not much tegw af tip
blight contiuttlng on the aanie brancta aalaaa there to a totor latocttoa, bat tba wrttat
baa i«eu caaea wbera tba arts vara aai4aamS toat batoar wbara tben aeeaieJ to
** *^ diatotoctad), and tba tdlgbt continued to run.

Tha aoacepttolltty oMbe rariety baa mncb to do with thla. On yon:,g. faat-growing
Tranacendent cral a it teenia ainioat imi>os8lble to atop the bllgui during the early
part of the anmmer without cutting down the whole tree. Hpltamborg. Wealtby.
Alexander, and .voung Wagenera are all dilttcnlt to handle In the early fwrt of tlta
aummer, and cntb rtiould ba made 18 lacbaa or 8 feat Maw any alga of Ltfiictiw
wbaraOa Mlfbt appaara to ba traraOtog raiMAy. No baMM.i" fbat rnka an to
Ml iomm tat tba raauaar cattiag; aa mudi depaada on the ae. « and aevwi* » oC
altocft. Ko natter bow far back the cnta are made, atuba ahomd be arolded aa
much aa poaaible and ragged ruts ahould never be made. In order to get the beat
reaulU with the nnalleat waate of tree, doae obaenrat|on aad food iii^^mtiit to
caaeottol In aummer cuttiag. Oaa anat ba totaiaatad to Uw wack balag daaa aa
poor laaalta naoally follow.

Bealptag or eattteg tta bark oat to tbe aap-wood where cankera are found la
Bometlmee practiced. In the early jiart of the aummer, up to the middle of July,
thla to a rery doubtful practice, aa few people go bock far ouNigb from tba iHnaaed
area. It ia better to cut off all the tofandi ar wait natll tba ^f#tT Aawa aeaw
Hue of demarcation between tbe baaltby aad dlaaaaad i»aa aaA ttaa eat aaiaaal
In«!be8 beyond thla.

Oatoar bad barn aB praatopa toiatadtafuft) oaWtoy.

eUTTINa IN THE DOItlt«NT tIAtW*.

Aa the bUght-genaa ara carried over In tbe «aaaaed areaa aad tlie InfOetlon to
cantod to tba blaaaoma from tba «mdato eaatag from tbeae, a •yatonftto and
ftofoa^«attta»araBtbadaaate«to«mBttrtaiaaaaf^ A*

ttttoMMoo It hteomm * tmurnmOtr praUtM, uA it Mnwmjvhjt tnUt-trower to
■Mlw « flMMotfl iMUCtleit o< lA^«HkH« Mi« «t ««t mtff'tMl* $t» «r ftr*-

i» Mi MivMoan. Tin oceaidoMl grawar wbo widwuow to iiitiiwd'Iii«p«cton by
improper cntttng or covering up canltenr with wbltewash or paint la dtattnctly an
enemy to the welfare of the fruit-growing community. It would not matter about
Uoaelf, but bis neighbours anffer from bia neglect.

NotlUng abonld be left undone to remove every canlter la tli« dtaitrlct TiM
germs exlat, In tbe dormant aeaaon, oety la tta «Mtank If aO tuHun iO* aH mtt
•ad tamt, tlw diaeaae la wiped out

METHODS OP CUTTINO IN WINTER.

In removloE aawU twl^ and l«andie% cot at leaat 8 initea bdow tiie line of
daatarcatioa betweaa tbe iwalUhy Md diaaaaia wpL XNatoteet eata with eorrnaiva
atdribaata^ 1 to IjOOOi

WiMie cankm are oa brandiea up to % or 1 lacii te dtaawter, it la naaally
beat to cut ofT tbe branches, especially In treea over three yeara old. In order to
cut the bark far enough away from the dead area in brandies of this size, It Is
almoat neceaaary to girdle tbe branch and so render It uselesa.

Cankers on large limba can be taken out and tbe llmba saved by cutting the
bark away to tbe aap-wood. Always cut tbe bark away at leaat 2 Inches above and
tttiow the infection and at leaat an incta at tbe aidea. maldng aore that you are badi
t« kealthy, aoond tlaaue. Dialnfect the woood with enrvocrtve sublimate and paiat
it wMiiridte lead. la paiatins, hav* tte paint thick anon^ ao tkat it wtB aot roa
dowa tiM tree.

In cutting away dlaeaaed water-apronta and andMR iNP ttw npt, alvtvft 4%
down and see that there la no Infection at the root

In caae of any twigs, suckers, water-sprouts, etc., coming from big limbs being
Infected all Hie way to tbe base of tbe twig, but ai^rently not into the limb, it
la always well to cut away tbe bark around the base and disinfect well, aa ttn|
thm ia no dang«r of leaving any of tiie geroia to carry tlw diacaae over.

Oankera on the raota are treated tta anaw as ttasa m tts braaebas Idbova
gnmuA. Whamer there hm been aay dlaeaaad aoekMS ar irataiH«raMa at the
bMs of tha tree, tiw aoU abooid be dog away and tfea roots ezaadned far hoM-over
carets.

In cutting out brancbea in the tap ot old treea, every effort should be made not
to leave large atnbs. Even if it is necessary to cut back another foot or so, it is
better to toing tbe tree back to a lateral brandu Thia *wlU tend to atop aadier-

COfHIOMVt WIMJMATI.

Corrosive sublimate can be bought in tablet form from any drug-atore, and
the drugglat will give the dlrectiona aa to tbe neceaaary namber of taUata. and
amount <rf water to use to make up a mixture of 1 pwtt fWimtn nrWHwitt tto
1,000 parts of water. TLia variea witk tbe ^ tbe trtistfc

na aaiatkn lioidd B««sr ba carried in a metal ceotataer; tfwaya asa a gUm
ooa. One ot the haadieMt ways af carrying and oilag tiila aolatloB is to carry It
ta a naall llaak in tha hip po^cet A email aponge can bo carried in the left hand
attadied to a atrlng on the wriat so when necessary to use tbe band it can be let
hang from tbe wrtot In easy reach when needed again. Keep tbe qtonge tboronglily
aoaked in tbe solution and swab over tbe toola and eadt cut after making a eat.
This sdntkm is poison and abooid be kept out of readi of cbildran and-aaimtia.

•USCBPTIBILITY OF VARIETIES.

Observatioa ^ows that ^fereBt variettes of trees vary to a ma^ed de^ee in
nniaar nf inslalsafs tn tha aHadli if lHrtil In swa alacaa tMs la *-»~ "■■-Bntaifc

MA m» Mi tiak, jnt mUm Uata of » nrirtnt i«rtibr
fwiMilliw iC ttatn^ uA IMM vnMjr UMraMf fe»«vill»«f HiMf i
■r to vtauMm mm IiiIiHIi. tat Mt w iiHiHil <» MWl
BHtra mMaat stock.

A Ilat of TurietlM ud tbdr ■uscepUUUty to blight la given Mow. Tbto list to
not absolute, bat from obaarratloiis made where the bUght baa been aerere In Brlttoh
CMnmfota It la aa accurate aa la poaalble to make It

().) Varieties not advlaable to plant In dtotricta whoa trii^t to fogad ar may

Transpenrtept Graba.
I Crabs.

PMWsidnab

fOng.

Beltlghelmer.

(2.) Varieties found seriously affected with bUght in main Umta and b«4y «C.
I well aa in smaller wood:— - ' •t'^:

Waalthy (saSw heavily in bloaaoai alao).

fnntar

(3.) Varletlea lOMk adbr cUaftr to Maaaaaa ipurs. twigs, ud

(those marked * more aerionir than ottan) : —
*R.I. Greening (In spurs).
Ben Davla (moderate).
♦OrUey.

Ctooo (modemta).

iBsurty.
•Ontario (i> von). -
*Orime8 CMdw (Uamaa).

Baldwin.
Snow.

Hydop Oiafa..
(*.) Tutettoa aukt ton* mOmA mii

Meli^aaiiBad.
DeUdons.

Wlneaap (Stayman).

Yellow Newtown (oceaalB— Hy afcctod,-— te (S)).

Canada Baldwin.

Canada Red.

Cox Orange.

New York Wine.

Nortbsm ^ly.

Wlawmp (Od).
Pmn.—Ml nuMtaa jiBiaaiMil
or leas aerluwely aSacted tn tlM Hui»
good deal of variation, and often appanot i
a|>parently similar ctmditions.

fUMMAIIV.

(1.) Dhemst^ n«M gmrfli la tte tMta. U meiaaiiy. pot tha orchard In
aod, or modlfr caUwial awOedaL

(9.) Kb« on matkm, watar«pro«ta. ate, off root and body of tt* ttaa.

(8.) Kev i«U#M Bad ntlMr laaieta ladtr eaafenrt V «nyto«. OmpK
ctfeadar.

(4.) Ftaat tkoM vattetiM ttet ttf mot mOtitnt. ^
(&) Out oat tht mmmtm n ■jpaiffi ■» fw m Bwwtti* mi* pwwttod.
BMik* dMn cuts.

(&) Cut oat every sign of Jli— ic la th« domut uuon. .

(7.) Disinfect tools and cut mrfscea.

(8.) Paint all large wounds.

(9.) Use a ladder ; do not climb trees.

(]&) Gfttber and bum all pnmlags.

▼ICTOBIA, B.ai

PitaM *r muuM B. Oduw. Printer to lb* Stag's Mast ■mllwil tbi^.

mo.

c